tfornia >nal ty r [2 c^ c> 3 L.. UNIVEftSII i Uf l/HLif-on.^lA JUL 2 3 1971 GOVT. PUBLICATIONS DEN". LIBRARY OF CONGRESS GUIDE TO THE LAW AND LEGAL LITERATURE GERMANY BY EDWIN M. BORCHARD LAW LIBRARIAN WASHINGTON c,< i\ I RNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1912 £0 L. C. card, 12-35003 This volume is for sale by the Superintendent of Documents Government Printing Office Washington, D. C. Price, 65 cents PREFATORY NOTE The growing demand on the part of American lawyers, legislators, and jurists for a knowledge of the legal institu- tions of foreign countries has induced the Library of Con- gress to acquire and make available to the investigator a library of comparative law in which he may find the impor- tant legal literature of the civilized States of the world. This guide, the first of a series of guides to foreign law, has been prepared with a view to furnish the investigator of German law with an aid in using this material. The necessities of the lawyer consist in ascertaining the legal rules under which private individuals and their rights are governed in Germany. This need the guide endeavors to meet by a detailed treatment of the institutions of German private law in its various branches. The interests of the legislator have been kept in view by an extensive discussion of the literature dialing with the methods adopted in Germany to solve the social and economic problems of the day. Special attention has therefore been given to German legislation on social insurance and labor, to the preparation of legislation, and to modern research on the legal treatment of crime. Finally, a recognition of the value to the jurist of the contributions of German literature to the development of modern juristic thought has served to lay emphasis on the sections dealing with legal education and the history and the philosophy of law. 3 4 PREFATORY NOTE This guide, therefore, is an attempt to furnish the American lawyer with an introduction to the literature of German legal institutions and German juristic thought. Leading works only are mentioned. Wherever possible, attention has been called to important contributions, both in the way of books and periodicals, in the English language; other- wise, except for a few standard works in French, the litera- ture discussed is confined to the German. A glossary of technical legal terms, in which the terminology adopted by Schuster has been generally retained, is printed as an appen- dix. As the glossary serves to give the English equivalents for German terms, the subject entries in the index are con- fined to the English legal terminology. In the matter of capitalization in the titles of books the A. E. A. catalogue rules have been followed. For the present, works on the law of the individual Ger- man States are not referred to, with an occasional exception in the case of Prussia. Works on Roman law, except such treatment of the Pandects as may be considered an introduc- tion to modern German law, and in general, works on com- parative law and international law, are omitted. This occasion is taken to express the author's thanks and appreciation to Judge Karl von Lewinski, secretary of the Internationale Vereinigung fur Vergleichende Rechtswissen- schaft of Berlin, and to Prof. W. F. Dodd of the University of Illinois for their kindness in reading the manuscript and for their valuable suggestions. Edwin M. Borchard Law Librarian Herbert Putnam Librarian of Congress Washington, D. C, April, 1912 CONTENTS Pago. Prefatory note 3 Contents 5 Introduction 7 Bibliography 11 Legislation 14 Court reports 15 Legal education 18 Jurisprudence: Legal encyclopedia 21 Philosophy of law 24 Legal history: General 41 Leges Barbarorum 47 German Pri vatrecht 49 Prussian Landrecht 51 Saxon Code 52 Baden Landrecht 52 Reception of Roman law, Pandektenrecht 52 Civil Code: History 56 Legislative history 56 Contents 62 Introductory act 67 General literature 70 Individual parts of the code ;~ Subjects related to the Civil Code — Equitable trust 7S Association and public meeting, law of 78 Land Registry Act 81 Eminent Domain 83 Personal Status Registration Act 85 Inheritance taxes 87 Literary and industrial property — Copyright 90 Patents Useful models 93 Trademarks 94 Unfair competition 94 Commercial law: Commercial Code — History 97 Contents 98 General literature 99 6 CONTENTS Commercial law — Continued. Page. Commercial Code — Continued. Individual parts of code 103 Stock corporations 103 Commandite company 104 Limited liability partnership 105 Cooperative societies 105 Railroad law, carriers 106 Automobiles 107 Maritime law 108 Seamen 's Act 1 09 General average 1 1 1 Marine insurance 1 1 1 Inland navigation m Subjects related to the Commercial Code — Bills of exchange 112 Cheques 113 Stock exchange law 114 Banking law 115 Custody of negotiable instruments 115 Mortgage bank law 115 Bankruptcy 116 Creditors' suits 116 Trusts and monopolies 117 Insurance (commercial) 118 Social insurance and labor laws: Employer's liability 121 Workmen's Insurance Code 123 Industrial Code 135 Labor laws 137 Civil procedure: Code of Civil Procedure 14° Judiciary Act 141 Costs and fees 149 Attorneys at law 150 Noncontentious jurisdiction 151 Criminal law 153 Criminal procedure 158 Military criminal law 163 Reform of criminal law and procedure 164 Public law: General 171 Constitutional law 174 Ecclesiastical law 17° Colonial law ! 77 Administrative law 178 Miscellaneous 186 Glossary of German legal terms 189 Index "3 GUIDE TO THE LAW AND LEGAL LITERATURE OF GERMANY INTRODUCTION International intercourse, in commerce, travel, and scholar- ship, has brought about, to the great advantage of universal knowledge, a better understanding of the conditions under which the people of foreign countries live. The ever increas- ing presence of Americans abroad and the constant tendency of commerce to become more international have emphasized the necessity of knowing the legal conditions which prevail in foreign countries. Moreover, our gradual recognition of the truth of Jhering's thesis that law is not wholly, nor even mainly, a national product makes more than desirable an acquaintance with foreign juristic thought. The law and legal literature of Germany have been selected for treatment in our first guide for several reasons: First, of the countries not subject to the common law, Germany is the most important commercially; secondly, its efforts to solve the social and economic problems of the day have elicited well- earned admiration; thirdly, in legal science, German research in the last generation has intensified the truth of Sheldon Amos' remark made forty years ago: The prospects of the science of jurisprudence . . . will depend largely upon a greater familiarity than lias hitherto been encouraged in legal education, with the vast and invaluable juridical literature of Germany . . . Modern jurisprudence is emphatically a German creation. (Science of jurisprudence, p. 505.) For the practitioner a knowledge of foreign law and how to find it is of importance because of the constant growth in inter- national commercial relations, and because of the increasing 7 8 GUIDE TO THE EAW OF GERMANY number of nationals resident abroad temporarily or perma- nently, who marry there, enter into other legal relations of every description, and leave estates. For the legislator the practical value of comparative law appears by an examination of the various ways in which economic and social problems have been dealt with abroad. The recent investigations, by various Federal commissions, of the European solutions of certain economic problems, the researches into foreign social legislation by our national and State legislatures, the investigation of the methods adopted abroad for the legal treatment of crime, all illustrate our gradual emancipation from an insular view of legal institu- tions and a recognition of the practical value of profiting from the experiments of others. For the jurist, however, a knowledge of the contributions of continental Europe, and especially of Germany, to legal science, is of still greater importance. Only in recent times have we begun to lose our indifference to the progress of the science of law abroad and to awaken to a realization of its practical importance. Social legislation during the last gen- eration and researches into legal history have created a revolution in the concept of law and of its relation to social and political science, from which it springs and to whose development it ministers. Coke admired the common law for its certainty, because derived from actually decided cases, and disparaged the civil law for its uncertainty, as evidenced in the disputations of legal scholars. The applicability of this characterization of the two great systems of law has, in the course of time, become almost reversed. The thousands of decided cases since Coke's day, "the tangled mass of irreconcilable contrarieties" has, as Bryce puts it, created the two great defects of case law, uncertainty and an utter lack of system, which in turn have been imparted to the whole structure of Anglo-American IXTRODtCTION 9 law. Pollock's characterization of English cast law as "chaos tempered by Fisher's Digest" is, with aggravated reason, applicable to this country: American case-law as a whole may not unfairly be described as chaos, tempered by the digests of enterprising publishing companies. Finding the law has to a great extent become a mechanical process in which legal thinking is reduced to a minimum and in which catchwords have replaced legal principles. Maitland expressed his appreciation of the unsatisfactory state of English law in these words: But turn from laws to law. Turn from bits of our legal system to the svstem as a whole. Do we often think of it? Do we often ask ourselves whether it compares well with its neighbors and rivals, whether it is in all respects rational, coherent, modern, worthy of our country and our century? I fear that we do not. (Collected Papers III, pp. 474-475.) What then can we say of our fifty sovereign jurisdictions, our mass of conflicting decisions, our multiplicity of legal rules applied to an identical state of facts? In England, Brvce tells us, the efforts at codification were given up in despair In this country, we have been more courageous; the project of an American Corpus Juris has enlisted much popular sup port. Any attempt to lead us out of our "judicial detritus*' will be greeted with favor. And yet, one of our foremost jurists, Wigmore, has expressed grave doubts as to its timeli- ness, its soundness, and its feasibility. As a profession, American lawyers are almost wholly untrained in that tech- nique of legal science which must precede any attempt at sys- tematic statement of the law. Our law has grown up so rapidly and so heterogeneously that it is almost impossible now, in many important branches, to find any thread of legal principle. To a philosophy of law, we are practically total strangers. Again, as Pound has pointed out, much of our common law, e. g., the assumption of risk, liberty of contract, the right to pursue a lawful calling, etc., is academic, becatisi derived by deduction from historical premises which haw lost IO GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY their value and hence much of their meaning for the societ) of to-day. The traditional attitude of the common law toward legislation, indeed, lias often proved a serious obstacle to social progress. What, on the other hand, has been the fruit of the years of disputation of continental jurists? It is this: they have worked out a scientific body of law, a system of principles supported bv a sound philosophy, which, as exemplified in the German Civil Code, has awakened the admiration of the civil- ized world. They have brought to active realization Holmes' declaration that the true science of the law consists mainly in the establishment of its postulates from within upon accu- rately measured social desires, instead of tradition. Maitland in the introduction to his translation of Gierke's Political theories of the middle age says of the German Civil Code that "it is the most carefully considered statement of a nation's laws that the world has ever seen." German codification trulv exemplifies a power of legal expression with which Bryce credits the Roman jurists — "the power of so framing general rules as to make them the expression of legal principles, and of working out these rules into their details so as to keep the details in harmony with the principles." (Studies, II, p. 208.) In Europe the application of the historical and comparative method to jurisprudence has created a school of jurists who have helped to make law an effective handmaid in the devel- opment of social and political science in general. The great economic and social problems now before our country require, therefore, something more than an outworn insular conception of law. They require a jurisprudence of vitality, fashioned to meet social ends as a regulative agency in the adjustment of individual interests, and a legal philosophy which shall draw its force from Mr. Justice Holmes' "secret root" of the law — the conscious recognition of social utility. (, TIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY II BIBLIOGRAPHY The most useful bibliography of the legal literature of Ger- many, covering the period from the middle of the eighteenth to the middle of the nineteenth centuries is the Bibliotheca juridica, first edited by Theodore C. F. Enslin, and published in a second edition, with a supplementary volume, by Wil- helm Engelmann (Leipzig, W. Engelmarm, 1840, 1849). In addition to its exhaustive bibliographic information, the work is provided with a brief subject catalogue. The period from 1849 to 1867 is covered by G. W. Wuttig's Bibliotheca juridica (Leipzig, O. A. Sehulz, 1867). The work includes a subject catalogue and a summary of the contents of the important periodicals published during the period covered. The firm of Manz & Co. in Vienna published a Bibliotheca juridica in 1871 (5th ed.) which was intended to catalogue the most important legal literature of Germany and Austria in print at that time. The bibliographies of modern German law may be said to commence in 1868 with the appearance of Muhlbrecht, Uber- sicht 1I1 r gesammten slaats- und rechtswissenschafttichen liter atur, published by Puttkammer and Muhlbrecht in Berlin. It is issued bimonthly and appears each year as a bound volume under the title AUgemeine bibliographic dei gi tammten staats- und rechtswissenschafttichen liter atur. The separate numbers are somewhat tardy in appearance. While primarily impor- tant for the German literature, it contains sections devoted to English, French, Spanish, and Scandinavian legal bibliographies. Muhlbrecht also compiled a Wegwi isi 1 durch tlic neuere literatur der rechls- und slaalxui^ocu hajtcn, which appeared in two vol- umes, the first volume (second edition) in 1893 and the second in 1901 ; this is largely a subject bibliography of the titles in the annual volumes which appeared up to 1900. The Juris- tisches literaturblalt, edited by Alfred Keil (published by C. Heymann in Berlin, ten parts per year, beginning 1894), 12 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY contains short critical bibliographies on special subjects, as well as extensive book reviews. The Juristische noviidten which has appeared annually since 1895 (editor, J. A. Barth; publisher, M. Dietrich, Leipzig), is a critical review of deci- sions of importance; it includes lists of recent books both Ger- man and foreign. A valuable publication was that inaugu- rated by Prof. Kirehenheim in 1881, entitled Centra/Matt fur rechtswissenschajt (Leipzig, Hinrichs). It consisted of book reviews, summaries of the contents of periodicals and lists of the new German and foreign works on law. In September, 1910.it ceased publication, its activities being taken over by the Internationale bibliographic der rechtswissenschajt, which by its addition of indexes to periodical articles and its subject classification promises to be the most important mod- ern bibliography of law. This publication, which appears monthly, also takes account of works and periodical articles in foreign languages. It is published by the Internationales In- stitnt fur Bibliographic der Rechtswissenschajt. Since January, 1 91 1, this bibliography is issued in five different languages, including an American edition {Bibliography of legal science) edited by Edwin M. Borchard (University of Chicago Press). The Kritische blaeitcr fur die gesammten sozialwissenschajten (Berlin, Zentralverlag) began publication in 1905, dropping the first word from its title in 1908. Since January, 191 1 , monthly numbers of this publication also appear in English under the title Bibliography of social science (Chicago, University of Chicago Press). It takes note of such legal articles as have a socio-economic interest. A bibliography of the principal Ger- man law books published during the year appears in the An- nual Bulletin of the Comparative Law Bureau. A work which devotes itself especially to careful book reviews is the Kri- tische vierteljahresschrift fur geselzgebung und rechtswissen- schaft, which superseded the Kritische ueberschau der deutscht 11 geselzgebung (Munich, 1853-1859), and which since i859has been BIBLIOGRAPHY 13 issued as an annual volume. It was originally edited by Profs. Arndts, Bluntschli and Pozl, and among its present editors are l'rofs. Birkmeyer and Ullmann of Munich. The publisher is Theodor Ackermann, Munich. The Zeitschrift jur die gesamfe strafrcchtML'isMHscluift (Berlin, J. Guttentag) devotes one of its numbers each year to a critical survey of recent litera- ture in various departments of law, especially emphasizing general jurisprudence, legal history, criminal law and procedure and law reform. It is a valuable source of information. The appearance of the German Civil Code stimulated the publication of bibliographies especially devoted to the civil law. The most important of these is compiled by Dr. Georg Maas, formerly assistant librarian of the Supreme Court of Germany and now librarian of the Imperial Military Court at Berlin. His systematic subject bibliography of German civil law began issue in 1888, one volume covering the years 1888 to 1898, subsequent volumes being published annually from 1899 to 1903. The first volume (covering 1888 to 1898) also appears as volume 16 of the Archiv fy/r burgerliches reckt, which periodical in its succeeding volumes contains the annual bibliographies of Dr. Maas. For the years 1905 and 1906 Dr. Maas published a Jurisprxulentia Germaniae, which, under care- ful subject divisions, covers the entire literary producti n in German law during the year. Unfortunately, the life of this publication was limited to two years. It may be of advam 1 to mention theBibliotheca juridica, which, in the form of a small booklet, is published each year by an association of German law book publishers; wit li very brief titles, it presents the principal legal works still in print, with the year of publication and the price, under subject division. Hinrichs in Leipzig publishes quarterly a pamphlet known as Neue bucket uber rechts- und staatsvrissenschaften, which is a reprint from his Vi liiljuhii t-katalog der neuigkeiU n d> s deutschen buchhandels. The two leading law libraries in Germany have published cat 14 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY alogues, the most recent being that of the Reichsjustizamt (Department of Justice) in Berlin, a third edition of which ap- peared in 1909. The Rcichsgericht (Supreme Court) at Leipzig published a two volume catalogue (1882 and 1890), subsequent accessions appearing in the form of manuscript supplements. LEGISLATION The official legislation of modern Germany may be said to commence with the formation of the North-German Feder- ation in 1867. During the four years following, up to the establishment of the Empire, there appeared annually the Bundesgesetzblatt des norddeutschen bundes published at Berlin. Since 1871, the official Reichsgesetzblatt has been published; it contains the laws passed by the Reichstag, and the Vcrord nun- gen (decrees) of the Bundesrat (Federal Council). It is issued in slip form promptly after the promulgation of a law or decree, and is bound in an annual volume. An index covering the leg- islation down to 1896 was published officially at Berlin in 1897. A private index to the statutes was published by Frederic Pfaff , covering the years 1867 to 1890; two thin volumes by Hans Becker bring the index down to 1907. They are published in Mainz by J- Diemer. An important private collection of the legislation of Prussia and Germany is edited by C. A. Grotefend, Privy Councillor, in six volumes, including an index. This work covers the legislation from 1806 to 1899 inclusive, under the title Preus- sisch-Deutsche gesetzsammliing, 1 806-1 899. Since 1899 an annual volume has appeared under the title Das gesammte deutsche und preussische gesctzgebnngs-material. This reprints the legislation of the Empire and of Prussia and all the decrees and ordinances published in the official Miwisterialbldtter, twelve in all. It may be called a yearbook of legislation. The internal arrangement of the material follows no definite order, but the work is supplied with an excellent systematic sum- COURT REPORTS I 5 inary, by subject matter, together with a chronological table of the legislative activities of every governmental department. It is now edited by Dr. C. Cretschmar, District Attorney. The whole series is published by L. Schwann in Diisseldorf, 1900 to date. A useful reference work, which contains the prin- cipal laws of the Empire, is published by Bruer & Co. in Berlin, under the title Deutsch i n ichsgesetzbuch fur Industrie, handel und gewerbe; it is now in its forty-third edition, and consists of two very large volumes. A new edition appears about every two years. Excellent annotated editions of the principal laws of the Empire are published by the firm of Guttentag in Berlin under the title Guttentag' sche sammlung deutscher reichs- gesetze. New editions of the more important volumes appear frequently. The series now contains one hundred volumes. Another collection of the important laws, somewhat less useful than those mentioned above, is that edited by Hue de Grais, entitled Handbuch der geselzgebung von Preussen und dem deutschen reiche (Berlin, Julius Springer, 1901-1906). This contains the legislation of the Empire and Prussia under broad subject divisions. It is to consist of forty volumes, of which twelve have so far been issued. A number of publishing firms in Germany, as, for example, Bensheimer, Goschen and Rossberg, publish small and very cheap annotated editions of the principal laws. COURT REPORTS The decisions of courts in Germany are not binding prece- dents, even on inferior courts. Judicial precedents in fact are not considered a source of law, altho they have evidentiary value. The persuasive force of decisions, however, is meeting with ever increasing recognition. This is attested by the grow- ing number of court reports published and the frequency with which decided cases are cited. The decisions of every impor- 1 6 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY tant court are published regularly. A few sections in Gray's Nature and sources of the law (New York, Columbia Univer- sity Press, 1909), pp. 193-198 are devoted to a discussion of the history and force of judicial precedents in Germany. The same work contains interesting discussions of the extent to which custom and the opinions of experts may be con- sidered a source of law. In the course of an article entitled "Judicial precedents — a short study in comparative juris- prudence" (9 Harvard Law Review (1895), pp. 27-41) Prof. Gray had already shown his interest in this question of the force of judicial precedent in countries not subject to the common law. The principal court decisions in Germany, are, of course, those of the Reichsgericht, the Supreme Court of the Empire. Before the Judiciary Act of 1877 (in effect Oct. i, 1879) which established the present Supreme Court, the highest tribunal in Germany was called the Reichsoberhandelsgericht. It sat from 1 87 1 until the end of 1879. Its jurisdiction was much more limited than that of the present court. Its decisions were published in a series edited by a committee of judges of the court, under the title Entscheidungen des reichsoberhandels- gerichts (25 volumes and 4 indexes, Stuttgart, F. Enke, 1873- 1880). The decisions of the present Supreme Court as estab- lished by the Judiciary Act of January 27, 1877, are published in two series, civil cases and criminal cases, 1 edited by a mixed committee of members of the court and its bar. Both series began in 1880, two or three small volumes appearing annually. A systematic compilation of the important decisions of the Supreme Court in civil matters, Die rechtsprechung des reichs- gerichts, by Hugo Neumann began to be published in 1910 1 Entscheidungen des reichsgerichts in zivilsachen. Leipzig, Veit & Co., 1S80-1911. 76 v. 5 indexes (to v. 70). Entscheidungen des reichsgerichts in strafsachen. Leipzig, Veit & Co., 1880-1911. 45 v., index to v. 1-35 by D. Suppes, Leipzig, Veit, 1902. COURT REPORTS I 7 (Berlin, Yahlen). The decisions of the Supreme Court in civil cases not reported in the official series, are published in an annual volume by Warneyer, 1 who undertakes regularly to compile the decisions handed down during the year on various branches of law. Another court report of considerable importance, edited by Mtigdan and Falkmann, began publication with the coming into force of the Civil Code in 1900 and reports the decisions of the Courts of Appeal of the Empire (Oberlandesgerichie) 2 in all matters of private law. Only public law and criminal matters are excluded. The decisions are divided by subject matter according to the various codes or statutes which they construe. The publication is now in its twenty-second vol- ume, two volumes being published annually. Another report of established reputation in Germany began in 1847 and is known under the title Seufjert's Archiv. 3 It reports the de- cisions of the highest courts of the States of Germany, the decisions being divided according to subject matter. So far 66 volumes have appeared, and an index to the first 55. Deci- sions in administrative matters are collected in a set of reports called Entscheidungen dry gerichte und verwaliungsbehorden, edited by A. Reger, and at present published at Munich by Beck. They include decisions in administrative, industrial, and criminal matters, as well as in matters of social insurance in all its branches. The publication began in 1881; up to the present, 30 volumes have appeared. 1 Warneyer 's Jahrbuch der entscheidungen. Erganzungsband enth. die recbtsprechung des reichsgerichts auf detn gebiete dis zivilrechts, smuit siu nicht in der amtlichen sain in lung . . . abgcdruckt ist. Leipzig, Rossberg. 2 Die Recbtsprechung der oberlandesgerichte, edited by B. Mugdan mill R. Falkmann, (judges of the court of appeal in Prussia). Leip- zig, Wit, lyOO-KJII. 22 V. 3 J. U. Seuffert's Archiv fiir entscheidungen der obersten gerichte in den deutschen staaten hrsg. von A. F. Preusser. Munchen, 1847 and cont. 29774° — 12 2 1 8 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY Since 1900, there has been published a small annual vol- ume of headnotes of the important decisions of the courts. This collection Rechtsprechung zum gesamten zivil- handels- u. prozessrecht, edited by Th. Soergel, is extremely popular among practitioners (Stuttgart, Deutsche Verlagsanstalt). The decisions of the highest court of Prussia are edited by Johow and Ring in an annual volume, Jahrbuch fur entschei- dungen des kammergerichts (Berlin, Vahlen, 1884 ff). De- cisions covering more specific subjects will be mentioned under their respective heads in the course of this Guide. LEGAL EDUCATION The subject of legal education, including the prerequisites for the study of law, has always been a matter of great im- portance in Germany. In recent years it has become espe- cially prominent because of the discussions as to the relative importance of theoretical study and practical experience, and as part of the general movement for law reform. A great part of the 191 1 session at Wiirzburg of the German Bar Association Deutscher Anwallsverein 1 was devoted to a dis- cussion of the question "What reforms in the training of law- students are to be recommended?" The results of the dis- cussion are of international interest. The question of legal training for the German lawyer and judge was treated at length in the expert opinion of Dr. Boyens of Leipzig, who entered into an interesting comparison with the present state of legal education in England, drawing upon English and German literature in the course of his paper. This portion of 1 Every two years, alternating with the Deutsche Juristentag (Confer- ence of German Jurists), the German practising lawyers, united as the Deutsche Anwaltsverein (German Bar Association), meet to deliberate on important questions of law and legislation. The organ of the Jurists is the Deutsclw Juristentag; that of the Anwaltsverein is the Juristische Wochenschrift. LEGAL EDUCATION 1 9 the proceedings may be found in the supplement to the Juris- tische wochenschrift,No. 20, 191 1. A brief report appeared in the Law Journal (London) of October 7, 191 1, volume 46 (No. 2386), page 607. Two contributions to the literature on legal education, pub- lished in [909 and 1910 by Prof. Ernst Zitclmarm ' of Bonn and Prof. Erwin Grueber 2 of Munich respectively, are worthy of special mention. Both are entitled Die vorbildung der juristen. They represent opposing views. Dr. v. Goz, in a n view of Grueber's booklet in a recent number of the Archil fur offentliches recht (v. 28, heft 2-3, 1911, pp. 369-372), gives a brief account of the whole movement for the reform of legal education and other related matters. Dr. H. B. Gerland of Jena, who recently published two large volumes on English judicial organization and procedure, has also con- tributed a small volume to the much discussed question of the reform of- legal education. 3 A synopsis of its contents by Prof. Beling, of Tubingen, may be found on page tj 3 of volume 31 ( 1 9 1 1 ) of the Zeitschrijt fur die gesamte strajrecht'.- wissenschajt. A number of important contributions to the subject have been made in articles in English, to which it seems desirable to call attention. The preliminary training and social standing of the German lawyer of the first half of the nineteenth century are discussed in tin course of an article in the Law Magazine, volume 13 (1835), pages 287-309, under the title "State of the bar in Prance, Germany, Spain and Italy." The modern Ger- man law student and his training are discussed by Prof. Knist 1 Zitelmann, Ernst. Die vorbildung der juristen. Leipzig. Dunckei & Humblot, 1909. 45 p. 2 Grueber, Erwin. Die vorbildung der juristen 11. ihre reform. Leip- zig, Scbald, 1910. 19 p. 3 Gerland. Heinrieh B. Die reform des juristischen studiums. Bonn, Marcus & Weber, 191 1. 160 p. 20 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY Freund, now of the University of Chicago, in an interesting account in the Counsellor, volume i (Jan., 1892), pages 131- 135. It is illustrated by the learned author's own experiences while obtaining the doctor's degree. Judge Karl v. Lewinski gave to American lawyers an excellent account of the prelimi- nary education of the German lawyer, his course of study in the law school, and his practical work in the courts before his final admission to the bar. The article, originally an address before the American Bar Association v Proceedings, 1908, pp. 814- 827), may be found in the Green Bag, volume 20 (1908), pages 5 1 6-5 2 3 , and is reprinted in volume 3 1 , New Jersey Law Journal (1908), pages 324-331. Prof. W. E. Walz in the Maine Law Review, volume 3 (Nov.-Dec, 1909), pages 1-6, 41-51, gives an able account of the practical features of legal education in Germany. The technical curriculum of the German law school is presented by Dr. Gustav Schirrmeister in the Law Magazine and Review, volume 29 (1904), pages 129-139. Prof. Munroe Smith's article in the Columbia University Quarterly (1902), pages 138-144 may also be consulted. In one section (pp. 153-156) of a recent article, "German courts at work," printed in the July, 191 1, number of the Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, Julius Hirschfield gives a good, though summary account of the education of German lawyers, incidentally drawing comparisons with the English system of legal eduation. Seminary methods of legal education at the University of Berlin were discussed briefly by Prof. E. G. Lorenzen in an article in volume 1, pages 388- 397, of the American Law School Review. Attention must be called to a source of literature on legal education which is especially directed to an outline of a course of study and a program of the necessary law school literature. This is contained in that section of works on legal encyclopedia (infra) which is entitled " Methodology." Among the modem works Gareis' Introduction to the science of law (infra), pages LEGAL ENCYCLOPEDIA 21 303-329, may be consulted with greatest advantage. Part 3 of Hastie's Outlines oj the science of jurisprudence 1 consists of a translation from Dr. M. Falck's Rechtseneyklopddie (5th ed., edited by Jhering, 1851). It is entitled "The scientific study of jurisprudence, its preliminaries, special means and appliances." Part 4 is a translation from the appendix of Ahren's Rechtseneyklopddie (Wien, 1855). It is entitled " Principles of juristic methodology." For the history of legal education in Germany, these chapters from Hastie's work are of much interest. JURISPRUDENCE A. — LEGAL ENCYCLOPEDIA Legal cncylopedia, or juristic survey, is the term used by Germans to describe one particular class among those works which the Anglo-American lawyer knows under the title "General Jurisprudence." By legal encyclopedia they mean, to borrow Arndts's definition, "a scientific and systematic outline or general view of the whole province of jurisprudence, together with the data of that science; its purpose is to deter- mine the compass and limits of jurisprudence, its relations to other sciences, its internal divisions, and the mutual rela- tions of its constituent parts." It is a classification of the law into legal pigeonholes emphasizing their interrelation. It is the first step in the training of the German law student; with us, when not omit ltd entirely, it is the last. Prof. Munroc Smith's article in the Columbia University Quarterly (1902), pages 138-144 is of interest in this connection. One of the most important of this class of works has recently been made available to us in an English translation by A. Kocourek. This is Gareis's Introduction to the science of law 1 Hastie, W. Outlines of the science of jurisprudence. An introduction to the systematic study of law. Translated and edited from the juristic encyclopedias of Puchta, I'rii ■dlander, 1'alck and Ahrens. Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark, 1887. 282 p. 22 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY (Encyklopadie und metkodologie dcr rechtswissenschaft). 1 It has been incorporated into the Modern Legal Philosophy Series as its first volume. The importance of the work to the American lawyer can not be overemphasized, and as an intro- duction to general jurisprudence and particularly to German law it is of much value. It is well translated. Two other works of this type must be noticed. One is by the well-known Adolph Merkel, 2 formerly professor at Strassburg (4th ed., 1909), and the other by Arndts, 3 the eleventh edition of which, edited by Erwin Grueber, appeared in 1908. The more recent works on legal encyclopedia, while in part preserving the abstract philosophical background, nevertheless bring themselves into close relation with the provisions of the German Civil Code and modern law in general. This was less true of the earlier works on the subject. They retained their philosophic atmosphere throughout, and except for such portions as dealt with the topics for legal study or method- ology indulged in not a little speculation. This is true of Puchta's (1798-1846) Outlines of jurisprudence as the science of right, which was translated into English by W. Hastie in his Outlines of the science of jurisprudence. 4 Puchta found 1 Gareis, Karl. Introduction to the science of law . . . tr. from the 3d rev. ed. of the German by Albert Kocourek . . . with an intro- duction by Roscoe Pound. . . . Boston, The Boston Book Co., 191 1. 375 P- Gareis, Karl. Encyklopadie und methodologie der rechtswissenschaft (Einleitung in die rechtswissenschaft). 3. neu durchgearbeitete aufl. Giessen, E. Roth, 1905. 228 p. On the subject of Gareis' Science of law, see an article by Arthur W. Spencer, in the April, 191 1, Green Bag, 191-196. 2 Merkel, Adolf. Juristische encyklopadie. 4. neu durchgesehene aufl. Hrsg. von Dr. Rudolf Merkel. . . . Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1909. 385 P- 3 Arndts, R. von Arnesberg. Juristische encyklopadie und methologie. nth ed. by E. Grueber. Stuttgart & Berlin, J. G. Gotta, 1908. 102 p. 4 Hastie, W. Outlines of the science of jurisprudence. An introduction to the systematic study of law. Translated and edited from the Juristic encyclopedias of Puchta, Friedlander, Falck and Ahrens. Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark, 1887. 282 p. LEGAL ENCYCLOPEDIA 23 his philosophical elements in the speculation of Schelling; in legal method and thought, he is prominently identified with the historical school of Savigny. A brief extract from Friedlander's System of jurisprudence constitutes part 2 of Hastie's translation. Friedlander, when he published his Juristic encyclopedia, in 1847, was a lecturer at the Univer- sity of Heidelberg. In philosophy, he was a Neo-Hegelian. Part 5 of Hastie's book is likewise a translation from Fried- lander's Juristic encyclopedia and is of historical importance, in that it is concerned with the history of legal encyclopedia as the systematic science of jurisprudence. The introduction (pp. 9-22) of Korkunov's General theory of law (Hasting's translation) contains an interesting account of the nature, history and literature of legal encyclopedia. A work of much value as a philosophical introduction to the study of law is the celebrated Prof. Kohler's Einfiihrung in die rechtswissenschaft. ' An article under the same title by Prof. Grueber of Munich appears as the first contribution in Birkmeyer's Encyklopddie der rechtswissenschaft (infra). The same author in 1908 published an independent work on the subject, largely a reprint of his article. 2 Dr. Spiegel's Beitrdge zur kritik und methodik der rechtswissenschaft 3 also merits our attention. The term Encyklopddie der Rechtswissenschaft has been used to describe a type of work which has grown out of the more general use of that term. While still retaining its character as a survey of the whole field of law, Holtzdendorff's 1 Kohler, Josef. Einfiihrung in die rechtswissenschaft. 3. ed. Leip- zig, A. Deichert, 1908. 312 p. 2 Grueber, Erwin. Einfiihrung in die rechtswissenschaft. Berlin, O. Hiring, 1908. 174 p. 3 Spiegel, Ludwig. Beitrage zur kritik u. methodik der rechtswissen- schaft. Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot, 1909. 222 p. 24 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY Encyklopddie der rechtswissenschaft ' consists of some twenty independent articles, by leading authorities in Germany, covering the different branches of law. They are divided into four broad divisions: (i) philosophy of law; (2) civil law, including commercial law and procedure; (3) criminal law; (4) public law. The sixth edition of this well-known work, edited by Prof. Kohler, was published in 1904. The fifth edition, published in 1890, contains articles by con- tributors in part other than those found in the sixth edition, and has therefore some independent value. Another notable work of the type of Holtzdendorff is that edited by Dr. Karl Birkmeyer of Munich, 2 the leader of the classical school in criminal law. It consists of fourteen articles by leading authorities on different branches of law. An important collection of monographs by the leading publicists of Germany appears as one of the volumes in the Kultur der gegavwart under the title Syslematischc rechts- wissenschaft. 3 The second part of Holtzendorff's Encyklo padie was formerly called Rechtslexikon, and presented in alphabetical arrangement a synopsis of German law. For this purpose it is now largely antiquated, but its bibliogra- phies are still useful. The last edition appeared in 1875. B. — PHILOSOPHY OF LAW Works on the philosophy of law (Rechts philosophic) take up the philosophical foundations of the legal order, legal systems, institutions and doctrines, and the philosophical and ethical 1 Holtzendorff, Franz von. Encyklopadie der rechtswissenschaft. 6th ed. by Josef Kohler. Berlin, Duncker & Humblot, 1904. 2 v. See the extensive article by Prof. Erwin Grueber (Law Quarterly Re- view, vol. 1, 1885. pp. 62-79) in which the contents of the fourth edition of this work are discussed. 2 Birkmeyer, Karl. Encyklopadie der rechtswissenschaft. Berlin, O. Haring, 1904. 