HUGO'S 
 
 RENCH 
 
 VERBS 
 
 SIMPLIFIED 
 
 California 
 
 egional 
 
 acility 
 
 ssfiA
 
 Catalogue of the 
 PRINCIPAL TEXT-BOOKS 
 
 Published by 
 HUGO'S LANGUAGE INSTITUTE 
 
 THE following pages contain full par- 
 ticulars of the principal text-books 
 compiled and published by Hugo's Language 
 Institute. A complete list will be furnished 
 on application or, if desired, further details 
 relative to any volume will be sent. 
 
 The Institute also welcomes inquiries from 
 Students, or intending Students, who wish 
 for advice as to the most suitable books for 
 any course of study or for any special object 
 in view. Letters should be addressed to the 
 Book Department, and will receive the per- 
 sonal attention of the Principal. 
 
 Hugo's books can be obtained from any 
 Bookseller, or post free from the Institute's 
 Book Department. Remittances should 
 accompany all orders. 
 
 HUGO'S LANGUAGE INSTITUTE, 
 103 Newgate Street, London, E.C. 1
 
 ANY BEGINNER 
 
 who really wants to acquire a practical working 
 knowledge of a Language cannol do better than 
 use HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM. 
 
 HUGO'S 
 
 FRENCH in 3 Months 
 
 WITHOUT A MASTER 
 
 Set of three separate volumes in paper covers. 
 
 I. — A Simple but Complete Grammar, containing all the rules 
 necessary for speaking and writing French correctly. 
 
 11. — French Pronunciation ; a series of Easy Anecdotes, with the 
 Translation and Pronunciation of every word. 
 
 III. — A Key to the Conversational Exercises in the Grammar. 
 In all 184 pages 3/" complete. 
 
 HUGO'S 
 
 FRENCH SIMPLIFIED 
 
 Similar to the above but contains an extra part, 
 French Idioms. This section consists of 
 practical sentences, introducing all the important 
 Idioms and peculiarities of French construction. 
 
 280 pages, cloth 5/- complete in one vol. 
 
 MORE PEOPLE HAVE SUCCEEDED 
 
 during the last forty years in learning languages by 
 HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM than by all other 
 systems together. 
 
 INNUMERABLE TESTIMONIALS
 
 ANY BEGINNER 
 
 who really wants to acquire a practical working 
 knowledge of a Language cannot do better than 
 use HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM. 
 
 HUGO'S 
 
 GERMAN in 3 Months 
 
 WITHOUT A MASTER 
 
 Set of three separate volumes in paper covers. 
 
 I. — A Simple but Complete Grammar, containing all the rules 
 necessary for speaking and writing German correctly. 
 
 II. — German Conversation : Miscellaneous Conversational Sen- 
 tences, introducing all the Important Idioms, etc. 
 
 III. — A Key to the Conversational Exercises in the Grammar. 
 In all 232 pages 3/- complete. 
 
 HUGO'S 
 
 GERMAN SIMPLIFIED 
 
 Similar to the above but contains an extra part : 
 German Composition Simplified. A useful 
 book, containing a collection of Amusing and 
 Interesting Anecdotes, etc., arranged for 
 Translation at Sight, with Key. 
 
 264 pages, cloth 5/- complete in one vol. 
 
 MORE PEOPLE HAVE SUCCEEDED 
 
 during the last forty years in learning languages by 
 HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM than by all other 
 systems together. 
 
 INNUMERABLE TESTIMONIALS
 
 ANY BEGINNER 
 
 who really wants to acquire a practical working 
 knowledge of a Language cannot do better than 
 use HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM. 
 
 HUGO'S 
 
 SPANISH in 3 Months 
 
 WITHOUT A MASTER 
 
 Set of three separate volumes in paper covers. 
 
 I. — A Simple but Complete Grammar, containing all the rules 
 necessary for speaking and writing Spanish correctly. 
 
 II. — Spanish Conversation : Miscellaneous Conversational Sen- 
 tences, introducing all the important idioms, etc. 
 
 III. — A Key to the Conversational Exercises in the Grammar. 
 In all 176 pages 3/- complete. 
 
 HUGO'S 
 
 SPANISH SIMPLIFIED 
 
 Similar to the above but contains an extra part, 
 Spanish Reading : A collection of amusing 
 and interesting anecdotes and dialogues, etc., 
 carefully selected and copiously annotated. 
 
 240 pages, cloth 5/- complete in one vol. 
 
 MORE PEOPLE HAVE SUCCEEDED 
 
 during the last forty years in learning languages by 
 HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM than by all other 
 
 systems together. 
 
 INNUMERABLE TESTIMONIALS
 
 ANY BEGINNER 
 
 who really wants to acquire a practical working 
 knowledge of a Language cannot do better than 
 use HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM. 
 
 HUGO'S 
 
 ITALIAN in 3 Months 
 
 WITHOUT A MASTER 
 
 Set of three separate volumes in paper covers. 
 
 I. — A Simple but Complete Grammar, containing all the rules 
 necessary for speaking and writing Italian correctly. 
 
 II.^lTALiAN Conversation : Miscellaneous Conversational Sen- 
 tences, introducing all the important idioms, etc. 
 
 III. — A Key to the Conversational E.xercises in the Grammar. 
 In all 208 pages 3/- complete. 
 
 Also in one vol. with additional part : Italian Reading 
 272 pages 5/- Bound in cloth. 
 
 HUGO'S 
 
 PORTUGUESE in 3 Months 
 
 WITHOUT A MASTER 
 
 Consisting of two volumes in paper covers. 
 
 I. — A Concise Practical Grammar, containing Exercises, Key, and 
 Conversation, with complete Conjugations of the Regular 
 and Auxiliary Verbs. 
 
 II. — E.xercises on the Rules of Grammar, the Irregular Verbs Simpli- 
 fied, and a collection of Amusing Anecdotes, annotated for 
 Translation at Sight. 
 
 In all 176 pages. 3/- complete. 
 
 Also in one vol. with additional part : Portuguese Reading 
 224 pages 5/- Bound in cloth.
 
 ^FLEMISH can also be learnt by this book. 
 
 ANY BEGINNER 
 
 who really wants to acquire a practical working 
 knowledge of a Language cannot do better than 
 use HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM. 
 
 HUGO'S 
 
 DUTCH in 3 MONTHS 
 
 WITHOUT A MASTER 
 
 L — A Condensed and Simplified Grammar, with Exercises and Key, 
 Practical Conversation, etc. 
 
 II. — Advanced Grammar, Lists of the principal Regular & Irregular 
 Verbs, Indispensable Words, Commercial & Idiomatic Phrases, 
 etc., and Supplements dealing specially with. 
 
 AFRIKAANS & SOUTH AFRIKAN DUTCH. 
 
 2 vols, paper covers 3/- In all 176 pages. 
 Also in 1 vol., with extra part, 5/- 224 pp., bound in cloth 
 
 HUGO'S 
 
 HINDUSTANI SIMPLIFIED 
 
 Complete in 2 parts (not sold separately), 160 pp., 5s. net. 
 
 A publication which for the first time removes the diffi- 
 culties previously met with in studiang Hindustani and 
 makes it possible for anyone to acquire a practical 
 knowledge of the language with comparative case. 
 V^r IMITATED PRONUNCIATION OF EVERY WORD. 
 
 MORE PEOPLE HAVE SUCCEEDED 
 
 during the last forty years in learning languages by 
 HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM than by all other 
 systems together. 
 
 INNUMERABLE TESTIMONIALS
 
 Hugo's SWEDISH SIMPLIFIED 
 
 Complete in 2 parts (not sold separately), 160 pp., 3s. net. 
 
 A practical guide to modern conversational Swedish. 
 Compiled throughout on Hugo's well known Simpli- 
 fied System. Contains a Condensed and Simplified 
 Grammar, Practical Conversation, Graduated Read- 
 ing Exercises, consisting of Easy Anecdotes, Short 
 Stories, etc.. Lists of Regular and Irregular Verbs, 
 Commercial Phrases, Indispensable Words, etc. 
 
 IMITATED PRONUNCIATION OF EVERY WORD. 
 
 HUGO'S DANISH SIMPLIFIED 
 
 Complete in 2 parts (not sold separately), 160 pp., 3s. net. 
 
 Although there is a great similarity between the 
 Languages of Denmark and Norway, they are never- 
 theless each distinct from the other, especially as 
 regards the pronunciation. This is exclusively a 
 Danish text-book and consequently is free from 
 the defects which are bound to be present in any 
 attempt to deal with the two languages together. 
 It is the most thoroughly practical guide obtainable 
 to modern conversational Danish. 
 
 IMITATED PRONUNCIATION THROUGHOUT. 
 
 HUGO'S 
 NORWEGIAN SIMPLIFIED 
 
 Complete in 2 parts (not sold separately), 160 pp., 3s. net. 
 
 Exclusively a Norwegian text- book, and is the only 
 book by which a really practical knowledge of the 
 language can be acquired. 
 
 IMITATED PRONUNCIATION OF EVERY WORD.
 
 FOREIGN BUSINESS 
 CORRESPONDENCE 
 
 U UGO'S publish a series of books of great value to all 
 who are likely to have much to do with Foreign 
 Business Correspondence. These books not only show 
 the student how to construct various kinds of business let- 
 ters, but also familiarise him with expressions likely to be 
 met with in letters received from the respective countries. 
 
 FRENCH COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENT 
 
 312 pages, cloth ... 5/- net 
 
 SPANISH COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENT 
 
 192 pages, cloth ... 3/6 net 
 
 GERMAN COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENT 
 
 192 pages, cloth ... 3/6 net 
 
 ITALIAN COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENT 
 
 192 pages, cloth ... 3/6 net 
 
 Hugo's VERBS SIMPLIFIED 
 
 A Series of Books which will elucidate every 
 difficulty in connection with this subject. The 
 Student is no longer burdened with a tremen- 
 dous amount of memorising ; a few important 
 rules save much of this needless labour. 
 
 FRENCH VERBS SIMPLIFIED, cloth, 2s. net. 
 SPANISH VERBS SIMPLIFIED, cloth, 2s. net. 
 ITALIAN VERBS SIMPLIFIED, cloth, 2s. net. 
 GERMAN VERBS SIMPLIFIED, cloth, 2s. net.
 
 HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM. 
 
 FRENCH 
 VERBS 
 
 SIMPLIFIED. 
 
 RULES FOR THE FORMATION OF TENSES ; 
 
 AND 
 COMPLETE TABLES FOR REFERENCE, 
 
 SHOWING AT A GLANCE 
 
 THE CONJUGATION OF EVERY VERB, 
 
 Regular and Irregular. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 HUGO'S LANGUAGE INSTITUTE, 
 10;i Newgate Street, London, E.G. 1 ; and Braiu hes.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 This work forms one of "HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SERIES." the 
 chief object of which is to save the Student's time by giving no Rules 
 but those actually necessary. In this case, however, as with " French 
 Genders Simplified," the greatQr part of the book is for Reference 
 only. The tables appended, which may be taken out and mounted, 
 will be found specially convenient for reference, as they show at a glance 
 every Number, Person, Mood, and Tense of every Verb, Regular or 
 Irregular. 
 
 Students should first learn the regular terminations (see page 6), 
 referring to the Rules on the Formation of Tenses opposite. This is 
 quickly done by taking one Tense at a time, the best order to follow 
 being Present, Perfect, Future, Imperfect, Conditional, etc., 
 as laid down in Hugo's " French Grammar Simplified." 
 
 When the Regular Verbs liave been thoroughly mastered, the 
 Irregular Verbs present no difficultj^ All that need be learnt is the 
 irregularities of important Verbs, which are indicated by thick type- 
 No English for the Subjunctive Mood should be learned. The 
 translation usually given, — " that I may speak," or " might speak," is 
 most misleading, and often absolutely wrong. The only safe way is to 
 learn when to employ this Mood. 
 
 We omit que before the French Subjunctive, as it is no pai't of this 
 Mood, and neither always precedes it nor always governs it. It is ad- 
 visable, however, to insert it in replies to examination questions. 
 
 Fuller conjugations of the Compound Tenses, and of the Negative 
 and Interrogative Forms, are omitted, as they require no learning 
 whatever. The mere sight of these as given in most Grammars appals 
 and disheartens the Student ; and the formation is precisely the same 
 throughout every Verb in the language. 
 
