UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
AT LOS ANGELES
THE
MANCHESTER GUARDIAN
A CENTURY OF HISTORY
(11 \Ki,i:s i'Ri:si w icii scoi r.
Editor tif ihr M inulicslci (iitniJimi since 1872.
I'niiii (I phdlni^xipli Ink til III 1020.
THE
MANCHESTER GUARDIAN
A CENTURY OF HISTORY
BY
WILLIAM HASLAM MILLS
With a Special Introduction for the American Edition
BY
CHARLES PRESTWICH SCOTT
Editor of " The Manchester Guardian " since 1872
NEW YORK
HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY
1922
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Copyright, 1922
BY
HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY
PRINTED IN THE U S * Br
Cbt fiuinn & Sobtn Companp
BOOK M A N U F ACT U R C n S
RAHWAY NEW JERBEV
r 1^
CHARLES PRESTWICH SCOTT V , ' "i
To bring the dispositions that are lovely in private life into the
service and conduct of the commonwealth ; so to be patriots as
not to forget we are gentlemen.
EDMUND BURKE
.^ in The Present Discontents.
a.
— for the growing good of the world is partly dependent on
unhistoric acts j and that things are not so ill with you and me
~^s they might have been, is half owing to the number who lived
faithfully a hidden life and rest in unvisited tombs.
V
GEORGE ELIOT :
The concluding words of Middlemarch.
^
'M2{^^
The author Is Indebted to the proprietors
oj the " Manchester Guardian " jor
permission to republish this briej history
which appeared in their Centenary
Number on May 5, 1921.
Qontents^
CHAPTER V\Qt.
I. A YOUNG MAN IN A YOUNG CITY i
II. THE BIRTH OF A NEWSPAPER 23
III. IN THE DAYS OF SMALL THINGS 39
IV. CLASSICAL MANCHESTER 65
V. WHIGGISM 89
VI. THE HAPPY LIBERALS 103
VII. THE SOUL OF A NEWSPAPER 127
Illustrations
To face
Page
CHARLES PRESTWICH SCOTT, Editor
of the "Manchester Guardian" since 1872 (From
a photograph taken in 1920} Frontispiece
PETERLOO, from a Contemporary Print 26
JOHN EDWARD T A Y LO R, /o««^^r and
first Editor of the "Manchester Guardian" 48
Mr. COBDEN addressing the Council of the Anti-
Corn Law League 78
JEREMIAH GARNETT 92
WILLIAM THOMAS ARNOLD 118
The second JOHN EDWARD TAYLOR,
Editor of the "Manchester Guardian" from 1861
till 1 87 1, and proprietor until 1905 138
The Site of the "Manchester Guardian" Building
as it was in 1821 142
The Site to-day 144
INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN
EDITION
I AM perhaps the last person who should write a
prefatory word to this admirable book, of my friend
and colleague, Mr, Haslam Mills. In it he has written
much which is not only of great interest as a picture
of the social and political development of the country
for a hundred years reflected In the life of a news-
paper, but he has displayed all this, Inevitably no
doubt, from that newspaper's standpoint and with my-
self as in some sort Its director for half of the period.
But In spite of this all too personal Interest In the
work and Its subject I cannot deny myself the pleasure
of adding a few words for the American Edition. It
seems such a friendly thing to have an American Edi-
tion and that It should be taken for granted that quite
an appreciable number of American citizens should be
Interested In the life and development of a single Eng-
lish newspaper. That goes to show how close we all
are to each, other, how innumerable are the strands of
which this Is but one of the smallest, which bind the
two countries together. Yet after all Is it so very
small ? The newspaper to-day plays a tremendous part
In the life of all the more advanced nations and per-
haps a larger part In Great Britain and America than
in any other countries. And undoubtedly we influence
each other.
in
Mostly the influence is from your side to ours, as
witness the vast development in the last twenty years
of the English popular press formed on American
models. But perhaps there are reactions also the other
way. We are so like and yet in so many ways so
different that we can hardly help having some effect
on each other. One great difference between the news-
papers of the two countries is that the British ones
are more distinctly political ^nd that is largely due
to a difference in institutions. If the House of Rep-
resentatives exercised, besides its own powers, nearly
all those also of the Senate and controlled the Presi-
dent, and if besides there were no fixed term to its
existence and it might be driven any day to a General
Election, what a mighty difference it would make to the
day-to-day interest of American domestic politics and
what an invasion there would be of the columns of
newspapers by political discussion. You would live
as it were in a perpetual Presidential election campaign.
I do not pretend to say whether this would be an ad-
vantage or not, but at least your newspapers would
become a good deal more like ours.
Another great difference arises from American iso-
lation. You are so vast, so remote, and so self-con-
tained that the affairs of the outside world tend to
lose interest for you. That is changing. You have
just taken part in a tremendous European War and
you cannot, with the best will in the world, wholly free
yourselves from responsibility for its consequences.
At this moment * you are engaged in the closing scenes
of a great international conference in your capital, by
•Written January 1922.
IV
far the greatest peaceful conference which has ever-
been held and likely to be the most important and fruit-
ful in its outcome. That brings you again in a re-
sponsible way right up against the facts of the world
situation. Your newspapers are full of it. They will
never again be able quite to empty themselves.
So we are getting nearer to each other, not only
in our press but in our peoples. The World is shrink-
ing. Space is every day being bridged. Already we
can telegraph through the air or the ether, from Pen-
zance to Melbourne and to-morrow we shall be able
to talk by the same mechanism. Physical boundaries
are disappearing; moral boundaries must speedily fol-
low suit. The English-speaking peoples should then
be quite a comfortable family, gathered as it were
round a common hearth.
What a change for the world ! What a chance for
the newspaper! More and more we shall take our
pulpit seriously and preach to all the world. The
"Manchester Guardian" has just celebrated its cen-
tury of more or less creditable existence. May the
American reader of this memorial volume be kind to
our faults and believe that we live in hopes of cor-
recting at least some of them 1
One thought recurs in looking back over these hun-
dred years. During all that great space of time the
two countries, though they have had their tiffs and
seen rather dangerous ones, have never struck a blow
in anger. Now they are closer to each other than
ever since the day they parted. Washington has
shown that; the settlement with Ireland has confirmed
it. That Treaty will stand; it is among the memora-
"ble events of history. No man can tell what the future
may hold for the relations of the two countries, but,
whatever may have been ill done in the past, this
surely has been well done and will help to sweeten
the whole future. My own recollection goes back
over the long years since Mr. Gladstone introduced his
first Home Rule Bill, the best and bravest of the three.
I have no hesitation in saying that the settlement now
reached is better, because it is more complete, than
any of those previously attempted. My only regret
is for the things that have happened in between, for
the continuance of repression, above all for the latest
extremes of violence, for the useless addition to the
sum of things which history must reprobate and then
must seek to forget. It is as the crowning achievement
In a long struggle that it appealed first and foremost
to the mind of the statesman who has carried it
through. I met him a few hours after the Treaty had
been signed. "To think that our long struggle is
over!" That expressed his thought as it did mine.
It is not in Ireland and England alone that there will
be relief.
C. P. Scott.
I: A YOUNG MAN IN A TOUNG CITY
CHAPTER I
^ Yomig ^dan in a Young Qity
§1
IF we go back to the origin of a newspaper
which was established a hundred years ago
we shall most likely find ourselves in a com-
motion of human affairs. Its origin is almost
certain to have been volcanic, and we shall dis-
cover that it was projected into the world by a
storm.
The reasons which suggest and encourage the
establishment of a newspaper to-day did not
exist a hundred years ago. In our times news
is as saleable and merchantable a commodity
as soap. It is the only valuable thing in the
world which grows everywhere of its own accord.
There is not a monarchy or a republic in the
world in which it is not being produced day by
day and every day ; nor is there a street or a
house about us in which it might not spring up
suddenly in wild profusion. It is at once as
common as the sands and as valuable as fine gold.
It is a kind of mineral wealth, and progress has
consisted not so much in creating as in unearthing
it. Morning by morning and week by week
there was quite as much to be told about the
world one hundred years ago as there is to-day.
The coal was always underneath the valleys,
and we have merely sunk the shafts. Journalism,
also, has developed on these lines ; it has bored
3
througli to the Antipodes. It lifts out of the
invisible and the inaudible the fuel and nourish-
ment of an enormous universal curiosity. It has
become one of the great providing industries
of the world.
Two great movements of recent years have
united to bring this about. One of them is
mechanical invention, and the other is popular
education. It has become possible to collect
news from all parts of the country and of the
world as though there were no such thing as
space ; to print it and even to illustrate it as though
there were hardly such a thing as time, and to
circulate it among vast numbers of people, most
of whom are trained to a high state of, at any rate,
superficial curiosity and all of them able to read.
One hundred years ago journalism had no ad-
vantages such as these. The first number of the
Manchester Guardian appeared on May 5,
I 821, and it happens curiously that its first issue
coincided to the day and almost to the hour
with one of the most interesting and provocative
events in human history. This was the death of
Napoleon at St. Helena on May 5, 1821. The
world is still greedy, after one hundred years,
for any new detail of that wonderful last phase.
Could the event occur again, were it known that
such an event were pending within the four
quarters of the world, modern journalism would
station itself like a cat in front of the aperture,
and wait for it, rapt and quivering. We look
in vain through the first issues of the Manchester
4
Guardian for any account of the death of Napo-
leon. When it is at last mentioned, we find it
not announced, but alluded to as something
which had got into the public consciousness
without the aid of the newspapers. The fact
was in the world and journalism knew it not.
It was there, but it could not be reached through
the envelope of time and space. The opening
of that envelope has transformed journalism ;
brought into it many with whom it tends to be
rather a trade than a calling ; secularized it and
possibly materialized it not a little.
But if we return to the origin of a newspaper
established a century ago we shall find ourselves
among the things of the mind and spirit. Among
movements ! Among martyrdoms ! A news-
paper in that age had much soul and very little
substance. It was most probably established,
not to make money, but to make opinion. It
had something to say but very little to tell.
It thought much more than it knew. It was
printed laboriously by hand, and if its opinions
were in advance of its times it was edited in dire
peril of the law. The Manchester Guardian was
born in this age of journalism. It was born of
the spirit of its age. Its roots bring up much
soil of genuine, significant history. It had its
origin in imputed heresy and schism and in the
struggle of thought to be free. We could no
more account for its beginning without reference
to the political history of the English people
than we could explain the origin of its near
5
neighbour the Cross Street Chapel without enter-
ing on the history of rehgious thought.
§11
At the beginning of the hist century there
was Hving in Huhiie, then a rural suburb of
Manchester, a certain John Taylor, the pro-
prietor of what was called a classical academy
for boys. This John Taylor came of a family
which had settled at Stand, near to Manchester,
and he was himself educated at the Stand Gram-
mar School. The village of Stand is still dis-
tinguished by an historic Unitarian chapel, and
John Taylor, being associated with its congrega-
tion, entered the Unitarian ministry, and was
appointed to the charge of a congregation at
Ilminster, in Somersetshire. The church at II-
minster seems to have been visited by doubts
of the spirit. The Rev. John Taylor reconsidered
his thinking, with the result that he left the
Unitarian body, removed with his wife, who
was a religious poetess of some note, to Bristol,
where he engaged in scholastic work, and finally
settled in Manchester, the school which he
opened in Hulme enjoying the patronage of the
Society of Friends, and he himself being now
numbered among the Quakers.
To John Taylor, while still acting as a Uni-
tarian minister at Ilminster, was born in 1791
a son, John Edward Taylor, who grew up to be
one of the early reformers, to give powerful aid
to the people in the affair of Peterloo, to suffer
6
himself in the cause of reform, and to find along
this dark and stormy path the final purpose of
his life in the establishment of the Manchester
Guardian. John Edward Taylor spent a studious
youth at his father's house in Islington Street,
Salford. At the age of fifteen he was having
lessons in mathematics twice a week from John
Dalton, the scientist, who was teaching in Faulk-
ner Street. When the time came for him to be-
gin life for himself he was put to join a manu-
facturer of the name of Oakden, and in this
business he rose steadily and rapidly from the
status of an apprentice to that of a partner.
While he was still a youth Joseph Lancaster
began to travel the country to explain and ex-
pound the methods of teaching poor children
which he had adopted at the famous school in
the Borough Road, London. Earnest people in
many parts of the country formed Lancasterian
schools to supply the almost complete absence
of popular education, and of one of these Lancas-
terian schools, which speedily drifted into deep
theological waters and was torn by the secession
from its Committee of all the Socinian members,
John Edward Taylor became the secretary.
Glimpses are possible to us of the domestic
life in Islington Street, Salford — the father an
anxious navigator among the metaphysics who
had already travelled from Unitarianism to
Quakerism, and was now drifting to Sweden-
borgianism ; the mother dead ; the only sister
away on a round of visits among Dissenting
7
friends and connections, and the young John
Edward Taylor finding sometliing short of com-
plete diversion in the undiluted company of the
theologian. " Even a well-furnished table," we
hear of him saying, " is unsatisfactory without
a woman at it." The father seems to have felt
this too. " But with these things (the troubles
at the Lancasterian School caused by the Socinian
members) it is not necessary," he writes to his
daughter, " while thou art at this distance to
trouble thee, but on these and many other ac-
counts I want the comfort of thy company, and
so does Edward. We had last evening (FelDruary
4, 1 8 1 2) B. Oakden to drink tea with us, and
his wife and niece, w^hich last came near an hour
before the others, and I could not help admiring
how comfortable it seemed to have a female
about the house."
John Edward Taylor was, however, finding
many interests in the town. He was a member
of the Junior Literary and Philosophical Society.
He paid occasional visits to London, and his
interest in the Liberal movement of the day
is shown in a visit which he paid while in London
to Leigh Hunt, who, having narrowly and chiefly
by the merits of Henry Brougham's advocacy,
escaped punishment for an article on the savagery
of military floggings, was now, when John
Edward Taylor called on him, undergoing two
years' imprisonment for describing the Prince
Regent as *' a corpulent man of fifty, a libertine
over head and ears in disgrace, a man who has
8
just closed half a century without one single
claim on the gratitude of his country or the
respect of posterity." John Edward Taylor
writes to his sister an account of his visit to Leigh
Hunt, '* a very interesting and agreeable young
man, and, all things considered, quite as com-
fortable as can be expected in prison " ; encloses
a copy of Lord Byron's Giaour (just out) ;
announces his intention of staying another night
in London to be present at Covent Garden,
and concludes by hoping that his father *' is in
good health and (what is perhaps of more con-
sequence) good humour." A very sprightly
letter! It was about this time, 1812 or 1813,
that John Edward Taylor, notwithstanding that
he was doing well in the cotton business, in
which his exact functions were those of a " chap-
man," began to find his main interest in politics
and formed the habit of contributing paragraphs
to the Manchester press. Like Leigh Hunt,
he was destined to find Liberal journalism in
the early years of the nineteenth century a
perilous game.
The early reformers in Manchester went in
fear of their lives from two sides. On the one
side was the magistrate ; on the other, the mob.
From the outbreak of the French Revolution
in 1789 until a period which we may fix about
the year 18 12 there was in Manchester an in-
formal but effective co-operation between law
and disorder against the few men who stood out
for liberal ideas. In 1792 these men formed
9
the " Manchester Constitutional Society." In
the membership we find the names of Thomas
Walker, James Darbishire, George Lloyd,
Thomas Cooper (a barrister), George Philips
(afterwards Sir George Philips), and Thomas
Kershaw. The Society aimed at altering by
peaceful means a representative system which
allowed two members of Parliament to Old
Sarum, which was an empty field, and denied a
voice in the government of the country to great
cities like Manchester and Birmingham. Twelve
years before the Constitutional Society was
formed, its opinions had enjoyed the open sup-
port of William Pitt, and at the trial of Home
Tooke, in 1794, William Pitt was called as a
witness for the defence to say that the doctrines
and practices of the reformers of 1794 were
precisely those which he himself had held in 1780.
But in the meantime the French Revolution
had occurred. William Pitt, the pupil of Adam
Smith and the young hope of Liberalism, was
now, as Prime Minister, fighting, at once on
the battlefields of Europe and in the police
courts of England, with subsidies abroad and
with spies at home, a war against all opinion
which was not the opinion of George IIL The
Reign of Terror began. Louis XVL was exe-
cuted, and George IIL feared that " if a stop was
not put to French principles there would not
be a king left in Europe in a few years." All
Europe shivered with horror at such deeds.
Highly residential Mosley Street shivered, and
10
the several orders of Manchester society, the
men of the law and the men of the Gospel,
the Boroughreeve and constables, and the Fellows
of the Collegiate Church, whom we should now
call the Canons of the Cathedral, joined together
in the process known as nipping it in the bud.
Tsarism began. Its chief instrument was Joseph
Nadin, the deputy constable, an official whose
broad Lancashire dialect, great physical girth
and sallow face, and the heavy, illiterate hand
which he brought to bear on the fine points
of what a man had said and what he had meant,
have won for him a permanent place among the
characters of gaolership, though it is fair to add
that Samuel Bamford, the weaver-poet, found
something in the man which he did not wholly
dislike. To every weaver in Manchester who
had on his conscience so much as a single visit
to a political club " Mesthur Nadin " was a name
of terror. The principles which actuated him
as a public official are summarized in an ex-
tract from his professional talk to a political
prisoner whom he was conducting from Middle-
ton to Manchester. " Ween larn thee," he said
in the carriage on the way to the New Bailey
prison, " ween larn thee to be a Jacobin." And
so they did ! The members of the Manchester
Constitutional Society were marked men. In
1794 Thomas Walker was tried at the Lancaster
Assizes on an indictment of conspiracy with
others to overthrow the Constitution and Govern-
ment. The spy who was the principal witness
II
against him broke down completely under cross-
examination, and the jury returned a verdict of
not guilty. But the terms in which the judge
dismissed the prisoner from the dock show clearly
that the affair had gone near to hang him. The
early reformers were broken up. They were too
far in advance of their times. Some went ^o
live in Liverpool. Others ceased to be Whigs.
Life in the town was, in fact, unbearable for
a Whig.
For these exertions of the magistrates and
the spies had about them one quality which
we should not expect. They were on the whole
popular measures. They reflected the sentiment
of the town. Manchester was not at this time,
and never has been throughout its history, a Whig
city. It has nothing like the Whig record of
the City of London or the City of Westminster
or that of Birmingham. In 1745 it was a
Jacobite town, devoted to " legitimism " and the
divine right of kings, burning torches below
the bed-chamber of the foolish Pretender, whose
headquarters in the city can still be faintly
traced in the name of " Palace Street," off
Market Street. Exactly one hundred years later
— in 1845 — ^^^^ town was on the eve of wanning
the great triumph of thought and will which
placed it among the intellectually illustrious
cities of the world. But the argument which
was coming to its tremendous close in 1845 ^^^
economic, and the statesman who translated
the will of Manchester into an Act of Parliament
12
was a Conservative. The Manchester School
was a school of economic thinking. Between
the dates 1745 and 1845 ^^^ ^^^7 ^^^ reacted,
and, since then and down to present times, it
has continued to react on the whole unfavourably
to Whig and Liberal tests. It dismissed Bright.
It was never Gladstonian, and in our own times
of 1906, when it once again for a few moments
led the Liberal thinking of England, the issue
before the country was an economic one.
It was this state of popular sentiment — the
vox populi — rather than the severity of the
magistrate or the industry of the spy which
crushed the early reformers among whom John
Edward Taylor's boyhood was spent. The people
voted steadily for Barabbas. In 1793 Pitt had
declared the war against French principles which
was to last on and off for twenty-two years ;
which made and had to be continued till it un-
made Napoleon ; which cost us twelve hundred
millions sterling, and ended by restoring the
Bourbons to France and saddling England with
a corn law which caused the country thirty years
of semi-starvation. In Manchester the war was
very popular. The fathers had lost nights of
sleep for '* Prince Charlie " and the divine right
of kings, and the sons now proceeded to sustain
themselves body and soul on military glory and
to be richly blessed with the spectacle of men
marching and counter-marching on Kersal Moor.
The Whig reformers, who were opposed to the
war, became " the friends of the enemy." They
13
were '* pro-French," just as Burke a few years
before had been a " pro-American." Being
" pro-French," they were excommunicated from
the town.
The method of excommunication was simple.