1516 p. 3 Systematische rechtswissenschaft von Stammler, Sohm, Gareis, Ehrenberg, Bar, Seuffert, Liszt, Laband, Anschiitz. Part of Die Kultur der gegenwart, Edited by P. Hinneberg. Part II, Section VIII. Leipzig, Tcubner, 1906. PHILOSOPHY OF LAW 25 bases of particular branches of the law. Works on the general theory of law (Allgemeine Rechtslehre) treat of general con- ceptions of law or of a legal system. The division between the works on Rechtsphilosophie and Rechtslehre is often vague. A class of work which also presents a scientific analysis of fundamental legal conceptions is the Introductory or General Part of works on Pandektenrecht or modern Roman law. These works take up the details of a complete legal system and will be discussed later. Jurists have been arranged in schools or groups according to their methods, or according to their fundamental concep- tions of law, in its origin, nature or purpose. Classifications, however, are by no means rigid, and the lines between the schools are often very indistinct. Jurists, moreover, are frequently identified with certain leaders in juristic thought whose doctrines they tend to follow or approach. The theories of these early leaders have now been largely abandoned, but to adopt Sheldon Amos' charac- terization, they have "stamped their personality, their nom- enclature, their ethical tone, and their methods of philo- sophical analysis so ineffaceably upon the science of jurispru- dence", that a survey of German legal philosophy can not omit these master works. Method is an essential characteristic of every science. Methods applied to legal science have gained recognition as they have proved of practical utility in producing a symmet- rical system of law suitable to the needs of the people whose social relations it has to regulate. The four methods princi- pally employed in legal science have been the metaphysical, or a priori, the historical, the analytical, and the comparative, each of which has had illustrious representatives. The metaphysical method, adopted by what was probably the largest class of the philosophical jurisls, investigates the abstract ideas of right and law in their relation to morality, 26 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY freedom, and the human will. Law becomes the expression of an idea. In the hands of certain of its exponents, this method gave new life to the school of natural law which regarded divine law as superior to human law, the law of man being simply a part of a larger scheme of the universe. In the hands of others, it helped to supplant the law-of-nature school. The reaction against this latter school by the historical school helped to produce a new theory of law. The historical jurist sees in law a product of time and unconscious evolution; a rule of human action becomes the result of human experience. The reaction against the divine authority of law in favor of a constituted authority produced what has been called the posi- tive school of thought, represented by Hobbes in England in political philosophy, and by Thibaut in Germany as a practical dogmatist in law. The opposition in England of the historical to the positive school finds a counterpart in Germany in the controversy between Savigny and Thibaut, to which conflict we shall recur later. The analytical method starts from the concrete, from actu- ally existing legal data, defines the terms, classifies them, and explains their connotation and interrelation. The analytical school, essentially of English origin, first became important in Germany with Binding's Die Normen und ihre iibertrclung (1872). 1 It considers law as the product of a conscious or deter- minate human will. The modern development of this method and its application to current social problems is identified with the name of Jhering. Jhering represents a reaction against the historical school of Savigny. While continuing to regard law as a historical phenomenon, Jhering denies that it is an unconscious growth; on the contrary, he asserts that it is and always has been made, and that means of serving human ends are discovered and fashioned consciously into laws. He 1 Binding, Karl. Die normen und ihre iibertretung. Leipzig, Engel- mann, 1872-77. 2 v. v. 1, 2nd ed., 1890. PHILOSOPHY OF LAW 27 5 with the English analytic school in emphasizing the possibility of enforcement as an essential characteristic of law. The comparative method is concerned with space, as the historical is with time. It collects and examines the doctrines, rules, and notions which are found in every developed legal system, notes their agreements and differences, and thereby seeks to construct a system of law. While this method has produced no distinct theory of law, it has come into promi- nence through the works of Dahn, Post, and Kohler, in which comparative ethnology and anthropology are considered as important bases of jurisprudence. The leading representative of t he metaphysical group was the great philosopher Kant (1724-1804). With Kant, juris- prudence for the first time fell into the hands of the meta- physicians, and this union of law and metaphysics character- ized a considerable portion of the German legal philosophy of the early nineteenth century. Kant's philosophy of law is contained in his work Die metaphysik do- ritten,' published in 1797 as the first part of his Mi taphysic oj morals, the sequel and completion of his Foundation jor a metaphysic oj morals} We possess an English translation of the work by W. Hastie. 3 The important legal philosophers of the early nineteenth century who have themselves become leaders of juristic, thought — Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Krause — made the Kantian philosophy the starting point of their individual efforts. 1 Kant, I. Die metaphysik der sitten. Erster teil. Metaphysische anfangsgmnde der rechtslehre. Konigsberg, 171)7. 2 Kant, I. Grundlegung zur metaphysik der sitten. Translated by Willich (1798), Semple (1836) and Abbott (185 3 Hastie, \V. Kant's philosophy of law . An exposition of the fundamen- tal principles of jurisprudence as the science of right, by Immanuel Kant. Translated from the German by W. Hastie. Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark, 1887. 265 p. 28 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY Fichte's (1762-1814) most prominent work is his Grundlage des naiurrechts. 1 The work was translated into English in 1869. 2 Schelling (1 775-1 854) is perhaps best known through his disciple Stahl (1802-1861), generally considered the leading representative of the theological school in legal philosophy. 3 Hegel's (1770-1831) great work is his Grundlinien der philosophic des rechts, which has been translated into English by Prof. Dyde. 4 The work first appeared in 1821, and in 1833 was edited by Gans (2d ed., 1840). In 1902 an edition by Bolland was published in Leyden. The well-known editor of the Encyklopddie u. der phanomenologie , George Lasson, has recently brought out a new edition, 5 in which he has carefully edited the text and supplied a valuable introduction and copious notes. Prof. Kohler, the most prominent Neo-Hege- lian, took occasion, on the appearance of this work, to write an article on Hegel's legal philosophy. It may be found in the October, 1911, number of the Archiv fitr rechts- und wirt- schajtsphilosophie, pages 104-114. The Hegelian philosophy considers law the expression of the culture of a people in the form of principles for the government of men's external rela- tions to one another. To quote Korkunov, Hegel's disciples have sought to present the development of different systems of positive law as a dialectic development of the general idea 1 Fichte, J. G. Grundlage des naturrechts nach principien der wissen- sehaftslehre. Jena und Leipzig, C. E. Gabler, 1796-97. 2nd ed. 2 v. in 1. '-' Fichte, J. C. The science of rights. Translated from the German by A. E. Kroeger. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1869. 505 p. 3 Stahl, F.J. Die philosophic des rechts. 3 V. 4thed. Heidelberg, 1870, v. 1 (History) translated into French by Chauffard (Paris, 1870). 4 Hegel, G. W. F. Philosophic des rechts. Translated by Professor Dyde as "Philosophy of right." London, Bell, 1896. 5 Hegel, G. W. F. Grundlinien der philosophic des rechts. Mit der von Gans redigierten zusatzen aus Hegel's vorlesungen neu hrsg. von Georg Lasson. Leipzig, F. Meiner, 1911. 380 p. PHILOSOPHY OF LAW 29 of liberty. An outline in English of Hegel's legal philosophy is given in Dr. James Hutchison Stirling's Lecturet on ilu phi- losophy of lau\ l The lectures of W. G. Miller delivered at the University of Glasgow, adopt in general the Hegelian stand- point. 3 Krause (1781-1832) is now recognized as the definite founder of the organic and positive school of natural law, and brings to its fullest effect the philosophy of Kant. His two most prominent works are his Grundlage des naturrechts, 3 and his Abriss des systems der rechts philosophic.* The leading representative of the Krause school was the celebrated Ahrens (1808-1874), whose Cours de droit natun I ' has an international reputation. The only English work which displays sympathy for the principles of Krause and his school of natural right is Prof. Lorimcr's Institutes of law." Pollock in his Essays in jurisprudence and ethics, page 19 et seq., gives considerable space to Lorimer's work and the theory. The various schools of juristic thought have been in frequent opposition, and the history of legal development in Germany is closely identified with their controversies. The nineteenth century opened with the reaction by the historical school, resurrected and rehabilitated by Hugo (1 764-1 844), against the school of natural law. The first effective challenge of this revived school was extended by Savigny, its most illustrious 1 Stirling, James Hutchison. Lectures on the philosophy of law. London, 1873. 139 p. - Miller, VV. G. Lectures on the philosophy of law. London, C. Griffin, 1884. 432 p. 3 Krause, C. Chr. Grundlage des naturrechts oder philosophischer grundriss des ideals des rechts. v. 1, 1803. 4 Krause, C. Chr. Abriss des systems der rechtsphilosophie oder des naturrechts, 1825. (System der rechtsphilosophie, Leipzig, 1873.) 1 Ahrens, Hcinrich. Cours de droit nature 1 oil de philosophic du droit 8th ed. Leipzig, Brockhaus, 1892, 2 v. 6th (German) ed. Vienna, 1870. English translation, Boston, 1880 (Miller's bibliography). Lorimer, J. Institutes of law. A treatise of the principles of juris- prudence as determined by nature. 2d cd. Edinburgh, 1880. 30 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY representative, in his intellectual contest with the practical dogmatic school of Thibaut. Savigny also opposed his his- torical method to the abstract metaphysical speculations of the contemporary Hegelians. After the controversies of Thibaut and Savigny on the possibility and utility of codifi- cation had been forgotten in the great constructive work of codification and law reform which began with the Bills of Ex- change Act (Wechselordwung) of 1849, and which was continued in the Commercial Code of 1861 and later in the Imperial statutes of 1877, the arena was cleared for the struggle between the Germanists and the Romanists. While not strictly a conflict between philosophical conceptions of jurisprudence, the contest may nevertheless be considered an effort of the then newly arising analytical school, by its critical methods, to overthrow the dominant Romanism in German law. These controversies having now largely subsided with the enactment of the Civil Code, the social conditions of the present day have given rise to a new school which Roscoe Pound calls a socio- philosophical or sociological school. This sociological school of juristic thought combines within it the methods of the historical, analytical, and revived philosophical schools. The substance of the struggle between the historical and dogmatic non-historical schools, whose champions at the height of the controversy were Savigny and Thibaut, is exemplified by two small works, the one by Savigny (1 779-1 860), his cele- brated Of the vocation of our age for legislation and jurispru- dence, first written in 1814 (English translation by Abraham Hayward from the second, 1828, edition, London, Little- wood, 1831), and the other by Thibaut, a pamphlet called Uber die notwendigkeit eincs allgemeincn biirgcrlichcn rechts fiir Deutschland, published in 18 14 with some other doctrinary monographs. Both works were due to a revival of German patriotism, caused by the Napoleonic wars. Thibaut urged his countrymen to promote German unity by codifying and PHILOSOPHY OF LAW 3 1 unifying their laws. Savigny warned them against hastily and inconsiderately following French models. A short critique of the German historical school is presented in Kor kunov's General theory 0} law (Hasting's translation), pages 1 18-122. In section 19, pages 143-156 of that book the doctrines of Hugo, Savigny and Puchta, the most typical representatives of the historical school, are set forth. The political and legal conditions upon which Thibaut based his advocacy of codification are also well stated. A list of the works of Hugo, the father of the historical school, are to be found in the American Jurist, volume 14 (1835), page 48, and those of his great disciple, Haubold, in the footnote on page 49 of the same volume. A valuable study of the life and in- fluence of Savigny was written for the Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, vol. 11 (November, 1910), pages 32-54, by J. E. G. DeMontmorency, this being one of a series entitled "The great jurists of the world." Dr. \Y. Guthrie's excellent translation of the eighth volume of Savigny's System des heutigen romischen reckts 1 is introduced by an admirable account of Savigny and his standpoint. This introduction also contains (p. 13) in Savigny's own words, a refutation of the charge made against the historical school, that its disciples sought to impose Roman law upon modern conditions in Germany. In the latter part of the nineteenth century strict philosophj of law fell into disrepute because of its mistaken identification with the metaphysical speculations of Kant and Hegel. Nevertheless such works as Lasson's System der rechtsphiloso- phie (Berlin, 1882), and the works of Kohler indicate a distinct revival of the I Iegelian school. Stammler, t he most prominent Neo-Kantian of modern times, also shows the influence of the 1 Savigny, F. Carl von. A treatise on the conflict of laws. Translated, with notes, by William Guthrie, 2d ed. Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark, 1880. 567 p. 32 GUIDE TO THE LAW OK GERMANY general philosophical awakening at the end of the nineteenth century. Jhering, Kohler and Stammler are the leaders of the modern sociological-philosophical school. The differences between the various schools have called forth a number of excellent articles in English and American periodicals to which it seems fitting to direct attention. By all means the most important of these are the two articles published by Roscoe Pound on the "scope and purpose of sociological jurisprudence," which appeared in the June and December, 191 1, numbers of the Harvard Law Review (Vol. 24, pp. 591-619; vol. 25, pp. 140-168). It is a brilliant account of the origin, principles, development, and inter- relation of the various schools of juristic thought. The second of the articles devotes considerable space to the doctrines and influence of the greatest of the social utilita- rians, Jhering, and the leader of the modern Neo-Kantians, Stammler, to whose notable work we shall refer below. Prof. Pound's forthcoming book Sociological jurisprudence, of which these articles are the substance, will unquestionably command widespread attention. The different schools of jurisprudence, with emphasis on the sociological, were described by Prof. Pound in his paper "A new school of jurists," published in the University Studies of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr. (Vol. 4, July, 1904, pp. 249—266). Gareis's Science oj law, Introduction, page 12, presents a succinct outline of the various schools. The twelfth essay in Bryce's Studies in history and juris- prudence (Oxford, 1 901), volume 2, pages 172-208, while not confined to Germany, discusses the principal methods of legal science, their application to the philosophy of law, and their theoretical and practical utility. The concluding pages of Munroe Smith's brilliant essay on Jurisprudence 1 take up 1 Smith, Munroe. Jurisprudence. New York, Columbia University Press, 1908. 42 p. PHILOSOPHY OK I. AW 33 the principal schools of juristic thought, their theories, and their methods. An article by Prof. Pound published in volume i of the Innual Bulletin of the Comparative Law Bureau presents the attitude of the three principal schools, the analytic, the his- torical, and the modern sociological-philosophical school toward a certain phase of the contemporary movement for the reform of legal procedure in Germany — the function of the judge in the application of law (Recktsanwendung). Dr. M. Rumpf in a small work entitled Gesetz und richter 1 has made a valuable contribution to this much debated question of the proper function of the judge in applying the law, and the relation between legislation and judicial decision. The work has recently been translated into French. A book on the same subject by Briitt ' has attracted some attention. In an article entitled "German historical school of juris- prudence," published in the American Jurist , volume 14 ( 1835), pages 43-62, there appears a translation of the seventeenth chapter of Lerminier's great work Introduction g&nSrale ii /' histoire k <-■> , mai. 524 p. 4 Sturm. August. Die- psychologiselu grundlage ilcs rechts. Kin ln-itrag rar allgemeinen rechtslehre. Hannover, Helwing, 1910. 531 p. 38 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY method. His theory of the social in place of the old indi- vidualistic ideal as a criterion of justice is in reality a legal theory of social justice which meets the social problems of the century and interprets the social will. To quote Prof. Pound, the whole science of jurisprudence has received a new stand- point. Kantorovicz, cited by Pound, states that it is Stamm- ler's endeavor to find a method of "determining and directing the application of legal rules so that they shall have the quality of being objectively just." He reaches justice "through law" instead of "according to law." All three of Stammler's leading works are of the utmost importance. For his philosophy of law his Lehrc von d* m richtigen rechie ' is the most prominent. Under the title 77a- theory of justice this work is to be translated into English in the Modern Legal Philosophy Series. His work Wirtsehaft und recht a is likewise an attempt to reach a theory of law and justice which shall fit current social problems. Stammler's latest work Tkeorie tto Gierke - and the other lately begun by Prof. Konrad Beyerle,' while occasionally containing excellent contributions — especially those by Prof. Gierke — warrant only cursory atten- tion in this survey. The more important works dealing strictly with the history of Germanic law, will be mentioned below in discussing the elements which contributed to make up the present German Civil Code. Nevertheless, it may be well to call attention here to a collection of translations of works on continental 1 Ficker, Julius. Untersuchungen zur erbenfolge medieval empire (London, Macmillan, 1898). Some explanations of the various laws of the barbarian tribes of Germany are presented in an historical work on the struc- ture of feudal society by Edgar II. McNeal in a University of Chicago doctor's dissertation, published in 1905. 1 He treats especially the Burgundian. Alemaunic, Lombard, Yisigothie, and Bavarian codes. A learned article on the spread of Ger- manic laws throughout the world was published as a rector's address by Prof. Karl Lehmann,' of Rostock, in 1905. On German private law as a system, several learned treatises German pm- have been published. Perhaps the most celebrated is that nf Prof. Otto Gierke, n of Berlin, the venerable Germanist, to whose work we shall have occasion to recur. It was pub- lished as a part of Binding's Systemaiisches Handbuch, to which we have already referred. It may be well here to point nut a distinction which Germans make between "Handbuch" and "Lehrbuch." The "Handbuch' is really a scientific treatment and critical discussion of the sources and other material, including the literature connected with a subject. The "Lehrbuch" is a treatise which presents positive law as a dogmatic system, without criticism, although historical devel- opment maybe recognized. Our "handbook" is the equiva- lent of the German " Handausgabe." The first volume of Gierke's work treats of general legal concepts and the general law of persons; volume two, of the law of things. Under the 1 McNeal, Ldgar H. Minores and mediocres in the Germanic tribal laws. Columbus, Hoer, 1905. 130 p. 2 Lehmann, Karl. Rezeptionen germanischer rechte. Rede zur feier - Februar 1005. Rostock, Adler, 1905. p 1 Gierke. Otto Friedrich. Deutsches privatrecht. Leipzig, Duneker & Humblot, 1895-1905. 2 v. 29774°— 12 4 50 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY rights of persons, the so-called "immaterial rechte" (rights in immaterial things, or what we might call incorporeal rights, patent right, copyright, etc.) are treated. Many German writers treat these rights as a part of the law of things; they divide " Sachenrecht" into the law of material things, or real rights, and the law of immaterial things, or rights peculiar to the person, such as patent and copyright. Another im- portant work on German private law which has now gone through three editions, is the " Handbuck" of Prof. Stobbe, 1 the latest five volume edition of which was published between 1885 and 1900. Stobbe's work stands alone in its masterly working up of the Germanic sources and manuscripts. Be- sides its critical discussion of the sources and literature, it also examines existing law. Nor, in this connection, must the work of Prof. Karl von Amira, 2 the noted scholar of Munich, be left unmentioned. His Grundriss des germanischen rechti is deservedly held in high esteem. Konrad von Maurer's re- searches into the legal history and institutions of the northern Teutonic peoples have placed him in the front rank of legal historians. Two works, both of which treat the subject matter from the Germanic viewpoint and which along historical lines fol- low the divisions of the present Civil Code, are those by Prof. Heusler 3 of Basel, one of the Binding series, and by Prof. Hiibner 4 called "Principles of German private law." The latter is perhaps the best one volume edition on the subject. 1 Stobbe, Otto. Handbuch des deutschen privatrechts. Berlin, W. Hertz, 1885-1000. 5 v. in 6. (v. I-IV, 3rd ed. 1895-1000; v. V, 2d ed. 1885.) 2 Amira, Karl von. Grundriss des germanischen rechts. 2d ed. Strassburg, K. J. Triibner, igoi. (Reprint from H. Paul's Grundriss der germanischen philologie.) :i Heusler, Andreas. Institutionen des deutschen privatrechts. Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot. 1885-86. 2 v. * Hiibner, Rudolf. Grundziige des deutschen privatrechts. Leipzig. A. Deichert, 1908. 757 p. Second edition in press. LEGAL HISTORY 51 It is shortly tn be translated into English (see footnote, p. 46). A few other important works on the subject, of some- what less value for present day study than those just men- tioned, are the "System" of Prof. Beseler, 1 the father of the Germanists, and those by Prof, von Roth - and Prof. Gerber. 8 We can not leave the subject of the history of German private law without mentioning a remarkable philological work which has become a classic. This is Grimm's celebrated P< utsche rechtsalterthiimer* first published in iSjS, which in a fourth edition by Profs. Heusler anil Hiibner, appeared in 1899. The author was a philologist rather than a jurist. The history of legal institutions are traced from their philological symbols and their terminology. The law of the Prussian " Landreckt" which exercised so, 1 ''" Landrecnt much influence on the Civil Code is, perhaps, best presented in the work by Koch, 5 the eighth edition of which was com- pleted in 1886. It treats the subject in the form of a com- mentary. By the term " Kotnmentar" (commentary), which will occur frequently in the course of this Guide, the Germans understand a treatment of a codified subject or of the sections of a statute, article by article, with notes and annotations under each. Two important works on Prussian private law are the treatise by Dernburg,'' 1 in three volumes, the fifth ler. System des gemeinen deutschen privatrechts. Leipzig, A. Deichert, 1908. -' Roth. Paul von. System des deutchen privatrechts. Tubingen, 1880-86. 3 v. •Gerber. System des deutschen privatrechts. 17th ed i>> Cosack, |. na, Fischer, 1895. * Grimm, Jal oh 1 leutsche rechtalterth timer . 4th ed, by A. Heusler & R. Hiibner. I Diet ri< h 1809. -• v. ' Koch, C. I-". Das allgemeine landrecnt fur die preussischen staaten. 8th ed., by A. Achilles I'. Hinschius, R Johow & 1". Vierhaus. Berlin Guttentag, 1883-86. 4 v. '■ Demburg, Heinrich. Lehrbuch des preussischen privatrechts und der privatrechtsnormen des reichs. Halle .>. S . . Waisenhaus, [894-97. 3 v. 52 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY edition of which was completed in 1897, and that by Forster ' in four volumes, the seventh edition of which was completed in the same year. Another work, somewhat less useful, was edited by two judges, Rehbein 2 and Reincke. It is now out of print. Saxon Code A work on the private law of Saxony which is discussed in the protocols of the codifiers of the Civil Code, is that by Griitzmann, 3 published at Leipzig in 1 887-1 889. Baden Land- a good edition of the " Landrecht" of Baden, 4 which con- recht tains most of the French elements which entered into the composition of the Civil Code, reached a fourth edition in 1899. Reception of Roman law as it was in force on German territory after its so-called "Reception" in 1495, the date of the constitution of the Imperial Chamber Court (Reichskammergerichf) , entered very largely into the composition of the new Civil Code. This introduction of Roman law into Germany is one of the most important chapters in the history of law in Europe. It was one of the effects of the revival of classical learning, aided on the one hand by the political union of Germany and northern Italy, by which German students became imbued with the principles of Roman law, and, on the other hand, by the feeling that the German Emperor was the successor of the Roman Caesars. This period of German law and its influence upon modern law is, of course, dealt with in all the more important general works on German legal history. An excel- lent essay by Prof. Grueber on the relation between Roman law and modern German law may be found in the introduc- tion to Eedlie's English translation of Sohm's Institutes, first 1 Forster, Franz A. A. Preussisches privatrecht. yth ed.. by M. E. Eccius. Berlin, G. Reimer, 1896-97. 4 v. 2 Rehbein, Hugo & Reincke, Otto. Allgemeines landrecht fur die preussischen staaten. . . 5th ed. Berlin, Muller, 1894. 4 v. 3 Griitzmann, P. Lehrbuch des kgl. sachsischen privatrechts. Leipzig. Breitkopf & Hartel, 1887-S9. 2 v. 4 Das Badische landrecht. 4th ed. Karlsruhe, Lang, 1899. 456 p. LEG AT. HISTORY 53 edition.' One of the best treatments in English of the special period of the "reception" is presented in a small book recently published by Prof. Paul Yinogradoff of the University of Ox- ford, entitled Roman law in meduBvcU Europe. 2 The fate of the Roman law is dealt with in France, England and Ger- many, pages 1 06- 1 ,;t covering the Roman law in German v. The book is marked by the learning which characterizes all the work of its distinguished author. Mr. Holdsworth, the author of the monumental work on the "History of English law." has just published, in recent numbers of the Law Quar- terly Review (v. 27, pp. 387-398; v. 28, pp. 39-51), an interest- ing account of the "Reception of Roman law in the sixteenth century." The first two installments of the article have thus far appeared. A good account of this period of German legal history may be found in chapter XV, pages 399-416 of Guy Carleton Lee's Historical jurisprudence (New York, Macmillau, 1900). It concludes with a brief sketch of the history of codifi- cation in Germany. John Chipman Gray in Appendix III (pp. 303-306) of his Nature and sources 0} tin law deals with the "reception" of Roman law. He quotes largely from Stobbe. A valuable work on this period, which covers the literature ex- haustively, was published by tin- eminent scholar R. Stintzing. 3 Two smaller monographs, bj reason of tin- prominence which they have received in the literature, deserve special mention. The first is a work by Modderman published about 40 years ago, 4 and the other a recent work by Georg von Below. 5 'Sohin, Rudolph. The institutes, a text book of the history and system of Roman private law, translated by James Crawford Ledlie. 3d ed. Oxford, 1907. 606 ]i. First ed. 1X92. 8 Vinogradoff, Paul. Roman law in mediaeval Europe. London and New York, Harper & liros.. 1909. 136 p. •' Stintzing. R. Geschichte der popularen literatur des rflmischen-kanoni- schen rechts in Deutschland. Leipzig, 1867. 'Modderman, W. Die rezeption des r&mischen rechts VusdemHol- landischen Qbersetzt von K. Scbulz. Jena, Dufft, 1875. 128 p. 5 Below. Georg von. Die ursaehen der rezeption des romischen rechts in Deutschland. Munich, 0105 i'x. |> 54 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY The classic work on modern Roman law is the eight volume "System" 1 of Savigny, which treats of general doctrines. Volumes i, 2, and 8 have been translated into English.- The introduction to the English translation of volume 8 contains a short digest of the contents of the "System." Savigny's work on Obligationenrecht (the law of obligations 1, two vol- umes of which had appeared up to 1853, was never completed. An English edition of this work in the form of an analysis, with notes, was published in 1872 by Archibald Brown. 3 Fandekicn- Modern Roman law as expounded in Germany is known recht under the name of "Pandektenrecht" and consists largely of the digest of Justinian's Corpus Juris. Perhaps the most valuable of the works on "Pandektenrecht," although there are many excellent ones, is that by Prof. Windscheid, a very active member of the commission which drafted the first project of the Civil Code. His Lehrbuch* the ninth edition of which was edited by Theodor Kipp in 1906, is valuable for its keen distinctions, its thoroughness and its critical discussion of the literature; its comparative presentation of Roman and German civil law also distinguishes this work. A hardly less important work is that by the late Prof. Dernburg, 5 the eighth edition of which, by Sokalowski, has recently appeared. It is distinguished by its account of the latest practice, its clear- 1 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von. System des heutigen romischen rechts. Berlin, 1840-49. 8 v. & Sachen- und quellen-register . . . von O. L. Heusler. Berlin. 1851. 2 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von. v. 1 by William Holloway (Madras, Higginbotham, 1867); v. 2 entitled Jural 1 Jetton* by W. G. Rattigan (London, Wiley, 1894); v. 8. The conflict of laws, by William Guthrie. 2d ed. Edinburgh, Clark, 1880. 'Savigny, Friedrich Carl von. An epitome and analysis of treatise on obligations in Roman law, with notes by Archibald Brown. Lon- don, 1872. * Windscheid, Bcrnhard. Lehrbuch des pandektenrechts . . . 9th ed., by Theodor Kipp. Frankfurt a. M., Rutten & Loening, 1906. 3 v. 5 Dernburg. Heinrich. Pandekten. 7th ed., by Johannes Biermann. Berlin, H. W. Muller. 1902-1903. 3 V. Sth ed. by Paul Sokalowski. 1911-1912. LEGAL HISTORY 55 ness and its splendid style. Another able, although incom- plete work on the subject is that by Prof. Regelsberger, 1 of Gottingen, published in the series of Binding. It treats only of the general doctrines of law and the law of persons; it is distinguished by the thoroughness of its research. The work of Puchta, 2 one of the greatest Romanists of his time, is still consulted by legal scholars. The last edition was the twelfth in [877. Nor should we fail to mention Puchta's well-known I orlesungen s (lectures), the sixth edition of which appeared in two volumes in 1874. Prof, von Vangerow's Leitfaden (Guide)/ the seventh edition of which was published in three volumes in 1 863-1869, is valuable for its discussion of special detailed questions of Roman law. The treatise of Brinz, 5 in four volumes, which was partly written by Lotmar, also deserves attention. It is brilliant and exhaustive, but the material is, unfortunately, not well organized and arranged. A work of value in the investigation of the Roman law sources of modern German civil kiwis Prof. KevananrisHandlexikon,* the ninth edition of which was published by Seckel in 1907. It is exhaustive and reliable. For the same purpose, Bruns i'onti s 7 are of value. 1 Regelsberger, Ferdinand. Pandekten. Leipzig, Duncker & Hum- blot, 1893. Regelsberger, who died within the last year, is con- sidered one of tin- greatest of modern jurists. A biographical sketch liv Prof. Knoke of Konigsberg, with a complete bibliography of Regelsberger 's writings appears in the last number of Jhering's I ihrbuchcr, v. 60. 1 5 heft (1911), p. 1-38. Puchta, ('■. F. Pandekten. 12th ed., by T. Schirmer. la ipzig, Barth, i*77- Puchta, 1 '■ F. \oii, tiii -i 1 1 nil. 1 1I1. heutigc romische recht. Mh ed. 1 S 7 4 . j v. ' Vangerow, Karl Adolph, Leitfaden fur pandekten vorlesungen. 7th ed. Marburg and Leipzig, 1863-69. 3 V. Brinz. Lehrbuchder pandekten. 2ded. [873-92. .| > Ibumann. Handlexikon zu den quellen des rdmischen rechts 9th >il , bj Seckel. Jena, Fischer, 1007. 1 Bruns-Gradenwitz. Pontes juris mm, mi antiqui. 7 1 1 1 ed. Tubin- gen, Mohr, 1909. 2 v. 56 GUIDE TO THE LAW OP GERMANY GERMAN CIVIL CODE History The German Civil Code is the crowning achievement in the codification of German private law. The first step in the direction of uniform legislation in Germany was taken by the states of the Zollverein. Their delegates met at Leipzig in 1849 and drew up a uniform Bills of Exchange Act (Wechselordnung), which with some amendments (the Nurn- berg Novels) was adopted by all the German States. The next landmark in codification was erected in 1861, when the Diet of the German Confederation recommended to t In- states the enactment of a Commercial Code, drawn up by a specially appointed commission. The legislative authority of the North German Federation, founded in 1867, was extended to include criminal law, judicial procedure, con- tracts, bills of exchange and commercial law. On this authority the Federation, in 1869, enacted the Bills of Ex- change Act and the Commercial Code as Federal law. In 1871, on the formation of the Empire, civil and criminal procedure and criminal law were placed within the legislative jurisdiction of the Empire. In 1871 a Penal Code was adopted, and in 1877 — a momentous year in the history of German codification — Federal Codes of Civil and Criminal Procedure and a Federal Judiciary Act and a Bankruptcy Act were placed on the statute books. The names of G. E. W. Leon- hardt, Prussian minister of justice from 1867 to 1879, and Edouard Lasker, are prominently associated with this move- ment for the reform of German law. An account of the legislation which the various codes of 1877 superseded is con- tained in a series of articles by Dr. Edward Zimmerman, published in the Law Magazine and Review. 1 Lcjusiative g v (h e constitutional amendment of December 20, 1871, histoiy ' J to article 4, section 13 of the 'Constitution of April 16, 1871, 1 Law Magazine and Review, N. S. v. 3 (1874) pp. 358-81, pp. 640-44 (should be 654); 4th series, v. 1 (1876) pp. 103-112. CIVIL CODE 57 the legislative power of the Empire was extended to the sphere of the entire civil law. The Bund* srat (Federal Council) thereupon appointed a commission of five leading jurists to report on a plan and method for undertaking the work of cmist met in;; a Civil Code. The suggestions <>!" this com- mission were approved by the Bundesrat and on the 2d of July 1874, they appointed another commission of eleven members under tlie presidency of Or. Pape, then chief justice of the OberhandelsgericlU at Leipzig. Of this commission, six mem- bers were judges, three were officials in the ministries of justice of their respective States, and two were university professors. The common law or ' received " Roman law found its represen- tatives in Profs. Windscheid, Roth, and Planck and Messrs. Kiibel and Schmidt. The Prussian Landrecht was repre- sented by Messrs. Pape, Johow and Kurlbaum. The Punch law in its original form and in the guise of Baden Landrecht was represented by Messrs. Derscheid and Gebhard, and the Saxon law by Dr. von Weber. The work of the commission was divided into five parts corresponding to the five general divisions of the present code: (1) general part, including tin- law of persons; (2) the law of obligations; (3) the law of things; 141 family law; and 151 the law of inheritance, each division being assigned to a committee. The work in committee took seven years, until 1881, and from that time until 1887 the commission worked in committee of the whole, debating the matter for six years. In 1887, the) reported out a draft of the code (Entwurf) which, with their report, was handed to the Imperial chancellor on December 27, 1887. In an article by Prof. Krnst Freund in tin American Law Review, volume J4 (1890), pages 2.V--.S4, there is a scholarly account of the principles which governed the codifiers, the contents of the code, tin- material excluded, the method if work and the difficulties encountered, together with a 58 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY general discussion of the theory of codification. In the course of an article on "State statute and common law," Prof. Munroe Smith, in the Political Science Quarterly, volume 3 (1888), pages 155-160, summarizes the history of codification in Germany. Dr. Ernest Schuster, who has done so much to familiarize English lawyers with German civil law, pub- lished a learned article in the Law Quarterly Review, vol- ume 12 (1896), pages 17-35, dealing with the history of codification and especially with the preparatorv work in the formation of the present Civil Code. The same subject is treated in an interesting article by Prof. A. Pearce Higgins in the Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, volume 6, new series (1905), pages 95-105. Prof. Maitland delivered a presidential address to the Social and Political Educational League in 1906 entitled "The making of the German Civil Code," which was published in the Independent Review, August, 1906, and is reprinted in his Collected papers, recently edited by H. A. L. Fisher, in volume 3, pages 474-4S8. In his brilliant way and in popular language he describes the methods by which the code was enacted. One sentence may be quoted : Never yet, I think, has so much first-rate brain power been put into an act of legislation. Most interesting details of the work of the first commission are given by Privy Councillor Dr. Vierhaus (then a judge of the Court of Appeal in Cassel) in his EntstehungsgeschichU d< s entwurfes eines B. G. B. [Biirgerliches GesetzbucK\ fur dm deutsche reich (Berlin, Gutlentag, 1888). The protocols of the first commission, whose labors ended in 1887, occupy over 1 2,000 mimeograph folio pages; they were never published for the general public. The draft code which they submitted was published officially in 18S8 under the title Entwurf eines B. G. B. jur das deutsche nidi. Erste lesung. Amtliche aus- gabi (Berlin, Guttentag, 1888), together with a draft of the CIVIL CODE 59 Introductory Act entitled Entwurj eines einfuhrungsgi • tei s fur das /;. G. />'- nebst motiven (Guttentag, 1888). A publica- tion of great value for an understanding of the history of the code and the legislative intentions of the commission are five volumes of analyses and preliminary materials for the first draft which were published officially at the same time, under the title Motive zu dem entwwrfe dries B.G. B. fur das deutscht tilth, Amtliche ausgabe, the second edition of which was pub- lished by Guttentag in 1897. One volume is devoted to each part of the code. An index to the draft and to the " Motivt n " was prepared by Dr. Jatzow in 1888. These volumes consti- tute an important work of reference, in which the local law on the subjects embodied in the code may be found concisely and accurately stated. The 1888 draft with the "Motiven" was distributed throughout the Empire. The object was to elicit criticism, as is stated in the introduction of the circular accompanying the draft. The statement of the chancellor of his readiness to receive and entertain all communications relating to the subject brought in prolific criticisms. Those criticisms which made their appearance up to November, [890, were officially published under the title Zusammen stellung der gutachilichen dusserungen zu dem entwurfi thus B. G. B. 1 Berlin, Xorddeutsche Buchdruckcrei, 1X1)0-91, 6 vols.), together with another collection of criticisms 011 the Introductory Act entitled Zusammenstellung der gutachi- lichen dusserungen zu dem entwurfi eines einfiihrungsgesetzes .ii»i B. G. B. The individual governments of the Empire also complied with a request of the chancellor of June 27, 1889, to submit propositions and critical opinions on the first draft. They wen- edited in the !<• ichsjustizamt and published under the title Zusammenstellung der dusserungen dei bundes regierungen :n dem entwurfe eines B. G. B., gefertigi i»i i., der K. 0. und d, >• /•.'. G. zur C. P. 0. und K. 0. In der fassung der bundesrathsvorlagen. Auf amtiiche veranlassung. Together with this draft, the Bundesrat submitted to the Reichstag a memorial entitled Denkschrift zum entwurf eines B. G. B., with three appendices, which was published officially in 1896. The debates of the Bundesrat on the draft of the second commission were not published. Their conclusions may be gathered from the differences which appear between the third draft 1//;. Reichstagsvorlage), which they submitted to the Reichstag, as compared with the second draft. The report of the committee of the Reichstag which considered tin- draft, was published under the title Bericht der reichstagskommis- sion uber den entwurf rims- B. G. B. und eitu > /:\ G. n t />>/ einer zusammenstellung der kommissionbi rchlusse. Berichterstatter: ,>id)i. Legislaturperiode, 4. Session 181)5-1896, and appeared separately in the book trade under the title Erste, zweile und dritu- berathung des entwurfes < in, s B. G. B. im reichstag, stenographische berichte (Berlin, 1896). The final draft was published under the title Entwurf e zum B. G. B. und einfuhrungsgeseh in der fassung der votn reichstag gemachien vorlage (Berlin, Guttentag, 1896), and an index published by Heyinann the same year. A private publication which is valuable as an abridged edition of the essentials of the legislative antecedents of the code is that edited by Mug dan, 1 in six volumes, including the index. It reports the 1 Mugdan, B. Die gesammten materialien zum Burgerlichen v;isrt/- Imi-li fur «I;is Deutsche Reich. Berlin, R. v. Decker, 1899. 