HUGO'S RENCH VERBS SIMPLIFIED California egional acility ssfiA Catalogue of the PRINCIPAL TEXT-BOOKS Published by HUGO'S LANGUAGE INSTITUTE THE following pages contain full par- ticulars of the principal text-books compiled and published by Hugo's Language Institute. A complete list will be furnished on application or, if desired, further details relative to any volume will be sent. The Institute also welcomes inquiries from Students, or intending Students, who wish for advice as to the most suitable books for any course of study or for any special object in view. Letters should be addressed to the Book Department, and will receive the per- sonal attention of the Principal. Hugo's books can be obtained from any Bookseller, or post free from the Institute's Book Department. Remittances should accompany all orders. HUGO'S LANGUAGE INSTITUTE, 103 Newgate Street, London, E.C. 1 ANY BEGINNER who really wants to acquire a practical working knowledge of a Language cannol do better than use HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM. HUGO'S FRENCH in 3 Months WITHOUT A MASTER Set of three separate volumes in paper covers. I. — A Simple but Complete Grammar, containing all the rules necessary for speaking and writing French correctly. 11. — French Pronunciation ; a series of Easy Anecdotes, with the Translation and Pronunciation of every word. III. — A Key to the Conversational Exercises in the Grammar. In all 184 pages 3/" complete. HUGO'S FRENCH SIMPLIFIED Similar to the above but contains an extra part, French Idioms. This section consists of practical sentences, introducing all the important Idioms and peculiarities of French construction. 280 pages, cloth 5/- complete in one vol. MORE PEOPLE HAVE SUCCEEDED during the last forty years in learning languages by HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM than by all other systems together. INNUMERABLE TESTIMONIALS ANY BEGINNER who really wants to acquire a practical working knowledge of a Language cannot do better than use HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM. HUGO'S GERMAN in 3 Months WITHOUT A MASTER Set of three separate volumes in paper covers. I. — A Simple but Complete Grammar, containing all the rules necessary for speaking and writing German correctly. II. — German Conversation : Miscellaneous Conversational Sen- tences, introducing all the Important Idioms, etc. III. — A Key to the Conversational Exercises in the Grammar. In all 232 pages 3/- complete. HUGO'S GERMAN SIMPLIFIED Similar to the above but contains an extra part : German Composition Simplified. A useful book, containing a collection of Amusing and Interesting Anecdotes, etc., arranged for Translation at Sight, with Key. 264 pages, cloth 5/- complete in one vol. MORE PEOPLE HAVE SUCCEEDED during the last forty years in learning languages by HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM than by all other systems together. INNUMERABLE TESTIMONIALS ANY BEGINNER who really wants to acquire a practical working knowledge of a Language cannot do better than use HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM. HUGO'S SPANISH in 3 Months WITHOUT A MASTER Set of three separate volumes in paper covers. I. — A Simple but Complete Grammar, containing all the rules necessary for speaking and writing Spanish correctly. II. — Spanish Conversation : Miscellaneous Conversational Sen- tences, introducing all the important idioms, etc. III. — A Key to the Conversational Exercises in the Grammar. In all 176 pages 3/- complete. HUGO'S SPANISH SIMPLIFIED Similar to the above but contains an extra part, Spanish Reading : A collection of amusing and interesting anecdotes and dialogues, etc., carefully selected and copiously annotated. 240 pages, cloth 5/- complete in one vol. MORE PEOPLE HAVE SUCCEEDED during the last forty years in learning languages by HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM than by all other systems together. INNUMERABLE TESTIMONIALS ANY BEGINNER who really wants to acquire a practical working knowledge of a Language cannot do better than use HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM. HUGO'S ITALIAN in 3 Months WITHOUT A MASTER Set of three separate volumes in paper covers. I. — A Simple but Complete Grammar, containing all the rules necessary for speaking and writing Italian correctly. II.^lTALiAN Conversation : Miscellaneous Conversational Sen- tences, introducing all the important idioms, etc. III. — A Key to the Conversational E.xercises in the Grammar. In all 208 pages 3/- complete. Also in one vol. with additional part : Italian Reading 272 pages 5/- Bound in cloth. HUGO'S PORTUGUESE in 3 Months WITHOUT A MASTER Consisting of two volumes in paper covers. I. — A Concise Practical Grammar, containing Exercises, Key, and Conversation, with complete Conjugations of the Regular and Auxiliary Verbs. II. — E.xercises on the Rules of Grammar, the Irregular Verbs Simpli- fied, and a collection of Amusing Anecdotes, annotated for Translation at Sight. In all 176 pages. 3/- complete. Also in one vol. with additional part : Portuguese Reading 224 pages 5/- Bound in cloth. ^FLEMISH can also be learnt by this book. ANY BEGINNER who really wants to acquire a practical working knowledge of a Language cannot do better than use HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM. HUGO'S DUTCH in 3 MONTHS WITHOUT A MASTER L — A Condensed and Simplified Grammar, with Exercises and Key, Practical Conversation, etc. II. — Advanced Grammar, Lists of the principal Regular & Irregular Verbs, Indispensable Words, Commercial & Idiomatic Phrases, etc., and Supplements dealing specially with. AFRIKAANS & SOUTH AFRIKAN DUTCH. 2 vols, paper covers 3/- In all 176 pages. Also in 1 vol., with extra part, 5/- 224 pp., bound in cloth HUGO'S HINDUSTANI SIMPLIFIED Complete in 2 parts (not sold separately), 160 pp., 5s. net. A publication which for the first time removes the diffi- culties previously met with in studiang Hindustani and makes it possible for anyone to acquire a practical knowledge of the language with comparative case. V^r IMITATED PRONUNCIATION OF EVERY WORD. MORE PEOPLE HAVE SUCCEEDED during the last forty years in learning languages by HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM than by all other systems together. INNUMERABLE TESTIMONIALS Hugo's SWEDISH SIMPLIFIED Complete in 2 parts (not sold separately), 160 pp., 3s. net. A practical guide to modern conversational Swedish. Compiled throughout on Hugo's well known Simpli- fied System. Contains a Condensed and Simplified Grammar, Practical Conversation, Graduated Read- ing Exercises, consisting of Easy Anecdotes, Short Stories, etc.. 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FOREIGN BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE U UGO'S publish a series of books of great value to all who are likely to have much to do with Foreign Business Correspondence. These books not only show the student how to construct various kinds of business let- ters, but also familiarise him with expressions likely to be met with in letters received from the respective countries. FRENCH COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENT 312 pages, cloth ... 5/- net SPANISH COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENT 192 pages, cloth ... 3/6 net GERMAN COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENT 192 pages, cloth ... 3/6 net ITALIAN COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENT 192 pages, cloth ... 