GIFT OF Harry East MiMer iO (C<^-^ /fvw<--«"^ (V.^^-^ /ruw<-*-^ n y>.c^ /<$=^-^ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/dictionaryofenglOOadamrich DICTIONARY OF 'ENGLISH LITERATURE BEING A COMPKEHENSIYE GUIDE TO ENGLISH AUTHORS AND TflEIR WORKS J J J o > a ' 1 at BT W. DAVENPOKT ADAMS CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited New Yobk, London, Paris and Melbotjrnk GUI' UH' PREFACE. In the following pages the Author has attempted a task of no ordinary or inconsiderable difficulty. He has aimed at furnishing the general public with what may best be described as a Comprehensive Guide to English Literature. He has endeavoured to meet the wants of people of educa- tion and intelligence who are desirous of understanding and enjoying all they read, but are without the assistance of well-equipped libraries. It has been his object to condense into the present volume all the informa- tion that readers thus situated would be likely to require, as well as to supply the needs of those who are anxious merely to gain a few particulars in connection with authors and their productions. His work is one of reference rather than of criticism, an accumulation of facts rather than of opinions ; yet an efEort has been made to render it so generally in- teresting that it may be dipped into here and there with the certainty of something being found capable of giving pleasure as well as information. The variety of the contents may best be estimated by an examination of a page or two, and their usefulness most appreciated after a brief ex- perience. Roughly speaking, however, they may be grouped under the following heads : — All Prominent Writers, and writers of special interest, are care- fully included, and, where possible, the following particulars concerning them are given : (1) dates of birth and (in the case of deceased writers) death; (2) titles of leading works, with, dates of their production ; (3) notices of standard biography and criticism; and in many cases (4) critical extracts illustrative of their characteristics. No attempt has been made to go into biographical details ; the object has been rather to indicate where such details are to be obtained, and thus to supply a want which most students and readers have experienced. The dates of birth and death are the result ji a diligent comparison of authorities, whilst in most in- stances those of the publication of particular works have been giveg iyi8l819 iv PREFACE. The titles of the Chief Poems, Essays, Plays, and Novels in the language are recorded, accompanied by such particulars as their relative importance would appear to warrant. Similar treatment has been accorded to the more important Works OF Philosophy, Science, and the Belles Lettres ; under which latter head may be included notices of many curious single works not easily to be classified under any other of the divisions of Literature. Further, the Noms de Plume assumed by literary men and women are given and explained, many for the first time. Familiar Quotations, Phrases, and Proverbs are entered in con- siderable numbers, with distinct and accurate references to their original sources. These are arranged, so far as possible, according to their Jirst striking word— a, plan which has seemed to the Author the most useful and intelligible that could be adopted. Characters in Poetry and Fiction are largely indexed— to an ex- tent, indeed, not hitherto attempted, and with the result, it is believed, that few of any importance are omitted. Illustrative Quotations are frequently appended. The most celebrated Poems, Songs, and Ballads are entered, not only by their titles, but by their first lines, which are frequently re- membered when the titles are forgotten. A feature of the Work is the introduction of references to Transla- tions of the Works of prominent Foreign Writers of all times and countries. Space is also devoted to brief, but, it is hoped, sufficient explanations of the various kinds of Literature, such as Epics, Odes, Masques, Mysteries, and so on. Finally, special articles, as exhaustive as their limits would per- mit, have been introduced on such subjects as The Drama, Newspapers, Novels, and Poetry, with the view of enabling the reader to systema- tise, if he please, the varied information given in other portions of the work. A work so comprehensive in aim — necessitating the survey of so wide, 80 inexhaustible a field — can hardly be quite free from error. Yet the Author would fain hope that no signal inaccuracy will be detected ; and while committing his pages to the consideration of the public, he feels it due to himself to say that, during the years occupied in the preparation of the work, he has grudged no labour to make it worthy of the favoura- ble reception he trusts it will obtain. W. D. A. DICTIONARY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. ABB ABB Abbey "Walk, The. A ballad, by Robert Henrysoun (d. 1508), included in Lord Hailes' collection of Ancient Scot- tish Sotigs . Abbot, Charles, Lord Colchester (1757—1829). Author of an essay On the Use and Abuse of Satire, Oxford, 1786. Abbot, Charles, Lord Tenterden (1762—1832). Author of a Treatise on the Law relating to Merchant Ships and Sea^ men (1802), and other important works. Abbot, George, Archbisljop of Canterbury (1562—1633), wrote a number of polemical, theological, historical, and bio- graphical works, and erected and endowed a hospital at Guildford, Surrey. Abbot, Rev. Lyman. See Ben- AULY. Abbot, Robert, brother of the Archbishop of Canterbury (1560 — 1617), was the author of the Mirror of Popish Subtil- ties, and other controversial treatises. Abbot, The. A novel by Sir Walter Scott (1771—1832). published in 1820, and intended as a continuation of the Monastery (q.v.), Abbotsford Club. A Literary Club founded at Edinburgh in 18.35, to pro- mote the publication of works relating to Scottish History, Literature, and Antiqui- ties. The membership was limited to fifty, and the club is now extinct. Upwards of thirty volumes (all in quarto) were pub- lished under its auspices. Abbot, Jacob, American Congrre- eational minister (b. 1803), published the first book of his Young Christian series in 1825, and has since issued upwards of a hundred separate works, most of which have been republished in this country, and translated into Tarious languages. Abbott, John S. C, brother of Jacob (b. 1805, d. 1877), wrote the Mother at Home (1833), the Child at Home, and numerous historical compendiums. Abcedarian Hymns. Hymns which began with the first letter of the alphabet, the succeeding lines or verses commencing with the other letters in reg- ular succession. Abdael in Dryden's poem of Absalom and Achitophel (q.v.), stands for General Monk, Duke of Albemarle, who was mainly instrumental in furthering the restoration of Charles II. (David). Abdallah. A character in Byron's Bride of Abydos (q.v.) ; murdered by hia brother Giaffir. Abdiel, in Milton's poem of Paradise Lost (q.v.), one of the seraphim who, when Satan endeavoured to incite the angels to rebellion, alone stood firm in his allegiance — " Faithful found Among the faithless, faithful only he." A'Beckett, Gilbert Abbot, au- thor (b. 1811, d. 1856), produced more than thirty dramatic pieces, and was one of the earliest contributors to Punch (q.v.). He was also the author of the Comic Histories of England and of Rome, of the C Al3^ ii or Butler. We own that Addison's humour is, in our opinion, of a more delicious flavour than the humour of either Swift or Voltaire." See Campaign, The ; Cato; Christian Religion; Coverley, Sir Roger de ; Dialogues of Ancient Medals ; Drummer, The ; Freeholder, The; Letters from Italy ; Poets, An Account of, etc. ; Rosamond ; Spec- tator, The. Addison of the North, The. A name given to Henry Mackenzie, au- thor of the Man of Fading (1745—1831), in allusion to the Addisonian correctness of his style. Addison, The American. A title bestowed upon Joseph Dennie (1768— 1812) on account of his two series of essays, entitled the Farrago and the Lay Preacher. Addresses, Rejected. See Re- jected Addresses. Adeline. A feminine portrait by Alfred Tennyson (b. 1809), written in 1830— " Mystery of mysteries, Faintly smiling Adehne." Adeline Amundeville, The Lady. One of the heroines in Byron's poem of Don Juan (q.v.), canto xiii., where she is described as " The fair most fatal Juan ever met. Although she was not evil nor meantill. . . . Chaste was she, to detraction's desperation. And wedded unto one she had loved well— A man known in the councils of the nation, Cool, and quite English, imperturbable." " Adieu, adieu, aay native shore." First line of Childe Harold's Good Night, in Bryon's famous poem of that name (q.v.). The song was said by the writer to have been suggested by Lord Maxwell's Good Night, in Scott's Border Minstrelsy. Admirable Crichton. See Crich- ton. The Admirable. Admirable Doctor, The. A title conferred upon Roger Bacon (1214—1292), in reference to his wonderful erudition, his important discoveries in science, and his general superiority in insight and breadth of view to his coutemporaries. Admiral Hosier's Ghost. A ballad by Richard Glover (1712—1785). The admiral hadbeeii sent out to the West Indies to overcome, though not to attack, the Spaniards, and died of a broken heart afier seeing the greater part of his men perish from the diseases generated by that unhealthy climate. *' Admired disorder, "With most."— Macbeth, act iii., scene 4. Admonition to the Parliament, wj»8 the title of a work issued by the Puri- tans in 1571, which condemned all cere- monies in religion except those authorised by the New Testament. Wilcox and Field, the supposed authors, were impris- oned. A second Admonition, written by Carter, called forth a reply from Arch- bishop Whitgift. Adolphus, John, barrister (b. 1764 or 1770, d. 1845), wrote A History of Eng- land from the Accession of George III. to 1783 (1802), and Biographical Memoirs of the French 7?evoZu^ion (1799), besides assist- ing Archdeacon Coxe in preparing for the press his Memoirs of Sir Robert Waljtole. Recollections of John Adolphus, by his daughter, were published in 1871. Adon-Ai. The mysterious spirit of love and beauty which figures in Lord Lytton's romance of Zanoni (q.v.). It seems typical of pure intellect. Adonais : " An elegy on the deatli of John Keats," written by Percy Bys- she Shelley (1792—1822) m 1821, and de- scribed by R. H. Hutton as " a shimmer of beautiful regret, full of arbitrary though harmonious and delicate fancies." " Adorn a tale ; To point a moral, or." See Dr. Johnson's poetical satire. The Vanity of Human WisJies, line 221. Adriana, in Shakespeare's play of the Comedy of Errors, (q.v.), is the wife of Antipholus of Syracuse. "Adulteries of Art, The." A phrase used by Ben Jonson in a song con- tained in his play of the Silent Woman, act i., scene 5. Advancement of Learning, The. A prose treatise by Francis, Lord Bacon (1561—1626), published in 1605, and contains not only the germ of his Latin work, De Augmentis Scientiarum (1623), but really the pith and marrow of the Baconian phi- losophy, if taken in connection with the second book of the Novum Scientiarum Organum (q. v.). An analysis of the work may be read in Hazlitt's Lectures an the Literature of the Age of Elizabeth. See also, Stebbing's edition of the Works of Bacon. Adventurer, The. A periodical paper, the issue of which began on No- vember 7, 1752, and was concluded on March 9, 1754. It coiftists of 140 numbers, and was conducted by Dr. John Hawkes- WORTH (1715—1773), with the assistance of Dr. Johnson. Dr. Richard Bathurst, and Joseph Warton. Adventures of an Atom, The. See Atom, The Adventures of an. Adventures of Five Hours, The. A comedy by Sir Samuel Tuke (d. 1673). produced in 1663. The plot is borrowed 1& ADV ^SO from Calderon, and is described by Echard as " one of the pleasantest stories that have appeared on our stage." Langbaine calls it '* one of the best plays now extant, for oecononiy and contrivance," and Pepys thought it superior to Othello .' It was a great favourite with Charles II. It con- tains the familiar couplet (act v., scene 3):- " He is a fool who thinks by force or skill To turn the current of a woman's will." See Wood's Atfience Oxonienses. "Adversity's sweet milk, phi- losophy."— i?omeo and Juliet, act iii., scene Adversity, Hymn to. A poem by Thomas Gray (1716—1771), beginning— *' Daughter of Jove, relentless power." " Adversity, The Uses of." As You Like If, act ii,, scene 1. Advertisements in Newspapers as now published, did not become general till the beginning of the eighteenth cen- tury. A duty, charged according to the number of lines, was imposed in 1712, which was afterwards altered to a fixed rate of 3«. 6d. in England, 2s. 6rf. in Ireland, for each advertisement. This impost was re- duced in 1833 to Is. &d. and Is. respectively, and finally abolished in 1853. See Samp- son's History of Advertising (1875). Advice, The. A lyric by Sir Walter Raleigh (1552 — 1618), in Le Prince d' Amour (q.v.), beginning in each of the three verses,— "Many desire, but few or none deserve." Advice, The. A poetical satire by Tobias Georoe Smollett (1721—1771), published in 1746, and containing some caustic strictures upon Rich, the manager of Covent Garden, for whom Smollett had written an opera called Alceste, but with whom he afterwards quarrelled. It con- sists of a dialogue between the poet and a friend. Advice to a Courtier. See Schaw, QUINTIN. Advice to a Son. A work in two parts, published by Francis Osborn (1589 —1658), in 1656 and 1658, and condemned, though unsuccessfully, for what were called its " atheistical principles." Dr. Johnson called the authc» "a conceited fellow," and said that "were a man to write so now, the boys would throw stones at him." Advocate's Library, The, found- ed at Edinburgh by Sir G. Mackenzie, King's Advocate, in 1680, is one of the five libraries which, under the Copyright Act (5 and 6 Victoria, cap. 45, 1842), are entitled to a copy of every book published in Great Britain and Ireland, free of charge. Ae fond kiss, and then -we sever." First line of Farewell to Nancy, a song by Robert Burns (1759 — 1796), which is said to have been inspired by Mrs. MacLehose, the Clarinda (q.v.) of his cor- respondence, and is, says Alexander Smith, " the most beautiful and passionate strain to which that strange attachment gave birth." " Had we never lov'd sae kindlv. Had we never lov'd sae blindly. Never met — or never parted. We had ne'er been broken-hearted." iEgeon. A merchant of Syracuse, in Shakespeare's play of the Comedy of Errors (q.v.). iElfric. An abbot, who is not to be confounded with .^Ifric, Archbishop of Canterbury. He was the author of " a lively little book" of Latin Colloquy, afterwards enlarged and republished by iElf ric Bata ; a Glossary in Latin and English ; Homilies, compiled and translated from the Fathers, in two sets of forty sermons each — the first consisting of a harmony of the opinions of the Fathers on all points of faith, as then accepted by the English Church (990), and the second telling of the saints whom the Church then revered; also, an abridged translation of the Pentateuch and the Book of Job. He became an abbot in 1005. See Morley's i^irs< Sketch of English Literature. iElfric Society, for the publica- tion of Anglo-Saxon "Works, Civil and Ecclesiastical, was instituted in London, 1843, and discontinued in 1856. Only three works were published by the Society, viz.: —(1) The Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church, edited, witKa Translation, by B. Thorpe, 1843—6 ; (2) The Poetry of theCodex Vercellensis, edited, with a translation, by John M. Kemble, 1844—56 ; (3) The Anglo- Saxon Dialogues of Solomon and Satumus, and Adrian and Ritheus, edited and trans- lated by John M. Kemble, 1845—6. Amilia, in Shakespeare's play of the Comedy of Errors (q.v.), is the wife of Mgeon, and an abbess at Ephesus. Enigma. Gale attributes aenig- matical speeches to the Egyptians, and the riddle of Samson (Judges xiv. 12) is the earliest on record. The ancient oracles fre- quently gave senigmatical responses to questions which admitted of interpretation in two ways totally opposed to each other. ^neid, The. See Virgil. .Snigmata. The title of some Latin verses by Aldhelm (656 — 709), writ- ten in imitation of Symposius. Some Lat- in hexameters, under the same title, were composed by Tatwine of Briudiin (d. 734). iEschines. The Oration of this writer against Ctesyphon was translated into English by Portal (1756). Dr. ASC AGA 13 Thomas Leland also published an excel- •nt version, with notes. JBschylxis. The works of this wri- ter have been translated into English as follows :— The complete Tragedies, by Pot- ter (1777), by an Anonymous Person (1822), Buckley (1849), and Plumptre (1869) ; the Agamemnon, by Symons (1824), Boyd (1824), and Davies (1868) ; the Lyrical Dramas, by Blackie (1850); the Orestes, by Dalton (1868) ; the Prometheus Vinctus, by Webster (1866), and Lang (1870) ; and the Septem Contra Thebes, by Davies (1864). See also jEschylus, by R. S. Copleston, in Ancient Glassies far English Readers. iEsopus. The Fables of^sop were first translated into English by William Caxton, in 1484. They were afterwards " compyled into eloquent and ornamental meter,'* by Robert Henrysoun ; "trans- lated out of Latine into English verse," by R. A. Gentleman (1634) ; " paraphrased in verse," by John Ogilby (1665) ; and " done into English verse,^' by Edmund Arwaker (1708). For other and more recent edi- tions see Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual and the English Catalogue. iEition. A character in Spenser's pastoral of Colin Clout,\s come Home again (q.v.), which is generally supposed to rep- resent Shakespeare— " And there, though last, not least, is ^tion : A gentler shepherd mav nowhere be found, Whose Muse, full of hign thought's invention, Doth like himself heroically sound." Mr. Fleay, however, suggests that it may refer to Drayton, who published his Idea in 1593, and his Idea's Mirrour in 1594. " What more natural '* he says, " than to indicate Drayton by .^tion, which is the synonym of Idea ? " Affectionate Shepheard, The : '* or, the Complaint of Daphnis for the Love of Ganymede." A volume of poetry by Richard Barnfield (b. 1574), published in 1594, and containing The Teares of an Affectionate Shepheard; Sicke for Love; The Second Day's Lamentation for the Af- fectionate Shepheard; The Shepheard's Coiv- tent; or, the Happiness of a Harmless Life; The Complaint of Chastitie ; and Helen's Rape; or, a Light Lanthoime for Light Ladies. The volume consists of twenty sonnets, in the form of English hexame- ters, in which the author bewails his un- successful love for a beautiful youth called Ganymede, " in a strain," says Warton, " of the most tender passion." He calls his work " nothing else but an imitation of Virgil, in the second eclogue of Alexis." Affliction of Margaret, The. A poem by William Wordsworth (1770— 1860), written in 1804. " Tears to a mother bring distress, But do not make her love the less." AffiictionB, A Short Essay of : "A Balme to Comfort if not Cure those that Sinke or Languish under present Mis- fortunes." Published in 1647, and generally attributed to Sir John Monson. See Wood's Fasti. ** Afric's sunny fountains,Where. A line in Bishop Heber's Missionary Hymn, beginning, — " From Greenland's icy mountains." "After dinner talk. In." A phrase in Tennyson's Miller's Daughter. "After Life's fitfiU fever, he sleeps yfell."— Macbeth, act iii., scene 2. Aftermath. The title of a lyric and of a volume of poems, by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (d. 1807), pub- lished in 1873. Against Lolleirdie. A poem by Thomas Brampton, printed in Ritson's Ancient Songs. Ag£unemnon. A play adapted from the Greek of Seneca, by John Stud- ley (d. 1587), and published in 1566. It was written in the Alexandrine measure (q.v.). Agamemnon. A tragedy by James Thomson (1700—1748), produced in 1738, with little, if any, success. " It strug- gled with such difficulty through the first night, that Thomson, coming late to his friends with whom he was to sup, excused his delay by telling them how the sweat of his distress had so disordered his wig that he could not come till he had been refitted by a barber." It is further recorded that " he so interested himself in his own drama that as he sat in the upper gallery he ac- companied the players bv audible recitation till a friendly hint frightened him into silence." Agapida, Friar Antonio. The pseudonym under which Washington Irving (1783—1859) concealed, for a time, the authorship of A Chronicle of the Con- quest of Granada (1829). Agassiz, Louis Jean Rodolphe (1807—1873), geologist, ichthyologist, and natural historian, was born in Switzerland, but afterwards settled in America. He wrote and published a large number of valuable scientific treatises in French and English. His most important work. The Natural History of the United States, to be completed in ten volumes, was in course of publication at the time of his death. "Agate stone, No bigger than an." Part of a description applied to Queen Mab [q.v.) in Shakespeare's tra- gedy of Romeo and Juliet, act i., scene 4. Agatha. A "little poem of German village life," by George Eliot. " Scarce- ly known to the public," says the ^larter- ly Review, " and much slighter m plan and construction'* than her otb«T poem*. 14 AQA AH It will be found included in the volume entitled Juhal, and other Poems. Agathocles: "or, the Sicilian Tyrant." A play by Richard Perrin- CHIEF (d. 1673). Printed in 1676, and in- tended as a dramatic representation of the career of Oliver Cromwell. Agathos. A volume of allegorical stories, by Samuel Wilberforce, Bishop of Winchester (1805—1873), published in 1840, and afterwards translated into more than one European language. "Age, ache, penury, and im- prisonment." — Measure for Measure, act. 1., scene 4. " Age, but for all time ; He -was not of an." See Ben Jonson's famous tribute to the Memory of Shakespeare- "Age cannot wither her." — Antony and Cleopatra, act ii., scene 2 — " Nor custom stale Her infinite variety." "Age is as a lusty virinter, Therefore my."— As You Like It, act ii., scene 3. Age of Bronze, The : " or Car- men Seculare et Annus baud Mirabilis-" A satire in heroic verse by Lord Byron (1788—1824), published in 1823. It begins— "The 'good old times'— all times when old are good- Are gone." " Age of Chivalry is gone, But the." A sentence occurring in the famous Sissage respecting Marie Antoinette in ubke's treatise On the French Bevolu- tion. Age, The : " Politics, poetry, and criticism : a colloquial satire," by Philip James Bailey, published in 1858. " Age "without a name, An." See Sir Walter Scott's romance of Old Mortality, chap, xxxii. Aged Lover Renounceth Love, The. A "sonnet, or rather ode," by Thomas, Lord Vaux (b. 1510, d. 1557), " more remembered," says Warton, " for its morality than its poetry, and idly con- jectured to have been written on his death- bed." " Ages, liis acts being seven."— As You Like It, act ii., scene 7. Ages ; I, the heir of all the." A line in Tennyson's poem of Locksley Hall (q.v.). Agincourt, The Battle of. A poem by Michael Drayton (1563—1631), published in 1627. Aglaura. A tragi-comedy by Sir John Suckling (1609—1641), produced, in 1*37, ou a scale (ii p4aX narilgnlflcenc^, Agnes of Sorrento. A novel con- tributed by Mrs. Beecher Stowe (b. 1812) to the Comhill Magazine, and republished in 1862. Agnes, The Eve of St. A poem by John Keats (1796—1821). It is character- ised by Leigh Hunt as " the most delight- ful and complete specimen of his genius .... exquisitely loving .... young, but full-grown poetry of the rarest descrip- tion ; graceful as the beardless Apollo: glowing and gorgeous with the colours of romance." St. Agnes was a Roman virgin who suffered martyrdom in the reign of Diocletian. Agnes Wickfield, in Dickens's novel of David Copperjield (q.v.), eventual- ly becomes the wile of the hero. Agravine, Sir, surnamed "the Proud." A Knight of the Round Table, celebrated in the old romances of chivalry. Agrippa, Henry Cornelius. The following works by this writer have been translated into English •.— Of the Vanitie and Uncertaintie of Artes' and Sciences (1569), Occult Philosophy (1651 and 1665), Treatise of Nobility, and the Excellence of Womankind (1542), the Praise of Matrimony (1545), the Glory of Women (1652), and Fe- male Pre-eminence (1670). See the Life, by Professor Henry Morley. Agrippina. An unfinished tragedy by Thomas Gray (1716—1771). The frag- ment consists of the first, and a portion of the second, scene. Among the dramatis persona were to be Nero, Agrippina, Sen- eca, and Demetrius the cynic. Ague-cheek, Sir Andrev/^, in Shakespeare's play of Twelfth Night (q.v.), *' a straight-haired country squire," for whom " life consists only in eating and drinking." " Eating beef , he himself fears, has done harm to his wit ; in fact," says Gervinus, "he is stupid, even to silliness, totally deprived of all fashion, and thus of all self-love or self-conceit." Aguilar, Grace, novelist and mis- cellaneous writer (b. 1816, d. 1847), wrote the Days of Bruce, Home Influence, Home Scenes and Heart Studies, the Mother's Recompense, the Vale of Cedars, Woman's Friendship, Women of Israel, and other works. A Memoir of her life was prefixed to the second edition of Home Influence. " Ah, Chloris ! could I no-w but sit." First line of a famous song by Sir Charles Sedley (1639—1728). " Ah, County Guy ! the hour is nigh." First line of a lyric by Sir Walteb Scott (1771—1832). " Ah, did you once see Shelley plain ! " First line of iVentor'ctWiitt, Mr R'OSEBT BbSOWKIITG (b. XiVH, AH Am 15 "Ah, God! the petty fools of rhyme." First line of a poem by Alfred Tennyson (b. 1809), now entitled Literary Squabbles, but originally published in Punch Tinder the title of After-Thought, and with the signature of "Alcibiades" (q.v.). " They hate each other for a song, And do their Jittle best to bite And pinch their brothers in tl»e throng, And scratch the very dead for spite. *. " Ah, hcwr s\v-eet it is to love ! " First line of a song in Dbyden's play of Tyrannic Love (q.v.). " Ah, what avails the sceptred race ! " First line of Rose Aylmer, a lyric by Walter Savage Landor (1775— 1864). " Ah, -what is love ! It is a pretty thing." First line of a poem by Robert Greene (1560—1592). Ahmed, Prince. A character in the Arabian Nights. He jKtssessed a tent which would cover an army, but might be carried in the pocket ; and also the apple of Samarcand, which cured all diseases. Aide, Hamilton, novelist and poet, has written Carr of Carlyon, In that State of Life, Mr. and Mrs. Faulconbridge, the Romance of the Scarlet Leaf and other Poems, the Marstons, Morals and Myster- ies, Penruddocke, Philip, a drama, &c. Aids to Reflection. A prose work by Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772—1834), published in 1826, and " full," says the Quarterly Review, " of passages of the most powerful eloquence." Aige, Praise of. A poem by Wal- ter Kennedy (circa 1480) ; printed by Lord Hailes in his collection of Ancient Scottish Poems. Aikin, John, M.D. (b. 1747, d. 1822), wrote an Essay on Song- Writing (1771), an Essay on the Application of Nat- ural History to Poetry (1777), Evenings at Home (q.v.) in connection with Mrs. Bar- bauld (1792—5), Letters on a Course of Eng- lish Poetry (1804). and various other works ; besides compiling a Biographical Diction- ary, and editing the works of several standard authors. See his Life, by Lucy Aikin (1823). Aikin, Lucy (1781—1864), wrote memoirs of the Court of Elizabeth and of the Court of James I., a Life of Addison, and other works. See her Life by Le Bre- ton. Ailred, Abbot of Rievaulx(b. 1109, d. 1166), wrote a Rule of Nuns, thlrty-thTee Homilies, and other works, including a chronicle in description of Stephen's Rat- tle qfthe Standard. ,^wwd* SiB^WUi ^"Tptp, «hDut 1456, a Latin poem called De Ludo Scasco- rum. Aim"well, in Farquhar's comedy of the Beaux's Stratagem (q.v,), endeavours to repair his broken fortune by marrying an heiress. Hazlitt says that the assumed disguise of Aimwell and Archer, in this play, " is a perpetual amusement to the mind." Ainsworth, Henry. The Author of Annotations on the Pentateuch, the Psalms, and the Song of Solomon, pub- lished separately between 1612 and 1623, and afterwards collectively between the years 1627 and 1639. They appeared in a Dutch translation in 1690. Ainsworth's minor writings were numerous. Ainsworth, Robert (1660—1743), compiled a Dictionary of the Latin Tongue, published in 1736. Ainsworth, "William Francis, M.D. (b. 1807), physician and traveller, has written Researclies in Babylonia, Syria, &c. (1842) ; Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, &c. ; Travels in the Track of the Ten Thousand Greeks (1844), &c. Ainsworth, "William Harrison, romancist (b. 1805), has written Sir John Chiverton, Rookwood (1834) ; Crichton, Jack Sheppard (1839); Guy Fawkes, Old St. Paul's (1841) ; The Miser's Daughter, Windsor Castle, St. James's, Lancashire Witches (1848) ; The Star Chamber (1854) ; The Flitch of Bacon ; Ballads, Romantic, Fantastical and Humorous (1855) ; the SpendthHft (1856) ; Mervyn Clitheroe (1857) ; the Combat of the Thirty (a poem), Oving- dean Grange (1860) ; the Constable of the Tower (1861) ; the Lord Mayor of London (1862); Cardinal Pole (1863); John Law, the Projector (1864) ; the Constable de Bourbon (1866) ; Old Court, the Spanish Match (1867) ; Myddleton Pomfret (1868) ; Hilary St. Ives (1870) : Old St. Paul's (1871) ; the Good Old Times (1873) ; Merry England (1874) ; Preston Fight (1875) ; Chetwynd Calverley (1876), &c. An edition of his novels was published in 1864—1868. "Air, a charter'd libertine, is still (The)."— JCinflT Henry V., act. i., scene 1. " Air, into thin air, Are melted into."— TAe Tempest, act iv., scene 1. " Air is full of farewells to the dying (The)." From Resignation, a poem by Oliver Wendell Holmes (b. 1809). Aird, Thomas, poet and prose- writer (b. 1802, d. 1876), wrote Reliaious Characteristics (1827), the Old Bachelor in the Old Scottish Village (liAS) (q.v.), the Devil's Dream, the Captive qf Fesif and sev- QtA mi^ellanelOuii wiof^ \\$^' He wu Id Am ALA for some time editor of the Dumfries Her- ald. See GilfiUau's Literary Portraits. " Airy, fairy Lilian." First line of Lilian, a short poem by Alfbed Ten- nyson. Airy, Sir George Biddell, K.C. B. (b. 1801), Astronomer Royal of Great Britain, has published numerous disserta- tions on Astronomy, and^kindred sciences, and has contributed articles to the leading encyclopaedias and journals. Airy, Sir George, in Mrs. Cent- LiVBE's comedy of the Busybody (q.v,), figures as a gentleman of £4,000 a year ; gay, generous, and gallant ; in love with Miranda (q.v.). "Airy tongues that syllable men's names." In Milton's Comus, line 208. The phrase "syllable thy name " is reproduced by Lord Lytton in the well- known description of Claude's imaginary palace in the La^y qf Lyons (q.v.). A Kempis, Thomas. See Kem- PIS, Thomas A. Akenside, Mark, poet (b. 1721, d, 1770), wrote the Pleasures of Imapina- tion (1744), and some miscellaneous pieces. His complete works were published in 1772, and are included in the editions of the British Poets issued severally by An- derson and Chalmers. His life has been written by Dr. Johnson, Bucke, and Dyce. See also the Biographia Britannica and the introduction to the Pleasures of the tagtnatton Dy AiKin. " AKensiae," said Dr. Johnson, " was a superior poet both to Gray and Mason." " If," wrote Lord Ma- Imagination by Aikin. " Akenside, Fohns ay and caulay, " he had left lyric composition to Gray and Collins, and had employed his powers in grave and elevated satire, he might have disputed the pre-eminence of Dryden." Akerman, John Yonge, antiqua- rian, archaeologist, and numismatist (b. 1806), has written Legends of old London, a Numismatic Manual, and numerous works on similar iubjects. A. K. H. B. See Boyd, A. K. H. Alabaster, 'Williani, prebendary of St. Paul's (b. 1567, d. 1640), wrote Roxana (1632) (q.v.). Apparatus lievelationem Jesu Christi (1610), and Seven Motives for leav- ing the Church of England for the Church ^Eome (q.v.). He is styled by Anthony k Wood, " tiie rarest poet and Grecian that any one age or nation ever produced." See the Athence Oxonienses and W. C- Haz- litt's Early English Literature. " Alacrity in Sinking, I have a kind of."— Merry Wives of Windsor, act iV., scene 5. Aladdin. The hero of the tale in Hm AraXnan Nightt, who is possessed of a wonderful lamp, the mere rubbing of which secures for him all he desires. He accumulates wealth, builds a magiiilicent palace, marries the daughter of the Sultan of China, neglects the lamp in his pros- perity, loses it, and his palace is trans- ported to Africa, Aladine. The cruel King of Jeru- salem, in Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered (q.v.). Alarm against Usurers, An: "contayning tryed experiences against worldly abuses." A tract by Thomas Lodge 1555—1625), published in 1584, and accompanied by the Delectable Bistorie of Forbonius and Prisceria, with the lament- able Complaint of Truth over England. Alarm to Unconverted Sin- ners, An. A tract by Joseph Alleine (1633—1688), published in 1672, of which 20,000 copies were speedily sold. It was afterwards republished in 1675, and ran through an edition of 50,000, under the ti- tle of A Sure Guide to Heaven. Bicker- steth calls it " a very awakening and ju- dicious book." Alarum for London : " or, the Siege of Antwerp, with the ventrous Actes and valorous deeds of the lame Sol- dier." A play printed in 1602, the plot of which is taken from the Tragical History of the City of Antwerp. " Alas ! for the rarity of Chris- tian charity." From Hood's poem of the Bridge of Sighs (q.v.). *'Alas! how easily things go wrong." First line of a lyric in Geoboe Macdonald's Phantasies (q.v.). Alasnam. A character in the Arabian Nights, who possesses nine ped- estals but only eight statues of solid gold to occupy them. He goes in search of a lady to fill the vacant pedestal, and dis- covers one who is the most beautiful and perfect of her race, and she becomes liis wife. Alastor: "or, the Spirit of Soli- tude." A poem, by Pebcy Bysshe Shei^. LEY (1792—1822), written in 1815, and pub- lished in 1816. " It represents," in the au- thor's own words, " a youth of uncorrupted feelings and adventurous genius, led forth, by an imagination inflamed and purified through familiarity with all that is excel- lent and majestic, to the contemplation of the universe." Its subjeC is, like that of Wordsworth's Prelude, the development of a poet's mind ; " but much more vague- ly and indefinitely brought before us. Even in this youthful production we have," says D. M. Moir, "much of the mastery of diction, the picturesqueness of description, and the maiestic imaginative gorgeousness or grace for which nis ma- turer writings were distinguished." " Al' ALA ALB 17 astor,'^ says R, H. Hutton, " embodies a purely ideal passion, and yet one so ar- dent, that it draws the hero, who is an im- aginative copy of Shelley, across the Bal- kan, over the steppes of Southern Russia, into a little leaky boat on the Black Sea, where, using his cloak for a sail, he drives for two days, with his hair very naturally turning grey all the time; and, having sailed up one of the rivers that flow down from the Caucasus, he dies in a spot of aj)- parently impossible geography, his whole career being a wild pursuit of a vision pre- sented to him in a dream, the fascination of which dwindles into a pair of visionary eyes. Yet this is certainly one of Shelley's most characteristic and most beautiful poems." Its title is said to have been sug- gested to Shelley by his friend T. L. Pea- cock (q.v.), who " was amused," says Mr. Buchanan, " to the day of his death by the fact that the public, and even the critics, persisted in assuming Alastor to be the name of the hero of the poem, whereas the Greek word 'AAacrrwp signifies * an evil genius,' and the evil genius depicted in the poem is the Spirit of Solitude." Alazono-Mastiz : "or, the Char- acter of a Cockney : in aSatyricall Poem." By "Junius Anonymus, a London Ap- prentice." Printed in 1651. See the Re- trospective Review, vol. viii. Alba. Tlie title of a play per- formed at Oxford in 1583, before Albertus de Alasco, a Polish prince ; " in which," says Warton, "five men, almost naked, api)earing on the stage, gave great offence to the queen and maids of honour." Alban, St. A Latin poem on the life of this saint was written by Robert Dunstable about 1154. It is in elegiac verse, and consists of two books. Albert Lunel. See Lunel, Al- bert. Albertazzo, in the Orlando Furioso of Ariosto, married Alda, daughter of Otho, Duko of Saxony, and was the pro- genitor of the Royal Family of England. Albertus Magnus. The Book of Secretes of this writer was published in 1637, but there had been a previous edi- tion, date unknown, which included " a booke of the same author of the marvay- lous thinges of the world, and of certain effectes caused of certayne Beastes." His £>e Secretis Mulierum, " or the Mysteries of Human Generation fully revealed," was "faithfully rendered into English," and published by Curll in 1725. Albiazar. A character in Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered, representing a leader of the Arab host which joined the Egyptian armament against the Crusaders. Aibigenses, The. An historical novel by Charles Robert Maturin (1782—1824), published in 1814. Albione, King. See Albovine. Albione's Queene, The Famous Historic of. A romance, of which Queen Katharine is the heroine, published in 1601. Albion's England : " A continued History of the Same Kingdome, from the originals of the first inhabitants thereof, unto the raigne of Queen Elizabeth." Written by William Warner (1558— 1609), and " containing much good poetry and curious information." Tne first por- tion was published in 1586, but the work was not completed till 1606. Albon and Amphabel: "The glorious Lyfe and Passion of Seint Albon, Prothomartyr of Englande, and also the Lyfe and Passion of Saint Amphabel, translated out of Frenche and Laten into Englishe, by John Lydgate, monk of Bury," printed in 1534. This poem is written in seven-line stanzas. Albovine, King of Lombardy. A tragedy by Sir William Davenant (1605—1668), produced in 1629. The story on which this play is founded is told by Caxton in his Golden Legend, and it may be read in Belleforest's Histoires Traqt- gues, Heylin's Cosmographie, Machiavelh's History of Florence, and in Lydgate's Bochas. It was also made the subject of an Italian tragedy by Giovanni Rucellai. It tells how Albovine, having conquered another king, " lade awaye with hym Rosamounde his wif in captyvyte, and ho dyde make a cuppe of the skulle of that kynge and closed in fyne golde and sylver, and dranke out of it," &c. Albracca's Damsel. Angelica, in Ariosto's Orlando Furioso. Albumazar the Astronomer. A play by ToMKis, of Trinity College, Cam- bridge ; acted before James I. , in Trinity College Hall, on Tuesday, March 7th, 1614, and revived after the Restoration, when Dryden wrote the prologue. In the Biog- raphia Dramatica it is called "indisputa- bly an excellent comedy." Albumazar is the name of a famous Persian astronomer {Histoire Universelle, v. 418). Albums, wliich are now merely blank books, with ornamental exteriors, for the reception of autographs, fugitive verses, &c., were originally, among the Romans, tablets covered with gypsum, on which were inscribed the Annales Maximi of the pontifex, praetorial edicts, and rules relative to civic matters. In the Middle Ages, lists of saints, soldiers, persons in authority, &c., were called albums, and the term was also applied to the " black board " on which public notifications wero exhibited. 18 ALB ALO Albyon Knight : " A mery Playe bothe pythy and pleasaunt," of which only one copy, and that a mere fragment, is in existence. It consists of twelve close- ly printed quarto pages, and may be de- scribed as a political moral, "the only specimen of the kind in our language," the object of which, says Payne Collier, ♦' seems to have been to illustrate and en- force the right rules of government for a state." Probably this was the play per- formed before Queen Elizabeth at Christ- mas, 1558—9, of "such matter that the players were commanded to leave off." It was entered on the Stationers' books in 1565—6, Albyon Knight, the hero, is of course a personification of England. Among the other characters were Tem- poralty. Spiritualty, Piincipality, Com- monalty, Sovereignty, Peace and Plenty. Alcazar, Battle of : " fought in Barbarie, between Sebastian, King of Por- tugal, and Abdelmelee, King of Marocco, with the Death of Captaine Stukeley, as it was Sundrie Times plaid by the Lord High Admirall his Servants." A play, by Geokge Peele (1552—1598), printed in 1594, and ridiculed by Shakespeare in Henry I V-, part 2, act ii., scene 4. Alchemie, The Compounde of. A poem by George Riplev (d. 1490) ; written in 1471 ; printed in 1591, and again by Ashmole in his Theatrum Chemicutn. It is in the octave metre, and professes to " contain the right and perfectest means to make the Philosopher's Stone (aurum potabile), with other excellent experi- ments." Warton describes it as " nothing more than the doctrines of alchemy clothed in plain language and a very rugged ver- sification." Alchemist, The. A comedy by Ben Jonson (1574—1637), first acted in 1610, and the most famous of its author's dramatic productions, though Hazlitt con- siders it does not deserve its reputation. "There is, however, one glorious scene between Surly and Sir Epicure Mammon, which is the finest example I know of dramatic sophistry, or of an attempt to prove the existence of a thing by an im- posing description of its effects." Alcibiades. The pseudonym un- der which Alfred Tennyson (b. 1809) contributed to Punch, in February, 1846, a piece entitled the New Timon and the Poets, and in March 7, 1846, another, en- titled, After-Thought, since reprinted as lAterary Squabbles. Alciphron : "or, the Minute Phi- losopher : in seven dialogues ; containing an Apology for the Christian Religion against Free -Thinkers." By George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne (1684 — 1753). Published in 1732, and devoted to tt» y^cft»tion o| Atheism, Fatali3pft, mi various other forms of unbelief, Alciphron figures throughout the dialogues as a free- thinker. His name is probably compound- ed from a7>cTj, " strength," and ^^pJJ^•, " heart," and seems equivalent to fort- coeur, or " strong-hearted." Alciphron, The title of a poem by Thomas Moore (1779—1852), founded on the Egyptian mythology. Alciphron is also the hero of Moore's prose romance. The Epicurean (q.v.). Alcott, Louisa M., an American novelist, has published An Old -Fashioned Girl. Aunt Jo's Scrap Bag, Little Men, Little Women, Little Women Wedded, Moods, Morning Glories and other Stories, Camp and Fireside Stories, Work, Silver Pitchers, Hose in Bloom, and other books. Alcott, William A, M.D. (b. 1798). A voluminous American writer on physiology, hygiene, and practical educa- tion. Alcuin (b. 735. d. 804). The Works of this writer are generally divided into three classes : — (1) The Commentaries on the Scriptures, consisting of Questions and Answers on the Book of Genesis ; Com- ments on the Penitential Psalms, on the Song of Solomon, and on the Book of Ec- clesiastes ; the Interpretationes Nominum Hebraicum; and the Commentaries on the Gospel of St. John, and on the Three Epis- tles of St. Paul. (2) The Dognuitic Wri- tings, including the treatises De Fide Trinitatis et De Processione Spiritus Sancti, and the books Against Felix and Elipan- dus. (3) The Liturgic Works: the Liber Sacramentorum, the treatise De Psalmo- rum Usu, the Officia per Ferias, and the tracts De Virtutibus et Vitiis and De Ani- mce Ratione. To these are added Lives of St. Martin of Tours, of St. Richarius, of Wilbrord, and of St. Vedastus, the latter of which was merely corrected and edited by Alcuin from an older writer ; and four treatises, De Grammatica, De Orthogra- phia, De Rhetorica et Virtutibus, and De Dlaiectica. The complete Works were published by Andr6 Duchesne, under the Latinised name of "Andreas Querceta- nus," in 1617, and again, in 1777, by Fro- benius, Prince-Abbot of St. Emmeram, at Ratisbon, A list of the editions of the separate works will be found in Wright's Bioqraphia Britannica Literaria. For Biography, see the Life, written in 829, and printed in the editions of the Works, in the ActaSS. Ord. S. Bened., of Mabillon, in the collection of Surius, and in the Acta Sanctorum of the Bollandists ; also, the sketch by Mabillon ; the Life by Frobe- nius, prefixed to his edition ; and the Life by Professor Lorenz, of Halle (1829), trans- lated into English by Jane Mai-y Slee (1837). "Alcuin," says Professor Lorimer, '"has no claim to the praise of originality of n4n4 or c^eat^vQ geaiue ; nor did he evei; ALO ALE 19 add much that was new to the existing stores of human knowledge. All that can be claimed for him is, that his superior talents and indefatigable industry enabled him to master all the learning of his age, and that his enlightened zeal in the in- terests of knowledge and culture, and a skill in the work of education fully equal to his zeal, made him one of the brightest lights of the period in which he lived, and one of the greatest benefactors of mediae- val Europe." Alcuin of Tours. See Epistol^. Aldabella. Wife of Orlando, in Abiosto's Orlando Furioso ; also the -name of a marchioness of Florence inMiLMAN's tragedy of Fazio (q.v.). Alden, John. Friend of Miles Standish, in Longfellow's poem, Court- ship of Miles Standish (q.v.) ; in love with, and eventually married to, Priscilla (q.v.), with whom he had at one time pleaded the cause of his friend. Aldhelm (b. 656, d. 709), is known in literature as the author of JEnigmata, and a prose treatise, De Laude Virgmitate. His Biography has been written by Wil- liam of Malmesbury and Faricius of Abing- don. See also Bede's Ecclesiastical His- tory and Wright's Biographia Britannica, where a list or the editions of his works is given. Aldiborontiphosoophornio. A character inCARE y's burlesque of Chronon- hotonthologos (1734) ; also, a nickname given by Sir Walter Scott to his friend, the publisher, James Ballantyne, in allusion to his pompous and dignified manner. The following well-known couplet appears in it:— " Aldiborontiphoscophomio I Where left you Chrononhotonthologos ? " Aldine Press, The, was that of Aldo Manuzio (Aldus Manutius) and his son Paolo (1511—1574) at Venice, at which were printed many of the first and early editions of the Greek, Latin, and Italian classics, commencing with Musseus in 1494 — all being noted for the excellence of their typography. Under the title of the Aldine Edition of the British Poets, Mr. Pickering published fifty-three volumes, which still hold a very high place in the estimation of the reading public. Aldingar, Sir. The title of a ballad included in Bishop Percy's Reli- ques of Ancient British Poetry- Sir Aldin- gar is a 8*^eward who accuses Queen Elea- nor, the wife of Henry II., of infidelity, a charge which is refuted by the appearance of an angel, in the form of a child, to testify to the lady's innocence. Aldrich, Henry, D.D., of Christ Church, Oxford (b. 1647, d. 1710), wrote. among other controversial and architoe- tural works, Artis Logicce Compendium, Oxford (1692), still used as a textr-book there ; and Elementa Architectures Civilis ad Vitruvii Veterumque Disciplinum et recentiorum prmsertim ad Paladii exempta probatiori concinnata, Oxford (Elements of Civil Architecture, translated by the llev- Philip Smyth, Oxford, 1789). Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, Ameri- can poet (b. 1836), has published a volume of Miscellaneous Poems, and a story in verse, called, The Course of True Love never did run Smooth (q-v.). His Poem,s were reproduced in England in 1866 ; the Stori/ of a Bad Boy, in 1869 ; a,iid Prudence Palfrey, in 1874. Ale, A Panegyric on Oxford. A poem by Thomas Warton (1728—1790), contributed to Dodsley's Collection cf Poems. It begins : — " Balm of my cares, sweet solace of my toils, Hail, juice benignant ! O'er the costly cups Of not-stirring wine, unwholesome draught, ful : Mv sober evening let the tankard bless, With toast embrown'd, and fragrant nutmeg Let pride's loose sons prolong the wasteful night: My sober evening let tne tankard bless, fraught. While the rich draught with off-repeated whiffs Tobacco mild improves." Aleria. An Amazon, and the best beloved wife of Guido the savage, in Or- lando Furioso. Alethes. An ambassador from Egypt lo King Aladine in Tasso's Jerusa- ,lem Delivered. Alexander and Campaspe. A drama by John Lvly (1553—1601), printed in 1584, and described by Hazlitt as "a very pleasing transcript of old manners and sentiment. It is full," he says, " of sweetness and point, of Attic salt and the hon^ of Hymettus." Warton mentions " A Ballet entituled. An history of Alex- ander, Campaspe, and Apelles, and of the faythful fiyndshippe betweene theym, printed for Colwell in 1566." See Apel- les. Alexander, Archibald. D 15. (b. 1772. d. 1851)- A distinguished American divine and voluminous author of religious and didactic works, the principal of which are Evidences of Revealed Religion, On the Canon of Scripture, Outlines of Moral Science,' Sic. Alexander, Cecil Frances. The wife of William Alexander, D.D., Bishop of Derry, and author of Moral Sonos, Hymns for Children, and Poems on Old Testament Subjects. Mrs. Alexander has also edited the Children's Garland in the Golden Treasury Series. Alexander, Life of. Attributed to Adam Davie (q.v.), and founded partly upon a translation from the Persian by SiMEOif Seth (1070), and partly upon ^ 20 ALE ALF French Roman d* Alexandre- See War- ton's History of English Poetry, vols. i. and ii. See, also, Alisaunder, Kyng. Alexander of Hales (d. 1245), compiled the Summa Theologia by com- mand of Pope Innocent IV., and wrote some commentaries on the Scriptures. The former was printed in 1475, the latter appeared in 1476. See Ibrefbagable Doctor. Alexander the Corrector. A name assumed by Alexander Cruden (1701—1770), author of the Complete Con- cordance of the Holy Scriptures, uiider the impression that he was divinely commis- sioned to rebuke and reform his degenerate age. A volume of his Adventures was published in 1754, giving " An Account of his being sent to a Private Madhouse at Chelsea, September, 1753; an account of the Battle {i.e., Trial) at Westminster Hall, February 20, 1754 ; an account of his Es- cape from Bethnall Green, in March, 1738. Of his Application at St. James's for the Honour of Knighthood, and as Candidate for the City of London ; with his Love Adventures and Letters ; also a Declara- tion of War sent to the amiable Mrs. Whit- taker." See Concordance. Alexander, William. See Day OF Judgment. Alexander, 'William, first Earl of Stirling (b. 1580, d. 1640). He wrote Aurora (1604) ; the Monarchicke Tragedies ; Croesus, Darius, the Alexandrmans, Julius Ccesar (1607) ; and Recreations with the Muses (1637). See Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors. Alexander,"William,D.D., Bishop of Derry and liaphoe (b. 1824), has publish- ed a theological prize essay, a volume of poems, several lectures and sermons, papers on the Irish Church, and numerous fugitive works. Alexander, William Lindsay, D.D., Independent minister (b. 1808), is perhaps best known as the third editor of Kitto's Biblical Cyclojiosdia. He has also contributed to the Encyclopcedia Brifan- nica, and has published, among other works, Christ and Christianity (1854), a Life of Dr. Wardlaw (1856), Christian Thought and Work (1862), St. Paul at Athens (1865), and Sermons (1875). Alexander's Feast : '* or, the Power of Music." An ode by John Dry- den (1631—1701), in honour of St. Cecilia's Day. " As a piece of poetical mechanism to be set to music, or recited in alternate strophe and anti-strophe, with classical allusions and flowing verse, nothing," says Hazlitt, " can be better. It is equally fit to be said or sung ; it is not equally good to read." St. Cecilia, a Roman lady of good family, suffered martyrdom for her devotion to Christianity, A. d. 230. She is regarded a.s the patronei^s of music— church music especially ; and the 22nd of Novem- ber is dedicated to her. The legend runs that once, while playing on a musical in- strument, an angel was so enraptured by her glorious strains that he quitted his celestial sphere and visited their creator. Hence the lines by Dryden— " Let old Timotheus yield the prize, Or both divide the crown ; He raised a mortal to the skies ; She drew an anjrel down." It was performed, with music by Handel, in the year 1736. Alexandra. Queen of tlie Ama- zons, and one of the ten wives of Elbanio, in Orlando Furioso. "Alexandrine ends the song, A needless." See Pope's Essay on Criti- cism, part ii., line 355 :— " That, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length along." Alexandrines are rh3^ming verses consisting each of six measures or twelve syllables. The name is supposed to be derived from an old French poem on Alex- ander the Great, written about the twelfth or thirteenth century ; according to others it was so called from one of the authors of that poem being named Alexander. The last line of the Spenserian stanza is an Alexandrine. The only complete English poem written wholly in Alexandrines is Drayton's Polyolbion (q.v.). Aleyn, Charles, poet (d. about 1640), wrote the Battle of Cressy and Poic- tiers (1632), the History of Henry VII. (1638), and the History of Euriolus and Lucretius (1639). Alfayns and Archelaus : " two faythf ull lovers," whose " famooste and notable history," printed in 1565, is prob- ably identical with that told in " the ballet intituled the story of ij faythf ul louers " (1568), "The tragicall historye that hap- pened betweene ij Englishe louers " (1564), and pieces with very similar titles, printed in 1567 and 1569. Alfieri. The tragedies of this Ital- ian poet were translated into English by Charles Lloyd, in 1815. An English version of the Vita di Vittorio Alfieri ap- peared in 1810. Alfonso, Don, in Byron's Don Juan (q.v.), is the husband of Donna Julia. Alford, Henry, D.D., Dean of Canterbury (b. 1810, d. 1871), wrote Poems and Poetical Fragments (1831) the School of the Heart, and other Poems (1835) ; the Abbot of Muchelnaye, and other Poems, and various theological works. His edition of the Greek Testament appeared in 1844—52. His Life has been written by his widow (1873). AT.tJ * At.t. lai Alfred, King of England (b. 849, d. 901), translated into English the follow- ing works : Bede's Ecclesiastical History, Orosius's Universal History, Boethius's De Cansolatione Philosophic, and Gregory I.'s Pastoral on the Care of the Soul. His Biography was written by Spelman (1678), Powell (1634), Bicknell (1777), and by Thos. Hughes, M.P., in the Sunday Library. See, also, Wright's Biographia Britannica. See Pkovebbs. Alfred. A poem in twelve books, by Sir Richard Blackmore (1650—1729), published in 1713. Alfred. A masque written by James Thomson (1700—1748), in conjunc- tion with David Mallet (1700—1765), and produced in 1740 at Cliefden, the summer residence of the Prince of Wales. It was afterwards dramatised by the latter writer, and brought out at Drury Lane in 1751. It contains the famous song of Rule Britan- nia, of which Southey said that " it will be the political hymn of this country as long as she maintains her political power." Alfred. An epic poem in six books, by Henry James Pye (1745—1813), published in 1801. Algarsife. See Cambuscan. Alhadra. A character in Cole- ridge's tragedy of Remorse (q.v.). Alhambra, The. A volume of le- gends and descriptive sketches by Wash- ington Irving (1783—1859), published in 1832. " The account of my midnight ram- bles about the old place is," save the au- thor^ " literally true, yet gives but a fee- ble idea of my feelings and impressions, and of the singular haunts I was exploring. Everything in the work relating to myself and to the actual inhabitants of tlie Al- hambra, is unexaggerated fact ; it was only in the legends that I indulged in roman- cing, and these were founded on material picked up about the place." Alice: "or, the Mysteries." See Maltravers, Ernest. Alice du Clos. The heroine of a ballad by Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772—1834). Alice Fell: "or, Poverty." A ballad by William Wordsworth (1770— 1850), written in 1801, and described by Moir as "palpably mediocre and worth- less." Alice's Adventures in Won- derland. A fairy story for the young, published in 1869, under the nom de plume of Lewis Carroll (q.v.). It has been translated into severalEuropean languages. A continuation, entitled. Through the look- ing-alass, and what Alice found there, was published in 1871. Alicia. The wife of Arden of Feversham, in Lillo's tragedy (q.v.), in love with, and criminally beloved by, a man called Mosby (q.v.). Alipharnon, The giant. Don Quixote attacked a flock of sheep, which he declared to be the army of the giant Alipharnon. Aliprando. A Christian knight in Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered. Aliris. The Sultan of Lower Bu- charia, who, under the name of Feramors, wooed and won Lalla Rookh, in Moore's poem of that name (q.v.). Alisaunder, Kyng. The title of an old romance included by Weber in his well-known Collection. He describes it as unquestionably a free translation from the French, though the English adapter pro- fesses to have supplied the description of a battle, which was not given in the origi- nal. A romance on the same subject was printed by one Alexander Arbuthnot, in Scotland, and is described by Weber as also a translation from the French, and the work of an anonymous Scotch poet of the fifteenth century. See Alexander, Life of. Alison, Archibald. Scottish Epis- copal clergyman (b, 1757, d. 1839), wrote an Essay on the Nature and Principles of Taste (1790) ; Sermons (1814—1815), and a Memoir of the Life and Writinqs of Lord Woodhouselee (1818). See Lord Jeffrey's Essays, and Sinclair's Old Times and Dis- tant Places. See Taste, On the Nature, &c. Alison, Sir Archibald, Bart., son of the preceding (b. 1792, d. 1867), wrote a History of Europe, from the French Revolu- tion of 1789 to the Accession of Napoleon in. (1839-42) ; Principles of Population (1840) ; Free Trade and Fettered Currency (1847) ; a Life of the Duke of Marlborough (1847) ; Essays : Historical, Political, and Miscellaneous (1850), and other works. See the Quarterly Revietv, vols. Ixx,, Ixxii., Ixxiii., Ixxvi. ; the Edinburgh Review, vol. Ixxvi. ; the Westminster Review, vol. xli. ; and the North American Review ^ vols., viii., X., xi., XX. Alison Gross. A ballad printed by Jamieson, "from the recitation of Mrs. Brown." It tells how a wretched old witch turned a youth into a serpent, and how he was released from his thral- dom by the Queen of the Fairies. "All along the valley, stream that flashes bright." First line of a lyric by Alfred Tennyson (b. 1809), entitled. In the Valley of Cauteretz. "All are architects of fate." First line of the Builders, a poem by Sa Aiitj All Henky Wadsworth Longfellow (b. 1807). " All are but parts of one stu- pendous whole." Line 267, epistle i., of Pope's Essay on Man (q.v.) : — " Whose body Nature is, and God the soul." "All cry and no wool." Line 852, canto i., part 1, of Butler's Epitaph on Shakespeare. " All Europe rings from side tp side (Of which)." A line in Milton's 22nd Sonnet. All fools. A comedy by George Chapman (1557—1634), founded upon Ter- ence's Heautontimorumenos, and printed in 1605. " The style," says Mr. Swinburne, " is limpid and luminous as running water; the verse pure, simple, smooth and strong ; the dialogue always bright, fluent, lively, and at times relieved with delicate touches of high moral and intellectual beauty : the plot and characters excellently fitted to each other, with just enough intricacy and fulness of incident to sustain, without relaxation or conf usioir, the ready interest of readers or spectators." All for Love : " or, a Sinner Well Saved." A poem, in nine parts, by Robt. SOUTHEY (1774—1843). Written in 1829. and founded on a passage in the Life of St. Basil, ascribed to his contemporary, St. Amphilochius, Bishop of Iconium. " All for love : and a little for the bottle." See Wattle, Captain. All for Money. " One of the most elaborate and involved of our later morals. The characters engaged in it," says Collier, " are no less than thirtj--two in number. It professes to represent ' the manners of men and fashion of the world ' at the date when it was produced ; but it is anything but a picture of manners, and the author directs his attack in various ways against avarice. On the title-page he terms his work a ' pitiful comedy,' and in the prologue he tells us that it is also a • pleasant tragedy ; ' but it has no preten- sions to be considered one or the other." It was printed in 1578. "All in the Downs the fleet was moor'd." First line of Gay's ballad, entitled. Sweet William's Farewell to Black-eyed Susan. See Black-eyed Su- san. All in the Wrong. A novel by Theodore Edward Hook (1788—1841). All in the "Wrong. A comedy bv Arthur Murphy (1727—1805), adapted from the French of Destouches. " All is not gold that gUsten- cth." See Middleton's play of A fair Quarrel, act ii., scene 1. See also Shake- speare's play of the Merchant of Venice, actii., scene? : "All that glistens is not gold." Chaucer, in his Chanones Ye- mannes Tale has,— " All thing, which shineth as the gold Ne is no gold, as I have herd it told." " All June I boimd the corn in sheaves." First line of One Way of Love, a poem, by Robert Browning (b. 1812):— " Rose by rose, I strip the leaves And strew them where Pauline may pass. She will not turn aside ? Alas ! Let them lie. Suppose they die ? The chance was they might take her eye." " All men think all men mortal but themselves." In Young's Night Thoughts, night i., line 424. " All my past life is mine no more." First line of a song by John, Earl of Rochester (1647—1680). " All praise to Thee, my God, this night." First line of the Evening Hymn,\>y Bishop Ken (1637—1711). " All precious things, discov- ered late." First line of the Arrival in ihe Day-Dream, a lyric by Alfred Ten- nyson (b. 1809). " All that's bright must fade." First line of a song by Thomas Moore (1779—1852):- " The bright est still the fleetest ; All that's sweet was made But to be lost when sweetest! " " All the souls that -were, "w^ere forfeit once." — Measure for Measure, act ii., scene 2. " All the world's a stage." A familiar quotation, which is to be found in act ii., scene 7, of Shakespeare s As You Like It. Compare it with the following passage in Hey wood's Apology for Actors (q.v.) :- " The world's a theatre, the earth a stage, Which God and nature do with actors fllL" " All the Year Round. A week- ly periodical, originated bv Charles Dickens (1812— 1870) in 1859, and edited by him until his death. It arose out of a dis- pute between Dickens and his publishers, which resulted in the discontinuance of Household Words (q.v.). The first number contained the opening chapters of A Tale of Two Cities (q.v.), and the magazine was frequently enriched by miscellaneous con- tributions from the pen of the editor. Among the leading writers, besides Dic- kens, have been Lord Lytton, Wilkie Collins, G- A. Sala, Edmund H. Yates, John Hollingshead, Andrew Halliday, Mrs. Gaskell, Miss Procter, Miss Martineau and Miss Dickens. " All thoughts, all passions, all delights." Opening line of Coleridge's poem of Love, ALL ALL ^d *' All -we kno-w of what the blessed do above." See Walleb's Song to Chloris— " Is, that they sing and that they love." The most familiar version of the lines is that given by Lady Rachel Russell in her Letter to Earl Galway on Friendship :— " All we know they do above. Is. that they sing and that they love." " All "wrorldly shapes shall melt in gloom." First line of the Last Man, a lync by Thomas Campbell (1777—1844). Airs Lost by Lust. A tragedy by William Rowley (temp. James I.) printed in 1633. " All's over then : does truth sound bitter ? " First line of the Lost Mistress (q . v.), a poem by Robert Bbo wn- INQ (b. 1812). All's Well that ends "Well. A comedy by William Shakespeare (1564 —1616), first printed in the folio of 1623. Meres, in his Palladis Tamia, mentions among the plays of Shakespeare which were then in favour, a comedy called Love's Labour's Wonne, which most authorities now agree in identifying with All's Well that ends Well. It would seem to have been originally written as a companion to Love's Labour's Lost (q v.), probably about 1601 or 1602, and afterwards to have been revised and republished by the author with a new title. The plot is partially founded on a tale in Boccaccio's Decameron, gior- nataiii., novella ix., or rather,on Painter's translation of it, which forms the thirty- eighth novel of the first volume of the Pjblace of Pleasure (q.v.) :— " Giletta, a phisition's daughter of Narbon, healed the French king of a fistula, for reward whereof she demanded Beltramo, Count of Rossiglione, to husband. The counte being married against his will, for despite fled to Florence and loved another. Gi- letta, his wife, by pollicie founde meanes to lye with her husband in place of his lover, and was begotten with childe of two Bonnes, which knoweu to her husband, he received her again, and afterwards he lived in great honour and felicitie." The comic passages are. however, entirely Shakespeare's. " It is the old story," says Schlegel, " of a young maiden whose love looked much higher than her station . . . Love appears here in humble guise ; the wooing is on the woman's side ; it is striv- ing, unaided by a reciprocal inclination, to overcome the prejudices of birth." "It is," says Hazlitt, the most pleasing of our author's comedies." Allegory, as a figure of rhetoric, is the embodiment of a train of thought by means of sensible images, which have some reeemblance or analogy to the thought. The Allegory differs from the metaplior chiefly in extent: the latter is confined to a single sentence or expression, while the former is sustained through the whole work or representation. There are numer- ous Allegories in the Bible. The most famous in English literatuie areBunyau's Pilgrim's Progress (q.v.), and Spenser's Faerie Queene (q.v.) ; many also are to be found in the writings of Addison, Steele, Johnson, and the " Essayi^^ts." Allegory has been in use from the earliest ages. " Oriental people are specially fond of it. As examples from antiquity may be cited, the comparison of Israel to a vine in the 80th Psalm ; the beautiful passage in Plato's Phcedrus, where the soul is com- pared to a charioteer drawn by two horses, one white and one black ; the description of Fame in the 4th book of the ^neid." (Chambers.) The proper consideiation of Allegory in the fine arts generally is of the highest importance. It is not confined to language, but is carried into painting, sculpture, scenic representation, panto- mime and the like. Allegro L', See L'Allegro. Alleine (or AUein), Joseph. A Nonconformist divine (b. 1633, d. 1688.) He wrote a number of religious works, the best known of which is An Alarm to Uncon- verted Sinners (q.v.). See the biographies by Stanford, Baxter (1672), and Newton. " Allen, Humble." See Allwor- THY, Mr. Allen, Mr. Benjamin. A young surgeon who figures in Dickens's novel of the Pickwick Papers (q.v.). Allen-a-Dale. One of the famous archers of Robin Hood, who had interfered to secure his marriage to a fair young maiden, betrothed to a decrepit old knight. He is the minstrel of the merry band of venison-hunters, who held high revel in Sherwood's leafy glades, and as such makes frequent appearances in the old English ballads. Alley, "William, D.D., Bishop of Exeter (1512—1570), wrote a Hebrew Gram- mar, the Poor Man's Library, and trans- lated the Pentateuch for Bishop Parker's Bible. Alliance between Church and State, The. A work by William War- burton, Bishop of Gloucester (1698— 1779) published in 1736; in which he de- monstrates '• the Necessity and Equity of an Established Religion and a Test Law." See State in its Relations with THE Chuch, The. AUibone, Samuel Austin, LL.D. An American writer (b. 1816). He has published a Dictionary of British and American Authors (1858, 1870, and 1871), remarkable for the extent and accuracy of its information. 