 For the same reason, we give no list of the Verbs requiring " de " 
 before a following Infinitive. There is no occasion to learn these Verbs, 
 if it is borne in mind that all Verbs require "de" unless given in oui 
 Lists of those requiring " a," or no Preposition. 
 
 We believe that this work will be found a great help to the be- 
 ginner who has not yet mastered the Verbs, and an invaluable book o" 
 reference for the advanced Student. 
 
 2101ir.l
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Explanation of the various kinds of Verbs, their 
 
 Moods, Tenses, etc. ... ... ... ... 5 
 
 Complete Table of Terminations of the Regular 
 
 Conjugations ... ... ... ... ... 6 
 
 General Rules on the Formation of Tenses ... 7 
 
 Hints on the Formation of the Auxiliary Verbs ... 8 
 
 Regular Verbs suitable for Conjugation as Practice 8 
 
 Compound Tenses ... ... ... ... ... 9 
 
 Interrogative and Negative Forms ... ... 10 
 
 Explanation of the use of the Various Tenses ... 11 
 
 Verbs ending in OIR ... ... ... ... 13 
 
 Reflective Verbs ... ... ... ... ... 14 
 
 Compound Tenses of the Reflective Verbs ... 15 
 
 Reflective Verbs for Practice ... ... ... 16 
 
 Passive Voice ... ... ... ... ... 16 
 
 Peculiarities of some Verbs ending in ER ... 17 
 
 Formation of Tenses ... ... ... ... 18 
 
 Translation of "TO" before a Verb ... ... 19 
 
 Verbs requiring no Preposition before the next Verb 1 9 
 
 Verbs requiring '• a " before the next Verb ... 20 
 Verbs "which may take *' a " or '' de " before the next 
 
 Verb 20 
 
 Differences in meaning when " a " or •" de '" is used 21 
 Verbs followed by a Preposition in English, but not 
 
 in French ... ... ... ... ... 21 
 
 Verbs folio-wed by a Preposition in French, but not 
 
 in English ... ... ... ... ... 21 
 
 Present and Past Participles ... ... ... 22 
 
 Impersonal Verbs ... ... ... ... ... 22 
 
 Idiomatic Tenses ... ... ... ... ... 23 
 
 Model Conjugation of an English Verb ... ... 24 
 
 TABLES FOR REFERENCE. 
 
 (To be foimd in pocket at end of bo<jk.) 
 A.) Complete Conjugation of the Regular and Auxiliary 
 
 Verbs. 
 B.) Complete List of the Irregular Verbs, 
 c.) Complete Conjugation of every Irregular Verb, arranged 
 
 so that any Mood, Tense, Number, or Person, can be 
 
 ascertained at a glance.
 
 5 
 THE FRENCH VERBS. 
 
 The Verb is the most important part of Speech in all 
 languages, and should therefore be learned thoroughly. 
 
 Verbs are divided into two classes, — Transitive and Intransitive, 
 
 Transitive Verbs Eire so called because they transmit the action 
 from the Subject to the Object ; as, 
 
 I (^Subject) buy ( Verb^ a house {Object^. 
 
 Verbs consist of Voices, 3Ioods, Tenses, Numbers and Persons. 
 
 There are two Voices, the Active Voice and the Passive Voice. 
 
 In the Active Voice the Subject of the Verb is the doer of tht 
 action expressed ; as, 
 
 the boy (^Subject) plays ( Verb), 
 The Active Voice often expresses a state or condition ; as : the boy sleeps. 
 
 In the Passive Voice the Subject of the Verb is the receiver ef 
 the action expressed ; as, 
 
 the boy (^Subject) is beaten ( Verb). 
 
 There are five Moods, viz : 
 1, Infinitive, 2, Indicative, 3, Subjunctive, 4, Imperative, 5, CVra» 
 ditional. 
 
 The Principal Teuse^ are : 
 Present, Past, and Future, supplemented by Auxiliary Tenses, as 
 shown in the Model Conjugation of an English Verb. 
 
 Tuere are three Persons, each having two Numbers, the Sin- 
 gular and the Plural ; as. 
 
 Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur 
 
 1st Person I we 3rd Person masc. he ] 
 
 2nd „ thou you fem. she > they 
 
 neut. it ) 
 
 TRANSITIVE VERBS, 
 
 or Active Verbs, as they are sometimes called, require an Object to 
 complete the sense. For instance: 
 
 I find conveys no complete meaning; but, I find the book, he 
 found the street, etc., are complete sentences. 
 
 INTRANSITIVE VERBS, 
 
 or Neuter Verbs as they are sometimes called, couvey a complete 
 meaning without the addition of an Object. 
 
 Examples: I sang, he reads, they slept, Ltc. 
 
 Intransitive Verbs can occasionally be employed as Transitive; 
 as, — I sang a SOng, he reads a book, etc. 
 
 The Objects in the foregoing examples are Indicated by thick typ j. 
 
 IMPERSONAL OE UNIPERSONAL VERBS 
 can only be used in the third person Singular ; as, 
 
 it is thundering , it was snowing, it will rain.
 
 TERMINATIONS OF THE REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 (see General Rules on tlie fornvithm nf Tenses) 
 The following terminations are added to the Stem in all Tenses 
 except the Future and Conditiotuil ; in these two they are added to 
 the Infinitive. 
 
 1. IXFINITIYE. 
 parl-er vend-re fin-ir 
 
 2. Presknt Participle. 3. Past Participle. 
 
 er parl- 
 
 ■ ant 
 
 er 
 re 
 ir 
 
 er 
 re 
 ir 
 
 er 
 re 
 ir 
 
 er 
 re 
 
 ir 
 
 er 
 re 
 
 ir 
 
 er 
 re 
 ir 
 
 er 
 re 
 ir 
 
 re 
 
 ir 
 
 parl- 
 vend- 
 
 fin- 
 
 Tend- 
 finiss- 
 
 e 
 s 
 is 
 
 er 
 
 parl-e 
 
 re 
 
 vend-u 
 
 ir 
 
 fin-i 
 
 parler- 
 
 Tendr(e)- 
 
 finir- 
 
 parler- 
 
 vendr(e)- 
 
 finir- 
 
 parl- 
 
 vend- 
 
 fiuiss- 
 
 parl- 
 
 vend- 
 
 lin- 
 
 parl- 
 
 vend- 
 
 finiss- 
 
 parl- 
 
 vend- 
 
 fin- 
 
 4. 
 
 tu 
 es 
 s 
 is 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 Presknt Tense. 
 il nous 
 
 e ^ 
 
 Plural Stem 
 5. 
 
 [ai as 
 6. 
 
 it , 
 finis S-'' 
 
 FUTTRE. 
 
 a 
 
 ens 
 
 ez 
 
 1' 
 
 I. 
 
 COXDITIOXAL. 
 
 ais ait ions iez 
 
 7. Imperfect or Past. 
 ais ait ions iez 
 
 Past Definite or Preterite. 
 
 as 
 
 is 
 
 ames 
 imes 
 
 ates 
 ites 
 
 SUBJUXCTIVE. 
 9. Present. 
 
 es 
 
 ions 
 
 iez 
 
 er parl- 
 re Tend- 
 er fin- 
 
 10. Imperfect or Past. 
 asse asses at assions 
 [isse isses it issions 
 11. Imperative. 
 Sing: 2nd person. Plur : 1st person 
 
 assiez 
 issiez 
 
 ent 
 
 ont 
 aient 
 
 aient 
 
 erent 
 Irent 
 
 ent 
 
 assent 
 issent 
 
 e 
 s 
 is 
 
 ons 
 ons 
 issons 
 
 2nd person, 
 
 ez 
 
 ez 
 issez
 
 GENERAL RULES ON THE FORMATION OF TENSES. 
 
 1. The Infinitive of all Regular French Verbs ends in er, re, or Ir, 
 ITie Stem is the part of the verb which precedes cr, rs, or ir. 
 
 2. As shown by the terminations opposite, the Present Participle 
 is formed by adding cuit to the Stem of all verbs ; verbs in ir prefix 
 iss to the ant ; as, — parlant, vendant,jimssant. 
 
 3. The Past Participle of verbs ending in er is pronounced like 
 the Infinitive. 
 
 4. The terminations, added in the Singular of the Present of verbs 
 in er and re, are not pronounced. The Plural terminations of all 
 verbs are ons, ez, e»^(this ent is always mute) ; verbs in ir prefix iss 
 to the Plural terminations. 
 
 5. The terminations of the Future are the same as those of fai, 
 tu as, il a, etc. They are added to the Infinitive, the e of verbs in re 
 being omitted; ?LS,,—je parlcrai, il vendra, nous finirons. 
 
 6. The Conditional is formed by adding the terminations to the 
 Infinitive, the e of verbs in re being omitted ; as, 
 
 je 2)arlerais, il vendo'ait, notes finiri ons. 
 
 7. The terminations of the Imperfect are the same as those of the 
 Conditional ; but they are added to the Stem, (not to the Infinitive). 
 Verbs in //• prefix iss to these terminations throughout the tense; as, 
 
 je parlais, nous veyidions, ilfinissait. 
 
 8. The terminations of the Singular in the Past Definite of verbs 
 in er are the same as those otfai, tu as, il a ; and of verbs in re 
 and ir the same as those of the Present of verbs in ir ; as, 
 
 je parlai, tu parlas, il parla ; je vendis,tu vendis,il vendit ; 
 je finis,, tu finis, ilfinit. 
 
 The Plural of the Past Definite only differs in the Vowel : 
 
 Verbs in ^ ^'' p. ■ ^ i ''nes -, Wes ^ i rent 
 { red^ir i \ t ) i ) 
 
 9. The terminations of the Present Subjunctive are the same as 
 those of the Present Indicative of verbs ending in er, an i being 
 prefixed to ons and ez. Verbs in ir prefix iss to the terminations 
 throughout the tense ; as, 
 
 il parle,nous parlions,tu vendes, vous vendiez, je finisse, iious 
 finissio7is, ils finissent. 
 
 10. The Imperfect Subjunctive is the same as the Present Subjunc- 
 tive of verbs in ir (jefinisse, etc.), except in the 3rd person singular, 
 where isse is changed to it. Verbs in er, however, substitute a for i 
 throughout the tense ; as, 
 
 je parlas,se, il jJarldt, vous piavlassiez, tu vendisses,il vendit, je 
 finisse, tufinisses, ilfinit, nousfini.ssions, ils finissent. 
 
 11. The Imperative has really only three persons ; viz : 2nd per- 
 son Singular, and 1st & 2nd person Plural. 
 
 These persons are formed by omitting the pronouns tu, nous, vous 
 from the Present of the Indicative. Verbs in er elide the s in the 
 2nd person Singular. 
 
 The forms for the 3rd person, let him speak and let them< spealt, 
 are simply the 3rd person of the Present Subjunctive with que pre- 
 fixed ; as,— let him sell quHl vende, let them finish qtCils finissent.
 
 HINTS ON THE FORMATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERBS. 
 
 The Future of «?•(>/■;• is formed by adding the terminations ai, 
 as, a, oius, ez, ont, to auT, and of etre by adding them to ser ; as, 
 faurai, tu auras, il aura, etc. je serai, tu seras, il sera, etc. 
 
 The Conditional of avoir is formed by adding the terminations 
 fis. a is. ait, ions, iez, aient, to aiir. and of etre by adding them tc 
 ser ; as, 
 faurais, tu aurais, il aurait, etc. je serais, tu serais, il serait, etc. 
 
 The Imperfect of avoir is formed by adding the terminations 
 ais, ais, ait, iojis, iez, aient, to av, and of etre by adding them to 
 et ; as, 
 favais, il avait, nous avians, etc. fit ais, vous etiex. Us etaient, etc. 
 
 The Past Definite of avoir is feus, tu eus, il eut ; nous eumes, 
 rous eutes, ih eurent. The Past Definite of etre can be formed by 
 changing the e of the above into /: — -je /us, tu /us, il /ut, nous 
 fumes, vous/utes, ils/urent. 
 
 The Present Subjunctive of avoir and etre is very irregular, and 
 must therefore be learned by heart. 
 
 The Imperative of avoir and etre is the same as the Present of 
 the Subjunctive, the Pronouns tu, vous, nous, being omitted; thus: 
 
 have aieQs"), ayez ; let us have ayons 
 be sois, soyez ; let us be soyons 
 
 For the forms : let him have qu'il ait, let them have qu''il& 
 aient, see No. 11, General Rules on the Formation of Tense? 
 