Manchester in those days circulated around its
inns and taverns and public-houses, of which
in 1793 there were 186. To understand the ex-
communication of Liberal opinion we have to
understand that in those days there was no drink
question. Drink was not a question at all, but
an axiom or a postulate, and that hardly less
among Nonconformists than in the circles of
Church and King. It will indeed be remembered
that some of the staunchest pillars of the early
Evangelicals, and of the Clapham set in which
Macaulay was brought up, were brewers, and
rather proud of it. There were in English
society in those days none of those concentrations
of purpose on single ends which we call ** causes "
or " fads," according as we subscribe to them or
not. The first of the long and diversified pro-
cession of " causes " was the movement for the
abolition of slavery. The temperance move-
ment did not begin till towards the thirties of the
last century, though Henry Hunt, the orator of
Peterloo, had before this period inculcated total
abstinence and caused it to spread among his
Radical followers mainly as a method of depriving
an aristocratic and arbitrary Government of its
revenue. Accordingly, when the 186 publicans
and innkeepers of Manchester joined together
14
in a solemn pledge to refuse the custom of " the
daring miscreants whose object it was to assist the
French savages," under which form of words
(drawn up for them by one of the Collegiate
Church clergy) they were understood without
ambiguity to be referring to the Whig party
of Manchester, they pronounced a sentence
of all but social extinction. As late as 1825
there was on a wall of a public-house in Bridge
Street a board bearing the words " No Jacobins
admitted here," but in that year the tide of
opinion had turned, and the board, which was
not so much a board as a mural tablet, was
removed.
The people backed up these measures against
the peace party with energetic undertakings of
their own. They " said ditto to Mr. Burke."
The doors of Cross Street Chapel were hammered
in with trees rooted up in St. Ann's Square in
the belief that that building was a nest of pacifism,
which indeed it was. Before the close of the
eighteenth century a Liberal newspaper had been
established by Mr. Matthew Faulkner. It was
called the Manchester Herald^ and it made a
spirited defence of Liberal principles for about
eighteen months, at the end of which period the
mob forcibly put it down and wrecked the
printing office in Market Place. Those who
stood up for the cause of the people did well
in these days to keep their windows boarded up.
15
§111
But a change of opinion was coming. Prices
were rising. Wheat, which had been 6s. a
bushel before the war, was costing i6j-. 8^. a
bushel in i8oi, and bread riots began to occur.
In 1807 the famous Orders in Council declared
all the French dominions in a state of blockade.
After the fashion of these economic weapons,
the measure proved rather sharper at the handle
than at the point, and its effect was the almost
complete destruction of our commerce abroad.
The mercantile classes began to show some un-
easiness, and the Manchester weavers, whose
wages were said to average 'js. a week in weeks
of full employment, took to holding riotous
meetings in favour of a minimum wage. At one
of these meetings in St. George's Fields in 1808
the 4th Dragoon Guards were called out, and
one of the weavers was killed and several wounded.
Colonel Hanson, of Strangeways Hall, the
" weavers' friend," an attractive though some-
what ineffectual figure, makes his brief transit
of the public stage, and William Cobbett began
to teach a receptive people a doubtful political
economy in unexceptionable English. In 1812
the popular temper had so far altered that a
loyal meeting called to welcome Castlereagh
and Sidmouth to high office in the Government
provoked a counter-demonstration which, getting
out of hand, led in its turn to the sensational
burning of the Royal Exchange. This incident
was taken as showing that the days of the " Church
16
and King " mob were at an end and that the ice
which had locked down every form of dissentient
political opinion was breaking up.
From this time forward we begin to hear
the gathering voice of the people ; some crying
one thing and some another ; one party calling
for factory legislation ; another making audible
certain abstruse reasons for blaming the cur-
rency ; a third busy night by night breaking
machinery and burning ricks ; yet another asking
already for a repeal of the bread taxes, and a
small preoccupied section inflamed chiefly by
tithes and church rates, until all these voices
joined and finally became irresistible in the
general cry of the middle and working class
for reform, the sine qua non of every hope and
plan and cure for the ills of the times.
For the burning of the Exchange the writer
of a placard " Now or Never " which had been
posted on the walls of the town was held chiefly
responsible. The authorship of this manifesto
was doubtfully attributed to John Edward Taylor,
now a young man of twenty-one, and we shall
see this charge, repeated seven years later, giving
rise to a trial of some importance to politics and
journalism at the Lancaster Assizes. That the
placard should between the years 1812 and 18 19
have been generally attributed to him in the Tory
gossip of the town is an indication of the rise
of his importance between these two years.
New times were coming and, with the new times,
new men. The dynastic names of Philips and
17 B
Potter and Greg and Absolom Watkin and
Rylands are found occurring in the reported
transactions of the time. LiberaHsm and Dissent
were beginning to breed the makings of the
Manchester school of poUtics, and Unitarianism
in particular was preparing to flower into families
of powerful and accomplished citizenship. And
as Napoleonic Manchester follows Jacobite Man-
chester into impalpability and the ancestry of
modern men and the origination of modern
things comes into sight ; as the way, though
still long and painful and with Peterloo a land-
mark still to be reached and passed, begins
nevertheless to open out towards enfranchisement
and municipalization ; as the last reluctant hand-
loom weavers are drawn into the factory system
— in this early dawn of our own times, when
every year saw some event, some business founded
or some movement launched on its way, which is
now blossoming into centenary — in these days of
small things that were to last and grow, we
find John Edward Taylor actively shaping the
events of his times and town, and, what is more
to the point, being decisively shaped by events
himself.
He was now in business as a Manchester
merchant for himself. He lived in his father's
house in Islington Street, Salford, and addressed
his business lettters from Toll Lane Buildings,
but his thoughts were more and more occupied
with the Whig politics of the time. He had
found his own means of service to the cause of
i8
reform as a pamphleteer. He was the most
active and industrious of a small band of young
men who seized on the local journalism of Man-
chester and made the first beginnings in trans-
forming what had been a mere hole-and-corner
industry of scissors and paste, varied by an occa-
sional antic of scurrility, into an instrument for
the systematic statement of views and the winning
of purpose.
The man by whose goodwill the first experi-
ments in pure journalism were made in Man-
chester was William Cowdroy. John Edward
Taylor and his friends, among whom we must
include Archibald Prentice, the spiritual father
of the Manchester Examiner, were now writing
articles week by week in the Whig interest in
Cowdroy^s Manchester Gazette. About the end
of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nine-
teenth centuries Manchester saw many news-
papers come and go. It was one of the signs
of ferment. We have seen how the Manchester
Herald, established as a Liberal organ in 1792,
was forcibly suppressed by the mob in the
following year. Another Radical paper, the
Manchester Observer, was in existence in 1 8 1 9,
and one of its printers, Mr. Saxton, was in-
cluded in the band who went to prison with
Henry Hunt for the affair of Peterloo. Among
the Tory newspapers of the time we find a
greater tenacity of life. Wheeler's Manchester
Chronicle and Harrop's Mercury, two ultra-Tory
organs, were refusing to receive Whig advertise-
19
ments or to print news of the Whig party as early
as 1792, and were both still in existence in
1825. In the same proprietorship with Harrop's
Mercury was Harrop's British Volunteer^ a paper
whose bones were afterwards built, as we shall
see, into the fabric of the Manchester Guardian.
The Exchange Herald^ owned by an amiable
citizen named Aston, ranked as a Conservative
paper. It had, however, done an important
service to liberty in 18 10 by printing a letter
which helped materially to arouse Noncon-
formists to the dangers of Lord Sidmouth's
Dissenters Bill and set them petitioning vigor-
ously against a measure which, if it had not been
withdrawn, would have required every preacher
not in connection with the Established Church
to provide himself with a testimonial from six
persons deemed by a magistrate, who might be
clerically-minded and might even be actually a
cleric, to be *' substantial and reputable."
It was reserved to Cowdroy^s Manchester
Gazette among this numerous band of con-
temporaries to leave its traces on the politics
and journalism of the nineteenth century, and
indeed it would be possible to show that this
newspaper is the root from which all the sub-
sequent journalism of Manchester has directly
or derivatively sprung. Cowdroy^s Manchester
Gazette began to be published in St. Mary's
Gate about the year iJ()Si ^nd it reached the
height of its career about 18 16, when William
Cowdroy, a man of character and wit and a
20
writer himself much to the taste of the town,
had begun to accept the voluntary assistance
in his columns of John Edward Taylor, Archi-
bald Prentice, and others, and to brave the
serious risks to which such young men would be
constantly exposing him in such times of prose-
cution for seditious libel. *' Are you not afraid,"
Prentice once asked him, " of an indictment for
this ? " " Not I," said Cowdroy ; '* write away."
It was the gay, courageous, and liberal spirit
of this forgotten worthy, half-compositor and
half-editor, satirical writer who set up his own
lampoons in type, which gave Manchester its
first experience of a critical, watchful, and out-
spoken press.
21
II : THE BIRTH OF A NEWSPAPER
CHAPTER II
\ The Birth of a Newspaper
§1
THESE early beginnings of the local press had
grown large enough by 1819 to enable it to
play a considerable part in the affair of
Peterloo. If we wish to reconstruct the crime of
Peterloo we shall have to imagine a modern Whit-
Monday on August 16, 1 8 19. The procession
which went through the streets of Manchester was
in its Sunday clothes. It included many women
and children, and though the object of the
demonstration was to demand the extension of
the franchise the day widened out into a popular
holiday. From early morning little local pro-
cessions were coming into Manchester, tributaries
of the great stream of people which ultimately
went through the streets with bands playing and
banners flying, and collected on the site of the
present Free Trade Hall. We can see how wide
a stretch of country had drained itself into
Manchester from the circumstance that of the
persons killed by the swords of the yeomanry
only a minority were actually of Manchester,
the others coming from Oldham, Chadderton,
Saddleworth, Eccles, Hyde, and Barton. The
procession went past the drawing-room windows
of Mosley Street, and when it had poured on
to the place of meeting on St. Peter's Field the
town assumed for half an hour that drained and
25
bloodless aspect which is proper to Sunday
afternoon but comes at other times of all the
circulation of the town having rushed to one
place.
At the end of this brief period all the main
roads out of Manchester were streaming with
panic. A witness to the events of the day,
who did not indeed see the central event on
St. Peter's Field, tells how he was coming into
the town by way of Chapel Street, Salford,
and met people running in the direction of
Pendleton, " their faces pale as death and some
with blood trickling down their cheeks." It
was with difficulty that he could get anyone
to stop and tell him what had happened.
It is soon told. The magistrates were w^atch-
ing the proceedings from a convenient window.
They had formed the decision to arrest Hunt
in the face of the whole assemblage. To assist
in this enterprise they had at their command all
the special constables of the town, two hundred
additional special constables sworn in for the
occasion, and a mixed military force of cavalry,
yeomanry, artillery, and infantry, w^hich was
kept concealed behind a neighbouring wall. It
is a significant thing that the privilege of striking
the first blow at the defenceless crowd was en-
trusted not to the cavalry but to the yeomanry,
which was a local force and was indeed the
quintessence of local Toryism. The yeomanry
drove their horses headlong into the crowd. The
crowd did not resist them, but its great size and
26
^v*
r -Si'''*.- -♦>-, '
4
£^^ik^i^:^:'S
n'-f
•/.
X.
its inertness all but smothered them. In a few
minutes the yeomanry were no longer a com-
pact and concerted force but a number of widely
divided men, stuck in the crowd like raisins
in a pudding — blindly hitting out. The 1 5th
Hussars were sent in to their rescue.
It was soon over, and we are now to imagine
St. Peter's Field an empty and deserted acre,
strewn with caps and bonnets and hats and
Lancashire shawls ; the dead lying about in
this debris ; the yeomanry dismounted and easing
their horses' girths ; special constables talking
among themselves ; all the blinds drawn at
windows which looked upon the scene. After
an attack with swords the wounded are in a high
proportion to the dead. Eleven persons were
killed. Some 560 wounded, of whom 140 were
severely wounded, came before the committee
which raised a subscription for the relief of suffer-
ing, and many more nursed their broken heads
at home for fear of confessing that they had
taken part in a demonstration the object of which
was to demand a voice in the government of the
country for grown men and great cities.
Among the people on the platform who were
arrested with Henry Hunt was a certain Mr.
Tyas, the reporter for the Times. It was this
Mr. Tyas who introduced into his report of a
speech by Lord Brougham a long and not in-
appropriate passage of Cicero. He meant it as
a valuable offering to the great orator and was
much surprised when Lord Brougham, who had
27
not quoted the passage and happened to be
unfamihar with it, treated its introduction as an
unwarrantable hberty. The Times was doing
great service at this period to the independence
of journaUsm and to the Liberal movement,
and it is evidence at once of a high public spirit
and of some professional enterprise that it should
have sent a reporter to the meeting which was to
be addressed by Henry Hunt. Peterloo is the
d^but of the reporter in English public life.
To the local community of the press it was no
small matter that the Times reporter had dropped
down among them, and the full reports which
the Times afterwards gave of Hunt's trial at
Lancaster originated, through emulation, the
practice of the art of reporting in Manchester.
Spending the night of Peterloo in prison, Mr.
Tyas was momentarily put out of journalistic
action, but the account of the affair which he
sent to the Times on his release and the evidence
he gave at Hunt's trial are important historical
testimony against the magistrates. The reformers
greatly feared that, with Mr. Tyas in prison,
the magisterial party would get the first access
to the ear of the country, and it was in preventing
this calamity that the journalistic " hand " of
John Edward Taylor came into important use.
On the evening of the same day John Edward
Taylor wTote a full account of the occurrence
to a London paper. Archibald Prentice, who
was not only Taylor's colleague on the Gazette
but his next-door neighbour in Islington Street,
28
Salford, wrote a full account for another paper.
Both narratives left Manchester by the night
coach, and, appearing in print within some forty-
eight hours of the affair, got ahead of and were
never overtaken by the official version. Mr.
Tyas, on his release, corroborated Taylor and
Prentice, and added damaging details of his
own. Other newspapers helped. Mr. John
Smith, of the Liverpool Mercury^ and Mr.
Edward Baines, jun., of the heeds Mercury^ had
both been present, and it was mainly owing to
Liberal journalism that Peterloo brought a great
mass of middle-class and aristocratic opinion
over to the cause of reform. The magistrates
and the military might be thanked by the
Government ; Sidmouth might carry his '* Six
Acts " to stamp out sedition by dint of fine,
imprisonment, or banishment for life ; the Rev.
W. R. Hay, magistrate and cleric, might receive
the living of Rochdale and its emoluments of
^^2400 a year for his services in " putting down "
reformers and reform. But it was in vain.
Peterloo brought the Reform Bill much nearer.
It lifted the Whig party miles and years on the
way towards the combined triumph and collapse
of I 832.
§11
By this time John Edward Taylor was con-
templating and was perhaps preparing for the
establishment of a newspaper of his own. He
was now literary man in chief to the Whig party
29
of Manchester. It was he who wrote the mani-
festo of the party in a pamphlet which is still
a standard authority for the affair of Peterloo.
Still more to the point, he had already made
his own journey along that road to Lancaster
which had been trod by Thomas Walker, Henry
Hunt, and Samuel Bamford — the " Via Dolo-
rosa " of Lancashire reformers. He had been in
peril of the law. The prosecution of John
Edward Taylor for libel arose out of that placard
"Now or Never" which had been thought the
immediate cause of the burning of the Royal
Exchange in i 812. In July, 18 18, there was a
meeting of the police commissioners in Salford
for the purpose of appointing the assessors, a
body which performed certain rudimentary duties
of local government. The name of John Edward
Taylor was in the list of eligible assessors, and
when it was reached a certain Mr. Gill asked,
" Who is this Mr. Taylor .? " Mr. John Green-
wood, who appears to have been presiding, re-
plied that Mr. Taylor was one of the reformers
who went about the country making speeches.
Mr. Joseph Brotherton, who lived at this time
in a country cottage in Oldfield Lane but be-
came afterwards the first Liberal member for
Salford and made some figure in the House of
Commons, said that Mr. Taylor would not make
a worse assessor for being a politician. If Mr.
Taylor was a reformer, Mr. Brotherton added,
he was a moderate one. *' Moderate indeed,"
Mr. Greenwood replied ; '* he was the author
30
of the handbill that caused the Manchester
Exchange to be set on fire in 1812." Mr.
Taylor's name was accordingly passed over.
John Edward Taylor was greatly stung by
this attack. He made repeated applications to
Mr. Greenwood for the withdrawal of the
charge. He thought of challenging Mr. Green-
wood to a duel, and finally, obtaining no satis-
faction, he wrote to Mr. Greenwood describing
him as " a liar, a slanderer, and a scoundrel,"
published the letter by placing a copy of it at
the office of Cowdrofs Gazette for general in-
spection, and was as the result indicted for a
criminal libel at the Lancaster Assizes in March,
1 8 19, the trial having been removed there from
the Salford Quarter Sessions.
The trial at Lancaster is notable for the in-
road it made on the doctrine of the courts that
the truth of the statement complained of was
no defence to an indictment for libel ; that the
truth of the libel constituted, in fact, an aggrava-
tion of the charge. John Edward Taylor
managed through the vacillation of the counsel
for the prosecution to call evidence that Green-
wood had in fact slandered him, and that he
and not Greenwood was the person aggrieved.
In a spirited address to the jury he protested
against truth being visited with the penalties
of falsehood. With Baron Wood on the bench,
with Scarlett (afterwards Lord Abinger) leading
for the prosecution, and all but a dozen loyalists
in the box, the defence would never have worked
31
but for the accident that John Rylands, of
Warrington, was the foreman of the jury. John
Rylands prevented the jury from giving a ver-
dict without leaving the box. He insisted on
retiring. He kept the jury in retirement so long
that when the verdict was at length agreed on
it had to be communicated to the judge in bed.
John Edward Taylor had been attended all day
by a band of devoted friends. One of them
described the procession of the jury, the janitors,
the prisoner, the prisoner's friends through the
narrow streets of Lancaster to the judge's lodg-
ings on a windy night ; the lantern going on
ahead ; the squeezing of the whole crowd into
a moderate-sized bedroom ; the judge in bed ;
the judge's nightcap.
John Rylands pronounced the verdict. If
he had not out-argued the jury he had out-
stayed them and out-starved them. The ver-
dict was " Not guilty." The room, the lobby
outside the room, the staircase and the street
outside rang with the cheers of Taylor's friends.
The next morning he was formally acquitted
in court, and he left Lancaster about noon on
his return to Manchester. One of his attendants
to Lancaster had been Mr. John Childs, of
Bungay, in the county of Suffolk, a printer and
a personage in the history of Bible printing.
He was not so much a friend of Mr. Taylor's
as a friend of a friend, but he had got into the
inner ring of the affair and was contributing
much in admiration and sympathy. " It is now
32
plain," the enthusiastic Mr. Childs said to Mr.
Taylor in the coach on the way home, *' it is now
plain you have the elements of public work in
you ; why don't you set up a newspaper ? " To
these words the Manchester Guardian owes its
birth.
The project matured for two years, and
while it was maturing John Edward Taylor
abandoned the idea he had been entertaining
of going to the Bar. The proprietors of the
Leeds Mercury and the Liverpool Mercury were
consulted, and were found full of encouragement
and hope. Cowdroy^s Gazette was known by
now to draw much of its value from the part
which John Edward Taylor was gratuitously
taking in its columns, and for a time it seemed
probable that Cowdroy's might be purchased and
made worthier of the growing party of Whigs
and Reformers and of the " populous and in-
telligent district," as Mr. Taylor put it, " in
which we are situated." But Mr. Cowdroy
refused to sell, and the project for establishing
an entirely new paper was resumed. In the
end the sum of ^^looo was raised in more or less
equal contributions by some twelve friends of
Mr. Taylor, all of them Whigs and Reformers
and most of them Unitarians, and this sum formed
the capital on which the Manchester Guardian
began its career. The money was subscribed
under an agreement that if the experiment failed
each of the twelve contributors was to regard
his subscription as lost ; if it succeeded each
was to be repaid. The agreement was credit-
able to all parties and it was faithfully observed.
But there is no doubt that while the bargain
gave a decisive turn to John Edward Taylor's
career and carried him out of business into pro-
fessional journalism, its precise terms determined
also to some extent the kind of journalist he was
to be. He was anxious to justify the confidence
of his friends, and in the effort to do this he be-
came much more absorbed than had been ex-
pected in the technique of journalism. Some of
his backers expected a weekly tract for the times.
They got, instead, a tractarianism much milder
than that which continued to issue week by week
from the office of the Gazette, But with it they
obtained much the best newspaper Manchester
had yet known. It had been usual in the Man-
chester papers to dismiss the most important
meeting in a paragraph — " A large meeting was
held in the Bull's Head on Thursday last, for the
resolutions of which see advertisement in our
front page." The Guardian was the first paper
in Manchester to employ a professional reporter
who performs the characteristic functions of
journalism. It was less shrill than the current
journalism of the town and more orchestrated.