3/6 net Hugo's VERBS SIMPLIFIED A Series of Books which will elucidate every difficulty in connection with this subject. The Student is no longer burdened with a tremen- dous amount of memorising ; a few important rules save much of this needless labour. FRENCH VERBS SIMPLIFIED, cloth, 2s. net. SPANISH VERBS SIMPLIFIED, cloth, 2s. net. ITALIAN VERBS SIMPLIFIED, cloth, 2s. net. GERMAN VERBS SIMPLIFIED, cloth, 2s. net. HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM. FRENCH VERBS SIMPLIFIED. RULES FOR THE FORMATION OF TENSES ; AND COMPLETE TABLES FOR REFERENCE, SHOWING AT A GLANCE THE CONJUGATION OF EVERY VERB, Regular and Irregular. PUBLISHED BY HUGO'S LANGUAGE INSTITUTE, 10;i Newgate Street, London, E.G. 1 ; and Braiu hes. PREFACE. This work forms one of "HUGO'S SIMPLIFIED SERIES." the chief object of which is to save the Student's time by giving no Rules but those actually necessary. In this case, however, as with " French Genders Simplified," the greatQr part of the book is for Reference only. The tables appended, which may be taken out and mounted, will be found specially convenient for reference, as they show at a glance every Number, Person, Mood, and Tense of every Verb, Regular or Irregular. Students should first learn the regular terminations (see page 6), referring to the Rules on the Formation of Tenses opposite. This is quickly done by taking one Tense at a time, the best order to follow being Present, Perfect, Future, Imperfect, Conditional, etc., as laid down in Hugo's " French Grammar Simplified." When the Regular Verbs liave been thoroughly mastered, the Irregular Verbs present no difficultj^ All that need be learnt is the irregularities of important Verbs, which are indicated by thick type- No English for the Subjunctive Mood should be learned. The translation usually given, — " that I may speak," or " might speak," is most misleading, and often absolutely wrong. The only safe way is to learn when to employ this Mood. We omit que before the French Subjunctive, as it is no pai't of this Mood, and neither always precedes it nor always governs it. It is ad- visable, however, to insert it in replies to examination questions. Fuller conjugations of the Compound Tenses, and of the Negative and Interrogative Forms, are omitted, as they require no learning whatever. The mere sight of these as given in most Grammars appals and disheartens the Student ; and the formation is precisely the same throughout every Verb in the language. For the same reason, we give no list of the Verbs requiring " de " before a following Infinitive. There is no occasion to learn these Verbs, if it is borne in mind that all Verbs require "de" unless given in oui Lists of those requiring " a," or no Preposition. We believe that this work will be found a great help to the be- ginner who has not yet mastered the Verbs, and an invaluable book o" reference for the advanced Student. 2101ir.l CONTENTS. Explanation of the various kinds of Verbs, their Moods, Tenses, etc. ... ... ... ... 5 Complete Table of Terminations of the Regular Conjugations ... ... ... ... ... 6 General Rules on the Formation of Tenses ... 7 Hints on the Formation of the Auxiliary Verbs ... 8 Regular Verbs suitable for Conjugation as Practice 8 Compound Tenses ... ... ... ... ... 9 Interrogative and Negative Forms ... ... 10 Explanation of the use of the Various Tenses ... 11 Verbs ending in OIR ... ... ... ... 13 Reflective Verbs ... ... ... ... ... 14 Compound Tenses of the Reflective Verbs ... 15 Reflective Verbs for Practice ... ... ... 16 Passive Voice ... ... ... ... ... 16 Peculiarities of some Verbs ending in ER ... 17 Formation of Tenses ... ... ... ... 18 Translation of "TO" before a Verb ... ... 19 Verbs requiring no Preposition before the next Verb 1 9 Verbs requiring '• a " before the next Verb ... 20 Verbs "which may take *' a " or '' de " before the next Verb 20 Differences in meaning when " a " or •" de '" is used 21 Verbs followed by a Preposition in English, but not in French ... ... ... ... ... 21 Verbs folio-wed by a Preposition in French, but not in English ... ... ... ... ... 21 Present and Past Participles ... ... ... 22 Impersonal Verbs ... ... ... ... ... 22 Idiomatic Tenses ... ... ... ... ... 23 Model Conjugation of an English Verb ... ... 24 TABLES FOR REFERENCE. (To be foimd in pocket at end of bo<jk.) A.) Complete Conjugation of the Regular and Auxiliary Verbs. B.) Complete List of the Irregular Verbs, c.) Complete Conjugation of every Irregular Verb, arranged so that any Mood, Tense, Number, or Person, can be ascertained at a glance. 5 THE FRENCH VERBS. The Verb is the most important part of Speech in all languages, and should therefore be learned thoroughly. Verbs are divided into two classes, — Transitive and Intransitive, Transitive Verbs Eire so called because they transmit the action from the Subject to the Object ; as, I (^Subject) buy ( Verb^ a house {Object^. Verbs consist of Voices, 3Ioods, Tenses, Numbers and Persons. There are two Voices, the Active Voice and the Passive Voice. In the Active Voice the Subject of the Verb is the doer of tht action expressed ; as, the boy (^Subject) plays ( Verb), The Active Voice often expresses a state or condition ; as : the boy sleeps. In the Passive Voice the Subject of the Verb is the receiver ef the action expressed ; as, the boy (^Subject) is beaten ( Verb). There are five Moods, viz : 1, Infinitive, 2, Indicative, 3, Subjunctive, 4, Imperative, 5, CVra» ditional. The Principal Teuse^ are : Present, Past, and Future, supplemented by Auxiliary Tenses, as shown in the Model Conjugation of an English Verb. Tuere are three Persons, each having two Numbers, the Sin- gular and the Plural ; as. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur 1st Person I we 3rd Person masc. he ] 2nd „ thou you fem. she > they neut. it ) TRANSITIVE VERBS, or Active Verbs, as they are sometimes called, require an Object to complete the sense. For instance: I find conveys no complete meaning; but, I find the book, he found the street, etc., are complete sentences. INTRANSITIVE VERBS, or Neuter Verbs as they are sometimes called, couvey a complete meaning without the addition of an Object. Examples: I sang, he reads, they slept, Ltc. Intransitive Verbs can occasionally be employed as Transitive; as, — I sang a SOng, he reads a book, etc. The Objects in the foregoing examples are Indicated by thick typ j. IMPERSONAL OE UNIPERSONAL VERBS can only be used in the third person Singular ; as, it is thundering , it was snowing, it will rain. TERMINATIONS OF THE REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. (see General Rules on tlie fornvithm nf Tenses) The following terminations are added to the Stem in all Tenses except the Future and Conditiotuil ; in these two they are added to the Infinitive. 1. IXFINITIYE. parl-er vend-re fin-ir 2. Presknt Participle. 3. Past Participle. er parl- ■ ant er re ir er re ir er re ir er re ir er re ir er re ir er re ir re ir parl- vend- fin- Tend- finiss- e s is er parl-e re vend-u ir fin-i parler- Tendr(e)- finir- parler- vendr(e)- finir- parl- vend- fiuiss- parl- vend- lin- parl- vend- finiss- parl- vend- fin- 4. tu es s is INDICATIVE. Presknt Tense. il nous e ^ Plural Stem 5. [ai as 6. it , finis S-'' FUTTRE. a ens ez 1' I. COXDITIOXAL. ais ait ions iez 7. Imperfect or Past. ais ait ions iez Past Definite or Preterite. as is ames imes ates ites SUBJUXCTIVE. 9. Present. es ions iez er parl- re Tend- er fin- 10. Imperfect or Past. asse asses at assions [isse isses it issions 11. Imperative. Sing: 2nd person. Plur : 1st person assiez issiez ent ont aient aient erent Irent ent assent issent e s is ons ons issons 2nd person, ez ez issez GENERAL RULES ON THE FORMATION OF TENSES. 