6 v. 62 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY "motives/' the draft, the protocols, the parliamentary reports and discussions, and gives the legislative antecedents of the various sections of the code. Beginning with the draft of the first commission, it follows each section through its legislative career in the form of a table. The code with its introductory statute was adopted August 18, 1896, and came into force on January 1, 1900. Contents The German Civil Code is divided into five books, together with an Introductory Act which prepares the way lor the general application of the code provisions. Book I of the Civil Code deals generally with the law of persons and is divided into seven sections. Section 1 deals with persons, including natural persons and juristic persons. Juristic persons are dealt with under three headings: associations in general, registered and un- registered, including corporations, partnerships and unin- corporated societies; foundations or endowments; and juristic persons in public law. The second section deals with the various kinds of things, consumable and permanent, fixtures and appurtenances, fruits and usufruct. The third section deals with juristic acts and includes capacity, the effect of declarations of intention or expression of will, contracts, conditions and limitations of time, repre- sentation and agency in general, including ratification. The fourth section deals with periods of time and the manner in which they are to be calculated. Section 5 deals with pre- scription and statutes of limitation in different kinds of actions. Section 6 deals with the exercise of rights, self- defense and self-help; section 7, with security and bail. Book II deals generally with the law of obligations, and is divided into seven sections. civil com: 63 Section 1 deals with the scope of obligations, the requirement to perform contracts and the effect of a breach, and in general with the relation between debtor and creditor, including the rules concerning damages. Section 2 deals with obligations ex contractu and con- cerns especially the creation of a contract and its content. One division is devoted to the effect of a mutual or bilateral contract, and another to the effect of a promise to perform in favor of a third party. The second section also deals with earnest money and the penalties fixed by the contract for a breach. The last part of the section covers the withdrawal of parties under the contract. Section 3 deals with extinction or cancellation of obliga- tions, or what we would call the performance of contracts. In this section are discussed such subjects as pledge, at- tachment, set-off and release. Section 4 deals with the assignment or transfer of claims; section 5 with the assumption of debt or novation; section 6 with the plurality of debtors and creditors, such as joint debtors and creditors and the divisibility and indivisibility of performance. Section 7 deals with particular kinds of contracts and is divided into 25 titles. The first title deals generally with purchase and sale and exchange. The second title deals with gifts and their conditions. Title 3 deals with leases, rents, and the general relations existing between landlord and tenant. The next few titles in their order deal with certain bailments, loans for use, loans for consumption, contracts for service, and for work. Title 8 deals with brokerage; title 9, with tile promise of reward. Titles 10 to [3, inclusive, deal with the following bailments: Mandate, unauthorized management of others' affairs, custody of movable things on deposit, and the liability of innkeepers. Tin- fourteenth title deals with general partnership relations, although book II 64 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY of the Commercial Code deals with the special rules concerning commercial partnerships. Title 15 deals with the community of ownership; title 16 with annuities. Title 17 deals with gaming contracts. Suretyship is covered in title 18. Title 19 concerns compromise; title 20, the acknowledgment of and the promise to pay debts. Title 21 deals with orders and drafts; title 22 with obligations to bearer. Title 23 concerns discovery and the production of chattels and instruments on demand. Title 24 deals with unjust enrichment, and title 25 with certain torts and tort liability. Rook III deals with the law of things and covers largely the law of real property. It is divided into nine sections. Section 1 deals with possession, its acquisition and its loss and the various kinds of possession. Section 2 deals with general provisions relating to rights over land, their acquisition, loss and alteration, together with certain provisions concerning the operation of the Land Registry Act. Section 3 deals with the general subject of ownership and is divided into five titles. Title 1 deals with the scope of owner- ship and includes the rights of adjoining owners of land, rights of way and boundaries. Title 2 deals with the acquisition and loss of ownership in land and title 3 with the acquisition and loss of ownership of movables. Title 3 is subdivided into six heads; the first deals with the transfer of ownership of movables, the second with usucaption and ownership by pre- scription, the third with mingling of goods, confusion and specification, the fourth with the acquisition of products and other component parts of a thing, the fifth with appropriation, which includes abandonment of things, especially animals, and the sixth with finding and the rights of the finder. Title 4 of the third section deals with the rights and duties arising out of ownership. Title 5 deals with co-ownership. CIVIL CODE 65 Section 4 deals with heritable building rights (Erbbaurecht). Section 5 deals wit li servitudes and is divided into three titles. The first covers the law of real servitudes, the second usufruct, which is divided into the usufruct of things, the usufruct of rights and the usufruct of a person's whole property. The third title deals with limited personal servitudes. Section 6 deals with the real right of preemption (Vorkaufs- recht); section 7 with perpetual charges on land; and section 8 with mortgage, land charges and annuity charges. Section 9 deals with the pledge of movables and pledge of rights. Book IV on family law is divided into three broad sections: First, civil marriage; second, relationship; third, guardianship. Section 1 is divided into eight titles. The first deals with the rights and duties growing out of betrothal ; the second with the consummation of the marriage and with marital rights. The third deals with voidable and void marriages. The fourth deals with remarriage in case one of the spouses is declared legally dead. The fifth deals with the effects of the marriage relation in general. The sixth deals with matrimonial rights over property. This sixth title is subdivided into three parts; the first deals with the statutory regime over the matrimonial property, and includes, besides general provisions, the rights of management and use, the liability for debts, and the manage- ment of separate property. Part 2 deals with the contractual regime or the property rights resulting out of the marriage contract. Besides its general provisions it deals with the general community of goods, the community of income and profits and the community of movables. Part 3 deals with the marriage property register. Title 7 of this first section deals with the dissolution of marriage and divorce; title 8 provides that obligations to the church remain unaffected by the code. 29774°—" 5 66 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY The second section, dealing with relationship, covers eight titles. The first deals with general provisions; the second, with legitimate descent ; the third, with the duty of mainte- nance of relatives ; the fourth, with the legal status of legitimate children and the relations of parent and child. Title 5 deals with the legal status of children born of void marriages; the sixth with the legal status of illegitimate children. Title 7 is concerned with the legitimation of illegitimate children and title 8 with adoption. The third section deals with guardianship and is divided into three titles. The first, guardianship over minors, the second, guardianship over persons of full age, and the third, curatorship. The first title is the most important of these and deals with the establishment, conduct, responsibility, super- vision and termination of guardianship. Book V deals with the law of inheritance and is divided into nine sections. The first section deals with the order of succession of heirs. The second section deals with the legal status of an heir and is subdivided into four titles. The first deals with the acceptance and renunciation of the inheritance and the supervision of the probate court. The second title deals with the liability of an heir for the obligations and debts of the estate, and includes among other things, the procedure for fixing the liability and establishing the amount of the estate. The third title deals with claims to the inheritance on the part of the heir. Title 4 deals with the plurality of heirs and the legal relations between the heirs and the creditors of the estate. The third section deals with the written will or testament and is subdivided into eight titles. These cover the following subjects : General provisions, appointment of the heir, appoint- ment of the reversionary heir, bequests and legacies, testa- mentary charges and burdens, executors, execution and revo- cation of a will, and joint and mutual wills. CIVIL CODE 67 The fourth section of Book V deals with the contract of inheritance; the fifth, with compulsory portion; the sixth, with unworthiness to inherit, or disqualification to become an heir; the seventh, with renunciation of the inheritance; the eighth, with certificate of inheritance; and the ninth, with the pur- chase of the inheritance. The Introductory Act is extremely important and is divided Introduc - r tory Act into four sections: First, general provisions; second, the rela- tion of the Civil Code to the laws of the Empire; third, the relation of the code to the laws of the States; fourth, transitory provisions. In some matters the existing imperial law has been retained, as, for example, commercial law (with slight modifications necessitated by the new Civil Code), the law of patents, copyright, insurance, and other matters. Rights of legislation in a number of matters have been left to the States, the farmer's and the peasant's position in relation to land having been altered as little as possible. Furthermore, the rules relating to mines and minerals, the right of eminent domain, manorial rights, and partition of common lands, and other matters are left to State legislation. Besides this, a number of local customs identified with towns and communities since time immemorial are left unaffected by the code. These include certain regulations concerning family settlements, feudal tenures, restrictions as to the subdivision of agricultural and forest land, the use of streams and water courses, game laws, certain customs as to leases and certain rules as to domestic servants.' In order to harmonize the local law with the new imperial law, to furnish the transition between the old and the new law, and at the same time to regulate the matters left to State legislation, all the States of the Empire enacted what they called " iusfuhrungsgesetze" to the Civil Code. 1 For the subjects excluded from the code see Gierke ''Deutsches pri- vatrccht, " I. p. 59. 68 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY The subjects which have been left to the jurisdiction of the States are in these laws largely recodified and the repealed matter cleared away. These State laws have been collected in two large volumes and two supplements by Dr. H. Becher ] and are published at Munich. Schuster makes the following pertinent suggestion to the investigator of German law : In order to find out the law on any given point, it is not sufficient to refer to the provisions of the Civil Code and Commercial Code, or of any other imperial statute that may be applicable to the matter in hand, but in each case it must be ascertained (i) whether the subject of the inquiry- is one on which the State law. including the Ausfiihrungsgesetz of the particular State, contains any supplementary provisions, (2) whether any imperial customary law affects the particular subject; (3) whether, in the event of the subject being one which may be affected by State law, any local customary law relating thereto is in existence. These circumstances alone make it clear that the Civil Code did not either in intention or in effect, reduce the whole of German law into one compact mass. Sections 7 to 31 of the Introductory Act contain the important rules on the conflict of laws. They are somewhat affected by the Hague conferences on private international law, especially that of June 12, 1902. These articles cover the questions of capacity, corporations and partnerships, form, torts, marriage and divorce, succession and general rules as to the application of local and foreign law. Articles 27 and 28 deal with the question of "renvoi" which has been so excellently discussed by Prof. Lorenzen in two notable articles in the Columbia Law Review, March and April, 1910. An explanatory article on the private international law of the German Civil Code was published by Prof. Lorenzen in volume 1 (1908) of the Annual Bulletin of the Comparative Law Bureau, pages 36-41. An article by Julius Hirschfield published in the Law Quarterly Review, volume 16 (1900), 1 Becher, Heinrich. Die ausfiihrungsgesetze zum Biirgerlichen gesetz- buche . . . Miinchen, J. Schweitzer, 1901. 2 v. and Sup- plements. Supplement two is in 2 parts, 191 1. CIVIL CODE 69 pages 88-91, presents a summary of sections 7-31 of the Introductory Act. In addition, several noteworthy monographs on the private international law of the Civil Code, discussing these sections, have been published. One of the most important of these is by Prof. Xiemeyer ' of Kiel, editor of the Zeitschrijl jur internationales recht. It is a scholarly treatise and discusses the subject as connected with and apart from the Civil Code. An intrusting history of the origin of the private interna- tional law of the code is presented in the first few pages. Another important work is that by Dr. Habicht, 2 judge and councillor in the ministry of justice, edited after his death by Max Greiff. Account is taken of the Hague convention of June 12, 1902, and there are copious references to authorita- tive literature. It appears in the form of a commentary, discussing the rules section by section, as they appear in the Introductorv Act Aunt her important treatise on the subject was published by the late Prof. Barazetti, 3 of Heidelberg; he undertakes a critical discussion of that part of the Introductory act. Prof. Zitelmann ' presents the provisions of articles 7-31 in a very original form. In eight columns he shows the gradual development of each of these articles from the first preliminary draft of the first commission, through its fate in the- second commission and the other drafts, its discussions in fhe lower house and finally as an adopted law. 1 Nieracycr, Theodor. Das internationale privatrecht des Biirgerlichen geselzbuchs. Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1901. 222 p. 2 Habicht, Hermann. Internationales privatrecht nach dem Kinfiih- rungsgesctze zum Biirgerlichen gesctzbuchc. Aus dem nachlasse hrsg. von. .Max C.rcilT. Berlin, J. (jUttcntag, 1907. 254 p. 3 Bara/ctii, Caesar. Das internationale privatrecht im Biirgerlichen gesetzbuche fur das Deutsche Reich. Hannover, Helwing, 1897. "3 P- 'Zitelmann, Ivrust . . . Artikel 7 bis ji des einfiihrungsgesetzes zum Biirgerlichen gesetzbuci fur das Deutsche Reich. Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot, 1908. 49 p. 70 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY General Lit- Tj r Ernest J. Schuster, in the Journal of the Society of erature Comparative Legislation, volume i (1896-1897), pages 191- 2ii, analyzed the various parts of the code and gave a descriptive sketch of its important sections. An able article by Prof. Ernst Freund which was published in the Harvard Law Review, volume 13 (1900), pages 627-637, gives a history of the drafting of the code up to its final adoption, together with a general survey of its system. Two longer articles by W. W. Smithers, the editor of the Comparative Law Bulletin, which were published in the American Law Register, volume 50 (1902), pages 685-717; volume 51 (1903), pages 14-32, contain an historical account of the political and legal conditions prevailing in Germany from the Leges Barbarorum until the present Civil Code, the method of con- struction of which is described. The second of these articles is an analysis of the contents of the five books of the code. In the American Law Review, volume 35 (1901), pages 190—213, Adolph Eichholz published a critical article explain- ing special points in the code, of interest to American lawyers. Prof. F. P. Walton of Montreal, in the Juridical Review, volume 16 (1904), pages 148-168 (reprinted in the Canadian Law Review, vol. 4, 1904, pp. 372-388), undertakes a critical survey of certain parts of the code, especially the sections dealing with marriage and divorce, matrimonial property and parts of the law of obligations. The enactment of the Civil Code necessitated as well the enactment or amendment of other laws, of which the following are the most important : the Land Registry Act (Reichsgrund- buchordnung) of March 24, 1897; the law concerning execu- tions against real property (Gesetz iiber die Zwangsversteigcvung und Zwangsverwaltang) of March 27, 1897; the law concerning noncontentious jurisdiction (Reichsgesetz iiber die Angelegen- heiten der jreiwilligen Gerichisbarkcit) of May 17, 1898, and certain changes in the Codes of Civil and Criminal Procedure, CIVIL CODE 71 and in the Judiciary and Bankruptcy Acts, which were pub- lished in their amended form in 1898. The new code, in force on January 1, 1900, necessitated renewed study on the part of the practicing lawyers of the time. In order to introduce them to the new code, from the standpoint of the then existing law, several works were pub- lished treating the subject from the comparative point of view. The firm of Otto Liebmann in Berlin undertook to facilitate the transition from the old to the new law in a series entitled " Vergleichende DarsteUwng" ? Three volumes were published in the series, one by Buchka,- comparing the common law (the "received" Roman law) with the new code; one by Dr. Franz Leske, 3 the talented editor of the well-known work Rcchtsver- jolgnng im international!, n verkehr, comparing the Prussian Landrechi with the new code; and one by Judge R. Fortsch * of the imperial supreme court, who compared the Civil Code of France with the new German Civil Code. A useful book is that by Dr. Habicht 5 on the influence of the new code upon preexisting legal conditions. A similar work was published by Dr. Kuhlenbeck; 6 it aims to furnish the transition between the 1 Vergleichende darstellung des Biirgerlichen gesetzbuches fur das Deutsche Reich und dcr landesrechte. Berlin, O. Liebmann, 1899-1903. • Buchka, Gerhard. Vergleichende darstellung des Biirgerlichen gesetz- buches fiir das Deutsche Reich und des gemeinen rechts. 3d ed. Berlin, O. Liebmann, 1899. 535 p. 3 Leske, Franz. Vergleichende darstellung des Biirgerlichen gesetz- buches fur das Deutsche Reich und des Preussischen allgemeinen landrechts. 1st and 2d ed. Berlin. O. Liebmann, 1900-1903. 2 v. * Fortsch, R. Vergleichende darstellung des Code civil und des Iiur- gerlichen gesetzbuches fiir das Deutsche Reich. 2d ed. Berlin, O. Liebmann, 1899. 370 p. 5 Habicht, H. Die ein wirkung des Biirgerlichen gesetzbuches auf zuvor entstandene rechtsverh<nisse. 3d ed. Jena, G. Fischer, 1901. 817 p. 8 Kuhlenbeck, L. Von den pandekten zum Biirgerlichen gesetzbuch. Berlin, Heymann, 1898. 587 p. 72 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY common law {Pandckten) and the new code. Ernst Barre ' also wrote a book comparing the German and the French Civil Codes. It was published in both languages. A work by Paul Posener 2 treating of the relation between imperial and State law, while not especially valuable, does cover a very difficult part of the Introductory Act. The literature of the Civil Code is contained in the bibliog- raphies mentioned at the beginning of this Guide. Those by Dr. Maas are of much value, especially a pamphlet presenting the official literature of the subject. 3 The bibliographies appearing in the Archiv fur biirgerliches recht since volume 16 are important. The Civil Code itself has received extensive treatment in the English language. Two translations of the code have been published and one very important treatise. The treatise of Dr. Ernest J. Schuster 4 on The principles of German civil law is unquestionably the ablest presentation of German civil law that has appeared in the English language. Occasional com- parison with principles of English law and practical illustra- tions add to the value of this indispensable work. There are two English translations of the code; one by Chung Hui Wang, 5 published in London in 1907, and the other by Walter Loewy, 6 published by the Boston Book Co. in 1909. Wang's 1 Barre, Ernst. Le code civil allemand et le code civil francais compares entre eux. 2d ed. tr. by Jacques Hartmann. Berlin, C. Heymann, 1899. 270 p. (published in German in 1897). 2 Posener, Paul. Das deutsche reichsrecht in verhaltnisse zum landes- recht. Breslau, M. & H. Marcus, 1900. 165 p. 3 Maas, F. Bibliographic der amtlichen materialien zum B. G. B. Berlin, Guttentag, 1897. 35 p. 4 Schuster, Ernest J. The principles of German civil law. Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1907. 684 p. 5 Wang, Chung Hui. The German civil code, translated and anno- tated. London, Stevens & Sons, 1907. 631 p. 6 Loewv, Walter. The civil code of the German Empire as enacted on August 18, 1896, with the introductory statute. Translated by Walter Loewy. Boston, The Boston Book Co., 1909. 689 p. civil codr 73 edition appears to be slightly the better. These works all contain historical introductions. Gareis' Science of law (see footnote, p. 22) must not fail of mention in this connection, as it presents in systematic outline a brief description of the principal divisionsof German private law. TheComiiSde Legis- lation Etrangkre of Paris, whose potential activities have been greatly increased by the French law of July 21, 1 910, undertook in 1900 an excellent three volume translation into French of the German Civil Code. 1 The translation, which was made by seven distinguished professors and advocates, is accompanied by an exhaustive commentary with critical notes. Its publication was anticipated by one of the translators, the talented Prof. Saleilles, of Paris, who in a small monograph entitled "An introduction to the study of German civil law," - gives an ex- cellent historical account of the new code and the legal con- ditions prevailing in Germany. There are other French trans- lations of less importance. German editions of the Civil Code vary in size and in manner of treatment. A handy edition is the one volume work by Drs. Fischer and Henle, 3 the eighth edition of which ap- peared in 1909. A somewhat larger edition, in three volumes, very popular among German lawyers, is that by Hugo Neu- mann,' the fifth edition of which likewise appeared in 1909. Both of these editions contain short annotations. Attention has already been called to the distinction made by Germans between the "kommentar" (commentary), the "Ichrbuch" (treatise) and the "handbuch." Exhaustive edi- 1 Code civil allemand prumulgue le 18 aoftt 1896, entr6 en vigueur le i w Janvier 1900 . . . Paris, l'lmprimerie nationale, 1904-1908. 3 V. 2 Saleilles, Raymond. Introduction a I 'etude du droit civil allemand . . . Paris, F. Pichon, 1904. 124 p. 3 Fischer und Henle. Bfirgerliches gesetzbuch vom 18. august 1896 nebst dem Einfuhrungsgesetze. hrsg, von Dr. Otto Fischer . . . und Dr. Wilhelm von Henle . . . 8lh ed., Miinchen, C. H. Beck, 1909. * Neumann, Hugo. Handausgabe des B. G. B. 5th ed., Berlin, Vahlen, 1909. 3 v. 74 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY tions of the German Civil Code appear in the form of com- mentaries and treatises. The leading commentary on the Civil Code is that edited by the late Prof. Planck ' of Gott- ingen, with the assistance of other authorities. Prof. Planck was the chairman of the committee on family law in the com- mission which drew up the first draft of the Code, and the general chairman of the entire second commission. He was responsible for many of the technical changes made in the second draft. Another leading commentary used with especial favor in South Germany is that edited by Prof. J. von Staudinger 2 with the assistance of other able lawyers and professors, the fifth to sixth edition of which has just been completed (191 1) in six volumes. A commentary on the Civil Code, 3 in two volumes, edited by a committee of supreme court judges, has just come from the press. It annotates the code, with especial emphasis on supreme court decisions. The treatises on German civil law are many in number, most of them scholarly works of the highest value. One of the most important is that by Prof. Endemann, 4 of Heidel- berg, the ninth edition of which appeared in 1903-1908. The entire civil law of the Empire is presented, not merely as a 1 Planck, G. Biirgerliches gesetzbuch nebst Einftihrungsgesetz, Erlau- tert von Dr. G. Planck, in vcrbindung mit Dr. A. Achilles . . . Dr. F. Andre . . . M. Greiff . . . F. Ritgen . . . O. Strecker . . . Dr. E. Strohal ... Dr. K. Unzner ... 3d ed. Berlin, J. Gut- tentag, 1903-1908. 7 v. 2 Staudinger, J. von. Kommentar zum burgerlichen gesetzbuch und dern Einfiihrungsgesetze; Hrsg. von Theodor Loewenfeld, Philipp Mayring, Theodor Engelmann, Erwin Riezler, Karl Kober, Felix Heizfolderund Joseph Wagner. 5th and 6th ed. Munchen, 1909-1911. 6 v. in 7. On Staudinger 's Kommentar see an article in the Juris- tisches Literaturblatt, XXIV, January 15, 1912, pp. 3-4. 3 Das biirgerliche gesetzbuch mit besonderer beriicksichtigung der recht- sprechung des reichsgerichts, erlautert von G. Hoffmann, etc . . . Nurnberg & Leipzig. U. E. Sebald, 1910. 2 v. Called also Kom- mentar von Reichsgerichtsraten. 4 Endemann, Friedrich. Lehrbuch des burgerlichen rechts. 9th ed. Berlin, C. Heymanns verlag, 1903-1908. 2 v. in 3. civil code 75 Civil Code but in its relation to the laws of the States. Fam- ily law is the last subject treated, the law of inheritance being omitted. Ludwig Enneecerus, 1 professor at Marburg, with the cooperation of Profs. Kipp and Wolff, has published one of the most learned treatises on the subject. The first volume of the fifth edition was issued in 1909, two volumes having been published up to the present time. The great demand for this work has caused the publishers (January, 1912) to bring out the first volume in a sixth-eighth edition. We may say here that the Germans publish their larger works in successive signatures. Somewhat less valuable than Enneecerus' work is the trea- tise of Prof. Cosack, 2 of Bonn, the noted authority on commercial law. His two volumes, the fifth edition of which has recently been completed (1 909-1 911), are not quite so thorough as the treatise of Enneecerus. An exhaustive treatise, both theoretical and practical, is that of Prof. Crome 3 of Bonn, the fourth and last volume of which appeared in 1908. The author takes account of State law and the provisions of the code are explained, although the work is not a commentary. There is a good historical introduction, as well as a scholarly treatment of the literary history and the laws supplementary to the code. A prominent place should be given to the ex- haustive work of the late Prof. Dernburg, 4 of Berlin, who in six volumes treats of the civil law of the Empire and Prussia. 1 Enneecerus, Ludwig. Lehrbuch des burgerlichen rechts, von dr. Ludwig Enneecerus ... dr. Thcodor Kipp . . . mid dr. Martin Wolff . . . 4th and 5th ed. Marburg, N.G. Elwert'scheverlagsbuchhandlung, 1909. v. 1 (6th to 8th ed.), 1912. One thousand copies constitute one edition in Germany. 2 Cosack, Konrad. Lehrbuch des deutschen burgerlichen rechts, 5th ed. Jena, Fischer, 1909-1911. 2 v. 3 Crome, Carl. System des deutschen burgerlichen rechts. Tubingen and Leipzig, J. C. B. Mohr (P. Siebeck), kjoo-iooS. 4 v. * Dernburg, H. Das burgerlichc rechtdes Deutschen Reichsund Preus- sens. 3rd ed. Halle, Waisenhaus, 1906-1911. 6 v. in 7. 76 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY Supplements to the work, of which eight have already ap- peared, cover the private law of the more important States of the Empire. The sixth volume of the work, which deals with copyright, patents and trademarks, insurance and procedure, was begun by Dernburg and finished by Prof. Kohler after the former's death. The law of bills of exchange is included in the work. Prof. Kohler' s * own work on civil law merits attention, as does a popular treatise by P. Simeon. 2 The latter also covers procedure. A work for students, presenting the existing civil law in simple historical development, includ- ing commercial and maritime law, is that by Dr. Arthur Engel- mann, 3 superior court judge and professor. Another student's edition of German law to which attention may be called is published by Dr. Heilfron, 4 and covers legal history and other branches of law besides the civil law. They are handy volumes and generally considered reliable. A collection of lectures on the Civil Code by Prof. Eck, 5 of Berlin, enjoys an excellent reputation. The lectures were published in three volumes after the author's death, by Prof. Rudolf Leonhard, of Breslau. A useful aid in finding a desired section of the Civil Code, published especially for lawyers trained in the earlier law, is the Handu'drterbiich of Bernhardt" In alphabetical ar- rangement, it indexes the terms of the Prussian Allgcmcincs Landrecht, the Badisches Landrecht, the Saxon Code and the law of the Rhine Provinces, and indicates the corresponding 1 Kohler, J. Lchrbuch des burgerlichen rechts. v. I— II. Berlin, Hermann, 1904-1906. 2 Simeon, P. Recht und rechtsgang im Deutschen Reiche. Berlin, Heymann, 1907-1909. 2 v. New ed., v. 1, 1911. 3 Engelmann, Arthur. Das biirgerliche recht Deutschlands. . . . 5th ed. Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1909. * Heilfron, Eduard. Das biirgerliche recht des Deutschen reichs. 3rd and 4th ed. Berlin, Speyer & Peters, 1907-1909. 6 v. 6 Eck, Ernst. Vortrage tiber das recht des Burgerlichen gesetzbuchs. 1 and 2 ed. Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1903-4. 3 v. 6 Bernhardi, Heinrich. Handworterbuch zum Burgerlichen gesetzbuche. Berlin, F. Vahlen, 1902. 419 p. CIVIL CODE 77 sections in the new Civil Code and in other imperial statutes. A collection of monographs edited by Prof. Leonhard, 1 intended to explain special provisions of the new civil law, began to appear in 1900. Those from Prof. Leonhard's own pen, particularly those dealing with the subject of mistake in law, are of value. The various divisions of the code have been the subject of Divisions of J the Code individual treatment in a number of important works, to which attention should be called. The general part of the code has had two learned expounders in Prof. Leonhard, 2 of Breslau, and Prof. Andreas Tuhr, 3 of Strassburg. The latter work is a part of the Binding collection; the first of its two volumes has recently been published (1910). Two extremely important works on the theory of the juristic person or body corporate, which display the highest type of German legal research and reasoning, have been pub- lished by Prof. Gierke, 4 the noted Germanist of the University of Berlin. While not based on the present code, they are nevertheless of much value. The modern German theory of the corporation (Genossenschaftstheorie) originated with Prof. Beseler. The keen scholarly discussion centering about the legal distinctions between the universitas and the societas 1 Leonhard, Dr. Rudolf. Studien zur erlaiiterung dcs burgerlichen rechts. 1900-1910. 32 v. (small 1 See the interesting review by Prof. Munroe Smith in the Political Science Quarterly, v. 25 (1010), pp. 167-169. 2 Leonhard, Rudolf. Der allegemeine theil des Burgerlichen gesetz- buchsin scincm einflusse auf die fortentwickelung der rechtswissen schaft. Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1900. 537 p. 1 Tuhr, Andreas von. Der allgemeine nil des deutschen burgerlichen rechts. Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot, 1910. v. 1. * Gierke, Otto F. Das deutsche genossenschaftsreeht. Berlin, Weid- mannsche Buchhandlung, 1868-1881. 3 v. Gierke, Otto F. Die genossenschaftstheorie und die deutsche recht- sprechung. . . Berlin. Weidmannsche buchhandlung, 1887. 102.jp. 78 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY excited the admiration of so great a scholar as Prof. Mait- land. On the subject of the theory and of the general contents of Prof. Gierke's works in this field, Prof. Maitland has written a learned introduction of 45 pages to his trans- lation of Gierke's Political theories of the middle age (supra, Introduction), part of the third volume of the larger work now under discussion. Prof. Saleilles J of Paris, who has made many critical studies of the German Civil Code, published a volume in 1902 on "Juristic persons in the German Civil Code." Equitable The equitable trust, a legal institution of the most profound Trust importance in the development of English law, cannot be found under the head of "trust" in the German Civil Code. Its equivalent in Germany is found in certain provisions of book 2 and book 3 of the Civil Code, as well as in the statutes concerning Genossenschaften. It is a most elusive doctrine to locate in all its parts, but its effects were known to Roman lawyers and have not failed of recognition in modern German law. The best treatment of the whole subject, in the nature of a comparison between the English and German equitable trust, is to be found in an extended essay by Maitland, which first appeared in German in Grunhut's Zeitschrijt fur das privat und offentliche recht, volume 32 (1904-5), pages 1-76, and has been reprinted in English under the title "Trust and corporation" in Volume III of the Collected papers of Frederic William Maitland (supra), at pages 321-404. Association -phe ru i es relating to incorporated associations contained and Public b r Meeting in sections 21 to 79 of the German Civil Code are rules of private law. The restrictions as to the formation of associations and the control exercised over them on grounds of a public nature were, prior to the act of April 19, 1908, regulating the right of association and public meeting, regulated by State law. This 1 Saleilles, R. Les personnes juridiques dans le Code civil allemand. Paris, Chevalier, 1902. 147 p. CIVIL CODE 79 act, therefore, may, from the standpoint of public law, be regarded as supplementary to the above-mentioned sections of the Civil Code. A brief statement of the provisions of the act of 1908 may be found in the Journal of the Society of Com- parative Legislation, March, 191 1 , volume 1 1 , n. s., pages 325- 326. An important work dealing with the old law, particularly regarding the association as a juristic person, was published by Dr. Paul Altmann in 1905. 1 The best commentaries on the act of 1908, as affecting the subject, were published by Prof. Fritz Stier-Somlo ; and Dr. Leo Yossen. 3 The former work is the more scholarly. Both take account of the relevant sections of the Civil Code and the Industrial Code (Gewerbeordnung). Yossen's commentary concludes with a dogmatic presentation of the existing law with frequent comparative references to foreign legislation. On the question of unincorporated asso- ciations without legal capacity, Prof. Gierke has written a small work entitled Vereine ohm- rechtsfdhigkeit.* Another study of importance by Prof. Saleilles 6 {De la declaration de volontS) covers the effect of a manifestation or expression of will as part of a legal act. A scholarly, yet practical work, by Prof. Danz," of Jena, concerns the inter- pretation to be given to legal acts and declarations. It is particularly valuable for its discussions of what Gareis 1 Kocourek's translation) calls "juristic facts." 1'wo works 1 Altmann, Paul. Handbuch des dcutschen vereinsrechtes. Berlin, H. W. Mflller, 1905. ;ii p. 2 Stier-Somlo. Reichsvereingesetz von 19. 4. 1908. Stuttgart, 1909. 410 p. 3 Yossen, Leo. Kommentar u. system des Sffentlichen u. privaten reichsvcreinigungsrcchts. Berlin, W. Rothschild, 1909. 332 p. * Gierke, Otto. Vereine ohne rechtsfahigkeit. 2d ed. Berlin, 1902. 6 Saleilles. R. De la declaration de volenti- (Code civil allemand). Paris, Pichon, 1901. 423 p. Danz, Erich. Die auslegung der rechtsgeschftfte. 3d ed. Jena, ('.. Fischer, 191 1. 314 p. 80 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY by Prof. Affolter, 1 of Heidelberg, dealing with the application of foreign rules of law, as well as with the general rules of the first part of the Civil Code, also merit attention at this point. As historical and critical works they deserve a prominent place. Various portions of Book II of the code have been treated in articles in English and should be noticed. One excellent article in particular (22 Harvard Law Review, Jan. 1909, pp. 161-181), by Dr. Walter Neitzel, who spent a year in this country studying American law for the Leske-Lowenfeld work (supra, p. 71), deals with "specific performance, injunctions and damages in the German law." An article by Dr. Ernest Schuster on the subject of bailees in German law (Law Quar- terly Review, vol. 2, 1886, pp. 188-212) deserves mention. The law of bailments is treated historically in the Roman and Germanic laws and in the modern codes, the Austrian and Swiss codes being drawn upon for purposes of comparison. The law of salts, before the code, is treated in a short article by Moses F. Wilson in the American Law Record, volume 10 (1881), pages 1-6. It is practically a translation from Lehr's Elements de droit civil germanic (Paris, 1875). A small book by the leading authority on commercial law, Staub, 2 on breach of contract and damages exercised great influence both in theory and in practice. A valuable work, historically, on the law of sales, is that by the late Prof. Bechmann, 3 the last volume of which was written after the author's death by Prof. Oertmann, of 1 Affolter, Friedrich Xaver. Das intertemporale recht. 1. Bd., 1. 2. Teil. Leipzig, 1902-3, 2 v. Affolter, F. X. Thatbestand, rechtsverhaltnisse u. rechtsordnung, grundlagen eines allgeraeinen teiles des privatrechtes. Part I and cont. Berlin, Puttkammer & Miihlbrecht, 1897. 2 Staub, Hermann. Die positiven vertragsverletzungen u. ihre folgen. Berlin, 1904. 3 Bechmann, August. Derkauf nach gemeinem recht . . . Erlangen, A. Deichert, 1876-1908. 3 v. in 4. LAND REGISTRY ACT 8l Erlangen. In three large volumes the law of sales in the "received" Roman law (Gemeines Recht) is the subject of a most detailed discussion. The Civil Code has, of course, in many respects revised and amended the common law of sale, and statutes, such as the law of "purchase by installment" (hire-purchase system, Gesetz betreffend die Abzahlungsge- schajti of May 16, 1894, bear on the question. A critical discussion of the general theory of the law of con- tracts or obligations, originally based on the first draft of 1888, is undertaken by Prof. Saleilles, 1 of Paris. A work gener- ally considered of value on the law of obligations is that bv Prof. Paul Oertmann, 2 a learned and industrious contributor to German legal periodicals. The last edition of his work appeared in 1910. An historical and critical discussion of the law of agency in the general part of the code and in the law of obligations, as well as in the Commercial Code, is undertaken in a work by Prof. Schlossmann, 3 of Kiel. Two works on tin- subject of the law of landlord and tenant deserve passing at tuition here, one by Dr. Mittelstein 4 and the other by Dr. Niendorff. 5 The former is the more scientific. Closely connected with the law of things, covered by Land Regis- Book III of the Civil Code, in which is included the greater part of the real property law of Germany, is the Land Registry Act {Grundbuchordnung) of March 24, 1897. In the course of a study on foreign land registry systems, C. Fortescue Brick - 1 Saleilles, Raymond. Etude sur la theorie gejierale de ['obligation. 2d ed. Paris, F. Pichon, 1901. 477 p. 2 Oertmann, Paul. Das recht der schuldverhaltnisse. 3d and 4th ed. Berlin, Carl Heymann. 1010. ■ Schlossmann, Siegmund. Die li lire von der stellvertretung, insbe- sondere bei obligatorischen vertragen. Leipzig, A. Deichert (G. Bohme) 1900-1902. 2 v. 4 Mittelstein, M. Die miete nach dem recht des Deutschen Reiches. 2d ed. Berlin, F. Vahlen, 1909. 613 p. 6 Niendorff, Oskar. Mietrecht nach dem Burgcrliclu n gesetzbucb . . . 8th ed. Berlin, C. Duncker, 1907. 405 p. 29774 — 12 6 82 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY dale, assistant registrar of the land registry of England, pub- lished the result of his investigations in Germany and Austria in an official report and in a number of legal periodicals. The report was prepared from an administrative rather than from a legal standpoint, and was commented on in a number of books and articles. It was incorporated in the Parliamentary Papers (1896 [c. 8139], LXXXIV, 85; 1897 [c. 8139], LXXXVIII, 353). Part of the report appeared in the Ameri- can Law Review (Volume 31 (1897), pages 827-838, and in the Law Quarterly Review, volume 4 (1888), pages 63-70). A useful analysis and critical commentary on Mr. Brickdale's report was published in pamphlet form by Edmund K. Blyth. 1 It discusses Germany's system of compulsory and universal registry of title and interests in land, with special reference to its applicability in England. A few pages of Morris' work on land registration, 2 pages 103-107, summarize the system prevailing in Germany and Prussia and include bibliographic references. 'A discussion of the report by John Burns appeared in the Juridical Review, volume 9 (1897), pages 155-160. Dr. Walter Neitzel explains the operation of the present Land Registry Act in the Harvard Law Review, volume 21 (1907-08), pages 485-488. The most important German work on the subject of land registration, the first volume of which deals with the law of things in the Civil Code, is that by Drs. Turnau 3 and Forster, two supreme court judges. Dr. Oberneck 4 is the author of 1 Blyth, E. K. The German and Austrian systems of land registry and their application to England. London, Stevens & Sons, 1897. 