The prospectus, which is from the hand of John
Edward Taylor, and a favourable example of
English prose as it was the day after Gibbon and
the day but one after Johnson, promises that the
accompaniment to the main political theme of
journalism shall not be neglected, and that it
34
will indeed be somewhat developed by systematic
attention to literature and science, by foreign
intelligence, and what we might call the secular
news of the town and district.
§111
We need constantly to correct our perspective
in taking the account of past times from the
historian. If we forgot to do this we should
suppose that human life in Manchester from
1 82 1 till 1846 consisted in nothing but violently
rushing to and fro, in assembling or dispersing,
in being furiously a Whig or a Tory or a Cobden-
ite, as the case may be. But this is a mistake,
and on all except perhaps twenty-five days at the
most in those twenty-five years the ordinary
people of Manchester were probably as little
conscious of the beat and rhythm of public his-
tory as the little fishes we see on the surface of the
river are aware that they are living in flowing
water, and that the rapids are just round the bend
in the journey and experience of the stream.
It is true the Corn Law of 18 15 imposed
throughout this period a ceaseless pressure on
the growing frame of the town, but society,
like the individual, has a private life which con-
tinues in almost any state of politics. In the
darkest political days of the early nineteenth
century Edmund Kean is acting Othello or
Sir Giles Overreach, and William Hazlitt lectur-
ing on poetry, and the audiences assisting at
these events are large. George IV sets a per-
35
plexing new fashion of sea-bathing and in Man-
chester people begin to go by coach to South-
port to indulge this strange new fad, the journey
occupying five hours. " The Rivals " is given
at the Theatre Royal to introduce Mrs. Davison,
Mr. Johnstone, and Mr. W. Farren, but *' the
house was not so full as might have been ex-
pected from the celebrity of these performers."
The Guardian is somewhat severe on the per-
formance submitted by " Mr. F." It is believed
in Scottish literary circles that " Mrs. Grant, the
author of Letters from the Mountains^ is also the
author of Waverley and other fashionable novels
so generally ascribed to Sir Walter Scott." The
Guardian places before its readers some of the
evidence adduced in support of this theory, but
does not commit itself either way. " On Monday
evening a young man passing down the narrow
part of Market Street was very severely injured
by being crushed between the wall and the
wheel of a carrier's cart." A few days later
the bells of the Collegiate Church are rung all
through Thursday in honour of the passing of
the Manchester Streets Bill, which will empower
the town to widen Market Street and so prevent
such dreadful accidents for the future. So life
proceeds, beyond the power of politics to hinder
or help !
Even in its earliest numbers we see the editor
of the Guardian trying to be more things to
more men than Mr. Harrop ever attempted
to be in the Mercury^ which was often little more
36
than scraps of transplanted poetry and the local
dog fights, or than Mr. Cowdroy had thought it
his journalistic duty to be in the Gazette. We
begin through the Guardian to hear the speaker
at the meeting and to see the actor on the stage.
We are with the prisoner at his trial, and not
infrequently, in the hard spirit of the age, we
accompany him with glued eyes every inch of
the way to the scaffold. We read that a certain
prisoner has, owing to the special and peculiar
quality of her crime, to be dragged to the place
of execution on a hurdle, and as she approaches
the end of her journey her cries are so sustained
and shrill that every countenance in the large
company of spectators " is struck into an aspect
of dismay." The thing begins to be a mirror
of the times. It was, again, much the hand-
somest paper that had come out of the town.
We find it almost from the beginning climbing
on to the knee of the cotton trade and talking,
again, about the currency which was being much
injured by the issue of local notes, and whereas
Mr. Wheeler of the Chronicle would not look at
an advertisement after one o'clock on Friday,
the Guardian obliged the public by accepting
revenue until the very moment of going to press.
From this time forward the life of John Edward
Taylor belongs much more to journalism and
much less to politics. His opinions did not
change and he remained a moderate Whig,
though he is said to have become in later life
a Malthusian and, like most of the early Mal-
37
thuslans, to have largely given up hope. Archi-
bald Prentice, who also began a public career
by writing for Coicdroy's Gazette, and who was
to spend a literary lifetime in the service first of
reform and afterwards of the League, blames
his early friend severely for an increasing ab-
sorption in the temporalities of journalism, and
deplores the speedy gravitation of the Guardian
from " the Left " in politics to a position near
to *' the Centre," and not always clearly distin-
guishable from " the Right." He complains of
too much " management " of public questions
and a certain " steersmanship." But the drama
is not in three acts or even in five. The services
which the Manchester Guardian was able to render
in later years to the minority in English politics
would not have been performed with so much
effect, and perhaps could not have been per-
formed at all, if it had not been deeply versed
in the full technique of journalism, a powerful,
efficient, and familiar newspaper, trusted un-
reservedly for the facts. It began to acquire
this character and to build it up under the
cautious, catholic, unsensational editorship of
John Edward Taylor. First the natural body
and then the spiritual !
38
Ill : IN THE DATS OF SMALL THINGS
CHAPTER III
In the TDays of Small Thifigs
§1
THE Manchester Guardian of May 5, 1821,
was a four-page paper of 24 columns. It
appeared once a week, went to press on
Friday evening, and was formally issued to the
world on Saturday. Its most striking physical
feature was the crimson Revenue stamp impressed
in the top right-hand corner of its front page.
The stamp was an object not undecorative in itself,
but it indicated, especially when we remember
that there was in addition to it an unseen but
potent tax of 3^. dd, on each advertisement and
a duty of 3^. a pound on paper, a severe drag
on the possible commercial progress of the under-
taking. It was the Revenue stamp which entered
most heavily into the price of the paper. Of
the 'jd. charged for each copy \d. was paid to
the Government as a tax on knowledge.
The Guardian appeared when the newspaper
tax stood at the highest point it ever reached.
It had been imposed at a lower rate in the reign
of Queen Anne as an instrument for the repression
of troublesome opinion, and both Addison and
Swift mention the heavy mortality it caused
among the newspapers of their day. When it
was lowered to a penny in 1836 and finally
abolished in 1855 ^^ deportment of society
towards the newspaper underwent a marked
41
change. An etiquette disappeared. The stamped
newspaper was a means of social ceremony and
obligation. Not many people had it, and the
man who owned it, owned it to some extent for
the benefit of his neighbours, even as a man
might own a watering-can or a pair of step-
ladders or any other article of occasional utility
for which he gets known over his garden wall.
People presented their compliments to one an-
other and begged to be favoured with a few
moments' loan of the Gazette or the Dispatch.
Being borrowed, it was duly returned, or it was
passed on by consent to another applicant, but
the air and aspect of a private estate which have
evaporated out of any morning newspaper of
to-day by the time the sun has reached its noon-
day height would easily hang for a week about
the old journal which came down from London
by the Rocket and contained an important speech
by Sir Robert or Lord John. It was property.
The owner had what the lawyers call constructive
possession of it even when it was out of his hands.
A letter written by a Nonconformist minister in
1 83 I may be quoted for its illustration of a kind
of finesse, stylishness, and we might say virtuosity
as of a man tasting claret, which is now hopelessly
lost to the process and occupation of reading the
news of the day, as well for the somewhat beauti-
ful light it throws on the deliberate habits of an
age which was vanishing even as he wrote.
I was very glad, he says, to find that you enjoyed
your excursion to Manchester by the steam carriage.
42
What a delightful mode of travelling it is I You
had 150 fellow-passengers, I find. What a number
to travel by the same carriage 1 What eventful times
have I lived to see 1 Such a plan of Parliamentary
reform I never expected to see submitted to Parlia-
ment by any ministry as that proposed by Lord John
Russell this day week. Mr. Edward Carter was so
good as to send me over the Morning Chronicle. I
found it on my table when I returned home to tea
with a message that I would return it when I had done
with it. I accordingly read the leading article con-
taining the outlines of the plan, and then hastily
looked over Lord John Russell's speech. When I
returned it, I borrowed it again the next morning to
look at it more leisurely, and then sent it on to Dr.
Waller, requesting him to return it to Mr. Carter.
Stamps here and duties there were not the
only difficulties in the way of the new enterprise.
As a Liberal organ it was born to trouble as the
sparks flew upwards. The Government which
fleeced also frowned. A Liberal editor edited
with the Attorney-General at his elbow, and,
lest the Attorney-General should slumber and
sleep, there was the London Constitutional Asso-
ciation, a body of amateur censors, on the watch.
Finally, the Guardian had its own private and
peculiar difficulty in the fierce journalistic com-
petition which was raging in the town. The
" sevenpenny " public has its definite boundaries
even to-day, but one hundred years ago it was
extremely limited, and the '* sevenpenny " public
was already staked out among no fewer than seven
newspapers, large and small. Wheeler's Chronicle,
with a circulation of at least 3000 and secure
43
of the advertising goodwill of the town, was the
Goliath of this host.
But there were two departments of journalism
in which practically nothing had as yet been
done. The one was that of the leader-writer,
and the other that of the reporter. For foreign
intelligence and for the speeches in Parliament
the Guardian was dependent, like all its rivals,
on its own scissors and paste and the London
papers — the Morning Post, which Coleridge had
recently been making glorious ; the Times, a
strong Liberal paper in those days ; and the
brilliant Morning Chronicle, which was so often
in trouble for sedition that it w^as almost edited
from Newgate. For district news, again, by
which term we should understand news from the
towns around Manchester, it was necessary to
look to voluntary contributions, and we find the
editor begging in his prospectus to be furnished
with paragraphs of local interest. The things
which were special and peculiar to the Guardian
for the present were the literary character of
John Edward Taylor and the shorthand which
Jeremiah Garnett had invented while acting as a
printer on Wheeler's Chronicle.
John Edward Taylor was the first newspaper
proprietor in Manchester who was capable of
acting as his own editor, and the first editor in
the town who could write. Some attempt had
been made, as we have seen, and chiefly by Mr.
Taylor himself, to develop the leading article in
Cowdroy's Gazette. Mr. Wheeler and Mr. Har-
44
rop, on their parts, despised it. Even in the
Guardian it was some years before it acquired
its full modern sacrosanctity. In the early num-
bers we find it abbreviated and even on occasion
omitted for want of space. It is more shocking
to find it now and then unwritten for want of
time, and to catch the editor signing promissory
notes to deal with something or other " next
week." Many years later — in the days when the
Anti-Corn Law League had nearly won but not
quite, and the Free Trade Hall was being thrown
together with nails and timber so that the great
argument could be heard argued out, and the
opening speeches of chairmen were stopped while
the workmen wrenched boards from the roof for
air and breathing — in those missionary days the
Guardian would allow itself from time to time
to be literally swamped by the eloquence of
Cobden and Bright, and the leading article would
be held over for want of space if not of breath.
This was not good journalism, but it was ex-
ceptional. From the first the leading article
was a feature of the Guardian, a new entertain-
ment and a new force in the politics and journal-
ism of the town. The other art by which the
paper hoped to make its way was that of the
reporter. No other paper in the town had a
reporter. The Guardian introduced him and
his function into the life of Manchester. It in-
troduced him in the person of Jeremiah Garnett.
The first number of the Guardian announces
that the paper is " printed and published by
45
J. Garnett at No. 29, Market Street." This is
not to be taken as a legal fiction but as a fact.
Garnett combined the three functions of printer,
business manager, and reporter. As the week
went on he turned his own shorthand notes of
meetings into type, cutting out altogether the
intermediate process of translating shorthand into
longhand, and when the paper was printed on
Friday it was he who took off his jacket and
turned the handle of the press. We must go
back a little to introduce Jeremiah Garnett
properly to the stage of public life in Manchester.
He was the son of a certain William Garnett,
a paper manufacturer of Otley, and was the
youngest of three brothers who mastered many
languages and sciences and rose by dint of this
zeal for self-improvement to be men of mark,
one of them in the Church, another in commerce
at Clitheroe, and the third in journalism, the
three together giving the family a name for
learning and scholarship which was further im-
proved in the generation which followed them
by Dr. Richard Garnett, of the British Museum.
Jeremiah was born in 1793, and, having been
apprenticed to a printer at Barnsley, joined the
service of Wheeler s Manchester Chronicle in 1 8 14.
John Edward Taylor invited him to assist in
the establishment of the Manchester Guardian^
with the standing of a junior partner. His
abilitv as a practical printer was such that in
1828 he devised, with some expert assistance, a
machine which raised the rate of printing the
46
paper from 300 to 1500 copies in the hour.
In later years his work was definitely literary
and editorial, and it was indeed, as we shall see,
under his editorship that the paper stood for
some years rather by Palmerston than by Bright.
His career furnishes a curious example of great
determination, loyalty, and fervency in a strictly
moderate position.
In the early career of Jeremiah Garnett we
find some difficulty in separating his various
functions as practical printer, business manager,
and reporter. But it is nothing to the confusion
which is caused by his having been at once a
reporter and a public man. When Dr. Johnson
was reporting the debates in Parliament there
was always the opportunity to make the Whig
dogs have the worst of it. It was a temptation,
and Dr. Johnson succumbed to it. Garnett was
under a more severe temptation still. He re-
ported himself, and, even more to the point, he
reported his antagonist. He was an extremely
active man of affairs. In 1838 he and John
Edward Taylor were added, in the distinguished
company of Richard Cobden, to the Anti-Corn
Law Association, when that body was but a
week old. He was a member of the Manchester
City Council. This was later. In the romantic
morning of his career his main interests were in
the parochial politics of the vestry and the street
commissioners. In these dark and devious ways
he knew every inch of the ground. He took
a keen interest in the parish pump, which was
47
Indeed often stopped up. He was prominent
at meetings of the '* ley-payers," and excelled
in the hostile and pessimistic examination of the
churchwardens' accounts.
At these meetings Mr. Garnett is to be
imagined fighting the battle of pure finance
with sword and trowel, arraigning the church-
warden and, at the close of his own fluent periods,
seizing his pencil to take down the church-
warden's reply. He can have known no rest.
In the strain of this somewhat unnatural situation,
his reports frequently passed beyond the sphere
of mere record and became descriptive, com-
mentatory, and highly partisan. He was fond
of expressing a sort of sotto voce opinion within
brackets. Thus, he interrupts his report of the
speech of an opponent to make the reflection
that while the orators of antiquity wrote their
speeches Mr. goes one better and reads
his from a printed copy, and reads it so fast
that no one, and certainly not Jeremiah Garnett,
can possibly take it down. Another member of
the opposite party having alleged that the best
point was left out of his speech in the Guardian s
report of the last meeting, Mr. Garnett places
the complaint on record, and appears again
between his brackets, putting out his head to
assure us that it shall not occur again. In future
his readers will learn how *' at this point Mr.
sagaciously shook his head," or how " Mr.
at this point drew from his fob his watch
(gold, silver, or pinchbeck, as the case may be)
48
JOHN i:i)\\.\Kl) lANl.OR,
l-oiiiulcr .niil lirsi Kdiior of ili.- M nihlicslrr Ctmiilimi. Uuvn 17!ll :
not until July that news of Napoleon's death
reached the English press, the Guardian reporting
it unofficially on July 7 and officially on July 14,
when it added a list of the principal dates in his
life, a predecessor of the modern obituary notice.
The first number contained forty-seven adver-
tisements. One of them announces that a private
house is to be let in Brazennose Street. Another
one shows us that the present wide reputation
of Ancoats has all been won in less than a hundred
years. *' Ancoats Hall," it says, " to let, to-
gether," it adds curtly, " with extensive gardens
and pleasure grounds, stocked with choice fruit
trees in full bearing." An advertisement is not
always strictly true, but its inaccuracy is circum-
scribed by very definite limits, and we can but
bow the head before this staggering assertion.
A description of a " missing gentleman " has
some historical value. It is evident that he
was badly wanted, for the advertisement is re-
peated, but no one seems to have seen the figure
in the " black coat and waistcoat, blue trousers,
and Wellington boots, with a green silk umbrella,"
who thus flashes across the stage of life and makes
his exit two miles from Manchester on the
Cheetham Hill Road. Among the items of
local news there is an agreeable account of the
conduct of a colony of rooks which had lately
established itself '* in a garden at the top of King
Street." Jackdaws, says Mr. Garnett, whose
hand can be traced in this paragraph, were
also present. The second number, issued on
50
May 12, contains the savage intelligence that
Mary Slater (aged 33) has been sentenced at
the Quarter Sessions to transportation for four-
teen years for stealing a watch, a handkerchief,
and twenty-six shillings. The *' Births, Mar-
riages, and Deaths " column began with the
first number, but until the society of the town
had been taught to use it — and perhaps to help
in teaching them — it was largely compiled from
the fashionable news of the London papers.
The column announces, for example, the death,
at Clifton, of Mrs. Piozzi, who as Mrs. Thrale
figures conspicuously in Boswell's Life of 'John-
son.
The first public question we find agitated
in the Guardian arose out of George IV's quarrel
with his wife, which reached the height of
scandal when the Queen was refused her crown-
ing in Westminster Abbey, as she had already
been shut out of the pages of the Prayer-book.
The Guardian had all the Whig and Liberal
sentiment for the Queen. It appeared in black
for the first time for this same Caroline of Bruns-
wick when she died a few days after the affair
of the Coronation, and when the Government
ordered her body to be taken round the suburbs
of London on its way to Harwdch for fear of
trouble in the City, the Guardian published its
first map, showing the circuitous and clandestine
route.
Coronation Day in Manchester called forth
the first strong interference of the Guardian in
51
local affairs. A passage which is to be found in
an issue of July 1821, announces that the social
conscience — often called in later days the Non-
conformist conscience — is awakening on a subject
about which opinion had been fast asleep. The
paper had been describing the procession round
the town when the passage opens.
Here we should have been glad to close our ac-
count of the proceedings of the day, but we have a
further duty to discharge — unpleasant and perhaps
invidious. About five o'clock commenced the dis-
tribution of meat and beer to the populace. The
stations for this were — the New Market, Shudehill ;
the Shambles at Bank Top ; those at the top of
Bridge Street ; in Campfield Market ; the George
and Dragon, Ardwick ; the Clarendon Public House,
Chorlton Row ; in Hulme, in Strangeways, in
Motram's Field, and in Oldfield Road. At many,
we fear we may say most, of these places scenes were
exhibited which even the pencil of a Hogarth would
fail to pourtray. At the New Market, Shudehill,
the meat and loaves were thrown out high from the
doors and windows of the warehouse where they had
been stored ; the populace scrambling for them as
they could. It resembled the throwing of goods out
of the windows of a warehouse on fire rather than
anything else we can compare it to. There was
shameful waste and general confusion. At an early
hour the stage erected for the applicants to stand
upon gave way, and one person was killed and several
dangerously wounded by the fall.
When the liquor was distributing we saw whole
pitchers thrown indiscriminately among the crowd —
men holding up their hats to receive drink ; people
quarrelling and fighting for the possession of a jug ;
52
the strong taking liquor from the weak ; boys and
girls, men and women, in a condition of beastly
drunkenness, staggering before the depository of ale
or lying prostrate on the ground under every variety
of circumstance and in every degree of exposure,
swearing, groaning, vomiting, but calling for more
liquor when they could not stand or even sit to drink
it. Every kind of excess, indeed, which the most
fertile imagination can conceive or the most graphic
pen describe was there witnessed in nauseous and
loathsome extravagance. Never did we see, and we
hope to God never again shall see, human nature so
degraded. The scenes of which we have now at-
tempted a faint description were exhibited, though
perhaps to scarcely the same extent, at Campfield,
in Salford, and at the Shambles in Bridge Street ;
and we trust the experience of this day will have given
to the Committee who managed the proceedings a
lesson which they will never forget. As to the dis-
tribution of meat and liquor, there are two or three
lives lost and fourteen patients in the Infirmary,
several of them dangerously injured, from the events
of the day.
Two years before this incident Henry Hunt
had been preaching total abstinence among his
Radical followers. His motive was not so much
evangelical as political. Total abstinence was
one way of impoverishing a tyrannical Govern-
ment, and Hunt tried, without success, to popu-
larize a non-alcoholic beverage of his own in-
vention. The agitation was checked by a leaflet
in which drink and the drink habit were theo-
logically extolled and sobriety stigmatized as
a conspiracy against the King, the Church, and
the Constitution. The production of this leaflet
53
and its distribution from door to door cost ^80,
which was defrayed from the church rates and
included in the churchwardens' accounts, though
an application to the King's Bench for further
particulars of the item caused it eventually to
be withdrawn. The scene in Manchester on the
night of George IV's coronation, aided by the
attention the Guardian called to it, set the
temperance movement going in the town in real
earnest.
