LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. ^ecei-ccJ JAN 4 1893 . 189 Accessions No. 14Q "2. 5~. Class No. ~ t -. '.. . , ' ,-T" m^mm^ HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. BY ELIZABETH 1. FARRAND. ANN ARBOR: REGISTER PUBLISHING HO1TSE. 1885. a 6" Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1884, by Elizabeth M. Farrand, in the office of the Libra- rian of Congress, at Washington. CONTENTS. PAGE. Preface : V Chap. I. Introductory to 1835 7 Chap. II. 1835-1837 15 Chap. III. 1837-1841 , 26 Chap. IV. 1841-1845 40 Chap. V. 1845-1851 60 Chap. VI. 1852-1863, (Dr. Tappan's Administration) 90 Chap. VII. 1863-1869, (Dr. Haven's Administration) 161 Chap. VIII. 1869-1871, (Prof. Frieze's Administration) 200 Chap. IX. 1871-1883, (Dr. Angell's Administration) 217 PREFACE. This book has been written for those who have been, or are, or shall be connected with the University of Michigan. The attempt has been made to collect from many doc^ innents into one volume the story of the University, to put into a convenient and accessible shape what has been already written, and to gather also something from its traditional history, placing upon record what has hitherto remained only in memories which are now fast fading. It is greatly to be regretted that the men who were students of the University in its early days have given us no reminiscences of their college life, of its duties, its cus* toms, its hardships, and its pleasures so different from those of modern college life. The author of this book is much indebted to some of the early graduates, and especially to Dr. George Pray, of the class of 1845, for assistance rendered; from them alone has it been possible to gather any knowledge of the cus- toms of their time. By them alone, however, can the sub- ject be adequately treated. The suggestion is offered that the classes which left the institution before the days of college papers and of class histories, should each have its historian, and that a deter- mined effort should be made to collect reminiscences of college life in Ann Arbor. The University is not too young to number among her children, white-haired men. Many of the instructors and many of the students, who taught and studied here in the days when the number of instructors and students was very small, are silenced by death. Yet in 1884 no class fails to respond to the roll-call. There is then a reason- able expectation that something less fleeting than words VI PREFACE. spoken at the banquet table will be contributed by the old students towards the history of their Alma Mater. For many years after the opening of the University the Ann Arbor papers contained very little local news, and it is only recently that they have contained a "University column." So important an event as the location of tin* institution at Ann Arbor received but slight notice; one column was devoted to an account of the exercises of the first commencement, but others are barely mentioned. Great events, like the troubles of 1849 and 1850, the ques- tion of the admission of women about 1858, the appoint- ment of Dr. Tappan and the attacks upon him, had some space given to them, but on smaller matters the silence is very profound. Even the college journals of later days fail to furnish materials sufficient for a history of the period to which they belong. In them events are described by eye-wit- nesses, but also very often for eye-witnesses, and the accounts lack the detail which is desired by other readers. Xone the less unsatisfactory are the records kept by the Board of Regents and by the Faculty. They are for the most part, records of resolutions alone. In 1852, at that period so important in the history of the University, the following record w r as made of one of the meetings of the Board : ''After some discussion the members came to a unan- imous conclusion as to the course they ought to pursue in regard to the presidency of the University," and adjourned. It is only in the memories of men that the University ha> a vivid and living history. The author of the present volume has endeavored to be accurate in statement while treating succinctly the most important events in the history ot the University of Michigan. She dares to hope that her book will meet a want which has been felt for several years. That it will also excite a disposition for tale telling among the whole body of the alumni is her earnest wish. ANN ARBOR, July, 1884. hnrivEE HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY. CHAPTEB I. INTRODUCTORY TO 1835. In the years between 1780 and 1783 the states of Virginia, New York and Massachusetts ceded to the United States government those lands, situated north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi rivers, to which they had claim, and which were known as the Northwest Territory. Connecticut, a little later, made a like cession. This act of the states placed in the hands of the general government a large tract of unsettled and unsurveyed country, subject to its legislation. The ordinance of 1787, providing for its occupa^ tion and government, promises that religion, mor- ality and knowledge shall be fostered. In the same year a large sale of lands was made to the New England Ohio Company, and to this company was given two townships for the endowment of a uni- versity. The grant of land to the Ohio company availed little save to establish a habit of Congressional legis- lation in favor of education, and for this reason alone, it must ever stand as introductory to the his- tory of education in Michigan. In 1800 that portion of the Northwest Territory 8 HIST01IY OK THI-: now comprised in the states of Illinois, Indiana and Michigan, was formed, for purposes of government, into the Indiana Territory, and, in 1804, to each of its three divisions was granted one township of land, for a seminary of learning. Michigan, in the following year having been organized into a terri- tory, was entitled to its one township of this land. Legislation for the endowment of schools ante- dated by several years the time when there was need for them or a possibility of establishing them, The grant, however, was not forgotten, and the need and the possibility grew with the numbers of the people. Early in 1817 the Detroit Gazette, the one weekly newspaper published in the Territory, contained many articles on the subject of education, giving voice to the feeling of some of the -people and influencing that of others. At this time Michigan contained less than 7000 inhabitants in all its territory. They were settled chiefly at Detroit and at trading posts and missions on the lake shore. 7 It was the governor and judges of this thinly settled region who adopted on the 26th of August, 1817, one of the most curious acts for which Michi- gan has ever been responsible. "An act to esta- blish the Catholepisterniad, or University of Michi- ii;mia" is said to be the work of the Hon. Augustus B. "Woodward, one of the judges of the Territory. He was a man who originated much good legisla- tion for Michigan, but one whose eccentricity bor- dered sometimes closely upon aberration. He was facetious; but we are not allowed to think that this UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 9 act Avas other than the product of his serious, sobei* deliberation and judgment, It in as follows; ** Be it enacted by the Governor and Judges of the Territory of Michigan, That there shall be in the said Territory a Catholepistemiad or University, denominated the Cathole- pistemiad or University of Michigania. The Catholepis- temiad or University of Michigania shall he composed of thirteen didaxum or professorships; first, a didaxia or pro- fessorship of eatholepistemia, the didactor or professor of which shall be president of the institution; second, a di- daxia, or professorship of anthropoglossica or literature, embracing all the epistemum or sciences relative to lan- guage; third, a didaxia or professorship of mathematica, or mathematics; fourth, a didaxia or professorship of physiognostica, or natural history; fifth, a didaxia or pro- fessorship of physiosophica or natural philosophy; sixth, a didaxia or professorship of astronomia, or astronomy ; seventh, a didaxia or professorship of chymia, or chemis- try; eighth, a didaxia or professorship of iatuca, or medi- cal sciences; ninth, a didaxia or professorship of cecono- niia, or economical sciences; tenth, a didaxia or profes- sorship of ethica, or ethical sciences; eleventh, a didaxia or professorship of polemitactica, or military sciences; twelfth, a didaxia or professorship of diegetica, or histori- cal sciences; thirteenth, a didaxia or professorship of en- noeica, or intellectual sciences, embracing all the epis- temum or sciences relative to the minds of animals, to the human mind, to spiritual existence, to the Deity, and to religion, the didactor or professor of which shall be vice- president of the institution. The didactors or professors shall be appointed and commissioned by the governor. There shall be paid from the Treasury of Michigan, in quarterly payments, to the President of the institution, and to each didactor or professor, an annual salary to be from time to time ascertained by law. More than one didaxia or professorship may be conferred upon the same person. The President and didactors or professors, or a 10 HISTORY OF THE majority of them assembled, shall have power to regulate all the concerns of the institution, to enact laws for that purpose, to sue, to be sued, to acquire, to hold, and to alien property, real, mixed, and personal, to make, to use, and alter a seal, to establish colleges, academies, schools, libraries, museums, athenaeums, botanic gardens, labora- tories, and other useful, literary and scientific institutions, consonant to the laws of the United States of America, and of Michigan, and to appoint officers, instructors, and instructrices in, among and throughout the various coun- ties, cities, towns, townships, and other geographical divi- sions of Michigan." The act proceeds to increase the public taxes fif- teen per cent, and appropriate that amount to the use of the University, to authorize four lotteries for the benefit of the institution, and to fix an honor- arium for the courses of instruction. "The honorarium for a course of lectures shall not exceed fifteen dollars; for classical instruction, ten dollars a quarter; for ordinary instruction, six dollars a quarter. If the judges of the court of any county or a majority of them shall certify that the parent or guardian of any person has not adequate means to defray the expenses of a suitable instruction, and that the same ought to be a public charge, the honorarium shall be paid from the treasury of Michigan." This document is signed by William Woodbridge, Acting Governor; A. B. Woodward, Presiding Judge of the Supreme Court; and John Griffin, one of the Judges of the Territory of Michigan. Early in September, 1817, two professors were appointed, John Monteith, the Protestant clergy- man of Detroit, and Gabriel Richard, the Catholic bishop of Michigan. The former was president UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 11 and held also six professorships, and the latter held the remaining six. The salary for each professorship was $12.50 a year. They proceeded at once to establish a primary school and a classical school in Detroit, and to erect a building for their accommodation. A subscrip- tion to the amount of about $6,000 was raised in Detroit, about $3,000 of which was paid before 1821 when the Catholepistemiad was succeeded by the " University of Michigan." In October, 1817, the officers of the University of Michigania enacted a statute establishing in Detroit the " First College of Michigania," which had no existence except in name. The primary and classical schools estab- lished in Detroit were the only branches of the Catholepistemiad. By the treaty of Fort Meigs, September 29th, 1817, formed by General Cass with the Indians of the North-west, three sections of land were reserved for the " College of Detroit." The officers of the Cath- olepistemiad did not locate the land, and the claim passed in 1821 into the hands of the " Trustees of the University of Michigan," by whom the three sections were selected and sold for $5,000 or more. The Act of August 26th, 1817, was repealed April 30th, 1821, and a new act passed for the establishment, at Detroit, of the University of Michi- gan. It was placed under the management of twenty- one trustees who were named in the act, and of whom the governor was always to be one. Vacan- cies in the Board of Trustees were to be filled by the vote of the legislature. \"2 HISTORY OF THE The Trustees of the University of Michigan suc- ceeded to all property and all rights held by the officers 6f the Catholepistemiad. They assumed control of the township of land granted by Con- gress, of the three sections of land granted by the treaty of Fort Meigs, and also of the debts of the old corporation. The primary or Lancasterian school, established under the Catholepistemiad wa* continued for a few years and was supported by the tuition fees. The classical school received support from the new Trustees till about 1827, when it als< > became dependent upon fees for its support. The most important duties of the Trustees had relation to the property of the institution. In 1823 they obtained from the governor and judges of the Territory a deed of the lot upon which their school building was located, and which was known as the "Academy lot," and, became many years later the subject of litigation. In 1824 they lo- cated the lands granted by the treaty of Fort Meigs, and sold them at various times between the years 1825 and 1836, and applied the money so obtained to the payment of the debts of the old corporation, to the support of the classical school, and to other expenses incurred during their own administration. Before the first sale was made there was an indebt- edness of nearly $3,000 to be provided for. The lands sold brought from $2.50 to $6.00 per acre. At the second meeting of the Trustees they began to consider the location of the college township granted by Congress in 1804. It was discovered by the committee appointed that it was impossible t UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, 13 locate one entire township of good land in the dis- trict specified in the grant, A committee was ap- pointed to memorialize Congress, and, as a result, an act was passed, May 20th, 1826, giving to the Territory of Michigan for a t( seminary of learning" two townships of land, with permission to locate them in detached portions. August 1st, 1826, Austin E, Wing and Dr. Wil- liam Brown were appointed a committee to examine the country and report upon the location of the two townships. On May 11, 1827, the same committee were instructed to " locate such tracts at the mouth of Swan Creek, on the Miami river* in this Terri- tory as may seem to them expedient." They located 916 acres on land now covered by the city of To- ledo, then described as river lots 1, 2, 7, 8, 9 and 10, accepting them for two sections or 1280 acres. In 1828 William Oliver of Ohio wished to exchange for lots 1 and 2 lots 3 and 4 and other land amount- ing in all to 767^ acres. The exchange was recom- mended by Austin E. Wing, one of the committee who had located the land, and had the sanction of Governor Cass, but was opposed by Major Kears- ley, Dr. Brown and Mr. Desnoyer, and was effected only in 1831. It is said that at the time of the ex- change lots 1 and 2 possessed five times the value of the lands for which they were exchanged. In 1834 the 767i acres, including lots 3 and 4, were sold to Major Oliver for $5,000, the sale receiving the assent of all the Trustees with the exception of General John E. Williams and Mr. Peter J. Des- *Maumee river. 14 HISTORY OF THE noyer. The lands at that time were worth a miu-li larger sum, even, according to the estimate of some persons, fifteen or twenty times that for which they were sold. It was necessary to obtain the permis- sion -of Congress to make the sale, but that was easily done. At about the same time another ap- plication for the purchase of land was received and was met with the reply that the " Trustees have no power to sell." Lots 7, 8, 9 and 10 were held till a later day, and were sold about 1849 or 1850 for from *19 to $24 an acre. The locating committee continued their work un- til, in 1836, forty-nine sections had been located. On the 18th of May, 1837, the Board of Trustees, appointed April 30th, 1821, closed their work for the institution, and the "Board of Regents of the University of Michigan " were their successors. By a decision of the Supreme Court, in 1856, the corporations of 1817 and 1821 were declared iden- tical with the Board of Regents of 1837. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 15 CHAPTER II. 1835-1837. In the month of May, 1835, by a Convention held in Detroit, a State constitution was formed, in the October following it was ratified by the people of the Territory, and in January, 1837, Michigan was admitted into the Union. The years 1835, 1836 and 1837 comprise a period of great import in the educational history of the state. That we can speak proudly of our Michigan school system is largely due to the bent which that system received in the beginning. The early settlers of Michigan were an intelli- gent people; many of them were educated men. The establishment of schools was everywhere con- sidered imperative, while yet the poverty and hard- ship of pioneer life was the portion of all. The population of the state numbered less than 100,000 persons when our school system had its origin. General Isaac E. Crary, Michigan's first repre- sentative in Congress, and the Eev. John D. Pierce, a missionary pastor, were the ones chiefly con- cerned in shaping the action of the Convention in regard to education. General Crary and Mr. Pierce were graduates of eastern colleges. In 1834 and 1835 they were residents of Marshall, and held together frequent discussions upon the concerns 16 HISTOKV OF TIN: of the state and the work of the coming convention to which General Crary was a dolo^ato, (Cousin's report on the Prussian system of public instruction had come into their hands and some* of the provis- ions of that system seemed to them to be admirably adapted to educational purposes in this country; particularly were they impressed with the advan- tages to be gained by placing at the head of tin- educational matters of the state an officer who, like the Minister of Public Instruction in Prussia, should have the supervision of all the schools and bring them into a systematic and harmonious rela- tion. General Crary, as has been said, was a delegate to the Convention, There he was made chairman of the committee on education. This committee reported and the convention adopted an article on education of which the first and fifth sections con- cern the University: I. " The Governor shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Legislature, in joint vote, shall appoint a Superintendent of Public Instruction, who shall hold his office for two years, and whose duties shall 1>- prescribed by law." V. " The Legislature shall take measures for the pro- tection, improvement or other disposition of such lands as have been or may hereafter be reserved or granted by the United States to this state for the support of a univer- sity; and the funds accruing from the rents or sale of such lands, or from any other source for the purpose aforesaid, shall be and remain a permanent fund for the support of said university, with such branches as the public conven- ience may hereafter demand for the promotion of litera- ture, the sciences and arts, and as may be authori/ed by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 17 the terms of such grant; and it shall be the duty of the Legislature, as soon as may be, to provide effectual means for the improvement and permanent security of the funds of said university." The ordinance of admission, submitted to Con- gress by the Convention, contains the following ar- ticle, which, also, may be considered the work of General Crary: " That the seventy-two sections of land set apart and reserved for the use and support of a University by an act of Congress approved May 20th, 1826, entitled : * An act concerning a seminary of learning in the Territory of Michigan,' are hereby granted and conveyed to the State, to be appropriated solely to the use and support of such University, in such manner as the Legislature may pre- scribe." By this ordinance, the university lands were made available; they could now be sold, and a fund established ; the original Congressional grant pro- vided only for leasing them and thus rendered them nearly useless. In 1835, Michigan, anticipating her entrance into the Union, formed a government and elected Ste- vens T. Mason Governor. On July 26, 1836, Gov- ernor Mason, at the request, or, by the advice of General Crary, appointed Mr. Pierce Superinten- dent of Public Instruction, " the first that ever held the office in this country under a state government." Mr. Pierce was at this time thirty-nine years of age; he was a graduate from Brown University and from Princeton Theological Seminary, and had been since 1831 a home missionary in Michigan. He had paid considerable attention to educational mat- IS H1STOIIV OF THE ters, and was certainly the one man in the Statt 1 who was fitted for the office of superintendent. His first duty was to prepare and submit to the Legis- lature, on January 1st, 1837, a plan for the organi- zation of schools, a plan for a university, and a statement of the condition of the university and school lands, giving also his views of the disposi- tion to be made of these lands. An able report was prepared and submitted, and the part relating to the organization of a university was substantially embodied in an act passed March 18th, 1837, of which the following is a copy : "An act to provide for the organization and government of the University of Michigan: SEC. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Re- presentatives of the State of Michigan, That there shall be established in this state an institution under the name and style of * The University of Michigan.' SEC. 2. The object of the University shall be to provide the inhabitants of the state with the means of acquiring a thorough knowledge of the various branches of litera- ture, science and the arts. s ]:<. 3. The government of the University shall be vested in a board of regents, to consist of twelve membei > and a chancellor, who shall be ex-orticio president thereof; which board shall be nominated by the governor, and appointed by and with the advice and consent of the senate. SBC. 4. The governor, lieutenant-governor, judges of the supreme court and chancellor of the state, shall be ex-officio members of said board. A secretary shall be appointed by said board, whose duty it shall be to record all the proceedings of the board, and carefully preserve a 1 I its books and papers. 8BC. 5. The regents appointed by the third section of this act, shall, on their first meeting, be divided by the UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 19 secretary into four classes of. three each, to be numbered one, two, three and four; and of four ballots, so to be num- bered, the class which shall draw number one shall con- tinue in office one year; number two, two years; number three, three years; and number four, four years. SEC. 6. The regents to be appointed pursuant to the third section of this act, and their successors in office, shall constitute a body corporate, with the name and title of the " Kegents of the University of Michigan; " with the right as such of suing and being sued, of making and using a common seal and altering the same at pleasure. SEC. 7. The regents shall have power, and it shall be their duty, to enact laws for the government of the uni- versity; to appoint the prescribed number of professors, and the requisite number of tutors; also to determine the amount of their respective salaries; and also to appoint a steward and fix the amount of his salary. SEC. 8. The uni\ 7 ersity shall consist of three depart- ments. 1. The department of literature, science and the arts. 2. The department of law. 3. The department of medicine. In the several departments there shall be established the following professorships: In the department of literature, science and the arts, one of ancient languages; one of modern languages; one of rhetoric and oratory; one of philosophy and history, logic, and philosophy of the human mind; one of moral philosophy and natural theology, including the history of all religions; one of political economy; one of mathemat- ics; one of natural philosophy; one of chemistry and phar- macy; one of geology and mineralogy; one of botany and geology; one of fine arts; one of civil engineering and architecture: In the department of law, one of national, international and constitutional law; one of common and statute law and equity; one of commercial and maritime law : In the department of medicine, one of anatomy; one 20 HISTORY OF THE of surgery; one of physiology and pathology; one of prac- tice of physic; one of obstetrics and diseases of women and children; one of inateria medica and medical juris- prudence; Provided, That in the first organization of the university, the regents shall so arrange the professorships as to appoint such a number only as the wants of the institution shall require; and to increase them from time to time, as the income of the fund shall warrant, and the public interests demand: Provided always, That no new professorships shall be established without the consent <>!' the legislature, SEC. 9. The immediate government of the several departments shall be entrusted to their respective facul- ties; but the regents shall have power to regulate the course of instruction, and prescribe, under the advice of the professorship, the books and authorities to be used in the several departments; and also to confer such degrees and grant such diplomas as are usually conferred and granted in other universities. SEC. 10. The regents shall have power to remove any professor or tutor, or other officer connected with the in- stitution, when in their judgment the interests of the University shall require it. SEC. 11. At their first meeting the board of regents shall appoint a secretary, librarian, and treasurer, who shall hold their offices during the pleasure of the board. The treasurer shall give such bonds as the regents may direct, for the faithful performance of the duties of his office; and shall keep a true and faithful account of all moneys received and paid out. SBC. 12. The fee of admission to the University shall never exceed ten dollars; and it shall be open to all per- sons resident in this state, who may wish to avail them- selves of its advantages, without charge of tuition, under the regulations prescribed by the regents, and to all others under such restrictions and regulations as said regents shall prescribe. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 21 SEC. 13. The moneys thus received shall go into the hands of the treasurer; and so much of such moneys as is needed for the purpose shall be expended by the regents in keeping the University buildings in good condition and repair; and the balance be appropriated for the in- crease of the library. SEC. 14. A board of visitors, to consist of five persons, shall be appointed annually by the superintendent of pub- i/ lie instruction, whose duty it shall be to make a personal examination into the state of the University, in ail its departments, and report the result to the superintendent, suggesting such improvements as they may deem import- ant, which report shall be transmitted to the legislature at its next session. SEC. 15. It shall be the duty of the regents to make an exhibit of the affairs of the University each year to the board of visit ors, setting forth the condition of the Univer- sity, the amount of expenditures, the number of students in the several departments and in the different classes, the books of instruction used, and such other information as the board may require, together with an estimate of expenses for the ensuing year. SEC. 16. As soon as the state shall provide funds for that purpose, the board of regents shall proceed to the erection of the necessary buildings for the University, on the ground to be designated by the legislature, and in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. SEC. 17. The regents shall have power, and it shall be their duty, faithfully to expend all moneys which may be from time to time appropriated for books and appa- ratus, for the use and benefit of the University. SEC. 18. It shall be the duty of the board of regents, together with the superintendent of public instruction, to establish such branches of the University in the differ- ent parts of the state as shall be from time to authorized by the legislature; also to establish all needful rules and regulations for the government of such branches: Pro.- c 2 HISTOHY OF THE v'l.t>.d always, That nothing in this act shall be so construed as to grant to any such the right of conferring degret >: and that said brandies, so to be established, shall not In- more than one in any one organized county of the state. SEC. 19. In connection with every such branch of the University, there shall be established an institution for the education of females in the higher branches ^[ knowledge, whenever suitable buildings shall be prepared, to be under the same general direction and management as the branch with which it is connected. SEC. 20. In each of the branches of the University, there shall be a department of agriculture, with compe- tent instructors in the theory of agriculture, including vegetable physiology and agricultural chemistry, and experimental and practical farming and agriculture. Whenever such branch shall be formed, there shall also he established in each a department especially appropriated to the education of teachers for the primary schools, and such other departments as the regents shall judge neces- sary to promote the public welfare. SEC. 21. Whenever the branches of such University, or any of them, shall be established, as hereinbefore provided, there shall be apportioned to each, in proportion to the number of scholars therein, such sums for the support of its professors and teachers, and also such other sums for the purchase of books and apparatus, as the state of the University fund will warrant and allow. 