1. The Infinitive of all Regular French Verbs ends in er, re, or Ir, ITie Stem is the part of the verb which precedes cr, rs, or ir. 2. As shown by the terminations opposite, the Present Participle is formed by adding cuit to the Stem of all verbs ; verbs in ir prefix iss to the ant ; as, — parlant, vendant,jimssant. 3. The Past Participle of verbs ending in er is pronounced like the Infinitive. 4. The terminations, added in the Singular of the Present of verbs in er and re, are not pronounced. The Plural terminations of all verbs are ons, ez, e»^(this ent is always mute) ; verbs in ir prefix iss to the Plural terminations. 5. The terminations of the Future are the same as those of fai, tu as, il a, etc. They are added to the Infinitive, the e of verbs in re being omitted; ?LS,,—je parlcrai, il vendra, nous finirons. 6. The Conditional is formed by adding the terminations to the Infinitive, the e of verbs in re being omitted ; as, je 2)arlerais, il vendo'ait, notes finiri ons. 7. The terminations of the Imperfect are the same as those of the Conditional ; but they are added to the Stem, (not to the Infinitive). Verbs in //• prefix iss to these terminations throughout the tense; as, je parlais, nous veyidions, ilfinissait. 8. The terminations of the Singular in the Past Definite of verbs in er are the same as those otfai, tu as, il a ; and of verbs in re and ir the same as those of the Present of verbs in ir ; as, je parlai, tu parlas, il parla ; je vendis,tu vendis,il vendit ; je finis,, tu finis, ilfinit. The Plural of the Past Definite only differs in the Vowel : Verbs in ^ ^'' p. ■ ^ i ''nes -, Wes ^ i rent { red^ir i \ t ) i ) 9. The terminations of the Present Subjunctive are the same as those of the Present Indicative of verbs ending in er, an i being prefixed to ons and ez. Verbs in ir prefix iss to the terminations throughout the tense ; as, il parle,nous parlions,tu vendes, vous vendiez, je finisse, iious finissio7is, ils finissent. 10. The Imperfect Subjunctive is the same as the Present Subjunc- tive of verbs in ir (jefinisse, etc.), except in the 3rd person singular, where isse is changed to it. Verbs in er, however, substitute a for i throughout the tense ; as, je parlas,se, il jJarldt, vous piavlassiez, tu vendisses,il vendit, je finisse, tufinisses, ilfinit, nousfini.ssions, ils finissent. 11. The Imperative has really only three persons ; viz : 2nd per- son Singular, and 1st & 2nd person Plural. These persons are formed by omitting the pronouns tu, nous, vous from the Present of the Indicative. Verbs in er elide the s in the 2nd person Singular. The forms for the 3rd person, let him speak and let them< spealt, are simply the 3rd person of the Present Subjunctive with que pre- fixed ; as,— let him sell quHl vende, let them finish qtCils finissent. HINTS ON THE FORMATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERBS. The Future of «?•(>/■;• is formed by adding the terminations ai, as, a, oius, ez, ont, to auT, and of etre by adding them to ser ; as, faurai, tu auras, il aura, etc. je serai, tu seras, il sera, etc. The Conditional of avoir is formed by adding the terminations fis. a is. ait, ions, iez, aient, to aiir. and of etre by adding them tc ser ; as, faurais, tu aurais, il aurait, etc. je serais, tu serais, il serait, etc. The Imperfect of avoir is formed by adding the terminations ais, ais, ait, iojis, iez, aient, to av, and of etre by adding them to et ; as, favais, il avait, nous avians, etc. fit ais, vous etiex. Us etaient, etc. The Past Definite of avoir is feus, tu eus, il eut ; nous eumes, rous eutes, ih eurent. The Past Definite of etre can be formed by changing the e of the above into /: — -je /us, tu /us, il /ut, nous fumes, vous/utes, ils/urent. The Present Subjunctive of avoir and etre is very irregular, and must therefore be learned by heart. The Imperative of avoir and etre is the same as the Present of the Subjunctive, the Pronouns tu, vous, nous, being omitted; thus: have aieQs"), ayez ; let us have ayons be sois, soyez ; let us be soyons For the forms : let him have qu'il ait, let them have qu''il& aient, see No. 11, General Rules on the Formation of Tense? LIST OF REGULAR VERBS SUITABLE FOR CONJUGATION AS PRACTICE. to accept accepter to sing clianttr to hide caeher to copy copier to give donner to knock, strike /rap- per to wait for attendre to descend descendre to hear ertendre to haMg pendre to punish punir to obey oheir to choose choisir Verbs i>' er. to think ^e«.ser to Y>^ax jouer to turn tourner to study etudiei to forget oublier to find trouver to visit visiter Verbs ix re. Ito sell vendre to hold out tendre to correspond corres- pond re Verbs in ir. Ito fill remplir I to accomplish accom- Ito build hdtir [plir to pass passer to accompany accom- pagner to show montrer to mount monter to breakfast dejeui\er to bite mordre to lose perdre to defend de/endre to reply repondre [to succeed reussir to grow pale pdlir to furnish foumir THE COMPOUND TENSES are formed as in English with the Past ParticipU ana tn; auxiliary verb avoir, to have, and therefore do not re(|uir( any studj. For Compoimd Tenses formed with " etre," to be, see Passive Voice. List of Compound Tenses for Reference. Infinitive Perfect i^poJien tOtUive^ finished avoir <^ fini had eu v Me. , parl6 vendu been ete having Participle Perfect. I .y)oJien parle sold I vendu finished ayant<| fini Jtad eu been ^ 6t§ Perfect. I have thou hast he has we have you have they have spoheii sold 7- finished ( had \ been Pluperfect. I had thou hadst 'Vo]en sold he liad we had you liad they had !> finished 1 had \ been ] avais tu avais il avait nous avion s vous aviez ils avaient parI6 vendu fini eu et6 Past Defin. Perfect tu eus ) P^'"'^ il eut ( f?^*^ ,■ fini nouseumes / vous efites \ ,., ils eurent ) Future Perfect. 1 shall have spohen, sold^finished, had, been, etc. j'aurai tu auras 11 aura nous aurons vous aurez Us auront parl6 vendu fini eu ete Conditional Perfect. I should have spoken, sold, fi'^ nished, liad, been, etc. j'aurai s tu aurais il aurait nous aurions , vous auriez ils auraient parle vendu fini eu et^ Perfect, have spoken, sold, finished had, been, etc. j'aie tu aies il ait nous ayons vous ayez ils aient F. v. 2. parle vendu > fini eu ete SUBJUNCTIVE. Pluperfect. / had spolwn, sold, finished, had been, etc. j'eusse tu eusses il eut nous eussions vous eussiez I lis eussent 10 THE INTERROGATIVE FORM. Questions are formed in French by placing the Pro- nouns after the Verb ; the Verb and Pronoun are connected by a hyphen {-) ; as, Iti&ye j'ai Question : have I ? ai-je * he is il est „ is he .' est-il « MODEL TENSE IX INTERROGATIVE FORM, have I ? ai-je? have we .' avons-nousf hast thou ? as-tu f I have jou I avez-vous f has he ? a-t-il ? \ have they ? ont-ils ? The words do, does, dil, which are used in questions ir English, are not translated in French ; as, do you speak ? := speak yon ? parlez-vous f does she sell .' = sells she ? vend-elle .» If the Verb ends iu a vowel in the 3rd person singular, a / between two hyphens (-^) is put iu questions between the Verb and the Pronoun ; ms, has he ? a-t-il ? ] does he speak 1 parle-t-il ? will she be .' sera-t-elle ? | did he speak ? parla-t-il .* :o: THE NEGATIVE FORM. Negations are formed in French by two words ne...pas, NOT : ne is put before the Verb and 2)as after it ; as, I am not je ne suis pas ; are they not ? ne sont-ils pas ? 