 LIST OF REGULAR VERBS SUITABLE FOR CONJUGATION 
 AS PRACTICE. 
 
 to accept accepter 
 to sing clianttr 
 to hide caeher 
 to copy copier 
 to give donner 
 to knock, strike /rap- 
 per 
 
 to wait for attendre 
 to descend descendre 
 to hear ertendre 
 to haMg pendre 
 
 to punish punir 
 to obey oheir 
 to choose choisir 
 
 Verbs i>' er. 
 
 to think ^e«.ser 
 to Y>^ax jouer 
 to turn tourner 
 to study etudiei 
 to forget oublier 
 to find trouver 
 to visit visiter 
 
 Verbs ix re. 
 
 Ito sell vendre 
 to hold out tendre 
 to correspond corres- 
 pond re 
 
 Verbs in ir. 
 Ito fill remplir 
 I to accomplish accom- 
 Ito build hdtir [plir 
 
 to pass passer 
 
 to accompany accom- 
 
 pagner 
 to show montrer 
 to mount monter 
 to breakfast dejeui\er 
 
 to bite mordre 
 to lose perdre 
 to defend de/endre 
 to reply repondre 
 
 [to succeed reussir 
 to grow pale pdlir 
 to furnish foumir
 
 THE COMPOUND TENSES 
 
 are formed as in English with the Past ParticipU ana tn; 
 auxiliary verb avoir, to have, and therefore do not re(|uir( 
 any studj. 
 
 For Compoimd Tenses formed with " etre," to be, see Passive Voice. 
 
 List of Compound Tenses for Reference. 
 
 Infinitive Perfect 
 i^poJien 
 
 tOtUive^ finished avoir <^ fini 
 had eu 
 
 v Me. 
 
 , parl6 
 vendu 
 
 been 
 
 ete 
 
 having 
 
 Participle Perfect. 
 
 I .y)oJien parle 
 
 sold I vendu 
 
 finished ayant<| fini 
 
 Jtad eu 
 
 been ^ 6t§ 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 I have 
 thou hast 
 he has 
 we have 
 you have 
 they have 
 
 spoheii 
 
 sold 
 7- finished 
 ( had 
 \ been 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 I had 
 
 thou hadst 'Vo]en 
 sold 
 
 he liad 
 we had 
 you liad 
 they had 
 
 !> finished 
 1 had 
 \ been 
 
 ] avais 
 tu avais 
 il avait 
 nous avion s 
 vous aviez 
 ils avaient 
 
 parI6 
 
 vendu 
 
 fini 
 
 eu 
 
 et6 
 
 Past Defin. Perfect 
 
 tu eus ) P^'"'^ 
 
 il eut ( f?^*^ 
 
 ,■ fini 
 nouseumes / 
 
 vous efites \ ,., 
 
 ils eurent ) 
 
 Future Perfect. 
 1 shall have spohen, sold^finished, 
 had, been, etc. 
 j'aurai 
 tu auras 
 11 aura 
 nous aurons 
 vous aurez 
 Us auront 
 
 parl6 
 vendu 
 fini 
 eu 
 
 ete 
 
 Conditional Perfect. 
 I should have spoken, sold, fi'^ 
 nished, liad, been, etc. 
 j'aurai s 
 tu aurais 
 il aurait 
 nous aurions , 
 vous auriez 
 ils auraient 
 
 parle 
 
 vendu 
 
 fini 
 
 eu 
 
 et^ 
 
 Perfect, 
 
 have spoken, sold, finished 
 had, been, etc. 
 j'aie 
 tu aies 
 il ait 
 
 nous ayons 
 vous ayez 
 ils aient 
 F. v. 2. 
 
 parle 
 vendu 
 > fini 
 eu 
 ete 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. Pluperfect. 
 
 / had spolwn, sold, finished, had 
 been, etc. 
 j'eusse 
 tu eusses 
 il eut 
 
 nous eussions 
 vous eussiez 
 I lis eussent
 
 10 
 
 THE INTERROGATIVE FORM. 
 
 Questions are formed in French by placing the Pro- 
 nouns after the Verb ; the Verb and Pronoun are connected 
 by a hyphen {-) ; as, 
 
 Iti&ye j'ai Question : have I ? ai-je * 
 
 he is il est „ is he .' est-il « 
 
 MODEL TENSE IX INTERROGATIVE FORM, 
 have I ? ai-je? have we .' avons-nousf 
 
 hast thou ? as-tu f I have jou I avez-vous f 
 has he ? a-t-il ? \ have they ? ont-ils ? 
 
 The words do, does, dil, which are used in questions ir 
 English, are not translated in French ; as, 
 
 do you speak ? := speak yon ? parlez-vous f 
 does she sell .' = sells she ? vend-elle .» 
 
 If the Verb ends iu a vowel in the 3rd person singular, 
 a / between two hyphens (-^) is put iu questions between the 
 Verb and the Pronoun ; ms, 
 
 has he ? a-t-il ? ] does he speak 1 parle-t-il ? 
 
 will she be .' sera-t-elle ? | did he speak ? parla-t-il .* 
 
 :o: 
 
 THE NEGATIVE FORM. 
 
 Negations are formed in French by two words ne...pas, 
 NOT : ne is put before the Verb and 2)as after it ; as, 
 
 I am not je ne suis pas ; are they not ? ne sont-ils pas ? 
 7ie before a vowel becomes n ; as, 
 
 I have not_7e n'ai pas ; have you not ? n avez-vous pas? 
 MODEL TENSE IN NEGATIVE FORM. 
 I was not je iietais pas I we were not nous netions pas 
 thou wast not tu n etuis pas you were not vans netiez pas 
 he was not il n'etait pas \ they were not ih n'etaient pas 
 
 MODEL TENSE IN NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE FORM, 
 am I not ? ne suis-je pas ? I are we not ? ne snmmes-iious pas f 
 art thou not ? n'es-tu pas ? are you not ? netes-vous pas f 
 
 is he not ? n' est-il pas ? \ are they not ? Tie sont-ils pas t 
 
 do, does, dpi, are not translated ; as, 
 I do not speak je ne parle pas ; does he not speak ? ne parle-t-il pas f 
 we did not speak nous ne parlions pas, nous navons pas parte 
 
 pas is put after the Auxiliary in Compound Tenses, as 
 in English ; as. 
 
 I have not spolcen 
 je n'ai pas parle 
 tu n'as pas parl^ 
 il n'a pas parM, etc. 
 
 have 1 not spoken f 
 
 n'ai-je pas parle ? 
 n' as-tu pas parl^ ? 
 n'a-t-il pas parle ? etc.
 
 11 
 
 EXPLANATION AND USE OF TENSES. 
 
 (See Model Conjugation of English Verb at end.) 
 
 The Present Tense is employed as in English, but 
 it has only one form in French ; and thus the 
 English Progressive form, / am speaking, etc., has no 
 equivalent in French, but must be translated like / 
 speak, etc. 
 
 Thus change tvhen translating : 
 
 we are speaking into we speak 
 you are „ „ you „ 
 
 they are „ „ they „ 
 
 1 am speaking into I speak 
 thou art „ „ thou speakest 
 
 he(she)is„ „ he(8he)«peaks 
 
 Questions are formed in all French verbs by putting 
 the pronoun after the verb ; do and does are not translated. 
 
 Tims change tvhen translating : 
 
 do I speak or am I speaking nito speak I? 
 
 dost thou speak ,, art thou ,, „ speakest thou .' 
 
 doeshe(she)„ „ ishe(8he)„ „ speaks he (she) / 
 
 do we „ „ are we ,, „ speak we? 
 
 do you „ „ are you ., „ speak you? 
 
 do they „ „ are they „ ,, speak they? 
 
 The Negation of all Verbs in French is formed alike. 
 Thus change when translating : 
 
 1 do not speak or I am not speaking into I speak not 
 
 thou dost not speak „ thou art not „ „ thou speakest not 
 
 he does „ „ ,, he is „ „ „ he speaks „ 
 
 we do „ „ „ we are ,, „ ., we speak „ 
 
 you do „ „ ,. you are „ „ „ you „ „ 
 
 they do ,, ,, „ they are „ „ ,, they „ „ 
 
 {Interrogative Negative Form.) 
 
 do I not speak or am I not speaking i?i^o speak I not? 
 
 dost thou not speak „ art thou not „ ,, speakest thou not? 
 
 does he „ „ ,, is he „ „ „ speaks he „ 
 
 do we „ „ ,, are we „ ,, „ speak we „ 
 
 do you „ ,, ,, are you „ „ ,, speak you „ 
 
 do the)' „ ,, ,, are they „ „ „ speak they „ 
 
 2. The Perfect Tense, formed with the jmst imrticiple 
 and the auxiliary to have (sometimes to he), is generally 
 employed in French instead of the English past or im- 
 perfect tense ; thus translate : 
 
 I spolie hij I liave spoken fai parle 
 
 he lost ,, he has lost il a perdu 
 
 we finished „ we have finished nous avonsfinl
 
 12 
 
 The word did, used in English Questions and Nega- 
 tions, must be changed into has or lun'c ; as, 
 
 did he speak = lias he spoken a-t-il parlet 
 
 I did not lose = I have not lost je n' a i pas perdu 
 
 did you finish =: /m re you finished avez-vousjinil 
 
 did they not speak = /(are they not spoken n'ont-ils pas parW. 
 
 The Enghsh Progressive form is also translated hv the 
 Perfect ; thus, 
 
 I have been speaking = I have spoken 
 has he not been „ := has he not spoken 
 
 3. The Imperfect Tense in French must be employed, 
 if in English the Progressive form / was speaking, etc. 
 is used, or if I spoke has the meaning of / was speaking 
 or / used to speak. 
 
 Questions and Negations with did must also be trans- 
 lated by the Imperfect, if the En^^-lish can be changed into 
 ih'i progressive form without altering the sense ; thus, 
 
 Did yim speak must be translated by parllez-'cous if it has the 
 meaning of were you speaking or used you to speak 1 
 
 She did not finish must be translated by ellc ne finissait pas if it 
 has the meaning of she was not finishing or sheused 7wt to finish. 
 
 The expressions / used to speak or / was in the hahit of 
 spealdng, are simply translated by the French Imperfect 
 je 2)arlais. 
 
 Thus change when translating: 
 
 I was speaking or I used to speak =. 1 spoke 
 we were „ „ we used to ,, = we spoke 
 
 I was not speaking or I did not speak = I spoke not 
 you were not „ ., you did not „ = you spoke not 
 
 ■ was I speaking or did I speak = spoke I 
 
 were they ., ,, did they „ = spoke they 
 
 was I not ,, ,. did I not ,, = spoke I not 
 
 was he not ,, .. did he not „ =: spoke he not 
 
 4. The Past Definite is used in translating the English 
 Past Tense, when the incident referred to has taken 
 place at a time completely gone by. 
 
 This tense, which is sometimes called the Historic 
 Past, chiefly occurs in uritten narration, and is very 
 rarely employed in conversation.
 
 13 
 
 5. The FuTUEE aud Conditional are employed as in 
 English, but they, like all the other tenses, have no 
 progressive form. 
 
 Thus change when translating : 
 
 I shall be speaking = I shall speak 
 
 he will not be „ =; he will not speak 
 
 shall we be ,, =: shall we speak 
 
 will you not be,, = will you not speak 
 
 I should be speaking = I should speak 
 would you not be ., = would you not speak 
 I had been speaking = I had spoken 
 
 Be careful to note that the English Future Auxiliaries are 
 shall for the first person, and tvill for the other persons. 
 In the Conditional should is the Auxiliary for the first 
 person, and ivould for the other persons. If this dis- 
 tinction is not observed, the meaning is entirely altered. 
 For example, / shall go to-morrow, and he will come 
 too, simply expresses futurity ; but in the sentence / 
 will go to-morrow, and he shall come too, unll implies 
 intention, and shall compulsion. 
 
 6. The Imperative Mood is used as in English. 
 
 7. The Subjunctive Mood is employed in dependent 
 CLAUSES, after Verbs expressing doubt, will, wish, ne- 
 cessity, fear, etc. Some Conjunctions, the most impor- 
 tant of which are given in Lesson 2G of our French 
 Grammar, always require the following Verb to be in 
 the Subjunctive. 
 
 REMARKS ON VERBS ENDING IN oir. 
 