33 p. 2 Morris, R. B. A summary of the law of land and mortgage registra- tion in the British Empire and foreign countries. London, Clowes, 1895. 176 p. 3 Turnau und Forster. Das liegenschaftsrecht nach den deutschen reichsgesetzen und den preussischen ausfuhrungsbestimmungen. 3d ed. Paderborn, F. Schoningh, 1906. 2 v. * Oberneck, Herm. Das reichsgrundbuchrecht. 4th ed. Berlin, C. Heymann, 1909. 2 v. EMINENT DOMAIN 83 a prominent work on the Land Registry Act, the fourtli edition of which appeared in 1909. Another recent work, the most voluminous commentary on the subject, dealing especially with land registration in Prussia, is that by Dr. G. Giithe (2d ed., 191 1). 1 Court decisions in matters of land registration are published officially by the Department of Justice - and in some of the court reports mentioned supra. The history of the Land Registry Act with complete accounts of the literature on the subject and with all the decisions are published by Schroeder and Albrecht. 3 The seventh volume of the series appeared in 191 1. In connection with the law of real property, it may be well Eminent Do- main to mention two important works on the law of eminent domain, especially as it is in force in Prussia. The matter is governed by the expropriation law (Gesetz iiber die Enteignung von Grumdeigenthum) of June 11, 1874, as amended. The leading commentary on the subject, that by Dr. Georg Eger, 4 has recently appeared in a third edition. It is carefully annotated with the decisions of the Prussian and imperial courts. An able treatise on eminent domain was published by Dr. Max Layer 5 as one of a series of monographs under the title Slaats- und volkerrechtlich abhandlungen. It is partly comparative in its treatment. F. Seydel is the author of one of the more prominent works on the subject. 6 1 Giithe, G. Die grundbuchordnung fiir das Deutsche Reich. 2d ed. Berlin, F. Vahlen, 1911. 2 v. 1 Entscheidungen in angelegenlu id 11 der freiwilligen gerichtsbarkeit 11. des grundbuchreehts. hrsg. im Reichsjustizamt. 11 v., and index to v. 1-10. Berlin, Puttkammer & Muhlbrecht, 1900-1911. 3 Grundbuch-Entscbeidungen. Die grundbuchfragen der ersten 10 jahredesneuenrechtsin rechtsprechung u. zeitschriftenliteratur, von. E. Schroeder 11 P. Albrecht. Leipzig, Dieterich, 1900-11. v. 1-7. 4 Eger, Georg. Das gesetz iiber die enteignung von grundeigenthum. 3d ed. Breslau, Kern, 1910-12. 2 v. 'Layer, Max. Principien des enteignungsrecht I >uncker& Humblot, 1902. (if.ii p. 6 Seydel, F. Das geset/. iiber die enteignung von grundeigentum. 4th ed. Berlin, Heymann, 1911. 348 p. 84 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY A study on possession in law, which from Savigny's ' cele- brated tract in 1803 to Jhering's last days, was a favorite subject for theoretical discussion by German legal scholars, was published in 1888 by Prof. Strohal, 2 the learned jurist of Leipzig. Most of the English works on jurisprudence have given attention to the German theories of possession. Book IV of the German Civil Code, dealing with family law, has also been the subject of a great many special studies. A reliable summary of the provisions of German law relating to marriage and divorce will be found in Renton and Phillimore The comparative law of marriage and divorce (London, Sweet & Maxwell, 1910) which constitutes Volume III of Burge's new edition of the Commentaries on colonial and foreign laws. While the German law is scattered through the work under the various subdivisions of the law of marriage and divorce, the whole body of the law of Germany is indexed under Germany, so that there is little difficulty in locating a desired provision. Attention is also given to the rules of the Hague conferences on marriage and divorce, which to a large extent affect German law. One chapter of Ringrose's Marriage and divorce laws of the world (London, N. Y., 191 1) is devoted to Germany. The provisions of the Civil Code relating to marriage and of the law of Personal Status and recording of marriages of February 6, 1875, as amended May 20, 1898, including a summary of the special provisions of the Federal States relating to the marriage of foreigners, are printed at pages 92-108 of an official publication of the British Government, entitled Laws relating to marriage in force in certain foreign countries, presented to Parliament De- cember 191 1, (Misc. No. 11 [191 1], Cd. 5995). The question of divorce has recently been treated in an article by Dr. Schuster, 1 Savigny's von. Treatise on possession, 6th edition; translated from the German by Sir Erskine Perry. London, S. Sweet, 1848. 432 p. 2 Strohal, E. Der sachbesitz nach dem B. G. B. Jena, Fischer, 1888. 137 P- REGISTRATION OK PERSONAL STATUS 85 entitled " History and present condition of the German divorce law " (Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, vol. io, April, 1910, pp. 229-238). A summary of the important provisions of German divorce law is printed in the Law Times, vol. 130 (Feb. 11, 1951). pages 364-365. Prof. Opet of Kiel, cooperating with Prof. Blume, of Konigs- berg, published an important commentary on family law in the code. 1 The German law of marriage and divorce, as affected by the Hague conference of June 12, 1902, was treated in a work by Dr. Karl Sauer 2 published in 1909. Marriage, and especially its registration and authentication, J" 5 ^^ is still largely governed by the law of personal status {Per so- ''»■> nenstandsgi setz) of February 6, 1875. This law also includes provisions concerning the registration of births and deaths and other requirements of form, jurisdiction over which matters were by that statute transferred to the civil authorities. The best work on the subject of this law of 1875, also covering the provisions of the Civil Code, is that by the late Prof. Hinschius 3 (the celebrated authority on canon law), the fourth edition of which, edited by W. Boschau, appeared in 1909. Account is taken of the provisions of the Introductory Act so far as they relate to the private international law of marriage and divorce. The Hague conferences are noticed and the Noncontentious Jurisdiction Act receives attention. The author also reprints the laws of the different States (Ausfiihrungsgeseize) , carrying out in detail the general provisions of the imperial law. Two good commentaries on the Personal Status Law are those by 1 Opet, Otto u W. von. Blume. Das familicnreeht des Biirgerlichen gesetzbuchs. Berlin, C. Heymann 's verlag, 1904-1906. 2 v. 2 Sauer, Karl. Das dcutschc chcschliessungi- und chescheidungsrecht. Miinchcn und Berlin, J. Schweitzer (A. Sellier) 1909. 778 p. 3 Boschau. Wilhelm. Das reiclisgcsctz fiber die beurkundung des pcrsonenstandes und die eheschliessung vom 6. februar 1875. Bc- griindet von dr. Paul Hinschius. 4th ed. Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1909. 654 p. 86 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY Sartorius ' (Munich, 1902), and Stolzel 2 (Berlin, 1904). This law of registration of births, marriages, deaths, etc., is of great importance to the administrative officer in charge of regis- tration. A work dealing with the law from the point of view of administration is published by Erichsen and Weisse; 3 it has already appeared in ten editions. A work dealing with the law of guardianship, especially the placing of irresponsible persons under guardianship, written from the standpoint of private international law as it affects Germany, is that by Dr. Otto Levis. 4 German legislation and procedure, and the Hague convention of July 17, 1905, are fully discussed. The guardianship of minors is treated in a work by Schroeder and Mugdan. 5 Book V on the law of inheritance and the administration of decedents' estates, has been the subject of some noteworthy treatises, the principal one of which is that by Prof. Strohal, 6 of Leipzig, in two volumes. Prof. Julius Binder, 7 of Erlangen, has published a study in three volumes on the legal position of the heir in the German Civil Code. The administration of estates has been treated in a popular volume by Dr. Gustav Marker, the 8 seventeenth edition of which was edited by 1 Sartorius, C. Kommentar zum Personenstandsgesetz. Miinchen, Beck, 1902. 548 p. 2 Stolzel, O. Das personenstandsgesetz vom 6. II. 1875. Berlin, O. Haring, 1904. 306 p. 3 Erichsen, A. v., u Otto Weisse: Die fiihrung der standesregister. Praktische anleitg. f. standesbeamte. 10., vollstandig ncu bearb. aufl. v. Karl Sauer. Berlin, E. Grosser, 1911. 664 p. 4 Levis, Otto. Das internationale entmiindigungsrecht des Deutschen Reiches. Leipzig, C. L. Hirschfeld, 1906. 314 p. 6 Schroeder und Mugdan. Das deutsche vormundschaftsrecht. Berlin, R. v. Decker, 1900. 690 p. 6 Strohal, Emil. Das deutsche erbrecht auf grundlage des Biirgerlichen gesetzbuchs. 3d ed. Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1903-4. 2 v. 7 Binder, J. Die rechtsstellung der erben nach dem B. G. B. Leipzig, A. Deichert, 1901-1905. 3 v. 8 Marker, Gustav. Die nachlassbehandlung. 17th ed. bearb. v. P. Kohne u. R. Feist. Berlin, R. & Decker, 1902. 690 p. INHERITANCE 87 Kohne and Feist in 1902. It deals especially with Prussian law. A practical book of reference is that by Dr. G. Eichhorn, 1 judge of the court of appeal, the fifth edition of which, edited by Dr. Ernest Goldmann, of Berlin, was published in 1910. It was originally written from the standpoint of the Prussian Landreckt, but the later editions apply to the Civil Code. In the administration of estates and in a number ot other details of the law of inheritance, considerable jurisdiction has been left to the States of the Empire. This volume deals especially with the supplementary legislation and conditions in Prussia. It treats the subject from the point of view of the written will, from its first draft until final probate. There is an appendix of forms. A work which enjoyed great popularity some years ago and which is still of considerable value on the subject is that by Dr. Ferdinand Bohm, 2 the founder and first editor of Niemeyer's Zeitschrift fur Internationales recht. It deals with the administration of estates in the principal countries of the world, and gives a detailed account of the laws of Germany and the Germai. States, with references to the modifying effect of treaties. Prior to the act of Tulv ■$, 1906 inheritance-taxes were inheritance J J J ' y Taxes imposed by each of the separate States of the German Empire. By the Imperial Financial Act of that date, a general or Federal inheritance tax law was enacted which, while it superseded the earlier laws, nevertheless allotted to the separate States a part of the proceeds and allowed them the privilege of levying certain additional or supplemental inheritance taxes on their own account. A concise analysis of the German act of 1906 is printed in English in a compilation prepared by the Solicitor of the Department of Commerce and Labor in 1909 under the 1 Eichhorn, G. Dastcstamcnt. Hand- und musterbuchfiir vcrfiigungen von todes wegen nach dim B. G. B. 5th cd. by Ernest Goldmann. Berlin, Hranz Yahkn, 1910. ; B6hm, Ferdinand, Handbuch dcr intcrnationalen nachlassbchand- lung. Augsburg, Gebr. Reichel, 1881-1885. 2 v. 88 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY title of "Inheritance-Tax Laws." l At pages 32-41 there is a discussion of the form of the tax, the property taxed, exemp- tions, valuation of property, how the tax is graduated, how levied, and the distribution of proceeds. A leading work on the inheritance tax law is the commentary of Ulrich Hoff- mann - (2d ed., 1911). We should not omit to mention some important periodicals which deal largely with German civil law. A very important publication is the Jahrbuch des deutschen rcchtes, 3 edited by Dr. Hugo Neumann and Dr. Th. Olshausen, with the cooperation of many other lawyers. In an annual volume, the periodical literature and decisions of the year are arranged under the articles of the code or statute which they construe. The pub- lication began in 1903, and an index covering the first seven volumes appeared in 1909. An important periodical is the Archiv fiir burgerlichcs recht* edited by Profs. Kohler and Oertmann and Dr. Ring. It continued Busch's Archiv des allgemeincn deutschen handels- und wechselrechts. Its annual bibliographies by Dr. Maas are valuable. An old established periodical is known under the popular name of Grtichot's Beitrage. 5 It was founded in 1857 and appears bimonthly. It is now edited by Rassow, Kuntzel, and Eccius. Another well- known periodical is that edited by F. Detken and A. Finger, published in Erlangen under the title Dcr Gerichtssaal* It 1 Digest of the principal features of the laws of Great Britain, France, and Germany, together with an outline of inheritance taxation in the United States and a collection of judicial decisions relating thereto. Washington, Government Printing Office. 1907. 2 Hoffmann, Ulrich. Das erbschaftssteuergesetz fiir das Deutsche Reich von 3. Juli 1906. 2d ed. Berlin, Guttentag, 1911. 3 Jahrbuch des deutschen rechtes. hrsg. von Dr. Hugo Neumann. "1-8 jahrg. and cont.; 1903-1910. Berlin, F. Vahlen, 1904-1911. 8 v. Index, vols. 1-7. 4 Archiv. fiir biirgerliches recht . . . Berlin, C. Hermann, 1889-1910. v. 1-35 and cont. 6 Beitrage ziir erlaiiterung des deutschen rechts . . . 1857-1910. Hamm, G. Grote, 1857-1910. v. 1-54 and cont. 6 Gerichtssaal, Der. Stuttgart, F. Enke, 1849-1910. v. 1-76 and cont. LITERARY AND INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY 89 was founded in 1859, and discusses questions on all branches of law. The Deutsche jitristen-zeitung, 1 founded by Profs. Laband and Staub, and now edited by Prof. Laband and Judges Ilamm and Heinitz, enjoys a sterling reputation. It was founded in 1896. The Juristische wochenschrift, 2 founded in 1872, edited by Hugo Neumann, is the organ of the German Bar Association. It is very popular among practicing lawyers. Das recht, a periodical edited by J. Soergel in Hannover, is published fortnightly; the reporting of the most recent decisions is its principal feature. The Zeitschrijt fur deutst fa s biirgerliches recht und jranzosisches zivilrechl, 3 which was founded in 1870, originally laid considerable emphasis on French civil law and still bears this indication in its title. It contains critical discussions of decisions and excellent articles. Its present editors are Drs. Heinsheimer, Hiibcr, and Diefen- bach. A scholarly journal, founded in 1887, is known under the popular name of "Jhering's Jahrbucher." * Its editors have always been leading jurists, the present editorial staff con- sisting of Profs. Strohal and Ehrenberg. The renowned Ru- dolph von Jhering was its editor in chief until his death in 1892. LITERARY AND INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY. A subject usually treated in works on civil law and yet dealt with in separate statutes, is that body of legal rights known in Germany under the head "Immaterial Rechte," i. e., rights 1 Deutsche juristcn-zeitung. Berlin, Otto Liebmann, 1896-1910. v. 1-15 and cont. 'Juristische woehenschrift . . . Organ des Deutsclun anwalt-vereins. Berlin, W. Moeser, 1872-1910. v. 1-39 and cont. 3 Zeitschrift fiir deutsches biirgerliches recht und franzdsisch.es civil- recht. 1870-1907. Mannheim, J. Bcnsheimer, 1.S70-1907. 38 V. and ei.ni . * Jherings jahrbucher fur die dogmatik des burgerliclun rcchts . . . 1857-1910 Jena, 1'. Mauke, (.etc.) 1857-77; G. Fischer, 1878 — v. 1-58 and cont. 90 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY in immaterial things or the incorporeal property rights growing out of products of the human mind and protected bv copy- right, patent and trademark. Copyright Copyright of literary, dramatic and musical compositions is governed by the act of June 19, 1901 (Reichsgesetz belrefjend das Urheberrecht an Werken der Literatur und der Tonkunst), as is also, in a statute passed the same day, the cognate subject of the relative rights of author and pub- lisher {Verlagsrecht). An English translation of these two statutes ' was published in 1902 by Messrs. Longmans, Green & Co. The acts of June 19, 1901 are briefly analyzed in Copinger's Law of copyright (London, Stevens & Haynes) fourth edition, 1904, pages 576-581. The learned Prof. Kohler has occupied himself largely with the subject of "immaterial rights" and has published works on various branches of the general subject. His contribution to the sixth volume of Dernburg's Biirgerliches recht on the law of copyright, has already been mentioned {supra, p. 76). An independent work from his pen was published in 1907. 2 Privy Councillor Paul Daude 3 has recently published a book dealing with the copyright and publisher's law of 1901, which is especially useful to the practitioner. A general work on the law of copyright in Germany, dealing also with its inter- national aspect, is that by Dr. Ernest Muller, 4 the second vol- 1 The law of copyright in Germany: being an English translation of I, The German act of June 19, 1901, relating to copyright in lit- erary and musical works; II, the German act of June 19, 1901, relat- ing to right of publication. London, New York, Longmans, Green & Co., 1902. 39 p. 2 Kohler, J. Urheberrecht an schriftwerken und verlagsrecht. Stutt- gart, Enke, 1906-7. 515 p. ; Daude, Paul. Die reichsgesetze iiber das urheberrecht an werken der literatur und der tonkunst und das verlagsrecht vom 19. Juni 1901. Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1910. 293 p. * Miiller, Ernst. Das deutsche urheber- und verlagsrecht. Miinchen, J. Schweitzer, 1901-07. 2 v. COPYRIGHT 91 time of which was published in 1907. Prof. Riezler ' is the author of a systematic work on the subject ; he includes patent law in his treatment. The copyright treaties of Germany are printed in a work by Prof. Ernst R6I hlisberger : of Munich. The act of January 9, 1907, which repealed the act of 1876, governs the copyright of a production belonging to one of the formative arts, including paintings, drawings, sculpture, etc., and for the copyright of photographs {Gesetz betreffi nd I 'rheber- rechl an Werken der bildenden Kunsie it. der Photographic). Prof. Phillip Allfeld 3 of Erlangen, who has made a specialty of the subject of copyright, published in 1908 a small con- venient commentary dealing with the law of January 9, 1907, just mentioned; he reprints the German treaties and the last Berne convention of November 13, 1908. Prof. Kohler 4 also published a work on the subject in 1908. The German law of newspapers, so far as relates to their publication, their rights and responsibility, etc., is the sub- ject of a four volume work by Albert Ebner 6 entitled Das deutsche zeitungsrecht, volume 2 of which deals in particular with the German press law. The law concerning the protection of industrial property is found in several statutes, the Patent Act (Patentgcsctz) of April 7, 1 89 1, the Useful Models Act (Gebrauchsmuster-Gesetz) of June i, 1891, the Act for the Protection of Trademarks {Gesetz zum Schutze der Warenbezeichnungen) of May 12, 1894, and the very important Act for the Prevention of Unfair 1 Riezler, Brwin. Deutsches urheber u. erfinderrecht. Systematische darstellung. Miinchen, Schweitzer, 1909. 494 p * Rothlisberger, Ernst. Die sonder-literaturvertrage des Deutschen Reiches ausgelegt. Bern, A. Francke, 1909. 135 p. 3 Allfeld, Philip. Koimncntar zu dem Geset/e. betreffend . 6 Ebncr, Albert. Das deutsche prcssrecht. Hanover, M. Janecke, 1909. 167 i>. 92 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY Competition (Gesetz zur Bckdmpfung des unlauteren Wett- bewerbs). Patents The Patent Act (Patentgesetz) of April 7, 1891, which pro- tects the rights of inventors, amended the original act of May 2 5> I ^77- English translations and discussions of the act may be found in various sources. The act is translated in a small work by Selmar Reitzenbaum, 1 which also includes important German decisions under the Patent Act. In the English edi- tion of the important series edited by Prof. Kohler 2 and Maximillian Mintz, The patent laws of all nations, the patent laws of Germany are systematically presented (Vol. 2, pt. 2). In a work by Singer 3 on the Patent and trade-mark laws of the world, pages 166 to 176 are devoted to an analysis of the pro- visions of the German Patent Act. A recent work by Wallace Fairweather ' on Foreign and colonial patent law gives in con- cise form (pp. 178-186) the principal provisions of German patent legislation. The treaty 5 governing patents, between the United States and Germany, which was signed on February 23, 1909, and proclaimed, August, 1909, may be obtained as a separate pamphlet. American inventors desiring a patent in Germany are governed by the provisions of that treaty, which is supplementary to German legislation. 1 Reitzenbaum, Selmar. Important decisions regarding the working of German patents, as well as literal translations of the German patent law, of the act for the protection of gebrauchsmuster (German utility model patent), and of the German law for the protection of trade marks, together with German technical phraseology (in paren- theses) of German patent rule and practice; by patentanwalt Selmar Reitzenbaum ... 2d ed. London, Asher & Co., 1909. 48 p. 2 Kohler u. Mintz. Die patentgesetze aller volker (The patent laws of all nations). Berlin, Decker, 1907. 3 Singer, B. Patent and trade mark laws of the world. Chicago, 1911. 4 Fairweather, Wallace C. Foreign and colonial patent law. London, Constable, 1910. 6 United States. Convention between the United States and Germany. Patents . . . Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1909. 5 p. USEFUL MODELS 93 The most important German work on patent law is the volu- minous Handbuch of Prof. Kohler ' published in 1901, an index to which appeared in 1904. In 1910 the same author published a compact treatise 3 on the subject, which is philo- sophical and historical and yet practical. A large commen- tary, much used by practitioners, is Kent's Kommentar* The law for the protection of useful models {Gesetz betrefjend den Sch ibe, Adolf. Die bekampfung des unlauteren wettbewerbs. Leip- zig, VVeich, 1907. 4 v. of which v. 2 not yet published 1 96 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY visions of the new law of June 7, 1909. Two recent smaller commentaries on the subject will be found useful — the one by Ludwig Fuld, 1 the other by Dr. Weiss. 2 The British Blue Book, Cd. 5531, contains the foreign laws in force to prevent the sale or importation of goods bearing a false indication of origin. The food inspection laws for the protection of the public against impurities, are the subject of a work by Lebbin 3 and Baum, a chemist and lawyer respectively, of Berlin. The food laws and legislation of Germany are collected in a volume recently published (1912) by K. v. Buchka. 4 The Imperial German Meat Inspection Law of June 3, 1900, was translated into English in a small pamphlet in 1904. 5 General works on the protection of industrial property were published by Prof. Osterrieth G and Prof. Allfeld. 7 Osterrieth's Lehrbuch is a standard work. Allfeld's is simply an outline presenting the law of patents, useful models, trademarks and unfair competition, without annotations. A collection of articles by German lawyers on this subject was published in 1909 as a " Festgabe" or "jubilee volume," on 1 Fuld, Ludwig. Kommentar zum reichsgesetz gegen den unlauteren wettbewerb von 7 Juni 1909. 3d ed. Hannover, Helwing, 1909. 653 P- 2 Weiss, Chr. Gesetz gegen den unlauteren wettbewerb von 7 Juni 1909. 2d ed. Miinchen, Schweitzer, 1910. 404 p. 3 Lebbin, G. and Baum, G. Deutsches nahrungsmittelrecht. Berlin, 1907. 2 v. 4 Buchka, K. v. Die Nahrungsmittelgesetzgebung im Deutschen Reiche. Eine sammlg. der gesetze u. wichtigsten verordngn., betr. den verkehr m. nahrungsmitteln, genussmitteln u. gebrauchsgegenstan- den, nebst den amtl. anweisgn. zu ihrer chem. untersuchg. 2. aufl. Berlin, J. Springer, 1912. 294 p. 6 The imperial German meat inspection law. An act concerning the inspection of slaughtered cattle and of meat, June 3, 1900. m. p. 1904). 6 Osterrieth, A. Lehrbuch des gewerblichen rechtsschutzes. Leip- zig, Deichert, 1908. 544 p. 7 Allfeld, Philipp. Grundriss des gewerblichen rechtsschutzes. Leipzig, G. A. Glochnor, 1910. 220 p. COMMERCIAL CODE 97 the occasion of Prof. Kohler's sixtieth birthday. The col- lection bears the title Studien zur jorderung des gewerblichen rechtsschutzes. 1 Several periodicals on industrial property are important enough to warrant mention. The Zeitschrijl fur indus- irierecht, 1 published at Berlin, is now in its sixth year. The periodica] Zeitschrijl fur gewerblichen rechtsschutz? edited by P. Schmidt, is continued by the Gewerblicher rechtsschutz uml urheberrecht published at Berlin, now in its sixteenth year. An annual volume published at Berlin by the International Association for the Protection of Industrial Property is important.'' COMMERCIAL LAW COMMERCIAL CODE. The necessity for uniformity in the field of commercial law History became apparent when Germany was still in the throes of polit- ical discord. The Bills of Kxchange Act of 1849 and the Commercial Code of 1861 were the first important products of codification in modern Germany. In 1866 this code was adopted in all the German States and later became the law of the Empire. When the Civil Code was enacted in 1896 many rules which had previously been applicable to commercial transactions were embodied in the Civil Code, and it became accessary to recast the Commercial Code. Numerous statutes, 1 Studien zur fordertmg des gewerblichen rechtsschutzes. Josef Kohler als Pestgabe zum <>o. geluirtstage zugecignet von deutschen praktikem. Berlin, Hey maim, iqoq. 507 p. -' Zeitschrift fur industrierecht, Hrg. v. H. Tolksdorf, Dr. Julius Eph- raim, u Dr. Paul Alexander- Katz. Berlin, Issleib, 1906 and cont. :l Zeitschrift fur gewerblichen rechtsschutz. Hrsg. v. P. Schmidt Munchen, Oldenburg, 1802 95, Continued under title Gewerb licher rechtsschutz uml urheberrecht. Hrsg. v. A. Osterrieth. Berlin, Heymann, [896 and cont * Jahrbuch der mternationalen vereinigung fur gewerblichen rechts- schut/. Berlin, Heymann, 1897 and cont. 29; -7 98 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY such as the Stock Corporation Act of 1884, had, moreover, modified important provisions of the 1861 code. The Com- mercial Code now in force was enacted May 10, 1897, and went into effect January 1, 1900. Dr. Emil Kaufmann * explains the differences between the old and the new codes in a book published in 1900. The German Commercial Code (together with a number of statutes dealing with specific matters) sup- plements the Civil Code and in some respects modifies its pro- visions in so far as they apply to certain classes of transactions. The Commercial Code contains the rules relating to mer- cantile traders, mercantile associations and commercial trans- actions only in so far as they differ from the general rules. It is therefore necessary in every case to ascertain the general rule as well as that laid down in the Commercial Code. Thus, as Dr. Schuster points out, the law relating to mercantile unlimited partnerships, in so far as it does not differ from the general partnership law, has to be looked for in sections 705-740 of the Civil Code and the law relating to mercantile sale of goods, in so far as it does not differ from the general law, has to be looked for in sections 433-458 of the Civil Code. Again, the provisions in the Commercial Code relating to the form of agreements, suretyship, interest, title to goods, instruments to bearer, pledge and lien, etc. are only supple- mental to the various rules on these subjects contained in the Civil Code. The Commercial Code is divided into four books. Book I is entitled: Commerce in general; Book II, Trading com- panies and dormant partnerships; Book III, Commercial transactions; and Book IV, Maritime commerce. Book I is divided into eight sections, which deal with the following subjects: mercantile traders, the mercantile register, 1 Kaufmann, Emil. Die wesentlichen unterschiede des alten und neuen handelsgesetzbuehs . . . Berlin, W. Moeser, 1900. 204 p. COMMERCIAL CODE 99 firm names, mercantile books of account, power of procura- tion and agency, mercantile clerks and apprentices, agents and brokers. Book II is divided into five sections. The first deals with unlimited partnership. In this section are discussed the for- mation of the partnership, the mutual rights and liabilities of the partners, the legal position of the partners in relation to third parties, the dissolution of the partnership and the retire- ment of partners, liquidation and the balancing of accounts on dissolution, and prescription. Section 2 is concerned with the limited partnership or com- mandite association. Section 3 deals with the stock company and includes among other matters the legal relationship of the company and its shareholders, its internal organization and management, its dissolution, and penal provisions. Section 4 deals with the commandite stock company; and section 5 with the dormant partnership. Book III, which deals with commercial transactions, is divided into seven sections. The first contains general pro- visions; the second covers mercantile purchase and sale; the third, commission business and agency; the fourth, forward- ing agency; the fifth, warehousing; the sixth, the business of carriers by land; and tin- seventh, the carriage of goods and persons by rail. Maritime commerce is dealt with in Book IV of the Com- mercial Code (infra). The literature on commercial law is presented by title only, c*nei*i ut- , r.iture but very exhaustively, by Prof. Karl I.ehmann of Rostock in tlte introduction to his work on the commercial law of Germany in the great series Handelsgeseize des erdballs, the whole of which is soon to appear in an English edition. Alfred F. Schuster, .1 son of |)i Ernesl J Schuster, lias recently trans- IOO GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY lated the Commercial Code into English. 1 From all points of view, faithfulness of translation, style, annotations and refer- ences to related codes and statutes, it is a much superior work to Piatt's English translation of the Commercial Code, 2 pub- lished in 1900. Dr. E. Schuster has written an introduction to his son's book. A useful reference work dealing with the entire commercial legislation of Germany is the one edited by the late Prof. Emil Friedberg, 3 of Leipzig, the ninth edition of which was published in 1908. In the form of a text with notes it covers the code, all commercial law contained in the procedural codes, the Penal Code, the Bankruptcy Act, and the Industrial Code, all financial laws concerning banking and taxation of various kinds, the law of patents, copyright, bills of exchange, and checques, and in fact the law covering practically every subject which in the remotest way partakes of the nature of a commercial transaction, together with the laws of the States of the Empire carrying out and into effect such sections and portions of commercial law as were left within their jurisdiction. A good translation into French of the com- mercial legislation of Germany was edited by Paul Carpentier, 4 published in 1901. There are translated in it the Commercial Code, the Bills of Exchange Act as promulgated by the North German Federation on June 5, 1869 (the new Bills of Exchange Act of June 3, 1908, is, of course, not included), and the Bankruptcy Act of February 12, 1877, as amended May 17, 1898, together with minor laws of a commercial character. 1 Germany. The German Commercial code, tr. and briefly annotated by A. F. Schuster, with an introduction by E. J. Schuster . . . London, Stevens & Sons, 1911. 280 p. 2 Germany. The commercial code for the German Empire. Tr. from the official text by Bernard A. Piatt . . . London, Chapman & Hall, 1900. 370 p. 3 Friedberg, Emil. Die handelsgesetzgebung des Deutsehen Reiches. othed. Leipzig, Veit & Comp., 1908. 1134P. 4 Carpentier, Paul. Legislation commerciale de l'Allemange. Code de commerce mis en vigueur en iqoo; loi sur le change; loi sur la faillite; texte, annotations, jurisprudence, droit compare . . . Paris, A. Chevalier-Marescq, 1901. 579 p. COMMERCIAL LAW ioi There are a great many texts and small annotated editions of the code. That in the Gultentag'sche Sammlung is as good as any. There are a number of important commentaries on the Com- mercial Code, the best known of which is that by Staub, 1 known all over the Empire as Staub' s Kommeniar; the ninth edition, edited by Konige, Pinner, and Bondi, will be com pleted before the end of 1912. Hook IV. on maritime law, is omitted. Another commentary in high repute among German lawyers is that by Duringer and Hachenburg : which likewise omits maritime law. It does, however, take full account of such commercial transactions as have been partly dealt with in the Civil Code; for example, sale, work and delivery, etc. A second edition began to appear in 1908 and is expected to be completed in 1912. Makower 3 is the author of another extensive commentary in three volumes, the thir- teenth edition of which began publication in 1908. Several learned treatises on commercial law have made their appearance, the most celebrated of which, although not the most practical at the present time, is that by Prof. L. Goldschmidt, founder of tin well-known periodical, Zeitschrijt fur tli ed., bcarb. unter benutzung des handschriftlichen nachlasses von Heinrich Konige . . . F. Bondi . . . Albert Pinner . . . Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1912. Complete in 2 v. Duringer, A. Das Handelsgesetzbuch vom to. mai 1897 (mit ausschluss des seerechts), erlautert von Dr. A. Duringer . . . . u Dr. M. Hacbenburg . . . 2d edition. Mannheim, |. Bensheimer, 1908 1912 3 v - * Makower, H. Handelsgesetzbuch mil kommentar, hrsg. von II Makower . . . nnd F. Makower i ;th ed. Berlin. | Gutti 1908. 3 V. in 4. 1 Goldschmidt, L. Handbuch des handelsrechts, Pt. I, 3d ed. Stutt- gart, Enke. 180 1 : Pt. II. 2ded. 1883. 102 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY treatise, it is probably the leading work on the history of com- mercial law (Universalgeschichic des Handelsreckts). Gold- schmidt's System des handelsreckts, 1 the fourth edition of which appeared in 1892, is also important, although based on the old code. The best treatise on modern commercial law is generally considered to be that of Prof. Konrad Cosack - of Bonn University. The seventh edition was issued in 1909-10. A French translation of this work (from the sixth edition) was undertaken by the enterprising firm of Giard & Briere, 3 to whom the French nation is indebted for translations of many excellent treatises. The translation appears in three volumes. Prof. Karl Lehmann, 4 of Rostock, is the author of a brilliant treatise on commercial law (2d ed., 191 1). It was founded originally on lectures and is written from an historical and economic standpoint; it is constructive in character. Mari- time law, the law of bills of exchange, and other forms of negotiable paper, and the law of private insurance, are in- cluded. A somewhat earlier treatise, of scholarly value, is that by Behrend, 5 the second edition of which appeared in two volumes in 1896. A short textbook on commercial law, including bills of exchange and maritime law, by Prof. Karl Gareis," was published in its eighth edition in 1909. 1 Goldschmidt, L. System des handelsrechts. 4th ed. Stuttgart, Enke, 189- . 293 p. 2 Cosaek, Konrad. Lehrbuch des handelsrechts . . . 7th ed. Stutt- gart, F. Enke, 1909-10. 780 p. 3 Cosack, K. Traite dc droit commercial, tr. sur la 0. ed. allemande (1003) Par Leon Mis. . . . Preface de M. Ed. Thaller. Paris, V. Giard & E. Briere, 1904-11107. 3 v. 4 Lehmann, Karl. Lehrbuch des handelsrechts _il edition. Leipzig, Veit & Comp., 1911. ii22p. 6 Behrend, J. Fr. Lehrbuch des handelsrechts. 2d ed. Berlin, Gut- tentag, 1896. 2 v. Gareis, Karl. Das deutsche handelsrecht. 8th ed. Berlin. J. Gutten- tag, 1909. 724 p. STOCK CORPORATIONS 103 The leading periodical on commercial law is the Zeiischrift fur das gesammte handelsreckt 1 , founded in 1858 by the eminent authority, Prof. L. Goldschmidt and now edited by Prof. Karl Lehmann and others. The Leipziger zeitschrift fur handels-, konkurs-, u versicherungswesen, 2 founded in 1907, and edited by A. Diiringer and H. Konige, judges of the supreme court at Leipzig, and Prof. L. Jaeger, of the University of Leipzig, is popular with the members of the bar in Germany. The various kinds of corporations and associations of - s,ock Cor P°- r .it ions natural persons for business purposes are dealt with in Book II of the Commercial Code and in some related statutes. The most common form of corporation is that of the stock corn- pan v, the law governing which had undergone several amend- ments previous to its incorporation in the new code of 1897. Fairlv good commentaries on the law of stock corporations are those of Albert Pinner 3 and Robert Esser, 4 both published in 1899. The best commentaries, however, are contained in the general works of Staub and Diiringer (supra, p. 101). Dr. Riesser, 5 of Berlin, published a monograph in 1899 which is a practical and critical discussion of the effect of the new legis- lation of 1897 and (898, especially the Commercial Code, on tin existing law governing stock corporations. The organiza- tion and incorporation of stock companies was the subject of .1 work by Dr. Silbernagel, 8 published in 1907. It treats Ger- 1 Zeitschrift fur das gesammte handelsrecht. Stuttgart, F. Knkc. 1858 ami * Leipziger zeitschrift fur handels konkurs- u versicherungswesen Hrsg. von A. Diiringer, Prof. E. Jaeger 11 H. Konige. Mum bi 11 Schweitzer. 1007 and cont. 1 Pinner. Albert. Das deutsche aktienrecht. Berlin, H. \V Muller. 1899. 382 p. 4 Esser, Robert. Die aktiengesellschaft, dargestelll und erlautert. 2d ed. Berlin, J. Springer, 1899. 279 p. s Riesser, Die m uerungen im deutschen aktienrecht Berlin, 0. I.ieb- 111. mn. [899. -' 1 ; ]i Silbernagel. Die griindung der akticngesellschaft. Berlin, Puttkam- mer & Muhlbrecht, 1907. 513 p. 104 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY man, Swiss, French, and English law comparatively. The best work on the general subject is the treatise by Prof. Karl Lehmann ' on the general law of stock corporations, which appeared in two volumes in 1 898-1 904. It is an historical, comparative and constructive study of the law of stock cor- porations in its theoretical and practical aspects. A practical work on the subject was published by Dr. Alexander-Katz. 2 It treats especially of the new code and the legislation relating to it. commandite Another important form of business corporation dealt with Company by the Commercial Code is the "commandite" company {Kommanditgesellschaft). This is a form of association neither a partnership nor an ordinary stock corporation, in which some of the members or stockholders are liable to creditors to the amount of their shares only, and the others, the partners, are liable in solido as are members of an ordinary partnership. This form of association was provided for originally in an act of July 18, 1884, which has been but little changed by the code. Dr. Victor Ring, 3 judge of the superior court in Berlin, published a commentary on the law of 1884 (2d ed., 1893). Corporation law from the point of view of the treasury balance, in its relation to the stockholders and creditors on the one hand and to the State in its taxing, financial and administrative aspects on the other, constitutes the subject of a very able treatment of all kinds of corpora- 1 Lehmann, Karl. Das recht der aktiengesellschaften. Berlin, C. Hermann's verlag, 1898-1904. 2 v. 2 Alexander-Katz. Hugo. Die aktiengesellschaft unter dem neuen aktiengesetz. 5 und 6. tausend. Berlin, H. S. Hermann. 1899. 241 p. 3 Ring, Viktor. Das reichsgesetz betreffend die kommanditgcsell- schaften auf aktien und die aktiengesellschaften. 2ded. Berlin, C. Heymann, 1893. 756 p. LIMITED LIABILITY PARTNERSHIP I<>5 tions by Dr. Hermann Rehm, 1 Professor at Strassburg. The work was published in Munich in [903. The limited liability partnership {G tellschaft mii beschrdnk- u«nit»«»- ter Haftung) was provided for originally in the act of April ship 20, 1892, reenacted with amendments in 1898. The statute is translated in Appendix B (pp. 235-265) of A. P. Schuster's recent translation of the Commercial Code {supra). A detailed discussion of the provisions of that statute is under taken by Julius Hirsch field in the Law Quarterly Review, volume 9 (January , 1 s<>;, | . pages 62-69. The law gives a small number of partners the privilege, under certain restrictions, of acting as a corporation with limited liability. The leading com- mentary on the subject is that by the late Dr. Staub, 2 the third edition of which, edited by Dr. Hachenburg, was pub- lished in 1909. Besides an exhaustive commentary, an appendix contains thestat utes of the States of Germany on the taxation of these limited liability partnerships. A useful work on the subject is edited by Parisius and Criiger : (5th ed., 1911). The present law concerning cooperative societies (Erwerb «rative uml Wirtsckaftsgenossenschaften) was enacted May 1, 1889, and was amended bj ids of 1896 and 189S. It covers the questions of loans to members, the cooperative purchase or sale of raw materials and manufactured goods, and other joint enterprises. The members have only limited liability. 1 Rehm, Hermann. Die bilanzen der aktiengesellschaften and gcsellschaiten m. 1>. h., kommanditgesellschafti n ,mf aktien, einge- tragenen genossenschaften, versicherungsvereine auf gegenseitig- keit, li \ 1 11 it heken- und notenbanken und handels- gesellschaftes iiberhaupt. Miinehen, J. Schweitzer verlag (A. Sellier), 190.5. 938 p. 2 Staub, Hermann. Staub's Kommentar zum gesetz, betreffend die gesellschaften mil beschrankter haftung. : ed, bearb. von dr Max Hachenburg. Berlin, I Guttentag, icjchj. 7;.' p. 1 Parisius. I., ami Criiger, H. Das reichsgesetz betreffend die gesell schaftenmit bescbiftnkter haftung. 5th ed.by Criiger. Berlin, Gut- tentag, 1911. 