24 ALL ALS AUingham, William, poet (b. 1828), has written Poems (1850). Day and liight iSongs (1854), The Music Master and other Poems (1857), Laurence Bluomjield in Ireland (1864), and Songs, Ballads and Stories (1877). In 1874 he succeeded Mr. J. A. Froude in the editorship of Fraser's Magazine. Allot, Robert, is generally accept- ed as the compiler of England's Parnas- sus (q. v.), a collection of fugitive poems ¥y the leading writers of Elizabeth's reign. Collier says he was a joint sonneteer with Edward Gilpin before the publication of Markham's Devereux in 1597 ; but more than that is not known. See the Poe^ica/ Decameron and Bridges' Restituta. Alls ton, Washington, American poet (b. 1779, d. 1843), was the author of the Sylphs of the Seasons, and other Poems (1813), and the Romance of Monaldi (1841). His Poems and Lectures on Art were-edited by Richard H. Dana, jun., in 1850, See Griswold's Prose Writers of America, and the North American Review, vols. v. and liv. " We have often pored over Allston's pages," says the latter authority, "to admire the grace and delicacy of his Eng- lish poetical style." " All the specimens I have seen of his prose," says Griswold, *' iiidicate a remarkable command of lan- guage, great descriptive powers, and rare philosophical as well as imaginative talent." " Allured to brighter worlds, and led the way." Line 167 of Gold- smith's poem of the Deserted Village (q. v.). AU^worth. A character in Mas- SlNGEB's play of A Neto Way to Pay Old Debts, (q.v.). All-worthy.Mr. in Fielding's novel of Tom Jones (q.v.), a man of amiable and benevolent character ; intended for Mr. Ralph Allen, of Bristol, who was also cele- brated by Pope {Epilogue to the Satires, dialogue i„ line 136) in a familiar couplet:— " Let humble Allen, with an awkward shame. Do good by stealth, and blush to find it lame." Alma : " or, tlie Progress of the Mind." A poem in three cantos, by Mat- thew Prior (1664—1721), " written," says Dr. Johnson, " in professed imitation of Hudibras (q.v.), to which it has at least one accidental resemblance : Hudibras wants a plan, because it is left imperfect ; Alma 18 imperfect, because it seems never to have had a plan. It has many admirers, and was the only piece among Prior's works of which Pope said that he should •wish to be the author." Almanacs were first published in England in the fourteenth century, and one of the earliest known is John Somer's Calender, written in Oxford, (1380). The Stationers' Company claimed the exclusive right of publishing almanacs, but this monopoly was abolished in 1779. A duty was imposed on them in 1710, and repealed in 1834. Almanzor. A cliaracter in Dry- den's tragedy of the Conquest of Granada (q.v.). Almanzor and Almanzaida. A novel attributed to Sir Philip Sidney (1564—1586) by the printer, who issued it in 1678. " This book coming out so late, it is to be enquired," says Anthony h Wood, " whether Sir Philip Sidney's name is not set to it for sale-sake." Almeria. The heroine of Con- greve's tragedy of the Mourning Bride (q-v.), Almeyda, Queen of Grenada. A tragedy by Sophia Lee (1750—1824), pro- duced in 1796 at Drury Lane, with Mrs. Siddons in the character of the heroine. " Almighty dollar, The." A phrase used by Washington Irving (1783 —1859) hi his sketch of the Creole Village. A. L. O. E. The well-known ini- tials, adopted as a pseudonym by Miss Tucker, the author of numerous stories and religious works for the young. " A. L. O. E." stand for " A Lady of England," See Tucker, Miss. " A lover of late was I." First line of an old song, printed in Bishop Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poe- try. "Alone -with his glory." A phrase in Wolfe's verses on the Burial of Sir John Moore (q.v.). Alonzo the brave and the Fair Imogene. A ballad by Matthew Gregory Lewis (1775— 1818),'beginning— " A warrior so bold and a virgin so bright, Conversed as they sat on the green j They gazed at each other with tender delight, Alonzo the brave was the name of the knight— The maiden's was Fair Imogene." Alp, the renegade, in Byron's poem of the Siege of Corinth (q.v.). is a Christian knight whose wrongs have in- duced him to turn Mussulman to obtain revenge. Alph, in Coleridge's poetical frag- ment of Kubla Khan (q.v.), is the sacred river that ran through unfathomable caves " down to a sunless sea." Alpheus. A prophet and magician in Orlando Furioso. Alphonsus, King of Arragon, The Comical Historic of. A play by Rob- ert Greene (1560—1592), printed in 1597. Alsatia, The Squire of. Acom- edy by Thomas Shajdwell (1640—1692). ALT? AMA 25 Alsatia was the name popularly given in former times to Wliite-friars, in London, which was for a long period an asylum or sanctuary for debtors and persons desiring to evade the law. Many of the most stir- ring scenes in Scott's Fortunes of Nigel are represented as having occurred in Al- satia. Altare Damascenum : " Seu Ecclesiae Anglicanae Politia Ecclesiae Scoticanae obtrusa, a Formalista quodam delineata, illustrata et examinata, sub nomine oUm Edwardi Didoclavii, Studio et Opera Davidis Calderwood " (157,5— 1651). Published originally in 1611 ; after- wards in English in 1623. It is a vehement attack upon episcopacy, in reply to Arch- bishop Spottiswoode (q.v.). Altercation or Scolding of the Ancients, A Treatise concerning. By John Arbuthnot. M. D. (1675—1735). published in 1750, in the author's collected works : it exhibited the best qualities of his satiric wit. Althea, To : " From prison." A poem by Richard Lovelace (1618—1658), beginning — " When love with unconflned wings." It was written whilst the author was incar- cerated in the Gatehouse, Westminster, for presenting a petition to the House of Commons in favour of the king. Alton Locke, Tailor and Poet. A novel by the Rev. Charles Kikgsley (b. 1819, d. 1875), published in 1850. Alvarez Espriella, Manuel. See ESPRIELLA. Alyface, Annot, in Udall's Ralph Roister Bolster (q.v.), is a servant of Dame Christian Custance (q.v.). Alzirdo, King of Tremizen, in Orlando Furioso, " Am I not in blissed case ? " First line of a song, by John Skelton (1460 — 1529), sung by Lust in the moral play of the TriaU, of Pleasure (q.v.). Amadis of Fraunce, The Treas- iirie of, is a translation from the French of Nicholas de Herberay by Thomas Pay- NEL, printed in 1567- It was followed in 1595, 1619, 1652, 1664, and 1694, by versions of several portions of the same romance by Anthony Mlnday and others. " All these old translations, however, are very indifferent and faithless, and the reader who desires to relish this delightful old romance, must read it," says CarewHaz- litt, " in Southey's English,"— which was translated from the Spanish of Vasco Lo- beira. Not unworthv of ranking with the latter version is that "written by Stewart Rose, which was published in 1803. Amadis of Greece. A supplemen- a tal part of the romance of Amadis of Fraunce (q.v.), added by Feliciano de SlIiVA. Amanda. A lady, celebrated in the poetry of James Thomson (1700— 1748); whose name was Young, and who eventually married an Admiral Campbell. She inspired, among other pieces, the fol- lowing graceful song — "Unless with my Amanda blest, In vain I twine the woodbine bower ; Unless I deck her sweeter breast. In vain 1 rear the breathing flower : " Awakened by the genial year. In vain the birds around me sing. In vain the freshening tields appear, WithoiU my love there is no Spring. " Amantium Irae Redintegratio Amoris Est. A poem by Richard Ed- wards (circa 1523—1566), printed in the Paradise of Dainty Devices (q.v.). Amarant. A cruel giant slain by Guy of Warwick. See Guy and Amarant in Percy's Reliques. "Amarantha, sweet and fair." First line of To Amarantha, that she would dishevel her hair, a song by Rich- ard Lovelace (1618—1658). containing the line — " Shake your head, and scatter day." Amaryllis. The name of a rustic heauty in Virgil's Eclogues and the Idylls of. Theocritus, frequently adopted in modern pastorial poetry. See Milton— " To sport with Amaryllis in the shade." Dryden— " To Amaryllsis Love compels my way." And Wither— •• Amaryllis did I woo." Amaryllis, in Spenser's Colin Clout's Come Home Again (q.v.). was in- tended for the Countess Dowager of Der- by, for whom Milton wrote his Arcades. (q.v.). Amateur, An. Tlie pseudonym adopted by Pierce Egan the elder, in the publication of his work entitled Real Life in London (q.v.). Amaurot. The name of the cliief city of Utopia, in Sir Thomas More's famous work of that name (q.v.). ; taken from the Greek afxavpa^ " shadowy," ** un- known." Amazia, in Pordage's satiric poem of Azaria and Hushai (q .v.), stands for Charles II., who is described as flying "over Jordan" — " Till God had struck. the tyrant Zabad dead ; When all his subjects, who his fate did moan. With joyful hearts reatored him to his thrtmc • fid AM6 AMS Who then his father's murthcrers destroy'd And a long, happy, peaceful reign enjoy d, Belov'd of all. for merciful was he, Like God in the superlative degree." Ambarvalia. A volume of poe- try, since incorporated in the complete edition of his poems, by Arthur Hugh Clough (1819— 1861), written between 1840 and 1847, chiefly at Oxford, and published in 1849. They are all poems of the iimer life, and it has been said of them that " they will hold their place beside those of Tennyson and Browning." " Ambassador, An, is an honest man sent to lie abroad for the common- wealth." See Sir Hexry Wotten's Pan- egyric on King Charles. " Ambition should be made of sterner stuff." — Julius Ccesar, act iii., scene 2. Ambrosio. The hero of Lewis's romance, The Monk (q.v.). He is abbot of the Capuchins at Madrid, and, for his reputed sanctity, is termed the Man of Holiness. But the temptations of his evil spirit, called Matilda, overcome his virtue, and he proceeds from crime to crime, un- til, condemned to death by the Inquisition, he bargains for his soul with Lucifer, and is released from prison, only to be dashed to pieces on a rock. Amelia. A novel by Henry Fielding (1707—1754), published in 1751, of which we are told that Dr. Johnson " read it through without stopping." "He appears," says Malone, " to have been particularly pleased with the character of the heroine of this novel, and said Field- ing's Amelia was the most pleasing hero- ine of all the romances, but that vile broken nose, never cured, ruined the sale of perhaps the only book, of which, being published betimes one morning, a new edition was called for before night." "H. Fielding," wrote Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, "has given a true picture of himself and his first wife, in the character of Mr. and Mrs. Booth, some compliments to his own figure excepted ; and I am per- suaded several of the incidents he men- tions are real matters of fact." " Amelia," says Thackeray, " pleads for her husband, "Will Booth ; Amelia pleads for her reck- less, kindly old father, Harry Fielding, To have invented that character is not only a triumph of art, it is a good action. They say it was in his own home Fielding knew and loved her ; and from his own wife that he drew the most charming character in English fiction. Amelia is not perhaps a better story than Tarn Jones, but it has the better ethics." Amelia. See Heptameron of CrviLL Discourses, An. Amelia, in Thomson's poem of the Seasons (q.v.). hook ii,, is a rustic maiden, killed by a stroke of lightning while shel- tering in her lover's arms. Amelia Sedley. in Thackeray's novel of Vanity Fair (q.v.), " A dear lit- tle creature," says the author, " but not a heroine ; " in love witli George Osborne. Amends for Ladies. A play by Nathaniel Field (d. 1641), printed in DoDSLEY's Collection of Old Plays. See Woman's a Weathercock, A. Amergin. Tlie name of two Irish bardSj one of whom lived in the middle of the sixth century, and wrote Dinn Sean- chus, or History of Noted Places in Ireland; the other lived in the seventh century, and composed a treatise on the privileges and punishments of the different ranks of society, a copy of which is preserved among the Seabright MSS. in Trinity College, Dublin. See the works on Irish Poetry by O'Reilly and Ware. America, On the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning in. "Verses by George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne (1684—1753), which read like a prophecy of the greatness to which the New World was afterwards to attain. The last lines run : — " Westward the course of empire takes its way | The four first acta already past : A fifth shall close the drama with the day ; Time's noblest offspring is the last." American Notes for General Circulation. Sketches of American life and character by Charles Dickens (1812 —1870), whose first visit to the United States was made In the January of 1842. The Notes were published in October of the same year, and were dedicated " to those friends of the author in America, who, giving him a welcome he must ever gratefully and proudly remember, left his judgment free, and who, loving their coun- try, could bear the truth, when it was told good-humouredly and in a kind spirit." Tlus, however, it appeared they could not do, and the book gave great offence to the people whom it attempted to describe. Both Judge Haliburton and R. W. Emer- son have touchy references to It in their works, and an American lady wrote a re- ply to it, under the witty title of Change for American Notes. In England it was more favourably received. Lord Jeffrey wrote to the author : '* A thousand thanks for your charming book, and for all the pleasure, profit, and relief it afforded rne. You have been very tender to our sensitive friends beyond the sea, and really said nothing which will give any serious offence to any moderately rational patriot amongst them." Ames, Joseph (b. 1689, d. 1758), was the author of Typographical Antiqui' ties (q.v.). AMI Am6 ^^ Amicos, Ad. A poem by Richard West (1716—1742), the friend of Gray and Walpole. Amicus. The pseudonym adopted by SiK Thomas Fairbairk \h- 1823) in a series of letters contributed to the Times newspaper, on the relations between em- plovers and employed, social progress gen- erally, trade unionism, and other subjects. Amiel. In Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel (qv.), Mr. Seymour, the Speaker of the House of Commons, was personified under the name Eliam (anagram, Amiel), " friend of God." Amilec : " or, the Seeds of Man- kind." A semi-satirical romance, trans- lated from the French, and published in 1753. It endeavours to explain the analogy between the propagation of animals and that of vegetables. Amine. A character in the Arabian Nights, represented as "so hard-hearted that she led her three sisters about like a leash of greyhounds." Am.intor. The hero of Beaumont and Fletcher's play of the Maid's Trag- edy (q.v.). Amir Khan. See Davidson, Lu- cretia Maria. Amitie, The Arbor of. See Ar- bor OF Amitie, The. Amlet, Richard. A gamester, in Vanbrugh's comedy of the Confederacy (q.v.). "A notable instance," says Charles Lamb, " of the disadvantages to "which this chimerical notion of affinity constituting a claim to acquaintance may subject tne spirit of a gentleman." Amon and Mardocheus : " a fabulous poem," on the story of Haraan and Mordecai, preserved among the Vernon MSS. It begins by telling how King Ahaz- were (Ahasuerus) loved a Knight, Amon, "so wele,"— " That he commaundcd men should knele Bifore him, in such a streete, Over all ther men mihte him meete," &c. "Among my fancies, tell me this." First line of Kisses, a poem, by Robert Herrick (1591—1674). " What is the thing we call a kiss ? " " Among them, but not of them (I stood)." A line in stanza 113, canto iii., of Byron's Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (q.v.). Amoret, in Spenser's poem of tlie Fahrie Queene, book iv., is a lady married to Sir Scudamore (q.v.). and represents the eager devotion of a lovuig wife. Amoret. A l.ady, probably Lady Sophia Murray, who is celebrated in the songs of Edmund Waller (1606—1687). See, for example, Sacharissa's and Amoret' s Friendship and To Amoret, in the latter of which the poet " compares the different modes of regard with which he looks on her and Sacharissa" (q.v.). Amoretti : " or, Sonnets," by Ed- mund Spenser (1552—1599), published in 1595, in which he describes the progress of his love. They are eighty-eight in number. " Amorous, and fond, and bil- ling (Still)." Line 687, canto i., part 3, of Butler's poem of Hudibras (q.v.). " Like Philip and Mary on a shilling." Amorous Orontus : " or, Love in Fashion." A comedy in heroic verse, printed in 1665, and translated by John Bulteel, from the Amour d la Mode of CORNEILLE. Amorous Prince, The. A play by Aphra Bern (lfr42— 1689), printed in 1671. Amorous "Warre, The, A tragic comedy by Jasper Mayne (1604—1672), printed in 1648. Amory, Blanche, in Thackeray's novel of Pendennis (q.v.); "lacks fire, and is too insipid," says Hannay, *' to overcome the kind of negligent contempt which her shallowness and selfishness inspire." Amory, Thomas, D.D., Enplisli Presbyterian minister (b. 1701, d- 1774), wrote A Dialogtie of Devotion, after the manner of Xenophon (1733, 1746), Miscel- laneous Sermons (1756), and Twenty-Two Serm/ms, mostly on the Divine Goodness (1766). See t\\Q Bioqraphia Britannica. "In his theological views." says Dr. Lindsay Alexander, •' he strongly inclined to Arian- ism, and both as a tutor and a preacher contributed his share to the defection from evangelical sentiments which, in the course of the last century, withdrew so many of the English Presbyterians from the faith of their forefathers." Amory, Thomas, bookseller (b. 1691, d. 1788), wrote Memoirs containing the Lives of several Ladies of Great Britain (17.5.5), and the Life of John Buncle, Esq. (1756—66). See BuNCLE, JOHN, ESQ., and Memoirs Containing, «&c. Amours de Voyage. A poem in English hexameters, by Arthur Hugh Clough (1819—1861). *' The siege of Rome during his residence there i)i 1849 was the stimulus," says Hutton, •' which gave rise to this very original and striking poem— a poem brimful of the breath of his Oxford culture, of Dr. Newman's metaphysics, of classical tradition, of the political enthu- siasm of the time, and of his own large, speculative humour, subtle hesitancy of brain, and rich pretorial sense. Yet so ill- satisfied was he with this striking poem, that he kept it nine years in MS., and pub- lished it apologetically, at last, only in an 23 AMP Ana American magazine, the Atlantic Monthly, His idea was to draw a mind so reluctant to enter on action, shrinking so morbidly from the effects of the 'ruinous force of the will,' that even when most desirous of action it would find a hundred trivial in- tellectual excuses for shrinking back in spite of that desire." The poem takes the form of letters from one character to an- other ; the dramatis personce being Claude, the hero ; his friend, Eustace ; Georgina and Louisa ; Mary Trevellyn, the heroine, with whom Claude is in love ; and Miss Roper. Amphialus, son of Cecropia (q.v.), in the Arcadia (q.v.) of SiR Philip Sid- ney ; in love with Philoclea (q.v.), but eventually united to Queen Helen of Corinth. Amphion. A humorous poem by Alfred Tennyson. Amphion was the son of Jupiter and Antiope, and played the lyre with such wondrous skill, that stones and trees moved about at his command. Like Orpheus, in Horace — ♦' ITnde vocalem temere insecutae Orphea silvae Arte materna rapidos morantem Fluminum lapsus celeresque ventos, Blandum et auritas fldibus canoris Ducere quercus." "Ample room, and verge enough." See Gray's poem, The Bard, part ii., line 3. Am'well. A descriptive j)oem by John Scott (1730—1783), taking its nam"e from the place in Hertfordshire where the writer lived for twenty years. Amynta. The subject of a poem by Sir Gilbert Elliott (d. 1777), begin- ning— •* My sheep I neglected, I broke my sheep-hook," and described by Sir Walter Scott as " that beautiful pastoral song." Amyntas . " or, tlie Impossible Dowry." A dramatic fairy pastoral, by Thomas Randolph (1605—16.34). " Thanks be to the witty scholar, Thomas Randolph," says Leigh Hunt, " for an addition to the stock of one's pleasant fancies." Amyntor and Theodora. A poem in blank verse by David Mallet (1700— 1765), published in 1747. The scene is laid in the .sland of St. Kilda, whither a cer- tain Aurelius has fled to escape the relig- ious persecutions under Charles II. The poem is full of descriptions of marine phe- nomena. Amys and Amyllion. The title of " a favourite old romance, founded," says Warton, " on the indestructible like- ness of two of Charlemagne's knights, oilg- inally celebrated by Turpin, and placed by Vincent de Beauvais under the reign 01 Pepin," The old English romance which tells their story is probably translated from the French. It contains three hundred and ninety-nine six-lined stanzas, and is an- alysed by Ellis in his Early English Ro- mances. See Weber's work on the same subject. "An hour with thee! — when earliest day." First line of a lyric by Sir Walter Scott (1771—1832). "An old song made by an aged old pate." First line of the Old and Young Courtier (q.v.). Anaoharsis the Younger in Greece. A volume of travels during the middle of the fourth century, B.C., trans- lated from the French of the Abbe Bar- THELEMY by W. BEAUMONT, 1791. Anacreon. Translations into Eng- lish from the Greek of this author have been published by Wood, Cowley, Oldham, and Willis (1683), John Addison (1735), Fawkes (1760), Greene (1768), Moore (1800), Lord Thurlow (1823), and Arnold (1869), See Lowndes'' Bibliographer's Manual, and the English Catalogue. Anacreon Moore. An appella- tion frequently bestowed upon Thomas Moore (1779—1862), in allusion to his trans- lation of Anacreon, and the general char- acter of his lyric poetry, " In that heathenish heaven Described by Mahomet and Anacreon Moore." Byron. Anacreon of the Twelfth Cen- tury. Walter Mapes, also called the " Jovial Toper " (1150—1196). He is best known as the author of a Latin song which has been translated by Leigh Hunt under the title of the Jovial 'Priesfs Confession. Anacreon, The Scottish. A term applied to Alexander Scot (circa 1562), the general tone of whose poetry is amatory. Anagram. An anagram is the transposition of the letters of a word, phrase, or short sentence, so as to form a new word or sentence ; and it is said to have been used by the ancient Jews, Greeks, &c. One of the happiest anagrams is that on the name " Horatio Nelson," the letters forming which by transposition be- come '• Honor est a Nile." Anah, in Byron's Heaven and Earth, is a tender-hearted, loving creature loved by Japhet, but loving the seraph Azaziel, who carried her off when the flood came. Analogy of Religion, The, Nat- ural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature. A famous treatise by Joseph Butler, Bishop of Bristol (Ifi92_l7.52), published in 1736, the best edition of which is that superintended by ANA ANO 29 Bishop Fitzgerald. Sir James Mackintosh said that " though only a commentary on the singularly original and pregnant pas- sage of Origeji, which is so honestly pre- fixed to it as a motto," it was, notwithstand- ing, " the most original and profound work, extant iu any language, on the Philosophy of Religion.'' The motto from Origen runs as follows :— '* He who believes the Scrii_»- tures to liave proceeded from Him who is the Author of Nature, may well expect to find the same sort of difficulties in it as are found in the constitution of Nature-" *' The temper in which Butler pleaded for Christianity was," says a recent writer, " in wonderful contrast with that of the evidence-writers of his time. The heat of controversy never disturbs his calm impartiality. Instead of refutation and demonstration, Butler's object was to obvi- ate objections and to discover probabilities. These he found in analogies. Tlie word analogy has a very wide application, and Butler uses it iu all the varieties of its meaning In the Analogy he is ad- dressing the Deists, His arguments are intended to meet the objections of men who admit that the constitution and the course of nature are the work of God. This is not finding the evidence of the invisible in the visible, nor deriving arguments for the con- stitution of another world from the course of this. It is only showing that Chris- tianity is not so certainly false as some persons supposed it to be." Anarchy, The Masque of. A satirical poem, by Percy Bysshe Shel,- LEY (1792—1822), printed, with a preface by Leigh Hunt, in 18.32. It was written in 1819. Rossetti describes it as " the record of his fiery and righteous zeal against the authors of the • Manchester Massacre,' which was then crimsoning the soil and the cheeks of Englishmen.'^ It is one of the least effective of his compositions. Anastasius. A romance of East- ern life and travel, by Thomas Hope (1770—1831), printed in 1819. It professes to be " the memoirs of a Greek, written at the close of the eighteenth century," who, " to escape the consequences of his own crimes and villanies of every kind, becomes a renegade, and passes through a long series of the most extraordinary and ro- mantic vicissitudes." Sydney Smith, in the Edinburgh Review, asked where the author had hidden " all this eloquence and poetry" up to that time ; how it was that he had " all of a sudden burst out into descriptions which would not disgrace the pen of Taci- tusj and displayed a depth of feeling and a vigour of imagination which Lord Byron could not excel." Gifford,in the Quarterly Revieio, was less enthusiastic, describing the book as " a paradox of contradiction, rational and absurd, profound and shallow, amusing and tiresome." Anatomie of a Woman's Tongue, The : " divided into five parts : Medicine, a Poison, a Serpent, Fire, and Thunder." A scarce poetical tract, pub- lished in 1638. Anatomie of Absurditie, The : "contayning a breefe Confutation of the slender imputed Prayses to feminine Per- fection." A satirical tract by Thomas Nash (15G7— 1600 ?), printed in 1589. Anatomie of Abuses, The. See Abuses, The Axatomie of. Anatomy of Melancholy. See Melancholy, Anatomy of. Anaxarte. A character in Amadis of Greece (q.v.). Anaxus. A cliaracter in Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia (q.v.). '* Ancient and fish-like smell, A very."— Tempest, act ii., scene 2. Ancient and Modern Learning, An Essay upon the. Published, with other essays, under the title of Miscellanea, by Sir William Temple (1628—1698), in 1705, and famous as having excited the coiitro- VOTsy concerning the letters of Phalaris (q.v.), in which Boyle, Swift, and Bentley took a prominent part. The essay seems to have been snggested by, and to a certain extent founded on PeiTault's Age of Louis the Great, in which, obviously with the view of flattering the authors of that time, it was argued that the ancient writers were much surpassed by the moderns. Ancient Mariner, The A poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772— 1834), written at Stowey, about 1796—7. The hero, an ancient mariner " with a lone grey b^ard and glittering eye," suffeii likewise i along o *',, 7 — T ^.../.-w**..^ ^j'-', cjuiters terrible evils, and likewise inflicts them on his companions, from having cruelly killed an albatross. All his comrades perish of hunger, but, as he repents, he is permitted to regain the land. At intervals, however, his agony returns, and he is driven from place to place to ease his soul by confessing his crime and sufferings to his fellows, and enforcing upon them a lesson of love for "all things, both great and small." De Quin- cey refers the idea to a passage in Shelvocke, the circumnavigator, who states that his second captain, a man of melancholy mood, was possessed by a fancy that some long season of foul weather was owing to an al- batross which had long pursued his ship. Therefore he shot it ; but his condition was not mended. " The Ancient Mariner," says Swinburne, "is perhaps the most wonderful of all poems. In reading it we seem rapt into that paradise revealed by Swedenborg, where music and colour and perfume were one, where vou could see the hues and hear the harmonies of heaven. For absolute melody and splendour it were hardly rash to call it the first poem in the language. An exquisite instinct married 30 ANO AND to a subtle science of verse has made it the supreme model of music in our language." The lines — " And thou art long, and lank, and brown, As is the ribbed sea-sand," and the verse beginning — " He holds him with his glittering eye," were written by Wordsworth, who also suggested the idea of shooting the albatross, of which he had read in Shelvocke's Voy- ages. It appeared in 1798. Ancren Riwle, The. An early piece of Transition English, " of much interest to students of the language, but of slight interest as literature." It seems to have been written by a Bishop Poor, who died in 1237, and was intended, says Professor Morley, for the guidance of a small household of women withdrawn from the world for the service of God, at Tarrant Keynstone, in Dorsetshire. Ancrum, Earl of. Robert Kerr (b. 1578, d. 1654), was the author, says Horace Walpole, of "a short but very pretty copy of verses to Drummond, of Hawthoniden." " And is this Yarro-w^ ? this the stream." Firet line of Wordsworth's poem of Yarrow Visited (q.v.). "And on her lover's arm she leant." First line of the Departure in the Day Dream, a lyric by Alfred Tenn vsox. " And thou art dead, as young as fair?" First line of Byron's stanzas To Thyrza (q.v.), written in February, 1812. " And "Willie, my eldest born, is gone, you say, little Annie?" First line of the Grandmother, a poem by Alfred Tennyson. "And ^vilt thou leave me thus ? " First line of the Lover^s Appeal, a lyric by Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503—15*2), of which F. T. Palgrave says that " it was long before English poetry returned to the charming simplicity of this and a few other poems by Wyatt." Andersen, Hans Christian (1805 —1875). The works of this famous Danish writer have frequently been republished in English translations. Among others are The Improvisatore, The Story of My Life, In Spain, The Saiid Hills of Jutland and various volumes of juvenile stories. Andersen was born at Odensee, and his seventieth birthday was celebrated by great rejoicings at Copenhagen. Anderson, Christopher, Baptist minister (b. 1782, d. 1852), wrote Annals of the English Bible (1845), and other works. See the Life and Letters by his nephew (1854). Anderson, James, Scottish archae- .ologiot (b. 1662, d. 1728), published, in 1705, an Historical Essay, showing that the Croum fm,d Kingdom of Scotland is imperial and independent. His most important work, however, was a collection of facsimile charters of the ancient Scottish kings and nobles, with their seals and coins, published in 1739, under the title of Seltctus Diplo- matum et Numismatum Scotloe Thesaurus. Anderson, Robert, M. D. (b. 1751, d. 1830), is best known as the editor and biographer of a large number of the Britisli poets, whose works he included in a series of volumes now rarely to be met with : *< To good old Anderson," wrote the Quar- terly Review, " the poets and literature of the country are deeply beholden." Anderson, Robert, poet (b. 1770, d. 1833), published in 1805 a volume of Ballads in the Cumberland Dialect. His collected works appeared in 1820, with an autobiographical notice of the author. Andrewes Lancelot, successively Bishop of Chichester, Ely, and Winchester (b. 1555, d. 1626), was one of the translators of the authorised version of the Bible, and the author, among other works, of a reply to Bellarmine's treatise against King James I.'s Defence of the Right of Kings (1609). His Manual of Devotion in Greek and Latin was translated by Dean Stan- hope- His Works were collected and pub- lished in 1589—1610. Of these a selection from his Sermons (1631) has recently been reprinted (1868), and his Manual for the Sick; edited by Canon Liddon (1869). See the Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology, and the Biographies by Isaacson and Rus- sell. "He was so skilled," says Fuller, *' that the world wanted learning to know how learned he was-" "This is that An- drewes," says Bishop Hacket, " the oint- ment of whose name is sweeter than spices." Andrews, Joseph, The, Adven- tures of. A novel by Henry Fielding (1707—1754), published in 1742, two years after Richardson's Pamela, which it was intended to ridicule. " There is indeed," says Scott. " a fine vein of irony in Field- ing's novels, as will appear from comparing it with the pages of Pamela ; but l^amela, to which that irony was applied, is now in a manner forgotten, and Joseph Andrews continues to be read for the admirable pic- tures of manners which it piesents, and above all, for the inimitable character of Mr. Abraham Adams (q-v-), which alone is sufficient to stamp the superiority of Field- ing over all writers of his class." Joseph Andreics, it may- be added, was avowedly written " in imitation of the manner of Cervantes," and Professor Masson points out that the influence of the Spanish writer is visible, indeed, in all Fielding's subse- quent novels. Andrevirs, Peter Miles, dramatic writer (d. 1814),was the author, among other pieces, of The Baron Kinkvervankots-dor- sprak engotchdem (q.v.). " This gentle- AND ANQ 31 man," says the Biographia Dramaiica, " is a dealer in gunpowder, but his works, in their eifect, by no means resemble so ac- tive a composition, being utterly deficient in point of force and splendour. See Bet- ter Late than Never. Andromana : " or, the Merchant's Wife." A tragedy first printed in 1660, and founded on the story of Plangus in Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia (q.v.),which was also made use of by Beaumont and Flet- cher, in their play of Cupid's Revenge (q.v.). Andromann has been attributed to James Shirley (1594—1666) ; " altbough," says Dyce, ** it bears not the slightest resemblance in diction, thought, or ver- sification, to his acknowledged dramas." It is included in Dodsley's Collection of Old Plays. Andromeda. A poem in English hexameters, by the Rev. Charles Kings- ley (b. 1819, d. 1875), the subject of which is the well-known classical myth of Andro- meda and Perseus. A poem by George Chapman (1557—1634), entitled Andromeda Liherata, or the Nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda, appeared in 1614- Andronica. A beautiful hand- maid of Ijogistilla, in Orlando Furioso. Andronicus. A Tragedy, with the sub-title Impieties Long Increase, or Heaven's late Revenge, published at London in 1661. It is a fierce attack upon the Puri- tans, and a glorification of the Stuart dynasty. Andronicus, Titus. See Titus An- dronicus. Anecdotes of Literature and Scarce Books. By William Beloe (1766— 1817). Published between 1807 and 1812, and containing much valuable information on literary topics. Anemolius. Tiie Laureate of Utopia, in Sir Thomas More's romance of that name (q.v.). Aneurin. A Welsh bard, who died about 570. See Gododin. Angel "World, The. A poem by Philip James Bailey (b. 1816), published in 1850, but afterwards incorporated with the writer's Festus (q-v.). Angela Pisani. Tlie title of a novel by the Hon. George Sydney Smythe, seventh Viscount Strangford, published in 1875, and prefaced by a bio- graphical sketch of the author from the pen of Lady Strangford. " Angela Pisani," says a recent critic. " is a romance without a hero, and a story without a plot ; but it abounds in powerful descriptions, and in very elaborate writing. Its style is over- laden with ornament. There is an exces- sive fondness, which becomes wearisome, ^iiown |of recondite historicj^l ^lugjon, . . . Yet there runs a strong vein of hu- man interest throughout." See Aver- ANCHE, Lionel. Angelica. The heroine of Con- greve's comedy of Love for Love (q.v.) ; in love with Valentine, but the ward of Sir Sampson Legend, wno seeks to marry her. She jilts the old man, however, and marries the younger lover. Angelica is sup- posed to represent Mrs. Braoegirdle ; Val- entine, the author himself who was ena- moured of the actress, ana was the rival of the dramatist, Rowe, in her affections. Angelica. The heroine of Ari- osto's Orlando Furioso- She was beloved by Orlando (q.v.), but married Medoro (q.v.). Also the name of the heroine of Farquhar's plays of the Constant Couple (q.v.), and Sir Barry Wildair, Angelica, in the second part of the History of Parismus (q.v.), is a princess, and " Lady of the Golden Tower," beloved by Parismenos (q.v.). Angelic Doctor. A name be- stowed upon Thomas Aquinas, because he discussed the knotty point of "how many angels can dance on the p>oint of aneedle.*^" He was also called the Angel of the Schools. Angelo. A character in Shake- speare's Measure for Meastire (q.v.) ; also the name of a goldsmith in the Comedy of Errors (q.v.). Angeloni, Battistet See Letters to the English Nation. " Angels and ministers of grace, defend us ! "—Hamlet, act i., scene 4. " Angels are bright still, though the brightest ioW."— Macbeth, act iv., scene 3. '* Angels are painted fair, to look like you."— Otway's Venice Preserved, act i., scene 1. "Angels listen 'w^hen she speaks." A line in a song by the Earl of Rochester. "Angels' visits. Like." A simile which has been used by at leaet three Eng- lish poets. By John Norris, in the Part- ing (1711) :- " Like angels* viaito, ehort and bright." by Blair, in the Grave (part ii., line 586):— " In visits Like those of angels, short and far between ; " and by Campbell, in the Pleasures of Hope (line 375) :— "Like angel-visits, few and far between." The latter is the one most frequently quoted, though it was obviously suggested by the more correct and forcible passage inBlftly, ^ 32 ANQ ANN Angiolina. The wife of the doge, in Bybon's Marino Faliero (q.v.). Anglia Christiana Society. In- stituted 1847 ; now dissolved. It issued three volumes only. "Angling is something like Poetry, men are to be bom so," See Wal- ton's Complete Angler, parti., chap. 1. Angliorum Lacrymae : " in a sad passion, complayning the death of our late Boveraigne Lady Queene Elizabeth ; yet comforted agaiiie by the vertuous hopes of our most Royall and Renowned King James," A poem by Richard Johnson, published in 1603. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, The. A national record of events, which is said to have been begun at the instance of King Alfred the Great (849—901). " It opens," says Professor Morley, " after a brief ac- count of Britain, with Caesar's invasion ; is in its earlier details obviously a compila^ tion, and that chiefly from Bede (q.v.), but begins to give fuller details after the year 853 ; and so, from a date within Alfred's lifetime, begins to take rank with Bede as one of the great sources of infonnation on the early history of England. It may be supposed that, for the keeping of this an- nual record of the nation's life, local events were reported at the head-quarters of some one monastery, in which was a monk com- missioned to act as historiographer ; that at the end of each year this monk set down what he thought most worthy to be remem- bered, and that he then had transcripts of his brief note made in the scriptorium of his monastery, and forwarded to other houses for addition to the copies kept by them of the great year-book of the nation . Geoffrey Gaimar, writing in the twelfth century, says that King Alfred had at Winchester a copy of that chronicle fast- ened by a chain, so that all who wished might read. In some such way as this the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was kept up until the time of the Norman Conquest, and for three generations after that. Its last rec- ord is of the accession of Henry II. in the year 1154." Anider. The chief river of Utopia, in Sir Thomas More's great work (q.v.) ; from the Greek ai/v6pos " waterless," and apparently intended for the Thames. Animated Nature, A History of the Earth and of. By Oliver Gold- smith (1728 — 1774); a compilation for which he received eight hundred guineas for eight volumes. " Johnson," says Pro- fessor Masson, " prophesied that he would make the work as pleasant as a Persian tale, and the prophecy was fulfilled." It is still popular. Annabel, in Drtden's Absolom and Achitophel (q.v.), is designed for the Duchess of Monmouth. Annabel Lee. The title and sub- ject of a poem by Edgar Allan Pob (1811—1849), which begins— *' It was many and many a year ago, In a kingdom by the sea, That a maiden there lived whom you may know By the name of Annabel Lee." Annales : " or, a General! Chronicle of England, from Brute unto this present Yeare of Christe ;" "collected by John Stow, citizen of London " (1525 — 1605), and published in 1580. It was "aug- mented "and published by Edmond Howes in 1615. Annals of Great Britain : " from the Accession of George the Third to the Peace of Amiens." By Thomas Camp- bell, the poet (1777—1844) ; issued anony- mously in Edinburgh, in 1806. Annals of the Parish, The. A novel by John Galt '(1779-1839), pub- lished in 1821. Annals of the Poor. By the Rev. Legh Richmond (1772—1827,) pub- lished in 1814, and containing The Dairy- man's Daughter, The Negro Servant, The Young Cottager, Conversation, smd. A Visit to the Infirmary. These sketches origi- nally appeared in substance in the Chris- tian Guardian, and have been frequently republished. They were all of them writ- ten in the Isle of Wight, and owe much of their interest to their local colouring. " Annals of the Poor, The short and simple." A line in Gray's Elegy written in a Country Churchyard (q.v.). Annan "Water. A Scottish bal- lad, which relates how the hero, riding to meet his lover on a stormy night, is drowned in crossing a ford. Anne Hereford. The title of a novel by Mrs. Henry Wood (q.v.), which was published in 1868. Anne of Geierstein. A novel by Sir Walter Scott (1771 — 1832), which was published in 1829. Annesley. A character in Mac- kenzie's novel of the Man of the World (q.v.), whose adventures among the Indians are described with much spirit and pictur- es queness. James Annesley is also the Jiame of Charles Reade's Wandering Heir (1875). Annie Fair. A ballad, printed by Herd, Scott, Jamieson, Motherwell, and Chambers. It tells how Annie, wedded to a noble lord, is forced to welcome home a new bride of his, who turns out, l)appily, to be her own sister Elinor, and who prom- ises that her love " ye sail na tyne." ANN ANS 33 " Seven ships, loaded weel, Came o'er the sea wi' me ; Ane o' them will tak' me hame, And six I'll gie to thee." Allingham says that the story, of which there are several different Scottish ver- sions, is found in old French, in Swedish, in Danish, in Dutch, and in German. Annie of Lochroyan, Fair, A Scottish ballad printed, in varying forms, by Herd, Scott, Jamieson, and Buchan, (under the title of Lord Gregory). Loch- royan, or Loch Ryan, is a bay on the south- west coast of Scotland ; and the story goes that Fair Annie, sailing to the castle of her lover. Lord Gregory, is refused admittance by his mother, and re-embarking, is drowned on her way home. " Annihilating all that's made." See Marvell's poem of Thoughts in a Garden :— " To a green thought, in a green shade." Annual Register, The. A sum- mary of the history of each year ; projected by R. and J. Dodsley, and the first volume issued in 1758. It is still published yearly, and forms an invaluable work of reference. Annuals, wliich have been super- seded by special volumes, illustrated with the highest class of wood engravings, were a series of yearly gift-books, written by the best authors, and embellished with en- gravings on steel from paintings specially made by the most famous artists. They were first published in Germany, and the Forget-me-not. issued in London in 1822, introduced them to this country . Immense sums were invested in their production, and for many years they yielded large profits to all concerned in their manufac- ture. The immense progress, however, made in the art of engraving on wood, and the difference in the cost of production, gradually forced them from the market ; and the issue of the Keepsake for 1856 was the last regular appearance of the Annual proper in England. The most success- ful Annuals were the Forget-me-Not , 1822 —48; Friendship's Ofering , 1824— 44 : Lit- erary Souvenir, 1324-^34 ; Amulet, 1827—34; Keepsake, 1828—56; Hood's Comic Annual, 1830—42. Annus Mirabilis. A poem by John Dryden (1631—1701), in celebration of the " year of wonders " (1666), written in quatrains or stanzas of four lines in al- ternate rhymes. "I have chosen," says the poet, " the most heroic subject which any poet could desire ; I have taken upon me to describe the motives, the beginning, progress, and successes of a most just and necessary war: in it, the care, and manage- ment, and prudence of our king ; the con- duct and valour of a royal admiralj and of two incomparable generals ; the invinci- ble courage of our captains and seamen ; fm^ tbree glorious victories, the r^sujt of all. After this, I have in the Fire [of Lon- don] the most deplorable, but withal, the greatest, argument that can be imagined." Hazlitt, on the other hand, calls the Aiinus Mirabilis " a tedious performance; a tissue of far-fetched, heavy, lumbering conceits, and in the worst style of what has been denominated metaphysical poetry." Another Life, The Physical Theory of. A work by Isaac Taylor (1787—1865), published in 1836, in which the author^ without reference to Revelation, enters into a consideration of the probabili- ties and possibilities of a future state. A very similar subject of speculation is taken up in a more recent and not less suggest- ive book, by Professors P. G. Tait and Bal- four Stewart, called The Unseen Universe (1875). Anselm, St. The Cur Dens Homo of this famous writer was republished in 1863. See Life by Dr. Davidson, in the Im- perial Biographical Dictionary; also, by Dean Church, in the Sunday Library. Anson, George, Lord. "A Voy- age round the World, 1740 — i, compiled from his Lordship's papers and official docu- ments," by "Richard Walter, M.A.," was published in 1748- Some doubt exists as to the real compiler of this celebrated narrative, most of which, says Allibone, was composed by Peter Robbins. The Ed- inburgh Review, in 1839, said it was still the most delightful voyage with which it was acquainted. See Supplement to Lord Anson's Voyage. Anster Fair. A mock-heroic poem in the ottava nma stanza, composed by William Tennant (1784—1848), and pub- lished in 1812. Its subject is the marriage of the far-famed Maggie Lauder of Scot- tish song, and much of its humour consists of descriptions of the various people who flocked to Anster, or Anstruther Fair on that occasion. It probably suggested to Frere the idea of his Monks and Giants (q.v.), which, in its turn, acted as the in- spiration of Lord Byron's Beppo (q.v.). Its foreign prototypes may be looked for in the lighter works of Bemi and Ariosto. Anstey, Christopher, poet (b. 1724, d. 1805). He wrote, among other works. An Election Ball, in letters from Mr. Inkle to his Wife at Gloucester; The Priest Dissected ; Speculation, or a Defence of Mankind (1780) ; Liberality, or Memoirs of a Decayed Macaroni; i'he Fanner's Daughter, and The New Bath Guide (1766). His Poetical Works were published in 1808, with a Life by his son. " I tliink him a real genius," wrote Hannah More, " in the way of wit and humour." See Election Ball, An ; New Bath Guide, The; Priest Dissected, The. Anstey, John. See Pleader's Guide, The, and Sukkebvttjeb, JoSQf, Esq. 34 ANS ANT Anstis, John. See Garter, The Register of, &c. Anthea, To. A poem by Robert Herrick (1591—1674). Anthology, An English, was is- sued in 1793—4, by Joseph Ritson (1752— 1803). Anthropological Society, for Promoting the Science of Man and Man- kind, was instituted in 1863, and issued the Anthropological Jieview in the same year. In 1871 it amalgamated with the Ethno- logical SociKTY (Instituted 1843), and is now styled the Anthropological Insti- tute. A number of works have been pub- lished under its auspices. Anthropometamorphosis : "Man Transformed, or the Changeling." A work by John Bulwer, published in 1653, in wnich he endeavours to show " the various ways how divers people alter the natural shape of their bodies." See Oldys' British Librarian and the Retrospective Ee- view, vol. ii., new series. "Anthropophagi (The), and men whose heads do grow beneath their shoul- ders."— Othello, act i., scene 3. Anti-Coningsby : " or, the New Generation Grown Old." " By an embryo M.P." Published in 1845, and suggested by Disraeli's novel of Coningsby (q.v.). The writer, who was a lady, made the story conclude with the defeat of Ben Sidonia in England, and his flight to Syria, there to organise a young Palestine party. See SiDONiA, Ben ; Codlingsby. Anti-Jacobin Review, The : " A Monthly Periodical and Literary Censor," from the commencement in 1798 to the con- clusion in 1821. To this famous periodical, which supported by the bitterness of pun, epigram, and parody, the principles of the Tory party, the principal contributors were Gifford, Ilookham Frere, and Canning. In its pages appeared some of the latter's liveliest jetto; d'esj)rit such as the Needif Knife-grinder (q.v.), and the tragedy of the Movers (q.v.). See the Comhill Magazine for 1867, Hayward's Essays (2nd series), and the Works of John Hookham Frere. A selection, entitled. Poetry of the Anti- Jacobin, was published in 1801, and has been frequently reprinted. Antiocheis. A work by Joseph of Exeter (circa 1197), of which only a fragment, discovered by Leland, and pre- served by Camden, has come down to us. It is quoted in Warton's History of Eng- lish Poetry, vol. i. Antipholus of Ephesus ; Anti- pholus of Syracuse. Twin brothers,- sons of ^geon arid Emilia, in Shakespeare's " The one so like the other As could not be distinguished but by Antipodes, The: A comedy by Richard Brome (d. 1652), printed in 1633, and founded on the idea that, at the Antipodes, everything must be opposite to what it is in our own sphere ; servants gov erning their masters, wives ruling their husbands, old men going to school again, and so on. Antiprognosticon. A treatise by William Fulke (d. 1589), written to expose the astrologers of his time, and translated by William Painter. The Latin original appeared in 1570. Antiquarian Etching Club was instituted in London (1848), and published six volumes of etchings by members. The publications of the club were discontinued after 1853. Antiquarian Society of London was originally formed in 1572 by Arch- bishop Parker, Camden, Stow, and others. It was revived in 1707, and received a char- ter of incorporation from George II., in 1751 ; and apartments in Somerset House were granted to it in 1777. Its memoirs, entitled Archceologia, were first published in 1770. A list of books published by the Antiquarian Society will be found in Lown- des' Bibliographer's Manual. Antiquary, The. A comedy by Shakerley Marmion (b. 1602, d. 1639), published in 1641, and reprinted in Dods- ley's Old Plays. The antiquary is called Veterans. Antiquary, The. A romance by Sir Walter Scott (1771—1832), the third in order of the Waverley Novels— pub- lished in 1816. Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius. The works of the great Roman Emperor have been translated into English by John Bourchier, Lord Berners (1536), Casaubon (1692), Thompson (1747), Collier (1701),Thom- son (1749), Graves (1792), and Long (1869). See Matthew Arnold's Essays in Criticism, and Dr. Farrar's Seekers after God. Antonio. The hero of Shake- speare's play of the Merchant of Venice (q.v.), whose " melancholy and self-sacrifi- cing magnanimitv" is described by Schlegel as " affectingly sublime." Like a princely merchant, he is surrounded by a whole train of noble friends. The contrast which this forms to the selfish cruelty of the usu- rer Shylock was necessary to redeem the honour of human nature." Antonio. A sea captain hi Shake- speare's comedy of Twelfth Night (q.v.), remarkable for his fanciful friendship for Sebastian (q.v.). Antonio* Brother to Prospero> an\4 ANT APO 85 the usurping Duke of Milan, in Shake- speare's play of the Tempest (q.v.). Antonio. Father of Proteus in Shakespeare's play of the Two Gentle- men of Verona (q.v.). Antonio and Mellida, The His- tory of. A drama by John Marston (d. after 1633), the second part of which is call- ed Antonio's Revenge. Both were acted in 1602. Antony. A tragedy by Mary, Countess of Pembroke, written in 1590 but not published until 1595. It is a trans- lation from Gamier, and the principal speeches are in blank verse. Antony and Cleopatra. A trag- edy by William Shakespeare (1564— 1616), published, according to an entry in the Stationers' Register, on May 20, 1608, and founded on the life of Antonius in Roger North's edition of Plutarch. Daniel had published a tragedy called Cleopatra in 1594, and, in 1595, the countess of Pem- broke tran'slated the Tragedie of Antonie from the French of Gamier ; biit Shake- speare does not seem to have been indebt- ed to either. " This," says Hazlitt, " is a very noble play. Though not in the first order of Shakespeare's productions, it stands next to them, and is, we think, the finest of his historical plays — that is, of those in which he made poetry the organ of history, and assumed a certain tone of character and sentiment, in conformity to well-known facts, instead of trusting to his observations of general nature or the unlimited indulgence of his own fancy. What he has added to the history is on an equality with it. The play is full of that pervading comprehensive power by which the poet always seems to identify himself with time and circumstance. It presents a fine picture of Roman pride and Eastern magnificence, and, in the struggle between the two, the empire of the world seems suspended, • like the swan's down-feather,' " That stands upon the swell at full of tide' And neither waj inclines.' " Apelles. A character in Lyly's drama of Alexander and Campaspe (q.v.), notable as the singer of the well-known song, beginning — " Cupid and my Campaspe played At cards for kisses.'' Apemantus. The cynic, in Sitake- SPEARE's tra^dy of Timon of Athens (si.\.). " The soul of Diogenes," says Hazlitt, " ap- pears to have been seated on the lips of Apemantus. The churlish profession of misanthropy in the cynic is contrasted with the deep feeling of it in Timon." " Ape- mantus," says Professor Dowden, " serves as an interpreter and apologist for Timon. He finds it right and natural to hate man- kind, and he does it with a zest and vul- gar jifctod pldaaufe in batofed ; while Timon hates, and is slain by hatred, because it was his need to love-' Apicius Redivivus. A manual of gastronomy by Dr. William Kitchen- er (1775—1827), published in 1817, and fol- lowed by the Cook's Oracle in 1821, and Peptic Precepts in 1824. Apooalypsis Goliae Episcopi. A Latin poem, attributed by Wright to Walter Ma pes. Archdeacon of Oxford (1150 — 1196). and consisting of a pungent onslaught on the corruptions of the Court of Rome, the iniquities of monkdom gene- rally, and the laws of the Cistercians in particular. See Coxfessio Golije. Apocrypha, or Apocryphal Writings. This title has been applied, since the time of Jerome, to a number of wri- tings which the Septuagint had circulated amongst the Christians, and which are con- sidered by some as an appendage to the Old Testament, and by others as a portion of it. The history of the Apocrypha ends 135 B.C. The Books contained in the Apoc- rypha were not in the Jewish canon, and were rejected at the Council of Laodicea, about A.D. 366, but the Roman Catholic Church accepted them as canonical at the Council of Trent, 1546. The 6th Article of the Church of England, 1563, admits por- tions of the Apocrypha to be read as les- sons, but many of these were excluded by the Act passed in 1871. By other Protes- tant churches, in Great Britain and Amer- ica, thev are completely rejected from pub- lic worship. Apocryphzil Ladies, The. A co- medy by Margaret, Duchess of New- castle (1624—1673.) Apollo — " Apollo from his shrine Can no more divine, With hollow shriek the steep of Delphos leaving." n Penneroso, line 176. Apollo and Daphne. A masque by John Hughes (1677—1720), produced in 1716, with music by Dr. Pepuscli. Apollo Club, The, was, says Wal- ter Thombury, in his Old and Xeto London, almost the very first institution of its kind. It held its meetings in the " Devil " tavern, Fleet Street, and was there presided over by " that grim but iovial despot," Ben Jonson. who gathered to his side " all the prime literary spirits of the age," and who, m his Marmion, makes Careless lay he has " come from Apollo " — " From the heaven Of my delight, where the boon Delphic god Drinks sack, and keeps his bacchanalia. And has his altars and his incense smoking, And speaks in sparkling prophecies." See Mermaid Tavern. Apollo, Hymn of. By Pbrct BY08HE SHEl.liBYi writtfeu iu 1$20. d6 APO APO Apollodoros. The leading charac- ter in Professor Aytoun's satire, Firmil- ian, " a spasmodic tragedy " (q.v.). Apollonius Rhodius. The Argon- autics of this writer was translated into English by Fawkes and Mean (1780), Greene (1780), and Preston (1803). " Apollo's lute, Musical as is." A phrase in Milton's Comus, line 476, de- scriptive of " divine philosophy"— " Not harsh and crabbed, as dull fools suppose. Apollyon(froni the Greek aiT6X?uV/j.i, to ruin). An evil spirit, who figures in the Jewish Demonology as Abaddon, and is described in Revelation (ix. 2), as " a king, the angel of the bottomless pit." He ap- pears also in Bunyax's Pilgrim's Progress (q.v.). Apologia pro Vita Su4 : " Being a History of lii.s Religious Opinions," pub- lished by John Henry Newman, D.D. (b. 1801), in 18t)4. The Rev. Charles Kingsley had written in the pages of " a magazine of wide circulation," that " Truth, for its own sake, had never been a virtue with the Roman clergy. Father Newman informs us that it need not, and on the whole ought not to be "—a statement which Dr. Newman immediately denied, and which eventually resulted in a short but sharp correspond- ence between the two clerical combatants. This correspondence Dr. Newman repub- lished in the form of a pamphlet, with some remarks of his own as an appendix; whilst Mr. Kingsley retorted in another pamphlet {IVhaf does Dr. Newman Mean?), which goaded his adversary into the long and masterly reply (forming a history of one of the most important epochs in modern ec- clesiastical affairs) to which he has given the above title. The Apologia will proba- bly never be equalled as a specimen of acute self-analysis. The only subsequent work of a similar nature with which it can be compared or associated, is Mr. Glad- stone's Chapter of Autobiography (1868), which was designed to defend the consist- ency of his action in reference to the Irish Church. Apology for Actors, An : " con- taining three brief e treatises: 1. Their An- tiquity. 2. Their ancient Dignity. 3. The true use of their Quality." A poem by Thomas Heywood (b. circa 1570), pub- lished in 1612, and characterised as an " in- genious and amusing work." It has been reprinted in the Somers' Collectuyti of Tracts, and by the Shakespeare Society. Apology for Bow Legs, A Sailor's. A humourous poem by Thomas Hood (1798—1845). Apology for his own Life, An. ByCoLLEY CiBBER (1671— 1757), published in J740, " CiDber," says Hazlitt, '• is a most amusing biographer ; happy in his own opinion, the best of all others ; teem, ing with animal spirits, and uniting the self-sufficiency of youth with the garinility of old age. He brings down the history of the stage, either by tlie help of observation or tradition, from the time of Shakespeare to his own, and quite dazzles the reader with a constellation of male and female, of tragic and comic, of past and present ex- cellence." Even Dr. Johnson admitted that his Apology was " very well done ; " and Swift was so much pleased with it that he sat up all night to read it. Apology for Poetrie, An. See PoETRiE, An Apology for. Apology for Rhyme, An. By Samuel Daniel (1562—1619) ; printed in 1603, and reprinted in 1815- See Art of English Poesie. Apology for the true Christian Divinity : " as the same is held forth and preached by the People, called in scorn, Quakers." By Robert Barclay (1648— 1690) ; originally written and printed at Amsterdam in Latin (1676) ; afterwards translated into English by the author, and printed in 1678. It has been translated in- to the principal European languages, and contains tbe ablest exposition of the Qua- ker tenets that has yet appeared. Apophthegms, New and Old. By Francis Lord Bacon (1561—1626). Published in 162.), and declared by the Ed- inburgh Bevieic to be '• the best jest-book ever given to the public." Apophthegms, Witty, "deliver- ed at several times and upon several occa- sions," was the title of a small volume published in 1658. It purported to be the work of King James I., the Marquis of Worcester, Sir Thomas More, and Francis, Lord Bacon. The contributions of Lord Bacon and the Marquis of Worces- ter would probably be selections from the Apophthegms, New and Old (1625) of the former, and the Apophthegms, or Witty, Sayings (1650) of the latter. Apostolatus Benedictinorum. A voluminous commentary on the Bene- dictine Rule, by Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury (925—988). "Apostolic blow^sand knocks, By." Line 200, canto i., part i., of But- ler's Hudibras (q.v.). Apostolic Creed. The. Was ver- sified by William Whyttington, Dean of Durham. See Athanasian Crekd. The following is a specimen of his ver- sion :— " From thence shall He come for to jodm All men both dead and quick. 1 in the Holy Ghost believe, And dnu-ch tlwt's Catholjck, API* AHA 37 '* Apparel oft proclaims the man, The."— Hamlet, act i,, scene 3. Apperley, Charles James, a well- known sporting writer (b. 1777, d. 1843), wrote under the pseudonym of " Nimrod," and published Nimrod's Hunting Tours (1835). The Chase, the Turf, and tlie Road (1837), The Horse and the Hound (1842), and many other works of the same kind. '* Appetite had gro-wn by -what it fed on." A line in Hamlet, act i., scene 2. Appian. The History of the Roman Wars, by this writer, was translated into English in 1578 and 1679, " His work," says Dr. Donaldson, '< is a mere compila- tion, not always very carefully executed ; but It has become valuable on account of the loss of some of those books from which he has drawn his materials." Appius, in Pope's Essay on Criti- cism (q.v.), is intended for John Dennis, the critic, and refers to his tragedy of Ap- pius and Virginia (q.v.), which was damned m 1709. He was also the " .Sir Tremendous" of Pope and Gay's farce of Three Hours after Marriage (q.v.). Appius and Virginia. A moral play, by " R. B.,"' reprinted in Dodsley's Colhctton of Old Plays. It was probably written in the early part of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, anil is notable as contain- ing a peculiar admixture of history and al- legory. Thus Conscience, Rumotir, Com- fort, Reward, and Doctrina are employed to punish Appius and console Virginius; and there is a vice called Hap-hazard, which interferes in everything and with everybody, and makes great efforts to be amusing. Nor is there any attempt towards preserving dramatic decorum. Virginia and her mother go to * church,' and Vir- ginius, like a sound orthodox believer, ex- plains the creation of man and woman ac- cording to the Book of Genesis." It is, perhaps, unnecessary to remind the reader that the story of Appius and Virginia is one of the most tragic episodes in early Roman history, and forms the subject of one of Macaulay's most stirring and pa-- thetic Lays (q.v.). Appius and Virginia. A tragedy by John Dennis, the critic (1657—1734); acted unsuccessfully in 1709. The thunder employed in it was. however, so admirably concocted, that, to his indignation, it was " stolen " for the representation of Afac- beth. See Dibdin's History of the Stage, iv., .357. Appius and Virginia. A trapefly by John "Webster (17th centurv). Was grinted in 1654, and revised by Betterton, 1 1679, under the title of the Roman Vir- gin; or, the Unjust Judge. " Applaud thee to the very echo, I would." — Macbeth, act v., scene 3. Apple Dumplings and a EZing, The. A well-known humorous poem, di- rected bv John Wolcot (1738—1819), against George III. See Pindae, Peter. Apple Pie, The. A poem some- times attributed to Dr. King, and included in Nicholls Select Collection of Poems. Its real author wan Leonard Welstei> (1689 —1747). Application of Natural History to Poetry, Essay on the. By Dr. John AiKiN (1747—1822), printed in 1777. " Approbation from Sir Hubert Stanley is praise indeed." — Morton, Cure for the Heart-ache, act v., scene 2. "Apt alliteration's artful aid. By." A line in Churchill's poem of the Prophecy of Famine, Apuleius. The Golden Ass of this writer was translated into English prose by Adlington (15.")6), and Taylor (1822) ; his Cupid and Psyche into English verse, by Lockman (1744), Taylor (1795), Hudson Gurney (1799). Aquilant. Aknigrhtin the army of Charlemagne, in Orlando Furioso. Arabian Nights' Entertainments. Of this famous treasury of Oriental fancy, which has an eoual charm for credulous youth and sceptical manhood, and to whicli the modern poet and romancist are under considerable obligations, numerous excel- lent English versions exist; among others, those by Foster (1802), Beaumont (1810), Scott (1811), and Lambe (1826). The facile princeps is by Lane (1841). Araby the blest." — Paradise Lost, book iv., line 162. Aram, Eugene. A romance bvLoRD Lytton (1805—1873'). founded on the story of the Knaresborough school nuuiter, who committed a murder under peculiar cir- cumstances. " Of the author's ' novels of crime,' this is," says the Quarterly Review, " if not the best, by far the most instruct- ive study. . . . The problem to be solved was briefly this. Given a scholar with high aspirations and great attain- ments, humane and tenderhearted, lead- ing a blameless life, how can such a man have been brought to commit a murder for tlie sake of gain ? Wliether Lord Lytton's is a satisfactory solution is a wholly differ- ent question. That the Eugene Aram of the novel should have committed a murder is just credible ; that he should have been associated with such an unr'-deemed vil- lain as Houseman is incredible." The story of Eugene Aram also forms the subject of a well-known poem by Thomas Hood, and it has been dramatised by W. G. Will*. 3d ARA Arc Araspes. King of Alexandria, " more famed for devices than courage," in Jerusalem Delivered, Arbaces, in Beaumont and Flet- cher's King and No King (q. v.), is a haughty voluptuary, whose pride is event- ually brought low. Arbaces. A satrap of Media and Assyria, and founder of the empire of Me- dia. — Bykon's Sardanapalus (q. v.). Arbaces is the name of the priest of Ms in Lord Lytton's Last Days of Pompeii (q. v.). Arbasto, BLing of Denmarke, The History of. A romance by Robert Greene (1660—1592), published in 1617. Arblay, Madame D'. See D'Arb- LAY, Madame. Arbor of Amitie, The : " wherein is comprised pleasant poems and pretie poesies, set forth by Thomas Howell, gentleman," printed in 1568. Arbuckle, James. A Scottish poet, who flourished about the beginning of the eighteenth century ; author of Snuff, and other poems of a humorous and witty character. Arbuthnot, Alexander, lawyer, divine, and poet (b. 1538, d. 1583), wrote a History of Scotland, the Praises of Women, the Miseries of a Poor Scholar, and other works. A namesake of his printed and published, in 1597, the first Scottish Bible. Arbuthnot, Epistle to Dr., by Alexander Pope (1688—1744) ; «« being the prologue to the Satires " (q. v.). It is remarkable as containing the famous description of Addison as " Atticus " (q. v. ), and is prolific in lines which have become proverbial. Arbuthnot, John, M. D. (b. 1675, d. 1736). wrote An Examination of Dr. Woodward's Account of the Deluge (1697); An Essay on the Usefulness of Mathemati- cal Learning; A Treatise concerning the Altercation or Scolding of the Ancients; The Art of Political Lying ; Law is a Bot- tomless Pit, or the history of John Bull (1713), and other works, a complete edition of which was published in Glasgow, in 1750 and 1751. See, also, the Biographia Brit- annica, the letters of Swift and Pope, and the Retrospective Review, vol. viii. Dr. Johnson said of Arbuthnot that he was '* the first man among the eminent writers in Queen Anne's time." Warton says, *' It is known he gave numberless hints to Pope, Swift, and Gay, of some of the most striking parts of their works ; " and Macau- lay says, " There are passages in Arbuth- not'8 satirical works which we cannot dis- tinguish from Swift's best writing." Thackeray, too, calls him " one of the wisest, wittiest,most accomplished, gentlest of mankind." See Bull, The History of Johk ; Memoirs of P. P. ; Scrib- LERUS, MARTIN0S ; ALTERCATION, &C. Arcades. Part of a masque, by John Milton (1608—1674), performed before the Countess Dowager of Derby, at Harefield, near Horton, Bucks, not later than 1636. " It was but a slight piece, contrived according to the fashion of the time, its simple motive being family affection." " * Arcades ambo,' id est, black- guards both." A line in Byron's poem of Don Juan, canto iv,, st. 93. Arcadia, The Countess of Pem- broke's. A pastoral romance in prose, by Sir Philip Sidney (1554—1586), with additions and corrections by his sister, after whom the book is named. It was tii-st published in 1590, and has recently been ed- ited by J. Hain Friswell (1867). The author had intended, we are told by Ben Jonson, to transform the Arcadia into an English romance, of which the hero was to be King Arthur. As it is, the scene of the story, which is said to have been taken from that of Hackness, six miles from Scarborough, is situated in a sort of " cloud-cuckoo-land, inhabited by knights and ladies, whose manners are taken from chivalry, whose talk is Platonic, and whose religion is Pa- gan." It was from Arcadia that Shake- speare derived the names of some of his characters, such as Leontes, Antigonus, Cleomenes, Archidamus, and Mopsa. Southey speaks of Sidney as — " Illustrating the vales of Arcady With courteous courage and with loyal loves." See, also, the criticisms by Fulke Gre- ville, Horace Walpole, Dr. Drake, Hazlitt {The Age of Elizabeth), and W. Stigant {Cambridge Essays for 1858). " It would be mere pretence," says Professor Masson, " to say that the romance could be read through now by anyone not absolutely Sidney-Bmitten in his tastes, or that, com- pared with the books which we do read through, it is not intolerably languid. No competent person, however, can read any considerable portion of it without finding it full of fine enthusiasm and courtesy, of high sentiment, of the breath of a gentle and heroic spirit- There are sweet descriptions in it, pictures of ideal love and friendship, dialogues of stately moral rhetoric. In the style there is a finish, an ttention to artifice, a musi- ical arrangement of cadence, and occasion- ally a richness of phrases, for which English prose at that time might have been grateful." Among the leading char^ acters are Musidorus, Ixodes, Philoclea. Pamela, Cecropia, and Euarchus (all of .vhich see)' ARC AftO S§ Arcadia, The. "A pastoral," by James Shikley (1594—1666), performed atDruryLane in 1640. "In this play," says Dyce, " the chief incidents of Sid- ney's famous romance are not unskilfully dramatised." Archaeological (British) As- Bociation, for the Encouragement and prosecution of Researches into the Arts and monuments of the Early and Middle Ages, instituted in London, in 1843. Many important works haye been issued by this association. Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1845 a number of members of the Bbitish Arch- ^OLOOiCAi. Association seceded from it and formed this institute. Reports of proceedings, and valuable works are is- sued at irregular intervals. Archaeological (Irish) and Cel- tic Society was founded in Dublin in 1840, as the Irish Archseological Society, and amalgamated with the Celtic Society of that city (instituted 1845) in 1853. The objects of the society were the preserva- tion, republishing, and re-editing MSS. and books relating to the history, topography, and literature of Ireland ; and upwards of thirty volumes have been published. Archee's Banquet of Jests: *' new and old." Published at London in 1657. " A little jest-book," says Isaac Disraeli, " very high-priced and of little worth." The author was Archibald Armstrong. See Archy's Dream. Archer, in Farquhar's Comedy of the Beaux's Stratagem (q. v.), is a decayed gentleman, who acts as servant to Aimwell (q.v.). Archer, Thomas, novelist, has written Wayfe Summers, A fooVs Para- dise, Strange Work, Terrible Sights of London, Labours of Love, and other works. Archimago (Greek, apxn-, cliief, and iJ-ayo<:, magician). An enchanter in Spenser's poem of the Fairie Queene (q. v.), typifying Hypocrisy or Fraud, or the Evil Principle, in opposition to the Red Cross Knight, who represents Holi- ness. Disguised as a hermit, and assisted by Duessa, or Deceit, he contrives to sep- arate the knight from the lovely Una (q.v.). Archimedes. The Arenarius of this writer was translated from the Greek by Anderson, in 1784. Archipropheta, sive Joannes Baptista. A Latin tragedy by Nicholas Grimbold (b. circa 1520), written in 1547 and probably acted at Oxford in the same y«ar. Architrenius. A Latin poem, in nine books, by John Hanvil. a monk of St. Albans (circa 1190). It is described by Warton as " a learned, ingenious, and verv entertaining performance. The de- sign of the work," he says, " may be partlv conjectured from its affected Greek title ; but it is, on the whole, a mixture of satire and panegyric on public vice and virtues, with some historical digres- sions." Archy's Dream. A satire on Archbishop Laud by Archibald Arm- strong, King Charles's jester, who had quarrelled with the powerful prelate, and had, in 1627, been " exiled the Court by Canterburies Malice." It appeared in 1641. See Archee's Banquet of Jests. Arcite. A Young Theban knight, made captive by Duke Theseus, in Chau- cer's Canterbury Tales (the Knight's Tale). Arcite. The friend of Palamon, in the Two Noble Kinsmen (q. v.). Arden, Enoch. A poem by Al- fred Tennyson (b.l809), published in 1864, narrating the adventures of a seaman who, shipwrecked on an uninhabited island in the tropical seas, spends many years in solitude, and when rescued, returns home to find his wife married to another, with whom she lives in happiness. Arden proves his nobility of spirit by refusing to reveal to her the fact of his existence, suffers in silence, and dies broken-hearted. This poem is. Tame thinks, the least Tennyson- ian of the author's poems, wanting in the true Tennysonian manner, and full of me- chanical supernaturalism. Yet "Enoch Arden is a true hero, after the highest con- ception of a hero. He is as great as King Arthur— by his unconquerable will, and by a conscious and deliberate bowing before love and duty." Arden, Forest of, in Shake- speare's As You Like ft (q.v.), is a purely ideal creation ; certainly not intended for the forest of Arden in Staffordshire : more probably the French Ardennes, on each side of the Upper Meuse. Arden of Feversham. A tragedy, printed in 1592, and sometimes attributed to Shakespeare, who possibly revived some of the scenes. Hazlitt says it " con- tains several striking passages ; but the passion which they express is rather that of a sanguine temperament than of a lofty imagination ; and in this respect they approximate more nearly to the style of other writers of the time than to Shake- speare's." Tieck has translated this tragedy into German. A tragedy on the same subject was written by George LiLLO (1693—1739). Arden was a gentle- I man of Feversham, who was murdered by his wife and her paramour in 1670, 8m Alicia. 46 ARE ARi Areopagitica ; "or, Speecli for the Liberty of Unlicenc'd Printing." A prose work by John Milton (1608—1674), published in 1644, and characterised by the historian Prescott as " perhaps the most splendid argument the world had then witnessed in behaK of intellectual liberty." Chateaubriand declared it to be " the best English prose work " Milton ever wrote, and said : ** The liberty of the press ought to deem it a high honour to have for its patron the author of Paradise Lost. He was the first by whom it was formally claimed." Warton termed it "the most close, conclusive, comprehensive, and de- cisive vindication of the liberty of the press which has yet appeared. ' ' And Lord Macaulay described it as " that sublime treatise which every statesman should wear as a sign upon his hand and as front- lets betweeii his eyes." The title of the work is obtained from the Greek Areopa- gus, or Mars Hill, a mount near Athens, where the most famous court of justice of antiquity held its sittings. Professor Mor- ley thinks it is also in allusion to the Areopagitic of Isocrates. " Milton was seeking." he says, " to persuade the High Court of Parliament, our Areopagus, to reform itself by revoking a tyrannical decree against liberty of the press. He took, therefore, as his model this noble Greek oration, written with discretion and high feeling, but without harshness of reproof. He uttered nobly his own soul and the soul of England on behalf of that free interchange of thought which Eng- lishmen, permitted or not, have always practised, and by which they have laboured safely forward as a nation." See the edi- tion by Hales (1874). Aresby, Captain, in Madame d'Arblay's novel of Cecilia (q.v,), is a captain of the militia, whose language consists of set phrases intermixed with French words. " He is a most petrifying wretch, I assure you. I am obsM& by him partout." Arethusa. The princess in Beau- mont and Fletohek's play of Fhilaster (q.v.). Arethusa. A lyric by Percy Bysshe Shelley, written in 1820. and beginning — " Arethusa arose From her couch of snows In the Acroceraunlan mountains." Argalus. A character in Sir Philip Sidney's prose romance, Arcadia (q.vO; ill love with Parthenia (q.v.). Argalus and Parthenia. A pas- toral romance by Francis Quarles (1592 —1644) ; was published in 1621, and is modelled on the Arcadia (q.v.) of Sir Philip Sidney. Argante. A giantess in Spenser's poem of the Faerie Queene (q.v.) ; is in- tended as a type of the most depraved sen- suality. Argantes. A fierce and imbeliev- ing, but courageous Circassian of high rank in Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered. Argenis ; " or, tlie Loves of Poli- archus and Argenis." A political allegory written in Latin by John Barclay (1582 —1621), and pronounced by Cowper to be the most amusing romance ever written. It was translated at the request of Charles I. by Sir Robert le Grys and Thomas May; again in 1636 by Kingsmill Long, and again in 1772, by Clara Reeve, under the title of The Phoenix. Coleridge thought so highly of it that he expressed a wish that it could have made its exit from its Latin form-, and have been moulded into an English poem in the octave stanza or blank verse. The island of Sicily stands for France, Poliarchus for Henry IV., Usinulea fcT Calvin, the Hyperaphanii for the Hugue- nots, and so on, Argentile and Curan. A tale included in Albion's England, a poem by William Warner (circa 1558—1609), " full of beautiful incidents, extremely affecting, rich in ornaments, wonderfully various in style." Campbell describes it as •' the finest pastoral episode in our language." Arges. Baron of Servia, and husband of Gabrina, in Ariosto'S Orlando P'urioso. Argier. The form in wliich Al- giers is mentioned in Shakespeare's Tempest (q.v.). Argillan. A haughty and turbu- lent knight in Tasso's Jerusalem Deliv- ered. Argument, An: "to prove that the Abolishing of Christianity in England may, as things now stand, be attended with some inconveniences, and perhaps not produce those many good effects pro- posed therebv." An amusing tract by Jonathan Swift (1667—1745), the idea of which was praised by Johnson as " very happy and judicious." It was written in 1708. " Argues yourselves unknown, Not to know me."— Line 830, book iv., of Milton's poem of Paradise Lost (q.v.). Argyll, Duke of, George Doug- las Campbell (b, 182.3), has written Th^ Reign of Law (^866), Primeval 3/an (1869), The History and Antiquities of lona (1870), and several pamphlets. Argyllshire, On Visiting a Scene in. A poem by Thomas Campbell (1777—1844). .Arideus. A herald in the Chris- tian army in Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered, A6 A^M 4i Ariel. The " tricksy spirit " of Prospero in Shakespeare's play of The Tempest (q.v.) ; the banished duke having secured his services by delivering him from the imprisonment of a cloven pine-tree, to which he had been doomed by the witch Sycorax. In the demonology of the Mid- dle Ages, he sometimes figures as a spirit of the air, and sometimes as a water spirit. As Longfellow sings : — ♦' On the hearth the lighted logs are glowing, And, like Ariel in the cloven pine-tree, For freedom Groans and sighs the air imprisoned in them." Ariel. One of the angels cast put of heaven. See Paradise Lost, vi., 1. 371. Ariel, in Pope's poem of The Rape of the Lock (q.v.), is the leading spirit— "superior by the head"— of the sylphs. " To give to the sprite of The Rape of the Lock the name of the spirit in The Tempest was a bold christening. Prospero's Ariel," wrote Leigh Hunt, ''would have snuffed him out like a taper. Or, he would have snulf ed him up as an essence by way of jest, and found him flat. But, tested by less potent senses, the sylph species is an exquisite creation." "The machinery of the sylphs," says Lowell, " was added at the suggestion of Dr. Garth. The idea was taken from that entertaining book. The Count de Gabalis, in which Fouque after- wards found the hint for his Undine ; but the little sprites, as they appear in the poem, are purely the creation of Pope's fancy." " Ariel to Miranda, Take." Tlie first line of IFith a Guitar, a poem by Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822), written in the latter year. Arimanes. " The prince of earth and air " of Persian mythology and Gre- cian fable. Introduced by Byron in Mf»«'~ /red (q.v.). Ariodante and Ginevra, The History of, A play performed by " Mr. Mulcaster's children " before Queen Eliz- abeth on the nights of Shrove Tuesday, 1582—3. It is supposed to have suggested some of the incidents in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night (q.v.), and was itself found- ed on a story in the fifth canto of Aristo's Orlando Furioso, of which a rhyming Eng- lish version, under the title of The magicall and plesaunte history of Ariodanfo and Janeura, daughter unto the kynge of Scots, was published by Peter Beverley soon after 1565—6. Spenser refers to the legend in the fourth canto of the second book of his Fairie Queene. Ariodantes. The lover of Gin- evra in Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, Ariosto. The following are some of the leading translations of this famous writer Into English : Orlando Furioso, by Harrington (1591), Croker (1755), Hoole (1783), and Stewart Rose (1825); the Satires, by Markham (1608), and Croker (1759); FJle- gies (1611). Ariosto of the North. A name by which Byron designated Sir Walter Scott. Aristeas : " History of the Seven- ty-two Interpreters : to which is added, the History of the Angels, and their Gal- lantry with the daughters of Men^ written by Enoch, the Patriarch : published in Greek by Dr. Grabe, made English by Ed. Lewis, of Chr. Church Coll., Oxon, 1715." To this work Moore was largely indebted in his poem of The Loves of the Angels (q.v.). Aristides. A pseudonym under which F. W. Blagdon published a pam- phlet reflecting on the naval administra- tion of Earl St. Vincent (1805), for which he was condemned to six months' imprison- ment. Aristides, The British. A title given to Andrew Marvell, the poet (1620 — 1678). Aristophanes. The works of this great Greek comic writer have been trans- lated into English as follows:— the com- plete Comedies by Mitchell (1820—2), Hickio (1853), and Rudd (1867); The Birds (1812), and by Gary (1824) : The Clouds, by Stanley (1687), Cumberland (1797), and White (1759); The Frogs, by Dunster (1812) ; Plutus, by Randolph (1651), Fielding and Young (1812), and Carrington (1826) ; The Wasps, by B. B. Rogers (1876). See Ancient Classics for English Headers. Also, British Birds, The. Aristophanes' Apology. Poem by Robert Browning (b. 1812), published in 1875, and including Herakles, a tran- script from the Greek of Euripides. Aristophanes The English (or Modern). Samuel F^ote (1722—1777), come- dian and dramatist, was so called on ac- count of his overflowing wit and humour. Aristotle. The complete works of this philosopher were translated into Eng- lish by Taylor, and published in 1806—12. The best separate versions are— the Ethics, by Wylkinson (1547), Gillies (1797), a Mem- ber of Oxford University (1818), Taylor (1818), Browne (1853), Chase (1866), Grant (1866), Williams (1869), and Giles (1870).; On Fallacies, by Poste (1866); Ov Govern- ment, by Ellis (1776), Gillies (1797); Meta- physics, by Tavlor (1801) ; Poetics, by Twin- ing (1789), Pye (1792), Taylor (1818) ; Phet- oric, by Cruramin (1812). Gillies (1823), Tay- lor (1818). See Life of Aristotle by G. H. Lewes (1864), and by Sir A. Grant (1877). Armado, Don Adriano de» in Shakespeare's comedy of Love's 42 AJS.U Ait^ Labour's Lost (q.v,), is a military braggart and bully, who indulges in the most exag- gerated and affected airs, and is said to have been intended as a portrait of John Florio, the philologist and lexicographer, nick- named " the Resolute." Hazlitt calls him " that mighty potentate of nonsense," and his page, " that handful of wit." "Arms and the man I sing." The opening line of Dbyden's translation of the JEneid. ** Armed at all points." Hamlet, ftcti.,scene2. Armenian Lady's Love, The. A ballad by William Wobdswobth (1770—1850), written in 1830, and founded on a passage in the Orlandus of the au- thor's friend, Kenelm Henry Digby. Armgart. A dramatic poem pub- lished by Geobge Eliot in Macmillan' s Magazine ; since reprinted in Jubal^ and other Poems (1874). Armida, in Fairfax's translation of Tasso's Gierusalemme Liherata, is a maiden whose enchanted girdle has the power of attracting love to its wearer — •• Of mild denays, of tender scorn, of sweet Repulses, war, peace, hope, despair, joy, fear j Of smiles, jests, mirth, wo, grief, and sad regret i Sighs, sorrows, tears, embracements, kisses dear, That, mixed first, by weight and measures meet ; Then, at an easy Are, attempered were ; This wondrous girdle did Armida frame, And, when she would be loved, wore the same." Armies swore terribly in Flan- ders (Our)." An expression used in Stebne's Tristram Shandy, iii. 11. Armin, Robert. An actor con- temporary with Shakespeare, who wrote A Nest of Ninnies, simply of themselves, without compound (1608) and a comedy call- ed The History of the Two Maids qf Mcyre Cloche. Arminianism, Display of. A treatise by John Owen (1616—1683), pub- lished by order of the House of Commons. Armstrong, John, D.D., first Bishop of Grahamstown, South Africa (b. 1813, d. 1856,) was a contributor to the British Critic, Christian JRemembrancer, and Quarterly Review, besides editing Tracts and Sermons " for the Christian Seasons." . Armstrong, John, M. D., poet (b. 1709, d. 1779), was the author of An Essay for Abridging the Study of Physic (1735) ; The Economy of Love (1737) ; ^The Art of Preserving the Health (1744) ; Benevolence (1751) ; An Epistle on Taste (1753) ; Sketches by Lancelot Temple (1758) ; and some other works. A collection of his Miscel- lanies appeared in 1770, containing The Universal Almanack and The Forced Mar- riage. For Biographpf see Chalmers's Dictionary ; and for Criticism, Campbell's Specimens. The latter writer says of him, that " he may, in some points, be compared with the best blank verse writers of the age," and that " on the whole, he is likely to be remembered as a poet of judicious thought and correct expression," He adds : " As far as the rarely-successful ap- plication of verse to subjects of science can be admired, an additional merit must be ascribed to the hand which has reared poetical flowers on the dry and difficult ground of philosophy." " Thomson, in his luxurious way, has hit off Armstrong's likeness in his Castle of Indolence, canto i., stanza 9 ; while Armstrong has given a medical finish to the same canto, by con- tributing the stanzas that follow the seventy-fourth." See Abbidgino the Study of Physio ; Foeced Mabeiage, The; Aet of Peesee\ing Health, The ; Love, The Economy of ; Temple, Launcelot. Armstrong, Johnny. A ballad, of which various versions may be found in Wit Restored (1658) ; in A Collection of Old Ballads (1723) ; and in Allan Ramsay's Evergreen (1724.) The story goes that James V. of Scotland, being on an expe- dition against the Borderers, was met, in 1529, by the famous freebooter who gives his name to the ballad, and who, at the head of all his horsemen, boldly asked for a pardon, and for permission to enter into the royal service. But the king was obsti- nate :— " Thou shalt have no pardon, thou traitor strong, For those thy eight score men and thee, To-morrow morning, by ten o' the clock. Ye all shall hang on the gallows-tree." Whereupon a fight ensued, "till every man of them was slain ; " and their bodies were buried in a deserted churchyard at Carlenrig, near Hawick, where their graves are still shown. Armusia. One of the lieroes of Fletcheb's play of The Island Princess (q. v.), in love with Quisara (q.v.). Arnim, Robert. See Caradcc the Gkeat. Arno Miscellany: " being a col- lection of Fugitive Pieces, written by Members of the Society called Ozioso, at Florence." Printed privately in 1784 : and satirised by Gifford in his Baviad and Mceviad (q.v.). Arnold, Arthur, author and jour- nalist (b. 1833), has written two novels, Never Cotirt and Ralph (1863). The History of the Cotton Famine appeared in 1864, Letters fnvm the Levant in 1868, and Through Persia in 1877. Mr. Arnold was editor of the Echo from its commencement to 1875. Arnold, Ed'win. poet and miscel- laneous writer (b. 1832),ha8 writenGW«eirfa, Jd^ An* 4^ X Drama; Poems, Narrative and Lyrical; Education in India ; The Euterpe oY Hero- dotus, translated and annotated ; The Hito- pades' a, a translation ; A History of the Administration of India under the late Marquis of Dalhousie (lS6i) ; The Poets of Greece (1869) ; and a translation of Hero and Leander (1873). Arnold, Matthew, D. C. L. (Ox.), LL.D. (Edin.), poet and critic (b. 1822), has written The Strayed Reveller (1^48); Empedocles on Etna and other Poems (1853) Poems (1854) ; Merope (185b) ; Lectures on Translating Homer (1861) ; A French Eton,OT Education and the State (1864); Essays in Criticism (1865) ; The Study of Celtic Litera- ture (1867) ; Schools and Universities on the Continent (1868) ; Neto Poems (1868); Cul- ture and Anarchy (1869); St. Paul and Protestantism (1870); Friendship's Garland (1871); A Bible Beading for Schools {IS12) ; Literature and Dogma (1873 ) ; Higher Schools and Universities of Germany (1874); God and the Bible (1875) ; and Last Essays on Church and State (1877). A complete edition of his Poems was published in 1869. For Criticism, see Essays, by W. C- Roscoe ; My Study Windows, by J. R. Lowell; A. C. Swinburne's Essays and Studies ; Button's Essays ; the Bishop of Derry, in Dublin Lectures on Literature, Science, and Art ; The Life and Letters of A. H. Clough, vol. i-; the Quarterly Review, April, 1869 ; and Oct., 1868 ; the Westmin- ster Review, July, 1863; the Edinburgh Review, April 1869; the Contemporary Review, vol. xxiv. See Baldek Dead ; Empedocles ox Etna ; Heine's Grave; Lessing's Laocoon ; Mycerinus ; Obermann ; Rugby Chapel ; Scholar- Gipsy, The; Sohrab and Kistum; Southern Night, A ; Strayed Revel- ler, The ; Thundertentronckh ; Thyrsis ; Tristram and Iseult. Arnold, or Arnolde, Rio bard (circa 1500). He wrote a work generally known as Arnold's Chronicle the proper title of which is The Names of the Balyfs, Custos, Mayres, and Sherefs of ye Cite of London from the Time of King Richard the First, &c. "The most heterogeneous and multifarious miscellany that ever existed" (Wanonj. Arnold. Thomas, D.D. Head master of Rugby (b. 1795, d. 1842). He wrote Lectures on Roman History; The Later Roman Commontcealth ; Sermons ; a pamphlet on Church and State; and some miscellaneous works, edited, in 1845, by his biographer. Dean Stanley. See the Quarterly Review, vol. Ixxiv. ; Knight's Englisu Cyclopcedia, and the Life by E. J. Worboise. Arnold, William Delafield (b. 1828, d. 1859), wrote Oakfield, or Fellow- ship in the East; The Palace of West- minster f and other Historical Sketches ; a translation of "Wiese's Lectures on Eng» lish Education ; and a volume of Lectures on English History. In the poem of A Southern Night, by his brother, Matthew Arnold, alliiionis made to his death, at Gibraltar, on his way home from India :— " For there with bodily anguish keen, With Indian heats at last fordone ; With public toil and private teen, Thou sankest aloue." Arnot, Hugo (1749—1786), pub- lished a Collection and Abridgment of cele- brated Trials in Scotland, from 1536 to 1784, with Historical and Critical Remarks (1786) ; History of Edinburgh (1789), and several other works including an Essay on Nothing (1777.) Arod. The name under which Sir William Walter Is personified in Dryden's Absalom and Achitopel (q.v.). Aronteus. An Asiatic kinp^ who joined the Egyptian armament against the Crusaders {Jerusalem Delivered). Arraignment of a Lover, The. A short poem by George Gascoigne (1530 —1577). Arraignment of Paris, The. A court show or masque, by George Peelk (1552—1598), represented before Queen Elizabeth in 1584. " The Arraignment of Paris," wrote his friend, Thomas Kash, in that year, " might pleade to your opin- ions his pregnant dexteritie of art and u)anifold varietie of invention, wherein (mejudice) he goeth a step beyond all that write." Arro-wrsmith, John, D.D. (b. 1602 d. 1659), wrote Armilla Catechetica, or a Chain of Princii)les, wherein the Chief Heads of the Christian Religion are Assert- ed and Improved (1669) ; Tractica Sacra (1657), and other works. Arsetes. An nged eunuch in Tasso'8 Jerusalem Delivered. Arster, John, LL.D., Irish poet and essayist, has published Poems, with trail si at ions from the German (IS19) ; a ver- sion of Goethe's Faust (1835); and a volume of poetry entitled Xenidla (1837.) He has been a constant contributor to various magazines and reviews. Artemisia. A name under wliich Ladv Mary Wortley Montagu (1690—1762) was satirised by Pope. See Sappho. " Art is long, and Time is fleet- ing." A line in Longfellow's poem of A Psalm of Life. "Art may err, but Nature can- not miss."