 There are seven Verbs ending in QYoir, all of which 
 are conjugated alike. They are : devoir to owe, recevoir to 
 receive, concevoir to conceive, dkevoir to deceive, redevoir to 
 owe again, apercevoir to perceive, and percevoir to collect 
 money (taxes). These seven Verbs are generally classified 
 as regular, the conjugations being arranged in the following 
 order : 
 
 1st Conjugation, Verbs ending in er 
 2nd „ „ „ ir 
 
 3rd „ „ ,^, oir 
 
 4th „ „ „ re
 
 14 
 
 All Verbs, however, which end iu oir, not iu QYoir, are 
 quite irregular, aud some of the best modern grammarians 
 classify those iu evoir as irregular also. This arrangement 
 we have adopted, as there are many groups, especially those 
 ending in indre and uire, which, although nearly always 
 classified as irregular, are more numerous and important 
 than the Verbs in evoir. Devoir, recevoir, and apercevoir, 
 are the only three which are in common use. 
 
 THE REFLECTIVE VERBS. 
 
 A Transitive Verb (for explanation of transitive, see 
 beginning) becomes refiective in Eugiish if followed by oue 
 of the Reflective Pronouns myself, himself, etc.; as, 
 
 Not reflective : I am warming the joom 
 Reflective : I am warming myself 
 
 Not reflective : He is amusing the children 
 Reflective : He is amusing himself 
 
 The Reflective Proxouxs are the same as the ordi- 
 nary Objective Pronouns, thus : 
 
 myself me ourselves nous 
 
 thyself te j'ourself, yourselves vous 
 
 except, himself, herself, itself, i • , , ^ t a r,r. 
 
 -f^ ' , ,' '. ,f' > which are translated 36 
 
 themselves, one s self j 
 
 EXAMPLE OF A VERB CONJUGATED REFLECTIVELY. 
 
 to wash one's self se laver. 
 
 Present. 
 
 I wash myself je vie lave 
 
 thou washest thyself tu te lares 
 
 he washes himself • il se lave 
 
 she washes herself elle se lave 
 
 we wash ourselves ncms novs lavons 
 you wash yourself, yourselves vous vous lavez 
 
 they wash themselves Us se lavent 
 
 they C/O wash themselves elles se lavent 
 
 Imperfect : I was washing myself je vie lavais, etc. 
 
 Future: I shall wash myself je me laverai, etc. 
 
 Conditional: I should wash myself je vie laverais, et ( 
 
 Imperative : wash yourself lavez-vous 
 
 do not wash yourself 7ie vous lavez puo 
 let us wrsh ourselves lavons-nout
 
 15 
 
 The Compound Tenses of all Reflective Verbs are 
 formed with etre, and thus the Past Participle takes the 
 gender and number of the Subject ; as, 
 Perfect. 
 
 I have washed myself 
 
 thou hast washed thyself 
 
 he has washed himself 
 
 she has washed herself 
 
 we have washed ourselves 
 
 you have washed yourself 
 
 you have washed yourselves 
 
 they have washed themselves 
 
 they (/.) have washed themselves elles se sent lavees 
 
 I have not washed myself ■ie ne me xuis pas lave 
 has he washed himself? s'est-il lavel 
 
 je me suis lave(e) 
 
 tu fes lave(e') 
 
 il s'est lave 
 
 die s'est lavee 
 
 nous nous sommes la testes') 
 
 vous vous etes lave(^e^ 
 
 vous vous etes laves(es^ 
 
 Us se sont laves 
 
 1 had washed myself je m'etais lave, etc. 
 
 I shall have washed myself je me serai lave, etc. 
 I should have washed myself je me serais lave, etc. 
 
 There are a great many verbs which are reflective in 
 French, but not in English ; as, 
 
 to make a mistalte se troinper 
 I make a mistake je me trompe 
 
 thou makest a mistake tu te trompes 
 
 he makes a mistake 
 we make a mistake 
 you make a mistake 
 they make a mistake 
 
 il se trompe 
 nous nous trompoin 
 vous vous tromjJcz 
 Us se trompe7it 
 
 I was making a mistake je me trompais 
 
 I have made a mistake je vie suis trompe (fern : trompes) 
 
 we have made a mistake nous nous sommes trompes (fem : trompees') 
 
 do not make a mistake ?ie vous trompez pas 
 
 The Compound Tenses of the following verbs are 
 always formed with etre. 
 
 aller to go 
 
 sortir to go out 
 
 partir to go away, to set out 
 
 venir to come 
 
 revenir to come back 
 
 de venir to become 
 arriver to arrive 
 entrer to enter 
 rester to remain, to .stay 
 tomber tn fall 
 
 Example. 
 
 Perfect Tense. 
 
 Past Tense. 
 
 I went or I have gone 
 
 thou wentest „ thou hast gone 
 he went „ he has gone 
 
 she went „ she has gone 
 
 we went „ we have gone 
 
 you went ,, you have gone 
 
 they went ,, they have gone 
 
 they (f) went ,, they (f) have gone elles sont allees 
 
 Tf you is masculine singular use alU, if feminine singular use 
 alleQ, if masculine plural allea, and if feminine plural allies 
 
 je suis alle (allee') 
 
 tu es alle (allee) 
 
 il est alle 
 
 elle est allee 
 
 nous .wmmes allig (allees) 
 
 vous etes allege) (alle^e^s) 
 
 Us sont alles
 
 16 
 SOME REFLECTIVE VERBS FOR PRACTICE. 
 
 to be se porter . to repent se repentir 1 to make haste se di» 
 
 to exclaim s'ecrier to take a walk se. pro\ peclier 
 to rest se reposer mener to repair to se rendre 
 
 iocoin^\3.viiseplaindre\ to get up se lever to recollect se souvenir 
 
 THE PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 The Passive Voice is formed as in English, with the 
 Past Participh and the auxiliary verb etre, to be. 
 
 The Passive Voice is not much used in French. 
 
 The Past Participle, after the verb etre, agrees in 
 gender and number with its Subject, like an Adjective. 
 
 Present of the Indicative. 
 
 I am honoured je suis honore, fern : honoree 
 
 thou art honoured tu es honore, fern : lionoree 
 
 he is honoured il ed honore 
 
 she is honoured elle est honoree 
 
 we are honoured nous sommes honores, tern : honorSes 
 
 you are honoured SiNG. tous etes honore, fern : honoree 
 
 you are honoured Plue. vous etes honores, fem»: honorees 
 
 they are honoured Masc. Us soiit honores 
 
 they are honoured Fem. elles soiit honorees 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 I was honoured fetais honore 
 she was honoured elle etait honoree 
 
 Past Definite. 
 was honoured jefus honore 
 
 Future. 
 
 I shall be honoured je serai honore 
 
 we shall be honoured nous scrons honores 
 
 Conditional. 
 
 I should be honoured je serais honore 
 we should be honoured noris serioyis honores 
 
 Perfect. 
 I have been honoured j'ai ete honore 
 
 Infinitive. Present Participle. 
 
 to be honoured etre honore \ being honoured etant honors
 
 17 
 
 PECULIARITIES OF VERBS ENDmO IN er. 
 
 Verbs ending in ger or cer change g into ge, and c 
 into p cedilla before a termination commencing with a or o. 
 
 This is done to preserve the soft sound of the ^ or c of the Infinitive. 
 Examples : to judge juger I to commence commencer 
 
 we judge iious jugeoiis \ we commence nous commengont- 
 
 Most verbs ending in eler or eter double the I or t 
 when it is followed by an e mute. 
 
 e is always mute except in the terminations ez and er. 
 Examples : — to spell epeler ; to throw jeter 
 
 I spall j'epelle 
 
 thou spellest tu ej^elles 
 
 he spells il fpelle 
 
 we spell 7tous epeloim 
 you spell vous epelez 
 they spell Us epelleiii 
 
 I shall spell fepellerai, etc. 
 
 I throw je jette 
 
 thou throwest tujettes 
 
 he throws il jette 
 
 we throw jious jetons 
 j'ou throw vousjetez 
 they throw Us jettent 
 I shall tlwow je jetterai, etc. 
 
 The following verbs do not double the I or /, but change 
 the first e into e, if the I or / is followed by an e mute. 
 
 acheter to buy, bourreler to torment, congeler to congeal, deceler 
 to disclose, degeler to thaw, geler to freeze, harceler to harass, 
 peler to peel, colleter to collar, decolleter to bare one's' neck and 
 shoulders, et'iqueter to label, trompeter to U\imY>Qt, coqueter to coqnet. 
 Example : / hu7j, j'achete, t\\ achetes, il achete ; 
 nous achetons, vous achetez, ils achetent. 
 I teas buyiitg, j'achetais, etc. 
 isAaZ^6M?/,j'acheterai,tuacheteras, ilachetera ; nous acheterons, etc. 
 Verbs ending in er, preceded by e and a consonant, 
 change the e into e if the termination begins with e mute 
 (i.e., before e, es, or ent). 
 
 Example : to lead mener 
 / lead, je mene, tu meues, il mene ; 
 nous menons, vous nieuez, ils menent. 
 / was leading, je menais, etc. 
 I shall lead, je raenerai, tu meneras, etc. 
 Verbs ending in er, preceded by e and a consonant, undergo 
 the same change, except in the Future and Conditional. 
 Example : — to hope esperer 
 I hope, j'espere, tu esperes, il espere ; 
 nous esperons, vous esp^rez, ils espereut 
 I was hoping, j'esperais, etc. 
 J shall hope, j'espererai, tu espereras, etc. 
 Verbs ending in yer generally change the g into» before 
 pn e mute ; as, 
 
 to pay payer 
 1 pay je pale or paye I I shall pay je paierai 
 
 we pay nous papons \ or je payerai
 
 1« 
 
 1. From the Present 
 Infinitive are formed 
 
 Infinitive. 
 parler 
 vejidi'(e) 
 finir 
 
 2. From the Prc'init 
 Participle are formed 
 
 the endings of 
 ais, ais, ait, 
 
 by 
 
 FORMATION OF TENSES, 
 i^'rench Tenses are either Primitive or Derivative. 
 
 The Primitive Tenses — called Primitive because the others are de- 
 rived from them — are : the Infinitive, the Present Participle, the Past 
 Participle, the Present and the Pctst Definite of the Indicative. 
 
 'The Future, by adding the endings of the 
 
 Present Indicative of Avoir : ai, as, a, 
 
 ons, ez, oni. 
 
 The Conditional, by adding 
 
 the Imperfect of Avoiu 
 
 iiins, lez, aient. 
 
 Future. Conditional. 
 
 je parlerai jeparlerafs 
 
 je vendrai je vendrazs 
 
 je finirai je finirais 
 
 ''The Plural of the Present Indicative, 
 
 :hangii]g ant into ons, ez, ent. 
 The Imperfect Indicative, by changing 
 
 into ai^, ais, ait, ions, iez, aient. 
 The Present Subjunctive, by changing 
 ^ into e, es, e, ions, iez, ent. 
 Pres. Part. Plur. of Pres. Ind. Imperfect. 
 parlfln^ f parlors fparlais 
 
 yendiant nous-' veudons je-j vendais 
 
 finissa/ii (finisS9?w [finiss'zi-s 
 
 3. From the Past (All the Compound Tenses, with the help of the 
 Participle are formed\ auxiliary verbs avoir and etre. 
 
 j'ai parle il est vendu nous avons fini 
 
 4. From the Present fThe Imperative, by omitting the Pronouns 
 Indicative is foraiid ^ je, nous, vous. 
 
 vous parlez Imp. : parlez ! nous finissons Imp. : finissons ! 
 
 ^The Imperfect Subjunctive, by adding se, 
 ses, sums, siez, sent, changing s into t for 
 the third person singular, and putting a 
 circumflex accent over the vowel preceding 
 the t. 
 
 Past Brf. : tu parks tu veU'lis tu finis 
 
 Imperf. Subj. : je parlasse je vendisse je fiuisse 
 All Tenses are formed by adding the respective terminations to the 
 Stem, except in the FiUxtre and Conditional, where the terminations are 
 added to the Infinitive. 
 
 The above is the way in which the Formation of Tenses 
 is usually explained. This, however, is quite an optional 
 arrangement, and we consider it much simpler to say : 
 
 Verbs in ir prefix iss to the termination in the following cases : 
 1. Present Participle; 2. Plural of the Present Indicative; 
 3. Imperfect; 4. Present of the Subjunctive. 
 
