LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 ^ecei-ccJ JAN 4 1893 . 189 
 Accessions No. 14Q "2. 5~. Class No. 
 
 ~ t -. '.. . , ' ,-T" 
 
m^mm^ 
 
 
 
 
HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 
 
 BY 
 
 ELIZABETH 1. FARRAND. 
 
 ANN ARBOR: 
 
 REGISTER PUBLISHING HO1TSE. 
 
 1885. 
 
a 6" 
 
 Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1884, by 
 Elizabeth M. Farrand, in the office of the Libra- 
 rian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Preface : V 
 
 Chap. I. Introductory to 1835 7 
 
 Chap. II. 1835-1837 15 
 
 Chap. III. 1837-1841 , 26 
 
 Chap. IV. 1841-1845 40 
 
 Chap. V. 1845-1851 60 
 
 Chap. VI. 1852-1863, (Dr. Tappan's Administration) 90 
 
 Chap. VII. 1863-1869, (Dr. Haven's Administration) 161 
 
 Chap. VIII. 1869-1871, (Prof. Frieze's Administration) 200 
 
 Chap. IX. 1871-1883, (Dr. Angell's Administration) 217 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 This book has been written for those who have been, or 
 are, or shall be connected with the University of Michigan. 
 
 The attempt has been made to collect from many doc^ 
 innents into one volume the story of the University, to 
 put into a convenient and accessible shape what has been 
 already written, and to gather also something from its 
 traditional history, placing upon record what has hitherto 
 remained only in memories which are now fast fading. 
 
 It is greatly to be regretted that the men who were 
 students of the University in its early days have given us 
 no reminiscences of their college life, of its duties, its cus* 
 toms, its hardships, and its pleasures so different from 
 those of modern college life. 
 
 The author of this book is much indebted to some of 
 the early graduates, and especially to Dr. George Pray, of 
 the class of 1845, for assistance rendered; from them alone 
 has it been possible to gather any knowledge of the cus- 
 toms of their time. By them alone, however, can the sub- 
 ject be adequately treated. 
 
 The suggestion is offered that the classes which left the 
 institution before the days of college papers and of class 
 histories, should each have its historian, and that a deter- 
 mined effort should be made to collect reminiscences of 
 college life in Ann Arbor. 
 
 The University is not too young to number among her 
 children, white-haired men. Many of the instructors and 
 many of the students, who taught and studied here in the 
 days when the number of instructors and students was 
 very small, are silenced by death. Yet in 1884 no class 
 fails to respond to the roll-call. There is then a reason- 
 able expectation that something less fleeting than words 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 spoken at the banquet table will be contributed by the old 
 students towards the history of their Alma Mater. 
 
 For many years after the opening of the University the 
 Ann Arbor papers contained very little local news, and it 
 is only recently that they have contained a "University 
 column." So important an event as the location of tin* 
 institution at Ann Arbor received but slight notice; one 
 column was devoted to an account of the exercises of the 
 first commencement, but others are barely mentioned. 
 Great events, like the troubles of 1849 and 1850, the ques- 
 tion of the admission of women about 1858, the appoint- 
 ment of Dr. Tappan and the attacks upon him, had some 
 space given to them, but on smaller matters the silence is 
 very profound. 
 
 Even the college journals of later days fail to furnish 
 materials sufficient for a history of the period to which 
 they belong. In them events are described by eye-wit- 
 nesses, but also very often for eye-witnesses, and the 
 accounts lack the detail which is desired by other readers. 
 
 Xone the less unsatisfactory are the records kept by 
 the Board of Regents and by the Faculty. They are for 
 the most part, records of resolutions alone. In 1852, at 
 that period so important in the history of the University, 
 the following record w r as made of one of the meetings of 
 the Board : 
 
 ''After some discussion the members came to a unan- 
 imous conclusion as to the course they ought to pursue in 
 regard to the presidency of the University," and adjourned. 
 It is only in the memories of men that the University ha> 
 a vivid and living history. 
 
 The author of the present volume has endeavored to be 
 accurate in statement while treating succinctly the most 
 important events in the history ot the University of 
 Michigan. She dares to hope that her book will meet a 
 want which has been felt for several years. That it will 
 also excite a disposition for tale telling among the whole 
 body of the alumni is her earnest wish. 
 ANN ARBOR, July, 1884. 
 
hnrivEE 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY. 
 CHAPTEB I. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY TO 1835. 
 
 In the years between 1780 and 1783 the states of 
 Virginia, New York and Massachusetts ceded to 
 the United States government those lands, situated 
 north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi rivers, 
 to which they had claim, and which were known as 
 the Northwest Territory. Connecticut, a little later, 
 made a like cession. This act of the states placed 
 in the hands of the general government a large 
 tract of unsettled and unsurveyed country, subject 
 to its legislation. 
 
 The ordinance of 1787, providing for its occupa^ 
 tion and government, promises that religion, mor- 
 ality and knowledge shall be fostered. In the same 
 year a large sale of lands was made to the New 
 England Ohio Company, and to this company was 
 given two townships for the endowment of a uni- 
 versity. 
 
 The grant of land to the Ohio company availed 
 little save to establish a habit of Congressional legis- 
 lation in favor of education, and for this reason 
 alone, it must ever stand as introductory to the his- 
 tory of education in Michigan. 
 
 In 1800 that portion of the Northwest Territory 
 
8 HIST01IY OK THI-: 
 
 now comprised in the states of Illinois, Indiana and 
 Michigan, was formed, for purposes of government, 
 into the Indiana Territory, and, in 1804, to each of 
 its three divisions was granted one township of 
 land, for a seminary of learning. Michigan, in the 
 following year having been organized into a terri- 
 tory, was entitled to its one township of this land. 
 
 Legislation for the endowment of schools ante- 
 dated by several years the time when there was 
 need for them or a possibility of establishing them, 
 The grant, however, was not forgotten, and the need 
 and the possibility grew with the numbers of the 
 people. Early in 1817 the Detroit Gazette, the 
 one weekly newspaper published in the Territory, 
 contained many articles on the subject of education, 
 giving voice to the feeling of some of the -people 
 and influencing that of others. 
 
 At this time Michigan contained less than 7000 
 inhabitants in all its territory. They were settled 
 chiefly at Detroit and at trading posts and missions 
 on the lake shore. 
 
 7 It was the governor and judges of this thinly 
 settled region who adopted on the 26th of August, 
 1817, one of the most curious acts for which Michi- 
 gan has ever been responsible. "An act to esta- 
 blish the Catholepisterniad, or University of Michi- 
 ii;mia" is said to be the work of the Hon. Augustus 
 B. "Woodward, one of the judges of the Territory. 
 He was a man who originated much good legisla- 
 tion for Michigan, but one whose eccentricity bor- 
 dered sometimes closely upon aberration. He was 
 facetious; but we are not allowed to think that this 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 9 
 
 act Avas other than the product of his serious, sobei* 
 deliberation and judgment, It in as follows; 
 
 ** Be it enacted by the Governor and Judges of the Territory 
 of Michigan, That there shall be in the said Territory a 
 Catholepistemiad or University, denominated the Cathole- 
 pistemiad or University of Michigania. The Catholepis- 
 temiad or University of Michigania shall he composed of 
 thirteen didaxum or professorships; first, a didaxia or pro- 
 fessorship of eatholepistemia, the didactor or professor of 
 which shall be president of the institution; second, a di- 
 daxia, or professorship of anthropoglossica or literature, 
 embracing all the epistemum or sciences relative to lan- 
 guage; third, a didaxia or professorship of mathematica, 
 or mathematics; fourth, a didaxia or professorship of 
 physiognostica, or natural history; fifth, a didaxia or pro- 
 fessorship of physiosophica or natural philosophy; sixth, 
 a didaxia or professorship of astronomia, or astronomy ; 
 seventh, a didaxia or professorship of chymia, or chemis- 
 try; eighth, a didaxia or professorship of iatuca, or medi- 
 cal sciences; ninth, a didaxia or professorship of cecono- 
 niia, or economical sciences; tenth, a didaxia or profes- 
 sorship of ethica, or ethical sciences; eleventh, a didaxia 
 or professorship of polemitactica, or military sciences; 
 twelfth, a didaxia or professorship of diegetica, or histori- 
 cal sciences; thirteenth, a didaxia or professorship of en- 
 noeica, or intellectual sciences, embracing all the epis- 
 temum or sciences relative to the minds of animals, to the 
 human mind, to spiritual existence, to the Deity, and to 
 religion, the didactor or professor of which shall be vice- 
 president of the institution. The didactors or professors 
 shall be appointed and commissioned by the governor. 
 There shall be paid from the Treasury of Michigan, in 
 quarterly payments, to the President of the institution, 
 and to each didactor or professor, an annual salary to 
 be from time to time ascertained by law. More than one 
 didaxia or professorship may be conferred upon the same 
 person. The President and didactors or professors, or a 
 
10 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 majority of them assembled, shall have power to regulate 
 all the concerns of the institution, to enact laws for that 
 purpose, to sue, to be sued, to acquire, to hold, and to 
 alien property, real, mixed, and personal, to make, to use, 
 and alter a seal, to establish colleges, academies, schools, 
 libraries, museums, athenaeums, botanic gardens, labora- 
 tories, and other useful, literary and scientific institutions, 
 consonant to the laws of the United States of America, 
 and of Michigan, and to appoint officers, instructors, and 
 instructrices in, among and throughout the various coun- 
 ties, cities, towns, townships, and other geographical divi- 
 sions of Michigan." 
 
 The act proceeds to increase the public taxes fif- 
 teen per cent, and appropriate that amount to the 
 use of the University, to authorize four lotteries for 
 the benefit of the institution, and to fix an honor- 
 arium for the courses of instruction. 
 
 "The honorarium for a course of lectures shall not 
 exceed fifteen dollars; for classical instruction, ten dollars 
 a quarter; for ordinary instruction, six dollars a quarter. 
 If the judges of the court of any county or a majority of 
 them shall certify that the parent or guardian of any 
 person has not adequate means to defray the expenses of 
 a suitable instruction, and that the same ought to be a 
 public charge, the honorarium shall be paid from the 
 treasury of Michigan." 
 
 This document is signed by William Woodbridge, 
 Acting Governor; A. B. Woodward, Presiding 
 Judge of the Supreme Court; and John Griffin, 
 one of the Judges of the Territory of Michigan. 
 
 Early in September, 1817, two professors were 
 appointed, John Monteith, the Protestant clergy- 
 man of Detroit, and Gabriel Richard, the Catholic 
 bishop of Michigan. The former was president 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 11 
 
 and held also six professorships, and the latter held 
 the remaining six. The salary for each professorship 
 was $12.50 a year. 
 
 They proceeded at once to establish a primary 
 school and a classical school in Detroit, and to erect 
 a building for their accommodation. A subscrip- 
 tion to the amount of about $6,000 was raised in 
 Detroit, about $3,000 of which was paid before 
 1821 when the Catholepistemiad was succeeded by 
 the " University of Michigan." In October, 1817, 
 the officers of the University of Michigania enacted 
 a statute establishing in Detroit the " First College 
 of Michigania," which had no existence except in 
 name. The primary and classical schools estab- 
 lished in Detroit were the only branches of the 
 Catholepistemiad. 
 
 By the treaty of Fort Meigs, September 29th, 
 1817, formed by General Cass with the Indians of the 
 North-west, three sections of land were reserved for 
 the " College of Detroit." The officers of the Cath- 
 olepistemiad did not locate the land, and the claim 
 passed in 1821 into the hands of the " Trustees of 
 the University of Michigan," by whom the three 
 sections were selected and sold for $5,000 or more. 
 
 The Act of August 26th, 1817, was repealed 
 April 30th, 1821, and a new act passed for the 
 establishment, at Detroit, of the University of Michi- 
 gan. It was placed under the management of twenty- 
 one trustees who were named in the act, and of 
 whom the governor was always to be one. Vacan- 
 cies in the Board of Trustees were to be filled by 
 the vote of the legislature. 
 
\"2 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 The Trustees of the University of Michigan suc- 
 ceeded to all property and all rights held by the 
 officers 6f the Catholepistemiad. They assumed 
 control of the township of land granted by Con- 
 gress, of the three sections of land granted by 
 the treaty of Fort Meigs, and also of the debts of 
 the old corporation. The primary or Lancasterian 
 school, established under the Catholepistemiad wa* 
 continued for a few years and was supported by the 
 tuition fees. The classical school received support 
 from the new Trustees till about 1827, when it als< > 
 became dependent upon fees for its support. 
 
 The most important duties of the Trustees had 
 relation to the property of the institution. In 1823 
 they obtained from the governor and judges of 
 the Territory a deed of the lot upon which their 
 school building was located, and which was known 
 as the "Academy lot," and, became many years 
 later the subject of litigation. In 1824 they lo- 
 cated the lands granted by the treaty of Fort Meigs, 
 and sold them at various times between the years 
 1825 and 1836, and applied the money so obtained 
 to the payment of the debts of the old corporation, 
 to the support of the classical school, and to other 
 expenses incurred during their own administration. 
 Before the first sale was made there was an indebt- 
 edness of nearly $3,000 to be provided for. The 
 lands sold brought from $2.50 to $6.00 per acre. 
 
 At the second meeting of the Trustees they began 
 to consider the location of the college township 
 granted by Congress in 1804. It was discovered by 
 the committee appointed that it was impossible t 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, 13 
 
 locate one entire township of good land in the dis- 
 trict specified in the grant, A committee was ap- 
 pointed to memorialize Congress, and, as a result, 
 an act was passed, May 20th, 1826, giving to the 
 Territory of Michigan for a t( seminary of learning" 
 two townships of land, with permission to locate 
 them in detached portions. 
 
 August 1st, 1826, Austin E, Wing and Dr. Wil- 
 liam Brown were appointed a committee to examine 
 the country and report upon the location of the two 
 townships. On May 11, 1827, the same committee 
 were instructed to " locate such tracts at the mouth 
 of Swan Creek, on the Miami river* in this Terri- 
 tory as may seem to them expedient." They located 
 916 acres on land now covered by the city of To- 
 ledo, then described as river lots 1, 2, 7, 8, 9 and 10, 
 accepting them for two sections or 1280 acres. In 
 1828 William Oliver of Ohio wished to exchange 
 for lots 1 and 2 lots 3 and 4 and other land amount- 
 ing in all to 767^ acres. The exchange was recom- 
 mended by Austin E. Wing, one of the committee 
 who had located the land, and had the sanction of 
 Governor Cass, but was opposed by Major Kears- 
 ley, Dr. Brown and Mr. Desnoyer, and was effected 
 only in 1831. It is said that at the time of the ex- 
 change lots 1 and 2 possessed five times the value 
 of the lands for which they were exchanged. In 
 1834 the 767i acres, including lots 3 and 4, were 
 sold to Major Oliver for $5,000, the sale receiving 
 the assent of all the Trustees with the exception of 
 General John E. Williams and Mr. Peter J. Des- 
 
 *Maumee river. 
 
14 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 noyer. The lands at that time were worth a miu-li 
 larger sum, even, according to the estimate of some 
 persons, fifteen or twenty times that for which they 
 were sold. It was necessary to obtain the permis- 
 sion -of Congress to make the sale, but that was 
 easily done. At about the same time another ap- 
 plication for the purchase of land was received and 
 was met with the reply that the " Trustees have no 
 power to sell." Lots 7, 8, 9 and 10 were held till a 
 later day, and were sold about 1849 or 1850 for from 
 *19 to $24 an acre. 
 
 The locating committee continued their work un- 
 til, in 1836, forty-nine sections had been located. 
 
 On the 18th of May, 1837, the Board of Trustees, 
 appointed April 30th, 1821, closed their work for 
 the institution, and the "Board of Regents of the 
 University of Michigan " were their successors. 
 By a decision of the Supreme Court, in 1856, the 
 corporations of 1817 and 1821 were declared iden- 
 tical with the Board of Regents of 1837. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 15 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 1835-1837. 
 
 In the month of May, 1835, by a Convention held 
 in Detroit, a State constitution was formed, in the 
 October following it was ratified by the people of 
 the Territory, and in January, 1837, Michigan was 
 admitted into the Union. The years 1835, 1836 
 and 1837 comprise a period of great import in the 
 educational history of the state. That we can speak 
 proudly of our Michigan school system is largely 
 due to the bent which that system received in the 
 beginning. 
 
 The early settlers of Michigan were an intelli- 
 gent people; many of them were educated men. 
 The establishment of schools was everywhere con- 
 sidered imperative, while yet the poverty and hard- 
 ship of pioneer life was the portion of all. The 
 population of the state numbered less than 100,000 
 persons when our school system had its origin. 
 
 General Isaac E. Crary, Michigan's first repre- 
 sentative in Congress, and the Eev. John D. Pierce, 
 a missionary pastor, were the ones chiefly con- 
 cerned in shaping the action of the Convention in 
 regard to education. General Crary and Mr. Pierce 
 were graduates of eastern colleges. In 1834 and 
 1835 they were residents of Marshall, and held 
 together frequent discussions upon the concerns 
 
16 HISTOKV OF TIN: 
 
 of the state and the work of the coming convention 
 to which General Crary was a dolo^ato, (Cousin's 
 report on the Prussian system of public instruction 
 had come into their hands and some* of the provis- 
 ions of that system seemed to them to be admirably 
 adapted to educational purposes in this country; 
 particularly were they impressed with the advan- 
 tages to be gained by placing at the head of tin- 
 educational matters of the state an officer who, like 
 the Minister of Public Instruction in Prussia, 
 should have the supervision of all the schools and 
 bring them into a systematic and harmonious rela- 
 tion. 
 
 General Crary, as has been said, was a delegate 
 to the Convention, There he was made chairman 
 of the committee on education. This committee 
 reported and the convention adopted an article on 
 education of which the first and fifth sections con- 
 cern the University: 
 
 I. " The Governor shall nominate, and by and with the 
 advice and consent of the Legislature, in joint vote, shall 
 appoint a Superintendent of Public Instruction, who shall 
 hold his office for two years, and whose duties shall 1>- 
 prescribed by law." 
 
 V. " The Legislature shall take measures for the pro- 
 tection, improvement or other disposition of such lands 
 as have been or may hereafter be reserved or granted by 
 the United States to this state for the support of a univer- 
 sity; and the funds accruing from the rents or sale of such 
 lands, or from any other source for the purpose aforesaid, 
 shall be and remain a permanent fund for the support of 
 said university, with such branches as the public conven- 
 ience may hereafter demand for the promotion of litera- 
 ture, the sciences and arts, and as may be authori/ed by 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 17 
 
 the terms of such grant; and it shall be the duty of the 
 Legislature, as soon as may be, to provide effectual means 
 for the improvement and permanent security of the funds 
 of said university." 
 
 The ordinance of admission, submitted to Con- 
 gress by the Convention, contains the following ar- 
 ticle, which, also, may be considered the work of 
 General Crary: 
 
 " That the seventy-two sections of land set apart and 
 reserved for the use and support of a University by an 
 act of Congress approved May 20th, 1826, entitled : * An 
 act concerning a seminary of learning in the Territory of 
 Michigan,' are hereby granted and conveyed to the State, 
 to be appropriated solely to the use and support of such 
 University, in such manner as the Legislature may pre- 
 scribe." 
 
 By this ordinance, the university lands were 
 made available; they could now be sold, and a fund 
 established ; the original Congressional grant pro- 
 vided only for leasing them and thus rendered them 
 nearly useless. 
 
 In 1835, Michigan, anticipating her entrance into 
 the Union, formed a government and elected Ste- 
 vens T. Mason Governor. On July 26, 1836, Gov- 
 ernor Mason, at the request, or, by the advice of 
 General Crary, appointed Mr. Pierce Superinten- 
 dent of Public Instruction, " the first that ever held 
 the office in this country under a state government." 
 Mr. Pierce was at this time thirty-nine years of age; 
 he was a graduate from Brown University and from 
 Princeton Theological Seminary, and had been 
 since 1831 a home missionary in Michigan. He 
 had paid considerable attention to educational mat- 
 
IS H1STOIIV OF THE 
 
 ters, and was certainly the one man in the Statt 1 
 who was fitted for the office of superintendent. His 
 first duty was to prepare and submit to the Legis- 
 lature, on January 1st, 1837, a plan for the organi- 
 zation of schools, a plan for a university, and a 
 statement of the condition of the university and 
 school lands, giving also his views of the disposi- 
 tion to be made of these lands. 
 
 An able report was prepared and submitted, and 
 the part relating to the organization of a university 
 was substantially embodied in an act passed March 
 18th, 1837, of which the following is a copy : 
 
 "An act to provide for the organization and government of 
 
 the University of Michigan: 
 
 SEC. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Re- 
 presentatives of the State of Michigan, That there shall 
 be established in this state an institution under the name 
 and style of * The University of Michigan.' 
 
 SEC. 2. The object of the University shall be to provide 
 the inhabitants of the state with the means of acquiring 
 a thorough knowledge of the various branches of litera- 
 ture, science and the arts. 
 
 s ]:<. 3. The government of the University shall be 
 vested in a board of regents, to consist of twelve membei > 
 and a chancellor, who shall be ex-orticio president thereof; 
 which board shall be nominated by the governor, and 
 appointed by and with the advice and consent of the senate. 
 
 SBC. 4. The governor, lieutenant-governor, judges of 
 the supreme court and chancellor of the state, shall be 
 ex-officio members of said board. A secretary shall be 
 appointed by said board, whose duty it shall be to record 
 all the proceedings of the board, and carefully preserve a 1 I 
 its books and papers. 
 
 8BC. 5. The regents appointed by the third section of 
 this act, shall, on their first meeting, be divided by the 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 19 
 
 secretary into four classes of. three each, to be numbered 
 one, two, three and four; and of four ballots, so to be num- 
 bered, the class which shall draw number one shall con- 
 tinue in office one year; number two, two years; number 
 three, three years; and number four, four years. 
 
 SEC. 6. The regents to be appointed pursuant to the 
 third section of this act, and their successors in office, 
 shall constitute a body corporate, with the name and title 
 of the " Kegents of the University of Michigan; " with the 
 right as such of suing and being sued, of making and 
 using a common seal and altering the same at pleasure. 
 
 SEC. 7. The regents shall have power, and it shall be 
 their duty, to enact laws for the government of the uni- 
 versity; to appoint the prescribed number of professors, 
 and the requisite number of tutors; also to determine the 
 amount of their respective salaries; and also to appoint a 
 steward and fix the amount of his salary. 
 
 SEC. 8. The uni\ 7 ersity shall consist of three depart- 
 ments. 
 
 1. The department of literature, science and the arts. 
 
 2. The department of law. 
 
 3. The department of medicine. 
 
 In the several departments there shall be established 
 the following professorships: 
 
 In the department of literature, science and the arts, 
 one of ancient languages; one of modern languages; one 
 of rhetoric and oratory; one of philosophy and history, 
 logic, and philosophy of the human mind; one of moral 
 philosophy and natural theology, including the history of 
 all religions; one of political economy; one of mathemat- 
 ics; one of natural philosophy; one of chemistry and phar- 
 macy; one of geology and mineralogy; one of botany and 
 geology; one of fine arts; one of civil engineering and 
 architecture: In the department of law, one of national, 
 international and constitutional law; one of common and 
 statute law and equity; one of commercial and maritime 
 law : In the department of medicine, one of anatomy; one 
 
20 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 of surgery; one of physiology and pathology; one of prac- 
 tice of physic; one of obstetrics and diseases of women 
 and children; one of inateria medica and medical juris- 
 prudence; Provided, That in the first organization of the 
 university, the regents shall so arrange the professorships 
 as to appoint such a number only as the wants of the 
 institution shall require; and to increase them from time 
 to time, as the income of the fund shall warrant, and the 
 public interests demand: Provided always, That no new 
 professorships shall be established without the consent <>!' 
 the legislature, 
 
 SEC. 9. The immediate government of the several 
 departments shall be entrusted to their respective facul- 
 ties; but the regents shall have power to regulate the 
 course of instruction, and prescribe, under the advice of 
 the professorship, the books and authorities to be used in 
 the several departments; and also to confer such degrees 
 and grant such diplomas as are usually conferred and 
 granted in other universities. 
 
 SEC. 10. The regents shall have power to remove any 
 professor or tutor, or other officer connected with the in- 
 stitution, when in their judgment the interests of the 
 University shall require it. 
 
 SEC. 11. At their first meeting the board of regents shall 
 appoint a secretary, librarian, and treasurer, who shall 
 hold their offices during the pleasure of the board. The 
 treasurer shall give such bonds as the regents may direct, 
 for the faithful performance of the duties of his office; 
 and shall keep a true and faithful account of all moneys 
 received and paid out. 
 
 SBC. 12. The fee of admission to the University shall 
 never exceed ten dollars; and it shall be open to all per- 
 sons resident in this state, who may wish to avail them- 
 selves of its advantages, without charge of tuition, under 
 the regulations prescribed by the regents, and to all others 
 under such restrictions and regulations as said regents 
 shall prescribe. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 21 
 
 SEC. 13. The moneys thus received shall go into the 
 hands of the treasurer; and so much of such moneys as 
 is needed for the purpose shall be expended by the regents 
 in keeping the University buildings in good condition 
 and repair; and the balance be appropriated for the in- 
 crease of the library. 
 
 SEC. 14. A board of visitors, to consist of five persons, 
 shall be appointed annually by the superintendent of pub- 
 i/ lie instruction, whose duty it shall be to make a personal 
 examination into the state of the University, in ail its 
 departments, and report the result to the superintendent, 
 suggesting such improvements as they may deem import- 
 ant, which report shall be transmitted to the legislature 
 at its next session. 
 
 SEC. 15. It shall be the duty of the regents to make an 
 exhibit of the affairs of the University each year to the 
 board of visit ors, setting forth the condition of the Univer- 
 sity, the amount of expenditures, the number of students 
 in the several departments and in the different classes, 
 the books of instruction used, and such other information 
 as the board may require, together with an estimate of 
 expenses for the ensuing year. 
 
 SEC. 16. As soon as the state shall provide funds for 
 that purpose, the board of regents shall proceed to the 
 erection of the necessary buildings for the University, on 
 the ground to be designated by the legislature, and in 
 such manner as shall be prescribed by law. 
 
 SEC. 17. The regents shall have power, and it shall be 
 their duty, faithfully to expend all moneys which may 
 be from time to time appropriated for books and appa- 
 ratus, for the use and benefit of the University. 
 
 SEC. 18. It shall be the duty of the board of regents, 
 together with the superintendent of public instruction, 
 to establish such branches of the University in the differ- 
 ent parts of the state as shall be from time to authorized 
 by the legislature; also to establish all needful rules and 
 regulations for the government of such branches: Pro.- 
 c 
 
2 HISTOHY OF THE 
 
 v'l.t>.d always, That nothing in this act shall be so construed 
 as to grant to any such the right of conferring degret >: 
 and that said brandies, so to be established, shall not In- 
 more than one in any one organized county of the state. 
 
 SEC. 19. In connection with every such branch of the 
 University, there shall be established an institution for 
 the education of females in the higher branches ^[ 
 knowledge, whenever suitable buildings shall be prepared, 
 to be under the same general direction and management 
 as the branch with which it is connected. 
 
 SEC. 20. In each of the branches of the University, 
 there shall be a department of agriculture, with compe- 
 tent instructors in the theory of agriculture, including 
 vegetable physiology and agricultural chemistry, and 
 experimental and practical farming and agriculture. 
 Whenever such branch shall be formed, there shall also he 
 established in each a department especially appropriated 
 to the education of teachers for the primary schools, and 
 such other departments as the regents shall judge neces- 
 sary to promote the public welfare. 
 
 SEC. 21. Whenever the branches of such University, or 
 any of them, shall be established, as hereinbefore provided, 
 there shall be apportioned to each, in proportion to the 
 number of scholars therein, such sums for the support of 
 its professors and teachers, and also such other sums for 
 the purchase of books and apparatus, as the state of the 
 University fund will warrant and allow. 
 
 8KC. 22. The first meeting of the regents of the Univer- 
 sity shall be held within three months of the time of their 
 appointment, at such time and place as the governor of 
 this state shall designate; and it shall be the duty of the 
 governor of this state to give seasonable notice to each 
 member of the board of the time and place of such 
 meeting; subsequent meetings may be called in such 
 manner as the regents at the first meeting may prescribe; 
 and seven of them so assembled shall constitute a quorum 
 for the transaction of business, and a less number may 
 adjourn from time to time. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 23 
 
 SEC. 23. The board of regents are hereby authorized 
 and required, on or before the first Monday of January 
 next, to procure the best and most appropriate plan for 
 the University buildings, which plan, if approved by the 
 governor and superintendent of public instruction, shall 
 be adopted by the regents of the University. 
 
 Immediately after the first meeting of the Board 
 of Regents, and at their request, the following 
 amendment to this act was passed: 
 
 SEC. 1. The board of regents shall elect a chancellor of 
 the University of Michigan, who shall not be a member 
 of the board, and who shall have power to prescribe his 
 duties. 
 
 SEC. 2. The governor of this state shall be the presi- 
 dent of the board of regents; and in his absence the 
 board may elect one of their number president pro tern. 
 
 SEC. 3. The regents shall have power to assign to any 
 professor appointed agreeably to the act to which this is 
 amendatory, the duties pertaining to any vacant profes- 
 sorship of the University, and to establish branches 
 thereof, without further authority of the legislature, in 
 the several counties of this state, under the regulations 
 and restrictions in said act recited. 
 
 SEC. 4. The board of regents shall have authority to 
 expend so much of the interest arising from the Univer- 
 sity fund as may be necessary for the purchase of philo- 
 sophical and other apparatus, a library and cabinet of 
 natural history. 
 
 It was the duty of the Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction to take charge of he lands belonging 
 to the University, to invest the money received 
 from their sale, and to aid in the establishment of 
 the branches and of the apportionment of the fund 
 among them, and to make an annual report of the 
 condition of the University to the legislature. 
 
24 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 The establishment of the branches in connection 
 with the University was at that time considered 
 very important; they were to serve as preparatory 
 schools to the University, and as schools for the 
 education of teachers; and the few established 
 under the above act did answer the purpose; they 
 existed but a short time, and were the fore-runners 
 of our high schools which now bear a very close 
 relation to the University. 
 
 On March 20, 1837, by an act of the legislature, 
 the University was located at Ann Arbor, "upon 
 such site or lot of ground as shall be selected by 
 the regents of the University and conveyed to 
 them by the proprietors * * * free from cost 
 * * * * which site or lot of ground shall not 
 be less than forty acres." Several cities in the 
 state had been contestants for the possession of 
 the University: Detroit, Monroe and Marshall were 
 formidable rivals to Ann Arbor, and we are not 
 allowed to think that the quiet of an inland town 
 and the acknowledged beauty of its situation alone 
 influenced the decision of the legislature. 
 
 Win. E. Thompson, W. S. Maynard, Chas. Thayer, 
 E. W. Morgan, Aug. Garratt and Daniel B. Brown 
 were a very shrewd and enterprising body of men, 
 and they, in 1837, were the members of the "Ann 
 Arbor Land Company." They offered to the stat> 
 as .a site for the University forty acres of their land. 
 \Vm. R. Thompson, who, it is said, had learned 
 to manage legislatures in an older community, 
 was the chief agent of the company in this aft'ai?-. 
 Fifty shares in the company's scrip were used in 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 25 
 
 winning favor, and Ann Arbor received the Univer- 
 sity by a majority of three votes in the House and 
 of seven in the Senate. Messrs. Thompson, Thayer, 
 Maynard and Morgan each owned one-fifth, and 
 Messrs. Garratt and Brown each one-tenth of the 
 land donated. At that time there were less than 
 three thousand people in the town of Ann Arbor. 
 On the day following the location of the Univer- 
 sity, the Superintendent of Public Instruction was 
 authorized to sell " so much of the university lands 
 as shall amount to a sum not exceeding five hun- 
 dred thousand dollars," and the minimum price 
 was fixed at twenty dollars per acre. He was to 
 iise the income of the fund so derived in paying 
 u such debts as shall accrue from the operation of 
 the law establishing a university." 
 
 In his first report to the legislature Mr. Pierce 
 had made an estimate of the possible fund to be 
 derived from the sale of university lands. There 
 were two townships of land, forty-six thousand and 
 eighty acres, and these at $20.00 per acre would 
 bring $921,000, and the yearly income would be 
 $64,912. His sales during 1837 justified this esti- 
 mate; they were made at an average price of $22.85 
 per acre, and in amount were $150,447.90. 
 
 Had legislation in regard to the lands ceased 
 at this point, the financial history of Michigan 
 University would be a more cheerful story. 
 
26 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 1837-1841. 
 
 The following are the names of the Board of 
 Eegents, whose appointment was made by the gov- 
 ernor, and confirmed by the senate on March 21st, 
 1837: Isaac E. Crary, Dr. Zina Pitcher, Lucius 
 Lyon, Thomas Fitzgerald, John J. Adam, Robert 
 McClelland, Dr. Samuel W. Denton, John Norvell, 
 Henry E. Schoolcraft, Eoss Wilkins, Michael Hoff- 
 man, and Gideon O. Whittemore. John F. Porter 
 was a little later appointed in the place of Mr. Fitz- 
 gerald, who resigned before the first meeting. Gov- 
 ernor Stevens T. Mason, Lieutenant Governor 
 Edward Mundy, Judges Fletcher, Morrell, Ransom 
 and Whipple, and Chancellor Farnsworth were ex- 
 officio members. 
 
 Most of these men Vere actively engaged in the 
 \)( >litical business of the state. Of the Eegents " by 
 appointment" six had been members of the Consti- 
 tutional Convention in 1835; two were physicians. 
 four were lawyers, one, at least, w r as a merchant; 
 seven of them had taken a collegiate degree; <>n< , 
 Henry E. Schoolcraft, has a wide reputation as a 
 writer and investigator in the field of Anioric-.;m 
 aboriginal history and archaeology. There was no 
 one on the Board, unless we can except (i moral 
 ( 'rary, who had given the subject of education 
 
UNIVEKSITY OF MICHIGAN. 27 
 
 attention. They were certainly untranimeled by 
 musty educational theories, but they were also with- 
 out experience, and through their inexperience 
 some time was lost and some blunders were made. 
 
 The first meeting of this Board was held at Ann 
 Arbor, on June 5, 1837. For the first few years 
 their meetings were irregular and frequent, most 
 of them being held in Detroit, which was then the 
 state capitol. During the sessions of the Legisla- 
 ture a quorum of the Board could be easily assem- 
 bled. The Governor and Chancellor Farnsworth 
 were usually present at the meetings, the latter 
 often acting on committees. 
 
 At the first meeting, June 5th, 1837, various com- 
 mittees, some for present, yet more for future ser- 
 vice, were appointed; the location of the Univer- 
 sity grounds was determined upon; the legislature 
 was petitioned to so change the act of March 18th, 
 that it would give the Board the power to elect a 
 chancellor; one committee was asked to report upon 
 the appointment of professors, and by its advice it 
 was determined to establish four professorships 
 until more were needed, and to limit salaries to not 
 less than $1,200 nor more than $2,000. In accord- 
 ance with the provision of section 11 of the legis- 
 lative act, they appointed a librarian, the Rev. 
 Henry Colclazer, who had, however, no duties until 
 1841, and did not appear to claim his position until 
 that time. 
 
 At the third meeting, in Detroit, June 21st, 1837, 
 it was decided to establish eight branches, and Dr. 
 R. C. Gibson was appointed an agent to visit through 
 
28 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 the State and report upon favorable locations for 
 them, and $8,000 was appropriated to assist in the 
 payment of teachers. It was " resolved that the Uni- 
 versity be open Wednesday, September 3d, 1S:->S." 
 The records of the Board of Kegents for 18H7 and 
 for several succeeding years are largely concerned 
 with transactions in regard to the branch schools. 
 The first one was opened at Pontiac in September, 
 1837, and George P. Williams, a man whose history 
 is identified with that of the University, was made 
 principal, with a salary of $1,500 a year. In 1838, 
 schools were established at Monroe, Kalamazoo, 
 Detroit and Niles; in 1840, at White Pigeon and 
 Tecumseh, and the one at Kalamazoo was discon- 
 tinued; in 1841, the Regents determined to contrib- 
 ute but $500 a year to each branch, and this reso- 
 lution closed the schools at Pontiac, Monroe and 
 Niles; the remaining four, with the addition of one 
 at Ann Arbor, were reported in existence in 1843, 
 at which time the annual appropriation was reduced 
 to $200 for each branch. In 1846, there were five 
 branches, at White Pigeon, Kalamazoo, Borneo, 
 Tecumseh and Monroe, and in 1847, four, Monroe 
 having dropped out. In 1848, the Regents decided 
 that they could riot give aid to the branches, with- 
 out doing injustice to the central institution, and ?tt 
 that time their connection with the University 
 practically ceased. There is little doubt that the 
 spending of money upon these branches was an ille- 
 gal use of what was designed for the support of n 
 university. Dr. Tappan has defined a university 
 -MM ;i>-oeifition of scholars together with 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 29 
 
 and all other means of knowledge," and again lie 
 says, "the very idea of a university is that of con- 
 centrating books and apparatus, and learned men 
 /// one place" Our early legislators and educators, 
 however, gave a very liberal interpretation to the 
 word, and made it embrace the preparatory schools. 
 Appropriations for the branches were, probably, 
 illegally made, and yet they bore good fruit; they 
 offered to the people a means of obtaining an edu- 
 cation when the towns were yet too poor to support 
 schools without aid; they prepared students for 
 the University which was yet to come; and, not the 
 least in importance, they furnished a school in 
 educational legislation for the Regents of the Uni- 
 versity. Petitions from towns for the establish- 
 ment of branches, claims from teachers in regard 
 to salaries, and the reports of visitors and commit- 
 tees in regard to them burden the pages of the 
 journal of the proceedings of the Board of Regents, 
 and there their historian may find them, but a 
 detailed history of the preparatory schools does not 
 belong to a history of the University. 
 
 Very little was done by the Board of Regents 
 in the remaining meetings of 1837 besides making 
 arrangements for the branches. On November 18th, 
 some measures were proposed for securing philo- 
 sophical apparatus and specimens in natural history 
 for the central institution. An act had been adopted 
 by the State legislature, in the February preceding, 
 to provide for a geological survey and the collection 
 of specimens for the state libraryj and, by this act, 
 the state geologist was authorized to deposit similar 
 
o() HIMOKY OF THE 
 
 specimens with such scientific 4 and literary institu- 
 tions as the governor should direct. Already in 
 November some specimens had been secured for 
 the University, and a committee of the Board was 
 appointed to examine and care for them. At the 
 same meeting Dr. John Torrey, of New York, was 
 asked to examine a collection of 2, 6QO specimens of 
 minerals offered for sale by Baron Lederer, and 
 the purchase of them for $4,000 was concluded at 
 the first meeting in January, 1838. This was the 
 first purchase made by the Board of Regents for the 
 University; it was followed in February by a sub- 
 scription for one copy of Audubon's Ornithology, 
 which consisted of four large folio volumes of 
 plates and four octavo volumes of text, and cost 
 $970. It was not received till about a year from 
 the time when the subscription was given. At a 
 meeting held March 1st, 1839, a communication 
 was read announcing that it was ready for delivery. 
 Early in 1838 the Board were receiving applications 
 and recommendations for professorships and began 
 to consider them; committees 011 professorships 
 were formed and their reports are embodied in the 
 records. March 3d, 1838, the first building com- 
 mittee was appointed, and was requested to furnish 
 plans and estimates; at the same meeting another 
 committee was instructed to negotiate a loan of 
 (160,000 from the State. It was supposed that the 
 University would have a large endowment, but the 
 funds were not yet available; at that date even a 
 shrewd man could hardly have anticipated thn 
 coining disastrous legislation in regard to univei - 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 31 
 
 sity lands. We may think that it would have been 
 wiser had the Eegents been in less haste to open 
 the institution at Ann Arbor, but to them it seemed 
 a pressing need. Their committee was successful, 
 and " an act to authorize the loan of a certain sum 
 of money to the University of Michigan" was the 
 result; it was approved April 6th, 1838, and enacted 
 that certificates of stock to the amount of $100,000, 
 reimbursable after twenty years, in equal annual 
 installments, not less than ten nor more than fifteen 
 in number, and bearing an interest of six per cent, 
 be delivered to the Board of Eegents. 
 
 The second purchase for the library was made 
 March 10th, 1838, by requesting Mr. Pierce to 
 secure a copy of Eafn's "Antiquitates Americana." 
 
 About this time the legislature passed a new 
 ordinance in regard to the State survey; it was still 
 provided that specimens should be sent to the Uni- 
 versity, "but to entitle the University and its 
 branches to any of the benefits of this act, four 
 thousand dollars shall be refunded to the State 
 treasurer from the University fund." The Eegents 
 felt obliged to refuse assent to such an arrange- 
 ment, yet pledged themselves to care for whatever 
 specimens were deposited at the University. Dr. 
 Hough ton, the state geologist, and Drs. Sager and 
 Wright of the botanical and zoological departments 
 of the survey, continued to send specimens, and 
 laid the foundation of a valuable collection. By 
 an act passed by the legislature in 1846, this collec- 
 tion was given to the University, notwithstanding 
 the unfulfilled condition. 
 
32 HISTORY OF 
 
 Dr. Asa Gray received the first appointment t< > a 
 professor's chair in the University; July 17th, 183S, 
 lie was made Professor of Botany and /oology and 
 HI September 15th, of the same year, the sum of 
 *ii,500 was voted him, $1,500 as salary, and .<">,( )oo 
 to spend in the purchase of books, while making a 
 contemplated visit in Europe. He never was pres- 
 ent at the University, nor had he other duties than 
 selecting a library, and making inquiries in Europe 
 in regard to philosophical apparatus. 
 
 The attention of the Board of Regents was from 
 this time diligently given to the question of the 
 buildings at Ann Arbor. The building committee 
 which had been appointed March 3rd, 1838, had 
 engaged an architect, Alexander J. Davis, architect 
 of the University of New York, to prepare plans 
 and estimates, and on September 16th, it was 
 resolved "That the main building and eight sec- 
 tions of the north wing, as specified in the plan of 
 Mr. Davis be immediately commenced." They took 
 measures for procuring materials, and at each meet- 
 ing advanced somewhat in their arrangements, 
 until, on January 30th, 1839, all resolutions taken 
 at previous metings in regard to the buildings were 
 rescinded. Mr. Pierce tells us an incident which 
 is not written in the records of the Board. Tin- 
 plan which had been approved by the Regents and 
 also by the Governor "was a truly magnificent 
 design, and would in that day have involved an 
 expenditure of half a million dollars." Mr. Pierce, 
 whose assent to the plan was necessary before it 
 n >uld be adopted, firmly declined to commit the Uni- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 36 
 
 versity to an expenditure for buildings which was 
 equal in amount to one half its anticipated endow- 
 ment fund, and which was, in fact, greater than the 
 sum that has been realized from the entire sale of 
 lands. The refusal of the Superintendent created 
 great excitement and much anger, but it probably 
 saved the life of the institution. This, then, was the 
 reason for the action of the Regents in rescinding 
 their building resolutions; their architect was paid 
 $600, and new plans were ordered. It was now 
 designed to build four "professors' houses," and to 
 use them for every necessary purpose until it 
 became advisable to erect the main building. The 
 Regents were anxious to gather together the pro- 
 perty of the University, and place its collections in 
 Ann Arbor. They resolved February llth, 1839, 
 that the books belonging to the University should 
 be transported to Ann Arbor and put in the care 
 of the librarian. Up to this time there is no record 
 of books received, and there probably were none 
 excepting a few Michigan Territorial and State docu- 
 ments, and, possibly, Rafii's " Antiquitates Ameri- 
 cana." The University in Detroit had possessed a 
 few volumes, but these were not delivered to the 
 library in Ann Arbor till 1869. 
 
 Again, in April of this year, (1839), the Board of 
 Regents stopped all their building operations ; more 
 than that-, they resolved to close the branches and 
 put an end to all expenditure of university funds. 
 The University was in danger, and from the legis- 
 lature of its state. Much of the land, chosen for 
 the endowment of the University under the act of 
 
:U HISTOUY OF THE 
 
 Congress was now settled upon. Some of the 
 settlers had purchased their land from the Super- 
 intendent of Public Instruction, but the greater 
 number were "squatters." who had taken pos>e>- 
 sion without form or title both before and after the 
 land had been set apart for another purpose. The 
 settlers who had purchased had done so during the 
 Hush time of "wild-cat banking," and property was 
 now (1839) rated as much below as in 1836 it had 
 been above its real value, and many of the purchas- 
 ers were clamoring for relief by a retrospective 
 legislation in lowering the price of lands. The 
 "squatters," too, were begging for legislation in 
 their favor, claiming that they held the lands before 
 they were located for the University. Many of 
 these latter claims had already been adjusted; 
 where the claimant could prove his right, the land 
 was given up and an equal amount chosen else- 
 where, the University losing always by the transac- 
 tion because there were' no lands of equal value 
 from which to choose. 
 
 The legislature had, on several occasions in 183S, 
 through its committees reported against any tam- 
 pering with the price of lands as fixed in 1837; but 
 in March, 1839, the pressure evidently became too 
 great, and they yielded. An act was passed en- 
 titled "An Act for the relief of certain settlers on 
 university and state lands/' This act authorized 
 the sale at si. 25 per acre of "any lands located for 
 university purposes, if it is proven they were occu- 
 pied and cultivated as pointed out by the preemp- 
 tion law of Congress, before their location by the 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 35 
 
 State." There was no certain means of preventing 
 fraud and dishonesty in the matter, and it was 
 thought by many that the legislature had, in effect, 
 placed all the university lands in the market at 
 si. 25 per acre. 
 
 The Regents had good cause for alarm; they re- 
 monstrated with the legislature, and when the bill 
 had passed there, their remonstrance was carried 
 to the governor. Governor Mason vetoed the bill, 
 the peril was passed for the year, and the Regents 
 went on with their planning and building. 
 
 In July of this year Mr. C. C. Trowbridge and 
 the Rev. Dr. George Duffield, both of Detroit, were 
 chosen by the governor to take the places of Messrs. 
 Lyon and Norvell ; the one held the office for three 
 years, the other for nearly ten, and both were 
 active and efficient members of the Board. 
 
 The Board now determined to hold regular quar- 
 terly meetings, one in January, to be held in De- 
 troit, the others in April, July, and October, to be 
 held in Ann Arbor. The first quarterly meeting 
 was held October 1st, 1839. Dr. Houghtoii was ap- 
 pointed to the chair of Geology and Mineralogy, 
 with a salary of $1,500 a year; the salary, however, 
 was not t6 begin until the professor entered upon 
 his duties as teacher, and as this never occurred, 
 Dr. Houghton never received a salary from the Uni- 
 versity. The University is indebted to him for its 
 earliest collections of geological and mineralogical 
 specimens, and for his advice and care in regard to 
 their arrangement, and for a very few lectures. The 
 Regents followed his appointment with a resolution 
 
'><) HISTORY OF THE 
 
 to fit up one of the new buildings, under his direc- 
 tion, in such a manner that it could be used fur the 
 library and a cabinet of natural history. 
 
 Near the close of 1889 the Regents made a detailed 
 report of the financial standing of the VniversiU . 
 
 From December 5th, 1837, to December Kith, 
 1839, the receipts into the treasury, constituting the 
 available funds for that period were $118,Of);").-T>. 
 This included the money received by the $100,000 
 loan. Of this sum had been expended $57,93().<)('>. 
 There were still some expenses to meet before the 
 close of the year, and it was estimated that, after 
 paying the salary of Dr. Gray to January, 1840, 
 after paying the balance due on the Lederer collec- 
 tion, after paying for the completion of the four 
 professors' houses, and discharging all indebtedness 
 on account of the branches for the year 1839, there 
 would remain $51,983.15. 
 
 They made estimates for the coming year as fol- 
 luws : 
 
 DISBURSEMENTS. 
 
 Expenses for the University * 1.5m 
 
 Expenses for the branches 10,2m 
 
 Interest on loan >.12<) 
 
 ( '< ntingencies 5m 
 
 18,320 
 
 RECEIPTS. 
 
 Interest on land sold 1 1 ,35< > 
 
 Tuition from branches -.too 
 
 Interest on sum in the bank .'S,5m 
 
 si 7.2m 
 
 In July, 1839, Eegents Duffield, Schoolcraft and 
 Mundy were appointed a committee to report upon 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 37 
 
 a revision of the organic law of the institution, and, 
 at the first Board meeting in 1840, their report was 
 rendered, and strongly recommended two changes 
 which the experience of three years had seemed to 
 show to be necessary " to the vigorous prosecution 
 of the great and responsible duties devolved upon 
 the Board of Regents:" 
 
 First. "The first is the proper restriction of the 
 responsibilities of the Board themselves." The 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction was the head 
 of all the educational institutions of the State, of 
 the University as well as of the primary schools; 
 he had a power of veto over the proceedings of the 
 Board of Regents, though he was not even an ex- 
 ofticio member of that body, and the Regents were 
 obliged to make an annual report to him. The 
 change recommended by the committee would place 
 the Board in direct responsibility to the legislature 
 and do away with the authority of the Superinten- 
 dent. We have seen how, at least in one instance, 
 the veto power of the Superintendent was wisely 
 used; the Board may be supposed to have grown 
 since that time in wisdom as well as years, and 
 could be safely trusted to stand alone, and, no doubt, 
 the necessity of obtaining his concurrence in their 
 measures delayed and hindered their action. 
 
 Second. "The second matter of importance is 
 the full trust and responsibility of the funds belong- 
 ing to the University." Under the law r , as then 
 existing, the Regents had no control over the sales 
 of lands or the investment of moneys; they were 
 embarrassed by uncertainty as to the fiscal income 
 
38 HISTORY OP THE 
 
 of the University, and could not properly adapt their 
 measures to their means. 
 
 The report of Messrs. Duffield, Schoolcraft and 
 Mundy was accepted by the Board, and a bill pre- 
 pared for legislative action. A select committee 
 was sent down from the legislature, by a majority 
 of whom a bill was reported, which embodied the 
 bill prepared by the Regents, and also provided that 
 the members of the Board of Regents should hold 
 the office for life, and that vacancies should be filled 
 by a two thirds vote of the Regents themselves. 
 The bill never passed, and the Board, for the time, 
 gained nothing but the satisfaction of having 
 recorded an opinion. 
 
 Meanwhile the four professors' houses were 
 approaching completion; the stumps were cleared 
 from the forty acres at an expense of $346.81. 
 Unfortunately the forest trees were nearly all cut 
 down before the land came into the possession of 
 the University. Two hundred dollars was appro- 
 priated for the planting of trees under Dr. Hough- 
 ton's direction. There is a tradition that his selec- 
 tion was largely of locust trees, and these were, in 
 a few years destroyed by the insects. 
 
 The plan for the main building, now the "north 
 wing," was adopted April 8th, 1840. The building 
 was to be 110 feet long, 42 feet wide, and four 
 stories high. It was to contain 32 studies, 32 
 wood-rooms, 64 bed-rooms, and 64 closets, and the 
 estimated cost was $16,000. 
 
 At the same meeting of the Board a committee 
 was appointed to inquire of Dr. Gray if he would 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 39 
 
 agree to a suspension of his salary for this year. 
 Dr. Gray replied in the affirmative, and his connec- 
 tion with the University was closed. He had 
 received $2,250, the salary for one year and a half, 
 and had in return for it selected a valuable lot of 
 books consisting of about 3,700 volumes, which 
 were received in Ann Arbor in the fall of 1840. 
 
 The librarian,. Mr. Colclazer, was not yet in Ann 
 Arbor and in his absence, Mr. George Coselius was 
 employed, at a salary of $100 a year, to take charge 
 of the books, which were kept at his own house 
 until shelves were put up in one of the professors' 
 houses. The first gift to the library was recorded 
 on October 7th, 1840. It was a copy of Brock- 
 haus' Conversations Lexikon in thirteen volumes, 
 and the donor was Dr. Charles W. Borup of La 
 Point, Lake Superior. At the close of 1840 the 
 four professors' houses were completed and the 
 main building was in process of building. The 
 branches were still in operation, but the central 
 institution had no salaried professors. The Kegents 
 reported that there remained from the $100,000 
 loan only $14,667.48. 
 
 We are approaching the year in which the Uni- 
 versity became something more than a name. In 
 the early records of the Board of Regents the word 
 "incipient" is a frequent one. The University 
 remained long "incipient." Unfortunately, as the 
 need of opening the institution in Ann Arbor grew 
 more pressing, the endowment funds became more 
 uncertain. In 1840 lands were sold, by legislative 
 decree, at $6.21 per acre, and at $8.00, $15.00, 
 17.00 and $19.00. 
 
HISTORY OF THE 
 
 GHAPTEK IV. 
 
 18411845. 
 
 Thirty-six years had now passed since the Unite* I 
 States government had given one township of land 
 for a "seminary of learning" to that portion of the 
 Northwest Territory which is now the State of 
 Michigan. In 1817 had been formed the Cathole- 
 pistemiad; in 1821, the University of Michigan, at 
 Detroit; in 1826, the Congressional grant was 
 changed to two townships of land; in 1837, was 
 passed the act for the organization of the present 
 University of Michigan. In 1841 the institution 
 was opened at Ann Arbor, a faculty was formed 
 and students were entered. 
 
 At a meeting of the Board of Regents, held April 
 15th, 1841, a committee, consisting of Regents 
 Duffield, Pitcher, Comstock, Kearsley and Trow- 
 bridge, presented a report upon the organization of 
 the central institution. The necessity of opening 
 the University, they said, was very great; students, 
 prepared for college in the branches, were going to 
 other states in order to continue their studies; 
 many were growing impatient with the delay. 
 Then, as now, the voice of the people was heard in 
 demand, and then, as often now, they called for th^ 
 making of bricks when there was no straw. Tin* 
 committee presented a mournful view of the finan- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 41 
 
 cial condition of the institution; fear was expressed 
 that no one of ability would accept a position where 
 his salary was not only very small, but also very 
 uncertain. 
 