503 p. Io6 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY The leading work on the subject is the commentary by Parisius ' and Criiger (7th ed., 191 1). Certain decrees regulat- ing the operations and administration of these societies were promulgated by the Empire and by the various States and are included in the second and third parts of the book. It pre- sents the history of the sections of the act, analyzed and anno- tated. Another commentary on the same law, taking particu- lar account of the legislation of 1898, with models of forms and corporate by-laws, is that by Dr. Richter, 2 the third edition of which was published in 1900. RAILROAD LAW The business of carriers and the conveyance of goods and persons by rail is largely regulated by sections 425-473 of the Commercial Code. An important commentary on the German law concerning the carriage of goods was published by Dr. Georg Eger, 3 a leading authority on railroad law. It is based on the old commercial code, but is still most useful. Germany is a member of the international railroad union. The international agreement of October 14, 1890, as amended June 16, 1S98, with the Berne amendments of July 4-18, 1905 and September 19, 1906, is the subject of another prom- inent work by Dr. Eger.' An important special statute regulating the business of railroads was enacted on December 23, 1908, in force April 2i, 1909, concerning especially the liability of railroads for 1 Parisius, Ludolf. Das reichsgesetz, betreffend die erwerbs- und wirtschaftsgenossenschaf ten . 7th ed. bearb. von dr. Hans Criiger. Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1911. 712 p. '' Richter, Otto. Das reichsgesetz betreffend die erwerbs- und wirt- schafts-genossenschaften. 3ded. Leipzig, G. Weigel, 1900. 644 p. 3 Eger, Georg. Deutsches frachtrecht mit besonderer beriicksichtigung des eisenbahnfrachtrechts. 2d ed. Berlin, Heymann, 1887-1892. 3 v. and supplement. 4 Eger, Georg. Das internationale ubereinkommen iiber den eisen- bahnfrachtverkehr. 3d ed. Berlin, Guttentag, 1909. 536 p. AUTOMOBILES 107 negligence resulting in loss or damage to goods. This statute replaces previously existing regulations. The leading work on the subject is thai by Dr. Georg Eger ' (3d ed., 1910). An- other work on the liability of railroads for damage to goods, written especially from the point of view of the new act of 1908, was published by Dr. Ernst Rundnagel, 2 privy councillor. Hi- discusses the subject, keeping in mind its relation t<> the relevant sections of the Commercial Code and to the interna- tional railroad agreement of October 14, 1890. Dr. Richard Seuckpiehl 3 is the author of another work on the law of rail- road transportation, Eiseribahntransportgeschajt. It consti- tutes the fifth volume of his larger work Verkekrsreckt. Dr. Eger edits an important collection of decisions on railroad law, under the title Eisenbahnrechttiche entscheidungen, 4 which first began to appear in 1879. After volume 7, short articles and bibliographic notes on railroad law are also included in the publication. Closely connected with the law of carriers is the law con- Automobiles cerning traffic with motor vehicles, the so-called "automobile [Gt setz iiber n rhung. 1 Ulrich, R. Grosse haverci. 2d ed. Berlin, E. S. Mittler & Sohn, 1903-6. 3 v. 'Giitschow, C. Vergleichende zusammenstellung dcr wichtigeren seeversicherungsrechte. Hamburg, 0. Meissner, [908 'Mittelstein, Max Deutsches binnenschiffahrtsrecht. 2d ed. I,cip- zig, Rossberg, 1900-1903. 2 v. 112 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY BILLS OF EXCHANGE The matter of negotiable instruments is largely contained in statutes not included in the Commercial Code. The Bills of Exchange Act, the first subject of uniform legislation in Ger- many, was originally adopted on May i, 1849. On J une 5, 1869, it was accepted, together with the " Nurnberg novels" or amendments of April 13, 1861, as the law of the North- German Federation, and became the law for all Germany in April, 1871. Changes were effected in the act by the intro- ductory statutes to the Code of Civil Procedure and to the Bankruptcy Act of 1877, especially as to statutes of limita- tions. The Scandinavian countries, and Switzerland, Russia and Holland, have adopted the German Bills of Exchange Act practically verbatim. An English translation of the act in its unamended form, together with the Nurnberg novels, is printed in volume III, pp. 2787-2808 of Randolph's Treatise on the law of commercial paper (St. Paul, 1899). The act of June 3, 1908, effected certain changes in the law, especially making protests more easy, and an entirely amended Bills of Exchange Act was promulgated on that day. A recent work bv Leader 1 (London, 191 1) contains an English translation of the new German Bills of Exchange Act and the 1908 law of checques. The new (seventeenth) edition of Byles on Bills (London, 191 1) also contains, in appendix 3, Leader's English translation of that act. By all means the leading treatise on the subject, historical, theoretical and dogmatic, is that bv Prof. Karl Griinhut,- of Vienna, which appeared in two volumes in 1897, in the Binding series. The new act of 1908 is necessarily not considered. The last (eighth) 1 Leader, S. The German law of bills of exchange and of cheques. London, Sweet & Maxwell, 1911. 34 p. 'Griinhut, Carl. Wechselrecht. Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot, 1897. 2 v. cheques 113 edition of Staub, 1 the best commentary on the act, takes the new legislation of 1908 and the decisions up to 191 1 into account. Gareis 2 is the author of a good work on the sub- ject, which includes in its treatment the tax law of July 15, 1909. The German law of cheques of March 11, 1908, was inspired Che i ues by a general desire to popularize the use of that form of commercial paper. (See art. 17 of the statute introducing the new German Commercial Code.) Leader's recent work (supra) contains a translation of the law of March 11, 1908. A translation of that act, together with an editorial comment on some of its principal features, appeared in the Banking Law Journal, volume 25 (1908), pages 536-537. 551-558- An analysis of the act, with comparative references to the German Bills of Exchange Act of 1849, appeared in volume 2 (1909) of the Annual Bulletin of the Comparative Law Bureau, pages 29-40, from the pen of Prof. E. G. Lorenzen. The article is preceded by a bibliographic headnote by W. W. Smithers, citing the laws of other countries on the subject, with special reference to the sections of the respective Com- mercial Codes in which the matter is dealt with. This same statute was the subject of an article by Dr. Ernest Schuster (Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, vol. 9, August, 1908, pp. 79-83), in which the requirements of the new act are compared with the British law on the subject. A useful commentary on the act, by Prof. Ludwig Kuhlen- beck, 3 was published in 1908. There is a long introduction, together with commentary, notes, and forms. Another good 1 Staub, H. Kommcntar zur wechselordnung. Eighth edition, bearb. von M. Stranz. Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1912. 2 Gareis, Karl. Die allgemeine deutsche wcchselordnting nchst dem wechselstempselgesetz von 15. 7. iqoq. 8th ed. Munchen, 1010. 3 Kuhlenbeck, L. Das deutsche schcckgesctz. Hreslau & Leipzig, Langcwort, 1908. 139 p. 297 74°— 12 S 114 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY book on the subject, by Dr. Walter Conrad, 1 contains refer- ences to foreign legislation (principally derived from the Handel sgesetze des erdballs) and, in an appendix, the law of cheques of the more important commercial countries. Dr. Hans Lessing 2 published a handy little work on the subject, in which foreign legislation is also noted. A critical work of some interest is that recently published by Prof. Langen 3 of Miinster. In this book, questions on the law of cheques not answered by the act itself, the new Bills of Exchange Act, and many phases of the law of negotiable instruments are the subject of critical discussion. stock Ex- _\ number of important statutes relating to commercial change Law law have been enacted. One of these is the stock exchange law (Borsengesetz) of June 22, 1896, amended on May 8, 1908. This act of May 8, 1908, is translated into English in one of the volumes published by the National Monetary Commission. 4 It is entitled German imperial banking laws, edited by Dr. R. Koch. Besides its translation of the stock exchange law, it contains the regulations for the Berlin Exchange of December, 1908, and provisions concerning brokers on that exchange. The important provisions of the law of 1908 are discussed briefly in the Journal of the Society of Comparative Legisla- tion, March, 191 1, page 326. A useful commentary on the act, based on the new amendment, was published under the auspices of the German Bankers' Association by Rehm, 5 1 Conrad, Walter. Handbuch des deutschen scheckrechts. Stuttgart, F. Enke, 1908. 340 p. 2 Lessing, Hans. Scheckgesetz vom 11. Marz 1908. Munchen, J. Schweitzer, 1908. 262 p. 3 Langen, Prof. A. Zum scheckrecht. Erorterungen iiber die rechts- lage des scbecks ausserhalb des scheckgesetzes. Berlin, Heymann, 1910. 140 p. 4 Koch, Richard. German imperial banking laws. Together with the German stock exchange regulations. S. Doc. 574, 61st Cong. 2d sess. Washington, G. P. O., 1910. 5 Kommentar zum borsengesetz. Auf veranlassung des zentralverbandes der deutscbcn bankiergewerbes von Rebm, Trumpler, Dove, Neu- kamp and others. Berlin, Guttentag, 1909. 464 p. BANKING LAW 1 15 Triimpler, Dove, and others. It appeared in 1909. A recent work by Dr. Otto Bernstein, 1 which includes the 1908 amendment, was published in 1910. The banking laws of Germany are contained in the statutes Banking organizing the Reichsbank of March 14 and May 21, 1875 and in the amending statutes of December 18 and June 7, 1899 and June 1, 1909. All these statutes are translated and critically discussed in the work by Koch (supra) published by the Na- tional Monetary Commission. One of the best editions of the Banking Act and its amendment is edited by A. Henschel, 2 published in 19 10. Another important law is that concerning the safe custody Custody of Xegotiable In- of negotiable instruments (Gesetz betrefjend die Pflichtcn ra). A critical discussion of the statute was pub- lished in 1906 by Prof. Riesser, 11 of Berlin. The mortgage bank law (Hypnthtkcnbankgesetz) of July 13, Mortgage Hank Law 1899, is also important. A small commentary by Merzbaclur ' and another by Ln the civil side, four grades of courts are provided for; (1 ) district or lower courts (Amtsgerickte) ; (2) superior courts (Landesgerichte), certain sections of the Lamlfxgt richtc also acting as commercial courts (llii)uli /w/i / u lit, 1 ; (3) courts of appeal (Oberlandesgerichte) and (4) tin- imperial supreme court (Reichsgerichi) at Leipzig. This last court was the successor of the Oberhandelsgericht, a tribunal which had been established in 1871, largely because 142 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY of the apprehended danger that the Bills of Exchange Act and Commercial Code which had been made uniform, would be broken up into several systems by conflicting interpretations in State courts. The jurisdiction of this highest tribunal was also considerably increased. Bavaria occupies an exceptional position in its highest court, in that it has established an Oberstlandesgericht having appellate jurisdiction in civil cases over the Oberlandesgericht, which appellate jurisdiction for the rest of the Empire resides in the Rcichsgericht. An excellent article on the German Code of Civil Procedure was published by H. A. D. Phillips in the Law Magazine and Review, fourth series, volume 21 (1895-6), pages 267-285. He traces German civil procedure from its origin in the Salic law, through feudal procedure, to the present code (before its 1898 amendment). He describes the different systems in force before the new code was enacted and gives a summary of the principal features of this code, for comparative pur- poses citing the French, Italian, and Indian codes. In the course of two articles by Simeon E. Baldwin, the first of which was published in the Michigan Law Review, volume 8 (Novem- ber, 1909), pages 30-38, a law suit in the lowest court of first instance (Amtsgericht) is described in some detail; in the second article, published in the Yale Law Journal, volume 19 (December, 1909), pages 69-79, a l aw su ^ is described in the Landesgericht or superior court, where the parties are repre- sented by attorneys. The basis for both articles is the little work of Dr. Hermann Meyer, Anleitung zur prozess praxis in beispielenan rechtsfdllen (8th ed., Berlin, Vahlen, 1910). judiciary Act Grades and jurisdiction of criminal courts are likewise pro- vided for in the Judiciary Act. The lowest court is the Schoffengericht , consisting usually of one professional and two lay judges; next in order follow the Landesgericht on its crimi- nal side (Strafkammer); the Sckwurgericht or jury court, a division of the Landesgericht; the Oberlandesgericht or court of JUDICIARY ACT I43 appeal; and the Reichsgerichi or Supreme Court. Two able articles on the German judiciary by Prof. J. W. Garner were published in the Political Science Quarterly, volume 17 (1902), pages 490-514, and volume 18 (1903), pages 512-530. The first of these articles gives a general history of the Act, its constitutional position, and a detailed sketch of the judicial hierarchy. The second discusses general phases of German judicial service and procedure, and judicial power, or the con- stitutional rights of the courts. Important articles by J. J. Cook, entitled, "Judicial system in Germany" appeared in the Juridical Review, volume 1 (1889), pages 70-80, 184-192, 298-306. They contain a descriptive account of the bench and bar in Germany, the courts and their competence, and a detailed description of each court both of civil and criminal jurisdiction. Judge Karl von Lewinski, who became favorably known to many American lawyers during the two years he spent in this country studying American procedure in the interest of Leske-Lowenf eld's Rechtsverfolgung im inter- nationalen verkehr, published an interesting article on "Courts and procedure in Germany." It appeared first in the Illinois Law Review, volume 5 (November, 1910), pages 193-202, and was subsequently reprinted in the American Legal News, Law Student's Helper and Canadian Law Times. The judicial system of Germany was discussed in an article by Richard Hudson, published in the Michigan Law Review, volume 1 (1902), pages 121-126. The subject was also discussed by J. Kopclke in an article published in the Albany Law Journal, volume 21 (1880), pages 66-69, 167-168. It may not be amiss here to mention an instructive French article containing an exhaustive analysis of the Judiciary Act by L. Dubarle in the Bulletin de la Soci£te de Legislation Comparee, volume 5 (1876), pages 103-150. M. Dubarle 1 also translated and 1 Dubarle, L. Code d 'organisation judiciaire allemand (27 Janvier 1 Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1885. 2 v T44 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY edited the Judiciary Act for the French Government, which published the work in two volumes. Its historical introduction and its notes command special notice. In an article pub- lished in the Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, volume i , new series (1899), pages 75-80, Julius Hirsehfield, under the title "A few legal facts from Germany," describes German judicial organization, procedure in appeal cases, court costs, fees, and related questions. In a short article by Julius Hirschfeld, entitled "German courts at work," printed in the July, 1 91 1 number of the Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation (pp. 1 49-56) , there is presented a succinct account of German ;r dicial organization, with special reference to Prussia. It includes brief judicial statistics for 1909, a few salient points of procedure and the relation of the bar to the administration of justice. Occasional comparisons with the English system are made. C. W. Ernst in an article entitled "Law reforms in Germany," which appeared in the American Law Review, volume 18 (1884), pages 801-813, discusses the jurisdiction of the German law courts under the Judiciary Act of 1877, emphasizing, incidentally, the position of the legal profession in its relation to the courts. Code o( civil A convenient annotated edition of the Code of Civil Pro- Procedure _ . cedure was published by Judge Hugo P reudenthal 1 of the court of appeal. He takes account of the amendments of 1 898, together with the statutes of June 5, 1905 and June 1, 1909, which latter act, among other important changes, increased (he jurisdiction of the district courts and amended the regu- lations as to attorneys' fees. A book introducing students to the practise of civil procedure was written by Prof. Hermann 1 Freudenthal, Hugo. Civilprozessordmmg in der fassung der bekannt- niachung vom 20. mai 1S98 und der gesetze vom 5. juni 1905 und 1 juni 1909, nebst dem Einfiihrungs-gesetz. 3rd ed. Miinchen, C. G. Beck, 1910. 1064 p. CIVIL PROCEDURE 145 Pitting, 1 of Halle, the twelfth to thirteenth edition of which was published in 1907, with a supplement treating the amend- ment of June 1, 1909. The Code of Civil Procedure was also translated and published under the direction of the French Government; the work is edited, with notes, by Glasson, 2 Uederlin, and Dareste, Several excellent commentaries on the code have made their appearance. The one most frequently used is that known as the Gaupp-Stein Kommentar? It appeared originally in 1899; in 1910 the first volume of the tenth edition was published. New editions of this commentary, as of the other standard works in Germany, appear every few years. Another well- known commentary is that by Prof. vSeuffert, 1 of Munich, the eleventh edition of which has recently been issued. Another popular commentary in Germany, the ninth edition of which appeared in 1910, is edited by Struekmann "' and Koch, pre- siding judge of the court of appeal, and privy councillor, respectively, assisted by a number of other judges. Dr. Julius Petersen" is the author of a commentary (5th ed. by Remele and Anger, 1904-1906; supplement, 1910), which 1 Fitting, Hermann Heinrich. Der reichs-civilprozess. 12 und 13 ed. Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1907. 798 p. Die neuerungen der novelle zur civilprozessordnung vom 1. juni 1900, als nachtrag. Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1900. 53 p. 'Germany. Code de procedure civile pour ['empire d'Allemange (30 Janvier 18-71, traduit et annote par K. Glasson . . . E. Lederlin . . . ]■'. R. Dareste . . . Paris, [mprimerie nationale, 1887. 354 p. Gaupp, Ludwig. Die civilprozessordnung fur das Deutsche Reich. Auf der grundlage des kommentars von I.. Gaupp, erlautert von Friedrich Stein. 10th ed. Tubingen, J. C. B. Mohr, 1 1'. Si. [910-1912. J v. 'Seuffert, Lothar. Kommentar zur civilprozessordnung. nth ed . . Mum-Inn, C. H Bed [910-11. 2 v. ■ Struckmann, J. & Koch, K 1 >ie /is ilprozessordnung fur das I leutsche Reich. 9th ed. Berlin, Guttentag, 1910. i-'ioji. 8 Petersen, Julius. Die civilprozessordnung fur das Deutsche Reich. 5th ed. bearb von Ivnisi Remele . . . (und) Dr. Ernst Anger. . . Lain, M. Schausenburg, mot 06. 2 v. Supplement, 1910. 1 1 ■ 10 I46 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY contains prolific annotations, notes and discussions, with fre- quent references to the history and sources of the various sections of the code; decisions of State courts are also noted. Several well-known treatises on civil procedure deserve notice. Prof. J. J. Planck 1 of Munich is the author of .a work which gained high scholarly recognition, but is now slightly antiquated. Historically and as a philosophical work it is important. Engelmann's 3 two volume GeschichU und system is a prominent work on the historv of civil pro- cedure. The second volume is to be translated into English. (See footnote, p. 46.) An important treatise on the subject is that by Prof. R. Schmidt, 3 of Freiburg. In its supplement of 1910, it covers the district court amendment of June i, 1909, and the supreme court amendment of May 22, 1910. These were both amendments to the Judiciary Act, that of 1 910 simplifying procedure in appeals to the supreme court. A scholarly work on the law of civil procedure is from the pen of Prof. Konrad Hellwig,'' of Berlin. Up to 1909, two volumes and the first part of volume 3 had been pub- lished. It examines the more difficult problems of civil pro- cedure and is valuable for its critical discussions. Prof. Hellwig 5 has also published an interesting work on pro- cedure under the title Anspruch und klagrecht. A second reprint edition of this work appeared in 1910. The history 1 Planck, Johann Julius Wilhelm von. Lehrbuch des deutschen civilprozessrechts . . . Nordlingen, C. H. Beck, 1887-1S96. 2 v. 2 Engelmann, A. Der civilprozess; Geschichte und system. Breslau, Koebner, 1889-1895. 2 v. 3 Schmidt, Richard Karl Benihard. Lehrbuch des deutschen zivil- prozessrechts. 2d ed. Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot, 1906. 11 13 p. Die neuerungen im zivilprozessrecht. Nachtrag zur zweiten auflage. Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot, 1910. 100 p. 4 Hellwig, Konrad. Lehrbuch des deutschen civilprozessrechts. Leipzig, A. Deichert nachf., 1903-1907. 1-3 v. 5 Hellwig, K. Anspruch u. klagrecht. 2d ed. Leipzig, Deichert, 1910. 530 p. CIVIL PROCEDURE 147 of civil procedure has been dealt with in a number of articles edited in a two volume edition by Prof. Kohler. 1 A work dealing with questions of procedural reform in Germany was published by Dr. W. Peters. 3 It is a comparative study of English and German procedure, in the course of which a survey is presented of German procedure and its defects. The German reform discussions centering around the interpretation and application of the written law by the judge (Rechtsanwendung) have given rise to many thoughtful and critical monographs, among which those by Adickes and Diiringer deserve special mention. A review of Adickes' Zur verstandigung titer die jusHzreform in the Journal of Criminal Law, volume 2, July 1911, page 311, gives the principal ideas of thai noted reformer. "Attention is again directed to Prof. Pound's article (Annual Bulletin of Com- parative Law Bureau, 1908, pp. 31-36), in which the attitude of the three current schools of legal thought on this question of procedural reform is described {supra, p. 33). As an example of the thoroughness with which German legislation is undertaken we may mention the proposed reform in civil procedure. In preparation for this undertaking a seven volume work on the law of civil procedure in the more impor- tant States of the world is to be prepared by Prof. Jos. Kohler, Prof. Mendelssohn- Partholdy. Prof. Pagenstecher, and Prof. Wach. The jurisdiction of German courts is strictly defined. The procedure and circumstances under which the assistance of other German and foreign courts may be invoked in the administration of justice is known under the name of Recktshilfe. It includes such matters as service of process in 1 Beitrage zur geschichte des biirgerlichen rechtsganges, lirst;. v. Jos. Kohler. Berlin, E. Weber, mo; 1007. 2 v. 1 Peters, Wilibald. Das englische burgerliche streitverfahren und die deutsche zivilprozessreform. Berlin, P. Vahlen, 1908. 149 p. 148 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY foreign jurisdictions, the issuance of letters rogatory and the effect and execution of foreign judgments. These matters are regulated in part by section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1877, and by section 2 of the act of May 17, 1898, concerning noncontentious jurisdiction. As to foreign courts, the matter is largely regulated by the treaties of the German Empire, especially by the Hague conventions of November 14, 1896 and July 17, 1905, on civil procedure and by the general princi- ples of private international law as found in the Introductory Act to the Civil Code. Consular jurisdiction is also of impor- tance in this connection. The entire matter concerns particularly the legal position of foreigners before the courts. The leading work on the subject is the Handbuch des rechtshilfeverjahrens by Dr. Hans Delius 1 (fourth edition, 191 1), founded on the work of Ferdinand Bohm, which was published under the same general title in 1886. Merchants' courts (Kaujmannsgerichte), for the arbitration of questions arising between merchants were established by the law of July 6, 1904. A commentary on this law was published in 1905 by Dr. M. von Schulz. 2 Execution against movables is governed by Book VIII of the Code of Civil Procedure. According to section 869 of this code, execution against real property is to- be governed by a special statute. This statute was enacted on March 24, 1897, and promulgated with the other procedural codes and laws on May 20, 1898; it follows very closely the provisions of the earlier Prussian statute. An important commentary on the act, which concerns forced sale {Zwangver- steigerung) and sequestration (Zwangsvcrwaltung) in execution proceedings against real property is that by Judge Theodor 1 Delius, Hans. Handbuch des reehtshilfeverfahrens im Deutsehen Reiche sowie in und gegeniiber dem auslande. 4th ed. Niirn- berg, Sebald, 1911. 53g p. 1 Schulz, M. v. Das reichsgesetz, betreffend kaufmannsgerichte vom 6 juli rqo4, erlautert. Jena, G. Fischer, 1905. 385 p. COSTS AND FEES 1 49 Wolf. 1 Many regulations and details of procedure in the matter of execution were left t<> State legislation, and the author in his commentary takes note of the Prussian, Bava- rian and Saxon regulations under the appropriate paragraphs of the imperial statute. The Prussian Ausfukrungsgesetz is particularly commentated. Another useful commentary with an historical introduction, tracing the subject from Roman law to the present imperial statute, was prepared by Prof. Otto Fischer,- of Breslau; the second edition appeared in 1910. Prussian law is also given a prominent place in this work. A commentary frequently used by lawyers is that of Dr. P. Jackel, 3 the fourth edition of which by G. Giithe was published in 191 1. One of the best systematic treatments of the subject is contained in a work by F. Kretzehmar.' The law of costs is naturally associated with the law of pro- ccsuand Fees cedure. The law on this subject is governed by four statutes dealing, respectively, with costs and fees for witnesses and experts, court costs, sheriffs' fees, and attorneys' fees. The present statutes regulating court costs came into force on January 1, 1900. They were substantially amended by an act of June 1, 1909, which became effective April 1, 1910. The law on tin- subject, including its new amendments, is treated in two commentaries, the one by Or. Pfafferoth, of the Department of Justice, which reached :i ninth edition at the 'Wolf, 'I'll. «lor. Das reichsgesetz Qber die zwangsversteigerung und zwangsverwaltung, Erlautert, 3d ed. Berlin, C. Heytnann, ioog. 66S 1 1 Fischer, otto Die gesetzgebung, betreffend die zwangsvollstreckung in das unbewegliche vermSgen im reiche und in Preussen; bearb. vim Dr. O. Fischer . . und Dr. L. Schaefer . . . Berlin, J. ( luttentag, 100.?. -^.\ p 3 Jacket, P. Kommcntar zum zwangsversteigerungsgesetz. (lli ed., by G Giithe. Berlin, Vahlen, 1911. 875]). 4 Kretzehmar, V. Das rcichsgesct/ iiber die zwangsversteigerung u. die zwangsverwaltung. Leipzig, Die terich, 1004. 434 p. ' Pfafferoth, Carl. Das dcutsche gerichtskostenwesen. 9th ed. Berlin, C. Heymann, 1009. 523 p. 150 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY end of 1909; the other by Otto Rittmann, 1 assessor of costs in the Alsace Ministry of Justice, which appeared in the same year. The question of costs in every form of action is dealt with. The procedure for establishing and fixing costs, as well as the amended statute for regulating the fees of attorneys is I he subject of an important work by Dr. W. Willenbucher, 2 judge of the court of appeal. The seventh edition by Simeon and Fischer was published in 1910. The amendment of the original act of 1879 to regulate attorneys' fees, including the acts of June 1, 1909, and May 22, 1910, receive attention. The various German States retain jurisdiction over certain detailed regulations concerning attorneys' fees, and the State statutes, which really supplement the imperial legis- lation on the subject, are also covered by the work. The chapters on the imperial law are in the form of a commentary. Attorneys at An article by Dr. Otto Simon, giving a brief account of the Law social position of the German lawyer and his code of ethics, appears in the Green Bag, volume 22 (July, 1910), pages 391-393, and is reprinted in the American Legal News of that month and in the Law Student's Helper for September. The leading commentary on the statute governing attorneys- at-law, is that edited by Adolf and Max Friedlander, 11 which appeared in 1908. Two important periodicals dealing with civil procedure are the Archil 1 fur tin civUistische praxis* founded in 1818, and 1 Rittmann, Otto. Das deutsche gerichtskostengesetz, erlautert . . . 4th ed. Mannheim und Leipzig, J. Bensheimcr, 1909. 648 p. -' Willenbiicher, W. Das kostenfestsetzungsverfahren u. die deutsche Gebtihrenordnung fur reehtsanwalte nebst die landesgesetzlichen vorschriften in Preussen, Bayern. Sachsen. Wiirttemberg u. Baden. 7th ed.. by Simeon S: Fischer. Berlin, Midler, 1910. 349 p. 3 Friedlander, A. & M. Kommentar zur rechtsanwaltsordnung vom 1. juli 1878. Mi'tnchcn. J. Schweitzer, 1908. 371 p. 4 Archiv fur die civilistische praxis, edited by Heck, Pumelin, Wondt, Biilow & Kohlhaas. Tubingen, Mohr. i8i8andcont. NONCONTKNTIOUS JURISDICTION I SI the Zeitschrifi fur deutschen zivUprozess, 1 now edited by Schultzenstein and Vierhaus, volume i of which appeared in 1879. NONCONTENTN 'IS JURISDICTION Under this term the Germans include such action by public authorities, either courts or notaries, as is necessary to give official sanction to legal rights or to create them. It maybe called ex parte procedure. It is invoked in such cases as the following: the appointment of a guardian or administrator, the probate of a will, the registration of documents such as deeds and mortgages and other real estate transactions, the registration of various kinds of contracts, such as marriage contracts and commercial agreements, the registration of trademarks and designs, and in a great number of other special cases which may be grouped under the general head of the judicial authentication of legal instruments. In these matters, the court usually acts in an administrative capacity. Noncontentious jurisdiction is provided for in the Act of May 17, 1898, in the Land Registry Act of March 24, 1897 (Grundbuchordnung), in the Civil Code (the authentication of wills), in the Commercial Code (in tin- matter of registering certain kinds of associations), in the Trademark Act, and in other statutes. The jurisdiction is vested almost exclusively in the hands of the district courts, with appeal to the Superior courts, and for error in law, to the court of appeal, whose jurisdiction is final. An excellent article 011 the subject of noncontentious jurisdiction in Germany was published by Judge Walter Neitzel, a collaborator of Judge von I.ewinski in the I.cskc Lowenfeld publication {supra, p. 14.1). It appears in the Harvard Law Review, volume 21 (ic>o8), pages 476-494. Probably the best commentary on the subject is 1 Zeitschrift fur deutschen zivUprozess mid dasverfahren in iinge-Iegen- heiten det freiwilligen gerichtsbarkeit . . . 1879-1910. 40 v. Ber- lin, C. HiYin.mn, 1879 and cont. 152 GUIDE TO THE LAW Of GERMANY that by Schultze-Gorlitz ' and Oberneck, which annotates fully both the imperial and the Prussian law as enacted in the Ausjuhrungsgcsetz of September 21, 1899. J. Rausnitz 2 pub- lished a useful commentary on the subject which appeared in 1900. A handy annotated edition of the law was prepared by Dudek 3 and Lindemann, the second edition of which appeared in 1908. All the sections relating to noncontentious jurisdiction in the other codes and statutes which have been mentioned, as well as the Prussian Ausfiihrungsgesetz receive careful attention. Notarial law bears a most intimate relation to nonconten- tious jurisdiction. Form books for the notary and adminis- trative officer in noncontentious matters are published fre- quently in new editions. The one in most general use is the two volume work by Jastrow. 4 Two other form books of good reputation are edited respectively by Weissler 5 and by Gold- maiin and others. 6 The decisions in matters of noncontentious jurisdiction together with land registry decisions are published in a vol- ume edited annually by the Department of Justice. 7 1 Schultze-Gorlitz, R. u. Oberneck, H. Gesctz iiber die angelegenheitcn der freiwilligen gerichtsbarkeit. Berlin, Hermann, njoo. 2 v. 2 Rausnitz, J. Das reichsgesctz iiber die angelegenheitcn der freiwilligen gerichtsbarkeit. Berlin, !•'. Vahlen, iyoo. 384 p. * Dudek, H. & Lindemann, O. DasreichsgesetziiberdicangelegenheiUn der freiwilligen gerichtsbarkeit, unter mitwirkung von Eugen Ebcrl. . . . erlautert von Heinrich Dudek . . . (und) Otto Linde- mann . . . 2d ed. Breslau, M. & H. Marcus, 1908. 535 p. 4 Jastrow, Hermann. Formularbuch und notariatsrecht. Im anschluss an das C. F. ICoch'sche Formularbuch. bearb. von Hermann Jas- trow . . . 15th ed. Berlin, J. Guttcntag, iyio. 2 v. 5 Weissler, Adolf. Formularbuch fur freiwillige gerichtsbarkeit, . . . 12th ed. Berlin, C. Heymann, 1911. 444 p. 6 Formularbuch ftir die freiwillige gerichtsbarkeit. Auf veranlassg. des Berliner Anwaltvereins hrsg. v. R. Goldmann, E. Heinitz, W. Loewenfeld, J. Rausnitz. 3 ed. Berlin, C. Heymann, 191 1. 974 p. 7 Entseheidungen in angelegenheiten der freiwilligen gerichtsbarkeit u. desgrundbuchrechts. Hrsg. im Reichsjustizamt. 11 v. and index to v. 1-10. Berlin, Puttkammer & Muhlbrecht, 1900 and cont. CRIMINAL LAW 153 CRIMINAL LAW Criminal law by customary legal classification is a division of public law. However, as works dealing with public law usually exclude criminal law from treatment it is considered advisable to discuss criminal law at this point. The Romans made no great distinction between civil and criminal law. Nevertheless they were far advanced in their notions of public prosecution and punishment of crimes, and the penetration of their ideas into ecclesiastical law gave definite shape to the theory that crime was a sin against God. German criminal law consisted in the Middle Ages of the old Roman law developed and remolded by the Italian jurists to suit the needs of more modern times. This period of develop- ment reached a definite climax in the publication by the Baron of Schwarzenberg of the Constitutio Criminalis Bambergensis which in turn became the model for the Constitutio Criminalis Carolina, the criminal code of Kmperor Charles Y, enacted in 1532. This code was the fundamental criminal law of Ger- many up to the nineteenth century. It lias exercised a per- manent influence on German criminal law. The best edition of both the Bambergensis and the Carolina Codes is thai by Profs. Kohler ' and Scheel, published in 1900. A work deal ing with the sources of criminal law apart from the Carolina Code was edited by Prof. Kohler' and published in Mannheim (1907-19'")). An excellent history of German criminal law was published by the celebrated Prof, von Bar,' of Gottin His Gest kit hte des deutsi In >i ttrafn chis which appeared in 1882 ' Carolina cunstilutio criminalis. Die peinliche gericlilsonlnuug Kaiser Karls V. Kritiseh hrsg. von J. Kohler . unci Willy Scheel . . . Halle, Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, jyoo. ir>; p. lien zur geschichte des strafrechts ausserhalb des Caxolinakreises. Herausgegeben van Kohler. Mannheim, J. Bensheimer, kjo; 3 liar, L. v^n. Handbuch des deutschen strafrechts lid. [.Geschichte des deutschen strafrechts. u. der strafrechts-theorien. v. 1. Berlin, Weidmann, 1882. 361 p. 154 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY will be translated into English under the auspices of the com- mittee editing the Continental Legal History Series (see footnote, p. 46). The Penal Code now in force in Germany is that of May 15, 1 87 1 with its amendments. The first draft was published in 1869 and the code itself was finished in 1870 before the Empire was founded. This code was modeled on the Prussian criminal code of April 14, 1851, which was based largely on the maxims of the old Napoleonic Code Penal of 1810. The first draft of a fresh Penal Code was completed in 1 909 and has already been submitted to the public for discussion and criticism. It is probable that within a short time the new penal code will be enacted into law. A translation of part one of the 1871 code, which includes the first seventy-nine sections, appears in the Law Magazine and Review, New Series, volume 1 (1872), pages 653-667. Three learned articles on the early criminal law and courts of Germany were published in the thirties. Two of these are from the pen of the celebrated authority, Prof. K. I. A. Mitter- maier. In an able article in the Law Magazine and Review, volume 15 (1836), pages 1 19-128, the older literature of criminal law is critically discussed. In the second article by the same author, published in the American Jurist, volume 24 (1840), pages 62-79, the sources of criminal law in Germany and the State codes in existence at that time are discussed and the administration of criminal law compared with that of the United States. In an article in the Law Magazine or Quarterly Review, volume 11 (1834), pages 1-23 there is a discussion of penological theories with a critical account of the older writers on criminal law and their works. The Penal Code of 1871 was translated into English by Geoffrey Drage 1 (London, 1885). Prof. Wolfgang Mitter- 1 Dragc, G. The criminal code of the German Empire. Translated by Geoffrey Drage. London, 1885. 365 p. CRIMINAL LAW 155 maier, of Heidelberg, while characterizing the translation as able, nevertheless finds the translator guilty of some mis conceptions. An excellent account of the criminal law of the German Empire presenting systematically the theories underlying the code and its principles was written by Prof. Wolfgang Mittermaier, of Heidelberg and Berne, the son of the renowned K. I. A. Mittermaier. This article was pre- pared at the request of S. J. Barrows, commissioner of the United States on the International Prison Commission, and published in the reports prepared for this commission. It appears as House Document 489, Fifty-sixth Congress, second session, pages 81-104 (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1901). The entire criminal legislation of Germany was edited in nine small volumes of text editions by Dr. Justus Olshausen, 1 Federal district attorney. A small but useful annotated edition of the Penal Code, including references to the decisions of the State courts and to the authoritative com- mentaries was edited by Wilhelm Henle - and Franz Schier- linger (2ded., 1903, with supplement 1907). The leading commentary on the German Penal Code is that by Justus Olshausen .'which reached its eighth edition in 11)09-10. Another commentary, very popular with German lawyers, is from the pen of Prof. Reinhard Frank 4 ; the eighth to tenth edition was published in 191 1. Criminal provisions are scattered throughout many statutes and sections of slat- 1 Olshausen, Justus. Die strafgesetzgebung des Deutschen Reichs. Tex- tausgabe mit anmerkungen . . . Berlin, F. Vahlen, njoo 1903. 9 v. Henle, Wilhelm. Das strafgesetzbuch fur das Deutsche Reich in seiner gegenwartigen gestalt. Handausgabe mit erlauterungen von W'il- helm Henle . . und Dr. Fran/ Schierlinger ... 2d ed. Mitnachtrag. Munchen, C. H Beck, 1903, 1907. 444 p. 'Olshausen, Justus. Kommentar zum strafgesetzbuch fur d.is Deutsche Reich. 8th ed., Berlin, F. Vahlen, 1909 10. 2 v. * l-'r.ink, Reinhard. Uis strafgesetzbuch fur das Deutsche Reich. 8-iothed. Tubingen, J. C. B. Mohr (P. Siebeck), 1911. 671 p. 156 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY utes. A special commentary dealing with these incidental penal provisions was edited by Dr. M. Stenglein, 1 a former justice of the supreme court of Germany; it began to appear in its fourth edition in 1909. The principles of German criminal law in concise statement are presented by Prof. Karl Binding,'-' the learned jurist of Leipzig, in his " Grundriss." The history of criminal law from the Carolina Code (1532) to modern times is combined with a summary account of the content of criminal law in its objective and subjective aspects. The work contains extensive bibliographic references. The leading treatise on criminal law is that by the renowned Prof. Liszt, 3 of Berlin, the eminent authority on criminal law and criminology. The eighteenth edition was published in 191 1 ; a French translation has also just been published by Giard and Briere, of Paris. A work now used in some of the universities of south Germany is the treatise of Prof. H. Meyer, 4 edited by Allfeld, known as the " Meyer-AUfeld Lehrbuch." The seventh edition has recently been issued. Its continued use in preference to the work of Liszt appears to be due to the conflict between Profs. Birkmeyer and Liszt in their theories of criminal law. Prof. Binding"' is the author of an able treatise on criminal law which was originally a continuation of the fifth edition of his "Grundriss." The last volume of the second edition of the treatise appeared in 1905. Another 1 Stenglein 's Kommentar zu den strafrechtlichen nebengesetzen des Deutschen Reiches. 4th ed. vollig neubearbeitet von Ludvvig Ebermayer, Franz Galli, Georg Lindenberg. Berlin, Otto Lieb- mann, 1909-1911. 2 v. and cont. - Binding, Karl. Grundriss des deutschen strafrechts, allgemeiner teil . . . 7th ed. Leipzig, W. Englemann, 1907. 271 p. 3 Liszt, Franz von. Lehrbuch des deutschen strafrechts. 18th ed. Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1911. 689 p. 1 Meyer, H. Lehrbuch des deutschen strafrechts, bearbeitet von Allfeld. 7th ed. Leipzig, Deichert, 1911. s Binding, Karl. Lehrbuch des gemeinen deutschen strafrechts, besonderer teil. Leipzig, W. Engelmann, 1902-1905. 