 Pres. Suhj. 
 
 (park 
 vende 
 finissc 
 
 5. From the 2nd per- 
 son singular of the Past 
 Definite is formed
 
 19 
 
 TRANSLATION OF 'TO" BEFORE A VERB. 
 
 The second of two Verbs coming together must be in the 
 Infinitive ; as, 
 
 I must speak, je (his parler. 
 he forgot to write to us, il a ouhlie de nous ecrire. 
 The Auxiliaries avoir and etre are followed by the Past Participle. 
 
 "TO" before a Verb must be translated. 
 
 For example : parler, finir, do not mean tO specilc, tO 
 finish, but are simply the Infinitives speak, finish 
 
 The following are the various ways in which tO has to 
 be translated. 
 
 1. To between ttco Verbs is generally translated de, unless 
 it means in order to, when it is rendered by jwiir ; as, 
 
 I advise you to speak to him, je vous conseille de lui parler. 
 We did it (in order) to please him, nous Varans fait pour lui plaire. 
 
 TO (not meaning in order to) should therefore be trans- 
 lated DE, unless it oomes after any of the Verbs in the 
 following Lists, which are intended 
 
 FOR REFERENCE ONLY. 
 
 2. To is not translated at all after the following 
 VERBS REQUIRING NO PREPOSITION 
 
 before the next Verb. * 
 
 The most important are marked * 
 aimer mieux* faiUir preferer 
 
 aller faire" regarder 
 
 assurer falloir* revenir 
 
 compter s'imagincr savoir 
 
 croire laisser sembler 
 
 daigner mener souhaiter 
 
 declarer nier soutenir 
 
 desirer* oser* valoir mieux'^ 
 
 devoir* paraitre venir* 
 
 entendre* penser voir* 
 
 envoyer pouvoir* voler 
 
 espcrer pretendre vouloir* 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 He is going to sing, il va chanter. 
 Does he dare to come ? ose-t-il venir ? 
 Verbs of motion, such as courir, or denoting a sense such as aentir, 
 also require no Preposition before the follovring Infinitive.
 
 20 
 
 3. To is translated a if coming a 
 VERBS REQUIRING THE 
 
 before the next 
 
 s'abaisser 
 
 aboutir 
 
 s' accord er 
 
 accoutumei"" 
 
 s'acharner 
 
 ailmettre 
 
 s'adoiiiier 
 
 aider* 
 
 aimerf 
 
 s'amuser 
 
 s'animer 
 
 s'appliquer 
 
 apprendre* 
 
 s'appreter 
 
 aspirer 
 
 s'assiijettir 
 
 s'attacher 
 
 s'attcndre 
 
 autoriser 
 
 avoir* 
 
 avoir peine 
 
 balancer 
 
 boruer 
 
 chercher 
 
 se coraplaire 
 
 concourir 
 
 se condamner 
 
 coudescendre 
 
 consentir 
 
 consister 
 
 conspirer 
 
 contribuer 
 
 convier 
 
 se decider 
 
 se destiner 
 
 determiner 
 
 se determiner 
 
 se devouer 
 
 se disposer 
 
 employer 
 
 eiicourager 
 
 engager* 
 
 enhardir 
 
 s'enhardir 
 
 s'entendre 
 
 etre 
 
 s'evertuer 
 
 exceller 
 
 exciter 
 
 s'exercer 
 
 exhorter 
 
 s'exposer 
 
 se fatiguer 
 
 se former 
 
 s'habituer 
 
 se hasarder 
 
 hesiter* 
 
 interesser 
 
 f ter one of the following 
 PREPOSITION "a" 
 
 Verb. 
 
 I inviter* 
 se mettre 
 montrer 
 s'obstiuer 
 s'ofErir 
 pencher 
 persister 
 se plier 
 porter 
 pousser 
 
 prendre plaisir 
 preparer* 
 proceder 
 provoquer 
 recomraencer* 
 reduire 
 se reduire 
 se refuser 
 renoncer* 
 resigner 
 se resoudre 
 reussir 
 songer* 
 soumettre 
 tendre 
 tenir 
 travailler 
 riser 
 se vouer 
 
 Examples : he will not consent to do it, il tie consentira pas a lefaire. 
 I am endeavouring to understand you, je cherche a vous coiiipre/idre. 
 
 The following Verbs take either a or de before the 
 following Infinitive, according to meaning or euphony ; k, 
 however, is more usual. 
 
 VERBS REQUIRING "a" OP, "de" 
 before the next Verb. 
 
 s'accoutumer 
 
 s'efforcer 
 
 se hasarder , 
 
 repugner 
 
 aimerf 
 
 s'empresser 
 
 se lasser 
 
 servir 
 
 commencer 
 
 s' engager 
 
 manquer 
 
 souffrir 
 
 consentir 
 
 s'ennuyer 
 
 obliger 
 
 suflSre 
 
 continuer 
 
 s'enteter 
 
 s'occuper 
 
 tacher 
 
 contraindre 
 
 essayer 
 
 oublier 
 
 tarder 
 
 convier 
 
 forcer 
 
 plaire 
 
 se tuer 
 
 demander 
 
 s'habituer 
 
 prier 
 
 venir 
 
 determiner 
 
 hair 
 
 refuser 
 
 
 '\ainier is usually followed by a, or no Preposition ; but occasionally by de.
 
 21 
 
 The Student should note the following differences in 
 meaning, according to whether a or de is used. The other 
 differences are very slight and unimportant. 
 
 Plaire, repugner, servlr, suffii-e, and tarder are followed bj^ de 
 when used impersonally, in other cases by a ; as, 
 
 It pleases me to do that, il me plait de fairs cela. 
 Do not delay doing it, we tardus pas a te faire. 
 
 Manquer a implies omission or neglect ; as, 
 
 I have omitted to write to him, fai manque d lui ecrire. 
 
 Manquer de is used in the sense of " to nearly do a thing" ; as, 
 He almost lost his life, il a manque de perdre la vie. 
 
 S'empresser, "to be eager to," may be followed by a or de. 
 When meaning "to hasten " it always takes de. 
 
 Venir a means " to 6hance, or happen to" ; as. 
 
 If he happened to lose it, s'il venait a le perdre. 
 Venir de means " to have just" (see Idiomatic TenSes). 
 
 The following Verbs, which in English are followed by a 
 Preposition before their Object, take no Preposition in French. 
 
 admettre, to admit of 
 aller chercher,* to go for 
 approuver, to approve of 
 attendre,* tu icaUfor 
 chercher,* to look for 
 Pouter * to listen to 
 
 envoyer chercher,* to send for 
 esperer, to hope for 
 fournir, to supply with 
 prier Dieu, to jjray to God 
 regarder,* to look at 
 rencontrer, to meet icith 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 I am waiting for my friend, f attends mon ami. 
 
 Look at that man, regardez cet homme. 
 0:0 
 
 The following Verbs, which in English are not followed 
 by a Preposition before their Object, take a ; as. 
 
 ap prendre,* to teach (a?iy one) 
 conseiller, to advise 
 convenir, to suit 
 dire,* to tell (any one) 
 enseigner,* to teach 
 nuire, to hurt 
 obeir,* to obey 
 ordonner, to order 
 pardonner, * to forgive 
 parvenir, to attain^ manage 
 
 permettre, to permit 
 plaire,* to please 
 remedier, to remedy 
 renoncer, to renounce 
 resigner, to resign 
 r^sister, to resist 
 ressembler, to resemble 
 succeder, to succeed^ follow 
 survivre, to outlive 
 toucher,t to touch 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 The soldiers obey the otticers, les soldats oheissent aux officiers. 
 Do not touch this picture, ne t ouch ez pas a ce tableau. 
 
 t loucher can also be used without a following Preposition.
 
 22 
 THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE. 
 
 The Present Participle is variable iu Grender and Number 
 when used as an Adjective, but is invariable when followed 
 by an Object ; as, 
 
 A charming girl, unefille charmatite 
 
 A girl charming everyone, imejille charmant tout le monde. 
 
 The Englisti Present Participle used as a Noun is re- 
 placed in French by the Infinitive, or a Noun ; as, 
 
 Hunting is a great pleasure, la chasse est un grand plaisir. 
 Dancing is pleasant, danser est agreahle. 
 
 All Prepositions except en are followed by the Infinitive. 
 
 without waiting, sans attendre 
 after Laving spoken, 'apres avoir j^arle 
 in read ng, en lisant 
 
 THE PAST PARTICIPLE. 
 
 The Past Participle only agrees in Gender and 
 Number with the Subject when the Compound Tenses 
 are formed with itrc, as, 
 
 She has gone out, die est sortie. Have they started ? Soivt-ils partis ? 
 
 The Past Participle also agrees with a Direct Object 
 
 \\h.ic\\ precedes it, unless used as an Auxiliary; as, 
 
 1 have seen her, je Va't ruQ 
 
 The pencils I wanted, les crayons que fal voulua 
 
 The pencils I wanted to see, les crayons quefai voulu voir. 
 
 The Past Participle never agrees with an Indirect Object. 
 Note.— Se if not Accusative, and en, are Indirect Objects. 
 EXAMPLES. 
 I have spoken to her, je hd ai parle 
 She has broken her leg, elle s'est casse lajambe 
 We have given him some of them, 7ious lui en avo7is donne 
 
 IMPERSONAL VERBS. 
 
 Impersonal Verbs have no person or thing as their sub- 
 ject, and are only used in the third person singular ; as, 
 it happens, d arrive ; it matters, il importe 
 
 was it raining? pleuvait-ilf it has been necessary, il afallii 
 there does not remain, il ne resfe pas 
 
 Y avoir, " there ... to be," is formed by putting y 
 before the Third Person Singular of avoir ; as, 
 
 there is,* il y a 
 is there ? y a-t-d f 
 there will be, ^7 y aura 
 
 there is not, il 71 y a pas 
 
 is there not ? ii'y a-t-d pas ? 
 
 would there not be I 11 y aurad-it pas, etc. 
 
 t These expressions are also used for there are, the7-e we7-e, &c.
 
 23 
 IDIOMATIC TENSES. 
 
 Present. 
 
 I am going to 
 thou art going to 
 he is going to 
 we are going to 
 you are going to 
 they are going to. 
 
 speak 
 
 or 
 • write 
 
 or 
 finish 
 
 je vctis 
 tu vas 
 il va 
 
 nous allons 
 vous allez 
 Us vont 
 
 parler 
 or 
 
 yScrire 
 or 
 
 finir 
 
 Past. 
 
 I was going to 
 thca wast going to 
 he was going to 
 ■we were going to 
 you were going to 
 they were going to 
 
 speak 
 
 ^write 
 
 finish 
 
 fallais 
 tu allais 
 il allait 
 nous allions 
 vous alliez 
 Us allaicnt 
 
 parler 
 
 or 
 
 ^6crire 
 
 or 
 
 finir 
 
 Present. 
 
 I have just 
 thou hast just 
 he has just 
 we have just 
 you have just 
 they have just 
 
 spoken 
 
 or 
 ► written 
 
 or 
 finished 
 
 je vicns dc [d^) '' 
 tu vicns de 
 il vient de 
 nous venons de 
 vous venez de 
 Us viennent de j 
 
 •parler 
 
 or 
 yicrire 
 
 or 
 finir 
 
 Past. 
 
 I had just 
 thou hadst just 
 he had just 
 we had just 
 you had just 
 they had just 
 
 (spoken 
 or 
 written 
 or 
 finished 
 
 je venais de 
 tu venais de 
 il vcnait dc 
 nous venions de 
 vous vcniez de 
 Us venaient de 
 
 parler 
 
 or 
 ■ecrirb 
 
 or 
 finir 
 
 Present. 
 
 I am to 
 thou art to 
 he is to 
 we are to 
 you are to 
 they are to 
 
 speak 
 
 or 
 write 
 
 or 
 finish 
 
 je dots 
 tu do is 
 il doit 
 nous devons 
 vous devez 
 Us doivcnt 
 
 ^ parler 
 
 or 
 Jcrire 
 
 or 
 finir 
 
 Past. 
 
 I was to speak, etc. 
 
 I ought to speak, etc. 
 
 I ought to have spoken, etc. 
 
 je devais parler, etc. 
 je devrais parler, etc. 
 j'aurais dA parler, etc.
 
 24 
 
 The following is a Model of the Principal Tenses of an En^'lish 
 Verb. The Names of the Tenses are those which are generally made 
 ase of in the Conjugation of Foreign Verbs. 
 