 Undaunted by their limited resources the Re- 
 gents adopted, July 8th, 1841, a resolution to estab- 
 lish a branch at Ann Arbor, the principals of which 
 were authorized to conduct collegiate classes. Later, 
 July 22nd, this resolution was changed by the fol- 
 lowing: 
 
 " Resolved, That the resolution adopted on the 8th in- 
 stant, in reference to the organization of a branch at Ann 
 Arbor be so far modified as to authorize the organization 
 of the University at Ann Arbor by the appointment of a 
 professor of languages, who shall perform the additional 
 duties, prescribed in the resolution hereby modified." 
 
 The additional duties had reference to the main- 
 tenance of a preparatory or branch school. 
 
 Prof. George P. Williams, principal of the Pon- 
 tiac branch, received the appointment to the pro- 
 fessorship of languages. He was soon (August 
 20th) transferred to the chair of mathematics and 
 the Piev. Joseph Whiting, principal of the Niles 
 branch was appointed to the department of lan- 
 guages. 
 
 In the Ann Arbor State Journal, August 10th, 
 1841, appeared the following announcement: 
 
 "The Board of Regents of the university of the State 
 of Michigan have resolved to commence the organization 
 of the central institution. Circumstances growing out of 
 the general derangement of the monetary affairs of the 
 country, render it necessary to proceed with slow and 
 cautious steps, and to incur no greater expenses than the 
 
42 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 exigencies of the present require. Hitherto, their atten- 
 tion has been chiefly directed to the management of the 
 different branches, to the improvement of the library, and 
 the preparation of suitable buildings for the use of the 
 collegiate department. The time has arrived when the 
 progress of some of the youth in the branches, the expec. 
 tation of the public, and the general interest of education 
 in the state, render it necessary to adopt measures for the 
 benefit of those prepared to enter college. With this view 
 the Board have resolved to establish a preparatory de- 
 partment at Ann Arbor, and appointed Mr. George P. 
 Williams, late principal of the branch at Pontiac, to 
 take charge of the same. He has also been appointed 
 Professor of Languages in the University, and has been 
 authorized, without delay, to organize classes for colle- 
 giate instruction of such students as may offer. He is 
 eminently qualified for this purpose, and also to take 
 charge of the same both in the classical and mathematical 
 departments till the number of students offering shall re- 
 quire additional professors. It is the intention of the 
 Board to appoint additional professors as their services be- 
 come required and the number of classes increase. In 
 the meantime, Mr. Williams is authorized to employ some 
 competent tutors to help him in the instruction of the 
 inferior classes. The course of education to be pursued 
 will be of the most liberal kind; it being the design of 
 the Board to maintain a standard of education which will 
 entitle the University to rank with our eastern colleges. 
 The time for the commencement of the exercises of the 
 collegiate classes is the 7th Sept. prox.* Mr. Williams 
 will move to Ann Arbor without delay, and letters of in- 
 quiry may be addressed to him at that place or to the un- 
 dersigned in the city of Detroit. Parents and guardians 
 intending to avail themselves of the benefits of the Uni- 
 versity for their children and wards, and young nx-ii 
 generally pursuing a course of collegiate study, are re- 
 
 * Corrected in the Journal of August 17th to September 2 Jth, 
 
UNIVEKSITY OF MICHIGAN. 43 
 
 quested to forward their communications as soon as they 
 
 conveniently can." 
 
 ZIXA PITCHER, 
 
 GEORGE DUFFIELD, 
 
 Committee on Branches . 
 DETROIT, Aug 3, 1841. 
 
 In September, 1841, there were five buildings on 
 the University grounds. The four professors' houses 
 had been completed in 1840, and the north wing or 
 main building was just finished. The plan for the 
 professors' houses was drawn by Alexander J. Davis 
 and the buildings were at first and for a very short 
 time constructed under the superintendence of Isaac 
 Thompson, and afterward a contract was made with 
 Harpin Lum. They cost $30,850. The plan for 
 the main building was made by Harpin Lum, and 
 the building was erected under his superintendence 
 at a cost of about $16,000.* When completed, it 
 contained fewer bed-rooms than was planned, since 
 that part of the building south of the south hall 
 was used on the first and second floors for chapel 
 and recitation rooms, the third floor was occupied 
 by the library, and the fourth by the museum. In 
 1843 the main building was named by the Eegents 
 "Mason Hall" in honor of Gov. Stevens T. Mason. 
 It seems to-day a very doubtful honor, but at the 
 time of the completion of the building a different 
 sentiment prevailed. In the Michigan State Journal, 
 August 10, 1841, is given, what was, no doubt, the 
 prevailing opinion of the University buildings: 
 
 " The main building is four stories high, built of brick, 
 handsomely and durably stuccoed so as to give it very 
 
 *page 38, 
 
44 m STORY or THE 
 
 nearly the appearance of Quincy granite. Besides this, 
 four professors' buildings of the same material are fin- 
 ished. More classical models or a more beautiful finish 
 cannot be imagined. They honor the architect, while they 
 beautify the village." 
 
 The governor of the state in his message* ( 1842 ) 
 deprecated the extravagance of the Board of Re- 
 gents in constructing such expensive buildings. 
 
 The University possessed, besides its buildings, 
 a library and a collection of minerals, and geolog- 
 ical, zoological and botanical specimens. Shortly 
 after the opening of the collegiate department these 
 were removed from one of the professors' houses 
 to the main building. The library contained the 
 
 *" By reference to the report of the Regents for 1839, it will be seen that 
 $26,896.19 were expended in the construction of buildings that year, and 
 the further sum of 822,867.22 was expended for the saice purpose the sue 
 ceediug year. Thus, in 1839 and 1840, was expended the sum of 849,761.41 
 in erecting buildings for the use of the university, and which were not 
 then completed. The amount, if any, expended since is unknown to me. 
 These vast expenditures, for the construction of university buildings, as 
 well as those for the supoort of the branches, have probably been made 
 mostly from the proceeds of a loan made in pursuance of " An act to 
 authorize a loan of a certain sum of money to the University of Michi- 
 gan," approved April 6, 1838. This loan, and'the consequent extravagant 
 expenses incurred, were induced by the paper money mania which, with 
 such blighting effects, has pervaded this otherwise happy land. No par- 
 ticular blame is to be attached to the Regents; they but participate 1 in 
 the common delusion of their fellow citizens. 
 
 ' The large and commodious buildings, that have been constructed 
 with so much expense, will doubtless, at some future period, be wanted 
 for occupation and use; but the paucity of the university fund, and the 
 present and prosp3Ctive limitation of its availability, should have post- 
 poned their erection for many years. The whole expense incurred for 
 cabinet and library, up to and including the year 1840, amounts to 
 89,777.42 This expenditure, though seemingly large, was. if not indis- 
 pensable to the prosperity of the institution, at least less objectionable than 
 the expenses incurred in erecting such expensive buildings." Governor 
 Barry's Message, 1842. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 45 
 
 3,700 volumes collected by Dr. Gray in Europe, a 
 few volumes of Congressional and State documents, 
 the thirteen volumes of the Conversations-Lexikon 
 presented by Dr. Borup, six volumes on mineralogy 
 presented by Baron Lederer, and the set of Audu- 
 bon's Birds. Mr. Colclazer had arrived and was in 
 charge of the library. 
 
 The cabinet of natural history consisted of 5,500 
 specimens in zoology, 15,000 in botany, 8,000 in 
 mineralogy, and 10,000 in geology, a very few of 
 which had been classified and arranged. 
 
 In 1841 all but three and one-half sections of the 
 seventy-five to which the University was entitled, 
 were located. Of this the old Trustees had sold 
 2,560 acres and $5,000 of the proceeds had been 
 turned over to the Board of Kegents. The Super- 
 intendent of Public Instruction had sold 12,585.03 
 acres for $203,471.76, of which sum, however, only 
 $33,500 had been paid. It was the duty of the Su- 
 perintendent to collect moneys when due from the 
 sale of university lands, but he found it in many, 
 indeed, in most instances, impossible to do so. The 
 legislature had already shown so great a disposi- 
 tion to favor purchasers, that there was a well- 
 founded expectation of "relief legislation." The 
 minimum price of lands was reduced in 1841 to $15 
 an acre, and measures were taken for extending the 
 time of payment. With the hope of further relief 
 before them the purchasers defied the law and 
 retained both principal and interest. The Begents 
 claimed that the interest for 1841 should have been 
 $14,242.97, but only $2,263.61 was paid in. They 
 
46 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 claimed that $58,210.62 was due them in 1842, 
 about $47,000 of which was unpaid interest on 
 lands; they made no attempt to estimate what 
 amount of this sum would be received by them 
 during the year, and reported that their only avail- 
 able moneys amounted to $1,721.95 and this was 
 covered by outstanding warrants. 
 
 During 1841 there were but three branches which 
 received assistance from the University fund, and 
 these three but $500 each. Six thousand dollars a 
 year must be paid for interest upon the $100,000 
 loan. 
 
 It was a bold move to create new expenses when 
 the resources were so meagre and uncertain ; it was 
 bolder still, for men who knew all the circumstances 
 of the financial embarrassment, to accept positions 
 in the employ of the Board of Regents. 
 
 The salaries of Professors Williams and Whit- 
 ing were $500; they were also allowed to divide 
 between them the tuition fees taken in the prepar- 
 atory department and each occupied one of the pro- 
 fessors' houses free of rent. 
 
 Professor George P. Williams, who had been 
 appointed to the chair of Mathematics, had been in 
 the employ of the Board of Kegents for four years 
 as principal of the Pontiac branch. He was a grad- 
 uate of the University of Vermont, a man of thor- 
 ough education and good judgment, of a genial 
 and kindly nature, and possessing a character so 
 nobly forcible that it impressed itself for good 
 upon all who were associated w r ith him. He was 
 thirty-nine years of age when he began his work in 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 47 
 
 the University at Ann Arbor, and he retained his 
 relationship with it through a period of forty 
 years. 
 
 The Eev. Joseph Whiting was a graduate of Yale 
 college, and was a minister of the Presbyterian 
 church. He was principal of the branch school at 
 Niles when called to the central institution at Ann 
 Arbor. He was an able man and an excellent 
 teacher, but did not possess the eminent social 
 qualities which endeared Professor Williams to his 
 students. 
 
 Such was the organization of the University of 
 Michigan at Ann Arbor, and such its condition at 
 the time of opening in 1841. 
 
 In August, 1841, it was announced that u Appli- 
 cants for admission must adduce satisfactory evi- 
 dence of good moral character, and sustain an 
 examination in geography, arithmetic, the elements 
 of algebra, the grammar of the English, Latin and 
 Greek languages, the exercise and reader of An- 
 drews, Cornelius Nepos, Vita Washingtonii, Sallust, 
 Cicero's oration, Jacob's Greek reader and the 
 Evangelists." 
 
 In September six young men presented them- 
 selves for examination, five* for admission to the 
 freshman class and onef to the sophomore class. 
 The examination was held in a room on the second 
 floor of the main building, south of the south hall. 
 
 *Judson D. Collins, Lyndon; Merchant H. Goodrich, Ann Arbor; 
 Lyinan D. Norris, Ypsilanti; George E. Parrnelee, Ann Arbor; George W. 
 Pray, Superior. 
 
 [William B. Wesson, Detroit. 
 
4S HISTORY OF THK 
 
 Several days passed during which recitations were 
 held before the final announcement of admission 
 was given, and the six young men became students 
 of the University of Michigan. 
 
 The Michigan State Journal, November oOth, 
 1841, contained an announcement by Professors 
 Williams and AVhiting to the effect that "The 
 sophomore and freshman classes in this institution 
 are now organized and students can be admitted at 
 any time during the term, on passing a satisfactory 
 examination." 
 
 Other students joined the freshman class, until, 
 in 1842, it had ten members. 
 
 The students occupied the dormitories. One 
 study, with the two bed-rooms opening from it, 
 was assigned to two students; each furnished his 
 own bed-room, and the two together furnished the 
 study. They had the care of their own rooms, and 
 were instructed to sweep the dust and dirt from 
 their rooms into the hall, where it was collected by 
 a janitor, or, in student dialect, by the " Professor 
 of Dust and Ashes." The students obtained board 
 in houses outside of the grounds. The expenses of 
 each ranged from $80 to $100 a year. Each paid 
 an entrance fee of $10, and an annual tax of $7.50 
 for the use of his room and the services of the 
 janitor. Board was obtained for $1.50 or $2.00 a 
 week. 
 
 Chapel exercises were held at 5:30, 6, or r>:30 
 o'clock in the morning and at 4:30 or 5 in the 
 afternoon, according to the season. They were 
 usually conducted by Professor AVhiting, but some- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 49 
 
 times by Professor Williams according to the form 
 of the Episcopal church. The student was wakened 
 in the morning by the college bell, which had been 
 borrowed of the Michigan Central Eailroad Com- 
 pany, and which was rung by that first of janitors, 
 Patrick Kelly. It devolved upon Patrick not only 
 to ring the bell, but to see that it met with a proper 
 response, and many a time delinquents were roused 
 from sleep by his unwelcome voice shouting, " Did 
 you hear the bell?" Attendance upon chapel ex- 
 ercises was compulsory, monitors being appointed 
 to take note of the absentees, and, owing to the 
 early hour, it was often a sleepy, unwashed, half- 
 dressed assembly who rose to their feet during 
 prayers. A recitation immediately followed the 
 chapel exercises, continuing until the breakfast 
 hour. 
 
 The classes attended each three recitations daily, 
 except on Saturdays, when they had one recitation 
 and an exercise in elocution. On Sundays, students 
 were obliged to attend services at some one of the 
 city churches, monitors being appointed for the 
 church as well as for the chapel. The monitors for 
 each class were chosen from that class, and the 
 unpleasant duties of the office were sometimes 
 forced upon unwilling students. 
 
 The year was divided into three terms, the first 
 term extending from September 25th to December 
 24th, the second from January 2nd to April 9th, 
 and the third from May 1st to August 13th. 
 
 The faculty of this new University were opposed 
 to a rigidly defined course of study; they could see 
 
50 HISTOBY OF THE 
 
 "no sufficient reason for requiring oncli class to 
 read precisely the same authors, whilst some variety 
 in this respect might promote the taste for class! CM! 
 learning." They presented a nominal course of 
 study, which might mean much or little according 
 to the interpretation of it. The studies of the 
 freshman class were announced to be " Jamieson's 
 Rhetoric, De Sacy's General Grammar, Livy, Hor- 
 ace, Dilloway's Roman Antiquities, Prosody, and 
 exercises in writing Latin, Homer's Iliad, Hero- 
 dotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Lysias, Isocrates, 
 Demosthenes, Cleveland's Grecian Antiquities and 
 exercises in writing Greek, Bowdon's Algebra, Le- 
 gendre's Geometry, Natural History;" of the soph- 
 omore class, " Tacitus' History, Germany, and Life 
 of Agricola, Terence, Suetonius, Greek Philosoph- 
 ers, Homer's Odyssey, Application of Algebra to 
 Geometry, Trigonometry, Mensuration, Davies' An- 
 alytical Geometry and Descriptive Geometry, Da- 
 vies' Surveying, Whately's Logic, Rhetoric." The 
 faculty explained that mental discipline was the 
 first object to be gained, and mental furniture n 
 secondary object to be cared for in the later years 
 of college study. The following is the course of 
 study given in the first college catalogue, 184H-'44: 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 
 
 51 
 
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 LLECTUAL AN] 
 
 
 
 
 
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 [y's Logic; W 
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 Stuart' 
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 MATHEMA' 
 
 Bourdon's Alget 
 
 [Algebra, Legend 
 
 Geometry, Men 
 of Algebra to Ge 
 
 Plane and Sphei 
 
 Davies' Descrij 
 Geometry. 
 
 Analytical Geo] 
 Sections. 
 
 Olmsted's Natu 
 opy. 
 
 Natural Philoso 
 
 Olmsted's Ast] 
 Mineralogy. 
 
 m 
 
 o 
 
 13 
 
 O 
 t> 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 ^ND LITERATURE. 
 
 enophon's Cyropsedia 
 
 Horace, Tlmcydidcs. 
 tn Antiquities. 
 
 Homer's Odyssey. 
 
 ute and de Amicitia, 
 Demosthenes. 
 
 i, Greek Tragedy, Gre- 
 Newcomb's Rhetoric. 
 
 icolse, and Germania, 
 
 I 
 
 <D 
 Z 
 
 
 
 'oetry, General Gram* 
 
 d 
 
 I 
 
 g 
 
 !i 
 
 
 
 LANGUAGES . 
 
 Folsom's Livy, X 
 and Anabasis. 
 
 Livy tinished, 
 Herodotus, Rome 
 
 Horace finished, 
 
 Cicero de Senect 
 Lysias, Isocrates, 
 
 Cicero de Orators 
 cian Antiquities. 
 
 Tacitus. Vita Agr 
 Greek Tragedy. 
 
 Cicero de Officiis 
 
 Terence, Greek F 
 mar. 
 
 Whately's Rheto: 
 
 [Lectures on Gre 
 guages and Li ten 
 
 
 a ; ! | : 
 
 r-IOlCO^r-l [ CO 1 1 iH 1 1 CO 1 FH <N CO 
 
 H : 
 
 I %^====* 8 JL " 
 
V_! HISTORY OF THE 
 
 The library was at this time a circulating' library 
 among professors and students, the student bein^ 
 allowed to hold two volumes at one time. No. 4 of 
 the library regulations provides that "no book shall 
 be loaned to students except such as have been 
 directly specified by the faculty as suitable for such 
 students;" to this is appended the following note: 
 " The present instructors are of opinion that there 
 are very few of the books in the library which 
 would be useful to students in their collegiate 
 course." The library of 4,000 volumes had been 
 selected with great care; in it were standard works 
 in all departments of literature; there were books 
 that were rare even then. If one looks over the 
 library to-day he will see shelf after shelf of bulky 
 quartos and folios, and these are, many, perhaps 
 most of them, of the first purchase. Some lighter 
 works there were; the student of weird fancy might 
 revel in the tales of the Ettrick Shepherd, while 
 another turned the pages of Fielding, or Smollett, 
 or Richardson; Scott's novels, too, were there, and 
 Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield. There were sixty- 
 five volumes of translations from Greek and Latin 
 authors, but these the student was not allowed to 
 borrow. It is true that there was little else in the 
 library that the student would in that day use in 
 connection with his studies ; his was strictly a text- 
 book education. 
 
 It was early decided that the library should not 
 circulate among the people of the town. Rev. Dr. 
 DuflSeld and Dr. Pitcher reported that "It has IHMMI 
 thought altogether impracticable and inappropriate 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 53 
 
 to the use and design of the college library that it 
 should be rendered a circulating library for the 
 benefit of the surrounding population." 
 
 The first petition which the students presented 
 to the Board of Regents, in July, 1842, had refer- 
 ence to the library; the petition was not recorded, 
 but it is said to have been fully answered by a res- 
 olutoiii from the Board requiring that the library 
 should be open on every Saturday afternoon. The 
 Eev. Henry Colclazer was librarian, and the time 
 of opening had been left to his discretion. He was 
 occupied elsewhere, receiving only a salary of $100 
 as librarian, and it is quite probable that the lib- 
 rary was not opened as often as was desirable. 
 
 The University had been but a few months in 
 operation, when thickening financial difficulties 
 threatened its existence. In January, 1842, the 
 Board of Regents informed the professors that 
 they had no fund under their control, and " that 
 they (the professors) may, in their discretion, 
 withdraw from the service of this Board, or, if they 
 so elect, may continue in our employment and 
 receive their stipulated salaries at such time here- 
 after as the receipts into our treasury will permit." 
 Professors Williams and Whiting resolved to re- 
 main. In July of the same year their salaries were 
 raised each $100. 
 
 During 1842 the treasurer of the Board received 
 $10,146.45; $6,150 of this was paid as interest on 
 the loan and for the expenses of its transmission, 
 and a little less than $4,000 was spent upon the 
 University and its five branches. The reports of the 
 
54 HISTORY OF THI 
 
 Board for 1841, 1842, and 1<S4'J are eloquent pleas 
 for the institution which they represented. Tin* 
 number of students was increased with t-acli year 
 new instructors must be added to the faculty, more 
 buildings were needed, and scientific apparatus 
 must be had; yet the money they received was 
 scarcely more than sufficient to pay the interest on 
 their debt. To add to the distress, the Michigan 
 State Bank and the Bank of Michigan had failed, 
 when they held, the former about $6,000 and the 
 latter about $9,000 of the University's money, and 
 for this the Regents had taken property which was 
 then unproductive. 
 
 The report for 1844, is, on the other hand, one of 
 the pleasantest documents connected with the his- 
 tory of the University. It is very short. " The fears 
 once entertained have given place to sanguine 
 hope." The reason of this is .found in u aii act for 
 the relief of the University of Michigan " passed 
 by the legislature on March 11, 1844. By this net 
 the State agreed to take the Detroit " female semin- 
 ary lot " and building ( which the Regents had take 1 1 
 from the Michigan State Bank ) and credit the Uni- 
 versity with $8,095 as so much money paid on the 
 loan. State warrants which had been received by 
 the University in payment of debts were also to l>e 
 taken by the State and applied toward the liquida- 
 tion of the debt. These and other measures oper- 
 ated so favorably for the University that the debt 
 was reduced by $39,212.48. 
 
 The Regents also reported that the disbursements 
 of the Board had been less than the receipts. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 55 
 
 In the report for 1845 it is said that the debt was 
 reduced to $43,225.86. Although there was a float- 
 ing debt of $1,446.27, the Board could "congratu- 
 late themselves and the friends of literature and 
 science in our State in view of the continued and 
 increased prosperity of the University." 
 
 In May, 1842, Dr. Asa Gray resigned the profes- 
 sorship of Botany which he had nominally held 
 since 1838, and soon afterward Dr. Abram Sager 
 was appointed Professor of Botany and Zoology, 
 drawing no salary till such time as he should be 
 called upon to give instruction. In November, 
 1843, the Rev. Edward Thompson, of Newark, Ohio, 
 was appointed Professor of Mental and Moral Phil- 
 osophy; he resigned in 1844, having never assumed 
 his college duties, and, in September of the same 
 year, the Rev. Andrew TenBrook received the ap- 
 pointment in Lis stead. During 1841 and 1842 
 Professors Williams and Whiting were the only 
 members of the faculty who were doing service as 
 instructors; in 1843-44, Jonathan Beach was em- 
 ployed as tutor, and in 1844-45 the active faculty 
 consisted of Professors Williams, Whiting and Ten- 
 Brook, of Burritt A. Smith employed as tutor, and 
 of Dr. S. H. Douglas who had been appointed as- 
 sistant to the Professor of Geology and gave some 
 instruction in Chemistry. Dr. Hough ton, also, gave 
 a very short course of lectures. 
 
 In April, 1844, the salary of a full professor was 
 raised to $700 and house-rent. 
 
 The University was opened with six students; in 
 1842-43, there were twenty-five in attendance; in 
 
56 HISTORY OF TH1 
 
 1843-44, there were fifty-three, mid in 184-4 i:>. 
 there were fifty-five. 
 
 At this period the students of all classes lived to- 
 gether in peace and harmony; at least, whatever <>F 
 mischief may have occurred within the college halls 
 was of too little consequence to be reported be- 
 yond them. It is true, Patrick Kelley, the janitor, 
 was sometimes troubled to find his bell in the enrly 
 morning. The bell was suspended on some rails 
 which were run out of the window of the north hall 
 in its third story, and it was a simple matter ( and 
 an irresistible temptation) to transfer it to another 
 window, where the darkness concealed it. Later 
 when it was fastened to a post in the yard there 
 were ways easily suggested to the brain of the stu- 
 dent for muffling its sound. No sound being pro- 
 duced, Patrick was obliged to go from room to room 
 and waken his constituency individually. 
 
 The Phi Phi Alpha, a literary society, was or- 
 ganized June 28th, 1842, and the Alpha Nu, also a 
 literary society and an off-shoot of the Phi Phi 
 Alpha, September 30th, 1843. These, with the 
 weekly exercises in composition and elocution put 
 the student in training for the public exhibitions 
 which began in 1843. An attempt was made, even 
 before 1845, to start a college paper, but it neces- 
 sarily failed. 
 
 The first public exhibition was given by the 
 sophomores on the evening of August 10th, LS4:-I, 
 the exercises being held in the old Presbyter i;m 
 Church. Every member of the chiss \v;is en^iged 
 in the exercises; there were four onilions, four dis- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 57 
 
 sertations, four essays, and one poem. The first 
 junior exhibition was given August 14th, 1844. 
 After that time the junior exhibitions were held in 
 April, the commencement exercises occurring in 
 August. 
 
 In April, 1845, the Board of Regents began to 
 make arrangements for graduating the first class; 
 at that time the committee on professorships made 
 a report upon " the channel through which evidence 
 of scholarship is required by the Board for confer- 
 ring degrees," and "the manner of procedure in 
 conferring degrees." The regulations made at that 
 time have remained substantially in force to the 
 present time, with the exception of one which re- 
 quired that the senior class should be examined, on 
 the fourth Wednesday next preceding commence- 
 ment, upon all the studies of their collegiate course, 
 and of another which reads: "There shall be no 
 military parade, bands of professional musicians, 
 illuminations or fireworks, balls or parties for feast- 
 ing by the students, on the occasion of the com- 
 mencement." This last regulation was a dead let- 
 ter from the first, but, with the exception of the 
 part referring to bands of musicians, it was em- 
 bodied in the code of 1847. 
 
 On August 6th, 1845, was held the first com- 
 mencement of the University of Michigan, when 
 * eleven students received the degree of Bachelor 
 
 *Charles A. Clark, Judson D. Collins, Thomas B. Gumming, Edmund 
 Fish, Merchant H. Goodrich, Edwin A. Lawrence, John D. McKay, 
 Fletcher 0. Marsh, George E. Parmelee, George W. Pray, Paul W. H. 
 liawles. 
 
58 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 of Arts. The exercises were held in the Presby- 
 terian Church, Professor Williams presiding. 
 
 It was a great day for the town as well as for the 
 the University; merchants closed their stores, and 
 old and young crowded to the church. Each stu- 
 dent of the graduating class delivered an oration, 
 and, in the judgment of the press of that day, each 
 acquitted himself well. The Detroit Advertiser 
 said of them : " The pieces spoken by the gradu- 
 ating class were, for the most part, of superior 
 merit, evincing a depth and originality of thought 
 and a clearness and beauty of composition that is 
 seldom surpassed in the older colleges." Profess< >r 
 TenBrook made the closing address to the class, 
 and in the afternoon Dr. Duffield addressed the 
 literary societies. In the evening an entertainment 
 was giveii in honor of the graduating class by Mrs. 
 Dentoii, Mrs. Hawkins and Mrs. Page. The Mich- 
 igan State Journal (Ann Arbor) closes its account 
 of the clay with an appeal from a member of the 
 class in regard to the ladies who entertained them : 
 "Alumni, from this first example, shall not their 
 names go down with yours to future ages on the 
 records of the University?" 
 
 One shadow there was upon the commencement 
 day, caused by the death of Professor Whiting, 
 which occurred a few weeks before. The Board of 
 Regents in their annual report said of him: 
 
 "In the death of Professor Whiting the University has 
 sustained a severe loss. He had been with us from the 
 beginning, had been thoroughly acquainted with the his- 
 tory, cares, interests and condition of the University; 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 59 
 
 participated with earnest effort in the Board's desire to 
 promote the usefulness of the institution; and was partic- 
 ularly qualified for his station, not only by his classical 
 attainments and aptness to teach, but by his urbanity and 
 gentleness of manners, by his knowledge of character 
 and other properties which especially fitted him to act the 
 part of a governor and counsellor of youth." 
 
 On the clay of the first commencement the Re- 
 gents felt called upon to take measures towards 
 procuring a " University bury ing-ground," but it 
 was not until the September following that they took 
 definite action in regard to it, and then it was 
 resolved "That 150 feet square of land midway 
 between a line running north and south across the 
 University grounds between the professors' houses 
 and the east side of the grounds and midway be- 
 tween the north and south lines of the grounds be 
 set apart for a cemetery for the University." A 
 monument was raised in memory of Professor 
 Whiting; it still stands upon the campus much to 
 the annoyance of the modern ball-clubs.* The 
 66 University bury ing-ground " was never occupied. 
 
 *This monument was removed in the summer of 1881 to a more 
 secure position, between the library and laboratory buildings. 
 
60 HISTOKY OF THE 
 
 CHAPTEE V. 
 1845-1851. 
 
 It has been stated that the men who formed the 
 first Board of Regents were, almost without excep- 
 tion, men who were prominent actors in the politi- 
 cal affairs of the state; they were lawyers and 
 business men; none of them belonged to that class 
 from which, up to our modern era of professional 
 educators, the world has chiefly drawn its teachers. 
 In 1837 and 1838 there were no clergymen on the 
 Board. This fact caused some alarm among the 
 religious bodies of the state and was creating a 
 prejudice against the University even before its 
 organization. In 1839 the governor recognized this 
 feeling, and gave an appointment on the Board to 
 the Rev. George Duffield, pastor of the First Pres- 
 byterian Church of Detroit. Dr. Duffield was one 
 of the ablest, as he was one of the most prominent, 
 clergymen in the State, and his appointment was 
 an eminently proper one. From this time other 
 clergymen were put on the Board, and in 1852, 
 when the Board of Regents "by appointment" 
 went out of office, eleven of the forty-four men who 
 had served on that Board, had been chosen from 
 the clerical profession; one of them, Martin Kun- 
 <lig, of Detroit, being a priest of the Roman Cath- 
 olic Church. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 6 1 
 
 The Board, however, even as first constituted, 
 did not deserve reproach by any carelessness as 
 regards the moral and religions training of the 
 students under their charge. " Strongly impressed 
 with the importance to youth of correct moral 
 training, during the period of college life, and of 
 the necessity of a sense of a religious responsibil- 
 ity, to insure fidelity in the instructor,"* they had 
 chosen clergymen for the principals of the branches, 
 and, upon the opening of the central institution, 
 most of the appointments there also were given to 
 clergymen. Professor Williams was not ordained 
 to the ministry until 1846, but he had been a student 
 of theology; Professor Whiting was a minister of 
 the Presbyterian Church, and Professor Ten Brook 
 of the Baptist. 
 
 In August, 1845, the Kev. Daniel D. Whedoii, 
 from the Methodist denomination, was appointed 
 Professor of Logic, Khetoric and the Philosophy of 
 History, and in September of the same year the 
 Eev. John H. Agnew, of the Presbyterian Church, 
 was given the Chair of Greek and Latin, made 
 vacant by the death of Professor Whiting. Drs. 
 Houghton, Sager and Douglas were chosen without 
 regard to their religious affiliations. 
 
 The attempt to satisfy all parties by appointing 
 professors from the different religious denomina- 
 tions caused some dissension and ill-feeling. The 
 Chair of Mental and Moral Philosophy was desired 
 in 1844 by some members of the Board who be- 
 longed to the Methodist Church, for a clergyman of 
 
 *I)r. Pitcher's " Memoir," 1852. 
 
62 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 their denomination. Professor TenBrook WHS the 
 choice of a majority of the Board. There then 
 arose a feeling of opposition to wluit was consid- 
 ered a grasping disposition on the part of the 
 Methodist Church, which was augmented in later 
 days, and still finds a few to cherish it. 
 
 At the beginning of the college year, 1845 '-Hi- 
 there were in connection with the University six 
 full professors, one assistant professor, and one 
 tutor. Dr. Houghton was drowned in October, 
 1845, and the University deprived of services 
 which she was just ready to call into requisition. 
 In September, 1846, Professor Louis Fasquelle 
 took the chair of Modern Languages, Dr. Douglas 
 was made full Professor of Chemistry and Geology, 
 and the services of a tutor were dispensed with. 
 This was the construction of the faculty till the 
 organization of the medical school several years 
 later. For a time Professors Sager and Fasquelle 
 were employed for only a portion of each year. 
 
 It was not deemed necessary, while the Univer- 
 sity was yet so young and its students so few in 
 number, to appoint a chancellor. It was decided 
 that each full resident professor should, in his turn, 
 serve one year as president, and this was done 
 without extra salary. Prof essor Whiting was pres- 
 ident of the faculty when he died; his duties were 
 then assumed by Professor Williams, who WHS 
 president also in 1848-' 49. Professor TenBrook 
 \\ns president in 1845-' 46, and in 1S4H- '50; Pro- 
 fessor Whedon in 1846-47, and in 1850-51; and 
 Professor Agnew in 1847-8, and in 1S51 '51 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 63 
 
 In 1846 the salary of a full professor was raised 
 from $700 to $800, and in 1848 an extraordinary 
 leap was taken and the salaries increased by $200 
 more. 
 
 In August, 1845, a change was made in the ad- 
 ministration of the library; from that time to the 
 close of the period treated in this chapter, some 
 one of the professors was the nominal librarian, 
 and an assistant was employed for about $30 a 
 year; one year the college janitor was also assistant 
 librarian. In 1847 an appropriation of $100 was 
 made for the increase of the library; in 1848, $150; 
 and $100 for each of the years 1849 and 1851. 
 About 150 volumes of scientific books were bought 
 of Mrs. Dr. Houghton for $420.50. Even in that 
 early day these sums were ludicrously small and in- 
 adequate. Yet even the embarrassment occasioned 
 by deficiencies in the library was not so great as that 
 from the utter absence of philosophical apparatus. 
 One of the first matriculants of the University left 
 it in his sophomore year because there was little 
 opportunity for scientific study; twenty-five years 
 later, when visiting the University as a member of 
 a legislative committee, he described the ineffectual 
 attempts to construct an electric battery; he said: 
 " Our only resources were a junk-bottle and a cigar 
 box, and by hard work on a warm, dry day, we suc- 
 ceeded in obtaining a spark about as large as you 
 can get in a dark room by stroking a black cat's 
 back the wrong way." Still in 1847 philosophical 
 apparatus was reported to be " non-existent," though 
 a few instruments for chemical experimentation had 
 
<i4 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 been obtained. Again in the following year the 
 same complaint was made; nor is there any reason 
 to suppose there was any improvement in that direc- 
 tion for several years. Meanwhile there were some 
 additions to the geological, mineralogical and zoolo- 
 gical cabinets. An act of the legislature in 1846 ga v<> 
 to the Board of Regents all right and control over 
 the numerous specimens which had been stored l>v 
 the state geologist in the University buildings, but 
 which had never been opened by them, they being 
 unwilling to accept them on the conditions* made 
 by a former legislature. In the summer of 1847 
 Dr. Douglas was authorized to visit the Lake Supe- 
 rior mining region and complete, as far as possible, 
 the mineral collection. 
 
 Some Mexican birds were received in 1849 from 
 Dr. G. R Turner, of the United States Army, and 
 arid an alligator and some fishes from the Caribbean 
 Sea from Mr. Alvah Bradish; a little later, Mr. 
 Anthony TeriEyck, formerly secretary of the Uni- 
 versity, sent a collection of shells from the Sand- 
 wich Islands and the coast of California. 
 
 The legislative act in March, 1844, for the relief 
 of the University proved effectual. The subject of 
 the 100,000 loan will be considered in the follow- 
 ing chapter ; here it is only necessary to say that in 
 accordance with the provisions of the act men- 
 tioned, the debt was apparently gradually extin- 
 guished and ceased for the time being to embarrass 
 the Board. By the sale of lands the university in- 
 terest fund was each year increased by sums 
 
 *Page 31. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 05 
 
 ing from $9,500 in 1845 to about $11,000 in 1851, 
 and there was a corresponding increase in the 
 amount paid to the treasurer of the University by 
 the treasurer of the State. In 1845 the interest re- 
 ceived from the State amounted to $8,020.56, in 1851 
 to $12,543.79. In 1845, $307.54 was received from 
 students' fees, room-rents and fines; in 1851 the in- 
 come from that source had reached $2,304.95. In 
 1845 the Regents could report a balance of $1,725, 
 remaining in their hands; in 1840, of $2,273; and 
 in 1847, of $0,007. With the latter date began new 
 building operations which consumed the surplus of 
 each year, and left the Board in 1851 with a debt of 
 $4,775.11. In January, 1852, the retiring Board be- 
 queathed to the new Board a debt of more than 
 $12,000. 
 
 Already in 1845 the one building used for college 
 purposes afforded insufficient room. There was then 
 110 money to pay the cost of building, and the in- 
 convenience was borne as best it could be; the stu- 
 dents were crowded together as closely as possible, 
 and it was found that the capacity of a university 
 building was as indefinitely expansive, as that of a 
 pioneer log cabin. 
 
 When the reports of the treasurer showed each 
 year an increasing balance over expenses, it be- 
 came possible and prudent to build. In January, 
 1847, Regents Owen and Kearsley were appointed 
 a building committee, and were directed to proceed 
 at once in the erection of a building corresponding 
 with the one already built. The sum of $5,000 
 was appropriated for the purpose. Additional sums 
 
<>(> HISTOUY OF THE 
 
 were voted at various times during 1847 and 1.S-K 
 until, on the completion of the building early in 
 1849, it had cost $12,755.25. Like the north win-. 
 it was divided into dormitories and recitation rooms; 
 a room was given, also, to each of the two literary 
 societies, which had up to this time alternated in 
 the use of the chapel for their literary exercises. 
 
 Before the completion of the south wini^, work 
 had been commenced on the medical building. Its 
 construction had been resolved upon in January, 
 1848. It was finished in the summer of 1S50, and 
 cost $8,981. 
 
 It will be remembered that upon the death of 
 Governor Stevens T. Mason, the building known as 
 the "north wing 1 ' was named "Mason Hall/' The 
 subject of names again came up in a meeting of 
 the Board of Regents in 1848, and it was appar- 
 ently forgotten that the name had been definitely 
 settled upon. It was again proposed to name the 
 north building "Mason Hall," and the south build- 
 ing "Pitcher Hall." Some members of the Board 
 objected to the name "Mason Hall," and the matter- 
 was dropped. 
 
 Again were the Board of Eegents censured for 
 their extravagance, and especially by Francis A. 
 Shearman,* then Superintendent of Public Instrur- 
 
 * "The heavy loan early contracted, and the large amount in\ 
 in buildings, has proved a serious detriment to the interests of the insti- 
 tution. 
 
 " A heavy expenditure has been made in erecting the building for 
 the medical department. According to the report of the building coin- 
 mitcee it has cost nearly $9,000.00, and the whole of this amount will be 
 required to complete it." 
 
 "While it is gratifying that this department (the medical) is now 
 ready for service, it continues to be a question whether heavy expend!- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 67 
 
 tion. By some it was thought that the contribu- 
 tions to the branches, which had been stopped in 
 
 1846, should again be revived, rather than that the 
 University should extend itself on its own grounds. 
 
 The forlorn and barren appearance of the Univer- 
 sity grounds early called to itself attention. With 
 the exception of a line of forest oaks on the south and 
 another on the east, the "fence-rows" of the Rum- 
 sey farm, the trees had nearly all been cut before 
 the land was set apart for the University. Quite 
 elaborate plans for ornamentation were adopted in 
 
 1847, avenues and walks were to be laid out, and 
 rows and groups of trees set out in accordance 
 with a fixed design. But the plans were laid aside 
 and trees were planted before the avenues had been 
 marked^ out, the trees being selected from a few 
 varieties of rapid growth. The visiting committee 
 of 1847, of which the Rev. J. D. Pierce was chair- 
 man, called attention to this fact, and adopted the 
 following resolution in regard to it : 
 
 "Resolved, That in planting the university grounds 
 with trees, regard should be had, in making the selection, 
 to the cleanliness, durability, symmetry and beauty of 
 foliage of the trees to be planted." 
 
 tares for building purposes, or for objects collateral to the main depart- 
 ment of the institution, and in some respects secondary in importance 
 (though by no means to be neglected under better auspices) will not still 
 further embarrass and retard the progress of the main collegiate interests 
 of the University. No misfortune has ever occurred to this institution 
 equal in extent to that which has grown out of that system of policy 
 which has permitted, or rendered necessary perhaps, the abandonment 
 of branches; and it would seem to be of the first importance, if the means 
 of the institution will permit the outlay of a large amount of capital for 
 any purpose, that it should be directed into this channel. 5 ' Stearman's 
 Report 1850. 
 
T>S HISTORY OF THE 
 
 They earnestly recommended that moiv attention 
 should be paid to ornamentation, considering that 
 "the highway of thought, and intellectual devel- 
 opment and progress, much of which is parched 
 and rugged, should, as far as rnay be, be refreshed 
 with fountains and strewn with flowers." 
 
 The members of the faculty looked at the matter 
 in a different light, and asked that less attention be 
 paid to ornamentation and more to comfort in the 
 matter of walks. "The professors," said they, "are 
 obliged before clear day to wend their way to their 
 recitations through darkness and mud." 
 
 As the number of professors and students in- 
 creased, a code of laws became necessary. When 
 the University was first organized, Professor Wil- 
 liams, at the request of the Board of Regents, 
 prepared a code of laws which was based upon the 
 code prepared for the branches; the government of 
 the students was brought " as near to the character 
 of parental control" as was possible. It does not 
 seem to have been printed, nor was it made kaown 
 to the students upon their matriculation; there was 
 little occasion for any such thing when the students 
 were so few in number and studious in character, 
 as were the early men of the University. The first 
 /) riiilcd code appeared in 1847; it was elaborated 
 from the earlier code, and from traditional college 
 regulations. Some of its provisions were adapted 
 to a state of affairs quite different from what now 
 exists, and may be quoted as historical of the 
 period: 
 
 "No candidate shall be admitted to the freshman Hass 
 under fourteen years of age." 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 69 
 
 " Matriculation shall take place twelve weeks after he 
 has been admitted by the faculty, during which time he 
 shall be in a state of probation.' 7 
 
 "Each higher class shall be examined with the one 
 next lower, on all studies pursued by the latter during 
 the term." 
 
 "Xo student shall be or become a member of any 
 society connected with the University, or consisting of 
 students thereof, which has not first submitted its consti- 
 tution to the faculty and received approbation." 
 
 The study hours, during which no student could 
 absent himself from his room were from morning 
 prayers to 6 :30, 7, or 7 :30 A. M., ( according as the days 
 were long or short), from 8:30 or 9 A. M., to 12 M., 
 from 1:30 or 2 to 4:30 or 5 P. M., and from 7 or 8 to 9 
 p. M. After 9 o'clock p. M., no student was permit- 
 ted to leave the college ground. A peculiar system 
 of assessment for damages was provided for by this 
 code, and accounts for the sums, large in proportion 
 to the number of students, which are reported as 
 coming from fees, fines, etc. 
 
 Any damage, " except inevitable visitation of 
 Providence," was assessed upon the one doing the 
 wrong, if he could be found; otherwise, upon the 
 whole body of the students, or upon a class if its 
 proximity to the damage done rendered the selec- 
 tion possible. Not only the studies and chambers, 
 but the halls and recitation rooms were repaired, 
 cleaned and whitewashed at the expense of the stu- 
 dents. The expense of candles for the early reci- 
 tations and for chapel exercises was met by the 
 students. 
 
70 IUSTOKY OF THE 
 
 Of course card playing and drunkenness \\ere 
 forbidden. Safety was secured, also, by prohibiting 
 the keeping of tire-arms. 
 
 A superintendent of buildings and grounds \\.-is 
 appointed early in 1847 and it was his duty to as- 
 n id collect fines, rents and fees of all kinds. 
 Dr. S. H. Douglas held the position of superinten- 
 dent for several years. 
 
 The number of students increased each year t< > 
 1847-48 when there were 89; it then decreased un- 
 til in 1851-52 there were but 57 attending the 
 Literary Department. At the commencement of 
 1849, 23 students were graduated; in 1S52 there 
 were but 9. The decrease in the number of stu- 
 dents was attributed to the lack of preparatory 
 schools. Since the University had withdrawn its 
 assistance from the branch schools, from which 
 students had been admitted to the freshman class 
 without examination, several of them had been 
 closed. But few towns in the State were able to 
 support more than their primary schools. No doubt 
 the difficulty an$ cost of preparation for college had 
 an ill effect upon the number of applicants. The 
 greater reason, however, is found in the large num- 
 ber of dismissals and suspensions arising out of the 
 secret society struggle. In the classes of 1851 and 
 ]S5 "2 the number of "non-graduates" was greater 
 than the number of graduates. 
 
 Exclusive of the trouble in regard to societies 
 very little occurred to disturb the serenity of those 
 early college days. Sometimes a student was sus- 
 pended for a few weeks or for one term; more often 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 71 
 
 a task was set, and the learning of seventy-five or 
 one hundred lines of some Latin author (Virgil 
 being the one most preferred) might condone the 
 lesser crimes. In the spring and fall of 1849 there 
 were a few students known to the faculty as the 
 " hay boys " or " those guilty in the matter of hay," 
 whose fault is easily guessed from the words "hay" 
 and " chapel " and was expiated by the task of 
 learning fifty or seventy-five lines of Virgil's Geor- 
 gics. Between 1846 and 1852 two students were 
 permanently dismissed on account of their hurtful 
 moral influence ; otherwise the tale of delinquences 
 is but of absences unexcused, desks and benches 
 overturned, a key-hole filled and a monitor's door 
 fastened without, and the " matter of hay." 
 
 After the dismissal of the tutor, no officer of the 
 institution occupied either dormitory. The faculty 
 frequently suggested the propriety of appointing 
 tutors who should have rooms in the buildings and 
 act as guardians or monitors, but the Regents failed 
 to act upon the suggestion. The Board of Visitors 
 for 1850 reported a deplorable state of affairs in the 
 University buildings. Some of the rooms were in 
 a "most disgraceful condition;" wood had been 
 sawed in them, and there was a general untidyness 
 in the rooms and halls. This Board of Visitors had 
 evidently descended upon the University like a 
 north wind and were bent upon cleansing every 
 cranny of it, and their report must be taken with 
 some qualification ; yet there was probably some 
 foundation for the fault finding. The students had 
 the care of their own rooms, and it cannot be sup- 
 
72 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 posed that they made beds, built fires, and 
 swept and cared for their rooms as it' they 
 had been accustomed to such work by former 
 practice. 
 
 Another thing met the reprobation of the .Visit- 
 ors. According to the law each class was to be ex- 
 amined with the next lower on the studies pursued 
 by the latter. The Visitors were present at an ex- 
 amination of the juniors, when the members of tin- 
 senior class were present, but declined to take part, 
 being unprepared; and this was done without cen- 
 sure .from the faculty. The fact was that the 
 seniors had petitioned the faculty for release from 
 so difficult an exercise, and had been by them re- 
 ferred to the Board of Regents. There is no record 
 of any action in the matter by the Regents, but the 
 record of examinations shows that the seniors were 
 in the future relieved from examination upon the 
 junior studies, though juniors and sophomores 
 were still examined with the next lower classes for 
 some time longer. 
 
 The course of studies was also criticized by the 
 visitors. A schedule* of the course of study as 
 printed in the catalogue for 1843-'44 has been given. 
 The course was not greatly changed during the eight 
 years following. Rhetoric was added as a study i 1 1 
 1845; History was taught to a very slight extent be- 
 tween the years 1846 and 1841), at which latter date 
 the Regents determined that it should be taught 
 only as might be done incidentally in the study of 
 the languages. The study of French was intro- 
 
 * Pasrc-.l. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 73 
 
 duced iii 1846-'47, and German in 1849-'50; Span- 
 ish and Italian were taught in 1848-' 49. In 1846- 
 ? 47 was introduced the study of the Greek Testa- 
 ment, and the recitation in it occupied an hour for 
 every class every Monday morning. The Visitors 
 made a count of the number of recitations in the 
 whole year, and fixed it at 2,545; of these 330 were 
 Latin; 630, Greek; 495, Mathematics, pure and 
 mixed ; 236, Modern Languages ; 854, all other sub- 
 jects. They suggested, and it would seem with 
 considerable propriety, that the number of Latin 
 recitations should be raised to 400, and the Greek 
 reduced to that number; that Human Physiology be 
 substituted for Botany and Zoology, and that some 
 of the time devoted to the Greek Testament be 
 given to History. 
 
 Another matter taken up and treated at length 
 by the Visitors was one of great note and import- 
 ance in the years 1849, 1850 and 1851, and that was 
 the question of the secret or Greek letter societies. 
 Beginning as a simple matter of discipline where 
 the faculty and a few students were concerned, it 
 soon assumed a portentous size, fed by the attention 
 that was given it. 
 
 The first and unprinted code is said to have con- 
 tained the following regulation, which was printed 
 in the code of 1847: "No student shall be or be- 
 come a member of any society connected with the 
 University, or consisting of students, which has not 
 first submitted its constitution to the faculty and 
 received their approbation." Greek letter societies 
 had not yet become a subject of consideration and 
 
74: HISTORY OF THE 
 
 the rule was designed only to prevent the undue 
 multiplication of literary societies ; it was, however, 
 capable of extension to any kind of society when- 
 ever occasion arose. 
 
 In the latter part of the college year 1S44 T>. 
 chapters of two societies, the Chi Psi and Beta 
 Theta Pi were established, but their existence was 
 unknown to the faculty until about a year later, 
 when, some information being gained by accident, 
 the whole was developed by the members of the 
 societies. At the same time another society, the 
 Alpha Delta Phi, applied for admission, and offers I 
 to show its constitution. The faculty were occu- 
 pied with arrangements for the approaching com- 
 mencement and postponed consideration of the 
 subject; meanwhile a chapter of the Alpha Delta 
 Phi was organized, and there were three Greek 
 letter societies in connection with the University, 
 and the greater number of the students had joined 
 them. This state of things was regarded by the 
 faculty as arising from a misunderstanding, culpable 
 perhaps, but not unpardonable. They determined 
 to allow the societies as then constituted to remain, 
 but drew up a document which each applicant for 
 admission to the University from that time on must 
 sign before matriculating, pledging himself not to 
 join any society which the faculty did not approve, 
 and thus they hoped the societies would die out. 
 To the students entering in the fall of 1846 the 
 president of the faculty explained the meaning of 
 the pledge required of them. 
 
 On the ground that their society existed at 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 75 
 
 by sufferance of the faculty, the Alpha Delta Phi 
 fraternity received members from the pledged stu- 
 dents, a fact of which the faculty became cognizant 
 in March, 1847. There were suspensions and re-ad- 
 missioiis; eventually the pledged students were 
 obliged to withdraw from the society and renew 
 their pledge, and the original members of Alpha 
 Delta Phi retained their connection with the Uni- 
 versity only by signing the following document: 
 
 " Resolved, That no student shall be admitted into any 
 class without examination satisfactory to the faculty and 
 giving a pledge that he will not be a member of any soci- 
 ety which is not approved by the faculty." 
 
 "We, the undersigned, deeply regretting that any part 
 of our past course has come in collision with the laws of 
 the institution, respectfully solicit admission to the Uni- 
 versity of Michigan, pledging ourselves not to consent to 
 the admission of any member of the University to any 
 society in opposition to the law on the subject passed 
 July 24th, as quoted above." 
 
 There the matter rested for several months, until 
 the following November, when the society a second 
 time offered to submit its constitution to the fac- 
 ulty, and received the announcement that "the 
 faculty have no authority to legalize them as a 
 society in the University of Michigan." This reply 
 furnished the students with the plea that if the 
 faculty had no authority to legalize their society 
 they had none to forbid it. In a struggle for exist- 
 ence man can hold his own against great odds. To 
 add to its security the society was styled not "in 
 the University of Michigan," but "in Ann Arbor," 
 and its meetings were not held on the University 
 grounds. 
 
76 HISTOIiY OF THE 
 
 In July, 1848, the Beta Theta Pi society again 
 raised its head and asked for admission, and WHS 
 told that it came "under the prohibition of the 
 law." 
 
 The faculty now sent out a circular to several 
 presidents of eastern colleges, asking for an opin- 
 ion in regard to the advisability and feasibility of 
 suppressing the Greek letter societies. The replies 
 were very much against the interests of the socie- 
 ties, and were submitted, with a report from the 
 faculty, to the Board of Regents. No decided 
 action was taken by the Regents; a resolution 
 favorable to the societies was lost by an even vote. 
 
 In December, 1849, there was found, appended 
 to a catalogue of the University, a scrap of paper 
 containing the names of members of the Chi Psi 
 fraternity. When the eleven students so designated 
 were asked if their names were on the paper by 
 their consent, they affirmed it to be so. At the 
 same time a list of members was furnished the 
 faculty by the Alpha Delta Phi society. Seven 
 students withdrew from their societies, and re- 
 mained in college; the others were expelled. 
 
 The faculty had also received a paper purporting 
 to contain the names of students connected with the 
 Beta Theta Pi society; " the persons named therein 
 were called and it was asked whether their names 
 were on the paper with their knowledge and con- 
 sent." The reply was in the negative and the 
 faculty were convinced that the paper was un- 
 authentic. The members of the society, it is evi- 
 dent from the faculty record, made no effort to con. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 77 
 
 ceal their society connection. Their retention in 
 the University was made the subject of a vigorous 
 remonstrance from one member of the faculty who 
 regarded it as unjust to the two societies expelled. 
 It also came up for investigation before the Board 
 of Regents, yet the Beta Theta Pi students were 
 not dismissed till in September, 1850, it would seem 
 under the plea that their constitution was not yet 
 signed. 
 
 Of the students expelled, some were received at 
 Union College, some at Rochester University, some 
 returned a little later to Michigan University, and 
 some closed their college days with their expulsion. 
 
 The action of the faculty in regard to the socie- 
 ties created great excitement and opposition. The 
 faculty itself was divided in opinion, the Board of 
 Regents, because of their own lack of unanimity, 
 could give no assistance, the majority of the stu- 
 dents were indignant, the citizens of Ann Arbor 
 held a meeting and appointed a committee to me- 
 morialize the legislature for a change in the admin- 
 istration of the University. There was a feeling 
 that the faculty were striking at secret societies in 
 general, and the secret society men, as well as the 
 Greek letter society men of the State, were aroused; 
 they declared the law against the societies to be 
 " an abridgment of the rights of man." 
 
 During the months of January and February, 
 1850, there was much discussion and there were 
 rnaiiy reports. First there was a report to the 
 Regents from the faculty, stating strongly and even 
 bitterly, the case as it appeared to the professors. 
 
78 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 Their objections to the societies were eight in num- 
 ber: 
 
 1. "The whole history of these societies is a detail of 
 obliquities" (referring to the measures which had I>HMI 
 used in maintaining their existence). 
 
 '2. "These extended affiliations are a great irresponsible 
 authority, a monster power, which lays its hand upon 
 every college and every college faculty in our country, re- 
 quiring submission where there is no obligation." 
 