7ie before a vowel becomes n ; as, I have not_7e n'ai pas ; have you not ? n avez-vous pas? MODEL TENSE IN NEGATIVE FORM. I was not je iietais pas I we were not nous netions pas thou wast not tu n etuis pas you were not vans netiez pas he was not il n'etait pas \ they were not ih n'etaient pas MODEL TENSE IN NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE FORM, am I not ? ne suis-je pas ? I are we not ? ne snmmes-iious pas f art thou not ? n'es-tu pas ? are you not ? netes-vous pas f is he not ? n' est-il pas ? \ are they not ? Tie sont-ils pas t do, does, dpi, are not translated ; as, I do not speak je ne parle pas ; does he not speak ? ne parle-t-il pas f we did not speak nous ne parlions pas, nous navons pas parte pas is put after the Auxiliary in Compound Tenses, as in English ; as. I have not spolcen je n'ai pas parle tu n'as pas parl^ il n'a pas parM, etc. have 1 not spoken f n'ai-je pas parle ? n' as-tu pas parl^ ? n'a-t-il pas parle ? etc. 11 EXPLANATION AND USE OF TENSES. (See Model Conjugation of English Verb at end.) The Present Tense is employed as in English, but it has only one form in French ; and thus the English Progressive form, / am speaking, etc., has no equivalent in French, but must be translated like / speak, etc. Thus change tvhen translating : we are speaking into we speak you are „ „ you „ they are „ „ they „ 1 am speaking into I speak thou art „ „ thou speakest he(she)is„ „ he(8he)«peaks Questions are formed in all French verbs by putting the pronoun after the verb ; do and does are not translated. Tims change tvhen translating : do I speak or am I speaking nito speak I? dost thou speak ,, art thou ,, „ speakest thou .' doeshe(she)„ „ ishe(8he)„ „ speaks he (she) / do we „ „ are we ,, „ speak we? do you „ „ are you ., „ speak you? do they „ „ are they „ ,, speak they? The Negation of all Verbs in French is formed alike. Thus change when translating : 1 do not speak or I am not speaking into I speak not thou dost not speak „ thou art not „ „ thou speakest not he does „ „ ,, he is „ „ „ he speaks „ we do „ „ „ we are ,, „ ., we speak „ you do „ „ ,. you are „ „ „ you „ „ they do ,, ,, „ they are „ „ ,, they „ „ {Interrogative Negative Form.) do I not speak or am I not speaking i?i^o speak I not? dost thou not speak „ art thou not „ ,, speakest thou not? does he „ „ ,, is he „ „ „ speaks he „ do we „ „ ,, are we „ ,, „ speak we „ do you „ ,, ,, are you „ „ ,, speak you „ do the)' „ ,, ,, are they „ „ „ speak they „ 2. The Perfect Tense, formed with the jmst imrticiple and the auxiliary to have (sometimes to he), is generally employed in French instead of the English past or im- perfect tense ; thus translate : I spolie hij I liave spoken fai parle he lost ,, he has lost il a perdu we finished „ we have finished nous avonsfinl 12 The word did, used in English Questions and Nega- tions, must be changed into has or lun'c ; as, did he speak = lias he spoken a-t-il parlet I did not lose = I have not lost je n' a i pas perdu did you finish =: /m re you finished avez-vousjinil did they not speak = /(are they not spoken n'ont-ils pas parW. The Enghsh Progressive form is also translated hv the Perfect ; thus, I have been speaking = I have spoken has he not been „ := has he not spoken 3. The Imperfect Tense in French must be employed, if in English the Progressive form / was speaking, etc. is used, or if I spoke has the meaning of / was speaking or / used to speak. Questions and Negations with did must also be trans- lated by the Imperfect, if the En^^-lish can be changed into ih'i progressive form without altering the sense ; thus, Did yim speak must be translated by parllez-'cous if it has the meaning of were you speaking or used you to speak 1 She did not finish must be translated by ellc ne finissait pas if it has the meaning of she was not finishing or sheused 7wt to finish. The expressions / used to speak or / was in the hahit of spealdng, are simply translated by the French Imperfect je 2)arlais. Thus change when translating: I was speaking or I used to speak =. 1 spoke we were „ „ we used to ,, = we spoke I was not speaking or I did not speak = I spoke not you were not „ ., you did not „ = you spoke not ■ was I speaking or did I speak = spoke I were they ., ,, did they „ = spoke they was I not ,, ,. did I not ,, = spoke I not was he not ,, .. did he not „ =: spoke he not 4. The Past Definite is used in translating the English Past Tense, when the incident referred to has taken place at a time completely gone by. This tense, which is sometimes called the Historic Past, chiefly occurs in uritten narration, and is very rarely employed in conversation. 13 5. The FuTUEE aud Conditional are employed as in English, but they, like all the other tenses, have no progressive form. Thus change when translating : I shall be speaking = I shall speak he will not be „ =; he will not speak shall we be ,, =: shall we speak will you not be,, = will you not speak I should be speaking = I should speak would you not be ., = would you not speak I had been speaking = I had spoken Be careful to note that the English Future Auxiliaries are shall for the first person, and tvill for the other persons. In the Conditional should is the Auxiliary for the first person, and ivould for the other persons. If this dis- tinction is not observed, the meaning is entirely altered. For example, / shall go to-morrow, and he will come too, simply expresses futurity ; but in the sentence / will go to-morrow, and he shall come too, unll implies intention, and shall compulsion. 6. The Imperative Mood is used as in English. 7. The Subjunctive Mood is employed in dependent CLAUSES, after Verbs expressing doubt, will, wish, ne- cessity, fear, etc. Some Conjunctions, the most impor- tant of which are given in Lesson 2G of our French Grammar, always require the following Verb to be in the Subjunctive. REMARKS ON VERBS ENDING IN oir. There are seven Verbs ending in QYoir, all of which are conjugated alike. They are : devoir to owe, recevoir to receive, concevoir to conceive, dkevoir to deceive, redevoir to owe again, apercevoir to perceive, and percevoir to collect money (taxes). These seven Verbs are generally classified as regular, the conjugations being arranged in the following order : 1st Conjugation, Verbs ending in er 2nd „ „ „ ir 3rd „ „ ,^, oir 4th „ „ „ re 14 All Verbs, however, which end iu oir, not iu QYoir, are quite irregular, aud some of the best modern grammarians classify those iu evoir as irregular also. This arrangement we have adopted, as there are many groups, especially those ending in indre and uire, which, although nearly always classified as irregular, are more numerous and important than the Verbs in evoir. Devoir, recevoir, and apercevoir, are the only three which are in common use. THE REFLECTIVE VERBS. A Transitive Verb (for explanation of transitive, see beginning) becomes refiective in Eugiish if followed by oue of the Reflective Pronouns myself, himself, etc.; as, Not reflective : I am warming the joom Reflective : I am warming myself Not reflective : He is amusing the children Reflective : He is amusing himself The Reflective Proxouxs are the same as the ordi- nary Objective Pronouns, thus : myself me ourselves nous thyself te j'ourself, yourselves vous except, himself, herself, itself, i • , , ^ t a r,r. -f^ ' , ,' '. ,f' > which are translated 36 themselves, one s self j EXAMPLE OF A VERB CONJUGATED REFLECTIVELY. to wash one's self se laver. Present. I wash myself je vie lave thou washest thyself tu te lares he washes himself • il se lave she washes herself elle se lave we wash ourselves ncms novs lavons you wash yourself, yourselves vous vous lavez they wash themselves Us se lavent they C/O wash themselves elles se lavent Imperfect : I was washing myself je vie lavais, etc. Future: I shall wash myself je me laverai, etc. Conditional: I should wash myself je vie laverais, et ( Imperative : wash yourself lavez-vous do not wash yourself 7ie vous lavez puo let us wrsh ourselves lavons-nout 15 The Compound Tenses of all Reflective Verbs are formed with etre, and thus the Past Participle takes the gender and number of the Subject ; as, Perfect. I have washed myself thou hast washed thyself he has washed himself she has washed herself we have washed ourselves you have washed yourself you have washed yourselves they have washed themselves they (/.) have washed themselves elles se sent lavees I have not washed myself ■ie ne me xuis pas lave has he washed himself? s'est-il lavel je me suis lave(e) tu fes lave(e') il s'est lave die s'est lavee nous nous sommes la testes') vous vous etes lave(^e^ vous vous etes laves(es^ Us se sont laves 1 had washed myself je m'etais lave, etc. I shall have washed myself je me serai lave, etc. I should have washed myself je me serais lave, etc. There are a great many verbs which are reflective in French, but not in English ; as, to make a mistalte se troinper I make a mistake je me trompe thou makest a mistake tu te trompes he makes a mistake we make a mistake you make a mistake they make a mistake il se trompe nous nous trompoin vous vous tromjJcz Us se trompe7it I was making a mistake je me trompais I have made a mistake je vie suis trompe (fern : trompes) we have made a mistake nous nous sommes trompes (fem : trompees') do not make a mistake ?ie vous trompez pas The Compound Tenses of the following verbs are always formed with etre. aller to go sortir to go out partir to go away, to set out venir to come revenir to come back de venir to become arriver to arrive entrer to enter rester to remain, to .stay tomber tn fall Example. Perfect Tense. Past Tense. I went or I have gone thou wentest „ thou hast gone he went „ he has gone she went „ she has gone we went „ we have gone you went ,, you have gone they went ,, they have gone they (f) went ,, they (f) have gone elles sont allees Tf you is masculine singular use alU, if feminine singular use alleQ, if masculine plural allea, and if feminine plural allies je suis alle (allee') tu es alle (allee) il est alle elle est allee nous .wmmes allig (allees) vous etes allege) (alle^e^s) Us sont alles 16 SOME REFLECTIVE VERBS FOR PRACTICE. to be se porter . to repent se repentir 1 to make haste se di» to exclaim s'ecrier to take a walk se. pro\ peclier to rest se reposer mener to repair to se rendre iocoin^\3.viiseplaindre\ to get up se lever to recollect se souvenir THE PASSIVE VOICE. The Passive Voice is formed as in English, with the Past Participh and the auxiliary verb etre, to be. The Passive Voice is not much used in French. The Past Participle, after the verb etre, agrees in gender and number with its Subject, like an Adjective. Present of the Indicative. I am honoured je suis honore, fern : honoree thou art honoured tu es honore, fern : lionoree he is honoured il ed honore she is honoured elle est honoree we are honoured nous sommes honores, tern : honorSes you are honoured SiNG. tous etes honore, fern : honoree you are honoured Plue. vous etes honores, fem»: honorees they are honoured Masc. Us soiit honores they are honoured Fem. elles soiit honorees Imperfect. I was honoured fetais honore she was honoured elle etait honoree Past Definite. was honoured jefus honore Future. I shall be honoured je serai honore we shall be honoured nous scrons honores Conditional. I should be honoured je serais honore we should be honoured noris serioyis honores Perfect. I have been honoured j'ai ete honore Infinitive. Present Participle. to be honoured etre honore \ being honoured etant honors 17 PECULIARITIES OF VERBS ENDmO IN er. Verbs ending in ger or cer change g into ge, and c into p cedilla before a termination commencing with a or o. This is done to preserve the soft sound of the ^ or c of the Infinitive. Examples : to judge juger I to commence commencer we judge iious jugeoiis \ we commence nous commengont- Most verbs ending in eler or eter double the I or t when it is followed by an e mute. e is always mute except in the terminations ez and er. Examples : — to spell epeler ; to throw jeter I spall j'epelle thou spellest tu ej^elles he spells il fpelle we spell 7tous epeloim you spell vous epelez they spell Us epelleiii I shall spell fepellerai, etc. I throw je jette thou throwest tujettes he throws il jette we throw jious jetons j'ou throw vousjetez they throw Us jettent I shall tlwow je jetterai, etc. The following verbs do not double the I or /, but change the first e into e, if the I or / is followed by an e mute. acheter to buy, bourreler to torment, congeler to congeal, deceler to disclose, degeler to thaw, geler to freeze, harceler to harass, peler to peel, colleter to collar, decolleter to bare one's' neck and shoulders, et'iqueter to label, trompeter to U\imY>Qt, coqueter to coqnet. Example : / hu7j, j'achete, t\\ achetes, il achete ; nous achetons, vous achetez, ils achetent. I teas buyiitg, j'achetais, etc. isAaZ^6M?/,j'acheterai,tuacheteras, ilachetera ; nous acheterons, etc. Verbs ending in er, preceded by e and a consonant, change the e into e if the termination begins with e mute (i.e., before e, es, or ent). Example : to lead mener / lead, je mene, tu meues, il mene ; nous menons, vous nieuez, ils menent. / was leading, je menais, etc. I shall lead, je raenerai, tu meneras, etc. Verbs ending in er, preceded by e and a consonant, undergo the same change, except in the Future and Conditional. Example : — to hope esperer I hope, j'espere, tu esperes, il espere ; nous esperons, vous esp^rez, ils espereut I was hoping, j'esperais, etc. J shall hope, j'espererai, tu espereras, etc. Verbs ending in yer generally change the g into» before pn e mute ; as, to pay payer 1 pay je pale or paye I I shall pay je paierai we pay nous papons \ or je payerai 1« 1. From the Present Infinitive are formed Infinitive. parler vejidi'(e) finir 2. From the Prc'init Participle are formed the endings of ais, ais, ait, by FORMATION OF TENSES, i^'rench Tenses are either Primitive or Derivative. The Primitive Tenses — called Primitive because the others are de- rived from them — are : the Infinitive, the Present Participle, the Past Participle, the Present and the Pctst Definite of the Indicative. 'The Future, by adding the endings of the Present Indicative of Avoir : ai, as, a, ons, ez, oni. The Conditional, by adding the Imperfect of Avoiu iiins, lez, aient. Future. Conditional. je parlerai jeparlerafs je vendrai je vendrazs je finirai je finirais ''The Plural of the Present Indicative, :hangii]g ant into ons, ez, ent. The Imperfect Indicative, by changing into ai^, ais, ait, ions, iez, aient. The Present Subjunctive, by changing ^ into e, es, e, ions, iez, ent. Pres. Part. Plur. of Pres. Ind. Imperfect. parlfln^ f parlors fparlais yendiant nous-' veudons je-j vendais finissa/ii (finisS9?w [finiss'zi-s 3. From the Past (All the Compound Tenses, with the help of the Participle are formed\ auxiliary verbs avoir and etre. j'ai parle il est vendu nous avons fini 4. From the Present fThe Imperative, by omitting the Pronouns Indicative is foraiid ^ je, nous, vous. vous parlez Imp. : parlez ! nous finissons Imp. : finissons ! ^The Imperfect Subjunctive, by adding se, ses, sums, siez, sent, changing s into t for the third person singular, and putting a circumflex accent over the vowel preceding the t. Past Brf. : tu parks tu veU'lis tu finis Imperf. Subj. : je parlasse je vendisse je fiuisse All Tenses are formed by adding the respective terminations to the Stem, except in the FiUxtre and Conditional, where the terminations are added to the Infinitive. The above is the way in which the Formation of Tenses is usually explained. This, however, is quite an optional arrangement, and we consider it much simpler to say : Verbs in ir prefix iss to the termination in the following cases : 1. Present Participle; 2. Plural of the Present Indicative; 3. Imperfect; 4. Present of the Subjunctive. Pres. Suhj. (park vende finissc 5. From the 2nd per- son singular of the Past Definite is formed 19 TRANSLATION OF 'TO" BEFORE A VERB. The second of two Verbs coming together must be in the Infinitive ; as, I must speak, je (his parler. he forgot to write to us, il a ouhlie de nous ecrire. The Auxiliaries avoir and etre are followed by the Past Participle. "TO" before a Verb must be translated. For example : parler, finir, do not mean tO specilc, tO finish, but are simply the Infinitives speak, finish The following are the various ways in which tO has to be translated. 