8KC. 22. The first meeting of the regents of the Univer- sity shall be held within three months of the time of their appointment, at such time and place as the governor of this state shall designate; and it shall be the duty of the governor of this state to give seasonable notice to each member of the board of the time and place of such meeting; subsequent meetings may be called in such manner as the regents at the first meeting may prescribe; and seven of them so assembled shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, and a less number may adjourn from time to time. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 23 SEC. 23. The board of regents are hereby authorized and required, on or before the first Monday of January next, to procure the best and most appropriate plan for the University buildings, which plan, if approved by the governor and superintendent of public instruction, shall be adopted by the regents of the University. Immediately after the first meeting of the Board of Regents, and at their request, the following amendment to this act was passed: SEC. 1. The board of regents shall elect a chancellor of the University of Michigan, who shall not be a member of the board, and who shall have power to prescribe his duties. SEC. 2. The governor of this state shall be the presi- dent of the board of regents; and in his absence the board may elect one of their number president pro tern. SEC. 3. The regents shall have power to assign to any professor appointed agreeably to the act to which this is amendatory, the duties pertaining to any vacant profes- sorship of the University, and to establish branches thereof, without further authority of the legislature, in the several counties of this state, under the regulations and restrictions in said act recited. SEC. 4. The board of regents shall have authority to expend so much of the interest arising from the Univer- sity fund as may be necessary for the purchase of philo- sophical and other apparatus, a library and cabinet of natural history. It was the duty of the Superintendent of Public Instruction to take charge of he lands belonging to the University, to invest the money received from their sale, and to aid in the establishment of the branches and of the apportionment of the fund among them, and to make an annual report of the condition of the University to the legislature. 24 HISTORY OF THE The establishment of the branches in connection with the University was at that time considered very important; they were to serve as preparatory schools to the University, and as schools for the education of teachers; and the few established under the above act did answer the purpose; they existed but a short time, and were the fore-runners of our high schools which now bear a very close relation to the University. On March 20, 1837, by an act of the legislature, the University was located at Ann Arbor, "upon such site or lot of ground as shall be selected by the regents of the University and conveyed to them by the proprietors * * * free from cost * * * * which site or lot of ground shall not be less than forty acres." Several cities in the state had been contestants for the possession of the University: Detroit, Monroe and Marshall were formidable rivals to Ann Arbor, and we are not allowed to think that the quiet of an inland town and the acknowledged beauty of its situation alone influenced the decision of the legislature. Win. E. Thompson, W. S. Maynard, Chas. Thayer, E. W. Morgan, Aug. Garratt and Daniel B. Brown were a very shrewd and enterprising body of men, and they, in 1837, were the members of the "Ann Arbor Land Company." They offered to the stat> as .a site for the University forty acres of their land. \Vm. R. Thompson, who, it is said, had learned to manage legislatures in an older community, was the chief agent of the company in this aft'ai?-. Fifty shares in the company's scrip were used in UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 25 winning favor, and Ann Arbor received the Univer- sity by a majority of three votes in the House and of seven in the Senate. Messrs. Thompson, Thayer, Maynard and Morgan each owned one-fifth, and Messrs. Garratt and Brown each one-tenth of the land donated. At that time there were less than three thousand people in the town of Ann Arbor. On the day following the location of the Univer- sity, the Superintendent of Public Instruction was authorized to sell " so much of the university lands as shall amount to a sum not exceeding five hun- dred thousand dollars," and the minimum price was fixed at twenty dollars per acre. He was to iise the income of the fund so derived in paying u such debts as shall accrue from the operation of the law establishing a university." In his first report to the legislature Mr. Pierce had made an estimate of the possible fund to be derived from the sale of university lands. There were two townships of land, forty-six thousand and eighty acres, and these at $20.00 per acre would bring $921,000, and the yearly income would be $64,912. His sales during 1837 justified this esti- mate; they were made at an average price of $22.85 per acre, and in amount were $150,447.90. Had legislation in regard to the lands ceased at this point, the financial history of Michigan University would be a more cheerful story. 26 HISTORY OF THE CHAPTER III. 1837-1841. The following are the names of the Board of Eegents, whose appointment was made by the gov- ernor, and confirmed by the senate on March 21st, 1837: Isaac E. Crary, Dr. Zina Pitcher, Lucius Lyon, Thomas Fitzgerald, John J. Adam, Robert McClelland, Dr. Samuel W. Denton, John Norvell, Henry E. Schoolcraft, Eoss Wilkins, Michael Hoff- man, and Gideon O. Whittemore. John F. Porter was a little later appointed in the place of Mr. Fitz- gerald, who resigned before the first meeting. Gov- ernor Stevens T. Mason, Lieutenant Governor Edward Mundy, Judges Fletcher, Morrell, Ransom and Whipple, and Chancellor Farnsworth were ex- officio members. Most of these men Vere actively engaged in the \)( >litical business of the state. Of the Eegents " by appointment" six had been members of the Consti- tutional Convention in 1835; two were physicians. four were lawyers, one, at least, w r as a merchant; seven of them had taken a collegiate degree; <>n< , Henry E. Schoolcraft, has a wide reputation as a writer and investigator in the field of Anioric-.;m aboriginal history and archaeology. There was no one on the Board, unless we can except (i moral ( 'rary, who had given the subject of education UNIVEKSITY OF MICHIGAN. 27 attention. They were certainly untranimeled by musty educational theories, but they were also with- out experience, and through their inexperience some time was lost and some blunders were made. The first meeting of this Board was held at Ann Arbor, on June 5, 1837. For the first few years their meetings were irregular and frequent, most of them being held in Detroit, which was then the state capitol. During the sessions of the Legisla- ture a quorum of the Board could be easily assem- bled. The Governor and Chancellor Farnsworth were usually present at the meetings, the latter often acting on committees. At the first meeting, June 5th, 1837, various com- mittees, some for present, yet more for future ser- vice, were appointed; the location of the Univer- sity grounds was determined upon; the legislature was petitioned to so change the act of March 18th, that it would give the Board the power to elect a chancellor; one committee was asked to report upon the appointment of professors, and by its advice it was determined to establish four professorships until more were needed, and to limit salaries to not less than $1,200 nor more than $2,000. In accord- ance with the provision of section 11 of the legis- lative act, they appointed a librarian, the Rev. Henry Colclazer, who had, however, no duties until 1841, and did not appear to claim his position until that time. At the third meeting, in Detroit, June 21st, 1837, it was decided to establish eight branches, and Dr. R. C. Gibson was appointed an agent to visit through 28 HISTORY OF THE the State and report upon favorable locations for them, and $8,000 was appropriated to assist in the payment of teachers. It was " resolved that the Uni- versity be open Wednesday, September 3d, 1S:->S." The records of the Board of Kegents for 18H7 and for several succeeding years are largely concerned with transactions in regard to the branch schools. The first one was opened at Pontiac in September, 1837, and George P. Williams, a man whose history is identified with that of the University, was made principal, with a salary of $1,500 a year. In 1838, schools were established at Monroe, Kalamazoo, Detroit and Niles; in 1840, at White Pigeon and Tecumseh, and the one at Kalamazoo was discon- tinued; in 1841, the Regents determined to contrib- ute but $500 a year to each branch, and this reso- lution closed the schools at Pontiac, Monroe and Niles; the remaining four, with the addition of one at Ann Arbor, were reported in existence in 1843, at which time the annual appropriation was reduced to $200 for each branch. In 1846, there were five branches, at White Pigeon, Kalamazoo, Borneo, Tecumseh and Monroe, and in 1847, four, Monroe having dropped out. In 1848, the Regents decided that they could riot give aid to the branches, with- out doing injustice to the central institution, and ?tt that time their connection with the University practically ceased. There is little doubt that the spending of money upon these branches was an ille- gal use of what was designed for the support of n university. Dr. Tappan has defined a university -MM ;i>-oeifition of scholars together with UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 29 and all other means of knowledge," and again lie says, "the very idea of a university is that of con- centrating books and apparatus, and learned men /// one place" Our early legislators and educators, however, gave a very liberal interpretation to the word, and made it embrace the preparatory schools. Appropriations for the branches were, probably, illegally made, and yet they bore good fruit; they offered to the people a means of obtaining an edu- cation when the towns were yet too poor to support schools without aid; they prepared students for the University which was yet to come; and, not the least in importance, they furnished a school in educational legislation for the Regents of the Uni- versity. Petitions from towns for the establish- ment of branches, claims from teachers in regard to salaries, and the reports of visitors and commit- tees in regard to them burden the pages of the journal of the proceedings of the Board of Regents, and there their historian may find them, but a detailed history of the preparatory schools does not belong to a history of the University. Very little was done by the Board of Regents in the remaining meetings of 1837 besides making arrangements for the branches. On November 18th, some measures were proposed for securing philo- sophical apparatus and specimens in natural history for the central institution. An act had been adopted by the State legislature, in the February preceding, to provide for a geological survey and the collection of specimens for the state libraryj and, by this act, the state geologist was authorized to deposit similar o() HIMOKY OF THE specimens with such scientific 4 and literary institu- tions as the governor should direct. Already in November some specimens had been secured for the University, and a committee of the Board was appointed to examine and care for them. At the same meeting Dr. John Torrey, of New York, was asked to examine a collection of 2, 6QO specimens of minerals offered for sale by Baron Lederer, and the purchase of them for $4,000 was concluded at the first meeting in January, 1838. This was the first purchase made by the Board of Regents for the University; it was followed in February by a sub- scription for one copy of Audubon's Ornithology, which consisted of four large folio volumes of plates and four octavo volumes of text, and cost $970. It was not received till about a year from the time when the subscription was given. At a meeting held March 1st, 1839, a communication was read announcing that it was ready for delivery. Early in 1838 the Board were receiving applications and recommendations for professorships and began to consider them; committees 011 professorships were formed and their reports are embodied in the records. March 3d, 1838, the first building com- mittee was appointed, and was requested to furnish plans and estimates; at the same meeting another committee was instructed to negotiate a loan of (160,000 from the State. It was supposed that the University would have a large endowment, but the funds were not yet available; at that date even a shrewd man could hardly have anticipated thn coining disastrous legislation in regard to univei - UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 31 sity lands. We may think that it would have been wiser had the Eegents been in less haste to open the institution at Ann Arbor, but to them it seemed a pressing need. Their committee was successful, and " an act to authorize the loan of a certain sum of money to the University of Michigan" was the result; it was approved April 6th, 1838, and enacted that certificates of stock to the amount of $100,000, reimbursable after twenty years, in equal annual installments, not less than ten nor more than fifteen in number, and bearing an interest of six per cent, be delivered to the Board of Eegents. The second purchase for the library was made March 10th, 1838, by requesting Mr. Pierce to secure a copy of Eafn's "Antiquitates Americana." About this time the legislature passed a new ordinance in regard to the State survey; it was still provided that specimens should be sent to the Uni- versity, "but to entitle the University and its branches to any of the benefits of this act, four thousand dollars shall be refunded to the State treasurer from the University fund." The Eegents felt obliged to refuse assent to such an arrange- ment, yet pledged themselves to care for whatever specimens were deposited at the University. Dr. Hough ton, the state geologist, and Drs. Sager and Wright of the botanical and zoological departments of the survey, continued to send specimens, and laid the foundation of a valuable collection. By an act passed by the legislature in 1846, this collec- tion was given to the University, notwithstanding the unfulfilled condition. 32 HISTORY OF Dr. Asa Gray received the first appointment t< > a professor's chair in the University; July 17th, 183S, lie was made Professor of Botany and /oology and HI September 15th, of the same year, the sum of *ii,500 was voted him, $1,500 as salary, and .<">,( )oo to spend in the purchase of books, while making a contemplated visit in Europe. He never was pres- ent at the University, nor had he other duties than selecting a library, and making inquiries in Europe in regard to philosophical apparatus. The attention of the Board of Regents was from this time diligently given to the question of the buildings at Ann Arbor. The building committee which had been appointed March 3rd, 1838, had engaged an architect, Alexander J. Davis, architect of the University of New York, to prepare plans and estimates, and on September 16th, it was resolved "That the main building and eight sec- tions of the north wing, as specified in the plan of Mr. Davis be immediately commenced." They took measures for procuring materials, and at each meet- ing advanced somewhat in their arrangements, until, on January 30th, 1839, all resolutions taken at previous metings in regard to the buildings were rescinded. Mr. Pierce tells us an incident which is not written in the records of the Board. Tin- plan which had been approved by the Regents and also by the Governor "was a truly magnificent design, and would in that day have involved an expenditure of half a million dollars." Mr. Pierce, whose assent to the plan was necessary before it n >uld be adopted, firmly declined to commit the Uni- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 36 versity to an expenditure for buildings which was equal in amount to one half its anticipated endow- ment fund, and which was, in fact, greater than the sum that has been realized from the entire sale of lands. The refusal of the Superintendent created great excitement and much anger, but it probably saved the life of the institution. This, then, was the reason for the action of the Regents in rescinding their building resolutions; their architect was paid $600, and new plans were ordered. It was now designed to build four "professors' houses," and to use them for every necessary purpose until it became advisable to erect the main building. The Regents were anxious to gather together the pro- perty of the University, and place its collections in Ann Arbor. They resolved February llth, 1839, that the books belonging to the University should be transported to Ann Arbor and put in the care of the librarian. Up to this time there is no record of books received, and there probably were none excepting a few Michigan Territorial and State docu- ments, and, possibly, Rafii's " Antiquitates Ameri- cana." The University in Detroit had possessed a few volumes, but these were not delivered to the library in Ann Arbor till 1869. Again, in April of this year, (1839), the Board of Regents stopped all their building operations ; more than that-, they resolved to close the branches and put an end to all expenditure of university funds. The University was in danger, and from the legis- lature of its state. Much of the land, chosen for the endowment of the University under the act of :U HISTOUY OF THE Congress was now settled upon. Some of the settlers had purchased their land from the Super- intendent of Public Instruction, but the greater number were "squatters." who had taken pos>e>- sion without form or title both before and after the land had been set apart for another purpose. The settlers who had purchased had done so during the Hush time of "wild-cat banking," and property was now (1839) rated as much below as in 1836 it had been above its real value, and many of the purchas- ers were clamoring for relief by a retrospective legislation in lowering the price of lands. The "squatters," too, were begging for legislation in their favor, claiming that they held the lands before they were located for the University. Many of these latter claims had already been adjusted; where the claimant could prove his right, the land was given up and an equal amount chosen else- where, the University losing always by the transac- tion because there were' no lands of equal value from which to choose. The legislature had, on several occasions in 183S, through its committees reported against any tam- pering with the price of lands as fixed in 1837; but in March, 1839, the pressure evidently became too great, and they yielded. An act was passed en- titled "An Act for the relief of certain settlers on university and state lands/' This act authorized the sale at si. 25 per acre of "any lands located for university purposes, if it is proven they were occu- pied and cultivated as pointed out by the preemp- tion law of Congress, before their location by the UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 35 State." There was no certain means of preventing fraud and dishonesty in the matter, and it was thought by many that the legislature had, in effect, placed all the university lands in the market at si. 25 per acre. The Regents had good cause for alarm; they re- monstrated with the legislature, and when the bill had passed there, their remonstrance was carried to the governor. Governor Mason vetoed the bill, the peril was passed for the year, and the Regents went on with their planning and building. In July of this year Mr. C. C. Trowbridge and the Rev. Dr. George Duffield, both of Detroit, were chosen by the governor to take the places of Messrs. Lyon and Norvell ; the one held the office for three years, the other for nearly ten, and both were active and efficient members of the Board. The Board now determined to hold regular quar- terly meetings, one in January, to be held in De- troit, the others in April, July, and October, to be held in Ann Arbor. The first quarterly meeting was held October 1st, 1839. Dr. Houghtoii was ap- pointed to the chair of Geology and Mineralogy, with a salary of $1,500 a year; the salary, however, was not t6 begin until the professor entered upon his duties as teacher, and as this never occurred, Dr. Houghton never received a salary from the Uni- versity. The University is indebted to him for its earliest collections of geological and mineralogical specimens, and for his advice and care in regard to their arrangement, and for a very few lectures. The Regents followed his appointment with a resolution '><) HISTORY OF THE to fit up one of the new buildings, under his direc- tion, in such a manner that it could be used fur the library and a cabinet of natural history. Near the close of 1889 the Regents made a detailed report of the financial standing of the VniversiU . From December 5th, 1837, to December Kith, 1839, the receipts into the treasury, constituting the available funds for that period were $118,Of);").-T>. This included the money received by the $100,000 loan. Of this sum had been expended $57,93().<)('>. There were still some expenses to meet before the close of the year, and it was estimated that, after paying the salary of Dr. Gray to January, 1840, after paying the balance due on the Lederer collec- tion, after paying for the completion of the four professors' houses, and discharging all indebtedness on account of the branches for the year 1839, there would remain $51,983.15. They made estimates for the coming year as fol- luws : DISBURSEMENTS. Expenses for the University * 1.5m Expenses for the branches 10,2m Interest on loan >.12<) ( '< ntingencies 5m 18,320 RECEIPTS. Interest on land sold 1 1 ,35< > Tuition from branches -.too Interest on sum in the bank .'S,5m si 7.2m In July, 1839, Eegents Duffield, Schoolcraft and Mundy were appointed a committee to report upon UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 37 a revision of the organic law of the institution, and, at the first Board meeting in 1840, their report was rendered, and strongly recommended two changes which the experience of three years had seemed to show to be necessary " to the vigorous prosecution of the great and responsible duties devolved upon the Board of Regents:" First. "The first is the proper restriction of the responsibilities of the Board themselves." The Superintendent of Public Instruction was the head of all the educational institutions of the State, of the University as well as of the primary schools; he had a power of veto over the proceedings of the Board of Regents, though he was not even an ex- ofticio member of that body, and the Regents were obliged to make an annual report to him. The change recommended by the committee would place the Board in direct responsibility to the legislature and do away with the authority of the Superinten- dent. We have seen how, at least in one instance, the veto power of the Superintendent was wisely used; the Board may be supposed to have grown since that time in wisdom as well as years, and could be safely trusted to stand alone, and, no doubt, the necessity of obtaining his concurrence in their measures delayed and hindered their action. Second. "The second matter of importance is the full trust and responsibility of the funds belong- ing to the University." Under the law r , as then existing, the Regents had no control over the sales of lands or the investment of moneys; they were embarrassed by uncertainty as to the fiscal income 38 HISTORY OP THE of the University, and could not properly adapt their measures to their means. The report of Messrs. Duffield, Schoolcraft and Mundy was accepted by the Board, and a bill pre- pared for legislative action. A select committee was sent down from the legislature, by a majority of whom a bill was reported, which embodied the bill prepared by the Regents, and also provided that the members of the Board of Regents should hold the office for life, and that vacancies should be filled by a two thirds vote of the Regents themselves. The bill never passed, and the Board, for the time, gained nothing but the satisfaction of having recorded an opinion. Meanwhile the four professors' houses were approaching completion; the stumps were cleared from the forty acres at an expense of $346.81. Unfortunately the forest trees were nearly all cut down before the land came into the possession of the University. Two hundred dollars was appro- priated for the planting of trees under Dr. Hough- ton's direction. There is a tradition that his selec- tion was largely of locust trees, and these were, in a few years destroyed by the insects. The plan for the main building, now the "north wing," was adopted April 8th, 1840. The building was to be 110 feet long, 42 feet wide, and four stories high. It was to contain 32 studies, 32 wood-rooms, 64 bed-rooms, and 64 closets, and the estimated cost was $16,000. At the same meeting of the Board a committee was appointed to inquire of Dr. Gray if he would UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 39 agree to a suspension of his salary for this year. Dr. Gray replied in the affirmative, and his connec- tion with the University was closed. He had received $2,250, the salary for one year and a half, and had in return for it selected a valuable lot of books consisting of about 3,700 volumes, which were received in Ann Arbor in the fall of 1840. The librarian,. Mr. Colclazer, was not yet in Ann Arbor and in his absence, Mr. George Coselius was employed, at a salary of $100 a year, to take charge of the books, which were kept at his own house until shelves were put up in one of the professors' houses. The first gift to the library was recorded on October 7th, 1840. It was a copy of Brock- haus' Conversations Lexikon in thirteen volumes, and the donor was Dr. Charles W. Borup of La Point, Lake Superior. At the close of 1840 the four professors' houses were completed and the main building was in process of building. The branches were still in operation, but the central institution had no salaried professors. The Kegents reported that there remained from the $100,000 loan only $14,667.48. We are approaching the year in which the Uni- versity became something more than a name. In the early records of the Board of Regents the word "incipient" is a frequent one. The University remained long "incipient." Unfortunately, as the need of opening the institution in Ann Arbor grew more pressing, the endowment funds became more uncertain. In 1840 lands were sold, by legislative decree, at $6.21 per acre, and at $8.00, $15.00, 17.00 and $19.00. HISTORY OF THE GHAPTEK IV. 18411845. Thirty-six years had now passed since the Unite* I States government had given one township of land for a "seminary of learning" to that portion of the Northwest Territory which is now the State of Michigan. In 1817 had been formed the Cathole- pistemiad; in 1821, the University of Michigan, at Detroit; in 1826, the Congressional grant was changed to two townships of land; in 1837, was passed the act for the organization of the present University of Michigan. In 1841 the institution was opened at Ann Arbor, a faculty was formed and students were entered. At a meeting of the Board of Regents, held April 15th, 1841, a committee, consisting of Regents Duffield, Pitcher, Comstock, Kearsley and Trow- bridge, presented a report upon the organization of the central institution. The necessity of opening the University, they said, was very great; students, prepared for college in the branches, were going to other states in order to continue their studies; many were growing impatient with the delay. Then, as now, the voice of the people was heard in demand, and then, as often now, they called for th^ making of bricks when there was no straw. Tin* committee presented a mournful view of the finan- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 41 cial condition of the institution; fear was expressed that no one of ability would accept a position where his salary was not only very small, but also very uncertain. Undaunted by their limited resources the Re- gents adopted, July 8th, 1841, a resolution to estab- lish a branch at Ann Arbor, the principals of which were authorized to conduct collegiate classes. Later, July 22nd, this resolution was changed by the fol- lowing: " Resolved, That the resolution adopted on the 8th in- stant, in reference to the organization of a branch at Ann Arbor be so far modified as to authorize the organization of the University at Ann Arbor by the appointment of a professor of languages, who shall perform the additional duties, prescribed in the resolution hereby modified." The additional duties had reference to the main- tenance of a preparatory or branch school. Prof. George P. Williams, principal of the Pon- tiac branch, received the appointment to the pro- fessorship of languages. He was soon (August 20th) transferred to the chair of mathematics and the Piev. Joseph Whiting, principal of the Niles branch was appointed to the department of lan- guages. In the Ann Arbor State Journal, August 10th, 1841, appeared the following announcement: "The Board of Regents of the university of the State of Michigan have resolved to commence the organization of the central institution. Circumstances growing out of the general derangement of the monetary affairs of the country, render it necessary to proceed with slow and cautious steps, and to incur no greater expenses than the 42 HISTORY OF THE exigencies of the present require. Hitherto, their atten- tion has been chiefly directed to the management of the different branches, to the improvement of the library, and the preparation of suitable buildings for the use of the collegiate department. The time has arrived when the progress of some of the youth in the branches, the expec. tation of the public, and the general interest of education in the state, render it necessary to adopt measures for the benefit of those prepared to enter college. With this view the Board have resolved to establish a preparatory de- partment at Ann Arbor, and appointed Mr. George P. Williams, late principal of the branch at Pontiac, to take charge of the same. He has also been appointed Professor of Languages in the University, and has been authorized, without delay, to organize classes for colle- giate instruction of such students as may offer. He is eminently qualified for this purpose, and also to take charge of the same both in the classical and mathematical departments till the number of students offering shall re- quire additional professors. It is the intention of the Board to appoint additional professors as their services be- come required and the number of classes increase. In the meantime, Mr. Williams is authorized to employ some competent tutors to help him in the instruction of the inferior classes. The course of education to be pursued will be of the most liberal kind; it being the design of the Board to maintain a standard of education which will entitle the University to rank with our eastern colleges. The time for the commencement of the exercises of the collegiate classes is the 7th Sept. prox.