 3. "They are exclusive and oligarchic in their selection 
 of members, and oppressive of all who are not of their 
 own organism." 
 
 4. *' These societies entrap into an immature commit- 
 ment the sons of parents who wholly disapprove them." 
 
 5. " The meetings of these societies are liable to become, 
 and often are, lawless and convivial." 
 
 ti. They are a great and unnecessary expense to the 
 poor student who joins them. 
 
 7. *" The regular literary societies are neglected." 
 
 8. " These societies are the permanent sources of mu- 
 tual intrigues and jealousies." 
 
 The report was signed by all the members of the 
 faculty. There had not been entire unanimity among 
 them, nor had they as a body been entirely con- 
 sistent in their action, a fact which receives some 
 explanation from one passage of the report: "With- 
 out the firm support of the authorities, immediate 
 and primary, which place us here, we cannot carry 
 on even the ordinary duties of instruction and 
 government. If they vacillate, we must tempori/c : 
 and when they desert us, we must fail. It is the 
 protracted uncertainty of these sources of our au- 
 thority which has lengthened these difficult i< 
 And again: " Ours is not a prof ession that courts, 
 nor a position that justifies the braving a well-de- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 79 
 
 fined and clearly settled public opinion. If the 
 'sober second thought' of the freeholders and 
 householders of Michigan, the fathers of those to 
 whom we are but teachers, conclude that these in- 
 fluences are not as bad as we imagine, that they are 
 still to be retained, or that the effort to abolish 
 them costs more than it is worth, we shall cheerfully 
 acquiesce in their decision. 7 ' 
 
 A report was made by a committee of the Board 
 of Eegents which sustained the faculty. These 
 two reports were submitted to the legislature of the 
 State to which body the matter had been carried and 
 where it was serving as a reason for the introduc- 
 tion of a bill, changing materially the government 
 of the University. The first appearance of the 
 faculty report before the Senate was unauthorized. 
 The document had been stolen by two of the stu- 
 dents, changed in such a manner as to make it less 
 dignified in expression, and given to Mr. Finley, 
 the senator from the district in which the Univer- 
 sity is situated. The theft, discovered, had an in- 
 fluence in turning the Senate from the iconoclastic 
 measures which had been proposed. 
 
 To the legislature also was sent a reply, made by 
 the seven students who had returned to the Univer- 
 sity, to the report of the faculty. The students, in 
 behalf of their societies, claimed that the "twen- 
 tieth rule " was a dead letter when the societies 
 were first formed; that one of the professors was 
 consulted by one of the founders, and his opinion 
 of such societies requested, and that he did not 
 mention the law, nor express his disapproval; they 
 
SO HISTORY OF THi: 
 
 denied that any mischief could be charged to the 
 societies as a body, and that the power of an organ- 
 ization is any reason for suppressing it; they main- 
 tained their right to be exclusive in their society 
 relations if they chose, and asserted that their so- 
 ciety members had not been immoral or the society 
 meetings unduly convivial, and declared that the lit- 
 erary societies had been more largely supported 
 by secret society men than by neutrals. They de- 
 nied, in toto, the charges made against them by the 
 faculty. 
 
 A memorial was prepared and signed by fifteen 
 students, "neutrals," deploring any action on the 
 part of the legislature, declaring that the faculty 
 had acted with prudence and moderation, and that 
 the whole trouble could be amicably adjusted were 
 it not for the interference of those not connected 
 with the immediate government of the University. 
 
 The committee of the citizens of Ann Arbor, 
 heretofore mentioned, memorialized the legislature 
 with a different purpose. In their view, the Uni- 
 versity was perishing, its faculty was inefficient and 
 incapable, and there was no way to save the institu- 
 tion but by an entire reorganization of its organic* 
 law, the selection of a new faculty, and the recog- 
 nition of that natural right of man to form secret 
 societies if he so elects. 
 
 In spite of hostile memorials no action was taken 
 by the Senate. The legislative mind was satisfied 
 with having investigated the matter, the bill was with- 
 drawn, and the faculty and Board of Eegents weir 
 left to take such measures as seemed best to them. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 81 
 
 There had, however, been so determined and 
 widespread and respectable an opposition to the 
 suppression of the societies that the authorities 
 were compelled to listen to it. The Board of 
 Begents still remained undecided; they could nei- 
 ther carry a resolution for the suspension of the 
 20th rule nor for its enforcement. The burden of 
 decision consequently fell upon the faculty. 
 
 The Beta Theta Pi fraternity, in October, 1850, 
 a few weeks after its expulsion, offered to show its 
 constitution to the faculty. Four of the' professors 
 were now ready to make some compromise, and, 
 under protest from Professors Williams arid Agnew, 
 the Beta Theta Pi was legalized conditionally. The 
 conditions were the following: 
 
 "No minor shall be admitted until the written consent 
 of his parent or guardian shall have been deposited with 
 the president of the faculty. 
 
 " The faculty shall be informed of the time and place 
 of all meetings during term time. 
 
 "This permission shall be considered as forfeited by 
 any material change of the constitution which shall not 
 have been presented to and approved by the faculty. 
 
 " The society shall not in any case interfere with the 
 administration of the college government, and should the 
 regents and faculty hereafter decide that the connection of 
 students with the society is incompatible with the pros- 
 perity of the university, said students shall cease all further 
 action as a society within the institution. Before the stu- 
 dents of the university shall avail themselves of the 
 above provisions, satisfactory evidence shall be furnished 
 to the faculty that these regulations are adopted by, and 
 obligatory upqn the entire society. 
 
 " The faculty shall be furnished with the name of every 
 student of the university admitted, within one week after 
 
^2 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 such admission, and also with the name of the president 
 of the society. 
 
 "The society reserves to itself the right to dissolve 
 this connection, giving- the faculty due notice of the 
 
 same." 
 
 A few days after the legalization of the 
 Theta Pi society, application for admission was 
 made by the members of Alpha Delta Phi and Chi 
 Psi, each accepting the conditions given above. 
 The Alpha Delta Phi was legalized by the vote of 
 four against two, and the Chi Psi by the vote of 
 three against two. The latter society did not exhibit 
 its constitution, but made only a " substantial exhi- 
 bition of the system of fundamental rules," and 
 this not appearing sufficient to a professor who had 
 voted for the admission of the other two societies, 
 he refrained from voting in this case. 
 
 And so was ended the secret society war, a con- 
 test in which very little wisdom and judgment 
 was shown by any of the combatants, and from 
 which all parties came with garments somewhat 
 t< >rn. 
 
 While the question of the Greek letter societies 
 was drawing the attention of the whole state to its 
 young University and creating a distrust of the 
 judgment and ability of its faculty, there had not 
 been entire harmony in the faculty itself. Had tin 
 professors been left to follow their own judgment, 
 independent of Eegents, legislature or people, 
 there would have been, at least, consistency < >f acti< m 
 and far less bitterness. In a state university such 
 independence was not possible. The Board of 
 Ilegents watched very closely the internal affairs 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 86 
 
 of the University, and were very chary of the 
 authority with which they endowed the faculty. 
 To a hesitation arising from their lack of power we 
 must ascribe the vacillating course of the professors 
 which lost them the respect of many people. To a 
 state of affairs equally beyond their control was due 
 a bitterness and ill-feeling which arose among them- 
 selves. 
 
 At the close of the college year, 1845-46, the 
 services of a tutor were dispensed with, a division 
 < >f labor was planned by the Board of Regents, and 
 the professors were directed to carry it out. Pro- 
 fessor Agnew occupied the chair of Ancient Lan- 
 guages, and, as at that time Greek and Latin filled 
 considerably more than one third of the whole 
 course of study, he was not able to do all the work 
 of his department. Professors Whedon and Ten 
 Brook were consequently called upon to assist him. 
 He chose to hear the Greek classes, except in the 
 Greek text of the Gospels, and left to them the 
 Latin. Professors Whedon and Ten Brook felt 
 aggrieved in being obliged to do work which they 
 considered that of a tutor. As the time spent upon 
 rhetorical exercises increased, Professor Whedon 
 also became overburdened, and the question of dis- 
 tribution came up again in the faculty meetings, to 
 be decided so far as Professor Whedon was con- 
 cerned by his resolution to take entire charge of 
 his own department, and by his refusal to hear the 
 Greek text recitation. Again, in January, 1851, 
 the Board of Regents were asked to appoint a tutor, 
 and again they refused, expressing the opinion that 
 
S4 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 no professor was overworked, and that "the spirit 
 that seems to exist among certain members of tli^ 
 faculty towards their co-laborers in the I ni \crsity 
 in regard to the action of the Board of Regents \\r 
 regard improper and unjustifiable." 
 
 In the midst of the dissatisfaction, in July, lHf>l, 
 Professor Ten Brook withdrew from the University, 
 having held his professorship for seven years. His 
 resignation was sought by three of the professors. 
 He afterward looked upon his action in leaving tli k 
 University as an error, and thought that the oppo- 
 sition to him would have been, in a short time 
 quieted. 
 
 Professor Ten Brook had firm friends on the 
 Board of Regents, some of whom were greatly dis- 
 pleased with the action taken by Professors Wil- 
 liams, Whedon and Agnew in endeavoring to pro- 
 cure his resignation. Vengeance awaited them at 
 the close of the next six months. Professor \V lie- 
 don had also incurred the disapproval of some of 
 the Board by his pronounced anti-slavery views. 
 
 On December 31st, 1851, the last day of service 
 of the "Regents by appointment," the following 
 resolution was offered: 
 
 "WHEREAS, the great primary object of establishing 
 the University of Michigan, as clearly expressed by the 
 people through the act of their legislature, was to provide 
 the inhabitants of the state with the means of acquiring 
 a thorough knowledge of the various branches of litera- 
 ture, science and the arts; that as such an institution it is 
 worthy of the pride and fostering cart* of every citizen of 
 the entire state and whose duty it should ever be to watch 
 and guard it assiduously, and to see that it is not by any 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 85 
 
 means perverted, or directly or indirectly used for any 
 other purpose, and especially that it is not used for the 
 inculcation of political or religious dogmas; and 
 
 WHEREAS, it is represented, and is undoubtedly true, 
 that the Rev. D. D. Whedon, one of the professors of said 
 institution, has, during a period of time -past, not only 
 publicly preached, but otherwise openly advocated the 
 doctrine called the higher law, a doctrine which is unau- 
 thorized by the Bible, at war with the principles, precepts 
 and examples of Christ and his apostles, subversive alike 
 of civil government, civil society, and the legal rights of 
 individual citizens, and in effect constitutes in the opin- 
 ion of this board a species of moral treason against the 
 government; therefore, 
 
 " Resolved, That the Rev. D. D. Whedon, for the reasons 
 aforesaid be and he is hereby removed." 
 
 A discussion arose which threatened to be ter- 
 minated only with the term of office of the men 
 engaged in it. 
 
 The new Board were present by invitation of the 
 old and outgoing Board, and from one of them came 
 the suggestion that the old Board should clear the 
 way for the new by removing the whole faculty. 
 The suggestion was not prompted by any personal 
 consideration or prejudices, but was offered as a 
 solution of the difficulties which surrounded the 
 Board, and might be transmitted to their suc- 
 cessors. 
 
 The suggestion was acted upon so far as to adopt, 
 by a vote of seven to two, the following resolution: 
 
 Resolved, That in view of the duty devolving upon the 
 
 board of regents elect to reorganize the faculty of arts in 
 
 the University of Michigan and to appoint a president, it 
 
 is expedient that this board provide for that contingency 
 
 G 
 
86 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 by determining the terms of the existing members of said 
 faculty. Therefore, 
 
 Resolved, That the terms of office of the present Pro les- 
 sors of Natural Philosophy and Mathematics; of Lo^ic. 
 Khetoric, and History; and of the Greek and Latin Lan- 
 guages in the University, respectively, terminate and 
 expire at the close of the present academic year; or at 
 such other previous time as the Board of Kegents may 
 determine to appoint their successors." 
 
 This act of dismissal did not contain the name of 
 Professor Louis Fasquelle who was also a member 
 of the literary faculty, but who had not been con- 
 cerned witli the dissensions in that body. It had 
 the appearance of being an act of vengeance upon 
 the part of some of the members of the old Board, 
 but was nevertheless regarded by the new Board as 
 being not unfavorable to the best interests of the 
 University; it left the new Board free to form a 
 faculty according to its judgment. 
 
 The act establishing the University of Michigan 
 provided by its eighth section for the establishment 
 of Law and Medical Departments. That for ten 
 years the Board of Regents took no measures to- 
 wards organizing the professional schools needs no 
 explanation. The first move towards it was made 
 in January, 1847, by the appointment of a commit- 
 tee on the Medical Department, whose report, given 
 on the following day, was very favorable to imme- 
 diate organization; Dr. Pitcher was especially urgent 
 in the matter. Again in August of the same year 
 another committee was appointed, and this time to 
 report UTXJII the expediency of organizing both the 
 Medical and the Law Departments. Tlie report 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 87 
 
 was rendered in January, 1848, and recommended 
 measures with a view to opening the Medical 
 School in the fall of 1849, but postponed considera- 
 tion of the question of the establishment of a Law 
 Department. The report was adopted by the Board, 
 the erection of a medical building was determined 
 upon, and Drs. Douglas and Sager were transferred 
 to the Medical School, the former as Professor of Ma- 
 teria Medica, the latter of the Theory and Practice 
 of Medicine. In July, 1849, Dr. Moses Gunn was 
 appointed Professor of Anatomy and Surgery, and 
 in January, 1850, Dr. Samuel Denton was made 
 Professor of the Theory and Practice of Physic, Dr. 
 J. Adams Allen, Professor of Pathology and Phy- 
 siology, and Dr. Sager was transferred to the pro- 
 fessorship of Obstetrics. 
 
 The date of opening was postponed to the fall of 
 1850, but the medical faculty met and organized 
 May 15th, 1850, choosing Dr. Abram Sager for 
 their president. On the first Wednesday in Octo- 
 ber, 1850, the School of Medicine was opened by a 
 lecture from the president. There were ninety-one 
 matriculants during that first year. 
 
 The qualifications for admission were then nom- 
 inally about the same as now; a good English edu- 
 cation, a knowledge of natural philosophy and of 
 the elementary mathematical sciences, and some 
 slight acquaintance with Latin and Greek. 
 
 " To be admitted to the degree of Doctor of Medicine, 
 the student must exhibit evidence of having pursued the 
 study of medicine and surgery for the term of three years 
 with some respectable practitioner of medicine (including 
 lecture terms); must have attended two full courses of 
 
88 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 lectures, the last of which must have been in the medical 
 department of the University of Michigan: must l>e 
 twenty-one years of age; must have submitted to the fac 
 ulty a thesis composed and written by himself on some 
 medical subject: and have passed an examination held at 
 the close of the term, satisfactory to the faculty." 
 
 An allowance of one year from the term of study 
 was made to graduates of respectable literary col- 
 leges, and four years of respectable practice was 
 received in lieu of one course of lectures. Instruc- 
 tion was given by lectures preceded by a recitation, 
 there being four lectures a day on five days in the 
 week. Every alternate Saturday theses were read 
 and discussed for two or three hours of the morn- 
 ing. 
 
 The students of the Medical School were not 
 furnished with dormitories but found homes among 
 the people of the town. They were not for that 
 reason exempt from the fines which the far-reach- 
 ing prudence of the Regents ordained. A regu- 
 lation was made that each medical student should 
 on his entrance to the University deposit $1.00 " for 
 such damages to the college buildings, as shall not 
 be accounted for;" if the amount covering such 
 damages did not exhaust the sum deposited the 
 balance was returned to the students at the end of 
 the term. 
 
 The first commencement occurred in April, IS.") 1 . 
 when there were six graduates. 
 
 The salary of the medical professors was si. (MM). 
 without house-rent. 
 
 In December, 1851, the Board of Regents by 
 appointment went out of office. TJi<'\ had done a 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 89 
 
 great work since 1837 and had made comparatively 
 few mistakes. They had certainly devoted much 
 time and earnest effort to the advancement of the 
 University. There were in 1851, but two men on 
 the Board who had held office since the beginning 
 in 1837. These were Robert McClelland and Dr. 
 Zina Pitcher. Dr. Pitcher had ever been one of 
 the most prominent, efficient and active of the mem- 
 bers. Particularly had he been interested in the 
 Department of Medicine, upon the organization of 
 which he was appointed Emeritus Professor of the 
 Institutes of Medicine and Obstetrics. At the close 
 of 1851 he wrote an Epitome of the Transactions 
 of the Board, in which he proiioiinced the Univer- 
 sity to be " as prosperous as any other in the coun- 
 try, its equal in age and surroundings." 
 
90 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAPTEK VI. 
 
 1852 1863-DR. TAPPAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 In 1850 the constitution of the State of Michigan 
 was revised. To the article on education, as given 
 in the constitution of 1835, were added certain pro- 
 visions in regard to the University. The experience 
 of thirteen years was supposed to have taught that 
 the members of the Board of Regents should be 
 directly responsible to the people of the State, and 
 that their number should be less than that provided 
 for by the organic law of 1837. It was also thought 
 that the time had come when the young institution 
 needed a president whose authority and dignity and 
 influence would be greater than had been possible 
 to the annually elected incumbents of the presi- 
 dent's office. 
 
 The new constitution contained the following 
 provisions: 
 
 ARTICLE XIII. SEC. 6. "There shall be elected in 
 each judicial district, at the time of the election of the 
 judge of such circuit a Regent of the University, whose 
 term of office shall be the same as that of such judge. The 
 Regents thus elected shall constitute the Board of Regents 
 of the University of Michigan. 
 
 SEC;. 8. The Regents of the University shall at their 
 first annual meeting or as soon thereafter as may he, el"<-t 
 a president of the University, who shall be ex-oHicio a 
 member of their Board, with the privilege <>i' speaking but 
 not of voting. He shall preside at the meetings of the 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 01 
 
 Regents and be the principal executive officer of the Uni- 
 versity. The Board of Eegents shall have the general 
 supervision of the University, and the direction and con- 
 trol of all expenditures from the University interest fund." 
 
 The State was divided into eight judicial circuits, 
 and the circuit judge held his office for a term of 
 six years. In accordance with the law, in the spring 
 of 1851 a regent was chosen from each circuit for 
 a term of six years. The members of the new 
 Board were : from the 1st district, M. A. Patterson ; 
 2nd district, Edw. S. Moore; 3rd district, Elon 
 Farnsworth; 4th district, Jas. Kingsley; 5th dis- 
 trict, Elisha Ely; 6th district, Chas. H. Palmer; 
 7th district, Andrew Parsons; 8th district, William 
 Upjohn. Mr. Patterson had served on the preced- 
 ing Board since 1840, and Mr. Farnsworth the 
 greater part of the time since 1837. To the others 
 it was a new and untried office. 
 
 Six members of this Board met in Detroit, Janu- 
 ary 1st, 1852, and in Ann Arbor on the following 
 day, and appointed a committee to correspond in 
 regard to the presidency. 
 
 At the first meeting of the Board of 1837, the 
 question of appointing a chancellor had been con- 
 sidered, and it was found that the Board had no 
 power to elect such an officer. Prompt application 
 was made to the legislature and the omission was 
 rectified by an ambiguously worded amendment.* 
 During the few weeks necessary for the passage of 
 the act, the Board had time for reflection and it 
 became apparent to them that the appointment of 
 
 *Page 23. 
 
92 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 a chancellor would be unwise since they had noth- 
 ing for him to do and no money to spend upon sine- 
 cure offices. From time to time the subject was 
 mentioned, but never again by this Board seriously 
 considered. In 1848, Dr. George Duffield, then 
 chairman of the Board of Visitors gave in his report* 
 some account of the office as it existed in the Eng- 
 lish universities, and said: "The government of 
 our American colleges needs no such office as a 
 chancellor. It is a title totally unsuited to demo- 
 cratic simplicity. Such an officer, to be appointed 
 by the Kegents, with such a title and no well-defined 
 duties, would either be a perfect sinecure, or excite 
 jealousies and prove a cumbrous clog in the opera- 
 tions of our University." 
 
 The secret society troubles of 1850 and 1851, 
 which, it was thought, might have been avoided 
 had there been an able man at the head of the 
 institution, led to the legislation which made it the 
 duty of the new Board to proceed at once to the 
 election of a president. 
 
 Mr. Charles H. Palmer, who, on January 1st, 
 1852, was appointed corresponding secretary of the 
 Board, opened an extensive correspondence with 
 men in the east, whose judgment could be relied 
 upon; he also visited the east, and among others 
 called upon Bishop Alorizo Potter of Pennsylvania, 
 Dr. Eliphalet Nott of Union College, Mr. George 
 Bancroft the historian, and Dr. Henry P. Tappan. 
 Mr. Palmer's choice would have fallen upon Bishop 
 
 *. Joint Documents, 1848, No. G, pp. 38-40. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 9d 
 
 Potter, had he not been assured that that gentle- 
 man would not accept. Mr. Bancroft might have 
 had the office had he been willing to accept, but, 
 declining it for himself, he recommended Dr. Tap- 
 pan, saying that he was the man of all others in the 
 country who was fitted for the presidency. 
 
 Having seen Dr. Tappan, Mr. Palmer was strongly 
 influenced in his favor and returned to Michigan to 
 recommend his appointment. Before the meeting 
 of the Board, it became known to members of the 
 medical profession in Ann Arbor and Detroit, that 
 Dr. Tappan had once called a homoeopathic phy- 
 sician, and so powerful was the opposition which, 
 on this account, they made to his appointment, that 
 it was not effected. 
 
 At the third meeting of the Board, in June, 1852, 
 they offered the presidency to the Hon. Henry 
 Barnard, the eminent New England educator. So 
 sure were they of his acceptance that a committee 
 was appointed to arrange for his inauguration. The 
 office was, however, declined. 
 
 Again Mr. Palmer made an effort for the appoint- 
 ment of Dr. Tappan, and, again finding himself 
 defeated, he proposed the name of Dr. William 
 Adams, pastor of the Madison Square Presbyterian 
 church of New York City. Mr. Palmer believed 
 Dr. Adams to be in every way qualified for the 
 presidency, but he felt confident that he would 
 decline it, as he did, when it was offered him by 
 the Board. Mr. Palmer's only object was to gain 
 time, and this he used so effectually that by Aug- 
 ust 12, 1852, he had won over the opposition, both 
 
94 If! STORY OF THE 
 
 within and without the Board of Regents, and J )r. 
 Tappan was chosen president of the University. 
 The contest had been a warm and bitter one, hut at 
 a later day most of the prominent men \vli<> had 
 been opposed to Dr. Tappan became his warm per- 
 sonal friends. 
 
 Dr. Tappan at this time was a man in the prime 
 of life, in his forty-eighth year. He had received 
 his collegiate education at Union College, during 
 the presidency of Dr. Eliphalet Nott; he had after- 
 wards entered the Presbyterian ministry and had 
 preached for several years, when in 1832 he ac- 
 cepted the chair of Moral and Intellectual Philos- 
 ophy in the University of the City of New York. 
 This professorship he had resigned in 1838, and 
 had during several following years devoted himself 
 to the writing of books. In 1839 he had published 
 a "Beview of Edwards' Inquiry into the Freedom 
 of the Will;" in 1840, "The Doctrine of the Will 
 Determined by an Appeal to Consciousness;" 
 in 1841, "The Doctrine of the Will Applied to 
 Moral Agency and Eesponsibility ;" in 1844, "The 
 Elements of Logic;" in 1851, a work on "Univer- 
 sity Education," and in 1852, after a visit in Europe, 
 "A Step from the New World to the Old." His 
 philosophical writings had received the favorable 
 notice of European as well as of American scholars; 
 mid especially had they received the approval of 
 Cousin. In this country he was known as an edu- 
 cator, a man of pronounced and advanced ideas in 
 regard to school systems. The system of public 
 instruction as carried on in Prussia was very much 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 95 
 
 admired by him, and it seemed to him a feasible 
 thing to introduce it in America. It was, then, with 
 pleasure that he learned that here in Michigan the 
 school system had been, at least theoretically, 
 founded upon that of Prussia, and it was with the 
 hope and expectation that in this new State he had 
 found a place where his theories of education 
 would receive the encouragement and approval of 
 the people, that he accepted the appointment to the 
 presidency of the University. He saw that in 
 Michigan there was an attempt to make the course 
 of instruction complete and unbroken from the 
 lowest to the highest schools, and it was his ambition 
 to aid in the perfection and realization of so broad 
 a plan. In 1852 he was again offered the chair of 
 Mental and Moral Philosophy in the University of 
 the City of New York, which he had resigned in 
 1838, but declined it and came to Michigan. 
 
 The time of his coming and the condition of 
 things were in some sense favorable; they were 
 favorable to a strong man. There was a new law, 
 a new Board of Kegents, there were chairs waiting 
 for new professors, there was a breaking away from 
 old traditions, and there was a prevailing feeling 
 that change was desirable and necessary. 
 
 When the first Board of Regents "by election" 
 came into office they found that their predecessors 
 had kindly "determined the terms" of certain 
 members of the faculty. Accordingly the following 
 note was sent to Professors "Williams, Whedon and 
 Agnew: 
 
 " In view of the duty devolving on the board of regents 
 of electing a president and of reorganizing the faculty of 
 
( .M) HISTOHY OF T Ill- 
 
 Arts and Sciences, the board wish to in<nmv <i you 
 whether in so doing they may look to you as desiring to 
 continue after the close of the present academical year in 
 your professorship or in such other position as the hoard 
 may have it in their power to offer you." 
 
 Professors Whedon and Agnew wished to with- 
 draw from the institution; Professor Williams re- 
 mained and was re-appointed, in August, 1852, IVo- 
 fessor of Natural Philosophy and Mathematics. 
 Thus narrowly did the University escape the loss 
 of one of her most valued teachers. Few classes 
 have gone out from her halls who do not remember 
 him. Goethe said of Wincklemann: "Man lernt 
 nichts wenn man ihn liest, aber man trird etwas." 
 Particularly was it true of Professor Williams in 
 the later years of his teaching that it was not so 
 much what one learned from him, but what one 
 IK '('a, me through him that was of moment. His 
 genial kindly nature brought him into close contact 
 with his students where his manly integrity could 
 not fail to influence them. In the years of his vig- 
 orous manhood he was an enthusiastic teacher, 
 leading, rather than forcing, the student. He pos- 
 sessed an extensive knowledge in other depart- 
 ments of science and literature as well as in those 
 which he taught; his thinking was clear and keen 
 and his presentation of a subject lucid. The stu- 
 dent who wished to learn from him might do so: 
 the student who wished to shirk did not find it 
 hard to follow his inclination, except that he might 
 be the victim of Professor Williams' trenchant wit, 
 and except for the knowledge that his merit was 
 known and measured by his teacher. "That 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 97 
 
 right; put it down as they tell you," he called out 
 in his heavy bass to a student who was working his 
 problem with the aid of his classmates. " Sir," 
 said he to art overgrown boy, whose superfluity of 
 muscular strength was exhibited in the class room, 
 "you remind me of a passage of Scripture; it's 
 about Jeshurun ; the Bible says, ' Jeshurun waxed 
 fat, and kicked ! ' ' He disliked to discourage a 
 student by giving him a condition, but when at one 
 time, the pressure from other members of the fac- 
 ulty who regarded him as too lenient, became very 
 great, he conditioned the first six on his class-list. 
 On another occasion a student wrote out the an- 
 swers to a long list of questions which he thought 
 might be asked on examination; he carried his 
 notes into the class-room, but there found himself 
 unable to fit questions and answers together; he 
 accordingly folded up his notes with the list of 
 examination questions and gave them to Professor 
 Williams. He was " passed," but was told that he 
 was not conditioned only because it was the wrong- 
 year; "I condition one every other year," said Pro- 
 fessor Williams, " besides if I condition you I shall 
 be obliged to have you in my class next year." 
 
 Even those who never came under his instruc- 
 tion, but who saw the venerable old man as day 
 after day, in his later years, he entered the college 
 hall, at the hour of " chapel," must rejoice with all 
 who ever knew him in his unbroken connection 
 with the University. 
 
 Besides Professor Williams, in the fall of 1852, 
 there were in the faculty Professor Louis Fasquelle, 
 
iHsroiiN Of THI: 
 
 aiul Drs. Sager and Douglas. .Mr. Alvah Hrad- 
 isli wjis appointed in July, 1S;V2, Professor <>!' the 
 Theory and Practice of the Fine Arts, but without 
 Compensation; his name appeared iii the catalogue 
 until 1S(>)>, and he-sSeveral times delivered a short 
 course of lecture?*. 
 
 Mi\ James R. Boise was appointed Professor of 
 Ancient Languages on the same day on which Dr. 
 Tappan was elected, and took up the work of hi> 
 department in October, 1852. In December follow- 
 ing his title was changed to Professor of (ire.-k 
 Language and Literature and the fiev. E. O. Haven 
 was appointed Professor of Latin. Professor \\ 
 was chosen from the Baptist denomination, and 
 Professor Haven from the Methodist, and this was 
 the last time that denominational consideration- 
 entered avowedly into the choice of a professor. 
 
 Dr. Tappan took up his residence in Ann Arbor 
 in October, and was inaugurated president of the 
 University, December 22, 1852. 
 
 The first thing which engaged the attention of 
 the new president and his associates in the faculty 
 was the entire remodelling of the course of study. 
 Among the causes which had led to the recent un- 
 popularity of the University was the fact that a 
 student could take in it neither a scientific nor a 
 partial course. From time to time students had 
 made application for permission to deviate some- 
 what from the regular classical course, and the 
 reply had always been that it was inexpedient to 
 grant the request. 
 
 \Vhen, following upon the adoption of the new 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 99 
 
 constitution, the legislature in April, 1851, passed 
 "an act for the government of the State University," 
 the following was inserted as section 9: 
 
 " The Regents shall provide for the arrangement and 
 selection of a course or courses of study in the University 
 for such students as may not desire to pursue the usual 
 collegiate course in the department of literature, science 
 and the arts, embracing the ancient languages, and to 
 provide for the admission of such students without pre- 
 liminary examinations as to their attainments in said 
 languages, and for granting such certificates at the expir- 
 ation of such course or term of such students, as may be 
 appropriate to their respective attainments/' 
 
 A new scheme of studies was arranged during 
 the winter of 1852-' 53, and was published in the 
 catalogue for that college y.ear. 
 
 For admission to the classical course the student 
 was required to sustain an examination in English 
 Grammar, Geography, Arithmetic, and Algebra * 
 through equations of the first degree; in the Latin 
 Grammar, Caesar's Commentaries, Cicero's select 
 orations, and six books of the JEneid; in the Greek 
 Grammar or the Greek Reader; in the writing of 
 Latin and Greek; and in Grecian and Roman 
 Geography. 
 
 The examinations for admission to the scientific 
 course were particularly rigid in the following 
 studies, namely: English Grammar, Geography, 
 Arithmetic, and Algebra through equations of the 
 first degree. 
 
 The "Partial Course" was announced in this 
 manner: 
 
 " Those who do not desire to become candidates for a 
 degree may be admitted to any part qf the classical or 
 
H1STOKY OK THI 
 
 scientific course, lor such length <>t linn- a> they may 
 choose, in case they exhibit sat isl'actor\ r\ i.leiice of Mich 
 proiiciencN as will enable them to proceed a<l\ auta.uvoiislv 
 with the studies of the class which the\ propose to enter." 
 
 In regard to this course the regulation remained 
 the same throughout Dr. Tappan's administration. 
 
 The requirements for admission to the rla^ieal 
 and scientific courses were several times very 
 slightly changed. From 1855 to 1S(J() ])ut one 
 book of the /Eneid was required, and from tin 1 
 latter date three books. In 1861 the requirements 
 in Greek were changed to a knowledge of K aimer's 
 Elementary Greek Grammar, Xenophon's Anaba- 
 sis to the fourth book, and the whole of Arnold's 
 Greek Prose Composition. 
 
 In 1860 the announcement in regard to the scien- 
 tific course was elaborated as follows: 
 
 "Candidates for admission to this course will be exam- 
 ined in the following studies, namely: 
 
 1. Mathematics. Arithmetic, Algebra in the simple 
 rules, fractions, equations of the first and second degrees, 
 and radicals of the second degree; Geometry, the first and 
 third books of Davies' Legendre, or an equivalent in other 
 authors. 
 
 2. Physics. The following subjects as contained in 
 elementary works on Natural Philosophy; Properties of 
 matter, laws of motion, laws of falling bodies, mechanical 
 powers. Hydrodynamics and Pneumatics. 
 
 3. English Grammar and Geography." 
 
 A schedule of the classical and scientific courses 
 of study as announced in the catalogue of 1852- '53, 
 and again in 1862-'63, is given on the following- 
 pages: 
 
10 k 2 HISTOBY OF THE 
 
 SCHEDULE OF STUDIES 1852-'53.* 
 
 CLASSICAL COURSE. SCIENTIFIC C()lR<i: 
 
 FIRST YEAR. - 
 
 FIRST SEMESTER. FIRST SEMESTER. 
 
 Latin, English Language and Literature. 
 
 Greek, History. 
 
 Algebra. Algebra. 
 
 SECOND SEMESTER. SECOND SEMESTER. 
 
 Algebra and Geometry, Algebra and Geometry. 
 
 G^t English Language and Literature 
 
 THIRD SEMESTER. THIRD SEMESTER. 
 
 Geometry, Geometry, 
 
 Greek, French. 
 
 Latin. History. 
 
 SECOND YEAH. 
 
 FIRST SEMESTER. FIRST SEMESTER. 
 
 Rhetoric, Rhetoric. 
 
 Trigonometry and Conic Sections. Trigonometry and Conic Section*. 
 
 Latin or Greek. French. 
 
 SECOND SEMESTER. SECOND SEMESTER. 
 
 Latin, German. 
 
 Rhetoric, French. 
 
 Greek. Mensuration, Navigation, etc. 
 
 THIRD SEMESTER. THIRD SEMESTER. 
 
 Latin or Greek. German. 
 
 French, Descript and Analyt. Geometry. 
 
 Natural Philosophy. Natural Philosophy. 
 
 THIRD YEAR. 
 
 FIRST SEMESTER. FIRST SEMESTER. 
 
 Political Economy! Political Economy. 
 
 Natural Philosophy. Natural Philosophy. 
 
 French. German! 
 
 SECOND SEMESTER, SECOND SEMESTER. 
 
 German.l Drawing, Prospective and Arc-hi. 
 
 Latin or Greek. Calculus. 
 
 French. Rhetoric. 
 
 THIRD SEMESTER. THIRD SEMESTER. 
 
 German.l Civil Engineering. 
 
 Astronomy. Mental Philosophy. 
 Latin or Greek. I Chemistry. 
 
 FOURTH YEAR. 
 
 FIRST SEMESTER. FIRST SEMESTER. 
 
 German. Civil Engineering. 
 
 Mental Philosophy. Mental Philosophy. 
 
 Chemistry. 2 Chemistry. 
 
 SECOND SEMESTER. SECOND .SEMESTER. 
 
 Moral Science. Moral Science. 
 
 Mental Philosophy and Logic. Mental Philosophy and Logic. 
 
 Chemistry.2 Chemistry. 
 
 THIRD SEMESTER. THIRD SKM KSTKR. 
 
 Moral Science. Moral Science. 
 
 Animal and Vegetable Physiology. Animal and Vegetable Physiology. 
 
 Geology. Geology. 
 
 *The college year was divided into three terms. 1. Dropped in lsv> 
 '56. 2. Greek and Latin substituted in 1854-'c5. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 103 
 
 SCHEDULE OF STUDIES 1862-'63.* 
 
 CLASSICAL COURSE. SCIENTIFIC COURSE. 
 
 FIRST YEAR. 
 
 FIRST SEMESTER. FIRST SEMESTER. 
 
 Latin, i History, 
 
 Greek, Rhetoric, 
 
 Algebra. | Algebra aiid Geometry. 
 
 SECOND SEMESTER. SECOND SEMESTER. 
 
 Latin, j History, 
 
 Greek, I English Literature, 
 
 Geometry. ! Geometry and Trigonometry. 
 
 SECOND YEAR. 
 
 FIRST SEMESTER. FIRST SEMESTER. 
 
 Latin, Rhetoric, 
 
 Greek, Physics, 
 
 Trigonometry. ; Surveying and Descript. Geometry. 
 
 SECOND SEMESTER. SECOND SEMESTER. 
 
 Latin and Greek. English Literature, 
 
 History and Rhetoric,! Analytical Geometry, 
 
 Analytical Geometry. ; Geometrical Drawing. 
 
 THIRD YEAR. 
 
 FIRST SEMESTER. FIRST SEMESTER. 
 
 French, French, 
 
 Physics, Calculus, 
 
 History and Greek. History and Astronomy ,2 
 
 SECOND SEMESTER. SECOND SEMESTER. 
 
 French, French, 
 
 Botany, Botany,3 
 
 Latin and Astronomy, Analytical Meehanics,4 
 
 Chemistry and Mineralogy. Chemistry and Mineralogy .2 
 
 * FOURTH YEAR. 
 
 FIRST SEMESTER. FIRST SEMESTER. 
 
 Philosophy, Philosophy, 
 
 Greek and Latin, Constitutional History and Law. 8 
 
 Constitutional History and Law. 8 
 
 Elective Studies 5 Elective Studies.5 
 Astronomy, Spherical Astronomy, 
 Analytical Chemistry and Deter- ' Analytical Chemistry and Deter- 
 minative Mineralogy, minative Mineralogy, 
 Zoology, Zoology, 
 German, German, 
 Civil Engineering.? Civil Engineering.? 
 
 SECOND SEMESTER. SECOND SEMESTER, 
 
 Philosophy, Philosophy, 
 
 Geology, Geology, 
 
 Constitutional History and Law. 8 Constitutional History and Law,8 
 
 Elective Studies. Elective Studies. 
 
 Astronomy, Astronomy, 
 
 Applied Chemistry; Analysis of Applied Chemistry; Analysis of 
 
 Soils, &c., Soils, &c., 
 
 German, ; German, 
 
 Agricultural Science. i Agricultural Science, 
 
 Lectures on History, i Lectures on History, 
 
 Greek and Latin. 6 Civil Engineering.? 
 
 * The college year was divided into two " semesters." 1. Introduced in 
 1853-51. 2. Introduced in 1854-55. 3. Introduced in 1855-56. 4. Introduced 
 in 1858-59. 5. Introduced in 1855-56. 6. Introduced in 1858-39. 7. Intro* 
 duced in 1859-60. 8. Introduced in 1861-62. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 105 
 
 LATIN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. 1852-53. 
 
 First year. Cicero de Amicitia and de Senectute; Livy; 
 Exercises from English into Latin. 
 
 Second year. Horace, Odes, Satires and Epistles; Taci- 
 tus, Agricola and Germania; Roman History. 
 
 Third year. Juvenal; Lectures on Roman Literature. 
 
 Fourth year. 
 
 LATIN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. 1862-63. 
 
 First year. Cicero de Amicitia; Livy: Latin Prose Com- 
 position. 
 
 Second year. Horace; Terence; Prosody; Roman His- 
 tory and Antiquities. 
 
 Third year. Cicero; Essays in Latin; Lectures on 
 Roman Literature. 
 
 Fourth year.* Tacitus; Essays in Latin; Lectures on 
 Roman History. 
 
 Teacher's class.| Frieze's Virgil. 
 
 GREEK LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. 1852-53. 
 
 First year. Xenophon's Anabasis; Lucian's Timon, 
 Piscator and Anacharsis; Exercises from English into 
 Greek. 
 
 Second year.- Thucydides; Sophocles, Antigone; Greek 
 History. 
 
 Third year. Demosthenes' Oration on the Crown; 
 Lectures on Greek Literature. 
 
 Fourth year.| 
 
 GREEK LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. -1862-63. 
 
 First year. Xenophon's Anabasis; Selections from 
 Thucydides; Grammar; Prose Composition. 
 
 Second year. Homer's Iliad, selections; Smith's His- 
 tory of Greece; Demosthenes, Select Orations; Prose Com- 
 position; English Essays relating to authors studied. 
 
 Third year. Demosthenes on the Crown; English 
 Essays relating to the age of the Athenian orators. 
 
 * Introduced in 1854-55. 
 t Introduced in 1858-59. 
 
106 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 Fourth year. Plato's Apology; aEschylus, Prome- 
 theus. 
 
 FRENCH LANGUAGE. 1852-53. 
 
 First term. Fasquelle's French Method and Header; 
 Exercises from French into English, and from English 
 into French. 
 
 Second term. Telemaque; Exercises on the Grammar 
 and Idioms. 
 
 Third term. Racine, Les Plaideurs, Andromaque; 
 Exercises on the Syntax and Idioms. 
 
 FRENCH LANGUAGE. 1862-63. 
 
 First semester. Fasquelle's French Method, Reader. 
 and Manual of French Conversation; Exercises from 
 French into English, and English into French. 
 
 Second semester. Napoleon, Fasquelle's edition; Ra- 
 cine; Exercises on the Grammar and Idioms. 
 
 GERMAN LANGUAGE. 1852-53. 
 
 First. term. Grammar; Exercises in translating from 
 English into German, and from German into English. 
 
 Second term. Grammar; Translation from German. 
 
 Third term. Grammar; Exercises on the Idioms; 
 Schiller's Wilhelm Tell. 
 
 GERMAN LANGUAGE. 1862-63. 
 
 (Same as for 1852-53.) 
 
 RHETORIC* 1852-53. 
 
 "The Prof essors . of Ancient and Modern Language 
 and the Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy 
 take charge of this branch jointly." 
 
 RHETORIC AND ENGLISH LITERATURE. 1862 -M. 
 
 First year, first semester. Day's or Coppee's Rhetoric; 
 Exercises in writing, Paradise Lost, critical examinations, 
 etc. 
 
 *Elaborated in 1838-59. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 107 
 
 First year, second semester. Spalding's English Lit- 
 erature; Marsh's Lectures on the English Language; 
 Daily Exercises in Extempore writing, Essay writing, 
 and Declamation. 
 
 Second year, tirst semester. Whately's Ehetoric; Lord's 
 Laws of Figurative Language; Essays. 
 
 Second year, second semester. Reed's British Poets; 
 Sismonde's Literature of the South of Europe; Orations 
 and Disputations. 
 
 " During this year there will be a weekly exercise, in 
 which Shakespeare's historical plays and his four great 
 tragedies will be critically examined. A course of Lectures 
 will also be given by the Assistant Professor, on Rhetoric, 
 Criticism, and English Literature. 
 
 CLASSICAL COURSE. 
 
 Second year, second semester. See first semester of 
 second year of the Scientific Course. 
 
 " During the third year, students in both courses are 
 required to prepare Essays and Disputations, and, during 
 the fourth year, to present Orations." 
 
 HISTORY* 1862-63. 
 
 First year.| Greene's History of the Middle Ages; 
 Robertson's Charles V, Lord's Modern History. 
 
 Second year.J Robertson's Charles V, Lord's Modern 
 History. 
 
 Third year. Guizot's History of Civilization in Europe. 
 
 Fourth year. Lectures. 
 
 MATHEMATICS. 1852-53. 
 
 First year. Algebra, Davies' Bourdon; Geometry, 
 Davies' Legendre. 
 
 Second year. Davies' Plane and Spherical Trigonom- 
 etry; Loomis' Analytical Geometry; Loomis' Mensura- 
 tion, Navigation, and Surveying; Davies' Descriptive 
 Geometry; Olmsted or Smith's Mechanics. 
 
 *No course announced in 1852-53. Course established in 1853-54. 
 f Scientific course. 
 J Classical course. 
 
108 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 Third year. Olinsted or Bartlett's Acoustics and 
 Optics; Drawing, Perspective, and Architecture; Loomis' 
 Differential and Integral Calculus; Shades, Shadows, and 
 Perspective. 
 
 MATHEMATICS. 1862-63. 
 
 ( 1 1 ASSICAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 First year. Algebra, Davies' Bourdon; Geometry. 
 Da vies' Legendre. 
 
 Second year. Davies' Trigonometry; Loomis' Analyt- 
 ical Geometry. 
 
 >< IENTIFIC DEPARTMENT. 
 
 First Year. Ray's Algebra, pt. ii; Geometry and Trig- 
 onometry; Davies' Legendre. 
 
 Second Year. Gillespie's Surveying; Davies' Descrip- 
 tive Geometry; Davies' Analytical Geometry; Shades, 
 Shadows, and Perspective. 
 
 Third Y'ear. Courtenay's Calculus; Bartlett's Analyt- 
 ical Mechanics. 
 
 ASTRONOMY*. 1862-63. 
 
 Third Year. Popular lectures on Astronomy. 
 
 "The course in Higher Astronomy will embrace four 
 
 semesters, and will be optional. It will begin with the 
 
 first semester of the senior year and students who wish to 
 
 go through the whole course must stay one year after 
 
 their graduation." 
 
 ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY. 1852 53. 
 Fourth Year, Third Term. A Course of Lectures. 
 GEOLOGY, ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY.- 1^.2 itt. 
 
 "Instruction in this Department will be as follows: 
 
 1. A Course in the Elements of Botany, extending 
 through the second semester of the Junior year exercises 
 semi-weekly. 
 
 2. A Course of Lectures on the Elements of Zoology ; 
 
 "Introduced in 1853-54. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 109 
 
 an elective study during: the first semester of the Senior 
 year. 
 
 3. A Course of Lectures on the Elements of Geology, 
 during the second semester of the Senior year. 
 
 4. A special and extended course of Zoology and Botany 
 for candidates for the Masters' Degrees." 
 
 CHEMISTRY .1852-53. 
 
 Lectures during the first and second terms upon The- 
 oretical and Experimental Chemistry. 
 
 Lectures during the third terni upon Meteorology and 
 and Climate, and on Agricultural Chemistry. 
 
 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY r . 1852-53. 
 
 Lectures during the third term on Mineralogy and 
 Physical Geography. 
 
 CHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY. 
 
 Lectures to the Medical Class during the first semester, 
 and to the Junior Class during the second. 
 
 Work in the Analytical Laboratory for advanced stu- 
 dents,* 
 
 SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING t 1862-63. 
 
 The Course of Instruction for the first and second 
 years is identical with that of the second and third years 
 of the Scientific Course. 
 
 Third Year, First Semester. Practical Astronomy, 
 Road Engineering, Resistance of Materials and Friction, 
 Architecture, Constructions, Engineering Instruments, 
 Geodesy, Leveling, Drawing, 
 
 Third Y'ear, Second Semester. Hydraulics and Hy- 
 draulic Motors, Machines, Geodesy, Higher Geodesy, 
 Geology, Draughting, Thesis. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY^ AND CONSTITU- 
 TIONAL L A W.J 1862-63. 
 
 Lectures. 
 
 *Introduced in 1854-55. 
 tOrganized in 1855-56. 
 .tlntroduced in 1861-62. 
 
110 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 MOKAL AXI> INTELLECTUAL PHILOSOPHY. 
 1852-53, and also \M\-> <>:i 
 
 This study is conducted by the use of Text Books acc > i n - 
 panied with lectures; Essays required from the students. 
 
 An elaboration of the course of study such as oc- 
 curred between the years 1852 and 1863 required 
 the appointment of new instructors. In November, 
 1853, upon the recommendation of Professor Haven, 
 Mr. Alexander Winchell was appointed Professor 
 of Physics and Civil Engineering. In 1855 the 
 " School of Engineering " was formed and Mr. AY. 
 (T. Peck, a graduate of West Point was placed at its 
 head, Professor Winchell being transferred to the 
 department of Geology, Zoology, and Botany. The 
 first degree in the Civil Engineering course was 
 given in 1857. In this year Professor Peck resigned 
 and was succeeded by Professor DeVolsen Wood. 
 
 An agricultural course was outlined in 1852-53 in 
 the expectation that the legislature would provide 
 means for its establishment. This they failed to do, 
 and when, some years later, an Agricultural College 
 was organized, it had no connection with the Uni- 
 versity. The Rev. Charles Fox, a clergyman of the 
 Episcopal church, gave gratuitously a course of lec- 
 tures in the University on agriculture in the spring 
 of 1853. In 1854 he was appointed, by the Regents, 
 Professor of Agriculture, but died very soon after 
 receiving the appointment. The small collection of 
 books on agriculture which the general library now 
 contains was a gift from Mr. Fox. With his deatli 
 was closed the agricultural department of the Uni- 
 versity. At different times between 1858 and 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. Ill 
 
 the board of Regents made attempts to establish an 
 agricultural farm, offering first to accept land near 
 Ann Arbor, if that town would give it, and again 
 near Ypsilariti on the same condition. Neither 
 town accepted the proposition and the success of 
 the Agricultural College at Lansing rendered vain 
 any expectation of help from the state for an agri- 
 cultural department at the University. 
 
 In the fall of 1854 Mr. Henry S. Frieze, of Provi- 
 dence, R. I., was appointed Professor of Latin, a 
 chair which, in 1884, he still holds. At the same 
 time Professor Haven was transferred to the chair 
 of History and English Literature, in which he was 
 succeeded, upon his resignation in 1857, by Mr 
 Andrew D. White. 
 
 A second graduate from West Point, Lieut. W. 
 P. Trowbridge, became connected with the Univer- 
 sity in 1856 as Professor of Mathematics, remaining 
 but one year. Through his influence was established 
 the " University Battalion," a short-lived military 
 organization, composed of about ninety -of the stu- 
 dents, and having its headquarters in a small build- 
 ing erected for the purpose near the south-east 
 corner of the campus. Arms and uniforms were 
 procured, and a daily drill enacted. The Battalion 
 was disorganized by the resignation of Professor 
 Trowbridge. During the period of the Civil War, 
 when the disastrous results of the sending of un- 
 trained bodies of men into the field were apparent 
 to everyone, the Regents established a chair of 
 Military Engineering and Tactics, but no professor 
 was ever appointed to fill it. 
 
1T2 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 The courses of study ns formed in 1852-53 wre 
 little more than such as are pursued in the (Ivm- 
 nasia of Prussia; there was MS yet no opportunity 
 for Hitircrxili/ study. A "university course" was 
 outlined very early in Dr. Tappan's administration, 
 but neither professors, nor students, nor people 
 were ready for it. Dr. Tappan had accepted the 
 presidency knowing that he had much elementary 
 work to do. He knew and felt the importance of 
 gaining public favor for the University and its 
 courses of study; he thought that he was coming 
 to a State where the predominating element was 
 intelligent, and he entered with zeal and with hope 
 upon the task of explaining to the citizens of the 
 State his own ideas of education, and of leading 
 them towards a very high ideal of university study. 
 In his inaugural address, in addresses before the 
 students' literary societies and before the legisla- 
 ture, in his public speeches everywhere and in his 
 private conversation he endeavored to recommend 
 his own broad theory of public education and 
 everywhere he extolled the Prussian system. So 
 much was this foreign school system the burden of 
 his discourse that it brought upon him a storm of 
 censure and abuse from some of the journals of the 
 State, whose editors were alarmed for the glory of 
 the American eagle, or, possibly, were glad of a 
 theme so potent to rouse the stout patriotism of 
 their American hearts. "Of all the imitations of 
 English aristocracy, German mysticism, Prussian 
 imperiousness and Parisian nonsensities, he is al- 
 together, the most un- Americanized, the most com- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 113 
 
 pletely f oreignized specimen of an abnormal Yankee 
 we have ever seen." Such was the style of the 
 attacks made upon him, worth notice only as point - 
 ing to the source from which opposition came. The 
 "Prussianized professor" and his faculty quietly 
 continued to carry out the courses of study pro- 
 jected, and in 1858 a "university course," conducted 
 by lectures was formed. This higher course was 
 offered in each department and was open to stu- 
 dents who had already obtained the degree of 
 Bachelor of Arts or of Science; such student by 
 pursuing two courses during each semester of one 
 year, sustaining an examination upon three of the 
 courses, and presenting a satisfactory thesis, was 
 given the degree of Master of Arts or of Science. 
 
 In 1859, at the suggestion of Professor A. 1). 
 White, were established four scholarships, of fifty 
 dollars each. Professor White himself endowed 
 the two classical scholarships, which were named 
 the "Woolsey Scholarship" and the "Barnard 
 Scholarship," and were open to candidates for ad- 
 mission to the classical course. The scientific 
 scholarships, named the " Hough ton Scholarship " 
 and the "Pierce Scholarship," were endowed by 
 the Board of Regents and were open to candidates 
 for admission to the scientific course. They were 
 offered for several years and were supposed to 
 excite " a laudable spirit of emulation among the 
 young men of the country." In 1866 the custom 
 was abandoned as one entirely out of harmony with 
 the policy of the University. 
 
 On the day of Dr. Tappan's inauguration he 
 
1 14 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 received a visit from Hon. Henry N. Walker, of 
 Detroit, who had, while listening to the inaugural 
 address, formed the determination to initiate meas- 
 ures for the benefit of the University in some of its 
 departments and had come to take counsel from the 
 new President, Dr. Tappan suggested that the cit- 
 izens of Detroit should be asked to subscribe 
 money for the erection and equipment of an obser- 
 vatory. Mr. Walker acquiesced. At his sugges- 
 tion Dr. Tappan met and addressed some of the 
 gentlemen of Detroit. In a very few days a sub- 
 scription of 7,000 was raised. In February, 1853, 
 Dr. Tappan made a visit to Europe, which had been 
 planned before he accepted the presidency of the 
 University. Mr. Walker accompanied him to New 
 York, and there they met Mr. Henry Fitz, with 
 whom they contracted for an achromatic refracting 
 telescope, equatorially mounted, of twelve inches 
 clear aperture. The first telescope made and 
 mounted by Mr. Fitz was not satisfactory and was 
 replaced in 1857, by another, with an object glass 
 thirteen inches in diameter, which cost $6,750. 
 Upon Dr. Tappan's departure for Europe, Mr. 
 Walker authorized him to purchase a meridian cir- 
 cle, and gave him the money for the purpose. In 
 accordance with the advice of Professor Encke, the 
 director of the Koyal Observatory at Berlin, Dr. 
 Tappan engaged Messrs. Pistor and Martins <>F 
 Berlin, to construct the meridian circle; he also 
 purchased an astronomical clock of Tiede, in Ber- 
 lin, and two collimators of Pistor and Martins. 
 A building for the reception of the instruments 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 115 
 
 was, at the same time, in process of erection. The 
 citizens of Detroit raised their subscription to about 
 $15,000, of which Mr. Walker contributed $4,000. 
 The instruments and building cost about $22,000, 
 the Regents making appropriations of money to 
 cover the expense not met by the subscription 
 money. 
 