1. To between ttco Verbs is generally translated de, unless it means in order to, when it is rendered by jwiir ; as, I advise you to speak to him, je vous conseille de lui parler. We did it (in order) to please him, nous Varans fait pour lui plaire. TO (not meaning in order to) should therefore be trans- lated DE, unless it oomes after any of the Verbs in the following Lists, which are intended FOR REFERENCE ONLY. 2. To is not translated at all after the following VERBS REQUIRING NO PREPOSITION before the next Verb. * The most important are marked * aimer mieux* faiUir preferer aller faire" regarder assurer falloir* revenir compter s'imagincr savoir croire laisser sembler daigner mener souhaiter declarer nier soutenir desirer* oser* valoir mieux'^ devoir* paraitre venir* entendre* penser voir* envoyer pouvoir* voler espcrer pretendre vouloir* EXAMPLES. He is going to sing, il va chanter. Does he dare to come ? ose-t-il venir ? Verbs of motion, such as courir, or denoting a sense such as aentir, also require no Preposition before the follovring Infinitive. 20 3. To is translated a if coming a VERBS REQUIRING THE before the next s'abaisser aboutir s' accord er accoutumei"" s'acharner ailmettre s'adoiiiier aider* aimerf s'amuser s'animer s'appliquer apprendre* s'appreter aspirer s'assiijettir s'attacher s'attcndre autoriser avoir* avoir peine balancer boruer chercher se coraplaire concourir se condamner coudescendre consentir consister conspirer contribuer convier se decider se destiner determiner se determiner se devouer se disposer employer eiicourager engager* enhardir s'enhardir s'entendre etre s'evertuer exceller exciter s'exercer exhorter s'exposer se fatiguer se former s'habituer se hasarder hesiter* interesser f ter one of the following PREPOSITION "a" Verb. I inviter* se mettre montrer s'obstiuer s'ofErir pencher persister se plier porter pousser prendre plaisir preparer* proceder provoquer recomraencer* reduire se reduire se refuser renoncer* resigner se resoudre reussir songer* soumettre tendre tenir travailler riser se vouer Examples : he will not consent to do it, il tie consentira pas a lefaire. I am endeavouring to understand you, je cherche a vous coiiipre/idre. The following Verbs take either a or de before the following Infinitive, according to meaning or euphony ; k, however, is more usual. VERBS REQUIRING "a" OP, "de" before the next Verb. s'accoutumer s'efforcer se hasarder , repugner aimerf s'empresser se lasser servir commencer s' engager manquer souffrir consentir s'ennuyer obliger suflSre continuer s'enteter s'occuper tacher contraindre essayer oublier tarder convier forcer plaire se tuer demander s'habituer prier venir determiner hair refuser '\ainier is usually followed by a, or no Preposition ; but occasionally by de. 21 The Student should note the following differences in meaning, according to whether a or de is used. The other differences are very slight and unimportant. Plaire, repugner, servlr, suffii-e, and tarder are followed bj^ de when used impersonally, in other cases by a ; as, It pleases me to do that, il me plait de fairs cela. Do not delay doing it, we tardus pas a te faire. Manquer a implies omission or neglect ; as, I have omitted to write to him, fai manque d lui ecrire. Manquer de is used in the sense of " to nearly do a thing" ; as, He almost lost his life, il a manque de perdre la vie. S'empresser, "to be eager to," may be followed by a or de. When meaning "to hasten " it always takes de. Venir a means " to 6hance, or happen to" ; as. If he happened to lose it, s'il venait a le perdre. Venir de means " to have just" (see Idiomatic TenSes). The following Verbs, which in English are followed by a Preposition before their Object, take no Preposition in French. admettre, to admit of aller chercher,* to go for approuver, to approve of attendre,* tu icaUfor chercher,* to look for Pouter * to listen to envoyer chercher,* to send for esperer, to hope for fournir, to supply with prier Dieu, to jjray to God regarder,* to look at rencontrer, to meet icith EXAMPLES. I am waiting for my friend, f attends mon ami. Look at that man, regardez cet homme. 0:0 The following Verbs, which in English are not followed by a Preposition before their Object, take a ; as. ap prendre,* to teach (a?iy one) conseiller, to advise convenir, to suit dire,* to tell (any one) enseigner,* to teach nuire, to hurt obeir,* to obey ordonner, to order pardonner, * to forgive parvenir, to attain^ manage permettre, to permit plaire,* to please remedier, to remedy renoncer, to renounce resigner, to resign r^sister, to resist ressembler, to resemble succeder, to succeed^ follow survivre, to outlive toucher,t to touch EXAMPLES. The soldiers obey the otticers, les soldats oheissent aux officiers. Do not touch this picture, ne t ouch ez pas a ce tableau. t loucher can also be used without a following Preposition. 22 THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE. The Present Participle is variable iu Grender and Number when used as an Adjective, but is invariable when followed by an Object ; as, A charming girl, unefille charmatite A girl charming everyone, imejille charmant tout le monde. The Englisti Present Participle used as a Noun is re- placed in French by the Infinitive, or a Noun ; as, Hunting is a great pleasure, la chasse est un grand plaisir. Dancing is pleasant, danser est agreahle. All Prepositions except en are followed by the Infinitive. without waiting, sans attendre after Laving spoken, 'apres avoir j^arle in read ng, en lisant THE PAST PARTICIPLE. The Past Participle only agrees in Gender and Number with the Subject when the Compound Tenses are formed with itrc, as, She has gone out, die est sortie. Have they started ? Soivt-ils partis ? The Past Participle also agrees with a Direct Object \\h.ic\\ precedes it, unless used as an Auxiliary; as, 1 have seen her, je Va't ruQ The pencils I wanted, les crayons que fal voulua The pencils I wanted to see, les crayons quefai voulu voir. The Past Participle never agrees with an Indirect Object. Note.