* Mr. Williams will move to Ann Arbor without delay, and letters of in- quiry may be addressed to him at that place or to the un- dersigned in the city of Detroit. Parents and guardians intending to avail themselves of the benefits of the Uni- versity for their children and wards, and young nx-ii generally pursuing a course of collegiate study, are re- * Corrected in the Journal of August 17th to September 2 Jth, UNIVEKSITY OF MICHIGAN. 43 quested to forward their communications as soon as they conveniently can." ZIXA PITCHER, GEORGE DUFFIELD, Committee on Branches . DETROIT, Aug 3, 1841. In September, 1841, there were five buildings on the University grounds. The four professors' houses had been completed in 1840, and the north wing or main building was just finished. The plan for the professors' houses was drawn by Alexander J. Davis and the buildings were at first and for a very short time constructed under the superintendence of Isaac Thompson, and afterward a contract was made with Harpin Lum. They cost $30,850. The plan for the main building was made by Harpin Lum, and the building was erected under his superintendence at a cost of about $16,000.* When completed, it contained fewer bed-rooms than was planned, since that part of the building south of the south hall was used on the first and second floors for chapel and recitation rooms, the third floor was occupied by the library, and the fourth by the museum. In 1843 the main building was named by the Eegents "Mason Hall" in honor of Gov. Stevens T. Mason. It seems to-day a very doubtful honor, but at the time of the completion of the building a different sentiment prevailed. In the Michigan State Journal, August 10, 1841, is given, what was, no doubt, the prevailing opinion of the University buildings: " The main building is four stories high, built of brick, handsomely and durably stuccoed so as to give it very *page 38, 44 m STORY or THE nearly the appearance of Quincy granite. Besides this, four professors' buildings of the same material are fin- ished. More classical models or a more beautiful finish cannot be imagined. They honor the architect, while they beautify the village." The governor of the state in his message* ( 1842 ) deprecated the extravagance of the Board of Re- gents in constructing such expensive buildings. The University possessed, besides its buildings, a library and a collection of minerals, and geolog- ical, zoological and botanical specimens. Shortly after the opening of the collegiate department these were removed from one of the professors' houses to the main building. The library contained the *" By reference to the report of the Regents for 1839, it will be seen that $26,896.19 were expended in the construction of buildings that year, and the further sum of 822,867.22 was expended for the saice purpose the sue ceediug year. Thus, in 1839 and 1840, was expended the sum of 849,761.41 in erecting buildings for the use of the university, and which were not then completed. The amount, if any, expended since is unknown to me. These vast expenditures, for the construction of university buildings, as well as those for the supoort of the branches, have probably been made mostly from the proceeds of a loan made in pursuance of " An act to authorize a loan of a certain sum of money to the University of Michi- gan," approved April 6, 1838. This loan, and'the consequent extravagant expenses incurred, were induced by the paper money mania which, with such blighting effects, has pervaded this otherwise happy land. No par- ticular blame is to be attached to the Regents; they but participate 1 in the common delusion of their fellow citizens. ' The large and commodious buildings, that have been constructed with so much expense, will doubtless, at some future period, be wanted for occupation and use; but the paucity of the university fund, and the present and prosp3Ctive limitation of its availability, should have post- poned their erection for many years. The whole expense incurred for cabinet and library, up to and including the year 1840, amounts to 89,777.42 This expenditure, though seemingly large, was. if not indis- pensable to the prosperity of the institution, at least less objectionable than the expenses incurred in erecting such expensive buildings." Governor Barry's Message, 1842. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 45 3,700 volumes collected by Dr. Gray in Europe, a few volumes of Congressional and State documents, the thirteen volumes of the Conversations-Lexikon presented by Dr. Borup, six volumes on mineralogy presented by Baron Lederer, and the set of Audu- bon's Birds. Mr. Colclazer had arrived and was in charge of the library. The cabinet of natural history consisted of 5,500 specimens in zoology, 15,000 in botany, 8,000 in mineralogy, and 10,000 in geology, a very few of which had been classified and arranged. In 1841 all but three and one-half sections of the seventy-five to which the University was entitled, were located. Of this the old Trustees had sold 2,560 acres and $5,000 of the proceeds had been turned over to the Board of Kegents. The Super- intendent of Public Instruction had sold 12,585.03 acres for $203,471.76, of which sum, however, only $33,500 had been paid. It was the duty of the Su- perintendent to collect moneys when due from the sale of university lands, but he found it in many, indeed, in most instances, impossible to do so. The legislature had already shown so great a disposi- tion to favor purchasers, that there was a well- founded expectation of "relief legislation." The minimum price of lands was reduced in 1841 to $15 an acre, and measures were taken for extending the time of payment. With the hope of further relief before them the purchasers defied the law and retained both principal and interest. The Begents claimed that the interest for 1841 should have been $14,242.97, but only $2,263.61 was paid in. They 46 HISTORY OF THE claimed that $58,210.62 was due them in 1842, about $47,000 of which was unpaid interest on lands; they made no attempt to estimate what amount of this sum would be received by them during the year, and reported that their only avail- able moneys amounted to $1,721.95 and this was covered by outstanding warrants. During 1841 there were but three branches which received assistance from the University fund, and these three but $500 each. Six thousand dollars a year must be paid for interest upon the $100,000 loan. It was a bold move to create new expenses when the resources were so meagre and uncertain ; it was bolder still, for men who knew all the circumstances of the financial embarrassment, to accept positions in the employ of the Board of Regents. The salaries of Professors Williams and Whit- ing were $500; they were also allowed to divide between them the tuition fees taken in the prepar- atory department and each occupied one of the pro- fessors' houses free of rent. Professor George P. Williams, who had been appointed to the chair of Mathematics, had been in the employ of the Board of Kegents for four years as principal of the Pontiac branch. He was a grad- uate of the University of Vermont, a man of thor- ough education and good judgment, of a genial and kindly nature, and possessing a character so nobly forcible that it impressed itself for good upon all who were associated w r ith him. He was thirty-nine years of age when he began his work in UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 47 the University at Ann Arbor, and he retained his relationship with it through a period of forty years. The Eev. Joseph Whiting was a graduate of Yale college, and was a minister of the Presbyterian church. He was principal of the branch school at Niles when called to the central institution at Ann Arbor. He was an able man and an excellent teacher, but did not possess the eminent social qualities which endeared Professor Williams to his students. Such was the organization of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, and such its condition at the time of opening in 1841. In August, 1841, it was announced that u Appli- cants for admission must adduce satisfactory evi- dence of good moral character, and sustain an examination in geography, arithmetic, the elements of algebra, the grammar of the English, Latin and Greek languages, the exercise and reader of An- drews, Cornelius Nepos, Vita Washingtonii, Sallust, Cicero's oration, Jacob's Greek reader and the Evangelists." In September six young men presented them- selves for examination, five* for admission to the freshman class and onef to the sophomore class. The examination was held in a room on the second floor of the main building, south of the south hall. *Judson D. Collins, Lyndon; Merchant H. Goodrich, Ann Arbor; Lyinan D. Norris, Ypsilanti; George E. Parrnelee, Ann Arbor; George W. Pray, Superior. [William B. Wesson, Detroit. 4S HISTORY OF THK Several days passed during which recitations were held before the final announcement of admission was given, and the six young men became students of the University of Michigan. The Michigan State Journal, November oOth, 1841, contained an announcement by Professors Williams and AVhiting to the effect that "The sophomore and freshman classes in this institution are now organized and students can be admitted at any time during the term, on passing a satisfactory examination." Other students joined the freshman class, until, in 1842, it had ten members. The students occupied the dormitories. One study, with the two bed-rooms opening from it, was assigned to two students; each furnished his own bed-room, and the two together furnished the study. They had the care of their own rooms, and were instructed to sweep the dust and dirt from their rooms into the hall, where it was collected by a janitor, or, in student dialect, by the " Professor of Dust and Ashes." The students obtained board in houses outside of the grounds. The expenses of each ranged from $80 to $100 a year. Each paid an entrance fee of $10, and an annual tax of $7.50 for the use of his room and the services of the janitor. Board was obtained for $1.50 or $2.00 a week. Chapel exercises were held at 5:30, 6, or r>:30 o'clock in the morning and at 4:30 or 5 in the afternoon, according to the season. They were usually conducted by Professor AVhiting, but some- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 49 times by Professor Williams according to the form of the Episcopal church. The student was wakened in the morning by the college bell, which had been borrowed of the Michigan Central Eailroad Com- pany, and which was rung by that first of janitors, Patrick Kelly. It devolved upon Patrick not only to ring the bell, but to see that it met with a proper response, and many a time delinquents were roused from sleep by his unwelcome voice shouting, " Did you hear the bell?" Attendance upon chapel ex- ercises was compulsory, monitors being appointed to take note of the absentees, and, owing to the early hour, it was often a sleepy, unwashed, half- dressed assembly who rose to their feet during prayers. A recitation immediately followed the chapel exercises, continuing until the breakfast hour. The classes attended each three recitations daily, except on Saturdays, when they had one recitation and an exercise in elocution. On Sundays, students were obliged to attend services at some one of the city churches, monitors being appointed for the church as well as for the chapel. The monitors for each class were chosen from that class, and the unpleasant duties of the office were sometimes forced upon unwilling students. The year was divided into three terms, the first term extending from September 25th to December 24th, the second from January 2nd to April 9th, and the third from May 1st to August 13th. The faculty of this new University were opposed to a rigidly defined course of study; they could see 50 HISTOBY OF THE "no sufficient reason for requiring oncli class to read precisely the same authors, whilst some variety in this respect might promote the taste for class! CM! learning." They presented a nominal course of study, which might mean much or little according to the interpretation of it. The studies of the freshman class were announced to be " Jamieson's Rhetoric, De Sacy's General Grammar, Livy, Hor- ace, Dilloway's Roman Antiquities, Prosody, and exercises in writing Latin, Homer's Iliad, Hero- dotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Lysias, Isocrates, Demosthenes, Cleveland's Grecian Antiquities and exercises in writing Greek, Bowdon's Algebra, Le- gendre's Geometry, Natural History;" of the soph- omore class, " Tacitus' History, Germany, and Life of Agricola, Terence, Suetonius, Greek Philosoph- ers, Homer's Odyssey, Application of Algebra to Geometry, Trigonometry, Mensuration, Davies' An- alytical Geometry and Descriptive Geometry, Da- vies' Surveying, Whately's Logic, Rhetoric." The faculty explained that mental discipline was the first object to be gained, and mental furniture n secondary object to be cared for in the later years of college study. The following is the course of study given in the first college catalogue, 184H-'44: UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 51 a' g jggj 1 : ; ii5 3 i-2 o ' : 'i ill i >. I 03 < J !o is o n *-g o 11 II 1 1 m a ^ P LLECTUAL AN] ombie's Inte s Natural The s Intellectua 's Psychology [y's Logic; W Political Grai 1& si- ll flf 3 M H 1 1 o> 2 i Stuart' Cousin Whate: ence; || 1 ^ B O . 11 o 3 it? ( o 53 1 S ."i 8 ~ cq 1 *t "S 3 o a 5 '* M 'O >, -=. ~ i 1 g i" 1 o "3 o 0> Q a J3 o -2b H ci ^ 1 g | g to "8 2g g| 1 | 0) a 1 1 o QQ j MATHEMA' Bourdon's Alget [Algebra, Legend Geometry, Men of Algebra to Ge Plane and Sphei Davies' Descrij Geometry. Analytical Geo] Sections. Olmsted's Natu opy. Natural Philoso Olmsted's Ast] Mineralogy. m o 13 O t> i 1 o ^ND LITERATURE. enophon's Cyropsedia Horace, Tlmcydidcs. tn Antiquities. Homer's Odyssey. ute and de Amicitia, Demosthenes. i, Greek Tragedy, Gre- Newcomb's Rhetoric. icolse, and Germania, I e taken by the State and applied toward the liquida- tion of the debt. These and other measures oper- ated so favorably for the University that the debt was reduced by $39,212.48. The Regents also reported that the disbursements of the Board had been less than the receipts. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 55 In the report for 1845 it is said that the debt was reduced to $43,225.86. Although there was a float- ing debt of $1,446.27, the Board could "congratu- late themselves and the friends of literature and science in our State in view of the continued and increased prosperity of the University." In May, 1842, Dr. Asa Gray resigned the profes- sorship of Botany which he had nominally held since 1838, and soon afterward Dr. Abram Sager was appointed Professor of Botany and Zoology, drawing no salary till such time as he should be called upon to give instruction. In November, 1843, the Rev. Edward Thompson, of Newark, Ohio, was appointed Professor of Mental and Moral Phil- osophy; he resigned in 1844, having never assumed his college duties, and, in September of the same year, the Rev. Andrew TenBrook received the ap- pointment in Lis stead. During 1841 and 1842 Professors Williams and Whiting were the only members of the faculty who were doing service as instructors; in 1843-44, Jonathan Beach was em- ployed as tutor, and in 1844-45 the active faculty consisted of Professors Williams, Whiting and Ten- Brook, of Burritt A. Smith employed as tutor, and of Dr. S. H. Douglas who had been appointed as- sistant to the Professor of Geology and gave some instruction in Chemistry. Dr. Hough ton, also, gave a very short course of lectures. In April, 1844, the salary of a full professor was raised to $700 and house-rent. The University was opened with six students; in 1842-43, there were twenty-five in attendance; in 56 HISTORY OF TH1 1843-44, there were fifty-three, mid in 184-4 i:>. there were fifty-five. At this period the students of all classes lived to- gether in peace and harmony; at least, whatever <>F mischief may have occurred within the college halls was of too little consequence to be reported be- yond them. It is true, Patrick Kelley, the janitor, was sometimes troubled to find his bell in the enrly morning. The bell was suspended on some rails which were run out of the window of the north hall in its third story, and it was a simple matter ( and an irresistible temptation) to transfer it to another window, where the darkness concealed it. Later when it was fastened to a post in the yard there were ways easily suggested to the brain of the stu- dent for muffling its sound. No sound being pro- duced, Patrick was obliged to go from room to room and waken his constituency individually. The Phi Phi Alpha, a literary society, was or- ganized June 28th, 1842, and the Alpha Nu, also a literary society and an off-shoot of the Phi Phi Alpha, September 30th, 1843. These, with the weekly exercises in composition and elocution put the student in training for the public exhibitions which began in 1843. An attempt was made, even before 1845, to start a college paper, but it neces- sarily failed. The first public exhibition was given by the sophomores on the evening of August 10th, LS4:-I, the exercises being held in the old Presbyter i;m Church. Every member of the chiss \v;is en^iged in the exercises; there were four onilions, four dis- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 57 sertations, four essays, and one poem. The first junior exhibition was given August 14th, 1844. After that time the junior exhibitions were held in April, the commencement exercises occurring in August. In April, 1845, the Board of Regents began to make arrangements for graduating the first class; at that time the committee on professorships made a report upon " the channel through which evidence of scholarship is required by the Board for confer- ring degrees," and "the manner of procedure in conferring degrees." The regulations made at that time have remained substantially in force to the present time, with the exception of one which re- quired that the senior class should be examined, on the fourth Wednesday next preceding commence- ment, upon all the studies of their collegiate course, and of another which reads: "There shall be no military parade, bands of professional musicians, illuminations or fireworks, balls or parties for feast- ing by the students, on the occasion of the com- mencement." This last regulation was a dead let- ter from the first, but, with the exception of the part referring to bands of musicians, it was em- bodied in the code of 1847. On August 6th, 1845, was held the first com- mencement of the University of Michigan, when * eleven students received the degree of Bachelor *Charles A. Clark, Judson D. Collins, Thomas B. Gumming, Edmund Fish, Merchant H. Goodrich, Edwin A. Lawrence, John D. McKay, Fletcher 0. Marsh, George E. Parmelee, George W. Pray, Paul W. H. liawles. 58 HISTORY OF THE of Arts. The exercises were held in the Presby- terian Church, Professor Williams presiding. It was a great day for the town as well as for the the University; merchants closed their stores, and old and young crowded to the church. Each stu- dent of the graduating class delivered an oration, and, in the judgment of the press of that day, each acquitted himself well. The Detroit Advertiser said of them : " The pieces spoken by the gradu- ating class were, for the most part, of superior merit, evincing a depth and originality of thought and a clearness and beauty of composition that is seldom surpassed in the older colleges." Profess< >r TenBrook made the closing address to the class, and in the afternoon Dr. Duffield addressed the literary societies. In the evening an entertainment was giveii in honor of the graduating class by Mrs. Dentoii, Mrs. Hawkins and Mrs. Page. The Mich- igan State Journal (Ann Arbor) closes its account of the clay with an appeal from a member of the class in regard to the ladies who entertained them : "Alumni, from this first example, shall not their names go down with yours to future ages on the records of the University?" One shadow there was upon the commencement day, caused by the death of Professor Whiting, which occurred a few weeks before. The Board of Regents in their annual report said of him: "In the death of Professor Whiting the University has sustained a severe loss. He had been with us from the beginning, had been thoroughly acquainted with the his- tory, cares, interests and condition of the University; UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 59 participated with earnest effort in the Board's desire to promote the usefulness of the institution; and was partic- ularly qualified for his station, not only by his classical attainments and aptness to teach, but by his urbanity and gentleness of manners, by his knowledge of character and other properties which especially fitted him to act the part of a governor and counsellor of youth." On the clay of the first commencement the Re- gents felt called upon to take measures towards procuring a " University bury ing-ground," but it was not until the September following that they took definite action in regard to it, and then it was resolved "That 150 feet square of land midway between a line running north and south across the University grounds between the professors' houses and the east side of the grounds and midway be- tween the north and south lines of the grounds be set apart for a cemetery for the University." A monument was raised in memory of Professor Whiting; it still stands upon the campus much to the annoyance of the modern ball-clubs.* The 66 University bury ing-ground " was never occupied. *This monument was removed in the summer of 1881 to a more secure position, between the library and laboratory buildings. 60 HISTOKY OF THE CHAPTEE V. 1845-1851. It has been stated that the men who formed the first Board of Regents were, almost without excep- tion, men who were prominent actors in the politi- cal affairs of the state; they were lawyers and business men; none of them belonged to that class from which, up to our modern era of professional educators, the world has chiefly drawn its teachers. In 1837 and 1838 there were no clergymen on the Board. This fact caused some alarm among the religious bodies of the state and was creating a prejudice against the University even before its organization. In 1839 the governor recognized this feeling, and gave an appointment on the Board to the Rev. George Duffield, pastor of the First Pres- byterian Church of Detroit. Dr. Duffield was one of the ablest, as he was one of the most prominent, clergymen in the State, and his appointment was an eminently proper one. From this time other clergymen were put on the Board, and in 1852, when the Board of Regents "by appointment" went out of office, eleven of the forty-four men who had served on that Board, had been chosen from the clerical profession; one of them, Martin Kun- to the Board of Regents all right and control over the numerous specimens which had been stored l>v the state geologist in the University buildings, but which had never been opened by them, they being unwilling to accept them on the conditions* made by a former legislature. In the summer of 1847 Dr. Douglas was authorized to visit the Lake Supe- rior mining region and complete, as far as possible, the mineral collection. Some Mexican birds were received in 1849 from Dr. G. R Turner, of the United States Army, and arid an alligator and some fishes from the Caribbean Sea from Mr. Alvah Bradish; a little later, Mr. Anthony TeriEyck, formerly secretary of the Uni- versity, sent a collection of shells from the Sand- wich Islands and the coast of California. The legislative act in March, 1844, for the relief of the University proved effectual. The subject of the 100,000 loan will be considered in the follow- ing chapter ; here it is only necessary to say that in accordance with the provisions of the act men- tioned, the debt was apparently gradually extin- guished and ceased for the time being to embarrass the Board. By the sale of lands the university in- terest fund was each year increased by sums *Page 31. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 05 ing from $9,500 in 1845 to about $11,000 in 1851, and there was a corresponding increase in the amount paid to the treasurer of the University by the treasurer of the State. In 1845 the interest re- ceived from the State amounted to $8,020.56, in 1851 to $12,543.79. In 1845, $307.54 was received from students' fees, room-rents and fines; in 1851 the in- come from that source had reached $2,304.95. In 1845 the Regents could report a balance of $1,725, remaining in their hands; in 1840, of $2,273; and in 1847, of $0,007. With the latter date began new building operations which consumed the surplus of each year, and left the Board in 1851 with a debt of $4,775.11. In January, 1852, the retiring Board be- queathed to the new Board a debt of more than $12,000. Already in 1845 the one building used for college purposes afforded insufficient room. There was then 110 money to pay the cost of building, and the in- convenience was borne as best it could be; the stu- dents were crowded together as closely as possible, and it was found that the capacity of a university building was as indefinitely expansive, as that of a pioneer log cabin. When the reports of the treasurer showed each year an increasing balance over expenses, it be- came possible and prudent to build. In January, 1847, Regents Owen and Kearsley were appointed a building committee, and were directed to proceed at once in the erection of a building corresponding with the one already built. The sum of $5,000 was appropriated for the purpose. Additional sums <>(> HISTOUY OF THE were voted at various times during 1847 and 1.S-K until, on the completion of the building early in 1849, it had cost $12,755.25. Like the north win-. it was divided into dormitories and recitation rooms; a room was given, also, to each of the two literary societies, which had up to this time alternated in the use of the chapel for their literary exercises. Before the completion of the south wini^, work had been commenced on the medical building. Its construction had been resolved upon in January, 1848. It was finished in the summer of 1S50, and cost $8,981. It will be remembered that upon the death of Governor Stevens T. Mason, the building known as the "north wing 1 ' was named "Mason Hall/' The subject of names again came up in a meeting of the Board of Regents in 1848, and it was appar- ently forgotten that the name had been definitely settled upon. It was again proposed to name the north building "Mason Hall," and the south build- ing "Pitcher Hall." Some members of the Board objected to the name "Mason Hall," and the matter- was dropped. Again were the Board of Eegents censured for their extravagance, and especially by Francis A. Shearman,* then Superintendent of Public Instrur- * "The heavy loan early contracted, and the large amount in\ in buildings, has proved a serious detriment to the interests of the insti- tution. " A heavy expenditure has been made in erecting the building for the medical department. According to the report of the building coin- mitcee it has cost nearly $9,000.00, and the whole of this amount will be required to complete it." "While it is gratifying that this department (the medical) is now ready for service, it continues to be a question whether heavy expend!- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 67 tion. By some it was thought that the contribu- tions to the branches, which had been stopped in 1846, should again be revived, rather than that the University should extend itself on its own grounds. The forlorn and barren appearance of the Univer- sity grounds early called to itself attention. With the exception of a line of forest oaks on the south and another on the east, the "fence-rows" of the Rum- sey farm, the trees had nearly all been cut before the land was set apart for the University. Quite elaborate plans for ornamentation were adopted in 1847, avenues and walks were to be laid out, and rows and groups of trees set out in accordance with a fixed design. But the plans were laid aside and trees were planted before the avenues had been marked^ out, the trees being selected from a few varieties of rapid growth. The visiting committee of 1847, of which the Rev. J. D. Pierce was chair- man, called attention to this fact, and adopted the following resolution in regard to it : "Resolved, That in planting the university grounds with trees, regard should be had, in making the selection, to the cleanliness, durability, symmetry and beauty of foliage of the trees to be planted." tares for building purposes, or for objects collateral to the main depart- ment of the institution, and in some respects secondary in importance (though by no means to be neglected under better auspices) will not still further embarrass and retard the progress of the main collegiate interests of the University. No misfortune has ever occurred to this institution equal in extent to that which has grown out of that system of policy which has permitted, or rendered necessary perhaps, the abandonment of branches; and it would seem to be of the first importance, if the means of the institution will permit the outlay of a large amount of capital for any purpose, that it should be directed into this channel. 5 ' Stearman's Report 1850. T>S HISTORY OF THE They earnestly recommended that moiv attention should be paid to ornamentation, considering that "the highway of thought, and intellectual devel- opment and progress, much of which is parched and rugged, should, as far as rnay be, be refreshed with fountains and strewn with flowers." The members of the faculty looked at the matter in a different light, and asked that less attention be paid to ornamentation and more to comfort in the matter of walks. "The professors," said they, "are obliged before clear day to wend their way to their recitations through darkness and mud." As the number of professors and students in- creased, a code of laws became necessary. When the University was first organized, Professor Wil- liams, at the request of the Board of Regents, prepared a code of laws which was based upon the code prepared for the branches; the government of the students was brought " as near to the character of parental control" as was possible. It does not seem to have been printed, nor was it made kaown to the students upon their matriculation; there was little occasion for any such thing when the students were so few in number and studious in character, as were the early men of the University. The first /) riiilcd code appeared in 1847; it was elaborated from the earlier code, and from traditional college regulations. Some of its provisions were adapted to a state of affairs quite different from what now exists, and may be quoted as historical of the period: "No candidate shall be admitted to the freshman Hass under fourteen years of age." UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 69 " Matriculation shall take place twelve weeks after he has been admitted by the faculty, during which time he shall be in a state of probation.' 7 "Each higher class shall be examined with the one next lower, on all studies pursued by the latter during the term." "Xo student shall be or become a member of any society connected with the University, or consisting of students thereof, which has not first submitted its consti- tution to the faculty and received approbation." The study hours, during which no student could absent himself from his room were from morning prayers to 6 :30, 7, or 7 :30 A. M., ( according as the days were long or short), from 8:30 or 9 A. M., to 12 M., from 1:30 or 2 to 4:30 or 5 P. M., and from 7 or 8 to 9 p. M. After 9 o'clock p. M., no student was permit- ted to leave the college ground. A peculiar system of assessment for damages was provided for by this code, and accounts for the sums, large in proportion to the number of students, which are reported as coming from fees, fines, etc. Any damage, " except inevitable visitation of Providence," was assessed upon the one doing the wrong, if he could be found; otherwise, upon the whole body of the students, or upon a class if its proximity to the damage done rendered the selec- tion possible. Not only the studies and chambers, but the halls and recitation rooms were repaired, cleaned and whitewashed at the expense of the stu- dents. The expense of candles for the early reci- tations and for chapel exercises was met by the students. 70 IUSTOKY OF THE Of course card playing and drunkenness \\ere forbidden. Safety was secured, also, by prohibiting the keeping of tire-arms. A superintendent of buildings and grounds \\.-is appointed early in 1847 and it was his duty to as- n id collect fines, rents and fees of all kinds. Dr. S. H. Douglas held the position of superinten- dent for several years. The number of students increased each year t< > 1847-48 when there were 89; it then decreased un- til in 1851-52 there were but 57 attending the Literary Department. At the commencement of 1849, 23 students were graduated; in 1S52 there were but 9. The decrease in the number of stu- dents was attributed to the lack of preparatory schools. Since the University had withdrawn its assistance from the branch schools, from which students had been admitted to the freshman class without examination, several of them had been closed. But few towns in the State were able to support more than their primary schools. No doubt the difficulty an$ cost of preparation for college had an ill effect upon the number of applicants. The greater reason, however, is found in the large num- ber of dismissals and suspensions arising out of the secret society struggle. In the classes of 1851 and ]S5 "2 the number of "non-graduates" was greater than the number of graduates. Exclusive of the trouble in regard to societies very little occurred to disturb the serenity of those early college days. Sometimes a student was sus- pended for a few weeks or for one term; more often UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 71 a task was set, and the learning of seventy-five or one hundred lines of some Latin author (Virgil being the one most preferred) might condone the lesser crimes. In the spring and fall of 1849 there were a few students known to the faculty as the " hay boys " or " those guilty in the matter of hay," whose fault is easily guessed from the words "hay" and " chapel " and was expiated by the task of learning fifty or seventy-five lines of Virgil's Geor- gics. Between 1846 and 1852 two students were permanently dismissed on account of their hurtful moral influence ; otherwise the tale of delinquences is but of absences unexcused, desks and benches overturned, a key-hole filled and a monitor's door fastened without, and the " matter of hay." After the dismissal of the tutor, no officer of the institution occupied either dormitory. The faculty frequently suggested the propriety of appointing tutors who should have rooms in the buildings and act as guardians or monitors, but the Regents failed to act upon the suggestion. The Board of Visitors for 1850 reported a deplorable state of affairs in the University buildings. Some of the rooms were in a "most disgraceful condition;" wood had been sawed in them, and there was a general untidyness in the rooms and halls. This Board of Visitors had evidently descended upon the University like a north wind and were bent upon cleansing every cranny of it, and their report must be taken with some qualification ; yet there was probably some foundation for the fault finding. The students had the care of their own rooms, and it cannot be sup- 72 HISTORY OF THE posed that they made beds, built fires, and swept and cared for their rooms as it' they had been accustomed to such work by former practice. Another thing met the reprobation of the .Visit- ors. According to the law each class was to be ex- amined with the next lower on the studies pursued by the latter. The Visitors were present at an ex- amination of the juniors, when the members of tin- senior class were present, but declined to take part, being unprepared; and this was done without cen- sure .from the faculty. The fact was that the seniors had petitioned the faculty for release from so difficult an exercise, and had been by them re- ferred to the Board of Regents. There is no record of any action in the matter by the Regents, but the record of examinations shows that the seniors were in the future relieved from examination upon the junior studies, though juniors and sophomores were still examined with the next lower classes for some time longer. The course of studies was also criticized by the visitors. A schedule* of the course of study as printed in the catalogue for 1843-'44 has been given. The course was not greatly changed during the eight years following. Rhetoric was added as a study i 1 1 1845; History was taught to a very slight extent be- tween the years 1846 and 1841), at which latter date the Regents determined that it should be taught only as might be done incidentally in the study of the languages. The study of French was intro- * Pasrc-.l. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 73 duced iii 1846-'47, and German in 1849-'50; Span- ish and Italian were taught in 1848-' 49. In 1846- ? 47 was introduced the study of the Greek Testa- ment, and the recitation in it occupied an hour for every class every Monday morning. The Visitors made a count of the number of recitations in the whole year, and fixed it at 2,545; of these 330 were Latin; 630, Greek; 495, Mathematics, pure and mixed ; 236, Modern Languages ; 854, all other sub- jects. They suggested, and it would seem with considerable propriety, that the number of Latin recitations should be raised to 400, and the Greek reduced to that number; that Human Physiology be substituted for Botany and Zoology, and that some of the time devoted to the Greek Testament be given to History. Another matter taken up and treated at length by the Visitors was one of great note and import- ance in the years 1849, 1850 and 1851, and that was the question of the secret or Greek letter societies. Beginning as a simple matter of discipline where the faculty and a few students were concerned, it soon assumed a portentous size, fed by the attention that was given it. The first and unprinted code is said to have con- tained the following regulation, which was printed in the code of 1847: "No student shall be or be- come a member of any society connected with the University, or consisting of students, which has not first submitted its constitution to the faculty and received their approbation." Greek letter societies had not yet become a subject of consideration and 74: HISTORY OF THE the rule was designed only to prevent the undue multiplication of literary societies ; it was, however, capable of extension to any kind of society when- ever occasion arose. In the latter part of the college year 1S44 T>. chapters of two societies, the Chi Psi and Beta Theta Pi were established, but their existence was unknown to the faculty until about a year later, when, some information being gained by accident, the whole was developed by the members of the societies. At the same time another society, the Alpha Delta Phi, applied for admission, and offers I to show its constitution. The faculty were occu- pied with arrangements for the approaching com- mencement and postponed consideration of the subject; meanwhile a chapter of the Alpha Delta Phi was organized, and there were three Greek letter societies in connection with the University, and the greater number of the students had joined them. This state of things was regarded by the faculty as arising from a misunderstanding, culpable perhaps, but not unpardonable. They determined to allow the societies as then constituted to remain, but drew up a document which each applicant for admission to the University from that time on must sign before matriculating, pledging himself not to join any society which the faculty did not approve, and thus they hoped the societies would die out. To the students entering in the fall of 1846 the president of the faculty explained the meaning of the pledge required of them. On the ground that their society existed at UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 75 by sufferance of the faculty, the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity received members from the pledged stu- dents, a fact of which the faculty became cognizant in March, 1847. There were suspensions and re-ad- missioiis; eventually the pledged students were obliged to withdraw from the society and renew their pledge, and the original members of Alpha Delta Phi retained their connection with the Uni- versity only by signing the following document: " Resolved, That no student shall be admitted into any class without examination satisfactory to the faculty and giving a pledge that he will not be a member of any soci- ety which is not approved by the faculty." "We, the undersigned, deeply regretting that any part of our past course has come in collision with the laws of the institution, respectfully solicit admission to the Uni- versity of Michigan, pledging ourselves not to consent to the admission of any member of the University to any society in opposition to the law on the subject passed July 24th, as quoted above." There the matter rested for several months, until the following November, when the society a second time offered to submit its constitution to the fac- ulty, and received the announcement that "the faculty have no authority to legalize them as a society in the University of Michigan." This reply furnished the students with the plea that if the faculty had no authority to legalize their society they had none to forbid it. In a struggle for exist- ence man can hold his own against great odds. To add to its security the society was styled not "in the University of Michigan," but "in Ann Arbor," and its meetings were not held on the University grounds. 76 HISTOIiY OF THE In July, 1848, the Beta Theta Pi society again raised its head and asked for admission, and WHS told that it came "under the prohibition of the law." The faculty now sent out a circular to several presidents of eastern colleges, asking for an opin- ion in regard to the advisability and feasibility of suppressing the Greek letter societies. The replies were very much against the interests of the socie- ties, and were submitted, with a report from the faculty, to the Board of Regents. No decided action was taken by the Regents; a resolution favorable to the societies was lost by an even vote. In December, 1849, there was found, appended to a catalogue of the University, a scrap of paper containing the names of members of the Chi Psi fraternity. When the eleven students so designated were asked if their names were on the paper by their consent, they affirmed it to be so. At the same time a list of members was furnished the faculty by the Alpha Delta Phi society. Seven students withdrew from their societies, and re- mained in college; the others were expelled. The faculty had also received a paper purporting to contain the names of students connected with the Beta Theta Pi society; " the persons named therein were called and it was asked whether their names were on the paper with their knowledge and con- sent." The reply was in the negative and the faculty were convinced that the paper was un- authentic. The members of the society, it is evi- dent from the faculty record, made no effort to con. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 77 ceal their society connection. Their retention in the University was made the subject of a vigorous remonstrance from one member of the faculty who regarded it as unjust to the two societies expelled. It also came up for investigation before the Board of Regents, yet the Beta Theta Pi students were not dismissed till in September, 1850, it would seem under the plea that their constitution was not yet signed. Of the students expelled, some were received at Union College, some at Rochester University, some returned a little later to Michigan University, and some closed their college days with their expulsion. The action of the faculty in regard to the socie- ties created great excitement and opposition. The faculty itself was divided in opinion, the Board of Regents, because of their own lack of unanimity, could give no assistance, the majority of the stu- dents were indignant, the citizens of Ann Arbor held a meeting and appointed a committee to me- morialize the legislature for a change in the admin- istration of the University. There was a feeling that the faculty were striking at secret societies in general, and the secret society men, as well as the Greek letter society men of the State, were aroused; they declared the law against the societies to be " an abridgment of the rights of man." During the months of January and February, 1850, there was much discussion and there were rnaiiy reports. First there was a report to the Regents from the faculty, stating strongly and even bitterly, the case as it appeared to the professors. 78 HISTORY OF THE Their objections to the societies were eight in num- ber: 1. "The whole history of these societies is a detail of obliquities" (referring to the measures which had I>HMI used in maintaining their existence). '2. "These extended affiliations are a great irresponsible authority, a monster power, which lays its hand upon every college and every college faculty in our country, re- quiring submission where there is no obligation." 3. "They are exclusive and oligarchic in their selection of members, and oppressive of all who are not of their own organism." 4. *' These societies entrap into an immature commit- ment the sons of parents who wholly disapprove them." 5. " The meetings of these societies are liable to become, and often are, lawless and convivial." ti. They are a great and unnecessary expense to the poor student who joins them. 7. *" The regular literary societies are neglected." 8. " These societies are the permanent sources of mu- tual intrigues and jealousies." The report was signed by all the members of the faculty. There had not been entire unanimity among them, nor had they as a body been entirely con- sistent in their action, a fact which receives some explanation from one passage of the report: "With- out the firm support of the authorities, immediate and primary, which place us here, we cannot carry on even the ordinary duties of instruction and government. If they vacillate, we must tempori/c : and when they desert us, we must fail. It is the protracted uncertainty of these sources of our au- thority which has lengthened these difficult i< And again: " Ours is not a prof ession that courts, nor a position that justifies the braving a well-de- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 79 fined and clearly settled public opinion. If the 'sober second thought' of the freeholders and householders of Michigan, the fathers of those to whom we are but teachers, conclude that these in- fluences are not as bad as we imagine, that they are still to be retained, or that the effort to abolish them costs more than it is worth, we shall cheerfully acquiesce in their decision. 7 ' A report was made by a committee of the Board of Eegents which sustained the faculty. These two reports were submitted to the legislature of the State to which body the matter had been carried and where it was serving as a reason for the introduc- tion of a bill, changing materially the government of the University. The first appearance of the faculty report before the Senate was unauthorized. The document had been stolen by two of the stu- dents, changed in such a manner as to make it less dignified in expression, and given to Mr. Finley, the senator from the district in which the Univer- sity is situated. The theft, discovered, had an in- fluence in turning the Senate from the iconoclastic measures which had been proposed. To the legislature also was sent a reply, made by the seven students who had returned to the Univer- sity, to the report of the faculty. The students, in behalf of their societies, claimed that the "twen- tieth rule " was a dead letter when the societies were first formed; that one of the professors was consulted by one of the founders, and his opinion of such societies requested, and that he did not mention the law, nor express his disapproval; they SO HISTORY OF THi: denied that any mischief could be charged to the societies as a body, and that the power of an organ- ization is any reason for suppressing it; they main- tained their right to be exclusive in their society relations if they chose, and asserted that their so- ciety members had not been immoral or the society meetings unduly convivial, and declared that the lit- erary societies had been more largely supported by secret society men than by neutrals. They de- nied, in toto, the charges made against them by the faculty. A memorial was prepared and signed by fifteen students, "neutrals," deploring any action on the part of the legislature, declaring that the faculty had acted with prudence and moderation, and that the whole trouble could be amicably adjusted were it not for the interference of those not connected with the immediate government of the University. The committee of the citizens of Ann Arbor, heretofore mentioned, memorialized the legislature with a different purpose. In their view, the Uni- versity was perishing, its faculty was inefficient and incapable, and there was no way to save the institu- tion but by an entire reorganization of its organic* law, the selection of a new faculty, and the recog- nition of that natural right of man to form secret societies if he so elects. In spite of hostile memorials no action was taken by the Senate. The legislative mind was satisfied with having investigated the matter, the bill was with- drawn, and the faculty and Board of Eegents weir left to take such measures as seemed best to them. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 81 There had, however, been so determined and widespread and respectable an opposition to the suppression of the societies that the authorities were compelled to listen to it. The Board of Begents still remained undecided; they could nei- ther carry a resolution for the suspension of the 20th rule nor for its enforcement. The burden of decision consequently fell upon the faculty. The Beta Theta Pi fraternity, in October, 1850, a few weeks after its expulsion, offered to show its constitution to the faculty. Four of the' professors were now ready to make some compromise, and, under protest from Professors Williams arid Agnew, the Beta Theta Pi was legalized conditionally. The conditions were the following: "No minor shall be admitted until the written consent of his parent or guardian shall have been deposited with the president of the faculty. " The faculty shall be informed of the time and place of all meetings during term time. "This permission shall be considered as forfeited by any material change of the constitution which shall not have been presented to and approved by the faculty. " The society shall not in any case interfere with the administration of the college government, and should the regents and faculty hereafter decide that the connection of students with the society is incompatible with the pros- perity of the university, said students shall cease all further action as a society within the institution. Before the stu- dents of the university shall avail themselves of the above provisions, satisfactory evidence shall be furnished to the faculty that these regulations are adopted by, and obligatory upqn the entire society. " The faculty shall be furnished with the name of every student of the university admitted, within one week after ^2 HISTORY OF THE such admission, and also with the name of the president of the society. "The society reserves to itself the right to dissolve this connection, giving- the faculty due notice of the same." A few days after the legalization of the Theta Pi society, application for admission was made by the members of Alpha Delta Phi and Chi Psi, each accepting the conditions given above. The Alpha Delta Phi was legalized by the vote of four against two, and the Chi Psi by the vote of three against two. The latter society did not exhibit its constitution, but made only a " substantial exhi- bition of the system of fundamental rules," and this not appearing sufficient to a professor who had voted for the admission of the other two societies, he refrained from voting in this case. And so was ended the secret society war, a con- test in which very little wisdom and judgment was shown by any of the combatants, and from which all parties came with garments somewhat t< >rn. While the question of the Greek letter societies was drawing the attention of the whole state to its young University and creating a distrust of the judgment and ability of its faculty, there had not been entire harmony in the faculty itself. Had tin professors been left to follow their own judgment, independent of Eegents, legislature or people, there would have been, at least, consistency < >f acti< m and far less bitterness. In a state university such independence was not possible. The Board of Ilegents watched very closely the internal affairs UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 86 of the University, and were very chary of the authority with which they endowed the faculty. To a hesitation arising from their lack of power we must ascribe the vacillating course of the professors which lost them the respect of many people. To a state of affairs equally beyond their control was due a bitterness and ill-feeling which arose among them- selves. At the close of the college year, 1845-46, the services of a tutor were dispensed with, a division < >f labor was planned by the Board of Regents, and the professors were directed to carry it out. Pro- fessor Agnew occupied the chair of Ancient Lan- guages, and, as at that time Greek and Latin filled considerably more than one third of the whole course of study, he was not able to do all the work of his department. Professors Whedon and Ten Brook were consequently called upon to assist him. He chose to hear the Greek classes, except in the Greek text of the Gospels, and left to them the Latin. Professors Whedon and Ten Brook felt aggrieved in being obliged to do work which they considered that of a tutor. As the time spent upon rhetorical exercises increased, Professor Whedon also became overburdened, and the question of dis- tribution came up again in the faculty meetings, to be decided so far as Professor Whedon was con- cerned by his resolution to take entire charge of his own department, and by his refusal to hear the Greek text recitation. Again, in January, 1851, the Board of Regents were asked to appoint a tutor, and again they refused, expressing the opinion that S4 HISTORY OF THE no professor was overworked, and that "the spirit that seems to exist among certain members of tli^ faculty towards their co-laborers in the I ni \crsity in regard to the action of the Board of Regents \\r regard improper and unjustifiable." In the midst of the dissatisfaction, in July, lHf>l, Professor Ten Brook withdrew from the University, having held his professorship for seven years. His resignation was sought by three of the professors. He afterward looked upon his action in leaving tli k University as an error, and thought that the oppo- sition to him would have been, in a short time quieted. Professor Ten Brook had firm friends on the Board of Regents, some of whom were greatly dis- pleased with the action taken by Professors Wil- liams, Whedon and Agnew in endeavoring to pro- cure his resignation. Vengeance awaited them at the close of the next six months. Professor \V lie- don had also incurred the disapproval of some of the Board by his pronounced anti-slavery views. On December 31st, 1851, the last day of service of the "Regents by appointment," the following resolution was offered: "WHEREAS, the great primary object of establishing the University of Michigan, as clearly expressed by the people through the act of their legislature, was to provide the inhabitants of the state with the means of acquiring a thorough knowledge of the various branches of litera- ture, science and the arts; that as such an institution it is worthy of the pride and fostering cart* of every citizen of the entire state and whose duty it should ever be to watch and guard it assiduously, and to see that it is not by any UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 85 means perverted, or directly or indirectly used for any other purpose, and especially that it is not used for the inculcation of political or religious dogmas; and WHEREAS, it is represented, and is undoubtedly true, that the Rev. D. D. Whedon, one of the professors of said institution, has, during a period of time -past, not only publicly preached, but otherwise openly advocated the doctrine called the higher law, a doctrine which is unau- thorized by the Bible, at war with the principles, precepts and examples of Christ and his apostles, subversive alike of civil government, civil society, and the legal rights of individual citizens, and in effect constitutes in the opin- ion of this board a species of moral treason against the government; therefore, " Resolved, That the Rev. D. D. Whedon, for the reasons aforesaid be and he is hereby removed." A discussion arose which threatened to be ter- minated only with the term of office of the men engaged in it. The new