2 v. CRIMINAL LAW 157 good treatise on German criminal law is by Prof. Finger, 1 of Halle. To date, only one volume, which appeared in 1904, has been published. It is well provided with bibliographic notes. Prof. Bemer, 2 an eminent scholar and authority in German criminal law, wrote a treatise on the same subject. The eighteenth and last edition was published in 1898. It gives an excellent, although brief account of the history and sources of German criminal law before and after the Carolina. A useful dictionary of criminal law in the form of an index digest to the criminal decisions of the supreme court, was edited by Dr. M. Stenglein,' 1 formerly judge of that court, whose commentary has been mentioned supra. Two vol- umes appeared in 1900 and a supplement by F. Galli brings the work down to 1904. A work dealing essentially with criminal law in its administrative aspects from an historical and comparative standpoint, by Dr. James Goldschmidt,' now professor in Berlin, gives evidence of much scholarly research. There are some important German periodicals on the sub- ject of criminal law. The oldest is the one known as Goltdam- mers Archil/' which was founded in 1853 and is now edited by Prof. Kohler of Berlin. Another prominent periodical is 1 linger, August. I.chrbuch des deutschen strafrechts. Berlin, C. Heymann's verlag, 1904. 1 v. * Boner, Albert Friedrich. Lehrbucb des deutsches strafrechts. t8th ed. Leipzig. B. Tauchnitz, [898. 752 p. 3 Stenglein, Melchior. Lexikon des deutschen strafrechts; nach den entscheidungeu des Reichsgerichts zum strafgesetzbuche zusatn- mengestellt und hrsg. von Dr. M. Stenglein, . . . Berlin, i>, Lieb- inaun, 1900. 2v. and supplement. * Goldschmidt, James Paul. Das verwaltungsstrafrecht. Berlin, C. Heyuumn, kjoj. 603 p. '.^reliiv fur strafrecht u. strafprozess, founded by Goltdammer. Ber- lin, R. v. Decker, 1.S5S and cunt. I58 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY the Zeitschrift fur die gesamte strafrechtswissenschaft, 1 now edited by Profs. Liszt and Lilienthal, both eminent authorities. It was founded in 1881. This periodical, which is the organ of the International Union of Criminal Law {Internationale Kriminalistische Vereinigung) publishes a supplement under the title XI itteilungen der international en kriminalistischen vereinigung which also appears occasionally in French. The supplements deal with the criminal codes of foreign countries or present special studies on foreign criminal law. Transla- tions of foreign codes into the German language are also pub- lished by the association. The subject of German criminal law would be left incomplete if mention were not made of the great names of Feuerbach, Grolman, Kleinschrodt and Mittermaier, whose works, although for practical purposes now antiquated, exercised a potent influence on the development of criminal law in Germany. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE The establishment and jurisdiction of criminal courts is provided for in the Judiciary Act of January 27, 1877, to which reference has already been made. The Code of Criminal Procedure was one of the four great codes — Bankruptcy Act, Judiciary Act, Codes of Civil and of Criminal Procedure, enacted during the law reform movement of 1877. Hahn's Die ge- sammten materialien zu den reichsj ustizgcsetzen (Berlin, Decker, 1897-1909) report the drafts, "motives," and summarized debates connected with the enactment of all the more impor- tant imperial statutes The Code of Criminal Procedure was enacted February 1, 1877, and went into effect on October 1, 1879. The draft of a new code of criminal procedure is now before the Bundesrat. 1 Zeitschrift fur die gesamte strafrechtswissenschaft. Berlin und Leipzig, J. Guttentag, 1881 and eont. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 1 S<) German criminal procedure is based largely on the French S] Stem, but it has been modified by the incorporation of many provisions of English origin. The best account in English of German criminal procedure is that prepared by Prof. Wolfgang Mittermaier, of Heidelberg and Berne, for the Inter- national Prison Commission. It is included in a report sub- mitted by the United States commissioner to the Secretary of State, and is published in House Document 489, Fifty- sixth Congress, second session, pages 104-122. Besides a brief historical account, it discusses most learnedly the theories and principles of German criminal procedure, and presents a valuable analysis of the provisions of the cock- of 1877. The older criminal procedure of Germain- is discussed in an article in the American Jurist, volume 19 (1838), pages 332-349. It is a translation of an article by Foelix in the Revue etrangkre et frangaise, December 1836, which was founded on Mittermaier's great work Das deutsche strafver- fahren (Heidelberg, 2d ed., 1832-33). The article presents Mittermaier's philosophy of criminal law. A learned account of the history anil principal features of German criminal pro- cedure from the earliest days to the present German code, is contained in an article by H. A. D. Phillips in the Law Quar- terly Review, volume 10 (1894), pages 16-31. Incidental comparisons with the French and Austrian codes lend added interest to the article. Another good account of criminal courts in Germany was written by B. L. Moseley under the title "Criminal courts and procedure in Germany." It appeared in the Law Magazine and Review, fourth series, volume 10 (1SS4), pages 263-283, 369-412. lie treats the subject by way of comparison wi'.li the French, Austrian and English systems and enters into a critical discussion of the principal features of tin German Code. Another critical dis- cussion nf the provisions of this rode was published by l6o GUIDE TO THE LAW OP GERMANY Edward Zimmerman in the Law Magazine and Review, fourth series, volume i (1875), pages 103-112. A popular account of the procedure in a criminal trial was published in the Journal of Jurisprudence, volume 34 (1890), pages 569—579. The article describes the celebrated Vering trial and incidentally discusses the German duelling "code." An able article by Hurt Estes Howard on "Trial by jury in Germany" was published in the Political Science Quarterly, volume 19 (1904), pages 650-672. A good French translation of the German Code of Criminal Procedure was edited with notes by Fernand Daguin, 1 the learned secretary of the French Societe dc Ligis- lalion Comparer at the instance of the French Government. A handy edition of the Code of Criminal Procedure is that edited by Dr. P. Daude, 2 former district attorney. All the amendments up to that of June 5, 1905, are taken into account as well as all the laws relating to criminal procedure. It is annotated with the decisions of the imperial supreme court. An excellent commentary upon the code, the one regarded as the standard work, was edited by Dr. E. Lowe, 3 formerly pre- siding justice of the imperial supreme court at Leipzig. Since his death Prof. Hellwig has edited the commentary, which in its twelfth edition appeared in 1907. The most scientific treatise on the subject of criminal pro- cedure is the Handbuch in three volumes by Prof. Julius Glaser, 1 the noted Viennese jurist. It appears as a part of the 1 Daguin, Fernand. Code de procedure penale allemand (i fevrier 1877) traduit et annote par Fernand Daguin . . . Paris, Impri. merie nationale , 1884. 404 p. 2 Daude, P. Die Strafprozessordnung fur das Deutsche Reich vom 1. februar 1S77 und das Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz vom 27. januar 1S77. 17. mai 1898, 5. juni 1905. 7th ed. Berlin, H. W. Miiller. 1908. 424 p. Sth ed. by Oppermann, announced 1912. 3 Lowe, E. Die Strafprozessordnung fur das Deutsche Reich. 12th ed. bearh. von Dr. A. Hellwig . . . Berlin. J. Guttentag, 1907. 1066 p. 4 Glaser, Julius Anton. Handbuch des strafprozesses. Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot, iSS^-1907. 3 v. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE l6l Binding series. Naturally, Austrian law receives much atten- tion. An appreciation of Glaser's great work and influence is found in a little pamphlet by Prof. Unger, chief justice of Austria, entitled Nachruf auf Glaser (W'ien, 1885). The third volume, which deals with procedure in jury and lay- men's courts [Schwur- and Schofjengerichte) was written by Prof. Friedrich Oetker, of Wurzburg. A most useful work outlining the law of criminal procedure, is written by Prof. Karl Binding,' his well-known Grundriss of criminal procedure (5th ed., 10041. It follows somewhat the methods of his Grundriss on criminal law. A work which deserves attention by reason of the prominence of its author in the movement for the reform of criminal law and procedure is the Deutsches ttrafprozessrecht (1898) by Dr. Karl Birk- uieyer.- of Munich, tlie editor of the well-known Encykhpadie. Procedure in jury courts (Schwunjiiichle) has been the subject of a number of articles in English. The best of those dealing with the recent practice is by Prof. Burt Estcs Howard, which appeared in the Political Science Quarterly, volume 10 (19041, pages 630-072. The operation of the jury system in Germany is discussed, from the selection of the jurymen until final verdict. Some older articles written prior to the Judi- ciary Act of 1877 and the code of that year, were published by Dr. Edward Zimmerman, in the American Paw Record, volume 3 (1874), pages 1-18, 129 [39, and an appendix to the articles in the same volume, pages 356 363. The articles were reprinted in the Law Magazine and Review of 1874. A practical study on procedure in jury courts was pub- lished by Judge J. Feddersen ' in 1907. The decisions of the Binding, Karl. Grundriss des deutschen strafpro'zessrechts. ;th ed. I.rip/ij;, IhimkiT & Huinhlot, i<<0| . 2 Birkmeyer, K. Deutsches straiprozessrecht. Berlin, 11 W. Muller, 1898. S;<) p. ; Feddersen, J. Das Schwurgericht. Berlin, Otto Liebmann, njo;. 24-1 p. 74°— 12 11 1 62 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY Supreme Court are specially noted. In the matter of jury- courts attention is directed to the volume by Oetker in Glaser's Handbuch and especially to Brunner's ' celebrated historical treatise on the origin of the jury system. This work is an example of the highest type of German scholarship. Under the head of "Death sentences in Germany," Dr. H. Becker shows, in an article in the Green Bag, volume 21 (vSeptember, 1909), pages 433-436, that death sentences in Germany with rare exceptions are only carried out where there is a confession of guilt. Recent contributions to the literature of criminal pro- cedure are discussed by Prof. Beling of Tubingen in a series of short reviews in the Zeitschrijt fur die gesamte strafrechts- wissenschaft, volume 31 (191 1), Heft 7, pages 737-748. Germany has enacted two progressive and useful statutes, the object of which is to have the State compensate those individuals who have been unjustly convicted or unjustly arrested and arraigned, for the material injuries suffered. Austria, France, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Hungary had preceded Germany in enacting laws on the subject. The law of May 20, 1898, which provides for compensa- tion for those unjustly convicted who on second trial or under the disclosure of new evidence have been declared "not guilty" by the judgment of a competent court, was followed by the law of July 14, 1904, which provided that those unjustly arrested and arraigned should be compensated for the material injuries suffered. A good commentary on the two laws was written by Dr. Eduard Burlage,- the chair- man of the Reichstag committee which reported the law of 1 Brunner, H. Die entstehung der schu-iirgerichte. Berlin, Wied- mann, 1872. 478 p. Burlage, Eduard. Die entschadigung der unsehuldig verhafteten und der unsehuldig bestraften. Kommentar zu den reichsgesetzen vom 14. juli iqo4 und 20. mai 1898. Berlin, O. Liebmann, 1905. 157 P- MILITARY CRIMINAL LAW 163 1904. Besides the commentary, the author gives an inter- esting account of the principles underlying the law and of its general content. An historical survey of the antecedents of the law, together with a useful commentary, was written by Judge Johannes Krause. 1 A monograph discussion on the substantive and procedural elements of the laws in question was published, for the practitioner, by Dr. Otto Kahler. 2 MILITARY CRIMINAL LAW The Penal Cock- for the army and navy {MUitarstrafgesetz- buch) of June 20, 1872, was translated into English bv Maj. W. Winthrop, 3 judge advocate of the United States Army. A good commentary on the Military Penal Code was pub- lished by C. von Koppmann 4 (3d ed., 1903). A small anno- tated edition of the same code was edited by Dr. Herz, 5 presi- dent of the imperial military court, assisted by Dr. Georg Ernst, privy councillor. An extensive work on the criminal law for the army and navy was published by Eisner von Gronow 6 and Sohl in 1906. A systematic work dealing with the Military Penal Code, especially as it affects officers of the German navy, is that by Dr. Rudolf Eichheim, 7 published ' Krause, Johannes. Haftentschadigung. Kommentar. Hannover. Helwingsche verlagsbuchhandlung, 1906. 224 p. 3 Kahler, Otto. Die ciitsehadigung fur strafe und untersuchungshaft. Halle a. I)., Buchhaadlung des Waisenhauses, 1904. 93 p. * Military penal code Militar Strafgesetzbuch 1 for the German Empire. Translated by Maj. W. Winthrop. Washington, 1S73. 54 p. 4 Koppmann. C. von Kommentar zum Militarstrafgesetzbuch. 3d ed. By G. Weigel. Munchen, C. H. Hick. 1903. 612 p. 1 Herz, Paul & Ernst, Georg. Milit.tr strafgesetzbuch fur das Deutsche Reich. 2d ed. Berlin. F. Vahlen, 1908. 400 p. Eisner v. Gronow, K. & Sohl, G. Militarstrafrecht fur heer u. marine. Berlin, II. W. Miiller, 1906. 1120 p. 7 Eichheim, Rudolf. Handbuch des materiellen strafrechts. Unter besanderer berucksichtigung der verhaltnisse bei der kaiserlichen marine mit unterstiitzung des Reichsmarineamts, hrsg. von I >r Rudolf Eichheim. Berlin. C. Hermann's verlag, kjo4. 468 p. 164 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY under the auspices of the German navy department. It is annotated with the decisions of the imperial military court and prints the more important maritime laws in an appendix. The recent literature on military criminal law is discussed in short reviews by Dr. E. Steidle of Munich in the Zeitschrijt fur die gesamte strafrechtswissenschaft, volume 31 (191 1), Heft 7, pages 766-771. The Military Code of Criminal Procedure of December 1, 1898, is the subject of an extended commentary by Dr. C. von Koppmann. 1 Herz and Ernst, 2 the writers just mentioned, also published an annotated edition of this code (4th ed., 1907). The decisions of the imperial military court are now being regularly reported in a series known as the Entschei- dungen des reichsmilitdrgerichts. 3 Fifteen volumes have al- ready appeared. REFORM OF CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE The reform movement in criminal law and procedure has been the focus of interest in legal circles in Germany for some years. As the result of it a new criminal code has been drafted and extensive reforms in criminal procedure are about to be undertaken. For an understanding of the difference between the three schools of criminal law reform now active in Germany, attention is called to an article by Prof. Liep- mann, of Kiel, in the Zeitschrijt jiir die gesamte strajrechts- wissenscliajl, volume 28 (1908), pages 1— 21, entitled Straj- rcchtsreform und schulenstreit. The first of the schools is the 1 Koppmann, C. v. Kommentar zur Militarstral'gerichtsordming von Dec. 1, 1898. Miinchen, C. H. Beck, igoo. 480 p. 2 Herz, Paul and Ernst, Georg. Militarstrafgerichtsordnung. 4th ed. Berlin, F. Vahlen, 1907. 562 p. 3 Entscheidungen des reichsmilitargerichts. Hrsg. von den Senats- prasidenten und dem Obermilitaranwalt unter mitwirkung der juristischcn mitglieder der senate. Berlin, F. Vahlen, 1902-1911. 15 v and cont. REFORM OF CRIMINAL LAW 1 65 classical school, represented by Prof. Birkmeyer, which seeks to hold fast to the older retributive theories of punishing a crime as an objective offense, with a definite sentence. The second is the sociological subjective or protection school, rep- resented by Prof. Liszt, which advances the theory of the punishment of the criminal rather than of the specific crime, taking into account his physical and social antecedents and environment and congenital predisposition. This school em- phasizes the subjective psycho-physical elements in crime and in the criminal. The third school is that of Merkel, which holds a middle ground between the first two. A brief account of the difference between the classical (Birkmeyer) school and the sociological (von Liszt) school, was published by Ernst Bruncken in the Albany Law Journal, volume 68 (1906), page 111. Liszt stands in the front rank of modern criminologists. An appreciation of his work and influence was written on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday by Dr. N. H. Kriegsmann, of Kiel, and published in the Jwristisches liter aturblatt, July 1. 191 1, volume 23, pages 1 21-124. The article also describes at some length the contents of the two jubilee volumes (Fest- fchriften) dedicated to Prof. Liszt in honor of his birthday. A biography of Liszt also appeared as an editorial comment in the Journal of criminal law and criminology, volume 2, No. 2 (July, 191 1), pages 168-170. "The reform of criminal law in Germany" is the title of an article bj Dr. Adolf llartmann of Berlin which appeared in the Journal of criminal law and criminology, volume 2, No. 3 (September, 1911), pages 349-355. The author deals with some of the reforms contained in the new draft codes and dis cusses the difficulties to be overcome before their enactment into law. He discusses the prevailing theory of German criminal law, which is based on discipline and relentless retri- bution and inquisitory methods of trial. 166 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY Undoubtedly the most important work in connection with the reform of criminal law, is a sixteen volume collection of scientific contributions on the subject in which practically every leading authority in Germany is represented. These six- teen volumes, one of which is an index, were edited under the auspices of the Department of Justice, and to a large extent constituted the basis for the work of the legislative commission having charge of the drafting of the new code. It is a striking example of the scientific way in which Germans proceed to enact new legislation of importance. The work bears the title Vergleichende darstcllung des deutschen und auslandischen strajrcchts, 1 and as its title indicates, foreign criminal law is drawn upon for purposes of comparison. The preliminary draft of the new Penal Code 2 was published on the order of the Department of Justice in 1909. The draft includes the "motives" and represents the final work of the pre- liminary commission which sat from April 4 to May 18 in seven- teen sessions. They took account of the counter draft (Gegen- entwwrf) 3 which was submitted by four of the leading authori- ties in Germany — Kahl, Lilienthal, Liszt and Goldschmidt, two of whom are classicists and two, progressives. A brief report of the sessions of the code commission is to be found in the Deutsche juristen-zeitung, June 1, 191 1, columns 721-725. The most noteworthy suggestions and criticisms contained in the counterproject mentioned are concisely stated by Dr. 1 Germany. Vergleichende darstellung des dcutschen und auslandi- schen strafrechts. Yorarbeiten zur dcutschen strafrechtsrefonn. Hrsg. auf anrcgung des Reichsjustizamtes von den professoren dr. Karl Birkmcyer, dr. Fritz van Calker, dr. Rcinhard Frank, dr. Robert v. Hippel, dr. Wilhelm Kahl, dr. Karl v. Lilienthal, dr. Franz v. Liszt, dr. Adolf Wach. Berlin. O. Liebmann, 1905- 1909. 16 v. 2 Vorentwurf zu einera deutschen strafgesetzbueh . nebst begriindung. Berlin, Guttentag, 1909. 66, 869 p. 3 Gegcnentwurf zum vorentwurf eines deutschen strafgesetzbuch.es. v. Kahl, Lilienthal. Liszt and Goldschmidt. Berlin, Guttentag, 1911. 2 v. REFORM OF CRIMINAL LAW 1 67 Aschrott in volume 24, No. 1 (Jan. 1 =,. 1912) of the Juristisches literaturblatt, pages 1-2. A collection of critical discussions of the new draft code was published by Profs. Aschrott 1 and Liszt in two volumes (Berlin, 1910). The leading criminolo- gists and jurists of Germany are contributors to the work. The new drafts of penal codes in Austria and .Switzerland are drawn upon for purposes of comparison. The recent works on criminal law, especially those relating to criticisms of the project (Vorentwurf) of the new Criminal Code are discussed by Dr. Kriegsmann of Kiel in volume 31 (191 1), Heft 7, pages 691-737, of the Z< itschrifi fur die gesamte strafrechiswissen- fchaft. Profs. Birkmeyer and Xagler are the editors of a series of monographs 2 on the reform of criminal law, some of the contributions to which, especially those of Birkmeyer and Xagler, are important. Prof. Birkmeyer's theories are further ably presented in three recent volumes ' in which he criticizes the new draft code. He objects to its attitude of compromise, in that while it follows his classical theories generally, it has made some concessions to the new pro- gressive theories of Liszt. The volumes present valuable discussions of the principles underlying the new preliminary draft. Birkmeyer's criticisms of Liszt's sociological theories arc perhaps best brought out in a small work published in 1906 entitled I!'<;\ /n^l von /.;>:/ vom Hrafrecht iibrigl * The reform movement, especially its sociological tenden- cies, has produced a large and valuable literature. Prof. Aschaffenburg, of EColn, in the Zeitschrijt fur die gesamte ■Aschrott u. Liszt. Die reform des reichsstrafgesetzbuches. Berlin, C.uttcntag, 1910. 2 v. -' Hirkmeyer u. Naglcr. Kritischc beitrage zur strafrcchtsrefurm. Hrsg. v. Birkmeyer u. Nagler. Leipzig, W. Engelmann, 1908-1911. 14 vols, to I .j 1 I. Birkmeyer, K. Beitrage zur kritik des vorentwurfs zu 1 inem deutschen strafgesetzbuches. Leipzig, Engelmann, 1910. 3 v. 1 Birkmeyer, K. Was lasst von Liszt vom strafrecht tiling? Munchen, C. H. Heck, 1906. 102 p. 1 68 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY strajrechtswissenschajt (vol. 31, heft 7, pp. 749-758), makes a critical study of the recent literature dealing with the psychology of the criminal and medical jurisprudence. The recent literature on penology in relation to prisons and prison systems is discussed by Dr. W. Leonhard in the same number, pages 758-766. Prof, von Bar ' of Gottingen is the author of an excellent work in three volumes, written from the point of view of the classical school of criminologists. The theories of all the schools are discussed under appropriate subject divisions of the criminal law. A valuable work of Hans Gross 2 on criminal psychology has recently been translated into English in the Modern criminal science series. While Prof. Gross is an Austrian, his work deserves mention at this point, because of his great influence throughout Germany. The Modern criminal science scries is being translated and published under the auspices of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology. Three of the nine volumes which it purposes to publish have already appeared. Their importance as con- tributions to the scientific study of a subject in which America lags far behind Europe cannot be over-estimated. The com- mittee on translations consists of the following gentlemen: Profs. John H. Wigmore, Ernst Freund, Maurice Parmelee, Roscoe Pound, Robert B. Scott and AY. W. Smithers, Esq. Another German work which is to be translated as a part of this series is the well-known book of Prof. Aschaffenburg, 3 of Koln, Das verbrechen und seine bekdmpjung. Under the title Crime and its repression this volume is now being translated 1 Bar, Ludwig von. Gesetz und schuld im strafrecht. Fragen desgelten- den deutschen strafrechts und seiner reform. Berlin. J. Guttentag, 1906-1909. 3 v. -'Gross, Hans. Criminal psychology. Translated by Horace II. Kallen. Boston. Little. Brown, 1911. 513 p. 3 Aschaffenburg, G. Das verbrechen u. seine bekampfiuig. 2d ed. Heidelberg. C. Winter. 1906. 277 p. REFORM OF CRIMINAL LAW 1 69 by A. Albrechl. 1 Prof. Hans Gross 2 is also the author of a work Hamikiuh jur untersuchungsrichter, which has been translated into eight foreign languages. It is a practical handbook for magistrates, police officers, and lawyers. Under the title Criminal investigation it lias been translated into English by J. Adam, 1907. A number of other critical studies, psychological, philo- sophical and criminological, all bearing on the theory of crime and the criminal, merit special attention. These are first: the psychological study of motive in criminal law and the theory of punishment by Prof. Friedrich s of Giessen; a philosophical study by Dr. Fritz Berolzheimer, J in the fifth volume of his System der rechts- und wirischajtsphilosophie; the critical studies of the theory of guilt and punishment by Profs. Mittcr- maier 5 and Beling;" and the psychological studies of Wulffen ' and Sommer. 8 The reform of criminal procedure has likewise been the occasion for the publication of a great number of tracts and of some valuable larger works. A commission was appointed 1 Aschaffenburg, ('■. Crime and its repression. Translated by A. Albrecht. Boston. Little, Brown. 1912. 2 Gross, Hans. Criminal investigation. Translated by J. Adam and J. C. Adam. New York, Lawyers Cooperative Pub. Co., 1907. Bos- ton, Little, Brown, 1906. 889 p. friedrich, Julius. Die bestrafung der motive und die motive der bestrafung rechtsphilosophische und kriminalpsychologische stud- ien. Berlin und Leipzig, W. Rothschild, 1910. 312 p. 1 Berolzheimer, Fritz. Strafrechtsphilosophie mid strafrechtsreform in vol. ■•, of his System der rechts u. wirtschaftsphilosophie Mini chen, 1907. 1 Mittermaier, Wolfgang. Kritische beitrage zur lehre von der straf rechtsschuld. Giessen, Tdpelmonn, 190c). 56 p. ' Beling, Ernst. I'nsehuld, selnild n. schuldstufen im vorentwurf zu einemdeutschen straf gesetzbuche. Leipzig, Engelmann, 1910. 01 p 'Wulffen, Psychologie des verbiechers. Gross- Lichterfelde-Ost, P. I.angenseheidt, 1908. 2 v. "Sommer, Robert. Kriminalpsychologie. Leipzig, J. A. H.irtli, 1904. 388 ],. 170 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY in 1902 by the Department of Justice to make recommenda- tions for the reform of criminal procedure. Its protocols were published officially ' in two volumes (Berlin, 1905). Two monographs by one of the leaders in the movement for the reform of procedure, Ur. Adickes, - the noted reform mayor of Frankfurt, deserve special mention. In these two books he presents the basic principles of procedural reform. Prof. Liszt has made a small contribution to the special subject of re- form of criminal procedure. 3 Critical discussions of the drafts submitted by the commission of the Department of Justice appear in a volume edited by Dr. P. F. Aschrott 4 (Berlin, 1906). These discussions were contributed at the invitation of the Internationale Kriminalistische Vereinigung. Critical articles on the reform of criminal procedure were edited in an edition of three volumes by the leaders in the movement, Adickes, 5 Aschrott, Lilienthal, and Liszt. They were pub- lished in Berlin in 1908. The reform of procedure in jury courts (Schwurgerichte) is one of the principal objects of the reform movement. The draft of an act of September 1, 1908, on criminal procedure, and of an act of March 26, 1909, amending the Judiciary Act, dealt especially with jurv courts. The whole movement in its latest stage is discussed in a work by Prof. Liepmann" (Heidelberg, 1910). 1 Protokolle der kommission fur die reform des strafprozesscs. Berlin, Guttentag, 1905. 2 v. -Adickes. Zur verstandigung uber die justizreform. Berlin. Guttentag, 1907. 124]). Adickes. Grundlinien durchgreifender justizreform. Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1906. 170 p. 'Liszt, Franz von. Hie reform des strafverfahrens. Berlin, Gutten- tag, 1906. 56 p. 'Aschrott, P. F. Reform des strafprozesscs. Kritische hesprechungen der von der Kommission des Reichsjustizamts gemachten vorschlage. Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1906. 1^4+784 p. 5 Beitragc zur reform des strafprozesses. Herausg. v. Adickes, Asch- rott, Lilienthal u. Liszt. Berlin, J. Guttentag, 190S. 3 v. "Liepmann, M. Die reform des deutschen schwurgerichts. Heidel- berg, Winter, 1910. 263 p. PUBLIC LAW 1 7 I A collection of critical monographs on the subject was edited by Profs. Mittermaier and Liepmann ' (Heidelberg, 1906-1909). Articles based on the reform of procedure in the lower courts of lay judges were collected in a small volume published under the title Strafprozess-rejorm und laien- richter* (Berlin, 1910). " PUBLIC LAW Public law includes constitutional, administrative, inter- national, ecclesiastical, colonial, and criminal law. Both civil and criminal procedure are usually added. Criminal law and civil and criminal procedure have already been discussed. International law, as stated in the beginning, is excluded from this survey. In the course of this section we shall mention first the prominent works on public law in general. These deal primarily with constitutional and administrative law, and must not be overlooked in considering the important literature on one or the other of these branches of public law. We shall then take up, seriatim, constitutional, ecclesiastical, colonial and administrative law. The principal work on German public law is unquestionably that of Prof. Laband, 3 the learned jurist of Strassburg 14th ed., 1901). Two volumes of a new (fifth) edition appeared in 191 1. This work in its second edition was the subject of a careful review and analysis by Prof. John W. Burgess of Columbia University, in the Political Science Quarterly, volume 3 (1888), pages 123-135, in an article entitled "Laband's public law of the German Empire." The third 1 Sch wurgerichte 11. schdffengerichte. Bcitrage zu ihrer kenxttsiss u. beurteilung. Hrsg. v. Mittermaier u. Liepmann. Heidelberg, C. Winter. 1906-1909. 2 v. 2 Straf prozessreform und Laienrichter. Berlin-Charlottenburg, Vita, Deutsches Verlagshaus, 1910. [34 p. 3 Laband. Paul. Das staatsrecht des Deutschen Reiches. |ih ed. Tubingen und Leipzig, J. C. B. Mohr, 1901. 4 v. 5U1 ed. 1911-12. 172 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY edition of the work was translated into French. 1 A valu- able reference work on all questions of public law and economics is the well-known " Handivorterbuch" in eight volumes, edited by Conrad, Elster, 2 and others. Its third edition has recently been completed. An important treatise on German public law is that by the late Prof. Georg Meyer 3 of Heidelberg, edited in its sixth edition, 1905, by Prof. Georg Anschiitz. A convenient two volume treatise was written by Prof. Phillip Zorn, 4 of Konigsberg. Another popular work on German constitutional and administrative law, analytical in its treatment, is from the pen of Prof. Arndt, 5 of Konigsberg (Berlin, 1901). A valuable work, the usefulness of which is attested by its many editions, is the Handbnch, in this case what we might call a handbook, of Baron Hue de Grais, 6 privy councillor. In a compact volume, it presents a synopsis, with annotations, of all the administrative laws of importance, such as those re- lating to the army and navy, finance, police, administration of justice, procedure, education, the church, industry, mining, commerce and transportation. The twenty-first edition, 191 1 , is the last; new editions appear almost every year. A work dealing with the constitutional and administrative features of the economic and social legislation of the end of the nineteenth 1 Laband, Paul. Le droit public de l'Empire allemand. Edition francaise. Paris, 1900-1904. 6 v. - Handworterbuch der staatswissenschafteu, lirsg. v. Conrad, Elster, Lexis, Loening. 3d ed. Jena, G. Fischer, 190S-11. 8 v. 'Meyer, G. Lehrbuch des deutschen staatsrcchtes. 6th ed., by G. Anschiitz. Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot, 1905. 893 p. 4 Zorn, Phillip Karl Ludwig. Das staatsrecht des Deutschen Reiches. 2d ed. Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1895-97. - v - 5 Arndt, Adolf. Das staatsrecht des Deutschen Reiches. Berlin, O. Haring, 1901. 972 p. 6 Hue de Grais, Robert. Handbuch der verfassung und verwaltung in Preussen und dem Deutschen Reiche. 2isted. Berlin, J. Springer, 1911. 676 p. PUBLIC LAW 173 century is that by Judge Paul Altmann, 1 in two volumes, of which the second deals with Prussia alone. Nor should we, in speaking of leaders in public law, omit the name of the late Prof. Jellinek, all of whose works are in high repute. His System der subjectiven offentlichen rechte* is justly entitled to a prominent place in the literature of German public law. An account of Prof. Jellinek's life and literary activities ap- pears in the Juristisches literaiurblatt, volume 23 (Feb. 15, 191 1), pages 25-27. Robert von Mold and Rudolph Gneist, though both long deceased, are still considered leading authorities. Mold's works on public law are still used as quarries of information by publicists of the present day. Two of his larger works, especially the one dealing with the history and literature of public law, deserve attention at this point. 3 Gneist 's Rechtsstaat* still engages the attention of every student of political science. On his work and influence, see the article on "Four German jurists" by Prof. Munroe Smith 1 rupra, p. 35). In a collection appearing under the name Das offentliche rechtdei gegt mvart (Tubingen, Mohr), under the general editor- ship of Profs. Jellinek, Laband, and Piloty, leading publicists treat of the public law of the important States of the world, one country per volume. The series is intended to take the place of the now somewhat antiquated collection edited by Marquardsen, Handbuch des offentlichen rechts. The cur- rent movement in public law is presented in an annual ' Altmann. Paul. Die verfassung und verwaltungim Deutsche!) Reiche und Preussen; handbuch des Sffentlichen rechts der gegenwart. Berlin, C Hermann, ic)o;-S. 2 v. -' Jellinek, ('.. System der subjektiven 6ffentlichen rechte. 2d ed. Tubingen, Mohr, 1905. 366 p M.ihl, Robt. v..n. Geschichte u. literatur der staatswissenschaften. Erlangen, Enke, 1855. 3 v. Mohl, Robt von. Staatsrecht, vfilker recht u. jjoliiik. Tubingen, Laupp, i860. 3 \. 'Gneist, R. Der rechtsstaat u. verwaltungsgerichte in Deutschland. 2d edition. Berlin, Springer, 1879. 360 p. 174 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY volume, the first of which appeared in 1907 (likewise edited by Profs. Jellinek, Eaband, and Piloty), under the title Jahrbuch des offentlichen rechts (Tubingen, Mohr). In a collection begun in 1908 entitled Bibliothek des ofjentlichen rechts (Han- nover, Janecke), under the general editorship of Scholz and Storck, small treatises are published dealing in popular form with the public law of the principal world states as well as the individual States of the German Empire. An excellent col- lection of 20 monographs, in two volumes, dealing with a variety of questions in the field of political science and public law, was dedicated as a Festgabe (jubilee volume) to Prof. Laband on the fiftieth anniversary of his doctorate. They appear under the title Staatsrechtliche abhandlungcn. 1 A number of serials, somewhat on the order of the Columbia and Johns Hopkins studies in public law, are published at various German universities, but on the whole are not of sufficient importance to warrant specific mention in this survey. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW A useful bibliography of German constitutional law appears at pages 1 29-1 31 of Prof. George Elliott Howard's syllabus on Comparative federal institutions (Lincoln, Nebr., 1907). A good work on the constitutional law of the German Empire is that by Prof. Burt Estes Howard - entitled The German Empire. German constitutional law is also treated in Prof. Burgess' 3 well-known Political science and comparative consti- tutional law. An instructive article on the constitutional agencies of governmental administration in the German Em- pire and its various states as compared with the system pre- 1 Staatsrechtliche abhandlungen, festgabe fur Paul Laband zum fiinf- zigsten iahrestage der doktor-promotion. Tubingen, J. C. B. Mohr (P. Siebeek), 1908. 2 v. -Howard, Burt Estes. The German Empire. New York, Macmillan, 1906. 3 Burgess, Political science and comparative constitutional law Boston, 1890-Qi. 2 v. 2d cd. v. 1, Boston, 1902. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW I 75 vailing in this country, was recently published by Prof. Otto Gierke under the title "German constitutional law in its rela- tion to the American constitution " (Harvard Law Review, vol. 23, Feb. 1910, pp. 273-90). A leading work on German consti- tutional law is Prof. Laband's * Deutsche} reichsstaatsrecht, the fifth edition of which appeared in 1909. A work of importance is that of Prof. Haenel, 2 Deutsckes staatsreckt, only the first volume of which, on constitutional law, has been pub- lished. It appears in the Binding series. Prof. Arndt, :i of Kiinigsberg, is the author of a useful little work, the fourth edition of which has recently appeared. Bomhak's * Grund- riss is another popular book. The sources of German con- stitutional law are treated in the first volume of the Quellen- tammlung :n»i ftaats- verwaltungs- und vdlkerrechi by Profs. Triepel 5 and Zeumer. Some of the writers on constitutional law, whose principal work was accomplished in the middle of the nineteenth century, also deserve attention. Prominent among them are Gneist, Mohl," Zachariae, 7 and Zoepfl." 1 Laband, Paul. Deutsches reichsstaatsrecht. 5th ed. Tubingen, J. C. B. Mohr (P. Siebeck), 1009. 448 p. 2 Haenel, Albert. Deutsches staatsrecht. Leipzig, Duncker & Hum- blot, 1892. 1 v. 3 Arndt, Adolf. Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches. 4th ed. Berlin. J. Guttentag, 1911. 438 p. 1 Bornhak, Konrad. Grundriss des deutschen staatsrechts. 2d ed. Leipzig, Deichert, 1910. 263 p. 5 Triepel, Heinrich. Quellensammlung zum deutschen reichsstaats recht. Zusammengestellt ■von Dr. Heinrich Triepel . . . Leipzig, C. L. Hirschfeld. 1901. ,54; p. Mohl, Robert von. Das dcutschc reichsstaatsrecht. Kechtlichc und politische erdrterungen von Robert von Mohl, Tubingen, H. Laupp, 1873. 408 p. ' Zachariae, Heinrich Albert. Deutsches staats und bundesrechl ;d ed. Gottingen, Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1865-1867. 2 v. / lepfl, lhinrich Matthias. Grundsatze des gemeinen deutschen staatsrechts, mit besonderer rucksiehl auf das allgemeine staatsret In und auf die neuesten zeitverh<nisse. 5th ed. Leipzig und Heidel berg, C. P. Winter 'sche verlagshandlung, 1863. 2 v. 176 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY The general theory of the state (Allgemeine Staaislehre) has been the subject of a number of scholarly treatises. One of the most prominent is Jellinek's work, 1 part I of his Recht des modernen staate.t. This book has recently been translated into French (Paris, Giard & Briere, 191 1). The classic of Prof. Bluntschli 2 naturally occupies a prominent place (6th ed., 1886). This work has been translated into English. 3 The law concerning the acquirement and loss of citizenship, was enacted on June 1, 1870. Besides its treatment in the more general works, it finds special treatment in the book of Dr. Wilhelm Cahn, 4 in which the law is fully annotated. The third edition appeared in 1908. In the same year Dr. Cahn 5 wrote an interesting monograph on the reform of the nation- ality laws of Germany. A small work dealing particularly with the national military duties involved in German citi- zenship, as they affect emigrants to the United States, was published by P. W. S. Tingle (Philadelphia, 1903). ECCLESIASTICAL LAW Canon law was accepted in Germany at the same time as Roman law. While many of its elements are to this day clearly traceable sources of modern German law, its applica- tion, on the whole, is of relatively slight importance in any legal relations except those of the church and its functions. 1 Jellinek, Georg. Allgemeine staatslehre. 2d ed. Berlin, O. Haring, i9°5- 797 P- - Bluntschli, J. C. Allgemeine staatslehre. 6th ed., by E. Loening. Stuttgart, Cotta, 1886. 2 v. ; Bluntschli, J. C. The theory of the state. 3d ed. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1898. 550 p. 4 Cahn, Wilhelm. Das reichsgesetz fiber die erwerbung und den verlust der reichs und staats-angehorigkeit , vora 1. juni 1870, erlautert. 3d ed. Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1908. 582 p. 3 Cahn, Wilhelm. Zur reform des reichs- und staats-angehorigkeits- gesetzes. Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1908. 39 p. 6 Tingle, E. M. S. Germany's claims on German-Americans in Ger- many. Philadelphia, 1903- COLONIAL LAW I 77 The history of German canon law is treated in two volumes by Prof. Edgar Loening, 1 of Dorpat. They appeared in 1878. Prof. Rudolph Sohm, 2 of Leipzig, published the first volume of a treatise on canon law in 1895, as a part of the Binding series. This work of Sohm's has received careful treatment in English in a book by Walter Lowrie. 3 Prof. Emil Fried- berg/ an authority on the subject, published the sixth edition of his well-known treatise in 1909. The late Prof. Paul Hinschius, 5 of Berlin, published his extensive work between 1869 and 1897. His death cut short the completion of the work, which ended with the fust part of volume 6. An excel- lent history of the sources and literature of canon law covering the period from Gratian to the present day, was published by Prof. Johann von Schulte," of Bonn. The work consists of three volumes in four, published in Stuttgart, 1875-1880. Two useful treatises on canon law are those by Hergenrother, 7 and by Heiner. 8 COLONIAL LAW A collection of the imperial laws relating to the German protectorates and colonies is published under the title Die 1 Loening, Edgar. Gcschichte des deutsehen kirchenrechts. Strassburg and Tubingen, 1878. 2 v. 2 Sohm, Rudolf. kirchenrecht. I^eipzig, Dunckcr & Humblot, 1892. v. 1. 3 Lowrie, Walter. The church and its organization in primitive and Catholic times; an interpretation of Rudolph Sohm's Kirch v. 1. New York, London, Longmans, 1004. 1 Friedbcrg, Emil. Lehrbuch des katholischen u. protestantischen kirchenrechts. 6th ed. Leipzig, Tauchnitz, 1909. 656 p. 6 Hinschius, Paul. Das kirchenrecht der katholischen u. protest. mteii in Deutschland. Berlin, Guttentag, 1869-1X117 (incomplete), v. I-VI. "Schulte, John Fr. von. I lie geschichte der quellcn u. liter.dur des eanonisehen rechts. Stuttgart, 1875-80. 3 v. in 4. 7 Hergenrother, P. Lehrbuch des katholischen kirchenrechts. aded., by Hollweck. Freiburg, Herder, 1905. 040 p. 8 Heiner, Frz. Katholisches kirchenrecht. v. I, 5th ed. Paderbom, Selioningh, 1900. 