- Dryden, Cock and Fox. Art of Cookery, The. A poem by William King (1663—1712), published in 1709. Art of English Poesie, Observa* 44 ABT AM tions in the. By Thomas Campion (1540 — 1623). An essay in criticism, republish- ed by Haslewood, in his collection of Ancient Critical Essays upon English Poets and Poesy (1815). It occasioned Daniel's Apology for Rhyme (q.v.). See Abte op English Poesie, The. " Art of God, The course of Nature is the." Line 1267, night ix., of Young's Night Thoughts (q.v.). "For Nature," says Sir Thomas Browne, "is the art of God " {Religio Medici, sect. 16). Art of Preserving Health, The. A poem by John Abmstrono,M.D.(1709— 1779) published in 1744. " It is a kind of dictionary of domestic medicine in blank verse, containing much learning, much medical and moral philosophy ; but with- out much original power, either of poetical conception or execution." According to Warton, it is distinguished by classical correctness and closeness of style. " Art thou poor, yet hast thou golden slumbers." First line of a lyric by Thomas Dekker (d. 1641), which cele- brates the blessings of contentment— " O sweet content ! O sweet, O sweet content ! " " Art thou the bird "whom Man loves best?" First line of T/te Redbreast chasing the Butterfly, a short poem by William Wordsworth (1770—1850). Arte of English Poesie, The. A critical treatise attributed to George PuTTENHAM (q.v.), published in 1589, " and contrived," as the title page ex- presses it, "into three books, the tiret of Poets and Poesie,the second of Proportion, the third of Ornament." " The work," says Arber, " is not exclusively confined to English Poesie. The first of the three books gives also the theory of the origin of the various forms of poetry. The second describes the ancient classic poetry ; re- ports, and apparently introduces into our literature, the Tartarian and Persian forms of verse, afterwards so fashionable, and discusses the application of Greek and Latin metrical ' numerositie' to English poetry. The third book explains the then theory of punctuation ; has a long chapter on Languages, deals with the figures of rhetoric as well as those of poetry proper, and has some forty pages on a seemingly foreign subject, Decorum ; by which we are to understand not only courtly manners, but also apt and felicitous expression of thought, and appropriateness of dress and conduct to our condition of life." Not the least interesting portion of the first book is that in which the ** author's censure " is given upon those " who in any age have been the most commended writers in our English poesie," these being Chaucer, Gower, Lydgate, Langland, Harding, Skelton, Wyatt, Surrey, Vaux, Sternhold, Heywood,Ferrys, Phaer, Golding, Raleigh, h: ■ Dyer, Sidney, Edwards, Gascoigne, and others. The Arte was reprinted by Joseph Haslewood in his Ancient Critical Essays in 1815, and more recently by Arber. See ART OF English Poesie. Artegal. A mythic king of Britain, who figures in the Chronicle of Geoffrey of Monmouth, and in Milton's History of Britain, (q.v.). Artegal. A kniglit in Spenser's Faerie Queene (q.v.) ; intended as a type of Justice, and representing the poet's friend and patron. Lord Grey. Many his- torical events are woven into the narrative of his adventures. Artegal and Elidure. A poetical episode by William Wordsworth (1770—1850), written in 1815, and founded on a passage in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Chronicle. Artful Dodger, The. The sobri quet of a character— a young thief — in Dickens's novel of Oliver Twist (q.v.). Arthur of Lytel Brytayne, The Hystory of the INlost Noble and Valiant Knight. Translated into English from a French original, by John Bourchier, Lord Berners (1474—1532). Arthur, King of Great Britain : " A Book of the noble Hystoryes of Kynge Arthur, and of certayn of his Knyghtes, reduced into Englysche by Syr Thomas Malory, knyght;" printed by Caxton, 1489, and recently reprinted. Arthur, The Legend of King. An old ballad in which the chronicle of De Leew, printed at Antwerp, in 1493, ap- pears to have been chiefly followed. It is supposed to be spoken by Arthur himself. Arthur, The Book of Kynge : " and of his noble knyghts of the Round Table ; " printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1498. Arthur, The Misfortunes of. A tragedy by Thomas Hughes, a student of Gray's Inn, acted at Greenwich, on Feb- ruary 28, 1587. Lord Bacon, then in his twenty-eighth year, assisted in the inven- tion and preparation of the dumb shows by which the performance was varied. Among the dramatis personce are Guene- vora, Mordred, and Gawin. Arthur, King of England. A play by Richard Hathaway (1598), prob- ably a revival of T fie Misfortunes of Art hiit (q.v.). Arthur, King. An opera written by John Dryden (1631—1701), dedicated to the Marquis of Halifax, and performed with music by Purcell, in 1691. Arthur, Prince. An lieroic poem, in ten books, by Sir Richard Black- ART ART 45 MORE, M.D. (1650—1729), published in 1695, and written, as the author tells us, " by Buch catches and starts, and in such occa- sional uncertain hours as his profession af- forded, and for the greatest pari in coffee- houses, or in passing up and down the streets." It passed through three editions in the course of two years, and though at- tacked by Dennis in a formal criticism, received the praise of Lo<^ke, concerning whom Southey remarks that his " opinion of Prince Arthur should be held in remem- brance by all dabblers in metaphysics when they presume to dabble in poetry." Prince Arthur was followed, in 1697, by King Arthur. Arthur, King. A poem, in twelve books, by Edward, Lord Lytton (1805— 1873), published in 1848, in which modern characters, the late King Louis Philippe among others, are introduced under a very thin disguise. The poem is not without in- terest as a clever tour de force, but it has never attained to popularity, and its recep- tion by the critics was cold and dishearten- ing from the first. " Nothing," says W. C. Roscoe, " can more forcibly indicate Lord Lytton's absolute deficiency in true poetical genius than the value he assigns to his own poetry. After ample time for reflection, he has deliberately placed it on record that his King Arthur is the highest effort of his powers, and the work on which he rests his claim to posthumous fame. This is to be most unjust to him- self. No poet could have written King Arthur. Arthur, King, in Tennyson's poem of The Idylls of the King (q.v.), is intend- ed less as a portrait of— " That gray king whose name, a ghost, ' Streams like a cloud, man-shaped, from moun- tain peak, And cleaves to cairn and cromlech still." than as a personification of the soul at war with sense. The reader may, if he chooses, regard the poem as a mere narrative, to be read for the pleasure its details afford; but a writer in the Contemporartf Peinew for 1873, identified with a personal friend of the poet's, assures us that the Idylls are intended to be a consistent and coherent allegory, opening with the mysterious birth of the soul, as described in the *' Coming of Arthur." and closing with its no less mysterious disappearance, as mag- nificently recorded in the concluding idyll. Through all the poem " we see the body and its passions gain continually greater sway, till in the end the spirit's earthly work is thwarted and defeated by the flesh. From the sweet spring-breezes of ' Gareth ' and the story of * Geraint and Enid,' where the first gush of poisoning passion bows for a time, and vet passes and leaves pure a great and simple heart, we are led through ' Merlin and Vivien,' where, early in the storm, we see great wit and genius suc- cumb; a»., :^574). The following lines are often qabteai— " Everything did banish moan, Save the nightingale alone. She, poor bird, as all forlorn. Leaned her breast up till a thorn ,- And there sung the dolefull'st ditty. That to hear it was great pity." See Cynthia. As -with gladness men of old." First line of a popular hymn by William Chatterton Dix (1860). "As ye came from the Holy Land," First line of False Love and True Love, a poem by Sir Walter Raleigh (1552—1618). It IS also the first line of an old ballad, which, taking the form of a dialogue between a pilgrim and a traveller, was once very popular, and is quoted by Beaumont in his Knight of the Burning Pestfe, act ii., last scene, and in an old play called Hans Beerpot, the Invisible Comedy (1618), act i. As You Like It A comedy by William Shakespeare (1564—1616); was probably acted for the first time in 1599, and published, under the title of " As You Like Yt, a booke," in 1600- There can be no doubt that it was written in the heyday of the author's genius, when he had just com- pleted the grand series of historical plays, and was glad to throw himself for rest into the ideal and idyllic world of Arden, before he set to work at the equally grand series of tragic dramas that began with Borneo and Juliet, and culminated in Macbeth and Othello. He seems to have been indebted for the mere ground- work of this play to Lodge's Bosalynde (qv.) : or, Euphues^ Golden Legacie, found after his death in his cell at Silexedra (1560), which appears in its turn to have been founded on an older English original. In this tale, the deceased Sir John of Bordeaux has three sons, Saladine, Femandine, and Rosader ; the banished duke being Gerismond, King of France. Celia is first Alinda and after- wards Aliena ; Corin and Silvius figure as Coridon and Montanus ; whilst the shep- herdess PhoBbe and the faithful servant Adam appear in the names that they pre- serve in Shakespeare. Touchstone, Jacques, and Audrey are, on the other hand, entirely the creation of the poet, who also infuses into all the other charac- ters a life and spirit which they do not possess in Lodge's work. "Large extracts from the latter are given," says Moberly, "in Delius's edition of the works of Shake- speare, and a perusal of them only demon- strates the more clearly how wonderfully the poet has contrived to surround a some- what heavy and commonplace tale with an atmosphere of brightness and romance. To him alone," adds Moberly, " belong the charming conception of outlawed forest life, the pure rusticity of the lower charac- ters, the serene magnanimity of the ban- ished duke, the inexhaustible sprightliness of Rosajlind, the knav;sh fool-wisdom of T(niclititOu% saA tlie St^ferflWaa eCpd wbrldly ASA ASH 47 cavilling of Jacques ; all stamped with the •anmistakable impress of his master-hand, and combining, in the most singular way, to give the play a most distinct and impor- tant moral bearing, as well as the animation and grace which has made it the delight of all readers, young and old." See Dowden's Shakespeare^ s Mind and Art. Asaph. A character intended for John Dryden, the poet (1631—1701), by N.VHUM Tate (1652—1715) who added a second part to the former's poem of Absa- lom and Achitophel (q.v.)- Ascanio. The hero of Fletcher's comedy of The Spanish Curate (q.v.). ' Ascanius : " or, the Young Preten- der ; " " a true history," published at Lon- don in 1746. In mythology, Ascanius was a son of ^neas and Creusa, second king of Latium, and the founder of Alba Longa. See Virgil's uEneid, and Livy's Annates. Ascapa»-t. in the romance of Sir Bevis of Southampton (q.v.), is a giant, thirty feet high, who is said to have carried Sir Bevis, his wife, and his horse, under his arm, though eventually he falls a victim to the hero's prowess. Wartou says that he figures frequently in the old French romances ; and there are numerous allu- sions to him in the Elizabethan writers. Pope wrote : — •* Each man an Ascapart, of strength to toss For quoits both Temple Bar and Charing Cross." Ascham, Roger, (b. 1515, d. 1568). vrrote Toxophilus, the Schole of Shootinge (1544) ; A Report and discourse of the affaires and state of Germany, and the Emperor Charles his Court during certaine yeares (1550—2), (1552) ; The Scholemaster (1570) ; Apologlapro Cccna Dominica contra ,\fissam et eius Prestiglas (1577) .• Epistolariim Libri Tres (1578). His English Works were collec- ted, edited, and published by Bennett in 1761, with a Life by Dr. Johnson. They were again published in 1815; and appeared, under the editorship of Dr. Giles, in 1865. See, also. Grant's De Vita et Oh. Rogeri Aschami, and Hartley Coleridge's Northern Worthies. Fuller wrote of Ascham :— " He was an honest man and a gootl shooter- His Toxophihis is a good book for young men ; his Schoolmaster for old ; his Epistles for all men." Hazlitt says : " Ascham is plain and strong in his style, but without grace or warmth ; his sentences have no armony of structure. He stands, however, asfar as I have seen, above all other writers in the first half of the queen's (Elizabeth) reign." ^ee Schoolmaster, The ; Toxo- philus. Asgill, John (d. 1738), was the author of An Argument proving that Men may 6e translated to Heaven tcithnut dying (1700),_ai)d varioMs other rkfi, including of Lands (1771), and The Succession of the House of Hanover Vindicated (1714). Ashburne, Thomas D'. An Au- gustine friar (circa 1350) who wrote a reply to the Trialogues of Wickliffe, and various other theological treatises. Ashby. Greorge, Clerk of the Sig- net to Queen Margaret, was the author of the Active Policie of a Prince (q.v.). See Warton's History of English Poetry. Ashford Isaac. A peasant in Crabbe's The Parish Register (qv.). Ashmole Elias (b. 1617, d. 1692). wrote Fasciculus Chemicus (1654) ; Thea- trum Chemicum Britannicum (1652) ; Tfie Way to Bliss (1658) ; The Institution, Laws, and Ceremonies of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (1672) ; and Antiquities of Berk- shire (1719 or 1723). His Memoirs "drawn up by himself by way of diary," were printed in 1717, and reprinted 1774. Wood says of him: " He was the greatest virtuoso and curioso that ever was known or read of in England before his time. Uxor Solis took up its habitation in his breast, and in his bosom the great God did abundantly store up the treasures of all sorts of wisdom and knowledge. Much of his time, when he was in the prime of his years, was spent in chemistry, in which faculty, being accounted famous, he did worthily deserve the title of Mercuriophilus Anglicus." See Fasciculus Chemicus; Garter. The Most Noble Order of the; Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum; Wav to Bliss, The. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, consisting of a valuable collection of MSS., books, coins, &c., was presented to the university and opened in 1682 by Elias Ashmole (qv.). The Ashmolean Society, Oxford, was established in 1828. Ashmore, John, poet (temp. 17th centurv), produced Certain Selected Odes of Horace Englished (1621). Ashton, Charles, Canon of Ely (b. 1665, d. 1752), produced editions of Hier- ocles and Justin Martyr. Ashton Lucy. The heroine of Scott's novel of The Bride of Lammermoor (q.v.); daughter of Sir William Ashton, and betrothed to Edgar, the Master of Ravens- wood. Ashton, Sir William. A charac- ter in ScoTT's Bride of Lammermoor. Ash well, John, Prior of New n ham Abbey, near Bedford, was the author of certain '"Letters sente secretlev to the Byshope of Lyncolne," in 1527, '' wherein the sayde Pryour accuseth George Joye, that Tyme being Felow of Peter College, in Cambridge, of fower opinions;" "the answere of the sayde George unto the same opinions" being published with thjB Ifettfers. " This w<^k 1$ dt ^'at inddfi^t,*' 48 ASI AST says AUiboue, "not only to the biblio- grapher and lover of rare books, but as connected with the history of one of the first men who stood forth in Eneland and boldly advocated the ' universal diffusion ' of the Gospel." For an account of Joye, see Fuller's Worthies. Asiatic (Royal) Society of Great Britain and Ireland. The, instituted in London in 1823, and incorporated by Royal Charter in 1824. In 1828 it establish- ed "the Oriental Translation Fund, by the aid of which numerous volumes of Eastern literature have been published. " Ask me no more : the moon may draw the sea." First line of a song by Alfred Tennyson (b. 1809) in The Princess (q.v.). " Ask me no more where Jove bestows." First line of a song by Thomas CAREW (1589—1639). •* Ask me nc more whither do stray The go.den atoma of the day ; Forinpu'* love heaven did prepare These powden. to enrich your hair." "Ask me why I send you here." First line of a song called The Primrose (q.v.). " Ask what you w^ill, my own and only love." First line of a lyric by Francis Turner Palgrave. "Ask why I love the roses fair?" First line of The Reason Why,Si lyric by Frederick Locker. Aske, James. See Elizabetha Triumphans. Askew, Anthony, M.D. (1722— 1772), was one of the fathers of the "Bib- liomania " in England. Asmodeus. The fiendish com- panion of Don Cleofas, "one of Satan's fight infantry," in Le Sage's Le Diable Boiteux^ OT The Devil on Two Sticks. "As much a decided creation of genius, in his way, as Ariel or Caliban" (Sir W. Scott). Aspasia, in Beaumont and Fletcher's play of The Maid's Tragedy (q.v.), is forsaken by Amintor, who marries Evadne. "Aspasia," as Charles Lamb says, " is a slighted woman, refused by the man who had once engaged to marry her. Yet it is artfully contrived, that while we pity her, we respect her, and she descends without degradation. So much true poetry and passion can do to confer dignity upon subjects which do not seem capable of it." Aspen Court. A novel by Charles Shirley Brooks (1815—1874). Ass, To a Young : " its motlier being tethered near it." A lyric by Sam- uel Taylob Coleridge (1772—1834), ynimu 1794. flt^c© ttoe aUusion by Byttjtt in the English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (q.v.)- " Yet none in lofty numbers can eurpass The bard who soars to elegise an ass." See Assembly of Foules, The. FouLEs, The Assembly of. Asser, Bishop of Sherborne (d. 910) is supposed to have written, among other works, the jElfredi Regis Res Gestw, pub- lished by Archbishop Parker in 1574. See Wright's Biographia Britannica Literaria for the argument against Asser's author- ship. Assignation, The. A comedy by Sophia Lee (1750—1824), produced at Drury Lane in 1807. "It was only per- formed once, the public thinking that much of the satire was aimed at public charac- ters, and therefore naturally evincing dis- pleasure." " Assume a virtue, if you have it not."— Hamlet, act iii., scene 4. "Assurance double sure, 111 make."— Macbeth, act iv., scene 1. " Assurance of a Man, To give the world." — Hamlet, act iv., scene, 4. Astagoras. A female fiend and companion of the Three Furies, in Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered. Astarte. Tiie lady beloved by the hero in Byron's Manfred (q.v.). Astell Mary (b. 1668, d. 1731). wrote, among other works, A Serious Pro- posal to the Ladies for the Advancement of their true and greatest Interest, and The Christian Religion as professed hu a Daugh- ter of the Church of England. She was ridiculed by the wits of her time, under the nickname of M adonilla. Astle, Thomas (b. 1735, d, 1803). An eminent antiquarian and bibliograph- er, who succeeded his father-in-law in printing the Records of Parliament. He was a contributor to the Archceologia and to the Vetusta Mon.umenia, and was" a most efficient cataloguer. He also wrote An Account of the Seals of the Kings, Royal Bor- oughs, and Magnates of Scotland (1792), and the Origin and Progress of Writing, as well Hieroglyphic as Elementary (1784) ; " the completest work on the subject of writing in this or any other language." "Astolat, the Lily Maid of." Elaine, in Tennyson's Idylls of the King (q.v.). Astolat is Guildford, in Surrey. Astolpho, son of Otho, and an Eng- lish duke, was carried on the back of a whale to Alcino's isle, and was afterwards transformed into a myrtle. His flight to the moon is one of the ablest passages in the Orlando Furioso- Astdn, Antbony, " gentlemw. AST ATH 40 lawyer, poet, actor, soldier, sailor, excise- man, and publican," was the author of Love in a Hurry (1709); Pastora (1712); The Fool's Opera (1731) : and A Brief Supplement to Colley Clbber, Esq., his Lives of the Late Famous Actors and Act- resses (1742), " which contains some in- foiTnation not preserved elsewhere." Astoreth. A Syrian deity who figures in Milton's Paradise Lost (q.v.), as— " Queen of heaven, with crescent horns. To whose bright image nightly by the moon, Sidonian virgins paid their vows and songs. *• Astraea. The poetical name as- sumed by Mrs. Aphra Behn (q.v.), a dramatic and miscellaneous writer (1642 — 1689), whose works are distinguished by cleverness and lewdness. Thus Pope — "The stage how loosely does Astrsa tread !" . Astraea, Hymns of. A series of twenty-six acrostics, in honour of Queen Elizabeth, by Sir John Davies (1570— 162G), Astrea : " A Romance written in French by Messere HoNOKE d'Ubfe and Translated by a Person of Quality : " pub- ished in 1657. " Its primitive Arcadia was placed in the valley of the Loire, and its variety of excellent discourses and extra- ordinary sententiousness caused Richelieu to say that ' He was not to be admitted into the Academy of Wit who had not been well read in Astrea-' " D'Urf6 was born in 1567, and died in 1626. Astrolabie, Conclusions of the. See Bread and Milk for Babes. Astrophel. A pastoral elegy, by Edmund Spenser (1562— 1599), "upon the death of the most noble and valorous knight, Sir Philip Sidney," dedicated to the Countess of Essex. The name is com- pounded of " Phil. Sid.," the abbreviation of Philip Sidney, and their apparent Latin and Greek synonyms. Thus Phil for who accomplished th» Revolution of 1688 are satirised with great freedom ot language. Pope refers to it in the Pape oj the Lock : — " As long as ' Atalantis * shall be read ; " and Bishop Warburton described it as *' ft famous book, written about that time, by a woman full of court and party scandals, and in a loose effeminacy of style and sen- timent, which well suited the debauched taste of the better vulgar." Athanasia. The heroine of John Gibson Lockhart's novel of ValeriuM (q.v.). Athanasian Creed, The, was ver- sified by William Whyttington, Dean of Durham, a contemporary of Knox and Calvin, from the latter of whom he re- ceived ordination. The following is a specimen of his version : — " The Father God is, God the Son, God Holy Ghost also ; Yet are there not three Gods in all. But one God and no mo'." A metrical arrangement of the samo creed is given in Hunnis's Handful of Honeysuckles (q.v.). See Actes of thb Apostles, and Apostolic Creed. Atheism, On the Necessity of. A pamphlet published originally at Ox- ford, attributed to Shelley (q.v.). and reprinted in the "Notes "to Queen*Mah (q.v.). " Atheist half believes a God, By night an." Line 177, night v., of Young's Night Thoughts (q.v.). Atheist's Tradegy, The: " or, the Honest Man's Revenge." A play by Cyril Tourneur (circa 1600), printed i» 50 ATH ATL 1611, and noticed in vol. vli. of the Itet- rospective Review . Athelard of Bath flourished about 1110—1120, and was the author of the following works : De JSodem et JJiver- so ; De Sic et non Sic ; Qucesiiones Natu- rales ; Regulce Abaci ; A treatise on the Astrolabe ; Prohlemata ; De Septem Arti- bus Liberalibus ; a treatise on the Com- potus ; Liber Magistri Adelardi Bathomen- sis qui dicitur Mappce Clavicula ; and va- rious translations from the Arabic. A list of the editions of his Works is given in Wi-ight's Blographia Britannica Literaria. See Philosophus Anglorum ; Qujes- TIONES NATUBALES Athelstane, surnamed the "Un- ready," Thane of Coningsburgh, in Sir Walter Scott's romance of Ivanhoe (q.v.). Athelstane's Victory, An Ode, written in old English verse, and printed in Ellis's Specimens of the English Poets, from two MSS. in the Cottonian Library, British Museum. It is dated 937 in Gib- son's Chronicles, 938 in Hickes's Saxon Grammar, and is supposed to have been written by a contemporary bard. Athenae Oxonienses : " an ex- act History of all the Writers and Bishops who have had their Education in the most eminent and famous university of Oxford from 1500 to 1690," written by Anthony a Wood (1632— 169o), and pub- lished in 1691—2 ; followed very shortly after by Fasti, or Annals of the University. A second edition, rendered valuable by important additions and corrections, ap- peared in 1721. "To the first volumCj" says Professor Eraser, "is prefixed m some copies an account of the author, Srepared by himself, in which he claims le merit of freedom from party prejudice, and alludes to his singularly recluse and ascetic life. The world has not recognised his liberality of temper so much as his wonderful industry. Though a diligent antiquary, he was noted for the strong prejudice of a narrow mind. It appears that at one time he was indicted for de- famation in the University Court, on ac- count of his criticisms on the Earl of Clar- endon, Lord Chancellor of England and Chancellor of the University. At another, he was attacked with much severity by Bishop Burnet, in a Letter to the Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, to which Wood replied" in a Vindication, published in 1693. Athenaeum, The : " a Magazine of Literary and Miscellaneous Information," edited by John Aikin, from its commence- ment, in 1807, to its conclusion, in 1809. The journal which now bears this title was e>5tablished in 1829, by James Silk Buckingham (1786—1855), and included jimong its earliest contributors F, P. Maurice, John Sterling, J. S. Mill, and many other eminent writers. See Carlyle's Life of Sterling. Athenaid The. A poem by Rich- ard Glover, 1787. Athens: "its Rise and Fall. An unfinished historical work by Edvtard, Lord Lytton (1805—1873), of which two volumes were published in 1836. " Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts and eloquence." — Paradise Regained, book iv., line 240. Atherstone Ed-win, poet (1788 —1872), wrote TAe Last Days of Hercula- neum (1821) ; A Midsummer Day's Dream. (1822) ; Abradates and Panthea; The Fall of Nineveh (1828, 1830, 1847), The Sea^Kinqs of England (1830) ; The Handuiriting on the iVall (1858) ; and Israel in Egypt (1861). See Men of the Time, Mackenzie's Imperial Dictionary of Biography, and Chambers's Cyclopmha of English Literature. See Nineveh, The Fall of. Atin. The squire of Pyrockles and stirrer up of stilfe in Spenser's Fa'irie Queene, book ii. Atkinson, Joseph, Irish dramatist, wrote Mutual Deception (1795), A Match For a Widow (1786), and Love in a Blaze (1800). The first of these was afterwards altered by Colman, and produced at the Haymarket under the title of Tit for Tat. The second and third were comic operas. Atkinson, Thomas (d. 1639), was the author of a manuscript tragedy in Latin, entitled Homo (q-v.). See ATHENiE Oxonienses. Atkyns, Richard (1615—1677),- wrote a work on the Original and growth of Printing in England, collected out of His- tory and the Recoi'ds of this Kingdom; wherein is also demonstrated, that Printing appertatneth to the prerogative Royal, and is a flower of the Crown of England (1664). In this work Atkyns, who was a patentee under the Crown for printing, denied the claim of Caxton as introducer of the art of printing into England, and ascribed it to Corsellis. It provoked considerable controversy, and he followed it up with a Vindication, &c. (1669). Atkyns. Sir Robert (b. 1647, d. 1711), wrote the Antient and Present State of Glostershire (1712). Atlantes. A magician and sajre who educated Rogero in all the manly vir- tues (Orlando Furioso). Atlantis See Atalantis. Atlantis, The Ne-w. An unfinish- ed work by Francis. Lord Bacon (1561— 1626), whicli we are told he devised " to the end that he might exhibit therein a model ATO ATY 51 and description of a college, instituted for the interpreting of nature, and the pro- ducing of great and marvellous works for the benefit of man, under the name of Sol- omon's House, or the College of the Six Days' Works. And even so far as this his lordship hath proceeded to finish that part. His lordship thought, also, in this present fable to have composed a frame of laws, on the best state or mould of a common- wealth ; " but this he did not live to etfect. The work as it stands is a mere fragment, on the model of the many similar fictions in which, as in the Utopia ol More and the Oceana of Harrington, efforts have been made to draw the picture of a perfect gov- ernment. It is reprinted in Bohn's Stand- ard Library, and has been edited with ^otes by J. A. St. John (1838). See Ata- LANTIS- Atom, The History and Adven- tures of an. A romance published in 1769, in which the writer, Tobias George Smollett (1621—1771), satirises the vari- ous political parties in England from 1754 to the dissolution of Lord Chatham's ad- ministration. " His inefficient patron, Lord Bute J is not spared in this work, and Chatham is severely treated under the name of Jowler " (q. v.). Atossa, in Pope's Moral Essays, epistle ii., is intended as a satirical portrait of the then Duchess of Buckingham. It was long supposed that the poet intended it for Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough ; but there seems no grounds for such a supposi- tion. The name is apparently taken from Atossa, the Queen of Cambyses and of Darius Hvdaspes, by whom she became the mother of Xerxes. She is represented as a disciple and follower of Sappho (q.v.), who, in Pope's Satires, stands for Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Atropoion Delion : " or, the Death of Delia, with the Tears of Her Funeral." A monody on the death of Queen Elizar- beth, published in 1603, and attributed to Thomas Newton (d. 1607), who t«rms it '•a.poetical excursive discourse of our late Eliza." " Attempt, The, and not the deed confounds us,."— Macbeth, act ii., scene 1. Attempts at Verse, by John Jones, edited by Robert Southey (1774 —1843) in 1831. Atterbury, Francis, D.D., Bishop of Colchester (b. 1662, d. 1732), wrote four volumes of Sermons (1740), a Latin transla- tion of Absalom and Achitophel (1682), and some visitation charges, which were pub- lished in his Miscellaneous IForks in 1789— 98. The latter collection contains all his correspondence and tracts, including a mass of curious and interesting ecclesiasti- cal history. His Private Correspondence was published by Lord Hailes in 1768, his Epistolary Correspondence by Nichols in 1783. See, also, Atterbtiryann, being Mis- cellanies by the late Bishop of Rochester, published by Curll in 1727. His LijPe was written by Stackhouse in 1727 ; his Me- moirs had appeared in 1723. He had "a mind," says Macaulay, "inexhaustiblr rich in all the resources of controversy.*' "In his writings," sajrs Dr. Doddridge, '' we see language in its strictest purity and beauty. There is nothing dark, noth- ing redundant, nothing obscure, nothing misplaced." Buckingham thus describes him in his Election of a Laureate (q.v.) — " A prelate for wit and for eloquence fam'd Apollo soon missed, and he needs not be nam'd ; Since amidst a whole bench, of which some are so bright. Not one of them shines as leam'd and polite.' Dr. Johnson thought Atterbury's Sermons among the best for style. See Urim. Atticus, in Pope's Epistle to Arbttth- not, is a famous satirical portrait of Addi- son, written in revenge for a fancied slight, tlie history of which may be read in Dis- raeli's QttarreZs o/u4M//iors,Thackeray'8 Lec- tures on the Humorists, and the various bi- ographies of the two writers. The lines are too well known to require quotation ; but it may be mentioned that the conclud- ing couplet, which now stands — " "Who but must laugh, if such a man there be ? Who would not weep, if Atticus were he ? " first stood thus — " Who would not smile if such a man there be ? Who would not laugh if Addison were he.' • Hazlitt calls the whole passage " the finest piece of personal satire in Pope." Atticus, The Irish. The name under which the Earl of Chesterfield satirised George Faulkner (d. 1775), in a series of once-celebrated letters. Atticus. One of the pseudonyms of ** Junius " (q.v.), in his earlier com- munications to the Public Advertiser. Atticus, in Dibdin's " bibliogra- phical remance" called Bibliomania (q. v.), is intended for Richard Heber, brother of Reginald Heber, Bishop of Calcutta (1783— 1S26), who was also called "the Christian Atticus." Attwood, Thomas (b. 1784, d. 1856), was the author of some letters on currency, contributed to the Globe news- paper in 1828, which established, says E. Walford, his reputation as one of the ablest advocates of paper-money. He was after- wards M. P. for Birmingham. Atys. A Phrygian sliepherd, of whom Cybele became enamoured, and who, having taken a vow of perpetual chastity, was made her priest ; but, breaking the vow, he went mad, and was transformed 52 ATY AUR into a fir-tree. The fine poem of Catullus on this subject has been translated by Leigh Hunt (1784—1859). Atys and Adrastus, The Tale of. An heroic poem, by William Whitehead (1715—1785). Aubrey, John, antiquary (h. 1626, d, 1700), wrote the JS'aiural History and An- tiquities of the County of Surrey (1719), Mis- cellanies upon Various Subjects (1696), and A History of Wiltshire, besides contribu- ting Minutes of Lives of eminent men to Wood's Athence Oxonienses (q.v-), and aid- ing Dugdale in the preparation of his Mon- asticon Anglicanum (q.v.). A biography of Aubrey by Britton was published in 1845 by the Wiltshire Topographical Soci- ety, and an edition of the Lives, &c., was issued in 1813. Auburn. The name of Gold- smith's Deserted ViUaqc, in his poem of that name, generally identified with Lis- soy, in Ireland : — " Sweet Auburn ! loveliest village of the plain." Audelay, John, a monk of Haugh- mond, near Shrewsbury, wrote some verses, printed by Halliwell Phillipps for the Percy Society (1844), which form an in- terestir.g specimen of the Shropshire dia- lect in the fifteenth century. "Audience (Fit) find, though few."— Milton's Paradise Lost, vii., 30. Audley Court. An idyll by Al- fred Tennyson (b. 1809), written in 1842. Audrey. Country lass in Shakes- peare's As You Like It (q.v.). "The most perfect specimen," says Charles Cow- den Clarke, " of a wondering she-gawky." Auerbaoh, Berthold. A German novelist, several of whose works have been translated into English and published in the Tauchnitz series. Among others, On the Heights, The Country House on the Rhine, Edehceiss, and German Tales. Augmentis Scientiarum, De. See Advancement of Learning, The. Augusta. The lady to whom Lord Byron (1788—1824) addressed, in 1816, sev- eral stanzas and epistles, and who stood to him in the relation of half-sister. She married a Colonel Leigh. Augustine, The Ladder of St. A poem by Henry Wadsworth Long- fellow (b. 1807) which contains numer- ous familiar lines, and is said to be the or- igin of an allusion to the writer in Tenny- son's In Memoriam, stanza, 1. Thus, Longfellow says : — " Nor deem the inexorable Past As wholly wasted, wholly vain, If rising on its wrecks, at fast To something nobler we attain." Tennyson's lines are these :— " I held it truth with him who singg To one clear harp in divers tones. That men may rise on stepping-stones Of their dead selves to higher thmgs." The first two of these latter lines is cer- tainly an admirable description of Long- fellow, but it is not absolutely certain that the alluc-ion is to him. Auld Good-Man, The. A ballad in the form of a dialogue, printed in the Tea-table Miscellany (q.v.). Auld Lang Syne. The famous song by Robert Burns (1759 — 1796). Burns himself assured his friends that it was old, but it is generally believed that he was, as Alexander Smith remarks, the entire, or almost the entire, author. Auld Robin Forbes. A lyric by Susanna Blamire (1747—1794), notable as a good example of the Cumberland dia- lect. Its pathos is almost comparable to that of Auld liobin Gray (q.v.). Auld Robin Gray. A ballad by Lady Anne Barnard (1750—1825), written in 1771, under circumstances which the authoress has herself recorded. She says there was an ancient Scottish melody, of which she was pasj^ionately fond, which a friend of hers used to sing to her at her father's house in Balcarias. lliis friend, it seems, did not object toils having im- E roper words ; but Lady Barnard (then ,ady Lindsay) did. She longed, she said, to sing the air to different words, and give to its plaintive tones some little history of virtuous distress in humble life, such as might suit it. The song, as it now stands, was accordingly completed, and became a favourite in the domestic circle ; but the authorship, so far from becoming generally known, was not divulged till 1823, when Lady Barnard acknowledged it in a letter to Sir Walter Scott. By him the ballad was printed in the form of a tract for the Bannatyne Club, together with two con- tinuations, both, however, inferior to the original poem. It may be added that the title " Kobin Grey," was taken from the name of an old herdsman in Lord Balcar- ras' service. The story has since been elaborated into a prose fiction by Charles Gibbon. Aungervyle, Richard. See Phi- LOBTBLON, Aurelia Darnel, in Smollett's novel of Sir Launcelot Greaves (q.v.), is described by Sir Walter Scott as "by far the most feminine, and, at the same time, lady-like person, to whom the author has introduced us." Aurelio and Isabell, Daughter of the King of Schotlande. A once favour- ite romance by Jean deFlores, publish- ed in one volume^ in 1586, in Jtalian, Atf]^ AUT 63 French, and English and a^ain in Italian, Spanish, French, and Enghsh, in 1588- It is probable that it may have given Shake- speare hints for his play of The Tempest (q.v.). 'S'e* Warton's English Poetry , sect. Aurelius, Marcus Antoninus. See Antoninus. Aurelius, in Dibdin's bibliograph- ical "romance," ^ift/iomania (q.v.), is in- tended for George Chalmers, tjie anti- quary (q.v.). Aurora Leigh. A poem, or novel, in blank verse, by Elizabeth Bakrett Browning (1809—1861). published in 1856, and characterised by the authoress as the "most mature" of her productions, and the one in which " her highest convictions upon life and art are entered." Like Woi-dsworth's Prelude and Beattie's Min- strel, it is the description of " the growth of a poet's mind," and is characterised at once by scenes of the highest passion, and \)y passages in which commonplace con- versation follows immediately upon meta- physical or philosophical discussion. Au- rora Leigh is represented as the daughter o? a fair Florentine and a learned English- man, who subsequently achieves fame as a poetess. She is beloved by Romney Leigh,an earnest philanthropist, for whom, after he has passed through many and various vicissitudes, Aurora at last owns her love. Aurora, on Melissa's Birthday, Ode to. By Thomas Blacklock (1721— 1791). Commended by Henry Mackenzie, author of The Man of Feeling, " as a com- pliment and tribute of affection to the tender assiduity of an excellent wife." Aurora Raby. A rich, noble English orphan : in person " a rose with all its sweetest leaves yet folded." — By- ron's Don Juan, canto 15. Austen, Jane, novelist (b. 1775, d. 1817), wrote Sense and Sensibility (1811) ; Pride and Prejudice (1812) ; Mansfield Park (1814) ; Emma (1816) ; Northdnger Abbey (1818) ; Persuasion (1818) ; and Lady Jane (1872). Her Life has been written by her nephew, the Rev. J. Austen-Leigh. Sir Walter Scott wrote of Miss Austen :— •' That young lady had a talent for describ- ing the involvements, and feelings, and characters of ordinary life, which is to me the most wonderful I ever met with. The big bow-ivoio strain I can do myself, like any one now going; but the exquisite touch which rendeis ordinary commonplace things and characters interesting, from the truth of the description a id the senti- ment, is denied to me." "Miss Austen's novels," says Alexander Smith, "are oc- cupied with delineations of English society in the middle and higher ranks. Her characters are the most every-day char- acters, and her incidents the most every- day incidents. Her books contain nothing more exciting than a village ball, or the gossip of a village spinster's tea-table ; nothing more tragic than the overturning of a chaise in a soft ditch, or a party being caught in a shower of rain going 4c church . Miss Austen has little humour. Her ridi- cule is refined and feminine. There is never more than a smile upon her lips. In her own delicate walk she is without a rival. Never was there such exquisite manners-painting ; never was English middle-class life, with its little vanities, its petty spites, its quiet virtues, so deli- cately and truthfully rendered." Austin, Alfred, poet, critic, and novelist, has written An Artist's Proof (1864) ; Won by a Head (1865) ; The Season (1869) ; A Vindication of Lord Byron (1869) ; The Poetry of the Period (1870) ; The Golden Age (1871) ; Interludes (1872) ; Rome or Death (1873) ; iMadonna's Child (1873) ; The Tower of Babel (1874) ; The Human Trag- edy (1876). Austin, John (b. 1797, d. 1860), wrote The Province of Jurisprudence De- termined (1832), (q-v.). Austin, John, of St. John's Col- lege, Cambridge, wrote, in defence of tho Roman Catholic Church, The Christian Moderator, published in 1651. He also com- posed A Harmony of the Gospe/a, and other works. Austin, Samuel, contemporary with Drayton, wrote a poem entitled Ura- nia, or the Heavenly Muse (1620). Austin, Sarah (b. 1798, d. 1867), published Characteristics of Goethe (1833) ; A Collection of Fragments from the Ger- man Prose Writers, Illustrated with Bio- graphical Notes; Considerations on Na- tional Education; Sketches of Germany from 1760 to 1814 ; Selections from the Old Testament; Letters on Girls' Schools; and translations of The Story without an EtuI, Banke's History of the Popes, and his His- tory of the Beformation in Germany. See Macaulay's essay in the Edinburgh Re- view for 1840. Author's Bedchamber, Descrip- tion of an. Lines by Oliver Goldsmith (1728—1774) :— " A night-cap decked his brows instead of bay ; A cap by night— a stocking all the day." Authors by Profession, The Case of, •' stated " by James Ralph, (d. 1762), •' in regard to Booksellers, the Stage, and the Public," and published in 1758. It enumerates many of " the bitter evils incident on an employment so precarious and so inadequately rewarded." Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, The. A series of papers contribu- ted by Olivkb WE>'x>ELii Holmes (b. 1809) S4 AUi? AVfi to the fii"st twelve numbers of the Atlantic Monthly, and republished in 1858, " The Autocrat,'^ says Dr. Shelton Mackenzie, " is as genial and gentle, and, withal, as philosophical, an essayist as any of modern times. He is, howeverj somewhat more than an essayist ; he is contemplative, discursive, poetical^ thoughtful, philoso- phical, amusing, imaginative, tender- never didatic. This is the secret of his marked success. He interests vari- ously-constituted minds, and various moods of mind. It needed not the intro- duction of lyrical pieces (which we are glad to have) to show that the Autocrat is es- Bentially a poet." The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table has since been followed by The Professor at the Breakfast Table (1870), and The Poet at the Breakfast Table (1872). Autolycus. A pedlar in Shake- speare's Winter Tale (q.v.). Dowden speaks of "the gay defiance of order and honesty which Autolycus, most charming of rogues, professes. The sly knavery of Autolycus has," he says, '< nothing in it that is criminal ; heaven is his accomplice. ' If I had a mind to be honest, I see For- tune would not suffer me ; she drops booties in my mouth.' " Automathes, The History of. A work of fiction by John Kirkby, pub- lished in 1745 under the following title :— " The Capacity and Extent of the Human Understanding, exemplified in the extra- ordinary case of Automathes, a young nobleman, who was accidentally left in his infancy upon a desolate island, and con- tinued nineteen years in that solitary state, separate from all human society." " The Life of Automathes," says Gibbon, in his Aiitobiography , " aspires to the honours of a philosophical fiction. It is the story of a youth, the son of a ship- wrecked exile, who lives alone on a desert island from infancy to the age of man- hood. A hinO is his nurse ; he inherits a cottage, with many useful and curious instruments ; some ideas remain of the education of his two first years : some arts are borrowed from the beavers of a neigh- bouring lake ; some truths are revealed in supernatural visions. With these helps, and his own industry, Automathes be- comes a self-taught though speechless philosopher, who had investigated with success his own mind, the natural world, the abstract sciences, and the great prin- ciples of morality and religion. The author is not entitled to the credit of invention, since he has blended the English story of Robinson Crusoe with the Arabian romaiice of Hai Elm Yokhdan, which he might have read in the Latin version of Pocock. In the Life of Automathes I cannot praise either the depth of thought or elegance of style ; but the book is not devoid of enter- tainment and instruction; and, among several interesting passages, I would select the discovery of fire, which produces, by accidental mischief, the discovery of con- science." The History of Automathes has not met with very extensive populaiity, nor has it ever been translated into any foreign language. " I am, however," says Weber, who includes it in his collection of romances, " informed by an intelligent friend, that he read a similar work in his youth, at that time very popular, entitled The Self-Taught Philosopher, probably the same as Automathes, or borrowed from it." Autumn. An ode by Thomas Hood (1798—1845), written in 1827. Autumn. A poem, forming one of the series of The Seasons (q.v.), by James Thomson (1700 — 1748), published in 1730. Avalon, in mediaeval romance, was an enchanted island, where resided Arthur and Oberon, and the Fairy Mor- gana. It is generally identified with our English Glastonbury : " Avalon," from the British ''aval," an apple, in allusion to its orchards , and " Glaston-ey " (" Ynys Gwydrin"), glassy isle, from the emerald hue of the waters surrounding it. It is sometimes written " Avilion," and used poetically for a region of eternal happi- ness. Tennyson writes in The Idylls of the King (" The Passing of Arthur ") :— " I am going a long way To the iBland-valley of Avihon, Where falls not hail, or rain, or any snow. Nor ever wind blows loudly." See the romance of Ogier le Danois- Avenel, Dick, in Lord Lytton's story of iV/j/ Novel (q.v.), is an "Ameri- canised Englishman — not such as we know him from the broad farce of Martin Chuz- zlewit, or the caricatures of Punch, but (al- lowing for personal idiosyucracies) the true Yankee, big, blustering, sharp as a needle, but honest, warm-hearted, and generous withal." Avenel, The White Lady of. The guardian spirit of the noble family of Avenel in Sir Walter Scott's romance of The Monastery (q.v.). See White Lady. " Avenge, O Lord, thy slaugh- tered saints, whose bones." First line of a sonnet by John Milton (1608—1674). Averanche, Lionel, in Smtthe's novel of Angela Pisani (q.v.), is apparent- ly intended as a portrait of the author himself. " Like Averanche," says a writer in Macmillan's Magazine, " Smythe united to his intellectual tastes and political and literary ambitions a craving after fashion- able fame. Keen politician and acute thinker as he was, he was a man of pleas- ure as well ; nor could he have been more AVE AYM 5S gratified than by being classed, as one of Bis friends has classed him, with those heroes at once of the senate and the salon, of whom Alcibiades will remain the daz- zling and perennial type." Averanches, Henry D', though a Frenchman by birth, and though he probably wrote in the French language, claims mention here as the first recorded holder of the office now called " poet- laureate." He figured in the court of Henry III., where he went by the name of Master Henry the Versifier. His yearly sal- ary seems to have been " one hundred shil- lings," entries of such payments to him occurring in Madox's History of the Ex- chequer, under 1249—1251. See Warton's English Poetry and Auston's Lives of the Poets-Laureates. Avery, Captain. The hero of one of Daniel Defoe's minor stories, en- titled, The King of Pirates: being an Ac- count of the Famous Enterprises of Captain Avery, the Mock King of Madagascar, pub- lished in 1719. Avery Glibun : " or, Between Two Fires." A romance by R. H. Newell, an American writer (" Orpheus C. Kerr "), published in 1867. The preface is as fol- fovvs :— " Avery Glibun being my first essay in sustained fiction, its seems remarkably prudent to say no more about it." Avesbury, Robert of (d. 1356), was the author of A History of Edward II L. from 1313 to 1356, printed in 1720. " In this work," says Chalmers, " we have a plain narrative of f act>^, with an apparent candour and impartiality ; but his chief excellence lies in his accuracy in point of dates, and his stating all public actions from records, rather than from his own notions." Aveugle. Son of Erebus and Nox, in Spenser's Faerie Queene (q.v.). " ATvake, ^olian lyre, awake." First line of Quay's Pindaric ode. The Progress of Poesy (q.v.). " Awake, arise, or be for ever fallen ! " Line 330, book i., of Milton's Paradise Lost. "A"wake, awake, my Lyre." First line of a lyric by Abraham Cowley (1618-1667) ;— " And tell thy silent master's humble tale In sounds that may prevail." " Awake, my St. John ! leave all meaner things." Line 1, epistle i., of Pope's Essay mi Man (q.v.). "Awake, my soul, and with the sun." First line of the Morning Hymn, by Bishop Ken (1637—1711). "Away, delights ; go seek some other dwelling." Opening line of a lyric in Beaumont and Fletcher's play of The Captain. "Aw^ay ; let nought to love displeasing." First line of the poem of Winifreda (q.v.). Ayenbite of Inwit, The (i.e., the Again-Bite, or Remorse of Conscience). An English translation, by Dan Michel of Northgate, of a French treatise, Le Somme des Vices et des Vertues, written in 1279, by Frere Lorens (Laurentius Gallus), for Philip II. of France. " It discusses," says Morley, " the Ten Commandments, tne Creed, the seven deadly sins, how to learn to die, knowledge of good and evil, wit and clergy, the five senses, the seven petitions of the Paternoster, the seven gifts of the Holy Ghost, and other similar subjects." The translation is in the Kentish dialect. See the editions by Stevenson (1855) and Morris (1866). Ayesha, the Maid of Kara. A story by James Morier (1780—1849), th^ heroine of which is eventually discovered to be the daughter of an Englishman, Sir Edward Wortley. Her lover. Lord Osmond, is carried ofE by Corah Bey, and sent to the galleys, but is released through the inter- cession of the English ambassador, and carries his bride to England. Aylett, Robert, LL.D., Master in Chancery, wrote Peace with her Four Garders (1622) ; A Wife not ready-made, but bespoken (1653) ; A Poetical Pleading for and against Marriage ; Divine and Moral Speculations (1654), and Devotions (1655). See Brydges' Censura Literaria and Restituta, and Lowndes' Biblio- grapher's Manual. Aylett wrote his own epitaph as follows :— " Htec suprema di«8, bit mihi prima quies." i.e.— ** Lord I let this last be my first day of rest." Aylmer, John, Bishop of London (b. 1521, d. 1594), wrote, in answer to Knox's First Blast of the Trumpet against the monstrous Regiment of Women, a pamphlet entitled", An Harborowe for Faithful and Trewe Subjects against the late Blowne Blaste concerning the Govem.- ment of Women (1559). Aylmer'a Field. A poem by Al- fred Tennyson, published in l>-.64. Aymer, Prior. A Benedictine monk, prior of Jorvaulx Abbey, in Sir Waltjer Scott's romance of Ivanhoe (q.v.). Aymon, the History of the Four Sons of. " Emprynted the 8th day of May, 1504," and founded on an old French ro- mance, Les Quatre-Fitz- Aymon, by HuoN DE ViLLENEUVE (1165—1223). Aymon, or Hayman, is Duke of Dordoque, and his sons are respectively termed Rinaldo or Renaud, I Guicciardo or Quiscard^ Alardo or Alard, 50 A-tA BAfi and Ricciardetto or Richard. Balf e has an opera on this favouiite old legend. Renaud figures also in Ariosto's Orlando Furioso. Ayres, John. A noted penman of the time of Charles II. He published various works on the subject of his special art ; among others, The Accomplished Clerk (1683), and A Tutor to Penmanship (1695.). Ayres, Philip, who wrote in the latter half of the seventeenth century, published, in 1670, a translation from the Spanish of Barbadillo, called The Fortu- nate Fool ; in 1680, The Count of Cabalis, or the extravagant mysteries of the Cabalists exposed infive pleasant discourses on the secret sciences ; in 1683, Emblems of Love; and in 1688, Pax Redux, or the Christian's Reconciler. Ayrshire Bard, The. A name conferred on Robert Bums, the Scottish Poet. Ayscough, George Ed-ward, tlie editor of Lord Lyttelton's works, published in 1776, a tragedy called Semiramis, which was acted at Drury Lane, with an epUogue by Sheridan the elder. Ayscough, Samuel, clergyman (b. 1745, d. 1804), compiled A Copious Index to the Remarkable Passages and Words in Shakespeare (1790), which, once famous, is now completely superseded by Mrs. Cow- den Clarke's Concordance. Ayton, Sir Robert, poet (b. 1570, d. 1638), produced several songs and lyrics, which were printed in the Delitice Poetarum Scotorum (1637), and Watson's Collection of Scottish Poems (1706). For a list of his Latin works, see AUibone's IHctionary of British and American Authors. He is buried in Westminster Abbey. Aytoun, 'Williain Edmon- Btoune, poet, novelist, and essayist (b. 1813 r d. 1865), wrote T/ie Life and Times of Rich ard /., King of Engla the Scottish Cavaliers (1849), (qiv.) ; Bot. well (1856) ; Firmilian (1854), (q.v.) ; JSTor- manSinclair (1861) ; A Nuptial Ode on the Marriage of the Prince of Wales (1863) ; besides contributing several popular tales to Blackmood's Magazine, editing the Ballads of Scotland (1858), and writing, in conjunction with Theodore Martin, the Bon Gaultier Ballads (q.v.). See Botji- well ; dunshunner, augustus ; bon Gaultier ; Jones, T. Percy. Azaria and Hushai. A satiric poem by Samuel Pordage (q.v.), son of John Pordage, the astrologer (1625—1698). It was written in reply to Dryden's Absalom andAchitophel (q.v.), the general structure of which it follows throughout. "Samuel Pordage," says Professor Morley, "replied to Dryden's satire with a tem- perance rare in the controversies of that I time. Unlike other opponents, he gave Dryden credit for his genius ; and the only lines that have any resemblance to the usual coarseness of abuse are those which comment on the opening lines of Dryden's poem, which were meanly complaisant to the king's vices." In this poem, Mon- mouth is Azaria ; Shaftesbury, Hushai ; Charles II., Amazia, Cromwell, Zabad ; Titus Gates, Libni ; the Duke of York, F Hakim; whilst Dryden himself is satirised as Shimei; all of which see. " B." The initial under which the Right Hon. George Canning (1770—1827) contributed to the Microcosm (q.v.). Baba, Bli. The liero of the story of the " Forty Thieves," in The Arabian Nights. Baba, Cassim. The brother of Ali Baba, who, in attempting to secure possession of the wealth in the robbers' cave, forgot the right word, and was dis- discovered and put to death. Baba, Hajji, of Ispahan, The Adventures of. A Persian romance by James Morier (1780—1849), published in 1824, and followed, in 1828, by The Adven- tures of Hajji Baba in England. Babbage, Charles, philosophical writer and mathematician (1792—1871). wrote The Economy of Manufactures ana Machinery (1833) ; A Ninth Bridgewater Treatise (1837) ; and Passages from the Life of a Philosopher (1864) ; besides contril>- uting largely to the Transactions of the Royal Society, in the history of which, by Weld (cap. vii.), will be found some bio- graphical particulars of the author. A list of his works, amounting in number to over eighty, may be found at the end of The Great Exhibition (1851). " Babbled o' green fields." See Xing Henry V., act ii., scene 3. Babbler, The. A series of essays, published in 1767, which originally appeared in Owen's Weekly Chronicle. Babe Christabel, The Ballad of. A poem by Gerald Massey (b. 1828), published in 1854, and forming an elegy on the death of one of the auUior'a children : — " In this dim world of clouding cares, We rarely know, till 'wildered eyes See white wings lessening up the skies The angels with us unawares. . . . " Strange glory streams through life's wild rents, And through the open door of death We see the heaven that beckoneth To the beloved going hence." Babes in the Wood, The : "The Cruel Uncle, or the Hard-hearted Executor." A black-letter ballad, printed fiAS feAC &i in 1670, and identical with TTie Children in the Wood, or the Norfolk Gentleman's Last Will and Testament. It is probably a poetical version of the murder of the two Princes in the Tower by Richard III. Addison speaks of it as " one of the darling songs of the common people, and the delight of most Englishmen at some part of their age." Babington, Charles Ceurdale (b. 1808), is Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge, and author of several valuable botamcal treatises, in- cluding Flora Bathoniensis, The Flora of the Channel Islands, Manual of Briiish Botany, &c. Babington, Rev. Churchill (b. i821), wrote the " Hulsean Prize Essay" in 1846, and has edited several of the " Ora- tions of Hyperides," from MSS. recently discoverea. Baboon, Lewis, in Arbuthnot's History of John Bull (q.v.), is intended for King Louis XIV. of France. " Philip Baboon," in the same work, is a nickname given to Philip, Duke of Anjou, grandson of the former monarch. Baby May. A lyric by William Cox Bennett (b. 1820), forming the first in a volume of Poems on Infants, published in 1861. Baby's Debut. The. A parody by James Smith (1775—1839) on the poetry of Wordsworth contained in the volume of Rejected Addresses (q.v.), and concluding thus— " And now, good gentlefolks, I go To join mamma and see the show ; So bidding you adieu, 1 curtesy, like a pretty miss. And if vou'll blow to me a kiss, I'll blow a kiss to you." Bachelor's Banquet, The : " or, A Banquet for Bachelors, wherein is pre- pared sundry daintie dishes to furnish their tables, curiously dressed and serious- ly served in ; pleasantly discoursing the variable humors of women, their quick- nesse of wits and unsearchable deceits." This work was printed in 1604, and was probably written by Thomas Dekker, the dramatist (d. 1641). " Back and side go bare, go bare." "A good old song" in Bishop Still's comedy of Gammer Gurton's Needle (q.v.). It opens the second act, and is described by Warton as the first chanson a boire, or drinking ballad, of any merit in our language." Dyce has pointed out a version of it considerably older than the date of the play. Backbite, Sir Benjamin, in Sheridan's comedy of The School for Scandal (q.v.), is, as mav be inferred from his name, a cynical scandalmonger. 3* - " Backing of your friends ? Call you that." — King Henry I V., part 1, act ii., scene 4. Bacon, Anne (b. 1628, d. 1600), translated, from Italian into English, twenty-five termons by Bernardine Ochine on 2 he Predestination and Election of God (about 1550) ; also, from Latin into Eng- lish, Bishop Jewel's Apology for the Church of England (15&4 and 1600), The latter tran- slation has been commended as '* both ele- gant and faithful." Biographical notices of this lady, to whom Beza dedicated his Meditations, may be found in Ballard's Memoirs of British Ladies, and Birch's Memoirs of Queen Elizabeth. Bacon, Delia. An American writer (b. 1811, d. 1859), who published in 1857, The Philosophy of the Plays of Shake- apeare Unfolded, the preface to which was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne (q.v.). In this work the authoress endeavours to prove that Lord Bacon was the author of the plays. Bacon, Fryer, The Famous His- torie of, " Containing the wonderful things that he did in his Life ; also, the Manner of his Death ; with the Lives and Deaths of the two Conjurors, Bungye and Vander- mast," has been reprinted in Thom's Early English Fictions, (See next para- graph.) Bacon and Frier Bongay, The Honourable Histoiy of Frier. A play by Robert Greene (1560—1592). performed by "Her Majesty's servants" in 1594. It is reprinted in Dodsley's collection of Old Plays. Bacon, Francis, Lord, Viscount St. Albans, statesman and philosopher (b. 1561, d. 1626), wrote Essays (1597, 1612, and 1624) ; The Advancement of Learning (1605) ; De Sapientia Veterum (1609) ; No- vum Organum (1620) ; De Augmentis Scien- tia-nim (1623) ; Apophthegms (1625) ; Sylva Sylvarum; and The New Atlantis, refer- ence to which will be found under their respective headings. The Life of Bacon, says G. L. Craik, has been written briefly by his chaplain, Dr. Rawley ; at greater length, but very superficially and slightly, by Mallet ; much more elaborately in the Biographia Bntannica, by Dr. Birch ; and, with various degrees of full ess and knowl- edgts more recently by Basil Montagu, Lord Macaulay, and M. Charles Remusat {Bacon, sa Vie, son Temps, sa Philosophie, 1857). A publication of some value is W. Hepworth Dixon's Personal History of Lord Bacon, from Unpublished Papers (1861). The great questions of the true na- ture and significance of the Baconian, or, as it is often styled, the inductive or ex- perimental philosophy, of its originalitj', and of what part it has had in the progress of modem discovery, have been amply dis- cussed and illustrated by John Playfair, 6^ BAd feAG^ Macvey Napier, Coleridge, Hallam, Comte Joseph de Maistre (in his Remargues sur la Philosophie de Boucon, 1838), Macaulay, Herschel, J. S. Mill, Whewell, Remusat, and, with very remarkable acuteness and power, by Kuno Fischer, in his Francis Bacon, of Vendam : Realistic Philosophy and Its Age, translated from the German by John Oxenf ord (1857). The best edition of Bacon's M orks is that by James Sped- ding, who has also published his Letters and Life (1870). The tributes to the genius of this great writer are, of course, many and various. Of the poets, Ben Jonson said he seemed to him <* ever, by his work, one of the greatest men and most worthy of admiration that had been for ages." Cow- lew wrote — " Bacon, like Moses, led us forth at last j The barren wilderness he iiass'd. Did on the very border stand Of the bless'd promis'd Land, And from the mountain-top of his exalted wit, Saw it himself, and show'd us it." Dryden said— " The world to Bacon does not only owe Its present knowledge, but its future too." Pope's description of him as "the wisest, brightest, meanest of mankind " is familiar to every one. Walton called him "the great secretary of nature and all learn- ing," and Addison declared that " he had the sound, distinct, comprehensive knowl- edge of Aristotle, with all the beautiful lights, graces, and embellishments of Ci- cero." " Who is there," asks Burke, "that upon hearing the name of Lord Bacon does not instantly recognise every- thing of genius the most profound, every- thing of literature the most extensive, everything of discovery the most pene- trating, everything of observation of hu- man life the most distinguishing and refined?" Bacon, John. See Resolute Doc- tor, The. Bacon. Leonard, D.D., an Amer- ican clergyman (b. 1802), professor at Yale College, U. S., was one of the editors of the Christian Spectator, from 1826 to 1838, and of the Independent, from 1848 to 1863 ; and is the author of, among other works, a Life of Richard Baxter (1830) ; Slavery Discussed (1846) ; ChHstian Self- Culture (1863) ; and The Genesis of the New England Churches (1874). Bacon, Phanuel, D.D., (b. 1700, d. 1783), was the author of five dramas, eventually collected and published under the title of Humorous Ethics ; and of The Snipe, a ballad, and A song of Similies, to be lound in The Oxford Sausage. Bacon, Roger (b. 1214, d. 1292). A monk of the Order of St. Francis, who wrote a large number of works, — according »o Leland, thirty ; according to Bale, more than eighty ; and according to Pits, nearly a hunored. Those that have been printed are Opus Majus (1733 and !750)} Speculum Alchemice (1541) ; De MiraoUt Potestate Artis et Naturm (1542, 1612, 1657, and 1659) ; some chemical tracts in the Thesaurus Chemicus (1603) ; and a treatise on the means of avoiding the intirmities of old age (1590). His unpublished manu- scripts include Computus Rogeri Baconis , Compendium Theotogicum, and Liber Na- turalium, in the King's Library ; Qpti* Minus, and Opus Tertian in the Cottonian Library. For a complete list of his wri- tings, published and unpublished, see the Biographia Britannica, and Watts' Biblio- grdphia Britannica. Hallam says : " The mind of Roger Bacon was strangely com- pounded of almost prophetic gleams of the future course of science, and the best principles of the inductive philosophy, with a more than usual credulity in the superstition of his own times." See, also, D'lsraeli's Curiosities of Literature, and Warton's History of English Poetry. See Admirable Doctor, The. " Bad eminence, By merit rais- ed to that."— Paradise Lost, lines 5 and 6, book ii. Badcock, John. See Dictionabt OF THE Varieties of Life. Badoura. A Princess of China who becomes enamoured of Camaralzaman at first sight (Arabian Nights). Baffin, "William, navigator (b. 1584, d. 1622), wrote an account of his voy- age under James Hall in 1612. The work is remarkable as being the first on record in which a method is laid down for deter- mining the longitude at sea by an observa- tion of the heavenly bodies. Baflin also wrote an account of his voyage under By- lot in 1615, and his name was given to the bay discovered by him in 1616. Baffled Knight, The: "or. The Lady's Policy." A humorous ballad in the Pepy's Collection ; reprinted in Bishop Percy's Reliques of Ancient British Poetry . Bage, Robert, novelist (b. 1728, d. 1801) wrote Mount Heneth (1781) ; Barham Downs (1784) ; The Fair Syrian (1787) ; James Wallace (1788) ; Man as He is (1792) , Hermstrong : or, Man as He is Not (1796) His Life was written by Sir Walter Scott who included his works in his Novelists Library. "The works of Bage," he says "are of high and decided merit. It is scarce possible to read him without being amused, and, to a certain degree, instruct- ed. His whole efforts are turned to the development of human character, and, it must be owned, he possessed a ready key to it." See Barham Dowits ; Man as he is. Bagehot, Walter, journalist and miscellaneous writer (b. 1826, d. 1877), pub- lished The English Constitution (1867) j BA(i BAEi b^ Physics and Politics ; Lombard Street (1873) ; and JEssays on Silver (1877). He edited The Economist for some years. Bagstock, Major Joe. A "rough and tough " character in Dickeks's Dom- bey and Son (q.v.). Bailey, James M. An American journalist and humorist ; author of The Banbury Newsman and Life in Danbury Vl873). Bailey, Junior. The boy at Mrs. Todgers', in Dickens's novel of Martin Chuzzlewit (q.v.). Bailey, Nathan, philologist ' (d. 1742), published, In 1728, the Etymological English Dictionary ; enlarged in 1737, and afterwards issued m folio, under the direc- tion of James Nicol Scott, and frequently reprinted. He was also the author of a Dictionarium Domesticum, and other edu- cational works. Bailey, Philip James, poet (b. 1816), has written Festus (1839) ; The Angel World (1850) ; The Mystic (1855) ; The Age (1858) ; and The Universal Hymn (1867). See Angel World, The : Festus. Bailiffs Daughter of Islington, The. See True Love Requited. Baillie, Joanna, dramatist, poet, and miscellaneous writer (b. 1762, d. 1851), published Play son the Passions (1798, 1802, 1812, and 1836), Miscelfanemis Plays (1804), The Familv Legend (ISIO), Metrical Legends aS2l), Fugitive Verses (1823), Metrical Le- gends of Exalted Characters, and A View of the General Tenour of the New Testament Regarding the Nature and Dignity of Jesus Christ. Her dramatic and poetical fVorks, with a Life, were published in one volume in 1853. "" Her tragedies," says Miss Mit- ford, " have a boldness and grasp of mind, a firmness of hand, and resonance of ca- dence that scarcely seem within the reach of a female writer. That Mrs. Joanna is a true dramatist, as well as a great poet, I, for one, can never doubt." " Woman," wrote Byron, "(save Joanna Baillie) cannot write tragedy." See Family Legend, The. Baillie, Robert, Principal of Glas- gow University (b. 1602 or 1599, d. 1662), wrote Laudensium (1640), and a large num- ber of controversial tracts. His Letters and Joui'nals were first published in 1775, and have since been edited by David Laing, LL.D. Baillif, Herry. The host of the Tabard Inn, in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. Bain, Alexander, LL.D, philo- sophical and metaphysical writer (b. 1818), has written The senses and the Intellect (1855) ; The Emotions and the Will (1859) ; The Study of Character (1861) ; Mental and Moral Science (1868) ; Logic (1870) ; Mind and Body (1873), and various text-books on astronomy, electricity, meteorology, and English grammar and rhetoric. He has contributed largely to the periodicals of the day, and has edited the Minor Works of George Grote. Baines, Edward (b. 1874, d. 1848), wrote A History of the Wars of the French Revolution (1818) ; A History, Directory, and Gazetteer of the County of York (1822) ; a similar work for The County of Lancaster (1824 and 1836) ; and other works His Life was written by his son, Edward (1851). Baines, Edward, son of the pre- ceding (b. 1800), besides writing the Biop- raphy of his father, has published a HtS' tory of the Cotton Manufacture, A Visit to the Vaudois of Piedmont, The Woollen Manufactures of England, and other works. Baird, Spencer Fullerton,LL.D. (b. 1823), an American naturalist, has translated and edited the Iconographic Encyclopcedia (1851). In conjunction with JohnCassin, he has also written 2'he Birds of North America {U60), and The Mammals of North America (1861). Bajazet. A character in Rowk's tragedy of Tamerlane (q.v.). Baker, George (b. 1781, d. 1851), was the author of a History of Northamp- tonshire, the first part of which appered m 1822, and about a third of the fifth part in 1841. It was never finished, owing to the weakness of the writer's health. Baker, Henry, poet and natural- ist (b. 1703, d. 1774), published An Invoca- tion to Health (1722) ; Original Poems (1725 —6) ; The Microscope Made Easy (1743) : The Universe, a Philosophical Poem ; and some other works. The Bakerian Lecture of the Royal Society was founded by this writer. Baker, Sir Samuel "WTiite (b. 1821), traveller, &c,, published in 18.53, The Rifle and Hound tn Ceylon, followed by Eight Years' Wanderings in the same island, in 1855 ; The Albert N* Yanza (1866); The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia (1871); Isma:ilia (1874) ; and other works. Baker Thomas, antiquary (b. 1656, d. 1740), wrote Rejections on Learning, shovnng the insufficiency thereof in its sev- eral particulars, in order to evince the use- fulness and necessity of Revelation (1710). For Biography, see the Memoirs, by Mas- ters. a"d the Life, by Horace Walpole, pre- fixed to the quarto edition of his Works (1778). Bakhtyar Nameh : "or. Story of Prince Bakhtyar and the Ten Viziers." A 66 ]BAL fiAL series of Persian tales, published in Eng- lish in 1801. Balaam, Sir, in Pope's Moral Es- says, epistle iii., is a city knight, whose identity does not seem to have been ascer- tained. He is described as 'A citizen of sober fame, A plain good man. . . . Religious, punctual, frugal. Constant at church, and 'c and so forth. . . . change ; his gains were sure. His givings rare, save farthings to the poor." Balades, by John Gower (1320 — 1402), printed from the original MS. in the library of the Marquis of Stafford, at Trentham, in 1818, are written in French, but are followed by "other poems" in English and Latin, notably the 7)e Pads Commendatione in Laudem Henricl Quarti (q.v.). Balafre, Le. A name given to Ludovic Lesly, an old archer of the Scot- tish Guards, in Sir Walter Scott's Quentin Durward (q.v.). Balak. The name under which Bishop Burnet is personified in Absalom and Achitophel (q.v.). Baldassare Calvo. Father of Tito Melema (q.v.), in George Eliot's novel of Jiomola (q.v.). Ballento and Rosina. See Be- ware THE BEARE. Balder. A poem by Sydney Do- bell (b. 1824, d. 1874), published in 1854. It is strongly mystical in character, thrown into a dramatic form, but without any dra- matic interest. The hero seems to have been suggested by Goethe's Faust, and in- dulges in an amount of self -analysis which is almost morbid. There are many fine pas- sages ; but the generally stilted character of the poem deserved the satire aimed at it by Professor Aytoun in his Firmilian (q.v.). Balder Dead. A poem, in three parts, by Matthew Arnold (b. 1822). Among many beautiful passages. Bishop Alexander refers particularly to "that matchless description of the burning of Balder's ship in the funeral." The story is drawn from Scandinavian mythology. Balderstone, Caleb, in Sir Wal- ter Scott's novel of The Bride of Lam- mermoor, is, " of all our author's fools and bores, the most pertinacious and intrusive. His silly buffoonery," says Senior, " is al- ways mraring with gross absurdities and degrading associations, some scene of ten- derness or dignity." Baldwin, Rev. Ed-ward. The pseudonym adopted bv William Godwin f 1756— ia36) m the publication of several of his works. . Baldwin, John Denison, Amer- ican poet, miscellaneous writer, and jour- nalist (b. 1809), has published Raymond Hill, and other Poems (1847) ; Pre-hisUrric Nations (1869) ; Ancient America (1872) ; and other works. Baldwin, "William (b. circa 1518), was the author of fourteen out of the thirty-four lives which constitute part iii. of the Mirrour for Magistrates (q.v.). He also published A Treatise of Morall Philos- ophic, contaynyng the sayinges of the- Wyse, gathered and Englyshed (1547) ; The Can- ticles or Balades of Solomon, phraselyke declared in Englysh metres (1549) ; and Funeralles of King Edward the Sixth (1560). Bale ascribes to him the authorship of some comedies, and it is known that "he was engaged in the reigns of Edwaid VI., and Philip and Maiy, m preparing theatrical entertainments for the court." Wood, again, attributes to his pen a treatise on the Use ofAdagies, Similies,and Proverbs, but " when priiited, or where," he " cannot find." For Biography and Criticism, refer to Collier's English Dramatic Poetry, War- ton's ^t«tory of English Poetry, Brydges' Censura Literaria, and Haslewood's edition of the Mirrour for Magistrates. See also Carew Hazlitt's Early English Literature. See Beware the Cat. Bale, John, Bishop of Ossory (b. 1495, d. 1563), wrote Illustrium Majoris RritannioR Scriptorum, hoc est,AnglicB, Cam- brice et Scotice, Summarium (1549), which, revised and augmented, was published in 1557 under the title of Scriptorum Illus- trium Majoris Britannice, quam nunc An- gliam et Scotiam vocant, Catalogus. He was also the author of nineteen miracle- plays, printed in 1558, eleven of which are devoted to dramatising the career of our Saviour, the remainder being on miscella- neous themes. His De Joanne Anglorum Jiege, and Kynge Johan was published in 1838 by the Camden Society from the aiithor's own manuscript, presei-ved in the library of the Duke of Devonshire. See Warton's History of English Poetry, Col- lier's English Dramatic Literature, Carew Hazlitt's Early English Literature, and Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual; also, Dodsley's Collection of Old Plays. See Chefe Promises of God ; Illustrium Majoris Britannia ; Oldcastell, Sir Johan ; Temptatyon of our Lorde ; Thre Lawes of Nature. Bales,Peter, An account of tliis celebrated person, who was one of the first to introduce short-hand writing into England, will be found in Wood's Ath- enot Oxonienses, edited by Dr. Bliss. He was born in 1547, and died, about 1610. See Holinshed's Chronicle. See Writing Schoolemaster. Balet, A, by Anthony "Woodville, Earl Rivers (1442—1483), appears to have been written in imitation of a poem by Chaucer, BAL BAL 61 Balfour, Alexander, Scottish novelist and poet (b. 1767, d. 1829), wrote Campbell: or, the Scottish Probationer (1819); Contemplation, and other Poems (1820) ; The Foundling of Glenthorn : or, the Smugglers' Cave (1823); and other works. A selection from his writings ap- peared after his death, under the title of Weeds and Flowers, and prefaced by a memoir by D. M. Moir. Balfour, James, of Pilrig (b. 1703, d. 1795), author of Delineations of the Na- ture and Obligations of Morality (1752), and Philosophical Essays (1768). He was a professor in Edinburgh University from 1754 to 1779, and is chiefly noticeable as an opponent of the theories of Hume and Locke. Balfour, John Hutton (b. 1808), Professor of Medicine and Botany in Edin- burgh University, has written, in addition to many other botanical works. The Afan- ual of Botany (1849), The Plants of Scrip- ture (1858), Phyto-Theoloqy (1851), and sev- eral important class-books. Balfour of Burley. Leader of the Covenanters, in Scott's novel of Old Mortality (q.v.). See Seottish Worthies- Balguy, John, tlieologian (b. 1686, d. 1748), wrote Letters to a Deist, and other controversial works. Balin and Balan. One of the stories in Malory's Mort d' Arthur (q.v.). See Hazlitt's edition of Warton's English Poetry, ii., 118. Baliverso. Tlie basest knight in the Saracen army, in Abiosto's Orlando Furioso, Ball, John, Puritan divine (b. 1585, d. 1640), wrote A Short Treatise concerning a.11 the principal Grounds of the Christian Religion (1618), and A Treatise of Faith (1632). See Wood's Aihence Oxonienses, and Fuller's Worthies. The latter writer says : "He was an excellent schoolman and schoolmaster (qualities seldom meeting in the same man), a painful preacher, and a profitable writer ; and his Treatise of Faith cannot be sufficiently commended. Indeed, he lived by faith, having small means to maintain him." Ball, The. A comedy by James Shirley (1594—1666) and Thomas Dek- KEB (d. 1641). "Ballad-mongers, These same metre."