 It is very important to know what English words are represen- 
 ted by the names Present, Imperfect, Future, etc. For example. I 
 am calling is just as much Present as I call, and I shall be calling 
 and I shall call are both Future. 
 
 Notice particularly the Auxiliaries used in the Conjugation of 
 Future and Condttional in English. 
 
 Infinitive : 
 
 Present Participle: calling 
 
 Present Texse. 
 I call or I am 
 
 thou callest or thou art 
 
 he calls 
 we call 
 you call 
 they call 
 
 or he is 
 ()/■ we are 
 i>r you are 
 or they are 
 
 I shall _ 
 thou wilt 
 he will 
 we shall 
 you will 
 they will 
 
 I should 
 thou wouldst 
 he would 
 we should 
 you would 
 they would 
 
 I have 
 thou hast 
 he has 
 we have 
 you have 
 they have 
 
 I had 
 thou hadst 
 he had 
 we had 
 you had 
 they had 
 
 to call 
 
 Past Participle: called 
 
 Imperfect or Past. 
 I called or I was 
 
 thou calledst or thou wast 
 or he is 
 or we were 
 or you were 
 or they were 
 
 •call or 
 
 ■ calling 
 
 call or 
 
 'Calline 
 
 he called 
 we called 
 you called 
 they called 
 Future. 
 
 I shall be 
 thou wilt be 
 he will be 
 we shall be 
 you will be 
 they will be 
 Conditional. 
 
 I should be 
 thou wouldst be 
 he would be 
 we should be 
 you would be 
 they would be 
 Imperative. 
 call, let him call, let us call, let them caii. 
 Perfect. 
 
 il have been 
 thou hast been 
 he has been 
 we have been 
 you have been 
 they have been 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 I had been 
 thou hadst been 
 he had been 
 we had been 
 you had been 
 they had been 
 Future Perfect. 
 I shall have called, etc. or I shall have been calling, eic. 
 
 'Calling 
 
 called or < 
 
 calling 
 
 Conditional Perfect. 
 I should have called, etc. or I should have been calling, etc
 
 HUGO'S PHRASE BOOKS 
 
 Enable you to ask for all you want when travelling on the 
 Continent — even if you do not know the Language. Contain 
 Handy Phrases for use at the Railway Station, Ticket and 
 Luggage Offices, in the Hotel or Restaurant, for asking the way, 
 calling cabs, etc., etc. The most handy books for the traveller ; 
 can be carried in the vest pocket or handbag. 
 
 Issued in separate Imitated Pronunciation 
 
 books for— throughout. 
 
 FRANCE, 
 
 "~~^^~~'^~~"~^~' Sold under the Title of 
 
 Or'^.r^llNj " How to get all you want when 
 
 .rvi » « -K^ travelling in France," e'.c. 
 
 GERMANY, 
 i/« .^^ HOLLAND, 
 
 Price l/o NET ? 
 
 EACH LANGUAGE PORTUGAL 
 
 (or BRAZIL) 
 
 HUGO S FRENCH JOURNAL 
 
 TWOPENCE WEEKLY 
 
 The only Journal of its kind in the world 
 
 Contains Elementary, Intermediate, and Advanced Sections, 
 Serial Story, etc. To read H.F.J, regularly is an interesting way 
 to pick up French, or to keep up and improve the knowledge 
 you already possess. 
 
 Obtainable from all Newsagents and Bookstalls. 
 
 A FEW OF ITS FEATURES 
 
 Interesting Articles on how to 
 
 learn a language 
 Reading for Beginners 
 Imitated Pronunciation 
 Amusing Anecdotes 
 Conversation for Tourists 
 How to pass Examinations 
 Practical Conversation Lessons 
 
 Commercial Letters 
 Idioms and Colloquialisms 
 Translation at Sight 
 Hints to Learners 
 Jokes and Conundrums 
 Ear-Tests 
 
 Answers to Correspondents 
 (unravelling knotty points) 
 
 Speci.al j News Items from France. 
 
 Features I Fortnightly Article by our own Correspondent in Paris.
 
 HUGO'S 
 
 French Conversation Simplified 
 
 In Three Sections. — I. Simple Sentences with Pro- 
 nunciation. II. Easy Conversation, with Explanatory 
 Notes. III. Conversation of Medium Difficulty. 
 
 This work is indeed a ROYAL ROAD TO TALKING FRENCH. 
 No one who has mastered the first section can ever be at a loss to 
 express his meaning in good simple French. This can be accom- 
 plished in a few weeks by anyone with a fair knowledge of French 
 grammar who works an hour or two a day, on the plan laid down in 
 the preface. In the First Section, the 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF EVERY SENTENCE IS IMITATED. 
 256 pages, strongly bound in cloth ... 4/6 net. 
 
 HUGO'S 
 
 French Reading Simplified 
 
 Contents : Novelettes, Poetry, Extracts from 
 standard writers and modern periodicals. Amus- 
 ing Anecdotes and Dialogues, with Interesting 
 and Instructive Paragraphs from various sources, 
 carefully selected and fully annotated. 
 20,000 EXPLANATORY I NO DICTIONARY 
 FOOT-NOTES. I REQUIRED. 
 
 Complete in one volume, 384 pages, cloth. ... 5/- net. 
 
 HUGO'S 
 
 French Composition Made Easy 
 
 Contents : Connected Conversations, Anecdotes, 
 Commercial Phrases, etc., carefully graduated and 
 fully annotated, so that translation into French of 
 N.\TURAL COLLOQUIAL ENGLISH becomcs quite casy 
 after a few weeks' work. 
 
 THE ONLY PRACTICAL AND PRACTICABLE 
 WORK OF THE KIND EVER PUBLISHED. 
 
 A striking contrast to the untranslatable high-flown 
 matter given in the average composition book. 
 212 pages, complete with KEY, 5/- net.
 
 Hugo's Invaluable Book— 
 
 French Difficulties Made Easy 
 
 An unconventional book, explaining fully and simply : the French Reflec- 
 tive Verbs , the Difference between c'est and IL est ; where to use the 
 Subjunctive ; when to change the termination of the Participle ; hov/ 
 to translate Prepositions, etc. ; and nearly 100 other knotty points. 
 
 In most Grammars these subjects are either ignored or, when dealt 
 with, presented in as dry and formidable a manner as possible. All 
 students will welcome this work because, not only does it make perfectly 
 clear many points previously very difficult (if not impossible) to under- 
 stand, but the interesting and even amusing character of the explana- 
 tions changes to a pleasure what was previously a wearying task. 
 
 Indispensable to all Examination Candidates. 
 
 256 pages. Fully indexed. 5/- net. Bound in cloth. 
 
 Complete Guide to French Pronunciation 
 
 The clearest and most comprehensive treatise ^ ■ 
 
 on French pronunciation ever published. 1/" net 
 
 Hugo's French Genders Simplified 
 
 By a simple and original rule tlie Gender of forty-nine out of fifty 
 French Nouns can be infallibly ascertained from their terminations. 
 The book also contains a complete list of exceptions to this rule, and 
 of the Nouns varying in Gender, according to their meaning. 
 
 16 pages ... ... 1/- net 
 
 Hugo's French Idioms Simplified 
 
 A Collection of Practical Conversational Sentences, introducing numerous 
 examples of all the Important Idioms, and peculiarities of French con- 
 struction. 9 6 pages 1/6 net 
 
 Gasc's Concise Dictionary 
 
 (French-English and English-French) 
 
 Strongly recommended as a really dependable Dictionary, printed in 
 clear type and on good paper, sold at a price within the reach of all. 
 
 9 54 pages, well bound in cloth ... 6/- net.
 
 Hugo's Anglo French Readers 
 
 Well-known Stories and Plays in which the French and English 
 are given on the same page in column form. Copious foot-notes 
 are provided which will materially assist in re-translation. The 
 following titles are now ready : 
 
 THE WATER CARRIER ... 1/6 net 
 THE POLISH JEW 1/6 „ 
 
 Hugo's L' Anglais appris en trois mois 
 sans prof esseur 
 
 (ENGLISH FOR FRENXH-SPEAKING PEOPLE) 
 
 Contenu : Grammaire Simplifiee ; Phrases utiles a 
 I'usage des voyageurs ; Phrases a traduire en anglais ; 
 Idiotismes importants ; Vocabulaires divers, etc. 
 
 LA PROXUXCIATIOX FIGUREE DE TOUS LES MOTS. 
 
 Deux parties, 192 pages, 3 sh. net. 
 En un volume, avec Supplement, reliure toile, 5 sh. net. 
 
 Hugo's 
 " How to avoid incorrect English " 
 
 This book will be found an invaluable guide for those 
 anxious to avoid common errors in grammar and 
 acquire confidence in their command of English. 
 
 The helpful sections on important rules, special difficulties, idioms, 
 punctuation, style, etc., are written in the simple, easily understand- 
 able, and interesting manner always found in Hugo's books. 
 It should be kept handy for quick reference. 
 
 Price 2s. net. 
 
 Hugo's EI Ingles Simplificado 
 
 (ENGLISH FOR SPANISH-SPEAKING PEOPLE) 
 
 Rdpida y fdcil instruccion por si mismo. 
 
 PROXUN'CIACl6\ FIGURADA DE CADA PALABRA. 
 
 224 pasinas, complete en 2 partes, 3 sh.
 
 German Reading Simplified 
 
 By this unique work reading German is for the first time made 
 easy to all. Anyone with a slight knowledge of German grammar 
 can with the aid of this book learn to read that language in but little 
 more than one-tenth of the time required by any other method. 
 
 OVER 20,000 NO DICTIONARY 
 
 REFERENCES. REQUIRED. 
 
 224 pages, bound in oloth ... ... 3s. 6cl. net. 
 
 German Idioms Simplified 
 
 A varied collection of Practical Conversational Sentences, intro- 
 ducing numerous examples of all the Important Idioms and 
 Colloquialisms, Peculiarities of Construction, Verbs governing 
 different Prepositions in English and German, etc., etc. 
 
 1<'4 pages, 'bound in clotb, 3s. net. 
 
 Hugo's RUSSIAN SIMPLIFIED 
 
 the FIRST and ONLY book by which learning 
 to SPEAK, WRITE, and UNDERSTAND 
 
 RUSSIAN ^^Ie^eT^^ made EASY 
 
 either for Self-Learners, or those studying with a Teacher. 
 In Cloth, 5s. ; paper covers, 3s. 240 pages in all. 
 
 This work has been written in England by Russian 
 University Men, under Hugo's Personal Direction, 
 and is set up in specially cast type,' showing all accents. 
 
 It is the ONLY system for learning Russian in which the 
 Russian of every sentence is grammatically and idiomati- 
 cally correct. 
 
 Russian Reading iViade Easy 
 
 192 pages, paper covers, 3s. : bound in cloth, 4s. 
 
 Russian Conversation Simplified 
 
 64 pages, paper covers, Is.
 
 ORAL TUITION 
 
 IN ALL LANGUAGES 
 
 All Private and Class Lessons are based on Hugo's" French at Sight" 
 Course — specially prepared for this purpose. It is guaranteed that 
 one hour daily devoted to Home Study according to oui instructions, 
 combined with 24 weekly lessons, enables students to say and write 
 practically all they want to in simple language, to understand nearly 
 all they hear, and to read with facility, with the occasional help of a 
 dictionary. All our Teachers are Educated Natives. 
 
 PRIVATE LESSONS 
 
 FRENCH, SPANISH, ITALIAN, GERMAN, ENGLISH 
 
 12 Lessons each of one hour ... £3. 10s. 
 24 „ „ „ ... £6. 6s. 
 
 48 „ „ „ ... £12. Os. 
 
 TWO FRIENDS (together) THREE FRIENDS {together) 
 
 £,2. 5s. per student 12 Lessons £2. Os. per student 
 £3. 15s. „ 24 „ £3. Os. 
 
 RUSSIAN, PORTUGUESE, DUTCH, SWEDISH, 
 NORWEGIAN, DANISH or LATIN 
 
 12 Lessons ... £^. 4s. | 24 Lessons ... £7. 10s. 
 
 CLASS TUITION 
 
 FRENCH, SPANISH, ITALIAN, GERMAN, 
 or ENGLISH 
 
 24 Weekly Lessons each of one hour ... 42s. 
 
 THE ABOVE FEES ARE PAYABLE IN ADVANCE, 
 AND INCLUDE THE NECESSARY BOOKS. 
 