— Se if not Accusative, and en, are Indirect Objects. EXAMPLES. I have spoken to her, je hd ai parle She has broken her leg, elle s'est casse lajambe We have given him some of them, 7ious lui en avo7is donne IMPERSONAL VERBS. Impersonal Verbs have no person or thing as their sub- ject, and are only used in the third person singular ; as, it happens, d arrive ; it matters, il importe was it raining? pleuvait-ilf it has been necessary, il afallii there does not remain, il ne resfe pas Y avoir, " there ... to be," is formed by putting y before the Third Person Singular of avoir ; as, there is,* il y a is there ? y a-t-d f there will be, ^7 y aura there is not, il 71 y a pas is there not ? ii'y a-t-d pas ? would there not be I 11 y aurad-it pas, etc. t These expressions are also used for there are, the7-e we7-e, &c. 23 IDIOMATIC TENSES. Present. I am going to thou art going to he is going to we are going to you are going to they are going to. speak or • write or finish je vctis tu vas il va nous allons vous allez Us vont parler or yScrire or finir Past. I was going to thca wast going to he was going to ■we were going to you were going to they were going to speak ^write finish fallais tu allais il allait nous allions vous alliez Us allaicnt parler or ^6crire or finir Present. I have just thou hast just he has just we have just you have just they have just spoken or ► written or finished je vicns dc [d^) '' tu vicns de il vient de nous venons de vous venez de Us viennent de j •parler or yicrire or finir Past. I had just thou hadst just he had just we had just you had just they had just (spoken or written or finished je venais de tu venais de il vcnait dc nous venions de vous vcniez de Us venaient de parler or ■ecrirb or finir Present. I am to thou art to he is to we are to you are to they are to speak or write or finish je dots tu do is il doit nous devons vous devez Us doivcnt ^ parler or Jcrire or finir Past. I was to speak, etc. I ought to speak, etc. I ought to have spoken, etc. je devais parler, etc. je devrais parler, etc. j'aurais dA parler, etc. 24 The following is a Model of the Principal Tenses of an En^'lish Verb. The Names of the Tenses are those which are generally made ase of in the Conjugation of Foreign Verbs. It is very important to know what English words are represen- ted by the names Present, Imperfect, Future, etc. For example. I am calling is just as much Present as I call, and I shall be calling and I shall call are both Future. Notice particularly the Auxiliaries used in the Conjugation of Future and Condttional in English. Infinitive : Present Participle: calling Present Texse. I call or I am thou callest or thou art he calls we call you call they call or he is ()/■ we are i>r you are or they are I shall _ thou wilt he will we shall you will they will I should thou wouldst he would we should you would they would I have thou hast he has we have you have they have I had thou hadst he had we had you had they had to call Past Participle: called Imperfect or Past. I called or I was thou calledst or thou wast or he is or we were or you were or they were •call or ■ calling call or 'Calline he called we called you called they called Future. I shall be thou wilt be he will be we shall be you will be they will be Conditional. I should be thou wouldst be he would be we should be you would be they would be Imperative. call, let him call, let us call, let them caii. Perfect. il have been thou hast been he has been we have been you have been they have been Pluperfect. I had been thou hadst been he had been we had been you had been they had been Future Perfect. 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The subject matter is entirely new and up-to-date and takes the form of natural everyday conversations be- tween two separate persons. The whole of the recording has been done by native elocutionists from the staff of Hugo's Language Institute. For practicability, accuracy, and clear- ness these records unquestionably will always hold premier place. NOTICE. — Gramophone Courses as a rule consist of 10-inch discs ; the " Hugophone" series consists entirely of 12 -inch records, giving the advantage of longer uninterrupted conversation. They are entirely non-scratch, having been manufactured by the New Process. Every facility will be given for testing the " Hugophone " Series against all others. Comparison is welcomed — it proves the superiority of the " Hugophone " ! Send for Prospectus HUGO'S LANGUAGE INSTITUTE to . 64-66 Oxford Street, London, W. 1 A similar Series in English for Foreigners is now ready. 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This fee includes not only 50 Postal Lessons (alone worth the price of the Course), but also Individual Lessons adapted to the Student's particular needs, and a set of bound Text-Books. There are no EXTRA charges WHATEVER. ^ 41 41 S€nd a post-card for Specimen Lesson, together with our Free Booklet, " The Common-Sense Way of Learning Languages," which tells you all about these wonderful Courses. HUGO'S LANGUAGE INSTITUTE, S.-T. Dept. 103 Newgate Street, London, E.C. 1 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY A 000 142 806 9 University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from vtfhich it was borrowed. FEB 1 8 ib.H HUGO'S NEW POSTAL SELF-TUITION COURSES IN ADDITION to publishing Books, Hugo's also "'' conduct Language Courses b\' Correspondence which embody all their latest improvements, and are undoubtedly the finest medium for all who wish to acquire a thoroughly comprehensive knowledge of a Foreign Tongue. At present they are available in either of the following : FRENCH, SPANISH, GERMAN, ITALIAN, or RUSSIAN. HUGO'S SELF-TUITION COURSES are the outcome of over 50 j'ears' actual teaching experience and experi- ment. They entail no drudgery, and are so prepared that one's studies become really interesting. By devoting as little as 15 to 30 minutes of your spare time each day to the lessons, you will find that j'ou will be able to write and speak the language in a surprisingly short time. The cost of the Course also is extremely low ; it is ONLY C/_ MONTHLY 5/- for twelve months, or £,2. 15s. pa^'able in advance. This fee includes not only 50 Postal Lessons (alone worth the price of the Course), but also Individual Lessons adapted to the Student's particular needs, and a set of bound Text-Books. There are no EXTRA CHARGES WHATEVER. 4t 4t 4t Send a post-card for Specimen Lesson, together with our Free Booklet, " The Common-Sense Way of Learning Languages," which tells you all about these wonderful Courses. HUGO'S LANGUAGE INSTITUTE, S.-T. Dept 103 Newgate Street, London, E.G. 1 ^^ijimijiiigi^iii^^^ii^^^i^^^^^^^i^iyi^iii^^^i^i^i^j^y^ o^Mm 6 9 FlBBTLT,— The LiM For example: allerfH'cn) ^11 duay I aoqnerlr aeifuirt 6i aperooToIr tofsr- Tipletc Alphabetical List of ttie French Irregular Verbs, and is intonded /oi" Re/ereru iriiit' <1 III ihk'k lyi>" »rc those of moit frequont ooourrance, knd should therefore be mutered firat. . I ..... . .. ' .,f .ight, bCCSQMJ it coDJu|mt«d like thefr Boola, need be 1i r the Freucli Verbs e be found aufficient for all practical pur]i(wea. 11 iiepeindw^mrrrtfy IT I 'Ifpourroir ilepritt 68 I d6t«iDilro ditrolmr IT ddte&lr to detain fi6 I dfitruira ladttlny II ' devenir to bwimu &n ilH-Hir to dirttt b2 dire to May, IM 4 appreadrt AMailllr M . as8eolr(>>' tllr bnil aaa^ 4 itUerpott drrtahr'" esclura to errlM T maiiUatn 56 iprendre to tab! a tlandtr 77 prewenlir to/ort^ee 3 MndiMoitn 9 pr^valolr lopretailB I prdTeolr to warn tt ' itCelr « forbid ; sol ^Cpnrtirfoi/tM mWtc (ji') JbUoio U rllastralre i rilntorroinpreto'ii- ( Irrrupl 1 ) , latrodnlre to in. iMir to iuw S Joladro tojofn 1 oflWr to offer omettre to omit outr to Uar f&t^\tn to npprar paroourlr to hoh thr.mffh partlr lo go awag, peladre to paint permettre pfrrmit ; plaladre far) to complain plaire to pirate : pleovolr to rain : i.prometwe to pro- J raweolrCee) to tit i\ down again T i rebouillir£of/<i^aifi4 I ' rcconduire to tet ' reaon&aitre to rt- renvoyer to *■ repoltre tofrrd repentlr (»e) reprendre to ta mire ( asie 6S prMiro toprtdiet edormlr lo tleep 'fianlre to rtdue* i I reteuir keep biei E rompre to break aaiUiT to pryeet safflre totuffine sarfaire to orf ehargo BorpreDdrefofii taire (oe) be t tealr to hold ttiUKiWit toitar raloir to be lou I si"? ^s I tpta\,ttf. Ityoke,fte. J iraiipnthf. i.tj>t«k Iihatlip^ak Itfntk.f Hi^lf = lil's^i -Iplt S Hills- 3 |ill||i liilU! f-ll^ll' 'f i" 1= S /JtnuW^^ I JJi«,h,M. I IfniiM^c. rtaiijinutf. ^ IMi.JimJt /j*«n/.i«l t/niih.a,. ;>"■»•'? ', |||1? ? |||l|i ||r iff" Hi - III /•*<ii;dAdro /«A4«»ji nCftff) g Iwa$,ete. % /tnw.rfp. ^ I mUuU bo | /(Wl&r g /<iN,ft<-. 