— ^inflr Henry IV., part 1.. act iii., scene 1. Ballad of Agincourt. See Bat- tle OF Agincourt, and Cambrio-Bbit- ONS. "Ballad to the "Wandering moon. A." Sta,nza Ixxxviii. of Tenny- son's In Memoriam (^.v.J. Ballad upon a Wedding, A. A humorous poem by Sir John Suckling (1609—1641) ; described by Hazlitt as " per- fect of its kind," and as possessing " a spirit of high enjoyment, of sportive fancy, a liveliness of description and truth of nature that never were surpassed- It is superior to either Gay or Prior, for with all their naivete and terseness, it has a Shakespearian grace and luxuriance about it which they could not have reached." Ballads. The following is a list of the more important collections of English and Scottish ballads that have been pub- lished. It is given in chronological order : — Wit's Restor'd (1658); Dry den's Miscel- lany Poems (1684—1708) ; Watson's Choice Collection of Comic and Serimis Scots Poems (1706— ini),Colhction of Old Ballads (1723, 1726, 1738) ; Allan Ramsay's Evergreen, Scots Poems wrote by the Ingenious before 1600 (1724), and Tea-table Miscellany (,112^); Percy's lieliques of Ancient English Poe- try (1765) ; Herd's Ancient and Modem Scottish Songs, Heroic Ballads, dc, (1769); Scott's Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border (1802 and 1803) ; Jamieson's Popular Bal- lads and Songs (1806) ; Motherwell's Min- strelsy (1827) ; Lyle's Ancient Ballads and Songs (1827) ; Buchan's Ancient Ballads and Songs of the North of Scotland (1828) : Chambers's The Scottish Ballads (1829); Whitelaw's Book of Scottish Ballads {1845); Bell's Ancient Poems, Ballads, and Songs of the Peasantry of England (,1857) ; Ay- toun'8 Ballads of Scotland (1858 and 1861): Allineham's The Ballad Book (1865) ; and Child^s Collection, in eight volumes, pub- lished at Philadelphia, America, in 1857 —1859. "By Laing, Sharpe, Maidment, some small contributions were made to this branch of literature. Kinloch (1827) gives some useful versions, with half-a- dozen minor ballads." " Ballads of a Nation, The." The well-known saying on this subject, generally ascribed to Andbew Fletcheb of Saltoun, may be found in a letter from Fletcher to the Marquis of Montrose and others, where he says :— " I knew a very wise man that believed that, if a man were permitted to make all the ballads, he did not care who should make the laws of a nation." It was, therefore, " a very wise man," and not Fletcher himself, who was the real author of this famous dictum. See Fletcheb, Andbew. Ballantine, James, Scottish-song and miscellaneous writer (b. 1808), has written The Gaber lunzie' s Wallet (1843) ; The Miller of Deanhaugh (1844) ; Poems (1856) ; Songs, with Mustc (1865) ; Life of David Roberts (1866) ; Lilias Lee (1872), and some art publications. Ballantyne, Rev. John (b. 1778, d. 1830), was the author of A Comparison of Established and Dissenting Church^t 62 BAL BAM (1824), and An Examination of the Human Mind (1828). The latter work is " charact- erised," says Dr. McC^osh, " by much in- dependence of thought, and contains some original views on the subject of the asso- ciation of ideas and the nature of the will," Ballantj^ne was minister of Stonehaven in Kincardineshire. Ballantyne Robert Michael, writer for the young, has published The Coral Island, Deep J^wn, The Dog Crusoe, Erling the Bold, Fighting the Flames, The Floating Light of the Goodwin Sands, Freaks on the Fells, Gascoyne, The Golden Dream, The Gorilla Hunters, The Iron Horse, The Life-boat, The Lighthouse, Mar- tin Rattler, Shifting Winds, Silver Lake, CIngava, The World of Ice, The Young Fur Traders J and many other works of a like description. Ballenden, John, Arclideacon of Moray, translated the seventeen books of Hector Boece's History of Scotland (1530), and was the author oi Epistles to James the Fifth, a Life of Pythagoras, and several miscellaneous poems. See the Biographia Britannica and Warton's History of En- glish Poetry. He died in 1550. Ballendino, Don Antonio, in Ben Jonson's comedy of The Case is Altered (q.v.), is a character in which the author intended to ridicule Anthony Munday, the dramatist. Balma-whapple, in Sir Walter Scott's novel of Waverley (q.v.), is a stupid and intractable Scottish laird. Balm of hurt minds, great nature's second course." (Macbeth, act ii., scene 1.) The reference is, of course, to sleep. Balnibarbi. A region of tlie Island of Laputa, colonised by chimerical projectors, in Gulliver's Travels (q.v.). Balquhither, The Braes o'. A song by Robert Tannahill (1774—1810). " To our dear native scenes Let U9 journey together, "Where glad innocence reigns 'Mang the Braes o' Balquhither." Balthazar is tlie name assumed by Portia in Shakespeare's play of The Merchant of Venice (q.v.). It is also that of a merchant in The Comedy of Errors (q.v.), and of a servant to Don Pedro in Much Ado about Nothing (q.v,). Baltic, The Battle of the. See Battle of the Baltic, The. Balwhidder, The Rev. Micah, la a Scottish Presbyterian minister in Galt's novel, entitled The Annals of the Parish (q.v.). He has been described as being " imbued with all old-fashioned national feelings and prejudices, but tuoroughly sincere, kind-hearted and piong." Bamfylde, John, was the author of Sixteen Sonnets, published in 1779, and reprinted in Park's Collection of the Poets. Southey, in his Specimens of the Later English Poets, speaks of him as " truly a man of genius," and of his poems as " some of the most original in our lan- guage." Bamfylde, Francis, Prebendary of Exeter (d. 1684), was the author of a curious book called All in one ; All Useful Sciences and Profitable Arts in one Book of Jehovah Elohim. See Wood's Athenoe Oxonienses, where that writer says of Bam- fylde : " He was tirst a Churchman, then a Presbyterian, afterwards an Independ- ent — or at least a sider with them— an Anabaptist, and at length almost a com- pleat Jew, and what not.^' Bampton Lectures, The, were founded by the Rev. John Bamptok, Canon of Salisbury, who, dying in 1751— he was born in 1689 — "gave and bequeathed his lands and estates to the Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Oxford for ever," for the purpose of endow- ing " eight Divinity Lecture Sermons, to be established for ever in the said Univer- sity," which were to be " preached upon either of the following subjects:— to con- lirm and establish the Christian faith, and to confute all heretics and schismatics upon the Divine authority of the Holy Scriptures ; upon the authority of the writijigsof the primitive Fathei-s ; as to the faith and practice of the primitive Church; upon the Divinity of our Lord and Saviour Je^us Christ ; upon the Divinity of the Holy Ghost ; upon the Articles of the Christian Faith, as comprehended in the Apostles' and Kicene Creeds." The lec- turers must have taken a degree of Master of Arts at least, in one of the two Univer- sities of Oxford or Cambridge, and the same person must never preach the Divi- nity Lecture Sermons twice. The follow- ing is a list of the lecturers up to the present date (1877) :— Bandinel (1780), Neve (1781),Holme8(1782),Cobb(1783),White(1784) Churton(1785), Croft (1786), Hawkins (1787), Shepherd (1788), Tatham (1789), Kett (1790), Morres (1791), Eveleigh (1792), Williamgon (1793), Wintle (1794), Veysie (1796), Gray (1796), Finch (1797), Hall (1798), Barrow (1799), Richards (1800), Taber (1801), Nott (1802), Farrer (1803), Lawrence (1804), Nares (1805), Browne (1806), Le Mesurier (1807), Penrose (1808), Carwithen (1809), Falconer (1810), Bidlake (1811), Mant (1812), Collinson (1813), Van Mildert (1K14), Heber (181.5), Spry (1816). Miller (1817), Moysey (1818), Morgan (1819), Faussett (1820), Jones (1821), Whately (18'22), Goddard (1823), Conybeare (1824), Chandler (1825), Vaux(1826), Milman (1827), Home (182^), Burton (1829), Soames (1830), Lancaster (1831), Hampden (1832), Nolan (18:33), Ogilvie (1836), Vogan (1837), Woodgate (1838), Conybeare (1839), Haw- kins (1840), Garbett(1842), Grant (1843), JelX BAN BAN 63 (1844), Heurtley (1845), Short (1846). Shirley (1847), Marsh (1848), Michell (1849), Goul- burn (1850), Wilson (1851) Riddle (1852), Tho/nson (1853), Waldegrave (1854), Bode nii55), Litton (1856), Jelf (1857), Maiisel (1858), Rawlinson (1859), Hessey (1860), Sandford (1861), Farrar (1862\ Hannah (1863), Bernard (1864), Mozley (1865), Liddon (1866), Garbett (1867), Moberley (1868), Payne Smith (1869), Irons (1870), Curteis (1871), Eaton (1872), Gregory Smith (1873), Leathes (1874), Jackson (1875), Bishop Alexander (1876), Row (1877), No lectures were delivered iu 1834, 1835, or 1841. Banbury, The Shepherd of, is the title of a work said to have been written by Dr. John Campbell, in which " rules" are given " to know the Change of the Weather." It was once very popular, and professed to have been composed by a certain John Clabidge. It appeared in 1744. Bancroft, George (b. 1800), pub- lished a volume of Poems in 1823, and a translation of Heeren's Reflections on the Politics of Ancient Greece in 1824 ; but his best known work is The History of the United States, in ten volumes, the first three of which, being the History of the Colonization of the United States, were published respectively in 1834, 1837, and 1840 ; volume iv., the History of the Revo- lution, appearing 1852 ; volume v. in 1853; volume vi. in 1854 ; volume vii. in 1858 ; volume viii. iu 1860 ; volume ix. in 1866 ; and volume x. in 1874. An English critic describes the work as one of " great re- search," and says that, •' while the author states his own opinions decidedly and strongly, it is pervaded by a fair and just spirit. The style is vigorous, clear, and frank, not often rising into elotjuence, but frequently picturesque, and always free from imitation and from pedantry. It is, iu fact, what it professes to be— a national work, and is worthy of its great theme." A volume of Brancroft's Miscellanies appeared in 1855 ; Abraham Lincoln, a memorial address, in 1866 ; and Joseph Reed, an historical essay, in 1867. Bancroft, Richard, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1544, d. 1610). produced two works. Dangerous Positions and Pro- ceedings Published and Practised within this Island of Britain, under Pretence of Reformation ayid of the Presbyterian JHsci- phne, and A Survey of the Pretended Holy Discipline, which, Whitgift tells, "were liked and greatly commended by the leam- edest men in the realm." Camden says the archbishop was " a person of singular courage and prudence in all matters re- lating to the discipline and establishment of the Church." See Hickes's Bibliotheca Script. Eccles. Anglicans and Dean Hook's Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury. Bcingroft, Thomas (d, about 1600), .published The Glutton's Feaver (1633) (q.v.) ; Two Bookes of Epigrammes and Epitaphs (1639) : The Heroical Lover (1658), and other works. Of these the first has been reprinted for the Roxburghe Club. The second contains two epigrams on Shakespeare, in which the phrase, "shook thy speare," is probably an allusion, Alli- bone thinks, to the poet's crest, which was a falcon supporting a spear. Bancroft was a contributor to Lachrymm Musarum 1650). Bandello. See Biondello. Bane,Donald, A Highland servant, in Sir Walter Scott's Waverley (q.v.). Bangorian Controversy, The, was originally raised by a sermon, preach- ed in 1717, by Bishop Hoadley of Bangor, before George I. It provoked numerous replies, the ablest of which is by Law. The text of the sermon was, " My kingdom ia not of this world." See Hoadley. Banim, John, poet, novelist, and dramatist (b. 1798, d. 1842), wrote The Celt's Paradise (1821), The Jest, Damon and Pythias, Tales of the O'Hara Family * (1825 and 1826), Boy7}e Water (1826), Scylla (1827), The Croppy * (1828), The Smuggler, The Death- Fetch, The Ghost Hunter and his Family, The Mayor of Wind gap. The Denounced (1830), The Bit of Writin' and other Tales, and Father Convell.* [In the works marked with an asterisk John Banim received material assistance from his brother Michael (b. 1796).! His Life was written by P. J. M array and published iu 1857. For Criticism, see Miss Mitford's Recollections of a Literary Life. Dr. Waller says of him :— " His novels will ever retain a hold upon the mind so long as mankind shall love truthful delineations of character and strong dramatic power of narration. As a poet, he has no incon- siderable merit, and many of his composi- tions are full of pathos and vigour." See CoNNELL, Father ; Croppy, The ; De- nounced, The ; O'Hara Family, Tales OF the. Banished, The. A Swabian his- torical tale, translated from the German by James Morier (1780—1849), and pub- lished in 1839. Banister, Gilbert, poet of the fifteenth centurv, was the author of The Miracle of St. Thomas, published in 1647. He lias been frequently confounded with William Banister, a writer of the reign of Edward III. See Warton's History of English Poetry. " Bank, I know a." — A Midsum^ mer Night's Dream, act ii., scene I. Banks, John, dramatist, produced, among other pieces. The Rival Kings (1677); The Destruction of Troy (1619); Vir- tue Betrayed (1682) ; The Unhappy Fa- vourite : or, the Earl of Essex (1682) | Th^ 64 BAN BAB Island Queens (1684) ; The Innocent Usur- per (1694) ; and Cyrus the Great (1696). See the Biographia Dramatica and Knight's English Cj/clopcedia. " His style," it has been said, " gives alternate specimens of meanness and bombast. But even his dialogue is not destitute of occasional nature and pathos, and the value of his works as acting plays is very considerable." See Unhappy Favourite, The. Banks, Percival Weldon. See Rattler, Morgan. Banks, Sir Joseph, naturalist and traveller (1743—1820). The chief work associated with his name is the Catalogus BibliothecoR Historico-Naturalis, Josephi Banks, Baroneti, &c. ; Auctore, Jona Dryander, Londini a798— 1800, 5 vols., 8vo). A work, according to Lowndes, " certainly the most comprehensive of its kind ever published." He was also the author of several other practical and scientific works ; and at his death he bequeathed his library and collection to the British Museum. Banks, Thomas Christopher, genealogist and antiquarian (b. 1764, d. 1854), wrote The Dormant and Extinct Baronage of England Q807), A History of the Families of the Ancient Peerage of England (1826), and other works. Banks o' Yarrow, The. A ballad, in the Scottish vernacular, which describes how two .brothers-in-law, being at odds, agree to fight a duel on the banks of Yarrow river, and how one of the combatants puts armed men in ambush and treacherously slays the other. The poem is made path- etic by the sorrow of the wife of the slain man. Bannatyne, George (b. 1545, d. 1609), was the collector of the celebrated MS. Corpus Poeticorum Scotonim (q.v.). His Memorials, edited by Sir Walter Scott and Dr. David Laing, were published in 1826. The club named after him was founded in 1823, by Sir Walter Scott, who presided over its meetings from that date until 1831. *' The Bannatyne Club," says Lockhart, " was a child of his own, and from first to last he took a most fatherly concern in all its proceedings." The books issued under its direction "constitute a very curious and valuable library of Scottish history and antiquities." Up- wards of 100 volumes were published by the club, which was dissolved in 1860. Banquett of Dainties, " for all suche Gestes that love moderatt Dyate." A collection of poetry published in 1566, and referred to by Brydges in the Censura Literaria. Banquo, in Shakespeare's tra- gedy of Macbeth, is a Scottish thane, who js murdered by Macbetb's orders, and whose ghost afterwards haunts the guiil^ king. Bansley, Charles. See Pride AND Vices of Women Now-a-Days. Baptista. A rich gentleman of Padua, in Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew (q.v.). Baptistes. A Latin drama, by George Buchanan (1506—1582), in the preface to which the author " warns King James against the effects of flattery and wicked counsellors, and writes more like an experienced statesman than a scholarly recluse." Barabas, the hero of Marlowe's tragedy of The Jew of Malta (q.v.), is characterised by Lamb as "a mere mons- ter, brought in with a large painted nose to please the rabble. He kills in sport, poisons whole nunneries, invents infernal machines. He is just such an exhibition as a century or two earlier might have been played before the Londoners, by royal command, when a general pillage and massacre of the Hebrews had been previously resolved on by the cabinet." Barataria. Tlie island of which Sancho Panza, in Don Quixote, was ap- pointed governor. Barbara Allen's Cruelty. A ballad, originally published by Allan Ram- say in his Tea-table Miscellany (1724), and reprinted, with a few conjectural emend- ations, by Percy, in his Beliques. Pepys has a reference in his Diary (Jan. 2, 1665— 6) to " the little Scotch song of Barbary Allen." Barbarians all at play, There were his young." A line in Bryon's Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, canto vi. stanza 141 : — *' There was their Dacian mother— he, their sira. Butchered to make a Roman holiday." Barbason. The name of a fiend referred to by Shakespeare, In The Merry Wives of Windsor, act ii., scene 2, and Henry V., act ii., scene 1. Barbauld, Anna Letitia, mis- cellaneous writer (b. 1743, d. 1825), pub- lished Miscellaneous Poems (1773), MisceU laneous Pieces in Prose [with her brotiier, Dr. Aikin] (1773) : Early Lessons for Chil- dren (1774) ; Hymns in Prose (1774) ; Devo- tional Pieces, composed from, the Psalms and the Book of Job (1775) : A Poetical Epistle to Mr. Wilberforce on the Rejection of the Bill for the Abolition of the Slave Trade (1790); Remarks on Gilbert Wakefield's Inquiry into the Expediency and Propriety of Public and Social Worship (1792) ; Even- ings at Home [with Dr. Aikin] (1792—1795) ; Selections from the Spectator, Tatler, Guardian, and Freeholder (1804); A Life of Samuel Richardson (1805) ; an edition ot BAR BAB 65 The British Novelists (1810) ; The Female Spectator (1811 ;) and Eighteen Hundred and Eleven (1812). An edition of her Works was published, with a Memoir, by Lucy Aikin, in 1827. Letters and Notices by Le Breton appeared in 1874. -See Even- ings AT Home ; Female Spectator, The. Barbour, John, Arclideacon of Aberdeen, poet (b. 1316, d. 1396), wrote The Book of the Gestes of King Robert Bruce, and The Brute (qv.) ; also, according to Bradshaw, fragments of a Troy-Book, and nearly 40,000 lines of Lives of Saints. See Irving's Lives of the Scottish Poets, Wright's Biographia Poetica, Ellis's Speci- mens, Warton's English Poetry, &n(!iGa.iw^ bell's Essays on English Poetry. See Bruce, The. Barbox Brothers. Characters In a story by Charles Dickens (1812— 1870), contributed to Mugby Junction (q.v). Barckley, Sir Richard, poet, was the author of A Discourse of the Felicitie of Man, or his Summum Bonum, published In 1598, and reprinted in 1603 and 1631. See Summum Bonum. Barclay, Alexander, poet (b. near the close of the fifteenth century, d. 1552), wrote The Shyp ofFolys (1509), The Castle of Labour (1506), The Mirror of Good Manners, and Eclogues [including The Tower of Vertue and Honour] (all of which see). He was also the author of An Intro- ductory to Wryte and Pronounce French (1521), and various minor pieces. See Wood's Athence Oxonienses, Warton's English Poetry, and Ellis's Specimens. Barclay, John, miscellaneous writer (b. 1582, d. 1621), published Euphor- mion (1604 and 1629), (q.v.) ; De Potestate Pape (1611), (q.v.); Icon Animarum (1614), (q.v.) ; Argenis : or, the Loves ofPoliarchus and Argenis (1821), (q.v.) See Hallam's Literary History of Europe, Coleridge's Remains, and Cowper's Letters. Barclay, Robert (b. 1648, d. 1690), was the author of Truth Cleared of Calum- nies (1670) ; A Catechism and Confession of Faith (1675) ; The Anarchy of the Ranters (1676) ; Universal Love considered and es- tablished upon its right Foundation (1677) ; An Apology for the True Christian Divinity (1678), (q.v.) ; and other works, chiefly written in the interests of the Society of Friends, of which the author was a mem- ber. For Biography, see Sewell's History of the Quakers, Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History, A Genealogical Account of the Barclays of Ury, and The Biographia Britannica. Bard, Samuel A. The nam de plume assumed by Dr. Ephraim George Squier (b. 1821) in the publication of his Waikna: or, Adventures on the Mosquito Shore (1855). Bard, The. A Pindaric ode by Thomas Gray (1716—1771), founded on a tradition, current in Wales, that Edward I., when he completed the conqviest of that country, ordered all the bards that fell into his hands to be put to death. The plan of the poem is as follows : — ^A bard, who is the speaker, after lamenting the fate of his comrades, prophecies that of Edward II. and the conquests of Edward III. ; his death, and that of the Black Prince ; of Richard II., with the wars of York and Lancaster ; the murder of Henry VI., and of Edward V. and his brother. He then turns to the glory and prosperity follow- ing the accession of the Tudors, through Elizabeth's reign, and concludes with a vision of the poetry of Shakespeare and Milton. Bardell, Mrs. The landlady who brings the famous action for breach of promise of marriage against Mr. Pickwick, in Dickens's novel of The Pickwick Papers (q.v.). Bardo di Bardi. The scholar, father of Romola, in George Eliot's novel of that name (q.v.). Bardolph. One of the followers of Falstaff, in Shakespeare's Henry IV., and Merry Wives of Windsor (q.v.). Bards. The distinctive title of bard has been conferred on several English poets. The following are a few instances : —Bard of Avon, Shakespeare ; Bard of Ayrshire, Robert Bums ; Bard of Hope, Thomas Campbell ; Bard of the Imagin- ation, Mark A kenside ; Bard of Memory, Samuel Rogers : Bard of Olney, William Cowper ; Bard of Rydal Mount, William Wordsworth ; Bard of Twickenham, Alex- ander Pope . "Bards of passion and of mirth." First line of Keats's Ode on the Poets : " Ye have left your souls on earth I Have ye souls in heaven too. Double-lived in regions new ? " Bargagli, Scipione. For a selec- tion from this writer's works, see Roscoe'a Italian Romances. Barham, Richard Harris, nove- list, versifier, and miscellaneous writer (b. 1788 d. 1845), wrote My Cousin Nicholas and the Ingoldsby Legends (q.v.), besides contributing largely to magazines and re- views. A large proportion of the articles in Gorton's Biographical Dictionary are from his pen. His Life has been written by his son (1870). See, also, the Memoir prefixed to the edition of the Legends, published in 1847. See Ingoldsby, Thomas ; Peppercorn, H. Barham Downs. A novel by Robert Bage (1728-1801), (q.v.), pub- lished in 1784, and reprinted in Ballautine'8 Novelist's Library. 66 BAR BAR Baring-Gould, Sabine (b. 1834), has written The Path of the Just (1854) ; Ireland : its Scenes and Sagas (1861) ; Post- Mediosval Preachers {ISQ6) ; Curious Myths of the Middle Ages (1866-7) ; The Silver Store (1868); The Book of Were- Wolves (1869); Curiosities of the Olden Time {1869); In Exitu Israel, a novel (1870) ; The Origin and Development of Religious Belief (1S70); The Golden Gate (1870) ; The Lives of the Saints (1872); Difficulties of the Faith (1874) ; The Lost and Hostile Gospels (1874); Life of the Rev. R. S. Hawker (1876). Barker, Geo. William Michael Jones, better known as " the Wensleydale Poet " (d. 1855), was tlie author of Stanzas on Cape Coast Castle; Three Days: or. History and Antiquities of Wensleydale; and some other works. " Bark is -worse than his bite. His." See Herbekt's JaciUa Prudentum (q.V.). Barker, Lady, miscellaneous wri- ter, has published Station Life in New Zealand (1869), Travelling Aboiit, A Christ- mas Cake in JF'oiir Quarters, Spring Com- edies, Stories About, and other works, Barkis. Tlie carrier, in Dickens's novel of David Copperfield (q.v.), who courts his sweetheart, Peggotty (q.v.), by leaving his offerings behind the door ; and whose declaration of his readiness to marry her was summed up in the words "Barkis is willin'" which have become proverbial. Barksdale, Clement, miscellane- ous writer (b. 1609, d. 1687), wrote Nympha Libethris (1651), (q.v.); Memorials of Worthy Persons (1661—1663) ; A Remembrance of Excellent Men (1670) ; and other works specified by "Wood in his Athence Oxonien- ses. See Carew Hazlitt's Early English Literature. Barlaam and Josaphat. A " spir- itual romance," written originally in Greek, about the year 800, by Joannes Damascenus, a Greek monk, and trans- lated into Latin before the thirteenth cen- tury. It is worthy of note as containing a passage which Warton thinks was " prob- ably the remote but original source of Shakespeare's Caskets in The Merchant of Venice. Barleycorn, Sir John, is a jocu- lar personification of the favourite Eng- lish liquor. A well-known tract is still ex- tant in which " the arraigning and indict- ing " of Sir John are quaintly described, and he is represented as of " noble blood, well-beloved in p:ngland, a great supporter of the crown, and a maintainer of both rich and poor." He is tried before the follow- ing jury : —Timothy Tosspot, Benjamin Bumper, Giles Lick-spigot, Barnaby FtiU- pot, Lancelot Toper, John Six-go-era, Apollonii Cotiicorum (libri iv.), Theodosii Opera (1675), Lectio de Sphcera et Cylindro (1678), and Lectiones Mafhematicte (1783). A Selection from his Writings was pub- lished in 1866. Of his Sermons Locke said they were masterpieces of their kind. Of Ms friendship wilh Tillotsou, an iuterest- ing testimony remains in the conjunction of these two famous names in Thomson's Apostroj)he to Britannia — " And for the strength and elegance of truth, A Barrow and a Tillotson are thine." See Sekmons : also the Life, by Arthur Hill. Barrow, Rev. S. The nom de plume under which Sir Richard Phil- lips (1768—1840) published several of his works, among otherS, T/te Poor Child's Library Questions on the New Testament, and Sermons for Schools. Barry, Alfred, D.D., D.C.L., Canon of Worcester (b. 1826), has pub- lished an Jntrodaction to the Old Tes- tament, Notes an the Gospels, Cheltenham College Sermons, Sermons for Boys, Notes on the Catechism, Religion for Every Day, and a Life of Sir C. Barry, B.A. Barry, Girald. See Giraldus Cambrensis. Barry, Ludowick, (temp. James I.), wrote a comedy called Bam Alley (q.v.). See Wood's Atheme Oxonienses and Walpole's Boyai and Noble Authors, where however, 'he is wrongly styled Lord Barry. Bartholomaeus, Anglicus. See Glanvil. Bartholomew, Anne Charlotte, nee Fayermann (d. 1862), wrote a volume of poems called The Songs of Azrael ; a play entitled The King : or, the Farmer's Daughter (1829,) and a farce, It is only my Aunt. Bartholomew Fair. A comedy by Ben Jonson (1.574—1637) produced in 1614, and valuable for its lively pictures of the manners of the times. " It is chietly remarkable," says Hazlitt, "for the ex- hibition of odd humours and tumblers' tricks, and is on that account amusing to read once." Bartlett, John Russell (h. 1805), is the author of The Progress of Ethnol- ogy, which appeared in 1847 ; Reminis- cences of Albert Gallatin (1849) ; Diction- ary of Americanisms (1848) ; Personal Nar- rative of Explorations and Incidents in Texas, &c., (1850—1854) ; and otlier works. Bartlett, Rev. Thomas (b. 1789), wrote (in 1816) Memoir of the Life and Writings of Joseph Butler, Bishop of Dur- ham ; Discourses on the Confession of the Church of England , and other works. Bartlett, William Henry, author and artist (b. 1809, d. 1854), wrote Walks about Jertisalem, The Tojwgraphy ofJei-u- salem. Forty Days in the Desert, The Nile Boat, The Overlaiul Route, Footsteps of our Lord, Pictures of Sicily, The Pilgrim BAR BAS 69 Fathers, and Jerusalem Revisited. See the Brief Memoir hy Dr. Beattie. Bartoldo. A wealthy miser in MiLMAN's tragedy of Fazio (q.v .)• Barton, Amos, The Sad For- tunes of the Rev. The title of one of the Scenes of Clerical Life (q.v.), by George Eliot. Barton, Sir Andre-w. The title and subject of a ballad apparently writ- ten in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Sir Andrew was a famous Scottish admiral, whose depredations upon English mer- chant ships so excited the indignation of the Earl of Surrey, that he sent his two sons out to sea to retaliate upon the bold old sailor, and in the engagement that fol- lowed Sir Andrew lost his life. This was on August 2nd, 1511. Barton, Bernard, "the Quaker poet" (b. 1784, d. 1849), wrote Metrical Efiisions (1812), Devotional Verses (1826), The JFidoio's Tale, (1827), Ilmisehohl Verses (184.5), and some other works. His Poems a7id Letters were published with a Memoir by his daughter, in 1853. The Edinburgh Review says : — " The whole staple of his poems is description and meditation — description of quiet home scenery, sweetly and feelingly wrought out, and meditation, overshaded with tenderness and exalted by devotion, but all terminating in soothing and even cheerful views of the conditions and pros- pects of mortality. " " The gift of genius," says Alexander Smith, " can hardly be conceded to him. He had no fire, no im- agination, no passion ; but his mind was cultivated, his heart pure, and he wrote like a good and amiable man." Bas Bleu, The: "or. Conversa- tion," A poem by Hannah More (174.5— 1833), published in 1786, and characterised by Dr. Johnson as " a great performance." It was written in praise of the " Bas Bleu," or Blue-Stocking Club, a literaiy as- sembly which met at the house of Mrs. Montagu, its founder ; and the following couplets have attained to the dignity of •' familiar words :" •' iSniall habits well pursued beUmes May reach the dignity of crimes." " In men this blunder still von find ; All think their httle set niankiud." Bascom, John (b. 1827), Ameri- can political economist and scholar, pub- lished, in 1861, Political Economy, follow- ed, in 1862, by a Treatise on ^Esthetics, and, in 1865, a Text-book of Rhetoric, and other works on the kindred branches of science. " Base is the slave that pays." '-King Henry V., act ii., scene 1. "Base uses -we may return, Horatio! To wih^X.^-^Uamtet, act v., scene 1 Bashful Lover, Tho. A comedy by Philip Massinger, produced in 1636 ; printed in 1655. Basil, Count. A play by Joanna Baillie (1762—1851), included in the se- ries on the Passions, published in 1802. Basil, Theodore. The assumed name under which Thomas Becon (b. about 1510, d. 1570) wrote many of his works. Basilikon, Doron, The, was a col- lection of precepts on the art of govern- ment, written by King James I. of Eng- land and VI, of Scotland, for the instruc- tion of his son Henry. They were pub- lished hi 1599. Basilisco. A knight in the old play entitled Soliman and Perseda (q.v.). Basilius. King of Arcadia in Sir Philip Sidney's romance of that name (q.v,). Bassanio, in The Merchant of Venice^ is " kinsman and friend to Antonio" (q. v.), and " suitor likewise to Portia " (q.v.). " Baseless fabric of this vision, Like ih.e."— Tempest, act iv., scene I. Basse, "William. The name of two poets who lived about 1613 — 1661. To the elder are ascribed an Epitaph on Shakespeare (1633) ; The Sword and Buck- ler (1602) ; Great Brittaines Snnnesset, be- icailed with a Shower of Teares, a poem on the death of Prince Henry (1613) ; and a collection of MS. verses called PoZ?//////h- nia. The younger was probably 'the author of some " choice songs," The Hun- ter in his Career and Tom of Bedlam , and others, referred to by Walton in his Lives. Basset-Table, The, One of a se- ries of Town Eclogiies, published anony- mously in 1716, and intended as parodies on tne pastorals C)f Pope and Phillips, The present one was written by Pope himself, the others by Lady Mary Wortley Mon- tagu. Basset was a game commonly played in England after the Restoration, and in France in the reign of Louis XIV, , till that monarch issued an ordinance pro- hibiting it. Bassianus, in the tragedy of Thus Andronicus, is in love with Lavinia (q,v,). Bastard, The, A poem by Richard Savage (q.v.), published in 1728. Bastard, Thomas (d. 1618), pub- lished Chrestoleros : Seven Books of Epi- grammes (1.598), (q.v.). ; Magna Britannia, a Latin poem (1605) ; sermons, and other works. See Wood's Athence Oxonienses, where it is said : — " He was a person endowed with many rare gifts, was an ex- celleiit Grecian, Latinist, and poet, and, in his elder years a quaint preacher. . . * 70 BAd BAT He was a most excellent epigrammatist, and, being always ready to versify upon any subject, did let nothing material escape his fancy, as liis compositions, run- ning through several hands in MS., show." Warton ppeaks of him as " better qualified for that species of the occasional pointed Latin epigram established by his fellow- collegian, John Owen, than for any other sort of English versification." Bastian, Henry Charlton, M.D. 0^ 1.S37),has wiitten The Moden of Origin of Lotoest Organisms (1871) ; 7'he Begin- nings of Life (1872) ; Evolution and the Origin of Life (1874) ; Common Forms of Paralysis from Brain Disease (1875) ; anil a large number of essays in various scien- tific journals. Baston, Robert (d. about 1315), was, according to Bale, poet-laureate and public orator at Oxford- He wrote, prin- cipally in Latin, the following works :— De Strivilniensi Obsidione {Of the Siege of Stirling), De Altero Scotorum Bello, i)e SeotifB Guerris variis, De variis Mmidi Sfatibiis, De Sacerdotmn luxuriis. Contra Artistas, De Divite et Lnzaro, Epistohe ad Diversos, Sei'vimies Synodales, some poems, comedies, and tragedies. See Bale, Pits, Holingsbed, Leland, and Warton. " The rhyme Baston," says Allibone, " was call- ed from our author." BastTATick, John, M.D., contro- versial writer (b. 159o, d. 1618), wrote Flagitium Pontificis et Episcoporum Lati- alium (q.v.), Apologeticusad Prcesules An- glicanos, and other works. " Bated breath and whispering humbleness, With."— The Merchant of Venice, act i., scene 3. Bates, Charley. A young tliief, in the employment of Fagin (q.v.), in J>iCKKNS's novel of Oliver Twist (q.v.). Bates, William. See Silver- ToxGUKD, The. Bath Intrigues. A novel by Mrs. BE LA Riviere Manley (1G72— 1724), in which the story is told in the form of correspondence between the dramatis per- some. Mrs. Manley adopted a somewhat similar plan in lier Stage-Coach Journey to Exeter, a fiction in which the narrative is contained in eight lettere to a friend. These works probably gave Richardson the hint on which he founded one or two of his novels. Bath, Major, in Fielding's novel of Amelia (q.v.), is a poor but high-mind- ed gentleman, who attempts to conceal his poverty under a bold bearing and ostenta- tious language. Bath, The Wife of. The heroine of one of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (a-v.), which was afterwaxds modarnisc. by Dryden. The prologue was para- phrased by Pope in a volume of Miscel- lanies, edited by Steele, in 1714. "The greatest part of it," says Tyrwhitt, " must have been of Chaucer's own invention, though one may plainly see that he has been reading the popular invectives against marriage, and women in general, such as the Roman de la Rose, Valerius ad Rufinum de non ducendd uxore, and par- ticularly Hieronymus contra Jovianum." See also Wife of Bath, The. Bathos, A Treatise of the : " or, the Art of Sinking in Poetry," was contrib- uted by Alexander Pope (1G88— 1744) to the Proceedings of the Scriblerus Club (q.v.). Bathurst, Dr. Richard. For the contributions of this writer to The Adven- turer (q.v.), see The British Essayists. Batman, Stephen, divine, poet, and miscellaneous writer(b.l537 d.l587),pro- duced The Travayled Pilgrim (l.5Gi)) ; The Golden Booke of the Leaden Goddes (1577) ; The Doome (1.581) ; and other works. " Ho was also," says Warton, "the last trans- lator of the Gothic Pliny, Bartholomens de Proprietatibus Jiei'um." See Golden BooKE. Batrachomyomaohia : "or» tlie Battle of the Frogs and Mice." A transla- tion from Homer into English lieroie verse by Thomas Parnell (1071)— 1718). Battayle and Assault of Cupide. See CupiDE. " Battle and the breeze, The." In Campbell's poem, Ye Mariners of England (q.v.) :— " Wliose flajf has braved a thousand years The battle and the breeze." Battle of Agincourt, The. A poem by Michael Drayton (15G3— 1631), published in 1627, and written in stanzas of six alternate, rhyming lines and a cou- plet, like Byron's Don Juan. Battle of Blenheim, The, is tlie title of a popular poem by Robert Sou- THEY. The opening lines are : — " It was a summer's evening, Old Kaspar's work was done. And lie before his cottage door Was sitting in the sun." Battle of Finnesburh, The. A fragment of an old romance, printed in Kemble's edition of Beotoulf{q.\.). Battle of Jerusalem, The. See Jerusalem, The Battle of. Battle of Life, The: *'A Love Story," by Charles Dickens (1812—1870), published in December, 1847. Among the dramatis 2>(^fson(e are Messrs. Snitchley nnd Cragg, Dr. Jeddler, Alfred Heath- ■ Clemency Newcome, and Beujamia (q.v.). BAT BAX 71 Battle of Ramilies, On the ; and On the Battle of Blenheim, Poems by John Dennis (1657—1734), the latter of which obtained for the author a hundred guineas from the Duke of Marlborough, whose victories are celebrated with a glow- ing pen, and who is represented, Johnson says, as enjoying a large share of the ce- lestial protection. Battle of the Baltic, The. A war-lyric by Thomas Campbell (1777— 1844), written in 1809. The opening lines are: *' Of Nelson and the North, Sing the glorious day'b renown." The first verse originally ran : — " Of Nelson and the North Sing the day. When, tneir haughty powers to vex. He engaged the Danish decks, And with twenty floating wrecks Crowned the fray." Battle of the Books, The. A prose jeu iVespnt by Jonathan Swift (1667—1745), of which the full title runs as follows : — " A full and true account of the Battle fought last Friday between the Ancient and Modern Books in St. James's Library." It was written at Moor Park, during Swift's second residence there with Sir William Temple, and arose out of a controvery in whichhis patron had engaged in respect to the superiority of ancient over modern learning. To Temple's essay on this subject, William Wotton and Dr. Bentley both replied, the former attacking its main argument, and the latter denying the genuineness of the Epistles of Phalaris and the Fables of yEsop, to which Temple had referred; and these in their turn brought into the controversy the Hon. Charles Boyle, afterwards Earl of Orrery, whom Swift supported in tlie treatise named above. It appeared in 1704, and is said to have been suggested by Courtay's Histoire Poetique de la Guerre nouvelle- vient (Uclar&e entre les Anciens et les Mo- denies. Battle of the Poets, The. A poem by John Sheffield, Duke of Buckinghamshire, published in 1725, in which the poets of the time are brought together to discuss their own merits. Battle of the Whigs, The. A poem, written by Bonnel Thornton (1724—1768), as an additional canto to Garth's poem of Tlie Dispensary (q.v.). "Battle's magnificently stern array !" A line in Childe Harold's Pil- grimaf/e (q.v.), canto iii., stanza 28. Battle's, Mrs., Opinions on Whist. One of the Essays of Elia (q.v.), ■by Charles Lamb (1775—1834). "Old Sarah Battle (now with God), who, next to her devotions, loved a good game of whist." " Battles o'er again, Fought all his."— Dryden's Alexander's Feast, line 66. Baucis and Philemon. A poem imitated from the eighth book of Ovid, by Jonathan Swift, and written about the year 1708. Baviad, The. A satiric poera by William Gifford (1757—1826), in which the writer severely ridiculed the Della- Cruscan school (q.v.). The Baviad was published in 1794. See M^viad, The. Baxter, Andrew (b. 1G86, d. 1760), was the author of an Inquiry into the Na^ ture of the Hitman Soul, the second edition of which appeared in 1737. " His object in this treatise," says Dr. J. McCosh, " is to establish the doctrine of the immateriality of the soul, and he dwells largely on the vis inertia of matter, and on the nature of body and force, as furnished by the physics of Newton. In this work he has an Essay on Dreaming, in which he maintains that the phantasms which present themselves in our sleep are not the work of the soul itself, but are prompted by separate im- material beings." In 1750 was published an Appendix to the Inquiry, in which tho writer endeavoured to answer some of the objections to his theory propounded by Maclaurin. Dugald Stewart said that the Inquiry displayed considerable ingonuity as well as learning. Baxter, Richard, nonconforniing divine (b. 1615, d. 1691), wrote, among other works. Aphorisms of Justification (1649) ; The Saints' Everlastiny Rest(lCAU) ; A Call to the Unconverted (1657) ; Now or Never (1663) ; The Reformed Liturgy (1661) ; The Poor Man's Family Book' (Uu-i) ; Para- phrase on the New^ Testament (1685) ; Me- thodus TheologitE Christiana: (1681) ; A Christian Directory (1673) ; Catholic The- ology (1675) ; A 'treatise of Episcopacy (1681) ; A Treatise of Universal Redemp- tion (1694) ; Reasons for the Christian Religion (1667) ; Universal Concord (1658) ; Gildas Silvianus : or, the Refcrrmed Pastor (1656) ; Confessions of Faith\im5) ; A Life of Faith(l670) ; The Certainty of t he Woi'ld of Spirits (1691); and Poetical Fraqments (1681). The number of his Wtrrks amounts to one hundred and sixty-eight, of which the Practical Works, published in 1707, in lour volumes folio, were printed in 1850 in twenty-three volumes octavo, with a Life by the editor, the Rev. W. Orme, at tiie end of which a complete list of Baxter's publications is given. See also ReliqniK Baxteriawe, a narrative of his life and times, by Matthew Sylvester (1696), which has been reprinted in the fifth volume of Wordsworth's Ecclesiastical Biography. '* I asked liim," says Bos well of Dr. John- son, " what works of Richard Baxter I should read. He said, * Read any of them —they are all good.' " " His practical i^ BAX BfiA writings, " says Barrow, *' were never mended; his controversial seldom con- futed." Baxter, "William Edward (b. 1825), politician and traveller, has publish- ed Impressions of Central and Southern Europe (I860); Tlie Tayus and the Tiber (1852) ; America and the Americans (1855); Hints to Thinkers (1855) ; and Free Itabi (1874). " Bay the moon, I'd rather be a dog und."— Julias Cwsar, act iv., scene 3. Bayard, The Chevalier. " Tlie right joyous and pleasant History of the Feats, Jests, and Prowesses" of this famous knight was translated by Sara Coleridge (1803— 1852) from the French, and published in 1825. Bayes is the leading character in Buckingham's burlesque"of The Rehear- sal (q.v.), where he at first appeared under the name of Bilboa, as a satire on that mediocre dramatist, Sir Robert Howard. Afterwards, however, the conception was so far corrected and altered as to form a caricature of Dryden, passages from whose plays are admirably parodied in the bur- lesque. See Arber's reprint, in which these passages are given at length. Bayham, Fred. A cliaracter in Thackeray's novel of The Neivcmaes (q.v.). " Where," says Hannay, " is there a jollier Bohemian— a Bohemian, and still a gentleman ? " Bayle's Dictionary, "Historical and Critical," published in 1710. "A very useful work," says Dr. Johnson, " for those to consult who love the biographical part of literature, which is what I love most." Pierre Bayle was born in 1G47, and died in 1706 ; his Dictionary having originally appeared in 1695 — 6. It was written in French, and was Intended, its author said, " not to inculcate scepticism, but suggest doubts." Bayly, Thomas Haynes, poet, novelist, dramatist, and miscellaneous writer (1797—1839), was the author of thirty- six dramatic compositions, the most of which were successful. He also wrote Ai/Jmers, a novel ; Kindness i?i Women, a series of tales; Parliamentary Letters; Bough Sketches of Bath ; Weeds of Witch- ery. His chief fame, however, rests upon his ability as a song-writer. His Poetical Works and Memoir were publish- ed by his widow. " He possessed," says Moir', " a playful fancy, a practised ear, a refined taste,'and a sentiment which ranged pleasantly from the fanciful to the pathet- ic, without, however, strictly attaining either the highly imaginative or the deeply passionate." Bayne, Peter (b. 1830), essayist, biographer, and poet, has written The Christian Life (1855); Essays in Biogror phical Criticism (1857—1858) ; The Life of Hugh Miller (1870)— whom he succeeded in the editorsliip of The Witness; and The Days of Jezebel, aii Historical Drama (1872). He has also contributed largely to the reviews and magazines, besides editing several newspajjers. Baynes, Thomas Spencer, LL. D., Professor of Logic at St. Andrews University (b. 182.3), has published a trans- lation of The Port Royal Logic (1851), and an Essay on the Neto Analytic of Logical Forms (1852), besides contributing largely to the reviews and newspapers. He is the editor of the ninth edition of the Ency- clopcedia Britannica. " Be bolde, be bolde, and every- where be bolde." A line in Stexser's Faerie Queene, book iii., canto xi., stanza 54. " Be, or not to be, To." The opening of a famous soliloquy by Hamlet in Shakespeare's tragedy of that name, act iii., scene 1. Beaconsfield, Earl of. See Dis- raeli, Benjamin. Beale, Lionel Smith, M. D. (b. 1828) is best known as the author of Hoio to work with the Microscope ; Protoplasm ; and The Mystery of Life (1871). He has also written numerous other scientific works of great professional value. Beale, Thomas "Willert. (b. 1831), is the author of The Enterprising Impressario, uiul a large number of mis- cellaneous contributions to literature and music, written uiuier the nam de j^lit-fne of Walter Maynard. " Be-all and the end-all here, Tlie." Macbeth, act i., scene 7. Bean Lean, Donald. A Higli- land cateran in Sir Walter Scott's Waverley (q.v.) " Bear-baiting, The Puritans hated." See chapter ii.. vol i., of Macai'- lay's History of England. " Not," he says, " because it gave pain to the bear, but because it gave pleasure to the specta- tors." Hume said exactly the same thing in chapter Ixii., vol, i., of his History of England. "Even Bear-baiting was es- teemed heathenish and unchristian ; the sport of it, not the humanity, gave of- fence." Bear, Beware the. See Beware THE Bear. " Bear, like the Turk, no broth er near the throne." See Pope's Epistle to Jh'. Arlmthnot, line 197. The allusion is to Addison—" A man too fond to rule alone." 6EA BEA 73 "Bear the palm alone, And." Julius C(Bsar, act i., scene 2. Beard, Thomas. See Theatre or God's Judgmexts. " Beard the lion in his den, To," A line in Sir Walter Scott's poem of Marmion, canto vi., stanza 14. " Bears and lions gro-wl and figlit." See " Dogs Delight." Beast, The Blatant. See Bla- tant Beast, The. Beatrice. Niece to Leonato, Gov- ernor of Messina, in Shakespeare's comedy of Much Ado about Nothimj (q.v.). '• In Beatrice," says Mrs. Jameson, " high jutellect and high animal spirits meet and excite each other, like fire and air. In her wit (which is brilliant without being im- aginative) there is a touch of insolence, not infrequent in women when the wit predominates over reflection and imagi- nation. In her temper, too, there is a slight infusion of the termagant ; and her satirical humour plays with such an unre- spectful levity over all subjects alike, that it required a profound knowledge of wo- men to bring such a character within the range of our sympathy." Beatrice Cenci. The heroine of Shelley's tragedy of The Cenci (q.v.) who commits parricide in revenge for her father's incestuous lust. Beatrice Portinari (b. 12G6, d 1290). The daughter of a wealthy citizen of Florence immortalised by Dante (1265—1.321), who, at eight years of age formed a deep attachment to her which lasted until her death. The Platonic piir- ity and tenderness of Dante's love for her are testified by his first work, the Vita Nxiova, which appeared in 1300. Beatrice was married iu 1287 to Simon dei Bardi. Beattie, James, poet and pliiloso- phical writer (b. 17.35, d. 1802), wrote Poems and Translations (1760) ; Judgment of Parts (1765), (q.v); Essay on the Nature and ImmiUahility of Truth (1770), (q.v.) ; The Minstrel (1771 "and 1774), (q.v.); Miscellan- eous Essays (1776) ; Dissertations, Moral and Political (1783) ; Evidences of Chris- tianity (1786) ; and Elements of Moral Science (1790—1793). For his contribu- tions to the Mirror, see The British Es- sayists- His Life has been written by Chalmers (181 n and Forbes (1806). Dr. Johnson said, " We all love Beattie ; " and Gray— fastidious Gray— called him " a poet, a philosopher, and a good man." Beattie, William, M.D., poet and miscellaneovis writer (b. 1793 d. 1875), is the author of the standard Life of Thomas Campbell (second edition, 1850), of The Courts of Germany (1827), and several poems, including John Hues (1829), The Heliotrope (1833), and Polynesia Among his other publications are Histories of Scotland and Switzerland, The Wal dense s, The Castles and Abbeys of England, The Pilgrim in Italy, and numerous works on professional subjects. Beau (or Bel) Inconnu, Le. See Beaux Disconsus, Li. Beau Tibbs, in Goldsmith's Cit- izen of the World (q.v,), is characterised by Hazlitt as " The best comic sketch since the time of Addison ; unrivalled in his finery, his vanity, and his poverty." Beaufey, Robert de. See Car- men DE Commendatione Cerevsi^k. Beaufort, Cardinal. Bishop of Winchester, in Shakespeare's play of Henry VI, (q.v.). Beaufort, Robert, in Lord Lyt- ton's novel ol Niqht and Morning (q.v.), is a character on the same lines as those on which the Pecksniff (q.v.) of Charles Dickens was constructed. Beaumont and Fletcher, dra- matists (Beaumont. 1586—1616; Fletcher, 1576 — 1625) wrote, in conjunction, the fol- lowing plays ; The Woman Hater (first printed in 1607) ; Cupid's Jievenge (1615) ; Tfie Scornful Lady (1616) ; A King and no King (1619), (q.v.) ; The Maid's 'Trage- dy (1619), (q.v.) ; Philaster, or Love lies a- Jileeding (1620), (q.v.) ; Monsieur Thomas (1639); yvittcithout money (IG^d) ; The Coro- nation (1640) ; and many others, for the names of some of which, see the end of this article. Collected editions of Beaumont and Fletcher's Works were published in 1(560 by John Shirley, in 1812 by Henry Weber, and in 1843 by the Rev. Alexander Dyce. For Biography and Criticism, see also Campbell's Specimeiis of the English Poets, Hallam's Literature of Europe, Schlegel's J>ramatic Literature, Collier's Bramatic Poetry, Lamb's Si)ecimens of the Dramatic Poets, Hazlitt's Age of Eliza- beth, Leigh Hunt's Imagination and Fancy and Selections from the Plays, Coleridge's Remains, Hartley Coleridge's Aotes and Marginalia, Sir Walter Scott's Drama (in Encyclopcedia Britannica), Macaulay's Essays. Hallam writes : — " The comic talents of these authors far exceeded their skill in tragedy. In comedy they founded a new school, the vestiges of which are still to be traced In our theatre. Their plays are at once to be distinguish- able from their contemporaries' by the re- gard to dramatic effect which influenced the writer's imagination. Their incidents are numerous and striking ; their charac- ters sometimes slightly sketched, not drawn, like those of Jonson, from a pro- conceived design, but preserving that de- gree of individual distinctness which a common audience requires, and often highly humourous without extravagance, ^4 BeA feEA and tlieir language brilliant with wit." J^fie Coxcojtiu, The; Honest Man's Fortune, The : Little French Law- yer, The ; Mad Lover. The ; Pilgrim, The ; and Valentinian. Beaumont, Francis, dramatist (b. 1586, d. 1616),is remarkable less for what he wrote singly than for the plays pro- duced in partnership with John Fletcher, the names of which are given under the heading of Beaumont and Fletcher. Beaumont wrote, besides, a paraphrase of Ovid's Salmacis and Heiynaphrodifus (1602) ; a Masque celebrated at Lincoln's Inn and at the Middle Temple, on the oc- casion of the marriage of the Princess Elizabeth with the Count Palatine, Febru- ary 15, 1613 ; and some miscellaneous poems, including a Ze^^er to Ben Jonson, published in 1640. *' They are all of them of considerable, some of tliem," says Dr. Bliss, " of high, merit," Heywood wrote— " Excellent Beaumont, in the foremost rank Of the rar'st wit ! " Ben Jonson — " How I do love thee, Beaumont, and thy Muse, That unto nic doth such religion use ! '^ See Brother, The Bloody ; Burning Pestle, Knight of the. Beaumont, Sir George, Epistle to. A poem by William Wordsworth (1770— 1&)0), written in 1811. Beaumont, Sir Harry. The nom (lephtme under wliivh Jo.seph Spence (1098—1708) published a volume of Morali- lies; or, Essai/s, Fables, Letters, and Trans- lations, in 1753. Beaumont, Sir John, poet (b.l682, d. 1028), published Jioavorih Field, with a Taste of the Variety of other Poems (1029), (q.v.) ; and is said by Anthony k Wood to have written a poem in eight books, never printed, called The Cromi of Thorns. See Brydges' Censura Literaria. Beaumont, Joseph, D.D. (1615— 1699), wrote Psyche : or, Love's Mystery (1647 — 8), (qv.)'and an attack on Henry- Mo re's Mystery of Godliness (1665), for which he received the thanks of the Uni- versity of Cambridge. His Poems in En- glish and Latin were published in 1749- See The Retrospective Iteview, '\o\s, xi. and xii. " Beauties of exulting Greece, The mingled." — Thomson's Seasons {Summer), linel, 346. Beauties of Shakespeare, The. The first published selection from the works of the poet was made by Dr. Wil- liam DODD (1729—1777), and appeared in 1753. It is now superseded by other selec- tions and by cheap editions of Shake- speare's complete works. Beautie, The Triumph of. A masque, by James Shirley (1594—1006), written for the private recreation of some young gentleman, by whom it was per- formed in 1646- The dramatist seems to have been indebted both to Lucian's Dialogues and Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream. The story is the old my- thological narrative of the Judgment cf Paris, which is also the subject of Tenny son's poem of (Enone (q-v.) " Beautiful, and therefore to be woo'd. She's "—Henry VI., part I. act v., Scene 3. " Beautiful Evelyn Hope is dead ! " First line of Evelyn Hope, a lyric by Robert Browning (b. 1812). " Beautifully less." See " Fine BY Degrees." Beauty, A Discourse of Auxili- ary : " or. Artificial! Handsomeness, in Point of Conscience between Two Ladies," publishedin 1656. " This work," says Dr. Bliss, "is ascribed to Dr. Gauden by Ant. k Wood, but it seems rather to have been the work of Obadiah Walker. It has a second edition, in 1662, under the title of A Discourse on Artificial Beauty, loith some Satyricall Censures on the Vul- gar Errors of these Times. Wood, in his first edition, ascribes the work to Bishop Taylor, but this mistake was corrected in the second." Beauty and the Beast, The. A well-known fairy tale, from the French of Madame Villeneuve, modernised and An- glicised by Miss Thackeray in her Seven Old Friends. " Beauty, A thing of, is a joy for ever." See Keat's Endymion, linel. " Beauty calls and glory leads the way, 'Tis." See Lee's \)\a.y oi Alex- ander the Great, act ii ., scene 2. " Beauty draws us by a single hair. And." A line in Pope's poem of The Rape of the Lock, canto ii., line 27- " Beauty is truth,truth beauty." A line in Keat's Ode on a Grecian Vm. "Beauty still -walketh on the earth and air." First line of a sonnet by Alexander Smith (1830—1867) :— " Our present sunset* are as rich in gold As ere the Iliad's music was out-rolled." Beauty, The Masque of, by Bew Jonson (157 i— 1637), was performed at court during the Christmas of 1608. Beaux Disconsus, Li. An old metrical romance, founded on the French of Renals de Biauju, and quoted by War- ton in his History of English Poet?-y. A French version, entitled Le Bel Inconnu, anneared as late as 1860, but this apparently • in some respects from the original BEA 75 work. A similar story, "Wartou tells us, is told in Boccaccio's Decameron, in the Cento Novelle Antiche, and in Gower's Covfessio Amantis. Beaux's Stratagem, The. A comedy by George Farquhar (1678 —1707), written in 1707, and remarkable for its " vivacity, originality of contrivance, and clear and rapid development of in- trigue." Hazlitt considered it " the best of his plays, as a whole ; infinitely lively, bustling, and full of point and interest." See AiMWELJL, Archer, and Scrub. Beck, Cave, a theologian of tlie first half of the seventeenth century, was the author of a curious work, entitled The Universal Cliaracter by ichich all Na- tions may understand one another^ $ Concej)- tions, reading out of one common writing their own tongues (1657). Beckford, William, romancist (b. 17G0, d. 1844), wrote Biographical Memoirs of Extraordinary Painters (1780); JJreams, Waking Thoughts, and Incidents, in a series of Letters from various parts of Europe, printed (not published) about 1783 ; Vathek (1787) ; Italy, tvith Sketches of Spain and J'orfu(/al (1834) ; and Recollections of a Tour in Portugal a835). Cyrus Redding, in The New Monthly Magazine, and in his Fifty Years' liccoltections, has published some biographical details concerning Beck- ford. "He is a poet," wrote the Quarterly Reirievj, " and a great one, though we know not that he ever wrote a line of verse." See Cecil : or, the Adventures of a Coxcomb ; Extraordinaby Painters; Vathek. Beckingham, Charles, poet and dramatist (b. 1G9<), d. 1730), wrote Scipio Africanus, Henry IV. of France, and other pieces,besides translating from the Latin of Rapin a poem entitled Christ's Sujfferings. Beck-with, Alfred. A character in Dickens's story of Hunted Down (q.v.). See Slinkton, Julius. Becon, Thomas (b. about 1510, d. 1570), wrote several tracts in defence of the principles of the Reformation. His Worckes, "diligently perused, corrected, and amend- ed," were published by John Day in 15G3- 4. For a list of his publications, which ex- tend from 1541 and 1571, see Watt's liiblio- theca Dritannica. His Early Works, being treatises printed by him in the reign of Henry VIII., were issued by the Parker Society in 1843 ; his Prayers, and other pieces, in 1844, by the same society, and under the same editor, the Rev. John Ayre. See the Selections from his writings, with a Life; also Lnpton's Protestant Dimnes, Tanner's BiblioC/ieca, and the Britit'h Re- f erone, whose reformation is the motif of tlie tale. Belinda, in Pope's poem of The liape of the Lock (q.v.), is intended for Mrs. Arabella Fermor, to whom the poet peinied the famous compliment : — ' If to her share some female errors fall, Look on her face, and you'll forget them all." Bell, Catherine D. An American authoress, whose best known stories, pub- lished under the nom de plume of " Cousin Kate" (q-v.), are Hope Campbell, Horace and May, Unconscious Influence, Self-Mas- tery, and Kenneth and Hugh. Bell, Sir Charles, surgeon (1778 —1842), published a System of Dissections (1798—9) ; On the Anatomy of Expression- in Painting (180C) ; Anatomy of the Brain (1811) ; The Hand, its Mechanism and Vital Endowments, as Evincing Design, one of the Bridgewater Treatises (1833), and many other works of great importance. Bell, Currer. The «om de plume ad- opted by Charlotte Bronte (1816—1855) in the publication of her novels. See her Life, by Mrs. Gaskell (1857). It will be ob- served that the initials of the real and fic- titious names are identical, as in the case of the two other sisters, Emily and Anne, who took respectively the pseudonyms of "Ellis," and of "Acton," Bell. See Bronte. Bell, Henry Glassford, poet and prose writer (d. 1874), founded and con- ducted the Edinburgh Literary Journal (1830—1832), and was the author of Ro- mances, and other Poems (1866). Bell, Laura. One of tlie leading characters in Thackeray's Pendennis (q.v.). Bell, Peter. A tale in verse, by William Wordsworth (1770—1850), writ- ten in 1798, and published, with a dedica- tion to Robert Southey, in 1819. Its ex- aggerated simplicity provoked several parodies, one of which, entitled Peter Bell the Third, was from the pen of Shelley. Bell, Robert (b. 1800, d. 1867), novelist, journalist, and miscellaneous writer, was known as the editor of the British Poets, and as intimately associated with the Saturday Revieiv. He contribut- ed to Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopcedia a His- tory of Jiussia and Lives of English Poets and Dramatists ; he also wrote Hearts and Altars, The Ladder of Gold, and various biographical and descriptive works. His dramas were produced as follows .—Mar- riage, in 1842 ; Mothers and Daughters, in 1843 ; and Temper, in 1847. Bellair. A character in Ether- ege's comedy of The Man of Mode (q.v.), intended, it is said, for the author himself. See Medley. Bellamira: "or, the Mistress." A comedy by Sir Charles Sedlev (1639— 1728), produced in 1687. It is related that " while this play was acting, the roof of the play-house fell down ; but veiy few were hurt, except the author, whose merry friend, Sir Fleetwood Shepherd, told him that there was so much fire in the play, that it blew up the poet, house, and all. Sir Charles answered, ' Ko ; the i)lay was so heavy it brought down the house, and buried the poet in his own rubbish.' " Bellario. The name of a page in Beaumont and Fletcher's play of Philaster (q.v.). See Euphrasia. Bellaston, Lady. A licentious woman of rank, in Fielding's novel of Tom Jones (q.v.). Belleforest, Francois de (born in Guienne, in 1530), was the author of Cent Histoires Tragiques, a selection of stories from the Gesta Pomanonim, trans- lated into English towards the close of the sixteenth century (1583). It contains the story on which Spenser's Phaon and Phile- mon in The Faerie Qiieene (book ii., canto 4) is founded, and it is likely that Shake- speare derived from the same work the I)lot of his Much Ado about Nothing. Bellenden, John, Archdeacon of Moray (d. 1550), translated the seventeen books of Boece's ////s^or/y of Scotland smd five books of Livy's Annales. To the Hys- tory he added a chronicle of a hundred ye;irs, besides writing a prologue in verse, "in which," says Warton "Virtue and Pleasure address the king [James V. of Scotland] after the manner of a dialogue." He also wrote Epistles to the king and a work on Pythagoras, and is supposed to be mentioned m Lindsay's Complaint of the Papingo (q.v.), as " One cunnyngclerk, quhilk wrytith craftelie, One plant of Toetis, callit Ballcntyne." Bellenden, Lady Margaret. A venerable dame, lady of the Tower of Tillietudlem, in Scott's romance of Old Mortality (q.v-), remarkable for her fana- tical conservatism and devoted loyalty to the house of Stuart. BEL BEN 79 Bellenden, William. A literary Scotchman in the beginning of the six- teenth century, who wrote Ctceronis Prin- ceps (1608) ; Ciceronis Consul Senator Sena- tusque Roinanus (1612) ; Be Statu Prisci Orbis (1618) ; Epithalamium on the Mar- riage of Charles I. (1625) ; De Tribus Lumi- nibus Jiomanorum libri Sexdecem (1653), (q.v.) ; Bellendenus de fitatu (1787), (q-v.), the latter being a collection of the three first-mentioned tracts. Ballendenus de Statu, by Wil- liam Bellendek (see above), is a collec- tion, in one volume, of three tracts, name- ly, Ciceronis Princeps (1608), consisting of excerpts from Cicero on the duties of a monarch ; Ciceronis Consul (1612), a com- pilation of a similar kind ; and I)e Statu Prisci Orbis (1618), an account of the re- ligion, polity, and literature of the ancient world. It was published in 1787 by Dr. Samuel Parr, who, in a learned and elabor- ate Latin preface, eulogises Fox, Burke, and Lord North, pours out a fierce invec- tive upon the character and policy of Pitt, and accuses Middleton of borrowing from Bellenden, without acknowledgment, the materials for his Life of Cicero. Several pamphlets were written in reply to this ; notably The Parriad, " addressed to the editor of Bellenden, upon his elegant but illiberal preface, by William Chapman, A.M., 1788." Bellerus. A Cornish giant, men- tioned in Milton's poem of Lycidas (q.v.). Belle's Stratagem The. A come- dy by Mrs. Hannah Cowley produced in 1780. The heroine is Letitia Hardy, a young lady of fortune, who first, as an awkward country hoyden, disgusts her lover, Doricourt, afterwards charms him at a masquarade, and eventually marries him. This comedy was reproduced in London in 1874. Its title was evidently suggested by that of Tfie Beaux' s Stratagem (q.v.). Bellew, John Chippendall Montesquieu (b. 1823, d. 1874), in addition to having acquired considerable distinction -as a public reader, was also the author of a novel, Blount Tempest; Shakespeare's Home: The Poet's Comer; and The Seven Churches of Asia Minor. Bellicent. Queen of Orkney, and sister of King Arthur, in Tennyson's Idylls of the King (q.v.). Bello Trojano, De. A Latin poem by Joseph of Exeter (circa 1198), founded on the fabulous history circulated in the Middle Ages under the name of Dares Phrygius. It was first printed in 1541, and is described by Warton as a mixture of Ovid, Statins, and Claudian, who were in Joseph's time the most popular of ancient writers. Bellows, Henry Whitney, D. D, (b. 1814), American Unitarian minister, published, in 1857, A Defence of the Drama, which, from the position of the author, excited considerable attention and criti- cism. He is also the author of several other works. Bells and Pomegranates. A ser- ies of dramas and dramatic lyrics, published by Robert Browning (b. 1812), in 1842. Hence Mrs. Browning's allusion : — " Or from Browning some ' Pomegranate ' which, if cut deep down the middle. Shows a heart within, blood-tinctured, of a veined humanity." "Belly -full of fighting, Every Jack-slave hath his." — Cymbeline, act ii., scene 1. Beloe, "William, clergyman and miscellaneous writer (b. 1756, d. 1817), pub- lished, among other works, a translation of The Rape of Helen (1786) ; Poems and Translations (1788) ; The History of Hero- dotus, from the Greek (1799) ; a translation of Alciphron's Epistles (1791) ; a translation of the Attic Mights of Aulus Gellius (1795) ; Miscellanies (1795) ; Anecdotes of Literor- ture and Scarce JSoots (1806— 1812), (q.v.)j The Sexagenarian (1817), (q.v). The latter work is of an autobiographical characten Belphoebe, in Spenser's poem of The Fa'&rie Queene (q.v.), was designed to re^ present the womanly character of Queen Elizabeth, as Gloriana (q.v.) personifies her queenly attributes. " Belphwbe " is belle Phcebe, the beautiful Diana, and she accordingly figures as a huntress. Com- pare with Ben Jons^on's " Queen and hun- tress, chaste and fair." " How shall f rayle pen describe her heavenly face, For feare, through want of ekill, her beauty to disgrace ! " Belsham, Thomas, Unitarian min- ister (b. 1750, d. 1829), wrote The Evidences of Christianity ; An Exposition of the Epis- tles of St. Paul; An Improved Version of tJie New Testament (1808) ; A Calm Inquiry into the Scripture Doctrine concerning the Person of Christ (1811) ; and Discourses, Doctrinal and Practical (two series). See the Life by Williams (1836). Belshazzar. A dramatic poem by Henry Hart Milman (1791—1868), pub- lished in 1822. Byron has an Occasional Piece, called To Belshazzar: and a. Hebrew Melody called The Vision of Belshazzar. Belvidera. The heroine of Ot- way's tragedy of Venice Preserved (q.v.) ; intended as a type of conjugal devoted- ness. Hence Tompson's well-known line — " And Belvidera pours her soul in love." See JAFFIER, Benauly. The nam de plume under which the Rev. Lyman Abbot (b. 183^ 80 BEN BEN published, in connection with his brothers, two novels entitled Conecut Corners and Mattheto Caraby. " Ben Battle was a soldier bold." The first lii^eof Faithless Nellie Gray, by Thomas Hood. "Bench of heedless bishops here, A little.' A line in Shenstone's poem of The School-mistress (q-v.). Bendlowes Edward (b. 1602, d. 1676), wrote Theophila : or Love' s Sacrifice (1652), and other works. See "Wood's Athence Oxonienses. Warburton said, " Bendlowes was famous for his own bad poetry and for patronising bad poets ; " and Pope has a reference to '* Bendlowes, propitious to blockheads," Benedick. A young lord of Padua, in Shakspeake's comedy of Much Ado about JSothing (q.v.), whose name is prover- bially used to signify a married man. "His character as a woman-hater," says Hazlitt, " is happily supported, and his conversion to matrimony is no less happily effected by the pretended story of Beatrice's love for him." See Beatrice. Benedict of Peterborough (d. 1193) was Keeper of the Great Seal from 1191 to 1193. He wrote a Life of d, Jiecket and L>e Vita et Gesfis Henrici II. et Ricliar- di I., published by Thomas Heame in 1735. See Leland and Bale ; also, Nicholson's English Historical Library. Benevolus, in Cowpek's Task (q.v.), is the prototype of John Courtney Throckmorton, of Weston Underwood. Benger, Elizabeth Ogilvy, mis- cellaneous writer (b. 1778, d. 1827), published The Female Geniad, a poem (1791) ; The Abolition of the Slave Trade, a poem (1809) ; The Heart and the Fancy : or, Valsenore, a tale (1813) ; and several biographical owrks. Ber\jamin, Park. American poet (b. 1809), has produced a poem On the Con- templation of Nature (1829); Poetry, a Satire (1843); Infatuation, a Satire (1845); and other works. Griswold, in his Poets and Poetry of America, says: '•Benjamin's satires are lively, pointed, and free from malignity or licentiousness. Some of his humorous pieces are happily expressed." Benjamin, Rabbi, "a son of Jonah of Tudela;" whose Travels "through Europe, Asia, and Africa, from the ancient kingdom of Navarre to the frontiers of China," were translated and published by Gerrano in 1783. For an account of this fictitious, but quaint and amusing, narra- tive, see Harris and Pinkerton's CoUec- tions of Voyages and Travels. Bennaskar. A ricli mercliant and magician of Delhi, in Ridley's Tales of the Genii. Bennet, Agnes Maria (d. 1805), was author of Tl,cissilwles Abroad, and other novels, many of which were trans- lated into foreign languages. Bennet, Emerson. American novelist (h. 1822), has written The Bandits of the Osage, Ella Barmvell, Mike Fink, Kate Clarendon, The Forged Will, The Prairie Flower, Lent Leonti, The Forrest Rose, The League of the Miami, Clara Mor- land, and other works. Bennet, George. See Olan Hanesmoth. Bennet, Thomas, divine and con- troversial writer (b. 1673, d. 1728), wrote against the Dissenters in his Answer to their Plea of Separation ; against the Roman Catholics in his Confutation of Popery ; against the Quakers in his Con- futation of Quakerism ; and against other bodies ; aii Essay on the Thirty-nine Arti- cles ; Priestcraft in Perfection, and other works. Bennett, Francis. lia.st whose unweary'd pains Made llorace dull and humbled Maro's strains ; " 4* and Macaulay characterised him as " the greatest scholar that had appeared in Eu- rope since the revival of letters." See Phalaris. Benvolio, in Romeo and Juliet (q. v.), is one of the friends of the hero. Beovrulf. Hero and title of the only perfect monument of old English ro. mance which has come down to us. " Beo^ wulf himself," says Wright, in his Bio- graphia Britannica, " is probably little more than a fabulous personage— another Hercules destroying monsters of evei-y de- scription, natural or supernatural, nicors, ogres, grendels, dragons." On the other hand, Suhm, the Danish historian, regards Beowulf as a real person living in the fourth century. See Taine's History of English Literature for an eloquent analy- sis and estimate of the fragment, which was edited by T. Arnold in 1876, and con- sists of 6,357 lines. Beppo. A Venetian story, writ- ten in the measure of Don Juan, probably suggested by the publication of Frere's Monks and Giants (q.v.). by Lord Byron (1788—1824). It was published in 1818. Beresford, James (b. 1764, d. 1840), wrote The Miseries of Human Life : or, the Groans of Timothy Testy and Sam- uel Sensitive, with a few Supplementary Sighs from Mrs. Testy (1806—1807), (q v.) ; and Bibliosophia, or Book- Wisdom (1812). Berington, Joseph, Roman Cath- olic writer (b. 1743, d. 1827), produced A Letter on Materialism (1776), Immaterialism Delineated (1779), History of Abelard and Heloise (1787), Reflections (1787), History of Henry II. (1790), Gregorio Panzani (1793), The Faith of Catholics proved from Scrip- ture (1812), The Literary History of the Mid- dle Ages (1814), and other works. Berkeley, George, D.D., Bishop of Cloyne and philosophical writer (b. 1684, d. 1753), wrote An Attempt to Demonstrate Arithmetic without the Aid of Algebra or Geometry (1707) ; An Essay towards a New Theory of Vision (1709) ; ^The Principles of Human Knowledge {TJIO) ; Three Dialogues beticecn Hylas and Philonous (1713) ; The Principle and Cause of Motion (1721) ; Al- ciphron, the Minute Philosopher (1732) ; Siris, a Chain of Philosophical Reflections and Inquiries Respecting the Virtues of Tar-water in the Plague (1747) ; and other works, the whole of which we*e edited and published for the Clarendon Press by Pro- fessor Eraser in 1872. They had been pre- viously issued, with a Life by T. Prior, in 1784, and again by the Eev. G. N. Wright, in 1843. For his contributions to the Guar- dian, see the British Essayists. See, also, Mrs. Oliphant's Historical Sketches of the Reign of George II., Dugald Stewart's /'"irsi Preliminary Dissertation to the Encyclo- poedia Britannica, and Sir James Mackin- 82 BBR BEB tosh's Second Prelim. Dissert, to the same work. Apropos of the bishop's peculiar philosophical theories, Byron made a well- known and amusing reference in Don Juan (canto xi. 1) : — " When Bishop Berkeley said ' there was no mat- ter,' And proved it.