The Guardian was exactly three years old
when John Edward Taylor married his cousin,
Sophia Russell Scott. Miss Scott was the daughter
of the Rev. Russell Scott, who was for forty-five
years the minister of the High Street (Unitarian)
Chapel at Portsmouth. She was the devoted
sister of a second Russell Scott, who rose to some
eminence in the commerce of London and be-
came the father of Mr. C. P. Scott, the present
editor and proprietor of the Manchester Guardian,
The attachment between John Edward Taylor
and his cousin had begun before the Guardian
was thought of, and their marriage was probably
delayed until the venture should declare itself
as between failure and success. In the following
letter written by Miss Scott to her brother,
Russell Scott, on May 8, 1 821, we hear from her
in her own words something which we already
know about the foundation of the paper. We
learn from it that John Edward Taylor did not
contemplate abandoning at once and altogether
his business in the cotton trade :
54
You are perhaps not aware that It has been for
some time felt, both by Whigs and Reformers, that
a well-conducted paper was much wanted in Man-
chester — one, to use Edward's words when he first
wrote to me upon the subject, ** which, from its
character either as a spirited vehicle for the promulga-
tion of their political opinions, or from the tone and
style of its literary execution, would be considered
worthy of the populous and intelligent district in
which we are situated." ** Cowdroy's " derived its
chief value from the part Edward frequently took in
it. Under these circumstances some of the most
respectable and moderate persons in Manchester
raised a subscription for the purpose of establishing
a new newspaper, and they prevailed on Edward to
become the editor. Their view was public advantage.
They were willing to take the risk without wishing
to have any share in the profits.
Edward's name does not appear, but it is generally
known he is the editor, and indeed it was thought
no one could establish a paper with equal prospects
of success. It will not at all interfere with his business,
as there is a person to take the labour of it ; besides
which he writes and composes with greater facility
than any person I ever saw. ... I send you a pro-
spectus by which you will see the first number was
published on Saturday. Edward is very sanguine as
to its success, indeed he has met with so much en-
couragement from all parties that it were impossible
to be otherwise. It is indeed very gratifying to see
how completely amidst all the party feeling which has
existed he has won the confidence of all. This has
been manifested in some very striking instances.
Writing again to her brother on March 7,
1823, Miss Scott throws some light on the early
progress of the paper :
S5
You will be glad to hear the Guardiatt continues
to advance. Saturday week the edition was 1750.
Of last week I have not heard, but there was a very
good show of advertisements, and another puff extra-
ordinary-, stating that they could now venture to assert
its sale exceeded any other Manchester paper, and
consequently offered the best medium for advertise-
ments.
Writing himself to Miss Scott on December
28, 1823, John Edv^^ard Taylor shows that
this early progress is sustained and is even ac-
celerating :
You would be astonished last week at the advertise-
ments, wern't you, dear } I was, at any rate. They
kept pouring in so that I soon found there would be
no room to spare for me, and therefore, as my men
were forward with their work, I did what I have not
done before on a Friday since I have had the Guardian^
I went out to a 5 o'clock dinner, and stayed until
ID enjoying myself, and then returned to the office,
and left it for home at \ past 2. The profit that week
was upwards of ;^36, and there was so little room for
news that I wrote off on the Friday night about a
quantity of smaller type to enable me to compress
the advertisements into less compass. This will be
an expense oi £1 ^o or jCiJO, which I did not intend
incurring at present ; however, I really cannot say
that I regret being obliged to do so.
I was looking a little last evening at the result
of the half year, and I find the average of the advertise-
ments for that time to be 7326? ^^^ the average
profit £21 6s. yd. per week. If as I expect the profit
on the newspaper and the job printing has been
sufficient to pay all expenses, that will make the nett
profit on the half year ;^550, and that is about what I
expect to find. It will be a week or two, however,
56
before I am able to finish my stocktaking, and upon
that week or two I declare I almost look with dread.
... I think I told you I had promised to give my
friends a treat (an evening party) as soon as I had
passed the lOO advertisements, and this you see, my
dear, I have now done at a hand canter.
In the summer of 1825 John Edward Taylor
began the publication of a Tuesday's paper.
It was called the Advertiser. Within a few
weeks of its establishment Mr. Taylor became
the possessor by purchase of Harrop's Mercury,
which was also published on Tuesday. The two
papers were amalgamated under the name of
the Manchester Mercury and Tuesday's General
Advertiser, which continued to be published
until December, 1830. Mr. Taylor purchased
also from Mr. Harrop the British Volunteer.
This was incorporated with the Guardian, and
for a period of time the full title of the paper
was The Manchester Guardian and British Volun-
teer.
John Edward Taylor, writing on December
18, 1825, to Mr. Russell Scott, who had lent
important aid in these undertakings, says :
You will be glad to hear that hitherto the purchase
of Harrop's papers more than answers my expectations.
The sale the first Saturday [of The Manchester Guardian
and British Volunteer'] was 3041, the second 3001, and
yesterday 3109. The most sanguine expectation I
took of the thing would have been satisfied with 2800.
The Mercury [the Tuesday paper], too, goes on well.
We have had on the average about 50 advertisements
each week, and are getting constantly some new sub-
57
scribers. Last week the sale was about 440. I do
not expect it ever to become very large.
§ III
On his marriage John Edward Taylor went
to live at No. 13, The Crescent, Salford. It
was one of the desirable quarters of the town.
A writer of about this period assures the in-
habitants " of this charming elevation " that
they will " always be sure of rich rural scenery
in view of their front windows, however crowded
and confined the back part of their dwellings
may become. The fertile valley," he adds,
*' the meandering of the river Irwell, approaching
to and receding from the Crescent, the rural cots,
the pleasant villas, the rising hills, and the distant
mountains never fail to create admiration as
often as the eye looks over the fascinating pic-
ture." The time was to come when The Cres-
cent receded somewhat from these ripe perfec-
tions and Mr. Taylor's later days were spent at
Beech Hill, Cheetham Hill. Four children were
born of the marriage and three survived — Russell
Scott Taylor, the second editor of the Guardian^
whose promising career was cut short by an early
death ; Sophia Russell Taylor, who married Mr.
Peter Allen, and a second John Edward Taylor,
who was destined to carry on the Guardian for
many years. The spiritual home of the family
was the Cross Street Chapel, of which John
Edward Taylor remained an active and devoted
member to the day of his death. Until his
58
thirty-ninth year Mr. Taylor was physically a
strong man. He lost the best of his health, as
Huskisson, the statesman, afterwards lost his life,
through the construction of the Liverpool and
Manchester Railway. The railway itself was
opened on September 15, 1830. In the autumn
of 1829 engine trials were being held at Rainhill,
and at one of these Mr. Taylor was present.
The following letter, written by Mrs. John
Edward Taylor on December 6, 1829, tells
what occurred in terms which have a quaint
ring:
I am sorry, my dear sister, you have been so un-
easy about Edward ; he is, I am most thankful to
tell you, now quite well. He had a series of colds
one after the other till at last they ended in a serious
illness, and before he got strong he went whisking
through the air at an immense velocity on the Liver-
pool railroad without a greatcoat, which Mr. Whatton
(the family doctor) called *' a very young trick."
From this time forward Mr. Taylor suffered
from a bronchial weakness which eventually,
though not for many years yet, caused his death.
Mrs. John Edward Taylor, in whose life and
character Liberal Nonconformity had flowered
into much beauty of mind and spirit, died in
1832. In 1836 Mr. Taylor married as his
second wife Miss Harriet Acland Boyce, of
Tiverton, by whom he had three children, one
of whom married Stanley Jevons, the economist.
Jeremiah Garnett produced his new machines
in 1828, and the Guardian greatly improved on
59
its personal appearance. For the first time the
hand of the sub-editor began to appear. Hither-
to, things, some of them useful and others merely
curious, had got into its columns as they get into a
schoolboy's pocket, by force of gravitation and a
profound unwillingness of the spirit to eject any-
thing. But somebody was by now acquiring
the courage of the blue pencil, and the things
which were admitted were shown to their re-
served seats and kept there. The markets begin
to be grouped under a common heading. Law,
politics, commerce, local news, and foreign news
begin to find their settlements, and the paper
shows its continuing enterprise by announcing
on the eve of the Lancaster Assizes that a reporter
will, as usual, attend.
By this time the local ground had been cleared
of a dense and stunted eighteenth-century journal-
ism. There were fewer papers and those which
were left standing were shooting up. The trium-
virate of Guardian^ Courier , and Examiner was all
of it now in being. In 1824, Mr. Archibald
Prentice, minor prophet and historian of the
Manchester School, bought the remnants of
Cowdroy's Gazette from the widow of William
Cowdroy and transformed it into the Manchester
Gazette. In 1827 it failed, but was revived the
next year for Mr. Prentice's benefit as the
Manchester Gazette and Times ^ and developed in
1848 into the Manchester Examiner and Times,
illustrious for the long editorship of Mr. Henry
Dunckley. The Courier was a year younger
60
than the Examiner. Mr. Thomas Sowler, who
founded it, was a bookseller, and our first tidings
of him are obtained from an announcement in the
Guardian that he is willing to receive advertise-
ments and other communications for the paper
at his shop in St. Ann's Square. He was thus
brought into relationship with journalism, and
when the Tory and Anti-Catholic party in
Manchester began to find themselves, as they
now did, dangerously outdone in the press, Mr.
Sowler came to their help with the Courier^
which appeared on January i, 1825. The pro-
prietor and his advisers made an ambitious choice
of an editor for the new paper. The call for
reform and the call for Catholic relief were
swelling considerably ; the laws which penalized
Dissent were all but gone. These Liberal causes
had many friends now even in the House of
Lords. Earl Grey, cold and silvery but still a
planet, was rising in the skies. Earl Fitzwilliam
had been dismissed from the Lord Lieutenancy
of the West Riding for Liberal sympathies.
On the Tory side, these were no times for the
Wheelers and Harrops and other men of un-
limited prejudices but few words. Mr. Alaric
Watts was accordingly chosen to be editor of the
Courier, in the hope that a professional writer and
the personal friend of Scott and Wordsworth
and Coleridge would be more than a match
for the native literary talent of the Taylors and
Garnetts and Prentices.
The Whig Guardian and the Tory Courier
61
began a private and personal feud which lasted
till the turn of journalistic manners, after which
they fell under a kind of anaesthesia as to one
another's existence, the one never mentioning
the other by name again. In the days when
speaking terms still subsisted, the speaking and
the being spoken to were, on the side of the
Gua?'diari, done chiefly by Mr. Garnett. We
find Mr. Garnett characterized in the Courier as
'* an impudent and wilful perverter of the truth,"
as '* a blockhead," and as " a defender of national
infidelity." Mr. Garnett is found accusing the
Courier alliteratively of a " crawling and cowardly
lie." The feeling between Mr. Garnett and Mr.
Sowler ran very high. They all but fought a
duel. Mr. Garnett, though called upon by
Mr. Sowler's " second," declined the duel with
pistols, but evinced no objection an hour or two
later to a meeting with umbrellas in St. Ann's
Square, whence the matter was removed and
adjourned to the police court. This incident
occurred on July 24, 1839.
Long before this the Guardian had definitely
settled down to a middle position in politics.
It was a Whig paper, and cautious even at that.
These were days when great cities and large
houses remained voteless and voiceless in the
House of Commons ; in which Roman Catholics
were helots and Nonconformists only just
tolerated. A savage Corn Law, passed in the
interests of rent, barred at once the entrance of
foreign food and the exit of English manufac-
62
tures, to the great bewilderment of politicians
who wished it to serve the one end and not the
other. These were grievances which affected
the middle-class. The working-class shared them,
and had many which were peculiar to itself.
Through it all the Guardian remained studiously
moderate and opportunistic. It was extraordi-
narily unspeculative. " We are not," said Cicero,
*' in the republic of Plato, but in the mud of
Romulus." In the spirit of this admonition the
Guardian wanted the next thing next. The next
thing was to reform a system of representation
which allowed one hundred boroughs whose
united population did not equal that of Man-
chester and Salford to send two hundred mem-
bers to Parliament, while Manchester and Salford
were without one.
At the beginning of 1828 John Edward Taylor
was drawn, and perhaps driven, by his Radical
critics into a more compendious confession of
faith. He pronounced himself in favour of the
removal of civil disabilities for religious beliefs,
the improvement and ultimate removal of the
Corn Laws, severe economy in public depart-
ments, the amendment of the game laws, and the
abolition of various trading monopolies with the
West Indies, India, and China. Banking and
currency reform greatly interested him. He
thought the distinction between Whig and Tory
might go, as indeed it soon did, and that a new
division might be made between *' Political
Economists " and '* Monopolists." This also
63
occurred, though the names of " Liberal " and
" Conservative," which were chosen to express
much the same idea, were perhaps a more con-
venient currency. So much for his positives.
His negatives were not few. We suspect that he
did not wish too popular a franchise. We know
that he was against shorter Parliaments and the
ballot, and on the question of the Corn Laws
he had not yet learned to pronounce the magic
name " repeal." " A fixed duty is a fixed in-
justice " were the words on the scroll which ran
in one piece round the Free Trade Hall in the
early forties. John Edward Taylor was not yet
quite of this mind.
But he was becoming every year a much more
versatile and resourceful editor. He was col-
lecting a staff. In 1830 he made a journey to
Hull to secure a particularly promising reporter.
This was a certain John Harland, who had been
trained as a printer but had made himself the
most expert shorthand writer in the country.
John Harland was brought to Manchester and
served the Guardian as its chief reporter for
thirty years. His importance in the history of
journalism and his eminence as a Lancashire
antiquary have caused his useful life to be com-
memorated in the Dictionary of National Bio-
graphy. No fewer than three members of the
Guardian connection of this time — Taylor, Gar-
nett, and Harland — were destined to figure
honourably in that great gallery of English
notability.
64
IV : CLASSICAL MANCHESTER
E
CHAPTER IV
Qlassical DAanchester
IT is with strong emotions of joy and hope, says
the leading article in the Manchester Guardian of
June 9, 1832, that we announce the fact that the
English Reform Bill has at length become the law
of the land. Now that the Reform Bill has passed,
the editor proceeded, it is proper that the electors of
Manchester should apply themselves seriously to the
important question, who are to be their representatives.
. . . There is not one of the new boroughs — probably
there is not one place, borough or county, invested
with the elective franchise, the proceedings in which
at the ensuing election will be watched with such in-
tense anxiety as those of Manchester. It depends on
the constituency of this town to give a practical proof
of the validity of their claim to be invested with the
franchise by the discreet and conscientious mode in
which they exercise it. The representatives of Man-
chester, the metropolis of the most important trade of
the kingdom, ought to be able to exert not a mere
personal but a high degree of moral influence in the
House of Commons. They should be men of mature
age, sound judgment, good talents improved by
sedulous cultivation, irreproachable private character,
and thoroughly liberal public principles. Wealth is
no absolutely indispensable requisite ; yet undoubtedly
they ought to have at least the means of maintaining
with independence and without serious personal sacri-
fice the unavoidable expenses attendant on their
station.
With this grave benediction the electoral his-
tory of Manchester began. We are under no
67
illusions at this time of day about the Reform
Act of 1832. For every person whom it
satisfied it disappointed at least ten. The popu-
lation of Manchester was 181,768. The number
of voters on the new register was only 4293,
and it may be calculated that at least six fami-
lies in seven were left unrepresented. It is a
curious fact that the unrepresented did not imme-
diately perceive what had happened to them.
Two months after the bill passed the town rose
en masse and welcomed it with a public holiday,
which passed off very well considering that so
many people must have been prone to two re-
flections, the one that they had not themselves
personally been endowed with any share in the
British Constitution, and the second that they
might on the other hand be participating at
any minute in the Asiatic cholera which was
raging through the town. The Guardian de-
scribes the proceedings at great length, and the
report gives us an interesting exhibition of a
Bank Holiday in its infancy.
The procession was formed at ten o'clock in
the morning at The Crescent in Salford, and
marched by way of Chapel Street, Blackfriars
Street, St. Mary's Gate, Market Street, and
High Street, where it followed a route no longer
processional to Ardwick Green, which was then
a much-favoured spot, and had only recently
been described by a local author as the most
desirable suburb in England. On Ardwick Green
there was a pond, and from a bridge thrown
68
across this pond — the gentry occupying the most
favoured stations around the edge of the water,
the others in less advantageous positions, though
still commanding a full view, and every pair of
eyes in the town directed expectantly up — Mr.
Charles Green, the celebrated aeronaut, pro-
ceeded to release a balloon cunningly shaped
and painted to represent Earl Grey, and when
the extreme diversion which this object con-
tinued to cause as long as it remained in sight
was at an end he proceeded, amid breathless
attention, to make an ascent himself. In order
to bring home to the mind of the people how
completely he had cut himself off from his
mother earth, Mr. Green, when at an altitude
of three thousand feet, as the Guardian reporter
computed it, released a goose from the car, which,
" after falling a few yards, recovered the use of
its wings, took an angle of 60 to 70 degrees, and
appeared to alight in safety." When he was
much higher still Mr. Green liberated a para-
chute, the basket of which contained a cat. The
parachute descended in a field near to Newton,
and the cat was restored in safety to " No. 3
gasworks," where it ordinarily lived.
Mr. Green had by this time vanished, but it
was rumoured truthfully in the town in the evening
that he also had come to earth near Rochdale.
Meanw^hile the procession had been re-formed
and had finally disbanded itself in St. Ann's
Square. The watchmen of the town had figured
very conspicuously in the day's pageantry. They
69
marched at the end of the procession, 130 in
number, and wearing their watchmen's coats
and gold-laced hats. The watchmen also carried
their sticks and rattles, and at intervals during
the progress of the procession the Guardian tells
us that they ** sprang their rattles," sometimes in
divisions and sometimes all together, but never
failing to produce a very singular noise.
Meanwhile the Guardian had been holding a
weekly review of the possible Parliamentary
candidates. The choice of candidates was not
managed without a definite and public split
between the Whigs and those who were now
beginning to call themselves Radicals. On one
candidate Whigs and Radicals were agreed. It
was to be Mark Philips. Mark Philips, to whom
belongs the title of " first member for Man-
chester," or more exactly " first senior member
for Manchester," was the son of Mr. Robert
Philips, a partner in the firm of J. and N. Philips
and Co., of Church Street. He was born in 1 800,
and made his entrance into public life in Man-
chester in 1826 at a reformers' meeting in the
Manor Court-room, at which, being in his way
rather a *' catch," he was received with open
arms, and paid for his welcome with a very
promising speech against the Corn Laws. He
continued to be the member for Manchester
until 1 847, taking a distinguished part in the
Free Trade campaign on the floor of the House
of Commons and on the platform of the Free
Trade Hall. When the battle was w^on he retired
70
to a country life in Warwickshire, but remained
a faithful member of the Liberal party, making
his last appearance in Manchester in October,
I 871, at the banquet which celebrated the open-
ing of the Reform Club in that year. His name
is commemorated in Philips Park. In his address
to the electors in 1832 Mark Philips pronounced
for shorter Parliaments, the ballot, public eco-
nomy, the removal of the taxes on knowledge,
the repeal of the Corn Laws (*' the greatest and
most oppressive of all monopolies "), the reform
of the existing system of supporting the Church,
and the abolition of tithes. The Guardian^
though " not able to go with Mr. Philips in all
his views," accepted him cordially as the first
candidate of the Whig party.
For the second candidate the choice of the
Guardian fell on Mr. S. J. Loyd, a banker of
great wealth and eminence, who had descended
on the constituency from the City of London,
though he was not without a business connection
with Manchester. Loyd was a friend of Senior,
the economist, and Grote, the historian, and his
standing in the City of London was such that
when, in a later chapter of history, he became
definitely converted though rather late in the
day to Free Trade and sent a subscription to the
League it was generally felt in all the clubs that
the Corn Laws were past praying for. He was
much the same kind of politician as those whom
we knew at a recent election as " Unionist Free-
traders," and had the high moral authority,
71
not to say sanctity, of that connection. John
Edward Taylor attended the first of his meet-
ings in Manchester, and put to him the question
of questions — whether, had he been in Parlia-
ment, he would have supported the Reform
Bill. The answer was not given without some
circumlocution. But Mr. Taylor was satisfied,
and from that time forw^ard his candidates were
Philips and Loyd. Unhappily the Radicals
would not accept Loyd, and at the end of several
weeks, in which their proceedings were watched
with great anxiety, they produced from their
sleeve Mr. Charles Poulett Thomson, Vice-
President of the Board of Trade in Lord Grey's
Administration, a budding Free-trader, and so
good a friend to the rights of man that Jeremy
Bentham had personally canvassed for him in
Dover.