 Professor Brunnow, Encke's assistant at Berlin, 
 was invited by Dr. Tappan to take charge of the 
 Observatory and to fill the chair of Astronomy in 
 the University. He was already an astronomer of 
 note, having already published several works of 
 value, and especially a " Treatise on Spherical As- 
 tronomy." By the advice of Humboldt, Dr. Brun- 
 now accepted the position offered him by Dr. Tap- 
 pan and came to Ann Arbor in the fall of 1854. He 
 received a salary of but $1,150 a year, and, moved 
 by its insufficiency, he resigned in 1859 and spent 
 one year as Director of the Dudley Observatory at 
 Albany. From Albany he was recalled, at the ear- 
 nest request of the subcribers to the Observatory 
 fund, and given a salary of $1,500. Mr. James C. 
 Watson was appointed assistant observer in 1858, 
 and was Professor of Astronomy during Dr. Brun- 
 now' s absence at Albany in 1859. Mr. Watson was 
 a graduate of the University in the class of 1857, 
 and had received instruction from, and been trained 
 by Dr. Brunnow. No work done by Dr. Brunnow 
 while connected with the University was of greater 
 value than the encouragement and instruction which 
 he gave to this one pupil who followed so closely 
 in the steps of his master. 
 
116 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 In 1852 there were in the general library of the 
 University not many more than 4,000 volumes, only 
 a very few more than when the first student entered 
 in 1841. It was a circulating library, and the office 
 of librarian, like that of the president, being rota- 
 tory, there had probably not been very careful man- 
 agement; the losses nearly equalled the accessions. 
 Dr. Tappan, soon after coming to Ann Arbor, inter- 
 ested the citizens of the town in the matter and 
 raised among them the su-ni of $1,515, and to this 
 the Eegents added about $300 in 1853-54; with this 
 sum was bought about 1,200 volumes. Appropria- 
 tions were made by the Board of Eegents for the 
 increase of the library each year thereafter. In 
 1854r-55 about $1,300 was spent for books ; in 1855 - 
 56, $923.48; in 1856-57, $1,602.61; in 1857-58, 81,- 
 600; in 1858-59, $1,350; in 1859-60, $1,000; in 1860- 
 61, $2,350; in 1862-63, $1,000. The number of vol- 
 umes added each year does not appear from reports 
 on the library; from these it is evident that the 
 books were counted but twice during Dr. Tappan" s 
 administration. At the close of that period there 
 were about 10,000 volumes in the library. 
 
 In 1852-53, Professor Fasquelle was librarian, 
 and his administration was very satisfactory ; by his 
 efforts many volumes which had been missing wore 
 found. From November, 1853, to May, 1854, Mr. 
 J. L. Tappan, a son of Dr. Tappan, was librarian 
 by appointment from the faculty; from the latter 
 date till October, 1856, when Mr. Tappan was ap- 
 pointed librarian by the Board of Regents, the 
 steward, Mr. J. H. Vance, was also assistant libra- 
 
TJNIVEBSITY OF MICHIGAN. 117 
 
 rian. In Mr. Tappan's day was kept for the first 
 time a "journal catalogue," containing or designed 
 to contain, a complete record of the books, the date 
 of their purchase and the price. 
 
 This catalogue, commenced by him, is still kept 
 in the University library, and is looked upon as the 
 aged, honored, and even now not altogether useless 
 parent of the present more elaborate system. Un- 
 til about 1858, the library was entirely under the 
 control of the President and faculty; they made the 
 rules for its regulation, they ordered the books, and 
 until 1856, they appointed the librarian. The li- 
 brary was open for consultation from one to eight 
 hours a day. 
 
 With the advent of the Board of 1858 came a 
 new order of things. The increased number of 
 students as well as the increased number of books 
 rendered some changes necessary and the all ab- 
 sorbing nature of the Board of Regents directed 
 others. The library had ceased to be a circulating 
 library, except among the professors, in 1857; it was 
 open at first for eight hours and afterwards for ten 
 hours a day; an assistant librarian was appointed 
 when, in 1862, the number of hours was extended. 
 The Regents retained for themselves the right to 
 order books, and required that lists of books de- 
 sired by the professors should be submitted to them. 
 
 The room in which the library had been kept 
 since 1841 was too small to contain it when it began 
 to grow at the rate of 500 volumes a year. In 1856 
 part of the north wing which had hitherto been oc- 
 cupied by students for dormitories was entirely re- 
 i 
 
118 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 modeled, and the whole central part of the building 
 between the north and south halls was fitted up fo r 
 the occupation of the library and tin* various coll 
 tions belonging to the University. The library was 
 arranged on the first floor and remained there until 
 the completion of the law building in 1863. Never 
 quite sufficient for the demands made upon it, it 
 was yet like a vigorous child ever outgrowing its 
 clothes. When in 1863 it was moved into the large 
 room on the first floor of the law building it had 
 found its home for many a year. 
 
 A collection of Fine Arts was commenced in 1856. 
 Professor Henry S. Frieze spent the year 1850-56 
 in Europe; he had engaged Mr. Benjamin Braman 
 to do his work in the University, and after paying 
 his substitute, had remaining of his salary about 
 800. This sum he spent upon books, engravings, 
 photographs, and copies in plaster and terra cotta 
 of statues and busts found in the galleries of Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 The first gift to the gallery was from the class of 
 1859. Upon the day of graduation they presented 
 to the Board of Regents for the University a largo 
 plaster-cast of the Laocoon group. 
 
 In the fall of 1859 was formed the " Rogers' A rt 
 Association;" its members were gentlemen and 
 ladies of Ann Arbor, including some of the profes- 
 sors of the University, and its object was the pur- 
 chase for the University art gallery of a copy in 
 marble of Randolph Rogers' statue, Nydia. Ran- 
 dolph Rogers had been a boy in Ann Arbor, and 
 the association wished to honor the sculptor, while 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 119 
 
 they enriched the University; there were even 
 dreams of a "Rogers' gallery," where would be 
 collected copies of all the works of Ann Arbor's 
 distinguished son. Mr. Rogers, on his part, being 
 much pi eased that his noblest work was to find its 
 way to a gallery in his native town, gave terms 
 which were considered very favorable, 1,700 being 
 the price asked. This sum was raised by the asso- 
 ciation by giving concerts, lectures and festivals, 
 and by charging an admission fee to "Nydia's 
 room" for several years; some gifts of money were 
 also received from alumni and others. The statue 
 was received in America in the spring of 1862; it 
 was on exhibition in Detroit for a time, then in the 
 Union School building in Ann Arbor, and after- 
 wards in the small room built for it at the north 
 end of the north wing. 
 
 Professor A. D. White made a valuable gift in 
 1861: the Horace White collection of gems and 
 portrait medallions, copied in plaster by Eichler, of 
 Berlin, numbering nearly 1,700. 
 
 President and Mrs. Tappan were the donors of a 
 collection of engravings and of a copy in water 
 colors of the Sistine Madonna. 
 
 The Board of Regents, with that tireless energy 
 which characterized the body which ruled from 
 1858 to 1863, passed in 1859 the following resolu- 
 tion : 
 
 "Resolved, That the president and the incumbent of 
 each full professorship be and they are invited to place 
 their portraits in the Gallery of Fine Arts, without ex- 
 pense to this Board, or to the University Funds." 
 
120 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 And again in 1861 : 
 
 "WHEREAS, It is desirable to commence a gallery <>i 
 paintings in the University, therefore 
 
 Resolved, That Hon. Lewis Cass, Gov. Austin Blair, 
 and the four judges of the Supreme Court that is to say. 
 Hon. George Martin, Hon. I. P. Christiancy, Hon. J. V. 
 Campbell and Hon. Randolph Manning be and they are 
 hereby invited to make a donation of their portraits to 
 be placed in the Gallery of Fine Arts of the University." 
 
 Neither president nor professors, nor the dig- 
 nitaries of state or court were moved by these 
 resolutions. The University has, happily, been 
 spared the gift of a complete family portrait gallery. 
 
 In 1859 the natural history museum received a 
 valuable addition through the favor of Lieutenant 
 W. P. Trowbridge, and of the Smithsonian Insti- 
 tution. A letter from Professor Joseph Henry, 
 secretary of the Board of Eegents of the Smith- 
 sonian Institution, explains the occasion of the gift: 
 
 "I have the honor to forward, under the care of Mr. 
 Kennicott, a collection of specimens of natural history, 
 chiefly of North America, as a donation from the Smith- 
 sonian Institution to the Museum of the University of 
 Michigan. 
 
 This collection is intended in part to discharge an obli- 
 gation which the institution is under to Lieut. W. P. 
 Trowbridge, a graduate* of Michigan University, and late 
 of the U. S. Army. This gentleman, during his period of 
 duty on the Pacific Coast of the United States, devoted all 
 his leisure time to the collection of objects of natural 
 history, and with such success as to identify his name 
 with the history of discovery in the zoology of western 
 America. A large number of the vertebrate animals of 
 
 * Not a graduate, but a professor, 18T>6-7. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 121 
 
 that portion of the continent were first brought to light 
 by him, and of quite a considerable proportion no other 
 specimens than his have as yet been added to any museum. 
 In view of the fact that the researches of Lieut. Trow- 
 bridge were prosecuted almost entirely at his own ex- 
 pense, it was considered but an act of justice on the part 
 of the institution to promise as full a series of his collec- 
 tions as could be spared to any public institution which 
 he might designate, and that would take the necessary 
 steps for their preservation. As he has selected the Uni- 
 versity of his native state as the recipient of this favor, it 
 gives us much pleasure to transmit the first portion of the 
 series in question, with the addition of certain species 
 from other parts of the country. Many of the specimens 
 are of great rarity, and not to be found at present in any 
 museum but that of the Smithsonian Institution." 
 
 When the central part of the north building had 
 been remodeled for the reception of the library and 
 the collections of the University, the geological 
 and mineralogical collections were arranged in 
 cases upon a gallery above the library; the "Trow- 
 bridge Collection " was arranged upon a second 
 gallery, the central part of the room being open to 
 the ceiling; near the foot of the stairway leading 
 from the library to the first gallery stood the large 
 statue of Apollo Belvidere, which, being placed 
 upon a high pedestal, reached nearly to the second 
 gallery. With the exception of the Apollo the fine 
 art collection was placed in the rooms at the north 
 end of the building. 
 
 On January 1st, 1852, when the first Board of 
 Regents by election came into office, the University 
 had a debt of $12,761.98. The estimated income 
 for the coming year was less than the amount of the 
 
122 HISTOEY OF THE 
 
 debt, and was nearly covered by the estimated 
 expenditures. To relieve themselves from the em- 
 barrassment which would otherwise arise when the 
 numerous small warrants, which comprised the 
 debt, were presented for payment, the Board re- 
 solved to "consolidate the warrants." They accord- 
 ingly negotiated a loan of $10,000, payable in three 
 years at seven per cent, interest, and ^aicl up their 
 Jlodlhif/ debt. Owing to favorable measures taken 
 by the State legislature, they were able to pay the 
 " consolidated warrant " in less than two years. 
 
 Having thus postponed the payment of their 
 debt, they had leisure for other efforts. They 
 found the money at their disposal entirely inade- 
 quate to the support of an institution such as the 
 University of Michigan had grown to be. At this 
 time was revived the subject of the $100,000 loan, a 
 subject which had ceased to trouble the former 
 Board some five or six years before. It will be nec- 
 essary to go back in the history of the University 
 and treat the matter briefly from the beginning. 
 
 In April, 1838, the State legislature negotiated, 
 for the University, a loan of $100,000, payable in 
 twenty years, and bearing interest fit six per cent. 
 (( The faith and credit of the people " of the State 
 were pledged for the payment of principle and 
 interest, and "all the disposable income from the 
 University fund 1 ' was pledged for the same pur- 
 pose. The $100,000 was borrowed by the State, the 
 University owed it to the State, and its lands \\en- 
 held by the State as security. It was spent in sus- 
 taining the branches, in erecting buildings at Ann 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 123 
 
 Arbor, and ii) purchasing a library and collection 
 of minerals. It was soon exhausted and the inter- 
 est upon it consumed more than half of the availa- 
 ble income of the University. 
 
 In this crisis of their affairs the Board of Kegeiits 
 appealed to the legislature for relief, which was 
 granted by an act passed in February, 1844. 
 
 The State, being itself heavily in debt, having 
 borrowed money to the extent of its credit, had 
 issued warrants and scrip, bearing interest, and 
 these warrants had now become much depreciated 
 in value. The act passed by the legislature pro- 
 vided that the depreciated warrants of the State 
 should be taken at full face value in payment for 
 university lands, and that the State should receive 
 them in liquidation of the debt. A few days later 
 another act provided that the State should take the 
 " Seminary lot " in Detroit, which had been received 
 by the University in its settlement with the Bank 
 of Michigan, and should credit the University with 
 $8,095 and apply the same upon the loan. 
 
 These acts gave very effectual relief; lands sold 
 so rapidly that the debt was reduced by nearly forty 
 thousand dollars in less than eight months ; in 1847 
 it was reduced to about $20,000. The reports of 
 the Board of Regents show that they understood 
 that the debt of the University to the State was 
 being paid in this way, and that the transaction was 
 satisfatory to them. It was also understood by the 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction. In 1850, 
 however, the Superintendent, Mr. Shearman, 
 brought the subject forth from its retirement, and, 
 
124 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 whatever may have been his motive, the result was 
 eventually favorable to the University. In his 
 report for 1849 he had soid, " The weight of a heavy 
 debt * * * has been gradually removed;" in 
 1850, he said, "The heavy loan early contracted 
 * * has proved a serious detriment to the inter- 
 ests of the institution, and will continue to embar- 
 rass its legitimate field of operations until effectual 
 provision is made for sinking the debt. Win if 
 /irorision ltd* been made for fltix purpose /.s HH- 
 knowntothis Department:" and again "The sum 
 of $6,010 is set apart * * to pay interest upon 
 the loan of $100,000." Thus he entirely ignored 
 the fact that the University had been paying its 
 indebtedness to the State. Though others were not 
 equally ignorant, or equally perverse, the status of 
 affairs was disturbed and the matter came to be 
 regarded as not settled, but yet open for considera- 
 tion, and certainly for legislation. 
 
 The debt was not due till 1858, and the interest 
 to be paid was but six per cent. Had the money 
 which had been applied upon the loan, been placed 
 in the treasury to the credit of the University fund, 
 the State would have paid to the University sewn. 
 per cent, interest upon it as upon the rest of the 
 fund. To the finance committee of the Board of 
 Regents in 1852 it appeared that the University 
 had been losing one per cent, in the transaction. 
 They granted that the sale of lands had been greatly 
 increased by the act of the legislature, and also 
 that " the State was under no obligation to receive 
 its depreciated paper on the same terms as 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 125 
 
 yet they claimed that " the State at large was bene- 
 fitted also by the law, independent of the educa- 
 tional advantages derived from the institution." 
 Considering, therefore, that the State had " appro- 
 priated $100,000 of the principal of the university 
 fund to provide for the payment of interest merely, 
 on bonds not due till April 6th, 1858," they memor- 
 ialized the legislature, asking that it "pass an act 
 to provide for payment to the University of one 
 per cent, on $100,000 of treasury notes, warrants, 
 and real estate, received by the State under the acts 
 mentioned, deducting the expense of paying inter- 
 est on the university lands, and calculating the per- 
 centage as near as may be, from the date of the 
 receipt of said notes, warrants etc., until January 
 1st, 1853, and semi-annually thereafter until the 
 maturity of the bonds in 1858, or until such pe- 
 riod as the State shall have paid the principal of 
 said bonds." 
 
 To this memorial the legislature replied by an 
 act (Feb. 12, 1853) requiring the Auditor General 
 "to credit the university fund with the entire 
 amount of the interest that has accrued since the 
 thirty-first of December last, and that may here- 
 after accrue, upon the whole amount of university 
 lands sold, or that may be hereafter sold." The act 
 was limited in its operations to the thirty-first of 
 December, 1854. 
 
 At the expiration of this period, the Board again 
 memorialized the legislature, and now for the entire 
 remission of the debt. The memorial was written 
 by Dr. Tappan. He claimed that it was at least 
 
126 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 questionable, whether any part of a fund granted 
 for the " use and support of a university, and for 
 no other use or purpose whatever " could be legally 
 used for the support of such institutions as the 
 branches, and again whether any part of the prin- 
 cipal of what was designed for a />rr///rmr/// fund 
 could be legally used for the erection of buildings ; 
 he also claimed, as in the former memorial, that 
 " the University had greatly overpaid the interest 
 of all moneys actually expended for its benefit/ 1 
 Not relying entirely upon the justice of the claim, 
 he urged upon the legislature an efficient and gen- 
 erous aid to an institution which was becoming of 
 so great value to the people of the State. The re- 
 sult was the extension of the act of 1853 to the two 
 following years or to the thirty-first of December, 
 1856; and again in 1857 to the thirty-first of De- 
 cember, 1860; and in 1859 the limit of time was 
 dropped, and the University has since received in- 
 terest on the whole amount of University lands 
 sold. 
 
 The $100,000 loan has been the subject of much 
 speculation. There have been several efforts to de- 
 termine whether the University is indebted in the 
 matter to the State, or the State to the University. 
 There are several questions involved, on which dif- 
 ferent opinions are held, and which render it as 
 difficult as, perhaps, it is unnecessary to form any 
 decision. 
 
 From 1838 to 1844 it was a debt which the ('ni- 
 versity owed the State and on which it was paying 
 >i\ per cent interest and for the payment of which 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 127 
 
 its funds were pledged. It is doubtful whether 
 legally the principal of the endowment fund or any 
 part of it could be pledged by the University or by 
 the State for the payment of a debt, or whether it 
 could be used for the erection of buildings or used 
 at all. 
 
 It is doubtful whether legally either the principal 
 or interest of the endowment fund could be used to 
 support schools which are not a part of the Univer- 
 sity proper. About $40,000 was spent upon the 
 branches, some of it from the $100,000 obtained by 
 the loan. 
 
 Whether legally or otherwise, the fund was 
 pledged, the money obtained and spent, and the 
 guardians of the University were satisfied while the 
 money lasted. When it was gone the legislature 
 again came to the rescue, and the Board of Regents 
 and the friends of the University were grateful for 
 the new lease of life, which the act of 1844 gave to 
 the institution at Ann Arbor. Of course it can be 
 demonstrated that there was loss to the University 
 by the loan. No man nor corporation can borrow 
 money, and spend it upon unproductive property 
 without suffering loss. Yet in this case there was 
 a gain, to balance the loss, which cannot be esti- 
 mated in dollars and cents. An institution had 
 been founded and for several years supported and 
 was already giving promise of its future worth. 
 
 But for the act of 1844 by which the depreciated 
 State warrants were taken at their full value for 
 university lands, the sale would have been very 
 slow; instead of a fund paying six per cent, interest 
 
128 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 there would have been lands paying nothing at all. 
 When the Board of Regents asked for the payment 
 to them of one per cent, interest on the lands sold 
 for State warrants they were simply claiming n 
 greater benefit than had been granted them. 
 
 Had the legislature never tampered injudiciously 
 with the price of lands, had the* sales been delayed 
 till more prosperous times, had the loan never been 
 made, had the University not been opened till years 
 later, had everything, in fact, been different from 
 Avhat it was, the present endowment fund would be 
 larger than it is. It may be that the State owed the 
 University something on account of its errors in 
 legislation. Considering the condition of the State 
 finances, the legislatures of the years between 1852 
 and 1863 were generous in their acts toward the 
 University, and whether it was a gift which they 
 offered, or a debt which they paid, matters very little. 
 
 Favorable legislation was not affected without 
 determined opposition. One of the papers of the State 
 said: " It is nothing less than a robbery of the mass 
 of the people for the benefit of a couple of dozen of 
 professors who have charge of about twice that 
 number of the sons of the wealthy people of the 
 State." Dr. Tappan was accused of "interfering 
 with legislation" by his presence in Lansing, 
 whither he had gone by request to address the leg- 
 islature. One vote against the bill was cast by the 
 president of one of the smaller colleges of the State, 
 who was also a senator. 
 
 At the request of the Board of Eegents in 1S."">S 
 the congressmen of the State were directed to 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 129 
 
 memorialize Congress for the grant of another 
 township of land. It was done, unfortunately, 
 without effect. 
 
 In 1851-52, the interest upon the University 
 lands sold was $12,619.50; in 1862-63 it was $37,426. 
 In 1851-52 the receipts from "incidentals" (fees, 
 etc.) amounted to $2,419.13; in 1862-63 to $6,620. 
 In 1851-52 the expenditures amounted to $15,038.00; 
 in 1862-63 to over $40,000. 
 
 In 1862-63 less than 3,000 acres of university 
 lands remained unsold; the University was conse- 
 quently receiving interest upon an endowment fund 
 which had nearly reached its limit of growth. 
 
 In 1852-53 Dr. Tappan received a salary of 
 $2,000 and his house-rent, he occupying one of the 
 "professors' houses." At that time there were in 
 the literary department three professors who drew 
 a salary of $1,000 each with house-rent, and two 
 who received $1,150 each without house-rent. In 
 the medical department there were four professors 
 drawing a salary of $1,000 each. In 1862-63 the 
 president's salary was $2,250 and house-rent; in all 
 other cases the item of hoiise-rent was dropped, 
 and the occupants of the "professors' houses" paid 
 $250 yearly rent. There were seven professors in the 
 literary department with a salary of $1,500 each; 
 three in the literary, three in the law, and five in 
 the medical departments with a salary of $1,000 
 each, and in the literary department three instruct- 
 ors, one with a salary of $600 and the others of 
 $500 each. The salaries in the literary department 
 were raised in 1855 and again in 1856. 
 
130 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 111 1856-57 the most of the dormitories were 
 removed, and the centra) part of the north building 
 was arranged for the reception of the library and 
 the fine art and natural history collections. Dr. 
 Tappan, immediately upon his coming to Ann Ar- 
 bor, had urged the abandonment of the dormitory 
 system, but it was time-honored and consequently 
 holy to many people; a college without dormitories 
 was scarce a college. The students of the medical 
 department had, however, always roomed among the 
 citizens, and, as the numbers increased and the dor- 
 mitories became crowded, some of the literary 
 students did likewise. Perhaps the advantages of 
 living among the town's people did not offset the 
 loss of a certain charm that belonged to college life 
 within college halls; but that was a consideration 
 which could not be entertained; the financial con- 
 dition of the University was never such as to war- 
 rant the spending of its funds for buildings in which 
 students might lodge. 
 
 Life within the dormitories of Michigan Univer- 
 sity was, we may believe, creditable to the young 
 men who occupied them. "Fagging" was never 
 practiced, "hazing" was little known, gross misde- 
 meanors were the exception. Probably this halcy< >u 
 condition would not have endured much longer. 
 Evil as well as good came with the increased num- 
 bers. Drunkenness among the students became a 
 serious trouble. The President and faculty urged 
 upon the city officers the enforcement of their ordi- 
 nance against- the sale of intoxicating liquors to 
 minors, yet spite of all caution many a suspension 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 131 
 
 occurred on account of intemperance. Peaceful 
 citizens were disturbed at night by the noise in the 
 streets; the petty business of removing gates and 
 tearing up sidewalks began; "rushing," the meeting 
 of two classes in muscular contest, had its origin 
 in these days; lectures and public entertainments 
 were furnished with a prelude of rude cries and 
 ruder stamping of feet. It was, for the University, 
 the period of the boy in round-a-bouts, unmanage- 
 able by others and uncontrolled by himself, a period 
 outgrown several years since. 
 
 In 1856 occurred what has sometimes been known 
 as the "Dutch War." It arose in a dispute between 
 two students and the proprietor of a saloon. The 
 two students were reinforced by others and an 
 affray followed in which much beer was spilled. 
 This was the beginning of a sensitive state of feel- 
 ing between the proprietor's friends and the stu- 
 dents. Shortly afterward six students made their 
 appearance at a German ball. They gained entrance 
 through the window of the refreshment room, and, 
 being aware that they would be unwelcome, they 
 endeavored to conceal their presence. Discovery, 
 however, ensued; five made their escape, but the 
 sixth was made prisoner. The escaping five aroused 
 the whole body of students, an attacking force was 
 organized, large timbers procured for battering- 
 rams, and finally the muskets from the campus were 
 sent for. This last stroke was too great for resist- 
 ance and the prisoner was given up. Warrants 
 were, 011 the following day, issued for the arrest of 
 the six, but the officer had not six only to deal with, 
 
132 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 but the whole body of students. It is said that the 
 professors and a Regent aided in shielding the 
 men sought. The officers visited the recitation 
 rooms. When one of the six was called upon some 
 other student arose and recited, and the officer 
 learned his error only after he had made the arrest. 
 The six men were in hiding, now in the observatory, 
 now in the house of a Kegent, now in the woods. 
 They dined where they did not take breakfast, and 
 at evening they were not to be found where they 
 were at noon. 
 
 The complainant finally withdrew his complaint 
 upon the presentation of a charge, against himself, 
 of selling liquors to minors. It was an event which 
 created great excitement for the time. 
 
 But even this disorder must be considered slight 
 when the number of young men associated together 
 is considered; young men, who brought with them 
 habits already acquired, whether for good or ill. 
 
 It had become evident that the University author- 
 ities could not hold a parental relation to the stu- 
 dent; he was amenable to the laws of the town of 
 which he was a temporary resident; the faculty 
 designed to give him very little time for dissipa- 
 tion; a rigid set of rules in regard to delinquencies 
 was adopted, and the faculty book shows that they 
 were enforced: 
 
 "Every instance of absence, tardiness or iailure in 
 recitation, unless satisfactory excuse is rendered to the 
 proper officer at or before the time of its occurrence is 
 reported to the faculty. 
 
 " Absences are excused after their occurrence only by 
 vote of the faculty, satisfactory explanation being made 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 133 
 
 in writing, either by the student or by his parent or 
 guardian. 
 
 "All unexcusecl delinquencies are registered; and when 
 the number amounts to five, or any number more than 
 five and less than ten, notice thereof is given to the stu- 
 dent, and to his parent or guardian. 
 
 'When the number of un excused delinquencies 
 amounts to ten, the student ceases to be a member of the 
 University. 
 
 "Students are also dismissed whenever, in the opinion 
 of the faculty, they may be pursuing a course of conduct 
 calculated to be detrimental to themselves and to the 
 University." 
 
 During some years, absences reported unexcused 
 at each faculty meeting were exposed one week in 
 the steward's office for inspection and correction by 
 students before being permanently recorded upon 
 the records of the faculty. 
 
 In 1856 and -1857 the laboratory building was 
 erected; it was a small, nearly square structure, to 
 which much has been added since. It was called 
 the "Analytical Laboratory." The " School of Phar- 
 macy " was not founded until ten years later, and the 
 "students in Analytical and Applied Chemistry" 
 were now nearly all connected either with the medi- 
 cal or literary department. The course was at once 
 so popular that in 1861 it was necessary to add to 
 the building. 
 
 The opening of the medical college brought a 
 great accession of students, 133 being the smallest 
 and 252 the largest number of members of that 
 department for any year between 1852 and 1863. 
 
 Dr. A. B. Palmer was appointed Professor of 
 
 Anatomy in 1852-'53, but was not on duty until 
 j 
 
134 HISTORY 01? THE 
 
 1854-'55, when he held the chair of Materia Med- 
 ica, Dr. 0. L. Ford having accepted the chair of 
 Anatomy in 1853-'54. In 1857, upon tin* death of 
 Dr. Denton, who was Professor of the Theory and 
 Practice of Medicine, further changes were mmlr. 
 Dr. Palmer became Professor of the Theory and 
 Practice of Medicine, of Pathology and Materia 
 Medica; Dr. Gunn, of Surgery and Therapeutics; 
 Dr. Sager, of Obstetrics and the Diseases of Women 
 and Children; and Dr. Ford, of Anatomy and 
 Physiology. In 1861, Dr. 8. G. Armor was *ip- 
 pointed Professor of the Institutes of Medicine 
 and of Materia Medica. 
 
 The medical library was started in 1854 by an 
 appropriation of $66, and thereafter from 100 to 
 8500 a year was spent upon additions to it. By 
 purchase and gift, anatomical collections, chemical 
 preparations and clinical instruments were fur- 
 nished for illustration and use. Dr. Ford placed 
 in the museum his collection of 500 anatomical 
 preparations. 
 
 At one time, in 1857, there was an effort made to 
 remove the medical department to Detroit, the in- 
 ducement being the superior clinical advantages 
 which the hospitals of a large city would afford. 
 Inability to meet the expense of removal would 
 seem to have been the only reason why it was not- 
 made. With a philosophical submission to the 
 force of circumstances, the authorities concluded 
 that the student found in Ann Arbor all that he 
 could well attend to. Clinical instruction was not 
 then considered so much the work of the medical 
 
tTNtfEKSITY OJ 1 MICHIGAN. 135 
 
 school as now. Daring the first few years of the 
 existence of the medical department the arrange- 
 ments for work in practical anatomy were limited; 
 the work was not required; on the contrary, a fee 
 of $3.00 was charged those who wished to engage 
 in it, in the expectation that it would restrict the 
 number of workers, and render the rooms less 
 crowded. In all other ways the faculty endeavored 
 to make the course of instruction equal to that of 
 the best institutions; very early they urged that 
 the term should be extended to nine months. 
 
 Theses were required from the graduating class, 
 one or more of which were read at the commence- 
 ment, and one, for several years, was selected and 
 sent to the Superintendent of Public Instruction 
 for publication, as an appendix to his annual 
 report. 
 
 Scarcely had the medical department of the Uni- 
 versity been established when memorials were re- 
 ceived by the Board of Regents, asking for the 
 establishment of a law department, Nothing was 
 done about it, however, until 1858, when a commit- 
 tee was appointed to report upon the matter. In 
 March, 1859, it was resolved to open the law school 
 in the fall of that year, and Messrs. James V. 
 Campbell, Thomas M. Cooley and Charles I. Walker 
 were appointed to professorships, which in the fol- 
 lowing December were named the " Marshall Pro- 
 fessorship," the "Jay Professorship," and the 
 "Kent Professorship" of Law. Previous to this 
 time, in March, 1858, a course of law lectures had 
 been delivered at the University by members of 
 
136 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 the bar from different parts of the State, 
 service was gratuitous. 
 
 On October 3rd, 1859, the law school was 
 by an address delivered by Judge Campbell in the 
 Presbyterian Church, and on the following morn- 
 ing the first law class met in the college chapel. 
 listened to an opening address by Dr. Tappan, and 
 to the first law lecture by Professor C. I. Walker. 
 The lectures continued to be given in the chapel 
 for some years, until the completion of the law 
 building. 
 
 An attempt was immediately made to raise money 
 by subscription for the erection of a building: 
 $10,000 was solicited x from the people of Ann Ar- 
 bor, $5,000 from the people of Detroit, and 85,000 
 was appropriated in March, 1861, by the Board of 
 Regents. In December, 1861, the contract for the 
 building was let, and in March, 1863, it was accepted 
 from the contractors. The attempt to raise sub- 
 scriptions failed, and the Regents were obliged to 
 provide for the whole cost. 
 
 The only requirements for admission to the law 
 department were that the student should be eight- 
 een years of age, and should be furnished with a 
 certificate giving satisfactory evidence of a good 
 moral character. The course consisted of two terms 
 of six months each. 
 
 Ninety students were present during the first 
 year, twenty-four of whom, by a special resolution 
 of the Board, received their degrees at the end of 
 one term, at the first Commencement, March 
 1860. 
 
UNIVEBSITY OF MICHIGAN. 137 
 
 In 1854, Dr. Edmund Andrews, Demonstrator of 
 Anatomy in the Medical College, was also Superin- 
 tendent of Buildings and Grounds. He made a 
 new plan of the University landscape and with the 
 aid of citizens, professors and students, he suc- 
 ceeded in carrying it out to a considerable extent. 
 According to this plan, the citizens were to set out 
 a row of trees entirely around the campus on the 
 side of the street opposite to it; the professors and 
 students were to provide a similar row on the side 
 of the street next to the campus; 1,000 trees were 
 to be planted within the college grounds; 500 of 
 the latter were already set out when the plan was 
 made, and the Regents were asked to make an 
 appropriation for the purchase of the remaining 
 500. 
 
 Many, perhaps most of these trees died, but in 
 1858 a more successful attempt at ornamentation 
 was made. In the spring of the year the citizens 
 took measures for planting trees along the street 
 around the campus ; about sixty trees were received 
 as a gift from Messrs. Ell wanger and Barry, nursery- 
 men of Rochester, N. Y., and were set out in what 
 was called the " Ellwanger and Barry group," a little 
 north of the central part of the grounds, back of 
 the present hospital buildings. The seniors of 
 1858, set out fifty maples in concentric circles 
 around a native oak, east of the south wing. Many 
 of the maples are dead, but the " Tappan oak " sur- 
 vives. The juniors set out another group still 
 further to the east. In 1859 Professor Fasquelle 
 set out a group of evergreens east of the north 
 
138 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 wing, and Professor White another east of the 
 south wing. Professor White also presented the 
 row of maples which border the walk outside of the 
 west fence, and the faculty of the literary depart- 
 ment gave forty-two elms to form a cor responding 
 line inside of the fence. 
 
 During 1859 and 1860 the llegeiits made some 
 appropriations to aid in the work; Kegent Mclntyre 
 and Professors Frieze and White were a committee 
 to superintend the improvements on the grounds. 
 At the present day it is almost impossible to trace. 
 any design in the arrangement of the trees on the 
 campus; some have died, and many of them have 
 been cut down to make way for new buildings and 
 walks; yet is the campus studded with beautiful 
 trees, and the long, shaded avenues, within and 
 without it, perpetuate the memory of the tree plant- 
 ers of 1858, 1859 and 1860. 
 
 During the first year of Dr. Tappan's administra- 
 tion, 1852-53, there were in the Literary Depart- 
 ment of the University 60 students; the number 
 grew to 287 in 1858-59, and then decreased to 266 
 in 1862-63. The slight decrease in the later years 
 was due to the civil war. To the army ranks Michi- 
 gan University contributed not only many of her 
 graduates, but some of her undergraduate students; 
 in 1863 there were more than fifty members of the 
 classes of 1863, 1864 and 1865, in the army. 
 
 Organizations and societies multiplied among the 
 students. To the list of secret societies were added 
 the names of Delta Kappa Epsilon, Delta Phi, 
 Sigma Phi, Zeta Psi and Psi Upsilon, 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 139 
 
 The Phi Phi Alpha literary society, founded in 
 1842, endured till 1860; the Alpha Nu flourished 
 as it still does; and the Literary Adelphi was 
 founded in 1857. The exercises of these societies 
 were like those of all literary societies, consisting 
 of orations, discussions and essays. Each, also, 
 had a "paper," the "Castalia" belonging to the Phi 
 Phi Alpha; the "Sybil," to the Alpha Nu; and the 
 "Hesperion" to the Adelphi. 
 
 The Students' Lecture Association was organized 
 in October, 1854 Something of its usefulness and 
 vigor may be learned from the names of the lectur- 
 ers who spoke in Ann Arbor by its invitation: E. 
 P. Whipple, E. W. Emerson, Bayard Taylor, Hor- 
 ace Mann, Theodore Parker, Wendell Phillips, 
 Edward Everett and others equally illustrious were 
 among them. 
 
 In the law school the "Webster Society" was 
 established in 1859, and the "Justinian" in the 
 following year. 
 
 The "Serapion Society" was founded in the 
 medical college in 1850 and endured for several 
 years. 
 
 At a very early date in the history of the Univer- 
 sity, before the first class left its halls, there was 
 among the students a " Union Society of Mission- 
 ary Inquiry;" its regular meetings were "devoted 
 to the reading of reports upon subjects connected 
 with the history and present character and condi- 
 tion of missionary enterprise," and it also held 
 prayer-meetings, and was, in this respect, the ante- 
 cedent of the " Young Men's Christian Association," 
 
140 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 founded in 1858. A "Christian Library Associa- 
 tion" was also organized, in May, 1858, for the 
 purpose of procuring a free circulating library of 
 moral and religious books. The books collected by 
 the society formed the foundation of the library of 
 the Christian Association. 
 
 In 1857 the Methodist Conference adopted, at one 
 of its meetings, resolutions derogatory to the mo ml 
 and religious character of the students and the 
 moral condition of the University; parents were 
 warned against sending their sons to an institution 
 of such very doubtful character. The members of 
 the faculty, in a report which was submitted to the 
 Board of Regents, expressed their opinion in a very 
 decided manner, as is indicated in the following 
 extract: 
 
 " While in common, with the faculties of all other col- 
 leges and universities, we have frequent occasion to 
 admonish the young men entrusted to our tuition, and 
 sometimes find ourselves forced to the more unpleasant 
 duty of extreme measures; while also we are ready to 
 acknowledge and deplore our want of perfection both as 
 instructors and as men professing the Christian religion, 
 we cannot refrain from expressing our firm conviction 
 a conviction founded upon considerable experience as 
 instructors, and upon intimate acquaintance with other 
 seminaries of learning that there exists in general among 
 the students of the University of Michigan a more virtu- 
 ous sentiment and a higher tone of moral feeling than 
 we have ever witnessed elsewhere; that the proportion 
 of youth whose impulses are wayward and vicious is 
 unusually limited; and that, in addition to youth of irre- 
 proachable character and sterling integrity, who have 
 not become members of any Christian church, there lias 
 ever been among us a very considerable number, we may 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 141 
 
 with devout thankfulness add, an increasing number, 
 who furnish the most conclusive and gratifying" evidence 
 of active Christian piety." 
 
 The report mentions the daily chapel exercises, 
 the lectures given by the President on Sabbath 
 afternoons, the weekly religious meetings held by 
 the students themselves, and the work of the Mis- 
 sionary Society of Inquiry, and concludes: 
 
 " Finally, we are constrained to say that if any persons 
 or class of persons have conceived an unfavorable opinion 
 of the University as a place of education for Christian 
 youth, with sincere deference to the persons who entertain 
 this opinion, and with the fullest conviction that they 
 would do us no wilful injustice, it is our conviction that 
 such an opinion must either be founded on an incorrect 
 apprehension of the facts, or else from too limited a com- 
 parison with other institutions of learning." 
 
 The University had been in operation nearly 
 twenty years before any publications issuing from 
 it met with success. In 1853, Nos. 1 and 2 of the 
 " Peninsular Quarterly and University Magazine " 
 were issued; it was published in Detroit, and was 
 rather a Western Magazine than a University Ma- 
 gazine, though its original contributions were largely 
 from the Professors and Alumni of the University. 
 In 1857 one number of the " Peninsular Phoenix " 
 was printed by S. B. McCracken of Ann Arbor, and 
 in June of the same year one number of the " Uni- 
 versity Register" was published by two students, 
 J. W. Paine and A. Richard. Each paper consisted 
 of a single sheet, and contained the names of stu- 
 dents in attendance at the University, and the 
 names of societies and lists of their members. In 
 
142 HISTORY OF T1IK 
 
 1861 four numbers of the "University Indepen- 
 dent" were published by the students, the editors 
 being chosen by and from the literary societies. 
 The magazine continued to exist through the fol- 
 lowing year under the name of the " University 
 Magazine." 
 
 The first "Palladium " was issued by the Secret 
 Societies in 1858, the second in 1860, at which time 
 it became an annual publication, and has had a con- 
 tinuous existence. 
 
 The "Burning of Mechanics" occurred in the 
 University of Michigan for the first time on Febru- 
 ary 6th, 1860, the mourners being members of the 
 class of 1861. The ceremonies were in some re- 
 spects peculiar to this one celebration : There was 
 " Ye Procession," " Ye Homes, emitting ye dolorous 
 strains," " Ye Eemaines," according to the custom 
 of later days. But there was also " Ye Eulogists v 
 and " Ye Odists," and " Ye disconsolate Juniores, 
 uttering ye harrowing Lamentations." It was the 
 burial of a friend, stern but true, and not the trial 
 and execution of a malefactor as the ceremony be- 
 came a year or two later. The spirit was the same 
 in each case, in 1860 as in 1881 when the burning 
 of Physics or Mathematics was celebrated for the 
 last time, by the classes of 1883, and 1884, but the 
 letter was slightly different. 
 
 Among the many changes introduced by Dr. Tap- 
 pan perhaps the one most welcome to the student 
 was the change in the hour of "chapel." At the 
 first faculty meeting at which he was present, Oc- 
 tober 18th, 1852, the hour was dumgi'd t a quarter 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 143 
 
 before eight in the morning. At or about the same 
 time the hour for the first morning recitation was 
 at a quarter past eight. "Afternoon prayers " con- 
 tinued to exist till the entire disappearance of the 
 dormitories. The rule that all students must attend 
 church service on Sunday remained on the statute 
 books long after it had become a dead letter, as it 
 did practically when the students roomed away from 
 the college buildings, when monitors were no longer 
 appointed. 
 
 There were some changes in the fees required of 
 students during the years between 1852 and 1868. 
 The matriculation fee always remained fixed at ten 
 dollars. While there were dormitories in the col- 
 lege buildings, those students who occupied them 
 were each assessed from five dollars to seven dollars 
 and a half each year for " incidental expenses." In 
 1858 when there were no longer rooms for students 
 in the buildings an annual fee of five dollars was 
 charged upon each student of every department. 
 Until 1862 the medical students were obliged to de- 
 posit each one dollar with the treasurer, which was 
 refunded to them at the end of the year unless it 
 had been consumed in repairing damages which 
 were "not accounted for." The literary student 
 paid no fee for his diploma till 1856, though the 
 medical student was obliged to pay two dollars for 
 his from the first. In 1856 the graduates of all de- 
 partments were served alike in that respect. 
 
 The class of 1862 inaugurated another college 
 custom. " Class Day Exercises " were held by the 
 junior class on March 19th, 1861, The class made 
 
HISTORY OF THE 
 
 application for the use of the chapel for their exer- 
 cises, and were advised by the faculty to secure 
 some public hall. The entertainment was given, 
 accordingly, in the Congregational church, in the 
 evening, and the programme was as follows: 
 Inaugural of the Patriarch, Albert J. Chapman. 
 
 Poem Mind, its Struggles and Triumphs, 
 
 - Martin L. D'Ooge. 
 
 Chronicle of the Chronicler, - James H. (kxxlsell. 
 Oration Theodore Parker, - - Albert Kye. 
 
 Prophecy of the Seer, John E. Colby. 
 
 A few months later the class of 1861 held " class 
 exercises" on the Monday preceding commence- 
 ment. The oration and poem were delivered in 
 public in the afternoon; the history and prophecy 
 were for the class alone, and were discussed at 
 Hangsterfer's in the evening at the class supper. 
 
 The class of 1859 claims the honor of establish- 
 ing the freshman class-supper, and also the 
 sophomore class-supper. Alumni suppers were 
 given certainly as early as 1855, and probably 
 earlier, since the revival of memories has ever an 
 intimate connection with eating and drinking. 
 
 In 1854 it became necessary to hold a morning 
 and an afternoon session on commencement day: 
 the classes were large and each one of the class 
 delivered an oration. In 1861 even this arrange- 
 ment did not suffice, and twenty-five orators were 
 chosen from the class by lot, while all the members 
 of the class were obliged to irrile orations. In the 
 following year the speakers were chosen by the 
 faculty by ballot. It was somewhere about this 
 time that a young orator whose memory failed him 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 145 
 
 took his speech from his pocket and read it, with 
 the introduction, "Ladies and gentlemen, what I 
 have not in my head I have in my pocket." 
 
 With 1859 began the " Senior vacation ;" examin- 
 ations were held in. May, and the senior was allowed 
 the month of June for the preparation of his ora- 
 tion, for rest, and for removing any deficiencies 
 which occured in his college work. 
 
 Until 1858 the "Baccalaureate Address" was 
 delivered by the President at the close of the com- 
 mencement exercises; in that year it was delivered 
 in the Presbyterian Church on the Sabbath morn- 
 ing of commencement week, and in succeeding 
 years on the Sabbath afternoon. 
 
 The commencement exercises were usually held 
 in some one of the city churches; but after 1856, 
 sometimes in the hall of the Union School building. 
 Nowhere in Ann Arbor was a hall sufficient to con- 
 tain all who came. At one commencement women 
 were admitted at an hour earlier than men, and 
 there is on record a protest against such injustice, 
 and a subdued reference to the prevailing fashion 
 in dress which rendered it impossible to fill the 
 seats very compactly. 
 
 With the close of the year 1857 came to an end 
 the administration of the first Board of Eegents by 
 election. In their final report attention is called to 
 the fact that "the experiment has been tried, for 
 the first time in the history of any state or nation, 
 whether it is safe to entrust the highest educational 
 interests in the country to a body of men elected 
 directly by the people." 
 
146 HIMOKY OF THE 
 
 \Vere one to judge simply from the history of 
 this Board, the opinion would he unqualified and 
 unanimous; their administration had been an un- 
 doubted success. During their term of office a 
 president had been appointed, a new and able body 
 of professors called, a new course of study added, 
 and the old course elaborated, the floating debt of 
 the University had been cancelled, and there was 
 a balance in the treasury. There had been perfect 
 harmony between the Board of Regents and the 
 President. " Believing," said they, " that his vie\\ B 
 of a proper university education are liberal, pro- 
 gressive and adapted to the present age, we have 
 sustained him to the extent of our ability in all 
 measures for the advancement of the University, 
 and it gives us pleasure to add that we have rarely 
 disagreed with him as to its true interests, during 
 the period we have been associated in the charge of 
 the institution." "No question ever arose, or was 
 dreamed of," said Dr. Tappan, "respecting our 
 separate constitutional rights and authorities. AVe 
 acted together by a spontaneous, mutual, good un- 
 derstanding." 
 
 The University had prospered under their con- 
 trol and the number of students had been greatly 
 increased. At the outset some people of the State, 
 and especially Mr. Shearman, the State Superinten- 
 dent of Public Instruction, had been alarmed by 
 the course which the Regents were taking. S'///r/r///.s, 
 they reiterated, are what is wanted at Michigan 
 University; it is not necessary to add courses of 
 study and employ professors v.hile yet there are so 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 147 
 
 few students; the branches must be re-established 
 at the expense of the institution at Ann Arbor, or 
 there will be no one to attend that institution. 
 
 Dr. Tappan and the Board of Regents considered 
 that the course which they were taking was the 
 right one; they proposed to attract students by 
 offering a broad, liberal and thorough education, 
 and providing a band of competent and renowned 
 instructors. They were justified by the result. 
 
 On the first of January, 1858, a new Board of 
 Regents came into .office. It was composed of the 
 following members: Benjamin L. Baxter, James E. 
 Johnson, Levi Bishop, Donald Mclntyre, E. Lakin 
 Brown, George W. Pack, Luke H. Parsons, and 
 John Van Vleck. In the following year the per- 
 sonnel of the Board was somewhat changed by the 
 resignations of Messrs. Pack and Van Vleck, the 
 appointment of two others to represent their dis- 
 tricts and the election of two from the newly formed 
 ninth and tenth districts. The new members were 
 Henry Whiting, Oliver L Spaulding, William M. 
 Ferry and George Bradley. Mr. Whiting was a 
 graduate from West Point, Mr. Spaulding from 
 Oberlin College, and Mr. Ferry from Union Col- 
 lege. The remaining members of the Board were 
 without a college education, and all were entirely 
 without experience in educational work. In this 
 respect the second Board elected by the people was 
 not unlike the first. The character of the two Boards, 
 however, was quite different, and particularly in re- 
 gard to the self-confidence exhibited by each. In 
 the first Board, this was normal; in the second it 
 
US HIST011Y OF THE 
 
 approached the nature of a monstrosity. The first 
 Board showed no lack of a due sense of propriety; 
 the second Board certainly did. With it originated 
 the idea that all persons drawing salaries from the 
 University were "employees" of the Boartl of AV- 
 </cnts; the president was a little removed from the 
 janitor, perhaps, but both were at such an infinite 
 distance from the Board of Regents as to practi- 
 cally do away with any difference. It is an idea 
 which has prevailed in a day more recent than 
 theirs. It is hard to avoid the conviction that had 
 the Board which came into office in 1858 possessed 
 something of the culture so ably preached by Mat- 
 thew Arnold, and a little of the superabundant 
 "sweetness and light" from his pages, there had 
 been no struggle with Dr. Tappan. 
 
 The acts of this Board so far as they w r ere of 
 importance, have been noticed in this chapter, with 
 the exception of those which had a connection witli 
 the catastrophe which closed their administration. 
 It remains to notice these. 
 
 There has been occasion to notice several times 
 the opposition with which Dr. Tappan met very 
 soon after his inauguration. 'While there were 
 many who hoped that the appointment of a presi- 
 dent would determine the prosperity of the Univer- 
 sity, there were others who entertained, it would 
 seem, a decided hostility to the creation of such mi 
 office, or who, like Mr. Levi Bishop, thought tin- 
 office was honorary, and should be "distributed," 
 and that the president should be minimally elected. 
 
 Dr. Tappan was elected 7Yrs/Vr/// of the Uimer- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 141) 
 
 sity. Mr. Palmer, who announced the fact to him, 
 Addressed him as president n-nd chancellor, and, it is 
 said, inaugurated him as president and chancellor. 
 Wherein the office of chancellor is magnified above 
 that of president does not appear, but the word has 
 a mightier sound and was a cause of alarm to some 
 people, to the Board of Visitors for 1854, and to the 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, who was 
 accused, perhaps unjustly, of printing with his 
 report an extract from the proceedings of the Board 
 of Regents, for the sole purpose of showing that 
 Dr. Tappan was not elected chancellor. 
 
 Not only was it said of Dr. Tappan that his office 
 had been magnified by others but that he himself 
 magnified it to an undue extent. There is no doubt 
 that he conceived it to be a lofty and responsible 
 position. He was at the head of a university, and 
 his idea of a university was " an association of em- 
 inent scholars in every department of knowledge." 
 
 "As a trust was reposed in me, so 'I came trust- 
 fully," said he. " If I had not something to bring; if 
 I were not capable of doing something, why was I 
 called? wherefore should I presume to come? No 
 one should be called to such a work who has not 
 given pledges of competency; no one should under- 
 take it who is entirely dubious of himself. I hold 
 it as a fixed principle that a man must know him- 
 self, must have principles settled, methods defined 
 a course of action conceived of, and a brave heart 
 to govern, a ready and not unskillful hand." 
 
 The President of the University was a man of 
 
 superior education, culture and experience, of firm 
 K 
 
150 HISTORY OF THK 
 
 convictions and of courage, a man who felt that he 
 was called to do a work, and that the prosperity of 
 the University depended upon his doing it, a man 
 who thought that indignity to himself was indig- 
 nity to his office, and a man who, through his inter- 
 course with the Board of 1852-57, had learned to 
 expect deference and consideration. 
 
 The members of the Board of Regents were also 
 men of firm convictions and of courage, but they 
 were without a superior education, and without 
 experience; they had no sentimental regard for 
 letters, or learning, or their devotees; and they 
 were no doubt honestly persuaded that a man who 
 could manage a bank or a mercantile house could 
 certainly manage university affairs, and a man who 
 could draw up a will or a contract could make a 
 code of laws for an educational institution, or, at 
 least, that they could do these things better than 
 educators who were rendered unpractical by the 
 very nature of their occupation. In December, 
 1858, on motion of Eegent Bishop, a committee 
 was appointed to collect all the rules and ordinances 
 pertaining to the University. Mr. Bishop was 
 chairman of the committee, and in March following 
 he made a report and presented a new code of laws 
 which was adopted and made applicable imme- 
 diately. It had not been submitted to the Presi- 
 dent or to the faculty, and Dr. Tappan protested 
 against such hasty legislation in a matter so impor- 
 tant; he pointed out some crudities of expression 
 and some blunders, which were corrected in the 
 second edition; his more serious objections, how- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 151 
 
 ever, were not considered. These objections had 
 reference to the sections concerning the standing 
 committees, and the President. The code, which 
 was popularly known as "the Bishop's code," pro- 
 vided for the appointment of ten standing commit- 
 tees: the finance committee, the executive com- 
 mittee, the committee on the classical department, 
 the committee on the scientific department, the 
 committee on the law department, the committee 
 on the medical department, the committee on the 
 chemical department, the library committee, the 
 committee on the museum, and the committee on 
 the observatory. Each committee was to consist 
 of three members of the Board. The duties of 
 these committees covered nearly all the executive 
 operations of the University, and Dr. Tappan 
 regarded them as trenching upon his own duties 
 and was led to consider the adoption of the new 
 code as a direct blow at himself, and as an effort to 
 render him a nonentity in the institution of which 
 he was President. He claimed the right to disburse 
 the funds appropriated by the Board of Regents, to 
 order books for the library, and to temporarily fill 
 vacancies which occurred between the meetings of 
 the Board. These duties were by the code assigned 
 to the library and executive committees. 
 
 Dr. Tappan was supported in his view of the 
 matter by Chancellor Farnsworth, Attorney Gen- 
 eral Howard, by Judge Pierrepont of New York, 
 and other eminent authority. Judge Pierrepont' s 
 opinion has been preserved* and is as follows: 
 
 *Michigan Argus, February 15, 1861. 
 
152 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 " The general supervision and the legislative power is 
 vested in the Board of Regents. The executive power is 
 vested in the President; he is the 'principal executive 
 officer;' and all subordinate executive ollicers arc under 
 the principal. The Regents cannot directly nor by indi- 
 rection deprive the President of the chief executive power 
 of the University. 
 
 "For example: The Board may direct an appropriation 
 for the purchase of books for the University; that order 
 cannot, lawfully, be executed except through the Presi- 
 dent, or with his sanction. If the Board make an appro- 
 priation for the warming, lighting, sweeping, and general 
 care of the recitation rooms and order that the money In- 
 applied for that purpose, it is the duty of the President as 
 the * principal executive officer ' to execute such order, and 
 the right to appoint the servants necessary to perform 
 this execution belongs to the President. 
 
 - As matter of law r , and as matter of necessity, this is 
 clearly so; otherwise the President, who is the chief 
 executive officer, cannot perform his duties. Every ser- 
 vant may refuse to obey him; the janitor may insult him, 
 and he has no power to discharge the insolent or delin- 
 quent servant, employed to perform the subordinate 
 duties, which the President, as the chief executive officer, 
 is bound to see performed." 
 