— 'twas no matter what he said." Pope also wrote a complimentary line in the Epilogue to the Satires (73), wherein ho ascribed " To Berkeley every virtue under heaven." •' Berkeley," says Brewster, " appears to have been altogether in earnest in main- taining his scepticism concerning the ex- istence of matter ; and the more so, as he conceived this system to be highly favour- able to the doctrines of religion, since it removed matter from the world, which had already been the stronghold of the athe- ists." See Alciphron ; America, On THE Prospect, &c. ; Humak Knowl- edge ; Tar- Water ; SiRis ; Vision, The Theory of. Berkeley, The Hon. George C. Grantley Fitz-Hardinge (b. 1800), has writ- ten, among other works, Berkeley Castle (1836) ; My Life and Recollections (1864) ; and Fact against Fiction (1874). Berkeley, The Old Woman of. A ballad by Robert Southey (1774— 1843). Berkley, Mr. An interlocutor in Longfellow's romance of Hyperion (q. v.). " An Englishman of fortune ; a good- humoured, humane old bachelor, remark- able for his common sense and his eccen- tricity." " Bermoothes, The still-Vexed." See The Tempest, act i., scene 2. " Ber- moothes : " the Bermuda Islands. Bernard, Andrew, described as a native of Toulouse, was poet-laureate and liistoriographer to Henry VII. and VIII . , and died after 1522. He is said to have written a biography of his first patron, from his birth to the rebellion of Perkin Warbeck. His laureate pieces are in Lat- in. See Warton's History, vol. iii. Bernard, Edward, mathemati- cian and chronologist (b. 1638, d. 1697), wrote a work on weights and measures, and a number of essays on scientific sub- jects. See his Life by Smith (1704). Bernard, Nicholas, divine (b. 1628, d. 1661), is best known as the editor and biographer of Archbishop Usher. He also wrote The Whole Proceedings of the Siege of Drogheda (1642), and other works. Bernard, Richard, Puritan divine (b. 1566, d. 1641), wrote Thesaut^s Biblicus, The Faithful Shepherd, Look beyond Lu- ther, &c. Bernard, "William Bayle, Amer- ican dramatist and biographer (1808—1875). in addition to writing many successfm plays, edited his father's Ji^col lections of the Stage, and, in 1874, published a Memoir of his friend Samuel Lover. Bernardo. A cliaracter in Ham- let (q.v.). Bernardo, in Dibdin's " biblio- graphical romance," called Bibliomania (q.v.), is intended for Joseph Haslewood, the literary critic and antiquary. Bernardo del Carpio. The hero of a well-known ballad by Mrs. Hemans (1794—1835). He was a knight of Spain in the ninth century, and his prowess formed the subject of many a romance and legend. Berners, Juliana, Prioress of Sopewell Nunnery, near St. Albans, is credited with the authorship of The Bokys of Hawking and Hunting, and also of Coo- tarmuHs at St. Albans (1486). The book on heraldic blazonry is supposed, says Alli- bone, to be an addendum to the preceding, and a portion of a work by Nicholas Up- ton, written about 1441. Haslewood, who republished Dame Berners' works in 1810, does not ascribe to her more than a small portion of the treatise on hawking, the treatise upon hunting, a short list oi the beasts of the chase, and another short list of beasts and fowls. See "Warton's History of English Poetry ; also, Boke of the Blazing of Arms. Berners, John, John Bourchier (d. 1532), translated into English Froissart's Chronicles of Enalande, Fraunce, Spain, Portyugale, Scotlande, Bretagne, Flaun- ders, and other places adiouynge (1523) ; The Hy story of the moost noble and val- yaunt Knyght Arthur of Lytel Brytayne ; The Famous Exploits of Huon de Bour- deaux (1601) ; The Golden Boke of Marc^is Aurelius, Emperour and Oratour, in the year 1554 ; and The Castle of Love (q.v.). He also wrote a work Of the Duties of the TnJuxbitants of Calais, of which town he was governor, and a sacred play called Ite in Vineam Meam, which was acted in the great church there after vespers. See Wood's Athence Oxonienses, Fuller's Wor- thies, and Walpole's Royal and Noble Au- thors ; also, Arthur of Lytel Bry- tayne, Castle of Love, and Frois- SART. Berriman, "William, divine (b. 1688, d. 1750), wrote An Historical Account of the Trinitarian Controversy, and wag Boyle Lecturer in 1730. Berry, The Misses, were two la- dies whos.3 Journals and Correspondence were published by Lady Theresa Lewis in 1866. They were personally known to Horace Walpole, and are mentioned by Henry Fothergill Chorley in his Recollec- tions (1873). Their Journals are full of in- BET 83 teresting particulars of society during the latter part of the last and the beginning of the present century. Mary Berry was born in 1762 and died in 1852. See Harriet Martineau's BioyraphicaL Sketches. Bertha. The blind dnugliter of Caleb Plmnmer (q.v.), in Dickens's Christ- mas story, The Cricket on the Hearth (q.v.)_ Bertha in the Lane. A lyric, in thirty-four stanzas, by Elizabeth Bar- rett BuowNiXG (1809-1861), published in IS'H, and describing the transfer of a man's alfections from one sister to another, re- lated by the elder and dying, to the young- er, sister. Bertram. A tragedy by Charles Robert Maturin (1782-1824),*producedat Drury Lane in 1816, and described by Sir "Walter Scott as "grand and powerful, the language most animated and poetical, and the characters sketched with a masterly enthusiasm." Bertram, Count of Rousillon. The hero of Shakespeare's comedy of AlVs Well that Ends Well (q.v.); beloved by Helena (q.v.). "Johnson," says Schlegel, " expresses a cordial aversion for Count Bertram, and regrets he should have been allowed to come off at last with no other punishment than a temporary shame, nay, even be rewarded with the unmerited pos- session of a virtuous wife. But does not the poet point out the true way of the world, which never makes much of man's injustice to woman, if so-called family honour is preserved ?" Bertram. A conspirator in By- ron's Marino Faliero (q.v.). Beryn, The History of ; " or, the Merchant's Second Tale," was designed by an anonymous poet, who lived soon af- ter Chaucer, as a continuation of the Can- terbury Tales (q.v.). It was first printed by Urry, who first imagined it to be Chau- cer's own. " In the prologue," says War- ton, " which is of considerable length, there is some humour and contrivance ; the author, happily enough, continues to characterise the pilgrims, by imagining what each did, and how each behaved, Avhen they all arrived at Canterbury." Bessie Bell and Mary Gray. A ballad, printed by Lyle in his Ancient Bal- lads and Sonys (1527), as taken down from the recitation of two aged persons. The story of it has been told as follows : " Bes- sie Bell and Mary Gray, daughters of two country gentlemen near Perth, were inti- mate friends. Bessie being on a visit to Mary at her father's house of Lynedoch when the plague of 1666 broke out, the two girls, to avoid contagion, went to live in a bower, or summer-house of some kind, in a retired and picturesque spot called the Burnbraes, about a mile west of Lynedoch House." But their efforts were of no avail. Through the agency of a young man who was in love with both of them, and who carried them provisions from Perth at regular intervals, they caught the plague, or, as the ballad has it,— " The pest cam' frae the neib'rin town, . And straek them baith thegitlier." They were buried at Dornoch Hough, a secluded place by the river Almond ; and more than a century afterwards Allan Ramsay wrote a song with the same title as, and using the first verse of, the present ballad. Bessus, in Beaumont and Fletch- er's play of Ki7iy and no King (q.v.), is ' ' a swaggering coward, something between Parolles and Falstaff," and akin to Boba- dil (q.v.). "Best good man, -with the worst-natured nmse. The." A line in the Earl of Rochester's Allusion to the Ninth Satire of the First Book of Horace. " Best laid schemes o' mice and men. The." Aline in Burns's poem, To a Mouse. Bestiary. The title of an Eng- lish version, extant in the thirteenth cen- tury, of a Latin physioloytis, by a certain Bishop Theobald. It consists of 802 lines, and it has its origin in a large num- ber of similar works which had existed from the earliest times. *' By degrees," we are informed, " a fixed association was established between the asserted proper- ties of certain animals and the religious meanings given to them, and the collec- tion of such parables into a religious manual was made at an early date in the Eastern Church, under the name of Physioloyus. Fisoloy, or Physioloa, came to be quoted as man or book ; and we have it as a book in Latin manuscripts of the eighth centu- ry. Out of this form of literature sprang the Bestiaries of the Middle Ages." Beth Gelert : " or, the Grave of the Greyhound." A ballad by the Hon. William Robert Spexcer (1770—18.34), " marked," it has been said, " by simplici- ty and pathos." The story on which it is founded is of very ancient origin, and ap- pears at once in the Indian Pantchatran- tra and the mediaeval Seven Sages (q.v.). Betham, Sir William, antiquary and genealogist (b. 1779, d. 1853), besides contributing to the Transactions of the So- ciety of Antiquaries and the British Ar- chaeological Association, produced the fol- lowing works : — Irish Antiquarian lie- searches (1826) ; The Origin and History of the English Constitution (1834) ; Tlie Gael and Cymbri (1834) ; and Etruria Cel- tica (1842). Bethesda. A sequel to The Ques- tioning Spirit (q.v.), a poem by Arthub Hugh Clough (1819—1861), 84 BET BIB Bethune, Alexander (b. 1804, d. 1841), wrote Tales and Sketches of the Scot- tish Peasantry (1848), and TJie Scottish Peasant's Fireside (1843) ; bepides collect- ing and editing a volume of political pieces by his brother, John Bethune (1810— 1839), to which he prefixed a memoir. His own Memoir was written by William Crombie, who also published, m 1845, Se- lections from his Cotrespondence and Liter- ary Remains. Betraying of Christ, The ; Judas in Dispaire ; The Seven Words of our Saviour on the Cross : " with other Poems on the Passion," &c. By Samuel Kow- LANDS (d. 1625). Published in 159«. Betrothed, The. A tale bv Sir Walter Scott (1771—1832), published in 1825, as one of The Tales of tJie Crusaders. Better Late than Never. A comedy by Petek Miles Andrews (d. 1814). "Better Spared a better man, I could have. "—/Tejtr?/ IV., part i., act v., sceiie 4. "Better to have loved and lost, 'Tis." See Tennyson's Jn Memo- riam, section xxvii. :— " Than never to have loved at all." "Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven." A line in Milton's Paradise Lost, book i., line 261. It has been parodied by Byron in his satire, Eng- lish Lards and Scotch Jievieicers : — " Better to err with Pope than shine with Pye." " Better to sit at the waters' birth." First line of a lyric in Macdon- ald's "faery romance," Phantasies {q-\ .), Betterton, Thomas, j)Iaywright and actor (1635—1710), wrote. The lioman Virgin : or, the Unjust Judge (1679) ; The Perenge : or, a Match at Netvgate (1680) ; The Prophetess : or, the History of JJiocle- sian, with a Masque (1690) ; King Henry 1 v., with the Humours of Sir John Fat- oto/"(1700) ; The Amorous Widow: or, the Wanton Wife (1706) ; A Sequel to Henry IV. (1719); The Bondman: or. Love and Liberty (1719) ; and The Woman made Jus- ticCf His Life was written by Gildon, and Sir llicliard Steele paid a tribute to his memory in No. 167 of Thti Tatler. See, also, Colley Gibber's Apology far his own Life, and the Liograjjhia Dramatica. Beveridge, William, Bisliop of St. Asaph (b. 1638, d. 1708), produced a large number of theological and other writings, the more important of which are his Thesaurus Theologicus (1711) ; Exjmsi- tions of the Catechism, and the Thirty-nine Articles ; a Defence of the Book of Psalms ; and Private Thoughts. Beverley, Ensign. See Abso- lute, Captain. Beverley, Peter. See Ariodante AND GiNEVBA. Beverly. The liero of Moore's play of The Gamester (q.v.). Bevil. A cliaracter in Steele's Conscious Lovers (q.v.). Bevis of Hampton, or South- ampton, Sir. The title of the English version of a French romance by Perk Lahue, called Beuves de Hanton, and written, Warton conjectures, after the Crusades ; for Bevis, the hero, is linighteii by the King of Armenia, and is one of the generals at the siege of Damascus. He was represented as Earl of Southamijton. His sword is still shown in Arundel Castle ; near Southampton is an artificial hill oalled Bevis Mount, and in the town itself is a gate, which also retains his name. He is mentioned by Chaucer, and is known in Italy as Ihoovo d'Antina. See also, Dray ton's Polyolbion, book ii. Beuves de Han- ton was printed in 1489. The earliest known English version is dated 1550. It was edited in 1836 for the MaitlandClub, and figures also in Ellis's SjJecimtns, vol. ii. " Be-ware of entrance to a quar- rel."— //a??i/c'/, acti., scene 3. " But, being in, Bear't that the opposed may beware of thee." Beware the Beare : " Tlie stran^-o but pleasing History of Balbulo and Rosina," published in 1650. A copy is preserved in the British Museum. Beware the Cat : " A Marvellox^a Hystoi-y, Conteyning diverse wonnderfuU and incredible matters, \e\y pleasant and mery to read," printed in 1570, and attrib- uted by J. p. Collier to William Bald- win (b. circa 1518). It is a very rare tract, and contains many autobiographical de- tails, Bezonian. A name applied as a, term of reproach by Pistol to Shallow in Henry I V., part ii., act v., scene 3. Bianca, in Othello (q.v.), is tlie mis- tress of Cassio, and is bribed by lago to steal Desdemona's haiidkerchief. Bianca, in Taminq of the Slirem (q.v.), is the daughter of Baptista, and in love with Lucentio. Bianca. Tlie duchess in Henry Hart Milman's tragedy of Fyzio (q.v.). Bianca Capella. A romance by Lady Lytton, founded on an Italian story. The heroine was the wife of Cosmo de Medici, and died in 1587. Bible in Spain, The. A prose work by George Borrow (b. 1803), pub- lished in 1844, and remarkable for its " graphic pictures of life, high, middle, BIB BIB 85 and low, in the byways as well as the highways of the laud of Gil Bias." Bible, The, was first translated into English by the celebrated reformer, John Wyclitfe (1324— 13Si), whose version of The Holy Bible, containing the Old and New Testaments, with the Apocryphal Books, made from the Latin Vulgate, was edited by the Rev. Josiah Forshall and Sir Frederick Madden in 1850. But the first Englishman who translated the Bible from the languages in which it was originally written was William Tyndale (1477—1536), who published, in 1526, a version of the New Testament, which was followed in 1530 by the Pentateuch, and in 1531 by the Book of Jonah. They were succeeded in their turn by Biblia : The Bible, that is, the Holy Scripture of tJie Olde and Newe Testaments, faithfully and truly translated out of Douche and Latyn into Enqlishe, by Miles Coverdale, afterwards Bishop of Exeter (1485—1565), which appeared in 1535. The version generally termed Matthews^ Bible, from the name of its publisher, varies but little, says Lowndes^ from Tyn- dale's and Coverdale's translation, and the few emendations and additions which it contains were supplied by John Rogers, the first martyr in Queen Mary's reign (1555), who superintended the publication in 1537. In April, 1539, appeared The Byble in Enylyshe, truly translated after the veryte of the Hebrue and Greke textes, by ye dylygent stiulye of dyuerse excellent learned men, expert in the forsayde tonges; generally called The Great, or Cromwell's Bible, because, printed under the direction of Coverdale, it was issued under the au- spices of Thomas, Lord Cromwell, whose arms adorn the title. In the same year, Richard Taverner (1505 — 1575), a learned member of the Inner Temple, printed The most sacred Bible, translated into Englyshe and neicly recognised with great diligence after most fay thf ill exemplars ; and in the same year' also the first edition was pub- lished of the version known as Cranmer''s Bible, because accompanied by a " pro- loge thereinto," by Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, which has since been reprinted in the third volume of The Fathers of tlie English Church. In 1560 appeared the famous Genevan Bible, so called because translated at Geneva by several English divines who had fled from the persecutions under '* Bloody " Mary. Among these were Bishop Coverdale, An- thony Gilby, William Whittingham, Chris- topher Woodman, Thomas Sampson, and Thomas Cole ; to whom some authorities add John Knox, John Bodleigh, John Pullein, and others. This edition, which was for many years the most popular one in England, and went through fifty im- pressions in the course of thirty years, was the first printed in Roman letter, and divided into verses. It was not only " translated according to the Ebrue anil Greek, and conferred with the best Trans- lations in divers languages," but included *• most profitable Annotations upon all the harde Places," which, being of a strong Calvinistic bias, rendered the version ex- tremely popular among the English Puri- tans and the Scottish Presbyterians. It was long known, however, as the Breeches Bible (q.v.)j on account of the rendering of Genesis lii. 7 : " And the eyes of them both opened, and they knew that they were naked ; and they sewed fig leaves to- gether, and made themselves breeches." The BisJiop's Bible, published in 1568, was translated from the original by eight bishops, assisted by many eminent schol- ars, who appended their initials to their several portions, the whole being under the superintendence of Archbishop Parker (1504 — 1575), who wrote the preface. In 1582, were published, at Rheims and Douay, respectively, versions of the New and Old Testaments, translated from the Vulgate by several Roman Catholic exiles. These now form the standard English Scriptures of the English Roman- ists, and are popularly referred to as the Douay Bible- We come, finally, to the King James's or Authorised Version of the Bible, which originated at the Hamp- ton Court Conference of January, 1604, when Dr. Rainolds, a distinguished Puritan divine, suggested a new translation as a great national want. In July of the same year the king issued a letter, intimating the appointment of fifty-four scholars for the preparation of the version, and instruc- ting the bishops that, whenever " a living of twenty pounds " became vacant, they were to inform his majesty of the circum- stance, in order that he might recommend one of the translators to the patron. The absolute expense of the undertaking seems to have been borne by Barker, the printer and patentee, who paid the sum of £3,500 for the right of publishing the version, in the work of which, however, only forty- seven out of the fifty-four scholars took part. These again were divided into six companies, two of which met at Westmin- ster, two at Oxford, and two at Cambridge; the first company, at Westminster, taking the Pentateuch, and the historical books to the end of 2nd Kings ; the first, at Cambridge, from the beginning of Chron- icles to the end of Canticles ; and the first, at Oxford, the remaining books of the Old Testament. The second company, at West- minster, translated the Apostolic Epistles; the second, at Cambridge, the Apocrypha; and the second, at Oxford, the Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, and the Apoca- lypse. Then, says Selden, in his Table Talk, " they met together, and one read the translation, the rest holding in their hands some book, either of the learned tongues, or French, Spanish, Italian, &c. If they found any fault, they spoke ; if not. he read on." When a portion was finished by oue of each company, it was sent to all 66 BIB BIC the others in succession for their criticism, and when a difference of opinion occurred, reference was made to a committee. The final revision was entrusted to a company of twelve, who, selected in couples from each of the six companies, met daily for nine months in the old hall of the Station- ers, at London. The work occupied from 1607 to 1610, and the version was duly pub- lished in 1611. its revision was recom- mended by the bishops in Convocation in February, 1870, and the committee, con- sisting of eminent scholars of all denomi- nations, which was appointed in May. held its first meeting in the Jerusalem Chamber, Westminster Abbey, on June 22nd of that year. For Commentaries on the Bible see the works by Matthew Henry, Scott, Alford, Pusey, Wordsworth, David- son, Lange, Bauer, Meyer, Bengel, Kiel and Delitzch and others ; also. The Speak- er's Commentary , by dignitaries of the Ang- lican Church. See Westcott's History of the Bible, Anderson's Annals of the English Bible, Home's Introduction, Smith's Bible Dictionary, Kitto's and Eadie's Bible CWcZowcerfia,Fairbairn's Bible Dictionary, The Bible Educator, &c. Biblia Pauperum ( The Poor Man's Bible). A collection of illustrations of the leading events of Scripture history, printed in the Middle Ages, when reading was an accomplishment acquired only by the few. Bibliographer's Manual, The. " An account of rare, curious, and useful books, published in or relating to Great Britain and Ireland, from the invention of printing ; with bibliographical and critical notices, collations of the rarer articles, and the prices at which they have been sold during the present century," by Wil- liam Thomas Lowndes (d. 1843), pub- lished originally in 1834, and revised, cor- rected, and enlarged by H. G. Bohn, in 1858—64. Bibliography, or tlie Science of Books. The most important works in this branch of literature, published in England, are Home's hitroduction to the Science of Books (1814) ; OiTne's Bibliotheca Biblica (1824); Watt's Biblotheca Britannica; Darling's Cyclopcedia Bibliograx>hica (1852 —58) ; Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual (1834), revised by Bohn (1858—64) ; Low's British Catalogues (1835—62) ; and Low's English Catalogue, continued annually. In English and American literature there are Allibone's Dictionary of English and American Authors (1858—71); Roorbach's Bibliotheca Americana (1849—52); and Triibner's Guide to American Literature (1859). See Allibone ; Bibliographer's Manual ; Bibliotheca Biblica, Bibliomania: " or. Book Madness ; a Bibliographical Romance in Six Parts," by Thomas Frognall Dibdin (1770— 1847), published in 1811, and written in dialogues or conversations; the characters introduced being well-known book collec- tors of the author's acquaintance. Among these, Aurelius stands for George Chalmers, Atticus for Richard Heber, Bernardo for Joseph Haslewood, Marcellus for Edmund Malone, Menander for Thomas Warton, Prospero for Francis Douce, Sir Tristram, for Sir Walter Scott, Sycorax for Joseph Ritson, and Lysander and Rosicrucius for the author himself. The great value of the work, liowever, lies in the notes, which are full of curious information about books and bookmen. Bibliopolae, Religio: "or, the Religion of a bookseller ; " by John Dun- ton (1659—17.33) and Benjamin Bridge- water. An imitation of Beligio Medici (q.v.), published in 1691. Dunton's Life was published by Nichols in 1818. Bibliotheca Biblica : "A select List of Books on Sacred Literature, with Notices, Biographical, Critical, and Biblio- graphical," by William Orme (1787—1830), published in 1824. Bickerstaff Isaac, dramatist (b. 1735, d. 1787), wrote Leucothe (1756); Thom- as and Sally (1760) ; Love in a Village (1765), (q.v.); Judith (1764), (q.v.); The Maid of the Mill (176.5); Daphne and Amintor (1765) ; The Plain Dealer (1766); Love in the City (1767); Lionel and Clarissa (1768) ; The Absent Man (1768); The Boyal Garland (1768); The Padlock (1768); The Hypocrite (1768); The Ephesian Matron (1769); Dr. Last in his Chariot (1769); The Captive (1769); The School for Fathers (1770) ; 'Tis Well it's no Worse (1770); The BecrvMing Sergeant (1770) ; He Would if he Could (1771) ; The Sultan (1775) ; and, according to some authorities, The Spoiled Child (1805) . Many of these have been reprinted in The British Theatre, Inchbald's Collec- tion of Farces, and The British Acting Drama- See the Biographia Dramatica, and Hazlitt's Essays on the Comic Writers. Bickerstaff, Isaac. Tlie pseudon- ym of Sir Richard Steele as editor of The Tatler (q.v.). **He was an imaginary per- son," says Macaulay, " almost as well known in that age as Mr. Paul Pry or Mr. Samuel Pickwick in ours." Sv/if t had as- sumed the name of Bickerstaff in a satiri- cal pamphlet against Partridge, the maker of almanacks. Partridge had injudicious- ly published a furious reply. Bickerstaff had then rejoined in a second pamphlet still more diverting than the first- All the wits had combined to keep up the joke, and the town was long in convulsions of laughter. Steele determined to employ the name which this controversy had ren- dered popular, and, in 1709, it was announ- ced that Isaac Bickerstaff, Esquire, astrol- oger, was about to publish a paper called The Taller. Swift derived the name Bick- erstaff from a blacksmith's sign, and added Isaac as a humorous conjunction. BIG BIN 87 Bickersteth, Edward, D. D., Pean of Lichfield (b. 1814), has written Questions illustrating the Thirty-nine Arti- cles, Catechetical Exercises on the Apostles' Creed, Prayers for the Present Times, and a large number of charges as Archdeacon of Buckingham, and separate sermons. He is one of the New Testament Revision Committee. Bickersteth, Edward Henry, clergyman, poet, and miscellaneous writer (b. 1825), has published Poems (1848) ; Yes- erday, To-day, and For Ever (1866) The Two Brothers, and other Poems (1871) ; and other works, besides editing The Hymnal Companion to the Book of Common Prayer (1870). Bickersteth, Robert, D.D., Bis- hop of Ripon (b. 1816), has published Bible Landmarks (1850); 'Lent Lectures (1851) ; Sermons (1866) ; various charges (1858, 1861, 1864, 1867, 1870) ; and some single ser- mons and lectures. "Bid me discourse, I w^ill en- chant thine ear." Line 145 of Venus and Adonis (q.v.). " Bid me to live, and I will live." First line of Herrick's verses To Anthea. " Thou art my life, my love, my heart, The very eyes of me, And hast command of every part To live and die for thee." Biddle, John, called the " Father of English Unitarianism (h. 1615, d. 1662), was the author of Twelve Arguments against the Divinity of the Holy Ghost, and various other anti-Trinitarian publi- cations. Bideford, The Rural Postman of. The name under which Edward Ca- PERjf, the Devonshire poet (b. 1819), is fre- quently described. He is a postman by occupation, and resident at Bideford. See Postman Poet, The. Bierce, M. A. See Grile, Dod. Big-Endians, The. The name given by Dean Swift to an imaginary relig- ious party in Lilliput (q.v.) The chief dif- ference between the two parties was that one broke their eggs at the big and the other at the little end ; a satire upon the Protestants and Roman Catholics respect- ively. " Big v^ith the fate of Cato and of Rome."— ADDiBON'S'tragedy of Cato, act i., scene 1. Bigg, J. Stanyan. A member of the " spasmodic " school of poetry, who published Night and the Soul, a dramatic poem (1854). Biglow^ Papers, The. A series of satirical poems, in the quaint Yankee dialect, ascribed to a certain Hosea Biglow, but really written by the American poet, James Russell Lowell (b. 1819), and published in 1848. The English edition of the Papers has an appreciative preface by the author of Tom Brown's Schooldays. Bigsby, Robert, LL.D., poet and miscellaneous writer (b. 1806); has produc- ed among other works, The Triumph of Drake, a poem (1839); Miscellaneous Poems and Essays (18i2); Visions of the Times of Old (1848); Omba, a dramatic romance (1853); and A Memoir of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem from the Capitulation of Malta till 1798 (1869). Bilboa. See Bayes. Billee, Little. A ballad by Wil- liam Makepeace Thackeray (1811— 1863), telling how " three sailors of Bristol city " took a boat ami went to sea : " — " There was gorging Jack and guzzhng Jimmy, And the youngest he was little Billee. Now when they got as far as the Equator They'd nothing left but one split pea. To gorging Jack says guzzling Jimmy, ' We've nothing left, us must eat Ave,' " And they decide to sacrifice their small companion, who, in the end, however, triumphantly avoids the fate proposed for hinj. Billings, Josh. The nam de plume assumed by an American humorist, A. W. Shaw, whose Book of Sayings was pub- lished in 1866. Bilson, Thomas, Bishop of Wor- cester and Winchester (b. 1535, d. 1616), wrote The True Difference between Christian Subjection and Unchristian Rebellion, fol- lowed, in 1593, by The Perjjetual Govern- ment of- Christ's Church. Both works are strong in their reprobation of Romish error. Bingham, Joseph, theologian (b. 1668, d. 1723), is chiefly known as the author of Origines Eccksiasticce ; or An- tiquities of the Christian Church {q.v.). Binney, Thomas, D.D., Inde- pendent minister (b. 1798, d. 1874), pub- lished, besides a large number of religious works, A Life of Fowell Buxton. His Ser- mons preached in 1829—69 (1875) are pre- faced by a Biographical Memoir by Dr. A Hon. Binnorie, The Twa Sisters o'. A ballad, which tells how one sister, through jealousy, pushed the other into the water, and how the other, caught up in "the bonny mill-dams o' Binnorie," was found there by a harper, who took three locks of her yellow hair, and. '* wi' them strung his harp sae sare." *• And next when the harp began to- sing, 'Twas ' Farewell, sweetheart ! ' said the string. And then as plain as plain could be, ' There sits my sister wha drowned me i " Different versions are given in Wit Bestor'd (1658), Pinkerton's Tragic Ballads, and Scott's Border Minstrelsy. See Seven Sis- ters. The, dd BIO BLA Biographia Britannica, The, is the great work with which tlie name of Dr. Andrew Kippis (q.v.) is connected. Five large folio volumes appeared in 1778 — 79, bringing the dictionary down to F, and the sixth was passing through the press at the time of Dr. Kippis's death. The work is still unfinished. Biographia Literaria : " or, Bi- ographical Sketches of my Literary Life and Opinions," published by Samuel Tay- lor Coleridge (1772—1834) in 1817. Bion. For the Idylliums and Frag- ments of this poet, translated by Francis Fawkes (1721— 1777), see Anderson's British Poets, and The Family Classical Library- Biondello. An Italian novelist, an English translation of whose tales was probably extant in the reign of Elizabeth, and to whom Shakespeare was several times indebted for the plots of his plays. A selection from his works is included in Roscoe's Italian Novelists. See Twelfth Night, and Much Ado about Nothing. Biondello. A character in Taming of the Shrew (q.v.). Birch, Dr. " A Chirstraas Book," by William Makepeace Thackeray (1811—1863). Birch, Harvey. A character in Cooper's novel of The Spy (q.v.). Birch, Samuel, LL.D. (b. 1813), archaeologist and antiquarian, has written a History of Ancient Pottery (1858), and other Valuable works on Egyptian antiquities. Brich, Thomas (b. 1705, d. 1765), published A History on the Royal Society of London (1756—7); an edition of the works of Boyle ; and, with Sale, a new version of Bayle's Critical Dictionary. The History is still regarded as a standard work. Bird, Robert Montgomery, M.D., American novelist and dramatist (b. 1803, d. 1864), wrote Calavar : or, the Knight of the Conquest, a Romance of Mexico (1834); The Infidel : or, the Fall of Mexico .1835); The Hawks of Hawk Hollow, a Tradi- tion of Pennsylvania (1835); Sheppard Lee (1836); Nick of the Woods (l&Sl) ; Peter Pil- grim (1838); and The Adventures of Robin J Jay (1839); besides the tragedies of The Gladiator, Oraloosa, and The Broker of Bogota. " Birds in the high hall-garden." Fii-st line of section xii. of Tennyson's dramatic poem of Aland (q.v.). Birds, the British. See British Birds, The. Birks, Rev. Thomas Rawson (b. 1810), theological and philosophical writer, has published many important works, among the best known of which are Horce Apostolica, a supplement to the Horce Pauiiiioe of Paley ; Horai Evangelicce^ The Bible and Modern Thought ; First Prin- ciples of Modern Science ; and the Memoirs of his father-in-law, the Rev. E. Bicker- steth. Biron. A lord in attendance on Ferdinand, King of Navarre, in Love La- bour Lost (q.v.) ; characterised by his exu- berant wit, raillery, and good humour. Ho is in love with Rosaline ; and the two may be studied advantargeously as prototypes of Benedick and Beatrice. Biron. The hero of Southerne's tragedy of Isabella: or, the Fatal Marriage (q.v.) ; the huaband of Isabella. " Birth is but a sleep and a for- getting, Our," See stanza 5 of Words- avorth's Ode on the Intimations of Immor- tality from Recollections of Childliood (q.v.):- " The Soul that rises with us, our life's Star Hath had elsewhere its setting, And Cometh from afar ; Not in entire forgetfulness. And not in utter nakedness. But training clouds of glory do we come From Goof, who is our home." Bisarre. A vivacious, eccentric lady in Farquhar's comedy of The Incon- stant (q.v.), whose name is obviously synonymous with the French word bizarre, extraordinary, grotesque. Biscop, Benedict (b. about 654, d. 690), was the author of Concordantia Regularum (q.v.), and other works. For Biography, see Bede, Simon of Hurham, and William of Malmesbury ; also Wright's Biographia Britannica. For Criticism, see Warton's English Poetry, Chalmer's Eng- lish Poets, and the Biogra2)hie Universelle. Bishop, John, published, in 1577, Beatifull Blossoms gathered by JohnByshop, from the best Trees of all Kyndes. In the year following he also issued The Garden of Recreation, collected out of the most aun- cient and best Writers in all Ages by John Bishoppe, Gentleman. Bishop, Matthe\^r, published his Life and Adventures (1744), in which he was, says the Retrospective Itevievi, " a per- fect original; and in his description of his own exploits has uncunsciously given an extremely laughable sketch of the pecu- liarities of a British sailor." Biter, The. A comedy by Nich- olas ROWE (1673- 1718), acted in 1706 ; " with which," says Dr. Johnson, " though it was unfavourably treated by the audi- ence, he was himself delighted, for he is said to have sat in the house, laugliing Avith great vehemence whenever he had, in his own opinion, produced a jest." Black Dwarf, The. A romance by Sir Walter Scoxt (1771—1832), pub- lishediulSie. BLA BLA 3d Black, John, journalist (b. 1783, d. 1855), was for many years editor of The Mornint/ Chronicle (1823 — 14). He was tlie author "of a Life of Torquato Tasso (1810). and translated into English Humboldt's PnUtic-U Essay on the Kingdom of Keiv Spain (-1811) ; Goldoni's Memoirs of //m- .9e//(1813); Schlegel's Lectures on Drama- tic Art and Literature (1815), and Schlegel's History of Literature, Ancient and Modern (1810). See Grant's History of the News- ]K(.per Press, Thornton Hunt's Fmirth Es- tate, and Mill's Autobiography. Black. William, novelist (b. 1841), has published A Daughter of Heth ; In Silk At Lire; Kilmcny ; Love or Marriage; The Monarch of Mincing Lane; The Strange Adventure's of a Phaeton; A Princess of Thule : Maid of Killeena ; Three Feathers ; Mr. Pisistrafus Broion ; Madcap Violet, and other novels. Blackacre, The Widcw, in AVvcHKRLEY's comedy of The Plain Deal- er (q.v.), is, " beyond question, Wycherley's best comic character. She is," says Ma- caiilay, "the Countess in Racine's /*/air/- eurs, talkin.'4 the jargon of English, instead of French chicane." Blackburn. Henry (b, 1880), art- ist and author, h:is published Life in Algeria, Tntrclliiig in Spain, The Pyrenees, Artists and Arabs, Normandy Picturesque, Art in the Moan fains, and The Harz Moun- tains, and for some time edited London Society (1870—72). Black-eyed Susan. A balled by Joux Gav (1688—1732), the first line of which runs— " All in the Downs the fleet was moored " It was set to music by Kichard Leveridge, and is described by Hazlitt, as " one of the most delightful that can be imagined. Nor do I see," he says, " that it is a bit the worse for Mr. Jekyll's parody on it " Also the title of a play by D. Jerrold. Blackie, John Stuart, Professor of Greek at Edinburgh (b. 1809), has pub- lished a translation of Goethe's Faust (1837) ; The Pronunciation of 6'rec^• (1852) ; Poems, chiefly on Greek Mythology (1857) ; A Discourse of Beauty (1858) ; Poems, Eng- lish and Latin (1860) ; a translation of tlie Iliicd, with Notes and Dissertations (1806) ; Musa Burschicosa (1869); War Songs of the Germans (1870) ; Four Phases of Morals (1871) ; Lai/s of the Highlands and Islands (1872) ; Se'f-Cultnre (187.3) ; Hone Hellen- ics (1874) ; and Songs (1876). Blacklock, Thomas, D.D., Pres- byterian minister and poet (b. 1721, d. 1791), wrote Poems (1754) ; A Panegyric on (rreat Britain (177.3) ; The Grahaine (1774) : An Essay towards Universal Etymology : or, the Analysis of a Sentence (1756) ; Parac- usis •• or, Consolations deduced from Nor tural and Revealed lieligion (1767), (q.v.) ; an article on blindness. fVom which he was himself a sufferer from his sixth year, in the Encyclopcedia Britannica; and some sennons from the French of Armand, on The Spirit and Evidences of Christianity (1768). His Poems were collected and pub- lished in 1793, with an account of his Jjife and writings by Henry Mackenzie, after- wards incorporated in Chalmers's edition of the Poets. See, also, the biographies by Gordon, Anderson ^ and Spence. " His poems," wrote Southey, " are very extra- ordinary productions.'' See AuiioRA on Melissa's Birthday ; Grahame, The. Blackmore, Richard Dodd- ridge, novelist, has written, among otlier works, Clara Vauqlian, Cradock Kowell, Lorna Doone The Maid of Sker, Alice Lor- raine, Cripps the Carrier, and Erema, be- sides translating Virgil's Georgics. Blackmore, Sir Richard, baro- net, physician, and poet (16.50—1729), wrote Prince Arthur (1695) ; King Arthur (1697) ; Paraphrases of the Book of Job, &c. (1700) ; A Satire upon - in his cnrrinfjc the sublime Sir Richard Blackmore used to rhyme, And (if the wits don't do him wrong) 'Twixt death mid enics pass'd his time, Scribbling and killing all day long." See Alfred ; Arthur, Prince ; Cheap- side Knight, The; Creation; Lay MoNASTERV, The ; Psalms of David; AND Vanderbank ; "VViT, Satire upon. Blackness, The Masque of, was written by Ben Jonson [1574 — 1637), in 1605. Blacksmith's Daughter, The. Aji old Elizabethan drama, mentioned by Stephen Gosson in his Plays Confuted (q.v.). as portraying " the treachery of Turks, the honourable bounty of a noble mind, and the shining of virtue in distress." Blackstone, Sir William, LL.D. (1723—1780), wrote Commentaries on the Latos of England (q.v.), the lirst volume of which was published in 1765. See Loixl Campbell's Lives of the Chief Justices, and Lo^vndes' Bibliographer's Manual. For a list of opinions and critical authorities, soo Allibone's Dictionary of English and Amtrt' can Authors- Blackwell, Thomas, Principal o Marischal College, Aberdeen (b. 1701, d. 66 BLA BLA 1757) produced An Inquiry into the Life and Writings of Homer, Proofs of the Inquiry, Letters Concerning Mythology, and Memoirs of the Court of Augustus. Black-wood, Adam, Scottish poet and miscellaneous writer (b. 1639, d. 1613), published De Vinculo seu Conjunctione lieligionis et Imjjerii (1573 and 1615) ; Apolo- gia pro Regihus, an answer to Buclianan's De Jxire Regni (1581); Marty re de Marie Stuart, reine d'Escosse (1588); and Sanc- torum Precationum Proemia. A complete edition of his JVorks appeared in 1644. Blackwood's Edinburgh Mag- azine. A monthly periodical, started in 1817, which has, in the course of its exis- tence, included contributions from Profes- sor Wilson, J. G. Lockhart, Dr. Maginn, John Gait, D. M. Moir, De Quincey, Charles Lamb, Walter Savage Landor, Charles Lever, Lord Lytton, Sir Archibald Alison, Professor Aytoun, Theodore Martin, Mrs. Oliphant, W. W. Story, Frederick Locker, G. C. Swayne, George Eliot, G. H. Lewes, and R. H. Patterson. It was at one time familiarly known as " Maga" (from " mag- azine"), and "Old Ebony" (q.v.), in allu- sion to the publisher's name. For notices of its origin and history, see Professor Wilson's Life and Ferrier's edition of the Nodes Ambrosiance. The portrait on the cover is that of George Buchanan (q.v.). See, also, Chaldee MSS. Bladamour. Tlie friend of Pari- del, in Spenseb's Faerie Queene (q.v.). Blades, William (b. 1824), by profession a printer, is the author of The Life of William Caxton (1863), which is con- sidered to be one of the most important contributions to the history of printing in England that has yet been published. Mr. Blades has also edited several early printed books. Blair, Adam : " A tale of Scottish life," by John Gibson Lockhart (1794— 1854), printed in 1822. Its full title is, " Some Passages in the Life of Mr. Adam Blair, Minister of the Gospel at Cross- Meikle." The story describes " the fall of a Scottish minister from the purity and dignity of the pastoral character, and his restoration, after a season of deep peni- tence and contrition, to the duties of his sacred profession, in the same place which had formerly witnessed his worth and use- fulness." Blair, Rev. David. One of the numerous noms de plumt. of Sir Richard Phillips (1768—1840), who published several works under that designation. Blair, Hugh, D.D., Presbyterian minister and professor of rhetoric (b. 1718, d. 1799), wrote A Dissertation on the Poems of Ossian (1763); Sermons (1777), (q.v.); and Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettree (1783). " The merits of Blair," sajrs Sydney Smith, " are plain good sense, and a clear, harmonious style. He generally leaves hia readers pleased with his judgment and hia just observations on human conduct, with- out ever rising so high as to touch the great passions, or kindle any enthusiasm in favour of virtue." Blair, John, Scottish chronologer (d. 1782), produced, in 1745, The Chronology and History of the World, from the Creation to the year of Christ, 1753. His lectures 0?i the Canon of the Old Testament were pub- lished posthumously. Blair, Robert, cliaplain to Sir Wil- liam Wallace (circa 1300), was the author of the Latin poem, Gesta Willelmi Wallas, which Blind Harry translated in his Acts and Deeds of Sir William Wallace (q.v.). He also wrote another Latin poem, entitled, De Liherata tyrannide Scotia. See War- ton's History of English Poetry. Blair, Robert, poet (b. 1699, d. 1746), wrote The Grave (1743). (q.v.). His Life has been written by the Rev. George Gilfillan and others. For Criticism, see Campbell's Specimens of the British Poets. Blaize, Mrs. Mary : " An Elegy on that Glory of her Sex," by Oliver Goldsmith (1728—1774). A comic ballad, in imitation of a French original— " The king himself has followed her, When she has walked before." Blake, "William, poet and artist (b. 1757, d. 1828), wrote Poetical Sketches (1783); Songs of Innocence (1789), (q.y.); The Book of Thiel (1789); America, a Prophecy (1793); Songs of Experience (1793), (q.v.); The Gates of Paradise (1793); The Vision of the Daughters of Albion (1793); Europe, a Prophecy (1794); The Book of Ahania (1795); Urizen: or, the Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1800) ; Milton (1804); and other works. His Life has heen written by Gil- christ (1863), and Swinburne (1867). "I must look upon him," said Charles Lamb, " as one of the most extraordinary persons of the age." See the editions of his Poems by Rossetti and Shepherd. Blakesley, Joseph Williams, Dean of Lincoln (b. 1808), has published Condones Academicoe ; a Life of Aristotle (1839); an edition of Herodotus '(1854), and other works. See Hertfordshire In- cumbent, An. Blakey, Robert (b. 1795), a volu- minous writer on philosophy and general literature, has published The Freedom of the Divine and Human Wills (1829); His- tory of Moral Science (1833); Essay on Logic (1834); History of Political Literature (1855); and other works. " Blame not my lute ! for he must sound." First line of a lyric by Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503—1542). See Hanr nah's Courtly Poets. 6LA BLE 91 Blamire, Susanna, poetess (b. 1747, d. 1794), wrote Stocklewath: or, the Cumbrian Village, and various lyrics, among others The Xabob.The Siller Croicn, The lyaefu' Heart, a.nd Auld Robin Forbes, (q.v.), which were collected, edited, and published, with a memoir by Patrick Max- well, in 1842. Her Souf/s and Poems have since been edited by Sidiiey Gilpin, in 18G6. Blanchard, Edward Laman, dra- matist and novelist (b. 1820). has, in the course of his career, furnishea the theatres with upwards of a hundred pieces, chiefly pantomimes, besides ijublishing two novels, entitled Temple Bar and The Man witliout a Destiny- He was at one time editor of C/tambers^s London Journal. Blanchard, Laman, miscellaneous writer (b. 1803, d. 18G5), published, in 1828, The Lyric Offering, His tales and essays, entitled Sketchesfrom Life, were published, with a Memoir, by Lord Ly tton, in 1849; his poetical works in 187G. Blanchardine and Eglantine. A chivalric romance of the Middle Ages, printed by William Caxtox (1412—1491). Blanche. Niece of King John, in Shakespeare's play of that name (q.v.). Blaneford, Henry of, added a fragment to the Annals of John of Troke- lowe (q.v.). Blaney. A wealtliy heir, wlio ruins himself by dissipation, in Crabbe's poem of The Borough (q.v.). Blank Verse, the first writer of, in England, was the Earl of Sitrrey (1515— 1547), who used this ten-syllabled, unrhym- ed measure in the translation of two books of the ^neid. "The experiment was founded," we are told, "upon one of the new fashions in Italian literature, and may have been immediately suggested to him by a translation into Italian blank verse of the same two books of the ^neid by Car- dinal Ippolito de Medici." After Surrey, the most characteristic and original blank verse in English literature has been pro- vided by Shakespeare, Marlowe, Milton, Wordsworth, Browning, and Tennyson, each of whom has a distinct style of his own. Blatant Beast, The, in Spencer's Faerie Queene, is emblematic of popular clamour. Blazing of Arms, The Boke of the. See Boke of the Blazing of Arms. Bleak House. A novel by Charles Dickens (1812—1870), the title of which was suggested, it is said, by the situation of a certain tall, brick house at Broadstairs, which stands high above and far away from the remainder of the town, and in which the author resided for several seasons. The stoiy originally appeared in monthly numbei-s, and was published in a complete form in August, 1852. See Bov- THORNE, CHADBAND, DeDLOCK, JaRN- DYCE, Jellyby, Krook, Skimpole, Sum- MERSON, and Turveydrop, Bledsoe, Albert, American writer (b. 1808), has written An Examination of Edioards on the Freedom of the Will (1845); Theodicy: or. Vindication of the Divine Glory (1856) ; and An Essay on Liberty and Slavery (ISSfi), in which he attempts to defend the latter institution. Blefuscu. An Island lying to the north-east of Lilliput.and inhabited by pig- mies ; described by Swift in Gulliver's Travels. It is intemlod for France- Blenheim. A poem by John Philips (167G— 1708), published in 1705, at the request of Harley and St. John, as Addison's Campaign was written at the request of Godolphin and Halifax. "He seems to have formed his ideas of the field of Blenheim from the battles of the heroic ages or the tales of chivalry, with very little comprehension of the qualities neces- sary to the composition of a modern hero, which Addison has displayed with so much propriety. He makes Marlborough behold at a distance the slaughter made by Tallard. then haste to encounter and restrain him, and mow his way through ranks heatlless with his sword." The poem is "as com- pletely a burlesque upon Milton as The Splendid Shilling, though it was written and read with gravity. In describing his hero, Marlborough, stepping out of ^ueen Anne's drawing-room, he unconsciously carries the mock heroic to perfection, when he says: — ' His plumy crest Nods horrible. With more terrific port He walks, and seems already in tlie fight.' " " Blesses his stars, and thinks it luxury." A line in Addison's tragedy of Cato, act i., scene 4. ''Blessings be "with them, and etarnal praise." See stanza iv. of Words- avorth's verses on The Poets :— " Who gave us nobler loves and nobler cares— The poets who on earth have made us heirs Of truth and pure delight by heavenly lays ! " Blessington Marguerite Coun- tess of, novelist and miscellaneous writer (b. 1790, d. 1849), wrote The Magic Lantern (1822); Sketches and Fragments (1822); travelling Sketches in Belgium ; Conversa- tions with Lord Byron (183^); The Repealers (1833), (q.v.); The Tico Friends ; Meredyth ; The Follies of Fashion; The Victims of Society; The Confessions of ari Elderly Lady ; The Governess ; The Lottery of Life, and other Tales ; Strathern; or, Life at Home and Abroad, The Memoirs qf a Femme de Chambre ; Lionel Deerhurst : or, FashionaUQ Lift under the Regency; Mar^ da 6le bl6 maduke Herbert ; Country (^larters ; Desul- tory Thoughts and Reflections (1839) ; The Idler in Italy ; The Idler in France (1841) and a poem called The Belle of the Season. For Biography, ^ee the Life and Correspon- dence, edited by D. K. Madden ; Willis's Pencillings by the tvay ; andChorley's Life and Autobiography. Also J. C. Jeaftresoii's Novels and Novelists, and The Edinburgh Jieview for 1838. " The novels of Lady Blessington are strongly characterised by the social phenomena of the times ; they are peculiarly the romans de sociiti ; the characters that move and breathe through- out them are the actual persons of the great world ; and the reflections with which they abound belong to the philosophy of one who has well examined the existing manners. " Blest as the immortal gods is he. " First line of the celebrated fragment of Sappho, translated by Ambrose Phil- ips (1G71— 1749). Bleys, in Tennyson's Idylls of the King ('< The Coming of Arthur"), "is described as " Merlin's master [so they call him), Bleys,"— " Who taught him magic, but the scholar ran Before the master, and bo far, that Bleys Laid magic by, and sat him down and wrote All things and whatsoever Merlin did In one great annal book." Bilfil, in Fielding's History of Tom Jones (q.v.), is a deceitful friend of the hero. " There is exquisite keeping," says Hazlitt, ** in the character of this person- age." Blimber, Miss Cornelia, in Dick- ens's novel of Dombey and Son (q.v), is the daughter of Dr. Blimber, head of an edu- cational establishmeut conducted oji the cramming principle. She is described as a young lady with "no light nonsense about her," whose hair has become " dry and sandy with working in ^he graves of deceased languages." " Blind bard who on the Chian strand, That," is the description under which Homer figures in Coleridge's poem ©f Fancy in Nubibus, where he is spoken of as beholding " The Iliad and the Odyssee Rise to the swelling of the voicefHl sea." See "Blind old man of Scio's rocky ISLE, The." Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green, The. A comedy by Henry Chettle and John Day (circa 1592), acted in April, 1600, and printed in 1659. See Beggar's Daughter op Bednall Green, The, Blind Boy's Prank, The. A poem by William Thom (1799—1850), which, by its appearance in the columns of the Aberdeen Herald, first attracted at- tention to its author's merits. Blind Girl of Castel-Cuille, The. A poem, translated from the Gascon of Jasmin, by Henry Wadsworth Long- fellow. " The author of this beautiful poem," he said, *' is to the South of France what Burns is to the South of Scotland. He still lives at Agen, on the Garonne ; and long may he live there to delight his native land with native songs." Jasmin died in 1864. See Miss Costello's Beam and the Pyrenees. Blind Harry. See Harry, Blind. " Blind old man of Scio's rooky isle. The." See stanza 2, canto ii. of By- ron's poem of The Bride of Abydos (q.v,). The allusion is to Homer. See " Blind BARD," &c. Blind Preacher, The. A name given to W. H. Milburn, an American pi'eacher and author. Blind Traveller, The, See Hoi^ MAN, James. Blinde Beggar of Alexandria, The, A play by George Chapman (1557 —1634), produced in 1598. "Bliss of solitude, That inward eye which is the," See Wordsworth's poem of The 7Jajfo(Zi/.s, beginning, "I wan- dered lonely as a cloud." The expression is said to be Mrs- Wordsworth's. Bliss, Philip, D.D., edited an edition of the Athenoi Oxonienses (q.v,), Blithedale Romance, The, A story by Nathaniel Haavthorne (1804--- 1864), published in 1852, and founded on the author's experience as a member of the Brook Farm community. "Its pre- dominant idea," says R. H. Hiitton, "is to delineate the deranging effect of an ab- sorbing philanthropic idea on a powerful mind ; the unscrupulous sacrifices of per- sonal claims which it induces, and the misery in which it ends. There is scarcely one incident in the tale properly so called except the catastrophe," Blomefield, Miles (b, circa 1525), wrote a chemical tract in metre, entitled, Blomefield's Blossoms ; or, the Campe of Philosophy (1557). " It is a vision, and in the octave stanza. He is admitted into the camp of philosophy by Time, through a superb gate which has twelve locks. Just within the entrance are assembled all the true philosophers, from Hermes and Aris- totle down to Roger Bacon and the Canon of Bridlington. Detached at some dis- tance appear those unskilful but specious pretenders to the transmutation of metals, lame^ blind, and emaciated by their own pernicious drugs and injudicious experi- ments, who defrauded King Henry the Fourth of immense treasures by a counter- feit elixir. Among the other wonders of this mysterious region, he sees the tree of BLO BLU 93 philosophy, which has fifteen different buds, bearing fifteen different fruits." Warton tells us that Blomefield dedicated to Queen Elizabeth a system of the occult sciences, entitled, The liule of Life: or, the Fifth Essence. Blomfield, Charles James, Bisli- op of London (b. 178C, d. 1857), was a fre- quent contributor to the Quarterly and Kdinburfih Bevietos, Encyclopedia Britan- nica, and i\fuseum Criticum, andalt^o wrote A Dissertation upon the Traditional Know- led qe of a premised liedeemer, lahich sub- sisted before the Advent of our Saviour (1819) ; Five Lectures on the Gospel of St. John, as bearinq Testimony to the I>ivini- ty of Jesus Christ (1823) ; and Manuals of Family Prayers and J'rivafe Devotion ; besides editing a large number of classical works. See Biber's Bishop Blomfield and his Times (1867), and the Life by A. Blom- field (1863). Blonde of Oxford and Jehan of Dainmartin. A metrical romance by Philip i-b Rambs (circa 1190) ; interest- ing on account of its description of the baronial manners of the period. It was edited for the Camden Society in 1858. "Blood of all the Howards, Alas! not all the." Lino 21G of Pope's EjnstlelF. Bloomfield, Nathaniel, poet, brother of Robert Bloomfield (q. v.), was the author of an Essay on War, Tlie Culprit, and a ballad, entitled Honinyton Green, to which Byron refers in his English Bards and Scotch Reviewers : — " If Phoebus smiled on you, Bloomfield. why not on brother Nathan, too ? Ilim, too, the Mania, not the Muse, has seized ; Not inspiration, but a mind diseased ; And now no boor can seek his last abode, ^ No conunon be enclosed, without an ode." His Poems appeared in 1803. Blomfield, Robert, poet (b. 17C6, d. 1823), published The Fai-mcr's Boy (1800) ; Rural Tales and Ballads (1802) ; Good Tidinqs : or. News from the Farm (1804) ; Wild Floivers (1806) ; Miscellaneous Poems (1806) ; The Banks of the jr?/c(1811) ; Works (1814; May Day toith the Muses (1822) ; and Remains in Poetry and Prose (1824). See Drake's Literary Hours, and Moir's Poetical Literature. A Selection from his Correspondence was published in 1871. In a Trilnite to his J/emor?/ , Bernard Barton writes : — " It is not qiiaint and local terms Besprinkled o'er thy rustic lay Though well such dialect coniirms Its power unlettered minds to swoy. But 'tis not these that most display Thy sweetest charms, thy gentlest thrall ; WordK. phrases, fashions, pass away. But Truth and Nature live through all. See Fakenham Ghost, The. blossoming of the solitary Date-tree, The. A poetical " lament," by Samuel Taylor Colekidge (1772 — 1834.) Blossoms, To. A famous lyric, by Robert Herkick (1591—1674) : " \v hat ! were you bom to be An hour or* half's delight. And so to bid good night ? 'Tis j)ity nature Drought ye forth Merely "to show your worth. And, lose you quite." Bloiigram's Apology, Bishop. A poem by Kocert Browning (b. 1812), in which the speaker is represented as ex- cusing himself for having accepted the honours and emoluments of a church of which he does not fully believe the doc- trines, on the plea that disbelief is of its nature as hypothetical as belief, and that it must be not only wise but right to give oneseK, both temporally and spiritually, the benefit of the doubt. Blount, Charles, wrote several deisticiil works during the time of Charles II. He was born in 1654 and committed suicide in 1698. See Biographia Britan- nica ; also, Religio Laici. Blount, Sir Thomas Pope (b. 1649, d. 1697), wrote Ccnsiira Celebrionim Avthm-um (1690), Essays on DifflcvU Sub- jects, Remarks on Poetry, &c. See the Biographia Britannica. Blount, Thomas (b. 1618, d. 1679), wrote Boscobel: or, the History of the King's Escape after the Battle of Worces- ter (1681), and other works. See the Bio- graphia Britannica. Blouzelinda, a character in Gay's Shepherd's Walk; is designed to ridicule the Delias, Chlorises, and Aramintinas of pseudo-pastoral poetry, and is, therefore, i)ainted as an ignorant, frolicsome country lass : •' My Blouzelinda is the blithest lass, Tlian primrose sweeter or the clover-grass. Mrs. Browning, in Aurora Leigh, wrote:— " "Wc fair free ladies, who park out our lives From common sheep-paths, . . we're as natural still As Blowsalinda." "Blow, blow, thou winter wind." First line of a song in As You Like It, act ii., scene 7. Blue-Stocking. This term, as applied to literary ladies, was introduced into England from France in 1780, when Mrs. Montagu exhibited the badge of the Bas-Bleu Club of Paris at her evening assemblies. Stillingfleet, the naturalist, a constant aitendiint at the soirdes. invaria- bly wore blue stockings ; hence the name. Mrs. Jerninghara also wore them ; and the last of the original clique was Miss Moncton, afterwards Countess of Cork, who died in 1840. Byron saturis^^ tli? 94 BLU BOD blue-stockings of his time in The Bliies : a Literary Eclogue, Bluff, Captain Noll. A swaggerer and a coward, in Ccxgreve's comedy of The Old Bachelor (q.v.). Blumine, in Cakltlk's Sai-tor Eesarfus (q.v.), is a "young, hazel-eyed, beautiful, high-born " maiden, with whom Teufelsdrockh (q.v.) falls hopelessly in love. Blundeville, Thomas (circa 1570,), is supposed to be the author of a manuscript in the British Museum, enti- tled, Plutarch's Commentary that learninr] is requisite to a prince, translated into Enr/- lish meter, and probably referred to in the metrical preface prefixed to Jasper Hey- wood's Thystes of Seneca :— " And there the gentle Bhmduille is By name and eke by kynde. Of whom we learne by Plutarches lore What f rate by foes to fynde." Soe Carerw Hazlitt's Early English Litera- ture. Blunt, John Henry, theological writer (b. 1823), has published The Atone- ment and the At-one-Mah-er (ISoo) ; Directo- rium Pastorale ; Household Theology ; The Annotated Book of Common Prayer; The History of the Reformation in the Church of England; The Doctrine of the Church of England ; A Plain Account of the English Bible, and other works, besides editing A Dictionary of Doctrinal and Historical The- ology, and A Dictionary of Sects and Here- sies. Blunt, Thomas. See Glossogra- PIIIA. " Blushing honours thick upon him. And beai-s his."— King Henry VIII., act iii., scene 2. Boaden, Caroline, dramatist, wrote Fatality, a drama, included in vol- ume iii. of The British Acting Drama' Boaden, James, dramatist and critic (b. 1762, d. 1839). wrote biographies of Charles Kemble, Mrs. Siddons, Mrs. Inch- bald, and others. See the Life of Charles MathewS' Boadioea. A tragedy by John Fletcher (1576—1625), written before i625, and founded on the old stories of Boadicea and Caractacus. The climax of the play is marred by the death of Bonduca, which takes place at the close of the fourth act. Boadicea. An liistorical tragedy, by llioH ARD Glover (1712— 1785),produced in 1758, and performed for nine nights. Boadicea. An "experiment" in quantity, by Alfred Tennyson (b. 1809), first published in the Comhill Magazine in 1863. Boardmao. Henry D.D., American Presbyterian divine (b. 1808), has published various works, including The Scripture Doctrine of Original Sin (1839) ; The Importance of Religion to the Legal Profession (1849) ; The Bible in the Family (1851) ; and The Bible in the Counting-house (1853). Bobadil, Captain, in Ben Jonson's comedy of Kcery Man in 7iis Humour (q.v .), is a braggart, a coward, an adventurer, of whom Barry Cornwall says that " with liis big v/ords and his little heartj he is upon the whole the best invention ot liis author, and is worthy to march in the same regi- ment with Bessus and Pistol, and Parolles and the Copper Captain." "His well-known proposal for LUe pacification of Europe, kill- ing some twenty of them, each his man a day, is as good as any other that had been suggested up to the present moment. His extravagant affectation, his blustering and cowarc'ice, are an entertaining medley ; and bis final defeat and exposure, though exceedingly humorous, are the most affect- ing parts of the story." Boccaccio. Tlie Decameron (q.v.) of this writer was first trarislated into Eng- lish in 1620. It was again translated in 1741, and, with remarks OJi the life and wri- tings of the author by Dubois, in 180^1. Gio- vajini Boccaccio was born in 1313, and died in 1375. Boccus, King, and Sydrack, The History of; " how he confounded his learned men, and in the sight of them drunk strong venym in the name of the triiute, and did him no hurt. Also his divynyte, that he learned of the book of Noe. Also his prophesyes, that be had by the revela- tion of the angel. Also his answers to the questions of wysdom, both moral and natu- ral,wyth moche wysdom contayned in num- ber 365." This was a translation from the French, by Hugh Campden (temp. Hen- ry V-). "It is rather," says Warton, "a romance of Arabian philosophy than of chivalry. It is a system of natural kaowl- edge, and particularly treats of the virtues of plants. Sidrac, the philosopher of the system, was astronomer to an Eastern king. He lived eight hundred and forty-seven years after Noah, of whose book of astron- omy he was possessed. He converts to the Christian faith Bocchus, an idolatrous king of India, by whom he is invited to build a mighty tower against the Invasions of a rival King. "King Bocchus, or Boccus, seems," says Carew Hazlitt, " to have been rather a popular character in our own early literature." See Handbook of Early Eng- lish Literature. Bodenham, John. A literary editor and compiler of the sixteenth centn- rj', who published, in 1598, Politeuphuia : or, Wit's Commonwealth (q.v.); in the same year, Wit's Theater of the Little Wwld ; m 16(X), England's Helicon (q.v.); and in BOD BOH 95 the same year, Belvidere : or, the Garden of the Muses. Bodleian Library, Oxford, is so called from its founder, Sir Thomas Bod- ley, an eminent diplomatist of the time of Qiieen Elizabeth, who, on retiring from active life in 1597, undertook to restore the library which had been founded in Oxford many years before by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester. Sir Thomas not only present- ed it with a collection of books worth £10,- 00l),butby his influence and example caused the library, which was opened in lfi02, to be enriched by numerous and important con- tributions. In 1610, he laid the foundation- stone of a new library-house, which "unfor- tunately was not completed until after his death in 1613. It was enlarged in 1634, and after receiving many important additions from such benefactors as Sir Thomas Roe, Sir Kenelm Digby, Archbishop Laud, John Selden, General Fairfax, and, later, Rich- ard Gough,Edmund Malone,Francis Douce, and Robert Mason, it now contains upwards of 260,000 volumes of printed books, and 22.000 volumes of manuscripts. It is speci- ally rich in biblical and rabbinical litera^ ture, and is famous for the materials it possesses that throw light upon old English history. Its first catalogue was published by Dr. James in 160.5. Graduates of the University are, on the payment of certain fees, admitted to its privileges, and literary men are, under certain restrictions, permit- ted to make extracts from the works in the library, which is open from nine to four during the greater part of the year. A reading room was attached to it in 1856. It is one of the public libraries which, under the Copyright Act, are entitled to receive a copy of every book published in Great Britain, free of charge. Boece, Hector (b. about 1470, d. about 1550), wrote a history of the Bishops of Aberdeen, under the title of VitceEpisco- porinn Murthlasensium et Aberdonensium, published in 1522. He also composed, in Latin, a History of Scotland, beginning with remote antiquity, and ending with the death of James I., which was published under the title of Scotorum Historia ab illi- us Crcntis Origine, in 1526. A translation of this work, executed at the command of James V., by John Bellenden, Archdeacon of Moray, and printed in 1536, forms the first existing specimen of Scottish literary prose, and was reprinted in 1821. Another version, by the English chronicler, Holin- shed, was the source from which Shake- speare drew the materials for his tragedy of Macbeth. See Irving's Lives of Scottish Writei's ; also, Bellexden, John. Bcsmond, in Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered, \& the Christian Kingof Antioch ■who tried to teach his subjects arts, laws, and religion. Boethius. The De Qonsolatione PhilosopMce of this writer was translated into An^lo-Saxon, with some additions es- pecially in books ii. and iii., by King Alfred (q.v.), and his version was reprinted by Fox in 1864. Chaucer's translation, edited by Morris, was republished in 1869. Versions were printed by Coldervel in 1556, by "J. T." in 1609, Conningeslye in 1664, by Lord Preston in 1712, by Causton in 1730, "by Rid- path in 1785, and by Duncan in 1789. See Hallam's Literary History of Europe . Bceuf, Front de, in Sir Walter Scott's romance of Ivanhoe (q.v.), is a fol- lower of Prince John, and is described by Senior as " the traditional giant, very big and very fierce," whose •' active and pas- sive duties are those always assigned to the giant— the first consisting in seizing travellers on the road, and imprisoning them :in his castle, to the danger of the honour of the ladies, the life of the knights, and the property of all others ; and thq second, in being beaten at tournajnenta and killed by the knight errant, to whom the author at length issues his commission of general castle-deliverer." Bogatsky. See Golden Treas^ URY. Bogio, in Orlando Furioso, is an ally of Charlemagne, slain by Dardiuello. Bogue, David, dissenting ministei b. 1750, d. 1815), wrote an Essay on the Divine Authority of the Neio Testament, and, in conjunction with Dr. Bennett, a History of Dissenters. Bohemia, On his Mistress the Queen of. A lyric by SirHENUv Wotton (1568—1639), " written," says Dr. Hannah, "during the short interval which elapsed before thebrief day of Elizabeth's Bohemi- an sovereignty was clouded." She was tlie daughter of James I. of England. Bohemian Tartar, A, is an apella- tion applied by the host to Simple, in The Merry Wives of Windsor, act iv., scene 5. Bohn, Henry George (b. 1796), publisher, editor, and bibliographer, has translated many of the works of Schiller. Goethe, and Humboldt ; also compiled a privately printed Dictionari/ of English Po- etical Qriotations ; a Handbook of English Proverbs ; a Polyglot of Foreign Proverbs, and numerous other works ; and has pro- duced a revised and argumented edition of Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual. Bohort, Sir or King, Bors or Bort. One of the knights of the Round Table, brother of King Ban, and uncle to Lancelot du Lac. See Bors. Bohun, Edmund, miscellaneous writer (d. after 1700), is noticeable as the compiler of A Geographical Dictionary (1688), and The Great Historical Geographi- cal ^ and Poetical Dictionary (1694), besides $: 96 BOI BON producing a large number of political pam- phlets. Boiardo. The Orlando Innamorato of this writer was translated into English by Kobert Tofte in 1598. See the essay by Panizzi (1831). Boileau. This writer's works have been translated by Soame (1680),Ozell (1712), and others, Bois-Guilbert, Brian de, in Ivan- hoe (q.v.), " belongs to that class, the ment of fixed resolve and indomitable will— fine Ingredients in a character which is marked by other peculiarities, but too uniform and artificial, and, in fictitious life, too trite, to serve, as they do here, for its basis." Boke named Cordyall, The : "or, Memorare Novissima." A translation from the French,by Anthony Woodvile, Earl Rivers (144?— 1483), printed by Caxton in 1480. Boke of the Blazing of Arms, The. A metrical adaptation of Upton's Z)e Re MUitari et Fact'is lUustribus, written about 1481 by Juliana Berners (d. about 1485). Boker, George Henry, American poet (b. 1824), has written Lessons of Life, and other Poems (IS n) ; Calai/nos,a Trage- dy (1848) ; Anne Boleyn, a Tragedy (1850) ; The Betrothal ; Leonor de Guzman ; Fran- cesca da Rimini ; Poems of the War (1864) ; and some other works, a complete edition of which appeared in 1856. " He has fol- lowed," says Tuckerman, "the masters of dramatic writing with rare judgment. He also excels many gifted poets of his class in a quality essential to an acted play— spirit. To the tragic ability he also unites'aptitude for the easy colloquial, and jocose dialogue, such as must intervene in the genuine Shakespearian drama, to give relief and additional effect to high emotion. His language, also, rises often to the highest point of pathos, energy, and beauty." Bold Stroke for a Husband, A. A comedy by Mrs. Cowley, acted about 1780. Bold stroke for a "Wife, A. A comedy by Mrs. Centlivre (1667—1723), produced in 1718. Boleyn, Anne. A dramatic poem by Henry Hart Milman (1791—1868), published in 1826. See Bullen, Anne. Bolingbroke, Henry of. Duke of Hereford, and afterwards Henry IV., in Shakespeare's Richard II., and the two parts of Henry IV. Bolingbroke, Viscount, Henry St. John (b. 1678, d. 1751), wrote A Disserta- tion upon Parties (1735) ; Letters on the Spirit of Patriotism, on the Idea of a Pa- triot King, and on the State of Parties at the Accession of George I. (1749) ; Letters on the Study of History (1752) .• and other Works. a complete edition of which was publisked by David Mallet in 1754, and followed by Corresjiondence, State Papers, and Miscel- laneous Writings, in 1798. " Having," said Dr. Johnson, " discharged a blunderbuss agpJnst morality and religion, he had not the resolution to fire it off himself, but left half-a-crown to a beggarly Scotchman to draw the trigger after his death." His Life was written by Mallet (1754). St. Lambert (1796), Cooke (1835), and Macknight (1862). See, also, his Apologiapro Vitd Sucl,\n. a let- ter to Sir William Wyndham (1752),and Mrs. Oliphant's Historical Sketches of the Rtiqn ofGem'ge II- ; Walpole's Royal and Nohle Authors. For Criticism, see Drake's Es- says, Blair's Lectures on Rhetoric and the Belles Letters ; Leland's De.istical Writers, and Warburton's Vieio of Lord Boling- broke's Philosophy (1754). "The meritj" says Craik, " of whatever Bolingbroke has written lies much more in the 8tj;le than in the thought. He is frequently ingenious, but seldom or never profound ; nor is his rhetoric of a brilliant or imposing character. There is no richness of imagery, or even much peculiar felicity of expression ; yet it always pleases by its clear and easy flow, and it rises at times to considerable animation and even dignity." See Exile, Reflections upon ; Idea of a Patriot King ; Essay on Man; Oldcastle, Humphrey. Bolton, Edmund, antiquarian writer (temp, seventeenth century), wrote Elements of Armories (1620) ; Nero Ccesar : or. Monarchic Depraved (1624) ; and Ilyi)- ercritica (q-v.), first printed in 1722- See the Biographia Britannica, and Warton's History of English Poetry. Bombastes Furioso. Tlie hero of a burlesque tragic opera, written by William Barnes Rhodes in ridicule of the heroic style of modern dramas, and produced in 1790. The heroine is called Distafl3.na. Bon Gaultier Ballads. A series of amusingparodies of modem poetry, by William Edmonstoune Aytoun (1813— 1865), and Theodore Mantin (b. 1814). Bon Ton Magazine, The : " or Microscope of Fashion and Folly," pub- lished during the years 1791—1795. Bona of Savoy. Sister to tlie Queen of France, in Henry VI., part iii. Bonaparte. See Napoleon. Bonair, Horatius, D.D. (b. 1808), Presbyterian minister and miscellaneous writer, is best known as the author of Hymns of Faith and Hoj^e, The Night of \teeping, and The Morning of Joy. Dr. Bonar acted as editor of The Christian Treasury for many years, and of Tlie Quarterly Journal of Prophecy since its establishment. BON BOP 97 Bond, ^isrilliam. See Supernat- ural Philosopher, The. Bondman, The, a tragedy by Philip Massinger (1584—1640), produced in 1624, is " one of the best," says Hallam, "of Massinger's works." "Its interest turns," says Hazlitt, " on the two differ- ent acts of penance and self-denial^ in the persons of the hero and heroine, Pisander and Cleora." Boner, Charles, miscellaneous writer, was the author of Transylvania: its Products and its People (1865) ;' A Guide for Travellers ; and other works. His J/V- moir and Letters, including letters from Miss Mitford (q.v.), appeared in 1871. ' Boniface, tlie common appellation for the landlord of an inn or tavern, is one of the characters in Farquhar's comedy of The Beaux's Stratagem, where he is described as keeping a well-known inn in Lichfield. " I've lived," he says, •• in Lichfield, man and boy, above eight- and-fifty years, and, I believe, have not consumed eight-and-fifty ounces of meat." Boniface, St., otlierwise Winfred of Crediton (b. 680, d. 755). The Bio- graphy of the great apostle of Germany was written by Willibald (1603), and by Schmidt, in his Handbuchder Christlichen Kirchenc/eschichte- See Wright's Biogror- phia Brttannica. His Works were printed m 1605 ; his Epistles, the most valuable of his writings, in 1629. Bonneval, Memoirs of the Ba- shaw Count, " from his birth to his death." A romance containing much curious and seemingly authentic information respect- ing the secret history of Europe, published in 1570. Bonne Lesley. A song by Egb- ert BuRXS (1759—1796), the heroine of which was Miss Leslie Baillie, daughter of an Ayrshixe gentleman. Mr. Baillie was on his way to England, accompanied by his two daughters, when he called upon the poet at Dumfries, Burns mounted his horse, rode with the travellers for fifteen miles, and composed the song on his return homewards. Bonnie Lesley is the pet name ot a character in "William Black's novel of Kilmeny. Bonny Earl of Murray, The. " A Scottish song," in which the writer narrates the story of the murder of James Stewart, Earl of Murray, by George Gor- don, Earl of Huntley, in December, 1591. " Bonny Kilmeny gaed up the glen." A line in Hogg's poem of Kilmeny (q.v.), in The Queen's Wake (q.v). Booby, Lady, in Fielding's novel of Joseph Andrews (q.v.), is a woman of light character, who endeavours to seduce her footman, and is intended as a parody upon Richardson's character of Pamela (q.v.). Book of Common Prayer, The. See Common Prayer, The Book of. Book of the Boudoir, The. A prose work by Lady Morgan (1783—1859,) published in the year 1829, and containing numerous autobiographical passages. Book of Martyrs, The. See Acts and Monuments. Book of the Noble Henries, The, by John Capgrave (1393—1464), written in Latin, and dedicated to Henry VL, begins with a brief history of the six Henries of the Empire, glorifies in a sec- ond part the six Henries of England, and in a third part celebrates the virtues of twelve illustrious men who have borne that name. An English translation was published in 1858 by Hingeston. Book of the Sonnet, The. A collection of English sonnets, with critical remarks, by James Henry Leigh Hunt (1784—1859). Book vrithout a name, The. A series of sketches written by Lady Mor- gan (1783—1859), in conjunction with her husband. Sir T. C. Morgan, M.D. (1783— 1843), and published in 1841. " Bookf ul blockhead, ignorant- ly read. The." Line 63, part iii., of Pope's Essay for Criticism :— '• With loads of learned lumber in his head." A very similar passage occurs in the Life of Robert Hall, where he says of another : — *' He might have been a clever man by nature, but he laid so many books on his head that his brain had not room to move." " Book's a book, although there's nothing in 't, A." Line 52 of By- ron's English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (q.v.). Books, The Battle of the. See Battle of the Books, The. Bookworm, The. A poem by Thomas Parnell (1679—1718), imitated from the Latin of Theodore Beza. Booth,in Fielding's novel of Ame- lia q.v.), is the husband of the heroine of the story, and is said to exhibit many char- acteristics of the author himself. Booth, Abraham, Baptist writer (1734—1806), was the author of The Death of Legal Hope (1770) ; An Apology for the Bap- tists (1778); Pcedobaptism Examined (1784); Glad Tidings to Perishing Sinners (1796) ; and other works. See Jones's Christian Biography, "Bo-peep, what have vire spied ? " First line of a rhyming satire, 98 BOR BOS by Chakles Bansley (circa 1540), on The Pride and Vices of Wome7i Now-a-days. Borachio, in Much Ado about Nothing (q.v.), is a follower of Don John, Borde, Andrew, M.D. (b. about 1500, d. 1549), published Pyrncyples of Astronormje (1540) ; The Fyrst Boke of tlie Introduction of Knowledge (1542) ; The Breviarie of Healthe for all manner of Sicknesses and Diseases (1547) ; The Com- pendyouse Itegimente: or. Dietary of Healthe made in Mounte Pyllor (1562) ; Merie Tales of the Mad Men of Gotham (1565) ; A Right Pleasant and Merry History of the Mylner ofAbington; and other works. See Wood's AthenoR Oxonienses, Warton's English Poetry, Ritson's Bibliographia Poettca, Philips' Theatrum Poetamm Anglicarum, nnd Fuller's Worthies. " Our author, Borde," says Wood, " was esteemed a noted poet, a witty and ingenious person, and an excellent physician of his time." He used to write hirnself " Andreas Per- foratus." See Regimente, &c. ; SCOG- gin's Jests. Border Minstrel, The. A title frequently conferred iipon Sir Walter Scott (1771—1832), who " traced his de- scent from the great Border family now represented by the Duke of Buccleuch, resided at Abboteford on the Tweed, ed- ited, in early life, a collection of old bal- lads under the title of The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Borders, and afterwards wrote the Lay of the Last Minstrel, and other original poems upon Border subjects." He is alluded to under this name in Words- worth's poem of Yarrow Revisited :— " When last along its banks I wandered, Through groves that had begun to shed Their golden leaves upon the pathways, My bteps the Border Minstrel led I " Border-Thief School The. An epithet applied by Thomas Carlyle, in his Sartor Resartus (q.v.), to Sir Walter Scott and tliose of his imitators who cel- ebrated the achievements of the freeboot- ers of the Scottish Border. Border Widow, The Lament of. A ballad said to be founded on the execu- of Cockburne of Henderland, a notorious robber, who was hanged over the gate of his own tower, by King James, in 1529- Sir Walter Scott prints it in his Bor- der Miyistrelsy. Borderers, The. A tragedy by William Wordsworth (1770—1850), written in 1795-96, and published in 1842. " Bores and bored, The." See Society is now oxe polished horde." "Born in the garret, in the kitchen bred." First line of A Sketch, written in the heroic couplet, by Lord BY- RON, in March, 1816. Borough, The. A poem by George Crabbe (1754—1832), published in 1810. Borrow, George (b. 1803), has written Faustvs, Ms Life, Death, and Descent into HeU (1828); Eomantic Bal- lads, from the Danish (1829) ; Targum : or, MetHcal Translations from Thirty Lan- guages (1835) ; Zincali : or, an Account of the Gipsies in Spain (1841), (q.v.); The Bible in Spain (1844), (q.v.); Lavengro the Scholar, the Gij)sy, the Priest (1861), (q.v.); The Romany Rye (1857); Wild Wales (1862) ; and Romano Lavo-Sil : Word-Book of the Romany, or English Gipsy Language (1874). His Autobiogra- phy appeared in 1851. See, also, Memoirs of William Taylor, of Nortoich (1843). "Borro-wer nor a lender be. Neither a."