 HUGO'S LANGUAGE INSTITUTE 
 64-66 Oxford St., London, W. 1 ; 103 Newgate St., E.C. 1 ; 
 205 Earl's Court Road, London, S.W. 5
 
 IMPORTANT 
 
 Some people imagine 
 they can master a lan- 
 guage by Gramophone 
 Records alone. THIS 
 IS IMPOSSIBLE. The 
 only way to learn any 
 language quickly and 
 thoroughly is by Hugo's 
 Self - Tuition Courses 
 which are complete in 
 every respect. (See 
 advertisement on next 
 page). 
 
 If you are a beginner 
 send for particulars of 
 these wonderful Self- 
 Tuition Courses. The 
 "Hugophone" Series is 
 not an essential ; it is 
 only supplied for those 
 students who know 
 something of the lan- 
 guage but desire this 
 additional form of con- 
 versation practice. 
 
 NO RECORDS CAN 
 
 DO MORE THAN 
 
 THIS. 
 
 The 
 
 " HUGOPHONE" 
 
 New French 
 
 TWO-VOICE 
 Records 
 
 If you already possess a knowledge 
 of French, the " Hugophone " Series 
 will be very useful to you for train- 
 ing your ear, assisting in maintaining 
 your conversational fluency, and 
 familiarising you with various as- 
 pects of French life. 
 
 The subject matter is entirely new 
 and up-to-date and takes the form of 
 natural everyday conversations be- 
 tween two separate persons. The 
 whole of the recording has been done 
 by native elocutionists from the staff 
 of Hugo's Language Institute. For 
 practicability, accuracy, and clear- 
 ness these records unquestionably 
 will always hold premier place. 
 
 NOTICE. — Gramophone Courses as a rule consist of 10-inch discs ; 
 the " Hugophone" series consists entirely of 12 -inch records, 
 giving the advantage of longer uninterrupted conversation. 
 They are entirely non-scratch, having been manufactured 
 by the New Process. 
 
 Every facility will be given for testing the " Hugophone " Series 
 
 against all others. Comparison is welcomed — it proves the 
 
 superiority of the " Hugophone " ! 
 
 Send for Prospectus HUGO'S LANGUAGE INSTITUTE 
 
 to . 
 
 64-66 Oxford Street, London, W. 1 
 
 A similar Series in English for Foreigners is now ready.
 
 HUGO'S NEW POSTAL 
 SELF-TUITION COURSES 
 
 IN ADDITION to publishing Books, Hugo's also 
 "■■ conduct Language Courses by Correspondence 
 which embody all their latest improvements, and 
 are undoubtedly the finest medium for all who wish 
 to acquire a thoroughly comprehensive knowledge 
 of a Foreign Tongue. 
 
 At present they are available in either of the following : 
 
 FRENCH, SPANISH, GERMAN, 
 ITALIAN, or RUSSIAN. 
 
 HUGO'S SELF-TUITION COURSES are the outcome 
 of over 50 years' actual teaching experience and experi- 
 ment. They entail no drudgery, and are so prepared 
 that one's studies become really interesting. 
 
 By devoting as little as 15 to 30 minutes of your spare time 
 each day to the lessons, you will find that you will be able to 
 write and speak the language in a surprisingly short time. 
 
 The cost of the Course also is extremely low ; it is 
 ONLY Cf. MONTHLY 
 
 5/ 
 
 for twelve months, or £2. 15s. payable in advance. 
 This fee includes not only 50 Postal Lessons (alone 
 worth the price of the Course), but also Individual 
 Lessons adapted to the Student's particular needs, 
 and a set of bound Text-Books. There are no 
 
 EXTRA charges WHATEVER. 
 
 ^ 41 41 
 
 S€nd a post-card for Specimen Lesson, together with our Free 
 Booklet, " The Common-Sense Way of Learning Languages," 
 which tells you all about these wonderful Courses. 
 
 HUGO'S LANGUAGE INSTITUTE, S.-T. Dept. 
 103 Newgate Street, London, E.C. 1
 
 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 A 000 142 806 9 
 
 University of California 
 
 SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 
 
 Return this material to the library 
 
 from vtfhich it was borrowed. 
 
 
 FEB 1 8 ib.H
 
 HUGO'S NEW POSTAL 
 SELF-TUITION COURSES 
 
 IN ADDITION to publishing Books, Hugo's also 
 "'' conduct Language Courses b\' Correspondence 
 which embody all their latest improvements, and 
 are undoubtedly the finest medium for all who wish 
 to acquire a thoroughly comprehensive knowledge 
 of a Foreign Tongue. 
 
 At present they are available in either of the following : 
 
 FRENCH, SPANISH, GERMAN, 
 ITALIAN, or RUSSIAN. 
 
 HUGO'S SELF-TUITION COURSES are the outcome 
 of over 50 j'ears' actual teaching experience and experi- 
 ment. They entail no drudgery, and are so prepared 
 that one's studies become really interesting. 
 
 By devoting as little as 15 to 30 minutes of your spare time 
 each day to the lessons, you will find that j'ou will be able to 
 write and speak the language in a surprisingly short time. 
 
 The cost of the Course also is extremely low ; it is 
 ONLY C/_ MONTHLY 
 
 5/- 
 
 for twelve months, or £,2. 15s. pa^'able in advance. 
 This fee includes not only 50 Postal Lessons (alone 
 worth the price of the Course), but also Individual 
 Lessons adapted to the Student's particular needs, 
 and a set of bound Text-Books. There are no 
 
 EXTRA CHARGES WHATEVER. 
 
 4t 4t 4t 
 
 Send a post-card for Specimen Lesson, together with our Free 
 Booklet, " The Common-Sense Way of Learning Languages," 
 which tells you all about these wonderful Courses. 
 
 HUGO'S LANGUAGE INSTITUTE, S.-T. Dept 
 103 Newgate Street, London, E.G. 1
 
 ^^ijimijiiigi^iii^^^ii^^^i^^^^^^^i^iyi^iii^^^i^i^i^j^y^ 
 
 o^Mm 
 
 6 9
 
 FlBBTLT,— The LiM 
 
 For example: 
 
 allerfH'cn) ^11 duay I 
 aoqnerlr aeifuirt 6i 
 aperooToIr tofsr- 
 
 Tipletc Alphabetical List of ttie French Irregular Verbs, and is intonded /oi" Re/ereru 
 iriiit' <1 III ihk'k lyi>" »rc those of moit frequont ooourrance, knd should therefore be mutered firat. 
 
 . I ..... . .. ' .,f .ight, bCCSQMJ 
 
 it coDJu|mt«d like thefr Boola, need be 1i 
 
 r the Freucli Verbs 
 
 e be found aufficient for all practical pur]i(wea. 
 
 11 iiepeindw^mrrrtfy IT 
 I 'Ifpourroir ilepritt 68 
 
 I d6t«iDilro ditrolmr IT 
 
 ddte&lr to detain fi6 
 
 I dfitruira ladttlny II 
 
 ' devenir to bwimu &n 
 ilH-Hir to dirttt b2 
 
 dire to May, IM 4 
 
 appreadrt 
 AMailllr M . 
 as8eolr(>>' 
 
 tllr bnil aaa^ 4 
 
 itUerpott 
 drrtahr'" 
 
 esclura to errlM 
 
 
 T maiiUatn 56 iprendre to tab! 
 
 a tlandtr 77 prewenlir to/ort^ee 3 
 MndiMoitn 9 pr^valolr lopretailB 
 I prdTeolr to warn tt 
 
 ' itCelr 
 
 
 « forbid ; 
 
 sol ^Cpnrtirfoi/tM 
 
 mWtc (ji') JbUoio U 
 
 rllastralre i 
 rilntorroinpreto'ii- 
 
 ( Irrrupl 1 
 
 ) , latrodnlre to in. 
 
 iMir to iuw S 
 
 Joladro tojofn 1 
 
 oflWr to offer 
 
 omettre to omit 
 
 outr to Uar 
 
 f&t^\tn to npprar 
 paroourlr to hoh 
 
 thr.mffh 
 partlr lo go awag, 
 
 peladre to paint 
 permettre pfrrmit ; 
 
 plaladre far) to 
 
 complain 
 
 plaire to pirate : 
 
 pleovolr to rain : 
 
 i.prometwe to pro- 
 
 J raweolrCee) to tit 
 i\ down again T 
 
 i rebouillir£of/<i^aifi4 
 I ' rcconduire to tet 
 ' reaon&aitre to rt- 
 
 renvoyer to *■ 
 repoltre tofrrd 
 
 repentlr (»e) 
 reprendre to ta 
 
 
 mire ( 
 
 asie 6S 
 
 prMiro toprtdiet 
 
 edormlr lo tleep 
 
 'fianlre to rtdue* i 
 
 I reteuir keep biei E 
 
 rompre to break 
 aaiUiT to pryeet 
 
 safflre totuffine 
 
 sarfaire to orf 
 
 ehargo 
 BorpreDdrefofii 
 
 taire (oe) be t 
 tealr to hold 
 
 ttiUKiWit toitar 
 raloir to be lou 
 
 
 I si"? ^s 
 
 
 I tpta\,ttf. Ityoke,fte. J iraiipnthf. 
 
 i.tj>t«k Iihatlip^ak Itfntk.f 
 
 Hi^lf = lil's^i -Iplt S Hills- 3 |ill||i liilU! f-ll^ll' 'f i" 1= S 
 
 /JtnuW^^ I JJi«,h,M. I IfniiM^c. rtaiijinutf. ^ IMi.JimJt /j*«n/.i«l t/niih.a,. ;>"■»•'? ', 
 
 |||1? ? |||l|i ||r 
 
 iff" Hi - III 
 
 /•*<ii;dAdro /«A4«»ji 
 
 nCftff) g Iwa$,ete. % /tnw.rfp. ^ I mUuU bo | /(Wl&r g /<iN,ft<-. 9 ^ — *^ _ ^ > 
 
 i - f 2 I •"11""" i ="11 " = *"' ? -11 ~= ' r 't% "^^ ^3 i ^a^' I S? ?"2 ^.«'< 
 
 IS 
 
 is
 
 6 9 
 
 1»
 
 COBIPLBTE LIST OF FRENCH lUREtiULAK VERBS, 
 
 ) irn^uIaritiM frequently & 
 
 is^ording to 
 
 tattrt) are coDJugat«d li 
 
 :i)nju^ted exnclly in the m 
 
 >r line before the IqGq 
 
 iuted out iu thick type. 
 
 e coDJugiit«d 
 
 liCPIMlTIVR. 
 
 a. envojer to tritd 
 
 ■l faire (o mak^, do 
 
 
 l.leil 
 
 G. prendre to lakt 
 
 8. croitra tot/row 
 |9. coonaitre U> itew 
 
 10. pamiire to appear 
 jll. nvtHre tofetd 
 
 JS. DftUre 10 be born 
 
 •13. oondoire condwt 
 n. instrotpa iiittntct 
 
 ilS. craindre (<»/«»■ 
 17. peiodre to paint 
 16. joindre (ojcin | joign. 
 t TlioM periona of craUre irfaich 
 
 ike those 
 droumflrx accent over the 
 
 je jurattr- 
 je ropaitr- 
 
 
 Co»D,I.OKA,.. 
 
 1»,BM£C». 
 
 KS- - 
 
 »,LI|iJlltJi,''l'IVB. 
 
 j'en>err. 
 
 
 i'.nvo,. 
 
 
 j'ull. 
 j'envoy- 
 
 
 i'aiU- 
 
 
 I ossie. 
 
 je ter- 
 
 
 je dia- 
 
 
 i.f. 
 jed- 
 
 
 ji (aaa- 
 
 je prenn- 
 (prea-*) 
 
 
 
 " ''°"- 
 
 tti. 
 
 '" ""''■ 
 
 Hi. 
 
 j.l,. 
 
 
 i, LoiT- 
 
 
 j.b. 
 
 
 
 il 
 
 caiiimiBB- 
 
 ail 
 
 is oonn- 
 
 61.." 
 
 (croy.-) 
 pftniiaa- 
 
 it. 
 
 ill,,. 
 
 Sl'" 
 
 repaflr- 
 
 .ie..l 
 
 repoiss- 
 
 .i.nl 
 
 i"«P- J 
 
 
 ■ fpaias- 
 
 e.,1 
 
 j.rsp. J 
 
 
 '"conJui, 
 
 
 cooduia- 
 i-i.,.lr»i8. 
 