There is no doubt that the Guardian would
have liked to support Poulett Thomson, but it
held by its pledge to Loyd at the cost of nearly
all its enjoyment of the contest. The Tories
put up Mr. J. T. Hope, who, having no earthly
prospect of success and being a very delightful
and aristocratic young man, became the spoiled
darling of the contest, and was indulged in every-
thing short of actual votes. New Cross had a
candidate almost entirely to itself in William
Cobbett. The Guardian never could away with
William Cobbett, and its long reports of his
speeches are often to be found prefaced with the
somewhat curt introduction, ''This person said."
72
More specifically, It described him as " an un-
principled demagogue and consummate quack,"
and indeed the main ground of the Guardian's
objection to Poulett Thomson was lest three
Reform candidates should ** let in " the un-
speakable Cobbett.
On the morning of December 1 2 the town
knew by the early ringing of the Collegiate
Church bells that the election day had arrived.
The modern reader is to imagine the hustings
erected In St. Ann's Square, close to the palisading
of the church and facing the spot where the
statue of Cobden now stands. Six boxes of the
shape associated with the Punch and Judy show
formed the hustings. The Boroughreeve, with
the churchwardens, the sidesmen, and the re-
porters, occupied the central box, and each of
the other compartments held a candidate with
a select body of his supporters, the whole com-
pany presenting to the crowd below a complete
selection of current political opinion and a very
striking array of blue, claret, and bottle-green
broadcloth, stovepipe hats, high stocks, side
whiskers, and ingratiating expressions of face.
On the ground immediately below stood five
hundred special constables, and behind the special
constables the firemen.
The beadle rang his bell and proclaimed
silence ; the Boroughreeve took the oath, and
the long process of nominating and seconding
each candidate began. It was a fatal obstacle
to the smooth working of this part of the pro-
73
ceedings that each nominator and seconder was
a local man known intimately and in all his most
vulnerable points to the wit and mischief of the
town. The first speaker had not proceeded for
more than a moment or two, and the early
novelty of seeing a familiar face in unfamiliar
surroundings had hardly worn away, when some-
one in the crowd recovered his self-possession
and directed a telling shaft at the personal ap-
pearance or the domestic circumstances of the
speaker, some debt for which he had sued or
been sued, his tendency to be too thrifty or not
thrifty enough, or any other intimate personal
particular which, though it had nothing to do
with the argument in hand, was calculated to
import into it much ridicule or prejudice. The
friends of the speaker were much mortified by
this palpable hit, and from this time forward the
gentlemen in the hustings gazed down over their
stocks at a scene of irrecovered and irrecoverable
pandemonium. At the first election the beadle
rang his bell almost incessantly from a quarter
past nine in the morning till a quarter past one,
when the Boroughreeve was understood though
not heard to be proclaiming Philips and Cobbett
elected on a show of hands. A poll was de-
manded in dumb show by all the other candidates,
and this took place on the tv/o following days,
with the result that the two Reform candidates.
Philips and Poulett Thomson, were elected by
a comfortable majority, the Guardian accepting
the result with pleasure tempered with a mild
74
regret for the defeat of Mr. Loyd, who had not
been quite sound and satisfactory on the question
of the slave trade. The country had to wait
many years yet for the ballot, and it throws a
curious light on the system of open voting to
find the Guardian severely censuring a barrister
and a merchant whom its reporter had caught
in the act of voting for Cobbett. The election
was treated to seven and a half columns of the
Guardian s narrow space.
In the same number a lady in Ancoats adver-
tises for a footman of undoubted respectability,
and elegant apartments are offered to a gentle-
man in a small family in the neighbourhood of
the Portico in Mosley Street. It was not im-
possible about this time to find ** a drawing-room
and one or two bedrooms to be let in Piccadilly,"
and, a year or two later than 1832, a young man
who resided in the country announced himself
in the Guardian as *' desirous of dining with a
respectable family daily at one o'clock within
five minutes' walk of the Exchange." But the
town was on the eve of great changes. It was
in 1832 that Mr. Brooks, of the firm of Cunliffe
and Brooks, the bankers, broke in on the residen-
tial gentility of Mosley Street by converting his
house in that street into a warehouse. Richard
Cobden soon afterwards did the same thing, moving
his residency for another twelve years into Quay
Street. With the fall of residential Mosley
Street we begin to hear of the rise of Rusholme
and Broughton and Pendleton. The Victorian
75
detached house, with its carriage drive and its
stables and banks of rhododendra, begins to take
the place of the eighteenth-century town house
which disdained not to stand in a row and open
on to a street. And when the change came, it
came so rapidly and spared so little that
eighteenth-century Manchester is now almost as
difficult to find as mediaeval Manchester. There
is still a conspicuous Tudor fragment in Market
Place. As for the eighteenth century, it has to be
reconstructed from an occasional domestic door-
way — perhaps the remnants of a torch extin-
guisher — to a warehouse, though there is a
sustained similitude of it in St. John Street.
In this street, though frightened not a little
by the doctors' automobiles, the eighteenth
century still lingers. It may be traced in the
architecture of the street ; still more in the
interiors of the houses, in their shutter-boxes,
and in the sweeping curves of their staircases.
An early sign of the new age which was
opening now that a reformed Parliament had
met was the removal of some of the duties on
newspapers. In 1833 ^^^ duty on advertise-
ments was reduced from three-and-sixpence to
one-and-sixpence, and in 1836 the price of
the stamp was lowered from fourpence to one
penny. The Guardian responded to this better
weather by lowering its price in the autumn of
1836 to fourpence and by appearing twice a
week, adding a Wednesday's issue to the older
issue of Saturday. The market report in the
76
Wednesday edition proved extremely useful to
business men, and the hold of the paper on com-
mercial Manchester was strengthened by it not
a little.
§11
The week beginning on December 13, 1838,
was an eventful one in the life of Richard Cobden.
On that day there was a meeting of the Man-
chester Chamber of Commerce. The directors
had drafted a meek and mild petition to Parlia-
ment on the subject of the Corn Laws, and they
now asked the members of the Chamber to
sanction it. The members were about to do so
when Mr. Cobden rose from a remote corner
of the room and attacked the Corn Laws in a
speech of such argument and conviction that it
completely changed the temper of the meeting.
The directors were obliged to take back their
petition and to consent to an adjournment of the
meeting for a week. On the next day another
cause in which Mr. Cobden was deeply con-
cerned was, not advanced but finally won.
The first municipal council for Manchester was
elected, and Mr. Cobden was returned as a
councillor for St. Michael's Ward. John Edward
Taylor, who had also laboured long and hard for
incorporation, was elected for St. Ann's Ward.
Among the other new councillors were Henry
Tootal, Elkanah Armitage, William Romaine
Callender, S. D. Darbishire, and Thomas Potter.
The first meeting of the Council was held on
77
the next day, when Mr. Cobden was made an
alderman and proposed Joseph Heron for the
office of Town Clerk. Three days of the week
were thus busily occupied, and on the seventh
day the Chamber of Commerce met again, and
Mr. Alderman Cobden carried his resolution in
favour of total repeal and became thereby the
marked man of the agitation which was now
beginning in earnest and was to make Manchester
for eight years the political centre and capital
of England.
Tv^o years before this an Anti-Corn Law Asso-
ciation had been formed in London with several
distinguished politicians and literary men in its
membership, but the climate was against it,
and it did not flourish. The City of London
finally came into the movement, but not for
several years yet. There had been a sporadic
outbreak of the agitation in Bolton, where a
young medical student, Mr. A. W. Paulton,
who was to become later on a distinguished
spokesman of the League, had been lecturing
brilliantly on Free Trade. But the historic
starting point of the affair was a little meeting
called by Archibald Prentice and addressed by
Dr. Bowring, the traveller and economist, in the
York Hotel in Manchester on September lo,
1838. Out of this meeting grew the Man-
chester Anti-Corn Law Association, which was
in its turn the nucleus of the Anti-Corn Law
League. John Bright was an original member.
Richard Cobden joined when the Association was
78
about a week old, and with him joined John
Edward Taylor and Jeremiah Garnett, of the
Manchester Guardian. In the lists of its earliest
members and subscribers occur the names of
Armitage, Ashton, Bannerman, Greg, Philips,
Rylands, and Watts.
We cannot here follow all the movements of
an organization which developed such resources
of money and enthusiasm and ability as to be-
come in truth another estate of the realm. The
conventions which began from this time forward
to be held in Manchester were not only orgies
of eloquence but parliaments of manufacturing
and Dissenting England. Manchester was Mecca.
By 1840 it had been found that the town had
no meeting place anything like large enough to
hold the streams of pilgrims, and at the beginning
of that year there was erected on the site of the
present Free Trade Hall a wooden pavilion
which was by far the largest place of public
assembly in the country. The land on which
this pavilion stood was lent to the Association by
Mr. Cobden, to whom it belonged. In 1843
the pavilion was taken down, and the first Free
Trade Hall, the predecessor of the present
building, erected in its place. The. opening of
this hall was the first event in a great week of
convention. The volume of the speaking which
was done in Manchester that week may be esti-
mated from the fact that the report in the Man-
chester Guardian of Wednesday measures no
fewer than thirty-nine close columns of print
79
out of a possible forty-eight, and the meetings
were still continuing when the paper went to
press.
Both the Pavilion of 1 840 and the Free Trade
Hall of 1843 were opened with banquets. But
the League did not habitually dine. It belonged
to the middle-class, and it took tea. Its charac-
teristic function was the tea-party. The League
held tea-parties everywhere. Mammoth tea-
parties were held in the Free Trade Hall and
the Corn Exchange in Manchester, and the
ministers' vestries and deacons' vestries of a
widespread Nonconformity emptied themselves
into these gatherings without experiencing any
change of atmosphere. The League all but
invented the bazaar. Its bazaars in the Theatre
Royal in Manchester and Covent Garden Theatre
in London stand alongside the Art Treasures
Exhibitions of the time, and were not outdone
by them. These tea-parties and bazaars were
the cause of the first appearance of women in
active public life in England. Ladies '* presided
at " tea-tables and served at stalls. The Guardian
gives their names in long lists, and Bastiat, the
French economist, who was watching things on
the spot, told the French people of this as of
something new and strange. Subscriptions to
the ^50,000, the ^^60,000, and the ^250,000
Funds were announced and often thrown on the
table in the Free Trade Hall amid scenes of
ecstasy. The League drew upon vast resources of
platform ability which was second only to that of
80
Cobden and Bright and Fox, and the Guardian
of the time gives us the impression that everyone
of importance in the town could make a speech
like Peel. George Wilson, who presided over
all the great meetings, is said to have developed
such a virtuosity of chairmanship that no one
has equalled him in that capacity before or
since.
On the eve of Peel's surrender, in 1 846, the
last of all these great meetings was held in the
Free Trade Hall. Even in the plain and almost
hackneyed language of the Guardian reporter
we can feel the height which feeling had reached.
*' Before seven o'clock," he says, *' platform,
galleries, and floor were crammed to a degree
we never before witnessed. About twenty-five
past seven Mr. George Wilson took the chair.
He was accompanied by R. Cobden, Esq.,
J. Bright, Esq., W. J. Fox, Esq., and Colonel
Thompson. The cheering from all parts of the
hall as these gentlemen were recognized was
tremendous." The reporter renders the deepest
homage in his power to William Johnson Fox
by reporting him, and him alone, in the first
person. Here are his concluding words :
It is here, it is coming, the end of this struggle,
and, come when it will, the testimony shall be borne
not only here but all over the country that you, the
men of Manchester, you have done it. All else has
been subsidiary. Philosophers have laid down the
principles. Statisticians have collected the facts and
arranged the results. Politicians are but the machinery
by which these results are to be reduced to legislative
81 F
practice. Queen, Lords, and Commons will be but
the formal agents to give solemn record and authority
to that which, whenever and however accomplished,
originated in Manchester, originated with you. (Great
cheering as the speaker resumed his seat, after a speech
of about an hour's duration.)
The Manchester Guardian never compromised
on the full doctrine of Free Trade. But it
was not the organ of the Anti-Corn Law League.
The Anti-Corn Law League did much with
which it could not agree, and it was on the whole
rather frightened of this tremendous neighbour
in Newall's Buildings. There were three ways
to the Free Trade conversion of 1 846. There
was Sir Robert Peel's way — his way was a more
or less sudden conversion — and there was the
way of the League, which for eight years de-
manded total and immediate repeal, and would
not hear of anything short of this. Between the
resistant Peel on the one hand and the insistent
League on the other stood the Whig party,
which underwent a gradual conversion and was
in favour of instalments of reform. The Guardian
wanted full Free Trade, and never ceased to
preach full Free Trade, but it was always willing
to accept a small fixed duty in exchange for the
hated sliding scale, this small fixed duty to be
improved away altogether as time and oppor-
tunity served. In 1841 the League intruded
upon a by-election at Walsall, drove a Whig
candidate out of the field because he could not
pledge himself to total repeal, and committed
82
what was to John Edward Taylor the unpardon-
able offence of " letting a Tory in."
The comments of the Guardian on this occur-
rence speak what was in this age its permanent
mind about the doctrinaire spirit in politics :
Most of our readers are aware that the town is
blessed by the presence and the labours of a number
of gentlemen who call themselves philosophical re-
formers, and who profess to regulate all their political
conduct by a strict adherence to certain dogmas which
they call principles, without paying the slightest regard
to expediency or accepting the slightest compromise
with persons of different opinions. Now, all this
sounds very fine in theory, but when reduced to
practice, whether in politics or the ordinary business
of life, it is not found to be a remarkably successful
course of proceeding. It is undoubtedly true that the
nearest route from one place to another is by a straight
line, but if a coachman who regulated his conduct by
this principle and scorned expediency were to en-
deavour to drive in a straight line from Manchester
to London, his plan would end very much like most
of the schemes of our political reformers ; he would
either upset the coach or stick fast in a ditch before
he had completed half a mile of his journey.
Here is another example of Taylor's teaching.
It is taken from the Guardian of January 29, 1 840:
We hold that all protecting duties, whether im-
posed on agricultural produce or on manufactured
commodities, are either elusive or pernicious — that
when they have any effect at all it is that of directing
capital and labour into channels which are compara-
tively unprofitable. We therefore disapprove of any
duty upon the import of corn, either fixed or fluctu-
ating, as being erroneous in principle and injurious to
83
the interests of the people. At the same time we
are not amongst those who call out for a total repeal
or nothing. We cannot conceal from ourselves that
there are interests and prejudices to be encountered
to which some respect must be paid ; and therefore
as a preliminary step to that perfectly free trade which
we believe to be both desirable and necessary for the
country we would not object to the establishment
pro tempore of a really moderate fixed duty.
§ III
Within the limits he thus defined for himself
John Edward Taylor v^^as always true to the
Manchester policy. He did not, however, live
to see it prevail, for his death occurred, at the
age of 53, early in 1844. It would be idle to
deny that his management of the Manchester
Guardian had disappointed the Radical party of
Manchester. John Edward Taylor lived and
died a faithful Whig. Unfortunately his life as
an editor lies on and overlies the sharp summit of
Whig history. He had stumbled and struggled
with Russell and Grey on the hard and dangerous
road to the repeal of the Test and Corporation
Act and the Reform Bill, and he lived to wander
round and round with Melbourne in a singularly
unrefreshing and miasmic valley of politics.
When he finally laid down his practised pen
the hope of the future was not with the Whigs
at all, but with a new Liberal party, taking its
inspiration from Peel, and through Peel from the
young William Pitt, who had been the pupil of
Adam Smith.
84
In journalism, as well as in politics, he lived
at the fag-end of an epoch. In the very year
of his death the first telegraph lines were laid,
and within four years the Guardian was beginning
to contain sparse fragments of news which had
come " by electric telegraph." This event re-
made his profession. Other events were break-
ing up the compact society in which he had lived.
We might date a decisive modern Manchester
from about 1840 to 1845, i^ which period
Cobden risked and lost a competency by colonis-
ing Victoria Park. Or we might say that it
was definitely established in the early fifties,
when the omnibuses were splashing heavily
every hour into the provincial peace of Pendleton
and Broughton, and Central Manchester had
begun to exhibit by night the trance-like con-
dition of a seaside pool left by the receded tide
of population and sparsely inhabited by the
abstruse life of policemen and caretakers and
cats.
If these changes had taken place in the shape
of society there were still more definite changes
in its speed. The Whitsuntide of 1846 was
notable for its great increase in railway excursions,
for periods varying from one to ten days. It
was estimated that in five days of that festival
nearly 16,000 people had travelled from Man-
chester to Liverpool. New Brighton was be-
ginning to be very highly thought of at once
for its air and its amenities, and it was for the
next twenty years a favourite resort of the newly
85
married. We begin to hear for the first time,
in 1846, of Lytham and Blackpool.
The opening of the second Free Trade Hall
in 1843 ^^^ been the occasion of a curious
outbreak of modernity. The hall was opened
with a banquet, and, when the tables for the
banquet were spread, hundreds of people were
admitted into the galleries to feast vicariously
on the spectacle of so many knives and forks.
The silver was afterwards sold by auction, the
chairman's carving-knife fetching ^3 4^. as an
historical curiosity. After the banquet the League
threw the hall open to the public for a few nights,
charging them a small sum to come in. Davies's
Manchester Band was put on the platform, and
innocuous refreshments were to be had. The
town exhibited a new-born taste for simple
pleasures. It responded by " promenading," and
even had the self-management to improve the
promenade into a dance. The Guardian sent
its reporter every night and watched over the
proceedings with great benevolence.
Last evening we visited the hall, and were much
gratified at the lively scene before us. Numerous
groups were promenading on the floor ; others were
seated taking lemonade or coffee. Davies's really
good band, stationed on the dais, was playing lively
airs ; the place was agreeably warm, and the scene
was of the most pleasing and animated character.
In a while the band commenced playing a favourite
set of quadrilles ; three sets of dancers were formed as
if by magic. We were much pleased to observe the
decorum and propriety and the ease with which the
86
dancers of both sexes went through the evolution
of the figure. . . . Had we such spacious halls
permanently in our large commercial and manufac-
turing towns and so dedicated to innocent pleasures
there can be no doubt that their citizens would soon
acquire a taste for simple social fetes equal to that which
characterises our Continental neighbours.
John Edward Taylor was succeeded in the
editorship by his eldest son. This son, Russell
Scott Taylor, was of such advanced and even
premature capacity that he was thought to be
able to take his father's place at the early age
of eighteen years. Oxford and Cambridge were
not at that time open to one of so pronounced a
Nonconformity, but, even so, the cause of higher
education was not desperate. Especially was it
not desperate in Manchester. Hardly even by
searching can we find the end of the personal
riches of Manchester in the day when Russell
Scott Taylor was a maturing boy in his father's
house at Cheetham Hill. In 1840 Manchester
New College returned from York to its birth-
place in Manchester, and it is an impressive
fact, and one which might well cause us to re-
consider our latter state, that while Manchester
was re-shaping the politics of England such men
as James Martineau, Francis William Newman,
and William Gaskell were included in its academic
citizenship, Martineau teaching philosophy and
political economy, Newman Latin and Gaskell
English history and literature in a sectarian
academy in Grosvenor Square.
87
This rich professorate was attended by Russell
Scott Taylor. It was also attended by his
younger brother, the second John Edward Taylor,
who was destined to a much larger and more
enduring place in the history of the Guardian.
For the brilliant promise of Russell Scott Taylor's
life was not allowed to ripen into a corresponding
performance. He died of typhoid fever in 1 848
in the twenty-fourth year of his age, and about
a year after his marriage with Miss Emily Acland.
To his ability for public life he had joined much
amiability and earnestness of private character,
and during his editorship of the Guardian he
continued to be an assiduous teacher in the
Lower Mosley Street Sunday School. The
younger John Edward Taylor, who had been
born in 1830 and was now only eighteen years
old, was too young to be the immediate successor
of his very exceptional brother. From Man-
chester New College he passed on to the Uni-
versity of Bonn. On his return from Germany
he was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple,
but he returned to Manchester in time to take
a large share in the newspaper developments
which we shall find occurring about the middle
fifties, and to begin his long term of office first
in the immediate and afterwards in the ultimate
headship of the Manchester Guardian.