— Hamlet, act i. scene 3. Borro"wstoun Mous and the Landwart Mous, The. A poetical fable by Robert Henrysoun (d. 1508) ; one of a series of thirteen. Bors, Sir. A character in Ten- nyson's Idylls of the King (q.v,). See Bohort. Boscobel : " or, the Compleat His- tory of his Sacred Majestie's most miracu- lous preservation after the battle of Wor* cester," by Thomas Blount (1618—1679). A truthful and simple narrative. See Sir Walter Scott's novel of Woodstock, and Harrison Aiiisworth's romance ot Boscobel. "Bosom of his Father and his God, The.'' A line in Gray's Elegy written in a Country Churchyard. "Bosom's lord sits lightly on his throne, My." —Romeo and Juliet, act v., scene 1. Bossnowl, Lady Clarinda. A character in Peacock's novel of Crotchet Castle (q.v.) ; beloved by Captain Fitz- chrome, whom she afterwards marries. Boston Bard, The. Tlie pseu- donym adopted by Robert S. Coffin (1797—1857). an American verse-writer, who lived for some years in Boston, Massachusetts. A volume of his Poems appeared in 1826. Boston, Thomas, Scottish divine (1676—1732), wrote Human nature in its Fourfold State (1720), Tractus Stigmologi- cus Hebrceo-Biblicxis (1738), Illustrations oj the Doctrines of the Christian Religion (1173), The Crook in the Lot, and other works. See the edition edited by Macmillan (1853). Bos-wal and Lillian. An old ro- mance in the Scottish dialect, of which an analysis is given in Ellis's Early English Romances. It was probably written in the middle of the sixteenth century. Boswell, Sir Alexander, anti« BOS BOU 99 quarian and song-wi-iter (1775—1822), wrote Songs chiefly in the Scottish dialect (1803) ; The Spirit of Tintoc : or, Johnnie Bell and the Kelpie ,■ Edinburgh: or, the Ancient lloyalty (1810), (q.v.) ; Sir Allan ; Sheldon Hdughs : or, the Sow is Flitted ; The Woo' Creel : or, the Bull of Bashan ; The Ty- rant's Fall ; and Clan Alpine's Vow (1811), (q.v.). He also contributed several jenx- d' esprit to an Edinburgh newspaper called The Beacon, and a Glasgow periodical called The Sentinel. See Dibdin's Literary Jieminiscences. Bos-well, James, brotlier of Sir Alexander (b. 1779, d. 1822), published Malone's enlarged edition of Shakespeare, to which he added a Life of Malofie, and an essay 0)i the Metre and Phraseology of Shakespeare. Bos-well, James, miscellaneous writer (b, 1740, d- 1795), published An Ac- count of Corsica, with Memoirs of General Paoli (1768) ; British Essays in Favor of tlie brave Corsicans (1769) ; a series of papers called The Hypochondriac in The London Magazine (1777—1782) ; and The Life of Dr. Johnson (1790) . His Letters to the Rev. W. J. Temple, were published in 1857, and Ijord Houghton has edited for the Philobiblon Society a curious tract relating to Boswell, called Bosivelliana. See Macaulay's Essays, and Carljle's Miscellaneous Essays. See Coksica, Ac- count OF ; Johnson, Life of Samuel. Bos-worth Field. An historical poem by Sir John Beaumont (1582—1628), printed in 1629, and written in the " heroic couplet." Mrs. Bray has a novel with the same title, and on the same subject. "Sir John," says Campbell, "has no fancy, but there is force and dignity in some of his passages." Bosworth, Joseph, D.D. (b. abont 1790), has, besides translating The Book of Common Prayer into Dutch, pub- lislied The Elements of Anglo-Saxon Gram- mar {1%?}!), A Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon Language (1838), and many other philo- logical "works of a valuable and inter- esting character. Botanic Garden, The. A poem, In two parts; with philosophical notes by Erasmus Darwin (1731—1802), published in 1791. "The Rosicrucian machinery of his poem," says Campbell, "had at the first glance an imposing appearance, and the variety of his allusion was surprising. On a closer view, it was observable that the Botanic Goddess, and her sylphs and gnomes, were useless from their having no employment, and tiresome from being the mere pretexts for declamation. The variety of allusion is very whimsical. Dr. Franklin is compared to Cupid ; while Hercules, Lady Melbourne, Emma Crewe, Brindley's camels, and sleeping cherubs, sweep on like images in a dream. Tribes and grasses are likened to angels, and the truffle is rehearsed as a subterranean empress." Botany Bay Eclogues. Poems by Robert Southey (1774 — 184.3), written in 1794, and entitled, AV/inor,- Humphrey and William ; John, Samuel, and Richard; and Frederic. Bothie of Tober-na- Vuolich, The. " A long-vacation pastoral," written in English hexameters by Arthur Hugh Clough (1819—1861), during September, 1848. " The almost Homeric vigour with which all the characteristics of the read- ing party are dashed off, the genial humour with which their personal peculiarities are coloured in, the buoyant life of the dis- cussions which arise among them, the strength with which the Highland scenery is conceived and rendered in a few bril- liant touches, the tenderness and sim- plicity with which now and then the deeper pathos of life is allowed to be seen in glimpses through the intellectual plav of the poem, are," says Hutton, " all Clough's own," Both-well. A tale (in verse) of the days of Maiy, Queen of Scots, by Wil- liam Edmondstoune Aytoun (b. 1813, d. 1865,) published in 1856- James Grant (b. 1822) has published a novel, and Al- GEROX Charles Swinburne (b. 1837) a dramatic poem (1874), under the same title, and on a similar subject. The latter is the second work of a trilogy which began with Chastelard (q. v.). Bottom, "A weaver," in A Mid- summer's Night's Dream (q. v.). " Only one of the characters among the human mortals in this play is very strongly marked. Who but Bottom, the life and soul of the interlude of Pyramus and Thisbe ? Watch Bottom," says Grant White, " and see that, from the time he enters until he disappears, he not only claims to be, buv is, the man of men, the Agamemnon of the ' rude mechanicals' of Athens. No sooner is the subject of the play opened, than he instantly assumes the direction of it, which is acqviiesced in by his fellows as a matter of course. He tells Peter Quinc«» what to do, and Peter does. No ; Bottom is no stupid lout. He is a compound of profound ignorance and omnivorous conceit ; but these are tem- pered by good nature, decision of charac- ter, and some mother-wit." The Merry Conceited HuiTiors of Bottom the Weaver, attributed to Robert Cox, the comedian, appeared in 1661. Boucicault, Dion, dramatist (b. 1822), is the author, among other pieces, of London Assurance, The Colleen Baicn, The Octoroon, Dot, Old Heads and Young Hearts, Love in a Maze, After Dark, Wit' low Copse, Janet Pride, The Corsiccm loo BOU BOW Brothers, The Long Strike, The Flying Scud and a great number of other pieces, most of which have been successful. His comedy, tlow She Loved Him, was print- ed in 1868. The Shaughran was produced at New York in 1874. He is the joint author with Charles lieade (q.v.) of the novel and drama called Foul Play. Bouge of Court, The : " or, tlie Rewards of a Court," a poem by Joiix Skelton, (1460—1529), is "in the manner of a pageant, consisting," says Warton, *'of seven personifications. Here our author, in adoping the grave and stately move- ment of the seven-lined stanza, has shown himself not always incajjable of exhibit- ing allegorical imagery with spirit and dignity." The personifications are of Riot, Dissimulation, Disdain, and the like. Bouillabaisse, The Ballad of. By William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863):— '• This Bouillabaisse a noble dish is— A sort of soup, or broth or brew— Or hotchpotch of all sorts of lishes." " Boundless contiguity of shade. Some." A line in Cowper's Task, book ii. Bountiful, Lady, in Farquhar's comedy of The Beaux' s Stratagem, is an old country gentlewoman, who cures all distempers, and is the easy, credulous, good-tempered benefactress of the whole parish. Bourchier, Cardinal. A character in Shakespeare's Richard II. Bourchier, John. See Berner's, Lord. Bourne, Vincent, Latinist (d. 1747), published Poemata (1734) ; Poemata Latina partim reddita, partim scripta (1750) ; and Miscellaneous Poems, Origi- nals and Translations (1772). His Collected Works and Letters appeared in 1808. His pupil, Cowper th^ poet, wrote :—" I love the memory of Vincy Bourne. I think him a better poet than Tibullus, Pro- pertius, Ausonius, or any of the writers inhis way, except Ovid, and not at all in- ferior to him." See Welch's Westminster Scholars, Cantabrig lenses Graduati, and Chalmers's Biographical Dictionary. Bow-legs, An Apology for. See Apologv for Bow-legs. Bowdler, Thomas (b. 1754, d. 1825), published, in 1818, The Family Shakespeare, *' in which nothing is added to the original text ; but those words and expressions are omitted which cannot with propriety be read aloud in a family." Of this work The Edinburgh Revieio said, " Mr. Bowdler has only effaced those gross indecencies which every one must have felt as blemishes." This was followed by the less-known Family Gibbon , " reprinted from the original text, with the careful omission of all passages of an irreligious or immoral tendency." Ho also wrote Letters from, Holland (1788) ; A Life of General Villettes (1815) ; and Liberty, Civil and Religious (1816). Bo-wen, Francis, LL.D., Ameri- can philosophical and miscellaneous writer (b. 1811), has written The History and Present Condition of Speculative Philos- ophy (1842) ; The Application of Meta- physical and Ethical Science to the Evi- dences of Religion (1849) ; Principles of Political Economy Applied, to the Condi- tion of the American People (1856) ; and American Political Economy (1871) ; besides editing and contributing to, numerous im- portant works. Bowles, Caroline Anne. See SouTHEY, Mrs. Bowles, ■William Lisle, clergy- man, poet, and miscellaneous writer (1764—1850), published Fourteen Sonnets (1789) ; Verses to John Howard (1789) ; The Grave of Howard (1790) ; Verses (1790) ; Monody (1791) ; Elegiac Verses (1796) ; Hope (1796) ; Coombe Ellen (1798) ; St. Michael's Mount (1798) ; Poems (1798— 1809) ; The Battle of the Nile (1799); The Sorrows of Switzerland (1801) ; The Pic- ture (1804) ; The Spirit of Discovery : or, the Conquest of the Ocean (1805) ; Bowden Hill (1815) ; 'the Missionary of the Andes (1822) ; The Grave of the Last Saxon (1823) ; Allen Gray (1828) ; Days Departed (1832) ; St. John in Patmos : or, the Last Ajwstle (1832) ; and Scenes and Shadows of Days : a Narrative, accompanied with Poems of Youth, and some other Poems of Melancholy and Fancy in the Journey of Life, from Youth to Age (1837). His theo- logical works need not be particularised ; but he is favourably known among anti- quarians as the author of a Parochial History of Bremhill (1826), A Life of Bishop Ken (1830), and Annals of Laycock Abbey (1835). His edition of Pope's Works, published in (1807), involved him in a controversy with Campbell and Lord Byron, which excited considerable atten- tion at the time. Bowling, Lieutenant. Maternal uncle of Roderick Random, in Smollett's novel of that name (q-v.). "In him," says Hannay, " Smollett seized at once, and fixed for ever, the old type of sea- man—rough as a Polar bear, brave, simple, kindly, and out of his element every- where except afloat. Bowling has left his mark in many a sea-novel, the key to his eccentricities being that he, and such as he, did really live more afloat than ashore. He certainly carries the habit of profes- sional speech as far as the limits of art allow. Yet the lieutenant to a eood BOW BOjT, 101 fellow, and of more tenderness than most men." "Bowling, Tom, Here a sheer hulk lies poor." First line of Dibdix's well-known nautical song. Bo"winan, Anne, writer for boys, has produced, among other storie?, The Boy Foresters, The Young Nile Voyagers, Tne Castmvays, The Bear Hunters of the Rocky Mountains, and The Young Yachts- man. Bowring, Sir John, LL.D., phil- ologist and miscellaneous writer (1792— 1872), wrote Matins and Vespers, being poems original and translated ; The King- dom and People of Siani (1857) ; and Minor Morals. He also published trans- lated specimens of the poetry of Russia, Spain, Servia, and other countries, and edited the works of Bentham. See his Autobiographical Recollections (1877). Bo-wyer, William. See Liter- ary Anecdotes. Boy and the Mantle, The, a ballad, founded on one of the Arthurian legends, was first printed by Percy. "Boy stood on the burning deck. The." First line of ]Mrs. Heman's poem of Casahianca. Boyd, Andrew Kennedy Hut- chinson, D.D., Presbyterian minister and essayist (b. 1825), has written, among other works. Recreations of a Country Parson ; Autumn Holidays; The Every Day Philosopher ; Changed Aspects of Un- changed Truths; Council and Comfort from a City Pulpit ; Critical Essays ; Graver Thoughts ; Leisure Hours in Toxcn ; Lessons of Middle Age; Present-Day Thoughts ; Sunday Afternoons in a Cathe- dral City ; A Scotch Communion Sunday ; Churches, Landscapes, and Moralities. Boyd, Hugh, a political writer of the eighteenth century, was at one time one of the numerous persons to whom the Letters of Junius (q.v.) were attributed ; but his claim has long since been disallowed. His Works were pub- lished in a collected form in 1798. Boyd, Mark Alexander, a fa- mous Scotish scholar (1'562— IGOl), was the author of Epistolce and Hymni in the Deli- tioi Poetarxim Scotorum (1627). See the Life by Lord Hailes (1733). Boyd, Robert, Principal of Glas- gow and Edinburgh Universities (1578— 162p, wrote a Latin Commentary on the Epistle to the Ephesians (1652); a treatise entitled Monita de Filii sui Primogeniti Institutione (1701) ; two Latin poems in the Delitim Poetarum Scotorum ; and an ode on James III. of Scotland in Adam- son's Muses' Welcome. See the Life by Wodrow. Boyd, Zachary, Scottish minister and poet (d. circa 1653), wrote The Last Battell of the Soull in Death (1629) ; Crosses, Comforts, Councils, &c. (1643) ; The Garden of Zion (1644) ; and other quaint works, including a metrical trans- lation of the Psalms, which, however, was not printed until early in the present cen- tury, and then chiefly for the use of anti- quarians. Boyet, in Love's Labour's Lost (q.v.), is a lord in attendance on the Princess of France. Boyle, Charles, fourth Earl of Orrery (1676—1731), published, hi 1695, a Latin translation of the Epistles of Pha^ laris, which provoked the famous con- troversy of Boyle versus Bentley. His Examination of Dr. Bentley's Dissertation on the Epistles of Phalaris appeared in 1698, and earned the compliment of a couplet from the pen of Garth :— " So diamonds owe their lustre to a foil. And to a Bentley 'tis we owe a Boyle."' He also wrote As You Find It, a comedy, published in 1703. See Bentley and Phalaris. Boyle, John, Earl of Cork and Orrery (1707 — 1762), wrote Poems in Memory of John Sheffield, Duke of Buck- ingham (1714) ; Imitations of the First and Fifth Odes of Horace (1741); a translation of the Letters of Pliny the Younger (1752); Memoirs of Robert Carey, Earl of Monmouth (1759) ; Letters from Italy (1774) ; various papers in The World and letters in The Connoisseur ; and Re- marks on I'he Life and Writings of Mr. Jonathan Siaift, in a Series of Let- ters (1751). The latter work was cen- sured for its exposure of Swift's private affairs. Warburton called them "de- testable letters; "Dr. Johnson excused the earl on the plea that he had only seen the bad side of the dean's char- acter. Boyle Lectures, The,were found- ed by the Hon. Robert Boyle (1627— 1691), for the defence of natural and re- vealed religion. The following are the names of some of the lecturers :— Bentley (1692), Kidder (1693—94), Williams (1695— 96), Gastrell (1697), Harris (1698), Bradford (1699), Blackall (1700), Stanhope (1701), Clark (1704—5), Hancock (1706), Whiston (1707), Turner (1708), Butler (1709), Wood- ward (1710), Derham (1711-12), Ibbot (1713- 14), Leng (1717—18), Clarke (1719—20), Gurdon (1721—22), Burnett (1724—25), Ber- riman (1730—32) Biscoe (1736—38), Burnet (1737), Twells (1739—41), Stebbing (1747—49), Heathcote (1763), Worthington (1766— 68), Owen (1769-71), Williamson (1778— 80), Van Mildert (1802—4), Harness (1821), and Maurice (1846 — 47). Among the more recent of the lecturers may be mentioned, Rev. Dr. Merivale, now Dean of Ely (1864— 1(?5^, Bf^Y BRA 65), Rev. E. H. Plumptre (1866—67), Rev. Stanley Leathes (1868—70), Rev. Dr. Hessey (1871—73), and the Rev. Henry Wace (1874—75). Boyle, Robert, philosophical and religious writer (1627—1691), published Seraphic Love (1660), Physiological Essays (1661), The Skeptical Chemist (1662), The Usefulness of Experimental Natxiral Phi- losophy (1663), Exjjeriments and Considera- tions xipon Colours (1663), Considerations upon the Style of Holy Scriptures (1663), Occasional Reflections upo7i Several Sub- jects (1665), and many other treatises which, reprinted with a Life by Dr. Birch in 1744, formed five folio volumes. An incomplete edition was published at Geneva in 1696. The Philosoj)hical Works Abridged a.]}Tpea,T- ed in 1725 ; tlie Theological Works Epito- mised in 1699. See Dugald Stewart's First Dissertation in the Encyclopcedia Britan- nica. *' It is not an easy task to arrive at a just estimate of Boyle as a pliilosopher. Let us remember," says Dr. Waller, " that his time was that of a transition from the scholastic to the experimental schools — of emergence from the old philosophy, and the following of a new school under the illustrious Bacon. Of this great man, Robert Boyle is justly entitled to be con- sidered the first follower, while he is the predecessor of many great men in the same path — Priestley, Newton, and others." Boyle, Roger, Baron Brogliill and Earl of Orrei-y (1C21— 1679), wrote The His- tory of Henry V. (1688), Mustapha (1667), The Black Prince (1672), Triphon (1672)— all tragedies, reprinted in 1690, and com- prising the first volume of his dramatic works ; also poems On the Death of Coivley, and On the Fasts awl Festivals of the Church; Parthenissa, a romance (1665); Mr. Anthony (1692) and Guzman (1693), comedies ; Herod the Great (1698) and Alte- mira (1702), tragedies. See AVood's Athence Oxonienses, and Walpole's Boyal and Noble Authors. Boythorne, in Dickens's novel of Bleak House (q.v.), is well known to be a humorous representation of Walter Savage Landor, the poet, whose Life by Forster should be consulted on the subject. The portrait corresponds with the original to a remarkable degree. Boz. Tlie pseudonym adopted by Charles Dickens (1812—1870) in his ear- lier works. A younger brother of the novelist had been" dubbed Moses, in memory of a character in The Vicar of Wakefield, and this, says Dickens, " being facetiously pronounced through the nose," became Boses, and, abbreviated, Boz. It gave rise to the epigram:— " Who the Dickens • Boz ' could be Puzzled many a curious elf, Till time unveiled the mystery. And ' Boz ' appeared as Dickens' self." Thomas Hood, in the character of "an uneducated poet," says: — " Arn't tliat' ere ' Boz ' a tip-top feller ? Lots write well, but he writes Weller ! Boz, Sketches by, were originally contributed by Charles Dickens (1812— 1870) to the old Monthly Magazine, and the Morning Chronicle; tlie first series being republished in January, and the second series in December, 1836. " They were the first of their class. Dickens was the first to unite the delicately playful thread of Charles Lamb's street musings — half experiences, half bookish phantasies— with the vigorous wit and humour and observa- tion of Goldsmith's Citizen of the World, his Indigent Philosopher, and Man in Black, and twine tliem together in the golden cord of essay, which combines literature with philosophy, humour with morality, amuse- ment with instruction." The most power- ful and popular of the sketches are proba- bly those entitled, A Visit to Newgate, The Drunkard's Death, Election for Beadle, Greenwich Fair, and Miss Evans at the Eagle. The first written, and the first published production of the author, was Mr. Minns and his Cousin (q.v.). Bozzy. A familinr name given to James Boswell (q.v.), the biographer of Dr. Johnson. Brabantio, in Shakespeare's Othello (q.v.), is a Venetian senator, and the father of Desdemona, the heroine (q.v.). Brace, Rev. Charles Loring (b. 1826), American philanthropist and author, has published Hungary in 1851; Home Life in Germany ; The Races of the Old World: The New West: or, California in 1867 ; and other works. Bracebridge Hall: "or the Hu- morists." Miscellaneous sketches, in fic- tion and essay, by Washington Irving (1783—1859), (q.v.), published in 1822. Brachygraphy. See Writing SCHOOLEMASTER. Brackley, The Baron of. A ballad, printed by Jamieson and by Buchan in his Gleanings. It tells how the baron's wife, Peggy, induces him to fight against long odds, and rejoices with his enemies when he is slain. The fray between John Gordon of Brackley and Farquharsou of Inverary took place in September, 1666. Bracton, Henry de, the earliest writer on English law, was, in 1244, appoint- ed by HeAry III. one of the judges itiner- ant- His famous work, De Legions et Can- suetudinibus Anglire., first appeared in 1659, and was reprinted in 1740. " Bracton," says Professor Morley, " painted accurately the state of the law in his time, and he digested it into a logical system." Bradbury, S. H. See Quallon. BRA BRA 103 Braddou, Miss Mary Elizabeth, novelist (b. 1837), is the author of Aurora Floud ; Birds of Pre}/ ; The Captain of the Vulture ; Charlo/te's Inheritance ; Dead Men's Shoes; Dead Sc^a Fniit ; The Doc- tor's Wife ; Eleanor's Victory , Fenton's Quest ; Henry Dunbar (originally named The Outcasts) , Hostages to Fortune ; John Marchmont's Lecjacy , Lady Audley's Secret ; Lady Lisle ; The Lady's Mile , The Lovels of Arden ; Lost for Love ; Lucius Davoren, Milly Darrell, and other Stories ; Only a Clod ; Ralph the Bailiff, and other Tales , Robert Ainsleicfh ; Run to Earth ; Rupert Godicin; Sir Jasper's Tenant, A. Strange World ; Strangers and Pilgrims , Taken at the Flood ; The Trail of the Serpent ; To the Bitter End , Dead Men's Shoes ; Joshua Hagqard's Daughter; and Weavers and Weft. She also published Garibaldi, arid other Poems (1861), and has written a come- dietta called The Loves of Arcadia (18G0), and a tragedy called Griselda (1873). See FouRESTEH, Gilbert ; and Lascelles, Ladv Cauolixe. Bradford, John, martyr, burnt at Smithfield in 1555, wrote many theological treatises, an edition of which was published by the Parker Society in 1848. See, also, his Life, Writings, and Selections from his Correspondence in The Fathers of the Eng- lish Church, and the Life and Letters by Stevens (1832). " Bradford's letters," says Bickersteth, " are among the most edifying and instructive remains of this period." Bradley, Edvce of Waverley (q.y.), isagenerous, choleric, but pedantic noble- man, devoted to the cause of Charles Edward Stuart. Bradwardine, Rose, daughter of the above, loves, and is beloved by, Waver- ley, whom she eventually marries. Bradwardine, Thomas, Arch- bishop of Canterbury (d. 1.349), wrote among other works, a famous treatise De Causa Dei contra Pelagium (1618), from an ai>o- logiie to which Parnell is said to have derived the story of his Hermit. Chaucer, in his Konnes Priestes Tale refers to Bradwardine's position among the school- men of his time. See Morley's English Writers, \o\.i\., parti; also. Cause of God AGAixsT Pelagiu.s ; Profound Doctor, The. Brady, Nicholas. »S>e Psalms of David. Braes of Yarro-w, The A ballad written by Willi.vm Hamilton, of Ban- gour (1704—1754), in imitation of an old Scottish ballad on a similar subject, and with the same burden at the end of each stanza. It was published among his poems in 1760. and is characterised by Hazlitt as " the finest modern imitation " of the old ballad style. It begins : — •■ Busk ye, busk ye, my bonnie, bonnic bride." Scott, Hogg, and Wordsworth have poemr. on the subject of this famous stream and its legends. Brag, Jack. A novel bv Theo- dore Edward Hook (1788—1841), pub- lished in 1837. The hero is a man of innate vulgarity of disposition, who endeavours to force himself into the higher circles of society by a combination of bluster, fraud, adulation, and servility. Brag, Sir Jack, is the title of an old ballad, in which Gen. John Burgoyne (d. 1792) figures under that appellation. Braggadochio. A blustering, 104 BRA BRA cowardly character in Spenser's Faerie Quecne (q.v.), intended to typify the in- temperance of the tongue. Braid Claith. A humorous poem by KoBERT Ferou.sson (1751—1774), of which the last verse runs :— •' For though ye had as wise a Knout on As Shakespeare or Sir Isaac Newtou, Your judgment t'ouk would hae a doubt on, ril tak my aith, Till they could see ye wi' a suit on O' guid liraid claith." " Bi-aid claith " is, Anglice, broad cloth. Erainard, John G.C., American poet (1796—1828), published, in 1828, a volume of Poems, which was reprinted in 1832, with a L'lj'e of the author, by John Greenleaf Whittier. Brainworm, in Ben Jonson's comedy of Every Manin his Humour (q.y.), ♦' is a particularly dry and abstruse charac- ter. We neither know his business nor his motives : his plots are as intricate as they are useless, and as the ignorance of those he imposes upon is wonderful. " Yet," says Hazlitt, " from the bustle and activity of this character on the stage, the changes of address, the variety of affected tones and gipsy jargon, and the limping, affected gestures, it is a very amusing theatrical exhibition." Braithwayte, Richard, poet (b. 1588, d. 1693), wrote, among many other works. The Prodigal's Teares (1614) ; The Good Wife : or, a Hare One Among Women (1618) ; and Bamabce Itinerarium : or, Barnabee's Journal (1820). His Life was published by Haslewood, in 1820. See, also. Wood's Athence Oxonienses, Brydges' Censura Liter aria, the Biographia Dra- matica, Warton's English Poetry , Ellis's Specimens of the English Poets, and Lowndes' Bibliographe?'''s Manual. "Braith- wayte's merits," says Dibdin, in his Bib- liomania, "are undoubtedly veiy con- siderable. Some of his pieces are capable of affording instriiction and delight. He was a most extraordinary man in poetry and in prose." Bramble, Matthew, in Smol- lett's novel of Humphrey Clinker (q.v.), "though not," says Hazlitt, " altogether original, is excellently supported." *' It has been observed maliciously, but not," says Sir Walter Scott, " untruly, that the cynicism of Matthew Bramble becomes gradually softened as he journeys north- ward, and that he, who equally detested Bath and London, becomes wonderfully reconciled to walled cities and the hum of men when he finds himself an inhabitant of the northern metropolis." See Abso- lute, Sir Anthony. Bramble, Tabitha, sister of the attove,is described as " a maiden of forty- five, exceedingly starched, vain, and ridicu- lous," and eventxially marries Captain Lismahago (q.v.). Bramhall, John, Archbisliop of Armagh (1593—1663), wrote among other works, A Defence of True Liberty, m reply to Hobbes's Treatise of Liberty and Neces- sity (,1655). His Life and Works were pub- lished, with a Life by Bishop Vesey, in 1677, and afterwards in the Library of Anglo-Cathol'ic Theology (1842 — 45). Bramine, The, is the appellation under which Sterne (1713—1768), in his Letters from Yorick to Eliza (1775), de- scribes Mrs. Elizabeth Draper (a young Indian lady), for whom he entertained a violent and unbecoming passion. He himself figures as the Bramine. Brampton. Thomas, a confessor of the Minorite Friars, wrote, in 1414, a metrical version of the Seven Penitential Psalms , also, it is said, a poem Against Lollardie, and The Ploughman's Tale, all of which see. Brampton, "William de. One of the four justiciars of England in the reign of Edward I. (1274—1307). See Fleta, Bramston, James, Vicar of Start- ing, Sussex (d. 1744), published The Art of Politics, The Man of Taste, and The Crooked Sixpence. The last was published in The Repository, vol i. Bran, in Macpherson's poem of Ossian (q.v.), is the name of Fingal's dog. "Our Highlanders," saysSir Walter Scott, " have a proverbial saying, founded on the traditional renown of this animal. ' If it is not Bran,' they say, 'it is Bran's brother.' " Brand, John (1741—1806), publish- ed, in 1789, the History and Antiquities of his native town, Newcastle-on-Tyne. His Observations on Popular Antiquities was published in 1777. Brand, Sir Denys, is a character who figures in Crabbe's poem of The Borough, He is a country magnate, and may be described as one who apes hu- mility. Brandan, St. A lyric by Mat- thew Arnold (b. 1822), telling how the saint, sailing on the northern main, comes upon the figure of "the traitor Judas, oxit of hell," floating " on an iceberg white," his short emancipation from the eternal fire having been gained by his one act of charity to the leper at Joppa. Brande, William Thomas, chem- ist and lecturer (1780—1866), wrote many scientific treatises of great value, but his magnum opus was A Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art (1842). In the latter work he was assisted by Joseph Cauvin, and other authors of eminence in their respective departments. The last edition BRA BBE 106 was edited by the Rev. George W. Cox (1867). Brandon, Samuel, dramatist (temp. Elizabeth), produced, in 1598, a play called Virtuous Octavia (q.v.). See the Biographia Dramatica. Brandt. Tlie leader of the band of Indians who destroyed the village of Wyoming, Pennsylvania, in 1788. In Campbell's poem of Gertrude of Wyoming (q.v.), Brandt is represented as a monster of cruelty, though, as the poet was after- wards informed, and as he himself pub- licly stated, he often strove to mitigate the cruelty of Indian warfare. Brandt, Sebastian. See Shyp OF FOLVS OF THE WOKLDE, THE. Brangtons, The, in Madame d' Ar- BLA y's novel of Evelina (q. v.), are a family whose excessive vulgarity is admirably portrayed. " Vulgarity," says Miss Kava- nagh, " was indeed Miss Burney's [Madame d'Arblay's] excellence. No vulgar girls can surpass her Miss Brangton's." Brasenose, BuUer of. See Bul- LER OF BRASEXOSE. Brass, Sally, and Sampson Brass, are brother and sister, in Dickejs's's Old Curiosity Shop ; the latter a servile, roguish, and cowardly attorney ; the for- mer, his equal in fraud and meanness, but his superior in courage and acuteness. Brathvraite. See Braithwayte. Bratti Ferravecchi. Tlie gold- smith in George Eliot's novel of Romola (q-v.). Brave Lord Willoughby. A ballad celebrating the achievements of Lord Willoughby d'Eresby, who, in 1586, distinguished himself at the siege of Zut- phen. He died in 1601. " Brave deserves the fair, None but the."— Dryden, Alexander's Feast, line 15. Bravo of Venice, The. A tale by Matthew Greoory Lewis (1775— 1818). Bray, Mrs. Anna Eliza Kempe Stothard (b. towards the end of last cen- tury), has produced the following novels :— De Foix, The White Hoods, The Protestant, Fitz of Fitzford, The Talba, Warleigh, Trelawney of Trelawne, Trials of the Heart, Henry de Pomeroy, Courtenay of Walreddon, Trials of Domestic Life, Hart- land Forest, and Roseteapue. She has also published several descriptive and histor- ical works, a Life of Charles Stothard ; the poetical remains and sermons of her second husband ; Fables and other Pieces in Verse, by Mary Maria Colling ; and many other works. 5* Bray, The Vicar of. A vivacious .vicar of the Berkshire village so named who, living under Henry Vlll., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, was first a Papist, then a Protestant, then a Papist, then a Protestant again. But if he changed his religion, he kept true to his own prin- ciple, which was " to live and die the Vicar of Bray." His name, by some authorities, is said to have been Symon Symonds ; by others, Pendleton; by other8,Simon AUeyn. The story, however, is not confined to the church records of Bray. In the well-known song, said to have been written by an officer in Colonel Fuller's regiment (temp. George I.), the vicar lives in tlie reigns of Charles II., James II., William III., Anne, and George I. The tune is that of "The Country Garden : "— '* And this IS law that I'll mamtain Untjl my dying day . bit. 'hat whatsoever king shall reigi I'll still be Vicar of Bray, sir.' Braybrooke, Baron, Richard Griffin Neville (1783—1858), published, in 1825, the first edition of The Diary of Samuel Pepys (q.v.) ; in 1835, a history of Audley End and Saffron Walden ; and, in 1842, the Life and Correspondence of Jane, Lady Comicallis. Bread and Milk for Babes : '' or, the Conclusions of the Astrolabie," written by Geoffrey Chaucer (1328—1400) for his son Lewis, a boy of ten years of age. He had given the child an astrolabe, and the little treatise, says Morley, was to show him how to use it. Some of its uses, remarked Chaucer, " be too hard for thy tender age of ten years tb conceive. By this treatise, divided into five parts, will 1 show thee wonder light rules and naked words in English, for Latin ne canst thou yet but small, my little son." " Bread is the staff of life." A phrase in Swift'.s Tale of a Tub. "Break, break, break, on thy cold gray stones, O sea." First line of a familiar poem by Tennyson, in which the poet's regrets for Arthur Hallam (q.v.) find, perhaps, their happiest as well as their mourntullest expression. See In Memoriam, "Break, you may shatter the vase, if you will. You may." A line in Moore's popular lyric, beginning :— " Farewell I but whenever you welcome the hour." Breakfast Table, The Autocrat of the. See Autocrat of the Break- fast Table, The. "Breaks a butterfly upon a wheel. Who." Line 307 of Prologue to Pope's Satires (q.v.). " Breath can make them, as a breath has made. A." Line M of Gold- smith's poem of The Deserted Village (q.v.). i6e BBE BR£l " Breathes there the man -with soul so dead." The opening line of Scott's Lay of the Last Minstrel, canto vi., stanza 1. Brechin, Bishop of. See Forbes, Alexander Penrose. Breeches Bible, The. Tlie name given to an edition of the Scriptures which was first printed at Geneva, by Rowland Hall, in 1560. It arose out of an unusual rendering of Genesis iii. 7, See Bible, The. Breeches Review, The. A nick- name bestowed at one time upon the West- minster Review, in reference to the share in its proprietorship and conduct possessed by a certain West End breeches-maker called Francis Place. Breefe Dialogue between two Preestes' Servauntes named Walkin and Jeffray. A satire on the monastic orders, by William Roy (circa 1526). Breen, Henry Hegart (b. 1805), has written, in addition to several works C'-lished anonymously, The Diamond k, and other Poems (1849) ; Alodern Eng- lish Literature : its Blemishes and Defects (1857). Breitmann, Hans. A fictitious character under whose name Charles Godfrey Leland (b. 1824) has published a series of humorous ballads in the Penn- gylvanian Dutch dialect, a species of German-English. Five series of these bal- lads have been printed : Hans Breitmann' s Parti/, and other Ballads ; Hans Breitmann about Town ; Hans Breitmann in Church ; Hans Breitmann as an Uhlan ; and Hans Breitmann in Europe, Bremer, Frederica (1801—1865). A Swedish novelist, many of whose works have been translated into English by Mrs. Howitt, and republished ; among others, The Neighbours ; The Home : or, Life in Sweden ; The President's Daughters / The Twins, and other Tales ; Nina ; Strife and Peace ; or. Scenes in Dalecarlia ; The Homes of the New World ; Greece and the Cheeks ; Two Years in Switzerland ; Fattier and Daughter; The H Family, and other Tales ; New Sketches of Every Day JAfe ; The Parsonage of Mora ; Brothers and Sisters ; Bertha ; T/te Bondmaid ; The Midnight Sun ; A Pilgrimage ; and But- terfly's Gospel. The Life, Letters, and Posthumous Writings were published in 1868. See Mrs. Howitt's Three Months with Frederica Bremer in Sweden. Brenda, in Sir Walter Scott's romance of The Pirate (q.v.), is the sister of Minna, and the daughter of Magnus Troil, beloved by Mordaunt. whom she eventually marries. Brennoralt, a tragedy by Sir John 6DCKLING (1609—1641), contains a fine pas- sage which Steele, in The Tatler (No. 40), quotes side by side with one from Milton about Eve. A lover is looking on his sleeping mistress, and says :— " Her face is like the milky way i' the sky, A meeting of gentle lights without a name " The scene of the play is supposed to be laid in Poland, but the Lithuanians are evidently intended for the Scotch. See Iphigenie. Brentford, The Two Kings of. Two characters in Buckingham's farce of The Rehearsal (q.v.) ; perhaps intended for Charles II. and James, Duke of York, afterwards James II., or f or Boabdelin and Abdalla, the two contending kings of Granada. They are represented as living on terms of the most aifectionate intimacy, and as dancing, singing, and walking to- gether with wonderful unanimity. It is not obvious why they should be described as kings of Brentford rather than any other locality. Bayes says (act i., scene 1), " Look you, Sirs, the chief hinge of this play. ... is, that I suppose two kings of the same place, as, for example, Brent- ford, for I love to write familiarly." In Cowper's Task, bk. i.. The Sofa, 1. 77, we read— *' United, undivided, twain at once So sit two kings of Brentford on one Throne," Brenton, Edward Pelham (1774 —1839), wrote The Naval History of Great Britain from the year 1783 to 1822 (1823), and a Life of Earl St. Vincent (1838). Brereton, Jane, poetess (1685 — 1740), wrote a number of poetical pieces which were published with her IJfe and Letters in 1744. Sir Egerton Brydges speaks of her in his Censura Literaria as displaying " some talents for versification, if not for poetry." Breton, Captain, in Mrs. Cent- livre's comedy of The Wonder (q.v-), is the lover of Clara, and " a spirited and en- terprising soldier of fortune." Breton, Nicholas, poet (1558 — 1624), wrote Workes of a Young Wyt trust up with a Fardell ofprettie Fancies (1577) ; Wits Trenchmone (1597), (q.v.); Pasquil's Madcap and Madcappe's Message (1600) ; Wits Private Wealth, (1603), (q.v.), and a number of other works, a list of which is given in The Bibliographer's Manual, by Lowndes. He contributed at least eight pieces to England's Helicon (1600). See Ritson's Bibliographia Poetica. There is a reference to Breton in Phillip's Theafrum Poetarum ; and Sir Egerton Brydges, writing in the Censura Literaria concern- ing his ballad of Phillida and Corydon (q.v.), says that ''if we are to judge from this specimen of his poetical powers-^for surely he must have had the powers of a poet-^they were distinguished by a simplic- ity at once easy and elegant." See BRE BRI lo^r Grimello's Fortunes ; Workes of a Young Wit. " Brevity is the soul of "wit." — Hamlet, act ii., scene 2. Brewer, Anthony. See Lingua; Superiority. Brewer, E. Cobham, D.D., LL.D. has written, among many other works, a Guide to Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar (1850); and a Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, " giving the Derivation, Source, or Origin of Common Phrases, Allusions, and Words that have a Tale to Tell." Brewster, Sir David, LL.D., philosophical writer (1781—1868), published A Treatise on the Kaleidoscope {1^29); Notes toRobison's System of Mechanical Philos- cphy (1822); A Life of Euler (1823); Notes and Introductory Chapter to Legendre's Elements of Geometry (1824); A Treatise on Optics (1831); Letters on Natural Magic (1831); A Life of Sir Isaac Neicton (1831); The Martyrs of Science : or, the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brahi, and Kepler (1831); A Treatise on the Microscope; More Worlds than mie ; The Creed of the Philosopher and the Hope of the Christian (1854); Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton (1855); and other works of a scientific character. For Biography, see The Home Life of Sir David Brewster by his daughter (1869). "Briars is this working-day world, O, how full of ." — As You Like It, act i., scenes. Brick, Mr. Jefferson. An Ameri- can politician, in Dickens' novel of Mar- tin Chuzzlewit (q.v.). Bride of Abydos, The. A Turk- ish tale, told in octo-syllabic verse by Lord Byron (1788—1824), and published in 1813. It is in two cantos, and opens with the well-known song imitated from Goethe, beginning : — " Know ye the land where the cypress and myrtle." The name of the " bride " is Zuleika, and that of her lover, Selim. Bride of Lammermoor, The. A romance by Sir Walter Scott (1771— 1832), published in 1819, and characterised by Senior as "a tragedy of the highest order, uniting excellence of plot with Scott's usual merits of character and de- scription." See AsHTON, Lucy ; Bal- DERSTONE, Caleb; and Ravenswood, Bride's Burial, The. The title of a ballad published by Percy in his Re- liques. Bride's Tragedy, The. A p.ny by Thomas Lovell Beddoes (1803—1849), published in 1822, and evidently intended more for the library than for the stage. " It possesses many passages of pure and sparkling verse." The bride is called Floribel, and is murdered by her husband, Hesperus. Bridge, The. A poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (b. 1807) ;— " Whenever I cross the river On its bridge with wooden piers. Like the odor of brine from the ocean Comes the thought of other years." "Bridge of Sighs, I stood in Venice on the." — Byron's Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, canto iv., stanza 1. Bridge of Sighs, The. A lyric by Thomas Hood (1798—1845), originally published in Punch, and beginning — " One more unfortunate, Weary of breath. Rashly importunate. Gone to her death 1 " Bridgenorth, Major Ralph. A Roundhead, in Sir Walter Scott's novel of Peveril of the Peak (q.v.). Bridget, Mrs. A character in Sterne's Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman (q.v.). Bridgew^ater, Beniamin. See BiBLIOPOLiE, RELIGIO. Bridgewater, Earl of, Francis Henry Egerton (1736—1829), is notable as founder of the Bridgewater Treatises (see next paragraph). He published editions of the Hippolytus of Euripides, a fragment of an Ode by Sappho from Longinus, and an- other Ode by Sappho from Dionysius of Ha- licarnassus ; and prepared for the Bio- ?iraphia Britannica, a Life of Lord Chancel- or Egerton. Bridgewater Treatises, The, originated in the will of the Right Hon. and Rev. Francis Henry Egerton, eighth Earl of Bridgewater, by which he bequeathed eight thousand pounds to be paid to the person or persons who should lie appointed by the President of the Royal Society to prepare a work " on the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God, as mani- fested in the Creation, illustrating such work by all reasonable arguments ; as, for instance, the variety and formation of God's creatures in the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms ; the effect of di- gestion, and thereby of conversion ; the construction of the hand of man, and an infinite variety of other arguments ; as also by discoveries, ancient and modern, in arts, sciences, and in the whole extent of liter- ature." The treatises are eight in number : On the Adaptation of External Nature to the Moral and Intellecttial Consiitution of Man, by the Rev. Thomas Chalmers, D.D. ; On the Adaptation of External Nature to the Physical Condition of Man, by John Kidd, M.D. ; Astronomy and General 108 BRi BRl Physics considered with reference to Natu- ral Theology, by the Rev. William Whe- well ; The Hand : its MecJianism and Vital Endoivments, as evincing Design, by Sir Charles Bell ; On Animal and Vegetable Physiology, considered toith reference to Natural Theology, by Peter Mark Roget, M.D.; On Geology and Mineralogy , by the Rev. William Buckland, D.D.; Animals: their History, Habits and Instincts, by the Rev. William Kirby ; and Chemistry, Meteorology , and the Function of Din estion, considered icith reference to Natural Theol- ogy, by William Prout, M.D. They were a'll published between 1833 and 1836, and have frequently been reprinted. A soi- disant ninth Bridgewater Treatise by Charles Babbage (q.v.), appeared in 1837. Bridlington, John of. The name of the reputed author of a satire on the court of Edwai-d III., which took the form of a prophecv in Latin verse, and was divided into tliree parts, containing reve- lations during three accesses of fever. Brief e View of the State of the Church of England, A, "as it stood in Queen Elizabeth's and King James's reigne to the yeere 1608," by Sir John Haryng- TON (d. 1612), published in 1653. In this treatise the author speaks strongly against the marriage of bishops. Briggs, Charles F. See Franco, Harry. Briggs, Matilda. The companion of Miss Crawley, and afterwards of Mrs. Rawdon Crawley {nle Becky Sharp). See Thackeray's Vanity Fair. "Bright-eyed Fancy." An ex- pression used in Gray's Progress of Poesy, part ii., stanza 3. Bright, Timothy, pliysician and divine (d. 1615), wrote, among other works, a treatise On Melancholy (q.v.). " Bright peirticular star, That I should love a." — AlVs Well that Ends Well, act i., scene 1. "Bright star! "would I -were steadfast as thou art." First line of a son- net by John Keats. " Brightest and best of the sons of the morning." First line of Heber's hymn on the Epiphany— " Dawn on our darkness, and lend us thine aid." Brigida, Monna. A character in George Eliot's novel of Romola (q.v.), a kinswoman of the heroine. Brigs of Ayr, The. A poem bv Robert Burns (1759—1796), occasioned bj the erection of a new bridge across the river Doon at Ayr, in place of the dilapi- dated structure built in the reign of Alex- ander III. It is in the form of a conversii- tion between the two bridges. Brimley, George, essayist and critic (1819—1857), contributed numerous papers to The Spectator and Eraser's Maga- zine, selections from which appeared in 1860 under the editorship of W. G- Clark, who prefixed a short Memoir. Amongthe Essays are two very able criticisms of Ten- nyson and Wordswoi'th. Brisk, Fastidious, in Ben Jon- son's comedy of Every Man out of his Humour (q.v.), is "a neat, spruce, affect- ing courtier, one that wears clothes well and in fashion ; swears tersely, and with variety ; cares not what lady's favour he belies, or great man's familiarity ; a good property to perfume the heel of a coach." Bristol, Earl of. See Elvira. Bristow^ Tragedy, The : "or, the Death of Sir Charles Bawdin." A ballad by Thomas Chatterton (1752—1770). Britain, Benjamin, in Dickens's The Battle of Life (q.v,), is sometimes called Little Britain, to distinguish him from ^he Greater Britain. Britain, History of. A fragment, in six books, by John Milton (1608—1674), extending from fabulous times to the Nor- man Conquest, and published in 1670. Britain's Ida. A poem, in six cantos, by Edmund Spenser (1652—1599). Britannia : " sive Florentissimo- rum Regnorum Angliae, Scotiae, Hibemiae, et Insularum adjacentium ex intima An- tiquitate ChorographicaDescriptio." The famous " chorographical description of Great Britain and Ireland, together with adjacent islands," written in Latin by William Camden (q.v.), and published in 1586—1607. It was translated into English by Professor Holland in 1610, by Bishop Gibson in 1772, and by Richard Gough in 1789, the latter edition being reprinted in 1806 — the first volume under the editorship of Gough, the other two under the super- vision of John Nichols. Britannia. A poem by James Thomson (1700—1748), published in 1727, and written to express the poet's indigna- tion at the interruption of British trade by. the Spaniards in America. " By this piece he declared himself an adherent of the Opposition, and had therefore no favour to expect from the court." " Britannia needs no bul- warks." A line in CA3IPBell's song of Ye Mariners of England (q-v.) :— " Her march is o'er the mountain-waves ; Her home is on the deep." Britannia Rediviva. A poem by John Dryden (1631— 1701), celebrating the birth of the son of James II. and Mary of Modena. "Britannia rules the -waves." BBI BRI 109 See Thomson's famous lyric, Eule Britan- nia, in Alfred {q.y.). Britannia's Pastorals. A poem by William Browne (1590—1645), pub- lished (book i.) in 1613 and (book ii.) in 1616, with commendatory verses by Drayton, Selden, Jonson. Wither, and others. In 1852 a third book was printed, from the orig- inal manuscripts in the library of Salis- bury Cathedral. The poem is written in the ten-syllabled couplet, interspersed with various lyrics, of which those beginning — " Venus, by Adonis' side," and— " Shall I tell you whom 1 love ? " are the best known. British Apollo, The, " containing two thousand answers to curious questions in most arts and sciences, serious, comical, and humorous," "performed by a Society of Gentlemen," and published in 1740. British Birds, The. A metrical satire by Mortimer Collins, suggested by The Birds of Aristophanes, and pub- lished in 1872. It professes to be a com- munication from the ghost of the famous comic writer. British Critic, The. A periodical which commenced in May, 1783, and ter- minated in 1843. The first series, from 1783 to 1813, extended to 42 vols. ; the second series, from 1814 to 1825, to 23 vols. ; the third series, from 1825 to 1826. to 3 vols. ; and the fourth series, from 1827 to 1843, to 34 vols. Keble, the author of The Christian Year, contributed some valuable papers to this magazine, British Jeremiah, The. A title bestowed by Gibbon, the histoiian, upon the old English writer. Gildas (q.v.). British Librarian, The, " exhibit- ing a compendious view of all unpublished and valuable books," was compiled by William Oldys (1689—1761), and printed in 1737. British Magazine, The. A period- ical, published monthly, price sixpence, started on January 1. 1760, " with a fervid dedication to Pitt, and the unusual distinc- tion of a royal licence to Dr. Smollett as its editor." To this journal Oliver Gold- emith was a regular contributor, his es- says and criticisms forming not the least attractive of its pages, in which Smollett's novel of Sir Launcelot Greaves appeared in successive instalments till its conclu- sion in December, 1761. Three other periodicals of the same name have since Been started ; the first existed from July, 1782, to December, 1783 ; the second was issued in 1800, and the third lasted from 1&32 to 1849. British Museum Library, The, originated with the grant by Parliament (April 5, 1753), of £20,000 to the daughters of Sir Hans Sloane, in payment for his fine library and vast collections of the pro- ductions of nature and art, which had cost him £50j000. In 1757, George II. pre- sented the Old Royal Library ; and many important additions have been given and bequeathed to it since. It was first placed in Montagu House, and afterwards remov- ed to the present building. The great reading-room, erected by Sydney Smirke, was opened May 18, 1857. It affords ac- commodation for 300 readers, who have free access, under certain slight restric- tions, and contains upwards of 80,000 vol- umes. In 1870 it was estimated that the librarv of the British Museum contained 1,600,000 volumes and MSS. It is constant- ly receiving additions, being one of the five Public Libraries, which, under the Copyright Act, are entitled to a copy of every book published in Great Britain and Ireland. British Fausanias, The. A name conferred upon the scholar and antiquary, William Camden (q.v.). British Revie^w^, The, was first published in 1811, and continued till 1825. Byron has an amusing passage in his Don Juan about " My grandmother's review [q.v.]. The British," which was seriously resented by the then editor of the periodi- cal. See Moore's ii/e p/ -Byron. Britomart, or Britomartis — from the Greek, BptrdjaapTt?, sweet maiden — was a Cretan epithet of Diana ; whence, in Spenser's poem of the Faerie Queene (book iii.), she personifies Chastity, and is armed with a magic spear which nothing can resist, — " A mighty spear, Which Bladud made bv magick art of yore. And used the same in Datteul aye to beare." Sir Walter Scott says — " She charmed at once, and tamed the heart, Incomparable Britomart." Briton, The. A tragedy by Am- brose Philips (1671—1749), produced in 1722. The two principal characters are Vanor, the British prince, and Valens, the Roman general. " Britons never shall be slaves." Aline in Rule Britannia, in Thomson's Alfred (q.v.). Britton, John, antiquarian (1771- 1857), published, among other works. The Beauties of Wiltshire (1801) ; The Architec- tural Antiquities of Great Britain (1805) ; The Cathedral Antiquities of Great Britain (1814) ; Picturesque Antiquities of English Cities (1830) ; The Union of Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting (1827) ; Fine Arts of the English School (iS12); A Dictionary of the Architecture and Archceology of the Middle Ages (1830) ; Fonthill Abbey (1823) ^ Public Buildings of London (1828) ; hU- 110 BRO BRO torical Notices of Windsor Castle (1842) ; A Memoir of John Aubrey (t845) ; and The Authorship of the Letters of Junius Eluci- dated (1848) ; See Knight's English Cyclo- pcedia and The Gentleman's Magazine for 1857. Broad Grins. A series of humor- ous tales in verse, by George Colmak the younger (1762—1836), originally pub- lished in 1797 under the title of My Night- gown and Slippers. "Broadcloth without and a warm heart within." A line in Cowper's Epistle to Joseph Hill. Brobdingnag. The country to which Gulliver made his second voyage. As compared with the natives of Lilliput, the inhabitants are giants of the greatest size, and everything else is in enormous proportion. Gulliver finds himself a Lilli- putian among them, and is treated accord- ingly. Brock, Mrs. Carey, novelist, is the author, among other works, of Charity Helstonc, Sunday Echoes, Penny Wise and Pound J^^oolish, Home Memories, and Mar- gareVs Secret. Broken Heart, The. A tragedy by John Ford (1586—1639), printed in 1633, and " generally reckoned his finest." See TjOve's Sacrifice. Brome, Alexander, poet and dramatist (1620—1666), wrote The Cunning Lovers (1654) ; Fancy'' s Festivals (1657) ; Songs, and other Poems (1660), (q.v.) ; and A Translation of Horace (1666). In 1672 appeared Covent Garden Drollery, or a Collection of all the choice Songs, Poems, Prologues, and Epilogues of Brome. See "Walton's Lives, where Brome's lyric poems are referred to as — " Those cheerful songs which we Have often sung with mirth and merry glee As we have marched to fight the cause Of God's anointed and His laws." ' It is sp'd that Brome's love of wine and song gave him among the Cavaliers the title of " the English Anacreon." Cotton, in a poem addressed to him, says : — " Anacreon, come, and tovjch thjr jolly lyre. And bring in Horace to the choir." Brome, Richard, poet and drama- tist, temp. Elizabeth (d. 1652), wrote Lachrymm Musarum ; a serious of Elegies (1650) ; The Jovial Crew (1652), (q.v.) ; The Northern Lass (1632) ; The Madd Couple well Matcht ; Novella ; The Court Beggar ; The City Witt ; The Damoiselle ; The Eng- lish Moor; The Lovesick Court; Covent Garden Weeded; The Neto Academy ; The Queen and the Concubine ; The Sparagus ; The Antipodes (q.v.) ; The Queene's Ex- change ; The Royall Exchange ; ten of which were edited and published by Alex- ander Brome in 1&53. Brome also assisted Heywood in The Lancashire Witches, The lAfe and Death of Marty n Skink, and Tlie Apprentice's Prize. He was originally a ser- vant of Ben Jonson's, on whose style he endeavoured, not altogether unsuccess- fully, to mould his own. Jonson himself speaks of Brome's " Observation of those comic laws "Which I, thy master, first did teach the stage." See the Biographia Dramatica. Bromyard, John of (d. 1419). See SuMMA Predicantium. Brontes, The, novelists and poets : Anne (b. 1820, d, 1849), author of The Ten- ant of Wildfell Hall, Agnes Grey (1847), and Poems (1846) ; Charlotte (b. 1816, d. 1855), author of Jane Eyre, (q.v.), (1849), Shirley (1849) ; Villette (1850), The Professor (q.v.), (1856), and Poems (1846) ; and Emi- ly (b. 1818, d. 1848), author of Wuthering Heights (1847) ; and Poems (1846). See Charlotte Bronte, by T. W. Reid (1877) ; Life of Charlotte Bronte by Mrs. Gaskell ; Miss Martineau's Biographical Sketches; The Edinburgh Jtevieio (1850) ; Bayne's Essays, and Roscoe's Essays ; also, the Last Sketch, in Thackeray's Roundabout Papers. Miss Martineau thus writes of Charlotte Bronte :—" Though passion occupies too prominent a place in her pictures of life, though women have to complain that she represents love as the whole and sole con- cern of their lives, and though governesses especially have reason to remonstrate, and do remonstrate, that their share of human conflicts is laid open somewhat rudely and inconsiderately, and with enormous exag- geration, to social observation, it is a true social blessing that we have had a female writer who has discountenanced sensation- alism and feeble egotism with such practi- cal force as appears in the works of Currer Bell." See Bell, Currer. Bronze, The Age of. See Age of Bronze, The. Bronzomarte. The steed of the hero in Smollett's Adventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves, described as " a fine, mettlesome sorrel, who had got blood in him." Brook, Master. A name assumed by Ford (q.v.), in The Merry Wives of Windsor (q.v.). Brook, The. " An idyll," by Al- fred Tennyson (b. 1809), published in 1855, and including the famous lyric, which begins— " I chatter, chatter, as I flow." It has been observed how strikingly in this song the sound is made to illustrate the sense. Brooke, Arthur (d. about 1563), wrote The Tragical History ofRomeusand Juliet (q.v.) ; and Agreementt of Sundrie Places of Scripture,' seeming in shewe to Jarre, a translation from the French (1563). BRO BRO 111 Turberville, in his Poems (1567), writes of Brooke :— " In proofe that he for Myter did excell. As may be judge for Juliet and her Mate : For there he shewde his cunning passing well. When he the Tale to Englishe did translate." See Carew Hazlitt's Shakespeare Library. Brooke, Charlotte, daugliter of Henry Brooke (q. v.), (d. 1793), published, in 1789, Beliques of Irish Poetry, Trans- lated into English Verse, toith Notes, and an Irish Tale ; in 1796, A Dialogue between a Lady and her Pupils, disclosing a Journey through England and Wales ; a novel, entitled Emma : or, the Foundling of the Wood (1803) ; and a tragedy called Belisarius. See the Life by Seymour (1816). Brooke, Frances, poetess, novel- ist, and dramatist (b. 1745, d. 1789), wrote The Old Maid (1755) ; Virginia^ a Tragedy, with Odes, Pastorals, and Translations (1756) ; The History of Lady Julia Man- deville (1763) ; The History of Emily Mon- tague (1769) ; Memoirs of the Marquis of St. Forlaix (mO) ; The Excursion (1777); The Siege of Tinope, a Tragedy (1781) ; Rosina, a Play (1782) ; Marian, a Play (1788) ; The History of Charles Mandeville (1790). Brooke, Henry, poet, dramatist, novelist, politician, and divine (b. 1706, d. 1783), wrote Universal Beauty (q.v.), (1735); a translation of the first three books of Gierusalemnie Liberata (1737) ; Gustavus Vasa (q.v.), (1739) ; Constantia: or, the Man of Law's Tale (1741); Farmer's Letters (1745) ; The Earl of Westmoreland, a Trag- edy (1748) ; Fairy Tales (1750) ; The Earl of Essex, a Tragedy (1760) ; The Trial of the Roman Catholicks (1762) ; The Fool of Quality (1766), (q.v.) ; Redemption, a Poem (1772) ; and Jiiliet Grenville: or, the History of the Human Heart (1774). His Works were published by his daughter in 1792, in four volumes octavo. See the biographi- cal introduction to Canon Kingsley's edition of The Fool of Quality, a volume called Brookiana (1804), and Chalmers's Biographical Dictionary. Brooke, Lord. See Greville, FULKE. Brooke, Stopford Augustus, clergyman and miscellaneous writer, is the author of The Life of Frederick William Robertson, Freedom in the Church of Eng- land, Sermons, Christ in Modem Life, The- ology in the English Poets, and other works. Brooks, Charles Shirley, novel- ist, dramatist, and miscellaneous writer (b. 1815, d. 1874), wrote OurNcic Governess, Honours and Tricks, The Creole, and some other plays; Aspen Court, The Silver Cord, The Gordian Knot, Somier or Later, and various other works. He succeeded Mark Lemon as editor of Punch, and re- tained his position until Jus death. His Poems of Wit and Humour, contributed to Punch between 1852 and 1874, were edited by his son, and published in 1875. Brooks, James Gordon, Ameri- can poet (b. 1801, d. 1841), wrote Genius (1827), and, in conjunction with his wife, The Rivals ofEste, and other Poems (1829). His poetry is described by Griswold as "spirited and smoothly versified, but diffuse and carelessly written." Brooks, Maria, an American poet- ess (b. about 1795, d. 1845), wrote Judith, Esther, and other Poems (1820) ; Zophiel : or, the Pride of Seven (q.v.), (1826) ; and Idomen : or, the Vale of Yumuri (1843). SeeSouthey's Life and Correspondence, and Griswold's Female Poets of America. Broome, 'WUUam (1689—1745), translated some books of the Iliad into prose, which were afterwards printed in the book called Ozell's Homer. He was afterwards employed by Pope in making extracts from Eustathius for the notes to his translation of the Iliad, and, at a later periodj, he assisted the poet by translating a considerable part of the Odyssey, in- cluding books two, six, eight eleven, twelve, sixteen, eighteen, and twenty- three. Hence the well-known epigram by Henley— '■ Pope came off clean with Homer ; but they say Broome went before and kindly swept the way." Yet Pope does not seem to have been grateful. In his Art of Sinking in Poetry e describes Broome as one of those " par- rots who repeat another's words in such a hoarse odd tone as makes them seem their own ;" and in The Dunciad he has the fol- lowing reference to him— " Hibernian politics, O Swift, thy doom. And mine, translating ten whole years with Broome." Broome's Poems on Several Occasions were printed in 1727 ; his Sermons in 1737. He wrote some translations of Anacreon for The Gentleman's Magazine, under the signature of " Chester."" See Belinda. Broomstick, A Meditation upon a, by Jonathan Swift (1667—1745), written " according to the style and man- ner of the Honourable Robert Boyle's Meditations," which Lady Berkeley was wont to require Swift to read to her more often than he cared to do. The story of how he ingeniously palmed off this amus- ing parody upon her ladyship as really one of Boyle's own compositions, is told in some detail by Dr. Sheridan in his Life of Swift. It was on being told that the dean had written a charming poem on himself and Vanessa (q.v.), that Stella (q.v.) said, '•Oh, we all know that the dean could write beautifully about a broomstick." Brother, The Bloody. A tragedy by Francis Beaumont (1586—1616), pub- lished in 1639. It is also called RqUq. 112 BBO BRO Brothers, The. A play by James Shirley (1594—1666), published in 1652. A companion play, entitled The Sisters, appeared in the same year. Brothers, The. A tragedy by Edward Youkg (1684—1765), produced in 1728, but withdrawn almost immediately on the author's appointment to a royal chaplaincy. " The epilogue to the play was," Dr. Johnson thought, " the only one of the kind. He calls it an historical epi- logue. Finding that * guilt's dreadiul close his narrow scene denied^' he, in a manner, continues the tragedy in the epi- logue, and relates how Rome revenged the shade of Demetrius, and punished Perseus * for this night's deed.' " Brothers, The. A comedy by Richard Cumberland (1732—1811), pro- duced in 1769. It was received with ap- plause, and is still, says Sir Walter Scott, ' on the stock-list of acting plays. The sudden assumption of spirit oy Sir Benja- min Dove, like Luke's change from servil- ity to insolence, is one of those incidents which always tell well upon the spectator. The author acknowledges his obligations to Fletcher's Little French Lawyer." Brothers, The. A poem by Wil- liam "Wordsworth (1770—1850), written in 1800. Brougham and Vaux, Lord, Henry Brougham, politician and miscella- neous writer (b. 1779, d. 1868), wrote The Colonial Policy of the European Powers ; Discourses of Natural Theology (1835) ; Collected Speeches (1838) ; Dissertations on Subjects of Science (1839) ; Historic Sketches of Statesmen who Flourished in the Time of George III. (1839—1843) ; Political Phi- losophy (1840) ; Albert Lunel, anonymous- ly^ an of afterwards suppressed (1844), (q-v.) ; Lives of Men of Letters and Science (1845) ; The Late Revolution in France (1849) : Dia- logue on Instinct (1849) ; An Analytical View of Sir Isaac Newton's PHncipia, pub- lished jointly with E. J. Routh (1855) ; Contributions to the Edinburgh Review (1857) ; and Recherches Analytiques et Ecc- pirimentales sur les Alveoles des Abeilles (1858). His Works have been published in a complete form. See the Bibliographical List of them issued in 1873. His Autobiog- raphy, edited by his brother, was published in 1871. See Hazlitt's Spirit of the Age, Roebuck's Whig Ministry of 1830, Black- wood for 1834, and Edinburgh Review for 1858. Brougham Castle, Song of the Feast of, "upon the restoration of Lord Clifford, the shepherd, to the estates and honours of his ancestors." A poem by William Wordsworth (1770—1850), writ- ten in 1807. The Lord Clifford referred to was a scion of the House of Lancaster ; and, to save him from the vengeance of the HouBe of York, his mother put him in the charge of a shepherd, to be brought up as one of hid own children. On the acces sion of Henry VII., being then thirty-one years of age, ne was restored to his pos- sessions. He died in 1543,— " And, ages after he was laid in earth, The Good Lord Clifford' was the name he bore." Brougham John, (b. 1814), is the author of upwards of a hundred dramatic pieces, including Th.e Game of Life, The Game of Love, Romance and Reality, and AlVs Fair in Love. He has also contrib- uted extensively to American magazines. Broughton, Lord, John Cam Hobhouse, miscellaneous writer (b. 1786, d. 18G!)), wrote Travels in Greece ; Imitations and Translations from the Classics, with original Poems (1809) ; Journey through Albania and other Provinces <^ Turkey vnth Lord Byron (1812) ; The Last Reign of Napoleon (1816) ; Letters to an Englishman (1820) ; Historical Illustrations of the Fourth Canto of Childe Harold; and various contributions to Blackwood:' s and Frazer's Magazines, and to the Westmin- ster and other Reviews. Shelley had " a very slight opinion ", of Hobhouse ; but Byron, on the contrary, called him his " best friend, the most lively and entertain- ing of companions, and a fine fellow to boot." Broughton, Rhoda, novelist, has written Cometh up as a Flower ; Not wise- ly, but too Well; Red as a Rose is She; Good-bye, Sweetheart ; Nancy; Joan; and a volume of short stories. Browdie, John. A jovial York- shireman, in Dickens's novel of Nicholas Nickleby (q.v.), "who, with his hearty laugh and thoroughly English heart, wilj ever be an immense favourite. Brown, Adam. A ballad, printed by Sir Walter Scott in his Border Min- strelsy, which tells how " a fu' fauee knight" came tempting the " gay ladye " of Brown Adam, and how he fared when his treachery was discovered. BroTvn, Anthony. See Country Girl, The. Brown, Charles Brockden, American novelist and journalist (b. 1771, d. 1810), wrote ^fcjti?!-: a Dialogue on the Rights of Women (1797); Wieland: or, the Transformation (1798) ; Ormond : or, the Secret Witness (1799) ; Arthur Mervyn : or, Memoirs of the Year 1793 (second part in 1800) ; Edgar Huntly : or, the Adven^ tures of a Sleep Walker; Clara Howard (1801) ; Jane Talbot (1804) ; and various miscellaneous works, besid.es editing sev- eral periodicals. For Biography, see the Life by Dunlop, prefixed to the 1827 edition of the novels, and the Life by Prescott, in his Miscellanies (1855). For Criticism, see Griswold's Prose Writers of America. BRO BRO 113 Brown, James Baldwin, Inde- pendent minister (b. 1820), has published The Divine Life in Man, The Divine Treat- ment of Sin, The Divine Mystery of Peace, The Christian Policy of Life, The Home Life in the Light of its Divine Idea, First Prin- ciples of Ecclesiastical Truth, Misread Passages of Scripture^ The Higher Life, The Doctrine of Annihilation, and other works. Brown, John, M.D. (b. 1810), is the author of Horce Subsecivfe (q.v.), and various contributions to the periodicals of the day. Brown John, Scottish divine (1722 —1787), was the author of the Self-Inter- preting Bible (1791), a Dictionary of the Holy Bible, on the Plan of Calmet (1769)— two works which have been frequently re- printed — and a General History of the Christian Church to the Present Times (1771). See the Life by his son (1857). Brown Jug, The. A once popu- lar song by Francis Fawkes (1721—1777), which relates how the body of Toby Fill- pot, having in time turned to clay, was fashioned into the form of a brown j ug, — "Now sacred to friendship, and mirth, and mild ale. Brown Robyn's Confession. A ballad, founded on the story of a Roman Catholic miracle, and printed by Buchan in his Collection. Brown, Thomas, metaphysical writer and poet (b. 1778, d. 1820), wrote Ob- servations on Daricin's Zoonoinia (1798) ; Poems (1804) ; The Relation of Cause and Effect (1804) ; The Paradise of Coquettes (1814) ; The Wanderer in Noricai/ (1815) ; The War Fiend {\%\&); The Dower of Spring (1817) ; Agnes (1818) ; Emily (1819) ; and Lectures on the Philosophy of the Mind (1820). His Life has been written bv Dr. Welsh (1825). See Morell's History of Modem Philosophy and Mackintosh's Sec- ond Preliminary Dissertation in The En- cyclopcedia Britannica. "As a philoso- pher," says Dr. McCosh, " he may be re- tarded as a sort of combination of the cottish school of Reid and Stewart, and of the Frenoh sensational school." Brown, Thomas, poet (d. 1704), and described by Addison as ** of facetious memory," was the author of numerous dialogues, letters, poems, and other mis- cellanies, first collected in 1707. He was not, says Dr. Johnson, in his Life of Dry- den, "a man deficient in literature, nor destitute of fancy ; but he seems to have thought it the pinnacle of excellence to be 'a merry fellow,' and therefore laid out his powers upon small jests and gross buf- foonery, so that his performances have little intrinsic value, and were read only while they were recommended by the nov- elty of the event that occasioned them. What sense or knowledge his works con- tain is disgraced by the garb in which it is exhibited." The Beauties of Tom Bromn were published in 1808 by €. H. Wilson. Brow^n, Thomas, the Younger. The 710W de plume mx^QT which Thomas Moore, the poet (1779 — 1852), issued several of his earlier publications. Brown's, Tom, School Days. A stoi-y of Thomas Hughes (q.v.), pub- lished in 1856. Browne, Charles Farrer. An American humorist (b. 1832, d. 1867), best known under his nam, de phinie of *' Ar- temus Ward" (q.v.). Brow^ne, Edward Harold, D.D., successively Bishop of Elv and Winches- ter (b, 1811), has published (1850—1853) an Exposition of the Thirty-Nine Articles ; Sermons On the Atonement (1859), and On the Messiah as Foretold and Expected (1862) ; and a work, in reply to Bishop Colenso (q.v.), on The Pentateuch and Elo- histic Psalms (1863). Bishop Browne has also contributed to Aids to Faith, and other religious works, besides publishing various charges, sermons, and pamphlets, Browne, Frances, poet and novel- ist (b. 1816), has written Sonqs of Our Land (1840) ; Legends of Ulster ; the Ericksons ; My Share of the World (1861) ; The Hidden Sin (1865) ; and The Exile's Trust. Browne, Isaac Hawkins, poet (b. 1706, d. 1760), was the author of Design and Beauty, The Immortality of the Soul, and other works. Browne, John Ross, American traveller, &c., has written Etchings of a Whaling Cruise, and Notes of a Sojourn on the Island of Zanzibar; Yuscf: or, the Journey of the Frangi, a Crusade in the East; Washoe; An American Family in Germany ; The Land of Thor ; Crtisoe's Island ; Tlie Apache Country ; and other works. Browne, Mary Anne, American poetess (b. 1812, d. 1844), wrote poetry at the early age of fifteen, and published among other works, Mont Blanc, The Coro- nal, The Birthday Gift, and Ignatia. " Though her poetry never reaches the height she evidently sought to attain, it is excellent for its pure taste and just senti- ment, while a few instances of bold imag- ination show vividly," says Mrs. Hale, in her Records of Women, " the ardour of a fancy which prudence and delicacy always controlled." Browne, Matthew. The nam de plume under which W. B. Raxds has con- tributed largely to tlie periodical literature of the day. He is also the author of Chaucer's England, Views and Opinions, and Lillijnit Levie. See Holbeach, Henry, andFiELDMOUSE, Timon, 114 BRO BRO Browne, Moses, clergyman and poet (b. 1703, d. 1787), wrote Poems on Various Subjects (1739) ; and Angling Sports, in J^^ine Piscatorial Eclogues (1773). Browne, Robert, founder of the sect of Brownists (b. 1549, d. 1630), was the author of a work on The Life and Manners of True (Jhristians. Browne, Sir Thomas, pliysician, and miscellaneous writer (b. 1605, d. 1682), wrote lieligio Medici (1643) ; Pseudoxia Epidemica (1646) ; Hydrotaphia (1658) ; The Garden of Cyrus {l(y58) ; and A Treatise on Christian Morals (1756), (all of which see.) A collection of his Miscellanies was published by Dr. Tenison h\ 1684. His Life has been written by Dr. Johnson (1756). Complete editions of the Works were publislied in 1686, and by Simon Wilkin, in 1836. The latter edition has flince been republished in Bohn's Anti- quarian Library. " The mind of Browne," says Hallam, " was fertile, and, accord- ing to the correct use of the word, ingen- ious ; his analogies are original, and some- times brilliant ; and, as his learning is also in some things out of the beaten path, this gives a peculiar and uncommon air to his writing;*, and especially to the lieligio Medici. He was, however, far re- moved from philosophy, both by histumof mind, and by the nature of his erudition ; he seldom reasons, his thoughts are de- sultory, sometimes he appears sceptical or paradoxical, but credulity and deference to authority prevail. He belonged to the class, numerous at that time in our Church, who halted between Popery and Protes- tantism, and this gives him, on all such topics, an appearance of vacillation and irresoluteness which probably represents the real state of his mind. His style is not flowing, but vigorous ; his choice of words not elegant, and even approaching to bar- barism as English phrase ; yet there is an impressiveness, an air of reflection and sincerity in Browne's writings, which re- deem many of their faults. His egotism is equal to that of Montaigne, but with this difference, that it is the egotism of a melancholy mind." Browne, "William, poet (b. 1590, d. 1645), wrote Britannia''s Pastorals (1613 and 1616), (q.v.) ; Shepherd's Pi]}e (1614) ; The Inner Tenrple Masque (1620) ; and mis- cellaneous poems. His Works were col- lected and printed in 1772, and are to be found in the fifth volume of Chalmers's edition of the poets. See the edition by Carew Hazlitt ; also The Retrospective Re- view, vol. iii., and Woods Athence Oxoni- enses. See Eliza ; Poetical Miscel- LAIflES. Brownie of Blednoch, The. A ballad by Williabi Nicholson (d. 1849), tuown as " the Galloway Poet-" Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, poetess (b. 1809, d. 1861), wrote The Battle of Marathon; An Essay mi Mind, and other Poems (1826) ; Prometheus Botmd (q.v.), translated from the Greek of^schy- lus, and Miscellaneous Poems (1833) ; The Seraphim (q.v.), and other Poems (1838) ; The Romaunt of the Page (1839) ; Poems (1844) ; Casa Guidi Windows (1851), (q.v.) ; Aurora Leigh (1856), (q.v.) ; The Greek Christian Poets ; essays ; and various con- tributions to the magazines. Her Works have been published m five volumes. A book of Selections from her works, has also been published. For notices, bio- graphical and critical, see her Letters, edited by Kichai-d Henry Home (1877), Bayne's Essays, Eoscoe's Essays, Poe's Critical Sketches, and Contemporary Re- view, 1873. ^ee Bertha in the Lane ; CowPEB's Grave ; Cry of the Children The ; Dead Pan, The ; Dead Kose, A ; Drama of Exile, A; Duchess May; Flush , m\' Dog, To; Geraldine's Co urt- SHip, Lady; Greek CiiiasTAiN Poets ; Poems before Congress : Bhapsody of Life's Progress ; Romance of thb Swan's Nest ; Sonnets from the Por- tuguese ; Vision of Poets, A. Browning Robert, poet (b. 1812), published in 1865 an edition of his Works, containing the following poems :— vol. i., Lyrics, Romances, Men and Women ,• vol. ii., Pippa Passes, King Victor and King Charles, The Return of the Druses, A Blot on the 'Scutcheon, Colombe's Birthday, Luria, A Soul's Tragedy, In a Balcony, Strafford; and vol, iii., Paracelsus, Christ- mas Eve and Easter Day, Sordello. Since then he has produced The Ring and the Book (1869) ; Balaustiori's Adventure (1871) ; Prince Hohenstiel-Schwangau, Saviour of Society (1871) ; Eifine at the Pair (1872) ; Red Cotton Nightcap Country (1873) ; Aristo- phanes' Apology (1875) ; The Inn Album (1876) ; Pacchiarotto (1876) ; and a transla- tion from .