Board were present by invitation of the old and outgoing Board, and from one of them came the suggestion that the old Board should clear the way for the new by removing the whole faculty. The suggestion was not prompted by any personal consideration or prejudices, but was offered as a solution of the difficulties which surrounded the Board, and might be transmitted to their suc- cessors. The suggestion was acted upon so far as to adopt, by a vote of seven to two, the following resolution: Resolved, That in view of the duty devolving upon the board of regents elect to reorganize the faculty of arts in the University of Michigan and to appoint a president, it is expedient that this board provide for that contingency G 86 HISTORY OF THE by determining the terms of the existing members of said faculty. Therefore, Resolved, That the terms of office of the present Pro les- sors of Natural Philosophy and Mathematics; of Lo^ic. Khetoric, and History; and of the Greek and Latin Lan- guages in the University, respectively, terminate and expire at the close of the present academic year; or at such other previous time as the Board of Kegents may determine to appoint their successors." This act of dismissal did not contain the name of Professor Louis Fasquelle who was also a member of the literary faculty, but who had not been con- cerned witli the dissensions in that body. It had the appearance of being an act of vengeance upon the part of some of the members of the old Board, but was nevertheless regarded by the new Board as being not unfavorable to the best interests of the University; it left the new Board free to form a faculty according to its judgment. The act establishing the University of Michigan provided by its eighth section for the establishment of Law and Medical Departments. That for ten years the Board of Regents took no measures to- wards organizing the professional schools needs no explanation. The first move towards it was made in January, 1847, by the appointment of a commit- tee on the Medical Department, whose report, given on the following day, was very favorable to imme- diate organization; Dr. Pitcher was especially urgent in the matter. Again in August of the same year another committee was appointed, and this time to report UTXJII the expediency of organizing both the Medical and the Law Departments. Tlie report UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 87 was rendered in January, 1848, and recommended measures with a view to opening the Medical School in the fall of 1849, but postponed considera- tion of the question of the establishment of a Law Department. The report was adopted by the Board, the erection of a medical building was determined upon, and Drs. Douglas and Sager were transferred to the Medical School, the former as Professor of Ma- teria Medica, the latter of the Theory and Practice of Medicine. In July, 1849, Dr. Moses Gunn was appointed Professor of Anatomy and Surgery, and in January, 1850, Dr. Samuel Denton was made Professor of the Theory and Practice of Physic, Dr. J. Adams Allen, Professor of Pathology and Phy- siology, and Dr. Sager was transferred to the pro- fessorship of Obstetrics. The date of opening was postponed to the fall of 1850, but the medical faculty met and organized May 15th, 1850, choosing Dr. Abram Sager for their president. On the first Wednesday in Octo- ber, 1850, the School of Medicine was opened by a lecture from the president. There were ninety-one matriculants during that first year. The qualifications for admission were then nom- inally about the same as now; a good English edu- cation, a knowledge of natural philosophy and of the elementary mathematical sciences, and some slight acquaintance with Latin and Greek. " To be admitted to the degree of Doctor of Medicine, the student must exhibit evidence of having pursued the study of medicine and surgery for the term of three years with some respectable practitioner of medicine (including lecture terms); must have attended two full courses of 88 HISTORY OF THE lectures, the last of which must have been in the medical department of the University of Michigan: must l>e twenty-one years of age; must have submitted to the fac ulty a thesis composed and written by himself on some medical subject: and have passed an examination held at the close of the term, satisfactory to the faculty." An allowance of one year from the term of study was made to graduates of respectable literary col- leges, and four years of respectable practice was received in lieu of one course of lectures. Instruc- tion was given by lectures preceded by a recitation, there being four lectures a day on five days in the week. Every alternate Saturday theses were read and discussed for two or three hours of the morn- ing. The students of the Medical School were not furnished with dormitories but found homes among the people of the town. They were not for that reason exempt from the fines which the far-reach- ing prudence of the Regents ordained. A regu- lation was made that each medical student should on his entrance to the University deposit $1.00 " for such damages to the college buildings, as shall not be accounted for;" if the amount covering such damages did not exhaust the sum deposited the balance was returned to the students at the end of the term. The first commencement occurred in April, IS.") 1 . when there were six graduates. The salary of the medical professors was si. (MM). without house-rent. In December, 1851, the Board of Regents by appointment went out of office. TJi<'\ had done a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 89 great work since 1837 and had made comparatively few mistakes. They had certainly devoted much time and earnest effort to the advancement of the University. There were in 1851, but two men on the Board who had held office since the beginning in 1837. These were Robert McClelland and Dr. Zina Pitcher. Dr. Pitcher had ever been one of the most prominent, efficient and active of the mem- bers. Particularly had he been interested in the Department of Medicine, upon the organization of which he was appointed Emeritus Professor of the Institutes of Medicine and Obstetrics. At the close of 1851 he wrote an Epitome of the Transactions of the Board, in which he proiioiinced the Univer- sity to be " as prosperous as any other in the coun- try, its equal in age and surroundings." 90 HISTORY OF THE CHAPTEK VI. 1852 1863-DR. TAPPAN'S ADMINISTRATION. In 1850 the constitution of the State of Michigan was revised. To the article on education, as given in the constitution of 1835, were added certain pro- visions in regard to the University. The experience of thirteen years was supposed to have taught that the members of the Board of Regents should be directly responsible to the people of the State, and that their number should be less than that provided for by the organic law of 1837. It was also thought that the time had come when the young institution needed a president whose authority and dignity and influence would be greater than had been possible to the annually elected incumbents of the presi- dent's office. The new constitution contained the following provisions: ARTICLE XIII. SEC. 6. "There shall be elected in each judicial district, at the time of the election of the judge of such circuit a Regent of the University, whose term of office shall be the same as that of such judge. The Regents thus elected shall constitute the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan. SEC;. 8. The Regents of the University shall at their first annual meeting or as soon thereafter as may he, el"<-t a president of the University, who shall be ex-oHicio a member of their Board, with the privilege <>i' speaking but not of voting. He shall preside at the meetings of the UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 01 Regents and be the principal executive officer of the Uni- versity. The Board of Eegents shall have the general supervision of the University, and the direction and con- trol of all expenditures from the University interest fund." The State was divided into eight judicial circuits, and the circuit judge held his office for a term of six years. In accordance with the law, in the spring of 1851 a regent was chosen from each circuit for a term of six years. The members of the new Board were : from the 1st district, M. A. Patterson ; 2nd district, Edw. S. Moore; 3rd district, Elon Farnsworth; 4th district, Jas. Kingsley; 5th dis- trict, Elisha Ely; 6th district, Chas. H. Palmer; 7th district, Andrew Parsons; 8th district, William Upjohn. Mr. Patterson had served on the preced- ing Board since 1840, and Mr. Farnsworth the greater part of the time since 1837. To the others it was a new and untried office. Six members of this Board met in Detroit, Janu- ary 1st, 1852, and in Ann Arbor on the following day, and appointed a committee to correspond in regard to the presidency. At the first meeting of the Board of 1837, the question of appointing a chancellor had been con- sidered, and it was found that the Board had no power to elect such an officer. Prompt application was made to the legislature and the omission was rectified by an ambiguously worded amendment.* During the few weeks necessary for the passage of the act, the Board had time for reflection and it became apparent to them that the appointment of *Page 23. 92 HISTORY OF THE a chancellor would be unwise since they had noth- ing for him to do and no money to spend upon sine- cure offices. From time to time the subject was mentioned, but never again by this Board seriously considered. In 1848, Dr. George Duffield, then chairman of the Board of Visitors gave in his report* some account of the office as it existed in the Eng- lish universities, and said: "The government of our American colleges needs no such office as a chancellor. It is a title totally unsuited to demo- cratic simplicity. Such an officer, to be appointed by the Kegents, with such a title and no well-defined duties, would either be a perfect sinecure, or excite jealousies and prove a cumbrous clog in the opera- tions of our University." The secret society troubles of 1850 and 1851, which, it was thought, might have been avoided had there been an able man at the head of the institution, led to the legislation which made it the duty of the new Board to proceed at once to the election of a president. Mr. Charles H. Palmer, who, on January 1st, 1852, was appointed corresponding secretary of the Board, opened an extensive correspondence with men in the east, whose judgment could be relied upon; he also visited the east, and among others called upon Bishop Alorizo Potter of Pennsylvania, Dr. Eliphalet Nott of Union College, Mr. George Bancroft the historian, and Dr. Henry P. Tappan. Mr. Palmer's choice would have fallen upon Bishop *. Joint Documents, 1848, No. G, pp. 38-40. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 9d Potter, had he not been assured that that gentle- man would not accept. Mr. Bancroft might have had the office had he been willing to accept, but, declining it for himself, he recommended Dr. Tap- pan, saying that he was the man of all others in the country who was fitted for the presidency. Having seen Dr. Tappan, Mr. Palmer was strongly influenced in his favor and returned to Michigan to recommend his appointment. Before the meeting of the Board, it became known to members of the medical profession in Ann Arbor and Detroit, that Dr. Tappan had once called a homoeopathic phy- sician, and so powerful was the opposition which, on this account, they made to his appointment, that it was not effected. At the third meeting of the Board, in June, 1852, they offered the presidency to the Hon. Henry Barnard, the eminent New England educator. So sure were they of his acceptance that a committee was appointed to arrange for his inauguration. The office was, however, declined. Again Mr. Palmer made an effort for the appoint- ment of Dr. Tappan, and, again finding himself defeated, he proposed the name of Dr. William Adams, pastor of the Madison Square Presbyterian church of New York City. Mr. Palmer believed Dr. Adams to be in every way qualified for the presidency, but he felt confident that he would decline it, as he did, when it was offered him by the Board. Mr. Palmer's only object was to gain time, and this he used so effectually that by Aug- ust 12, 1852, he had won over the opposition, both 94 If! STORY OF THE within and without the Board of Regents, and J )r. Tappan was chosen president of the University. The contest had been a warm and bitter one, hut at a later day most of the prominent men \vli<> had been opposed to Dr. Tappan became his warm per- sonal friends. Dr. Tappan at this time was a man in the prime of life, in his forty-eighth year. He had received his collegiate education at Union College, during the presidency of Dr. Eliphalet Nott; he had after- wards entered the Presbyterian ministry and had preached for several years, when in 1832 he ac- cepted the chair of Moral and Intellectual Philos- ophy in the University of the City of New York. This professorship he had resigned in 1838, and had during several following years devoted himself to the writing of books. In 1839 he had published a "Beview of Edwards' Inquiry into the Freedom of the Will;" in 1840, "The Doctrine of the Will Determined by an Appeal to Consciousness;" in 1841, "The Doctrine of the Will Applied to Moral Agency and Eesponsibility ;" in 1844, "The Elements of Logic;" in 1851, a work on "Univer- sity Education," and in 1852, after a visit in Europe, "A Step from the New World to the Old." His philosophical writings had received the favorable notice of European as well as of American scholars; mid especially had they received the approval of Cousin. In this country he was known as an edu- cator, a man of pronounced and advanced ideas in regard to school systems. The system of public instruction as carried on in Prussia was very much UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 95 admired by him, and it seemed to him a feasible thing to introduce it in America. It was, then, with pleasure that he learned that here in Michigan the school system had been, at least theoretically, founded upon that of Prussia, and it was with the hope and expectation that in this new State he had found a place where his theories of education would receive the encouragement and approval of the people, that he accepted the appointment to the presidency of the University. He saw that in Michigan there was an attempt to make the course of instruction complete and unbroken from the lowest to the highest schools, and it was his ambition to aid in the perfection and realization of so broad a plan. In 1852 he was again offered the chair of Mental and Moral Philosophy in the University of the City of New York, which he had resigned in 1838, but declined it and came to Michigan. The time of his coming and the condition of things were in some sense favorable; they were favorable to a strong man. There was a new law, a new Board of Kegents, there were chairs waiting for new professors, there was a breaking away from old traditions, and there was a prevailing feeling that change was desirable and necessary. When the first Board of Regents "by election" came into office they found that their predecessors had kindly "determined the terms" of certain members of the faculty. Accordingly the following note was sent to Professors "Williams, Whedon and Agnew: " In view of the duty devolving on the board of regents of electing a president and of reorganizing the faculty of ( .M) HISTOHY OF T Ill- Arts and Sciences, the board wish to in!' the Theory and Practice of the Fine Arts, but without Compensation; his name appeared iii the catalogue until 1S(>)>, and he-sSeveral times delivered a short course of lecture?*. Mi\ James R. Boise was appointed Professor of Ancient Languages on the same day on which Dr. Tappan was elected, and took up the work of hi> department in October, 1852. In December follow- ing his title was changed to Professor of (ire.-k Language and Literature and the fiev. E. O. Haven was appointed Professor of Latin. Professor \\ was chosen from the Baptist denomination, and Professor Haven from the Methodist, and this was the last time that denominational consideration- entered avowedly into the choice of a professor. Dr. Tappan took up his residence in Ann Arbor in October, and was inaugurated president of the University, December 22, 1852. The first thing which engaged the attention of the new president and his associates in the faculty was the entire remodelling of the course of study. Among the causes which had led to the recent un- popularity of the University was the fact that a student could take in it neither a scientific nor a partial course. From time to time students had made application for permission to deviate some- what from the regular classical course, and the reply had always been that it was inexpedient to grant the request. \Vhen, following upon the adoption of the new UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 99 constitution, the legislature in April, 1851, passed "an act for the government of the State University," the following was inserted as section 9: " The Regents shall provide for the arrangement and selection of a course or courses of study in the University for such students as may not desire to pursue the usual collegiate course in the department of literature, science and the arts, embracing the ancient languages, and to provide for the admission of such students without pre- liminary examinations as to their attainments in said languages, and for granting such certificates at the expir- ation of such course or term of such students, as may be appropriate to their respective attainments/' A new scheme of studies was arranged during the winter of 1852-' 53, and was published in the catalogue for that college y.ear. For admission to the classical course the student was required to sustain an examination in English Grammar, Geography, Arithmetic, and Algebra * through equations of the first degree; in the Latin Grammar, Caesar's Commentaries, Cicero's select orations, and six books of the JEneid; in the Greek Grammar or the Greek Reader; in the writing of Latin and Greek; and in Grecian and Roman Geography. The examinations for admission to the scientific course were particularly rigid in the following studies, namely: English Grammar, Geography, Arithmetic, and Algebra through equations of the first degree. The "Partial Course" was announced in this manner: " Those who do not desire to become candidates for a degree may be admitted to any part qf the classical or H1STOKY OK THI scientific course, lor such length <>t linn- a> they may choose, in case they exhibit sat isl'actor\ r\ i.leiice of Mich proiiciencN as will enable them to proceed a '56. 2. Greek and Latin substituted in 1854-'c5. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 103 SCHEDULE OF STUDIES 1862-'63.* CLASSICAL COURSE. SCIENTIFIC COURSE. FIRST YEAR. FIRST SEMESTER. FIRST SEMESTER. Latin, i History, Greek, Rhetoric, Algebra. | Algebra aiid Geometry. SECOND SEMESTER. SECOND SEMESTER. Latin, j History, Greek, I English Literature, Geometry. ! Geometry and Trigonometry. SECOND YEAR. FIRST SEMESTER. FIRST SEMESTER. Latin, Rhetoric, Greek, Physics, Trigonometry. ; Surveying and Descript. Geometry. SECOND SEMESTER. SECOND SEMESTER. Latin and Greek. English Literature, History and Rhetoric,! Analytical Geometry, Analytical Geometry. ; Geometrical Drawing. THIRD YEAR. FIRST SEMESTER. FIRST SEMESTER. French, French, Physics, Calculus, History and Greek. History and Astronomy ,2 SECOND SEMESTER. SECOND SEMESTER. French, French, Botany, Botany,3 Latin and Astronomy, Analytical Meehanics,4 Chemistry and Mineralogy. Chemistry and Mineralogy .2 * FOURTH YEAR. FIRST SEMESTER. FIRST SEMESTER. Philosophy, Philosophy, Greek and Latin, Constitutional History and Law. 8 Constitutional History and Law. 8 Elective Studies 5 Elective Studies.5 Astronomy, Spherical Astronomy, Analytical Chemistry and Deter- ' Analytical Chemistry and Deter- minative Mineralogy, minative Mineralogy, Zoology, Zoology, German, German, Civil Engineering.? Civil Engineering.? SECOND SEMESTER. SECOND SEMESTER, Philosophy, Philosophy, Geology, Geology, Constitutional History and Law. 8 Constitutional History and Law,8 Elective Studies. Elective Studies. Astronomy, Astronomy, Applied Chemistry; Analysis of Applied Chemistry; Analysis of Soils, &c., Soils, &c., German, ; German, Agricultural Science. i Agricultural Science, Lectures on History, i Lectures on History, Greek and Latin. 6 Civil Engineering.? * The college year was divided into two " semesters." 1. Introduced in 1853-51. 2. Introduced in 1854-55. 3. Introduced in 1855-56. 4. Introduced in 1858-59. 5. Introduced in 1855-56. 6. Introduced in 1858-39. 7. Intro* duced in 1859-60. 8. Introduced in 1861-62. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 105 LATIN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. 1852-53. First year. Cicero de Amicitia and de Senectute; Livy; Exercises from English into Latin. Second year. Horace, Odes, Satires and Epistles; Taci- tus, Agricola and Germania; Roman History. Third year. Juvenal; Lectures on Roman Literature. Fourth year. LATIN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. 1862-63. First year. Cicero de Amicitia; Livy: Latin Prose Com- position. Second year. Horace; Terence; Prosody; Roman His- tory and Antiquities. Third year. Cicero; Essays in Latin; Lectures on Roman Literature. Fourth year.* Tacitus; Essays in Latin; Lectures on Roman History. Teacher's class.| Frieze's Virgil. GREEK LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. 1852-53. First year. Xenophon's Anabasis; Lucian's Timon, Piscator and Anacharsis; Exercises from English into Greek. Second year.- Thucydides; Sophocles, Antigone; Greek History. Third year. Demosthenes' Oration on the Crown; Lectures on Greek Literature. Fourth year.| GREEK LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. -1862-63. First year. Xenophon's Anabasis; Selections from Thucydides; Grammar; Prose Composition. Second year. Homer's Iliad, selections; Smith's His- tory of Greece; Demosthenes, Select Orations; Prose Com- position; English Essays relating to authors studied. Third year. Demosthenes on the Crown; English Essays relating to the age of the Athenian orators. * Introduced in 1854-55. t Introduced in 1858-59. 106 HISTORY OF THE Fourth year. Plato's Apology; aEschylus, Prome- theus. FRENCH LANGUAGE. 1852-53. First term. Fasquelle's French Method and Header; Exercises from French into English, and from English into French. Second term. Telemaque; Exercises on the Grammar and Idioms. Third term. Racine, Les Plaideurs, Andromaque; Exercises on the Syntax and Idioms. FRENCH LANGUAGE. 1862-63. First semester. Fasquelle's French Method, Reader. and Manual of French Conversation; Exercises from French into English, and English into French. Second semester. Napoleon, Fasquelle's edition; Ra- cine; Exercises on the Grammar and Idioms. GERMAN LANGUAGE. 1852-53. First. term. Grammar; Exercises in translating from English into German, and from German into English. Second term. Grammar; Translation from German. Third term. Grammar; Exercises on the Idioms; Schiller's Wilhelm Tell. GERMAN LANGUAGE. 1862-63. (Same as for 1852-53.) RHETORIC* 1852-53. "The Prof essors . of Ancient and Modern Language and the Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy take charge of this branch jointly." RHETORIC AND ENGLISH LITERATURE. 1862 -M. First year, first semester. Day's or Coppee's Rhetoric; Exercises in writing, Paradise Lost, critical examinations, etc. *Elaborated in 1838-59. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 107 First year, second semester. Spalding's English Lit- erature; Marsh's Lectures on the English Language; Daily Exercises in Extempore writing, Essay writing, and Declamation. Second year, tirst semester. Whately's Ehetoric; Lord's Laws of Figurative Language; Essays. Second year, second semester. Reed's British Poets; Sismonde's Literature of the South of Europe; Orations and Disputations. " During this year there will be a weekly exercise, in which Shakespeare's historical plays and his four great tragedies will be critically examined. A course of Lectures will also be given by the Assistant Professor, on Rhetoric, Criticism, and English Literature. CLASSICAL COURSE. Second year, second semester. See first semester of second year of the Scientific Course. " During the third year, students in both courses are required to prepare Essays and Disputations, and, during the fourth year, to present Orations." HISTORY* 1862-63. First year.| Greene's History of the Middle Ages; Robertson's Charles V, Lord's Modern History. Second year.J Robertson's Charles V, Lord's Modern History. Third year. Guizot's History of Civilization in Europe. Fourth year. Lectures. MATHEMATICS. 1852-53. First year. Algebra, Davies' Bourdon; Geometry, Davies' Legendre. Second year. Davies' Plane and Spherical Trigonom- etry; Loomis' Analytical Geometry; Loomis' Mensura- tion, Navigation, and Surveying; Davies' Descriptive Geometry; Olmsted or Smith's Mechanics. *No course announced in 1852-53. Course established in 1853-54. f Scientific course. J Classical course. 108 HISTORY OF THE Third year. Olinsted or Bartlett's Acoustics and Optics; Drawing, Perspective, and Architecture; Loomis' Differential and Integral Calculus; Shades, Shadows, and Perspective. MATHEMATICS. 1862-63. ( 1 1 ASSICAL DEPARTMENT. First year. Algebra, Davies' Bourdon; Geometry. Da vies' Legendre. Second year. Davies' Trigonometry; Loomis' Analyt- ical Geometry. >< IENTIFIC DEPARTMENT. First Year. Ray's Algebra, pt. ii; Geometry and Trig- onometry; Davies' Legendre. Second Year. Gillespie's Surveying; Davies' Descrip- tive Geometry; Davies' Analytical Geometry; Shades, Shadows, and Perspective. Third Y'ear. Courtenay's Calculus; Bartlett's Analyt- ical Mechanics. ASTRONOMY*. 1862-63. Third Year. Popular lectures on Astronomy. "The course in Higher Astronomy will embrace four semesters, and will be optional. It will begin with the first semester of the senior year and students who wish to go through the whole course must stay one year after their graduation." ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY. 1852 53. Fourth Year, Third Term. A Course of Lectures. GEOLOGY, ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY.- 1^.2 itt. "Instruction in this Department will be as follows: 1. A Course in the Elements of Botany, extending through the second semester of the Junior year exercises semi-weekly. 2. A Course of Lectures on the Elements of Zoology ; "Introduced in 1853-54. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 109 an elective study during: the first semester of the Senior year. 3. A Course of Lectures on the Elements of Geology, during the second semester of the Senior year. 4. A special and extended course of Zoology and Botany for candidates for the Masters' Degrees." CHEMISTRY .1852-53. Lectures during the first and second terms upon The- oretical and Experimental Chemistry. Lectures during the third terni upon Meteorology and and Climate, and on Agricultural Chemistry. GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY r . 1852-53. Lectures during the third term on Mineralogy and Physical Geography. CHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY. Lectures to the Medical Class during the first semester, and to the Junior Class during the second. Work in the Analytical Laboratory for advanced stu- dents,* SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING t 1862-63. The Course of Instruction for the first and second years is identical with that of the second and third years of the Scientific Course. Third Year, First Semester. Practical Astronomy, Road Engineering, Resistance of Materials and Friction, Architecture, Constructions, Engineering Instruments, Geodesy, Leveling, Drawing, Third Y'ear, Second Semester. Hydraulics and Hy- draulic Motors, Machines, Geodesy, Higher Geodesy, Geology, Draughting, Thesis. CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY^ AND CONSTITU- TIONAL L A W.J 1862-63. Lectures. *Introduced in 1854-55. tOrganized in 1855-56. .tlntroduced in 1861-62. 110 HISTORY OF THE MOKAL AXI> INTELLECTUAL PHILOSOPHY. 