88
V; WHIGGISM
CHAPTER V
JVhiggism
FROM 1848 until 1 86 1 the Manchester Guar-
dian was edited by Jeremiah Garnett, the
junior partner of its first proprietor. We left
Garnett some years behind us in our narrative, the
enjant terrible of journalism in Manchester, a
satirist and one who dipped his pen in acid, some-
what of a swashbuckler and, but for the grace of
God, a duellist. We saw him join the Manchester
Anti-Corn Law Association in the momentous
company of Cobden. He had been powerfully
at the back of the incorporation of Manchester,
and when John Edward Taylor died he took the
vacant seat on the City Council. He was now
at the age of fifty-five, in the middle years of life,
which were to carry him slowly and insensibly
to an old age of much moral and physical beauty.
On the political side, however, something unto-
ward had happened to him at a date which we
cannot precisely determine. The same thing had
happened to many illustrious and invaluable
Whigs, and was much commented upon by con-
temporary Radicals, who called them cases of
*' finality," having their origin in overstrain in-
curred at some period or other during the struggle
for Reform and not noticed at the time, but
causing now a kind of lethargy accompanied
by a marked twisting of the neck backwards.
91
One may read of its effects in the life of Lord
John Russell. Garnett had it. Garnett was,
moreover, a water-tight Free-trader. Free Trade
with him did not spill over into international senti-
ment. Writing to Cobden in 1857, Bright
makes some comments on the length to which
he and his friend had drawn ahead of the public
opinion of their time. They had totally changed
the creed and the policy of England on all
questions relating to commerce, Customs duties,
and taxation. They had established the notion
of colonial self-government, and had persuaded
all parties of the need for a wider measure of
Parliamentary reform. So far Bright was able
to congratulate the Manchester School on things
definitely done. He was on more doubtful
ground when he claimed that the '' School "
had also effected a revolution on questions re-
lating to the Church. No one nowadays rends
his garments as Bright habitually rent his at
the mere phenomenon and spectacle of a bishop
in the House of Lords or even in a 'bus. In the
region of international co-operation and good-
will he admitted that the " School " had so far
failed. In this he was right, and it is a curious
historical fact that the age of the fifties, which
watched Gladstone by his successive Budgets
completing the work of Peel and carrying the
Free Trade principle into every cellar and
passage of our fiscal system, should also have
been contemporaneously the period of some of
the highest handling and the highest prancing
92
JKRKMlAll (.ARM-IT
First printer, biisiiu-ss man.tgcr unci rrporter of tlii- Moiiclicstir (JuarJia)!, ami frum
18+8 till 18G1 its Editor.
our foreign policy has ever known. It was the
age of Palmerston and Palmerston's chis Romanus.
Garnett was of the school of Palmerston,
and he made the Guardian an organ of the
Palmerstonian Liberalism. He did not mean
by Free Trade the larger millennial things which
Cobden meant, and, though the Guardian by
leading articles and by reports, and still more
by its great influence over moderate opinion in
Lancashire had done the League incalculable
service, both John Edward Taylor and Garnett,
and Garnett perhaps more particularly, had been
rather with the movement than of it. Ten
years after the victory of 1846 we find Garnett
excessively irritated by the ghost of the League,
It still walked. There is a passage in a letter
by Cobden, of 1857, which indicates that the
League was still an embodied thing, and Cobden
seems to suggest that this was against his better
judgment. It had been heard to boast that it
still kept the key to the representation of Man-
chester at its home in Newall's Buildings. Its
older local members were men who had seen
what they had seen, and it would have been a
miracle if they had not succumbed to the last
temptation of virtuous spirits and fallen victims
to some spiritual pride, assuming, moreover,
the air of being the last Romans left alive. The
Athenian citizen who voted for the banishment
of Aristides said he did not know anything of
that statesman, but it irritated him to hear him
everywhere called " the just." And then there
93
was Bright. Bright had been made member for
Manchester in 1847, ^^ ^ reward for his services
to the cause of Free Trade. He had been a
nuisance to three Liberal Prime Ministers, to
Lord John Russell, to Lord Aberdeen, and
Lord Palmerston. He had been violently op-
posed to the Crimean War. It must be ad-
mitted that Bright's conception of the part of a
conscientious objector was extremely austere.
His was not the politer spirit which declines
any part in actual hostilities but puts in double
time with work of national importance. He
washed his hands of the whole business, and
would have no more to do with the curing than
the killing.
In this frame of mind he and Cobden ap-
proached, in 1857, their respective constituents
of Manchester and the West Riding. In Man-
chester the Liberal party was split into two equal
halves. The Palmerston Liberals tried to secure
Robert Lowe, but eventually selected as their
candidates Sir John Potter and Mr. Aspinwall
Turner. Bright was seriously ill during the
election in Italy, and Milner Gibson, his colleague
in the representation of Manchester, bore the
brunt of the fighting, with occasional help from
Cobden who paid flying visits from Huddersfield.
The Guardian, in strong and sometimes harsh
terms, supported Potter and Turner, and was
bitterly reproached by Cobden. As many Con- ''
servatives voted for the Palmerston candidates as
were necessary to determine the result. The news
94
was sent to Bright in Venice. He was at the
bottom of the poll, with Milner Gibson also
defeated. Cobden, who had had the influence of
the Leeds Mercury against him, as Bright had had
that of the Manchester Guardian, went down in
the West Riding. Fox was thrown out at Oldham,
Sir Elkanah Armitage at Salford, and Miall, the
leader of the forty Dissenters then in Parliament,
was rejected at Rochdale. Most of them were
quickly returned to Parliament. In a few weeks
Birmingham had snapped up Bright, and in
securing Bright secured also the Liberal lead for
the next thirty years of politics.
The correspondence of Cobden was sore and
sombre for many weeks on this subject of Man-
chester. He saw the beginnings of a new
feudalism in Portland Street.
The honest and independent course taken by the
people at Birmingham, their exemption from aristo-
cratic snobbery, and their fair appreciation of a demo-
cratic son of the people confirm me in the opinion
I have always had that the social and political state
of that town is far more healthy than that of Man-
chester ; and it arises from the fact that the industry
of the hardware district is carried on by small manu-
facturers, employing a few men and boys each, some-
times only an apprentice or two ; whilst the great
capitalists of Manchester form an aristocracy, in-
dividual members of which wield an influence over
sometimes two thousand persons. The former state
of society is more natural and healthy in a moral and
political sense. There is a freer intercourse between
all classes than in the Lancashire town, where a great
and impassable gulf separates the workman from his
95
employer. The great capitalist class formed an ex-
cellent basis for the Anti-Corn Law movement, for
they had inexhaustible purses which they opened
freely in a contest where not only their pecuniary
interests but their pride as " an order " was at stake.
But I very much doubt whether such a state of society
is favourable to a democratic political movement. . . .
If Bright should recover his health and be able to head
a party for Parliamentary reform, in my opinion
Birmingham will be a better home for him than
Manchester.
The election of 1857 is interesting for the
first ghmpse it gives us of the coming age of
Manchester LiberaUsm. On Bright's platform
at the Free Trade Hall appeared John Slagg,
and the name of John Slagg carries us down
to the fabulous eighties. We are plainly ap-
proaching the days of the gravelled drives of
Victoria Park and Prestwich ; of the carriages
with two horses which flashed their owners to
great ovations at public meetings and carried
them home through the torch-lighted night of
victory and, not infrequently, defeat at the polls ;
of the men who sat in the wide-back pews of
Dissenting chapels and received the ministrations
of Guinness Rogers, entertained Dr. Dale when
he came to preach, were chosen by Mr. Glad-
stone to second the Address, and were, in short,
the individuals produced by Individualism. We
shall see the white hats of these Gladstonians
and the side whiskers dimly distinguishable on
the coasts of their powerful, sagacious faces.
We have heard of John Slagg already, and at
96
any moment we might come across Hugh Mason
or Henry Lee. Or Leake and Agnew !
§11
The Guardian fought the election of 1857
as a daily paper. This large development oc-
curred in 1855 ; it was one of the many results
of the high social constructivity of the Glad-
stonian Budgets. In 1853 Mr. Gladstone
abolished the duty on soap and reduced 133
other taxes, giving a total remission of taxation
of over five millions, and Milner Gibson carried
against the Government a motion for the repeal
of the advertisement duty, which now stood at
eighteenpence. In 1855 the last penny of the
newspaper duty was repealed. The duty on
paper survived until 1861. It was the last of the
** taxes on knowledge," and its abolition caused
a constitutional crisis, the House of Lords making
not certainly the last, but the last but one of its
attempts to block the progress of a Money Bill.
But the relief of 1855 was sufficient to ripen the
Guardian to the full perfections of the daily
status. The issue of June 16, 1855, contains the
following announcement ;
The bill for the abolition of the compulsory stamp
duty on newspapers has now passed both Houses of
Parliament and only waits the Royal Assent. We are
therefore able to announce that the Daily Publication
of the Guardian will commence on Monday the second
of July next. The price, when unstamped, will be,
as we have already stated. Twopence, instead of five-
97 G
pence as at present ; in other words, we shall furnish
our readers with six papers per week for a shilling
instead of two for tenpence.
On July 2, 1855, the change was accordingly
made, and two years later, in 1857, the price
was reduced to one penny. The intelligence
actively behind these critical operations was that
of the second John Edward Taylor, who had now
settled in Manchester and was taking his part in
newspaper management in a period of great
quickening. In 1861, on the retirement of
Mr. Garnett (who died at Sale in 1870), he
entered upon the undivided control of the paper.
The full concert-pitch of London journalism be-
came the object of his management. As early as
1856 the Guardian had made a great effort to
secure a better report of Parliament. In this it
failed, and for several years yet it had to be con-
tent with the report prepared for all the provincial
papers by the Intelligence Department of the
monopolistic telegraph companies. The report
of Mr. Gladstone's Budget speech of i860 sent
out by this agency was a scandal of inefficiency,
and all the provincial press agitated strongly for
the nationalization of the telegraphs. In 1870,
however, Mr. Taylor took the leading part in a
newspaper development of great importance —
the establishment of the Press Association. In
1868 the Guardian rented from the Post Office
two private wires, opened a London office, and
obtained entrance for its descriptive writer into
the Gallery of the House of Commons. The
98
London Letter began, and numbered among
its earliest contributors Tom Taylor, the drama-
tist and friend of Thackeray, who afterwards
became editor of Punch ; M'Cullagh Torrens,
the member for Finsbury ; and Tom Hughes,
the author of Tom Brown's School Days.
The Guardian showed even greater enter-
prise in the following year, when the Franco-
German War began. Mr. Taylor appointed and
despatched his own staff of war correspondents.
One of them was Mr. G. T. Robinson, an archi-
tect, the art-critic of the paper, and the father
of the poetess, Mary F. Robinson, afterwards
Madame Darmesteter and now Madame Duclaux.
Another was General Cluseret. Robinson, who
was shut up in Metz, and improvised a method
of sending his messages out of the city by bal-
loons, afterwards published a book on his ex-
periences. The war service of the Manchester
Guardian stood comparison with that of the
London papers. The morning trains into Man-
chester were as early and as well informed as
the morning trains into London, and at the close
of the Franco-German War the Guardian had a
national name.
Mr. John Edward Taylor, who in 1861 had
married the youngest daughter of Mr. R. W.
Warner, of Thetford, Norfolk, presided over
these large operations partly from Manchester
and partly from London, where he had gone to
live. The editorship in Manchester went for a
few years virtually into commission. Mr. R.
99
Dowman, a man of much curious learning, who
is still remembered for the accomplishment of
writing the whole of a long leader on a single
slip of paper, took a large share of editorial duty.
Another share was taken by Mr. John Couper,
who lived until modern times, and whose beauty
of character, coupled with great journalistic piety
and the further circumstance that he acted as
a sort of " father " to Mr. Scott in his early days
of editorship, have canonized him in Cross
Street. A third part was taken by Mr. H. M.
Acton (the father of Mr. Justice Acton), a man
of scholarship and wit, though somewhat cramped
as a writer by his own severe classical standards,
and yet another part by Mr. J. M. Maclean, who
had already won distinction as editor of the
Bombay Gazette^ and was later still to exhibit to
Parliament the spectacle of a Conservative mem-
ber gravely embarrassed by persistent Liberal
views. Mr. R. W. Spencer, who was at one time
chief reporter and for many years the chief sub-
editor of the paper, joined it about this time.
He was a man of much ability and judgment,
and his long tenure of an important position
in its service counted for a great deal in the
progress of the Guardian. Mr. Peter Allen,
brother-in-law of the second John Edward Taylor
and the father of Mr. Russell Allen, the present
proprietor of the Manchester Evening News, was
the shrewd and genial business manager. Mr.
G. V. Marsh had succeeded John Harland in the
office of chief reporter. The Guardian was a
ICO
daily paper, but there still clung to it some of
the atmosphere of its bi-weekly days. It was
the product of long, leisurely afternoons. Its
leader-writers withheld their hands from the
news of the current night, and went home, like
barristers, on reasonable evening trains.
lOI
VI : THE HAPPY LIBERALS
C H A P T E R V I
The Happy Liberals
§1
IT was among the men, and into the conditions
described in the last chapter, that there ar-
rived in 1 871 a new editorial recruit in the
person of Charles Prestwich Scott.
The present proprietor and editor of the
Manchester Guardian was born at Bath in 1846.
His father and his grandfather were both named
Russell Scott. His grandfather was the Rev.
Russell Scott, a well-known Unitarian minister,
who was for forty-five years in charge of the
High Street Chapel at Portsmouth, and was a
sort of bishop of his denomination. To the
Rev. Russell Scott three children were born.
The eldest died in infancy. The second one,
Sophia Russell Scott, has already entered into
our narrative as the first wife of John Edward
Taylor, the founder of the Manchester Guardian.
Charles Prestwich Scott is therefore the nephew
by marriage of John Edward Taylor, and has a
more distant blood relationship with him arising
from the circumstance that John Edward Taylor
and his wife were first cousins.
The third child of the Rev. Russell Scott
was a son, Russell Scott. He became a mer-
chant in London, and married Isabella Prest-
wich, a woman of much beauty and talent,
who lived at her father's house in South Lambeth,
105
though she was descended from an old Man-
chester family settled at one time at Hulme Hall.
Her brother, Sir Joseph Prestwich, became Pro-
fessor of Geology at Oxford, and she herself,
ending her days at Denton, near to Manchester,
is well remembered there for her devoted spirit
and by the social and educational institutions
which she gave to the place. Russell Scott suc-
ceeded in business. He retired in early middle
life, and devoted himself to the education of a
large family and to philanthropy. It was largely
by his assistance that Miss Mary Carpenter
established, in 1852, the Kingswood Reforma-
tory School near Bristol, one of the first in-
stitutions of its kind in the country, and the
management of this school occupied much of
his time during the years in which he lived
with his family at Bath. Charles Prestwich
Scott is the eighth of his nine children, of whom
the ninth died in infancy. His eldest brother,
Russell Scott, who died in 1908, was a merchant
in London, and a steady and generous friend of
the Liberal party and of many good causes.
Another brother, the Rev. Lawrence Scott, has
for many years been the Unitarian minister at
Denton.
Charles Prestwich Scott was educated at private
schools and by a private tutor in the Isle of
Wight. One of his masters was the Rev. Joseph
Hutton, brother of R. H. Hutton, of the Spec-
tator^ and another, the Rev. Charles Pritchard,
afterwards professor of astronomy at Cambridge.
106
His Nonconformist descent and his own Non-
conformist attitude — for he refused to be bound
to attend college chapel, though in point of
fact he always went — were a difficulty in the
way of his entrance to one of the old univer-
sities, but in 1865 he obtained admission to
Corpus Christi, Oxford, on the result of the
scholarship examination, no difficulty being raised
against him at that very liberal college. His
recreation at the University was rowing, and in
his last year he was captain of his college boat.
He left Oxford in 1869 with a first in ** Greats "
and an invitation from his cousin, the second
John Edward Taylor, to join the staff of the
Manchester Guardian. As a further and more
definite preparation for his work in Manchester
he went to Edinburgh and served for a year
in the office of the Scotsman^ under the illustrious
Alexander Russel. In the spring of 1871 he
came to Manchester just in time to be present
at the festivities which celebrated the jubilee
of the Manchester Guardian, In 1872, at the
age of twenty-five, Mr. Scott entered upon the
editorship which has enriched and ornamented
all Liberal causes the world over, and which,
continuing to this day, not only without failure or
abatement, but with a still continued ripening
and expansion of powers, promises to endow
humanity with another example of the courage
and capacity of advanced years, and to add one
more name to the world's list of grand old men.
Mr. Scott was married in 1874 to Miss Rachel
107
Susan Cook, the daughter of Dr. John Cook,
professor of ecclesiastical history in the University
of St. Andrews and one time Moderator of the
Established Church of Scotland. Mrs. Scott was
one of the seven original students of the College
for Women at Hitchin, which afterwards de-
veloped into Girton College, Cambridge. She
took the Cambridge Classical Tripos with a dis-
tinction which was not equalled for some time
by any other woman student. On her marriage
with Mr. Scott she came to live in Manchester,
and gave all the powers she could to the service
of the city. She was one of the founders of the
College in Brunswick Street for the Higher
Education of Women, which is now merged in
the Manchester University. She succeeded Miss
Becker on the Manchester School Board. Mrs.
Scott was in intimate touch with her husband's
editorial work, was with him in all the decisions,
and particularly the decisions on the Irish ques-
tion in 1886 and the South African question in
1899, which liberalized the Guardian, and she
had much to do with developing and improving
the department of book-reviewing, which began
to grow famous in her time.
Mrs. Scott died in 1905, but her influence
has lived on in the subsequent history of the
paper, and her spirit, critical yet enthusiastic,
is ingrained in its spirit. There is a memory
of her which is still probably treasured among
the moral possessions of some who were present
at the historic meeting in the St. James's Hall,
108
Manchester, in the autumn of 1899, called to
protest against the South African War. She was
then deeply worn by the heavy physical suffer-
ings of her last years, but she was present at
that meeting, and in the company of the son
of Bright and the daughter of Gladstone she took
with Morley, Courtney and her husband all
her share of its martyrdoms. She went through
the ordeal of the night seeming hardly a corporeal
presence at all ; rather a flame of pure spirit —
purified.
Mr. and Mrs. Scott's daughter married Mr.
C. E. Montague, who joined the editorial staff'
of the paper from Balliol in 1890, and is ac-
counted one of the highest ornaments of English
journalism. Their eldest son, Lawrence Prest-
wich Scott, died in 1908. He had been on the
editorial staff of the paper for seven years, and
was promising to contribute high moral and
intellectual qualities to the enrichment of its
future history. Two other sons, John Russell
Scott and Edward Taylor Scott, are in the service
of the paper, the former as its business manager,
the latter as a leader-writer giving special atten-
tion to economic questions.
§11
The opening of the London office and the
private wire, the appointment of a Parliamentary
writer, the despatch of war correspondents armed
with blank cheques to the Franco-German War,
and the appointment of Mr. C. P. Scott are a
109
group of events standing in a close circle around
the year 1868, and it was in this year also that
the Liberal party arose, new and splendid, out of
the shattered fragments of the Whigs, the Peelites,
the Palmerstonians, and the Manchester School.
For the next eighteen years a party composed
of all these elements, and socially so catholic
that it included dukes and included dustmen,
was to find its full satisfaction and felicity, its
bond of union and well of inspiration, in the
matchless public and private character of Mr.
Gladstone. The political Nonconformists, the
Congregationalists, the Baptists, and Unitarians,
and all their prophets and pastors, their Dales,
Parkers, Spurgeons, McLarens, and Martineaus,
were of this party to a man, Mr. Forster's Edu-
cation Act vexing them but not permanently
driving them away. There was a liberal sprink-
ling of eminent Churchmen. Jowett, of Balliol,
belonged to it, and when the first working miner
appeared in Parliament in the person of Thomas
Burt, he also was of it.
Its principal opponents were Beer and Bible,
the alliance of which was much commented
upon during and after the election of 1874.
At the hands of Beer and Bible the Liberal party
of those days sustained heavy and bitter defeats,
but these experiences were only the beating of
the weather outside the house. There was warmth
and company inside. There was no little self-
righteousness. Dr. Dale, who bitterly lamented
the break-up of the Liberal party in 1886, has
1 10
said somewhere that it had ceased to be a party
and had become a church. It was richer than
almost any party has been before or since in
leadership. Its members of the rank and file
sat them down beneath a canopy of character
and genius which could muster the organ tones
of morals and politics or admit beams of celestial
light. When Mr. Gladstone threatened to re-
tire from the leadership in 1876, Bright, Forster,
Lowe, and Hartington were his companions on
the front Opposition bench, and each one was a
possible leader. Harcourt and Henry James
were not thought weighty enough. Chamber-
lain and Dilke were a little too young. Mr.