 A very large number of the citizens of the Slate 
 accepted Dr. Tappan's view of the question. In 
 February, 1861, some of his friends in Ann Arbor 
 and Detroit drafted a bill, which required that the 
 appointment of all officers should originate with 
 the President, and that he should fill vacancies till 
 a meeting of the Board; and prohibited the Board 
 from authorizing any committee to disburse appro- 
 priations. This bill was sent to Lansing, but was 
 never presented to the legislature. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 153 
 
 The University senate, composed of all the fa- 
 culties, niet to consider the matter. This body de- 
 clared any State legislation to be inexpedient, and 
 appointed Professors Cooley, Ford and White a 
 committee to make an effort to adjust the differ- 
 ences between the Regents and Dr. Tappan. The 
 result was that the President was made a member 
 of the executive committee, and the library com- 
 mittee was to consist of the President, three lie- 
 gents, one member of each faculty and the libra- 
 rian. 
 
 This amendment had little force; it was still 
 possible to deprive the president of all power; in- 
 deed, he could have authority and influence only 
 by the courtesy of the Board, and this Board was 
 little inclined to show courtesy to him. 
 
 The meetings of the Regents had never been 
 secret, except on occasion, but there had never, be- 
 .fore 1858, been any effort made to make public their 
 proceedings. At that time it became the custom 
 to send reports to the newspapers; this was done, 
 at first, not by the regular newspaper reporters, but 
 by Mr. Levi Bishop, a member of the Board. 
 Comments and notes upon the proceedings accom- 
 panied the reports. The President was severely 
 criticized, aiicj. an evident attempt was made to Jmrit 
 }iim in the estimation of tjie citizens of the State, 
 These reports wer v e signed >"Tresayle/' but were 
 known to be written by Mr, Bishop. At this same 
 time letters appeared in the P.etroit Free Press, 
 purporting to @ome from different parts of the 
 State; these also w.e.re supposed* if not known ? $Q 
 
154 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 be Mr. Bishop's work. They were little else than 
 assaults upon the President. 
 
 A letter written by Mr. Bishop to Dr. Tappan, 
 in 1861, will serve to show the discourtesy with 
 which he treated him. 
 
 January 21, 1861. 
 
 RKV. DK. TAPPAN: 
 
 Sir: At the last meeting of the Regents it was round 
 that from ten to one hundred students had been admitted 
 to the University without paying their dues; and that 
 from $1,000 to $1,500 had been thus lost or might be lost 
 to the funds of the University. 
 
 This resulted from your failure and neglect to perform 
 your duty under rule 44 of the present rules and regula- 
 tions of the Board of Kegents. 
 
 The subject was talked over in your presence and you 
 expressed a willingness to perform the duty specified in 
 the rule above named. I learn that you have not done 
 this, and that you are again delinquent in the performance 
 of duty. About half of the students, who had not paid 
 their dues at the last meeting of the llegents have not 
 paid them now. and still they are in the University; and 
 this too, in the face of a resolution of the Board, served 
 on each professor, requiring their exclusion unless their 
 dues were paid. 
 
 I wish to know, sir, why this duty is not attended to. 
 
 L wish to know why you, as the principal executive 
 officer of the University, thus neglect your duty and allow 
 others to neglect theirs also. It is your duty to see that 
 the laws, rules and regulations for the government of tin* 
 University are faithfully observed; and here you are, not 
 only neglecting your duty, but doing it at a heavy loss to 
 the University funds. 
 
 To my mind it is exceedingly strange that an ollicn- 
 who is constantly complaining that his powers and dut ies 
 are taken from him and abridged should constantly, and, 
 I feel compelled to believe wilfully, neglect a most im- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 155 
 
 portant duty with which he is charged. I hope to hear 
 that every student has been required by you to pay his 
 dues at once, and that all delinquents have been dismissed 
 from the University.* 
 
 If the rules of the Board in this respect are not en- 
 forced, I may feel compelled to offer a resolution that all 
 losses occasioned by a failure to enforce them shall be 
 charged to the delinquent officer or professor, and de- 
 ducted from his salary. This course might tend to en- 
 force the laws of the University in one particular, at least. 
 Respectfully, 
 
 LEVI BISHOP. 
 
 This letter was written to the President of 
 Michigan University, a man who had done great 
 service to the institution. It, with other things done 
 and said, by Mr. Bishop, serves to confirm the re- 
 port that it was his deliberate intention, formed 
 before his term of office began or immediately after, 
 to effect the removal of Dr. Tappan. In the course 
 of time this became the purpose of other members 
 of the Board. 
 
 Mr. Donald Mclntyre was a citizen of Ann Ar- 
 bor, and was known as the "resident regent;" he 
 was chairman of several committees, and became 
 in the periods between the meetings of the Board, 
 the centre of authority in University matters. His 
 duty, from his point of view, was constantly coming 
 into conflict with what Dr. Tappan considered to 
 be his prerogative. He Avas less talkative, less 
 noisy than Mr. Bishop, but his opposition was 
 probably quite as effectual. Mr. Mclntyre was 
 quite actively engaged in "temperance work." Dr. 
 
 *Dr. Tappan sent this letter to the faculty and made inquiry of them. 
 The members replied that they had no knowledge of students who had 
 not paid their dues. 
 
15<; HISTOKY OF THE 
 
 Tappan was a temperate rather than a temperance 
 man; he had wines in his cellar, and sometimes 
 upon his table. The complaint was brought against 
 Jiim that " habits of wine and beer drinking to ex- 
 cess were not sufficiently discountenanced;" that it 
 14 was impossible to enforce discipline for moral <!<- 
 linquenees." All this his friends denied, but it 
 was given by the Board as one of the reasons for 
 the opposition. 
 
 Mr. Mclntyre was also a leading member of the 
 Presbyterian Church. Dr. Tappan, though a clergy- 
 man of that church, did not connect himself with 
 any church in Ann Arbor, and attended the services 
 of other churches quite as frequently as those of 
 Jiis own. This he did because he thought the pre- 
 sident of the University should be undenomina- 
 tional, but it was not pleasing to the Presbyterians; 
 and, at the same time, it failed to gain him the sup- 
 port of the other churches. 
 
 A Board of Regents was elected in 18(K> whose 
 term of office was to begin in January, 1864. Dr. 
 Tappan, often weary of the conflict which he felt 
 obliged to wage, looked forward to this time as to 
 a new and better era. No doubt it would have been 
 so for him had he been allowed to enter it. 
 
 On the twenty -fifth of Jime, 1863, the Board of 
 Regents met at Ann Arbor. It was commencement 
 day. and the Regents, with the President, were 
 present at the commencement exercises. In the 
 afternoon, Dr. Tappan took his seat as chairman 
 of the Board of Regents, and immediately after, 
 the following resolution was offered; 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 15? 
 
 WHEREAS it is deemed expedient and for the interests 
 of the University, that sundry changes be made in its 
 officers and corps of professors: Therefore, 
 
 "Resolved. That Dr. Henry P. Tappan be and he is 
 hereby removed from the offices and duties of President 
 of the University of Michigan, and Professor of Philoso- 
 phy therein." 
 
 Dr. Tappan arose to address the Board: 
 
 " Gentlemen," said he, "before you pass this resolution, 
 I have a few words to say. This is the first special inti- 
 mation I have had of your intentions. I have, indeed, 
 heard some rumors about them this morning, but 
 nothing more. Thus sprung upon me suddenly, I can- 
 not but regard it as an extraordinary proceeding. Of 
 its constitutionality I have some doubt; of its impro- 
 priety I have no doubt. After having been associated 
 nearly six years, it is somewhat remarkable that just 
 at the close of your administration you should have 
 arrived at the conviction that my connection with the 
 University is inconsistent with its interests. After 
 having been repudiated by the people, and when a new 
 Board is just about to come into office, it would have 
 been more proper and graceful to have referred the mat- 
 ter to them. If this were done and a new Board should 
 express the opinion that my connection with the Univer- 
 sity is inconsistent with its interests, I would cheerfully 
 hand in my resignation; but this proceeding, coming at 
 this time and under present circumstances, strongly 
 induces the belief that malice is at the bottom of it. But, 
 gentlemen, you will act your pleasure, I hope you will be 
 able to meet your responsibilities to your God and to the 
 State, as fully and ,as clearly as my conscience has met 
 mine. This matter belongs to history; the pen of history 
 is held by Almighty Justice, and I fear not the record it 
 will make of my conduct, whether private or public, in 
 relation to the affairs of the University. I have nothing 
 more to say, and here J Jeaye you." 
 
lf>S HlSTOliV OF THE 
 
 Dr. Tappaii withdrew, and the resolution was 
 adopted. It was followed by several others. One 
 removed Mr. John L. Tappan from the office of 
 librarian; one appointed the Rev. L. D. Chapin 
 Professor of Moral and Mental Philosophy; out* 
 appointed Dr. E. O. Haven Professor of Rhetoric 
 and English Literature: and one transferred Mr. 
 D. C. Brooks from the chair of Assistant Professor 
 of Rhetoric to the office of librarian. 
 
 The Board then preceded to the election of a 
 president, and Dr. Erastus O. Haven was unani- 
 mously elected. 
 
 The removal of the President was a surprise to 
 nearly everyone. The students, by whom Dr. Tap- 
 pan was much beloved, were greatly incensed ; 
 they met and passed resolutions of censure upon 
 the proceedings of the Regents, and, with a zeal 
 deprecated by their elders, they burned in effigy 
 the "resident regent," and storied his house. The 
 citizens of Ann Arbor, Detroit, and of other towns 
 also expressed their indignation and displeasure in 
 public meetings. 
 
 A meeting of the alumni was called at Ann 
 Arbor; the chapel was refused them and they met 
 in a public hall. By their authority was published 
 an address* to the people of Michigan, setting 
 forth the ignorance and malice, the impropriety 
 and discourtesy of the course taken by the Board 
 of Regents. 
 
 The members of the faculties, on the other hand. 
 passed resolutions accepting the new status of 
 
 *American Journal of Education, vol. 13, p. 642. 
 
UNIVEKSITY OF MICHIGAN. 159 
 
 affairs and deprecating any attempt to re-establish 
 the old one. Even Dr Tappan's friends in the 
 faculty feared the result of further contention; 
 quiet must be gained at all hazards, they thought, 
 even if the President was sacrificed. There were 
 those among the faculty who were openly unfriendly 
 to Dr. Tappan; by them he was accused of being 
 overbearing and tyrannical. This charge is, no 
 doubt, in part explained by his lack of policy in 
 dealing with men; he could not or did not conceal 
 dislike or distrust when he felt it. He was kind 
 as a father to the students, and they loved him; 
 the poor of Ami Arbor knew him and blessed him ; 
 he was a man of many friends among rich and 
 poor, educated and uneducated. But he was not a 
 man who could deal successfully with opposition. 
 He had opposed the policy of the Board in regard 
 to the appointment of professors. It was his 
 opinion that full professorships should be held 
 only by men Avhose reputation, already gained, 
 would confer renown upon the University; until 
 such men could be obtained, he approved of a 
 system of assistant professorships, while yet the 
 professorship was vacant. 
 
 The want of harmony between the President and 
 members of the faculty was undoubtedly impairing 
 the usefulness of the University, and this reason 
 for his dismissal was of some force. Yet it is very 
 probable that had Dr. Tappan received the confi- 
 dence and support of the Board of Regents the op- 
 position from unfriendly professors would have 
 been less. 
 
160 HIST01IY OF THE 
 
 An account of the effort to induce the in coining 
 Hoard to reinstate Dr. Tap pan belongs to the 
 story of Dr. Haven's administration and will be 
 considered in the following chapter. 
 
 It is impossible to know all the motives and 
 Fives which were in operation during this time of 
 serious trouble; they were personal and, perhaps, 
 denominational; the political element had not yet 
 entered into University affairs. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 161 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 I Sift 18159. DR. HAVEN'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 It was on June 25th, 1863, that Dr. Erastus O. 
 Haven was elected President and Professor of 
 Bhetoric and English Literature. From 1852 to 
 1854 he had been Professor of the Latin Language 
 and Literature, and from 1854 to 1856, Professor of 
 History and English Literature, in the University. 
 He was a clergyman of the Methodist Church, and 
 had been engaged in pastoral work before his con- 
 nection with the University. He resigned his pro- 
 fessorship in 1856 and became editor of the " Zion's 
 Herald," a religious newspaper published in Bos- 
 ton, and it was this position which he relinquished 
 when, in 1863, at the age of forty-three years, he 
 became President of Michigan University. 
 
 During his residence of less than four years in 
 Michigan, from 1852 to 1856, lie had won for him- 
 self a regard and esteem which was general and 
 undenominational, and unpartisan. He was active, 
 able, and versatile; kindly in manner and spirit; 
 his almost insignificant presence was forgotten in 
 the grace and power of his words. He possessed 
 a restless energy, and was never confined to his 
 work as a teacher. He delivered several addresses 
 before the students and citizens in Ann Arbor, and 
 preached in several towns of the State, and for some 
 
HISTOIM oi TIM: 
 
 time supplied regularly the pulpits of the Fort 
 Street .Mini JelTVrson Street Presbyterian Churches 
 in Detroit. He was by no moans silent in the con- 
 ferences of his own denomination. Ho became well 
 known and popular, and long before Dr. Tappan 
 uas removed there was a party who wished to make 
 Dr. Haven president. 
 
 It is true that in 1862-63 another name was 
 prominent in this connection. There we re those who 
 would have given the presidency to the Ilev. L. I >. 
 ( 1 hapin, pastor of the Presbyterian Oh urch of Ann 
 Arhor, a man utterly without qualification for the 
 position. Among the class who were continually 
 seeing something of denonii national plotting in 
 Tniversity affairs it was said that Dr. Haven's ap- 
 pointment was due to Methodist influence, and that 
 Mr. ( 1 hapiifs induction to the chair of Mental and 
 Moral Philosophy was a sop thrown to the Presby- 
 terians, and it was generally considered that the 
 Methodists were ahead. There is no doubt that 
 the Methodist Church was very much interested in 
 Dr. Haven's return, and aided it as far as was pos- 
 sible; but in Mr. Thapin's ease the circumstance- 
 \\ere quite the reverse: while he was obnoxious to 
 only a small party consisting of some of his pa- 
 rishioners in Ann Arbor, he was still not a man 
 whom the Presbyterian Church specially delighted 
 to honor. 
 
 In his "Autobiography* 5 (p. I4l > Dr. Haven 
 says; 
 
 I-' rum time to time during the six \rars of akscncc. 
 of IIIN trirnils kept me well infoi'innl of the state nf 
 
UNIVEKBITY OF MICHIGAN. !<:> 
 
 affairs in the University of Michigan. Some of the pri- 
 vate letters, as well as various articles in the newspapers 
 indicated dissatisfaction. The complaints were that the 
 number of students was rather diminishing than increas- 
 ing; that the religious people of the state were dissatis- 
 fied with the moral influence of the institution; that the 
 faculties were not at peace with one another; that the 
 state rendered no pecuniary aid; and that an antagonism 
 too great to be endured had sprung up between the presi- 
 dent and the regents. At first I was invited, by persons 
 who professed to understand the wishes of the regents, 
 to return to a professorship. This I declined to consider. 
 I was then asked if, under any circumstances, I would ac- 
 cept the presidency. I answered that if the office was 
 vacant and offered to me, with the substantial approval 
 of the different faculties,! would accept it; but I had not 
 even the faintest dream that the oftice would be vacant 
 except by the resignation of the president. This was 
 several months before the event happened, and I had not 
 the slightest anticipation that it would so occur." 
 
 Dr. Haven was informed by telegram of his elec- 
 tion, and accepted the office before he was informed 
 of the circumstances which led to the offer of it. 
 This information came to him through "floods of 
 letters," setting forth each side of the question. 
 He was officially informed that, if he declined, 
 another would be elected. His friends told him 
 that the University was in danger, and they thought 
 lie could save it, and it seemed to him to be his 
 duty to attempt, at least, to do so. He met with 
 the Board of Kegents in Ann Arbor, on Au- 
 gust '25th, and, as President of the Board, opened 
 the meeting with prayer, in accordance with a cus- 
 tom which was introduced in 1860 on motion of 
 Regent Mclntyre. 
 
1 (>4 HISTOIIV or Tin: 
 
 At this meeting, Dr. Bronnow's resignation was 
 accepted and James C. 'Watson was appointed Pro- 
 fessor of Astronomy and Director of the Observa- 
 tory. On the following day Professor Williams 
 was transferred to the chair of Physics, and Ed- 
 ward Olney was appointed Professor of Mathe- 
 matics. 
 
 Dr. Haven was inaugurated on the morning of 
 October 1st, 1863, the exercises being held in the 
 Presbyterian church. In the afternoon of the 
 same day occurred the exercises of the opening of 
 the new law building. 
 
 Having, like the Board whose term ceased in 
 1851, "determined the terms" of the officers of 
 the institution, the Board, which commenced its 
 work in 1858, closed its connection with the Uni- 
 versity on December 31st, 18(v>. 
 
 The University has been the subject of much 
 experimental legislation. The election, by the 
 people, of a Board of Regents for a university was 
 something so new that one might expect it to go 
 through a process of evolution before it readied 
 perfection. Two Boards had been elected in ac- 
 cordance with the law of 1851. During the twelve 
 years of their service, became manifest the incon- 
 venience arising from an entire change in the 
 Board every six years, from the out going of ten 
 old members, and the incoming of ten entirely 
 inexperienced members. To do away with tiiis 
 faulty arrangement a new law was passed in 18(>;>, 
 enacting that eight regents should be elected at 
 the coming spring election, two for a term of t\\o 
 
UNIVEKSITY OF MICHIGAN. 165 
 
 years, two for four, two for six, and the remaining 
 two for eight years, and that thereafter two regents 
 should be elected every two years. 
 
 In 1863 were elected, Messrs. E. C. Walker, 
 (Jeorge Willard, Thomas D. Gilbert, Thomas J. 
 Joslin, Henry C. Knight, J. Eastman Johnson, 
 Alvah Sweetzer, and James A. Sweezey. The 
 terms of service of these gentlemen were ascer- 
 tained by lot by the Board of State Canvassers. 
 Messrs. Walker and Willard were chosen for the 
 term of two years, but by re-election served, the 
 former until 1882, the latter until 1874. Messrs. 
 Gilbert and Joslin were chosen for four years; 
 Mr. Gilbert was re-elected in 1867 and served until 
 1876, and Mr. Joslin was succeeded by Mr. H. A. 
 Burt, the first alumnus of the University to serve 
 on the Board of Regents. Messrs. Knight and 
 Johnson were chosen for six years; Mr. Knight 
 died in 18(57, and was succeeded by Professor J. M. 
 B. Hill, whose service closed with Mr. Johnson's in 
 1861). Mr. Sweetzer died in 1864, and Dr. C. M. 
 Stockwell was appointed in his place. Dr. Stock- 
 well and Mr. Sw r eezey were regents for the full 
 term of eight years. 
 
 At the first meeting of the Board, January 1st, 
 1864, memorials were presented from the students 
 of the University, asking for the restoration of Dr. 
 Tappan, and from other students asking for the 
 retention of Dr. Haven. The Board replied by 
 the resolution : 
 
 " That in the opinion of this J>oard it is not consistent 
 with the government of a literary institution or with the 
 L 
 
HISTOUY or TIH-: 
 
 best interests of the students, that petitions should !>< 
 entertained by this Board from the students, in regard to 
 the government of the University, or the appoint men! or 
 dismissal of professors or officers." 
 
 Tho llegents at that time adjourned for one 
 month, without taking any further action in the 
 matter. 
 
 Dr. Haven has briefly described the state of 
 afl'airs during the fall of 1863: 
 
 k Arrived at Ann Arbor, I found the troubles had not 
 been magnified; I could not obtain possession of the pres- 
 ident's house for weeks, though it was vacant. Many ot 
 the citizens would not even greet me personally. It was 
 soon rumored that I was intemperate, and all kinds ol 
 slanders were hinted at. The newspapers opposed had 
 much more to say than those favorable, and during the 
 vacation it seemed that when the University opened again 
 it would be stormy weather. I took occasion, however, 
 to hint to the respectable citizens who were interested in 
 business prosperity that it would be well to secure har- 
 mony and stability if they wished their city to prosper: 
 that I did not intend to stay without a re-election by the 
 new Board of Regents, which would convene in six 
 months, and that unless present difficulties were con- 
 trolled there would be anarchy. At the opening of tin- 
 year a larger number of students convened than ever 
 before; the strangers were not ill-disposed, and in a lew 
 days there were two parties. Our first exercise was read- 
 ing the Scriptures and prayer, which, to me, was not 
 merely formal; nor for the first time there performed in 
 public. 1 was relying habitually on the strength granted 
 in answer to prayer. I improved the calmness of the 
 moment to put before the students my view of the facts 
 and of their duty. I repeated to them my purpose to 
 maintain order at any expense, if possible, for six months, 
 and then to resign the authority into the hands of the new 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 167 
 
 Board. I eulogized their late president, and asked them 
 to share with me the responsibility of saving 1 the institu- 
 tion from trouble. 7 '* 
 
 There was trouble and disturbance, but by tact 
 and firmness and prudence Dr. Haven siicceeded 
 in maintaining a very respectable authority. Mean- 
 while preparations were making for influencing 
 the new Board when it should meet in February. 
 
 Dr. Tappan, who had gone to Berlin, prepared a 
 " Statement," which he supported by documents 
 both written and printed. His friends in Detroit 
 held a meeting, prepared an address and appointed 
 Dr. Duffield and Bishop McCloskey to present it 
 to the Board. 
 
 To Dr. Haven, the course of succeeding events 
 seemed providential; certainly they were most 
 favorable to himself. The Board met 011 the six- 
 teenth of February. In the afternoon of that day 
 was to occur the funeral of a citizen of Ann Arbor 
 who had been prominent in the advocacy of Dr. 
 Tappan' s claims. Mr. Knight, the one member of 
 the Board who was known to be strongly in favor 
 of the restoration of Dr. Tappan, moved that the 
 Board attend the funeral. This was done and the 
 hearing of petitions was postponed until evening. 
 It happened that neither Dr. Duffield nor Bishop 
 McCloskey could remain to the evening session, 
 and thus was lost the influence which their presence 
 and urgency might have had. The secretary of the 
 Board was unable to decipher the address, and, it 
 was given to Dr. Haven, "as an old editor," to 
 
 !: Dr. Haven's Autobiography, page 143. 
 
HISTORY OF TffK 
 
 read. He followed the address of others by 
 of his own. offering to the Board his resignation. 
 The coolness of his bearing throughout the whole 
 of this trying period had a sensible effect upon 
 some members of the Board. A committee was 
 appointed to consider the memorials, and, on Febru- 
 ary 18th, it reported against granting the request 
 of the memorialists. The report was adopted bv 
 the Board. 
 
 Most of the members of this Board were friendly 
 to Dr. Tappan, and would, it is quite likely, have 
 restored him to office had it not been at the expense 
 of a second upheaval, and ono probably more de- 
 structive than the first. Dr. Tappan's " Statement " 
 is said to have worked against him ; it was exceed- 
 ingly bitter not only in regard to some of the 
 Eegents, but to some members of the faculty. Had 
 he returned there must have been a new faculty or 
 an inharmonious one. 
 
 Dr. Tappan's connection with the University was 
 surely closed. In 1874 the Board of Regents ] >asse< I 
 the following resolution: 
 
 "Recognizing the distinguished ability of Henry P. 
 Tappan, L. L. D., formerly president of the University, 
 and the valuable services which he rendered to the inter- 
 ests of the University in its early history and to the cause 
 of education in this state, and desiring again to welcome 
 him among us, therefore, 
 
 Resolved, That we do hereby most cordially extend to 
 him an invitation to be present and participate in the 
 exercises of our next commencement." 
 
 Dr. Tappan was prevented by illness from ac- 
 erpting the invitation. In June, 1875, the follow- 
 
UNIVEKSITY OF MICHIGAN. 169 
 
 ing paper was adopted by the Begeiits and placed 
 upon the records: 
 
 The University of Michigan through its Board of lie- 
 gents places upon record : 
 
 First: A sincere regret that circumstances prevented 
 the acceptance by the Rev. Henry P. Tappan of the invi- 
 tation of the Board to be our guest at this commencement, 
 and the hope that the health of himself and family will 
 permit him to be with ns in 1876. 
 
 Second: A full recognition of the great work done by 
 him in organizing and constructing this institution of 
 learning upon the basis from which its present prosperity 
 has grown. 
 
 Third: The regret that any such action should ever 
 have been taken as would indicate a want of gratitude 
 for his eminent services, on the part of the University 
 and the people of the State of Michigan. 
 
 Fourth: A repeal and withdrawal of any censure, ex- 
 press or implied, contained in the resolution which severed 
 his connection with the University." 
 
 Dr. Tappan's advanced age rendered it difficult 
 for him to travel and he never again visited this 
 country. He died in 1881, at the age of seventy- 
 six years. The "Memorial Discourse" delivered 
 by Professor Frieze, in June, 1882, though highly 
 eulogistic, w r ell expresses the memory in which he 
 is held in the place where once he worked and 
 loved to work. 
 
 Having settled the important question of the 
 presidency the Board were ready to take up the 
 more ordinary business of their office. One matter 
 which had been before the Board at various times 
 for many years now became pressing. This was in 
 relation to the "Detroit lots." When the Trustees 
 
170 HISTOIJY OF THE 
 
 of the University of Michigan in Detroit in 1SH7 
 turned over to the Board of Regents the property 
 held by them for the University, they did not give 
 possession of certain lots on Bates street in De- 
 troit, which had been conveyed to them, "their 
 successors and assigns," by the governor and judges 
 of the Territory of Michigan in 1825. The city < >\' 
 Detroit claimed that the title to this tract of land 
 had passed to itself by an act of Congress of Au- 
 gust 29th, 1842, but, by a judgment of the Supreme 
 Court in 1856 the lots were declared to be the pro- 
 perty of the present University of Michigan. They 
 were sold in 1858 to the " Young Men's Society " 
 of Detroit for 821,000. The society found itself 
 unable to take peaceable possession of the property, 
 and soon wished to be released from the contract. 
 A second time the judgment of the court was in 
 favor of the Board of Regents and the contract was 
 declared valid. The Young Men's Society was, 
 however, unable to pay principal or interest, and in 
 February, 1864, presented a memorial to the Board 
 of Regents, asking that the contract be cancelled 
 and the suits pending between the Board and the 
 Society be discontinued. The request was granted 
 and a few months later the property was sold to 
 Messrs. Fan-ami and Sheleyof Detroit for s22j)lo. 
 The money so received was used for building pur- 
 poses; it was resolved, however, in 1864, to set apart 
 annually S2,5()() until the sum should amount to the 
 proceeds of the Detroit lots, that the fund should 
 be known as the " Reserve Fund," and that when 
 it had reached the required amount ( s22,ooo i the 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 171 
 
 interest from it should then and thereafter be ap- 
 plied for the increase of the library. Certain 
 amounts were set aside in accordance with the re- 
 solution till the " reserve fund " amounted to a 
 little over $19,000. From time to time small 
 amounts were borrowed from it for other purposes, 
 and repaid again, but in 1874 and 1875 the whole 
 amount was used to meet the deficits of those years 
 and to pay the balance of the cost of the " Univer- 
 sity Hall " when the legislative appropriation for 
 that purpose had been exhausted. 
 
 The medical building was no longer large enough 
 to accommodate that department. At their first 
 meeting, in January, 1864, the Eegents considered 
 how they might enlarge it. An examination of the 
 finances of the institution showed that it could not 
 be done without incurring debt. An appeal was 
 made to the citizens of Ann Arbor, who responded 
 by a gift of $10,000, raised by a general tax. The 
 cost of the addition was about $20,000. 
 
 In 1865 the city of Ann Arbor offered to the 
 Board $10,000, provided an equal amount was 
 raised elsewhere, for the purpose of removing and 
 rebuilding the observatory upon the University 
 campus. It was Professor Watson's opinion that 
 better foundations could be obtained upon the cam- 
 pus, and that in every way the situation there 
 would be more convenient and the instruments 
 more useful. The removal was determined upon, 
 but the resolution was afterwards reconsidered, and 
 additions and improvements were made to the 
 building already erected. The citizens of Detroit 
 
172 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 contributed 5vJ,000, and an equal amount was ac- 
 cepted from the citizens of Ann Arbor: '<>()<) from 
 the latter amount was spent in improving the roads 
 which lead to the observatory. 
 
 An addition was also needed to the laboratory 
 building, but the condition of the finances did not 
 admit of any expenditures in that direction until in 
 18(>8; at that time an addition, costing about S4.000, 
 was made, enlarging the building so that it would 
 accommodate one hundred and twenty-five stu- 
 dents. 
 
 In 1869 the north-east dwelling house on the 
 college grounds was given to the medical college 
 for a hospital building, and was fitted up for that 
 purpose. 
 
 The additions to the medical, laboratory and ob- 
 servatory buildings were the only building opera- 
 tions undertaken during Dr. Haven's administra- 
 tion, though other buildings were needed and pro- 
 posed. In 18G5 the Society of Alumni proposed to 
 erect a memorial building to the memory of those 
 students and graduates of the University who had 
 fallen in the Civil War. The building was to be 
 used for the anniversary and religious and other 
 public exercises connected with the University. It 
 never became more than a proposition. For ten 
 years preceding the occupation of the present Uni- 
 versity Hall, there was no room on the college 
 grounds large enough to contain the whole body of 
 students. 
 
 Immediately after the close of the Civil War the 
 number of students in the University was greatly 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 178 
 
 increased; a few who had gone into the array while 
 yet they were undergraduate students in the liter- 
 ary department, came back to finish their course; 
 many entered the law and medical departments. 
 For several years the cold of winter did not fail to 
 bring out among the students very many well- worn 
 and dingy blue overcoats. Some, too, came who 
 had worn the gray uniform, and in October, 1868, 
 came the first one of that race for whom the war 
 had gained so much; he entered the knv depart- 
 ment and took his degree in 1871. 
 
 In 1866-67 there w r ere 525 students in the med- 
 ical department, the greatest number in any de- 
 partment during Dr. Haven's time. In the same 
 year there were 395 in the law department. In the 
 literary department the number was 422 in 1868- 
 69, a greater number than in any year before. In 
 1868-64 there were 856 students in all depart- 
 ments, in 1866-67 there were 1,255, and in 1868- 
 69 the number had decreased a little to 1,114. 
 
 The fees paid by students became an important 
 item in the financial estimates. Up to 1865 every 
 student, whether resident or non-resident, paid a 
 matriculation fee of ten dollars, and an annual tax 
 of five dollars. In 1865-66 students non-resident 
 of the State were charged a matriculation fee of 
 twenty dollars, and in 1866-67 the matriculation 
 fee for non-residents was raised to twenty-five dol- 
 lars, and the annual tax for all students was raised 
 to ten dollars. 
 
 The expenses of the University were increased 
 with every year. The amount paid in salaries was 
 
174 HISTOKY OF THE 
 
 increased from about $81,500 in 18(54 to s4l,.~>00 in 
 1869, and to $53,700 in 1870. 
 
 Until 1808-'69 the salary of a full professor 
 remained fixed at 1,500, though in 1860 -07 and in 
 1867-68 fifteen per cent, was added to it by a reso- 
 lution adopted each year and limited to that year. 
 In 1868-09 the salaries of those professors, who 
 had been connected with the University for four- 
 teen years, was raised to 2,000; Professors Wil- 
 liams, Douglas, Frieze and Winchell were the only 
 ones entitled to the higher salary. In April 1809. 
 a new arrangement of all salaries was made, to take 
 effect in 1869-70. The president's salary was 
 fixed at 3,000 and the use of a house; a full pro- 
 fessor in the literary department was given siOOO, 
 and an assistant professor 1,300. The librarian 
 received 2,000 and an acting professor 1,500. 
 The salary of a medical or law professor was fixed 
 at sl ,300. 
 
 At this time (1868-69) there were eleven full 
 professors in the literary department. There were 
 Professors Williams and Douglas who had served 
 for nearly thirty years ; Professors Winchell, Frieze 
 and Wood, who received their chairs during Dr. 
 Tappan's administration, and also Professor Edwan 1 
 P. Evans, who was made Professor of Modern Lan- 
 guages upon the death of Professor Fasquelle in 
 October 1862; Professors Watson and Olney, whosr 
 appointments followed upon Dr. Tappan's removal 
 Besides these there were some new faces, and sonic 
 familiar ones were missed. Professor A. 1). White 
 withdrew from the University in 1867, and Mr. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 175 
 
 Charles K. Adams, who had been Assistant Profes- 
 sor of History since 1865, was given the chair of 
 History. Mr. M. L. D'Ooge was appointed Assist- 
 ant Professor of the Ancient Languages in 1867, 
 and Acting Professor of Greek in 1868, upon the 
 resignation of Professor Boise, at which time, also, 
 Mr. E. L. Walter became Assistant Professor of the 
 Ancient Languages. Mr. A. K. Spence AV as Assist- 
 ant Professor of Modern Languages from 1865 to 
 1867, and then was made Professor of the French 
 Language and Literature, while Professor Evans' 
 title was changed to Professor of the German Lan- 
 guage and Literature. Professor Chapin received 
 leave of absence for the year of 1867 -'68, and 
 resigned his chair before the beginning of the next 
 college year. The duties of his professorship were 
 assumed by Dr. Haven, and in September 1867, 
 Mr. Moses Coit Tyler was appointed Professor of 
 the English Language and Literature. 
 
 In the medical and law departments, also, there 
 were changes. Dr. Gunn, who had been connected 
 with the medical college since its opening resigned 
 in 1867, and Dr. Armor resigned in 1868. Dr. 
 William W. Greene was Professor of Surgery in 
 1867-68, and Dr. Henry F. Lyster was Lecturer on 
 Surgery in 1868 -'69 Dr. Henry S. Cheever was 
 appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy and Curator of 
 the Medical Museum in 1867, and Lecturer on Ther- 
 apeutics and Materia Medica in 1868 upon the res- 
 ignation of Dr. Armor. Dr. George E. Frothing- 
 ham was Prosector of Surgery and assistant Demon- 
 strator of Anatomy in 1867-68, and Demonstrator 
 
HISTORY OF THE 
 
 of Anatomy and Curator of the Medical Museum 
 in 18(iS -W. 
 
 In the law department a ne\v chair called the 
 "FJ etcher Professorship, 1 ' was established in lS(i(i. 
 It was named in lionor of Judge Fletcher, of I Jos- 
 ton, who, in that year, gave to the department his 
 law library, consisting of about eight hundred vol- 
 umes. Mr. Ashley Pond, of Detroit, filled the 
 chair for one year and was then succeeded bv Mr. 
 Charles A. Kent. 
 
 Dr. A. B. Prescott became connected with the 
 University in 1866 as Assistant Professor of Chem- 
 istry and Lecturer on Organic Chemistry and Met- 
 allurgy, and Dr. P. B. Rose in 1868 as Assistant 
 Professor of Chemistry. 
 
 It is impossible by any statement or schedules 
 to give an adequate notion of the work done, its 
 growth and development, in the different depart- 
 ments of the University. Something may be said 
 to indicate the continued broadening and enlarging 
 of the courses of study. It should be understood, 
 however, that there has been a vast amount of work 
 done, both by teacher and pupil, which has not 
 been and cannot be "required" work, which cannot 
 be estimated, and to which the student is urged by 
 an enthusiasm and a subtle, indescribable influence 
 w^liich lingers around the halls of a university. 
 Schedules of study cannot show the methods of 
 work, nor the spirit in which it is done; that is 
 something which it is necessary to see in order to 
 justly comprehend. 
 
 Professor Olney signalized his appearance in the 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 177 
 
 faculty by immediately effecting the raising of the 
 standard of qualification in mathematics for admis- 
 sion, adding Quadratic Equations to the studies re- 
 quired for admission to the classical course, and tho 
 fourth hook of Davies' Legendre's Geometry to 
 those required for admission to the scientific course. 
 In 18(37-68 an examination was required in the first, 
 third and fourth books of Davies' Legendre's Ge- 
 ometry for admission to the classical course, and the 
 first four books were required the following year. 
 
 At Dr. Haven's suggestion, after 1863 none were 
 admitted to the " optional course " who were not 
 able to pass the examinations required for admis- 
 sion to either the classical or scientific course. 
 Otherwise the requirements for admission were not 
 changed during Dr. Haven's administration. 
 
 There was little change in the courses pursued 
 in the departments of Latin and Greek. In Latin, 
 Quintilian was substituted for Cicero as an author 
 to be read in the junior year. In Greek, the trage- 
 dies were dropped in 1863-64, and again given a 
 place in the course in 1868-69; in the interim the 
 authors read were Xenophoii, Homer, Thucydides 
 and Plato. 
 
 A great change was in the department of Ehe- 
 toric and English Literature. In 1865-66 Mr. Al- 
 len J. Curtis was Assistant Professor of Rhetoric 
 and English Literature, and in 1867-68 Professor 
 Tyler commenced his work in that department. In 
 1868-69 the history of the language was taught by 
 lectures; the study of the literature was pursued by 
 lectures and recitations, and all the classes were 
 
ITS HISTORY' OF THI. 
 
 exercised in composition and speaking. Freshman 
 exhibitions, consisting of declamations and recitals, 
 wore inaugurated in May, 1869, the participants 
 being chosen by the faculty. Sophomore exhibi- 
 tions had their origin in 18(>8, and they were three 
 in number for each year, the orators being volun- 
 teers. The time honored Junior Exhibition was 
 still in existence. These were considered access* >ry 
 to the rhetorical exercises of the college course. 
 The members of the senior class prepared them- 
 selves for their final exhibition by delivering, each 
 in his turn, an original speech on Saturday in chapel 
 before the assembled students. 
 
 Dr. Haven was appointed Professor of Logic and 
 Political Economy at the time when Mr. Curtis 
 took the work in Rhetoric and English Literature; 
 upon the resignation of Professor Chapin, in 1S6S. 
 it also fell to Dr. Haven's lot to give instruction in 
 Moral and Mental Philosophy. No very extensive 
 work could be done in either of these departments 
 under such circumstances. 
 
 The "School of Mines" was established in LS(M, 
 and the degree of Mining Engineer was conferred 
 at the commencements from 1868 to 1871. A course 
 in Mechanical Engineering was offered in the cata- 
 logue of 1868-69, but the facilities for such a course 
 were very meagre and there were no students and 
 no graduates in that department. 
 
 In 1867 a Latin and scientific course was organ- 
 ized, in which the modern languages were substi- 
 tuted for Greek; otherwise the course was the same 
 as the classical. The degree of Bachelor of Phi- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 179 
 
 losophy which was given to students who completed 
 the Latin and scientific course was conferred for 
 the first time in 1870. 
 
 A course in Pharmacy was drawn up in 1868 and 
 the degree of Pharmaceutical Chemist was con- 
 ferred in 1869, although the School of Pharmacy 
 as an independent department of the University 
 was not organized till in 1876. 
 
 No honorary degrees were conferred by the Uni- 
 versity till 1866. In that year the Board passed 
 the resolution: 
 
 "That this Board see no sufficient reason for the Uni- 
 versity of Michigan continuing: hereafter to be an excep- 
 tion to the institutions of learning of our country, by 
 refusing to confer honorary degrees however worthy the 
 recipient, or desirable the action may appear in the par- 
 ticular instance." 
 
 They then conferred the honorary degree of 
 Master of Arts upon the Hon. Witter J. Baxter, 
 and the degree of Doctor of Laws upon the Hon. 
 James Y. Campbell. The University has conferred 
 thirty -five honorary degrees up to and including the 
 year 1883, of which sixteen were L. L. D., five Ph. 
 D., ten M. A., one M. 8., two M. D., one D. D. S. 
 
 Mr. Datus C. Brooks was Mr. Tappan's successor 
 in the office of librarian; he served for one year 
 and was, in his turn, succeeded by Professor 
 Andrew Ten Brook in September, 1864 Mr. Ten 
 Brook entered with some vigor upon the duties of 
 his position, made some changes which were advan- 
 tageous to readers in the library, and inaugurated a 
 more perfect system of library administration than 
 
180 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 had been in use before. Previous to his time there 
 had been exhibited in the library management a 
 wonderful confidence in the uprightness and care- 
 taking qualities of human nature, and a delicate 
 disregard of all restraint in ordering books or in 
 loaning them, and an entire neglect of orderly bus- 
 iness habits. This was partly, perhaps largely due, 
 to a lack of proper assistance; assistants were 
 engaged for short and irregular periods from among 
 the undergraduate students, and were employed 
 simply in giving out books as they were called for. 
 In 180(), at Mr. Ten Brook's earnest request .Mr. 
 Edwin D. Kelly was appointed a regular assistant 
 in the library; in the following year Mr. \V. J. 
 ( 1 oeker occupied that position, and in 1SOS, Mr. 
 Raymond C. Davis was appointed assistant librari- 
 an. To the able, indefatigable, and enthusiastic 
 efforts of Mr. Davis is the ['Diversity greatly 
 indebted for the efficiency of its library since 1SOS. 
 Immediately upon the completion of the law 
 building in LSf>8 the library was moved into a large 
 room on the first floor. By a count made by Mr. 
 Ten Brook in June, 18(>5, there were found to be 
 lo,5 ; ~>l volumes stowed away in the wall cases of 
 this room. New shelving was then the thing most 
 needed; indeed it would be hard to find a period of 
 one whole year between 1865 and l<SS:-> when new 
 shelving was not needed. It has ever been impos- 
 sible to impress upon the authorities of the I ni- 
 versity that there would be economy of time and 
 space, and labor, and money, and patience, in sup- 
 plying its library at one time with an amount of 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 181 
 
 shelving sufficient for at least fifteen or twenty 
 years. Throughout Mr. Ten Brook's administra- 
 tion and until 1883, cases of all sorts and sizes were 
 crowded into one room, giving rise to a shelf 
 nomenclature which puzzled all who had not been 
 present during the evolution of it. About $1,500 a 
 year, including the amount appropriated for period- 
 icals and for binding, was spent upon additions to 
 the library between 1863 and 1869; it was estimated 
 in 1869 that there were about 17,000 volumes in the 
 library. With only $1,500 a year, $500 of which at 
 least was spent for periodicals and binding, and at 
 a time when the rate of exchange was so high as to 
 lead the President of the University to make the 
 remarkable recommendation that only American 
 books should be bought, the purchase of new books 
 and the care of them when they were received 
 could not have cost much labor; but such as it was, 
 it was reduced to a satisfactory and reliable system 
 by Mr. Ten Brook and his assistants. The work 
 which made this period especially noteworthy was 
 the making of a card catalogue, consisting of an 
 author's catalogue, and a subject catalogue or 
 index. In the latter were indexed not alone the 
 subjects treated at length in volumes, but the sub- 
 jects of articles in magazines and in volumes of 
 essays, after the manner of Poole's Index. Poole's 
 Index was the guide, and was copied, mistakes and 
 all, where the periodicals indexed were in the 
 library of the University. When this catalogue 
 was commenced it was designed to print it, but it 
 
 was afterward rewritten upon cards thicker than 
 M 
 
182 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 the ones first used, and the design of printing it 
 was abandoned. The work was done at first by 
 young men employed for that purpose alone, mid 
 afterward by the regular library assistants. About 
 1872 the catalogue was complete up to date. 
 
 In 1867 a Reading Boom was established; the 
 Students' Lecture Association provided the papers 
 and magazines, the University fitted up the library 
 room with tables and racks, and the librarian 
 assumed the care. From 200 to $250 a year was 
 spent in this manner by the association. 
 
 The library was open eight and a half hours a 
 day, with the exception of Sundays, Mondays and 
 Fridays. On Sunday it was never open, on Mon- 
 day it was closed in the afternoon, and on Friday 
 in the evening. It became more and more a place 
 of resort, especially after 1868 when " elegant arm 
 chairs " were substituted for stools. 
 
 The botanical collection in the museum received 
 an important addition in 1864 by the gift of the 
 " Houghton Herbarium " from Mrs. R. R. Richards 
 of Detroit. It was a collection of dried plants pre- 
 pared by Dr. Douglas Houghton, and consisting of 
 twenty-eight cases or volumes. In 1866 Dr. Sager 
 placed in the museum an herbarium consisting of 
 5,000 specimens collected by himself, and in 1868 
 Mrs. Ames of Niles presented to the University a 
 collection of 22,500 specimens of plants made by 
 her husband, Dr. George L. Ames. 
 
 In 1864, Dr. Carl Rominger, who was for a short 
 time assistant curator of the museum, placed in the 
 cases of the University his cabinet of European 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 183 
 
 fossils, containing 6,000 specimens. This collection 
 was purchased by the University in 1869 for 
 $1,500. 
 
 In 1867 a party, under the direction of Professor 
 Winchell, visited the Lake Superior region. The 
 greater part of the collections made by them were 
 given to the University. There were specimens 
 from the iron region of Marquette, from the Por- 
 tage Lake copper region and the Ontonagon copper 
 region. 
 
 No other large collections were secured, though 
 small gifts to this department were of frequent oc- 
 currence. 
 
 The medical museum gained permanently by pur- 
 chase the collections which had been deposited in 
 it by Drs. Ford and Sager. Dr. Ford was also paid 
 $100 yearly rent for the use of his collection up to 
 the time of its purchase. 
 
 During Dr. Haven's administration became very 
 determined the struggle for the appointment of a 
 Homoeopathic Professor to a chair in the medical 
 college. As early as 1852 there had been petitions 
 from citizens of the State asking for such an ap- 
 pointment. In 1853 the matter was brought up in 
 the legislature, and was, for that session, silenced 
 by the unfavorable report of the committee ap- 
 pointed to consider it. Three reasons were given 
 for the adverse report; the funds of the University 
 were insufficient for its needs, as already established; 
 the science of medicine, and no " pathy " should 
 be taught in a state medical college; and it was a 
 serious question whether the legislature had a right 
 
184 HISTORY Otf THE 
 
 to dictate to the Board of Begents in ivgard to the 
 establishment of professorships. 
 
 These objections were overruled in the session of 
 1855, and one section of the statute of lsr>l \\ns 
 amended, so that it read as follows: 
 
 "The Regents shall have power to enact ordinances, 
 by-laws and regulations for the government of the Uni 
 versity ; to elect a president; to fix, increase and diminish 
 the number of professors and tutors, and to appoint the 
 same and to determine the amount of their salaries: 
 
 Provided, That there shall always be one professor of 
 Homoeopathy in the department of medicine." 
 
 A committee was appointed by the Board of Re- 
 gents, who endeavored to learn by correspondence 
 with other institutions whether the two medical 
 systems could be taught with advantage in one in- 
 stitution; probably the more important business of 
 the committee was to gain time, and delay action. 
 This non-committing correspondence enabled the 
 Board in 1856 to make the plea that it had mani- 
 fested no disposition to evade the law. An attempt 
 was made by Elijah Drake to obtain a peremptory 
 mandamus compelling the establishment of a chair 
 of Homoeopathy, and the court held that there was 
 no need for such action. The application was over- 
 ruled for the reason, also, that it should have been 
 made by the Attorney General, and not by a private 
 individual. 
 
 Here the matter rested for a number of years. 
 the Board, at length, refusing to acknowledge the 
 right of the legislature to dictate their course. 
 Meanwhile the university fund had nearly reached 
 its limit of growth, while the expense of carrying 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 185 
 
 on the work of the institution was growing with 
 each year. It was felt that the University must go 
 back in its course, or the State must come to the 
 rescue. President Haven visited the legislature at 
 its session of 1866-67, and found among the mem- 
 bers a disposition to grant aid. A bill was framed 
 and passed in the House laying a tax of one-twen- 
 tieth of a mill on a dollar on the taxable property 
 of the State, for the benefit of the University; the 
 Senate passed the bill with an amendment provid- 
 ing for the appointment of a homoeopathic pro- 
 fessor. 
 
 Could the Regents have accepted the gift with 
 its condition, it would have added about $16,000 a 
 year to the income at their disposal. Such a course 
 would, however, have been followed by the resigna- 
 tion of all the members of the medical faculty, and 
 was regarded by the Board as a dangerous experi- 
 ment. Dr. Haven who was not personally opposed 
 to Homoeopathy, still regarded it as unwise to take 
 the conditional gift; in part because he feared the 
 dangerous practice, initiated by this measure, of 
 dividing between legislature and Regents the re- 
 sponsibility of establishing courses of study, and in 
 part because, in his own words, " We do not want 
 in a university, professors of special ideas and 
 theories, who believe that their special ideas and 
 theories embrace all truth in their respective 
 schools, and that all outside of their special ideas 
 and theories is false. Once establish the prece- 
 dent that every party in the world shall be recog- 
 nized by name, and have a professor bearing its 
 
186 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 l>(trfif*(in mime, and irreparable injury is done to 
 the University." 
 
 To the Board of Keovnts the chief objection was 
 that the establishment of a chair of Homeopathy 
 in connection with the medical college would en- 
 tirely disorganize that department. 
 
 In March, 1868, an attempt was made to comply 
 with the condition by establishing a school of 
 Homoeopathy outside of Ann Arbor. The follow- 
 ing resolutions were passed: 
 
 Resolved, That the Board of Regents accepts the aid 
 proffered by the legislature of Michigan, by the act ait- 
 proved March 15, 1867, with the terms and conditions 
 thereof, 
 
 Resolved, That in order to comply with the conditions 
 imposed by said act, there be organized in the Department 
 of Medicine a School, to be called the " Michigan School of 
 Homoeopathy," to be located at such place (suitable in the 
 opinion of the Board of Regents), other than Ann Arbor, 
 in the State of Michigan, as shall pledge to the Board of 
 Regents, by June 20, next, the greatest amount for the 
 buildings and endowment of said school. 
 
 Resolved, That two professors be appointed for said 
 school, one at this time, and another prior to the opening 
 of said school, and others as may be necessary. 
 
 Resolved. That the sum of #3,000 be appropriated, be- 
 sides the salary of the professors, out of the state tax, M 
 donated to the University, to be expended in establishing 
 said school of Homoeopathy. 
 
 Resolved, That Dr. Charles J. Hempel be appointed 
 Professor of the Theory and Practice of Homoeopathic 
 Medicine in the Michigan School of Homeopathy, at the 
 salary of $1,000 per annum from this date, to be paid out 
 of said fund so donated." 
 
 These resolutions were declared by the Supreme 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 187 
 
 Court to be not in compliance with the provisions 
 of the act of 1867, which directed that the profes- 
 sorship should be " in the department of medicine 
 of the University," and at Ann Arbor. 
 
 The Supreme Court has never given a unanimous 
 opinion upon the question whether a department 
 of the University can be established away from 
 Ann Arbor; Judges Christiancy and Graves answer, 
 No; Judge Campbell answers, Yes; and Judge 
 Cooley gives no opinion. 
 
 The Regents considered that the decision in the 
 one case, and the opinions of two of the judges in 
 the other, justified them in refusing to pay the 
 salary which Dr. Hempel claimed within a year of 
 his appointment. 
 
 President Haven again visited the legislature, at 
 its session of 1868-69, and petitioned for release 
 from the condition of the grant. His effort was 
 successful, and a bill was passed providing for an 
 appropriation, for the aid of the University, of 
 $15,000 for the year 1869, and for each year there- 
 after; and also providing that the fund which had 
 accumulated under the provisions of the act of 
 1867, should be given over to the treasurer of the 
 Board. 
 
 By this measure w r as the financial embarrassment 
 of the University relieved; by it, also, was post- 
 poned the necessity of an immediate decision of 
 the Homoeopathic question, though still a law 
 remained requiring the appointment of one Profes- 
 sor of Homoeopathy. 
 
 More important than all else was the practical 
 
188 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 recognition by the legislature of the principal of 
 state aid for the University. That the people of 
 Michigan would be willing to contribute somewhat 
 to the support of its highest institution of learning 
 was up to this time a thing hoped for; henceforth 
 it was to be a patent and reliable fact. 
 
 The higher education of woman was a subject 
 which quite early engaged the attention of the 
 educators of Michigan. The old laws in regard to 
 the branches provided that there should be a 
 female department connected with each branch. 
 After the Regents had ceased to make appropria- 
 tions for the branches, Dr. Pitcher still proposed 
 (1849) that a preparatory school be maintained, 
 from the University fund, at Ann Arbor, for the 
 express purpose of offering something more than an 
 elementary education to girls. The proposition 
 was not carried out, nor did the memorials, in 
 regard to establishing a State school for the higher 
 education of women, which found their way to the 
 legislature from time to time, meet with any success. 
 
 As early as 1850, it is recorded in the record, 
 kept by the faculty of their meetings that "an 
 application was received from a young lady for the 
 privileges of the University so far as to be per- 
 mitted an examination on all the studies, and, if 
 passed, to receive the customary degrees." The 
 request was referred to Professor Whedon, and 
 there is no record that it was granted. 
 
 In 1855 Dr. Haven, then a professor in the Uni- 
 versity, at a State Educational Convention at Ann 
 Arbor, advocated the opening of the University to 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 189 
 
 women. In his autobiography (p. 110) he says: 
 " So far as I know the subject had not been sug- 
 gested before. It was considered wild and insane. 
 Not a member of either faculty approved it, but 
 usually it was regarded as rather a dangerous joke 
 on my part." The matter was well canvassed in the 
 journals of the State; the editorial articles were 
 usually conservative, but letters were often pub- 
 lished from advocates of co-education. 
 
 In March, 1858, Miss Sarah E. Burger announced 
 to the Board of liegents that a class of twelve 
 young ladies would apply in June for admission to 
 the University; three, at least, did so. Decision 
 was postponed until September, when a lengthy re- 
 port adverse to the admission of women, was made 
 by Regents Mclntyre, Parsons and Baxter. This 
 report is able and fair. It is interesting to notice 
 that there is no question of health involved. It is 
 acknowledged ungrudgingly that women should be 
 granted by the State the means of gaining a uni- 
 versity education. The objection was to co-educa- 
 tion, and the association together of young boys 
 and girls, unrestrained by parental influence. It 
 was a new question; there was no precedent for 
 action; it was wise to hesitate and delay. That 
 fathers and brothers had a care for the womanly 
 character and maiden modesty of daughters and 
 sisters must command the gratitude of every 
 woman, even though it rendered injustice and in- 
 convenience to some and for a time. 
 