^schylus (completed in 1877). For Criticism see Buchanan's Master- spirits ; The Quarterly Revietv (April, 1869, and July and October, 1865); The Edinburgh Review (July and October, 1864, and July, 1869) ; The North British Review (December, 1868) ; The British Quarterly Review (April, 1869) ; The Con- temporary Review (1867) ; Eraser's Maga- zine (October, 1867) ; and The Eortnightly Revieio (vol. v., new series). See Bells AND Pomegranates ; Evelyn Hope ; Home Thoughts from Abroad ; Light Woman, A ; Lost Leader, A ; Lost Mistress, The ; Paracelstjs ; Pied Piper of Hamelin ; Ring and thfi Book, The ; Strafford ; Waring, Brownson, Orestes Augustus, LL.D., an American writer (b. 1802), has published Neto Views of Christianity , So- ciety, and the Church (1836) ; Charles El- wood (1840); The Spirit-Rapper (1854) j BRO BRY 115 The Convert: or. Leaves from my Ex- perience (1857) ; and The American Republic (1865) ; besides editing The Boston Quar- terly Review (1838— 1842),a£ter\vards merged into Brownson's Quarterly (1844). Browns werd, John, (d. 1589), published Progymnasmata Aliquot Foe- mata (1590), and " was deservedly," says Anthony a Wood, " numbered among the best Latm poets that lived in the reign of Qu. Elizabeth." Bruce, The. An liistorical poem by JOHX Barbour (1316-1396), which re- lates the adventures of King Robert I. of Scotland. It is divided, by one of its edi- tors, into twenty books, consists' of about 14,000 octo-syllabic lines in rhyming coup- lets, and was apparently compiled in great measure from the accounts of eye-wit- nesses of the scenes described. It was written about 1376, and is described as " far from being destitute of poetical spirit or rhythmical sweetness and har- mony." Some of the battle-pieces are full of force and lire, and the descriptive pas- sages are frequently clear and vivid. It has been edited by Pinkerton in 1790, and by Dr Jamiesou in 1820 (reprinted in 1869). Bruce, Michael, poet (b. 1746, d. 1767). His Works were first published by John Logan in 1770, were reprinted in 1784 and 1807, and in 1837 were republished, with a Life of the author, by the Kev. Wil- liam Mackelvie. His chief Poems are in- cluded in Anderson's edition of the Brit- ish Poets. An edition of Bruce's Works was edited, with a Life, by A. B. Grosart in 1865. See Principal Shairp in Good Words for November, 1873 ; and Drake's Literary Tours. See CucKOO, Ode to THE ; Elegy written in Spring ; Loch- LEVEN ; MOUSIAD. Bruised Reede and Smoaking Flax, "in some sermons" bjr Richard SiBBES (1577-1635), a devotional work which, published in 1631, was so much ad- mired by Izaak Walton that he desired his^ daughter might read it, "so as to be well acquainted with it." It was to a perusal of these sermons that Richard Baxter (q. V.) professed to owe his " conversion." Brunellus. An ass, and the liero of WiREKER's Speculum Stultorum (q.v.). Brunne, Robert de, or Robert Manning (b. about 1270), wrote a Handling of Sins (q.v.), and a Metrical Chronicle of England, the first part of which, from the times of ^neas to the death of Cadwalla- der, is translated from Wace's Brut d'An- gleterre ; and the second part, from Cad- wallader to the end of the reign of Edward I., from a French chronicle written by Pe- ter Langtoft (q.v.). See Ellis's Specimens, Warton's English Poetry, Wright's Bio- graphia Britannica. and Morley's English Writers. " The style of Robert de Brunne," says Campbell, " is less marked by Saxonisms than that of Robert of Gloucester ; and though he can scarcely be said to come nearer the character of a true poet than his predecessors, he is cer- tainly a smoother versifier, and evinces more facility in rhyming." Brunne is now Bourn, a town in Lincolnshire. See Cha- teau d' Amour, and Richard Cceur de Lion. Brimton, Mary, novelist, (b. 1778, d. 1818), wrote Self Control (1811), (q.v.) ; Discipline (1814) ; and Emmeline, an unfin- ished tale. Brut, The. See Layamon. Brute, Sir John, in Vanbrugh's play of The Provoked Wife (q.v.), *' is an animal of the same English growth [as Sir Tunbelly Clumsy (q.v.)], but of a cross- grained breed. He has a spice of the de- mon mixed up in the brute ; is mischiev- ous as well as stupid ; has improved his natural parts by a town education and ex- ample ; opposes the fine-lady airs and graces of his wife by brawling oaths, im- penetrable surliness, and pot-house valour; and thinks to be master in his house by roaring in taverns, reeling home drunk every night, breaking lamps, and beating the watch. This was Garrick's favourite part." Brute, The. The title of an liis- torical work, probably composed in rhyme, which has not come down to us, but which is attributed by Andrew Wyntoun,in his Chronykil of Scotland, to John Barbour (q.v.). It seems to have contained a com- plete genealogy of the Kings of Scotland, whose origin was derived by the author from the Trojan Brutus :— *• Fra quham Barbere sutely Has made a propyr Genealogy, Tyl Robert oure secownd Kyng, That Scotland had in governyng. " Of Bnittus lyneage nuha wyll her, He luk the tretis of Barbere, Mad in-ty: a Genealogy < Rycht wele, and mare perfytly Than I can on ony wys Wytht all my wyt to yowe dewys." See Bruce, The, and Warton's English Poetry, passim. "Brutus is an honorable man, Yor."— Julius Ccesar, act iii., scene 2. Brutus, Marcus and Decius. Characters in Julius Ccesar. Bryan and Pereene. A West Indian ballad, founded on an actual occur- rence, which happened in the island of St. Christopher, about 1760. Bryan, Sir Francis, poet, nephew of LordBerners, is mentioned by Drayton, in one of his poetical epistles, as a contrib- utor to Tottel^s Miscellany (q. v.). " He hath written," says Anthony k Wood, 116 BRY BUG " songs and sonnets ; some of these are printed with tlie Songs and Sonnets of Hen., Earl of Surrey, and Sir Tho. Wyatt the elder, which Songs and Sonnets shew him to have been most passionate to bewail and bemoan the perplexities of love." Sir Francis, who died in 1520, was also the translator, from the French of Allegre, of Guevara, Bishop of Mondevent's Castilian poem, A Dispraise of the Life of a Cour- tier (1548). " Bryan," says Warton, " was one of the brilliant ornaments of the court of King Henry the Eighth," Bryan, Michael (b. 1757, d. 1821), was the author of a Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, published in 1812. Bryant, Williani CuUen, Ameri- can poet and journalist (b. 1784), has writ- ten The Embargo or. Sketches of the Times, a satire (1808) ; The Spanish devo- lution, and other Poems (180e.) ; Thanatop- sis (1817) ; The Ages (1821) ; The Fountain, and other Poems (1842) ; The White-footed Deer, and other Poems (1844) ; Letters from the East (1869) ; translations of the Iliad and the Odyssey (1870-71) ; Little People of the Snow (1872) ; Orations, Addresses, and Essays (1873) ; Among tlie Trees (1874) ; and History of the United States (1877). An edition of his Works was collected and published by Washington Irving in 1832, and by Gillillan in 1856. His Poeins, Col- lected and. Arranged, were published in 1873. " The chief 'charm of Bryant's gen- ius," wrote Professor Wilson, " consists in a tender pensiveness, a moral melancholy, breathing over all his contemplations, dreams, and reveries, even such as in the main are glad, and giving assurance of a pure spirit, benevolent to all human crea- tures, and habitually pious in the felt om- nipresence of the Creator. His poetry overflows with natural religion— with what Wordsworth calls 'the religion of the woods.' " Brydges, Sir Samuel Egerton, literary critic, novelist, and poet (b. 1762, d. 1837), published, among other works. Sonnets and Poems (1785—95); Mary de Clif- ford, a novel (1792) ; Arthur Fitz-Albini, a novel (1798); Le Forester, a novel (1802); Censura Literaria (1805); The British Bihlio- grapher {1810); Restituta (1814); Res Liter- arioe (1820); Letters on Lord Byron (1824); and Desultoria (1842); besides the numer- ous editions of old and standard authors referred to throughout this Dictionary, His Autobiography appeared in 1834. For a list of his Works, see Allibone's Diction- ary of English and American Authors. See, also," volviii. of The Gentleman's Maga- zine. " Bubble reputation, Seeking the."— ^s You Like It, act ii., scene 7. " Bubbling cry of some strong swimmer in his agony, The." See stanza 53, canto ii., of Bykon's Don Juan. Buccaneer, The. A poem by Richard Henry Dana, sen. (b. 1787), published in 1827, and reviewed by Profes- sor Wilson in Blacktoood's Magazine. "We pronounce it by far the most powerful and original of American compositions. The power is Mr. Dana's own ; but the style, though he has made it his own, too, is col- oured by that of Crabbe, of Wordsworth, and of Coleridge." Buchan, William, M.D. (b. 1729 d. 1805), was the author of a popular work on Domestic Medicine, which, published in 1769, was translated into several Euro- pean languages, and is said to have brought in to its publisher the annual income of £700 for foi-ty years. Buchanan, Claudius, D.D. (b. 1766, d. 1815), was the author of Christian Researches. See the Life by Pearson (1819). Buchanan, George, poet and scholar (b. 1506, d. 1582), published Rudi- menta Grammatica, T horn (b Linacri (1550); Tranciscanus, et a'ia Poemata {156i); Ane Admonition direct to the true Lordis Main- tenaris of the King's Grace's authoritie (1571); De Maria Scotonim Regina Curia (1572); Baptistes, seu Tragedia de Calumnia (1579), (q.v.); Tragedice Sacroe Jepthes et Baptistes (1554): Dialogus de Jure Regni apud Scofos (1519); Rerum Scoticorum His- toria (1582), (q.v.); Paraphrasis Psalmorum Davidis Poetica (1569); De Prosodia Libel- lus (1600). For a list of his other Works, see Lowndes' Bibliographer' s Maniutl . His Life was written by Irving in 1807. His writings were published by Ruddiman in 1715, and by Burmann in 1725. For Criti- cism, see Crawford's History of the House of Este , Theissier's Elopes des Homines Sgavans ; Le Clerc's Bibhotheque Choisie ; Orme's Bibliotheca Biblica ; Burnet's His- tory of the Reformation; Laing's History of Scotland; Mackenzie's Scotch Writers, Hannay'8 Satire and Satirists; and Hal- lam's Literature of Europe. See Chame- leon ; SOMNIUM. Buchanan, Robert, poet and es- sayist (b. 1841), has published Undertones (1860) ; Idyls and Legends of Inverbum (1865); London Poems (1S66); Ballad Stories of the Affections (1866); North Coast, and other Poems (1867); David Gray, and other Essays (1S6S); Life of Audubon (1869); Na- poleon Fallen (1870); The Book of Orm (1870); The Fleshly School of Poetry (1871), (q.v.); The Land of Lome (1871); The Dramaof Kings{l%ll); Master Spirits (1873); St. Abe (1872); White Rose and Red (1873); The Shadow of the Su-ord (1876); Balder the Beautiful (1877). Besides being joint author with Charles Gibbon of a novel called Storm-beaten, he has written a tragedy call- ed The Witchfinder, and a comedy called A Madcap Prince- See The Contemporary Review for November, 1873. See Caliban Buckeridge, John, successively fitrc BUL ii'r Bishop ol Rochester, Bath and Wells, and Ely (,d. 1631), wrote a treatise De Potestate Papa in Bebus Temporalibus, &c. Buckhurst, Lord. See Gorbo- Duo, The Tragedy of ; Induction, The ; and Sackville. Buckingham, Duke of, George Villiers (b. 1627, d. 1688), wrote The Re- hearsal (q.v.)> and The Battle of Sedge- moor; and adapted fronti Beaumont and Fletcher the comedy of The Chances. He also produced several religious tracts. A complete edition of his Works was pub- lished in 1775. He was the original of the famous character of Zimri (q.v. ) in Dry- den's Absalom and Achitophel. • Buckinghamshire, Duke of, John Sheffield, poet (b. 1649, d. 1721), wrote The Vision (1680), The Election of a Laureat (1719), and many other works, included in the Poems, Historical Memoirs, Speeches, Characters, Critical Observations, and Es- says, collected and edited in 1723. See Laureat, The Election of a ; Lost Mistress, The ; Poetry, An Essay on; Satire, An Essay upon ; Vision, The. Buckingham, James Silk, (1786 — 1855), is best known as the founder of The AthencBum (q-v.). He also published a large number of books of travel, and established a journal at Calcutta. See his Autobiography. Buckland, Francis Trevelyan, writer on natural history (b. 1826), has pub- lished, among other works, Curiosities of Natural History (four series) ; Fish-hatch- ing ; and A Familiar History of British Fishes ; besides contributing largely to the Times, Land and Water, and other publica- tions, Buckland, William, D.D., Dean of Westminster, geologist, and father of the above (1784—1856), was the author of Vindicice Geologicce (1819) ; Reliquim Dihi- viance (1823) ; and a Bridgewater Treatise on Geology (1836). Buckle, Henry Thomas, phil- osophical writer (b. 1822, d. 1862), wrote five volumes of a History of Civilization (1857 — 61), but did not Jive to complete it. His Miscellaneous and Posthumous JForks were edited by Emily Taylor, and published in J 872. Buckstone, John Bald-svin, comedian and dramatist (b. 1802), has wi-itten and published upwards of 100 pieces for the stage, among the best known of which are. The Green Bushes, The Flowers of the Forest, The Dream at Sea, The Wreck Ashore, Rural Felicity, Mar- ried Life, Pojwing the Question, Leaj} Year, and The Irish Lion. Budgell, Eustache, essayist and politician (b. 1685, d. 1736), produced in 1733 a pamphlet called The Bee (q-v.), and contributed to The Spectator the essays signed " X." He also published a transla- tion of Theophrastus' CAarac^ers (1713), and Memoirs of the Boyle Family (1732). Pope refers to him :— " Let Budgell charge low Grub Street on my quill. And wnte whate'er he please, except my will." The allusion in the latter line is to the legacy of two thousand pounds left to Budgell by Dr. Tindal in his will, which Budgell was popularly supposed to have forged. See Drake's Literary Essays. Budgen, Miss L. M. See Acheta DOMESTICA. Bufo, in Pope's EpLtle to Dr. Ar- buthnot (q.v.), is a satirical portrait, which Warton imagined was intended for Lord Halifax, though Roscoe has shown that it cannot so be referred. He k described as " puflf'd by every quill," and " Fed with soft dedication all day long." "Build the lofty rhyme. He knew himself to sing, and."— Line 10 of Milton's poem of Lycidas (q.v.). "Built God a church, and laughed His Word to scorn." See Cow- per's poem of Retirement. The allusion is to Voltaire, who actually erected a small chapel at Ferney, on the Lake of Geneva. It bore the inscription, " Deo erexit Vol- taire." " It is the mode among tourists to wonder at this piety, and to call it incon- sistent with the tenets of its founder. But tourists," says Lord Lytton, " are seldom profound inquirers. Any one, the least acquainted with Voltaire's writings, would know how little he was of. an Atheist." "Built my soul a lordly plea- sure-house, I." A line in Tennyson's poem of The Palace of Art (q.v.). Bulgruddery, Dennis and Mrs. The host and hostess of the " Red Cow" in CoLMAN's comedy of John Bull (q.v.). Bull, George, Bisliop of St. Davids (b. 1634, d- 1710), published Har- monia Aposiolica (1670) ; Defensio Fidei NicencB ex Scriptus (1685) ; De Necessitate Credendi quod Dominus noster Jesus Christus sit verus Deus (1694). The Corruptions of the Church of Rome (1705) ; Seven Serinons, and other Discourses (1713) ; A Companion for Candidates for Holy Orders (1714) ; and various other works, editions of which were published by Grabe in 1703, and by Burton in 1827 and 1846. Translations of the first two above- mentioned are included in the Library of Anglo- Catholic Theology. See the Life by Nelson (1717). Bull, The History of John. A prose political satire by fJoHN Arbtthnot M.D. (1675—1735), published in 1713, and intended to ridicule the Duke of Marlbo- 118 BUL BUl^ rougli and to render the nation dissatisfied with the share of this country in the war of the Spanish Succession, The History is made to turn upon a certain lawsuit be- tween John Bull, the clothier (England), and Mr. Frog, the linen-draper (Holland), on the one hand, and Lord Strutt (Philip, Duke of Anjou), on the other hand ; and, in the course of the narrative, Louis XIV. is personified as Lewis Baboon ; the Arch- duke Charles of Austria as Esquire South; the Duke of Savoy as Ned, the chimney- sweeper ; the King of Portugal as Tom, the dustman ; and John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, as Humphrey Hocus, the attorney ; all of whom are referred to under their special headings. The Lead- ing title of the piece is Law is a Bottom- less Pit. (See next paragraph.) Bull, John, in Dr. Arbuthnot's History of that name, is intended as a per- sonification of the English nation, and is represented as a clothier, " an honest, plain-dealing fellow, choleric, bold, and of a very inconstant temper," which "de- pended very much upon the air ; his spirits rose' and fell with the weather- glass." " He dreaded not old Lewis [Louis XIV. of France] either at backsword, single falchion, or cudgel play ; but then he was very apt to quarrel with his best friends, especially if they pretended to govern him; if you flattered him, you might lead him like a child." " But no man alive was more careless in looking into his accompts, or more cheated by partners, apprentices, and servants. This was occasioned by his being a boon-companion, loving his bottle and his diversion ; for, to say truth, no man kept a better house than John, nor spent lus money more generously." By John Bull's mother is intended the'Church of England, and by his sister Peg (q.v.), the Scottish church and nation. Bull, John. A comedy by George COLMAN the younger (1762—1836), produced in 1805, and praised by Sir Walter Scott as by far the best example of our later comic drama. " The scenes of broad humour are executed," he says, " in the best possible taste; and the whimsical, yet native char- acters, reflect the manners of real life." Bull, Esq., Letters to John, " on the Management of his Landed Estates." An argument by Lord Lytton (1805 — 187.S), published in 1851, for the adjustment of the Com-Law question on the basis of a fixed duty. BuUen, Anne, figures as a cliar- acter in Shakespeare's Henry VIII. BuUer of Brasenose. A name given by Professor Wilson, in the Noctes Ambrosiance (q.v.), to John Hughes, who, however, belonged to Oriel, and not to Brazenose, College, Oxford, and was the author of An Itinerary of the Rhone. Bulls, An Essay on Irish, by Maria Edgeworth (1767—1849), was pub- lished in 1802. Bulteel, John. See Amorous Okontus. Bulwer, Sir Edward. See Lyt- ton. Lord. Bulwer, Sir Henry Lytton Earle. See Dalling and Bulwer, Lord. Bulw^er, John, M.D., author of Chirologia (q.v.), and other works, flour- ished about 1644. See Anthropojieta- MORPHOSIS. Bumble, Mr. The ojficious, amor- ous, and afterwards hen-pecked beadle of the workhouse in Dickens's novel of Oli- ver Twist (q.v.). Bumpkin's Disaster : "or, the Journey to London; containing the whim- sical adventures of Ploughshare and Clod- pole," written by Joseph Strutt (1749— 1802), and published posthumously in 1808. The work includes a " legendary history of Waltham Cross." Bunbury, Selina, novelist and miscellaneous writer, wrote Coombe Abbey (1843); Evenings and Bides in the Pyrenees (1844—48); Star of the Court: or, the Maid of Honour and Queen of England, Anne Boleyn (1845); Evelyn (1849); Our Own Story (1856); Bussia after the War (1857); and other works. Bunch, Mother. The fabled au- thor of a curious and once popular book, published in 1760, entitled, Mother Bunch's Closet neioly broke open, containing Bare Secrets of Art and Nature, tried and experi- mented by Learned Philosophers, and re- commended to all Ingenioiis Young Menand Maids, teaching them, in a Natural Way, how to get Goocl Wives and Husbands. By a Lover of Mirth and Hater of Treason, " It is Mother Bunch," says The Quarterly Beview, " who teaches the blooming dam- sel to recall the fickle lover, or to fix the wandering gaze of the cautious swain attracted by her charms, yet scorning the fetters of the parson, and dreading the still more fearful vision of the churchwarden, the constable, the justice, the warrant, and the jail." Buncle, John, Esq. : " Containinsj various Observations and Reflections made in several parts of the world, and many extraordinai-y Relations," by Thomas Amory (1691—1788), published between 1756 and 1766, and written in the form of an autobiography. Thus, he tells us he had seven v/ives one after another, and that he thinks it " unreasonable and impious to grieve immoderately for the dead. A descent and proper tribute of tears and sorrow, humanity requires, but when that duty is paid, we must remember that to BUN BUR 110 lament a dead woman is not to lament a wife. A wife must be a living woman." He accordingly gives us a full description of the character and appearance of each successive spouse ; enlivening his narrative from time to time by dissertations on all sorts of subjects, such as the Athanasian Creed, earthquakes, fluxions, muscular motion, and so on. See Amoky, Thomas; Memoirs containing, &c. Bungay. The bookseller and pub- lisher of The Pall Mall Gazette (q.v.), in Thackeray's novel of Pendennis (q.v.). Bunsby, Jack. A sliip's com- mander in Dickens's novel of Domhey and Son (q.v.); described as having a " rapt and imperturbable manner," and as being " always on the look out for something in the extremest distance." Bunyan, John (1628—1688), wrote Sighs from Hell (1650 ; Gospel Truths Opened (1656); The Holy City • or, the Ifew Jerusalem (1665); Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (1666), (q.v.); Justifica- tion by Jesus Christ (1671); Defence of the Doctrine of Justification (1672); Differences about Water-Baptism no bar to Communion (1673); The Pilgrim's Progress (1678 and 1684), (q.v.); The Life and Death of Mr. Badman (1680); The Holy War (1684), (q.v.); The Barren Fig Tree (1683); The Pharisee and Publican (1685); The Jerusalem Sinner Saved (1688); and other works, a full list of which is given in Charles Doe's Catalogue- Table (1691), reprinted at the end of George Offor's edition of The Pilgrim's Progress (1856). The Works were published in 1692, and again in 1767, with a preface by George Whitelield; and, in 1784, with notes by MasoJi. A complete edition was published in 1853, with a Ufe by George Offor. See the Bioqraphies by Southey, Macaulay, Ivimey "(1809), and Philip (1839). " Bun- yan's," says Southey, " is a homespun style, not a manufactured one. If it is not a well of English undefiled, to which the poet as well as the philologist must repair, if they would drink of the living waters, it is a clear stream of current English— the ver- nacular speech of his age. To this natural style Bunyan is in some decree beholden for his general popularity; his language is everywhere level to the most ignorant reader and to the meanest capacity. An- other cause of his popularity is, that he taxes the imagination as little as he does the understanding. The vividness of his own occasioned this. He saw the things of which he was writing as distinctly with his mind's eye as if they were, indeed, passing before him in a dream." Burchell, Mr., in Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield (q.v.), is a baronet in disguise, his proper name being Sir Wil- liam Thomhill. He is conspicious for ejaculating " Fudge ! " whenever he wishes to express his dissent from any proposi- tion. Burchell, Old. A nam de plume assumed by Elihu Burritt (b. 1810), the American author and linguist (q.v.). He is known, also, as " The Learned Black- smith," having begun life at the forge. " Burden of the Mystery, The." A phrase used by Wordsworth in his lines on Tintem Abbey .— " The heavy and the weary weight Of all this unintelligible world." Burgess, Sir James Bland. See ExoDiAD, The. Burgh, Benedict, Archdeacon of Colchester, translated, about 1470, the Morals of Cato into English stanzas, and Churche's Cato Parvus. He is also said to have concluded the metrical version of De Regimine Principum (q.v.). left incom- plete by Lydgate. He died in 1488- See Warton'B History of English Poetry. Burgon, The Rev. John Wil- liam, miscellaneous writer (b. about 1819), has published The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham (1839); Oxford Reformers (1854); Historical Notices of the Colleges of Oxford (1857); Portrait of a Christian Gen- tleman [Patrick Eraser Tytler], (1861); and many other works. Burgoyne, General John, dra- matist (d. 1792), published a defence of his American campaign, under the title of State of the Expedition from Canada (1780), and was the author of the following plays:— r/ie Maid of the Oaks, The Lord o/ the Manor, The Heiress, and Richard Cceur de Lion. Burial of Sir John Moore, The A ballad by the Rev. Charles Wolfe (1791 — 1823), of which an admirable parody may be found in Barham's Jngoldsby Legends. It begins:— " Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note." Buried Life, The. A lyric by Matthew Arnold (b. 1822) included in his collected Poems :— " Through the deep recesses of our breast The unregarded river of our life Pursues with indiscernible flow its way." Burke, Edmund, politican and political writer (b. 1729, d. 1797), wrote A Vindication of Natural Society (1756); A Philosophical Inquiry into the OHgin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757); The Present State of the Nation (1769); Thoughts on the Present Discontents (1770); Reflections on the Revolution oj France (1790); Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs ; Letters to a Noble Lord (1796); Letters on the Proposals for Peace with the Regicide Directory of France (1796 and \H' 120 BUR BUB 1797); Observations on the Conduct of the Alinority (1797); and various Miscellanea. A complete edition of his Works was pub- lished in 1801, in sixteen volumes; his Speeches in 1816, his Epistolary Corres- pondence in 1817 and 1844, his Beauties in 1796. His Select Works have been edited by E. J. Payne (1874). His Life has been written by McCormick (1797); Bisset (1798); Prior (1824); Croly (1840); Napier (1862); Morley (1867); Macknight: and Peter Burke. Goldsmith wrote of him, in his Retaliation (q. v.): — " Here lies our good Edmund, whose genius was such, We scarcely can praise it or blame it too much; "Who, born for the universe, narrowed his mind, And to party ^ave up what was meant for man- Johnson thought him " an extraordinary man," and Gibbon " admired his elo- quence." Mackintosh described him as " the greatest philosopher in practice the world ever saw; " Macaulay as " in ampli- tude of comprehension and richness of imagination superior to every orator, an- cient or modern." "Burke," says Matthew Arnold, " is so great because, almost alone in England, he brings thought to bear upon politics, he saturates politics with thought ; it is his accident that his ideas were at the service of an epoch of concen- tration, not of an epoch of expansion ; it is his characteristic that he so lived by ideas, and had such a source of them welling within him, that he could float even an epoch of concentration and English Tory politics with them." See French Revo- lution ; Sublime and Beautiful. Burke, John, genealogist (b. 1786 — d. 1448), was the originator of The Peerage and Baronetage, the first issue of which took place in 1826. He also compiled, with the aid of his son, a History of the Landed Gen- try, a General Ai^noury, and Extinct Peer- ages and Baronetages. Burke, Sir John Bernard, son of the above, knight, and Ulster King at Arms (b. 1815), has continued, since the death of his father, the annual publication of The Peerage and Baronetage, and is the author of several works on heraldic and antiquarian subjects, among others. The Landed Gentry, Family Romance, Anec- dotes of the Aristocracy, Vicissitudes of Families, and The Rise of Great Families. Burke, Peter, brother of Sir J. B. Burke (b. 1811). has written The Ro- mance of the Forum, Life of Edmund Burke, and numerous legal and other books. Burleigh, Lord. See Cecil. Wil- liam ; Well Ordering and Carriage OF A Man's Life. Burleigh, The Lord of. See Lord OF Burleigh, The. Burleigh, Lord, in Mr. Puff's tragedy of The Spanish Armada, included in Sheridan's play of The Critic, is dis- tinguished by a famous shake of the head, which is interpreted to mean a very great deal indeed. " By that shake of the head he gave you to understand that even though they had more justice in their cause, and wisdom in their measures— yet, if there was not a greater spirit shown on the part of the people, the country would at last fall a sacrifice to the hostile ambition of the Spanish monarchy." Burlesque upon Burlesque. See Scarronides. Burley, Balfour of. See Balfoue OF Burley. Burley, John, in Lord Lytton's story of My Novel, is " a finished portrait, so real that we cannot help believing that it is taken from life ; — poor, honest, reck- less, ne'er-do-well John Burley, a very Falstaff among authors— never sober, never solvent, out always genial, always witty, preserving through a wild and dis- sipated life something of the innocence and freshness of his childhood ; and, on his death-bed, like Falstaff, babbling of green fields." Burnand, Francis, Cowley, dramatist and comic writer (b. 1836), has written a large number of dramatic pieces, and has published, among other humorous works, Happy Thoughts, More Happy Thoughts, Happy Thought Hall, My Health, Out of Totvn, About Buying a Horse, Tracks for Tourists, The New Sand- ford and Merton, and My Time, and what I have done with it. He has contributed largely to Punch- Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop of Salis- bury (b. 1643, d. 1715), wrote A Modest and Free Conference between a Conformist and a Nonconformist; A Vindication of the Authority, Constitution, and Laws of the Church and State of Scotland ; Memoirs of the Duke of Hamilton (1676) ; The History of the Reformation of the Church of Eng- land (1679, 1681, and 1715); The Life and Death of the Earl of Rochester (1680); Life of Sir Matthew Hale (1682) ; Life of Bishop Bedell (1692); A Discourse of the Pastoral Care (1692); Exposition of the XXXIX. Articles of the Church of England (1699) ; History of his Oion Times (1724) ; Sermons; and num'erous minor works, a list of which will be found in Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual. His Life was written by Le Clerc (1715) and Flexman. He is described by Dry den, in The Hind and the Panther ^ as — " A theologue more by need than genial bent, By breeding sharp, by nature confident. Interest in all his actions was discern'd, More learn 'd than honest, more a wit than learn'd." BUR BUR 1^1 Fox considered his style perfect, saying that " the style of some authors might need a little mending, but that Burnet's required none." Macaulay refers to " his high animal spirit, his boastfulness, his undis- sembled vanity, his propensity to plunder, his provoking indiscretion, his unabashed audacity," See Own Time, History of ; Reformat lox of the Church in Eng- land ; Rochester, Some Passages in the Life of , Thirty-nine Articles. Burnet, Thomas, D.D., divine and scholar (b. 1635, d. 1715), wrote The Sacred Theory of the Earth : containing an Account of the Original of the Earth, and of all the General Changes which it hath already undergone, or is to undergo, till the Consummation of all Things (1680 and 1691). In this work the Biblical account of the origin of the world is made the found- ation of a scientitic treatise. The first edition was in Latin ; the second in Eng- lish. See the Life by Heathcote. Burnet, James. See Monboddo, Lord. Burnett Prize, The, was founded by a Scottish gentleman of that name, who died in 1784, bequeathing a sum of money, the interest of which is to be allotted every forty years to the authors of the two best essays on "The evidence that there is a Being all-powerful, wise, and good, by whom everything exists," &c. The suc- cessful competitors have hitherto been. Dr. W. L. Brown, Rev, J. B. Sumner, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury (1815), Rev. R, A. Thompson, and Dr. J. Tulloch(1855). Burney, Charles (b. 1726. d. 1814), wrote An Essay towards the History of Comets (17G9) ; the Present State of Music in France and Italy (1771) ; A Plan for a Music School (1774) ; A General History of Music (1776—89) ; Account of the Musical Performances in Commemoration of Handel (1785) ; and a Life of Metastasio (1796). His Life was writte'u by his daughter, Madame d'Arblay (q.v.). See Music, A History of. Barney, Frances. See D'Arblay, Madame. Burney, Captain James. See South Sea. Burney, Sarah Harriet, half- si.iter of Madame d'Arblay, and novelist, wrote Geraldine Fauconberg (1808) ; Traits of Nature (1812) ; The Wanderer : or. Fe- male Difficulties (1814) ; The Shipwreck (1H15) ; Country Neighbours; and other works. " This lady," says one of her critics, " has copied the style of her rela- tive, but has not her raciness of humour or power of painting the varieties of the hu- man species." Burning Babe, The. A lyric by Robert Southwell (1560—1595), of which Ben Jonson said, that the author "had so written that piece of his, that he (Jonson) would have been content to destroy many of his." Burning Pestle, The Knight of the. A comedy by Francis Beaumont (1.586—1616), first represented in 1611, and written in ridicule of the old chivalrous romances. It is said to have suggested Buckingham's farce of The Rehearsal (q. v.). Burns, at the Grave of. Stanzas by William Wordsworth (1770—1850), written in 1803, seven years after the for- mer poet's death. A companion piece wa« addressed by the poet To the Sons of Burns, after visiting the grave of their father. An Ode to the Memory of Bums was written by Thomas Campbell (1777—1844. See also The Centenary Poem by Isa Craig-Knox (q.v.). Burns, Helen, in Charlotte Bronte's novel of Ja7ie Eyre (q.v.), is described by Mrs. Gaskell as •' being as exact a transcript of Maria Bronte as Charlotte's wonderful power of reproduc- ing character could give." It will be re- membered that in the novel, Helen is rep- resented as being most cruelly treated by her governess, Mrs. Scatcherd (q.v.); and Mrs. Gaskell says that Charlotte's " heart beat, to the lattst day on which we met, with unavailing ijidignation at the wor- rying and cruelty to which her gentle, patient, dying sister" was subjected by the original of this woman at the famous school at Cowan's Bridge, near Leeds. Burns, Robert, poet (b. 1759, d. 1796), published his first volume of poems in 1786. The second edition appeared in 1787, and was followed by a third edition in 1793. In 1800, Dr. Currie issued Burns'a works complete, in four volumes.including his correspondence and some miscellane- ous pieces. Since that date the editions of his poems have been so numerous as to have become incalculable ; the best being probably those prepared by Alexander Smith, by Dr. Robert Chambers, and by W. S. Douglas. Very valuable and inter- esting, also, are those printed at Kilmar- nock (1869), and by the Rev. P. Hately Waddell (1869). The Biography of Burns has been written by Heron (1797), Currie (1800), Lockhart (1828), Allan Cunningham (1847), Chambers (1859), W. S. Douglas, and others. For Bibliography, see the Burns Catalogue, issued by McKie (1875). For Criticism see Carlyle's Miscellaneous Es- says, Professor Wilson's Works, Hazlitt's English Poets ; also, the poetical tributes of Campbell, Coleridge, and Montgomery. "Burns," says Hazlitt, "was not like Shakespeare in the range of his genius, but there is something of the same mag- nanimity, directness, and unaffected ehnv- i^2 BtrR BUS acter about him. He was not a sickly sentimentalist, or namby-pamby poet, a mincing metre ballad-monger, any more than Shakespeare. With but little of his imagination or inventive pOwer, he had the same life of mind ; within the narrow- circle of pei-sonal feeling or domestic in- cidents, the pulse of his poetry flows as healthily and vigorously. He had an eye to see, a heart to feel,— no more. His pic- tures of gooti fellowship, of social life, of quaint humour, are equal to anything ; they come up to nature, and they cannot go beyond it. The sly jest collected in his laughing eye at the sight of the grotesque and ludicrous in manners ; the large tear rolled down his manly cheek at the sight of another's distress." See Auld Lang Syne ; Bonnie Lesley ; Brigs of Ayr, The ; Clarinda ; Cotter's Saturday Night ; Death and Dr. Hornbook ; Deil, Address to the ; Duncan Gray; Edinburgh, Address to; Hallowe'en , Highland Mary ; Holy Fair, The ; Holy Willie's Prayer; Inventory, The ; Jolly Beggars, The ; Louse, To a ; Mary Moribon ; Mary, Queen of Soots: Mountain Daisy, To A ; Mouse, To a ; Peasant Bard ; Scots, wha hae; Sylvander; Tam o' Shanter; Tam Samson's Elegy; Toothache, Address TO the ; TwA Dogs, The ; Wandering Willie. "Burns 'with one love, with one resentment glows." In Pope's trans- lation of The Iliad, book ix., line 725. Burritt, Elihu, American writer, linguist, and lecturer (b. 1810), has written The Mission of Great Suffering, Old Bur- chell's Pocket for the Children, Prayers and Devotional Meditations, Sparks from the Anvil, Thoughts and Notes at Home and Abroad, A Walk from London to John O'Groaf^s House, Walks m the Black Coun- try, Olive Leaves, and Ten Minutes^ Talks, and other works. See Burchell, Old. Burrovsrings, The. A poem attrib- uted to Merddin, the bard (circa 500), in the Myvyrian Archaiology. Burton, John Hill, LIuD., his- torian and miscellaneous writer (b. 1809), has written A History of Scotland, publish- ed in 1853—70 ; Life and Correspondence of David Hume (1846); Lives of Simon, Lord Lovat, and Duncan Forbes, of Culloden (1847); Political and Social Economy (1849) ; Narratives from Criminal Trials in Scot- land (1852); The Book Hunter (1863) ; The Scot Abroad (1864); The Cairngorm Moun- tains (1864); The Reign ofQueenAnne (1877); and several works oil the law of Scotland. Burton, Captain Richard Fran- ciSj traveller and linguist (b. 1821) has written The Lake Regions of Central Af- rica; Abeokuta (1863); The Highlands of Brazil (1868) ; ^Zanzibar, City, Island, and Coast (1872); Akim-Foo (1875); and other works of a similar kind. Burton, Robert (b. 1576, d. 1639), wrote The Anatomy of Melancholy (q-v.). For Biography, see Wood's Atfience Ox- onienses, and Fuller's Worthies. Carlyle speaks of " the mosaic brain of old Bur- ton," and Beckford declared that "half our modern books are decanted out of The Anatomy." See Democritus Junior. Burton, Thomas of, nineteentli Abbot of Meaux, wrote a chronicle of the abbey from 1150 to 1396, of which Burd edited an edition in the year 1866. Burton "William, topographer (b. 1575, d. 1645), wrote A History of Leicester- shire ; and a namesake of his (b. 1697, d. 1759), was the author of A History of York- shire. Bury, Lady Charlotte, ne'e Camp- bell, wrote A Diary illustrative of the Tim^s of George /K. (1838); Memoirs of a Peeress : or, the Days of Fox (1867) ; and numerous novels, among others, The Di- vorced, Family Records, Love, The Cour- tier's Daughter, Flirtation, Alia Giomata, The Devoted, Conduct is Fate, The Disin- terested and the Ensnared, High Life, and The Two Baronets. Bury, Richard of. See Philo- BIBLON. Burying of the Mass, The. Writ- ten "in English rithme" by William Roy, and intended as a satire on Cardinal Wolsey. We find it among a number of books whose circulation was prohibited in 1531 and 1542. It was probably first printed at Worms in 1526. " Bury the Great Duke." First line of an Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington, by Alfred Tennyson, published on the dav of the duke's fun- eral (1850), but afterwards frequently re- vised. Landor wrote of the author in 1855, " I wish he had not written the Wel- lington Ode." Busbequius. A translation of the curious narrative of this old traveller was published in 1610. It contains much valuable information. See The Retrospec- tive Review, vol. xii.; The Penny Maga- zine; and Kingsley's Old Stories Retold. I5usbequiu8 is the Latinised name of Au- GHER Ghislen Busbec (1522—1592). Busby, Thomas (b. 1755, d. 1838), published, in 1785, The Age of Genius, a poem ; Arguments and Facts proving that the Letters of Junius were written by J. F. de Lolme (1816); a translation of Lucretius; a Musical Dictionary ; a History of Music ; Concert Room Anecdotes ; and other works. Bush aboon Traqauir, The. A feus BtJT? 123 ballad by Robert Crawford (d. 1733), beginning,— " Hear me ye nymphs, and every swain, I'll tell now Peggy grieves me." The locality of the Bush is still pointed out to the traveller in the valley of the Tweed, near Innerleithen, Bush, George (b. 1796), Sweden- borgian minister, and Professor of Hebrew and Oriental Literature in New York, has published a Life of Mahommed (1832) ; a Treatise on the Afillennium (1836) ; a He- brew Grammar ; Commentaries mi Books of the Old Testament, extending to eight volumes, and commenced in 1840 ; and a Commentary on the Book of Psalms, begun in 1848. Bushnell, Horace, D.D., Ameri- can theologian (b. 1802, d. 1876), wrote Christian Nurture (1847), God in Christ, {IMS), Christ in Theology, (1851), Sermons for the New Life (1856), Nature and the Super- natural (1858), Work and Play (1864), The Vicarious Sacrifice (1865), The Moral Uses of Dark Things {IS69), Sermons on lAving Subjects (1872), Forgiveness and Law (1874), and other works. "Business and bosoms, Come home to men's." A phrase occuring in the dedication to Lord Bacon's Essays (1615). Busiris, Kling of Egypt. A trag- edy by Edward Youxg (1684—1765), pro- duced at Drury Lane in 1719. Busk, Hans (b. 1815), " the Foun- der of Britain's Volunteer Army," has written many works on the rifle, military drill, the volunteer movement, and kin- dred topics. Besides writing Maiden Hours and Horoe Viaticce, he founded The Neio Quarterly llevieio, which he conducted for some years. " Busk ye, Busk ye, my bonny bride." First line of The Braes of Yar- row (q.v.). Bussy d'Ambois. A tragedy by George Chapmax (1557—1634), produced in 1607, and described by Campbell as " a piece of frigid atrocity." "Busy, curious, thirsty fly." The first line of a Song sung extempore by a gentleman, occasioned bt/ a Fly drinking out of his Cup of Ale, attributed to the pen of William Oldys (1689—1761), and in- cluded in a Select Collection of British Songs, published by J. Johnson in 1783. "Busy hum of men, The." In MiLTOX's L' Allegro, line 118. Busy, Zeal-of-the-Land, in Jon- son's comedy of Bartholometo Fair (q.v.), intended as a caricature of the Elizabethan Puritans, is represented a.s a Bombay man, a suitor to Dame Purecraft. Busybody, The. A comedy by Mi-s. Susannah Centlivre (1667—1723), acted in 1709, and founded on the Sir Mar- tin Mar-All otDryden, which in its turn was taken from a play by the Duchess of Newcastle. " It is inferior," says Hazlitt, " to The Wonder in the interest of the story and the characters ; but it is full of bustle and gaiety from beginning to end. The plot never stands still ; the situations succeed one another like the changes of machinery in a pantomime. The nice dove-tailing of the incidents and cross- reading in the situations supply the place of any great force of wit or sentiment." Busybody, The. A periodical started in 1759 by a publisher called Pot- tinger, and issued thrice a week. Not- withstanding the fact that Oliver Gold- smith was one of its principal contributors, it only reached twelve numbers. " Butchered to make a Roman holiday." A line in Byron's Childe Har- rold's Pilgrimage, canto iv., stanza 141. Butler, Alban (b. 1710, d. 1773), wrote The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints (1745) ; Letters on the History of the Popes (1778) ; The Life of Mary of the Cross ; a Treatise on Natural and Revealed Religion ; The Moveable Feasts and Fasts, ayid other An- nual Observances of the Catholic Church (1774) ; Sermons ; and A Short Life of Sir Toby MattheiDs (1795). A Life, by Charles Butler, is prefixed to an edition of the Lives published in 1812. An Account of his Life and. Writings had previously ap- peared in 1793. See Fathers, Martyrs, &c. Butler, Charles, nephew of the above (b. 1750, d. 1832), published among other works, Horce, Biblicce (1796) ; Horce Juridicce Subsecivoe (1804) ; and a continua- tion of The Lives of the Saints (IS23) His writings were issued in a collected form in 1817. See Allibone's Dictionary of Eng- lish and American Authors , Orme's Biblio- theca Biblica, and The Gentleman's Maga- zine for 1832. Butler, Charles, scholar, gram- marian, and miscellaneous writer (b. 1559, d. 1647), wrote Rhetoricce Libri duo (1600) ; The Feminine Monarchic : or, a Treatise concerning Bees, and the due Ordering of them (1609); SYPrENEIA De Propinqui- tate Matrimonium impediente Reguta (1625) ; The English Grammar (1633) ;and Oratories Libn duo (1633) ; Principles of Musick (1636). See Wood's Athenre Ox- oiiienses. Butler's English Grammar was highly praised by Dr. Johnson. " He was evidently," says Dr. Rimbault, •• a man of great learning and ingenuity, but hi.'< Eng- lish works are disfigured by a peculiar or- thography, partly of his own invention, and partly borrowed from the Saxon alpha- bet.'^ 124 BUT BRT? Butler, Joseph, successively Bish- op of Durham and Bristol (b. 1692, d. 1752), wrote Sermons (1726), and The Anal- ogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature (1736), (q.v.). His Life was written by Dr. Fitzgerald, Bishop of Cork (1849), Bartlett (1839), and Steere. Editions of his Works appeared in 1807, 1849, and 1867. For Criticism, see Bishop Wilson's preface to the Analogy, Hallara's Literature of En- rope, Mathias's Pursuits of Literature, Reid's Essay on the Intellectual Powers, Mackintosh's Second Preliminary Disserta- tion to Encyclopoedia Britannica, and Hunt's History of Religious Thoiight. We are told that Pitt was by no means satisfied with the reasoning of the Analogy, but, on the other hand, Sydney Smith says, " To his Sermons we are indebted for the com- plete overthrow of the selfish system, and to his Analogy for the most noble and surprising defence of revealed religion, perhaps, which has ever yet been made of any system whatever." Butler, Mrs. See Kemble, Fran- ces Anne. Butler, Samuel, poet (b. 1600, d. 1680), wrote Hudibras (1663, 1664, and 1678), (q.v.), and various minor pieces. His Posthumous Works in Prose and Verse, with a Key to Hudibras, were published by Sir Roger I'Estrange in 1715 ; but few of these are believed to be genuine. The Remains in Verse and Prose, published in 1759, by Thyer, are more trustworthy. See the edition of the Woi-ks edited by Gil- fillan in 1854. For Biography, see the Life by Dr. Johnson ; and for Criticism, Hallam's Literature of Europe, Hazlitt's Comic Poets, and Hunt's Wit and Humour. " Butler," says Macaulay, " had as much wit and learning as Cowley, and knew, what Cowley never knew, how to use them. A great command of good homely English distinguishes him still more from the other writers of the time." " In general," says Hazlitt, " he ridicules not persons, but things, not a party, but their principles, which may belong, as time and occasion serve, to one set or solemn pretenders or another. This he has done most effec- tually, in every possible way, and from every possible source, learned and un- learned. He has exhausted the moods and figures of satire and sophistry. His rhymes are as witty as his reasons." Wesley wrote, in reference to his statue— " While Butler, needy wretch, was yet alive, No generous patron would a dinner give. See him, when starved to death and tum'd to dust. Presented with a monumental bust : The poet's fate is here in emblem shown : He ask'd for bread, and he received a stone." See Elephant in the Moon, The: Ridiculous Imitation. Butler, William Archer, Irish clergyman, and Professor of Moral Phi- losophy at Dublin (b. about 1814, d. 1848), wrote Letters on Dr. Newman's Theory of Development (1845), and other works. See the Life by Woodward. Butts, Doctor. Physician to the king, in Shakespeare's Henry VIII. Buxton, Charles (b. 1822, d. 1871), wrote Ideas of the Day on Policy (1868), and Notes of Thought (1873) ; the latter of which was published with a biographical preface by the Rev. J. Llewelyn Davies. Buzfuz, Sergeant, in Dickens's novel of The Pickwick Papers (q.v.), is counsel on the part of the plaintiif in the case of Bardell v. Pickioick. " A driving, chaffing, masculine bar orator," says Dr. Brewer, " who twists ' chops and tomato sauce' into a declaration of love." Byerley, Thomas. -See Percy Anecdotes, The. Byrom, John, poet and essayist (b. 1691, d. 1763), published Miscellaneous Poems (1773), and a system of stenography in a work entitled. The Universal English Shorthand (1767). His Remains havebeen edited for the Chetham Society, by Dr. Parkinson, of St. Bees. For Biography, see Chalmers's Dictionary, and the Bio- graphia Britannica, See Colin and Phcebe ; Shadow, John. Byron, George Gordon Noel, Lord, poet and dramatist (b. 1778, d. 1824), published, t Hours of Idleness (1807); Poems (1808) ; t English Bards and Scotch Re- viewers (1809) ; The Curse of Minerva (1812) ; t Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (cantos i. and ii. in 1812, canto iii. in 1816, and canto iv. in 1818) ; t The Waltz {1S13); The aiaour{lS13); The Bride of Abydos (1813) ; Ode to Napo- leon Buonaparte (1814) ; t The Corsair (1814); t Lara (1814) ; t Hebrew Melodies (1815) ; t The Siege of Corinth, and t Parisina (1816) ; t The Prisoner of Chillon (1816) ; t Manfred (1817) ; t The Lament of Tasso (1817) ; t Monody on the Death of the Right IHon R. B. SheHdanO-Sn) ; t Beppo (1818) ; t Mazeppa (1819) ; t Don Juan (cantos i. and li. in 1819, cantos iii., iv., and v. in 1821, cantos vi., vii., and viii. in 1823, cantos ix., X., xi., xii., xiii., and xiv in 1823, cantos xv. and xvi., in 1824 ; A Letter to ""*** ****** [John Murray!, m the Rev. W. L. Bowles's Strictures on the Life and Writings of Pope (1821) ; t Marino Faliero, and t The Proph- ecv of Dante (1821) ; t Sardanapahs, t 'The Two Foscari, and t Cain (1821) ; t Werner (1822) ; t The VlHon of Judgment (1822) ; t Heaven and Earth (1822) ; t The Island (1823) ; t The Age of Bronze (1823) ; canto i. of the Morgante Maggiore di Messer Ljiiai Pu/ei, 'translated ; t The Deformed Transformed (1824) : Parlia- mentarti Speeches in 1812 and 1813 (1824). The following is a list of tlie principal publications which have appeared in con- nection with the life of the poet : — Remarks, Critical and Moral, on the BYR C^ 125 Talents of Lord Jiijron, and the Tendencies of Don Juan, by the Author of Hypocrisy, a Satire [C. Colton], (1819) ; Memoirs, Histor- ical and Critical, of the Life and Writings of Lord Byron, with Anecdotes of some of nis Contemporaries (1822) ; Lord Byron's Private Correspondence, including his Let- ters to his Motlier, written from Portugal, Spain, Greece, and other parts of the Med- iterranean ; published from the originals, with Notes and Observations, by A. R. C. Dallas (1824) ; liecollections, by A. R. C. Dallas (1824) ; Conversations with Lord Byron, noted duHng a Residence with his Lordship at Pisa in the years 1821 and 1822, by Thomas Medwin (1824) ; Letters on the Character ami Poetical Genius of Lord Byron, by Sir Eeerton Brydges (1824); Lord Byron, by Madame Louise — Sw. Belloc (1824) ; Anecdotes of Lord Byrmi, from Au- thentic Sources, tcifh Remarks illustrative of his Connection toith the Princijyal Lit- erary Characters of the Present Day (1825); The Last Days of Lord Byron, with his Lordship's Opinions on various Subjects, particularly on the State and Prospect of Greece, by William Parry (1825) ; Lord Byron en Italie et en Grkce, on Apergu de sa Vie et de ses Ouvrages, d'apres des Sources authentiques, by the Marquis de Salvo (1825) ; Narrative of Lord Byron's Voyage to Corsica and Sardinia, 1821 (1825) ; A Short Narrative of Lord Byron's last Journey to Chreece, extracted from the Journal of Count Peter Gamba (1825) ; Cor- respondence of Lord Byron ivith his Friend, including his Letters to his Mother, written in 1809, 1810, and 1811, edited by A. R. C. Dallas (1825) ; Life by J. Gait (1825) ; An Inquiry into the Moral Character of Lard Byron, by J. W. Simmonds (1826) ; Memoir by Sir H. Bulwer (1826) ; Life, by W Lake (1826) ; Lard Byron and some of his Cmi- temporaries (1828) ; Life, by Sir Egerton Brydges (1828) ; Memoirs of Lard Byron, by G. CUnton {\%2%y, Life, Letters, and Journals, edited by Moore (1830) ; Conversations with Lord Byron, by I^ady Blessington (1831) ; Life, by Armstrong (1846) ; The True Story of Lady Byron's Life, hy Mrs. Beeclier- Stowe (1867) ; Medora Leigh,h\ Dr. Mackay (1869) ; Recollections of Lard Byron, by the Countess Guiccioli (1870) ; Life, by Karl Elze (1871). For Criticism, see Jeffrey's Essays ; Hazlitt's Spirit of the Age, and English Poets ; Macaulay's Essays ; Swin- burne's preface to a Selection jrom the Poems ; Sir Henry Taylor's preface to his own Poems ; Bnmley's Essays ; W. M. Rossetti's preface to an edition of the Poems; Kh\^\ey'i Miscellanies ; Quarterly Review for July, 1868. Separate notices of poems marked t will be found under their respective letters. See. also. Dark- ness ; Dream, The ; Hints from Hor- ace ; Horn EM, Horace ; Maid of Athe^s^s. Byron, The Life of Lord, by Thomas Moobe, the poet (1770—1852), was published in 1830. The noble lord's me- moirs had been entrusted to Moore for the purpose of working them up into a biog- raphy ; but they contained so much that reflected disagreeably upon many influen- tial persons, that Moore destroyed them ; and the present work was compiled chiefly from Moore's own recollections and the letters he had received from his friend. Byron, Miss Harriet, in Rich- ardson's novel of Sir Charles Grandison (q.v.), is eventually married to the hero. Byron, Henry James, novelist, dramatist, and comedian (b. 1835), has written numerous pieces for the stage, in- cluding Cyril's Success , An American Lady ; Old Sailors ; Our Boys ; and TVcak Woman ; a novel, called Paid in Full ; and various contributions to periodical liter- ature. Cabbala, The Threefold. A work by Henry Moore (1614—1687), in which he interpreted and defended the first three chapters of Genesis. The Jewish Cabbala was a sort of traditional exposi- tion of the Pentateuch said to have been received by Moses from the mouth of God. "Cabined, cribbed, confined." —Macbeth, act iii., scene 4. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, The, was edited by Dionvsius Lardner (1793— 1859), from 1829 to 1846. It includes works by Robert Bell, Sir David Brewster, Pro- fessor De Morgan, Eyre Crowe, Sismondi, John Forster, Gleig, Grattan, Herschel, James, Keightley, Mackintosh, Nicholas, Roscoe, Scott, Stebbing, and Swainson. Cabinet Minister, The. A novel by Mrs. Gore (1799—1861), published in 1839. The scene is laid during the regency of George IV., and among the dramatis personce is Richard Brinsley Sheridan (q.v.). Cadenus. The pseudonym under wliich Swift describes himself in his poem entitled Cadenus and Vanessa. Cadenus is the Latin word decanus, dean, trans- posed ; Vanessa is made up of " Van," the first syllable of Vanhomrigh, and " Essa," the diminutive of Esther, and was the poetical name bestowed by Swift upon Miss Esther Vanhomrigh, a young lady who had fallen in love with liim, and had proposed marriage. The poem is Swift's reply to her proposal. Cad"wal. Tlie name assumed by Arviragus in Shakespeare's tragedy of Cymbeline (q.v.). Cad-wallader, Mrs. The rector's wife in George Eliot's novel of Middle- march (q.v.). C?edmon (d. about 680), is first 126 C^ CAL mentioned by Bede in his Ecclesiastical History as celebrating in magnificent strains mucli of the Old and New Testa- ment history, " the terrors of the day of judgment, the pains of hell, and the sweet- ness of the heavenly kingdom." In 1655, Junius published a MS. supposed to con- tain some of the poetry of this distin- guished bard. The most complete edition IS that of Thorpe, published in 1832 by the London Society of Antiquaries, and con- sisting of a text founded carefully on the original MS., and accompanied by a literal English version. See Morley's English Writers, the same writer's Library of ^Eng- lish Literature, and Warton's English Poetry. i or, the Teares of Peace (1609) ; May Day (1611) ; An Epicede, or Funerall Song^ on tlie most Disastrous Deathof Henry, Prince of Wales (1612); The Widowes Teares (1612) ; The Revenge of Bussy d'Ambois (1607) ; The Memorable Maske of the two honorable Houses or Inns of Court (1614) ; Andromeda Liberata: or, the Nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda (1614) ; Eugenia : or, True Nobilities Trance (1614) ; Two Wise Men and all the rest Fooles (1619) ; Pro Vere Autumni Lachrymce, to the Memorie of Sir Horatio Fere (1622) ; A Justification of the Strange Action of Nero, being the fifth satire of Juve7ial translated (1629) : Ccesar and Pompey (1631) ; The Ball; The Tragedie of Chabot, Admirall of France (1639) / Re- venge for Honour (1654) ; The Tragedie of Alj)honsus, Emperor of Germany (1654) ; and The Second Maiden's Tragedy. He also published translations of Homer (1596), Musseus (1616), and Hesiod (1619). Chapman's Works were edited, in 1874, by R. H. Shepherd. For Biography and Criticism, see Wood's Athente Oxonienses, Langbaine's Dramatick Poets, Warton's English Poetry, Campbell's English Poets, Hazlitt's Age of Elizabeth, Hallam's Literature of Europe, and Swinburne's in- troduction to the Works (1875). He has been panegyrised by Waller, Pope, Dr. Johnson, Godwin, Lamb, and Coleridge. See All Fools ; Andromeda ; Chabot, Philip ; Two Wise Men, &c. ; Widow's Tears, The. Chapman's Homer, On first looking into. A Sonnet by John Keats (q.v.); "epical," says Leigh Hunt, «'in the splendour and dignity of its images, and terminating with the noblest Grefek simplicity." ' 142 CHA OHA ♦• Oft of one wide expanse had I been told That deep-brow'd Homer ruled as his demesne : Yet did I never breathe its pure serene Till I heard Chapman speak out loud and bold." Chapone, Mrs. Hester, miscella- neous writer (b. 1727, d. 1801), wrote several papers in The Rambler; a story called Fidelia (q. v.), which appeared in The Ad- venturer ; an Ode to Peace ; and an Ode addressed to Elizabeth Carter on her translation of Epictetui-. Also, a series of Letters on the Improvement of the Mind (1773), and A Letter to A Newly-married Lady (1777). Her Miscellanies in Prose and Verse appeared iii i775 ; her Posthu- mous Works, with an Account of her Life and Character, in 1808. Bee Improvement OF THE Mind. Chappell, "WiUiam, musical anti- quary (b. 1809), has published Popular Music of the Olden Time (1845—59); A History of Music (1874) ; and other works. Chappell, William, Bishop of Cork (b. 1582, d. 1649), wrote Methodus Cofir cionandi, and his own Life. Chapter of Accidents, The. A conledy by Sophia Lee (1750—1824), pro- duced at the Hayraarket in 1780. Character, A. A lyric by Alfred Tennyson, published in 1830, and descrip- tive of one who " Blew his own praises in his eyes. And stood aloof from other minds In impotence of fancied power." " Character, behind me I leave my."— Sir Peter Teazle, in The School for Scandal, act ii., scene 2. Character of a Happy Life, The. Verses by Sir Henry Wotton, written circa 1614. Character Sketches, by W. M. Thackeray (1811—1863), including Cap- tain Rook and Mr. Pigeon, The Fashionable Authoress, and The Artists, Characteristics of Men, Man- ners, Opinions, and Times. Seven treat- ises by Anthony Ashley Cooper, third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671—1713), pub- lished collectively in 1711 and 1713, having previously appeared in the order indicated under the neading, Shaftesbirv, Earl of (q. v.). Pope said of them," that, to his knowledge, the Characteristics had done more harm to revealed religion in E«g- land than all the works of infidelity put together." Characters : " or, Wittie Descrip- tions of the Properties of Sundry Persons," by Sir Thomas Overbury (1581—1613), printed in 1614, and described by Hallam as a work which belongs " to the favourite style of apophthegm, m which every sen- tence is a point or witticism. Yet the entire character, so delineated, produces a certain effect ; it is £v Dutch picture, a Gerard Dow, somewhat too elaborate. The wit is often trivial and flat ; the senti- ments have nothing in them general or worthy of much remembrance ; praise is only due to the graphic skill in delineating character." Compare with the Characters of Vertues and Vices, published by Bishop Hall, in 1608, and the Microcosmo- graphy (q. v.) of Bishop Earle. "Charge Chester, charge! On, Stanley, on ! " A famous line in Scott's poem of Marmion, canto vi., stanza 82. Charge of the Light Brigade, The. A ballad by Alfred Tbnntso^ ; ♦'written,'' as the poet himself tells us, " after reading the first report of the Times correspondent, where only 607 sabres are mentioned as having taken part in the charge," and first published in The Ex- aminer, December 9, 1854. The version now accepted is that which the soldiers themselves selected from several different readings, and sang by their watch-fires in the Crimea. It bears many points of re- semblance to Drayton's ballad of The Bat- tle of Agincourt, one verse of which is es- pecially recalled to mind by a passage in the laureate's stirring lines :— " They now to fight are gone, Armour on armour shone, Drumme now to drumme did grone. To hear was wonder ! That with the cryes they make. The very earth did shake. Trumpet to trumpet spake, Thunder to thunder. Charles, in Fletcher's Elder Bro- ther (q.v.), is " a mere helluo librorum, absorbed in study, who is awaked to love at the first sight of Angelina." Charles I. (b. 1600, d. 1649), is said to be the author of two pieces of verse, entitled, respectively, Majesty in Misery and On a Quiet Conscience (q.v.). He also translated Bishop Sanderson's lectures I)e Juramenfi Promissorii Obligatione. Two years after his death appeared Peiiguce Sacrce Carolina : or, the Works of that Great Monarch and Glorious Martyr, King Charles the First, both Civil and Sacred. printed at the Hague in 1651- The Books, Speeches, Letters, &c., of Charles J. were Eublished in 1661, and another edition of is Works in 1664. How much of these was really written by the king is not clear- ly ascertained. See Walpole's Noble and lioyal Authors, and Disraeli's Curiosities of Literature. See'EiK.os Basilike. Charles II. (b. 1630, d. 1685) is credited, by Sir John Hawkins, with the authorship of the song beginning— ** 1 pass all my days in a shady old grove. See Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors, and Watt's Biblio'theca Britannica. Charles the First. An historical tragedy by Mary Russell Mitford (1786—1855), produced at the Coburg Tbetk- CHA CHA 143 tre, after having been interdicted by George Colman, licenser of plays, as containing dangerous matter. W. G. Wills (q.v.) has also written a play with this title (1872). Charlesworth, Maria Louisa, miscellaneous writer (b. 1830). is the author of Ministering Children (q-v.), and its Se- quel ; Sunday Afternoons in the Nursery ; The Female Visitor to the Poor; A Book for the Cottage ; The Light of Life ; A Letter to a Child; The Ministru of Life; Enq- land^s Yeoman; The Sabbath Given: the Sabbath Lost ; The Sailor's Choice ; Letter to a Friend under Affliction; The Last Command; Where Dwellest Thou? and other publications. Charleton, Walter, physician (b. 1619, d. 1707), wrote The Morals of Epicurus (1655); The Natural History of the Passions (1674) ; and other works. Charlotte. The daughter of Gen- eral and Mrs. Baynes ; in love with, and afterwards married to, Philip Finnin, the hero of Thackeray's novel of The Ad- ventures of Philip (q.v.). Charlotte-Elizabeth. Tlie name under which Mrs, C. E. Tonna (1792— 1846) published many juvenile and religious books. The best known are The Siege of £>erry, Judah's Lion, Helen Fleetwood, and Chapters and Flowers. Charmian. A female attendant on the Queen of Egypt in Shakespeabe's Antony and Cleopatra (q.v.). " Charming is divine philoso- phy, How,"— Line 476 in Milton's Comus (q.v.). See " Apollo's Lute." Charnook, Stephen, Nonconfor- mist divine (b. 1628, d. 1680), wrote dis- courses Of the Existence and Attributes of God (1682) ; and. Of Man's Enmity to God (1699). His Works were printed in 16M. See the Life by Parsons. Charolois. A gallant and gener- rous knight in Massingeb's Fatal Dowry (q.v). Chartism, bv Thomas Carlylb (b. 1795), was published in 1839. Chase, The. A poem in four books, by William Somerville (1692— 1742), published in 17.S5. It is written in blank verse, and is chiefly occupied with practical admonitionB to sportsmen : — " The chase I sing, hounds, and their various breed. And no less various use. . . . My hoarse-sounding horn Invites thee to the chase, the sport of kings. Image of war, without its guilt." Chastelard. A poetical tragedy by Algernon Charles Swinburne (b. 1837), published in 1865, and founded on who fell in love with, and was beloved by, Mary, Queen of Scots, and whose story is related by BrantomeandLaboureur. He is discovered in the queen's bedchamber, and the matter is hushed up; but the offence is repeated, and he is arrested, condemned, and beheaded. "ITiere are defects in the play," remarks Lord Houghton, " but not to be mentioned beside its artistic merits. There are faults of sensuousness, but they are accompanied by exceeding tenderness and refined emotion. There is an exuber- ance and often an obscurity of expression; but any student of our earlier dramatists will feel that these arise far more from the poet's overflowing knowledge of, and sym- pathy with, those masters of art and lan- guage, than from any carelessness or ig- norance." Chat, Dame. A gossip in Bishop Still's comedy of Gammer Gurton's Nee- dle (q.v.). Chateau d' Amour. A work writ- ten in French verse by Robert, Bishop of Lincoln, and translated into English by Robert de Brunne (q.v.). Chatterton, Lady Georgina (d. 1876), novelist, wrote, among other works. Country Coteries, Grey' s Court, The Heiress and her Lovers, Leonore, Oswald of Deira, The Lost Bride, and Won at Last. Chatterton, Thomas, poet (b. 1752, d. 1770), wrote various pieces— as- cribed by him to one Thomas Rowley — which were tirst published in a collective form by Thomas Tyrwhitt, in 1777, under the title of The Poems supposed to have been written at Bristol by Thomas Rowley ami others in the Fifteenth Century, with an Introductory Account of the several Pieces, and a Glossary. This was fol- lowed, in 1778, by Chatterton's Miscellanies in Prose and Verse, and, in 1784, by a Sujh- plement to tlie Miscellanies of Thomas Chatterton. Of the bitter and protracted controversy that arose upon the question of the authenticity of the poems, an ac- count is given in Kippis's Biographia Bri- tannlca; a list of the principal pamphlets published in the course of the dispute being contained in Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual, under the heading of " Rowley." Editions of the poems were issued in 1803, 1842, 1865, and 1871. For Biography, see the Lives by Gregory (1789), Dix (1837), Davis (1809), Martin (1865), Wilson (1869), and Masson (1875). For Criticism, see the essays by Tyrwhitt, Southey, Warton, Campbell, Scott, Masson, and Wilson. The following may be mentioned among those of Chatterton's contemporaries who disbelieved in the existence of "Thomas Rowley :— Horace Walpole, Dr. Johnson, Steevens, Bishop Percy, Malone. Gibbon, Farmer, Colman, Sheridan, Hayley, Lord Camden, Mason, Johnson said that Chat- terton was " the mo^t e^tr^rclmary young 144 CHA OHA man that had eiacountered his knowledge." Byron, even more characteristically, de- clared him mad, whilst Coleridge cele- brated him as— " Young-ey'd Poesy, All deftly masked a» hoar antiquity." Chatterton, A Monody on the Death of, was written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772—1834). Wordsworth also has an allusion to the youthful poet as— " The marvellous boy, The sleepless soul that perished iu his pride ! " Chaucer, Geoffrey, poet (b. 1328, d. 1400), was the author of the following works : —The Canterbury Tales ; The Court of Love; The Parlement of £riddes • or, the Assembly of Foules ; The Boke of Cupide, God of Love: or, the Cuckowand the Night- ingale; The Flower and the Leaf ; Troylus and Cresseyde ; Chaucer's A B C; Chaucer's Dream; The Boke of the Duchesse ; Of Qtiene Anelyda and the false Arcite ; The House of Fame; The Legende of Goode Women; The Romaunt of the Rose; The Complaynt of a Loveres Lyfe The Com- playnt of Mars and Venus ; A Ooodly Bal- lade of Chaucer ; and A Praise of Women. His minor poems are -.—The Compleynte of the Dethe of Pile, Ballade de Vilage Sauns Peynture, Ballade sent to King Richard, The Gompleynte of Chaucer to his Purse, Good Counseil of Chaucer, Prosperity, A Ballade, L' Envoy de Chaucer a Scogan, L'Envoy de Chaucer a Bulcton, ^tas Prima,' Leaulti Vault Richesse, Proverbes de Chaucer, Roundel, Virelai, Chaucer's Prophecy, Chaucer's Words unto his own Scrivener andOratio GalfridiChaucer. The Works of Chaucer were first printed in 1532; followed by editions in 1542, 1561 (Stowe) ; 1598 (Speght); 1721 (Urry); 1775 (Tyrwhitt); 1822 (Singer) ; 1845 (Sir H. Nicolas) ; and 1855 (Bell). Editions have been published in America by Professor Childs, and by Dr. Morris in the Aldine Poets. A Biog- raphy of the poet is given by all his edi- tors, and a Life has been written by God- win. See, also. Illustrations by Todd (1810), Poems of Chaucer Modernized, by Words- worth, Leigh Hunt, Home, Bell, and others, with Life by Schmitz (1841) ; The Riches of Chaucer, with a Memoir, by Charles Cowden Clarke (1835) ; Tales from Chaucer in Prose ; &n6.Chaucer' s England, by Matthew Browne. Also, the leading reviews, and the publications of the Chau- cer Society, passim ; Warton's English Poetry, Hazlitt's English Poets, Campbell's English Poets, Coleridge's Table Talk, Lowell's My Study Windows, &c. "It is good," says Lowell, " to retreat now and then beyond ear-shot of the introspective confidences of modem literature, and to lose ourselves in the gracious worldiness of Chaucer. Here was a healthy and hearty man, so genuine that we need not ask whether he was genuine or no, so sincere as quite to forget his own sincerity, so Hxxdj pioue that ae could be happy iu th^ best world that God chose to make, so humane that he loved even the foibles of his kind. Here was a truly epic poet, without knowiag it, who did not waste time in considering whether his age was good or bad, but, quietly taking it for granted as the best that ever was or could be for him, has left us such a picture of contemporary life as no man ever painted. 'A perpetual fountain of good sense,' Dryden calls him ; yes, and of good humour, too, and wholesome thought. He was one of those rare authors whom, if we had met him under a porch in a shower, we should have preferred to the rain." See Bhead AND Milk for Babks ; Canterbury Tales, The ; Court of Love, The ; Cuckoo And the Nightingale ; Fame, The House of ; Flower and the Leaf ; Flower of Poets ; Foules, The As- sembly OF ; Good Counsel ; Goodly Ballad ; Legende of Goode Women ; Love, The Testament of ; Plough- man's Tale, The ; Remedy of Love, The ,• Troilus and Cresseide ; Women, A Praise of. Chaucer's, ABC. A poem by Geoffrey Chaucer (1328—1400), in the form of a prayer to the Virgin, and consist- ing of twenty-three verses, each of which begins with a letter of the alphabet in order. It is said to have been written at the request of Blanche, Duchess of Lan- caster, as a prayer for her private use, " being a woman in her religion very de- vout." It was first printea in Speght's edition in 1597. Chaucer's Dream. A poem by Geoffrey Chaucer (1328 — 1400), first published in 1597. " This dream," says Speght, " devised by Chaucer, seemeth to be a correct report of the marriage of John of Gaunt, the king's son, with Blanche, the daughter of Henry, Duke of Lancaster ; who, after long love (dur- ing the time whereof the poet feigneth them to be dead), were in the end, by con- sent of friends, happily married ; figured by a bird bringing in his bill an herb, which restored them to life again. Here also is shown Chaucer's match with a cer- tain gentlewoman, who, although she was a stranger, was, notwithstanding, so well liked and loved of the Lady Blanche and her lord, as Chaucer himself always was, that they gladly concluded a marriage between them." Chauncey, Charles, D.D., Ameri- can divine (b. 1705, d. 1787), was the author of A Complete View of Episcopacy (1771) ; The Mystery hid from all Ages: or, the Sal- vation of all Men (1784) ; and other works. Cheap Clothes and Nasty. A pamphlet, published in 1850, in which the Rev. Charles Kingsley, under the pseu- donym of "Parson Lot," denounced thf inlquitiei of the " sweating " systtem, OHB OHB 145 Cheap Repository, The. A series of popular religious tales, in the form of tracts, by Hanxah More (1745—1833), pub- lished between the years 1790 and 1798. They were translated into French and Ger- man, and one of them, entitled the Shep- herd of Salisbury Plain, obtained great popularity. Cheapside, The Chaste Maid in. A comedy by Thomas Middleton (1570— 1627), produced in 1620. Cheapside Knight, The. An epithet which the wits contemptuously ap- plied to Sir Richard Blackmore (1650— 1729), author of The Creation. He was a, physician, and resided at Sadler's Hall, Cheapside. He was knighted by "William III., in acknowledgment of his political faith and professional merit. Early in life he had been a schoolmaster, a fact to which the wits made frequent allusion — "Unwieldy pedant, let thy awkward muse With conscious praise, with flatteries abuse ; To lash, and not be felt, in thee's an art : Thou ne'er made any but thy schoolboys smart." " Cheer, but not inebriate, The cups that." A line in Cowpeb's Task, book iv. Cheeryble Brothers, the philan- thropic merchants, in Dickens's novel of Nicholas Nickleby (q- v.), are generally iden- titiedwith the Brothers Grant, the cotton- mill owners of Manchester, both of whom are now dead, the elder one dying in March, 1855. In the original preface Dick- ens stated that they were portraits from life and still living. In a later edition, he says : " If I were to attempt to sum up the hundreds of letters from all sorts of peo- ple, in all sorts of latitudes and climates, to which this unlucky paragraph has since given rise, I should get into an arithmeti- cal difficulty from which 1 should not readily extricate myself. Suffice it to say that I believe the applications for loans, gifts, and offices of profit that I have been requested to forward to the orig- inals of the Brothers Cheeryble (with whom 1 never exchanged any communi- cation in my life) would have exhausted the combined patronage of all the Lord Chancellors since the accession of the House of Brunswick, and would have broken the rest of the Bank of England." Cheever, George Barrell, D.D., American divine and author (b. 1807), has written numerous works, the best known of which are Wanderings of a Pilgrim, and Windings of the River of the Water of Life. Chefe Promises of God unto Man by all Ages in the Olde Lawe, The Tragedye or Enterlude Manyfesting. A miracle-play by Johx Bale, Bishop of OSSORY (1495—1563), printed in 1538, and reprinted in Dodsley's collection of Old Plays. 7 Cheke, Sir John, scliolar and mis- cellaneous writer (b. 1514, d. 1557), wrote A Remedy for Sedition, loherein are conteyiied many Thinges co7icernynge the true and loyall obeysance that Cdmens ow unto their Prince and Soverynge Lorde the Kynqe (1536) ; De obitu Martini Buceri EpistolcB duce (1551) ; The Hurt of Sedicio7i, how grievous it is to a Commonwealth (1549) ; Dis- putat, de Pronunciatione Linguce Grcecoa (1555) ; A Royall Eleqie upon King Edioard the Vlth (1610) ; and several minor works. His Life was written by Langbaine and Strype. Milton speaks of him in a well- known passage as having " taught Cam- bridge and King Edward Greek. See HuKT OF Sedition. Chemarims, The, in Pordage's satiric poem of Azaria and Hushai (q.vO, are intended for the Jesuits. Cherrie and the Slae, The. A Scottish allegorical 'poem by Alexander Montgomery (d. 1607), published in 1597. Cherry, Andrew, Irish dramatist (b. 1762, d. 1812), produced The Soldier's Daughter (1804), ^4^/ for Fame (1805), The Village (1805), The Travellers (1806), and other plays and operas. " Cherry ripe, ripe, ripe, I cry," First line of a lyric by Robert Herrick, and the refraui of another by Richard Allison. Chesse, the Game and Playe of, printed by William Caxton at Westmin- ster in 1474, was the first book printed in England. " Chest, A, contrived a double debt to pay."— Goldsmith's Deserted Vil- lage, lines 29, 30 :— " A bed by night, a chest of drawers by day." Chester. See Broome, William. Chester, Sir John. A cliaracter in Dickens's novel of Bamaby Rudge (q.v.), intended for Lord Chestereield (q.v.), author of Letters to his Son (q.v.). Chester Plays, The. Undoubted- ly the oldest series of English mysteries that set forth " matter from the creation of the world" to doomsday. They were acted at Chester every Whitsuntide, and are said, in a proclamation dated 1.533, to have been composed "of old time" "by one sir Henry Francis, some time monk of this monastery dissolved," who obtained from the Pope a thousand days of pardon, and from the bishop of the diocese forty days' pardon, for those "resorting in peaceable manner and with good devotion to hear and see the said plays from time to time." In 1327—28, when Sir John Arn- ' way was Mayor of Chester, the plays are recorded to have been written by one Ran- dal Higgenet, who is no other than the 146 CHE CHE Ralph Higden who composed the Poly- chnmicon (q.v.)