419 p. 29774° 12 12 178 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY deutsche kolonialgesetzgebung, 1 edited by Kobner and Gerst- meyer. Ministerial decrees, ordinances and international agreements relating to the subject matter are reported in full. The thirteenth volume was published in 1911. An able little work on the legal position of the German protectorates, especially as affected by the new Civil Code, is that by Dr. Karl von Stengel, 2 the noted authority on adminis- trative law. An introduction to German colonial law, by Hoffmann, 3 has recentlv been published. Prof. Gareis, 4 under the title Deutsches kolonialrecht has published an interesting work dealing with the law and legal position of the German colonies and protectorates. A periodical which devotes some attention to colonial law is Beitrdge zur kolonial politik , founded in 1899, and issued since 1905 under the title Zeitschrift fur kolonial politik, kolonialrecht u. kolonialwirtschajt. It is edited by the secretary of the Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft, and published at Berlin by Siisserott. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW Much valuable information on German administrative law is contained in the excellent work of Prof. Goodnow, Compara- tive administrative law (New York, London, Putnam's, 1893, 2 vol.). The leading work on the subject in Germany is gen- erally admitted to be Prof. Otto Mayer's 5 Deutsches verwaltungs- rccht. General administrative law has remained a most diver- sified system, despite the unification of the Empire and the 1 Die deutsche kolonial-gesetzgebung. Edited by Kobner & Gerst- meyer. Berlin, Mittler, 1893 ff., 13 v. and continuation. 2 Stengel, Karl F. von. Die rechtsverhaltnisse der deutschen schutz- gebiete. Tubingen, Mohr. 1901. 239 p. 3 Hoffmann, H. Edler v. Einfuhrung in das deutsche kolonialrecht. Leipzig, Goschen. 1911. 231 p. 4 Gareis, Karl. Deutsches kolonialrecht. 2d ed. Giessen, E Roth, 1902. 238 p. 5 Mayer, Otto. Deutsches verwaltungsrecht. Leipzig, Duncker& Hum- blot, 1SQ5-96. 2 v. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW I 79 codification of its civil law. Prof. Mayer's work is distinguished from all the others on the subject by the fact that it is written from a legal point of view, rather than from that of adminis- trative science and economics. It is a book for the lawyer, much like Laband's larger work on public law. It appeared in the Binding series. The general part deals with the historical development of administrative law and the general organiza- tion of public agencies of administration, their bases, procedure, and special legal institutions, such as the responsibility of the state for acts of its officers. In a special part, the author deals with police and finance, after which follows the civil law divi- sion of things {Sachenrecht), certain kinds of obligations, and juristic persons in public law. Prof. Mayer is one of the few publicists who write equally well in two languages. He pub- lished his work in a four volume French edition ' in 1 903-1 906. Another notable work is that by the late Prof. Georg Meyer, 2 of Heidelberg, written from the standpoint of public adminis- tration. It is intended as a supplementary work to his treatise on public law {supra, p. 172). The work contains the following broad divisions: First, general doctrines and internal affairs, including public welfare measures; second, external adminis- trative affairs or foreign relations; third, military matters; and fourth, finance. The third edition, edited by Dr. Fran/ Dochow, appeared in 1910. A recent work by Fleiner, 3 to judge from the book reviews, promises to be one of the most important in the field. The writer has, as yet, been unable to obtain this book. 1 Mayer, Otto. Le droit administratif allemand. Ed. francaise par l'auteur, avec une preface de H. Berthelemy . . . Paris, V. Giard X- E. Briere, 1903-06. 4 v. 'Meyer, Georg. Lehrbuch des deutschen vervraltungsrechts. 3rd ed. by Franz Dochow. Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot, 1910. 762 p. ' Fleiner, Fritz. Institutionen des deutschen verwaltungsrechts. Tubingen, Mohr, 191 1. 358 p. 1 SO GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY A jurist closely identified with administrative law is Prof. Karl von Stengel. 1 His treatise on the subject is now some- what antiquated in view of the great progress in social legisla- tion and improvement of administrative detail which Germany has witnessed within the last 20 years. His OiieUensammlung- of administrative law (1902), volume 3 of the collection edited Ijv Profs. Triepel and Zeumer (supra, p. 175) is a valuable source of information for the more important statutes and regulations of an administrative character. Perhaps his best known work is his Worterbuch :i which, in two volumes and three supplements, appeared in 1 890-1 898. The celebrated Diction- naire dr l' administration francaise of Maurice Block was its prototype. In the form of an alphabetical dictionary, it is a valuable reference work on all questions of administrative law. The first volume of a new edition, by Fleischmann, now enlarged to include constitutional law, appeared in 1910. Prof, von Mohl 4 wrote a scholarly work on adminis- trative law which, though old, is still useful for its theories. For the same purpose, Gneist'swork is still important (supra, note, p. 173). Larger works, encyclopedias or collections of administrative laws, dealing especially with Prussia, have been published under the general editorship of Bittner (2d ed., 2 vol., 1911), Illing(9thed., 4 vol., 1 905-1908), and Brauchitsch (21st ed., 7 vol., 191 1-), and are mentioned here only in passing. A collection of decisions construing important administra- tive laws (except those dealing with social insurance) is pub- 1 Stengel. Karl Michael Joseph Leopold von. Lehrbueh des deutschen verwaltungsreehts. Stuttgart, F. Enke, 1886. 459 p. 2 Stengel, Karl. Quellensammlung zum verwaltungsrecht des Deut- schen Reiehes. Leipzig, C. L. Hirschfeld, 1902. 558 p. 1 Stengel, Karl F. Worterbuch des deutschen verwaltungsreehts. 2 v. & 3 supplements. Freiburg, 1890-98. New edition, 1910-, by Fleischmann. 4 Mohl, Robert von. Die polizei-wissenschaft nach den grundsatzen des rechtsstaates. 3rd ed. Tubingen, 1S66. 3 V. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW l8l lished by Kamptz 1 and Delias. It is a kind of continuation or supplement to the reports of the Prussian supreme admini strative court, and is considered of value in connection with the study of questions on administrative law. The third volume appeared in 1910. Procedure before administrative courts has been the sub- ject of some excellent treatises. That by Dr. O. von Sarwey,' although written in 1880, is still valuable for its critical dis- cussion of principles. A critical study of administrative theo- ries and jurisdiction was published by Prof. Tezner,' of Vienna (Berlin, 1901). A practical work, free from theoretical and critical discussions, is that by Frilz Kunze,' privy councillor, dealing with procedure before courts in all classes of admin- istrative matters. Dr. Georg Bartels'' has also published a practical work on the subject which contains a useful table of jurisdictions, administrative actions, and remedies. A prop- osition is now being advanced, particularly by the Deutsche Juris tentag, for the establishment of an imperial supreme administrative court. The court for the decision of juris- dictional conflicts between the ordinary judicial tribunals and the administrative courts sits in Berlin, and while called on only upon occasion, its decisions are of much importance 1 Kamptz mid Delius. Die rechtsprecliung des Reichs und Kam- mergerichts auf den gebieten des ofientlichen rechts, unter berilck sichtigung der entscheidungen >lii juristische person und Hire vcrwertbarkeit im offentliclien recht. Tubingen, J. C. B, Mohr (P. Siebeck), 1908. 94 P- 2 Hatschek, Julius. Die rechtliche stellung des fiskus im Burgei lichen gesetzbuche. Bine studie im grenzgebiete des priv.it und Sffentlichen rechts. Berlin, C. Heymann, 1899. 57 p. 'Schulze, A. Reichsbean von 17. 5. 07. Leipzig, Ross berg. 1908. 538 p. (Juristische Handbibliothek, Bd. 276.) 184 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY vidual, the administration of the poor relief and related questions are all dealt with by the law. The appendix to volume 33 of the report of the Poor Law Commission of Great Britain, contains a summary of "foreign and colonial systems of poor relief." Considerable space is given to the German system. This report is reprinted in the Parliamentary Papers, and the appendix to volume 33 is also known under its com- mand number, Cd. 5441. The leading work on the subject is that by Dr. Georg Eger, 1 the sixth edition of which appeared in 1909. The act of March 15, 1909, concerning the effect on public rights of an omciallv declared destitute person is noticed. Dr. Eger's work is annotated with the decisions of the Bundesamt within whose jurisdiction lies the determination of questions arising under this law of poor relief and domicil. The decisions themselves are published officially in a series known as the Entscheidungen dcs bundesamts fur das heimathwesen? which was begun in 1873, 42 volumes having been published up to 1 9 10. The decisions are arranged in accordance with the sections of the act which they construe. The more important administrative laws over which the Empire has jurisdiction, are noted in the works mentioned and are usuallv contained in small annotated editions in the Guttentag'sche Sammlung and other collections of that type. The most important periodicals on public law are the Archiv fur offentliches recht, 3 founded in 1886, edited by 1 Eger, Georg. Das reichsgesctz iiber den unterstiitzungswohnsitz vom 30 Mai 1908, giiltig vom 1, April 1909. 6th ed. Breslau, Kern, 1909. 548 p- - Entscheidungen des bundesamtes fur das heimathwesen. Edited by von Wohlers. . Berlin, F. Vahlen, 1873-1912. 44 v. and cont. 3 Archiv fur offentliches recht. Freiburg i. B. (etc.) Akademische varlagsbuchhandlung von J. C. B. Mohr (P. Siebeck) 1886-1910. 26 v. and cont. PIBI.1C LAW 185 l'rofs. Laband, Stoerk, and Mayer; the Verwaltwngs-archiv, 1 dealing entirely with administrative law, founded in 1892, edited hySehultzensteinand Keil; the Jahrbuch des verwaltungs- rechts* edited by Prof. Stier-Somlo; Soergel's Jahrbuch der rechtsprechung zum verwallungsrecht, 3 in which the decisions of the administrative courts are reported annually from 1909 on; the well-known Zcitschrijt fur das privat und offent- liche rechl der gegenwart, 4 edited by Prof. Griinhut, of Vienna; the Zeitschrift fur politik, 6 edited by Profs. Schmidt, of Frei- burg, and Grabowsky, of Berlin, published since 1908; the Zeitschrift fur volkerrecht und bundessiaatsrecht," founded in 1906, under the editorship of Profs. Kohler of Berlin, and Oppenheim of Cambridge, and devoted in large part to inter- national law; the oldest of all, the Zeitschrift jur die gesammte staatswissenschaft? founded by Mohl in 1844, now edited by Prof. Biicher of Leipzig; the Annalen des Deutscken Reichs, 8 known as Hirih's Annalen, founded in 1867; the Archil) fur soziali >h setzgebvmg und slatistik '■' founded in 1889 and edited 1 Verwaltungsarchiv. Zeitschrift fur verwaltungsrecht und verwal- tungsgerichtsbarkcit. Hcrausgegcbcn von M. Schultzenstein u. A. Keil. Berlin, C. Heymann, [893-1910. 18 v. and com. 'Jahrbuch des vcrwaltungsrechts. Jahrg. 1-6, 1905-1910. Berlin, F. Vahlen, 1907-1911, 6 v. and emit. 'Jahrbuch der rechtsprechung zum verwaltungsrecht, enthaltend die gesamte rechtsprechung zum reichs und landesrechtlichen verfas- sungs-, verwaltungs- und versicherungsrecht r-3 jahrg., 1007-1910. Stuttgart, Deutsche verlagsanstalt, 1909-1911. 3 v. and cont. 4 Zeitschrift fur das privat- und Sffentliche recht der gegenwart. Her- ausgegeben von Grunhut. Vienna, Alfred Holden, 1.S74-1Q10. v. 1-38 and cont. 5 Zeitschrift fur politik. Hrsg. v. Richard Schmidt und Adolf Gra- bowsky. Berlin, Heymann, 1008 and cont. ' Zeitschrift fur volkerrecht u bundesstaalsrecht. Hrsg. v. Josef Kohler u L. Oppenheim. Breslau, J. Y. Kern, njo; and cont. 7 Zeitschrift fur die gesammte staatswissenschaft, founded by Mohl in 1844. Tubingen, H. Laupp, 1845 and cont. 'Annalen des \ord- 1 leutschen Hundes, now Annalen des Dcutchen Reichs. Berlin S: Mum-hen. Schweitzer, 1867 and cont. " Archiv fur sozialc gesetzgebung u. statistik. Tubingen, Mohi, 1889 and cont. 1 86 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY by Dr. Heinrich Braun; and lastly, the Jahrbuch fur gesetzge- bung, 1 founded by Holtzendorff and Brentano in 1872, and edited after 1881 by Prof. Schmoller. The last four periodi- cals devote more attention to economics than to public law. MISCELLANEOUS A few general publications merit attention. The most important are the volumes reporting the meetings of the German Bar Association,'- founded in i860 by Prof. Holtzen- dorff. These volumes, four or five of which appear for each meeting — there have now been 30 — constitute a valuable source of information for all current legal problems that oc- cupy the German nation and German lawyers. It is really a periodical of much weight. A report of the proceedings and discussions of the Bar Association, together with its resolutions and the practical results of its debates and their influence on legislation, was published by Judge Thomsen 3 in 1885, on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of its organization. In 1910, to commemorate the fiftieth year of its existence, Judge Theodor Olshausen * prepared a similar work, which gives a synopsis of the nroceedings of the association under the different branches of law discussed. A highly esteemed theoretical work of a general character, upon the development of law through the Influence of the 1 Jahrbuch fur gesetzgebung, founded by Holtzendorff and Brentano in 1872, edited after 1881, by G. Schmoller. Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot, 1872 and cont. 2 Deutscher juristentag. Verhandlungen des 1-30. Deutschen juristen- tages. Hrsg. von dem schriftfuhrer-amt der standigen deputation. Berlin, G. Jansen, 1860-1900. 3 Thomsen. Gesammtbericht uber die thatigkeit des Deutschen juris- tentags in den 25 jahren seines bestehens, 1860-1885. Berlin. Commissions-verlag von J. Guttentag (D. Collin) 1885. 240 p. 4 Olshausen, Th. Der deutsche juristentag. Berlin, Guttentag, 1910. 501 p. MISCELLANEOUS 1 87 law speaker, "responsa," and judicial interpretation, was written by Dr. Adolf Stolzel. 1 A dictionary of English law for German lawyers was pre- pared by Karl Wertheim 2 in 1899. It may on occasion be found useful in investigating specific subjects in German law. Attention must also be called to collections of monographs, usually published on the occasion of the decennials of birth- days or doctorate anniversaries of prominent jurists, or the anniversary of important academic events, such as the recent centennial anniversary of the establishment of the University of Berlin, and the five-hundredth anniversary in 1909 of the founding of the University of Leipzig.' 1 On these last two occasions the firm of Otto Liebmann published two large works, giving the history of the law faculties, with biographi- cal notes, and including important documents showing the de- velopment of the department of law. Anaccountof the history of the faculty of law at Berlin, with biographical and biblio- graphical notes, appeared in the A utsclu Juristenzeitung, 1910, Heft 20, columns 1097-1200. Anumberof the more important Festgaben (jubilee volumes) which have recently appeared, are those dedicated to Prof. Karl Giiterbock ' whose " Bracton and his relation to the Roman law" is well-known to American lawyers; to Prof. Gierke"' of Berlin, the eminent Germanist; 1 Stolzel, Adolf. Dieentwicklungdergelehrtenrechtsprechung. Berlin, Vahlen, 1901-1910. 2 v. Wertheim, Karl. Wortcrbueli rles englischen rechts. Berlin, Putt- kammer & Miihlbreeht, 1899. 575 p. 'Liebmann, 0. Die juristische fakultat der Universitat Berlin von ihrergrttndung bis zurgegen wart. Berlin, 0. Liebmann, 1910. 526 p. Liebmann, O. Festgabe der deutschen juristen-zeitung zum 500 j&h- ri^en jubilaum der Univ. Leipzig, 1909. * Festgabe fur Dr. Karl Giiterbock . . . zur acMzigsterj wiederkehr seines geburtstages dargebraeht von fruheren und den gegenwarti- gen angehorigen der fakultat. Berlin, Franz Vahlen, nno. 'mo p. ■Festgabe v the deceased, .nid to use tlie dwelling place of the deceased and the household articles contained therein. Drohung. Threats. Durchstreichung. Cancellation. Ediktalzitation. Service (or citation) by publication. Ehe. Marriage. Lhibruch. Adultery. 29774°— 12 13 194 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY Ehegiiterreclit. Matrimonial regime, or effect of a marriage on the property owned by each of the spouses at the date of the marriage or subsequently acquired. Eheliche Lebensgemeinschaft. Conjugal community. Eheliches Giiterrecht. Matrimonial regime, or effect of the marriage on the property owned by each of the spouses. Ehelichkeitserklarung. Legitimation by order of a public authority. Ehescheidimg. Divorce. Eheschliessung. Celebration of marriage. Ehevertrag. Marriage contract. Ehrenannahme. Acceptance for honor. Ehrenkrankung. Slander, defamation. Ehrenrechte. Civil rights and privileges. Eid. Oath. Eigenhandiges Testament. Holograph will. Eigensbesitzer. Proprietary possessor. Eigentum . Ownership. Eigentum zur gesamten Hand. Coownership. Eigentiimerhypothek. A charge in favor of the owner of mortgaged property. Eigentumergrundschuld. A charge in favor of the owner of mortgaged property. Eigenwechsel. Promissory note. Einfuhrungsgesetz. Law by way of introduction, or introductory statute. Eingebrachtes Gut. Property of the wife which under normal circum- stances comes under the husband's power of management; contrib- uted property. Eingetragener Yerein. Registered society. Einigung. Real agreement (referring to tangible property). Einrede. Exception, plea, caveat. Einrede der Yorausklage. Plea of "Beneficium excusionis," or right of the surety to require the creditor to prove that he has obtained a judgment against the principal debtor and that his attempt to enforce it was unsuccessful. Einspruch. Exception, objection. Einstweilige verfiigung. Provisional decree. Eintragungsbewilligung. An authority for registration. Einwilligung. Assent, consent; approval. Eisenbahnrecht. Railroad law. Elterliche Gewalt. Parental power. Empfanger. Receiver, donee. Empfangsbediirftige Willenserklarung. A declaration of intention requiring communication. Empfangstheorie. "Doctrine of receipt," that in making a contract, communication of the intent to be bound is incomplete until the message is received by the addressee. GLOSSARY 195 Endurtheil. Definitive or filial sentence. Entfiilirung. Abduction. Entlassung. Discharge. Entmiindigung. Placing under guardianship. Entmundigungsrecht. Law of establishment of guardianship over person incapable of managing his own affairs. Entsclieidung. Decision, judgment, award, verdict. Erbbaurecht. Heritable building right. Erbe. Heir. Erbfall. Accrual of inheritance. Erbfolge. Succession. Erbfolge nach Stammen. Succession per stirpes. Erbgut. Hereditament. Erbpacht. Heritable lease. Erbschaft. Inheritance. Krbschaftsbesitzer. Possessor of the inheritance. Erbschaftskauf. An obligatory agreement by which the heirs jointly agree to deliver or transfer to the purchaser the specific objects forming part of an estate. Erbsehein. Certificate of inheritance. Erbteil. Share in an inheritance. Erbunwiirdigkeit. Unworthiness to inherit. Erbvertrag. Contract of inheritance. Erbverzicht. Renunciation of inheritance. Erfullung Zug um Zug. Contemporaneous performance. Erfullungshalber. Cm account of performance. Erfullungsinteresse. Interest in the performance of a contract. Erfiillungsort. Place of performance. ErfulltmgSStatt. In lieu of performance. Erganzung des Pllichtteils. Augmentation of the compulsory portion of the heir. Erganzungsgeschworenen. Supplementary jurors. Erkenntnis. Judgment, award, decision. Erklarungstheorie. Doctrine of " Declared intention," as binding a person, regardless of his actual intention. Ermachtigung. Authorization. Ermittelungen. Discover)-, inquiry. Erneucrungsschein. Renewal coupon. ErofTnungsprotokoIl. Minutes of the proceedings, in probate of a will. Erpressung. Extortion. Errichtungsprotokoll. Minutes of the proceedings, in executing a will in public form. Erningenschaftsgcmcinschaft. Regime of community of income and profits. Krsatzcrbe. Substitutional heir. Krschlichene Ehe. Marriage in which one party has been guilty of eon cealing a legal obstacle to it or has been guilty of fraud in inducing tlie other party to contract it. 196 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY Erschwerte Amtsunterschlagung. Falsification of official accounts. Ersitzung. Acquisition of ownership by long possession; usucaption. Erwerb von Todeswegen. Acquisition of property mortis causa. Ervverbs- und Wirtschaftsgenossenschaft. Cooperative society. Fahrlassigkeit. Negligence. Fahrnisgemeinschaft. Community of movables. Falsche anschuldigung. False accusation. Faustpfand. Pignus (Pledge). Fehlerhafter Besitz. Faulty possession. Feldesstreckung. A plan showing the exact position and dimensions of a mine intended to be acquired. Fensterrecht. Mutual rights of neighbors concerning windows. Festsetzung. Assignment (of dower, etc.), establishment. Feststellungen. Taxation (of costs), determination. Festungshaft. Confinement in a fortress. Firma. Firm name. Fiskus. The State as a business corporation. Fixgeschaft. Business on fixed terms. Forderung. Claim, demand, credit. Forderungsrecht. Chose in action, demand. Forstrecht. Forest law or regulations. Fortgesetzte Gtitergemeinschaft. Continued community of matrimonial property. Frachtbrief. Way-bill, bill of lading. Frachtfiihrer. Common carrier. Frachtgeschaft. Business of carriers. Frachtverlust. Loss of freight. Frachtvertrag. Contract of affreightment or charter party. Freie Yerfiigung. Free disposition. Freies Vermogen. Free property belonging to a child, in which the usufruct of the parent is barred; privileged property. Freiheitsberaubung. False imprisonment, unlawful detention. Freisprechung. Acquittal. Freispruch. Acquittal. Freiwillige Gerichtsbarkeit. Non-contentious jurisdiction. Freizeichen. A trade-mark in general use. Friedensbruch. Breach of the peace. Fruchtabtreibung. Abortion. Friichte. Fruits. Friichte eines Rechtes. Fruits of a right. Friichte einer Sache. Fruits of a thing. Fundklage. Action of trover. Gastwirt. Innkeeper. Gebrauchsmuster. Useful model. Gebiihren. Fees, costs, dues. Gefalligkeitswechsel. Accommodation bill of exchange or note. Gefangnis. Prison, jail. GLOSSARY 197 Gegen die guten Sitten. Contra bonos mores. Gegenansprueh. Counterclaim. Gegenforderung. Counterclaim. Gegenseitiger Yertrag. Reciprocal agreement. Gegenstand. Object. Gegenstandrecht. Law of things (property). Gegenvormund. Supervising guardian. Gehiilfen. Assistants. Gcisteskranke. Insane persons, mentally defective persons. Geiteskrankheit. Unsoundness of mind. Geistesschwache. Mental infirmity. Geldstrafe. Money fine. Gelegenheitsgesellschaft. Syndicate. Gcmcindeverwaltung. Local administration. ( .1 rm indevorsteher. Chief communal officer. (VniL-indewaisenrath. Communal Orphan Council. Gemeinschaft des beweglichen Yermogens und der Errungenschaft. Community of movables and of income and profits. Gemeinschaft nach Bruchteilen. Community (common ownership) by undivided shares. Gemainschaft zur gesamten Hand. More intimate community of goods (e. g. of husband and wife, partnership, etc.i. Gemeinschaftlicher erbteil. A joint share in an inheritance. Gemeinschaftliches testament. Joint will. Genehmigung. Ratification. Generalversammlung. General meeting of the stockholders. Genossenschaft. Association. Gcrechtigkeit. Equity, justice. Gerichtlichc Beurkundung. Authentication by public act. Gerichtsakten. Judicial acts; written proceedings; records; rolls of court. Gerichtsamt. Court of justice. Gerichtsbar. Justiciable. Gerichtsbarkeit. Jurisdiction. Gerichtsbarkeit, freiwillige. Non -contentious jurisdiction. Gerichtsbcscheid. Decision, decree, sentence of the court. Geriehtsbeschluss. Decision, decree, sentence of the court. Gerichtshandcl. Action, law suit, case, legal proceedings. Gerichtshof. Court of justice. Gcrichtsordnung. Rules of court. Gerichtsschreiber. Clerk of the court. Gerichtssprache. Legal terminology. Gerichtsstand. Subject to a court r«im Gi richtsverfahren. Judicial proceedings. Gerichtsverfassung. Judicial organization, judiciary. Gcrichtsverfassungsgesetz. Jucjiciarv Act Gerichtsverhandlung. Judicial proceedings. 1 98 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY Gerichtsverwaltung. Administration of justice. Gerichtsvollzieher. Bailiff, sheriff. Gerichtswesen. Judicial affairs, judiciary. Gerichtszwang. Jurisdiction. Gesammtglaubiger. Joint creditors. Gesammtgrundschuld. A collective charge on several independent parcels of property. Gcsammtgut. Common property. Gesammtgutverbindlichkeitcn. Liabilities of the common property. Gesammthander. Joint owners of property. Gcsammthypothek. A collective charge on several independent parcels of property. Gesammtprokura. Collective procuration or power of attorney. Gesammtscliuldner. Joint debtors. Gesammtschuldnerschaft. Bankruptcy. Gcsammtstaat. Federative empire. Geschaftsfahigkeit. Full disposing capacity. Geschaftsfuhrer. Manager, voluntar)' agent. Geschaftsfuhrung ohne Auftrag. Rendering of voluntary services, or the conduct of business on behalf of another without his request. Geschaftsherr. Involuntary principal. Geschworener. Juror, juryman. Geschwomenbank. Jury box. Geschwornenobmann. Foreman of the jury. Geschwornenverzeichnis. Array. Gesellschaft. Non-mercantile partnership. Gesellschaft mit beschrankter Haftung. Partnership with limited lia- bility. Gesellschafter. Partners, share-holders. Gesellschaftsvermogen. Partnership property. Gesellschaftsvertrag. Articles of association. Gesetzgeber. Lawgiver, legislator. Gesetzgebung. Legislation. Gesetzliche Erben. Statutory heirs. Gesetzlicher Erbteil. Statutory portion (of an inheritance). Gesetzlicher Vertreter. Statutory agent. Gesetzliches Giiterrecht. Statutory regime of matrimonial property. Gewahrfrist. Specified period of warranty. Gewahrleistung. Warranty. Gewerbeordnung. Trade Regulations Act, Industrial Code. Gewerberecht. Trade laws; industrial regulations. Gewerbeunfallvcrsicherungsgesetz. Industrial Accident Insurance Law. Gewerbsmassig. Professionally. Gewinnanteilsscheine. Dividend warrants. Gewohnheitsrecht. Customary law. Giro. Endorsement. Glaubiger. Creditor (person from whom any act of performance is due). GLOSSARY 1 99 Glaubigeranfechtung. Creditors' suits, or seizure to prevent assignment in fraud of creditors. Glaubiger-Yerzug. Creditor's delaying or refusal to accept the per- formance tendered by the debtor. Gotteslasterung. Blasphemy. Grabschandung. Grave-robbing. Grobe Fahrlassigkeit. Gross negligence. Grosse Haverei. General average. Grand, wichtiger. Cogent ground. Grundakten. The original or an authenticated copy of every document filed in support of the application for registration, retained at the registry. Grundbuchblatt. Folio in a register. Grundbuchordnung. Land Registry Act. Granddienstbarkeit. Real servitude. Grundschuld. Land charge. Grundstiick des Berechtigten. Dominant tenement. Grundstucke. Immovables, real estate. Grundstiickpfandrechte. Charges (mortgage, land and annuity) on real property. Griindungsfonds. Foundation fund . Gut. Goods, waresand merchandise. Gutachten. Opinion. Guter glaube. Good faith. Giiterrechtsregister. Marriage property register. Giitertrennung. Separation of goods. Hafengelder. Port dues. Haft. Detention, arrest. Haftbefehl. Order of arrest, writ of attachment against the person. Haftpflicht. Liability for damages. Haftung. Liability; responsibility. Hammcrschlagrecht. The right of the owner of a parcel of land to have access to the neighboring land for the purpose of affixing planks to buildings standing on his own land. H mdelsgericht. Court of commerce. Handelsgeschaft. Mercantile transaction. Handclsgcsellschaft. Mercantile association, including corporation as well as the various kinds of partnership. Handclsgcsellschaft , offene. A mercantile partnership with unlimited liability for all the partners. Handelsgesetzbuch. Commercial Code Handclskauf. Purchase and sale. Handelsmakler. Mercantile broker. Handelsmarken. Trademarks. Handelsrecht. Commercial law. mercantile law. Handclsrcgistcr. Register of firms, mercantile associations and traders; Trade register. 200 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY Handgeld. Earnest money. Handlungsagent. Mercantile agent. Handlungsfahigkeit. Capacity for incurring liability in respect of unlaw- ful acts as well as capacity for acts-in-law Handlungsgehufle. Clerk. Handlungslehrling. Apprentice. Handlungsvollmacht. Ordinary mercantile power of agency. Hauptmangel. Principal defects. Hauptsache. Principal thing. Hauptverfahren. Examination in chief, final hearing or trial. Hauptverhandlung. Trial. Hausfriedensbruch. Breach of privacy or peace of the house and home. Hehlerei. Receiving of stolen goods. Heimatshafen. Home port. Heimatwesen. Domicil law (poor relief). Heiratsregister. Marriage register. Heiratsversprechen. Promise of marriage. Hemmung der Verjahrung. Suspension of prescription. Herrschendes Grundstiick. Dominant tenement. Heuer. Hire, wages. Heuervertrag. Contract of hire. Hinterlegung. Lodgment with a public authority. Hochverrat. Treason. Hohere Gewalt. Act of God. Honorant. Acceptor (of a bill) for honor. Hiilfeleistung. Maritime assistance. Hiilfsleistung in Seenoth. Rendering assistance in cases of distress at sea. Hiilfslohn. Salvage award, reward in the case of maritime assistance. Hypothek. Hypotheca; hypothecary charge: mortgage. Hypothekenbankgesetz. Mortgage bank law. Imaginairer Gewinn. Speculative profits. Immaterialrechte. Incorporeal rights, patent right, copyright, etc. Immobiliarvertrag. Contract for real property or immovables. Inhaber (bei Wertpapieren). Bearer, holder (of negotiable instruments.) Innung. Guild, trade union. Invalidenversichenmgsgcsetz. Invalidity Insurance Act. Inventar. (i) inventory, (2) farm stock. Inventarerrichtung. Filing of the inventory (of an estate). Inventarfrist. Inventory period. Irrtum. Mistake. Jagdgesetze. Game laws. Jahreslisten. Annual jury lists. Juristentag. Law meeting. Juristische person. Juristic or legal person; corporation. Justizverwaltung. Judicial organization, administration of justice. Kammergericht. Supreme court of judicature in Prussia. Kaplaken. Primage. GLOSSARY 20I Kartellen. Trusts. Kauf auf Probe. Sale on approval. Kauf nach Probe. Sale according to sample. Kaufmann. Mercantile trader. Kaufrnannischer Verpflichtiingsschein. .Mercantile promise to pay or deliver. Kaufmannisches ZuruckbehalUingsrcclit. Mercantile lien. Kaution. Bail, security. Kcnnen musste. Ought to have known. Kinder. Children (sons and daughu i Kinderraub. Kidnapping. Kirchenrecht. Ecclesiastical or canon law. Klage. Complaint, declaration, suit, claim. Klageschrift. Bill of complaint; libel (in admiralty). Kodizill. Codicil. Kollektivprokura. Collective procuration or power of attorney. Kommanditgesellschaft. Commandite partnership, with limited liability for only one or some of the partners. Kommanditist. A partner liable for a fixed amount only. Kommissionar. Commission merchant. Kommissionsgeschaft. Agency. Konkurs. Bankruptcy. Konkursordnung. Bankruptcy Act. Konnossement. Bill of lading. Kontokorrent. Running account. Kontokorrent Yertrag. Mercantile agreement. Konventionalstrafe. Conventional penalty. Korperschaften. Corporations. Korperverletzung. Bodily injurs . Korrespcktive Yerfiigungen. Corrcspective testamentary dispositions of husband and wife. Korrcspondentrheder. Ship's husband or managing owner K< >rrcspondierender Reeder. Ship 's husband or managing owner. Knsten. Costs. Kostenvorschuss. Advance of the costs, security for costs. Kraftloserklarung. Amortization. Krankenvcrsichcrung. Insurance against sickness. Krcditauftrag. An instruction to give credit to a third party. Kiindigung. Notice. Kuppelei. Pandering. Kustenschiffahrt. Coasting trade. Ladung. Cargo; service of process. Lagcrgeschaft. Warehousing. Lagerhalter. Warehouseman. Landesgcsetz. Local law of a province or state. Landgcricht. Superior Court having appellate jurisdiction in certain cases over the Amtsgericht (District Court . 202 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY Landgut. A farm. Laufende Rechnung. Running account. Lehnsrecht. Feudal law. Leibgedinge. Dower, settlement in jointure. Leibrente. Annuity (any periodical acts of performance). Leibrentenvertrag. Annuity agreement. Leichterfahrzeug. Lighter, barge. Leihe. Loan for use. Leistung. Performance. Leistungsort. Place of performance. Letztwillige \'erfiigung. Testamentary disposition. Letztwillige Zuwendung. Testamentary gift. Lichtrecht. Pule as to the mutual rights of neighbors concerning access of light. Liegegeld. Demurrage. Liquidation. Liquidation, balancing accounts on dissolution (of partnership). Lootsengeid. Pilotage dues. Loschuugsbewilligung. An authority for cancellation. Makler. Broker. Maklervertrag. Brokerage agreement. Meineid. Perjury. Menschenraub. Kidnapping. Menschentotung. Homicide. Mietvertrag. Ordinary lease. Mietzeit. Term of a lease. Mildernde LTmstande. Extenuating circumstances. Minderjahrige. Infants. Minderkaufmann. Lesser mercantile trader. Minderung. Reduction of the purchase price. Mit Gewalt. By force. Mitbesitz. Joint possession. Mitbiirgen. Co-sureties. Miteigentum. Co-ownership or tenancy in common. Miterben. Co-heirs. Mitgift. Dowry. Mittelbarer Besitz. Indirect possession. Mord. Murder. Motiven. Motives, whys and wherefores. Miindel. Ward. Mutung. Mining claim. Nacherbe. Reversionary heir. Nachlass. Estate of deceased person. Nachlassgericht. Court dealing with the estates of deceased persons. Nachlassglaubiger. Creditor of the estate. Nachlasspfleger. Curator of the estate. Nachlassverbindlichkeiten. Liabilities of the estate. GLOSSARY 203 Nachlassverwalter. Administrator. Nachlassverwaltung. Administration of an estate by an administrator appointed by the competent Probate Court. Nachtrag. Codicil. Nachweis. Information, proof. Nachzettel. Codicil. Nebenklager. Co-plaintiff, joint plaintiff. Nichtig. Void. Nichtigkeit. Nullity, invalidity. Nicht rechtsfahiger verein. Unincorporated society. Niederlassungsrecht. Law of domicil. Niessbrauch. Usufruct. Niessbrauchcr. Usufructary. Nominalaktie. Personal share. Notar. Notary. Notarielle Beurkunduug. Authentication by public act. Nothafen. Port of refuge . Notigung. Duress. Nbtwehr. Necessary defense; self-defense. Notwendige Hcdingung. Necessary condition. Notzucht. Rape. Nutzen. Benefit, profit. Nutznicsser. Cestui que trust, beneficiary. Nutzungen. Profits, emoluments. Niitzungspfandrecht. Antichresis. Oberlandesgericht. Court of appeal, having appellate jurisdiction in certain cases over the Landgericht (superior court 1, highest court of a State; the court immediately below the Reichsgericht at Leipzig. Obcrvcrwaltungsgcricht. Highest administrative court. Obligatorischer Vertrag. Obligatory agreement. Obligatorisches Recht. Obligatory right. Obmann. Foreman (of a jury). Offenc Handclsgescllschaft. A mercantile partnership with unlimited liability for all the partners. Offentlicfa Beglaubigt. Publicly attested. Offentliche glaube des grundbuchs. Public faith "f the land register. Offentliche versteigerung. Public auction. ohne rechtlichen Gnmd. Without a sufficient legal ground. Ordnung. Rule, regulation, order. < trtsgebrauche Local customs. Pachtvertrag. Usufructary lease. Pachtzi it. 'firm of a lease. Pandektenlehrbucher. Systematic books on modernized Roman law. Partei. Party (to an action at law). Partikularrecht. Local law. Patentgesetz. Patent law. Pcrsonenstandsgesctz. Registration of personal status act (births, deaths, marriages, etc.). 204 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY Personlich haftender Gesellschafter. Partners who are personally liable. Pfand. Pledged object. Pfandglaubiger. Pledgee. Pfandleiher. Pawnbroker. Pfandmissbrauch. Misappropriation of articles pledged with a pawn- broker or other pledgee. Pfandrecht. [Right of] pledge. Pfandung. Seizure of pledged property by an execution creditor. Pfandung und Uberweisung. Attachment and assignment, a process of enforcing judgment which corresponds to obtaining a garnishee order. Pflegebefohlener. Ward, charge. Pflegebestellung. Appointment of a guardian or trustee. Pflegeeltern. Foster parents. Pfleger. Curator. Pflichtteil. Compulsory portion (of an inheritance). Pflichtteilsberechtigter. Compulsory beneficiary. Police. Policy of insurance. Polizeiaufsicht. Police supervision. Privatklager. Private accuser. Prokura. Power of procuration. Provision. Commission, fee. Prozess. Cause, action at law, legal proceeding. " Quittung. Receipt. Rangordnung der pfandrechte. Order of preference of pledges. Raub. Robbery. Reallast. Perpetual charge [on land]. Rechtsanwalt. Attorney-at-law. Rechtsanwendung. The application of law by the judge. Rechtsencyclopadie. Legal encyclopedia, juristic survey. Rechtsfalle. Cases. Rechtsgang. Legal procedure. Rechtsgebiete. Jurisdiction, fields for legal action. Rechtsgeschaft. A manifestation of the human will intended to create, transfer, or extinguish a right recognized by law; juristic act. Rcchtsgeschichte . Legal history. Rechtshangigkeit. Pendency of action. Rechtshilfe. Judicial assistance in the administration of justice. Rechtslehre, allgemeine. General theory of law. Rechtsmittel. Legal remedy, legal means of redress. Rcchtspflege. Administration of justice. Rechtsprechung. Jurisprudence, court decisions. Rechtsquellen. Sources of law. Rechtsspruch . Sentence, judgment, verdict, adjudication. Rechtsstreit. Cause, Action at law. Rechtsverhaltniss. Legal relation or position. Rechtswidrig. LTnlawful. Rechtswissenschaft. Legal science, jurisprudence. GLOSSARY 205 Registerhafen. Home port. Rcichsanwalt. District attorney, public prosecutor. Reichsgericht. Supreme Court of the German Empire at Leipzig. Reichsgesetz. Federal or imperial law. Reichshaftpflichtgesetz. Employers' Liability Act Reichsversicherungsamt. Imperial Insurance Office. Reichsversicherungsordnung. Workmen's Insurance Code. Rentengtiter. Perpetual rent charged on each separate parcel. Rentenschuld. Annuity charge. Respekttag. Day of grace. Revision. Appeal, review, new trial. Revisionsschrift. Printed case on appeal. Rhcder u. Rhederei. Owner and co-owners of vessels. Rhederei. Common ownership of ships; shipowners' company. Riickfall. Reversion, devolution, escheat. Riickversicherung. Reinsurance. Riickwechsel. Return draft, re-exchange. Rtickverweisung. Renvoi. Sachbeschadigung. Injury to property. Sachen. Things. Sacheninbegriff . Aggregate of things. Sachleihe. Gratuitous loan. Sachverstandiger. Expert. Sammlung von Rechtspriiche. Reports. Schadenersatz. Damages, Compensation. Schatz. Treasure trove. Schenkung. Gift. Schenkung unter Auflage. Gift subject to a burden. Schiedsrichter. Arbitrator. Schiedspruch. Arbitral award, decision, decree. Schiffahrt. Navigation, shipping. Schiller. Master (of a vessel). Schiifsbesatzung. Ship's company, crew. Schiffszubehor. Ship's accessories and appurtenances. Schlagerei. Affray, assault. Schlepplohn. Towage. Schliisselgewalt. "Powerof the keys" (Power of the wife to make eon- tract binding on the husband). Schlussvortrage. Closing arguments. Schlusszettel. Bought and sold note Schmahschrift. Libel. Schoffengericht. Court of inferior jurisdiction having one professional and two lay judges or assessors. Schfiffenrichter. Lay judge or lay assessor in the Schfiffengericht. Schuld. Debt (act of performance due from one person I" another). S. -huldanerkenntniss. Acknowledgment of debt, abstract acknowledg- ment. Schuldforderung. Claim, demand 206 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY Schuldner. Debtor. Schuldner-verzug. Debtor's delay, or failure to perform his promise. Schuldrecht. Law of obligations. Schuldsache. Action for debt. Schuldschein. Acknowledgment of a debt, bond. Sehuldubernahme. Assumption of an. obligation. Schuldverhaltniss. Obligatory relation. Schuldverpflichtung. Liability, obligation. Schuldverschreibung. Bond, note of hand. Schuldverschreibung auf den Inhaber. Obligation to bearer or holder. Schuldversprechen. Promise of debt, abstract promise. Schuligerklarung. Conviction. Schurfrecht. Right of search. Schwurgericht. Jury court, court of assizes. Seenoth. Distress at sea. Seeraub. Piracy. Seerecht. Maritime law, shipping, admiralty. Seetriftige Giiter. Wreckage or goods taken out of an abandoned ship. Seeuntuchtigkeit. Unseaworthiness. Selbsthilfe. Self-help. Selbstschuldner. Principal debtor. Selbstverteidigung. Self-defense. Sicherheit. Security. Sicherheitshypothek. Cautionary hypothecary charge. Sicherheitsleistung. Furnishing of sureties. Sicherheitsubereignung. Transfer of ownership by way of security. Sicherungshypothek. Cautionary hypotheca. Solawechsel. Promissory note. Sondergut. Separate property of spouses, which is non-privileged. Sorgfalt. Diligence. Spediteur. Forwarding agent. Speditionsgeschaft. Forwarding agency. Staatsangehorigkeit. Nationality. Staatsanwalt. District attorney; public prosecutor. Staatsrecht. Public law'. Stadt. City, municipality. Stadtische. Municipal. Standesbeamter. Registrar. Standesmassiger Unterhalt. Maintenance suitable to the station in life. Steckbrief. Order of arrest, warrant. Stellvertretung. Representation. Stiftung. Foundation. Stiftungsurkunde. Act of foundation. Stille Gesellschaft. Dormant partnership. Stoning. Nuisance, disturbance, infringement, encroachment. Strafbefehl. Order to inflict fine or punishment. Strafbescheid. Penal sentence by administrative authorities. GLOSSARY 207 Strafe. Penalty. Straf gesetzbuch . Penal Code. Strafkammer. Criminal court. Strafprocess. Criminal procedure. Strafsachen. Criminal cases or matters. Strafvollstreckung. Infliction of punishment, execution of a sentence. Strafvollziehung. Infliction of punishment, execution of a sentence. Strafvollzug. Infliction of punishment, execution of a sentence. Strandtriftige Giiter. Wreckage and goods saved from stranded ships or found on the beach. Strandung. Stranding. Strandungsordnung. Statutory requirements as to notification of wreckage of a vessel. Strassenrecht. Right of way. Streitverkiindung. Interpleader. Stiickgiiter. Miscellaneous parcels, mixed cargo. Summarisches Verf.ihreu. Summary process. Tarifvertrag. Collective labor contract. Tatsachlichc Gewalt. Actual control. Taxirte Police. Valued policy. Teilbesitz. Part possession. Teilung. Partition. Termin. Term-day, return day, trial day. Testament. Will. Testamentsvollstrecker. Executor of a will. Thierqualerei. Cruelty to animals. Todeserklarung. Declaration of death. Todesstrafe. Death sentence or punishment of death. Trassant. Drawer. Trattat. Drawee. Tratte. Draft, bill of exchange. Treu und Glauben. Good faith. Irene Hand. Trust. Trim ksucht. Dipsomania I Mr Nachrede. Malicious slander. Ueberliegezeit. Demurrage. Uebertrctung. Minor offense. Unbcwcgliche Sachen. Immovables. Uneheliches Kind. Illegitimate child. Uneigentliche Bedingung. Unreal condition ("not actually a condition). I'nfallvcrsicherung. Accident insurance. Ungerechtfertigtc Bereicherung. Unjustified benefit, unjust enrich- ment. 1 nlauteren Wettbewerb. Unfair competition. Unmittelbarer Besitz. Direct possession Unmogliche Bedingung. Impossible condition. Unterbrechung. Interruption (of statute of limitations). 