Gladstone's retirement did not last long. In two
or three years the Eastern Question arose, and a
perfectly new phenomenon known as a " Mid-
lothian campaign," heated up by railway station
oratory at every stopping-place between Queens-
ferry and Edinburgh, arose in English politics,
not a little to the perturbation of Queen Victoria,
who took grave exception to this apotheosis of a
subject. Liberal associations assembled on rail-
way platforms towards noon, enjoyed two minutes
of concentrated lion-gazing, and dispersed when
the train moved on, totally unfitted for the busi-
ness of the rest of the day. The Manchester
Guardian^ besides reporting Mr. Gladstone, took
to describing him. In 1880 local members of
Parliament were telling their audiences that
Mr. Gladstone had reached his seventieth year.
After that he became legendary. Elderly men
1 1 1
were presented by their families at Christmas
with the acceptable gift of a piece of wood
guaranteed by the dealer to be a chip from his
axe. In the last years of his life he did little
to alter or modify the system of England, but
the example of these years kept her soul alive.
In circumstances like these the problems of
Liberal editorship with which Mr. Scott had to
deal in his first ten years of office were not diffi-
cult. But the second Gladstonian Government,
of 1880, had not been in power very long when
it became apparent that a fissure was developing
in the Liberal party. On the one side were
Hartington, Goschen, and the Whigs ; on the
other, Chamberlain and the Midland Radicals
and the impatient youth of the party. These
two sections began to manoeuvre against one
another for the control of the next few years of
politics. Chamberlain became the hero of pro-
vincial Liberalism, though there are many elderly
Liberals living to-day who can boast that they
never liked him, and can quote the very words
they used to this effect in the street outside his
most spell-bound meetings. He concocted an
" unauthorized programme " which promised the
Liberal party not only years of office but, what
is even more important to a party, work to do
while it was in office. It was totally to re-
shape the rural life of England, a work in which
all Radical manufacturers, all people who lived
themselves in cities and towns, and indeed every-
body except landlords, squires, and clergymen,
1 12
could join with the utmost satisfaction to his
party interests and no personal risk to his private
status and fortune, however far the process
went. The new rural constituencies responded
by returning many Liberal members at the
election of 1885. Mr. Glijdstonc chose this
moment of moments in party history to be
converted to Home Rule. He put the Non-
conformist masses of the Liberal party to a severe
trial of faith and temper. Instead of uprooting
the land laws and disestablishing the Church,
they were to face the prospect of twenty years
of opposition for the sake of a people whom
they knew to be Papists and suspected to be
reactionaries.
Large mental readjustments had to be made.
It was not only that Chamberlain turned against
his maker and that Bright forsook his great
brother. In a year or two it became known
that the Duke of Westminster had sold the
Millais portrait of Mr. Gladstone for money.
The Liberal party in those six months of crisis
sustained many losses and made few gains. One
of its gains was the Manchester Guardian. In the
years between 1880 and 1885 the Guardian had
been totally unattracted by the metallic Radical-
ism of Birmingham. It was still governed by its
old Whig bias, and leaned definitely towards
Hartington and Goschen. If the sons of the
most strait-laced Liberalism will throw back
their minds to this period they will find the
Manchester Examiner and Times, and not the
113 H
Manchester Guardian, in the furniture of old
associations, and heralding at home the new-
born day. The Guardian might have been ex-
pected with certainty to follow Hartington into
a Whig secession. Its long habit of extreme
caution in politics seemed to prepare it for this
course ; the weather at the moment recom-
mended it. All through the winter of 1885,
and the spring of 1886, it can be heard thinking
aloud on this Irish question in its leading columns.
It disagreed with Mr. Gladstone's first thoughts
on the exclusion of the Irish members, but its
conversion to the principle of Home Rule went
forward day by day. " Against the transfer to
an Irish assembly of full practical control of Irish
affairs we have not a word to say. That is
the essence of Home Rule as we understand
it, and Home Rule even in this large sense we
are prepared to accept. The fundamental ob-
jection to the Bill lies in the exclusion of the
Irish members," etc. (April 9, 1886.) ''There
can be no question now of denying a measure of
Home Rule." (April 10.) "At whatever dis-
advantage, with whatever loss, the Liberal party
must go forward with a work perhaps the most
imperative and salutary which ever divolved
upon it in its history." (June 9, after the defeat
of the Bill.) While editorial opinion was setting
into this mould. Professor Freeman, in another
part of the paper, was explaining the historical
and political rational of Mr. Gladstone's policy
in a series of signed articles.
114
At the same moment of time the Manchester
Examiner hesitated, and, in the event, was lost.
Mr. Gladstone's conversion to Home Rule was
often described by Mr. Gladstone's critics as the
sharp curve of politics. The Manchester Ex-
aminer was one of the accidents. For rather
more than thirty years it had been edited by
Henry Dunckley, and during the whole of this
period it had been the authentic voice of the
Manchester school of politics. Henry Dunckley,
who had been a Nonconformist minister in
Salford, was chosen to edit the Examiner because
he won a prize offered by the Anti-Corn Law
League, in 1854, for an essay on the history
and results of its agitation. The essay was a
masterpiece, and Dunckley's editorship of the
Examiner was an affair of much political and
literary distinction. He v/rote a style of great
strength and of such simplicity that his readers
vowed they had never needed to read a sentence
twice however subtle the thought, and he was
not a man to whom subtlety never happened.
It is just possible that as an editor he was a little
too sedentary even for the quiet days in which his
lot was cast. People who remember him in his
office speak of his velvet jacket and cigar, and the
sanctity of his meditations. They say that in the
Examiner office a housekeeper in a black alpaca
used to go about at ten at night administering
tea to the stylists and the thinkers. They also say
that the Examiner missed the Tay Bridge acci-
dent, the sub-editors having all joined at a cab
"5
home shortly after the first tidings of the disaster
arrived, and that the editor thought the excuse
not an unreasonable one, seeing that it had
certainly been snowing hard. Only once was
he known to indulge an editor's right to tear his
hair and rend his garments. As one of the most
important Liberals in the country, it fell to him
during a crisis to attend a momentous conference
of the party in London. Suspecting himself to
be the only journalist present, he spent the
evening composing and wiring to the office in
Manchester a discreet but nevertheless highly
inspired and intimate account of what had
happened, and followed it up with a private
telegram to the sub-editor informing him that
the message was what would now be called
" exclusive." It did not appear, and when
Dunckley, on his return to Manchester, asked
why it had not appeared, he received the follow-
ing reasoned reply : " Well, sir, it was this way.
I was much pressed for space and, as you had
yourself said that the other papers would not
have anything about the conference, I thought
I might safely leave it all out." Dunckley
appears to have thought that a journalistic mind
of this sort had better exercise itself for the rest
of its career in an office which was not his office.
And it did.
It is certain that for one reason and another
the Examiner ran to tops rather than roots.
But Dunckley's hold on Liberal England was
extremely strong. He acquired it with a series
ii6
of articles in the Weekly Times, an offshoot of
the Examifier, on the exact status of the Crown
in the English Constitution, a subject on which
Radical opinion had been much poked up by
certain objectionable passages in Sir Theodore
Martin's Life of the Prince Consort. The
Quarterly Review handled Dunckley severely
for these articles, and his reply made the con-
troversy illustrious. By the time it was con-
cluded it had become obvious that the " Letters
of Verax " must be continued, and in their con-
tinuation they roamed over all the field of politics
and touched frequently on those questions of
political theology which were always burning
while England was still ruled by its Non-
conformist chapels. It was said that they were
even more read in the West Riding of Yorkshire
than in Lancashire, instructing great masses
of the electorate and sometimes turning by-
elections.
Many people habitually swore by Dunckley.
If you saw it in a " Letter of Verax," it was
so. There have been few writers who have
been more read by people who read nothing
else but the Book of the Prophet Isaiah, and
indeed the wonderful thing about Henry Dunck-
ley was not so much Henry Dunckley himself
— historian and scholar, stylist and ironist though
he was — as his public, and not so much the
plant as the highly indoctrinated soil in which
it grew. His fame was his own, but it was
also one of the achievements of the North of
117
England. After all, they also write who only
put on their spectacles and trim the lamp to read
and consider.
Largely under the influence of John Bright,
who had been one of its founders, the Examiner
missed the tide of Liberal sentiment in 1886.
It got away with the next tide. In a few weeks
it had " found salvation," but the delay damaged
it, and it never quite recovered. Three years
later it was sold to the Liberal Unionist party,
and the Guardian acquired nearly all its public
goodwill in acquiring the services of Dunckley,
who began in March, 1889, to contribute a
weekly article under his familiar name of
" Verax." These articles were continued until
his death in i 896, and assisted greatly in bringing
the old Examiner readers over to the Guardian
and making them at home in its columns.
Dunckley also wrote a good deal for the Guardian
which was not signed. The obituary notice of
Mr. Gladstone in 1898 had been largely written
by him before his own death.
§ III
William Thomas Arnold had become a strong
influence in the Guardian office when the de-
cision on Home Rule was taken in 1886, and
indeed Arnold's best years as a journalist were
spent on the Irish question. He was the grand-
son of Arnold of Rugby and the brother of
Mrs. Humphry Ward. Mr. Scott visited Oxford
in 1879 in search of an editorial recruit, dis-
118
^
/)
"^ \
,,^
«^'
Wll.l.l \\1 IIIOM \S ARXOI.I).
covered Arnold, and brought him back to
Manchester. From that year until 1896, when
he was attacked by the illness which finally
terminated his brilliant and beautiful life, Arnold
was an active and powerful member of the
editorial staff, and for the second part of the
period the chief leader-writer. He has a very
high place in the Guardian calendar, and might
be named with Scott and Montague as one of
the chief modern makers of the paper. Arnold
was an historian. He was, in point of fact,
a specialist in Roman provincial administration,
and it was because he gave so much of his life
to journalism that his historical writing forms
only a fragment, valuable as that fragment is.
The journalist, in fact, spoiled the historian, but
the historian perfected the journalist. It was
Arnold's own theory that his journalism in the
Guardian office was all the better for his historical
studies at his house in Nelson Street, and that
the morning and evening thus spent made the
day. It is certain that this absorption in a very
lonely field of historical research did nothing
to stale his interest in modern politics and in
the local affairs of Manchester. It merely added
the critical habit of mind and a slight touch
of occasional " donnishness." To some extent
he shared Macaulay's amiable delusion about the
current " schoolboy," and he was prone to sup-
pose not only that everybody had read Momm-
sen, but that everybody kept his own copy of
Mommsen on a convenient shelf.
119
But as a practical, serviceable journalist of
the small hours Arnold has rarely been equalled.
Knowing everything about something (Roman
inscriptions), he had the further ambition of
knowing something about everything. He was
the architect of a system of " pigeon-holes "
which were contrived to serve the cause, not
indeed of omniscience, but of a kind of omnia-
consciousness. His own room at the Guardian
office was elaborately equipped with " pigeon-
holes," and was the scene of an incessant alight-
ing of doves from the most remote climates of
the foreign reviews, from the cycling papers,
from the medical, the ironmongery, and grocery
papers, and indeed from everywhere and any-
where where " the facts " about any subject
under the sun could be collected — virginal and
unimpassioned. Mr. Montague has minutely
described this method in a chapter of great
journalistic edification in the Arnold memoir.
At his house in Nelson Street, the site and
garden of which were absorbed into the new
Royal Infirmary, Arnold became a local patriot.
He made the great spiritual discovery that there
was no need to go to London, and that a region
bounded by the Pennine Range on the east and
by Blackpool promenade on the west could
neither be outwritten nor outgrown. He may
be taken as the true founder of the genre school
of Guardian writers, a body as defined and dis-
tinguishable in its way as the Glasgow school of
art. The drama of the town, and even in course
I20
of time its music-halls of Empire and Hippo-
drome, its picture galleries and loan exhibitions,
its concerts, its Whit-week, its Zoological Gardens
at Belle Vue, and all its encircling scenery of
Cheshire and Derbyshire became, under the
stimulus of his first example, the subject matter
of a critical attitude, a descriptiveness and a habit
of hard writing resolving themselves into a
family style highly literary but never bookish,
and the spiritual secret of which is a slight dis-
dain of London, an austere contentment with
the object before the eye, and a grim determina-
tion to write before the end of life more or less
like Montague. One of the earliest-gathered
fruits of the school was a little volume on the
Manchester stage. It consisted of dramatic
criticisms in the columns of the Guardian by
Mr. Arnold, Mr. Montague, Mr. Oliver Elton,
and Mr. Allan Monkhouse, and its modest and
unassuming appearance in the world was yet an
event in the literary treatment of the theatre.
Mr. Arthur Johnstone, a musical critic and im-
pressionist of great brilliance, carried the move-
ment on from this starting-point. Mr. J. B.
Atkins, now of the Spectator, but formerly the
war correspondent of the Guardian in several
campaigns, developed the Guardian style con-
siderably on the side of social and descriptive
writing first in Manchester and afterwards in
London. It was the achievement of Mr. Atkins
to carry the Puritan reader not unenjoyably to
the race meeting at Doncaster or Epsom.
121
These earlier efforts were made behind the
curtain of anonymity, but the school of writers
which grew up around Arnold, and found in
Montague at once its example and despair, be-
came rather too big for anonymity. It broke
through. Initials were admitted. They became
recognizable and known, and several journalists
in Manchester acquired the boulevardish fame
of their brothers in Paris. It became the regular
thing that a dramatic audience in Manchester
should enjoy two performances for every play —
the one in the theatre itself, the other the next
morning in the Guardian^ when the critic recited
the adventure of his own soul in the presence of
the masterpiece, or the hollow thing of brass
and tinsel, as the case might be.
Long before the growth of this local school
of criticism the Guardian had been collecting
specialists more particularly for the reviewing
of books. We have already named Professor
Freeman as a contributor, but the paper has
always helped itself liberally from historical I
scholarship. Mandell Creighton was writing re-
views and leading articles for the Guardian
steadily before he became the Bishop of Peter-
borough. Goldwin Smith was a frequent con-
tributor. York Powell is one of the treasures
which the Guardian has stolen from time to time
from what is still called the higher literature.
The men who asked one another in the common
rooms and at the hall tables of Oxford why
York Powell did not put forth more books
122
could have found the answer in the innumerable
anonymous articles which he was writing for
the Manchester Guardian. He was a constant
contributor of historical essays written around
and about any book sent to him for review, and
a large part of the small but valuable completed
output of that remarkable writer is to be found
in the columns of the Guardian of his day.
Among other regular writers were Andrew Lang
and Richard Jefferies (the natural historian).
Mr. George Saintsbury, the critic, was on the
resident editorial staff in the seventies, and was a
contemporary in the office with Mr. Richard
Whiteing, the novelist. Mr. Spenser Wilkinson
joined the editorial staff in 1882, and continued
to be a member of it for ten years. Mr. John
Masefield (for a brief period) and Mr. Filson
Young are old members of the staff, and Stanley
Houghton, the author of Hindie Wakes, con-
tributed the signed articles which now form part
of his collected works, and was a constant writer
of theatrical criticism. Professor L. T. Hob-
house joined the editorial staff in 1898, and
brought with him from Mr. Scott's old college
at the University, of which he was a Fellow,
a splendid combination of a wide philosophical
outlook, of which his books on political and
sociological subjects give ample evidence, together
with an ardent and reasoned Liberalism and the
mastery of an accomplished style. Mr. T. M.
Young, now the Deputy Public Trustee, was for
some time the city editor. Mr. William Archer
123
was for several years in charge of the London
dramatic criticism. Mr. R. A. M. Stevenson,
Mr. Comyns Carr, Sir Claude Phillips, Mr.
D. S. MacColl, Sir Walter Armstrong, Mr.
Laurence Housman, and Mr. Sturge Moore
have been included in its very strong succession
of art critics in London. Sir Arthur Evans, the
well-known traveller and archaeologist, did some
brilliant work for it in connection with his
archaeological surveys in the old Venetian lands
on the Eastern Adriatic, and was for a time
imprisoned by the Austrians because of his
advocacy of the liberties of the local population.
Later, Mr. Amery, now Under Secretary for
the Colonies, acting as correspondent of the
Guardian in the same disturbed region, ran
great risk of being run through the body by a
Turkish zaptieh whom he up and smote with
his umbrella in the assertion of his rights as a
British subject to go and do what he pleased.
Long ago the paper gave to the public much of
the original writings of Ben Brierley and Edwin
Waugh, of the Lancashire school of writers.
The Guardiaji has found many regular con-
tributors in the professorate of the Manchester
University. Sir Adolphus Ward, the former
Principal of the University, and now the Master
of Peterhouse, Cambridge, was the earliest of
its distinguished dramatic critics, and has been
a frequent reviewer down even to the present
day. Sir Henry Roscoe, Professor Munroe,
Mr. Balfour's persevering opponent in East Man-
124
Chester and a great adornment in his time of local
Liberalism, Professor Wilkins, and, in the present
day. Professor Herford are among the names of its
contributors. Among the ecclesiastics who have
written regularly on Church questions have been
Professor Hope Moulton and Canon Hicks,
afterwards Bishop of Lincoln, whose place as the
writer of a weekly article on affairs from a
Churchman's point of view was taken, and is
still held, by Canon Peter Green. Mr. H. W.
Massingham and Mr. Harold Spender have repre-
sented the Guardian in Parliament, and Mr.
H. W. Nevinson has acted for it as a war corres-
pondent and has been a steady contributor.
Mr. R. H. Gretton, the historian of modern
England, was formerly in charge of the London
office. Mr. G. W. E. Russell began in 1897,
and continued for many years, in the Guardian
his recollections of the Whig society of the
Victorian age. The late Mr. Dixon Scott,
Mr. G. H. Mair (who was probably the first
journalist in England to make an aeroplane
flight), Mr. Ernest Newman, Mr. John Drink-
water, Mr. Harold Brighouse, Mr. Glutton Brock,
Mr. J. A. Hobson, Mr. H. N. Brailsford, Mr.
Lowes Dickinson, Mr. J. E. Agate, Mr. J. L.
Hammond, and (in the most recent times) Mr.
Maurice Hewlett, Mr. R. H. Tawney, and Mr.
J. M. Keynes are among the many authors and
critics who have found their journalistic outlet
in the columns of the Manchester Guardian.
The present staff, which maintains all the old
125
accustomed strength, includes Mr. W. P. Crozier,
who has had much to do with the modernization
of the paper, and Mr. James Bone, who com-
bines the charge of the London office with the
function of art critic. Mr. J. J. O'Neill, the
late Liberal candidate for Preston, is the valued
head of the advertisement branch of the paper.
The " Miscellany " column, to which crowds of
professional and amateur journalists have brought
their offerings, began to appear in the autumn
of 1903. Later on, the back-page article was
established, and has become one of the standing
targets of literary marksmanship.
126
VII : THE SOUL OF A NEWSPAPER
CHAPTER VII
The Soul of a ^N^wspaper
§1
THE Irish question was to the Manchester
Guardian hterally, and in no figure of
speech, a Liberal education. Gladstonian-
ism began with the Irish question, but it trans-
cended it. It developed into a political attitude
and mentality which we describe when we say
that it is of all things in the world the precise
and exact opposite of Prussianism. It called
upon the ruler to put himself imaginatively into
the place of the ruled. It became a feeling for the
nationality of other people. Still more to the point
at which we have now arrived, it inured those who
followed it to the unpleasant process of thinking
and acting against the grain of a facile patriotism,
and living in allegiance to that other country
which is also theirs and is bounded on the north,
the south, the east and the west, not by political
frontiers, but by the moral idea. From Ireland
to South Africa was a change of scene, but
hardly a change of mind, and the statesman
who had most to do with the defeat of the two
Home Rule Bills was also the statesman who
brought a restless and aggressive Imperialism
on to the scene of affairs. The Manchester
Guardian itself was about to enter upon a chapter
in which it was set inflexibly against the national
will. A new and highly inconvenient patriotic
129 I
exercise known as " giving up the Guardian "
was soon to be seen practised for the first time
in first-class carriages running into Manchester.
It was often performed with great pomp and
circumstance ; newsagents, who were not re-
sponsible for the opinions of the paper, being
addressed on the subject across their counters
as though they were public meetings. There
are some who cherish to this day the simple
child-like faith that the Guardian takes foreign
money, and would be left almost helpless in
controversy wdth it if told that it is even not so.