1852-53, and also \M\-> <>:i This study is conducted by the use of Text Books acc > i n - panied with lectures; Essays required from the students. An elaboration of the course of study such as oc- curred between the years 1852 and 1863 required the appointment of new instructors. In November, 1853, upon the recommendation of Professor Haven, Mr. Alexander Winchell was appointed Professor of Physics and Civil Engineering. In 1855 the " School of Engineering " was formed and Mr. AY. (T. Peck, a graduate of West Point was placed at its head, Professor Winchell being transferred to the department of Geology, Zoology, and Botany. The first degree in the Civil Engineering course was given in 1857. In this year Professor Peck resigned and was succeeded by Professor DeVolsen Wood. An agricultural course was outlined in 1852-53 in the expectation that the legislature would provide means for its establishment. This they failed to do, and when, some years later, an Agricultural College was organized, it had no connection with the Uni- versity. The Rev. Charles Fox, a clergyman of the Episcopal church, gave gratuitously a course of lec- tures in the University on agriculture in the spring of 1853. In 1854 he was appointed, by the Regents, Professor of Agriculture, but died very soon after receiving the appointment. The small collection of books on agriculture which the general library now contains was a gift from Mr. Fox. With his deatli was closed the agricultural department of the Uni- versity. At different times between 1858 and UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. Ill the board of Regents made attempts to establish an agricultural farm, offering first to accept land near Ann Arbor, if that town would give it, and again near Ypsilariti on the same condition. Neither town accepted the proposition and the success of the Agricultural College at Lansing rendered vain any expectation of help from the state for an agri- cultural department at the University. In the fall of 1854 Mr. Henry S. Frieze, of Provi- dence, R. I., was appointed Professor of Latin, a chair which, in 1884, he still holds. At the same time Professor Haven was transferred to the chair of History and English Literature, in which he was succeeded, upon his resignation in 1857, by Mr Andrew D. White. A second graduate from West Point, Lieut. W. P. Trowbridge, became connected with the Univer- sity in 1856 as Professor of Mathematics, remaining but one year. Through his influence was established the " University Battalion," a short-lived military organization, composed of about ninety -of the stu- dents, and having its headquarters in a small build- ing erected for the purpose near the south-east corner of the campus. Arms and uniforms were procured, and a daily drill enacted. The Battalion was disorganized by the resignation of Professor Trowbridge. During the period of the Civil War, when the disastrous results of the sending of un- trained bodies of men into the field were apparent to everyone, the Regents established a chair of Military Engineering and Tactics, but no professor was ever appointed to fill it. 1T2 HISTORY OF THE The courses of study ns formed in 1852-53 wre little more than such as are pursued in the (Ivm- nasia of Prussia; there was MS yet no opportunity for Hitircrxili/ study. A "university course" was outlined very early in Dr. Tappan's administration, but neither professors, nor students, nor people were ready for it. Dr. Tappan had accepted the presidency knowing that he had much elementary work to do. He knew and felt the importance of gaining public favor for the University and its courses of study; he thought that he was coming to a State where the predominating element was intelligent, and he entered with zeal and with hope upon the task of explaining to the citizens of the State his own ideas of education, and of leading them towards a very high ideal of university study. In his inaugural address, in addresses before the students' literary societies and before the legisla- ture, in his public speeches everywhere and in his private conversation he endeavored to recommend his own broad theory of public education and everywhere he extolled the Prussian system. So much was this foreign school system the burden of his discourse that it brought upon him a storm of censure and abuse from some of the journals of the State, whose editors were alarmed for the glory of the American eagle, or, possibly, were glad of a theme so potent to rouse the stout patriotism of their American hearts. "Of all the imitations of English aristocracy, German mysticism, Prussian imperiousness and Parisian nonsensities, he is al- together, the most un- Americanized, the most com- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 113 pletely f oreignized specimen of an abnormal Yankee we have ever seen." Such was the style of the attacks made upon him, worth notice only as point - ing to the source from which opposition came. The "Prussianized professor" and his faculty quietly continued to carry out the courses of study pro- jected, and in 1858 a "university course," conducted by lectures was formed. This higher course was offered in each department and was open to stu- dents who had already obtained the degree of Bachelor of Arts or of Science; such student by pursuing two courses during each semester of one year, sustaining an examination upon three of the courses, and presenting a satisfactory thesis, was given the degree of Master of Arts or of Science. In 1859, at the suggestion of Professor A. 1). White, were established four scholarships, of fifty dollars each. Professor White himself endowed the two classical scholarships, which were named the "Woolsey Scholarship" and the "Barnard Scholarship," and were open to candidates for ad- mission to the classical course. The scientific scholarships, named the " Hough ton Scholarship " and the "Pierce Scholarship," were endowed by the Board of Regents and were open to candidates for admission to the scientific course. They were offered for several years and were supposed to excite " a laudable spirit of emulation among the young men of the country." In 1866 the custom was abandoned as one entirely out of harmony with the policy of the University. On the day of Dr. Tappan's inauguration he 1 14 HISTORY OF THE received a visit from Hon. Henry N. Walker, of Detroit, who had, while listening to the inaugural address, formed the determination to initiate meas- ures for the benefit of the University in some of its departments and had come to take counsel from the new President, Dr. Tappan suggested that the cit- izens of Detroit should be asked to subscribe money for the erection and equipment of an obser- vatory. Mr. Walker acquiesced. At his sugges- tion Dr. Tappan met and addressed some of the gentlemen of Detroit. In a very few days a sub- scription of 7,000 was raised. In February, 1853, Dr. Tappan made a visit to Europe, which had been planned before he accepted the presidency of the University. Mr. Walker accompanied him to New York, and there they met Mr. Henry Fitz, with whom they contracted for an achromatic refracting telescope, equatorially mounted, of twelve inches clear aperture. The first telescope made and mounted by Mr. Fitz was not satisfactory and was replaced in 1857, by another, with an object glass thirteen inches in diameter, which cost $6,750. Upon Dr. Tappan's departure for Europe, Mr. Walker authorized him to purchase a meridian cir- cle, and gave him the money for the purpose. In accordance with the advice of Professor Encke, the director of the Koyal Observatory at Berlin, Dr. Tappan engaged Messrs. Pistor and Martins <>F Berlin, to construct the meridian circle; he also purchased an astronomical clock of Tiede, in Ber- lin, and two collimators of Pistor and Martins. A building for the reception of the instruments UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 115 was, at the same time, in process of erection. The citizens of Detroit raised their subscription to about $15,000, of which Mr. Walker contributed $4,000. The instruments and building cost about $22,000, the Regents making appropriations of money to cover the expense not met by the subscription money. Professor Brunnow, Encke's assistant at Berlin, was invited by Dr. Tappan to take charge of the Observatory and to fill the chair of Astronomy in the University. He was already an astronomer of note, having already published several works of value, and especially a " Treatise on Spherical As- tronomy." By the advice of Humboldt, Dr. Brun- now accepted the position offered him by Dr. Tap- pan and came to Ann Arbor in the fall of 1854. He received a salary of but $1,150 a year, and, moved by its insufficiency, he resigned in 1859 and spent one year as Director of the Dudley Observatory at Albany. From Albany he was recalled, at the ear- nest request of the subcribers to the Observatory fund, and given a salary of $1,500. Mr. James C. Watson was appointed assistant observer in 1858, and was Professor of Astronomy during Dr. Brun- now' s absence at Albany in 1859. Mr. Watson was a graduate of the University in the class of 1857, and had received instruction from, and been trained by Dr. Brunnow. No work done by Dr. Brunnow while connected with the University was of greater value than the encouragement and instruction which he gave to this one pupil who followed so closely in the steps of his master. 116 HISTORY OF THE In 1852 there were in the general library of the University not many more than 4,000 volumes, only a very few more than when the first student entered in 1841. It was a circulating library, and the office of librarian, like that of the president, being rota- tory, there had probably not been very careful man- agement; the losses nearly equalled the accessions. Dr. Tappan, soon after coming to Ann Arbor, inter- ested the citizens of the town in the matter and raised among them the su-ni of $1,515, and to this the Eegents added about $300 in 1853-54; with this sum was bought about 1,200 volumes. Appropria- tions were made by the Board of Eegents for the increase of the library each year thereafter. In 1854r-55 about $1,300 was spent for books ; in 1855 - 56, $923.48; in 1856-57, $1,602.61; in 1857-58, 81,- 600; in 1858-59, $1,350; in 1859-60, $1,000; in 1860- 61, $2,350; in 1862-63, $1,000. The number of vol- umes added each year does not appear from reports on the library; from these it is evident that the books were counted but twice during Dr. Tappan" s administration. At the close of that period there were about 10,000 volumes in the library. In 1852-53, Professor Fasquelle was librarian, and his administration was very satisfactory ; by his efforts many volumes which had been missing wore found. From November, 1853, to May, 1854, Mr. J. L. Tappan, a son of Dr. Tappan, was librarian by appointment from the faculty; from the latter date till October, 1856, when Mr. Tappan was ap- pointed librarian by the Board of Regents, the steward, Mr. J. H. Vance, was also assistant libra- TJNIVEBSITY OF MICHIGAN. 117 rian. In Mr. Tappan's day was kept for the first time a "journal catalogue," containing or designed to contain, a complete record of the books, the date of their purchase and the price. This catalogue, commenced by him, is still kept in the University library, and is looked upon as the aged, honored, and even now not altogether useless parent of the present more elaborate system. Un- til about 1858, the library was entirely under the control of the President and faculty; they made the rules for its regulation, they ordered the books, and until 1856, they appointed the librarian. The li- brary was open for consultation from one to eight hours a day. With the advent of the Board of 1858 came a new order of things. The increased number of students as well as the increased number of books rendered some changes necessary and the all ab- sorbing nature of the Board of Regents directed others. The library had ceased to be a circulating library, except among the professors, in 1857; it was open at first for eight hours and afterwards for ten hours a day; an assistant librarian was appointed when, in 1862, the number of hours was extended. The Regents retained for themselves the right to order books, and required that lists of books de- sired by the professors should be submitted to them. The room in which the library had been kept since 1841 was too small to contain it when it began to grow at the rate of 500 volumes a year. In 1856 part of the north wing which had hitherto been oc- cupied by students for dormitories was entirely re- i 118 HISTORY OF THE modeled, and the whole central part of the building between the north and south halls was fitted up fo r the occupation of the library and tin* various coll tions belonging to the University. The library was arranged on the first floor and remained there until the completion of the law building in 1863. Never quite sufficient for the demands made upon it, it was yet like a vigorous child ever outgrowing its clothes. When in 1863 it was moved into the large room on the first floor of the law building it had found its home for many a year. A collection of Fine Arts was commenced in 1856. Professor Henry S. Frieze spent the year 1850-56 in Europe; he had engaged Mr. Benjamin Braman to do his work in the University, and after paying his substitute, had remaining of his salary about 800. This sum he spent upon books, engravings, photographs, and copies in plaster and terra cotta of statues and busts found in the galleries of Eu- rope. The first gift to the gallery was from the class of 1859. Upon the day of graduation they presented to the Board of Regents for the University a largo plaster-cast of the Laocoon group. In the fall of 1859 was formed the " Rogers' A rt Association;" its members were gentlemen and ladies of Ann Arbor, including some of the profes- sors of the University, and its object was the pur- chase for the University art gallery of a copy in marble of Randolph Rogers' statue, Nydia. Ran- dolph Rogers had been a boy in Ann Arbor, and the association wished to honor the sculptor, while UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 119 they enriched the University; there were even dreams of a "Rogers' gallery," where would be collected copies of all the works of Ann Arbor's distinguished son. Mr. Rogers, on his part, being much pi eased that his noblest work was to find its way to a gallery in his native town, gave terms which were considered very favorable, 1,700 being the price asked. This sum was raised by the asso- ciation by giving concerts, lectures and festivals, and by charging an admission fee to "Nydia's room" for several years; some gifts of money were also received from alumni and others. The statue was received in America in the spring of 1862; it was on exhibition in Detroit for a time, then in the Union School building in Ann Arbor, and after- wards in the small room built for it at the north end of the north wing. Professor A. D. White made a valuable gift in 1861: the Horace White collection of gems and portrait medallions, copied in plaster by Eichler, of Berlin, numbering nearly 1,700. President and Mrs. Tappan were the donors of a collection of engravings and of a copy in water colors of the Sistine Madonna. The Board of Regents, with that tireless energy which characterized the body which ruled from 1858 to 1863, passed in 1859 the following resolu- tion : "Resolved, That the president and the incumbent of each full professorship be and they are invited to place their portraits in the Gallery of Fine Arts, without ex- pense to this Board, or to the University Funds." 120 HISTORY OF THE And again in 1861 : "WHEREAS, It is desirable to commence a gallery <>i paintings in the University, therefore Resolved, That Hon. Lewis Cass, Gov. Austin Blair, and the four judges of the Supreme Court that is to say. Hon. George Martin, Hon. I. P. Christiancy, Hon. J. V. Campbell and Hon. Randolph Manning be and they are hereby invited to make a donation of their portraits to be placed in the Gallery of Fine Arts of the University." Neither president nor professors, nor the dig- nitaries of state or court were moved by these resolutions. The University has, happily, been spared the gift of a complete family portrait gallery. In 1859 the natural history museum received a valuable addition through the favor of Lieutenant W. P. Trowbridge, and of the Smithsonian Insti- tution. A letter from Professor Joseph Henry, secretary of the Board of Eegents of the Smith- sonian Institution, explains the occasion of the gift: "I have the honor to forward, under the care of Mr. Kennicott, a collection of specimens of natural history, chiefly of North America, as a donation from the Smith- sonian Institution to the Museum of the University of Michigan. This collection is intended in part to discharge an obli- gation which the institution is under to Lieut. W. P. Trowbridge, a graduate* of Michigan University, and late of the U. S. Army. This gentleman, during his period of duty on the Pacific Coast of the United States, devoted all his leisure time to the collection of objects of natural history, and with such success as to identify his name with the history of discovery in the zoology of western America. A large number of the vertebrate animals of * Not a graduate, but a professor, 18T>6-7. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 121 that portion of the continent were first brought to light by him, and of quite a considerable proportion no other specimens than his have as yet been added to any museum. In view of the fact that the researches of Lieut. Trow- bridge were prosecuted almost entirely at his own ex- pense, it was considered but an act of justice on the part of the institution to promise as full a series of his collec- tions as could be spared to any public institution which he might designate, and that would take the necessary steps for their preservation. As he has selected the Uni- versity of his native state as the recipient of this favor, it gives us much pleasure to transmit the first portion of the series in question, with the addition of certain species from other parts of the country. Many of the specimens are of great rarity, and not to be found at present in any museum but that of the Smithsonian Institution." When the central part of the north building had been remodeled for the reception of the library and the collections of the University, the geological and mineralogical collections were arranged in cases upon a gallery above the library; the "Trow- bridge Collection " was arranged upon a second gallery, the central part of the room being open to the ceiling; near the foot of the stairway leading from the library to the first gallery stood the large statue of Apollo Belvidere, which, being placed upon a high pedestal, reached nearly to the second gallery. With the exception of the Apollo the fine art collection was placed in the rooms at the north end of the building. On January 1st, 1852, when the first Board of Regents by election came into office, the University had a debt of $12,761.98. The estimated income for the coming year was less than the amount of the 122 HISTOEY OF THE debt, and was nearly covered by the estimated expenditures. To relieve themselves from the em- barrassment which would otherwise arise when the numerous small warrants, which comprised the debt, were presented for payment, the Board re- solved to "consolidate the warrants." They accord- ingly negotiated a loan of $10,000, payable in three years at seven per cent, interest, and ^aicl up their Jlodlhif/ debt. Owing to favorable measures taken by the State legislature, they were able to pay the " consolidated warrant " in less than two years. Having thus postponed the payment of their debt, they had leisure for other efforts. They found the money at their disposal entirely inade- quate to the support of an institution such as the University of Michigan had grown to be. At this time was revived the subject of the $100,000 loan, a subject which had ceased to trouble the former Board some five or six years before. It will be nec- essary to go back in the history of the University and treat the matter briefly from the beginning. In April, 1838, the State legislature negotiated, for the University, a loan of $100,000, payable in twenty years, and bearing interest fit six per cent. (( The faith and credit of the people " of the State were pledged for the payment of principle and interest, and "all the disposable income from the University fund 1 ' was pledged for the same pur- pose. The $100,000 was borrowed by the State, the University owed it to the State, and its lands \\en- held by the State as security. It was spent in sus- taining the branches, in erecting buildings at Ann UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 123 Arbor, and ii) purchasing a library and collection of minerals. It was soon exhausted and the inter- est upon it consumed more than half of the availa- ble income of the University. In this crisis of their affairs the Board of Kegeiits appealed to the legislature for relief, which was granted by an act passed in February, 1844. The State, being itself heavily in debt, having borrowed money to the extent of its credit, had issued warrants and scrip, bearing interest, and these warrants had now become much depreciated in value. The act passed by the legislature pro- vided that the depreciated warrants of the State should be taken at full face value in payment for university lands, and that the State should receive them in liquidation of the debt. A few days later another act provided that the State should take the " Seminary lot " in Detroit, which had been received by the University in its settlement with the Bank of Michigan, and should credit the University with $8,095 and apply the same upon the loan. These acts gave very effectual relief; lands sold so rapidly that the debt was reduced by nearly forty thousand dollars in less than eight months ; in 1847 it was reduced to about $20,000. The reports of the Board of Regents show that they understood that the debt of the University to the State was being paid in this way, and that the transaction was satisfatory to them. It was also understood by the Superintendent of Public Instruction. In 1850, however, the Superintendent, Mr. Shearman, brought the subject forth from its retirement, and, 124 HISTORY OF THE whatever may have been his motive, the result was eventually favorable to the University. In his report for 1849 he had soid, " The weight of a heavy debt * * * has been gradually removed;" in 1850, he said, "The heavy loan early contracted * * has proved a serious detriment to the inter- ests of the institution, and will continue to embar- rass its legitimate field of operations until effectual provision is made for sinking the debt. Win if /irorision ltd* been made for fltix purpose /.s HH- knowntothis Department:" and again "The sum of $6,010 is set apart * * to pay interest upon the loan of $100,000." Thus he entirely ignored the fact that the University had been paying its indebtedness to the State. Though others were not equally ignorant, or equally perverse, the status of affairs was disturbed and the matter came to be regarded as not settled, but yet open for considera- tion, and certainly for legislation. The debt was not due till 1858, and the interest to be paid was but six per cent. Had the money which had been applied upon the loan, been placed in the treasury to the credit of the University fund, the State would have paid to the University sewn. per cent, interest upon it as upon the rest of the fund. To the finance committee of the Board of Regents in 1852 it appeared that the University had been losing one per cent, in the transaction. They granted that the sale of lands had been greatly increased by the act of the legislature, and also that " the State was under no obligation to receive its depreciated paper on the same terms as UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 125 yet they claimed that " the State at large was bene- fitted also by the law, independent of the educa- tional advantages derived from the institution." Considering, therefore, that the State had " appro- priated $100,000 of the principal of the university fund to provide for the payment of interest merely, on bonds not due till April 6th, 1858," they memor- ialized the legislature, asking that it "pass an act to provide for payment to the University of one per cent, on $100,000 of treasury notes, warrants, and real estate, received by the State under the acts mentioned, deducting the expense of paying inter- est on the university lands, and calculating the per- centage as near as may be, from the date of the receipt of said notes, warrants etc., until January 1st, 1853, and semi-annually thereafter until the maturity of the bonds in 1858, or until such pe- riod as the State shall have paid the principal of said bonds." To this memorial the legislature replied by an act (Feb. 12, 1853) requiring the Auditor General "to credit the university fund with the entire amount of the interest that has accrued since the thirty-first of December last, and that may here- after accrue, upon the whole amount of university lands sold, or that may be hereafter sold." The act was limited in its operations to the thirty-first of December, 1854. At the expiration of this period, the Board again memorialized the legislature, and now for the entire remission of the debt. The memorial was written by Dr. Tappan. He claimed that it was at least 126 HISTORY OF THE questionable, whether any part of a fund granted for the " use and support of a university, and for no other use or purpose whatever " could be legally used for the support of such institutions as the branches, and again whether any part of the prin- cipal of what was designed for a />rr///rmr/// fund could be legally used for the erection of buildings ; he also claimed, as in the former memorial, that " the University had greatly overpaid the interest of all moneys actually expended for its benefit/ 1 Not relying entirely upon the justice of the claim, he urged upon the legislature an efficient and gen- erous aid to an institution which was becoming of so great value to the people of the State. The re- sult was the extension of the act of 1853 to the two following years or to the thirty-first of December, 1856; and again in 1857 to the thirty-first of De- cember, 1860; and in 1859 the limit of time was dropped, and the University has since received in- terest on the whole amount of University lands sold. The $100,000 loan has been the subject of much speculation. There have been several efforts to de- termine whether the University is indebted in the matter to the State, or the State to the University. There are several questions involved, on which dif- ferent opinions are held, and which render it as difficult as, perhaps, it is unnecessary to form any decision. From 1838 to 1844 it was a debt which the ('ni- versity owed the State and on which it was paying >i\ per cent interest and for the payment of which UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 127 its funds were pledged. It is doubtful whether legally the principal of the endowment fund or any part of it could be pledged by the University or by the State for the payment of a debt, or whether it could be used for the erection of buildings or used at all. It is doubtful whether legally either the principal or interest of the endowment fund could be used to support schools which are not a part of the Univer- sity proper. About $40,000 was spent upon the branches, some of it from the $100,000 obtained by the loan. Whether legally or otherwise, the fund was pledged, the money obtained and spent, and the guardians of the University were satisfied while the money lasted. When it was gone the legislature again came to the rescue, and the Board of Regents and the friends of the University were grateful for the new lease of life, which the act of 1844 gave to the institution at Ann Arbor. Of course it can be demonstrated that there was loss to the University by the loan. No man nor corporation can borrow money, and spend it upon unproductive property without suffering loss. Yet in this case there was a gain, to balance the loss, which cannot be esti- mated in dollars and cents. An institution had been founded and for several years supported and was already giving promise of its future worth. But for the act of 1844 by which the depreciated State warrants were taken at their full value for university lands, the sale would have been very slow; instead of a fund paying six per cent, interest 128 HISTORY OF THE there would have been lands paying nothing at all. When the Board of Regents asked for the payment to them of one per cent, interest on the lands sold for State warrants they were simply claiming n greater benefit than had been granted them. Had the legislature never tampered injudiciously with the price of lands, had the* sales been delayed till more prosperous times, had the loan never been made, had the University not been opened till years later, had everything, in fact, been different from Avhat it was, the present endowment fund would be larger than it is. It may be that the State owed the University something on account of its errors in legislation. Considering the condition of the State finances, the legislatures of the years between 1852 and 1863 were generous in their acts toward the University, and whether it was a gift which they offered, or a debt which they paid, matters very little. Favorable legislation was not affected without determined opposition. One of the papers of the State said: " It is nothing less than a robbery of the mass of the people for the benefit of a couple of dozen of professors who have charge of about twice that number of the sons of the wealthy people of the State." Dr. Tappan was accused of "interfering with legislation" by his presence in Lansing, whither he had gone by request to address the leg- islature. One vote against the bill was cast by the president of one of the smaller colleges of the State, who was also a senator. At the request of the Board of Eegents in 1S."">S the congressmen of the State were directed to UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 129 memorialize Congress for the grant of another township of land. It was done, unfortunately, without effect. In 1851-52, the interest upon the University lands sold was $12,619.50; in 1862-63 it was $37,426. In 1851-52 the receipts from "incidentals" (fees, etc.) amounted to $2,419.13; in 1862-63 to $6,620. In 1851-52 the expenditures amounted to $15,038.00; in 1862-63 to over $40,000. In 1862-63 less than 3,000 acres of university lands remained unsold; the University was conse- quently receiving interest upon an endowment fund which had nearly reached its limit of growth. In 1852-53 Dr. Tappan received a salary of $2,000 and his house-rent, he occupying one of the "professors' houses." At that time there were in the literary department three professors who drew a salary of $1,000 each with house-rent, and two who received $1,150 each without house-rent. In the medical department there were four professors drawing a salary of $1,000 each. In 1862-63 the president's salary was $2,250 and house-rent; in all other cases the item of hoiise-rent was dropped, and the occupants of the "professors' houses" paid $250 yearly rent. There were seven professors in the literary department with a salary of $1,500 each; three in the literary, three in the law, and five in the medical departments with a salary of $1,000 each, and in the literary department three instruct- ors, one with a salary of $600 and the others of $500 each. The salaries in the literary department were raised in 1855 and again in 1856. 