208 GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY Unterbreehung der Verjahrung. Interruption of the prescription. Unterdriicken von urkunden. Suppression of an instrument or docu- ment. Unterhaltspflicht. Mutual rights and duties as to maintenance. Unternehmer. Contractor. Unterschlagung. Embezzlement. Unterstutzungwohnsitz. Place of poor relief, domicil. Untersuchung. Inquest. Untreue. Breach of trust. Unverziiglich. Without (culpable) delay. Unwesentlicher Bestandteil. Non-essential component part. Unwirksam. Inoperative, invalid, ineffective, of no effect. Unziichtige Handlung. Lascivious or obscene conduct. Unziichtige Schriften. Obscene literature. Urheberrecht. Author's right, copyright (law). Urkunde. Instrument, document. Urkundenfalschung. Forgeiy of instruments and documents. Urteil. Judgment, opinion. Urtheilsgriinde. Grounds of decision. Yerantwortlichkeit. Responsibility, accountability. Verausserung. Alienation. Verausserungsverbot. Restraint on alienation. Verbesserungsanstalt. Reformatoiy. Yerbrechen. Felony. Yerbindung. Incorporation. Verbotene Eigenmacht. Unlawful interference. Yerbrauchbare Sachen. Consumable things. Verein. LTnion. Yerein, eingetragener. Registered society. Vereih, nicht rechtsfahiger. Unincorporated society. Yereinigung. Association. \'ereitelung der zwangsvollstreckung. Rendering judgment and execu- tion null (by alienating or secreting property with intent to defraud creditors). Yerfahren (vorbereitendes). Preliminary proceeding. Yerfalsehung von Lebensmitteln. Adulteration of food. Verfassungsrecht. Constitutional law. Yerfrachter. Owner of a vessel chartered. Yerfiigung. Disposition; order, ordinance, decree. Yerfiigung von hoher Hand. Arrest of princes or rulers (Admiralty). Yerfiigung von Todeswegen. Disposition mortis causa, disposition oper- ative on death. Yerfugungsrecht. Right of disposal of something. Yerfuhrung. Seduction. Yergehen. Misdemeanor. Yergiftung. Poisoning. Yergleich. Compromise, composition. GLOSSARY 209 Verhaftung. Arrest. Verhandlung. Negotiation, proceeding, trial, hearing. Verheimlichung. Concealment Yerhor. Examination. Verjahrung. Outlawry of a right, prescription. Yerkehrsbedlirfniss. Ordinary intercourse. Yerkiindung. Pronouncement (of judgment I. Ycrladungsschein. Bill of lading. Yerlagsrecht. Law of publishers. Yerleihung. Grant. Yerleumdung. Defamation. \'erlobniss. Betrothal. Yermachtniss. Legacy. Yermachtnissnehmer. Legatee. Yermengung. Blending together or confusion of goods. Yermischung. Mixing together, or confusion of goods. Yermogensverwaltung. Management of property. Vermogensverwaltung des Inhabers der elterlichen Gewalt. Manage- ment of the property of decedent by the person having the paternal power. Ycrmogensvorteil. Pecuniary advantage. Yernehmungstheorie. Doctrine of perception, that (in contract) receipt of the message is insufficient unless its contents have actually come to the knowledge of the addressee. Yerdffenllichung. Publication, promulgation. Yerpachtung. Leasing. Ycrpfander. Pledger. Verpfandung. Pledge, mortgage. Ycrplliehtungsschcin, kaufmannischer. Mercantile promise to pay or deliver. Ycrsaumnisurteil. Judgment by default. Yerschollene. Untraceable persons. Ycrschwagern. To become related by marriage. Yerschwagcrt. Related by marriage Yerschwendung. Prodigality. Versicherte, der. The insured. Versicherung. Insurance; affirmation. Yersicherungsnehmcr, der. The insurance taker. Versicherungsverein auf Gegenseitigkeit Mutual insurance society. Versuch. Attempt. Verteidigung. Defense. \"ertrag. Agreement, contract, treaty. Ycrtragmassiges Guterrecht. Contractual regime of matrimonial property. Vertragserbe. Contractual heir. Yertr.uu ■nsin.inn. Trustee; Men who prepare the jury lists. 2 9774°— " 14 2IO GUIDE TO THE LAW OF GERMANY Vertreibung. Ejectment. Vertretbare Sachen. Fungible things. Vertreter. Agent. Vertreter, gesetzlicher. Statutory agent. \"ertretung. Agency. Verwahrungsvertrag. Agreement for the custody of a movable thing. Verwaltungsrecht. Administrative law. Yerwandt, in der Seiteulinie. Kindred in the collateral line. Yerwandte in der graden Linie. Kindred in the direct line. Verweisung. Expulsion, banishment; committal for trial. Yerwirkung. Foreclosure, forfeiture. Yerzeiehnis. Catalogue, table, register, index. Verzicht. Renunciation, relinquishment, forbearance. Yerzichtleistung. Renunciation, relinquishment, forbearance. Yerzug. Delay. Yolksversammlung. National assembly. Volkswirtschaft. Political economy. Vollkaufmann. True mercantile trader in the full sense of the word. Y'ollmacht. Power of agency, power of attorney. Vollstreckung. Execution. Yollstreckungsbefehl. Writ of execution. Voraus. Preferential benefit. Vorausvermachtniss. Preferential legacy. Yorbehaltsgut. Privileged separate property of spouses. Yorerbe. Limited heir, or heir who takes first. Yorfiihrungsbefehl. Subpoena, warrant to appear before the court. Vbrkauf. Right of preemption. Yorlaufige entlassung. Provisional release. Yorlaufige ergreifung. Preliminary arrest or apprehension. Vorlaufiger Yormund. Interim guardian. Vormerkung. Caution. \'ormund. Guardian. Vbrsatz. Wilful default. \. irs.it/lich. Wilfully, with intent. Vorschlagsliste. List of proposed jurors. Yorschuss. Advancement. Yorstand. Directorate. Voruntersuchung. Preliminary inquest or examination. Yorverfahren. Preliminary proceedings. Wahnsinn. Lunacy. Wandelung. Rescission or cancellation of a sale. Warenzeichen. Trademarks. Wechsel. Bill of exchange. Wechselnehmer. Payee. Wechselordnung. Bills of Exchange Act. Wechselrecht. Law of exchange. Wegnahmerecht. Justollendi. Weiterverweisung. Renvoi; transmission to a third jurisdiction. GLOSSARY 211 Werkvertrag. Agreement for work. Wertpapiere, Securities, negotiable or non-negotiable instruments. Wesentlicher Bestandteil. Essential component part. Wichtiger Grund. Cogent ground. Widerkauf. Redemption. Widernaturliche Unzueht. Unnatural obscenity, sodomy, pederasty. Widerruf. Recall, revocation. Widerspruch. Contradiction, objection. Wiederaufnahme des Hauptverfahrens. New trial. Wiederherstellung der ehelichen Gemeinschaft. Restitution of the con jugal community. Wilddieberei. Poaching. Willenscrklarung. Declaration of intention. Willenstheorie. Real intention. Wirtschaftliche. Economic. Wirtschaftliches Grundstiick. Agricultural land. Wittum. Dower, settlement in jointure. Wohnsitz Domicil. Wucher. Usury. Zahlungsunfahigkeit. Bankruptcy. Zeitlohn. Time wage. Zeuge. Witness. Zeugnis. Testimony. Zins. Interest, ground-rent. Ziyilprozess. Civil action. V.w ilprozessordnung. Code of ciyil procedure. Zubehdr. Accessories. Zuehthaus. Penitentiary. Zuchthausstrafe. Imprisonment in a penitentiary. Zueignung. Appropriation. Zug um Zug. Perform contemporaneously, Zugehorig. Appurtenant. Zuhalterei. Concubin i • Zurfickbehaltungsrecht. [Right of] lien. Zurucknahme. Ademption (of a legacy). Zusammenstoss. Collision. Zust&ndigkeit. Competence, cognizance, jurisdiction. Zustellung. Insinuation; delivery, conveyance. Zustimmung. Assent, consent. Zwang. Duress, force. Zwangseinstellung. Coercion. Zwangserziehung. Compulsory education. Zwangsversteigerung. Sequestration of property in execution proceed- ings. Zwangsverwaltung. Forced sale in execution proceedings. Zwangsvollstreckung. Execution (on property); distraint. Zweikampf. Duel. Zwischenspediteur. Sub-agent. INDEX Abandonment oJ things {Bk. 3, Civ. Codi 7a ff . 81 Abraham. 111. Accident insurance, 119 ff., 122 ff., 132 flf. A. cidents, 12.;. A< liillcs. 60. Acknowledgement of debts (Bk 2, Civ, Code), 64, 72 ff.. 80. Acquisition I Bk j, Civ Code), f>4, -2 ff., 81. Act of state. 1S3. Actions, adniinisti ai A< tions at law, 1 1 \, Actors. 127. 136. Adickes, 147. 170. Adjoining owners (Bk. 3, In Code), 64, 7; ff., 81. Administration of decedents' estates (Bk. 5, Civ. ■ Administrative law, 171, 178 ff. Administrative laws. 172. Administratoi Bk. Civ. Code), 66. 72 ff.. 86; 151. Admiralty, 108. Adoption (Bk 4, Civ. . 85. Affoltcr. 80. Agency (Ilk 1, Ci\ I 1 1 ;a (T. (Bk. 1. Com i od< Bl I om ( ode), 99ft. Agricultur.il .in.i forestry insurance, 124, ' 1 ural and forest lands, 67. Agriculture. 136. Rcchtsencyc, 21. Cours de di nat Albrechl Albrecht, P., 83. Alcxander-Eatz, 104. [ntrod. Act, t ■ . . 148. AUfeld Gcwcrbl. rechtsschutz, 96. Strafrecht, 156. Urhtl 11 AUgemeine bibliographic, 1 1 Allgcnit ini reel Alimaiui, Paul, :■>, 173. American Inst. Crim. Law, 168. Amira, 50. ;. 25. Anger. 1 Animals (Bk. 3. Civ. Code). 64. 7; ff . Hi ; 119 ff. Annalen d. dcut. rcichs, j.85. Annual Bull, of the Coinp. Law Bur., 12. Annuities I Bk . Ch Code), 04. 72 ff . So. Annuity charges I Bk j, Cn Code), 65, 72 ff.. 81. Anschutz, 172. Appeal. 141. Appclius. 127 Application of law, 36, 80, 147. Apprentices (Bk. 1, Com Code), 99 ff., 137. Appropriation of property. (Bk. 3, Civ Code), 64, 7; ff.. Si Appurtenances | Bk 1. Civ. Code), 62, 72 ff. Arbitration. 1 \<>. 138, 141. 148. Architects, 136. Archiv d. allg. deut handt-lsrechts, 88. Archiv f. burg, recht. 13, ;_ Archiv f. d. civ. praxis. 150. Archiv f. offent. recht, 184. Archiv f. rechts- philosophie, 40. Archiv f. reichsversicherung, 1.-7 Archiv f. soz. gesctzgebung, 185. Archiv 1 strafrecht, 157. Army, 163, tji. Arndt, [72, Arndts, 13. 22. Artistic copyright (formative .iris), 91. Artists. 136. Aschaffenburg, 167, 168 Aschrott, 107, 170. Assignment I Bk ,Ch t ode I, 63, 72 ff., So. men! in fraud ol crcditoi ■ As km iation and public meeting, right 1 Associations ' Bk 1 , Civ. Code), 62, ■ IT., 77; 151. An. i. hnxent I Bk . C iv Code . 6a, 72 ff., Ro. Attorneys-at-law, 136, 150. Attorneys' fees, 144, 149. Authentication of legal instrument Authoi to ff. Automobiles, 107. e, ioh ff., hi Bat hem. 61 Baden landrccht. 52. Bad I Bk. r, Civ. Code), 6a, ;a ff 214 INDEX Bailments (Bk. 2, Civ. Code), 63, 72 ff., 80. Baldwin, 142. Bankruptcy, 116 ff., 141. Banks and banking, 115. Bar, von, 153, 16S, 188. Bar association, 186. Barazetti, 69. Barbarian laws, 42, 47, 48. Barbers, 136. Barre, 71. Barrows, 155. Bartels, 181. Barth, 12. Baum, 96. Baumgarten, 118. Becher, 68. Bcchmann, 80. Becker, 14, 162. Behrend, 48, 102. Beitrage z. kolonialpolitik, 178. Bekker, 40, 188. Beling, 19, 162, 169. Below, 53. Bcnsheimer, 15. Bequests (Bk. 5, Civ. Code), 66, 72 ff., 86. Berner, 157. Berahardi, 76. Bernstein, 115. Berolzheimer, 40. Kulturstufe, 36. Strafrechtsphilosophie, 169. Studien, 37. Beseler, 51, iSS. Betrothal (Bk. 4. Civ. Code), 65. 72 ff., 85. Beyerle. 45. Bibliography, 11 ff. Bibliography of legal science, 12. Bibliography of social science, 12. Bibliothcca juridica, 11, 13. Isibliothek d. offent. rechts, 174. Bierling, 39. Bills of exchange, 50, 112 ff. Bills of lading, 106. Binder, 86. Binding: Fcstgabe, 188. Norrnen, 26, Strafprozess, 161. Strafrecht, 156. Systematisches handbuch, 43, 49, 50, 55, 77, no, 112, 116, 120, 161, 1-5, 177, 179. Birkmeyer, 13. 165. Beitragez. kritik, 167. Encyklopadie, 24. Kritische beitrage, 167. Strafprozess, 161. Strafrecht, 167. Bismarck, 122. Bittner. 180. Bliss, 135. Block, 180. Blume, 85. Bluntschli, 13, 176, 188. BIyth, 82. Bohm, 87, 148. Bolland, 28. Bondi, 101. Borchard, 12. Bornhak, 175. Boschau, 85. Bottomry. 108 ft. Boundaries (Bk. 3, Civ. Code), 64, 72 ff., 81. Boyens, 18, no Brauchitsch, 180. Braun, 186. Brentano, 186. Brickdale, 81. Brie, 1S2. Brinz. 55. Brodmann. no. Brokerage and brokers: (Bk. 2, Civ. Code). 63, 72 ff.. So. (Bk. 1. Com. Code), 99 ff. Brooks, i2§, 132. Brown (Savighy), 51- Bruncken, 165. Brunn. 127. Brunner, 188. Festgabe, 188. Forschungen, 43. Rechtsgeschichte, 43. Schwurgerichte, 162. Bruns, 35, 55. Brutt. 3 3- Bryce, 10, 32. Biicher. 185, Buchka, 61, 71, 96. Building rights, heritable (Bk. 3, Civ. Code). 05. 72 ff., 81. Building trades, 136. Building trades insurance, 133. Bundesgesetzblatt, 14. Burgc, 84. Burgess, 171. i74> Burlage, 162. Burns, 82; Busch, 88. Business corporations (Bk. 2. Com. Code), 99 ff. Business or trade secrets, 95. Byles, 112. Cahn, 176. Canciani, 47. Canon law, 176. Cantor, 93. Capacity (Bk. 1. Civ. Code), 62, 72 ff. (Introd. Act, Civ. Code), 68. INDEX -IS Carolina Code, 153. Carpcnticr. 100. Carriers I lik 3, Com. Code), 99 ff. , 106. Caspar, 134- Cattle insurance, 119 ff. Centxalblatt f. rechl 13. Charges on land, perpetual (Bk. 3, Civ. Code), 65, 73 ff.. Si Chartering, 108. Cheques. 112, 113. Child labor, 136. 137. Church, 17;. 176. Citizenship. 176. Civil Code: Component elements, 46 ff. Contents. 6a. General literature Commentaries, 74. Treatises, 74 ff. Histor Individual parts of Code, 77 ff. Introductory Act, 07. Legislative histon Related subjects. 77 ff. Translation--, j Civil procedure. 140 ff. Civil prui cdurc reform. 147. Claes, 139. ■ I ■- tool of crim l;i'.' Clemenl «. ]• ri. s(BI t,( 'in Code), 99 ft" , 137, 136. Codification, 9, jo, 56, 97, 133, 140. 153, 1 Collective labor contrail 1 , Colonial law, 177. Canute' dc legislation etrangerc. 73. Commandite company > Bk. 2. Com. Code), 99 ff.. 104. Comnianditestockcompany(Bk. 2, Com. Code .-,m Commerce. 172. Commercial Code: Content ' rem ml literature. 99: Commentaries. 101. Treatises. 101. Histoi Literature of individual parts of Code. 103 ff. Cororncn ial 1 dui ts, 1 1 Commercial Is nerctal transact Bl Com Code), 99 ff. Commission business (Bk. 3, Com Code), 99 ff. ( '>iniuon carriers (Bk. 3. Corn Code 1. 99 ff., 106. Community of goods, income, profits, matrio ' Bk |, Civ Cod- ,6s. Community property ( Bk. ..Civ Code), 64, 7a ff., so. Componii Bl *. om. Code), 99 ff- : al h e L.i 1 --. Hull- tin, 1 n 11 1! ion for unjust arrest and i onviction, mum 1 1 Bk. , Civ, Code*. 64, 72 ff., 80. Compulsory insurance, 123 ff. Conditions | Ilk. 1, Civ. CodeX 6a, 72 ff. Conflict of laws (Introd. Act, Cii ( d ,68,69, i47« 148. Confusion of goods (Bk. 5, Civ Code), 64, 72 ff., 81. Conrad. 1 14. 173. Constitutio Criminalis Bamberg en sis. 153. Carolina. 1 Constitutional law. 171 ff., 174. Construction and interpretation, 36, 80, 147. Consular jurisdiction, 148, 182 Continental legal history serii Contract for work and services (Bk. a, Civ. Code). 63, 72 ff.. 80. Contracts: (Bk. 1, Civ. Code). 6;. 72 ff. (Bk. 2. Civ. Code), 62, 72 ff.. So. Contractual regime of matrimonial property (Bk. 4. Civ. Code). 65. 72 ff.. 85. Com 1 yance of goods, 106. Conveyancing, 151, 152. Cook. 143. Cooperative societies, 105, 1.2. Co-ownership (Bk. 3. Civ. Code*. 64, 72 ff., 81. Copinger, 90. Copyright, 90 ff. Corporations: (Bk. i. Civ. Code). 6a, 72 ff. t Introd. Act. Civ. Code), 69 (Bk. a, Com. Code). 99 ff. ■ B. G. B., 75- Handelsrecbt, 102. , i. 149. Court costs, 144, 149. Court officers, 149. Court reports, 15 ff. Courts, 15, i4r. Courts, administrative, i'vj, 1S1. O iur1 3, military, 164. Creditors' suits, 116. Cretschmar. 1 5. Criminal anthropology, 168, 169. Criminal courts, 142, 158. Criminal law , Criminal law military, 163. d law reform, ir>4. Criminal procedure. 1 Criminal procedure, military, [64, Criminal procedure reform, 164, 169. Criminal psychology, 168, Criminology, 164 ff. Criticisms of draft , Civil Codi Croiue, 75. 1 . 105. 106. Curatorship, 1 Bk 1 C h •. ff., 85. Custody of neg. instruments, 115. '-'), 63, 72 ff., 80. Cust rru k> al, 67. Daguin, 160. 2l6 INDEX Dahn, 27, 60. Damages (Bk. 2. Civ. Code), 63, 72 ff., 80; 125. Dannenbaum, 115. Danz, 79. Dareste, 145. Daude, 90, 160. Dawson, 128. Death, registration of, 85. Death sentences, 162. Debtor and creditor (Bk. 2, Civ. Code), 63. 72 ft"., 80. Debts, promise to pay and acknowledgement (Bk. 2, Civ. Code), 64, 72 ft"., 80. Decedents' estates (Bk. 5, Civ. Code), 66, 72 ff .. 86. Declarations of intention (Bk. 1, Civ. Code), 62, 72 ff. Deeds, 151, 152. Delius, 148, 181, 182. De Montmorency. 31. Denkschrift lib. d. kartellwesen, 11S. Deposit (Bk. 2, Civ. Code), 63, 72 ff., 81. Dernburg, 188, B. G. B., 75- Pandekten, 54. Prcuss. privatrecht, 51. Derschcid. 57. Descent, legitimate and illegitimate (Bk. 4, Civ. Code), 66, 72 ff., 85. Designs, 94, 151. Detken, 88. Deutsche juristen-zeituug, 89, m- Deutscher juristentag, 18, 186. Deutsches kartell-jahrbuch, 118. Deutsche kolonialgesetzgebuim, 1 78. Deutsches privatrecht, 49. Deutsches reichsgesetzbuch f. Industrie, 15. Diefenbach, 89. Dictionary, legal. 187. Digby, 133. Discovery (Bk. 2, Civ. Code), 64, 72 ff., 80. Dissolution of marriage (Bk. 4, Civ. Code), 65, 72 «.. 85. Distress at sea, 108. Distribution: (Bk. s, Civ. Code), 66, 72 ft"., 86. (Introd. Act, Civ. Code), 67. Distribution of inheritance tax, 87. Divorce: (Bk. 4, Civ. Code), 65, 73 ft . 85. (Introd. Act, Civ. Code), 68. Dochow, 179. Domestic relations (Bk. 4, Civ. Code), 65, 72 ff., &$. Domestic servants, 67, 1 jr. Domicil, 184. Dormant partnership (Bk. 2, Com. Code), 99 ff. Dove, 114. Drafts, Civil Code. 57 ff., 64. Drage, 154. Dubarle, 143. Dudek, 152. Diiringcr, 101, 103. 147- Duttmann, 12ft, 127, 134. Dyde, 28. Easements (Bk. 3, Civ. Code), 64, 72 ff., 81. Ebner, 91. Eccius, 88. Ecclesiastical law, 176 ff. Eck, 76. Education, 172. Education, legal, iS ff . Educators, 136. Eger: Eisenbahn. entscheidungen, 107. Eiscnbahnverkehr, 106, 107. Enteignung, 83. Frachtrecht, 106. Haftpflichtgesetz, 123. UnterstiitzungSAohnsitz, 184. Verkehr mit kraftfahrzeugen, 107. Ehrenberg, S9, 120. Eichheim, 163. Eichholz, 70. Eichhorn, 87. Eisenbahnrechtliche entscheidungen, 107. Elementary law, 21. Elster, 140, 172. Kmcry, 131- Emineut domain, 67, 83. Employees, 136. Employers' liability, 122 ff. Encyclopedia, legal, 21 ff. Endemann. 74. Endowments (Bk. 1, Civ. Code). 62, 72 ff. Engelmann, A., 76, 146. Engelmann, \V. (Bib. jur.), 11. Enneccerus, 61, 75. Enrichment, unjust (Bk. 2, Civ. Code), (14, 72 ff., 80. Enslin, n. Entscheidungen, 15 ff. Entscheidungen d. bundesamts f. d. hcimath- wesen, 184. Entscheidungen d. gerichtc u. verwaltungsbe- horde, 17. Entscheidungen d. reichsgerichts, 16. Entscheidungen d. rcichsmililargerichts, 164. Entscheidungen d. reichsoherhandclsgericht, 16. Entscheidungen in ang. d. fr. gerichtsbarkeit. 152. Erichsen, 86. Ernst, 144, 163, 164. Esscr, 103. Estate creditors (Bk. 5, Civ. Code). 66, 72 ff., 86. Estate, debts and claims (Bk. 5, Civ. Code), 66, 72 ff.,S6. Evidence, 141 ff., 158. Exchange (Bk. 2, Civ. Code), 62, 72 ff., So. Exchange, bills of, 56, 112. Execution of will (Bk. 5, Civ. Code). 66, 72 ff.. S6. Execution sales, 148. Executions, 141, 148. INDEX 17 Executors (Bk 5, Civ. Code). 66. 72 ft*.. 86. Expert Expropriation, 83. Extradition. 182. Factories. 122. Factors (Bk. 1. Com. Code). 99 ff. Factory workers. 136. Fairs. 137. Fairwcather, g;. Falck. si. Fabanann, 17. 117 False representations a^ to one's goods, 95. False weights, measures, etc.. 95. Family law (Bk. 4. Civ. Code), 65. 7-' fl . Family settlements. 67. Farnam. 129. Fedderscn. 161. Fees. 144, 149. Feist. S 7 . Pest gaben: Biiulin Brunncr, 188. Gierke, 187. Guterbock, EobJer, 97. 188. Laband, 174. Feudal tenuri Feuerbach, 1 Fichte, Picker, 45, 121. Finance, 17.-. 179. Finding and Cinder, rights of (Bk. 3, Civ. Code), 64, 7-- ft*.. 81. Finger, A . 88. 157 Finger, C. 94.95- 1 irancc. 119 ft". Firm names ( Bk. 1. Com. Code), 99 ft*. Pi ' her, 73. 149. 150, 182. Pis> u-.. 183. Fisher. H. ed. (Maitland I, 48, s 8. Medieval empire. 49. Fishing. 136. Pitting, 1 16, 145. Fixtures (Bk. 1, Cn I 1 ■■■■ ,72 ft*. Fleincr, 179. Pleischmann, 180, 1 Foelix, 159. r, 52, 82. ii. 71. Food inspection laws, 96. 1 ! sale, on execution, 148. Foreign judgments, execution of , 148. Foreign law, application of (introd. Act, Civ, I, 68. Foreigners (Introd. Act, Civ. Code), '<:, *4&> Forest laud. 67. Forestry. 1 16. Forfeiture 1 insurant i Form introd. Ai 1. Civ. Code), 08. Form books, 1 Forwarding agency (Bk. j, Com, Code), 99 fl. Foundations (Bk. 1, Civ. Code), 62, 72 ft*. Frank, 155. Frankcl. 128. Fraudulent conveyances, 116. Freightage, 106. French law, 47. Freudenthal, 144. Freund. 20, 34. 57. 70. 168. Friedbcrg: Handelsgesctzgbg, 100. Kirchenrecht. 177. Friedensburg, 130. Friedlander: Encyclopedic. ^3. Rechtsanwaltsordnung, 1 ;o. Friedrich. [69. Fruits and usufruct. 62, <>4. 7.' ft.. 81. Fuld, 96. Gaius, Ztschr. f. rechtsgeschichte, 45. Galli, 1-7. Came laws, 67. Gaming contracts (Bk. 2, Civ. Code). 64. ;a ft.. So. ■ Gareis: Encyklopadie, 22. Handelsrecht, 102. Science of law, 21, 32, 46, 73. Kolimialrec'.il. 1 ;v Patent Entsehciduiig., 94. Wechselordnung, 113. Garner, 143. Gaupp, 145- Gebhard, 57. '*?. U4- Gemeines recht, 47. General average, 108, m. Gerber, 51 Gerhard, 120, 121. I n r. htssaal, Dcr, 88. Gerland. to. Gerstmeyer, 178. Gcs. deut u prcus. gesetzgbgs-materurl, 14* Gewerbegertcht, 138. Gewerbl, rechtsschutz, 97. Giard & Briere, 102, 156. Gierke, 175,1 Entwurf, 60. Fesl 'I- * ieno ht, 77. Political theories, io, 78. Privatrecht, 49. rjntersuchungeu, \ 1 1 eine, 79. Gifts, 63. G laser. 160. Glasson. 145. GttCist, 35, 173, 175i 180, *8S. Goldman.' !l8 INDEX Goldschmidt, J., 157, 166. Goldschmidt. L., toi, 102. 103, 188. Goltdammer's Archiv, 157. Goodnow, 17S. Goschen. 15. G6z, ig. Grabowsky, 185. Gradenwitz, 55. Gray. J. C, 16, 53- Gray, L. H., 130. Greiff, 69. Grimm, 51. Groceries, 136. Grolman, 158. Gronow, 163. Gross, 168, 169. Grotefend, 14. Gruchot's Beitrage. 88. Grueber: Einfuhrung, 23. (Introduction, Sohm), 52. ed., Rechtsencyklopadic, 22. Vorbildung, 19. Griinhut, 112, 185. Griinzel. 118. Griitzmann, 52. Guaranty (Bk. 2, Civ Code), 64, 72 ff\. So. Guaranty insurance, 119. Guardianship (Bk. 4, Civ. Code), 65, 66, 151. Gugel, 126. Guterbock, 187. Giithe, Us, 149. Guthrie, 31. Gutschow, in. Guttentag'sche Sammlung, 15. Habermann, 127. Habicht, 69, 71. Hachenburg, 101, 105. Hacke, 121. Haenel, 175. Hagen, 120. Hague conferences on private law, 148. Hahn, 158. Hail insurance, 119. Hamm, 89. Handbuch d. gesetzgebung, 15. Handbuch d. orient, rechts, 173. Handbuch d. unfallversicherung, 133. Handclsgesetze des erdballs, 99. Handicraftsmen, 136. Handwbrterbuch d. staatswissenschaften, 17;. Hanow, 126. Hanscatische gerichtszeitunii, 1 n. Hanseatische rechtsprcehuug, 1 11. Harris, 125, 127. Hartmann, 165. Hastic: Kant. 27. Outlines, 21. Hastings, 37. Hatschek, 1S3. Haubold, 31, 188. Hayward, 30. Heffter, 188. Hegel, 28. Heilfron, 76. Hciner, 177. Heinitz, 89. Heinsheimer, S9. Heirs (Bk. 5, Civ. Code), 66, 67, 72 ff. t 86. Hellwig, 146, 160. Henle, 73, 155. Henschel, 115. Hergenrbther. 177 Heritable building rights (Bk. 3, Civ. Code), 65, 72 ff., 81. Herz, 163, 164. Hessels, 48. Heumann, 55. Heusler, 50. Heymaon, Entwurf, 61. Heyne, 120. Higgins, 58. Hinrichs, 13. Hinschius: Kirchenrecht, 177. Personenstandsgesetz, 85. Hire-purchase, Si. Hirschfield, 20, 68, 10;, 144. Hirth's Annalen, 185. Historical school, 26. History, legal, 41 ff. Holder, 39. Hoffmann. H. E. v., 17S. Hoffmann, U., 88. Holdsworth, 53. Holmes, 10. Holtzendorfl. 1S6. Encyklopadie, 23, 43. Howard, 160, 161, 174. H liber, 89. Hubner, 50. Hudson, 143. Hue de Grais: Gesetzgebung, 15. Verfassuug, 172. Hiittner, 11S. Hugo, 29, 31. 188. Husband and wife (Bk. 4, Civ. Code), 65, 72 ff., 85. Husik. 36. Huvelin, 101. Ilbert, 42. Illegitimate descent (Bk. 4, Civ. Codct, 65, 7^ ff., 85. Illing, 1S0. Immaterial rights, 50, 89 ff. Imperial insurance office, 124, 133. Imperial military court, 164. Incorporeal rights, 50, 89, 91. INDEX 219 Industrial accident insurance, 124, 133. Industrial Code, 135. Industrial courts. 1 ,'■ Industrial occupations. 137. Industrial property, 89. Infants (Bk. 4. Civ Codi IT , 85. Inheritance (Bk -. Civ < ode), 45, 66. 72 ff., 86. Inheritance taxes, 87. Injunctions, 80. Inland navigation, six. Innkeepers (Bk. 2, Civ. Code), 63, 72 ff., 80; 136. Insolvency. 116. Insurance: Accident, no. 122. 132. Cattle, 119. Commercial. 1 18. Fire, 119. Guaranty. 1 [9, H.til, 1 1<>. Industrial accident, 134. Invalidity, 1 1 ■. 1 Life, 119. Marine, 10S, 109. Mercantile, 1 1 Old age, las, U4- Orphans, 124. Private, 1 18, Si* kness. iaa, 131. Social, i3i ff. Unemployment, 135. Widows, 1 34. Insurant' en) Insurant eCodi ; ff. Insurance i ontract, 119. [nterest(Bk. .-.Civ. Code), 63, 73 ff., 80; 98 ff. International labor office, 1 International law, private, 68, 69, [47, 148, Intcrnationalekrim. ver., 158, 170. Internationale biMii^iMpliic, 1 . Interpret- it I) it. i, 147. Intestate succession (Bk, '1 Codi ff ,86. Invalidity insurance, iss ff . 134 Isclin, 05. Jacket, m. Jaeger. 103, 116, 117 Jahrbucfa d, arbeitervcrsicfa Jahrbucfa d. deut rcchts, 8s. fahrbuchd int. vcr. f. gewerb rechtsschuU 9 Jahrbucfa Kohler, .'7, .-*. ( s, J9l , . 88, ■ 17. I ,7. 185, 188. 11 G. H . 70 Biii erlii hen re< bts ■ ing, 11; Cons, Ci mi. Carolin 1 ,i GinfUhrung, 23. 1 ti j klopadie, 24 Pe i j,, , Gewerbl. rcchtsschutx, 97. Kunsi wcrkrei ht , ox. Musterreeht, 93, 220 INDEX Kohler— Continued. Patentrecht, 92, 93. Rechtsphilosophie, 39. Urheberrccht, 90. YYarenzeichen, 94. Kohne, 87. Konig, 1S2. Konige, 101, 103. Konigsberger, 127. Kopelke. 143. Koppmann, 163, 164. Korkunov, 23, 31, 37. Kormann, 182. Krause. J., 163. Krause, K.. 29. « Krctzchmar, 149. Kriegsmann, 165, 167. Kritische blatter, 12. Kritische ucbcrschau, 12. Kritische vierteljahresschrift, 12. Kubel. 57- Kuhlenbeck, 71, 113. Kultur dcr gegenwart, 24. Kiinlzel, 88. Kunze, 181. Kurlbaum, 57. Laband, 89, 171, 172, 175, 171. ps, 183, 185, ci Labor contract, 139. Labor laws, 135 ff. Lalor, 36. Land charges (Bk. 3, Civ. Code), 6s. 7- ff.. Si. Landlord and tenant (Bk. 2, Civ. Code), 63. 72 ff., 80. Landmann. 13S. Landrecht, Prussian. 47. Land registry act, 64, 70.. 81, 151, 152. Landsberg, 42. Langen, 114. Lasker, 56. Lass, 125. Lasson, 28, 31. Law catalogues, 11. Law reform, 147. 164. Law reports, i>. Layer, S^. Layman's courts, 142, 171. Leader. 112, 113. Leases (Bk. r, Civ. Code), 63, 72 ff., 80. Lcbbin, 96. Lederlin. 145. Led lie, 52. Lee. 5i . Lcfroy. 33. Legacies (Bk. 5. Civ. Code), 66, 72 ff., 86. Legal education, 18. Legal encyclopedia, 21. Legal ethics, iS, 150, Legal history, 41. Legal philosophy, :-. Leges barbarorum, 42, 47, 48. Legislation, 14. Legitimation by subsequent marriage (Bk. 4, Civ. Code), 66, 72 ff., Ss. Lehmann, Karl, 103. Aktiengesellschaft, 104. Handelsgesctze, 99. Handelsrecht, 102. Rezeptionen, 49. Lehr, So, 120. Leipziger ztschr. f. handels- konk. u. vers.-wesen, 103. Leonhard, R.. 34- Allgemeiner tei! B. G. B., 77. (Eck), 76. Studien. 77. Leonhard. \V., 168. Leonhardt, 56. Lcrminier, 33. Leroy, 139. Leske, 71, 143 Lcssing, ii4- Letters rogatory. 14S. Levis, 86. Lewinski. 20. 14 i. Lewis-Boyens, no. Lex Salica, 48. Library of Congress, 12S. Licbermann, 47. Licbmann. 187. Liens (Bk. 2, Civ. Code), 63. 72 ff.. So Liens, maritime, 10S. Liens, mercantile (Bk. 3, Com. Code), 99, 108. Liepmann, 164, 170, 171. Life insurance, 119. Lightwood, 36. Lilienthal. 15S, i6*», 170. Limitation, statutes of (Bk. 1. Civ. Code), 62. 72 ff. Limitations of time (Bk 1. Civ. Code), 62, 72 ff- Limited liability company or partnership, 105. Limited partnership (Bk. 2, Com. Code), 99 ff. Lindemann, 152. Liszt. 156, 158, 165. 166, 167, 170. Literary property. 89. Loans (Bk. 2, Civ. Code). 63. 72 ff"-. 80 Lobe, 95. Local law. applicat ion of ( Introd . A ct , Civ , Code), 68. Loening, 177 Locwy, 42, 72. I.'ihr. 115. Lorenzen, 20, 68, 113. Lorimer, 29. Lost instruments, 141. Lotmar, 55, 140. Lowe. 160. Lowrie, 177. Maas. 13, 72, 88. McXeal, 49. Magnus, 94. Maintenance (Bk. 4. Civ. Code). 66. 72 ff., 85. Maitland, 9, 43, 47, 58, 78. INDEX 221 Makower. 101. Manager Mandate i Bk. a. Civ. Code*. 63, 7a ff., 80. Manes. 1 10, 121, 1 16, 127. Manorial rights, I - Marine insurance, 108. 109. Maritime law, 10S. Marklr; Marker, 86. Markets and (air-:, ] i7 . Marquardsen, 173. Marriaee ( Hk. 4. Civ. Cod (Introd. Act, Civ. Cod< Marriage contracts, registration, Bsi 151. Martitz. i8a. Matrimonial causes, procedure in. 141. Matrimonial liability for debts (Hk. 4, Civ. Cod 72 ff..8 S . Matrimonial management and use of property (Bk. 4. Civ.Codi , 85. Matrim:. 122, 136, 137, 172. Mingling, of things (Bb ., Cm Codi n -< Mint/. 92. U ■ 1 1 ; ■ ■ entation Mistake (Bk. 1. Ci\ 1 ode), I . B Mitchell. <>4. Mitteilungen d. Berlin geweTbegerichta, Mitteilungen d. tat kriminalist. vtr, 1 Mittilstein. 81, 111. Mittermaier, 154, 1 171 Modderman, 53. Modern criminal 1 U n< c series, 168. Modem legal philosophy series. 40. Mold, 173, 175, 180, r{ Mommsen, 188. Moud, 130. Monopolies. 117. Montague, 117. Monumenta germaniae bistorica, Morris Mortgage (Bk. 3, Civ Code 65, 7a ff., 81; 151. Mori sage hank law, n>. Moseley, 159. Motives. Civil Code, 59 ff. Mugdan, 17 Materialien. 61. Vormundschaft, 86, Miihlbrecht, 11. Miiller, 90. Musical copyright 90. Musicians, 127, 136. Nagler, 167. National Monetary Commission. 114, 115. Nationality, 67, 176. Navigation, inland, m. Navigation, insurance, 133, Navy, 163. 172. Negligence (Bk. 2. Civ Code). c>4, 72 ff., 80. Negotiable instruments (Bk. 2. Civ. Code), 64, 72 ff.. Ho; 112. 141. Negotiable instruments, custody of, 115. Ncitzcl. So. 82, 151. Nelken, 140. NTeue bucher, 13. Neukamp. 1 1 ; Ncukirch, 107. Neumann. Sy. Handausgabe, B. C.. B.. 73, Jahrbuch, Rechtsprechung, 16. Newspapers, law of, 91. New trial, 1 I'- N'iendorff, 81. Non-contentious jurisdiction, i.|S, 151. Notarii s, > 1 . 1 Novation (Bk t.Cii 1 ■ ■■'■ 72 ff . 80. « iheniei k. Ba, 1 sr. 1 ^ligations I bk. ■. Civ. Co li ff., 7-- ff . to. Obli ition to bearer (Bl Cod ff., So, 1 iertmann,8o,88. S» huldverfa Itni < Ktker. If'l. aerecht d 1 1 awart, 1 las, 173. 1 >ld .1. 1 in in. hi. - . . ,134 » tlshati Jahrbuch, 88. Strafgesetzbuch, 1 StraJ 1 ung, 155. 1 Ushausen, Th, 186. Opct, 8s. 222 INDEX Oppenheim, 185. Orders and drafts (Bk. 2, Civ. Code), 64, 73 ft"., 80. Orphans insurance, 134. ( 'sterrieth: Gewerblicher rechtsschutz, 96. Patent entscheidungen, 94. Ownership (Bk. 3, Civ. Code), 64, 72 ff., Si. Ownership, acquisition and loss of (Bk. 3, Civ. Code), 64, 72 ff . 81. i >u niTship of vessels, 10S. Pagenstechcr, 147. Pandektenrecht, 54. Pape, 57. Pappenheim, 110. Pardessus, 48. Parent and child (Bk. 4, Civ. Code), 66. 73 ff., 85. Parisius, 105, 106. Parmclee, 168. Partition of common lands, 67. Partnership (Bk. i, Civ. Code). 62, 72 ff. (Bk. 2, Civ. Code), 63, 72 ff., 80. ( Introd. act. Civ. Code). 68. Partnership, business (Bk. 2, Com. Code), 99 ff. Party walls (Bk. 3, Civ, Code). 04, 72 ff.. 81. Patents, law of, 92. Paupers, 183. Penal Code, 151. Penal Code, preliminary draft of new, 166. Penology, 16S. Pensions, civil service, 1S3. Pensions, old age, 134. Perels, no. Performance of contracts (Bk. 2, Civ. Code). 63. 7a ff.. So. Personal status registration act, S5. Persons (Bk. i, Civ. Code), 62, 72 ff. Peters, 147. Petersen, 132, 145. Pfaff, 14- Pfafferoth, 149. Phillimore, 84. Phillips, 142, 159. Philosophy of law, 34. Photograph copyright. 91. Photographers, 136. Physicians, 136. Piece wage, 139. Piloty, 131,133,173.174,182. Pineles, 45. Pinkus, 139. Pinner, 101, 103. Planck, G.. 57,60. Kommentar, 74. Planck, J. J., 46. Piatt, 100. Pledge (Bk. 2, Civ. Code), 63, 72 ff., 80. Pledge of movables and of rights (Bk. 3. Civ. Code). 65, 72 ff.. 81. Police, 172, 179. Police magistrates, 169. Pollock, 9,29. Poor relief, 183. Posener, 72. Possession (Bk. 3, Civ. Code), 64. 72 ff., 81. Post, 27. Pound, 9, 30. 32j33»38, 147. 168. Pozl. 13. Preemption (Bk. 3. Civ. Code). 65. 72 ff., 81. Premiums, 119. Prescription: (Bk. 1, Civ. Code), 62. -2 ff (Bk. 4, Com. Code), 108. Prescription, ownership by (Bk. 3, Civ. Code), 64, 72 ff., 81. Press law, 91. Prcuss.-deut. gesetzsammlung. 14. Prisons. 169. Privatrecht, 49. Privileged communications (in manufacturing and business), 95. Probate, 87, 151- Probate court, jurisdiction of wills (Bk. 5. Civ. Code), 66, 73 ff., 86. Procedure: Administrative, r.Si. Civil, 140, 171. Criminal, 15S, 171. Ex parte, 151. Feudal, 143. Insurance, 124. Noncontentious, 151. Procuration (Bk. 1, Com. Code), 99. Production of chattels and instruments on demand, (Bk. 2, Civ. Code), 64. 72 ff-. 80. Products, acquisition of (Bk. 3. Civ. Code), 64, 7a ff.. 81. Property (Bk. 3. Civ. Code). 64. 72 ff , 81. Protests, 113. Prussian Landrecht, 51. Public law, 171 ff. Public officers, 136,179-183. Publisher, rights of, 90. Puchta, 188. Outlines, 22. Pandekten. 55- Vorlesungen, 55. Punishment, 169. Purchase and sale: (Bk. 2, Civ. Code), 63, 72 ff., 80. Mercantile (Bk. 3. Com. Code), 99. Pure food, 96. Railroad accidents, 122. Railroad passengers, 123. Railroads, 106,122. Railway labor, 13S. Randolph, 112. INDEX 223 Rassow, 88. Rath, 60. Ratification (Bk. 1, Civ. Code), 62. 72 ff. Rausnitz. 152. Real property 1 Hk ;, Civ. Code). 64. 72 n\. 8 >". M s - Reatz, 60. Reception of Roman law, 57. Recht. Das, 89. Rechtslehre, 25. K«.\litslexikon, 24. Reehtsprcchun« d. oberhandels^erirht, 17. Rechtsprechuiig d. reichsk'crieln Rechtsprechung z. Res. zivil etc . recht, iS. Reform of civil procedure, 147. Reform of criminal law and procedure, 164. Regelsbcrncr. 55. Reger, 17. Registration of births, marriages, and deaths, 85. Registration of documents, etc., 151. ion ol title, 64. 70. Rehbcin, 52. Rehearing, mi. Rehm, 105. 1 14, 120. Reichsgericht, 16. Reichsgcrichtsraten, 74. Reichsgesetzblatl , 14 Reichsoberhandelsgericht, 16. I 'tun fee, 5-' Reitzenbaum g Relation of Code to imperial law (Introd. Act, Civ. Code). 67. 69. Relation of Code to state law (Introd. Act, Civ. Code), 67, 69- Relativcs, maintenance of (Bk. 4, Civ. Code), 61 7-' ff.,85. Release (Bk. 2, Ch Code), 63, 72 ff., 80. Remeli Renton & Phillimore, ^4. Rents (Bk. .-. Ci\ Cod 11 . So. Renvoi [Introd Act, Civ. Code), 68. Report 1 ■ 1 Representation (Bk i. Civ Codt , 62, 73 ff. lonsibility of the state. 179, 183 Restraint of trade, 1 17. Review, 1 \i Revocation o( will (Bk 5, Civ Codi Reward (Bk. . Ch Code), 63, -j ft*.. So. Richter, 106. Riesser, ioj, 115. R iezler, 91. Rights, in and over land 1 Rk j, Ci\ '. Code 1, 64, 72 IT. Rights, substantive, adjective (Bk. j, Civ. Code), ,-• ff.. 77 ff. .,i way ■' Hk ;, Ci\ Codi fl . 1 Ring, iS. ss, 104. Ringros< Rittmanu. 150. Rohmer, 138. Roman law, 54, Rose. 36. Rosenmeyer. 107. Rosin. 1 ii. Rossbcrg. 15. Roth. 51. 57. RothUsberger, 91. Rumpf, 33. Runduagel, 107. Rundstcin, us. Sale (Bk. 2, Civ. Code). 63. 72 ff.. 80. (Bk 3. Com. Code), 99 ff. Saleilles: Declaration dc volonte, 79. Introduction, 73. Obligation, Si. Personnes iuridiques, 78. Salic law , 48. Salmond, 34. Salvage, 108. Sanitariums, 136. Sartorius, 86. . 1S1. Sauer. 85. Sa\ igny, 26, ?9. 30, 188. Conflict of laws. 31. ( Ibligationenrecht, 54. Possession, 84. System, 54. Vocation fur legislation, 30. Savings bank societies, 137 Saxon Code, 47, 52. Schaeffle, S« haps, 109. Scheel, 1 53. Schierlinger, 1 55. Schirrmeister, 20. Schlossmann, 81. Sell in id, ra6. Schmidt, 57, 97. 1S5. Zivilprozess, 146. St hmoller, 186. Schneider, 120. Scholz, 174- Schools of crirninal law, u< 1, S< hools of ini isprudence, .'s ff. Schr&der, R. K.. H., Rechtsgeschichte, 44, 6x. .1 hio, der, E.: Grundbuch Entw h Vonnundst ha Schulte, I P ECirchenrecht, 177. Rechtsgeschichte, 44. Si Inili/e Oorlitz, 1 si. Schultzenstein, 151. 185. Schulz, ia6, 138, 148. Schulze, Schuster, A. P., 99, 10s, n*. 224 INDEX Schuster, E- J., 42, 47, 58,68, 70,80,84,98, 100, 113, 130. Principles, 72. Schwarzenberg, 153. Scott. 16S. Seamen's Act, 109. Seamen, 109. Seckel, 55. Securities, deposit of, 115. Security and bail (Bk. 1, Civ. Code). 62, 72 ft". Self-defense (Bk. 1, Civ. Code). 62, 72 ft Self-help (Bk. 1, Civ. Code), 62. 72 fT. Seligsohn, 93. Senckpiehl, 107. Separate property — matrimonial (Bk. 4. Civ. Code). 66, 72 ff., 86. Separation, judicial (Bk. 4. Civ. Code), 66. 72 ff.. 86. Sequestration, 148. Servitudes, real and personal (Bk. 3, Civ. Code). 65. 72 ff.. 81. Set-off (Bk. 2. Civ. Code), 63, 72 ff., 80. Seuffert: Archiv. 17. Civilprozess, 145. Konkursprozess, 116. Seydel, S3. Sheriffs, 149. Ships and shipping, 108. Ships' officers, 127. Sickness insurance. 122 ff., 131. Siegel, 44. Sievekiug, 109. Silberberg, 118. Silbernagel. 103. Simeon, 76. 150. Simon, 150. Singer, 92, 94- Skilled laborers, 136. Slander of credit or goods, 95. Smith, Munroe. 20, 21. 55, 58, 171. Jurisprudence, 32. Smithers, 70, 113, r68, Social insurance, 121 ff. Social legislation, S, 121, 172. Societies, unincorporated, 62, 78. Sociological school of criminal law, 167. Soergel, 18, 89, 185. Sohl, 163. Sohm. 52, 177. Sokalowski, 54. Sommer, 169. Spahn, 60. Specific performance, 80. Specification (Bk. 3, Civ. Code). 64, 72 ft" , 81. Spiegel, 23. Staatsrechtliche abhandlungen, 174. Stadthagen, 140. Stahl, 28. Stammler, 188. Richtigen recht, 38. Theorie, 38. Wirtschaft und recht. 38. State, the, 1S3. State, theory of the. 175. Statute of limitations (Bk. 1. Civ. Code), 62, 72 ft". Statute law, 14 ff. Statutory regime over matrimonial property (Bk. 4, Civ. Code), 65, 72 ft"., 85. Staub. 89. Gesellschaften m. b. h,, 105. Handelsgesetzbuch, 101. 103. Vertragsverletzungen, 80. Wc-ehselordnung, 113. Staudinger, 74. Steidle, 164. Stein, 145. Stengel, 178, 1S0. Stenglein, 156, 157. Sternberg, 37. Stier-Somlo, 185. Reichsversicherungsordnung. 126. Sozialgesetzgebung, 131. Sozialrecht, 135. Vereingesetz, 79. Stintzing: Popularen literatur, 53. Rechtswissenschaft, 41. Stirling, 29. Stobbe: Privatrecht, 50. Rechtsquellcn, 44. Stock corporation (Bk. 2, Com. Code), 99, 103. Stock exchange law. 114. Stockholders (Bk. 2, Com. Code). 99 ff. Stoerk. 185. Stolzel, 86. 182. 1S7. Storck, 174. Strafprozess-reform und Iaien-richter, 171. Stranz, 113. Streams and water courses, 67. Strohal, 89. Erbrecht, 86. Sachbesitz, 84. Struckmann, 145. Studien zur forderung des gewerblicheu rechts- schutzes, y;. Sturm, 37. Succession and descent: (Bk. 5. Civ. Code), 66, 72 ff.. 86. (Introd. Act, Civ. Code). 68. Succession taxes, 87. Summary proceedings, 141. Sumner, 138. Supreme court. 16. 141. 143. Suretyship (Bk. 2, Civ. Code), 64. 72 ff., 80. INDEX 225 iti thercchtswissenschaft, 24. Systematisches handbuch d. dent, rechtswissen- schaft. See Binding. Tarilvertrag, 139. Taussig, 132. Taxation. i;i. 178. Taxation (guilds and unions), 137. Testament (Bk. s, Civ. Code), 66, 72 fl\, 86. Testamentary charges fBk. 5, Civ. Code Testamentary succession (Bk. 5, Civ. Code), w>. ;a ff.,86. Tezner, 1S1. Theory of law, 25 ff. Thibaut. 30. Things I Bk. 3l Civ. Code), 64. 72 ff., 81. Things, consumable (Bk. i, Civ. Code , 6a, 7-' ff- Thomsen. 186. Time, conditions and limitations 1 Bk. 1, Civ. Code), 62. 71 ff. Time wage, 139. Tingle, 176. Title, transfer and conveyance of (Bk. 3, Civ. Code . 64. 72 ff.. 81. Torts: (Bk. 2. Civ. Code), 64, 72 ff-. 80. (Introd. Act. Civ. Code), 68. Trade guilds, 122. Trademarks, registration, 94, 151. Trade-names (unfaii competition Trade regulations, 135 ff. Trade unions, 137. Traders, mercantile (Bk. 1, Com. l nun, 136. Trading companies, 98 ff. Transfer and com eyance <>f ownership (Bk. Code). 64, 72 ff, 81. Transitory provisions of Civil Code, 67 ft* Transportation. 172. Mv rail, 106. By water, 108. Tribal laws. 47. Triepel, 175, 180. Triimplcr, 114. Trust, equitable, 78. Trusts and monopolies. 117. Trutzer, 134. Tuhr, 77. Turnau, 82. Tutors, 127. i Krsicht d. ges. lit., 11. Ullmann, 13. Ulrica, 1 1 1. Unauthorized management of others' affairs (Bk. 3, Civ. Code). 03, 72 ft*., 80. l viiient. 135. Unfair competition, 94 ff. Unger, 161. Unincorporated societies (Bk. 1, C:v. Code), 62, 72 ff,, 78. Unjust arrest, compensation for, 162. Unjust conviction, compensation ft Unjust enrichment (Bk. 2, Chr. Code), 64. 72 ff.,80. Unknown claims, 141. Unlimited partnership (Bk, », Com. Code), 99 ff. Useful models. 93. Usucaption (Bk. 3, Civ. Code), r>4. :-• ff-. 81. Usufruct: (Bk. 1. Civ. Code). 62, 7^ ff- (Bk. 3, Civ. <.' it., 81. Vangerov Veditz, 137. Vergleichende darstellung (Civ. Code), 71. Vergleichende darstellung (Crim. law), 166. Vering trial. 160. Verwaltungs-archiv, 185. Vessels, 108. Vierhaus, 58, 151. Vierteljahres katalog, 13. Vinogradoff. 53. Vital statistics, 85. Void and voidable marriages (Bk. 4. Civ. Code), 65, 72ff,8 5 . Vossen, 79. Wach. 14-. e8& Wachter, 1S8. Wagering contracts (Bk. 2. Civ. Code), 64, 72 ff .So. Wagner, no. Waitz, Salische Franken, 48. Walker. 1 17. Walter: Corp. jur. germanici. 47. Rechtsgeschichlc, 44. Walton. 70. Walz, 20. Wang, 42t72. Warehousing (Bk. 3. Com. Code). 99 ff. Warneycr, 17. Waters. t>r- in. Way. right of (Bk. 3. Civ. Code). 64- 7* ff-. 81. Weber, von Wegweiscr durch d. lit., n. Weights and measures, 95. Weiss, 96. e, 86. Weissler, 152. Wcndt, 109. Werthcim, 187. Weyl, 131. Widows insurance, 124 ff. Wigmore, 9.41,168. WiUenbtU lu-r, 150. Willoughby, 137. V — 1: -15 226 INDEX Wills (Bk. 5. Civ. Code). 66, 72 6"., 86; 151. Wilmowski. 116. Wilson, 80, 116. Windscheid, 35, 57, 188. Pandektenrecht. 54. Winthrop, 163. Witnesses, experts, 149. Woedtke, 132,134. Wdlbling, 139. Wolf. 149. Wolff. 75- Women (in factories). 137. Work and services (Bk. 2, Civ. Code), 63. 72 ff., So. Workmen's insurance. 121 ff. Workmen's associations, 137. Workmen's relief societies. 137. Wbrterbuch d. deut. verwaltungsr., 1S0. Worterbuch d. engl. rechts, 187. WulrTen, 169. Wuttig, 11. York-Antwerp rules, in, Zachariae, 175,188. Zueher, 129,130. Ztschr. d. Savigny-stiftung, 45. Ztschr. f. deut. burg, recht und franz. zivilrecht, 89. Ztschr. f. deut. zivilprozess, 151. Ztschr. f. d. ges. handelsrecht (Goldschmidt). 103. Ztschr. f. d. ges. staatswissenschaft, 185. Ztschr. f. d. ges. strafr.. 13, 15S. Ztschr. f. d. priv. u. orient, recht. 185. Ztschr. f. gewerb. rechtsschutz, 97. Ztschr. f. industrierecht, 97. Ztschr. f. koloniaipolitik, 178. Ztschr. f. politik, 185. Ztschr. f. rechtsgeschichte. 45. Ztschr. f. vblkerrecht u. bundes-staatsrecht. 185. Zeumer. 175, 180. Zimmerman' 56,160,161. Zitelmann: Einfuhrungsgesetz. 69. Vorbilding. 19. Zoepfl: (ed., Clement), 48. Rechtsgeschichte, 44. Staatsrecht, 175. Zorn, 172. University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. Series 94 IX SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACIUTV D 000 424 268 1