The paper needed all its roots in the family life
of Manchester, in its commerce, its markets, its
churches, its music and art and sport to survive
the w^eather which beat upon it during the South
African War. But these roots held well enough,
and it is a curious but reassuring fact that many
people, after " giving up the Guardian " for one
offence, were found to be in a position to " give
it up " again somewhat later, the circumstance
affording some evidence of a secret reconciliation
in the meantime.
It is not often that we find such sharp de-
partures in history, but if England had only
known it, she was hearing, when she heard the
news of the Jameson Raid, of the end of her
peace. Since that event the world has known
no rest. It was the first sudden symptom of a
deep disorder. If English politics before 1896
be compared with English politics since 1896,
it will be seen that a change in the character of
130
public questions took place about that year.
Before 1896 politics were concerned very largely
with man as an Anglican or Baptist, with man
as a teetotaller or not a teetotaller, with man as a
single or peradventure a plural voter. Theology
entered very largely into politics. Large masses
of people voted one way or the other accord-
ing as they were or were not of a Puritan strain.
Someone before 1896 had compiled a Handbook
to the Political Questions oj the Day, and, if this
book be examined, it will be found that the
arguments, pro and con, are marshalled on a
number of questions, most of them having this
common characteristic : that no one would be one
penny the better or worse whatever the decision.
Should the Church in Wales be disestablished
and disendowed ; should the Church in England ;
should the inhabitants of a given area have the
power to determine whether there should be any,
and, if so, how many, licences for the sale of in-
toxicating drink ; should the Bible be taught
in schools to whose support Jews and agnostics
were compelled to contribute — was it possible
to teach the Bible without doctrinal comment ?
The argument of these questions by recognized
gladiators was the characteristic feature of English
life. It was as typical of England as the bull-
fight is of Spain. It is a curious fact that while
hardly one of these questions was settled by the
disputants, they have nearly all by now settled
themselves. The education question, for example,
which was not an education question at all, but a
131
theological one, has totally evaporated In a new
climate of affairs. It has been settled not by
consent, but by default. When it was last before
the court no one appeared on either side, and
the case was struck out of the list.
The two armies of Liberal and Conservative,
the Montagues and the Capulets of Church
and Dissent, had very little idea what a large
mass of the population it was that took little or
no interest in their contentions and very much
preferred the racecourse. The Jameson Raid
was the signal for these people to join in. The
game of African Imperialism had begun, and
it was a game which everybody could under-
stand. It was felt that this was going to be as
good as hunting. The Jameson raiders were
brought to London for their trial, and were
severely scolded by Lord Russell of Killowen,
but their sunburnt faces and extremely smart
neckties made a deep impression on the new
attentive England. The Jameson raiders having
been duly punished and petted, Mr. Chamber-
lain raised the claim to the suzerainty of the
Transvaal, and began with great dexterity to
manoeuvre President Kruger and the Boer
farmers, through the mazes of the five years
franchise and the seven years franchise, to the
verge of the precipice over which they eventually
slipped. " More and more," wrote Mr. C. P.
Scott, from the Guardian office to Leonard
Courtney, about this time in a letter published
in Courtney's life — " more and more one feels
132
that foreign policy is the touchstone of all
policy."
Political Imperialism was succeeded by econo-
mic Imperialism. When Mr. Chamberlain began
his fiscal campaign he was mainly an Imperialist,
and only incidentally a Protectionist, but the
Imperialism was quickly brushed on one side,
large and powerful interests having seen in the
other aspect of the question what they would in
their own language call a *' business proposition "
of the highest interest and importance. These
were indeed practical politics ! The country
gave the movement a severe check at the election
of 1906, but a period of great secret activity
followed in foreign politics. The striking fall
in the tone of public life which had now taken
place was indicated when the Irish question was
raised after an interval of fifteen years, and the
responsible leaders of the Unionist party identified
themselves cordially with flat rebellion, and set
an example which was followed right and left —
by militant suffragists, and by Labour men who
turned with disdain from the House of Commons
and had no use even for the discipline of the
old trade union. Then came the ripening of all
these things in the European War. The new
times which we have thus sketched had been
served throughout their course by a new kind
of press which was impatient of speeches and
called voraciously morning after morning for
events.
m
§11
The notable part which the Manchester Guar-
dian has played against the whole gamut of
this movement was first definitely assumed in
the days before the South African War, when
the minority in England was watching with
anguish the diplomatic performances of Mr.
Chamberlain. The Guardian not only fought
the battle in its leading articles, but it nourished
into being the " Manchester Transvaal Com-
mittee," which called the historic meeting of
protest at the St. James's Hall on September i 5,
1899. ^^ ^^'^^ ^ member of the staff" of the
Manchester Guardian who visited Lord Morley,
then living at Hawarden, where he was writing
the Lije of Gladstone^ and prevailed upon him
to come. Mr. Scott himself summoned Courtney
from Beachy Head. A son of Bright took the
chair, and a daughter of Gladstone was on the
platform. Lord Morley's own diaries describe
the meeting, telling how he was met by appre-
hensive faces at the Exchange Station ; how the
war party had publicly advertised and en-
couraged attempts to smash the meeting ; how
young men had been earnestly exhorted in
patriotic prints, at least for one night to sacrifice
their billiards and tobacco for the honour of
their native land ; how the huge St. James's
Hall was packed as it had never been packed
before, and how the chairman was ruthlessly
shouted down.
But Lord Morley's account of the affair does
134
something less than justice to the courage of
his own contention with the crowd, to the victory
of mind over matter, inch by inch, sentence by
sentence, here a little and there a little, but at
last so complete that the closing words of his
speech were heard in a silence the very un-
willingness of which added, if anything could
add, to their sombre beauty. They form one
of the best examples modern speaking affords
of the use of the great organ stop in politics.
I ask myself very often in my doctrinaire study
whether the man with the sword blundering in and
slashing at knots which patient statesmen might have
untied is not responsible for half the worst catastrophes
in the political history of Europe. Yes, you may
carry fire and sword into the midst of peace and in-
dustry. Such a war of one of the strongest Govern-
ments of the world against this weak little Republic
will bring you no glory. It will bring you no profit,
but mischief. It will be wrong. It will make
thousands of women widows and children fatherless.
It will be wrong. You may add a new province to
your Empire. It will still be wrong. You may give
greater buoyancy to the South African stock markets.
You may create South African booms. You may send
the price of Mr. Rhodes's Chartereds to a point be-
yond the dreams of avarice. Yet even then it will
still be wrong.
In less than a month of the uttering of these
words war was declared. The Guardian placed
on record its remonstrance.
No sane man among us can look back on all that
has happened since the Jameson Raid and honestly
deny that step by step the Boers have been driven
^2S
to the dizzy edge of the precipice as systematically
and mercilessly as ever a weak and weakly governed
nation was driven by an adroit diplomatist wielding
the resources of a great Power. We are now on the
eve of the period when the discussion of the causes
of the war is more or less silenced by the din of war
itself. But it is something to have made it clear to
the world, as the peace movement of the last few weeks
has done, that this is a war into which the better part
of England will enter with a heavy heart, with an up-
right man's regret and resentment at the conduct of
agents who have placed him in an ignoble position,
and with the most earnest hope that the struggle may
be short, and that the early easy success of our forces
may be followed by a peace in which some of the
credit lost to us may be restored by a magnanimous
use of our power.
This hope was eventually made good, though
it was not to be foreseen when the words were
written how and by whom. Dark days followed,
and the lot of the peace party went from bad to
worse as the war turned out to be, not the full-
dress parade which had been expected, but a
troublesome affair of money and time and lives.
The Guardian office was often threatened with
physical violence, and was sometimes under
police protection, as, somewhat to his discontent,
was Mr. Scott's own house. It is a chapter
in the history of the Manchester Guardian which
should be turned over with pleasure even by
those who think the paper was wrong on the
merits of the South African War. That the
decision to oppose the war was taken without the
smallest regard to the commercial interests of
136
the paper is personal to the Manchester Guardian
itself, but that the risk should have been run
with perfect success reflects hopefully on the
conditions of public life in England, and lights
a lamp on the roadway of faith. A newspaper
lives, and must live, by its advertisements and
circulation, or by a combination of the two.
There have been newspapers which have com-
plained of this hard fact, and have held it re-
sponsible for the extinction of some truth which
they would have liked to preach, but the world
would not let them. It is, however, only an
application of the truth that the soul needs first
of all a body. The Word must become a sound
and serviceable incarnation, and just as the
highest spiritual life must be based on the hum-
drum virtues, and a man cannot be a saint of
the Church if he snaps at his family at home
or neglects to answer his letters, so a perfectly
fearless and independent journalism must be
based on great journalistic quality and temper.
It must, in fact, be well timbered. It must
be able to get itself read, dullness being the
one deadly sin against truth since it stops the
ears of receptivity. It must learn, over a course,
of many years, to be depended on implicitly
for the facts. It must know that there is a time
to write and a time to refrain from writing,
and that it is often the highest controversial
wisdom to change the subject and to fall to
talking with love and knowledge about a new
bowler for the Lancashire team, the annual
137
pantomime, or the Old Infirmary Site, or any
other topic which arose before and will outlast
the state of policy and parties. It must weave
away at the plain homespun of reputation.
Great affairs in their place, but not all over the
place ! If a newspaper has these reserves of
character and authority and versatility it will
probably be able to give the world as much
truth as it is able to bear. To give it more is to
give it none. Such, at any rate, has been the
experience of the Manchester Guardian. It was
not for nothing that the first John Edward
Taylor, whose politics disappointed so many
of his friends, had yet the habit of looking
twice at every paragraph before it appeared in
the Manchester Guardian^ and that the second
John Edward Taylor added enterprise to truth.
These things made possible its modern *' liberty
of prophesying " under Mr. C. P. Scott.
At the time of the South African War de-
cisions of policy were, and for many years had
been, in the keeping of Mr. Scott, but the
ultimate ownership of the paper was still with
Mr. John Edward Taylor. For many years
Mr. Taylor had lived in London, and his visits
to Manchester after 1870 were only occasional,
though he figured prominently in Lancashire
politics for a brief hour in 1874, when he stood
unsuccessfully with Mr. Peter Rylands as Liberal
candidate for the undivided constituency of
South-east Lancashire, the association of the
two men deriving some interest from the asso-
138
JOHN iiDWAKl) r.WLOR,
Editf)-." of the Mdiirliiwter (inaidiaii IViin 16<:1 lill 1871 and propricti:!- until liJOj.
ciation of their fathers, the one as the prisoner
at the bar and the other as foreman of the jury,
at the trial at Lancaster in 1 8 19. As the pro-
prietor of a newspaper, the second John Edward
Taylor had the high virtue of choosing an editor
wisely and then abiding by his choice. He was,
however, in the fullest sympathy with Mr.
Scott's decision on the South African War and
the even more momentous decision on the Irish
question. His own attitude towards the ques-
tions on which the Guardian made its mark
has been described by an intimate hand, the
words standing for him who wrote them almost
as well as for him about whom they were written :
. . . Mr. Taylor took a deep and abiding interest
in another great question affecting the lives of the
poor — that of temperance, — and his strong feeling
on this subject helped to stimulate and deepen his
convictions in the whole range of domestic politics.
Indeed, there took place with him a process the con-
verse of that commonly attributed to advancing years.
Age brought to him no weakening of popular sym-
pathies, no narrowing of the outlook upon life ; above
all, no tolerance of high-handed wrong, whether com-
mitted by others or by ourselves. To the modern
materialism, to the new assertion of the ancient doc-
trine that might is right, to the plea for national
selfishness as the true guide of the policy of States,
he remained irreconcilably opposed, and, in the
strength of this antagonism, he was fired in his age
with something of the ardour of youth.
One other thing remains to be told of Mr.
Taylor. One day in 1873 ^^ %^y^ the order
139
that from that day and thenceforward racing
" tips " were not to appear in the paper. No
announcement of any kind was made on the
subject. The thing was just done, and has
never been undone. Mr. Taylor died in 1905.
Under the terms of his will Mr. C. P. Scott
became the purchaser of the Manchester Guardian
and the governing director of the family com-
pany to which it still belongs. Mr. Taylor's
interest in the Manchester Evening News, which
had been founded in 1868, passed to his nephew,
Mr. Russell Allen, of Davenham Hall, North-
wich, who became the sole proprietor of that
journal.
The Guardian came out of the South African
War in possession of great prestige. For some
eleven years — from about 1903 till 19 14 — it
had the experience, foreign almost to its genius
and not perhaps altogether to its taste, of being
with the majority, and during these days of a
high party spirit it was the object of a great
personal affection from the Liberal party. Its
name was almost as good for " cheers " in a
Liberal meeting as the name of Gladstone, and
a long and elaborate eulogy of it pronounced
by Mr. Churchill in the Manchester Reform
Club in 1909 evoked from an audience of leading
Liberals an extraordinary demonstration. There
were questions, indeed, on which it continued to
take its own line. Militancy never weakened for
one moment its old and steadfast belief in women's
suffrage. It continued, as it always will continue,
140
to be genuinely pained and surprised by the wide-
spread popular indifference to proportional
representation, or *' P.R.," as the standard width
of the Guardian column has compelled it to
christen that seductive cause.
The closing years of this period were darkened
by the shadows of war. The Guardian steadily
discouraged competition in Dreadnoughts which,
as the events of the war showed, had nothing
to do with naval efficiency. It pleaded for open
diplomacy ; suggested a new Triplice of Eng-
land, France, and Germany ; did and said
everything that was possible in the regions of
politics, music, art, and travel, to promote Anglo-
German friendship. Germany herself would not
have it so but, as the calamity came rapidly on
in July, 1 9 14, the Guardian struggled to the
last to avert it. It is curious to turn to the
Guardian of the last few days before the war
and to see the volume of peace sentiment pouring
through its pages — Christian and social workers
of every kind carrying peace resolutions wherever
they were assembled, the Nonconformist churches
getting ready to play their historic part. Then
Germany broke into Belgium, and the peace
movement in England was at an end.
And yet, once in the war, few newspapers
contributed more than the Manchester Guardian
to its strategy. It was almost the first news-
paper in England to perceive that the war front
was all one, and for at least six months it was
advocating alone the " united front " and the
141
" united single command." These ideas were
expressed chiefly in the brilUant articles of Mr.
Herbert Sidebotham, the " Student of War,"
who was a principal leader-writer on the paper
and had discovered a genius for military criticism
during the South African War. It is well
known that these articles became extremely
authoritative, and did much to make opinion
in quarters where to make opinion is to make
history. But, for all that, the Guardian never
ceased to welcome every possible overture of
practicable peace. It was the personal friend of
President Wilson and the strong supporter of
the ideas with which he entered the Peace
Conference at Paris.
Since the war the main stem of the paper has put
forth two young branches. One of them is the
Manchester Guardian Weekly^ published for the
convenience of distant readers and containing week
by week the essence of Guardian political and
literary criticism, and the other the Manchester
Guardian Commercial^ to which has been lent the
long practice of the parent paper in business affairs
and its high authority with business men.
§111
As we take our last look at the Manchester
Guardian^ and leave it stepping out on the long
stretch of its second century, we see it stamped
with an image and superscription. The history
of the paper as we look back upon it over one
hundred years is an affair of much symmetry,
142
'I'll.: siiK t)K in
!•; " MAMIIKSTER (iL ARDIW
AS II WAS IN 1821.
lU ll.DIXt
round numbers abounding.* It is exactly one
century since it was born ; it is exactly half a
century since Charles Prestwich Scott came to
Manchester to take up his life's work in its
office. Almost his first duty on joining the
staff was to take his part in the jubilee celebra-
tions, and there are men still connected with the
paper, and others living who have only recently
left it, who remember his high post-graduate
spirits on that occasion, the joyful noise he made
as the omnibuses jolted home out of Cheshire.
Mr. Scott's editorship still continues in its full
career, and however we weigh and measure
what he counts for in its affairs — whether we
test it by the number of things both great and
small which he decides, by the hours early and
late which he gives to its service, or by the
number of nights in the week on which it is
known in the office that " C. P. is writing the
* long,' " if we even compute it thus by the
number of columns he contributes to the paper
in the course of a year — he is still not only pro-
prietor and editor of the paper, but its most
dominant voice and pen.
His editorship has been one of the illustrious
things of journalism at large, but to the Man-
chester Guardian it has been all in all. The
history of the Manchester Guardian for the last
fifty years is the history of his mind. Its sensi-
tiveness to moral ideas, its intolerance of the
high hand, its dislike of the magisterial brow are
* Written in 1921.
his. He has given it a new kind of noncon-
formist conscience which allows for all the arts
of life and bases a stern righteousness, not like
the old Puritans at the bear-baiting, on hatred of
the spectators but rather on love of the victim.
His staff know that in the last twenty years his
character has not indeed softened, for its tonic
and electric quality is still very palpable, but
mellowed very greatly beneath the final touches
of experience and some private sorrows, and
this quality of mellowness is also in the Guardian.
Its refusal to be terrified by new portents like
the sex movement and the Labour movement is
merely his spiritual inability to grow old, which
shows itself on the physical side in the breathless
risks he runs on a bicycle amid the traffic of
Manchester when the traffic is at its worst, and
at all Guardian celebrations, where he dances
every dance on the programme except when
the next one is, to his visible regret, one of
the very modern kind which he has not had
the time and opportunity to acquire.
Mr. Scott's life has contained other careers
besides that of editorship. He fought several
elections as the Liberal candidate for North-
east Manchester, and was eventually elected for
the Leigh division of Lancashire in 1895. He
took some part in the debates of Parliament,
but he was not born, as some men are, to be a
private member of the House. He lacked the
nerve which the private member needs for the
scattering and expense of time, nor had he the
144
THE SITE ro-n.\v
necessary faculty of holding Roman principles
in restful attitudes and beneath ascending wreaths
of smoke. In 1905 he left Parliament, made
Manchester his centre again, and, though he
had never relaxed his hold on the Guardian,
entered with a definite renewal of the spirit upon
his editorship. He came home. It was said of
Chamberlain by an observer that he seemed
to make fresh beginnings and to discover and
develop new powers in the art of public speak-
ing after he was fifty years of age, and the man
who made the observation thought the fact
an unusual one in human experience. Mr. Scott
has bettered the example, and has enlarged the
hopes of the sixth and even the seventh decade
of human life, for there is no question that his
wrist for English prose is easier and more flexible
than it was twenty or even ten years ago. The
style has reached that high degree of excellence
which only comes when style is hid with thought,
when it is indeed no longer style but merely
the diaphanous vesture of the thing which it is
in his mind and of his purpose to say.
Mr. Scott produces the most of his work
among the untempered conditions of a news-
paper office at night. He is always accessible,
and his assistants may without excessive fear and
trembling break in upon him with unseasonable
topics — with a telegram which has been cor-
rupted in transit and which nobody can emend,
with some delicate question perhaps of " giving
it " or " leaving it out." The most the tor-
145 K
mentor will notice is a brief abstraction, a momen-
tary difficulty in coming to the surface of life.
The matter, whatever it be, will receive attention,
and if the intruder glances over his shoulder
from the door he will see that the mind has picked
up the train of its thought again, and that the
hand is travelling over the paper beneatli the green
lamp. He keeps the conscience of the paper
and looks closely to its personal form. He can-
not away with the word " reliability," will not
suffer anything to happen in the " metropolis,"
and is the only member of his own staff who
understands clearly when the conjunction should
be '* nor " and when it should be '* or," and,
when one follows the other, what happens next.
If any very bad cliche appears he will send the
proof in which the offence occurs to the re-
sponsible subordinate with a pained note of
exclamation. It is one of the things that make
the difference in the Guardian office that the
editor requires nothing of his men that he could
not do equally well himself.
And if it be asked how all this is done, not
only without any dishevelment and discom-
posure of living, but with rather more than less
attention to its airs and graces, the teaching
which is contained in the answer is easy to frame
and yet hard to follow, since it requires no less
than the whole of life. It has been said that the
Essays of Emerson were not so much written as
assembled out of the notebooks of an unceasing
application and, when the greatest of English
146
artists was asked how long it had taken him to
make the rough sketch of a human hand, he
repUed that it had taken him all his life.
In the same way the editorship of a great organ,
the rapid decision, the finished argument com-
posed against time do not come of a posture
towards affairs sometimes assumed and some-
times relaxed. The spring is easy because the
poise is always maintained. The burden is
carried because it is never laid down. Not
even after fifty years of carrying it !
At the Cloi§ler Press, Heaton Mersey, Manche^er
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