 The committee of the Board consulted many 
 eminent educators, 
 
HISTOHY OF THE 
 
 President Hopkins of Williams Collect* was in 
 favor of trying the experiment. Dr. Nott, of I'M ion 
 College, was undecided, and. though lie would not 
 Avisli to make such an innovation on his own re- 
 sponsibility, was yet evidently willing that sonic 
 institution should l>e compelled by public opinion 
 to undertake it. President Walker, of Harvard, 
 and President AVoolsey, of Yale, were decidedly 
 < >pposed to co-education. Horace Mann, President 
 of Antioch College, and 0. G. Finney, President of 
 Oberlin College, were both in favor of the joint 
 education of the sexes, but under such restrictions 
 and surveillance as could not possibly be practiced 
 in Ann Arbor. President Tappan and the entire 
 faculty of the University of Michigan were op- 
 posed to it. 
 
 In September, 1858, the Regents adopted the 
 resolution : 
 
 " That to adapt the University to the education of both 
 sexes would require such a revolution in the management 
 and conduct of the institution, that we think it wiser, 
 under all circumstances, both in respect to the interests 
 of the University and the interests of the young ladies, 
 that their application should not be granted, and that at 
 present it is inexpedient to introduce this change into the 
 institution." 
 
 In the following year application was made a 
 second time and again refused. The subject con- 
 tinued to exist in newspaper controversy, but did 
 not again come up before the Board of Regents till 
 in 1867. At that time the legislature of the State 
 urged the opening of the institution to women. 
 The Board were not yet ready to do so, and Presi- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 191 
 
 dent Haven was now decidedly opposed to it. His 
 language is unqualified. " I am confident," said he, 
 "that such a change could not be made without a 
 radical revolution, that would require a large ex- 
 penditure of money and give a totally new character 
 to the University, and infallibly be attended by a 
 temporary breaking up of its prosperity and suc- 
 cess."* Urged, however, by the resolution of the 
 legislature and by what he took to be the opinion 
 of a majority of the people of the State, he again 
 reviewed the subject and in his report for 1868 
 somewhat mildly recommended the admission. 
 
 In 1869 the legislature noticed the matter by the 
 following resolution: 
 
 " WHEREAS, The legislature of 1807 declared as its de- 
 liberate opinion that the high objects for which the Uni- 
 versity of Michigan was organized, will never be fully at- 
 tained until women are admitted to all its rights and 
 privileges; and 
 
 WHEREAS, There is a general and growing feeling 
 throughout the state in favor of furnishing to the young 
 women of the state all the advantages for education 
 furnished to young men: and 
 
 WHEREAS, The President of the University declares as 
 his belief that the best method for Michigan, in further- 
 ance of this object, would be to make provision for the in- 
 struction of women at the University on the same condi- 
 tions as men; therefore be it 
 
 " Resolved, That the Board of liegents be requested to 
 take such action as may be necessary to carry into effect 
 this recommendation of the President of the University, 
 as soon as practicable, without prejudice to the best inter- 
 ests of the same." 
 
 *President's Report, 1867. 
 
192 HISTORY OF TIIK 
 
 In April, 1869, Regent Willard presented a reso- 
 lution, " That in the opinion of the Board no rule 
 exists in any of the University statutes which ex- 
 cludes women from admission to the University." 
 
 The resolution was laid upon the table and re- 
 mained there till the period treated of in the fol- 
 lowing chapter. 
 
 At the first meeting of the Board which came 
 into office in 1864 a committee was appointed to ex- 
 amine and revise the rules of the Board and of the 
 University; the committee submitted the matter to 
 the University senate and adopted its recommen- 
 dations. It was not greatly changed from the code 
 of 1861. A better arrangement and classification 
 of the laws was made, some infelicities of expres- 
 sion were removed, and a few sections were added. 
 The steward was required to have an office on the 
 University grounds and devote his whole time to 
 the duties of his office. The term of the academic 
 department was changed so that the college year 
 began on the third Wednesday in September. 
 
 One section provided that " No motion or reso- 
 lution to change the course of study in any depart- 
 ment shall be put upon its passage until it has first 
 been referred to the proper faculty for their report 
 thereon." One forbade the presentation of peti- 
 tions from students in regard to the government of 
 the University, and another forbade the invitation 
 by the students of lecturers before having obtained 
 the permission of the president. 
 
 In 1867, another section was added: 
 
 "Concerted absence from any appointed duty, by a 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 193 
 
 class, oi 4 any number of students together, will be re- 
 garded as a great violation of good order, and will be fol- 
 lowed by suspension or dismission at the discretion of the 
 faculty." 
 
 This regulation was prompted by the increasing 
 habit of " bolting," an act which in this later day 
 has become individual, but was then regarded as 
 more innocent and safe if executed by a large 
 number. 
 
 A few changes also were made in those regula- 
 tions and customs over which the academic faculty 
 had entire control. In 1863 it became the custom 
 to " call the roll " at chapel on Monday morning, 
 and to require each student to report the number 
 of his absences, if any, during the week past; if 
 any student were absent on Monday morning and 
 failed to report to the proper officer before evening, 
 he received seven marks. In 1867 those professors 
 who had recitations at half -past nine on Monday 
 mornings called the roll for the attendance at 
 chapel, and that ceremony was abandoned in chapel. 
 In the same year chapel prayers on Sunday morn- 
 ings were abolished. 
 
 In 1865 a new bell called to morning prayers; it 
 was broken in 1870, and still another procured. 
 
 Dr. Haven continued the practice which had been 
 Dr. Tappan's, of delivering an address to the stu- 
 dents on Sunday afternoons. His discourses were 
 so popular among the citizens as well as among the 
 students that, by invitation, they were delivered in 
 one of the churches. One series delivered was pub- 
 lished in book form called "The Pillars of Truth;" 
 
194 HISTORY OF 1 HI 
 
 others were published in one of the city papers. 
 
 These were the days of much speaking among 
 the students. There were the junior, sophomore 
 mid freshman exhibitions, the annual debate be- 
 tweeii chosen members of Alpha Nu and Adelphi, 
 the "Webster Public" and the " Jeffersonian Pub- 
 lic." In 1868, the Alpha Nu society, and also tin* 
 Adelphi, had a series of "Prize Contests" between 
 their own members, debates for the sophomores 
 and juniors, and orations for the seniors; a first and 
 second prize was awarded at each exhibition by the 
 judges who were chosen from citizens or from the 
 members of the faculty. A great interest was taken 
 in these exhibitions by citizens and students, and 
 wherever they were held, the house was filled. 
 
 About 1865 sprang up a multitude of debating 
 clubs, which sustained for several years the weight 
 of names like " Homotrapezoi," "Philomathean," 
 " Philozetian," "Panarmonian," " Philologoi ;" oth- 
 ers were called the "Prescott Club," the "Jay 
 Club," etc., etc. In the law department there wore 
 the "Douglas Society," the "Clay Society," the 
 "Lincoln Society," and the "Independent." 
 
 In 1865 was established in the literary depart- 
 ment the " Independent Organization; " its members 
 belonged to no secret society; indeed, they regarded 
 the Greek letter societies as an active evil, and 
 proposed, by organization to oppose to them an 
 active good. They published annually "The Cas- 
 talia," a pamphlet bearing considerable resemblance 
 to the Palladium; its first number was issued in 
 1865-66, its last in 186<)-70. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 195 
 
 The "Oracle" was published by the sophomores, 
 for the first time in 1866. In 1866, also, was begun 
 a weekly college paper, the " University Chronicle; " 
 and in June, 1867, was published the first number 
 of the "Michigan University Magazine," which 
 was issued monthly during the college year till 
 June, 1869, at which time it was united with the 
 University Chronicle to form the " Chronicle," a 
 semi-monthly which still exists. 
 
 The class of 1868 gave a "Senior Hop" on the 
 evening before Thanksgiving day, establishing a 
 custom which the seniors followed for several years, 
 and then bequeathed to the juniors. "Senior 
 socials" were enjoyed by the classes of 1868, 1869 
 and 1870, whose members were invited by Dr. 
 Haven, Professor Frieze and others of the profes- 
 sors to their houses ; the entertainments were liter- 
 ary and social. To the juniors of the class of 1870, 
 Professor Williams extended an invitation to an 
 evening's entertainment, provided they would not 
 "burn mechanics," a ceremony to which he felt or 
 feigned a great aversion. College colors, maize 
 and blue, were adopted by the students in 1867. 
 Class canes were carried for the first time in the 
 University of Michigan by the class of 1869. 
 
 In 1865 a cricket club was formed and the Regents 
 were requested to prepare a ground for its practice. 
 They appropriated $50 for the purpose, and $100 
 more in 1866 at the request of the base ball club. 
 
 A gymnasium was very much needed, but at no 
 time did the Board of Regents find that the finan- 
 cial condition of the University would warrant them 
 
196 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 in expending money for such a purpose. The class 
 of 1870 in 1868 erected on the campus an "embryo 
 gymnasium," which was diligently used for a year 
 or two. 
 
 Had there been a gymnasium it is possible that 
 some of that exuberance of spirits which led to 
 "rushes" and to midnight raids on sidewalks, might 
 have been spent. "Rushing" was becoming of 
 frequent occurrence in the college halls and on the 
 campus; class spirit was increasing; the "smoking 
 out" of freshmen by sophomores was becoming n 
 custom, but was not yet carried to an extent which 
 called for faculty action. "Bolting "was at that- 
 time the most serious evil, demanding even the 
 attention of the Board of Regents. 
 
 The faculty found it necessary in 1865 to pass 
 the resolution: 
 
 " That in case any officer shall be detained from recita- 
 tion or lecture, his class shall be expected to remain and 
 be liable to roll-call at least five minutes after the ringing 
 of the bell." 
 
 For a short time in 1868 there were a few students 
 who were known among their fellows as the "lower 
 house faculty." They were young men who had 
 reason to suppose that their names would be men- 
 tioned in the faculty meetings, and, in order to gain 
 information before it was given them in an unpleas- 
 ant way, they made holes in the floor of the presi- 
 dent's room, which was then in the law building, 
 gained access to the basement beneath the room 
 and applied themselves to listening. It became 
 known to the faculty after a time that the business 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 197 
 
 of tlieir meetings was finding its way outside through 
 other than legitimate channels and they set a watch 
 in the basement. The watchman, somewhat fright- 
 ened by the weird appearance of things when the 
 young men entered with a dark lantern, gave a 
 shriek that was not entirely meant as a warning to 
 his employers in conclave above. The students 
 made their escape by an open window, all but one, 
 who ran up stairs and turned to run down again, as 
 if to the rescue, He had turned before he was 
 seen by any members of the faculty, yet the suspic- 
 ions of that body were aroused. He was asked 
 where he was when he heard the cry; in replying, 
 he made the distance a little too great as was dis- 
 covered when he attempted to run it, at the request 
 of the Professor of Mathematics, in the time 
 allowed. 
 
 The celebration of Class Day from the time it 
 was introduced by the class of 1862 in their junior 
 year to 1865 was of little moment; each class had 
 some informal class exercises, usually on the camp- 
 us. In 1865 the first genuine Class Day was ob- 
 served by the senior class, at the beginning of the 
 senior vacation in May. The exercises were held 
 in the Presbyterian church. The " presentation " 
 of the class was made, in Greek, by Professor Boise, 
 and President Haven replied in Latin. In 1866 the 
 class was presented by Professor Frieze, and both 
 his address and Dr. Haven's response were in Latin. 
 In 1867 the presentation exercises were in English, 
 The absence of the President prevented the presen- 
 tation of the class of 1868, but otherwise the day 
 
198 HJ&TOBY OF THI 
 
 was observed as usual. I p to this time the exer- 
 cises had all been held in one of the churches. The 
 class of ISO 1 .), however, inaugurated a different pro- 
 gramme. The presentation exercises, the oration 
 and poem were given in the morning at the church. 
 It was designed to hold the afternoon exercises, 
 consisting of the history and prophecy, in the open 
 air, but the rain drove the class and the audience to 
 the law lecture room. After these exercises the 
 class adjourned to a spot in front of the south col- 
 lege, where they had planted a white elm, and wheiv 
 they had deposited, and for several days guarded 
 with great care, the "calico rock," which serves ,-ts 
 the memorial of the class of 186U. 
 
 In 1867 and thereafter there was but one session 
 on Commencement day, and the speakers were se- 
 lected from the members of the class by the faculty.^ 
 Immediately after the Commencement exercises was 
 held for the first time the ." Commencement din- 
 ner," which was at this time provided by the 
 alumni, and was a comparatively uninteresting and 
 insignificant occasion. 
 
 At the June meeting of the Board of Regents. 
 1869, President Haven resigned his office. His 
 resignation was accepted by the Board with great 
 reluctance, and occasioned a regret which was 
 general among the friends of the University. He 
 had worked harmoniously with the Regents and 
 had been supported in his efforts by them. He 
 was politic in his measures and persuasive in man- 
 ner and his influence with the legislature, with the 
 Board of Regents, with the faculty, with students 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 199 
 
 and others was very great. The University had 
 gained in every direction under his leadership. 
 
 He said of himself " God made me restless and 
 too ready to sacrifice present advantages with a 
 prospect of greater good/' He was offered in 1869 
 the presidency of the recently established North- 
 western University, It was under the control of 
 his own church, and he "felt a strong desire to be 
 more intimately at work in a religious institution." 
 He was afterward led to doubt his judgment in 
 leaving the University of Michigan, yet declined 
 the office when it was again offered him in less than 
 a year after his resignation. 
 
200 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 1809-71, PBOFESSOU FHIK/K'S ADMIXIST1! ATK >N. 
 
 At a special meeting of the Board, held in Au- 
 gust, 1869, Professor Henry S. Frieze was appointed 
 Acting President of the University. He remained 
 at the head of the institution two eventful years: 
 his administration was so able and successful, that 
 he was offered the presidency by the committee ?ip- 
 pointed to nominate a successor to Dr. Haven, and 
 would have received the unanimous vote of the 
 Board had he not made it known that he could not 
 accept the position. 
 
 In September, 1869, Dr. B. F. Cocker was ap- 
 pointed Professor of Moral and Mental Philosophy. 
 At the same time Mr. A. H. Pattengill became As- 
 sistant Professor of Greek and French. In 1870 
 Professors Spence and Evans resigned and the 
 chair of Modern Languages was accepted by Mr. 
 George S. Morris; "Instructors" were appointed 
 as assistants in this department, and Mr. Patten- 
 gill's title was changed to Assistant Professor of 
 Greek. Professor D'Ooge received leave of ab- 
 sence for the years 1870-71, and 1871-72, and his 
 chair was filled for those years by Mr. Elisha Jones. 
 Mr. J. B. Davis commenced his work as assistant 
 Professor of Civil Engineering in 1870, and Mr. 
 Beman and Mr. de Pont were instructors in 1871. 
 The position of instructor in the Modern Languages 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 201 
 
 proved an uneasy one, and changes were frequent; 
 Mr. Deloulme was the first instructor in French 
 and was soon succeeded by Mr. Billard, and he by 
 Mr. de Pont. Mr. Maasberg, instructor in Ger- 
 man, remained but a short time; his expostulation, 
 "Mein Gott, poys, sie must nicht at the faculty 
 chalk throw " will long be remembered of him, and 
 serves to show the difficulty of his position. 
 
 In June, 1870, Dr. Douglas' title was changed to 
 Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy and Direc- 
 tor of the Chemical Laboratory, and Dr. Prescott's 
 to Professor of Organic and Applied Chemistry and 
 Pharmacy. 
 
 In the medical department, in 1869-70, Dr. A. B. 
 Crosby was lecturer 011 Surgery and in 1870-71 
 was Professor of Surgery; also in 1870 Dr. Cheever 
 was appointed Professor of Therapeutics and Ma- 
 teria Medica, and Dr. Frothingham lecturer on 
 Ophthalmology. 
 
 In the Board of Regents, Mr. Joseph Estabrook 
 of East Saginaw, and Mr. Jonas H. McGowan, took 
 their seats in January, 1870. 
 
 On the same day (January 5th) Eegent Willard 
 offered the following resolution : 
 
 Resolved, That the Board of Regents recognize the right 
 of every resident of Michigan to the enjoyment of the 
 privileges afforded by the University, and that no rule 
 exists in any of the University statutes for the exclusion 
 of any person from the University who possesses the re- 
 quisite literary and moral qualifications." 
 
 The resolution was adopted, Kegent Walker vot- 
 ing against it. 
 
202 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 Several members of the faculty ami a large body 
 of the students were opposed to the admission of 
 women. The most frequent and most plausible <>l >- 
 jection was that there was not room; the buildings 
 were crowded, and were not fitted for the accomnu >- 
 dation of women. Already, it was said, are the ex- 
 penses of the University greater than its income. 
 There was, however, a reasonable hope that the State 
 would be more liberal in its gifts when this meas- 
 ure which it had urged upon the Board of Regents 
 was adopted. 
 
 On February 2nd, 1870, Miss Madalun L. Stock- 
 well of Kalarnazoo, was admitted to the classical 
 course of the University. It is gratifying that the 
 first woman who entered the institution as a student 
 was fitted in every way to satisfy the expectations 
 of the friends of the new movement, and allay the 
 fears of such as had looked upon it with alarm. 
 Miss Stockwell was the only woman connected with 
 the University till the fall of 1870; at that time 
 eleven entered the literary department, three the 
 department of pharmacy, eighteen the medical de- 
 partment, and two the law department. Of the 
 eleven who entered the literary department, three 
 chose the classical course, five the Latin scientific, 
 one the scientific, and two a select course. Most of 
 them were past the average age of students upon 
 entering, several of them had been teachers, and 
 several were supporting themselves. They were >i 
 trusty band of pioneers; the University contained 
 few better students. 
 
 There was at first in Ann Arbor a decided pn-ju- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 203 
 
 dice against " lady students." Many of the board- 
 ing places were not open to them, and several years 
 passed before the oddity ceased to affect people. 
 
 The presence of women had little or no effect 
 upon their brother students. Indeed it would seem 
 as if the young men were determined to show, by 
 an exaggeration of the traditional rough customs, 
 that the University had not become a " woman's 
 college." The women were welcomed by a small 
 minority, and by most of the students were usually 
 treated with an indifferent courtesy. 
 
 Their presence in. the halls and on the grounds 
 did not, however, prevent the wild conflicts there. 
 Fortunately they were self-reliant women ; they 
 were gaining what they wished; all the courses of 
 instruction were open to them. It was unpleasant 
 to be looked upon as eccentric, but that was a tri- 
 fling matter when compared with the satisfaction 
 arising from each day's achievement. 
 
 In the medical department the course of instruc- 
 tion given to women was entirely separate from 
 that given to men, the medical faculty consenting 
 to do the extra work for an increase of salary of 
 $500 for each professor. 
 
 The first woman who received a degree from the 
 University was Miss Amanda Sanford who took 
 the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1871. 
 
 While the State was still struggling with its own 
 indebtedness, it could grant little aid to its Uni- 
 versity. Up to the year 1871 the institution had re- 
 ceived from the State not much more than its con- 
 stitution and laws. The cancelling of the $100,000 
 
204 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 debt was a generous as well as a just art ion, 
 considering the financial embarrassment of thr 
 time. But since that time the State had had a 
 career of remarkable prosperity, and \vasin 1ST 1 
 exceedingly well-to-do. She could well afford to 
 give to the University an assistance to which it had 
 just claims and large ones. 
 
 In January, 1871, the Board of Regents asked 
 the legislature for an appropriation of $75,000, to 
 be used in the erection of a building for lecture and 
 recitation rooms in the literary department. The 
 appropriation was promptly made by an almost 
 unanimous vote of the legislature. 
 
 With this money the Regents determined to erect 
 a building which should fill the space between the 
 north and south buildings, and accepted the plan of 
 Mr. E. S. Jenison, of Chicago, a graduate from the 
 University in the class of 1868. AYork was imme- 
 diately commenced upon the building. The corner 
 stone was laid, with appropriate ceremonies, on 
 Commencement day, 1871. 
 
 The State Aid Fund, resulting from the legisla- 
 tive act of 1867, amounted to $80,796.60 before it 
 was made available by the act of 1869. This was 
 set apart to meet extraordinary expenses. From it 
 was paid $1,000 for Dr. Sager's collection in the 
 medical museum, $3,215.83 for Dr. Ford's collec- 
 tion and for interest upon it, si, 500 for the Rom- 
 iiiger collection in the general museum, **200 for 
 the Van Vechten collection also in the general 
 museum, $1,010 for museum cases, $10,757.48 for 
 putting in the steam heating apparatus for the 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 205 
 
 law and medical and laboratory buildings, and the 
 remainder upon furniture for the hospital and rec- 
 itation rooms and for repairs upon the buildings. 
 
 At the close of the year 1869-70, and also of 
 1870-71, there was a balance remaining in the treas- 
 ury when the expenses for the year had all been 
 paid. The finance committee, however, . in their 
 report for 1870-71, made the statement that "It 
 will be possible to go through this year (1871-72) 
 without incurring debt, but the next Avill show a 
 deficit of more than $10,000. Some measures must 
 be taken to provide against this contingency, and 
 your committee can suggest nothing but an appeal 
 to the people." At this time the income of the 
 University was about $73,000; of which $37,500 
 was interest on the University fund, $15,000 the 
 annual State aid fund; $20,000 or more came from 
 students' fees. 
 
 In September, 1869, the library of the University 
 received a gift of one hundred and thirty-five vol- 
 umes from Messrs. Macmillan & Co., book publish- 
 ers of London and New York. The books were 
 selected from their own publications, and were of 
 value and use. In 1870 was received what was, 
 until quite recently, the largest gift ever made to 
 the library, and, with the exception of Mr. H. N. 
 AValker's gift to the observatory, the largest dona- 
 tion from one person to any department of the 
 University. Mr. Philo Parsons of Detroit, pur- 
 chased for the library, the book collection of Prof. 
 Ban of Heidelberg University. It consisted of 
 about four thousand volumes and five thousand 
 
206 HIsTOliY OF THE 
 
 pamphlets upon subjects hearing a relation to polit- 
 ical science. Most of the books are in the (-ierman 
 or French language, but other European languages 
 are represented. It contains some specimens of 
 early printing, noticeably three minute but hand- 
 some Elzevirs. Mr. Parsons has since added about 
 three hundred volumes to the library, which is 
 known as the " Parson's Library." 
 
 To the gallery of fine arts was added in 1870 a 
 copy in plaster of Randolph Rogers' "liutli Glean- 
 ing," a gift from the sculptor himself, and in 1871 
 a copy in oil of Murillo's " Immaculate Concep- 
 tion," a gift from the class of 1866. The class of 
 1870 placed upon the campus a bronzed statue of 
 Benjamin Franklin, which has been treated with 
 as little reverence as the cenotaph at the other side 
 of the grounds. 
 
 The plan of bringing the High Schools of the 
 State into a closer connection with the University 
 was one which occupied the attention of the faculty 
 in 1870-71. In March, 1871, it was determined to 
 admit pupils to the University upon the presenta- 
 tion of a diploma from such schools of Michigan* as 
 furnished satisfactory evidence that the course of 
 study and instruction pursued in them was ade- 
 quate and thorough. A committee of the faculty, 
 under this arrangement, was sent, to any school 
 which had made the reqiiest for the privilege, to 
 examine preparatory classes or to be present at the 
 recitations long enough to determine the character 
 
 *'juite recently (l*sj, this privilege has iem t xu-ndrd to the .-i-hoolx 
 of other states. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 207 
 
 of the instruction given. The announcement of 
 this arrangement was published in the catalogue 
 of 1870-71, and immediately applications for visit- 
 ing committees were received from the schools of 
 Adrian, Jackson, Flint, Ann Arbor, and Detroit. 
 
 Both in 1870 and in 1871 the requirements in 
 Mathematics for admission were raised. For ad- 
 mission to the scientific course in 1870 five books, 
 instead of four, in Geometry were required, and in 
 the following year eight books. In 1871 five books 
 were required for admission to the classical course, 
 and for admission to either the classical or scien- 
 tific course an examination was reqiiired in the 
 whole of the complete school Algebra, instead of 
 " to Quadratic Equations " as heretofore. In the 
 Calendar for 1870-71, it was announced that after 
 the close of the year 1871-72 candidates for the 
 scientific course would be examined in Geometrical 
 Drawing. 
 
 These additional requirements made it possible 
 to add also to the course in college, and Sturm's 
 Theorem and Horner's method of solving Higher 
 Equations were added to the requirements of the 
 freshman year. 
 
 A Greek and scientific course, corresponding 
 with the Latin and scientific except in the ex- 
 change of Greek for Latin was offered in 1869-70 
 and thereafter. 
 
 The required age of applicants for admission 
 was raised in 1870 from fourteen to sixteen years. 
 
 Acting President Frieze was very active and 
 earnest in an effort to bring about a more perfect 
 
208 HISTOHV OF THE 
 
 union of the three departments of the University. 
 Under his direction, " University Day " \v;is inau- 
 gurated on November 17th, 1809. College exercises 
 in all the departments were suspended for the dav. 
 A procession of the faculty and students was formed 
 at the University buildings, inarched through the 
 principal streets of the city, and entered the Metho- 
 dist church about 11 A. M. The day was stormy, 
 and in consequence the banners which the depart- 
 ments and classes had furnished for themselves 
 could not be brought out. At the church addresses 
 were made by Acting President Frieze, Judge 
 Campbell, Dr. Palmer, and Professor Wiiichell, 
 and a benediction pronounced by the venerable 
 Professor Williams. 
 
 A second time University Day was celebrated, on 
 November 9th, 1870; again the day was stormy and 
 a march further than from the campus to the church 
 was prevented. This time young ladies took their 
 seats among the students at the church. Addresses 
 were given by Acting President Frieze, Rev. Dr. 
 Cocker, Dr. Ford, and Professor C. I. Walker. 
 
 The procession, which was prevented on the 
 ninth of November, occurred on the twenty-first. 
 It ended with a battle between the students of the 
 law department and the members of the sophomore 
 and freshman classes. 
 
 There were but two celebrations of University 
 Day; it created strife rather than union. Even 
 before the first celebration there was contention in 
 regard to the arrangement of the departments in the 
 procession and the election of the Chief Marshal. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 209 
 
 With a like purpose to that which gave origin to 
 University Day, arrangements were made for a 
 series of " University Lectures " to be given before 
 the students of all the departments by members of 
 the University senate. A few lectures were given 
 in 1870 and but few. 
 
 A University cap, resembling the Oxford cap, 
 was adopted and quite generally worn in 1870. 
 The Acting President, Professor Williams and sev- 
 eral others among the professors wore it. In the 
 following year, very few University caps were 
 seen. 
 
 Class caps were worn by the sophomores in 
 1868-69, and again in 1869-70. 
 
 The effort to unite the departments was aban- 
 doned, the jealousy existing between them being an 
 insuperable objection. The professional schools 
 would naturally stand at the head of the University 
 departments provided their students or a major- 
 ity of them were graduates from the academic 
 department; but in the University of Michigan 
 they have no just claim to superiority, except in 
 the age of their students. In the days when " class 
 spirit" was high in the University there was no 
 desire for, and, in consequence, no possibility of 
 harmony between the departments. At a later 
 date the distinction of classes is fast vanishing in 
 the individualizing tendency of the literary courses 
 of study, and a spirit of indifference to everything 
 except work is destroying the antagonism between 
 the departments, though it does not, of course, 
 create union* 
 
210 HISTOBt or THE 
 
 Professor Frieze was instrumental in establish- 
 ing another custom which has met with greater 
 success than did the University Day. Immediately 
 after the Commencement exercises of 1870 the 
 alumni and guests of the University were invited 
 to a commencement banquet prepared by order of 
 the Board of Regents. It is a custom which still 
 endures and has become one of the most attractive 
 features of Commencement week to the alumni and 
 invited guests. 
 
 For a few years previous to this time the inter- 
 est" in the exercises of Commencement week had 
 been waning. Very few of the alumni came back 
 to visit their alma mater; even members of the 
 graduating class were absent. To remedy the lat- 
 ter evil, it was proposed to do away with the senior 
 vacation in June. The class of 1870 pledged them- 
 selves to be present at Commencement if the vaca- 
 tion were allowed, and the question was adjusted 
 in that manner. Thereafter it became the custom 
 to grant degrees only to those who were present to 
 receive them. 
 
 The class of 1870 was the last to be "presented" 
 on Class Day. The exercises of that day had 
 become such that the faculty wished to dissolve 
 their connection with it. The class history was a 
 detail of exploits which no professor could counte- 
 nance, and the day was, at any rate, emphatically 
 the students' day, The class of 1870 added to the 
 usual exercises of the day the presentation of a 
 leather medal to the homeliest man in the class, the 
 presentation speech being made by the next home- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 211 
 
 liest man; as the two men chosen were witty as 
 well as homely, this feature of Class Day was much 
 enjoyed. The class of 1871 gave prizes to " The 
 best (?) ponyist," "The best (?) penman," "The 
 best (?) whiskered man," "The best (?) orator," 
 and "The biggest eater;" an extravagance which 
 discouraged future classes, and the custom was not 
 perpetuated, although the classes of 1872 and 1877 
 both made presentations. 
 
 The practice of carving class canes was intro- 
 duced by the class of 1870; by the same class the 
 arrangements for "class pictures" were made more 
 extensive and systematic. 
 
 In April, 1871, chapel exercises on Saturday were 
 discontinued; at or about the same time "chapel 
 speeches" were abolished. 
 
 Professor Frieze, very early in his administra- 
 tion, introduced choral music in the chapel exer- 
 cises, a feature which was highly appreciated by 
 the students. 
 
 The class of 1870 was a musical class; from its 
 members was formed a University Glee Club, 
 which visited and gave entertainments in several 
 of the towns of the State. A similar club was 
 formed by ten members of the class of 1872 in their 
 junior year. 
 
 There was little justice in the cry which was 
 raised during these years, by some of the State 
 papers, against the students and the institution. It 
 was true, nevertheless, that practices were gaining 
 ground and becoming fixed customs among the 
 students which, however delightful they may have 
 
212 IIIsToiiY OF THE 
 
 rendered college life to the student, did not con- 
 tribute to the honor of the University. '"Ha/ing" 
 in the University of Michigan was never a practice 
 fraught with extreme danger; but it gave the stu- 
 dents an ill name abroad, and furnished both text 
 and illustration to enemies of the University; it 
 consumed time that was pledged to a better pur- 
 pose, and was altogether a practice too adventurous 
 for boys and too undignified for men. " Rushing." 
 where two classes or two departments met in con- 
 flict, was more dangerous, more noisy, and had 
 become in 1869-70 a matter-of-course whenever the 
 sophomore and freshmen classes met in the college 
 halls or on the campus. u Horning " was the method 
 which the students, being denied the "right of 
 petition,'" had become accustomed to take in order 
 to express displeasure against any member of the 
 faculty, and there were a few years following upon 
 1869 when great dissatisfaction was felt. 
 
 Acting President Frieze, by a wise movement, 
 put an end substantially to midnight depredations 
 upon the streets and in the college buildings; after 
 a "raid" which had resulted in considerable dam- 
 age, he paid to the city authorities 8225, the esti- 
 mate put upon the property destroyed. The 
 students engaged in the work at once repaid it to 
 him, and resolved not to repeat the experience. 
 
 The class of 1873 was, early in its career, pledged 
 to good order. At the sophomore exhibition, held 
 April 29th, 1870, the freshmen ( class of 1873 ) were 
 present with grass bouquets and a rooster. The 
 grass bouquets fell in showers upon the platform 
 
UNIVERSITY Of MICHIGAN. 213 
 
 and, at an appropriate moment, the rooster also was 
 tossed down from the gallery to the stage. For 
 this act several of the class were suspended, but 
 were re-admitted when the class pledged itself " to 
 refrain from the disorderly conduct which usually 
 characterizes classes upon entering their sophomore 
 year." The class was faithful to its pledge, and 
 during the next year there was quiet. Toward the 
 end of the year, however, in May, 1871, the current 
 of events was again disturbed by the suspension 
 until September, 1871, of a large number of the 
 freshman and sophomore classes for " bolting." 
 Many of the students had never consulted the by- 
 laws and did not know that there was a law against 
 " concerted absence," and, with all, it was a thought- 
 less action, the immediate incentive being the 
 sight of Van Amburgh's show. The suspension 
 was regarded, universally among the students, and 
 quite generally among the citizens, as unnecessary 
 and even unjust; the students considered that the 
 uniform quiet during the year should have some 
 effect in excusing so slight an offense. To the 
 members of the faculty the offense did not appear 
 slight, and the penalty was certainly not great; yet 
 it served to declare what would be the policy of the 
 faculty in the future, and "bolting," as a class 
 measure, was at an end. 
 
 During the presidency of Professor Frieze there 
 had been no halting in the progress made by the 
 University. The faculty had been re-inforced by 
 men of ability and popularity; women had been 
 admitted; a close connection with the High Schools 
 
214 HISTORY OF THfi 
 
 was formed; the requirements had been raised and 
 the examinations had become stricter; means had 
 been provided for a new building; an earnest effort 
 had been made to promote union among the depart- 
 ments, none the less worthy because it failed; and 
 a decided movement had been made towards the 
 suppression of disorder. Not a little of success 
 was due to the untiring energy, the enthusiasm 
 and good judgment of the Acting President. 
 
 Immediately after the resignation of Dr. Haven 
 a committee had been appointed whose duty it was 
 to select his successor. The members of the com- 
 mittee visited the east, and first offered the presi- 
 dency to President Seelye of Amherst College. 
 After some consideration, he declined it. Upon 
 the recommendation of Professor Frieze the com- 
 mittee then visited Vermont University to learn of 
 President James B. Angell if he would accept the 
 position. He visited Ann Arbor, and was unani- 
 mously elected president by the Board of Regents. 
 So great was the opposition made by President 
 Angell's friends in Vermont to his leaving the 
 University of Vermont, that he, too, was obliged, 
 reluctantly, the Regents were assured, to decline 
 the office. 
 
 The committee continued their efforts in the sea rrl i 
 for a president; eighteen months passed and still 
 the office was vacant. Satisfied with the adminis- 
 tration of Acting President Frieze during that 
 time, the Eegents, at an informal meeting of ail 
 but one, "directed the chairman of this committee 
 to converse with Prof essor Frieze and intimate to 
 
tJNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 
 
 him that he would probably be chosen president at 
 the next meeting, if he would accept the position. 
 He replied that he did not wish the permanent 
 position of president, that he believed that Presi- 
 dent Angell could ultimately be obtained, and he 
 was willing to accept the presidency only until 
 such time as President Angell could be procured."* 
 A correspondence was again opened with Presi- 
 dent Angell, and in February, 1871, he was a 
 second time elected president, by the following 
 resolution : 
 
 "Resolved, That Hon. James B. Angell, LL. D. be 
 declared elected president of the university, at a salary of 
 $4,500 per annum, and house rent, and that his expenses 
 of removal from Vermont to Ann Arbor be paid by the 
 university; his salary to begin August 1st, 1871." 
 
 This invitation was accepted. Dr. Angell was 
 inaugurated president of the University by Acting 
 President Frieze on Commencement Day, June 
 28, 1871. The warm welcome publicly given him 
 by Professor Frieze, found a response among the 
 students, and citizens of the State. No less heart- 
 ily was greeted the new President's graceful tribute 
 to Professor Frieze: 
 
 "And, sir, permit me to say that I count it as one of my 
 chief encouragements, and as my special good fortune, 
 that, in entering on my duties, I can lean on the tried arm 
 of one whose character and scholarship and friendship I 
 learned to esteem long years ago, in my boyhood, and 
 whose two years' administration of the presidency has 
 been so honorable to himself and so useful to the univer- 
 sity." 
 
 * Report of Committee, Regents' Proceeding, 1S70-76, p. 90. 
 
216 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 At a special meeting of the board in July, 1871, 
 the following resolutions were adopted: 
 
 "Resolved, That in view of the advancing years of Pro- 
 fessor George P. Williams, and the necessity of sonic 
 relief from his labors, Professor George B. Merriman br 
 made adjunct professor of Physics, with a salary of $2,- 
 000, from October 1st. 1871." 
 
 "Resolved, That the salaries of Professors Winchell, 
 Wood, Watson, Olney, Adams, Tyler, Cocker, Prescott, 
 D'Ooge and Morris be 82,500 from and after October 1st, 
 1871." 
 
 "Resolved, That the salary of Acting Professor Elisha 
 Jones be $2,000 for the next year." 
 
 At the preceding meeting, June 26, 1871, the 
 following had been adopted: 
 
 "Resolved, That the board of regents hold in high ap- 
 preciation the able and efficient manner in which Acting 
 President Henry S. Frieze has discharged the duties of 
 the chief executive officer of the university for the past 
 two years, and that the thanks of the board are hereby 
 tendered to him for these truly valuable services to the 
 institution, which, during his administration, has enjoyed 
 no common degree of prosperity, and has constantly 
 increased in usefulness." 
 
 "Resolved, That the salary of Professor Henry >. 
 Frieze, from and after the first day of August next, be 
 fixed at $2,500 per annum, and the rent of the house now 
 occupied by him." 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 217 
 
 CHAPTEE IX. 
 1871-83, DK. A^GELL'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Dr. James B. Angell graduated from Brown Uni- 
 versity in the class of 1849; having spent thereafter 
 several years in study and travel in Europe, he ac- 
 cepted in 1853 the chair of Modern Languages in 
 Brown University; from 1860 to 1866 he was editor 
 of the Providence Journal. In 1866 he became 
 President of Vermont University, where he dis- 
 played remarkable executive ability. His success 
 as President of Vermont University, his scholarly 
 attainments and broad culture, his genial manner 
 and Christian character were known to the Board 
 of Regents and faculties of the University of Michi- 
 gan, and justified the effort made by them to secure 
 him for the presidency. 
 
 He entered upon the duties of his office at Ann 
 Arbor, August 1st, 1871. The University had then 
 been in operation for thirty years and had an ac- 
 knowledged position among colleges of the first rank 
 in the United States. It had maintained its pros- 
 perous course through many changes and vicissi- 
 tudes. That its existence and success depended 
 upon 110 one man nor set of men had been thor- 
 oughly demonstrated. 
 
 Since 1871 it has grown in every direction, gained 
 in honor and renown, has flourished even while 
 storms were raging, 
 
218 HISTOKY OF THE 
 
 From that time to the present Dr. Angell has 
 been its chief executive officer, with the exception 
 of the two years during which he was in the service 
 of the United States government as Minister to 
 China 
 
 The policy inaugurated by the State legislature 
 of 1871 of making special appropriations for the 
 University has been continued, and is, it is hoped, 
 established. The institution cannot be maintained 
 in its present condition without generous aid from 
 the State, much less can it make any advance. The 
 State has shown a disposition to grant assistance, 
 and it is not a vain expectation that the increasing 
 prosperity and wealth of Michigan will bring in- 
 creasing prosperity and wealth to her University. 
 
 The legislature of 1873 granted the sum of *2^>.- 
 000 for the completion of University Hall, and 
 $13,000 to cover a deficit in the revenue of the Uni- 
 versity for the year ending June, 1873. It repealed 
 the act granting 35,000 a year, and adopted a new 
 one w r hich fixed a tax of one -twentieth of a mill on 
 each dollar of taxable property, in the State, for the 
 use of the University. 
 
 This act was passed by a vote, in the senate of 
 22 to 6, and in the House by a vote of 76 to 3. It 
 became a law without the approval of the governor. 
 No State officer was ever more friendly to the Uni- 
 versity, or more earnest in his efforts to aid it than 
 Governor Bagley. He advocated the most gener- 
 ous appropriations by the legislature, but was op- 
 posed to any permanent arrangement. It was his 
 opinion that the Board of Regents should present 
 
UNIVEK8ITY OF MICHIGAN. 219 
 
 at each session of the legislature a statement of the 
 needs of the University and a request for certain 
 sums of money ; he was confident that a reasonable 
 request would always be granted. The abandon- 
 ment of one department and the precarious condi- 
 tion of others, which were established by the legis- 
 lature and supported by biennial appropriations, 
 have shown the impolicy of such a course. 
 
 In 1875 was granted $21,000 for the establish- 
 ment of a school of mines, 6,000 a year for a 
 homoeopathic college, $6,000 for a dental college, 
 $8,000 for a hospital, $5,000 for the introduction of 
 water-works, and $13,000 to cover a deficit. 
 
 In 1877 was granted $4,000 for the salary for two 
 years of a Professor of Geology, $4,000 for the sal- 
 ary for two years of a Professor of Physics, $1,500 
 for the physical laboratory, $3,500 for the phys- 
 iological laboratory, $4,000 for the hospital, $5,- 
 000 for books for the general library, $11,500. for 
 the dental college, $1,500 for the astronomical 
 department, and $9,000 to enable the Eegents to 
 extend the medical term to nine months, with $5,- 
 000 for the extension of the homoeopathic term. 
 
 In 1879 was granted $40,000 for a fire-proof mu- 
 seum building, $20,000 for a central boiler-house 
 and the introduction of steam heating, $12,250 for 
 the dental college, $6,500 for a homoeopathic 
 hospital building, $1,250 for the support of the 
 homoeopathic hospital, $1,000 for the enlargement 
 of the matron's house at the hospital, $6,000 for 
 the University hospital, $4,000 for the homoeo- 
 pathic college, and $4,000 for books for the gen- 
 eral library. 
 
220 H1ST01IY OK THK 
 
 In 1881 was granted $100,000 for a foe-proof li- 
 brary building, $15,000 for an addition to the chem- 
 ical laboratory, 1*2,000 for the dental college, 
 7,500 for the placing of sewers, $7,000 for the 
 hospital, 5,000 for books for the general library, 
 4,000 for the homoeopathic hospital, 4,000 for 
 the homoeopathic college, 3,500 for an eye and 
 ear ward at the hospital, and 2,500 for the me- 
 chanical laboratory. 
 
 In 1883 was granted 15,000 for books for the 
 general library, 12,000 for the dental college, 
 8,000 for completion of the heating arrangements, 
 7,000 for the hospital, 8,400 for the homoeo- 
 pathic college, 4,000 for the homoeopathic hos- 
 pital, 3,000 for apparatus for the physical labor- 
 atory, 2,000 for apparatus for the physiological 
 laboratory, $3,000 for apparatus for the mechani- 
 cal laboratory, and 2,000 for an assistant in the 
 mechanical laboratory. This makes a total of 594,- 
 900, including the entire appropriation for Univer- 
 sity Hall and the annual fund for the homoeopathic 
 college, which has been given to the University in 
 special appropriations. 
 
 Since the institution has become more closely 
 connected with the legislature, that body has felt a 
 greater interest in and responsibility for it. A 
 committee is appointed at each session, whose duty 
 it is to visit the University and look into its affairs 
 and take note of its condition. On several occa- 
 sions the legislative body has felt called upon to 
 inquire closely into matters over which the Board 
 of Regents alone have jurisdiction; at one time 
 
UNIVEE8ITY OF MICHIGAN. 221 
 
 asking for a statement of the amount of work done 
 by the different members of the faculty, an inquiry 
 which was followed by a recommendation that the 
 salaries be decreased. A committee was appointed 
 to investigate the "laboratory defalcation," and 
 repeatedly has an effort been made to force the 
 Board to establish a homoeopathic department or 
 professorship. The Board of Regents have never 
 acknowledged themselves subject to legislative 
 control in the establishment of schools, the appoint- 
 ment of professors, the fixing of salaries, nor in 
 any of the duties which the constitution makes it 
 theirs to perform. Yet they have endeavored to 
 meet the wishes of the people of the State and of 
 the legislature as representative of the people. The 
 legislature has exercised its right of limiting and 
 conditioning its appropriations, and of noting the 
 use made of them, of recommending changes and 
 improvements in the administration of the Univer- 
 sity, and of examining closely its affairs in relation 
 to its needs. 
 
 As early as 1873 the income from the University 
 fund and from the tAventieth of a mill tax was 
 nearly consumed by the regular expenses of the 
 institution. The erection of buildings and the 
 opening of new departments has been made possi- 
 ble by the appropriations of the legislature. 
 
 In 1871 an appropriation of 75,000 was made by 
 the legislature for the building known as " Univer- 
 sity Hall." The building was immediately Com- 
 menced, and the corner stone was laid on com- 
 mencement day, 1871. In October 1872, the lecture 
 
HISTOKY OF THE 
 
 rooms and chapel in it were ready for use. The 
 legislature of 1873 granted an additional *2f>,000 
 for its completion, and thereupon the work was 
 pushed rapidly m. and the whole building was 
 complete in October of that year. It was dedicated 
 on the eighth of October, 1873. For the first time 
 in many years the University possessed, in the 
 auditorium of University Hall, a place where it 
 could gather together all its students and many of 
 its friends. Probably the hall has never been so 
 well filled as on the evening of its dedication. It 
 is said that about 3,400 people were comfortably 
 seated. The building cost about $108,000. 
 
 In 1875 the Regents were authorized to establish 
 a School of Mines and an appropriation was made 
 by the legislature of $8,000 for salaries and of $2,500 
 for apparatus and means of illustration, for each of 
 the college years 1875-76, and 1876-77. Three 
 professorships were established. Mr. William H. 
 Pettee was appointed (June 29th, 1875) Professor 
 of Mining Engineering, Dr. 8. H. Douglas was 
 transferred to the professorship of Metallurgy, and 
 Mr. W. L. B. Jenney Avas appointed (March 29, 
 1876) Professor of Architecture and Design. 
 
 Some slight attention had hitherto been paid to 
 instruction in Mining Engineering; in 1868, 1S(> ( ,), 
 and 1870 a few students had received the degree of 
 Mining Engineer. To offer a more extended courst ' 
 was but justice to the large number of people in 
 the State who are interested in the mining indus- 
 try. The school of mines was greeted with much 
 applause and encouragement. By purchase and by 
 
UNIVEKBITY OF MICHIGAN. 223 
 
 gift a beginning was made in the collection of 
 apparatus, models, specimens, and, in the depart- 
 ment of architecture, of books. The school showed 
 promise of success and usefulness. The legislature 
 of 1877, however, failed to provide for its continued 
 support After a struggling existence through 
 1877-78 and 1878-79, during which time the Pro- 
 fessor of Architecture was " absent on leave," and 
 the Professors of Mining Engineering and of Met- 
 allurgy did their work in those departments gra- 
 tuitously, the school of mines was abandon (id. 
 There were those in the legislature who wished to 
 establish such a school in the upper peninsula, and 
 so opposed the support of one at the University. 
 It is possible, however, that the school of mines 
 would have received further legislative support had 
 it not been for the unfortunate u laboratory defal- 
 cation" in which the legislature had become inter- 
 ested and which had excited in many a hostility to 
 the University. 
 
 By an act of the legislature, adopted April 1st, 
 1873, the Board of Eegonts were directed to appoint 
 two professors of homoeopathy in the department 
 of medicine in the University. This act followed 
 upon the report of a committee, appointed by the 
 House of Representatives to make investigations 
 concerning the course of instruction in the medical 
 department. The chairman had addressed two 
 questions to the Board of Regents: First, "Is the 
 instruction in the medical department at the present 
 time sectarian in character?" Second, "What are 
 the reasons, if any, which have influenced the 
 
224 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 Board in its past action on the subject of hoime- 
 opathy?" These questions had been answered 
 again and again, but the Board patiently dressed 
 up their well-worn reply in synonymous words. 
 
 In reply to the first question it was said substan- 
 tially that it was the design of the school to teach 
 the general principles of medicine common to all 
 medical education; to the second, that the two 
 schools could not exist together in one department, 
 because " No professor can teach in a school con- 
 nected with homoeopathy without absolute profes- 
 sional ostracism. No student w r ho believes in the 
 regular system, so-called, will attend such a school, 
 because his studies and lectures in an institution, 
 irregular and unrecognized by these societies, will 
 not admit him into the professional ranks of the 
 school to which he belongs." 
 
 The Board, consistently and firmly, declined to 
 make the appointments. Both the Circuit Court of 
 the county of Washtenaw and the Supreme Court 
 of the State refused the application of the Homce- 
 pathic Medical Society of Michigan for a writ of 
 mandamus compelling the Board to comply with 
 the demand of the legislature. 
 
 Finally, in 1875, the legislature passed an act 
 authorizing the establishment of a homoeopathic 
 medical college, as a distinct department of the 
 University, and made a permanent appropriation of 
 JS(),000 a year for its support. 
 
 The Board at once proceeded to organize the 
 college. In June of that year, upon the recom- 
 mendation of the State Homeopathic Society, l)r. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 225 
 
 S. A. Jones, of Englewood, N. J., was appointed 
 Professor of Materia Meclica and Therapeutics, and 
 Dr. J. C. Morgan, of Philadelphia, was appointed 
 Professor of the Theory and Practice of Med- 
 icine. 
 
 The students in the homoeopathic college were 
 to receive instruction in the medical department of 
 the University in all branches of medicine not cov- 
 ered by the two chairs established. They were reg- 
 istered as students of the homoeopathic college, 
 and were examined by, and received their degrees 
 upon the recommendation of the homoeopathic 
 faculty. 
 
 This plan of organization met with decided op- 
 position from some of the homoeopathic physicians 
 of the State; the college has never had the cordial 
 and united support of the body of men who should 
 be most naturally interested in it. It has suffered 
 more from those of its household than from its 
 enemies in the regular school of medicine. 
 
 Dr. Morgan resigned in 1877 and was succeeded 
 for a few months, by Dr. W. J. Hawkes, and in 
 January, 1878, by Dr. Charles Gatchell, and in 
 March, 1880, by Dr. T. P. Wilson. Dr. Jones re- 
 signed in 1880 and was succeeded by Dr. H. C. 
 Allen. In June, 1877, Dr. J. G. Gilchrist was ap- 
 pointed lecturer on Surgical Therapeutics, and, 
 upon his resignation in 1878, Dr. E. C. Franklin 
 was appointed Professor of Surgery, and remained 
 such until June, 1883. For the few months since, Dr. 
 H. L. Obetz has held the chair of Surgery. In 
 June, 1883, a chair of Obstetrics and Diseases of 
 
226 HfSTORV OF THE 
 
 Women and Children was established, and Dr. N. 
 Baldwin was appointed to fill it. 
 
 The term was lengthened to nine months in 
 each year in 1877. For that purpose 85,000 was 
 granted by the legislature at the session of 1877, 
 and $4,000 at each of the sessions for 1879, 1881. 
 and 1883. 
 
 Twenty -four students entered the college in 
 1875-76; the number increased to eighty-eight in 
 1880-81 and again decreased to fifty-eight in 1882- 
 1883. 
 
 Since the opening of the medical department of 
 the University, the lack of clinical advantages had 
 been keenly felt. For a few years a summer school 
 of clinical medicine was kept up in Detroit under 
 the direction of Dr. Pitcher, and nominally in con- 
 nection with the University, but it could not bo M 
 satisfactory adjunct to the school in Ann Arbor. 
 In 1869 the northwest dwelling house on the cam- 
 pus was fitted up for a hospital; from the first it 
 was crowded and was entirely inadequate. The 
 case was represented to the legislature at its session 
 of 1875, and an appropriation made of 5,500 for a 
 pavilion hospital building, and of 82,500 for its 
 equipment, provided the citizens of ^nii Arbor 
 would raise 4,000 for the same purpose. The 
 *4,000 was quickly raised, the citizens of Ann Ar- 
 bor making, for the fourth time in the history of 
 the University, a quick response to the appeal for 
 help. Generous appropriations have since been 
 made by the legislature: $4,000 in 1877, 6,000 in 
 1879, $7,000 in 1881, and at the same time s 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 227 
 
 for the equipment of an eye and ear ward, and $7,- 
 000 in 1883. 
 
 When the first appropriation was made it was 
 supposed by the Board of Regents and the faculty 
 of the medical department to be designed for an 
 addition to the hospital then in existence, which 
 was under the control of the "regular" faculty. 
 Such an arrangement left the homoeopathic college 
 without hospital advantages, complaint of which 
 reached the legislature, and caused it to make in- 
 quiries which led to the division of the hospital 
 between the two schools, one-fifth being assigned 
 to the homoeopathic department. This proved very 
 unsatisfactory and was the occasion of some dis- 
 turbance, until, in 1879, the legislature granted $6,- 
 500 for a homoeopathic hospital building and also 
 for an amphitheatre in which surgical operations 
 could be performed before the class. Since its 
 erection $2,000 a year has been voted for its sup- 
 port. 
 
 Also in 1879 was erected an amphitheatre in con- 
 nection with the University hospital, the cost being 
 paid from the general University fund. 
 
 Patients who are too poor to pay for medical or 
 surgical treatment are admitted to the hospitals 
 and receive treatment free of charge from the pro- 
 fessors of the medical schools, or under their 
 direction. They are charged for board and for 
 hospital accommodations $4.00 per week. They 
 are also charged for medicines, dressings or other 
 appliances needed in surgical treatment. In 1881 
 the legislature passed an act providing for the 
 
! THE 
 
 treatment of dependent children at the hospitals, 
 all charges being paid by the State. The hospitals, 
 particularly that one in connection with the depart- 
 ment of medicine and surgery, are usually well 
 filled and often over-crowded. It has proved a 
 charity well worthy of the care of the State. 
 
 In 1875 the dental college was established. It is 
 entirely supported by legislative appropriations 
 and has received in 1875, $12,000; in 1877, 811,500; 
 in 1879, 12,250; in 1881, 12,000; in 1883, 12,000. 
 
 In June, 1875, Dr. Jonathan Taft, of Cincinnati, 
 was appointed Professor of the principles and 
 practice of Operative Dentistry and Dean of the 
 Dental College, and shortly after, Dr. J. A. AVatling, 
 of Ypsilanti, was appointed Professor of Clinical 
 and Mechanical Dentistry. Dr. W. H. Dorrance 
 became demonstrator in 1877, Assistant in Mechan- 
 ical Dentistry in 1879, and Professor of Prosthetic 
 Dentistry and Dental Metallurgy in 1881. 
 
 Twenty students entered the college in 1875-7(); 
 the number increased each year to eighty-six in 
 1880-81, and has decreased to sixty-seven in 188H- 
 1884. 
 