9 ^ — *^ _ ^ > i - f 2 I •"11""" i ="11 " = *"' ? -11 ~= ' r 't% "^^ ^3 i ^a^' I S? ?"2 ^.«'< IS is 6 9 1» COBIPLBTE LIST OF FRENCH lUREtiULAK VERBS, ) irn^uIaritiM frequently & is^ording to tattrt) are coDJugat«d li :i)nju^ted exnclly in the m >r line before the IqGq iuted out iu thick type. e coDJugiit«d liCPIMlTIVR. a. envojer to tritd ■l faire (o mak^, do l.leil G. prendre to lakt 8. croitra tot/row |9. coonaitre U> itew 10. pamiire to appear jll. nvtHre tofetd JS. DftUre 10 be born •13. oondoire condwt n. instrotpa iiittntct ilS. craindre (<»/«»■ 17. peiodre to paint 16. joindre (ojcin | joign. t TlioM periona of craUre irfaich ike those droumflrx accent over the je jurattr- je ropaitr- Co»D,I.OKA,.. 1»,BM£C». KS- - »,LI|iJlltJi,''l'IVB. j'en>err. i'.nvo,. j'ull. j'envoy- i'aiU- I ossie. je ter- je dia- i.f. jed- ji (aaa- je prenn- (prea-*) " ''°"- tti. '" ""''■ Hi. j.l,. i, LoiT- j.b. il caiiimiBB- ail is oonn- 61.." (croy.-) pftniiaa- it. ill,,. Sl'" repaflr- .ie..l repoiss- .i.nl i"«P- J ■ fpaias- e.,1 j.rsp. J '"conJui, cooduia- i-i.,.lr»i8. ;;o„d.i.. i> ii i'initfiiia- £ i... i. uui,- je Duia i. ,.ui3. 'Z' ie nuia- ja ama- issioni ieaiea j.er.inJr. JO cmea- jeoraisa- """■ jecmiea. 'c^iga. ieeent icjoLdr-J je peiga- is ioign. J je peign. jejoigi.. je peiga. jejoiga- J peiga- joiga- IlJPIKITIVE. fUESENT ■-TTn r„a...»T. FrTUBB. |49. aaiaillir M w*a.i j'a.«,ill-e, es. e j'a.Kulli,. 1 160. Millirtt. ;.ro;M( ..llli il«iille.ik,.iUeBt a «,llle,. 52.vSfrf».WAe foy- 1 " vflB fuy-iiTiH, CI. faiont JO vet.., s, - je.elfr- 53, aoqilirix to aequiri acq u( rant aoqols j'acQu-lera. ler«. ien 6Pona. 6rea. 16ronl j'acauerr- 5i. out'Mr to galhor C.ill.Pt ceiill j.ouelller. [55. tenir to hold l.n«nl le„a jo tlea-s. e, t teB-.in», OK. tteaaei.t je vieadr- 67. Oourlr (0 run couninl coura j. ooar... ,, t je coaiT. 58. mourir fo dw mounol mort j. mear... ,, t jo moarr- «1 ,69. reoevolr to netivf leo. devoir to owe devaDt rega jere?oi-9,' a.'t. reoev- ons. eB. reooivent j! doi.., ., t dev-ons, ea. dolVent jedechoi.s,s,|.d(^ohoy. jedeotierr- .,«. 62. VRlolr to be worth 63. iiffiraloir to prevail e*. vonloir (w Je hh/- 65. pouvoir (0 be able 66. mouvoir fo move pr6valant pnovant Toala TaU.m"ont ji3 i>riTaa-x, X, t prf'val-iins, OB. eat je paia ',>r peu-x. x, t poiiv-ons, et. peav-eni jo prf- vaadr- je voudr. " 07. savoir to Anoto 68. pourvnir to fiurvey aaohant jjrturvoyaiil poorro jo aal... ., t je aaar. 69. pr^Toif to/oresee pr^voyant T.rjTa )epK.v.ii.B.9,t,pr6VOy- je prtvoir- 70. voir (o we VOyant axle jo'K'iadJ.™!- jeverr. 72. pienvoirtiraiB 74. fichoir to/all rfw pl,^u»,nl £ il taat il fohoit il faadra Co»»,T,„.v.,., I-PK„,.BO,, 1 .h^„, 1 5r.0Pi ;;::;:: '""'""" '■""'"■ je vStir. (■acaerr- je»St. j'ao,u(r. j'aeqo- ir i'aenulfer- cuelller- je caeill- je cueiU- j-rorei'i'. ' tleadr. jo lea. je t- 1 ini. lag jo tlenn- vieadr- j.,.a. J%^B. jacourr- . j. coac. 1 j.moarr. . jo ,a..„r. je moa^ j. a,ear. jo roeevr- lir j, reooy. jo 109- jo regolv- 1,1 je devr- j. day. . jed- jrdOly. je'v'aadr: ie. je yal. ie. j. dfch. je val. z jidMol- (dfiel.oy*) jo vauf. Ie. joprs- vaadr- jo poarr- je laouvr- je pr^yal- jeprCvnl- jo voul- jop. ""■■' j,. yooffl. je wieb- jeprtvoir- iavarr- jeprtyoy- jo yoy- jepoary- jeprtv- jey. !■ it (poarv...' jo prfivnl- (prtvoj.-) jem' aadir- il pleavra il badp,! il plaavait II Ulail il OCllWl jem' asa- 11 plat 11 faUal il 6ehut im,i (vay-') je ,a'a«el- il pleave 11 faille i- vSt- Preient of the Subjuni lit. ainaadr. 10 .Wire alualy. Iso. r^aoadre to rttolti r^eoly. 31. rooadrc .,nnd taaul- ,23. rondure to fonttttit conela. J28, excioro ( tMide ewlu- j». plaire t f/«« plala. |25. ac taira to it ..In.! .0 laia- M.t™»<. aift tray- n. lire b r. oJ lis- 38. ylyre to lin riv. 39. <»)adre ««» cas. 80. mettre ,p.l neit- 91. eaaSte to prturto ooaris. M. aafflre / njfteo ■aOia. ». rire l» ;« ,,k ti- U.^oiirel .crito faeiy- 3&.aaiyT6r follow .alr. w. se repeatir fn n 19. MBtlr to/tti K. oftlr to o/»r pr. •ooffrirl«MAr U. boniUir U bra je aouffrir- je plair. jemoul- jeooncU t Past pASncnxK ; rttoua, it moooine ehemitalli/ eoltxd. • The lett«n in paronthea ind Sod persoDfl Plural of the Present of the Subjuncti battre ie conjugated like the regular verbs ending In re, except tn the Singular of the Preaant (tndioative), where It takes one / only -.aa: Jo hatt, tu bat4, il bat ; the plural, which is rfigular, i»: hom hatturu, etc. Tompre is conjugated like the regular verbe ending in re, except in the 3rd person of the Singular, where it takee at; lit: j* romp; tv rompt, il rcnipt; nou eontredire'n conjugated like if ir it («ee No. 4) except io the 2nd perdon Plural o/ttu Pretent, yrhioh is voMt eoiUrtditt and not: voiu coiUrtditM. maudiro is oonjugaled like eontredire CNo. 77), but takea sm in the Pretent Participle and conseiuently also in the Plvral o/the Prt^eiU, the Impfr/Kt, and the Present o/ the Subjunrtivf : ntauduaatU; je maudin, tu maudit. 11 maudil, nous maudi^Qutu, ti'Uf mauduai>i,ile mauditBtia. jt maudiiiaaU.eU:. je nauJitOt.elC. Mni> iu con jugatc'i tike the regular verbs ending in ir, but ha« besides the regular I'wt Participle bini another form; Mai'/ few: £MU», which la used when verba ending in i>; il takes however the din-reeis ( ■■ ) over the i, except in the Singular of the F epluT i^Hsli. 4 haltti, ale. takes the otrcumflex accent; DEFECTIVE VERBS, verbs are defective in their conjugation. The following have only the teuaes and persons given in the taWe. 'mperf: il bra7-ait, aienl; Preetna Suhj: il brai-», «l art: brayant; Preient; il brait, iJa braieut ; A II bruit; Imporf: it bruyait, ila bruynient i also .- oloB; Preumt: je cloi, tu cloa, il clAC; Fut: j ,■ gclos: Pretent: il fclAt, ils £cloSent ; Fvt: \. brair-a, ont; Coitd: il bra times : il bruiss-ait, aient : r>ai,etc.; Cond: jcclor-aii Coiul: il «clor-ai ; Pretent Sulg: ]» It; PrettM Subj: Ifrit; Put firir-ai, etc. ; Cotid: iple is lul, and the P<ut \i d«faiU.o PaH Part: frit; Prrneitt: je fris, ti is conjugated like condvire (No. 13) is used only in the Past Part: chu. ProtffiU Part : dfifaillniit ; Patt Part : dfifailti ; Pretent Pott Part! failll: Put: je £aillir-ai, etc. ; Old /arm: je faudr-ai, etc. Cond: is only used in the expression: tant coup/irir, without striking a blow. is conjugated regularly like ^ni'r, but in the sense of to protpor the ProKTU Pa Preient Part: glaant ; Preient: il gll, nous gls-one, e«, ent ; Imperf: je gl»«ii is obsolete now, except the Pa»t Part: issU (conjugated with Are). Pait Part : oui (used only in oui dirr'). is only used in the Infinitive. Pretent: il aled, e and Imprr/eot of the Sahjuf etc.; Piut Def: n: je faudr-uis, ct Oi-glt, here •art .■ aeyae ^ ', is ouly used ii and t • Poet eing always formed a A 000 142 806 9 University of CalifornJa SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILTY 405 Hllgard Avenue, Los Angeles CA 90024 1388 Return this material to the library from vi/hich it w>as borrowed. FEB 1 8 ibs ;#'''".llPSi f Soutii(