130 HISTORY OF THE 111 1856-57 the most of the dormitories were removed, and the centra) part of the north building was arranged for the reception of the library and the fine art and natural history collections. Dr. Tappan, immediately upon his coming to Ann Ar- bor, had urged the abandonment of the dormitory system, but it was time-honored and consequently holy to many people; a college without dormitories was scarce a college. The students of the medical department had, however, always roomed among the citizens, and, as the numbers increased and the dor- mitories became crowded, some of the literary students did likewise. Perhaps the advantages of living among the town's people did not offset the loss of a certain charm that belonged to college life within college halls; but that was a consideration which could not be entertained; the financial con- dition of the University was never such as to war- rant the spending of its funds for buildings in which students might lodge. Life within the dormitories of Michigan Univer- sity was, we may believe, creditable to the young men who occupied them. "Fagging" was never practiced, "hazing" was little known, gross misde- meanors were the exception. Probably this halcy< >u condition would not have endured much longer. Evil as well as good came with the increased num- bers. Drunkenness among the students became a serious trouble. The President and faculty urged upon the city officers the enforcement of their ordi- nance against- the sale of intoxicating liquors to minors, yet spite of all caution many a suspension UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 131 occurred on account of intemperance. Peaceful citizens were disturbed at night by the noise in the streets; the petty business of removing gates and tearing up sidewalks began; "rushing," the meeting of two classes in muscular contest, had its origin in these days; lectures and public entertainments were furnished with a prelude of rude cries and ruder stamping of feet. It was, for the University, the period of the boy in round-a-bouts, unmanage- able by others and uncontrolled by himself, a period outgrown several years since. In 1856 occurred what has sometimes been known as the "Dutch War." It arose in a dispute between two students and the proprietor of a saloon. The two students were reinforced by others and an affray followed in which much beer was spilled. This was the beginning of a sensitive state of feel- ing between the proprietor's friends and the stu- dents. Shortly afterward six students made their appearance at a German ball. They gained entrance through the window of the refreshment room, and, being aware that they would be unwelcome, they endeavored to conceal their presence. Discovery, however, ensued; five made their escape, but the sixth was made prisoner. The escaping five aroused the whole body of students, an attacking force was organized, large timbers procured for battering- rams, and finally the muskets from the campus were sent for. This last stroke was too great for resist- ance and the prisoner was given up. Warrants were, 011 the following day, issued for the arrest of the six, but the officer had not six only to deal with, 132 HISTORY OF THE but the whole body of students. It is said that the professors and a Regent aided in shielding the men sought. The officers visited the recitation rooms. When one of the six was called upon some other student arose and recited, and the officer learned his error only after he had made the arrest. The six men were in hiding, now in the observatory, now in the house of a Kegent, now in the woods. They dined where they did not take breakfast, and at evening they were not to be found where they were at noon. The complainant finally withdrew his complaint upon the presentation of a charge, against himself, of selling liquors to minors. It was an event which created great excitement for the time. But even this disorder must be considered slight when the number of young men associated together is considered; young men, who brought with them habits already acquired, whether for good or ill. It had become evident that the University author- ities could not hold a parental relation to the stu- dent; he was amenable to the laws of the town of which he was a temporary resident; the faculty designed to give him very little time for dissipa- tion; a rigid set of rules in regard to delinquencies was adopted, and the faculty book shows that they were enforced: "Every instance of absence, tardiness or iailure in recitation, unless satisfactory excuse is rendered to the proper officer at or before the time of its occurrence is reported to the faculty. " Absences are excused after their occurrence only by vote of the faculty, satisfactory explanation being made UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 133 in writing, either by the student or by his parent or guardian. "All unexcusecl delinquencies are registered; and when the number amounts to five, or any number more than five and less than ten, notice thereof is given to the stu- dent, and to his parent or guardian. 'When the number of un excused delinquencies amounts to ten, the student ceases to be a member of the University. "Students are also dismissed whenever, in the opinion of the faculty, they may be pursuing a course of conduct calculated to be detrimental to themselves and to the University." During some years, absences reported unexcused at each faculty meeting were exposed one week in the steward's office for inspection and correction by students before being permanently recorded upon the records of the faculty. In 1856 and -1857 the laboratory building was erected; it was a small, nearly square structure, to which much has been added since. It was called the "Analytical Laboratory." The " School of Phar- macy " was not founded until ten years later, and the "students in Analytical and Applied Chemistry" were now nearly all connected either with the medi- cal or literary department. The course was at once so popular that in 1861 it was necessary to add to the building. The opening of the medical college brought a great accession of students, 133 being the smallest and 252 the largest number of members of that department for any year between 1852 and 1863. Dr. A. B. Palmer was appointed Professor of Anatomy in 1852-'53, but was not on duty until j 134 HISTORY 01? THE 1854-'55, when he held the chair of Materia Med- ica, Dr. 0. L. Ford having accepted the chair of Anatomy in 1853-'54. In 1857, upon tin* death of Dr. Denton, who was Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine, further changes were mmlr. Dr. Palmer became Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine, of Pathology and Materia Medica; Dr. Gunn, of Surgery and Therapeutics; Dr. Sager, of Obstetrics and the Diseases of Women and Children; and Dr. Ford, of Anatomy and Physiology. In 1861, Dr. 8. G. Armor was *ip- pointed Professor of the Institutes of Medicine and of Materia Medica. The medical library was started in 1854 by an appropriation of $66, and thereafter from 100 to 8500 a year was spent upon additions to it. By purchase and gift, anatomical collections, chemical preparations and clinical instruments were fur- nished for illustration and use. Dr. Ford placed in the museum his collection of 500 anatomical preparations. At one time, in 1857, there was an effort made to remove the medical department to Detroit, the in- ducement being the superior clinical advantages which the hospitals of a large city would afford. Inability to meet the expense of removal would seem to have been the only reason why it was not- made. With a philosophical submission to the force of circumstances, the authorities concluded that the student found in Ann Arbor all that he could well attend to. Clinical instruction was not then considered so much the work of the medical tTNtfEKSITY OJ 1 MICHIGAN. 135 school as now. Daring the first few years of the existence of the medical department the arrange- ments for work in practical anatomy were limited; the work was not required; on the contrary, a fee of $3.00 was charged those who wished to engage in it, in the expectation that it would restrict the number of workers, and render the rooms less crowded. In all other ways the faculty endeavored to make the course of instruction equal to that of the best institutions; very early they urged that the term should be extended to nine months. Theses were required from the graduating class, one or more of which were read at the commence- ment, and one, for several years, was selected and sent to the Superintendent of Public Instruction for publication, as an appendix to his annual report. Scarcely had the medical department of the Uni- versity been established when memorials were re- ceived by the Board of Regents, asking for the establishment of a law department, Nothing was done about it, however, until 1858, when a commit- tee was appointed to report upon the matter. In March, 1859, it was resolved to open the law school in the fall of that year, and Messrs. James V. Campbell, Thomas M. Cooley and Charles I. Walker were appointed to professorships, which in the fol- lowing December were named the " Marshall Pro- fessorship," the "Jay Professorship," and the "Kent Professorship" of Law. Previous to this time, in March, 1858, a course of law lectures had been delivered at the University by members of 136 HISTORY OF THE the bar from different parts of the State, service was gratuitous. On October 3rd, 1859, the law school was by an address delivered by Judge Campbell in the Presbyterian Church, and on the following morn- ing the first law class met in the college chapel. listened to an opening address by Dr. Tappan, and to the first law lecture by Professor C. I. Walker. The lectures continued to be given in the chapel for some years, until the completion of the law building. An attempt was immediately made to raise money by subscription for the erection of a building: $10,000 was solicited x from the people of Ann Ar- bor, $5,000 from the people of Detroit, and 85,000 was appropriated in March, 1861, by the Board of Regents. In December, 1861, the contract for the building was let, and in March, 1863, it was accepted from the contractors. The attempt to raise sub- scriptions failed, and the Regents were obliged to provide for the whole cost. The only requirements for admission to the law department were that the student should be eight- een years of age, and should be furnished with a certificate giving satisfactory evidence of a good moral character. The course consisted of two terms of six months each. Ninety students were present during the first year, twenty-four of whom, by a special resolution of the Board, received their degrees at the end of one term, at the first Commencement, March 1860. UNIVEBSITY OF MICHIGAN. 137 In 1854, Dr. Edmund Andrews, Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Medical College, was also Superin- tendent of Buildings and Grounds. He made a new plan of the University landscape and with the aid of citizens, professors and students, he suc- ceeded in carrying it out to a considerable extent. According to this plan, the citizens were to set out a row of trees entirely around the campus on the side of the street opposite to it; the professors and students were to provide a similar row on the side of the street next to the campus; 1,000 trees were to be planted within the college grounds; 500 of the latter were already set out when the plan was made, and the Regents were asked to make an appropriation for the purchase of the remaining 500. Many, perhaps most of these trees died, but in 1858 a more successful attempt at ornamentation was made. In the spring of the year the citizens took measures for planting trees along the street around the campus ; about sixty trees were received as a gift from Messrs. Ell wanger and Barry, nursery- men of Rochester, N. Y., and were set out in what was called the " Ellwanger and Barry group," a little north of the central part of the grounds, back of the present hospital buildings. The seniors of 1858, set out fifty maples in concentric circles around a native oak, east of the south wing. Many of the maples are dead, but the " Tappan oak " sur- vives. The juniors set out another group still further to the east. In 1859 Professor Fasquelle set out a group of evergreens east of the north 138 HISTORY OF THE wing, and Professor White another east of the south wing. Professor White also presented the row of maples which border the walk outside of the west fence, and the faculty of the literary depart- ment gave forty-two elms to form a cor responding line inside of the fence. During 1859 and 1860 the llegeiits made some appropriations to aid in the work; Kegent Mclntyre and Professors Frieze and White were a committee to superintend the improvements on the grounds. At the present day it is almost impossible to trace. any design in the arrangement of the trees on the campus; some have died, and many of them have been cut down to make way for new buildings and walks; yet is the campus studded with beautiful trees, and the long, shaded avenues, within and without it, perpetuate the memory of the tree plant- ers of 1858, 1859 and 1860. During the first year of Dr. Tappan's administra- tion, 1852-53, there were in the Literary Depart- ment of the University 60 students; the number grew to 287 in 1858-59, and then decreased to 266 in 1862-63. The slight decrease in the later years was due to the civil war. To the army ranks Michi- gan University contributed not only many of her graduates, but some of her undergraduate students; in 1863 there were more than fifty members of the classes of 1863, 1864 and 1865, in the army. Organizations and societies multiplied among the students. To the list of secret societies were added the names of Delta Kappa Epsilon, Delta Phi, Sigma Phi, Zeta Psi and Psi Upsilon, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 139 The Phi Phi Alpha literary society, founded in 1842, endured till 1860; the Alpha Nu flourished as it still does; and the Literary Adelphi was founded in 1857. The exercises of these societies were like those of all literary societies, consisting of orations, discussions and essays. Each, also, had a "paper," the "Castalia" belonging to the Phi Phi Alpha; the "Sybil," to the Alpha Nu; and the "Hesperion" to the Adelphi. The Students' Lecture Association was organized in October, 1854 Something of its usefulness and vigor may be learned from the names of the lectur- ers who spoke in Ann Arbor by its invitation: E. P. Whipple, E. W. Emerson, Bayard Taylor, Hor- ace Mann, Theodore Parker, Wendell Phillips, Edward Everett and others equally illustrious were among them. In the law school the "Webster Society" was established in 1859, and the "Justinian" in the following year. The "Serapion Society" was founded in the medical college in 1850 and endured for several years. At a very early date in the history of the Univer- sity, before the first class left its halls, there was among the students a " Union Society of Mission- ary Inquiry;" its regular meetings were "devoted to the reading of reports upon subjects connected with the history and present character and condi- tion of missionary enterprise," and it also held prayer-meetings, and was, in this respect, the ante- cedent of the " Young Men's Christian Association," 140 HISTORY OF THE founded in 1858. A "Christian Library Associa- tion" was also organized, in May, 1858, for the purpose of procuring a free circulating library of moral and religious books. The books collected by the society formed the foundation of the library of the Christian Association. In 1857 the Methodist Conference adopted, at one of its meetings, resolutions derogatory to the mo ml and religious character of the students and the moral condition of the University; parents were warned against sending their sons to an institution of such very doubtful character. The members of the faculty, in a report which was submitted to the Board of Regents, expressed their opinion in a very decided manner, as is indicated in the following extract: " While in common, with the faculties of all other col- leges and universities, we have frequent occasion to admonish the young men entrusted to our tuition, and sometimes find ourselves forced to the more unpleasant duty of extreme measures; while also we are ready to acknowledge and deplore our want of perfection both as instructors and as men professing the Christian religion, we cannot refrain from expressing our firm conviction a conviction founded upon considerable experience as instructors, and upon intimate acquaintance with other seminaries of learning that there exists in general among the students of the University of Michigan a more virtu- ous sentiment and a higher tone of moral feeling than we have ever witnessed elsewhere; that the proportion of youth whose impulses are wayward and vicious is unusually limited; and that, in addition to youth of irre- proachable character and sterling integrity, who have not become members of any Christian church, there lias ever been among us a very considerable number, we may UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 141 with devout thankfulness add, an increasing number, who furnish the most conclusive and gratifying" evidence of active Christian piety." The report mentions the daily chapel exercises, the lectures given by the President on Sabbath afternoons, the weekly religious meetings held by the students themselves, and the work of the Mis- sionary Society of Inquiry, and concludes: " Finally, we are constrained to say that if any persons or class of persons have conceived an unfavorable opinion of the University as a place of education for Christian youth, with sincere deference to the persons who entertain this opinion, and with the fullest conviction that they would do us no wilful injustice, it is our conviction that such an opinion must either be founded on an incorrect apprehension of the facts, or else from too limited a com- parison with other institutions of learning." The University had been in operation nearly twenty years before any publications issuing from it met with success. In 1853, Nos. 1 and 2 of the " Peninsular Quarterly and University Magazine " were issued; it was published in Detroit, and was rather a Western Magazine than a University Ma- gazine, though its original contributions were largely from the Professors and Alumni of the University. In 1857 one number of the " Peninsular Phoenix " was printed by S. B. McCracken of Ann Arbor, and in June of the same year one number of the " Uni- versity Register" was published by two students, J. W. Paine and A. Richard. Each paper consisted of a single sheet, and contained the names of stu- dents in attendance at the University, and the names of societies and lists of their members. In 142 HISTORY OF T1IK 1861 four numbers of the "University Indepen- dent" were published by the students, the editors being chosen by and from the literary societies. The magazine continued to exist through the fol- lowing year under the name of the " University Magazine." The first "Palladium " was issued by the Secret Societies in 1858, the second in 1860, at which time it became an annual publication, and has had a con- tinuous existence. The "Burning of Mechanics" occurred in the University of Michigan for the first time on Febru- ary 6th, 1860, the mourners being members of the class of 1861. The ceremonies were in some re- spects peculiar to this one celebration : There was " Ye Procession," " Ye Homes, emitting ye dolorous strains," " Ye Eemaines," according to the custom of later days. But there was also " Ye Eulogists v and " Ye Odists," and " Ye disconsolate Juniores, uttering ye harrowing Lamentations." It was the burial of a friend, stern but true, and not the trial and execution of a malefactor as the ceremony be- came a year or two later. The spirit was the same in each case, in 1860 as in 1881 when the burning of Physics or Mathematics was celebrated for the last time, by the classes of 1883, and 1884, but the letter was slightly different. Among the many changes introduced by Dr. Tap- pan perhaps the one most welcome to the student was the change in the hour of "chapel." At the first faculty meeting at which he was present, Oc- tober 18th, 1852, the hour was dumgi'd t a quarter UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 143 before eight in the morning. At or about the same time the hour for the first morning recitation was at a quarter past eight. "Afternoon prayers " con- tinued to exist till the entire disappearance of the dormitories. The rule that all students must attend church service on Sunday remained on the statute books long after it had become a dead letter, as it did practically when the students roomed away from the college buildings, when monitors were no longer appointed. There were some changes in the fees required of students during the years between 1852 and 1868. The matriculation fee always remained fixed at ten dollars. While there were dormitories in the col- lege buildings, those students who occupied them were each assessed from five dollars to seven dollars and a half each year for " incidental expenses." In 1858 when there were no longer rooms for students in the buildings an annual fee of five dollars was charged upon each student of every department. Until 1862 the medical students were obliged to de- posit each one dollar with the treasurer, which was refunded to them at the end of the year unless it had been consumed in repairing damages which were "not accounted for." The literary student paid no fee for his diploma till 1856, though the medical student was obliged to pay two dollars for his from the first. In 1856 the graduates of all de- partments were served alike in that respect. The class of 1862 inaugurated another college custom. " Class Day Exercises " were held by the junior class on March 19th, 1861, The class made HISTORY OF THE application for the use of the chapel for their exer- cises, and were advised by the faculty to secure some public hall. The entertainment was given, accordingly, in the Congregational church, in the evening, and the programme was as follows: Inaugural of the Patriarch, Albert J. Chapman. Poem Mind, its Struggles and Triumphs, - Martin L. D'Ooge. Chronicle of the Chronicler, - James H. (kxxlsell. Oration Theodore Parker, - - Albert Kye. Prophecy of the Seer, John E. Colby. A few months later the class of 1861 held " class exercises" on the Monday preceding commence- ment. The oration and poem were delivered in public in the afternoon; the history and prophecy were for the class alone, and were discussed at Hangsterfer's in the evening at the class supper. The class of 1859 claims the honor of establish- ing the freshman class-supper, and also the sophomore class-supper. Alumni suppers were given certainly as early as 1855, and probably earlier, since the revival of memories has ever an intimate connection with eating and drinking. In 1854 it became necessary to hold a morning and an afternoon session on commencement day: the classes were large and each one of the class delivered an oration. In 1861 even this arrange- ment did not suffice, and twenty-five orators were chosen from the class by lot, while all the members of the class were obliged to irrile orations. In the following year the speakers were chosen by the faculty by ballot. It was somewhere about this time that a young orator whose memory failed him UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 145 took his speech from his pocket and read it, with the introduction, "Ladies and gentlemen, what I have not in my head I have in my pocket." With 1859 began the " Senior vacation ;" examin- ations were held in. May, and the senior was allowed the month of June for the preparation of his ora- tion, for rest, and for removing any deficiencies which occured in his college work. Until 1858 the "Baccalaureate Address" was delivered by the President at the close of the com- mencement exercises; in that year it was delivered in the Presbyterian Church on the Sabbath morn- ing of commencement week, and in succeeding years on the Sabbath afternoon. The commencement exercises were usually held in some one of the city churches; but after 1856, sometimes in the hall of the Union School building. Nowhere in Ann Arbor was a hall sufficient to con- tain all who came. At one commencement women were admitted at an hour earlier than men, and there is on record a protest against such injustice, and a subdued reference to the prevailing fashion in dress which rendered it impossible to fill the seats very compactly. With the close of the year 1857 came to an end the administration of the first Board of Eegents by election. In their final report attention is called to the fact that "the experiment has been tried, for the first time in the history of any state or nation, whether it is safe to entrust the highest educational interests in the country to a body of men elected directly by the people." 146 HIMOKY OF THE \Vere one to judge simply from the history of this Board, the opinion would he unqualified and unanimous; their administration had been an un- doubted success. During their term of office a president had been appointed, a new and able body of professors called, a new course of study added, and the old course elaborated, the floating debt of the University had been cancelled, and there was a balance in the treasury. There had been perfect harmony between the Board of Regents and the President. " Believing," said they, " that his vie\\ B of a proper university education are liberal, pro- gressive and adapted to the present age, we have sustained him to the extent of our ability in all measures for the advancement of the University, and it gives us pleasure to add that we have rarely disagreed with him as to its true interests, during the period we have been associated in the charge of the institution." "No question ever arose, or was dreamed of," said Dr. Tappan, "respecting our separate constitutional rights and authorities. AVe acted together by a spontaneous, mutual, good un- derstanding." The University had prospered under their con- trol and the number of students had been greatly increased. At the outset some people of the State, and especially Mr. Shearman, the State Superinten- dent of Public Instruction, had been alarmed by the course which the Regents were taking. S'///r/r///.s, they reiterated, are what is wanted at Michigan University; it is not necessary to add courses of study and employ professors v.hile yet there are so UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 147 few students; the branches must be re-established at the expense of the institution at Ann Arbor, or there will be no one to attend that institution. Dr. Tappan and the Board of Regents considered that the course which they were taking was the right one; they proposed to attract students by offering a broad, liberal and thorough education, and providing a band of competent and renowned instructors. They were justified by the result. On the first of January, 1858, a new Board of Regents came into .office. It was composed of the following members: Benjamin L. Baxter, James E. Johnson, Levi Bishop, Donald Mclntyre, E. Lakin Brown, George W. Pack, Luke H. Parsons, and John Van Vleck. In the following year the per- sonnel of the Board was somewhat changed by the resignations of Messrs. Pack and Van Vleck, the appointment of two others to represent their dis- tricts and the election of two from the newly formed ninth and tenth districts. The new members were Henry Whiting, Oliver L Spaulding, William M. Ferry and George Bradley. Mr. Whiting was a graduate from West Point, Mr. Spaulding from Oberlin College, and Mr. Ferry from Union Col- lege. The remaining members of the Board were without a college education, and all were entirely without experience in educational work. In this respect the second Board elected by the people was not unlike the first. The character of the two Boards, however, was quite different, and particularly in re- gard to the self-confidence exhibited by each. In the first Board, this was normal; in the second it US HIST011Y OF THE approached the nature of a monstrosity. The first Board showed no lack of a due sense of propriety; the second Board certainly did. With it originated the idea that all persons drawing salaries from the University were "employees" of the Boartl of AV- "Tresayle/' but were known to be written by Mr, Bishop. At this same time letters appeared in the P.etroit Free Press, purporting to @ome from different parts of the State; these also w.e.re supposed* if not known ? $Q 154 HISTORY OF THE be Mr. Bishop's work. They were little else than assaults upon the President. A letter written by Mr. Bishop to Dr. Tappan, in 1861, will serve to show the discourtesy with which he treated him. January 21, 1861. RKV. DK. TAPPAN: Sir: At the last meeting of the Regents it was round that from ten to one hundred students had been admitted to the University without paying their dues; and that from $1,000 to $1,500 had been thus lost or might be lost to the funds of the University. This resulted from your failure and neglect to perform your duty under rule 44 of the present rules and regula- tions of the Board of Kegents. The subject was talked over in your presence and you expressed a willingness to perform the duty specified in the rule above named. I learn that you have not done this, and that you are again delinquent in the performance of duty. About half of the students, who had not paid their dues at the last meeting of the llegents have not paid them now. and still they are in the University; and this too, in the face of a resolution of the Board, served on each professor, requiring their exclusion unless their dues were paid. I wish to know, sir, why this duty is not attended to. L wish to know why you, as the principal executive officer of the University, thus neglect your duty and allow others to neglect theirs also. It is your duty to see that the laws, rules and regulations for the government of tin* University are faithfully observed; and here you are, not only neglecting your duty, but doing it at a heavy loss to the University funds. To my mind it is exceedingly strange that an ollicn- who is constantly complaining that his powers and dut ies are taken from him and abridged should constantly, and, I feel compelled to believe wilfully, neglect a most im- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 155 portant duty with which he is charged. I hope to hear that every student has been required by you to pay his dues at once, and that all delinquents have been dismissed from the University.