 The school has won for itself an excellent name 
 not only in the United States, but in Europe. Its 
 graduates share with those of the dental school of 
 Harvard alone, of all the schools in the United 
 States, the privilege of practising their profession, 
 without a previous examination, in the British 
 dominions. 
 
 At first, and for two years, the dental college and 
 the homoeopathic college occupied together the 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 229 
 
 building on the north side of the campus, now 
 occupied by the homoeopathic college alone. In 
 1877 one of the dwelling houses 011 the south side 
 of the campus was fitted up for its use and in 1879 
 an addition was made to it. 
 
 The establishment of the homoeopathic school 
 whose students were to receive instruction for the 
 first two years of their course from the professors 
 in the department of medicine and surgery met, of 
 course, with great opposition from " regular " prac- 
 titioners. The professors, members of the " reg- 
 ular " school, who retained their positions in the 
 medical department after it became their duty to 
 instruct homoeopathic students in anatomy, and 
 physiology, and other branches of medical study, 
 which are the same in all schools, were threatened 
 with professional ostracism. Men of high rank 
 and honor in the medical profession advised and 
 insisted upon the resignation of the medical fac- 
 ility. The venerable Dr. Sager, who had been 
 connected with the University almost from its be- 
 ginning, who had been one of the founders of the 
 medical college, and who, now too feeble to lecture, 
 held the position of emeritus professor and dean 
 of the medical faculty, considered a longer con- 
 nection with the department as inconsistent with 
 his professional honor, and resigned the office of 
 dean. With but few exceptions, however, the 
 members of the faculty remained. They neither 
 taught nor countenanced homoeopathy. They were 
 instrumental in giving to certain homoeopathic 
 
 students a better medical education than could be 
 p 
 
230 HISTORY Of 
 
 obtained in but very few homoeopathic colleges, a 
 deed highly commendable; but they had nothing 
 to do with the degree conferred upon such students. 
 It was their avowed policy to demonstrate tin* 
 weakness of homoeopathy by tolerating and even 
 welcoming its juxtaposition with their own medical 
 school. 
 
 For several years their position in the American 
 Medical Association and in the Michigan Medical 
 Society was a precarious one. They fought for 
 themselves, however, with skill and address and 
 have kept their membership in both societies. It 
 does not appear that many students have been 
 kept from attendance in the medical department 
 because of its association with homoeopathic stu- 
 dents. On the contrary, so flourishing was its 
 condition, that in 1877 the Board of Regents ven 
 tured to lengthen the term to nine months of each 
 year, the legislature making an appropriation of 
 >1>,000, to enable them to do so. Neither has this 
 step, which places the requirements for a degree 
 beyond those of any of the schools in the United 
 States, save two, lessened the number of students. 
 In 1876-77 there were 285 students in the depart- 
 ment of medicine, in 1877-78 there were 296; in 
 1881-82 there were 380, and in 1883-84, 332. 
 
 In 1877 a physiological and histological labora- 
 tory was established. The legislature appropriated 
 $3,500 for its establishment, and, in 1883, .$2,000 for 
 apparatus for it. 
 
 In 1873, Dr. Sager, on account of failing health, 
 obtained leave of absence; one year later, he re- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 231 
 
 signed. The Kegeiits conferred upon him the title 
 of " Emeritus Professor," and he remained dean 
 of the medical faculty, until in June, 1875, when he 
 felt obliged to close all connection with the Univer- 
 sity. Dr. Sager's personal character, his eminence 
 in his profession, and his faithful and able service 
 to the University for thirty-three years was such as 
 to place his name high among those whom it is the 
 privilege of the University to honor. 
 
 Dr. E. S. Dunster succeeded to the chair vacated 
 by Dr. Sager's resignation. 
 
 Dr. H. S. Cheever's connection with the Univer- 
 sity terminated practically in 1873, at which time 
 he obtained leave of absence on account of ill- 
 health, though his resignation was not accepted 
 until March, 1876. From October, 1873, to 
 March, 1875, his chair was occupied by Dr. F. H. 
 Gerrish. 
 
 During 1875-76 Dr. Cheever was able to give a 
 few lectures, but much of the work of his depart- 
 ment was done by his colleagues in the medical 
 school. 
 
 In June, 1871, Dr. T. A. McGraw, of Detroit, suc- 
 ceeded Dr. Crosby as Professor of Surgery, and 
 was himself succeeded, in June, 1872, by Dr. Don- 
 ald Maclean. 
 
 In June, 1877, Dr. J. W. Langley, who had occu- 
 pied the position of Professor of General Chemistry 
 and Physics in the literary department since 1875, 
 became Professor of General Chemistry in the med- 
 ical department. 
 
 Dr. Burt G. Wilder, of Cornell University, de- 
 
232 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 livered a course of lectures on physiology during 
 the winter of 1876-77. The experimental study of 
 physiology was necessarily neglected in the Uni- 
 versity until the establishment of the physiological 
 laboratory and the appointment, in 1877, of Dr. ( 1 . 
 H. Stowell to the position of instructor in charge 
 of the laboratory. In 1879 Dr. Stowell \vas ap- 
 pointed Lecturer on Physiology and Histology, in 
 1880 assistant Professor of Physiology and Histo- 
 logy, and in 188H Professor of Histology and Micro- 
 scopy. The study of physiology was further pro- 
 vided for by the appointment of Dr. Henry Sewall 
 as Lecturer on Physiology, in 1881, and as Professor 
 of Physiology in 1882. Dr. Y. C. Vaughan became 
 Lecturer on Medical Chemistry, in 1879, and Profes- 
 sor of Physiological and Pathological Chemistry and 
 Associate Professor of Therapeutics and Materia 
 Medica, in 1883. 
 
 Dr. W. J. Herdman became Demonstrator, and 
 Lecturer on Pathological Anatomy in 1879, and Pro- 
 fessor of Practical and Pathological Anatomy and 
 Demonstrator of Anatomy in 1882. 
 
 Steadily, if slowly, has the medical school been 
 winning its way to a worthy position among medi- 
 cal colleges. One serious evil awaits a remedy its 
 requirements for admission are very low. A slight 
 examination is required, and trifling as it is, it ex- 
 cludes each year a few applicants. As rapidly as 
 it can be done consistently with the welfare of the 
 school and the expectations of the people, the 
 standard of admission will be raised. 
 
 In 1879 a legislative appropriation of s-M ).()()() was 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 233 
 
 made for a fire-proof museum building. The plans 
 for the building were drawn by Professor W. L. B. 
 Jeniiey and the contract for building was taken by 
 Messrs. Wilke & Son. The construction of the 
 building occupied about one year's time, and it 
 cost about $1,400 more than the appropriation. 
 
 The collections in natural history grow each 
 year by many small contributions. During the 
 years following upon 1870 a large zoological, botan- 
 ical, and archaeological collection, known as the 
 "Beal-Steere Collection" was stored in the mu- 
 seum. In September, 1870, Mr. J. B. Steere, a 
 graduate of the University in the class of 1868, 
 sailed for South America with the design of mak- 
 ing a collection of objects of natural history in 
 that country, and then of continuing his journey 
 around the world, collecting where he could. His 
 collections were shipped to the University of Mich- 
 igan, and amounted ultimately to 60,000 zoological 
 specimens, 2,500 botanical specimens, and a collec- 
 tion of objects in the department of archaeology 
 and ethnology. 
 
 Mr. Steere was able to make his extended jour- 
 ney by aid rendered him by Mr. Rice A. Beal, a 
 citizen of Ann Arbor; Mr. Beal consequently had 
 a claim upon the collection, and it was regarded as 
 the joint possession of Mr. Beal and Mr. Steere. 
 That it would eventually become the property of 
 the University was certainly expected, and since 
 Mr. Beal was a man of wealth and since the col- 
 lection had been received in the United States free 
 of duty as coming to a state institution, there was 
 
234 HISTOKY OF THE 
 
 a reasonable expectation that it would become so by 
 gift. 
 
 At the time of Mr. Steere' s return, the Board of 
 Hegents and Mr. Beal were engaged in the contro- 
 versy connected with the " laboratory defalcation," 
 and matters regarding the collection remained in 
 abeyance until April, 1878, when Messrs. Beal and 
 Steere offered to the University a one-half interest 
 in the collection in liquidation of the decree ren- 
 dered against Dr. Hose, for whom Mr. Beal was 
 surety. Shortly afterwards the Board of Kegents 
 cancelled Mr. Beal's obligation, and in June, 1879, 
 he presented to the University his share of the 
 collection, and Mr. Steere accepted $4,500 for his 
 interest in it, and the "Beal-Steere Collection" 
 became the property of the University. 
 
 In 1879 it had been a question with the Board of 
 Kegents and one difficult to decide, whether they 
 should ask the legislature for an appropriation for 
 a fire-proof museum building or for a tire-proof 
 library building. Both were pressingly needed 
 not only on account of the inaccessible but also of 
 the unsafe condition of the natural history and 
 book collections. The lot fell to the museum building, 
 but two years later the legislature were asked for 
 s 100,000 for a library building, and it was granted. 
 
 There was a determination from the first that 
 this building should be w r ell and substantially built, 
 and that it should be the most perfect work of any 
 upon the campus. The design was made by Messrs. 
 Ware and Van Brunt,* Architects, of Boston, 
 
 * This firm became Messrs. Van Brunt ami Howe before the com- 
 pletion of the design, 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 235 
 
 Mass. In September, 1881, the contract for building 
 was let to James Appleyard, of Lansing. Michigan, 
 the contract calling for the completion of the build- 
 ing on the first of October, 1882. There was, how- 
 ever, a great and probably unavoidable delay. 
 October, 1882, came and the building was yei 
 uncovered. Month after month of 1883 disap- 
 peared, and patient waiting became a habit. On 
 November 22nd, 1883, the building committee of 
 the Board received the building from Mr. Apple- 
 yard, and on the following day the first book, which 
 happened to be Erlach's Die Volkslieder der Deuts- 
 chen, was placed by the librarian in the new 
 book-room. The moving of the books occupied 
 about ten days, during which time the old reading 
 room was left open and books supplied to readers 
 where it was possible. The building was dedicated 
 December 12th, 1883, the exercises being held in 
 University Hall. On the following day its reading 
 room was open, and the old room, occupied for 
 twenty years, was yielded to the law department. 
 
 This building is 155 feet and 11 inches in length, 
 145 feet and 8 inches at its greatest width, and 
 about 125 feet from the ground at its highest 
 point. It contains a semi-circular reading-room, 
 80 feet in diameter and 24 feet high, and capable 
 of accommodating over 200 readers. The book 
 room occupies a separate wing at the rear of the 
 building, is 40 feet wide, 54 feet long, and 27^ feet 
 high. According to the architect, "it is protected 
 from fire by every expedient known to architecture." 
 It will accommodate from 75,000 to 80,000 volumes, 
 
236 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 Besides these two large and important rooms there 
 are library administration rooms, lecture rooms, 
 and rooms designed for the use of professors, and 
 of students who are engaged in special researches. 
 Above the reading-room is a sculpture gallery, and 
 above the book-room is a picture gallery. 
 
 All this has been done at a cos"t of a little over 
 s 100,000. Could the fine art collection be provided 
 for elsewhere, the whole of the building could be 
 profitably used for library purposes alone. 80 im- 
 portant a place does the library take in the work of 
 University instruction, so large is the number of those 
 who daily visit it, and so earnest and unintermit- 
 ting is the work done in it, so universal is its bene- 
 fit, that it is not extravagant to claim that it should 
 have not only the best building, but the largest 
 building, the best equipped building and the most 
 convenient building on the University grounds. 
 
 Before the entire completion of the building a 
 peab of five bells had been placed in the west 
 tower. They Avere a gift from President Andrew 
 D. White, of Cornell University, Mr. E. C. Hegeler, 
 of LaSalle, 111., and of Mr. J. J. Hagermann, of 
 Milwaukee, Wis. The bells were purchased from 
 the Clintor H. Meneely Bell Company at Troy, N. 
 Y., and were selected by Professor C. K. Adams, 
 with the aid of Mr. Bobbins Battell, of New York, 
 and Professor C. B. Cady, of the University. 
 
 In June, 1871, the library contained a few less 
 than 20,000 volumes; this number was increased 
 each year, until 1877, by from 600 to 800 volumes, 
 of which from 200 to 300 were gifts. In 1H73 tlie 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 237 
 
 Grand Duke Alexis, of Russia, havingre turned to 
 St. Petersburg from his tour in the United States, 
 sent to the University about 70 volumes in the 
 Russian language. With this exception the library 
 received no noteworthy additions during the period 
 between 1871 and 1877. In 1877 the legislature 
 granted $5,000 for books for the library; in 1879, 
 $4,000; in 1881, $5,000; and in 1883, $15,000. This 
 money has been carefully and advantageously spent, 
 and several valuable sets of books, longed for and 
 hoped for, for many years, have been purchased. 
 But not alone by purchase has the library received 
 its additions. Each year has the number of gifts 
 increased; individuals and institutions, towns and 
 states have generously contributed. Some gifts 
 there have been which are noteworthy beyond 
 others. In 1882 Mr. E. 0. Hegeler gave $500 for 
 the purchase of a set of Crelle's Journal fiir die 
 reine und angewandte Mathematik, in 90 volumes, 
 a work of great value to. students of mathematics; 
 again in 1883 he purchased for the library the eight 
 large volumes of Herbert Spencer's Descriptive 
 Sociology. In the same year Mr. George C. Mahon, 
 of Ami Arbor, presented a set of the Transactions 
 and Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 40 
 volumes in all. Still, in 1883, Mr. James McMillan, 
 of Detroit, gave $6,500 for the purchase of a 
 Shakespeare library. The friends of literature in 
 the University had long looked with desire and 
 with some expectation upon the Shakspeare collec- 
 tion of Mr. E. H. Thomson, of Flint. This collec- 
 tion was offered for sale in 1883 and its purchase 
 
238 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 was the first object of Mr. McMillan's gift. It con- 
 tained 736 volumes; to these have been added 1864 
 volumes, making at this time a McMillan Shakes- 
 peare library of 2,600 volumes, second to none west 
 of New York. 
 
 In 1883, also, commenced a series of gifts, pre- 
 sented through Professor 0. K. Adams, and on 
 condition that the giver's name should not be made 
 known. The books are selected by Professor 
 Adams and bear a relation to history and political 
 science. There are now 2,300 volumes in the col- 
 lection. 
 
 To Dr. S. A. Jones, of Ann Arbor, is the library 
 indebted for its first manuscript. It is a beautifully 
 written and illustrated work of the fifteenth cen- 
 tury, Theodorici Chirurgia. It was presented 
 upon the opening of the new building. Also fit- 
 that time, the Rev. Dr. George Duffield, a member 
 of the Board of Regents, presented a manuscript of 
 earlier date, probably of the twelfth century, a copy 
 of the Vulgate Bible; Professor C. K. Adams gave 
 to the library a volume, Burteii de Vita et Moribus 
 Philosophorum, printed in 1478, a date earlier than 
 that of any printed volume which the library pre- 
 viously contained; the Hon. James Shearer, chair- 
 man of the building committee of the Board of 
 Regents, gave a copy of Heath's elegant edition of 
 Hogarth's works. These gifts coming as they did 
 from the very household of the University were 
 especially appropriate to the occasion on which they 
 were given, and were received as an auspicious 
 for the future. Upon the opening of the 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 289 
 
 new building the library contained about 40,000 
 volumes. By an actual count made in June, 1884, 
 there were found to be 44,066 -volumes in the gen- 
 eral and medical libraries, of which 3,000 are in 
 the medical. 
 
 In the administration of the library there has 
 always been shown the most severe economy. Mr. 
 J. L. Tappan received a salary of $500 when first 
 appointed librarian; this was raised to $600 and 
 again io $800; from that time the salary of the 
 librarian, has been a varying one; in 1865, it was 
 raised to $1,000, in 1866 to $1,500, in 1869 to $2,000; 
 in 1874 it was decreased to $1,500, and in 1877 to 
 $1,000, and was again raised to $1,500 in 1879. In 
 1865 it was considered that $200 a year was a suffi- 
 cient sum to pay for assistance to the librarian; in 
 1872, $1,000 was devoted to that purpose, an unusu- 
 ally large sum being needed for extra assistance in 
 preparing the card catalogue; in 1877-78, $600 was 
 paid; and in 1883-84, $2,200 was paid six assistants, 
 making the cost of the adm inistration of the library 
 $3,700 a year. 
 
 The library is open eleven and one-half hours a 
 day, except only on Sundays. The recorded use, 
 which is about two-thirds of the whole use, has 
 been for 1883-84 something more than 100,000 
 volumes. Professor Andrew Ten Brook held the 
 office of librarian until 1877, when he was succeeded 
 by Mr, Raymond 0. Davis. 
 
 In 1881, at the suggestion of Assistant Professor 
 J. B. Davis, the Board of Regents asked and 
 received from the legislature an appropriation of 
 
240 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 $2,500 with which to make a beginning in the 
 establishment of a mechanical laboratory. Before 
 the appropriation had been expended, Mr. M. E. 
 Cooley, assistant engineer in the United States 
 Navy, was detailed to this University to take charge 
 of a department of Mechanical Engineering. Mr. 
 Cooley reported for service in August, 1881. In 
 the following October the 2,500 of the appropria- 
 tion was placed at his disposal. A small brick 
 building was erected at a cost of about $1,500, and 
 the laboratory was supplied with a small outfit of 
 machinery and apparatus with the remaining 1,000. 
 In 1883 the legislature granted $2,000 for the 
 salary for two years of an assistant in the mechan- 
 ical laboratory. Mr. C. G. Taylor, a graduate of 
 Worcester Free Institute, received the position thus 
 provided for. At the same time the legislature gave 
 $3,000 for apparatus. With this small outlay has 
 the department of mechanical engineering been in 
 operation since October, 1881. It offers a valuable 
 and popular course of study. Shop practice in 
 wood work and in iron work, in forging and foundry 
 work is an important branch of it. It offers also 
 courses of instruction in the principles of mechan- 
 ism, in prime movers, in the theory of machine 
 construction, in machine design and machine 
 drawing, in machine dynamics, in mill work, and in 
 naval architecture. 
 
 During the first year of its establishment there 
 were thirty-five students engaged in the work at 
 the mechanical laboratory. It is a department 
 which should receive the hearty support of tin- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 241 
 
 people of Michigan. There are few who cannot 
 appreciate the value of trained and skilled labor 
 in mechanics and machinery. It is also a depart- 
 ment which requires, for its successful operation, 
 an ample endowment. 
 
 An addition was made to the building of the 
 chemical laboratory in 1880, and in 1881 the legis- 
 lature granted $15,000 to reimburse the University 
 for the money spent upon it. 
 
 Since the establishment of the school of pharm- 
 acy as a separate department, in 1876, it has had 
 from sixty to one hundred students each year. 
 These students do nearly all their work in the 
 chemical laboratory. All of the medical students 
 and many of the literary students also have work 
 to do in the laboratory. As a consequence there 
 has been a constantly increasing demand for better 
 facilities for work. 
 
 In 1870 steam heating was introduced into the 
 law, medical, and museum, or north wing, build- 
 ings. It was done at an expense of about $10,757, 
 which was supplied from the " state aid fund " 
 which had accumulated under the legislative act of 
 1867. In 1876 the Board of Regents began to con- 
 sider the feasibility of heating all the buildings, ex- 
 cept the medical and laboratory buildings, from 
 one central boiler house, but they were unable to 
 take any decisive measures until the legislative 
 grant of $20,000, in 1879, rendered it possible. The 
 plans and specifications for the steam heating works 
 were made by G. W. Lloyd, of Detroit; the boiler- 
 house was built by Dean Brothers, of Detroit; and 
 
242 HISTORY OF 
 
 the steam heating apparatus was constructed and 
 introduced by the Detroit Metal and Plumbing 
 \Vorks. In 1883 a further appropriation of sS.OOO 
 was made for new boilers and connections. Four 
 buildings, University hall, the law, museum and 
 library buildings are heated from this central boiler 
 house. 
 
 The town of Ann Arbor does not possess water- 
 works. The rainfall on the roofs, collected into 
 cisterns, very meagerly supplies the wants of the 
 citizens and offers slight protection against fire. 
 The water which was collected in cisterns on the 
 University grounds was even insufficient for the 
 supply of the steam boilers. Again was the legis- 
 lature called upon and a grant of .5,000 was re- 
 ceived for the introduction of water-works. The 
 water is "obtained from springs on the land of Mr. 
 Emanuel Mann, a little more than a mile south- 
 west of the University. It flows through wooden 
 pipes 3,000 feet, to a cistern on State street, and is 
 pumped from the cistern through iron pipes 2,000 
 feet, and forced into a tank in the tower adjacent 
 to the laboratory. The tank holds 40,000 gallons. 
 The water is distributed by pipes to the various 
 University buildings."* The introduction of water- 
 works cost about $2,200 more than the appropria- 
 tion. 
 
 Still another improvement was the laying of 
 sewer-pipes on the University grounds, in 1881, 
 and their connection with the Huron river. For 
 
 * President's Report, 187f> 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 243 
 
 this, the legislature provided by an appropriation 
 of $7,500. 
 
 The law department has never been the recipient 
 of legislative favors; it has been, almost from its 
 first establishment, self-supporting, and in some 
 years has been a source of income for the benefit 
 of other departments. Although such has been the 
 case, its term has been confined to six months of 
 the year, until, in 1883, it was lengthened to nine 
 months, an extension of time which has long been 
 desired by the members of the law faculty. 
 
 No change occurred in the faculty of the depart- 
 ment between 1868, when Mr. Kent was appointed 
 Fletcher Professor of law, and 1874, when Mr. C. I. 
 Walker obtained leave of absence. In the year fol- 
 lowing, Mr. Walker offered his resignation, but 
 was induced to withdraw it and accept another 
 year's leave of absence. At the close of the year 
 1875-76, however, he again offered his resignation, 
 which was accepted, and Mr. William P. Wells, of 
 Detroit, who had occupied the Kent professorship 
 during Mr. Walker's absence, now received an ap- 
 pointment to the professorship. Mr. Walker again 
 gave lectures in the law department in 1879-80, and 
 1880-81, during the illness of Mr. Wells. 
 
 In 1879 the Tappaii professorship of law was es- 
 tablished, and the Hon. Alpheus Felch, was ap- 
 pointed to it. 
 
 Governor Felch resigned, in 1883, and was suc- 
 ceeded by Mr. Henry Wade Eogers. 
 
 The law department could sustain no greater loss 
 than by the resignation of Judge Thomas M. Cooley, 
 
J4-4 in 
 
 Probably the larger proportion who enter the de- 
 partment from < itee than Michigan are 
 
 drawn to it l>\ tin- ivm.wn of .hid-.' < looley's name, 
 al time- within a few years li-^ the school 
 beeu threatened with such a loss/ In 1SSO lie 
 otTVred hi> re.ML'nation. but was inducted to witli- 
 draw it by the promi- .-I' some relief from work. 
 It has been the good fortune of the 1'niversity 
 that so many of its officers have become so -tron^ly 
 attached t<> it and to their work in it, that they yield 
 to their inclination in remaining rather than con- 
 sider their advantage in devoting thenis-lve^ fco 
 n-inunerative work. PtM-uliarly is this true 
 of the older professors in the law department 
 
 In 1879 Regent Kynd offered a resolution calling 
 for an investigation into a reported "delinquency " 
 on the part of the professors in the law department 
 " in absenting themselves from duty at the regular 
 lecture hours." The resolution reminds one < >f M r. 
 I) is hop's letter to Dr. Tappan in 1861. It was car- 
 i-ied 1)\ the vote of four Regents, who were popu- 
 larly known as the ' Beal Regents," so named from 
 the supposed mutual sympathy existing between 
 them and Mr. R. A. Beal upon many points of 
 rniversity administration. There were those who 
 thought that the proposed investigation was a part 
 of a plan devised by Mr. Beal for the purpose of 
 driving Judge Cooley and others from the law de- 
 partment. The report of the committee, of which 
 President Angell, and Regents Cutcheon, Duftield 
 Shearer were members, entirely exonerated the 
 
 * Judge Cooley resigned in June, IKSI. 
 
rXIVEP.SITY OF MICHIGAN. 245 
 
 professors from the alleged delinquency and con- 
 tained the following sentence: 
 
 "In closing this report we desire to express our convic- 
 tion that the distinguished gentlemen who have so suc- 
 cessfully conducted the law school for twenty years, and 
 have done so much to extend and increase the reputation 
 and influence of this university, have been faithful to 
 their duties, and with a genuine affection for the great 
 school they have done so much to build up, they will omit 
 nothing in their power to add to its fame and usefulness 
 in the future." 
 
 The University lands have all been sold excepting 
 about 300 acres which are of little value. The fund 
 arising from the sale amounts to about $543,300, of 
 which from $50,000 to $60,000 still remains in the 
 hands of purchasers. It yields to the University 
 an annual income of about $38,400. From the one- 
 twentieth of a mill tax, granted by the legislature 
 in 1873, the University received at that time $30,- 
 500 a year. As the result of a new valuation of 
 the property of the State, in 1881-82 the amount 
 was increased to $40,500. These two funds, to- 
 gether with the $6,000 a year for the support of the 
 homoeopathic college, a stated appropriation from 
 the legislature, are the reliable resources of the 
 Board of Regents. Whatever else is available is 
 derived from special legislative grants, and stu- 
 dents' fees. However generous the legislature may 
 be, the income from special grants must always be 
 uncertain, and such uncertainty must occasion ein- 
 barrassment so long as the University is dependent 
 upon such appropriations for the payment of some 
 of its current expenses. That the citizens of Michi- 
 Q 
 
_> K. KIBTORY or Till 
 
 ganwill not willingly >ee the rniversity linger be- 
 hind others, in an advance which is invited by the 
 rapid development of new objects of study and in- 
 vestigation, is readily believed. That a reliable 
 and permanent fund, large enough to cover the or- 
 dinary expenses of the institution, will be provided 
 by the State or by individuals must be earnestly 
 hoped. Such a permanent fund is necessary even 
 to a correct and wise administration of the finances 
 of the institution. 
 
 The interests of the University have seemed to 
 the Board of Regents to require, at different times, 
 an increase in the fees charged the students. In 
 1870 the diploma fee was raised from 3.00 to 5.00, 
 and in 1877 to $10.00. In 1874 the matriculation 
 fee for students non-resident of the State was raised 
 to X'25.00, and the annual fee, for all students, to 
 $15.00. In 1877 the annual fee was raised, for 
 resident students, to 20.00; and for non-resident 
 students, to $25.00. In 1881 the annual fees were 
 arranged as follows: in the literary department, 
 for residents, $20.00, for non-residents, $30.00; in 
 the law department, for residents, 30.00, for non- 
 residents, $50.00; in all other departments, for resi- 
 dents, $25.00, and for non-residents, $35.00. The 
 fees for the law students were almost immediately 
 changed to correspond with those charged the stu- 
 dents of the other professional departments. In 
 1882-83 there was realized from students' fees W>,- 
 687.40. The variation in this amount may be so 
 great, that it renders it a very uncertain item in 
 financial estimates. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 247 
 
 At the close of the financial year, 1871-72, there 
 remained in the University treasury a balance of 
 about $4,000; the finance committee predicted, how- 
 ever, for the following year a deficit of $13,000. 
 This deficit was provided for in 1873 by the legis- 
 lature. Again, in 1873-74, notwithstanding the use 
 of a large amount from the " reserve fund," there 
 was a deficit which was again provided for by the 
 legislature. In 1875-76 there was a deficit of about 
 $20,000, and this became still greater in 1876-77, 
 but by close economy this debt was paid in 1877- 
 '78, and the University was free from debt. At the 
 close of each financial year (September 30) since 
 that time, a small balance has been reported, but 
 one that was insufficient to pay the salaries due on 
 the following day. 
 
 Some relief to financial embarrassment was 
 sought in 1879 by a reduction of salaries. The 
 salary of the President was reduced to $3,750 and 
 his house, of a full professor in the literary or 
 medical department to $2,200, of an assistant pro- 
 fessor to $1,600, of a professor in the law depart- 
 ment to $1,500. This was done under the plea 
 that the value of money had increased since the 
 salaries had been fixed in 1871. Notwithstanding 
 the reduction, the amount paid in salaries has in- 
 creased from about $94,000, in 1878, to $131,000, in 
 1883-84. The increase has come from the opening 
 of new departments and new courses or study, re- 
 quiring a greater number of instructors. Occa- 
 sionally some man who has built up a department 
 in the University, whose name in connection with 
 
IMS HisToiiY OF TIN: 
 
 the institution has conferred honor and distinction 
 upon it and has called students to it, is called awn \ 
 to some other institution more fortunate in its en- 
 dowment. This fact, as well as the pressure which 
 the united faculty are bringing to bear upon tin 4 
 Board of Regents, is a note of warning that the 
 salaries must be made to bear a better proportion 
 to those paid in other institutions, if the University 
 is to retain an able corps of instructors. There 
 are but two ways to effect such a purpose; either 
 the State or individuals must provide the means, or 
 the number of instructors, and consequently the 
 number of courses of study offered, must be les- 
 sened. It would be pitiful if the latter course 
 should be forced upon a University which is the 
 possession of a wealthy State, and which is the 
 alma niater of a large body of alumni. 
 
 The years between 1875 and 1880 were years of 
 trouble and of threatening doom to the University. 
 The ability and skill of its president, his consum- 
 mate knowledge of men and of affairs, the devotion 
 and industry of its professors, its established rep- 
 utation in the United States and elsewhere, its 
 firm hold upon the pride and regard of the people 
 of the State all worked together to counteract the 
 evil and permanent effect which might otherwise 
 have arisen from the contention and intrigues of 
 those years. The trouble arose from what is known 
 as the "laboratory defalcation." 
 
 The connection of Dr. Silas H. Douglas with the 
 University began in 1844, when he became Instruc- 
 tor in Chemistry; from 1846 he held the professor- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 241) 
 
 ship of chemistry, his title being changed from 
 time to time so as to include other sciences allied 
 to chemistry. When the chemical laboratory was 
 established he became its director, and for many 
 years worked faithfully and wisely in building up 
 the department. 
 
 Dr. Preston B. Rose became connected with the 
 University as dispensing clerk in 1864. He was 
 made Assistant Professor of Chemistry in 1868. It 
 was his duty to keep an account of the chemicals 
 used by the students and receive money in pay- 
 ment for them. Until 1875 he had the confidence 
 of Dr. Douglas, and his courtesy and kindness had 
 gained him popularity among the students. 
 
 The student in his work in the laboratory uses a 
 greater or less amount of chemicals. Dr. Douglas, 
 by the direction of the Board of Regents, pur- 
 chased the chemicals from wholesale houses at 
 reduced rates and sold them to the students at 
 "list prices," the prices they would be obliged to 
 pay at a retail store. 
 
 The student, before entering upon his work, was 
 required to deposit $10 ; an account of the chem- 
 icals used by him was kept, and if the price of them 
 amounted to less than $10, there was a sum due 
 him which was returned; if it was more than $10, 
 he paid an additional sum. The profit on chem- 
 icals was considerable, and Dr. Douglas was allowed 
 to spend it upon improvements in the laboratory, 
 as he might think best, and at the close of each 
 year he rendered an accoiint to the Board of 
 Regents, 
 
250 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 The following method of keeping the laboratory 
 accounts was adopted by Dr. Douglas and Dr. Rose. 
 The student, when he had deposited sJO was given 
 a voucher as a receipt for it. The voucher was 
 torn from a book containing stubs corresponding to 
 the vouchers, the account upon the face of the 
 voucher and upon the stub being the same. Be- 
 sides this a ledger account was kept showing the 
 amount of chemicals used by the student. Any 
 deposit of money made after the first $10 deposit 
 was recorded in the ledger and also upon the back 
 of the student's $10 voucher. 
 
 At certain periods the money from tiie first, the 
 $10 deposits, was given by Dr. Rose to Dr. Doug- 
 las, the latter placing his initial letter D. upon the 
 stubs in the stub book as a token that the amount 
 had been paid. 
 
 At the close of a student's connection with the 
 laboratory he returned to Dr. Rose his voucher. 
 Both the voucher and the ledger would show what 
 amount Dr. Rose had received from the student, 
 and the stub-book would show if he had delivered 
 the $10 deposit to Dr. Douglas. At the final set- 
 tlement it was usual for Dr. Douglas to take the 
 vouchers, while Dr. Rose held the stub-book, and 
 thus the two compared them. Dr. Rose would pay 
 to Dr. Douglas the difference in amount between 
 the first deposit and the amount registered on the 
 voucher, and upon each settlement Dr. Rose, in the 
 presence of Dr. Douglas, drew a red line across the 
 face of stub. 
 
 It was Dr. Douglas' duty to keep an account of 
 
r.MVEllSITY OF MICHIGAN. 251 
 
 the money he received, to deduct from it the amount 
 he had spent in the business of the laboratory, and 
 make an annual report of the same to the Board of 
 Regents. 
 
 Had the director himself carefully compared the 
 vouchers with the list of students in the laboratory 
 and again with the stub, no deception on the part 
 of Dr. Rose would have been possible. Had the 
 Board of Regents examined the accounts of both 
 Dr. Douglas and Dr. Rose, no deception on the 
 part of either would have been possible. From the 
 carelessness of all the parties concerned arose the 
 most serious trouble which has ever disturbed the 
 peace of the University. 
 
 It is not designed to give a detailed account of 
 the laboratory defalcation, but merely to mention 
 the successive steps in an affair which, unfortu- 
 nately, is a part of the history of the University. 
 
 In October, 1875, Dr. Douglas reported to Dr. 
 Angell that he had discovered errors in the returns 
 made to him by Dr. Rose. President Angell, after 
 some investigation, considered it a matter which 
 required the attendance of some members of the 
 Board of Regents. Regents McGowan and E. C. 
 Walker responded to his summons, and after a brief 
 examination, they requested President Angell, Mr. 
 Knight, cashier of the First National Bank of Ann 
 Arbor, Mr. Bennett, steward of the University, and 
 Dr. Douglas to make further investigations and 
 ascertain the amount of the discrepancy ; meamvhile, 
 at their request, Dr. Rose transferred his house to 
 Hr. Knight, to hold as security for the University. 
 
2-V2 HISTORY OF THK 
 
 The report of President Angell and the others 
 was reviewed and approved by Regents Gilbert 
 and Walker, and presented to the Board of Regents 
 at a meeting held December 21st, 1875. It covered 
 the years between 1869 and 1875, and computed 
 the delinquent accounts at 3,978.43. Of this 
 amount 2,281.53 was from accounts without either 
 stubs or vouchers, and 81,696.90 from accounts with 
 stubs, but no vouchers. The greater number of 
 the stubs which were without vouchers correspond- 
 ing had the red line across them, showing, unless 
 the lines were forgeries, that the money called for 
 by them had been paid over to Dr. Douglas. Dr. 
 Douglas claimed that the lines were forged. 
 Dr. Rose, at the meeting held December 21st, 
 declared his innocence, protested against the action 
 of the committee and invited investigation. At 
 this meeting Dr. Rose was suspended from his 
 duties, and a committee, consisting of Regents 
 McGowan, Climie, Rynd, and S. 8. Walker, was 
 appointed to investigate Dr. Douglas' accounts. 
 The vote upon Dr. Rose's dismissal was as follows: 
 Aye Regents Gilbert, Burt, McGowan, Climie and 
 E. C. Walker; Nay Regent Rynd. 
 
 At the meeting of the Board, held in March, 1876, 
 Regents Climie, Rynd and S. S. Walker reported 
 the deficit, reckoning from 1864-65, to be *6,9S4.0I. 
 and the finance committee were directed to learn 
 to whom this amount should be charged. 
 
 Dr. Rose's cause had now been espoused by M r. 
 II. A. Beal, of Ann Arbor. Mr. Beal appeared ;it 
 this meeting of the Board find stated that Dr, Rose 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 253 
 
 would be able to clear himself from all suspicion, 
 and asked that he be restored to his position, and 
 this was done by the following vote: Aye Regents 
 Estabrook, Grant, Rynd, Climie, Cutcheon and S. 
 S. Walker; Nay Regents McGowan and E. C. 
 Walker. 
 
 June 19, 1876, the committee, Regents Grant, 
 McGowan and Estabrook, whose duty it was to 
 learn to whom the deficit was chargeable, reported 
 a deficit of $5,536.13* of which $1,17465 was 
 chargeable to Dr. Douglas and the remainder to 
 Dr. Rose. Dr. Rose had refused to appear before 
 the committee, and was now acting by the advice 
 of Mr. Beal, and of his lawyer, Mr. A. J. Sawyer. 
 The feeling upon both sides had become bitter, and 
 a terrible conflict had begun. 
 
 Dr. Rose was again dismissed, by the vote: Aye 
 Regents Estabrook, McGowan, Grant, E. C. and S. 
 S. Walker; Nay Regent Climie. 
 
 It was ordered that a suit be commenced against 
 him, and that his house and lot should be deeded 
 back to him upon receiving his bond, giving two 
 sureties, conditioned to pay any judgment against 
 him. Mr. Beal and Dr. R. S. Smith became his 
 sureties. 
 
 A motion to dismiss ] >r. Douglas was defeated by 
 the vote: Aye Regents Ryiid and Climie; Nay- 
 Regents McGowan, Grant, E. C. and S. S. Walker. 
 
 In January, 1877, the legislature, whose mem- 
 
 *There was, as will be seen, a considerable difference of opinion as to 
 the amount of the deficit among the committees, owing to the compli- 
 cated nature of the accounts. 
 
_r> I HISTORY or THI: 
 
 bers, largely through Mr. Beal's influence, had be- 
 come interested in the matter, sent to Ann Arbor 
 an investigating committee, which sat for about 
 two months, took a vast amount of testimony in a 
 manner thought by many not to be entirely impar- 
 tial and uninfluenced, and reported against Dr. 
 Douglas, and in favor of Dr. Hose. From that 
 time the pressure exerted by the legislature upon 
 the Board of Regents became an important ele- 
 ment. To explain the magnitude of Mr. Beal's in- 
 fluence, it is necessary to state that he was an ex- 
 perienced political manager, that he was proprietor 
 of a newspaper which he scattered everywhere 
 through the State, and that he was a man of wealth 
 which he did not hesitate to use wherever it would 
 do, according to his view of the case, the most good. 
 It was also said that he had special claims upon 
 some members of the Board of Regents. But 
 whatever may have been the occasion of his in- 
 fluence, it was very great, and such was his bitter 
 hostility to all who opposed him, that many of the 
 friends of the University felt that through him the 
 interests of the institution were in great danger. 
 
 March 28, 1877, Dr. Douglas was dismissed from 
 the University by the vote: Aye Regents Rynd, 
 Climie, Cutcheon and Collier; Nay Regents E. C. 
 mid 8. S. Walker. 
 
 In May, 1877, a legislative committee met with 
 the Board of Regents, and endeavored to effect the 
 restoration of Dr. Rose, and the dismissal of the 
 chancery suit pending, so far as it regarded him. 
 The effort was defeated by the vote: Aye 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 255 
 
 Rynd, Climie, Cutcheou and ("Jollier; Nay Regents 
 Grant, Estabrook, E. C. and S. S. Walker. 
 
 The chancery suit was brought against Dr. Rose 
 and his bondsmen and Dr. Douglas for the re- 
 covery of the amount of the laboratory deficit, 
 which, for this occasion, was fixed at $5,671.87. 
 Ex-Governor Felch, of Ann Arbor, and Judge C. 
 I. Walker, of Detroit, were the first attorneys for 
 the Board in the case. They resigned in May, 
 1877, being unwilling to bear the abuse which wa^ 
 heaped upon them under the suspicion that they 
 favored Dr. Douglas. They were succeeded by 
 Mr. W. L. Webber and Judge I. P. Christiancy. 
 
 The suit was commenced in July, 1877, before 
 Judge Huiitington, whose decision was filed in the 
 September following. The decision was that the 
 delinquent accounts which were represented by 
 initialed stubs should be charged to Dr. Douglas, 
 and all others to Dr. Rose. Dr. Rose's liability was 
 fixed at $4,62440. While Dr. Douglas was charged 
 with the remainder of the deficit, he was, on the 
 other hand, allowed credit for interest on moneys 
 advanced by him to the laboratory, for money spent 
 in travelling expenses while engaged in University 
 business, etc., etc. So that in the final accounting 
 the University ow^ed him about $17.00. 
 
 A rehearing of the case only confirmed the judg- 
 ment. 
 
 Mr. Beal, for it had become Mr. Seal's rather 
 than Dr. Rose's case, declined to appeal to the Su- 
 preme Court. He had accused Judge Huntiiigton 
 of making a partial judgment, and he now had no 
 
or THI-: 
 
 confidence in the higher court. He could count 
 upon four members of the Board of Regents, and 
 turned his efforts in that direction. 
 
 In January, 1878, a motion to restore Dr. Ros<> 
 was defeated by a tie vote: Aye Regents Rynd, 
 riimie, Duffield and Maltz; Nay Regents Grant, 
 Gutcheon, E. C. and S. 8. Walker. 
 
 On March 26, 1878, there were present of the 
 Board, Regents Grant, Rynd, Climie, Duffield, 
 Maltz, E. C. and S. S. Walker. Regent Maltz 
 offered a resolution cancelling the decree of the 
 court and reinstating Dr. Rose. Before the motion 
 could be carried Regents Grant, and E. C. and S. S. 
 Walker had gone from the room, leaving the Board 
 without a quorum. Throughout that day and the 
 following this status of affairs continued, and then 
 the Board adjourned. The absentees felt them- 
 selves justified in their extraordinary measure by 
 the serious evil which they, for the time, prevented. 
 
 In the following April a full Board convened. 
 
 Mr. Beal and Mr. Steere offered to the Univer- 
 sity a one-half interest in the Beal-Steere collec- 
 tion in payment of the judgment of the court 
 against Dr. Rose, and the offer was accepted. 
 
 In February, 1879, a legislative committee again 
 appeared before the Board of Regents and urged 
 what seemed to them justice for Dr. Rose. Dr. 
 Rose was appointed Assistant Professor of Physi- 
 ological Chemistry by the following vote: Aye 
 Regents Rynd, Climie, Duffield and Maltz; Nay- 
 Regents Cutcheon and S. S. Walker. By the same 
 vote the judgment against Dr. Kosc and his bonds- 
 
UNIVERSITY or MICHIGAN. 257 
 
 men was cancelled. Dr. Rose held the position of 
 Assistant Professor until October, 1881, when he 
 resigned. 
 
 Dr. Douglas appealed his case to the Supreme 
 Court. The decision, rendered in January, 1881, 
 exonerated Dr. Douglas completely, pronounced 
 some of the initial D's to be forgeries, and granted 
 to Dr. Douglas certain moneys claimed, but not 
 granted by the lower court. The judgment against 
 the University amounted to $2,045.80 and costs to 
 the amount of $1,605.94 
 
 The University lost heavily in this affair; the 
 original deficit was less than the amount paid in 
 the conduct of the suit, and the little that was 
 gained by the suit was deliberately abandoned. 
 
 More still did it lose by the spectacle of its Board 
 of Regents, not only divided in opinion, but bitterly 
 and personally hostile to one another. It lost by the 
 aspersions cast upon many of its officers, unfounded 
 though they might be; it lost by being involved in 
 a contest in which not only the members of the 
 Board of Regents, but the people of the State 
 became partisans; it lost by the wire-pulling meth- 
 ods then introduced into its administration. 
 
 Yet the University did not recede in its course 
 during the contest, though its advance may have 
 been retarded. Truly may it be said to have been 
 proven that no one man nor set of men can destroy 
 it. 
 
 The discovery of .the laboratory deficit led to an 
 entire remodeling of the financial department of 
 the University. In July, 1878, Mr. W. A. Tolchard 
 
HISTOKY OF TIIF. 
 
 was appointed treasurer of the University. He 
 had an office upon the University grounds and 
 devoted his time to the service of the University. 
 To him alone was money to be paid from students 
 of any department. Upon Mr. Tolchard's resigna- 
 tion, in 1882, Mr. H. Soule received an appointment 
 to the same office. 
 
 The office of steward of the University was held, 
 from 1869 to 1888, by Mr. Henry D. Bennett, who, 
 through this period of fifteen years, served the 
 institution faithfully, and gained the confidence 
 and affection of the many with whom he had to 
 deal. He was succeeded, upon his resignation, by 
 Mr. James H. Wade. 
 
 The advanced age of Professor George P. Wil- 
 liams rendered necessary, in 1871, an entire relief 
 from University work. He had served for thirty 
 years, through the period of greatest hardship. It 
 was the wish of Regents, faculty and alumni that 
 his name remain still in connection with the Uni- 
 versity though his active work was to cease. He 
 remained Professor of Physics without duties, and 
 Mr. George B. Merriman was appointed Adjunct 
 Professor of Physics. Professor Merriman resigned 
 in 1875 and Mr. John W. Langley became Acting 
 Professor of General Chemistry and Physics. At 
 the same time Professor Williams became Emeritus 
 Professor of Physics. 
 
 The salary of a full professorship was continued 
 to Professor Williams until 1876, from which time 
 he received from the University but S500 a year. 
 The act reducing his salary was adopted after 
 
I'NlVKPiStTY OF MICHIGAN. '259 
 
 measures had been taken, by the society of the 
 alumni, towards providing a fund for his support. 
 This society established " The Williams Professor- 
 ship Fund," the income from which was to be paid 
 to Professor Williams during his life, and after his 
 death was to endow a Williams' Professorship. In 
 June, 1884, the total amount subscribed to the fund 
 was $28,445.47 ; the total amount which had been 
 collected was 13,583.35. Of the unpaid subscrip- 
 tions probably all but about $2,500 will be, at some 
 time, paid. During the last year of Professor 
 Williams' life he received from this source $1,587.25. 
 
 Professor Williams died, at the age of 79 years, 
 in the summer of 1881. The alumni society has 
 not yet decided what disposition to make of the 
 fund; up to this time the income has not been paid 
 to the University. Since 1877 the chair of Phys- 
 ics has been occupied by Professor C. K. Wead. 
 
 Soon after President Angell's inauguration Pro- 
 fessor Frieze asked for leave of absence, which was 
 granted him. He spent two years in Europe and 
 returned to assume the duties of his professorship. 
 In 1880-81, and 1881-82, during President Angell's 
 absence, he again became Acting President, and for 
 this second period of two years he performed the 
 duties of that office with the ability, faithfulness 
 and disinterestedness so characteristic of him. 
 
 The occasion of the second Acting Presidency 
 was the appointment, by President Hayes, of Dr. 
 Angell as Minister to the Chinese Empire for the 
 purpose of negotiating a treaty between that power 
 and the United States. The Board of Regents 
 
260 fflsToKY OF THE 
 
 regarded "the tender of this position, so important 
 at the present time as a most gratifying recognition 
 both of President Angell and of the University; " 
 they believed " that the standing and progress of the 
 University are now so well assured that leave <>!' 
 absence may be granted the President without 
 serious detriment, and that all adverse considera- 
 tions are more than counterbalanced by benefits 
 that may be expected to arise out of this public 
 employment." Dr. Angell' s absence was continued 
 until February, 1882. Upon his return to Ann 
 Arbor he was met by a large body of the students 
 and citizens, and escorted to his house. In the 
 evening of the same day a welcome was given 
 him in University Hall, where hearty words and 
 hearty cheers were meant to show an appreciation 
 of the honor which he had gained for himself and 
 for the University. 
 
 Prof. Alexander Winchell resigned the profes- 
 sorship of Geology, Zoology and Botany in 1S7)>, 
 and again in 1879 returned to the University, as 
 Professor of Palaeontology. In the interim he was 
 fora time President of Syracuse 1 adversity, and 
 later occupied a professorship in Ymiderbilt I'ni- 
 versity, at Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 Professor James G. Watson, the most distin- 
 guished son of the University, and probably the 
 most widely known and honored of any of her 
 faculty, resigned the professorship of Astronomy, in 
 1879, in order to accept the directorship of the 
 Washburn Observatory, at Madison, Wis., a posi- 
 tion which offered him peculiar advantages for 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 261 
 
 astronomical research. Scarcely more than a year 
 later in November, 1880, a large audience was 
 gathered in University Hall to listen to memorial 
 addresses upon his life, and to look upon his life- 
 less face. He died before the realization of the 
 bright hopes which induced him to leave Ann Ar- 
 bor, but not before he had won renown for himself 
 and the University. He was a popular instructor; 
 his lectures were sometimes brilliant, and always 
 lucid; though a man of extraordinary quickness of 
 intellect, he was able to bring his instruction within 
 the comprehension of slower minds; he was not 
 exacting in recitation or in examination. He once 
 included in a list of students, who had passed an 
 examination just held, the name of a man who had 
 died early in the year; he had passed the whole 
 class, and had taken the names from his class roll 
 as prepared on the first day of recitation. 
 
 Professor DeVolson Wood, after fifteen years of 
 service in the University, resigned in 1872, and Mr. 
 Charles E. Greene was, in his place, appointed Pro- 
 fessor of Civil Engineering. Professor Wood's 
 peculiar name was once the occasion for one of 
 Professor Williams' witticisms. The various mem- 
 bers of the faculty were engaged in latinizing their 
 names, when Professor Wood met with difficulty in 
 finding a Latin form for his name. Professor Wil- 
 liams suggested, "Filius Diaboli;" a jest without 
 a sting since it could have no reference to the 
 character of a man. of such rugged honesty and 
 frankness. 
 
 Professor Moses Coit Tyler resigned in 1873, but 
 
ins-roily or rur. 
 
 was absent for one year and a half only, having ac- 
 cepted a reappointinent in 1874. In 1881 he again 
 resigned. A professorship in Cornell Cimersity 
 was offered him, and influenced by the large li- 
 brary of Americana which that college p<>- 
 and its value to him in his literary work, he ac- 
 cepted it. 
 
 Professor George S. Morris resigned the chair of 
 .Modern Languages in 1871). In 1881 he was ap- 
 pointed Professor of Ethics, History of Philosophy 
 and Logic, with the understanding that his duti 
 were to occupy but one-half of the year, and would 
 allow the continuance of his connection with Johns 
 Hopkins University. 
 
 Dr. Cocker' & title was at the same time changed 
 to Professor of Psychology, Speculative Philosophy, 
 and Philosophy of Eeligion. 
 
 Dr. Cocker's" relations with the University were 
 severed by his death in the spring of 1883. He was 
 a teacher who received, in an unusual degree, the 
 confidence and affection, as well as the admiration, 
 of his students. Under his guidance the study of 
 philosophy became an interesting one; his cla- 
 were always large. When each year the members 
 of the graduating class were asked by the class his- 
 torian, " Who is your favorite professor," a very 
 frequent answer was " Dr. Cocker." His course of 
 instruction was such that it brought him into con- 
 tact w r ith all or nearly all of the literary students 
 and he took a hearty interest in each one. More 
 than is possible with most men he impressed upon 
 the student a confidence in his personal friendship. 
 
V XI VERITY Otf MICHIGAN. 
 
 Dr. Cocker was born in Yorkshire, England, in 
 1821, and was educated at King James' Grammar 
 School, and then entered into business. In 1850 he 
 went to Australia for his health, engaged in busi- 
 ness there, and in 1856 had heavy financial losses. 
 An escape from the cannibals in the Feejee Islands, 
 whither he had gone on a trading voyage, and 
 other marvelous incidents, caused him to think 
 that his life had been saved for a purpose. He 
 came to the United States and entered the ministry 
 in connection with the Methodist Church. He 
 preached in Adrian, Ann Arbor, and Detroit, every- 
 where gaining the love of his people. He had 
 created for himself the reputation of an eloquent 
 preacher and scholarly thinker, when he was invited 
 to accept a chair in the University. 
 
 Mr. Elisha Jones was appointed Acting Professor 
 of Greek in 1870, Acting Assistant Professor of La- 
 tin in 1875, Acting Assistant Professor of Greek in 
 1878, and Assistant Professor of Latin in 1879. 
 
 The class of 1868 is represented in the faculty by 
 six of its members. Mr. E. L. Walter was instruc- 
 tor in Latin before taking his degree. In the fall 
 of 1868 he became Assistant Professor of Latin, a 
 position which he held until, in 1879, he was ap- 
 pointed Professor of Modern Languages. Mr. M. 
 W. Harrington was instructor in French and Math- 
 ematics in 1870, Assistant Professor of Geology, 
 Zoology and Botany in 1872, and Assistant Profes- 
 sor in charge of Zoology and Botany in 1874 He 
 resigned in 1877, but returned in 1879, having re- 
 ceived the appointment of Professor of Astronomy 
 
264 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 and Director of the Observatory. Mr. A. H. Patten- 
 gill was Assistant Professor of Greek from 1869 to 
 1881, when his title was changed to Associate Pro- 
 fessor of Greek. Mr. J. B. Davis was appointed 
 Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering in 1872. 
 Mr. I. N. Demmon became instructor in Mathe- 
 matics in 1872, Assistant Professor of Rhetoric and 
 History in 1876, Assistant Professor of Rhetoric 
 and Old English in 1879, and Professor of English 
 Literature in 1881. Mr. J. B. Steere,was, in 1876, 
 Assistant Professor of Palaeontology, in 1877 Assist- 
 ant Professor of Zoology and Palaeontology, and 
 since 1879 he has been Professor of Zoology. 
 
 In 1883-84, six professors, one acting professor, 
 three associate professors, four assistant professors 
 and two instructors, in the literary department, are 
 graduates of the University of Michigan. 
 
 In 1879, Regent Rynd submitted the following 
 resolution : 
 
 "Resolved, That hereafter no professor or other em- 
 ployee of the University shall be at liberty to absent him- 
 self from the discharge of his proper duties in the insti- 
 tution longer than three college days at any one time, to 
 attend to any other business or engagement, without se- 
 curing the previous consent of a majority of this Board, 
 expressed in writing; sickness or death in their families, 
 relatives or other friends excepted." 
 
 The motion was adopted by the following vote: 
 Aye Regents Rynd, Climie, Duffield and Maltz; 
 Nay Regents Cutcheon and S. S. Walker. 
 
 The measure was called out by the custom which 
 prevailed with some professors of spending a few 
 weeks of the winter season in lecturing, away from 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 265 
 
 home. Probably in every case the usual course of 
 study was carried by extra work before or after the 
 absence of the professor. The regulation was 
 regarded by very many as unnecessary and design- 
 edly annoying, and was so warmly advocated by 
 Mr. R. A. Beal that there was a suspicion that he 
 was the author of it. 
 