> and died probably in 1363. The Chester mysteries included twenty- four distinct plays, which were apportioned amongst the twenty-four companies of the city, and were played, the first nine on Whit-Monday, the next nine on Tuesday, and the remaining six on the following Wednesday. "They began first at the abbey gates, and when the first pageant was played, it was wheeled to the high cross before the mayor, and so to every street ; and so every street had a pageant playing before them at onetime, till all the pageants for the day appointed were play- ed." A full description of them will be found in Collier's History of Dramatic Lit- erature. Several MS. copies exist: that of the Duke of Devonshire is dated 1581 ; those in the British Museum are dated 1600 and 1607 ; and that at Oxford is dated 1604. A specimen was printed, in 1818, for the Roxburghe Club by J. H. Markland ; but the only complete publication of the Chester mysteries was made for the Shake- speare Society, in 1843, by Thomas Wright. Chesterfield, Earl of, Philip Dormer Stanhope (b. 1694, d. 1773), wrote Letters to his Son, Philip Stanhope, which, together with several other Pieces on Vari- ous Subjects, were first published in 1774. In an edition of his Miscellaneous Works. published with Memoirs of his Life by Dr. Maty in 1777, are included Miscellaneous Pieces and Characters ; Letters to his Friends; The Art of Pleasing; Free Thoughts and Bold Truths; The Case of the Hanover Forces, tcith Vindication and Further Vindication ; The Lords' Protest ; Letter to the AbM de Ville ; and Poems. Selections from the Works were published in 1874. His Letters were edited by Earl Stanhope in 1845. See Mrs- Oliphant's Historical Sketches of the reign of George II., Hay ward's Biographical Essays, Quarterly Revieiv for 1845, and M. Sainte Beuve's Causeries de Lundi. "Lord Ches- terfield," says the latter writer, "has been accused of a breach of morality in the let- ters addressed to his son. The strict John- son, who was not impartial on the subject, and who thought he had cause of com- plaint against Chesterfield, said, when the letters were published, that ' they taught the morals of a courtesan and the manners of a dancing-master.' Such a judgment is extremely unjust, for if Chesterfield, in particular instances, insists upon graces of manner at any price, it is because he lias already provided for the more solid parts of education, and because his pupil is not in the least danger of sinning on the side which makes a man respectable, but rather on that which makes him agreeable. Al- though more than one passage may seem strange, as coming from a father to a son, the whole is animated with a true spirit of tenderness and wisdom. If Horace had a son, I imagine lie would not hjive written to liim very differently." See Lettebs to HIS Son. Chester, Thomas, temp. Henry VI., Englished The Bay of Sir Launfal (q.v.). See Warton's English Poetry, sect, xliii. Chettam, Sir James. A character in Geobge Eliot's novel of Middle- march (q.v.), married to Celia Brooke (q.v). Chettle, Henry, poet and drama- tist (b. about 1540, d, 1604), produced A Doleful Ditty, or Sorrowful Sonet, of the Lord Darly (1567); Kinde Harts Dreame (1593); Piers Plainnes Seven Veres Prentv- ship (1595); The Pope's Pittiful Lamenta- tion for the Death of his Deere Darling, Don Joan of Austria : ami Death's Answer to the Same; England's Mourning Gar- ment, worn here by Plain Shepherds in Memory of Elisabeth (1603); and The Trag- edy of Hoffman : or, a revenge for a Father (1631). He is said to have been concerned, with others, in the production of over two hundred dramatic pieces. See Collier's Dramatic Poetry, and Warton's English Poetry, sect. Ixvi. See Blind Beggar of Bethxal Green ; England's Mourn- ing Garment ; Hoffman ; Kinde Harts Dreame, The ; London Floren- tine, The. Chetwood, William Rufus, dramatist (d. 1766), wrote A General Histroy of the Stage (1749). Chevelere Assigne(i.e., De Cigne) : or, The Knight of the Swan. An old Eng- lish poem, translated and abridged from a French metrical romance— Z/' rs/oire du Clievalier au Signe — a copy of which is among the Royal' MSS. of the British Mu- seum. The Chevelere Assigne is quoted by Percy. Chevy Chase. A ballad, printed in Percy's Reliques, the original of which was probably as old as the reign of Henry VI. The modem version is probably not more ancient than the time of Queen Eliz- abeth, and is copied from an old manu- script at the end of Hearne's preface to Gulielmus Nubrigiensis Hist. (1719), vol. i. It is referred to in an old book, called The Complaynt of Scotland, under the title of Huntis of Chevet, of which two lines are quoted. Sir Philip Sidney says of it, in his Defense of Poesie, that "I never heard the old story of Percie and Douglas that I found not my heart moved more than a trumpet." It is well known that this bal- lad, which was originally called The Hunt- ing a' the Cheviat, and which should be read together with that on The Battle of Otterbourne, arose out of the hereditary rivalry arid feud between the two families of Percy and Douglas. "Che-wing the cud of s-weet and bitter ta,ncj."—4?youldkeItf act iy,, ecen« 3, CHI CHI 147 " Chieftain to the Highlands bound, A." First line of Campbell's ballad, Lord Ullin's Daughter (^q. v.). *' Chiel's amang ye, takin' notes, A." A line in BirKis's's verses on Captain Grose's peregrinations in Scotland. " Child is father of the man, The." A line in the poem by William Wordsworth (1770—1850), whidh begins— " My heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the sky." Compare it with Milton's lines in Paradise Regained, book iv. — " The childhood shows the man As morning shows the day." Child, Lydia Maria, n€e Francis, American writer, (b. 1802), has written Hohomok, a Tale (1824) ; The Rebels, a Tale (1825); The Mother's Book {W61)\ A History of the Condition of Women in all Ages and Nations (1832); The Girl's Book (1832); The Coronal (1833); Philothea (1835); Letters from New York (1845); Sprincf Flowers (1846); The Progress of Religious Ideas through Successive Ages (1855); Autumnal Leaves (1860); and other works. See Gris- wold's Prose Writers of America, Mrs. Hale's Records of Woman, &c. ChUd of EUe, The. A ballad, printed in Percy's Reliques. Child, Sir Josiah(b. 1630,d. 1699), published in 1668, a New Discourse of Trade- Child Waters. A ballad included in Percy's Reliques. Child's Evening Prayer, A. A poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, written in 1808. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage : " a Romaunt," or poem, in the Spenserian stanza, by Lord Byrok (1788—1824). It consists of four cantos, of which the first and second were published in 1812, the third in 1816, and the fourth in 1818; and the preface to the first two cantos con- tained the following explanation of the origin and purpose oi the poem. " It was written," says Lord Byron, "for the most part, amid the scenes which it attempts to describe. It was begun in Albania; and the parts relative to Spain and Portugal were composed from the author's observa- tions in those countries The scenes attempted to be sketched are in Spain, Portugal, Epirus, Acarnania, and Greece [the third canto describes scenes in Belgium, Switzerland, and the Valley of the Rhine ; and canto four is chiefly oc- cupied with Rome]. ... A fictitious character is introduced for the sake of giv- ing some connection to the piece, winch, however, makes no pretension to regular- ity. It has been suggested to me by mends, on whose opinion I set a high value, that in this fictitious character, Childe Harold, I may incur the suspicion of having intended some real personage; this I beg leave, once for all, to disclaim. Harold is the creation of imagination, for the purpose I have stated. In some trivial particulars, and those merely local, there might be grounds for such a notion; but in the main points, I should hope, none what- ever. It is almost superfluous to mention that the appellation ' Childe ' is used as more consonant with the old structure of versification which I have adopted." Children in the Wood, The. See Babes in the Wood, The. Refer- ence may also be made to a play published in 1601 by Robert Yarrington, and called Tlie Tragedy of a Young Child mur- thered in a Wood by Two Ruffins, with the consent of his Unkle. This was probably derived from an Italian novel, and is so far different from the ballad, that it includes but one child, and that, besides other slight particulars, the scene of the nar- rative is laid in Padua. " Children of a larger gro-wrth, Men are but."— Dryden, All fcyr Love, act iv., scene 1. Children of the Lord's Supper, The. A poem translated by Henry' Wadsavorth Longfellow from the Swedish of Bishop Tegner. Children's Hour, The. A poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow— " Between the dark and the daylight, When the nijjht is beginning to lower, Comes a pause m the day's occupations. Which IS known as the Children's Hour." Chillingworth, William, contro- versial writer (b. 1602, d. 1644), was the author of The Religion of Protestants, a way to Salvation (q.v.). '• His other wri- tings," says Principal Tulloch, "are com- paratively unimportant, as they are com- paratively unknown. A few sermons — nine in all; a series of tracts under the name of Additional Discourses — most of them mere sketches, or studies for his great work ; and a brief fragment, more significant than the rest, entitled llie Apostolical Institution of Episcopacy De- monstrated, comprise the whole." His Works were printed with a Life by Birch in 1742. See Principal Tulloch's Rational Theology in England, Hunt's History of Religious Thought, Wood's Athence Oxon- ienses. Fuller's Worthies, Mazeaux' His- torical and Critical Account of the Life and Writings of William Chilling worth, and Cheynell's Chillingworthii Noinssima. Chillon, The Prisoner of. A poem by Lord Byron, founded on the story of Bonnivard, the hero of Genevan in- dependence, and published in 181G. Bon- nivard was born in 1496, and died in 1571. An account of his life, in French, is pr^r fixedto the poem, 148 CHI CHR Chimes, The. "A Goblin Story of some Bells that rang an Old Year out and a New Year in," by Charles Dick- ens a812 — 1870), published in 1844. Among the characters are Toby Veck, his daughter Meg, her sweetheart Kichard, Mr. Filer, Mr. Tugby, Sir Joshua Bowley, and Alderman Cute. Of these the only one that has attained celebrity is Toby, otherwise Trotty, Veck (q.v.), "a littleoJd Ijondon ticket-porter," whose dwelling is in the mews, with his wooden card-board at the door, with his name and occupation, and the " N. B. Messuages carefully de- livered." "This," wrote Tom Hood of The Chimes, " is another of those season- able books intended by Boz(q.v.) to stir up and awaken the kindly feelings which are generally diffused among mankind, but too apt, as Old "Weller (q.v.) says, to lie ' dormouse in the human bosom.' It is similar in plan to The Christmas Carol (q.v.), but is scarcely so happy in its sub- ject—it could not be." " Chimes at midnight, We have heard the."— i/enry iF., part ii., act iii., scene 2. China, Old. One of the Last Es- says of Elia (q.v.), by Charles Lamb (1775—1834). Chingachcook. The name of the Indian chief who figures in Fenimore Cooi?er's novels, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Beerslayer, and The Pioneer. Chips concerning Scotland. A miscellany in prose and verse by Thomas Churchyard (1520—1604), (q.v.), pub- lished in 1575, and reprinted by Chalmers in 1817. Chirologia : " or the Natvrall Lan- gvage of the Hand ; whereunto is added Chirommia." A curious work by John BuLWER, published in 1644. Chittiface. The hero of an old popular story which has not come down to us. Drayton alludes to him in some commendatory verses on Tom Coryateand his Crudities. Chloe. A name very popular in amatory and pastoral poetry. Thus in Dryden— " Chloe found Amyntas lyinp, All in tears, upon the plain." Chloe, in Pope's Moral Essays, epistle ii., is intended for Lady Suffolk, the mistress of George II., who had offend- ed the poet by neglecting to confer some favour upon Swift. She is described by Lord Chesterfield as " placid, good-na- tured, and kind-hearted, but very deaf, and not remarkable for wit;" by Pope as ♦* wanting heart "— " She speaks, behaves, and acts just aw she ought, But never, never reached one gen'rous thought ; Virtue she finds too painful an endeavour. Content to dwell in decencies for ever." Chloris, the goddess of flowers, was a favourite name with the poets of the modern as well as the classic world. Thus Lord Dorset sings— "Ah, Chloris, 'tis time to disarm your bright eyes." And Sir Charles Sedley— " Ah, Chloris, could I now but sit." Choice, The. A poem by John POMFRET (1667—1703), published in 1699, in which the writer describes the joys of rural life, combined with lettered ease— " Near some fair town I'd have a private seat, Built uniform, not little, nor toa great, Better, it on a rising ground it stood ; On this side fields.on tliat a neighbouring wood. . . A httle garden, grateful to the eye. And a cool rivulet run murmuring by. On whose delicious banks a stately row Of shady limes or sycamores should grow, At th' end of which, a silent study placed, Should be with all the noblest authors graced. Chollop, Hannibal. An American " patriot" in Dickens's novel of Martin Chuzzlewit (q.v.). Choridia: "Rites to Chloris and her Nymphs, personated in a Masque at Court, by the Queen's Majesty and her Ladies at Shrove-tide," 1630. The inven- tors were Ben Jonson and Inigo Jones. Chorley, Henry Fothergill, au- thor and musical critic (d. 1872), wrote Pomfret, Roccabella, The Prodigy, and other works, besides several plays and numerous librettos. He acted as musical critic of The Athencenum for upwards of thirty-five years. See his Memoirs by Hew- lett (1873). Chorus Poetarum. "A Miscel-: lany of Poems on A^arious Occasions," by the Duke of Buckingham, Lord Roches- ter, Sir John Denham, Sir George Ethe- rege, Andrew Marvell, Edmund Spenser, Mrs. Behn, and others ; edited by Chas. GiLDON, and published in 1693. Chrestoleros : " Seven Books of Epigrams, written by T. B." (Thomas Bastard), and published in 1598. Bas- tard died in 1618. Chrestomathia. A work on edu- cation, by Jeremy Bentham (1748—1832), published in 1817- Christ, The Life of. A work by Frederic William Farrar, D.D. (q.v.), published in 1874. Christabel. A lady in the ancient ballad of Sir Cauline (qv.), the daughter of a " bonnye kynge " in Ireland. Christabel. A poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772—1834), wrlttei^ CHR CHR l4d at Stowey, Somersetshire, in 1797, and published in 1816. Swinburne thinks it IS the loveliest of the author's poems ; for simple charm of inner and outer sweet- ness, unequalled by either Tlie Ancient Mariner or Kubla Kahn. " The very ter- ror and mystery of magical evil is imbued with this sweetness;" and "as for the melody, here again it is incomparable with any other poet's." Leigh Hunt quotes with strong approval the passage — " the perfection of grace and sentiment," which describes Cristabel retiring to rest — " Quoth Christabel.— so let it be I And as the lady bade, did she. Her gentle limbs she did undress, And lay down in her loveliness." , " The lady " is the fair witch, Geraldine, who exercises an evil influence over Chris- tabel. The poem is a fragment. Christabel, The Ballad of Babe. See Babe Christabel, The Ballad of. Christe's Teares over Jerusa- lem, by Thomas Nash, was published in 1593. Christian. The chief character of BuNYAN's Pilgrim's Progress (q.v.). "Christian is God Almighty's gentleman. A."— Hare's Guessesat Truth. " Christian is the highest style of man. A."— Yopng's Night Thoxights, lught iv., line 330. Christian Divinity, An Apology for the True. See Apology for the True Christiax Divinity. Christian Hero, The. A prose work by Sir Richard Steele, dedicated to Lord Cutts, and published in 1701. It was written, the author tells us, " with a design principally to tlx upon his mind a strong impression of virtue and religion, in opposition to a strong propensity to unwarrantable pleasures." It was in four parts : (I) Of the Heroism of the Ancient World ; (2) of the Bible Story as a Link between INIan and his Creator ; (3) of the Life a Christian should lead, as set forth by St. Paul ; and (4) of the Conmion i\Io- tives of Human Action, best used and im- proved when blended with religion." Christian Life, The. A work, in three parts, by John Scott (1638—1694), published in 1681, 1685, and 1686. The first part is purely practical ; the second places the foundation of the Christian life in the principles of national religion ; and the third proves and explains the doctrine of our Saviour's mediation. " The work will always be interesting in an historical point of view, as illustrating the state of Eng- lish theology during that period of decline, when it was passing downward from the high level reached by such great divines as Sanderson, Stillingfleet, and Howe, to the rationalistic flats and swamps of the following century." Christian Morals, A Treatise on. A prose fragment by Sir Thomas Browne (1605—1682), published, in 1756, by Dr. Johnson, with a Memoir of the author and explanatory notes. It is also included in the edition of Browne's works published in 1836. Christian Religion, A discourse of the Grounds and Reason of the. By Anthony Collins (1676—1720), published in 1724, and remarkable as calling forth no fewer than thirty-live replies, a list of which is given by Collins at the end of the preface to his Scheme of Literal Prophecy. Christian Religion, Evidences of the. By Joseph Addison (1672—1719). A posthumous work, published in 1807, and inserted by Bishop Watson in his collec- tion of Theological Tracts. Christian Seneca, The. A name given to Joseph Hall, Bishop of Nor- wich (q.v.), on account of his eloquence and high morality. Christian Year, The. "Thoughts in verse for the Sundays and Holidays throughout the Year," by John Keble (1792—1866), published in 1827. "The ob- ject of the present publication," says the preface, ** will be attained if any person find assistance from it in bringing his own thoughts and feelings into more entire unison with those recommended and ex- emplified in the Prayer Book." The special characteristics of these poems, ac- cording to Principal Shairp, are " first, a tone of religious feeling, fresh, deep, and tender, beyond what was common even among religious men in the author's day, perhaps in any day ; secondly, great in- teiu;ity and tenderness of home affection ; thirdly, a shy and delicate re:>erve, which loved quiet paths and shunned publicity ; fourthly, a pure love of nature, and a spiritual eye to read Nature's symbolism." In the poem on the Twenty-fourth Sunday after Trinity occurs the well-known qua- train — " Why should we faint and fear to live alone. Since all alone, bo Heaven has willed, we die ; Nor even the tenderest heart, and next our own. Knows half the reasons why we smile and sigh ?** See Miss Yonge's Musings on the Christian Year. Christiana. Wife of Christian in Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, who sets out with her children, under the guidance of Mr. Greatheart, to join her husband in the Celestial City. Her story is told in the second part of the allegory. Christianity, The Abolishing of. See Argument, An. Christianity not Mysterious : "or, a Treatise showing that there is 160 CHIt CHR nothing in the Gospel Contrary to Reason or above it, and that no Christian Doc- trine can properly be called a Mystery," A work by JoHX Toland (1G69— 1722), pub- lished in 1696, which excited much popular feeling against its author, and induced Dr. Brown, afterwards Bishop of Cork, to wish that he could have handed him over for punishment to the civil magistrate. It was condemned by the Irish parliament, and ordered to be burnt at the hands of the common hangman. Christie of the Clint Hill, in Sir Walter Scott's novel of The Monastery (q.v.), is one of the retainers of Julian Avenel. Christine : " the Maid of the South Seas." A tale in metre, after the manner of Sir Walter Scott, published by Marv Russell Mitford (1786—1855), at a very early age. It was founded on the well- known story of The Mutiny of the Bounty, subsequently treated by Lord Byron in his poem of The Island (q.v.). Christis Kirk of the Grene. A poem, attributed to King James I. of Scotland, in which the rustic merry-making of his time is humorously described in the space of twenty-three stanzas. It was printed in 1783, under the editorship of William Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee. A continuation of it was written by Allan Ramsay (q.v.). Christmas Carol, A, " in prose, being a Ghost Story of Christmas," by Charles Dickens (1812—1870), was pub- lished in December, 1843, with illustrations by John Leech. "We are all charmed," wrote Lord Jeffrey to the author, " with your Carol, chiefly, I think, for the genu- ine goodness which breathes all through it, and is the true inspiring angel by which its genius has been awakened. The whole scene of the Cratchits (q.v.) is like the dream of a benevolent angel, in spite of its broad reality, and little Tiny Tim (q.v.) in life and death almost as sweet and touch- ing as Nelly." A notice of the story appear- ed in Fraser's Magazine for July, 1844, from the pen of ''Michael Angelo Tit- march " (q.v.). >S'ee Scrooge. " Christmas comes but once a year. For," A line in Tusser's Farmers* Daily Diet. Christmas Eve. A poem by Robert Browning (b. 1812), in which, *' after following through a long course of reflection the successive phases of relig- ious belief, he arrives at the certainty that, however confused be the vision of Christ, where His love is, there is the Life, and that the more direct the revelation of that love, the deeper and more vital its power." Christmas, Rev. Henry. See NOEL-FEAItlC. Christopher. The head-waiter in Dickens's story of Somebody's Luggage (q.v.). Christo Triumphante, De. A Latin comedy by John Fox or Foxe (1517 —1587), printed in 1551 ; translated and published in English in 1579. The story is taken from New Testament history, and among the dramatis personal (twenty-five in all), are Christus, Eva, Sanctus Maria, and Petrus. Christ's Victory and Triumph over Death. A sacred poem by Giles Fletcher (1588 — 1023), displaying in many passages an inuigiuation of thehigh- est order. "Inferior as he is," says Hal- lam, " to Spenser and Milton, he might be figured in his happiest moments as a link of connection in our poetry between these congenial .spirits, for he reminds us of both, and evidently gave hints to the lat- ter in a poem on the same subject with Paradise Regained." See Macdonald'g England's Antiphon. Chronicle, The. A ballad by Abraham Cowley (1618—1667), which Johnson calls " a composition unrivalled and alone ; such gaiety of fancy, such fa- cility of expression, such varied simili- tude, such a succession of images, and such a dance of words, it is in vain to ex- pect except from Cowley." It is a rapid characterisation of the poet's various lady- loves, beginning with Margarita, who " First possess'd. If I remember well, my breast," and ending with his "present emperess," " Heleonora, first of the name. Whom God grant long to reign." Chronicle, in Metre, "fro the first Begynning of Englande nnto the Reigne of King Edward ye Fourth," by John Harding (b. 1378), in rhyme, was completed about 1470, and was printed at London in 1543. It was carefully edited by Sir Henry Ellis in 1812. Though Fuller asserts that our author " drank as deep a draught of Helicon as any of his age," his work is utterly devoid of the poetic spirit. Chronicle of England, written in English by John Capgrave (1393—1464), was dedicated to Edward IV. It was ed- ited by Hiugeston in 1857—58, and is nota- ble as beginning its history with the crea- tion of the world. Chronicle of the Drum, The. A poem by William Makepeace Thack- eray, "in which Pierre, the last of a race of brave French drummers, gives a sketch of the wars of two centuries back. Here," says Hannay, "the threads of humour, and poetry, and philosophy, are subtly woven togetlier." Chronicle of the Kings of Scot- 6&^ CHU iSl land, by Andrew "Wyntoux, was begun in September, 1420, and completed in April. 1424. It is in rhyme, and lias been edited by Macpherson, Turnbull, Stuart, and Others, Chrononhotonthologos. A mock tragedy, in "half an act," by Henry Carey (1663—1743) ; produced in 1734. Chubb, Thomas, deistical writer (b. 1679, d. 1746), published The Siipremacy of the Father Vindicated (1715); The True Gospel of Jesus Asserted (1738) ; A Dis- course on Reason ; On Moral and Positive Duties ; On Future Judgment and Eternal Punishment ; Inquiry about the Inspira- tion of the New Testament ; The Doctrine of Vicariotis Suffering and Intercession Refuted ; and other Jtorks, published col- lectively in 1754. His Memoirs appeared in 1747. See Leland's Viein of Deistical Writers, Lemoine on 3/irac/es,'Mo8heim'8 Ecclesiastical History, and Van Mildert's Bampton Lectures. Chubbuck, Emily, ^See Forres- ter, Fanny. Chudleie;h, Lady Mary, (b. 1656, d. 1710), published a collected edition of her poems iu 1703, followed by a collection of Essays in Prose and Verse in 1710. Chuffey, in Charles Dickens's novel of Martin Chuzzlewit (q,v.), is the old servant of Anthony Chuzzlewit. " Chuffey," wrote Sydney Smith to the author, " is admirable. I have never read a finer piece of writing ; it is deeply pa- thetic and affecting." Church and State, The Alliance between. See Alliance. Church Gate, At the. A lyric by William Makepeace Thackeray:— '• Near the sacred gate With lonoring eyes I wait Expectant of her." Church Militant, The. A poem by George Herbert. Church of Brou, The. A poem in three parts, by Matthew Arnold. Church of England Man, The Sentiments of a, " with respect to Religion and Government." A tract by Jonathan Swift (b. 1667, d. 1745), writen in 1708, and published iu the same year. " It con- tains,'' says Scott, " a statement concern- ing the national religion and establish- ment, fair, tempefate, and manly, unless it may be thought too strongly to favour the penal laws against nonconformity. In civil polities, the Revolution principles are strongly advocated ; and the final conclu- sion is, ' that iu order to preserve the con- stitution entire between Church and State, whoever has a true value for both would be sure to avoid the extremes of the Whig for the sake of the former, and the ex- tremes of the Tory on account of the latter.' " It is divided into two chapters. Church, Of the. A famous treat- ise by Richard Field (1561—1616), the first four books of which appeared in 1606, and the fifth book in 1610, the whole being reprinted at Oxford in 1628. This work, which ranks in the same category with Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity, is an elab- orate defence of the Church of England, and was highly praised by Coleridge. It was edited by the Rev. J. S. Brewer in 1843, and for the Ecclesiastical Historical Society in 1847—52. "Church repair, Some to." — Pope's Essay on Criticism, p&rt ii., line 142: — " Not for the doctrine, but the music there." Church, Richard William, Dean of St. Paul's (b. 1815), has written a Life of Anselm (1870) ; University Sermons (1870) ; Civilization before and after Chris- tianitjf (1872) ; Some Influences of Divinity on Natural Character (1873) ; and The Sacred Poetry of Early Religions (1874). Churchill, Charles, poet (b. 1731, d. 1764), wrote The Rosciad (1761), (q.v.) ; An Apology to the Critical Reviewers (1761); Night, an Epistle (1761), (q.v.) : The Ghost (1762) ; The Prophecy of Famine (1763); An Epistle to William Hoqarth (1763); The Con- ference (1763) ; The ^Duellist (1763) ; The Author (1764) ; Gotham (1701) ; The Candi- date (1764) ; The Farewell (1764); The Times (1764) ; Independence (1764) ; The Journey ; and the Dedication to ChurchilPs Sermons. The Works of Churchill were fii-st collected and printed in 1770. See, also, the edition of 1804, mth An Authentic Account of his Life, by W, Tooke. They are included iu all the best collections of the poets. See Campbell's English Poets, Cowper's Letters, Forster's Essays, and the introductory essay, by Hannay, prefixed to the Aldine Edition of the Poems. " Churchill," says T-owell, "is a remarkable example of this [that an author may make himself very popular, and justly so, by appealing to the passion of the moment, without naving anything in him that shall outlast the public whim which he satisfies]," " He had a surprising extemporary vigour of mind ; his phrase carries great weight of blow ; he undoubtedly surpassed all con- temporaries, as Cowper says of him, ' in a certain rude and earth-born vigour ; ' but his verse is dust and ashes now, solemnly inumed. of course, in the Chalmers colum- barium, and without danger of violation. His brain and muscle are fading tradi- tions." Cowper called him the great Chuchill," but Rogers says that to his thinking his poetry was mediocre. Churchill, Ethel. A novel by LeTITIA E. LAlfDON (b. 1802, d. 1838), 152 CHU CIl! published in 1837, in which she boldly grapples with the historical characters of the reigns of the first Georges, and brings upon the stage Sir Robert Walpole and his contemporaries, " It contains many elo- quently-written passages; the plot is affect- ing ; and the conversations are frequently distinguished by genuine art and tender sentiment.*' Churchill's Grave : " a fact liter- ally rendered " in verse, by Lord Byeok (1788—1824). This lyric was written at Diodati in 1816, and begins— " I stood beside the grave of him who blazed The comet of a season." Churchill, Mr., in Longfellow's romance of Kavanaqh (q.v.), is a character of whom it is said that " Nature had made him a poet, but destiny made:him a school- master." Churchyard, Thomas, poet (b. 1520, d. 1604), published, among other works, Davie Dicar's Dream (1562—63), A Discourse of Rebellion (1510), Chippes (1575), A Praise and Reporte of Marty ne Froboish- er's Voyage to Met a Incognita (1578), A Lamentable and Pitifull Description of the Wofull Warres in Flaunders (157S), Church- yard's Challenge (1593), The Mirror of Man and Manners of Men (15d4), Churchyard's Cherishing (1596),, The Lamentation of Freyndshippe, and Chips Concerning Scot- land (1575), (q.v.). Some of these have been reprinted at the Auchinleck Press. For a list of Churchyard's various publica- tions, see Lowndes' iiife/to^/rom/ier'sJfanwa^- See Notices of his Life, by Chalmers (1817) ; also, Wood's Athence Oxonienses, and Dis- raeli's Calamities of Authors. Chuzzlewit, Jonas. A tyrannical, brutal, and mean character in Charles Dickens's Martin Chuzzlewit (q.v.). Chuzzlewit, Martin. A story of American life and manners, by Charles Dickens (1812—1870), the first monthly number of which appeared on January 1, 1843. It is remarkable for the attention it directed to the system of ship-hospitals and to the workhouse nurses whose prototype in Sarah Gamp (q.v.) has become famous all over the world. See Bailey, Junior ; Brick, Jefferson ; Chollop, Hanni- bal ; Chuffey ; Chuzzlewit, Jonas ; Diver, Colonel ; Lupin, Mrs. ; Peck- sniff; Pinch, Tom and Ruth ; Pogram, Elijah ; Tap ley, Mark ; Tigg, Mon- tague ; and Todgers. Gibber, CoUey, dramatist and poet-laureate (b. 1671, d. 1757), wrote Love's Last Shift : or, the Fool in Fashion (1695); Woman's Wit (1697); Xerxes (1699); The Careless Husband (1704); The Nonjuror (1717), and other plays, to the total number, says the Biographia Dramatica, of thirty pieces, an edition of which appeared in 1721, and again in 1777. "Gibber," says Warton, "with a great stock of levity/ vanity, and affectation, had sense, andwit» and humour." " His treatise on the stage," says Walpole, "is- inimitable." See Apology for his own Life, An; Care- less Husband ; Double Gallant \ Hypocrite, The ; Love in a Riddle j Love's Last Shift ; Nonjuror, The. Cibber, Theophilus, son of the above (b. 1703, d. 1758), actor and dramatist, wrote The Lover (1730); Patie and Peggie (an adaptation into English of Allan Ram- say's Gentle Shepherd), (1730); The Mock Officer (1733); and other pieces. The Lives of the Poets of Great Britain and Ireland from the time of Dean Swift (1753), were attributed to his pen, but Dr. Johnson was of opinion that the work was written by Robert Shields, a Scotchman. Cicero. Various Orations of this orator have been translated into English. Among modern versions are those by Cal- vert (1870), Green (1871), Parton (1873), Reynolds (1876), and others. Cider. The title of a poem by John Philips (1676—1708), published in 1708, and written in imitation of Virgil's Georgics. Circuit, through Po-wis, The. A poem by Owain Kyveiliog, Prince of Powis (circa 1162), in which he descrioes his progress through his dominions to receive his revenues and to hold his courts. Circumlocution OflBce, The. A term applied by Charles Dickens (1812— 1870), in his novel of Little Dorrit (q.v.), to that public department which he repre- sents as possessing pre-eminently, " the art of perceiving how not to do it." *' The Administrative Reform Association," says Professor Masson, "might have worked for ten years without producing half the effect which Mr. Dickens has produced in the same direction, by tlinging out the phrase, ' The Circumlocution Office.' " Circumstance. A poem by Al- fred Tennyson, published in 1830. Citizen of the "World, The. A series of papers contributed by Oliver Goldsmith (1728—1774) to The Public Ledger newspaper (q.v.), the first appearing on the 24th of January, 1760, in the course of which year ninety-eight papers were published; the remainder (there are one hundred and twenty-three altogether) being printed later and at irregular intervals. They are written in the form of lettera from an imaginary philosophical Chinaman in London to friends in China, and consist of his observations upon men and things in the western world. They were published collectively in 1762. Masson speaks of them as " that delightful Citizen of the World, whose place among our English classics is now sure after more than a hun- dred years. CIT CLA 153 " City clerk, but gently born and bred, A." First line of Sea Dreams^ a lyric by Alfred Te>->ysox. City Mouse and Country Mouse, The. A poem written by Matthew Priou (1664—1721) and Charles Monta- gue, Earl of Halifax (1661—1715), in ridi- cule of The Hind and the Panther, by John Dryden (q.v.)' City Nightcap, The. A tragi- comedy by Robert Davenport, written in the reign of James I. or Charles I., but not printed until 1661. It is partly founded on The Curious Impertinent in Don Quixote, and partly on Boccaccio's Decameron (day vii., novel 7;. City of the Plague, The. A dra- matic poem, in three acts, written by John Wilson, "Christopher North" (1785 — 1854), and published in 1816. " City pent, in populous." — Milton's Paradise Lost, book ix., line 445. Citye Match, The. A comedy by Jasper Mavne (1604—1672) printed in 1639, and reprinted in Dodsley's collection of Old Plays. Civil "Wars, The, "between the two Houses of Lancaster and York." A poem by Samuel Daniel (1562—1619), the first four books of which were printed in 1595; the whole work, complete in eight books, in 1609. It is written in octave rhyme, and has been described as, " too much of a history to be a poem in the true artistic sense; " but it is " musical in ver- sification, patriotic, and religious, and somewhat diffuse in moralising, with so much of the conservative in tone that, in Church matters, some thought Daniel inclined towards Catholicism." Clan Alpine's Vo-w. A poem by Sir Alexander Boswell (1775—1822), founded on the murder of Drummond- Ernich by the Macgregors, referred to in Scott's Legend of Montrose. Clandestine Marriage, The. A comedy by George Colman and David Garrick, acted in 1766. Hazlitt says it is nearly without a fault, and has some lighter theatrical graces, which he suspects Garrick threw into it- Clapham Academy, Ode on a Distant Prospect of. A humorous parody, by Thomas Hood (1798—1845^, of Gray's Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton CoUege. Charles S. Calverley has, in his Verses and Translations, an Ode "on a Distant Pros- pect " of Making a Fortune. " Clapper-cla-wing, And one another."— Butler, Hudibras, part ii., canto 2. Clare, John, poet (b. 1793, d. 1864), wrote Poems Descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery (1820) ; The Village Minstrel, and other Poems (1821) ; Moments of Forgetfulness, in Verse (1824) ; The Shepherd's Calendar, with Village Stories and other Poems (1827) ; and The Rural Muse (1835). For Biography, see the Lives by Martin (1865), and Cherry (1873). See Peasant Poet ; Village Minstrel. Claremont. A descriptive poem written by Sir Samuel Garth (d. 1719), published in 1715, and addressed to the Earl of Clare, afterwards Duke of New- castle, on his giving that name to his villa at Esher, in Surrey. Clarendon, Earl of, Edward Hyde (b. 1608, d. 1674), wrote The Historu of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, to which is added, an Historical ]'ieio of the Affairs of Irelnnd (1702) ; The History of the Rebellion and Civil JVar in Ireland (1720) ; The Life of Edward, Earl of Clar- endon, Ijord High Chaiicellor of England ^ and Chancellor of the University of Oxford , being a continiuxtion of the History of the Grand Rebellion, from the Restoration to his Banishment in 1067, written by himself (1759) ; Brief View and Survey of the Dan- gerous and Pernicious Errors to Church and 'State inHobbes' " Leviathan" (1676); Essay on an Active and Contemplative lAfe, and Dialogue on Education, and the Respect due to Age (1764 — 65) ; Religion and Policy, and the Countenance and Assistance each should give to the other (IKll) ; Essays, Moral and Entertaining, on the various Faculties and Passions of the Human Mind (1815) ; The Natural History of the Passions ; and a few minor works. The History of the Rebellion in England wa.s originally pub- lished, under the editorship of Bishop Sprat and Dean Aldrich ; and an edition was published by Dr. Bandinel in 1826. For Biography, see Wood's Athence Oxo- nienses. An Historical Inquiry respecting the Character of Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, by the Hon. Agar Ellis (1827), and the Life of Clarendon by T. H. Lister. " Clarendon," says Hume, '* will always be esteemed an entertaining writer, even independent of our curiosity to know the facts which he relates. His style is prolix and redundant, and suffocates ns by the length of its periods ; but it discovers imagination and sentiment, and pleases us at the same time that we dij^approve of it. He is more partial in appearance than in reality ; for he seems perpetually anxious to apologise for the king ; but his apologies are often well grounded. He is less partial in his relation of facts than in his account of characters ; he was too honest a man ta falsify the former ; his affections were easily capable, unknown to himself, of disguising the latter." See Hallam's Liter- ary History, Macaulay's History, and Campbell's Lord Chancellors. Claribel. "A Melody," by Alfreo Tennyson, published in 1^. 1^4 clA CLA Claribel. The name assumed by Mrs. Chakles Barnard, the author of numerous popular songs, whose Fireside Tlioughts, Ballads, &c., were published in 1865. Claridge, John. See Banbury, The Shepherd of ; Shepheard's Leg- acy, The. Clarinda. Tlie name under wliich a Mrs. Maclehose corresponded for some time with the poet Burns, who had met her in Edinburgh at the house of a common friend. His first letter arose out of a slight accident that happened to him in the course of the following evening ; and the lady, in reply, making Bums a formal offer of her sympathy and friendship, he replied, " Your friendship. Madam ! By heavens, I was r.ever proud before To- morrow, and every day till I see you, you shall hear from me." The correspondence so rapturously opened, proceeded, says Alexander Smith, quite as rapturously. It was arranged that in future Burns should sign himself Sylvander, and the lady, Clarinda. Each day gave birth to its epistle. Poems were interchanged, and on the part of Mrs. Maclehose there can be no doubt that there was a regard, amounting almost to a passion, for the poet, which he, notwithstanding the exag- gerated sentiment of his letters, does not seem to have entirely reciprocated. By- and-by, the lettei-s grew fewer and fewer, until at last the correspondence vanished altogether " into the light of common day." The first edition was published in 1802, and immediately suppressed. It was reprinted, however, in 1845. Clarissa Harlo-we. iS'ee Harlowe, Clarissa. Clark, Lexvis Gaylord, Amer- ican journalist and editor (b, 1810), was appointed editor of the American Knicker- bocker magazine, in 1834, and published, in 1853, K7iick-Knacks from an Editor's Table. Clark, "William George (b. 1821), has edited, in conjunction with W. Aldis "Wright, the Cambridge and Globe editions of Shakespeare ; has written Gazpaclio (1849), Peloponnesus (1856), «&c. ; and has also edited Cambridge Essays and The Journal of Philology. Clarke, Adam, I1L.D., Wesleyan minister (b. 1760, d. 18.32), wrote A Biblio- graphical Dictionary and Miscellany (1802 — 6) ; A Concise Account of the Succession of Ancient Literature (1807—31) ; A Com- mentary on the Holy Scriptures (1809) ; Memoirs of the Wesley Family (1823) ; and other works included in the collected edi- tion of his writings. See the Lives by Etheridge, J. B. Clarke (1833), and Dunn a863). Clarke, Rev. C. C. The pseudo- nym assumed, it is believed, by Sir Rich- ard Phillips (1768—1840), in the publi- cation of The Hundred Wonders of the World, published in 1818. Clarke, Charles Cowden, prose writer (b. 1787, d. 1877), produced, among other works, Shakespeare Characters, chief- ly subordinate ; Tales from Chaucer; and MoMre Characters. Clarke, Ed-ward Daniel, LL.D., traveller and mineralogist (b. 1769, d. 1822), published J'ravels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia, and Africa (1810—23), ; The T'omb of Alexander (1805) ; The Gas Blow- pipe • or. Art of Fusion (1819) ; and other works. See the Life by Otter (1825). Clarke, The Rev. Mr. The name under which John Galt (1779—1839) pub- lished his story of The Wandering Jew. The initials of the last sentences form the words, "this book was written by John Gait." Clarke, Mary Co"wden, n€e No- vello, miscellaneous writer (b. 1809), has published A Complete Concordance to the Works of Shakespeare (1845) ; The Adven- tures of Kit Bam, iVfarmer (1848) ; The Girl- hood of Shakespeare's Heroines {\^^); The Iron Cousin (1854) ; World-Noted Women (1857) ; Many Happy Returns of the Day : a Birthday Book (I860) ; Trust and Remit- ' tance (1873) ; A Rambling Story (1874) ; and several editions of the works of Shake- speare. Clarke, Samuel, divine (b. 1599, d. 1682), wrote A Mirror : or, Looking-Glass for Saints or Sinners ; The Marrow of Ec- clesiastical History; AGeneral Martyroloqy; The Marrow of Divinity ; and other works. His son Samuel (b. 1627, d. 1701), pub- lished some annotations on the Bible. Clarke, Samuel, D.D., theologian and philosopher (b. 1675, d. 1729), wrote Sermons (including those on The Being and Attributes of God, and The Evidences of Natural and Revealed Religion); A Para- phrase of the Four Evangelists ; Three Prac- tical Essays on Baptism, Confii-mation, and Repentance ; An Exposition of the Church Catechism ; A Letter on the Immortality of the Soul ; Reflections on Roland's *'Amyn- tor; " The Scripture Doctrine oftheTrinity ; Several Tracts relating to the Subject of the Trinity; Papers on the Principles of Natural Philosophy and Religion; A Let- ter on Velocity and Force in Bodies in Mo- tion ; all included in the collected edition of Clarke's Works, published in 1738 un- der the editorship of Benjamin Hoadley, Bishop of Winchester. See the Livrs by Hoadley and by Whiston (1748). Addison called Clarke one of the most accurate, learned, and judicious writers the age had produced. ejLA CLI 155 Clarkson, Thomas, pliilantliro- pist (b. 17G0, d. 184C), wrote a History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the Africnn Slave Trade, pub- lished in 1808, besides numerous essays on the same subject. Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue. The, by Fraxcis Grose (1731—1791), was the percursor of The Slang Dictionary and works of a similar charac- ter. " Captain Grose " has been immor- talised by Burns. Claude. The hero of Clough's poem of Amours de Voyage (q.v.). Claude Melnotte. The liero of Lord Lytton's play, The Lady of Lyons. Claudio. A cliaracter in Measure for Measure (q.v.) ; in love with Juliet. Claudio, in Much Ado about Noth- ing (q.v.), is a young noble of Florence. Claudius, in Hamlet (q.v.), is a usurping king of Denmark. Claypole, Noah. An undertaker's apprentice, of a tyrannical and cowardly disposition, in Dickens's Oliver Twist (q.v.). " Cleanliness is next to Godli- ness." A sentence quoted apparently as a proverb in John Wesley's Sermon xcii., " On Dress." Cleishbotham. Jedediah. Tiie imaginary editor of The Tales of My Land- lord, by Sir Walter Scott. The pretended author was a certain Mr. Peter Pattie- 8on, assistant teacher of Gandercleuch. Cleland, William, poet (b. about 1661, d. 1689), wrote The Highland Host (1678), (q. v.), and some miscellaneous {)iece8, published under the title of A Col- eciion of several Poems and Verses com- posed upon Various Occasions, in 1697. ** It is true," savs Lord Macaulay, in chapter xiii., of his History, " that his hymns, odes, ballads, aixd Hudibrastic sa- tires are of very little intrinsic value ; but when it is considered that he was a mere boy when most of them were written, it must be conce is " *^® conceited, booby lord, and rejected lover " of Imogen (q.v) : a portrait " not very agreeable in itself, and at present obsolete,'*^ but " drawn with great humour and knowledge of character. The description which Imogen gives of his unwelcome addresses to her—' Whose love- suit hath been to me as fearful as a siege' —is enough to cure the most ridiculous lover of his folly. It is remarkable," con- tinues Hazlitt, ''that though Cloten makes so poor a figure in love, he is described as assuming an air of consequence as the queen's son in a council of state." Cloud, The. A lyric by Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822), written in 1820, "Cloud-capped To^vers, The." — The Tempest, scene iv., act 1. Cloudsley, Young. A continua- tion of the ballad of Adam Bell (q.v.) ; re- counting the adve'itures of the son of William of Cloudesley. Clough, Arthur Hugh, poet and miscellaneous writer (b. 1819, d. 1861), wrote The Bothie of Tober-na-Vuolich : a Long Vacation Pastoral (1848); Dipsychus ; Amours de Voyage ; Mari Magno ; Ambar- valia (all of which see) ; numerous short lyrics, several critical papers, and a trans- lation of the Lives of Pluta ch, founded on tlie text by Dryden. His Poems and Essays, with a Life by J. A. Symonds, were published in 1871. " We have a fore- boding," says Lowell, " that Clough, im- perfect as he was in many respects, and dying before he had subdued his sensitive temperament to the sterner requirements of his art, will be thought, a hundred years hence, to have been the truest expression in verse of the moral and intellectual tendencies, the doubt and struggle towards settled convictions, of the period in which he lived." See the Memoir, by F. T. Pal- grave, prefixed to the Poems (1863); Essays, by R. H. Hutton; Quarterly Review for 1869 ; Contemporary Review for 1869 ; Macmillan's Maqazine, vols. vi. and xv., and Comhill f or'l866. Clout, Colin. The name of the hero of a satirical work by John Skelton (1460 — 1529) ; also, the name under which Spenser describes himself in The Faerie Queene and The Shepherd's Calendar. A Colin Clout figures in Gay's Shepherd's Walk as a rural swain, in love witn Blou- zelinda (q.v.). Clovernook : " or. Recollections of Our Neighbourhood in the West." Sketches by Alice Carey (b. 1822), pub- lished in 1851, and succeeded, in 1854 by Clovernook Children. " They bear," says Whittier, "the true stamp of genius- simple, natural, truthful, and evince a keen sense of the humour and pathos, of the comedy and tragedy of life in the coun- try." CLU coc 157 Clumsy, Sir Tunbelly. A cliar- acter in Vanbrugh's play of The Relapse (q.v.). Cluppins, Mrs., in Dickens's Pick- wick Papers (Q-v.), is the leading witness for the plaintiff in the famous case of Bar- dell y. Pickwick. Clutterbuck, Captain Cuthbert. The name of the pretended editor of Sir Walter Scott's novel The Fortunes of Nigel (q-v.) ; also, the name of the imagi- nary patron to whom he dedicated his novel of The Abbot (q.v.). Clyde, The. A descriptive poem by John Wilson (1720—1776), published originally in 1764, and, in a revised form, in the first volume of Leyden's edition of Scottish Descriptive Poems, Clyomon and Clamydes, The History of Sir. A curious combination of history with a moral play, relating chiefly to the adventures of a knight. Sir Clyomon, and his lady-love, Neronis. A personiflca- tiin of Rumour conveys intelligence to the different parties, and a personification of Providence steps in to save the life of one of the heroines. But the piece is rendered hopelessly improbable by the introduction of Alexander the Great, " as valiantly set forth as may be, and as many souldiers as can," and a cowardly enchanter, called Bryan Sansfoy, who keeps a dreadful dra- gon in the Forest of Marvels. "Coach, Go, call a."— Carey's Chrononhotonthologos, act ii., scene 4 : — *' Let a coach be called. And let the man who calleth be the caller ; And in his calling let him nothing call. But coach ! coach I coach ! O f or a coach, ye gods I " Cob, Oliver, in Ben Jonson's comedy of Every Man in his Humour (q.y.), is a devoted admirer of Captain Bobadil (q.v.). Cobb. The " Boots," in Dickens's story of The Holly Tree Inn (q.v.). Cobb, Samuel, poet (d. 1713), pub- lished A Collection of Poems on Several Occasions (1707), some translations, a ver- sion of Chaucer's Miller's Tale, and a Pindaric ode on Ths Female Reign, printed in Dodsley's collection. Cobb, Tom. One of the quadri- lateral, in Dickens's novel of Bamabi/ Rudge (q.v.), of which Willet, sen. , Phil Parkes, and Solomon Daisy are the other members. Cobbe, Frances Power, miscel- laneous writer (b. 1822), has published, among other works, Almie to the Alone ; Praijersfor Theisfs ; Broken Lights; Pros- pects of Religious Faith; Cities of the Past; Darwinism in Morals; Datcning Lights; Essays on the Pursuits of Wonien ; The Hopes of the Human Race; Hours of Work and Play ; Intuitive Morals; Italics ; Pol- itics in Italy ; Religious Duty ; Studies of Ethical una Social Subjects; and Thanks- giving : a Chapter on Religious Duty. Cobbett, William, miscellaneous writer (b. 1762, d. 18^5), wrote The Works of Peter Porcupine (1801) ; The Political Register (1802—35) ; A History of the Ref- ormation (1810) ; A Year's Residence in the United States (1818—19) ; An English Grammar in a series of Letters to his Son (1819) ; Cottage Economy ; Rural Rides in Enqlaiul ; Curse of Paper Money ; Advice to Young Men ; A Legacy to Parsons ; and other works. A selection from his polit- ical writings was published, with a Life, by his son, in 1837. See the Life, by Huish (1835). Hazlitt wrote of him that he was not only unquestionably the most powerful political writer of the day, but one of the best writers in the language. " He might be said to have the cleverness of Swift, the naturalness of Defoe, and the picturesque satirical description of Mandeville." See Porcupine, Peter. Cobbin, Ingram, divine and com- mentator, published The Child's Commen- tator ; The Domestic Bible (1849—52) ; an English edition of Barnes' Notes (1853) ; A Condensed Commentary on the Bible (1837) ; and other works. . Cobbler's Prophesy, The. A drama, by Robert Wilson, printed in 1594, and characterised by J. P. Collier as " a mass of absurdity without any leading purpose, but here and there exhibiting glimpses of something better." Cobbold, Richard, clergyman, and miscellaneous writer (b. 1797, d. 1876), wrote Margaret Catchpole (1845) ; Mary Ann Wellington (1846) ; Zenon the Martyr (1847) ; Fj-es'ton Tower (1850) ; and numer- ous religious works and poems. Cochrane Alexander D. R. "W. Baillie (b. 1816), has written Poems (1838) ; Exeter Hall (1841) ; The Morea (1841) ; Er- nest Vane (1849) ; Florence the Beautiful (1854) ; Yoimg Italy (1865) ; Historic Stud- ies (1870) ; and other works. Cockain, Sir Aston. See Cok- AYNE, Sir Aston. Cockaygne, The Land of (from coquina, a kitchen). An English poetical satire of the thirteenth century, which told, says Professor Morley, of a region free from trouble, where the rivers ran with oil, milk, wine and honey ; wherein the white and grey monks had an abbey of which the walls were built of pasties, which was paved with cakes, and had pud- dings for pinnacles. Geese there flew about roasted, crying, " Geese, all hot ! " and the monks— so the song says— did not spare them. Cockburn, Henry Thomas, Lord, Scottish judge (1779—1854), wrot« The 158 COC COK Life and Correspondence of Lord Jeffrey (1852) ; Memorials of his Times (1856), of which additional volumes appeared in 1874; and various contributions to the early num- bers of The Edinburgh Review. Cockburn, Mrs. Catherine, dra- matist and miscellaneous writer (1679 — 1749), wrote Agnes de Castro; The Fatal Friendship ; Grustavus Erikson, King of Sweden : Love at a Loss ; and some pliilo- Bophical treatises. See her Life by Birch. Cockburn, Mrs., i^^e Rutlierford, poetess (d. 1794), wrote a ballad called The Flowers of the Forest (q.v.), and some other poetical pieces. See Miss Tytler's and Miss Watson's Songstresses of Scotland. Cocke. The 'prentice-boy, in Bis- hop Still's comedy of Gammer Gurfon^s Needle (q.v.). Cocker, Edward, engraver and teacher of writing and arithmetic (b. 1631, d. 1677), was the author of the celebrated book on Arithmeticlc, being aplain and fami- liar method suitable to the meanest capaciii/, for tinderstanding that admirable art, pub- lished in 1678. A list of the other works attributed to him is given in Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual. Cockney School, The, was a name given to the London literary coterie of which Shelley, Keats, Leigh Hunt, Haz- liLt, and others were members, and whose writings were characterised as consisting of " the most incongruous ideas in the most uncouth language." Cockton, Henry, liumorous novel- ist, has written numerous works, the best known of which are The Ventriloquist, being Life and Adventures ofValentine Vox (1840); Si/lvester Sound, the Sotnnambulist (1844) ; Stanley Thorn ; and The Love Match. Codlingsby. The title of one of Thackeray's Novels by Eminent Hands (q.v.); written in parody of Disraeli's Co»- ingsby (q.v.). Ccelebs in Search of a "Wife : '* comprehending observations on Domes- tic Habits and Manners, lleligion and Mor- als." A novel by Haxnah More (1745— 1833), published in 1809. Coelum Britannicum. A masque by Thomas Carew (1589—1639), written at the request of Charles I., and performed at Whitehall, February 18, 1633, by the king and " several young lords and noblemen's sons." The subject is partly mythological. " Coffee, -which makes the poli- tician wise."— Pope's Rape of the Lock, canto iii., line 117, — "And see through all things with his half -shut eyes." Coffey, Charles (d. 1745), wrote The Devil to Pay, and eight other plays, fom© of which have kept the stage. Coffin, Charles Carleton, Ame- rican author, has published, My Days and Nights on the Battle Field, Four Years of Fighting, Winning his Way, Following the Flag, Our New Way Round the World, and other works. Coffin, Joshua. The pseudonym under which H. W. Longfellow pub- lished his History of Newbury. Coffin, Long Tom, in Cooper's novel of The Pilot (q.v.), is " probably the most widely-known sailor character in ex- istence. He is an example of the heroic in action, like Leather-stocking (q.v.), los- ing not a whit of his individuality in his nobleness of soul." " Long Tom Coffin," says Hannay, " is a creation quite distinct from those of our side of the Atlantic ; for Cooper anticipated Hawthorne in seeking inspiration among native scenes, and treat- ed his countrymen to home-brewed. Long Tom Coffin is the most marked character in The Pt/o/:— perhaps, in all Cooper's books of the class. " Coffin, Robert Barry. See Gray, Barry. Coffin, Robert S. See Boston Bard, The. Coggeshalle, Ralph, chronicler (d. about 1228), wrote a Chronicon Angli- ca7ium, Libellus de Motibus Anglicanis sub Johanne Rege, and other works. " Cogitative faculties immers'd, His." — Carey's Chrononhotontholofios, act i., scene 1 — " In cogibundity of cogitation." "Coigne of Vantage." — Macbeth, act i., scene 6. Cokayne, Sir Aston, poet (b. 1608, d. 1684). The poems and plays of this now almost forgotten writer were printed in 1658. The latter number only three, and are entitled respectively. The Obstinate Lady, Trappolin supposed a Prince, and The Tragedy of Or id. See Ellis's Speci- mens of the Early English Poets. Coke, Sir Edward, Chief Justice (b. 1551, d. 1632), wrote The Institutes, the first part of which, originally published in 1628, was reprinted in 1823 and 1832 as The Institutes of the Laws of England: or, a Commentary upon Littleton (q.v.), by Lord Coke, revised and corrected, toith Additions of Notes, References, and proper Tables, by Francis Hargrave and Charles Butler, in- cluding also the Notes of Lord Hale and Lord Chancellor Nottingham, with addi- tional Notes by Charles Butler, of Lincobi's Inn. The second part of The Institues, con- taining a commentary on Magna Charta and an exposition of many ancient and other statutes, appeared in 1642 ; the third part, concerning high treason and other pleas of the crown and criminal causes, in 1644 ; and the fourth part, concern- ing the jurisdiction of courts, in the COL COL 159 same year. Coke was also the author of The Book of Entries (1614) ; Reports from 14 Elizabeth to 13 James I. (1600 — 16) ; The Compleat Copyholder; Beading on 27 Ed- toard the First, called the Statute daFini- bics levafis ; and A Treatise on Bail and Mainprize, the last three being published in 1764. Golden, Cad-wallader, American historian (b, 1688, d. 1775), wrote a History of the Five Indian Nations, and other works. Coldstream, Sir Charles. The hero of Charles Mathew's comedy of Used Up. Cole, King. The hero of afkmous nursery rhyme, whose history may be read in Halli well's Nursery Rhymes of England. He is said to have reigned over Britain in the third century, and to have been the father of the celebrated St. Helena. Cole, Mrs., in Foote'» play called The Minor, is intended for Mrs. Douglass, a notorious person of the last century, who resided "at the north-east corner of Co- vent Garden," and died there on June 10, 1761. Cole, Sir Henry (b. 1808), has written a work on Light, Shade, and Col- our; has edited at various times The Guide, The Historical Register, and The Journal of Design ; and has contributed to the Westminster, British and Foreign and Edinburgh Revietvs. He has also pub- lished Henry the Eighth's Scheme of Bishopricks, and his pamphlets on Record Reform did much towards the establish- ment of the General Record Office. See SuMMEKLV, Felix. Colenso, John William, D.D., Bishop of Natal (b. 1814), has published several works on arithmetic and algebra, but is best known by his Pentateuch and Book of Joshua critically examined (1862 — 72). This work created considerable di^ cussion, and was censured by the Bishops in Convocation, 1863. Bishop Colenso has also written Village Sermons (1853) ; Te7i Weeks in Natal (1855) ; a translation of The Epistle to the Romans (1861) ; Natal Sermons (1866) ; and a criticism on The Speaker's Commentary (1871). Coleridge, Derwent, clergyman and miscellaneous writer (b. 1800), has published The Scriptural Character of the English Church ( 1839) ; a Biographical Sketch of his brother Hartley, a Life of Winthrop Mackworth Praed, and some letters on education, addressed to Sir John T. Coleridge in 1861. See Cecil Davex- ANT. Coleridge, Hartley, poet and critic (b. 1796, d. 1849), contributed to the London and Blackioood's Magazines and in 1832—33 published biographies of the Worthies of Yorkshire a,na Lancashire. Hjs Poetical Remains and Essays and Margi- nalia appeared in 1851, with a. Memoir hy his brother, the Rev. Derwent Coleridge. Wordsworth has a poem addi-essed To H. C, six years old. See Macmillian's Magazine, vol. V. ** A noble moral spirit will long con- tinue," says th ei^war^er/y Review (1851), "to be diffused from his poetry ; a moral lesson no less deep is to be found in that poetry taken in conjunction with his life." Coleridge, Henry Nelson, mis- cellaneous writer (b. 1800, d. 1843), was the author of Six Months in the West Indies (1825) ; An Introduction to the Study of the Greek Classics (1830) ; and edited many of the writings of his uncle, Samuel Taylor Coleridge. See Haller, Joseph. Coleridge, Sir John Taylor, nephew of the poet (b. 1790, d. 1876), edited The Quarterly Review after the death of Gifford, and before the appointment of Lockhart, and published in 1825 an edi- tion of Blackstone's Commentaries with notes, and in 1869 & Memoir of the Rev. John Keble. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, poet and miscellaneous writer (b. 1772, d. 1834), wrote The Fall of Robespierre (1794) ; Poems (1794) ; Condones ad Populum (1795) ; The Friend (1812) ; Remorse (1813) ; Chris- tabel (1816) ; The Ancient Mariner (1798) ; Biographia Literaria (1817) ; Zapolya (1818) ; Aids to Reflection (1825) ; and other works, included in his Remains (1836). His JForA's appeared in 1847. See the Zj/eby Gillman (1838) : and the Reminiscences by Cottle (1847). For Criticism, see Shairp's Studies in Poetry, Swinburne's Essays and Studies, Hazlitt's English Poets, Hunt's Im- agination and Fancy Quarterly Review for 1868, and Westminster Review for 1868. See alsoCarlyle's//?/e o/ Sterling, Coleridge's own Biographa Literaria, and Lamb's Letters. Notices of some of the foregoing works will be found under the respective letters ; and, in addition, see Earth, Hymn to the ; Fears in Solitude ; Garden of Boccaccio ; and Youth and Age. Algernon C. Swinburne saj's of Coleridge :— " Receptive at once, and com- municative of many influences, he has received from none, and to none did he communicate any of those which mark him as a man memorable to all students of men. What he learnt and what he taught are not the precious things in him. He has founded no school of poetry , as Wordsworth has, or Byron, or Tennyson ; happy in thiSj that he has escaped the plague of pupils and parodists. Has he founded a school of philosophy ? He has helped men to think ; he has touched their thought, with passing colours of his own thouglit ; but has he moved and moulded it into new and durable shapes ? To me, set beside the deep direct work of those thinkers who have actual power to break down and build up thought, to instruct faith or destroy 160 COL COL it, Ms work seems not as theirs is. And yet how very few are even the great names we could not better afford to spare, would not gladlier miss from the roll of ' famous men and our fathers that were before us.' ■Of his best verses I venture to affirm that the world has nothing like them, and can never have : that they are of the highest kind, and of their own. They are jewels of the diamond's price, flowers of the rose's rank, but unlike any rose or diamond known." " The highest lyric work," adds Swinburne, " is either passionate or im aginative ; of passion Coleridge has noth- ing ; but for height and perfection of imaginative quality he is the greatest of lyric poets. This was his special power, and is his special praise." Coleridge, Sara, poetess and mis- cellaneous writer (b. 1803, d. 1852), pro- duced Phantasmion, a poem (1837); an Es- say on Rationalism, with a special applica- tion to the Doctrine of Baptismal Regener- ation, appended to vol. ii. of her father's Aids to Reflection, an introduction to his Biographia Literaria ; a preface to his Es- says on his own Times ; and Pretty Lessons for Good Children, a volume of juvenile poetry, published in 1834 ; besides two translations, viz., Memoirs of the Chevalier Bayard, by the Loyal Servant (1825); and An Account of the Abipones, an Egtiestrian people of Paraguay : from the Latin of Martin Dobrizhoffer, eighteen years a Mis- sionary in that country (1822). See the Memoir by her daughter (1873). See Bay- ABD, The Chevalier. Colet, John, Dean of St. Paul's (b. 1466, d. 1519), wrote Rudimenta Gram- malices, Epistoke ad Erasmum, and other works. See Biographies by Knight (1726), and by Erasmus" in the PhcBnix. ii. Colgan, John (d. 1658), wrote Acta Sanctorum Hibernioe (1645); Triadis Thaumaturgoe Acta (1647). Colin and Lucy. A ballad by Thomas Tickell (1686—1740), which tells how Lucy was deserted by her lover in favour of a more wealthy sweetheart, and how she died of the disappointment that the desertion caused her. " She died. Her corpse was borne The bridegroom blithe to meet. He in his wedding trim so gay, She in her winding sheet, ' Colin and Phoebe. A pastoral poem by John Bybom (1691—1763), was published originally in No. 603 of TheSpec- tator» It is said that Phoebe was intended for Joanna, daughter of the famous Dr. Bentley, and afterwards the wife of Bishop Cumberland. Colin Clout's Come Home Again. A poem by Edmttnd Spenseb, in memory of his friendship for Sir Walter Raleigh, who is therein described as " the Shepherd of the Ocean : "— " Full sweetly tempered is that muse of his, That can impierce a prince's mighty heart." " Coliseum CWhile stands the), Rome shall stand."— Bvuox, Childe Har- old's Pilgrimage, canto iv., stanza 145 :— " When falls the Coliseum, Rome shall fall. And when Rome falls, the world." CoUean, May. The heroine of an old Scottish ballad. Collectanea de Rebus Britan- nicis- By John Leland (1506—1552), ed- ited by Hearne in 1710—15. Collier, Arthur, metaphysical writer (b. 1680, d. 1732), wrote Clavis Uni- versalis: or, a new Inquiry after Truth, being a demonstration of the Non-Existence or Impossibility of an External World {lllS)', The Specimen of True Philosophy (1730); and Tiie Logology (1732). Collier, Jeremy, a Non-juring bishop (b. 1650, d. 1726), published in 1708 An Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain, chiefly of England, from the first Planting of Christianity to the End of the Reign of King Charles the Second, with a brief Ac- count of the Affairs of Religion in Ireland, collected from the best ancient Historians- This had been preceded in 1628 by A Short View of the Profaneness and Immorality of the English Stage, which excited much indignation among the dramatists of the day, and was answered by Congreve, Van- brugh, Dennis, Dr. Drake, and others. Among Collier's other works were The Great Historical, Geographical, Genealog- ical, Dictionary (1701); Essays upon Sev- eral Moral Subjects (1697—1705); and Dis- courses on Practical Subjects. " Collier," said Dr. Johnson, " was lorraed for a con- troversialist, with sufficient learning; with diction vehement ^ and pointed, though, often vulgar and incorrect ; with uncon- querable pertinacity ; with wit in the highest degree keen and sarcastic ; and with all those powers exalted and invigor- ated by just confidence in his cause. Thus qualified, and thus incited, he walked out to battle, and assailed at once most of the living writers, from Dryden to D'Urfey." Macaulay says that Collier's " notions touching episcopal government, holy or- ders, the efficacy of sacraments,the author- ity of the fathers, the guilt of schism, the importance of vestments, ceremonies, and solemn days, differed little from those which are now held by Dr. Pusey and Mr. Newman." Collier, John Payne, bibliogra- pher and commentator (b. 1789), has pub- lished among other works The Poetical Decameron (1820); The Poefs Pilgrimage, an allegorical poem (1822); an edition of Dodsley's Old Plays (1825); a History qf Dramatic Poetry (1831); Neto Facts repara- ing the Life of Shakespeare (1835); editions of" Shakespeare's Works (1842) and 1853)j COL COL 161 Memoirs of Actors in the Plays of Shake- speare (1846) ; an edition of the IVorks of Spenser (1862); and a Bibliographical Ac- cmtnt of Rare Books (1865). Mr. Collier is well-known for his reproductions of some of our curious old classic works, begun in 1866. Collings, Arthur, antiquary (b. 1682, d. 1760), compiled a Peerage (1708); a Baronetage (1720—41); and a Baronetage of England (1727). Collins, John, a Nonconformist divine (d. 1690), wrote The Weaver's Pocket Book : or, Weaving Spiritttaiized (1675). Collins, Anthony, controversial writer (b. 1676, d. 1729), wrote An Essay concerning the Use of Reason in Proposi- tions, the evidence of which rests upon Tes- timony (1707); Priestcraft in Perfection: or, a Detection of the fraud of inserting and continuing that clause " The Church hath poiver to decree rites and ceremonies, and authority in controversies of faith "—in the Twentieth Article (1709); A Vindication of the Divine Attributes (1710); A Discourse of Free-thinking , occasioned by the rise and groicth of a Sect called Free-thinking (1713); A Philosophical Inqtiiry concerning Human Liberty (1717); Grotmds and Reasons of the Christian Religion (1724); and The Scheme of Literal Prophecy Considered (1727). See Collier's Ecclesiastical History, Leland's Deistical Writers, the Biographia Britan- nica, and Hunt's History of Religious Thought. See Christian 'Religion ; Free-Thinking, A Discourse of. Collins, Charles Alston, (b. 1828, d. 187.3), wrotej among other books. At the Bar, Strathcairn, The Bar Sinister, and A Cruise upon Wheels. Collins, Mortimer, poet and novelist (b. 1827, d. 1876), wrote, besides The Inn of Strange Meetings, and other Poems, and The Secret of Long Life, the following novels : Marquis and Merchant, The Ivory Gate, The Vivian Romance, Who is the Heir ? Miranda, Sweet Anne Page, Tico Plunges for a Pearl, Squire Silchester, Transmigra- tion, Frances, Princess Clarice, Sioeet a,nd Twenty, From Midnight to Midnight, A Fight loith Fortune, and Blacksmith and Scholar. See British Birds. Collins, William, poet (b. 1721, d. 1756), wrote Persian Eclogues and Odes (1742); Verses to Sir Thomas Hanmer on his Edition of Shakespeare's Works (1743) ; Odes on several Descriptive and Allegoric Subjects (1747) ; and An Ode occasioned by the Death of Mr. Thomson (1749). His Poetical Works were published, with a Memoir and criticism by Langhorne, in 1765 ; with a prefatory essay by Mrs. Bar- bauld, in 1797 ; with a Life by Dr. Johnson, in 1798 ; with biographical and critical notes by Dyce, in 1827 ; with & Memoir by §ir Harris Nicbolas, in 1830 ; with a Me- moir hy Moy Thomas, in 1858 ; and they are included in many collections of the English poets. "Collins/' says Hazlitt, " had that genuine inspiration, which alone can give birth to the highest efforts of poetry. He is the only one of the minor poets of whom, if he had lived, it cannot be said that he might not have done the greatest things. He is sometimes affected, unmeaning, and obscure ; but he also catches rich glimpses of the powers of paradise, and has lofty aspirations after the highest seats of the Muses. In his best works there is an Attic simplicity, and pathos, and fervour of im- agination, which make us the more lament that the efforts of his mind were at first depressed by neglect and pecuniary em- barrassment, and at length buried in the gloom of an unconquerable and fatal malady." See Eclogues, Oriental; " Music (When), heavenly maid, was YOUNG." Collins, William "Wilkie, novel- ist and dramatist (b. 1824), has published the following novels -.—Antonina : or, the Fall of Rome (1850) ; Basil (1852) ; Mr. Wratfs Cash-Box (1852) ; Hide and Seek (1854) ; After Dark, and Other Stories (1856); The Dead Secret (1857); The Queen of Hearts (1859) ; The Woman in White (1860) ; No Name (1862) ; My Miscellanies (1863) ; Ar- madale {imO) ; 2'he Moonstone (IS6S) ; Man and Wife (1870) ; Poor Afiss Finch (1872) ; Miss, or Mrs? and Other Stories (1873); The Neio Magdalen (1873) ; The Late and the Lady (1875) ; and Two Destinies (1876). He has also written two plays called The Lighthouse, and The Frozen Deep ; and a book of home travel, entitled, Rambles be- yond Railways: or, Notes on Cornwall (1851). Colman, George, the Elder, dram- atist and translator (b. 1733, d. 1794), wrote Polly Honeycomb (1760) ; The Jealous Wife (1761) ; The Clandestine Marriage (in con- junction with Garrick) 1766 ; a translation of Horace's De Arte Poetica (1783) : a trans- lation of Terence; a translation of the Merchant of Plautus ; and two parodies on Grp.y and Mason, written in conjunction with Lloyd. He was also associated with Bonnel Thornton in The Connoissexir and The St. James's Chronicle. See Hazlitt's Comic Writers. See Clandestine Mar- riage, The ; Connoisseur, The ; Jeal- ous Wife, The. Colman, George, the Younger, dramatist and comic writer (b. 1762, d. 1836), wrote Ttoo to One (1784) ; Turk and no Turk; Inkle and Yarico (1787) : Ways and Means (1788) ; The Battle of tiexham (1789) ; The Surrender of Calais (1791") ; The Mountain- eers (1793); The Iron Chest (1796), (q.v.); The Heir at Law (1797) ; Blue Beard (1798) ; The Review: or, the Wags of Windsor (1798) ; The Poor Gentleman (1802), (q.v.) ; Love Laughs at Locksmiths (1803) ; Gay De- ceivers (1804) ; John Bull (1805), (q.v.) ; Who 162 COL COM Wa7its a Guinea ? (1805) ; We Fly by Night (1806) ; The Africans (1808) ; X Y. Z. (1810) ; The Laio of Java (1822) ; The Man of the People ; The Female -Dramatist ; and some other plays ; My Nightgoicn and Slippers (1797) ; Poetical Vagaries (1814) ; Vagaries Vindicated (1815) : Eccentricities for Edin- burgh (1820) ; and Broad Grins (q.v.), being My Nightgown and Slippers with additions. For Biography, see Jiandom Recordshw Co\- nian himself,' published in 1830 ; and Me- moirs of the Colman Family, by Peake (1842) ; iilm, Baker's BiographiaJDramatica. Cologne. Tlie subject of an epi- gram by Samuel Taylor Coleridge :— " The river Rhine, it is well known. Doth wash the city of Cologne ; But tell me, nymphs, what power divine Shall henceforth wash the nver Rhine ? Colon. A rabble-leader in Butler's Hudibras (q.v.). Colton, Charles Caleb, miscel- laneous writer (b. 1780, d. 1832), wrote La- con : or, Many Things in Few Words, Ad- dressed to Those who Think (1820) ; and Re- marks on the Talents of Lord Byron, and the Tendencies of Don Juan (1819). See Lacon. Columbanus, St. (d. 615). The Works of this writer were printed by Gold- asti in Parainetin vetey^es (U)0'i);hy Canisius in Antiquce. Lectiones; by Fleming in Col- lectanea Sacra (1621) ; in vol. viii. of Bibliotheca Magnum Patrum {\6ii); and in vol. xii. of Bibliotheca Maxima Patrum (1677). For Biography and Criticism, see Wright's Bioqraphia Britannica Literaria ; Bahr's Die C'hristlieben Dichter {1S36); and Polycarp Leyser's Hist. Poet. Medii jEvi ; and Histoire Littiraire de France, tome iii. Columbiad, The. See Barlow, Joel. Columbus, The Voyage of. A poem by Samuel Rogers (1763—1855), published in 1812. "It has here and there," says the poet liimself , " a lyrical term of thought and expression. It is sadden in its transitions, and full of historical allu- sions ; leaving much to be imagined by the reader." Columella : " or, the Distressed Anchoret." A novel, by Richard Graves, ill which tlie peculiarities of the poet Shenstone are supposed to be glanced at. Colvil, Samuel, "the Scottish Hudibras," produced in 1681, The Mock Poem : or, Whiggs' Supplication, written in imitation of the style of Butler (q.v.). Colvin, May. A ballad, printed by Herd, Buchan, Motherwell, Sharpe, and others, and founded on a story which seems to have been familiar in Swedish and in German ballad-lierature. "The country people on the coast of Carrick, in Ayrshire, point out ' Fause Sir John's Leap,' and an equally authentic claim in this matter is made for a locality in the north of Scot- land." "Combat (The) deepens : On, ye brave ! " From Campbell's poem of Hohenlinden (q.v.). Combe, George, miscellaneous writer (b. 17S9, d. 1858), wrote Essays on Phrenology (1819^; The Constitution of Man (1828), (q.v.); A System of Phrenology (1836) ; Notes on the United States (1841), Phrenology Applied to Painting and Sculp- ture ; The Relation of Science to Religion; Capital Punishment ; National Education; The Currency Question ; and other works. Comber, Thomas, D.D. (1644— 1699), was the author of A Companion to the Altar (1658); A Cfympaniwi to the Tem- ple ; or, a Help to Devotions in the Use of the Common Prayer (1672-4-5); Discourses upon the Coinmon Prayer (1684); The Plausible Arguments of a Romish Priest Answered (1686) ; On the Roman Forgeries in Councils during the First F'mir Centuries (1689); and other works. A Memoir of his Life and Writings was written by his grandson, Thomas Comber, in 1799. " Come, and trip it as you go." — Milton's V Allegro, lines, 33, 34:— " On the light fantastic toe." "Come away, come away, death." A song in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, act ii., scene 4. "Come back again, my olden heart." From "The Higher Courage," a lyric by Arthur Hugh Clough. " Come back, come back, be- hold with straining mast." From a "Song in Absence " (q.v.), by Arthur Hugh Clough. "Come, dear children, let us away." From " The Forsaken Merman," a lyric by Matthew Arnold. "Come, gentle sleep! attend thy votary's prayer." The first line of a translation by John Wolcot (1738—1819), of a Latin epigram on sleep by Thomas Worton (1728—1790), beginning. " Somne levis, quanquam certissima mortis imago." " Come, gentle Spring, ethereal mildness, come." The first line of the poem on Spring (q.v.), in Thomson's Sea- sons (q.v.):— " And from the bosom of yon dropping cloud. While music wakes around, veil'd in a shower Of shadowing roses, on our plains descend." " Come, hang up your care, and cast away sorrow." First line of a song by Thomas Shadwell (1640—1692), in his comedy of The Miser, which was pex* formed at Drury Lane in 1672. COM COM 163 " Come home, come home, and where is home for me ? " From a " Song in Absence" (q.v.), by Akthur Hugh Clough. " Come into the garden, Maud." Sect. xxii. of Tennyson's Maud (q.v.). " Come, let us now resolve at last." Song, The Eeconcilement, by John Sheffikld, Duke of Buckinghamshire (1649—1721). "Come like shadows, so de- part." — Macbeth, act 4, scene 1. "Come live w^ith me, and be my love-" First line of a lyric, by Chris- topher Marlowe (1564—1593). ' " Come, my Celia, let us prove." A song by Ben Jonson, in The Forest, v. "Come not when I am dead." A song by Alfred Tennyson. " Come o'er the) sea, maiden, to me." An Irish melody by Thomas Moore. " Come one, come all ! this rock shall fly." The first line of a well-known couplet in Sir Walter Scott's poem of The Lady of the Lake (q.v.). " Come, Poet, come." A lyric by Arthur Hugh Clough. " Come, rest in this bosom, my young stricken deer." An Irish melody Dy Thomas Moore. "Come sleep, and w^ith thy sweet deceiving." A song in The Woman Hater, by Beaumont and Fletcher. "Come, Sleep, O Sleep, the certain knot of peace." A sonnet by Sir Philip Sidney (1554—1586). '* Come to me in my dreams, and then."— From Longing, in Faded Leaves, by Matthew Arnold. " Come, when no graver cares employ." From Tothe Rev. F. D. Maurice, by Alfred Tennyson. Comedy, in England, can liardly be said to have taken a position until 1566, when the flr;