 
 ;;o„d.i.. 
 
 i> 
 ii 
 
 i'initfiiia- 
 
 
 £ 
 
 i... 
 
 i. uui,- 
 
 
 je Duia 
 
 
 i. ,.ui3. 
 
 'Z' 
 
 ie nuia- 
 
 
 ja ama- 
 
 issioni 
 ieaiea 
 
 j.er.inJr. 
 
 
 JO cmea- 
 
 
 jeoraisa- 
 
 """■ 
 
 jecmiea. 
 
 
 'c^iga. 
 
 ieeent 
 
 icjoLdr-J 
 
 
 je peiga- 
 is ioign. J 
 
 
 je peign. 
 
 jejoigi.. 
 
 
 je peiga. 
 jejoiga- J 
 
 
 peiga- 
 joiga- 
 
 
 IlJPIKITIVE. 
 
 fUESENT 
 
 ■-TTn 
 
 r„a...»T. 
 
 FrTUBB. 
 
 |49. aaiaillir M w*a.i 
 
 j'a.«,ill-e, es. e 
 
 j'a.Kulli,. 1 
 
 
 160. Millirtt. ;.ro;M( 
 
 
 ..llli 
 
 il«iille.ik,.iUeBt 
 
 a «,llle,. 
 
 
 52.vSfrf».WAe 
 
 foy- 1 " 
 
 vflB 
 
 fuy-iiTiH, CI. faiont 
 JO vet.., s, - 
 
 je.elfr- 
 
 
 53, aoqilirix to aequiri 
 
 acq u( rant 
 
 aoqols 
 
 j'acQu-lera. ler«. ien 
 6Pona. 6rea. 16ronl 
 
 j'acauerr- 
 
 
 5i. out'Mr to galhor 
 
 C.ill.Pt 
 
 ceiill 
 
 j.ouelller. 
 
 
 [55. tenir to hold 
 
 l.n«nl 
 
 le„a 
 
 jo tlea-s. e, t 
 teB-.in», OK. tteaaei.t 
 
 je vieadr- 
 
 
 67. Oourlr (0 run 
 
 couninl 
 
 coura 
 
 j. ooar... ,, t 
 
 je coaiT. 
 
 
 58. mourir fo dw 
 
 mounol 
 
 mort 
 
 j. mear... ,, t 
 
 jo moarr- 
 
 «1 
 
 ,69. reoevolr to netivf 
 
 leo. devoir to owe 
 
 devaDt 
 
 rega 
 
 jere?oi-9,' a.'t. reoev- 
 ons. eB. reooivent 
 j! doi.., ., t 
 dev-ons, ea. dolVent 
 jedechoi.s,s,|.d(^ohoy. 
 
 jedeotierr- 
 
 .,«. 
 
 62. VRlolr to be worth 
 
 63. iiffiraloir to prevail 
 e*. vonloir (w Je hh/- 
 
 65. pouvoir (0 be able 
 
 66. mouvoir fo move 
 
 pr6valant 
 pnovant 
 
 Toala 
 
 TaU.m"ont 
 ji3 i>riTaa-x, X, t 
 prf'val-iins, OB. eat 
 
 je paia ',>r peu-x. x, t 
 poiiv-ons, et. peav-eni 
 
 jo prf- 
 
 vaadr- 
 
 je voudr. 
 
 " 
 
 07. savoir to Anoto 
 68. pourvnir to fiurvey 
 
 aaohant 
 jjrturvoyaiil 
 
 poorro 
 
 jo aal... ., t 
 
 je aaar. 
 
 
 69. pr^Toif to/oresee 
 
 pr^voyant 
 
 T.rjTa 
 
 )epK.v.ii.B.9,t,pr6VOy- 
 
 je prtvoir- 
 
 
 70. voir (o we 
 
 VOyant 
 
 axle 
 
 jo'K'iadJ.™!- 
 
 jeverr. 
 
 
 72. pienvoirtiraiB 
 74. fichoir to/all rfw 
 
 pl,^u»,nl 
 
 £ 
 
 il taat 
 il fohoit 
 
 il faadra 
 
 
 Co»»,T,„.v.,., 
 
 I-PK„,.BO,, 1 
 
 .h^„, 1 
 
 5r.0Pi 
 
 ;;::;:: 
 
 
 '""'""" 
 
 
 
 
 '■""'"■ 
 
 
 je vStir. 
 (■acaerr- 
 
 
 je»St. 
 j'ao,u(r. 
 
 
 j'aeqo- 
 
 ir 
 
 i'aenulfer- 
 
 
 cuelller- 
 
 
 je caeill- 
 
 
 je cueiU- 
 
 
 j-rorei'i'. ' 
 
 
 tleadr. 
 
 
 jo lea. 
 
 
 je t- 1 ini. lag 
 
 jo tlenn- 
 
 
 vieadr- 
 
 
 j.,.a. 
 
 
 
 J%^B. 
 
 
 jacourr- 
 
 . 
 
 j. coac. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 j.moarr. 
 
 . 
 
 jo ,a..„r. 
 
 
 je moa^ 
 
 
 j. a,ear. 
 
 
 jo roeevr- 
 
 lir 
 
 j, reooy. 
 
 
 jo 109- 
 
 
 jo regolv- 
 
 1,1 
 
 je devr- 
 
 
 j. day. 
 
 . 
 
 jed- 
 
 
 jrdOly. 
 
 
 je'v'aadr: 
 
 ie. 
 
 je yal. 
 
 ie. 
 
 j. dfch. 
 je val. 
 
 z 
 
 jidMol- 
 (dfiel.oy*) 
 jo vauf. 
 
 Ie. 
 
 joprs- 
 vaadr- 
 
 jo poarr- 
 je laouvr- 
 
 
 je pr^yal- 
 
 
 jeprCvnl- 
 jo voul- 
 jop. 
 
 ""■■' 
 
 j,. yooffl. 
 je wieb- 
 
 
 jeprtvoir- 
 iavarr- 
 
 
 jeprtyoy- 
 jo yoy- 
 
 
 jepoary- 
 jeprtv- 
 jey. 
 
 !■ 
 it 
 
 (poarv...' 
 jo prfivnl- 
 (prtvoj.-) 
 
 
 jem' 
 
 aadir- 
 il pleavra 
 il badp,! 
 
 
 il plaavait 
 II Ulail 
 
 il OCllWl 
 
 
 jem' 
 
 asa- 
 11 plat 
 11 faUal 
 
 il 6ehut 
 
 im,i 
 
 (vay-') 
 
 je ,a'a«el- 
 
 il pleave 
 11 faille 
 
 
 i- vSt- 
 
 Preient of the Subjuni 
 
 lit. ainaadr. 
 
 10 .Wire 
 
 alualy. 
 
 Iso. r^aoadre to rttolti 
 
 r^eoly. 
 
 31. rooadrc 
 
 .,nnd 
 
 taaul- 
 
 ,23. rondure 
 
 to fonttttit 
 
 conela. 
 
 J28, excioro ( 
 
 tMide 
 
 ewlu- 
 
 j». plaire t 
 
 f/«« 
 
 plala. 
 
 |25. ac taira 
 
 to it ..In.! 
 
 .0 laia- 
 
 M.t™»<. 
 
 aift 
 
 tray- 
 
 n. lire b r. 
 
 oJ 
 
 lis- 
 
 38. ylyre to 
 
 lin 
 
 riv. 
 
 39. <»)adre 
 
 ««» 
 
 cas. 
 
 80. mettre 
 
 ,p.l 
 
 neit- 
 
 91. eaaSte to 
 
 prturto 
 
 ooaris. 
 
 M. aafflre / 
 
 njfteo 
 
 ■aOia. 
 
 ». rire l» ;« 
 
 ,,k 
 
 ti- 
 
 U.^oiirel 
 
 .crito 
 
 faeiy- 
 
 3&.aaiyT6r 
 
 follow 
 
 .alr. 
 
 w. se repeatir fn n 
 19. MBtlr to/tti 
 
 K. oftlr to o/»r 
 pr. •ooffrirl«MAr 
 U. boniUir U bra 
 
 
 je aouffrir- 
 
 je plair. 
 
 
 
 jemoul- 
 jeooncU 
 
 t Past pASncnxK ; rttoua, it moooine ehemitalli/ eoltxd. • The lett«n in paronthea 
 
 ind Sod persoDfl Plural of the Present of the Subjuncti 
 
 battre ie conjugated like the regular verbs ending In re, except tn the Singular of the Preaant (tndioative), where It takes one / only -.aa: Jo hatt, tu bat4, il bat ; 
 
 the plural, which is rfigular, i»: hom hatturu, etc. 
 Tompre is conjugated like the regular verbe ending in re, except in the 3rd person of the Singular, where it takee at; lit: j* romp; tv rompt, il rcnipt; nou 
 
 eontredire'n conjugated like if ir it («ee No. 4) except io the 2nd perdon Plural o/ttu Pretent, yrhioh is voMt eoiUrtditt and not: voiu coiUrtditM. 
 
 maudiro is oonjugaled like eontredire CNo. 77), but takea sm in the Pretent Participle and conseiuently also in the Plvral o/the Prt^eiU, the Impfr/Kt, and the 
 
 Present o/ the Subjunrtivf : ntauduaatU; je maudin, tu maudit. 11 maudil, nous maudi^Qutu, ti'Uf mauduai>i,ile mauditBtia. jt maudiiiaaU.eU:. je nauJitOt.elC. 
 
 Mni> iu con jugatc'i tike the regular verbs ending in ir, but ha« besides the regular I'wt Participle bini another form; Mai'/ few: £MU», which la used when 
 
 verba ending in i>; il takes however the din-reeis ( ■■ ) over the i, except in the Singular of the F 
 
 epluT 
 
 i^Hsli. 
 
 
 4 haltti, ale. 
 
 takes the otrcumflex accent; 
 DEFECTIVE VERBS, 
 verbs are defective in their conjugation. The following have only the teuaes and persons given in the taWe. 
 
 'mperf: il bra7-ait, aienl; Preetna Suhj: il brai-», «l 
 
 art: brayant; Preient; il brait, iJa braieut ; A 
 II bruit; Imporf: it bruyait, ila bruynient i also 
 .- oloB; Preumt: je cloi, tu cloa, il clAC; Fut: j 
 ,■ gclos: Pretent: il fclAt, ils £cloSent ; Fvt: \. 
 
 
 brair-a, ont; Coitd: il bra 
 times : il bruiss-ait, aient : 
 r>ai,etc.; Cond: jcclor-aii 
 Coiul: il «clor-ai 
 
 ; Pretent Sulg: ]» 
 It; PrettM Subj: 
 
 Ifrit; Put 
 
 firir-ai, etc. ; Cotid: 
 iple is lul, and the P<ut 
 
 \i d«faiU.o 
 
 PaH Part: frit; Prrneitt: je fris, ti 
 
 is conjugated like condvire (No. 13) 
 
 is used only in the Past Part: chu. 
 
 ProtffiU Part : dfifaillniit ; Patt Part : dfifailti ; Pretent 
 
 Pott Part! failll: Put: je £aillir-ai, etc. ; Old /arm: je faudr-ai, etc. Cond: 
 
 is only used in the expression: tant coup/irir, without striking a blow. 
 
 is conjugated regularly like ^ni'r, but in the sense of to protpor the ProKTU Pa 
 
 Preient Part: glaant ; Preient: il gll, nous gls-one, e«, ent ; Imperf: je gl»«ii 
 
 is obsolete now, except the Pa»t Part: issU (conjugated with Are). 
 
 Pait Part : oui (used only in oui dirr'). 
 
 is only used in the Infinitive. 
 
 Pretent: il aled, 
 
 e and Imprr/eot of the Sahjuf 
 
 etc.; Piut Def: 
 n: je faudr-uis, ct 
 
 Oi-glt, here 
 
 
 •art .■ aeyae ^ 
 ', is ouly used ii 
 
 and t 
 
 • Poet 
 
 eing always formed a
 
 A 000 142 806 9 
 
 University of CalifornJa 
 
 SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILTY 
 
 405 Hllgard Avenue, Los Angeles CA 90024 1388 
 
 Return this material to the library 
 
 from vi/hich it w>as borrowed. 
 
 FEB 1 8 ibs
 
 ;#'''".llPSi 
 
 f 
 
 Soutii(