 The Board of Regents was republican in its polit- 
 ical composition from 1864 to 1882, when Hon. L. 
 D. Norris, a member of the first class which entered 
 the University, a democrat in politics, was appoint- 
 ed to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of 
 Regent Cutcheon. In 1883 the two democratic 
 nominees for regents were elected and took their 
 seats .with the Board in January, 1884. There has 
 been a pronounced purpose among the people of 
 the State that politics should not enter into the 
 administration of University affairs; a purpose 
 which it has -not been, probably, quite possible to 
 effect, since men prominent in their party have 
 been members of the Board, and for several years 
 one of the most accomplished wire-pullers in the 
 State had a very decided influence in University 
 matters. It is, however, possible to say that polit- 
 ical considerations have never determined, proba- 
 bly never have influenced the appointments to 
 chairs of instruction. 
 
 For twenty years and more there has also been 
 an entire disregard of denominational or sectarian 
 influences. The democratic, the republican, and 
 the prohibition parties have representatives in the 
 faculty, and, while the prevailing; tone of the Uni- 
 
266 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 versity is Christian, there are many shades of relig- 
 ious opinion, from rigid orthodoxy to pronounced 
 heterodox}. 
 
 The practice of admitting, upon diploma, stu- 
 dents from the approved high schools of the State 
 has been a successful one. The students who enter 
 upon diploma are, on the average, fully as well 
 prepared as those who enter upon examination. It 
 has also had a good effect in sustaining the High 
 Schools in a high standard of study. While the 
 University is obliged, in some measure, to keep its 
 requirements within what can be attained in the 
 preparatory schools, it is still possible, by its close 
 relations with them, to encourage them to a higher 
 standard. A very few additions have been made* 
 in the requirements for admission since 1871, but 
 the greatest gain has been in the increased rigor 
 of examinations both before and after entrance. 
 
 In 1873 the whole of the ^Eneid was required 
 for admission to the classical or Latin scientific 
 courses. In the same year was required some 
 knowledge of French, and of natural philosophy, 
 botany, zoology, and geology for admission to the 
 scientific course, while in 1879 and thereafter geo- 
 metrical drawing was dropped from the require- 
 ments. 
 
 In 1878 the requirements in English were in- 
 creased, the candidate being subjected to an exam- 
 ination in grammatical and rhetorical analysis, and 
 also required to write a short essay upon some 
 subject selected by the professor from the number 
 Announced in the calendar of the preceding year. 
 
UNIVEKSITY OF MICHIGAN. 267 
 
 In 1878 was adopted the practice of admitting 
 students, who were not less than twenty-one years 
 of age, and who were not candidates for any degree, 
 without examination, provided they gave evidence 
 of ability to pursue the studies they should choose. 
 After 1881 such persons were obliged to pass the 
 examination in English required of candidates for 
 a degree. In the same year (1878) was offered a 
 course, forming a sequel to the English course pur- 
 sued in high schools, and upon the completion of 
 this course has been conferred the degree of bach- 
 elor of letters. 
 
 In 1878-79 the University entered upon a new^ 
 departure. The whole scheme of requirements for 
 a degree was changed. The change consisted in 
 requiring a certain amount of work to be done, 
 rather than a fixed time in which work should be 
 done, leaving to the student, in a large measure, 
 the selection of his studies, the appointment of 
 their order in his course, and the number he would 
 pursue at one time. 
 
 "Five exercises a week during a semester, whether 
 in recitations, laboratory work, or lectures, shall 
 constitute a fall course of study. The completion 
 of twenty-four full courses is required to obtain 
 the recommendation of the faculty for the degree 
 of bachelor of arts, or of civil engineer, or of 
 mining engineer. The completion of twenty-six 
 such full courses is required to obtain the recom- 
 mendation for the degree of bachelor of philoso- 
 phy, or of bachelor of letters." 
 
 For the degree of bachelor of arts there were 
 
268 HISTOKY OF THE 
 
 twelve and two-fifths courses m//f/m/, the remain- 
 ing eleven and three-fifths were elective; for the 
 degree of bachelor of sciences twelve and three- 
 fifths courses were required and the others elec- 
 tive; for the degree of bachelor of philosophy 
 thirteen courses were required and thirteen were 
 elective; ^nd for the degree of bachelor of letters 
 eleven and three-fifths courses were required av.d 
 fourteen and two-fifths elective. Less choice was 
 given students in Civil and Mining Engineering, 
 the former having but three elective courses and 
 the latter but one. The number of required 
 courses has been very slightly changed since. 
 
 There were, of course, certain courses which 
 must be taken before certain other courses. The 
 faculty retained the right to require a student to 
 drop part of his work or to take more, as might 
 seem desirable to them. Experience has shown 
 that the prevailing disposition is to take too much 
 rather than too little work. 
 
 During the first year of his course a student is 
 permitted to take, without special permission of 
 the faculty, but sixteen hours, per week, of work; 
 during the second and third years, but eighteen; 
 and during the fourth year, but twenty. 
 
 This is called the "Credit System" in distinc- 
 tion from the "University System" introduced in 
 1882. 
 
 Students who have completed the required work 
 of the first two years are permitted to proceed for 
 a degree upon the "University System." " Under 
 this the candidate will not be held to the comple- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 269 
 
 tion of a fixed number of courses, but will, under 
 tlie direction of a committee of the faculty, take a 
 larger amount of work in a limited range of stud- 
 ies, and at the end of the fourth year of residence 
 sustain a searching examination. If his attain- 
 ments warrant, he will win a bachelor's degree; if 
 they are very conspicuous and he presents a meri- 
 torious thesis, he may. attain a master's degree. 
 He may then continue his studies for a doctor's 
 degree." 
 
 The privileges of the University System are 
 also open to graduates of Michigan University, 
 and of other colleges and universities, who may 
 wish to work for the higher degrees. 
 
 This method gives the student a freedom in 
 study which is calculated to call out all his energy, 
 enthusiasm and ability. It was at once entered 
 upon by a number of students. 
 
 In 1871-72 Professor Charles K. Adams intro- 
 duced into some of his classes in history what is 
 known as the " seminary " method of study. "A 
 seminary, according to the German idea, is a smrJl 
 group of advanced students carrying on investiga- 
 tions of an original nature under the general 
 guidance of their instructor." A class is divided 
 into a number of sections and each section meets 
 once a week for a session of two hours or more. One 
 member of the c^ss reads an essay upon the sub- 
 ject before them for the day, another reads an ex- 
 tended critique of the essay, and each member of 
 the class is called upon to give the results of his 
 own study of the subject. 
 
270 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 This method WHS very soon adopted by Professor 
 Tyler in some of his classes in English Literature, 
 and lias since become very popular in other 
 branches of study, in science as well as in history 
 and literature. 
 
 Some instruction in pedagogy had long been de- 
 sired, when, in 1879, Mr. W. H. Payne was ap- 
 pointed Professor of the Science and Art of Teach- 
 ing. The establishment of this chair was followed 
 by the offer of a "teacher's diploma" to any one. 
 receiving a bachelor's or master's degree, provided 
 he had completed one of the courses in pedagogy. 
 
 In 1880, Professor C. B. Cady was appointed 
 instructor in Music. Instruction is given in har- 
 mony, counterpoint, and in choral music. At the 
 same time a " School of Music," under Mr. Cady's 
 direction, was established in Ann Arbor, which, 
 although it has 110 direct connection with the Uni- 
 versity, receives its aid and encouragement in every 
 possible way. 
 
 In September, 1881, the "School of Political 
 Science" was opened. It offers (1883-84) courses 
 of instruction in Political and Constitutional His- 
 tory, in Political Economy, in the Science of 
 Forestry, in Sanitary Science, in Constitution al 
 Law, in International Law and Diplomacy, in the 
 Principles of Finance, in the Financial History of 
 the United States, in the History of Political 
 Ideas, in Theories and Methods of Local (lov- 
 ernment, in Theories and Methods of Taxation, in 
 Political Ethics, in Social Science, in the Historical 
 Development of Educational Systems, in the 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 271 
 
 Economic Development of Mineral Resources, and 
 in Public Scientific Surveys. 
 
 The School of Political Science is open to stu- 
 dents of the University who have completed two 
 years of work in the academic department, includ- 
 ing all the required studies offered in the first two 
 years for some one of the baccalaureate degrees. 
 
 Since 1877 the master's degree has not been con- 
 ferred " in course " as had been the previous cus- 
 tom, but only upon examination after not less than 
 one year's work from a resident graduate, and not 
 less than two years' work from a non-resident grad- 
 uate. When the credit system was introduced, a 
 master's degree might be obtained upon the com- 
 pletion of thirty full courses. In 1882 this offer 
 was withdrawn except for those students who were 
 already working for the master's degree. 
 
 At the present time (1883-84) students may ob- 
 tain an examination for a bachelor's degree at a 
 date not earlier than at the end of three and one- 
 half years of residence at the University. The 
 master's degree may be obtained, upon examina- 
 tion, by graduates of this and other reputable col- 
 leges after one year's residence at the University, 
 and by graduates of this University alone, after 
 two years' study carried on elsewhere. 
 
 The doctor's degree is conferred, upon examina- 
 tion, in not less than two years from the date of 
 taking a bachelor's degree, and is conferred only 
 upon those who "during residence here have made 
 special proficiency in some one branch of study 
 and good attainments in two other branches, and 
 
272 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 have presented a thesis that shall evince the power 
 of research and of independent investigation." 
 Since 1882 the degrees of civil, mechanical, and 
 mining engineer have been conferred only as post- 
 graduate degrees and the degree of bachelor of 
 science is conferred upon the completion of the 
 courses of study for which these degrees were 
 formerly given. 
 
 In 1880-81, and also in 1881-82, there were 1,534 
 students in all the departments together, the great- 
 est number yet reached. Of these about one-third 
 were in the Academic department. About forty- 
 seven per cent, of the students are from the state of 
 Michigan, and the others are from many states and 
 countries. 
 
 It is now fourteen years since women were ad- 
 mitted to the University. During that time 106 
 have taken bachelor's degrees, 150 degrees in med- 
 icine, 17 degrees in law, 13 degrees in pharmacy, 
 6 degrees in dentistry, and 26 degrees in homoeo- 
 pathic medicine. The number of women in at- 
 tendance has been increasing from year to year; 
 there were 34 in 1870-71, 184 in 1881-82, 170 in 
 1882-83. The largest number are in the academic 
 department, where in 1882-83 there were 107. In 
 the medical department there were 40 in 1872-73, 
 and only 43 in 1882-83. In the law department 
 there have never been more than five at one time, 
 and usually but one or two. There have been four- 
 teen in the school of pharmacy between 1877 and 
 1883, and 9 in the dental school between 1879 and 
 1883. 
 
UNIVEBSITY OF MICHIGAN. 273 
 
 Two women have taken the master's degree "in 
 course," and fourteen upon examination. Upon 
 one, Miss Alice E. Freeman, of the class of 1876, a 
 lady who is president of Wellesley college, has the 
 University conferred the honorary degree of doc- 
 tor of philosophy. Two who were graduates from 
 the academic department, have taken also a degree 
 in the law department and one has studied medi- 
 cine. One, who carried a chain with the engineers 
 when in college, has since studied architecture in 
 Boston and is now studying in Paris. The greater 
 number of the graduates from the academic de- 
 partment are teaching, many of them in the high 
 schools of this state and other states; one is an in- 
 structor in the University of Michigan, six are 
 teaching in Wellesley college. 
 
 Of the 106 who took the bachelor's degree twenty- 
 four, at least, are married. 
 
 Year after year in his annual report has the Pre- 
 sident said that none of the evils, which it was 
 feared would follow upon the admission of women 
 to the University, have been realized. No embar- 
 rassment has arisen from their presence, the stand- 
 ard of scholarship has not been lowered, the ques- 
 tion is never asked, " Is this best for the women?" 
 but, "Is it best for the students?" The women 
 have held their own in study and also in health. 
 At least two thirds of the women who have taken 
 academic degrees have, within a few months after 
 graduation, commenced a course of teaching which 
 still continues; it is a fact which must remove any 
 suspicion of broken health. It would be difficult 
 
'214 HrsmuY or THE 
 
 to Collect statistics of the other departments, but it 
 
 is known that some are practicing law, and sonic 
 have won honor for themselves in the practice of 
 medicine. 
 
 It is true that a very few have suffered from ill- 
 health which was apparently induced during their 
 college course. So far as is known, however, they 
 do not attribute it to over-study or to any tiling 
 which might not happen under other circumstances. 
 
 In 1879 attention was called, in the Chronicle, to 
 the supposed fact that only a small proportion of 
 the women who entered the University ever fin- 
 ished their course. The assertion was answered 1 >y 
 statistics carefully collected. It was found that of 
 the women who had entered upon a regular course, 
 68 percent, had graduated; of the men who had en- 
 tered upon a regular course, during the same period 
 of time, but 66 per cent, had graduated. It was not 
 learned that any had left on account of ill-health, 
 though there were five cases where the cause was 
 not known. Four, however, had died; one has 
 since died during her college course. These sta- 
 tistics refer alone to the literary department. In 
 the medical department, several women have been 
 unable to complete their course on account of ill- 
 health, some have died while in college and others 
 since graduation. 
 
 Two women have committed suicide while con- 
 nected with the University; in one case, it occurred 
 immediately after her entrance upon her work in 
 the University and was the result of a monomania 
 which antedated her college life; in the other, the 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 275 
 
 history was of a frail body, a sensitive mind, mor- 
 bid anxiety about examinations when there need 
 have been none. The most earnest advocate of 
 higher education for women will willingly acknowl- 
 edge that there are some girls, as there are some 
 boys, for whom the pursuit of a college course 
 is folly. 
 
 Upon the admission of women some of the friends 
 of the new movement were a little over-zealous. 
 The newspapers carried throughout the country 
 the report that the best Greek scholar in the insti- 
 tution was a woman, and the best mathematical 
 student, a woman; reports which were entirely 
 without the countenance of the women who were 
 students. Had the report been that some of the 
 best students in Greek, in mathematics and in 
 other departments, were women, there would have 
 been no dissent from it. 
 
 Very early the women of the literary department 
 formed the "Q. C.," a literary society. It main- 
 tained an existence until about 1878, when it died 
 from inanition, its mysterious name still unex- 
 plained. 
 
 In 1873-74 women were admitted to the Adelphi 
 Literary Society, and in 1878 to Alpha Nu. Two 
 secret societies exist among them, the Kappa Alpha 
 Theta, organized in 1879, and the Gamma Phi Beta 
 organized in 1882. 
 
 It was feared by some and hoped by others that 
 the presence of women in the University would 
 have a soothing effect upon the students as a body, 
 and would aid in uprooting rude and boisterous 
 
276 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 customs. To one familiar with college customs in 
 1872-73, and again in 1882-83 (if indeed there can 
 be said to be "college customs" in 1882-83), it 
 must appear that a marvelous change has occurred. 
 This, however, has not been attained by an influence 
 so gentle as a woman's, but by the persistent and 
 determined measures taken by the President and 
 faculty. During the first days of the college year 
 1871-72 the chapel was the scene of the usual war- 
 like demonstrations between the two lower classes, 
 demonstrations which were, however, speedily ban- 
 ished, under the influence of the new President, 
 There was a little "rushing," a little "hazing," a 
 little "horning" during the year. At the opening 
 of the following year, 1872-73, the disorder in 
 chapel was again very pronounced and again it 
 endured only for a short time, and the war was the 
 more vigorously prosecuted on the campus and on 
 the street. "Pumping" was the peculiar form of 
 hazing most observed in Ann Arbor, and in 1872-73 
 many members of the sophomore and freshman 
 classes had their heads treated to a cold-water bath. 
 On an evening in October, 1872, occurred what 
 was afterwards known to the combatants as the 
 "moonlight rush " following upon a spirited pump- 
 ing contest. Though a hard fought battle, it 
 received its greatest notoriety from the action, on 
 the following morning, of one of the sophomores, 
 by whom a banner was made and adorned with the 
 picture of a pump, and an attempt was made to 
 carry it into chapel. The attempt was prevented 
 and the young man was expelled, and the class felt 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 277 
 
 very bitter towards the authorities for the remain- 
 der of their course. 
 
 In the same year occurred the "department 
 rush" in which the larger portion of students in 
 the medical and literary departments were engaged. 
 It was provoked by a dispute in regard to the pos- 
 session of the ball ground, and ended in the dis- 
 comfiture of the medical students. 
 
 In 1873-74 hazing became still more common; 
 within a few days after the opening of college it 
 was said that thirty freshmen had been pumped. 
 The noise of it spread through the State, alarmed 
 the friends of the University, and tickled its 
 enemies to loud denunciations. It was evident that 
 for the honor and safety of the institution, hazing, 
 however harmless it might be in itself, must be 
 stopped. 
 
 In April, 1874, three sophomores and three fresh- 
 men were suspended for hazing. Meetings of the 
 two classes were at once held and papers drawn up, 
 declaring that the signers of them were equally 
 guilty with the six suspended men. 
 
 The sophomore paper was signed by thirty-nine 
 men, and the freshman by forty-five. This meas- 
 ure had the sympathy of all or nearly all the mem- 
 bers of the two lower classes. The women, many 
 of them, would have signed the papers but for the 
 absurdity of such an act. 
 
 The papers were given to the faculty, by whom 
 action upon them was deferred for one week arid 
 permission given for any student to withdraw his 
 name. Several names were withdrawn, leaving 
 
HI STORY OF THE 
 
 eighty-one on the papers. At the close of the one 
 week of grace the eighty-one students whose names 
 remained were suspended for the remainder of the 
 college year, for the offense of hazing and " for 
 conduct which is practically interference with the 
 government of the University." The act of sus- 
 pension contains the following statement: 
 
 " The public voice of the state demands that the Uni- 
 versity faculties, which are but the servants of the state, 
 shall eradicate from the university the practice of hazing 
 and every other form of disorder, which may bring upon 
 it harm and disgrace, whether it costs the suspension or 
 the absolute exclusion of a hundred or of hundreds <>t 
 those who have been admitted to its privileges. The uni- 
 versity can better afford to be without students than 
 without government, order, and reputation. This action 
 of the faculty is none the less imperative because the tra- 
 ditions with which they have to xleal have so lowered the 
 tone of sentiment in this as in other institutions that 
 practices which at home and away from college, would 
 be thought by students shameful and criminal, are re- 
 garded as innocent amusement in the university." 
 
 The students claimed that there was no law 
 against hazing, that if criminal at all, it was at 
 least not within the jurisdiction of the faculty and 
 should receive cognizance from the city authorities. 
 The senior and junior classes supported the under- 
 classmen in their measures of defense, and issued 
 a circular explaining the harmless character of 
 hazing, and testifying to the good order observed 
 by the classes concerned in it. 
 
 It is well, x>erhaps, for the preservation of the 
 human race that the heroic virtue, which sacrifices 
 to the public good all family and class partiality, 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 279 
 
 and interest, does not widely prevail. To any one 
 who has been in college it is unnecessary to explain 
 the action of the students at this time; to any 
 who have not been, it would probably be impossible 
 to do so satisfactorily, though it is not alone 
 among students that custom makes a reprehensible 
 act seem honorable, nor is it unusual that those 
 governing and those governed entertain quite dif- 
 ferent notions of justice. There were few of the 
 upper-classmen who did not discountenance haz- 
 ing; they, as well as the lower-classmen, knew that 
 it met the hearty disapproval of the faculty, and 
 felt that it was an injury to the University; they, 
 however, believed that public sentiment among the 
 students, would before many years abolish it a 
 faith which had not a very firm foundation. 
 
 Since the period of suspension little has occurred 
 among the students themselves that can be called 
 disorder; there was one rush in the fall of 1874, 
 and an another in 1877; occasionally there is an 
 attempt to deprive a freshman of a cane or a soph- 
 omore of a cap; the horns have not been heard 
 since 1878. 
 
 In 1879 occurred something of a sensation over 
 what appeared in the newspapers under the omin- 
 ous heading, "A Riot in Ann Arbor." 
 
 The evening mails from the east and from the 
 west reach Ann Arbor at about six o'clock; between 
 half -past six and half-past seven the larger number 
 of the students visit the post-office. Until 1882 the 
 post-office was a very small and inconvenient build- 
 ing, and the entrance to the students' department 
 
280 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 was such that but few could occupy it at one time, 
 ingress and egress being at the same door. It may 
 may be presumed that a struggling mass of five or 
 six hundred students under such circumstances, 
 might, without possessing any extraordinary degree 
 of moral depravity, engage in jostling, pushing and 
 shouting. This, in fact, they did, night after night 
 to the great inconvenience and annoyance of citi- 
 zens; until one evening in October, 1879, they 
 found policemen stationed at the doors, who allowed 
 them to enter but one at a time. The result was 
 a great crowd, taunting remarks from the students, 
 and arrests by the police. The following evening 
 a still larger crowd gathered, citizens and students 
 mingled together; a large body of special policemen 
 had been employed for the occasion and the Ann 
 Arbor company of the State Militia was called out; 
 the former made arrests of students wherever they 
 could be found and whatever they might be doing, 
 and the latter, in their evolutions through the 
 streets with bayonets fixed, wounded a citizen. 
 Had the postmaster possessed tact, good nature 
 and swiftness, there would have been no trouble 
 at all. As it was, the "riot" was much exaggerated 
 in the reports of it. The University has suffered 
 much from the misrepresentation and exaggeration 
 of slight disturbances. 
 
 In 1871 attendance upon chapel exercises was 
 made voluntary. During 1871-72 and also during 
 some other years this new measure had little in- 
 fluence in lessening the number present; good 
 music and a large attendance have usually been 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 281 
 
 associated together, as was true in 1871-72, 1874-75, 
 and 1876-77. In these later days the attendance 
 has become smaller. 
 
 In 1873, Mr. S. B. McCracken of Detroit, in the 
 interest of some of the "rationalists" of the State 
 made a charge before the legislature of " sectarian- 
 ism " in the University. A legislative investigating 
 committee was appointed, visited Ann Arbor, made 
 inquiries, and reported: 
 
 " We are unanimously of the opinion that the general 
 charge of sectarianism is a mistaken one. The teachings 
 of the University are those of a liberal and enlightened 
 Christianity, in the general, highest, and best use of the 
 term. This is not, in our opinion, sectarian. If it is, we 
 would not have it changed. A school, a society, a nation, 
 devoid of Christianity, is not a pleasant spectacle to con- 
 template. We cannot believe the people of Michigan 
 would denude this great University of its fair, liberal, 
 and honorable Christian character, as it exists to-day." 
 
 On the other hand, there has frequently been 
 among the religious bodies of the State a great dis- 
 satisfaction at the religious indifference and spirit 
 of scepticism which seems to them to prevail at 
 the University. The report of the legislative com- 
 mittee furnishes a reply to them as well as to Mr. 
 McOracken and his friends. The University has 
 no theology, but the Christian character of a major- 
 ity of the members of the faculty, the number and 
 character of the religious meetings of the students 
 are a sufficient guarantee for the religious life of 
 the institution. 
 
 The Alpha Nu and Adelphi literary societies 
 have had a continuous existence since their organ- 
 
282 HISTOKY OF THE 
 
 ization, though at times it has been a very feeble 
 one. The number of their members, as compared 
 with the number of students in the literary depart- 
 ment, is small, but is quite as large as is consistent 
 with the design of the societies, the securing of a 
 sufficient degree of practice in speaking for each 
 one. In 1882-83 Alpha Nu had fifty-four members, 
 of whom eight were women, and the Adelphi had 
 forty-one members. In 1873-74 twelve women 
 were admitted to the Adelphi; none entered Alpha 
 Nu until in 1878. Although they were early invited 
 to become members of the literary societies, they 
 knew that such a course was opposed by many of 
 the young men; they accordingly established "(<). 
 C.," a literary society of their own, and maintained 
 it till about 1878. 
 
 Elocution and oratory is a branch of study which 
 has always been much neglected in the University. 
 The student has little opportunity for practice, 
 outside of the literary societies. The junior ex- 
 hibition in 1871 was the last of the exhibitions, 
 which at one time were so frequent. 
 
 In 1875-76 " junior speeches " were made elective, 
 and remained so during the two or three years in 
 which the course was offered. 
 
 An effort to make rhetorical exercises agreeable 
 and profitable to the senior class resulted in 1871 
 72 in a "senior forum," in which membership was 
 voluntary. The practice continued with more or 
 less success till 1875-76. 
 
 The Palladium, Oracle, and Chronicle are still 
 published as college papers. Other publications 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 283 
 
 have had an ephemeral existence, or have been 
 recently started. From March, 1870, to February, 
 1873, the "Michigan University Medical Journal" 
 was published under the direction of the faculty of 
 the medical department. It did not meet with sup- 
 port and closed with the third volume. 
 
 The Phi Chi fraternity, a secret society of the 
 law department, published in 1873-74 the " Sap- 
 phire," a pamphlet resembling the Palladium. But 
 one number was issued. 
 
 In 1879 the professional departments started a 
 paper of their own. The "University" was de- 
 signed to represent them more than the Chronicle 
 was able to do. It existed through 1879-80, and 
 1880-81, but did not receive a support sufficient to 
 encourage its continuance. 
 
 Since 1882 the "Argonaut," started by a party in 
 the literary department who were dissatisfied with 
 the management of the Chronicle, has been pub- 
 lished, and has, apparently, as vigorous a life as the 
 latter. The ladies of the class of 1884 published in 
 their junior year the "Amulet," a pamphlet re- 
 sembling the Oracle. The succeeding class has not 
 continued the custom. 
 
 As a private enterprise of a few students, in June, 
 1881, the " Commencement Annual " was published. 
 Two numbers were issued, each being a large single 
 sheet, and containing the addresses and other liter- 
 ary exercises of Commencement week. The same 
 enterprise was repeated the following year, and in 
 1883 the Annual appeared in pamphlet form. 
 
 The " Monthly Bulletin," published by the Stu- 
 
284 HISTOBY OF THE 
 
 dents' Christian Association began its existence in 
 1880. 
 
 " College politics " is a phrase, which has come 
 into frequent use in recent years; it is at once sug- 
 gested to one who becomes familiar with certain 
 phases of modern student life. In the University 
 of Michigan there are several important elections 
 in the course of a year; notably, the election of 
 Chronicle editors, the election of officers for the 
 Lecture and Athletic Associations, and the election 
 of senior class officers. For many years the contest 
 was between secret society men and independents; 
 in recent years, while that frequently remains the 
 nominal ground of division, there are always some 
 independents on the side of the society men, and 
 some societies on the side of the independents, 
 while the true ground of division is accidental, or 
 temporary, or personal. It has become customary 
 to hold caucuses, to gain votes by paying the ad- 
 mission fees to the different organizations for new 
 members, and to use the machinery of a political 
 campaign. The contest is an enthusiastic and some- 
 times a bitter one. It was notably so in the class of 
 1881 and resulted in the abandonment of Class Day 
 exercises for that year. 
 
 In 1881 occurred the severest contest on record; 
 from 10 A. M. to 6 p. M. was continued the balloting 
 for president of the Lecture Association, and en- 
 tirely without a decision. It was only at an ad- 
 journed meeting, three weeks later, that a choice 
 was made. In 1882 so great was the dissatisfaction 
 of a large body of the students with the election of 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 285 
 
 Chronicle editors, that the new paper, the Argonaut, 
 was started. 
 
 The subject of a Gymnasium came again into 
 prominence in 1879. For many years a depart- 
 ment of physical culture has been regarded as one 
 of the great needs of the University. In 1869 a 
 committee of the University senate, composed of 
 Professors Tyler, Olney, Ford, and Cooley, made a 
 report to the Board of Regents strongly favoring 
 the establishment of a "department of hygiene 
 and physical culture." The Board have never 
 had the means to do so. 
 
 In 1879 was formed the "Students' Athletic As- 
 sociation," which had for its object the raising of 
 funds for a gymnasium. It was made a corporate 
 body for a period of thirty years. Its board of 
 trustees, as first appointed, consisted of President 
 Angell, Judge Cooley, Dr. Palmer, Professor 
 Tyler, and ex-Governors Alpheus Felch and J. J. 
 Bagley; its treasurer was Mr. J. W. Knight, cash- 
 ior of the First National Bank of Ann Arbor. 
 
 The affairs of the association were under the 
 management of officers elected by the students. 
 Any student might become a member by paying 
 the sum of one dollar. 
 
 For a time much enthusiasm was felt; tourna- 
 ments were held, and other entertainments; the 
 college publications and the Lecture Association 
 gave the balance in their funds at the end of the 
 year to the association; subscriptions were taken 
 up and gifts solicited. An appeal to the legislature 
 was unsuccessful 
 
*JS() HISTORY OF THE 
 
 In the spring of 1883 about $4,000 had been 
 raised by the various students' associations, by the 
 gift of s750 from Mr. E. C. Hegeler, and smaller 
 gifts from others. At that time the enthusiasm of 
 the students began to wane. It is said that the con- 
 stitution is such as to prevent the use of any of the 
 funds of the association for the necessary expenses 
 of games and tournaments; as a consequence, the 
 Foot-ball and Base-ball Associations have assumed 
 the management and the Athletic Association 
 sleeps. 
 
 The game of foot-ball made its appearance upon 
 the campus about the year 1870, and has since 
 been the favorite game. 
 
 In 1875 a boating club was organized and for 
 two or three years succeeded in exciting considera- 
 able boating interest. The facilities for boating 
 offered by the Huron river are not sufficient to 
 sustain the enthusiasm. The first " Tournament " 
 by the students was given on Monday of Com- 
 mencement week, 1876, under the auspices of the 
 Boating Association. 
 
 An attempt was made in 1880 to introduce the 
 English game of " Hare and Hounds." Two games 
 were played during that year, but it has failed to 
 gain a position among college sports. 
 
 The Oxford cap was adopted as a college cap in 
 1876. About one fourth of the students of the lit- 
 erary department wore it for* one year, and it was 
 then abandoned. The custom of adopting class 
 hats meets with greater approbation, the under- 
 classmen being especially addicted to it. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 287 
 
 The class of 1871 was the last to give a " senior 
 Hop." The custom was, however, adopted by the 
 junior class and from 1872 to 1879 there was given 
 each winter a "junior hop," each one rivaling the 
 preceding one in brilliancy. In 1880 and in the 
 years since then the ."society hop," under the 
 auspices of the secret societies, has taken the place 
 of the junior hop, which was abandoned upon the 
 breaking up of class interests which followed upon 
 the adoption of the " credit system." 
 
 In May, 1873, upon the evening of Class Day was 
 given the first senior reception, in University 
 Hall. Room A, Dr. Cocker's room, was set aside 
 for dancing, and all the rooms of the lower floor 
 were thrown open to the guests. The classes of 
 1874, 1875, and 1876 held similar receptions. In 
 1877 loud complaint was made by some of the re- 
 ligious bodies of the State because dancing was 
 allowed in University Hall, and it was thought best 
 by the Board of Regents to forbid it. The class 
 erected a pavilion within the campus on the north 
 side, near the present homoeopathic building, held 
 in it the afternoon exercises of Class Day, and in 
 the evening the floors were filled with dancers. In 
 1878, and the following years, the classes have 
 erected a pavilion adjoining the east entrance to 
 University Hall which is set aside for dancing, and 
 the Hall, also, is open to the guests. The Board 
 of Regents in 1882 removed the restrictions upon 
 dancing in room A, but the classes have continued 
 to provide a pavilion each year. 
 
 The senate reception, given on the Wednesday 
 
288 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 evening of Commencement week by the faculties 
 of the University, became one of the social customs 
 of the institution in 1880. 
 
 Class Day was changed in 1874 to Commencement 
 week. In 1878 several changes affecting the senior 
 class and its celebrations were made. At that time, 
 the medical term being lengthened, the medical 
 Commencement occurred also in June and upon the 
 same day as the literary Commencement. At that 
 time it became the custom to invite some able and 
 distinguished orator to make the address of the 
 clay. Commencement speeches from members of, 
 the senior literary class were abolished, and with 
 them disappeared the customary senior vacation. 
 Thursday became Commencement day, Wednesday 
 was assigned to the alumni for their various exer- 
 cises, and Tuesday remained Class Day as had been 
 the custom since 1874. 
 
 In February, 1878, the faculty passed a resolu- 
 tion which materially changed one feature of Class 
 Day: 
 
 "WHEitEAfS, the public exercises of Class Day have 
 frequently been made the occasion for discourteous allus- 
 ions to officers of the university, and for boastful recitals 
 of disorderly exploits on the part of students, the faculty 
 hereby announce that if, hereafter, any member of any 
 graduating class shall upon Class Day indulge in words 
 or acts regarded by the faculty as disrespectful to any 
 officer of the university,or deemed of a nature to encourage 
 misdemeanors in other students and to interfere with the 
 good government of the university, the name of such 
 offending person will not be presented to the regents for 
 graduation." 
 
UNITEBSITY OF MICHIGAN. 289 
 
 The preamble to the resolution correctly de- 
 scribes the character of the class histories for sev- 
 eral years. The "boastful recitals" formed the 
 part of the history most interesting to the class, 
 and also to the audience who were not of the class. 
 The first effect of the faculty " ukase " was to excite 
 the feeling that a history of the class could not be 
 written, or, if written, must be read at the class 
 supper. There were efforts to do away entirely 
 with Class Day. Another opinion prevailed and 
 Class Day is still observed, though it cannot be 
 said to possess the interest for the class, or for 
 others as of former days. 
 
 Indeed, were there no restrictions placed upon the 
 historian of the class, his task would be a hard one 
 did he attempt to write an exciting history. The 
 romance of college life at Michigan University is far 
 spent; yet it would be wrong to convey the impres- 
 sion that it is a constant routine of hard work. In 
 the societies, secret and open, in the various associ- 
 ations, in the friendships that one may form, in the 
 games and amusements which young men and 
 young women can always provide, the student will 
 still find an attraction. College life has become 
 more like life in a civilized society, and has some- 
 thing of the grace and courtesy which attends civ- 
 ilization. The fierce pleasures of the olden time 
 are gone; it may be that there has gone with them 
 much of that college spirit which leads the alum- 
 nus of an eastern college back, year after year, 
 with a full hand, to his alma mater. Yet it cannot 
 be denied that without them the University is 
 
290 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN'. 
 
 serving more nearly the purpose of its existence, 
 and its friends may hope that those who have re- 
 ceived so largely and generously will also give 
 largely and generously. 
 
 THE END. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Adams, Charles K 175 
 
 Adams, Rev. Dr. William, 93 
 
 Admission to the Medical Department, Requirements 
 
 for 87 
 
 Admission to the Law Department, Requirements for, 136 
 Admission, Requirements for, (1841), 47; (1852),..... 99-100 
 
 Agnew, Rev. John H., 61,83-86,95,96 
 
 Agriculture, Course in, 110-111 
 
 Alexis, Grand Duke, Gift to the Library, from the,.... 237 
 
 Allen, Dr. H. C., 225 
 
 Allen, Dr. J. Adams,... 87 
 
 Andrews, Dr. Edmund, 137 
 
 Angell, James B., Appointed President, ..214-215 
 
 Angell, James B., Administration of,... 217-290 
 
 Ann Arbor, Gifts from the Citizens of, 24-25, 116 
 
 Ann Arbor, Gifts from the City of, 171 
 
 Ann Arbor Land Company, 24-25 
 
 Ann Arbor, Location of the University at, 24-25 
 
 Apparatus, Philosophical, 29, 63 
 
 Armor, Dr. S. G, f 134, 175 
 
 Army, Students in the, 138 
 
 Arts, Fine, Collections, 118-120, 206 
 
 Arts, Fine, Lectures on the, 98 
 
 Athletic Association, 285 
 
 Baccalaureate Address,.... 145 
 
 Bagley, Gov. J. J., 218 
 
 Baldwin, Dr. N., 226 
 
 Barnard, Hon. Henry, Offer of the Presidency to the, 93 
 
 Battalion, University, Ill 
 
 Beach, Jonathan, 55 
 
 Beal, Rice A., 233, 252-257 
 
 BeaUSteere Collection,.. ...233-234 
 
292 
 
 Bell, The College, 49, 193 
 
 Bells, Peal of 236 
 
 Beraan, Wooster W., , 200 
 
 Bennett, Henry D., 258 
 
 Bishop, Hon. Levi, 147, 148, 150-150 
 
 Boating, 280 
 
 Boise, Rev. James R., 98, 175 
 
 Bolting, 193, 190, 213 
 
 Borup, Dr. Chas. W., Gift from, 39 
 
 Bradish, Alvah, 9s 
 
 Braman, Benjamin, 118 
 
 Branches, The, of the University, 21, 24, 27-29, 40 
 
 Brooks, Datus C., 158, 179 
 
 Brunnow, Dr., 115 
 
 Building Committee, The First, 30 
 
 Building Operations, First Measures 32, 33 
 
 Buildings, Laboratory, 133, 172, 241 
 
 Buildings, Law, 130 
 
 Buildings, Library 234-230 
 
 Buildings, Medical, 00, 171 
 
 Buildings, Museum, 232-233 
 
 Buildings, North Wing, 38, 39, 43, 117-118 
 
 Buildings, South Wing, 05 
 
 Buildings, Professors' Houses, 33, 38, 39. 43 
 
 Buildings, University Hall 204. 221-222 
 
 Buildings, Naming the, 43, 00 
 
 Burning of Mechanics, 142 
 
 Burying Ground, University, 59 
 
 Cady, Calvin B., 270 
 
 Campbell, Hon. James V., 135 
 
 Canes, Class, 195 
 
 Cap, University, 209, 280 
 
 Caps, Class, 209, 280 
 
 Catholepistemiad,The, or University of Michigan, ...8- 12 
 
 Cenotaph, The, 59 
 
 Chancellor, Appointment of a, 91-92 
 
 Chapel, 48, 142, 211 
 
 Chapin, Rev. L. D., 158, 102, 175 
 
f.VDEX. 29o 
 
 Cheever, Dr. Henry S., 175, 201, 231 
 
 Class Day, 143-144, 197-198, 210-211, 287-289 
 
 Clergymen in the Board of Regents, 60-01 
 
 Clergymen in the Faculty, 61 
 
 Cocker, Rev. Dr. B. F., 200, 262-263 
 
 Colclaxer, Rev. Henry, 27, 39, 53 
 
 Collection, The Beal-Steere, 233 234 
 
 Collections, Botanical, etc, 182 
 
 Collections, Geological, Mineralogical, etc., 29 30, 31 , 64, 1 83 
 
 Collections, Natural History, 29-30, 31, 45, 120-121 
 
 Collections, Medical, 134, 183 
 
 Colors, College, 195 
 
 Commencement Customs, 57, 145, 198, 288 
 
 Commencement Banquet, 198, 210 
 
 Commencement, The First, 57-58 
 
 Commencement Receptions, 287-288 
 
 Congressional Land Grants, 7, 8, 13 
 
 Consolidated Warrant, The, 122 
 
 Cooley, Mortimer E., 240 
 
 Cooley, Judge Thomas M., 135, 243-244 
 
 Crary, Gen. Isaac E., 15, 26 
 
 Credit System of Gaining a Degree, 267 
 
 Crosby, Dr. A. B., 201, 231 
 
 Curtis, Allen J., 177 
 
 Davis, Alex. J., Architect, 32 
 
 Davis, Joseph B., 200, 264 
 
 Davis, Raymond C., 180, 239 
 
 Debating Clubs, Exhibitions, etc., 194 
 
 Degrees, Baccalaureate, 267, 268, 271 
 
 Degrees, Honorary, 179 
 
 Degrees, Post Graduate, 268-269, 271 
 
 Demm on, Isaac N., 264 
 
 Denominational Considerations in the Appointment 
 
 of Professors, 61 
 
 Dental College, 228-229 
 
 Denton, Dr. Samuel W., 26, 87, 134 
 
 Detroit Lots,.., 4 12 
 
 D'Ooge, Martin L.,..< 4 17o, 200 
 
 T 
 
JIM INDKX. 
 
 Dormitories is, 130 
 
 Dorrance, Dr. W. II., 22s 
 
 Douglas, Dr. s. A 55,01,02,87, 174, 201. 222, 2 Is 257 
 
 Duflield, Rev. Dr. George, 35 
 
 Dunster, Dr. E. S., 231 
 
 Dutch War, The, 131 132 
 
 'Educational Provisions of the Constitution of 1S37... 10 
 Educational Provisions of the Constitution of 1850... no 
 
 Entertainment for First Graduating Class, 5s 
 
 Evans, Edward P 171, 2oo 
 
 Exhibitions, Public, 50. i;s, P.M. 2-s2 
 
 Faculty, The University, (1841-45), 55; (1845 51 .), 01 -02: 
 
 (1852 03), 97-98, 110-111: (180309), 174-170; 
 
 (1809-71), 200-201; (1871-83) 2r>s-2ir> 
 
 Faculty, Dismissal of Professors Williams. Whc-:!on 
 
 and Agnew, 84 8<>, U5 IM 
 
 Faculty, Dissensions in the, 1849-50, 83-84 
 
 Faculty, Lower House, liHi-197 
 
 Fasquelle, Louis, 02, 110, 171 
 
 Fees, 48, 143, 173, 213 
 
 Felch, Hon. Alpheus, 243 
 
 Financial Condition, (1839), 30; (1841), 45-40; (1S42 -15 \ 9 
 
 53-55; (1845-51), 04-05; (1852 03), 121-129; (1HW-71), 
 
 204-205; (1871-83), 245 247 
 
 Fines, 09. ss 
 
 Ford, Dr. C. L 134 
 
 Fort Meigs Land Grant, 11, 12 
 
 Fox, Rev. Charles, 110 
 
 Franklin, Dr. E. C., 225 
 
 Frieze, Henry S., Ill, 118, 174, 210 
 
 Frieze, Henry S., Acting President, (1809-71) 200 210 
 
 Frothingham, Dr. G. E 175 201 
 
 Games, 195 2-so 
 
 Gatchell, Dr. Charles 225 
 
 Geological Survey, Collections obtained through the, 
 
 29 30,31 
 
 Gerrish, Dr. F. H., 231 
 
 Gibson, Dr. Pi. C 27 
 
INDEX. 
 
 CJilehrist, Dr. J. G., 22o 
 
 * ({ray, Dr. Asa, 32,38-39,55 
 
 Greene, Charles E., 261 
 
 Greene, J)r. W. W., 175 
 
 Grounds, University, Improvements in the, 
 
 38, 67-68, 137 i:*s 
 
 Gunn, Dr. Moses,.. 87, 134, 175 
 
 Gymnasium, 195-196, 285-286 
 
 Harrington, Mark W., 263 
 
 Haven, Dr. E. O., 98, 111 
 
 Haven, Dr. E. 0., Elected President, 158 
 
 Haven, Dr. E. O., Administration of, 160-199 
 
 Hawkes, Dr. W. J., 225 
 
 Ha/ing, 212,276,277-279 
 
 Hazing, Suspensions for, 277-279 
 
 Heating, Steam, 241 
 
 Hegeler,E. C., Gifts from, 236, 237, 286 
 
 Hemple, Dr. Charles J., 186-187 
 
 Herdman, Dr. W. J., 233 
 
 High School, The, and the University, 206 207, 266 
 
 Homoeopathic Medical College, 223-226 
 
 Homoeopathy, 183-187 
 
 Hop, Senior, 195, 287 
 
 Hop, Junior, 195, 287 
 
 Hop, Society, 287 
 
 Hospitals, 172,226-228 
 
 Houghton, Dr. Douglas, 31, 35, 38, 55, 61, 62 
 
 Jenney, W. L. B., _^ 
 
 Jones, Elisha, 200, 233. 263 
 
 Jones, Dr. S. A., 225 
 
 Kelley, Patrick, Janitor, 19 
 
 Kent, Charles A., 176, 243 
 
 Laboratory Defalcation, 24s -jr.; 
 
 Land Grants, Congressional, for Educational Purposes. 7 
 Land Grants, Congressional, for the University of 
 
 Michigan, 8, 11, 17 
 
 Lands, University, The Detroit Lots, 12, 169 170 
 
 Lands, University, Location of ,...,, f ., 12 
 
296 INDJ-X. 
 
 Lands, University, Remaining Unsold, (1862-63), 129 
 
 Lands, University, Sale of, 17, 25, 33 35, 39. 45 
 
 Lands, University, State Legislation in regard to 33, ;;."> 
 
 Lands, University, Value of _."> 
 
 Langlry. Dr. .1. W 231, 25s 
 
 Law Department, 135, 170. 243 244 
 
 Laws, Code of, (>s on. i;>n Ml, 192 in:; 
 
 Lederer Collection of Minerals, -in 
 
 Legislative Aid, 184 188, 203 204, 218 220 
 
 Legislative Aid, one-twentieth of a mill lax, 218 
 
 Legislative Relief, 54 
 
 Legislature, The, and the University, 22M- 221 
 
 Librarian. Appointment of first, '27 
 
 Library, (1841), -44-45, 52-515; (1845-51), 03; (1852-03), 
 
 11 (Ml 7; (1863-69), 179-182; (1869-71), 205-2nr>; 
 
 (1871-83), 230-23S 
 
 Library, Medical, 134 
 
 Library, Purchases for the, 30, 31, 32-33, 39 
 
 Loan, $100,000, ,..30-31, 54-55, 122-128 
 
 Lyster, Dr. Henry F., , 175 
 
 Maclean, Dr. Donald, 231 
 
 McClelland, Hon. Robert, 89 
 
 McCracken,S. B., and Sectarianism in the University, 281 
 
 McGraw, Dr. T. A.,... 231 
 
 Mdntyre, Hon. Donald, 147, 156 
 
 McMillan, James, Gift of Shakespeare Library, 237 
 
 Mahon, Geo. C.. Gifts from, 237 
 
 Manuscript in the Library, 238 
 
 Mason, Gov. Stevens T., 17, 26, 35, 43 
 
 Mechanical Laboratory, 239-240 
 
 Medical Department, Iloimeopathy and the, 229-230 
 
 Medical Department, Organization of the, 8(1 
 
 Medical Department, Question of Removal to Detroit, 134 
 Medical Department, Requirements for Admission,... 87 
 Medical Department, Requirements for Graduation,... ss 
 
 Merriinan, George 15., 25s 
 
 Michigan,Constitutionof 1837,Educational Provisions, ](> 
 Mich igan. Constitution of J S5o. Kd i icational Provisions, 90 
 
INDEX. 297 
 
 Michigan, Constitutional Convention, 1835, 15 
 
 Military Drill, Ill 
 
 Minerals, Lederer Collection of, 30 
 
 Mines, School of, 178, 222 
 
 Monitors, 49 
 
 Monteith, Rev. John, 10 
 
 Morgan, Dr. J. C., 225 
 
 Morris, George S., 200, 262 
 
 Music, Instruction in, 270 
 
 Music, Introduction of, in the Chapel Exercises, 211 
 
 Northwest Territory, Cession of, to the United States, 7, 8 
 
 Northwest Territory, Government of, 7 
 
 Obetz, Dr. H. L , 225 
 
 Observatory, Detroit, 113-114,171-172 
 
 Ohio Land Company, 7 
 
 Olney, Edward, 104 
 
 Palmer, Dr. A. B., 133, 134 
 
 Palmer, Charles H., 92-93 
 
 Parsons, Philo, Gift by, to the Library, 205 
 
 Pattengill, Albert II., 200, 261 
 
 Payne, William H., 270 
 
 Peck, Lieut. W. G., 110 
 
 Pedagogy, Instruction, 270 
 
 Pettee, William H., 222 
 
 Pharmacy, Course in, 133, 179 
 
 Pharmacy. School of, 133, 241 
 
 Pierce, Rev. John D., 15, 17, 32-33 
 
 Pitcher, Dr. Zina, : 26, 89 
 
 Political Science, School of, 270-271 
 
 Politics, College, 284 
 
 Pond, Ashley, 176 
 
 Pont, Paul B. de, , 200 
 
 Prescott, Dr. Albert B., 176, 201 
 
 Presidency, Efforts to lill the, 1852, 91-94 
 
 President, Office of, llotary, , 62 
 
 Professors, Absence of, 264-265 
 
 Professorships, Establishment of,... 30, 32, 35, 55 
 
 Publications, Students', 56, 141-142, 195, 282-283 
 
298 INDEX. 
 
 Receptions, Senate, i'87 1'ss 
 
 Receptions, Senior, 2S7 
 
 Regents, Board of, (J837), 26-27; (1837-51), 88-89; 
 
 (1852 58), 91, 146; (1858-63), 147-148; (1864-69), 
 
 165; (1864-83), L>O:> 
 
 Religious and Moral Character of the Students,... 140 J41 
 
 Religious Services, Attendance upon, 49 
 
 Reserve Fund, The, 170-171 
 
 Richard, Father Gabriel, 10 
 
 Rogers' Art Association, , 118-119 
 
 -Rogers, Henry Wade, 243 
 
 Rogers, Randolph, and his Statue of Xydia, 118-119 
 
 Rose, Dr. P. B. Rose, 176, 219-257 
 
 Hushing, 196 
 
 Sager, Dr. Abram, 31, 55, 61, 62, 87, 134, 229, 230-231 
 
 Salaries, 27, 35, 46, 53, 55, 63, 88, 129, 173-174, 239 
 
 Scholarships, .". 113 
 
 School of Mines, 178, 222 
 
 School of Political Science, 270-271 
 
 Schoolcraft, Henry R., 26 
 
 Sectarianism in the University, 281 
 
 Seminary Method of Study, 269-270 
 
 Senior Receptions, 2s? 
 
 Senior Speeches in Chapel, 211 
 
 Senior Vacation 145 
 
 Sewall, Dr. Henry, 232 
 
 Sewers, Introduction of, 242-243 
 
 Smith, Bnrritt A., 55 
 
 Societies, Law and Medical, i;;i 
 
 Societies, Lecture Association, 139 
 
 Societies, Literary, 56, 139, 194, 275, 2SJ-2S2 
 
 Societies, Secret, Organization of, and the Attempt to 
 
 Suppress them, 7:: s2 
 
 Societies, Young Men's Christian Association, and the 
 
 Christian Library Association, , i;j<) 
 
 Societies, Union Society of Missionary Inquiry i:;<.) 
 
 Spence, Adam K., 175, 200 
 
 State Aid, is-i 188,203-204,218 220 
 
Steam Heating, ...;. 241 
 
 Steere, Joseph B., 233, 264 
 
 Steward, University 192 
 
 Stowell, Dr. C. II., . 233 
 
 Students, The First, 47 
 
 Students, Number, (1841-45), 55-56; (1845-51), 70; 
 
 (1852-63), 138; (1863-69), 173; (1871-83) 272 
 
 Students, Order, (1841-45), 56; (1845-51), 70 71; 
 
 (1852-63), ] 30- 183; (1863-69), 196; (1869-71), 211; 
 
 (1871-83), 275-280 
 
 Study, Courses of, (1841-45), 49-51; (1845-51), 72 73; 
 
 (1852-63), 99-110; (1863-69), 177-179; (1869-71), 
 
 207; (1871-83), , 266-269 
 
 Study, Courses of, Latin and Scientific, 178 
 
 Study, Courses of, Partial, 99-100 
 
 Study, Courses of, Scientific, 99-100 
 
 Study Hours, 69 
 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, 16, 17, 23 
 
 Suppers, Class, 144 
 
 Taft, Dr. Jonathan, 228 
 
 Tappan, Dr. Henry P., Administration of, 90-160 
 
 Tappan, Dr. Henry P., Appointed President, 92-94 
 
 Tappan, Dr. Henry P., Censure and Abuse of, 112-113 
 
 Tappan, Dr. Henry P., Conflict of, with the Board of 
 
 Regents, 147-160 
 
 Tappan, Dr. Henry P., Efforts to Reinstate, 165-168 
 
 Tappan, Dr. Henry P., Resolutions of Respect by the 
 
 Board of Regents, 168-169 
 
 Tappan, Dr. Henry P., Removal, 157-158 
 
 Tappan, John L., 116-117, 158, 239 
 
 Ten Brook, Rev. Andrew 55, 61-62, 83-84, 179, 239 
 
 Terms, 49 
 
 Thompson, Rev. Edward, 55 
 
 Toledo Lands, 13 
 
 Tree Planting on the University Grounds, 137-138- 
 
 Trowbridge, Hon. C. C., 35 
 
 Trowbridge, Lieut. W. P., Ill 
 
 Trowbridge Collection, ...120-121 
 
300 INDEX, 
 
 Tyler, Moses Coit, 175, 177, 261-2U2 
 
 University Cap, 209 
 
 University Day, 207 2ox 
 
 University of Michigan, Constitution of 1837 18 
 
 University of Michigan, Constitution of 1850, DO in 
 
 University of Michigan at Detroit 11 
 
 University of Michigan, Location of, at Ann Arbor, 2-4 25 
 University of Michigan, Opening of, at Ann Arbor,., in 
 
 University of Michigan, Organic Law of, 18r>7, 18-23 
 
 University of Michigan, Organic Law, Changes rec- 
 ommended by the Regents, 1S40, 37 3S 
 
 University System of Gaining a Degree, 268-21 w 
 
 Vance, J. H., 110 
 
 Yaughan, Dr. Y. C., 2:1:5 
 
 Walker, Charles I., i:;5, 2-J3 
 
 Walker, Hon, Henry X., 114 115 
 
 > Walter, Edward L 175, 263 
 
 Water Works, Introduction of, 242 
 
 Vfatling, Dr. J. A., 228 
 
 Watson, James C., 115, 164, 2(>o 2<;i 
 
 Wead, Charles K, 259 
 
 Wells, William P., 243 
 
 Whedon, Rev. Daniel D., 61, 83-86, 95-96 
 
 White, Andrew D., Ill 
 
 Whiting, Rev. Joseph, 41, 46-47, 55, 58-59, 61 
 
 Wilder, Dr. Hurt G., 231 
 
 Williams, George P 
 
 28, 41, 46-47, 55, 61, 84-86, 95-97, Ki4, 25S- 25!) 
 
 Williams' Professorship, 259 
 
 Winchell, Alexander, 110, 200 
 
 Wing, Austin E., 13 
 
 Women, Admission of, 188 192, 201 203 
 
 Women of the University, 272-275 
 
 Wood, De Yolsen, 261 
 
 Woodward, Hon. Augustus B., t 8, l.o 
 
 ! ^ 
 
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