* If the rules of the Board in this respect are not en- forced, I may feel compelled to offer a resolution that all losses occasioned by a failure to enforce them shall be charged to the delinquent officer or professor, and de- ducted from his salary. This course might tend to en- force the laws of the University in one particular, at least. Respectfully, LEVI BISHOP. This letter was written to the President of Michigan University, a man who had done great service to the institution. It, with other things done and said, by Mr. Bishop, serves to confirm the re- port that it was his deliberate intention, formed before his term of office began or immediately after, to effect the removal of Dr. Tappan. In the course of time this became the purpose of other members of the Board. Mr. Donald Mclntyre was a citizen of Ann Ar- bor, and was known as the "resident regent;" he was chairman of several committees, and became in the periods between the meetings of the Board, the centre of authority in University matters. His duty, from his point of view, was constantly coming into conflict with what Dr. Tappan considered to be his prerogative. He Avas less talkative, less noisy than Mr. Bishop, but his opposition was probably quite as effectual. Mr. Mclntyre was quite actively engaged in "temperance work." Dr. *Dr. Tappan sent this letter to the faculty and made inquiry of them. The members replied that they had no knowledge of students who had not paid their dues. 15<; HISTOKY OF THE Tappan was a temperate rather than a temperance man; he had wines in his cellar, and sometimes upon his table. The complaint was brought against Jiim that " habits of wine and beer drinking to ex- cess were not sufficiently discountenanced;" that it 14 was impossible to enforce discipline for moral whose term of office was to begin in January, 1864. Dr. Tappan, often weary of the conflict which he felt obliged to wage, looked forward to this time as to a new and better era. No doubt it would have been so for him had he been allowed to enter it. On the twenty -fifth of Jime, 1863, the Board of Regents met at Ann Arbor. It was commencement day. and the Regents, with the President, were present at the commencement exercises. In the afternoon, Dr. Tappan took his seat as chairman of the Board of Regents, and immediately after, the following resolution was offered; UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 15? WHEREAS it is deemed expedient and for the interests of the University, that sundry changes be made in its officers and corps of professors: Therefore, "Resolved. That Dr. Henry P. Tappan be and he is hereby removed from the offices and duties of President of the University of Michigan, and Professor of Philoso- phy therein." Dr. Tappan arose to address the Board: " Gentlemen," said he, "before you pass this resolution, I have a few words to say. This is the first special inti- mation I have had of your intentions. I have, indeed, heard some rumors about them this morning, but nothing more. Thus sprung upon me suddenly, I can- not but regard it as an extraordinary proceeding. Of its constitutionality I have some doubt; of its impro- priety I have no doubt. After having been associated nearly six years, it is somewhat remarkable that just at the close of your administration you should have arrived at the conviction that my connection with the University is inconsistent with its interests. After having been repudiated by the people, and when a new Board is just about to come into office, it would have been more proper and graceful to have referred the mat- ter to them. If this were done and a new Board should express the opinion that my connection with the Univer- sity is inconsistent with its interests, I would cheerfully hand in my resignation; but this proceeding, coming at this time and under present circumstances, strongly induces the belief that malice is at the bottom of it. But, gentlemen, you will act your pleasure, I hope you will be able to meet your responsibilities to your God and to the State, as fully and ,as clearly as my conscience has met mine. This matter belongs to history; the pen of history is held by Almighty Justice, and I fear not the record it will make of my conduct, whether private or public, in relation to the affairs of the University. I have nothing more to say, and here J Jeaye you." lf>S HlSTOliV OF THE Dr. Tappaii withdrew, and the resolution was adopted. It was followed by several others. One removed Mr. John L. Tappan from the office of librarian; one appointed the Rev. L. D. Chapin Professor of Moral and Mental Philosophy; out* appointed Dr. E. O. Haven Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature: and one transferred Mr. D. C. Brooks from the chair of Assistant Professor of Rhetoric to the office of librarian. The Board then preceded to the election of a president, and Dr. Erastus O. Haven was unani- mously elected. The removal of the President was a surprise to nearly everyone. The students, by whom Dr. Tap- pan was much beloved, were greatly incensed ; they met and passed resolutions of censure upon the proceedings of the Regents, and, with a zeal deprecated by their elders, they burned in effigy the "resident regent," and storied his house. The citizens of Ann Arbor, Detroit, and of other towns also expressed their indignation and displeasure in public meetings. A meeting of the alumni was called at Ann Arbor; the chapel was refused them and they met in a public hall. By their authority was published an address* to the people of Michigan, setting forth the ignorance and malice, the impropriety and discourtesy of the course taken by the Board of Regents. The members of the faculties, on the other hand. passed resolutions accepting the new status of *American Journal of Education, vol. 13, p. 642. UNIVEKSITY OF MICHIGAN. 159 affairs and deprecating any attempt to re-establish the old one. Even Dr Tappan's friends in the faculty feared the result of further contention; quiet must be gained at all hazards, they thought, even if the President was sacrificed. There were those among the faculty who were openly unfriendly to Dr. Tappan; by them he was accused of being overbearing and tyrannical. This charge is, no doubt, in part explained by his lack of policy in dealing with men; he could not or did not conceal dislike or distrust when he felt it. He was kind as a father to the students, and they loved him; the poor of Ami Arbor knew him and blessed him ; he was a man of many friends among rich and poor, educated and uneducated. But he was not a man who could deal successfully with opposition. He had opposed the policy of the Board in regard to the appointment of professors. It was his opinion that full professorships should be held only by men Avhose reputation, already gained, would confer renown upon the University; until such men could be obtained, he approved of a system of assistant professorships, while yet the professorship was vacant. The want of harmony between the President and members of the faculty was undoubtedly impairing the usefulness of the University, and this reason for his dismissal was of some force. Yet it is very probable that had Dr. Tappan received the confi- dence and support of the Board of Regents the op- position from unfriendly professors would have been less. 160 HIST01IY OF THE An account of the effort to induce the in coining Hoard to reinstate Dr. Tap pan belongs to the story of Dr. Haven's administration and will be considered in the following chapter. It is impossible to know all the motives and Fives which were in operation during this time of serious trouble; they were personal and, perhaps, denominational; the political element had not yet entered into University affairs. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 161 CHAPTER VII. I Sift 18159. DR. HAVEN'S ADMINISTRATION. It was on June 25th, 1863, that Dr. Erastus O. Haven was elected President and Professor of Bhetoric and English Literature. From 1852 to 1854 he had been Professor of the Latin Language and Literature, and from 1854 to 1856, Professor of History and English Literature, in the University. He was a clergyman of the Methodist Church, and had been engaged in pastoral work before his con- nection with the University. He resigned his pro- fessorship in 1856 and became editor of the " Zion's Herald," a religious newspaper published in Bos- ton, and it was this position which he relinquished when, in 1863, at the age of forty-three years, he became President of Michigan University. During his residence of less than four years in Michigan, from 1852 to 1856, lie had won for him- self a regard and esteem which was general and undenominational, and unpartisan. He was active, able, and versatile; kindly in manner and spirit; his almost insignificant presence was forgotten in the grace and power of his words. He possessed a restless energy, and was never confined to his work as a teacher. He delivered several addresses before the students and citizens in Ann Arbor, and preached in several towns of the State, and for some HISTOIM oi TIM: time supplied regularly the pulpits of the Fort Street .Mini JelTVrson Street Presbyterian Churches in Detroit. He was by no moans silent in the con- ferences of his own denomination. Ho became well known and popular, and long before Dr. Tappan uas removed there was a party who wished to make Dr. Haven president. It is true that in 1862-63 another name was prominent in this connection. There we re those who would have given the presidency to the Ilev. L. I >. ( 1 hapin, pastor of the Presbyterian Oh urch of Ann Arhor, a man utterly without qualification for the position. Among the class who were continually seeing something of denonii national plotting in Tniversity affairs it was said that Dr. Haven's ap- pointment was due to Methodist influence, and that Mr. ( 1 hapiifs induction to the chair of Mental and Moral Philosophy was a sop thrown to the Presby- terians, and it was generally considered that the Methodists were ahead. There is no doubt that the Methodist Church was very much interested in Dr. Haven's return, and aided it as far as was pos- sible; but in Mr. Thapin's ease the circumstance- \\ere quite the reverse: while he was obnoxious to only a small party consisting of some of his pa- rishioners in Ann Arbor, he was still not a man whom the Presbyterian Church specially delighted to honor. In his "Autobiography* 5 (p. I4l > Dr. Haven says; I-' rum time to time during the six \rars of akscncc. of IIIN trirnils kept me well infoi'innl of the state nf UNIVEKBITY OF MICHIGAN. !<:> affairs in the University of Michigan. Some of the pri- vate letters, as well as various articles in the newspapers indicated dissatisfaction. The complaints were that the number of students was rather diminishing than increas- ing; that the religious people of the state were dissatis- fied with the moral influence of the institution; that the faculties were not at peace with one another; that the state rendered no pecuniary aid; and that an antagonism too great to be endured had sprung up between the presi- dent and the regents. At first I was invited, by persons who professed to understand the wishes of the regents, to return to a professorship. This I declined to consider. I was then asked if, under any circumstances, I would ac- cept the presidency. I answered that if the office was vacant and offered to me, with the substantial approval of the different faculties,! would accept it; but I had not even the faintest dream that the oftice would be vacant except by the resignation of the president. This was several months before the event happened, and I had not the slightest anticipation that it would so occur." Dr. Haven was informed by telegram of his elec- tion, and accepted the office before he was informed of the circumstances which led to the offer of it. This information came to him through "floods of letters," setting forth each side of the question. He was officially informed that, if he declined, another would be elected. His friends told him that the University was in danger, and they thought lie could save it, and it seemed to him to be his duty to attempt, at least, to do so. He met with the Board of Kegents in Ann Arbor, on Au- gust '25th, and, as President of the Board, opened the meeting with prayer, in accordance with a cus- tom which was introduced in 1860 on motion of Regent Mclntyre. 1 (>4 HISTOIIV or Tin: At this meeting, Dr. Bronnow's resignation was accepted and James C. 'Watson was appointed Pro- fessor of Astronomy and Director of the Observa- tory. On the following day Professor Williams was transferred to the chair of Physics, and Ed- ward Olney was appointed Professor of Mathe- matics. Dr. Haven was inaugurated on the morning of October 1st, 1863, the exercises being held in the Presbyterian church. In the afternoon of the same day occurred the exercises of the opening of the new law building. Having, like the Board whose term ceased in 1851, "determined the terms" of the officers of the institution, the Board, which commenced its work in 1858, closed its connection with the Uni- versity on December 31st, 18(v>. The University has been the subject of much experimental legislation. The election, by the people, of a Board of Regents for a university was something so new that one might expect it to go through a process of evolution before it readied perfection. Two Boards had been elected in ac- cordance with the law of 1851. During the twelve years of their service, became manifest the incon- venience arising from an entire change in the Board every six years, from the out going of ten old members, and the incoming of ten entirely inexperienced members. To do away with tiiis faulty arrangement a new law was passed in 18(>;>, enacting that eight regents should be elected at the coming spring election, two for a term of t\\o UNIVEKSITY OF MICHIGAN. 165 years, two for four, two for six, and the remaining two for eight years, and that thereafter two regents should be elected every two years. In 1863 were elected, Messrs. E. C. Walker, (Jeorge Willard, Thomas D. Gilbert, Thomas J. Joslin, Henry C. Knight, J. Eastman Johnson, Alvah Sweetzer, and James A. Sweezey. The terms of service of these gentlemen were ascer- tained by lot by the Board of State Canvassers. Messrs. Walker and Willard were chosen for the term of two years, but by re-election served, the former until 1882, the latter until 1874. Messrs. Gilbert and Joslin were chosen for four years; Mr. Gilbert was re-elected in 1867 and served until 1876, and Mr. Joslin was succeeded by Mr. H. A. Burt, the first alumnus of the University to serve on the Board of Regents. Messrs. Knight and Johnson were chosen for six years; Mr. Knight died in 18(57, and was succeeded by Professor J. M. B. Hill, whose service closed with Mr. Johnson's in 1861). Mr. Sweetzer died in 1864, and Dr. C. M. Stockwell was appointed in his place. Dr. Stock- well and Mr. Sw r eezey were regents for the full term of eight years. At the first meeting of the Board, January 1st, 1864, memorials were presented from the students of the University, asking for the restoration of Dr. Tappan, and from other students asking for the retention of Dr. Haven. The Board replied by the resolution : " That in the opinion of this J>oard it is not consistent with the government of a literary institution or with the L HISTOUY or TIH-: best interests of the students, that petitions should !>< entertained by this Board from the students, in regard to the government of the University, or the appoint men! or dismissal of professors or officers." Tho llegents at that time adjourned for one month, without taking any further action in the matter. Dr. Haven has briefly described the state of afl'airs during the fall of 1863: k Arrived at Ann Arbor, I found the troubles had not been magnified; I could not obtain possession of the pres- ident's house for weeks, though it was vacant. Many ot the citizens would not even greet me personally. It was soon rumored that I was intemperate, and all kinds ol slanders were hinted at. The newspapers opposed had much more to say than those favorable, and during the vacation it seemed that when the University opened again it would be stormy weather. I took occasion, however, to hint to the respectable citizens who were interested in business prosperity that it would be well to secure har- mony and stability if they wished their city to prosper: that I did not intend to stay without a re-election by the new Board of Regents, which would convene in six months, and that unless present difficulties were con- trolled there would be anarchy. At the opening of tin- year a larger number of students convened than ever before; the strangers were not ill-disposed, and in a lew days there were two parties. Our first exercise was read- ing the Scriptures and prayer, which, to me, was not merely formal; nor for the first time there performed in public. 1 was relying habitually on the strength granted in answer to prayer. I improved the calmness of the moment to put before the students my view of the facts and of their duty. I repeated to them my purpose to maintain order at any expense, if possible, for six months, and then to resign the authority into the hands of the new UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 167 Board. I eulogized their late president, and asked them to share with me the responsibility of saving 1 the institu- tion from trouble. 7 '* There was trouble and disturbance, but by tact and firmness and prudence Dr. Haven siicceeded in maintaining a very respectable authority. Mean- while preparations were making for influencing the new Board when it should meet in February. Dr. Tappan, who had gone to Berlin, prepared a " Statement," which he supported by documents both written and printed. His friends in Detroit held a meeting, prepared an address and appointed Dr. Duffield and Bishop McCloskey to present it to the Board. To Dr. Haven, the course of succeeding events seemed providential; certainly they were most favorable to himself. The Board met 011 the six- teenth of February. In the afternoon of that day was to occur the funeral of a citizen of Ann Arbor who had been prominent in the advocacy of Dr. Tappan' s claims. Mr. Knight, the one member of the Board who was known to be strongly in favor of the restoration of Dr. Tappan, moved that the Board attend the funeral. This was done and the hearing of petitions was postponed until evening. It happened that neither Dr. Duffield nor Bishop McCloskey could remain to the evening session, and thus was lost the influence which their presence and urgency might have had. The secretary of the Board was unable to decipher the address, and, it was given to Dr. Haven, "as an old editor," to !: Dr. Haven's Autobiography, page 143. HISTORY OF TffK read. He followed the address of others by of his own. offering to the Board his resignation. The coolness of his bearing throughout the whole of this trying period had a sensible effect upon some members of the Board. A committee was appointed to consider the memorials, and, on Febru- ary 18th, it reported against granting the request of the memorialists. The report was adopted bv the Board. Most of the members of this Board were friendly to Dr. Tappan, and would, it is quite likely, have restored him to office had it not been at the expense of a second upheaval, and ono probably more de- structive than the first. Dr. Tappan's " Statement " is said to have worked against him ; it was exceed- ingly bitter not only in regard to some of the Eegents, but to some members of the faculty. Had he returned there must have been a new faculty or an inharmonious one. Dr. Tappan's connection with the University was surely closed. In 1874 the Board of Regents ] >asse< I the following resolution: "Recognizing the distinguished ability of Henry P. Tappan, L. L. D., formerly president of the University, and the valuable services which he rendered to the inter- ests of the University in its early history and to the cause of education in this state, and desiring again to welcome him among us, therefore, Resolved, That we do hereby most cordially extend to him an invitation to be present and participate in the exercises of our next commencement." Dr. Tappan was prevented by illness from ac- erpting the invitation. In June, 1875, the follow- UNIVEKSITY OF MICHIGAN. 169 ing paper was adopted by the Begeiits and placed upon the records: The University of Michigan through its Board of lie- gents places upon record : First: A sincere regret that circumstances prevented the acceptance by the Rev. Henry P. Tappan of the invi- tation of the Board to be our guest at this commencement, and the hope that the health of himself and family will permit him to be with ns in 1876. Second: A full recognition of the great work done by him in organizing and constructing this institution of learning upon the basis from which its present prosperity has grown. Third: The regret that any such action should ever have been taken as would indicate a want of gratitude for his eminent services, on the part of the University and the people of the State of Michigan. Fourth: A repeal and withdrawal of any censure, ex- press or implied, contained in the resolution which severed his connection with the University." Dr. Tappan's advanced age rendered it difficult for him to travel and he never again visited this country. He died in 1881, at the age of seventy- six years. The "Memorial Discourse" delivered by Professor Frieze, in June, 1882, though highly eulogistic, w r ell expresses the memory in which he is held in the place where once he worked and loved to work. Having settled the important question of the presidency the Board were ready to take up the more ordinary business of their office. One matter which had been before the Board at various times for many years now became pressing. This was in relation to the "Detroit lots." When the Trustees 170 HISTOIJY OF THE of the University of Michigan in Detroit in 1SH7 turned over to the Board of Regents the property held by them for the University, they did not give possession of certain lots on Bates street in De- troit, which had been conveyed to them, "their successors and assigns," by the governor and judges of the Territory of Michigan in 1825. The city < >\' Detroit claimed that the title to this tract of land had passed to itself by an act of Congress of Au- gust 29th, 1842, but, by a judgment of the Supreme Court in 1856 the lots were declared to be the pro- perty of the present University of Michigan. They were sold in 1858 to the " Young Men's Society " of Detroit for 821,000. The society found itself unable to take peaceable possession of the property, and soon wished to be released from the contract. A second time the judgment of the court was in favor of the Board of Regents and the contract was declared valid. The Young Men's Society was, however, unable to pay principal or interest, and in February, 1864, presented a memorial to the Board of Regents, asking that the contract be cancelled and the suits pending between the Board and the Society be discontinued. The request was granted and a few months later the property was sold to Messrs. Fan-ami and Sheleyof Detroit for s22j)lo. The money so received was used for building pur- poses; it was resolved, however, in 1864, to set apart annually S2,5()() until the sum should amount to the proceeds of the Detroit lots, that the fund should be known as the " Reserve Fund," and that when it had reached the required amount ( s22,ooo i the UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 171 interest from it should then and thereafter be ap- plied for the increase of the library. Certain amounts were set aside in accordance with the re- solution till the " reserve fund " amounted to a little over $19,000. From time to time small amounts were borrowed from it for other purposes, and repaid again, but in 1874 and 1875 the whole amount was used to meet the deficits of those years and to pay the balance of the cost of the " Univer- sity Hall " when the legislative appropriation for that purpose had been exhausted. The medical building was no longer large enough to accommodate that department. At their first meeting, in January, 1864, the Eegents considered how they might enlarge it. An examination of the finances of the institution showed that it could not be done without incurring debt. An appeal was made to the citizens of Ann Arbor, who responded by a gift of $10,000, raised by a general tax. The cost of the addition was about $20,000. In 1865 the city of Ann Arbor offered to the Board $10,000, provided an equal amount was raised elsewhere, for the purpose of removing and rebuilding the observatory upon the University campus. It was Professor Watson's opinion that better foundations could be obtained upon the cam- pus, and that in every way the situation there would be more convenient and the instruments more useful. The removal was determined upon, but the resolution was afterwards reconsidered, and additions and improvements were made to the building already erected. The citizens of Detroit 172 HISTORY OF THE contributed 5vJ,000, and an equal amount was ac- cepted from the citizens of Ann Arbor: '<>()<) from the latter amount was spent in improving the roads which lead to the observatory. An addition was also needed to the laboratory building, but the condition of the finances did not admit of any expenditures in that direction until in 18(>8; at that time an addition, costing about S4.000, was made, enlarging the building so that it would accommodate one hundred and twenty-five stu- dents. In 1869 the north-east dwelling house on the college grounds was given to the medical college for a hospital building, and was fitted up for that purpose. The additions to the medical, laboratory and ob- servatory buildings were the only building opera- tions undertaken during Dr. Haven's administra- tion, though other buildings were needed and pro- posed. In 18G5 the Society of Alumni proposed to erect a memorial building to the memory of those students and graduates of the University who had fallen in the Civil War. The building was to be used for the anniversary and religious and other public exercises connected with the University. It never became more than a proposition. For ten years preceding the occupation of the present Uni- versity Hall, there was no room on the college grounds large enough to contain the whole body of students. Immediately after the close of the Civil War the number of students in the University was greatly UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 178 increased; a few who had gone into the array while yet they were undergraduate students in the liter- ary department, came back to finish their course; many entered the law and medical departments. For several years the cold of winter did not fail to bring out among the students very many well- worn and dingy blue overcoats. Some, too, came who had worn the gray uniform, and in October, 1868, came the first one of that race for whom the war had gained so much; he entered the knv depart- ment and took his degree in 1871. In 1866-67 there w r ere 525 students in the med- ical department, the greatest number in any de- partment during Dr. Haven's time. In the same year there were 395 in the law department. In the literary department the number was 422 in 1868- 69, a greater number than in any year before. In 1868-64 there were 856 students in all depart- ments, in 1866-67 there were 1,255, and in 1868- 69 the number had decreased a little to 1,114. The fees paid by students became an important item in the financial estimates. Up to 1865 every student, whether resident or non-resident, paid a matriculation fee of ten dollars, and an annual tax of five dollars. In 1865-66 students non-resident of the State were charged a matriculation fee of twenty dollars, and in 1866-67 the matriculation fee for non-residents was raised to twenty-five dol- lars, and the annual tax for all students was raised to ten dollars. The expenses of the University were increased with every year. The amount paid in salaries was 174 HISTOKY OF THE increased from about $81,500 in 18(54 to s4l,.~>00 in 1869, and to $53,700 in 1870. Until 1808-'69 the salary of a full professor remained fixed at 1,500, though in 1860 -07 and in 1867-68 fifteen per cent, was added to it by a reso- lution adopted each year and limited to that year. In 1868-09 the salaries of those professors, who had been connected with the University for four- teen years, was raised to 2,000; Professors Wil- liams, Douglas, Frieze and Winchell were the only ones entitled to the higher salary. In April 1809. a new arrangement of all salaries was made, to take effect in 1869-70. The president's salary was fixed at 3,000 and the use of a house; a full pro- fessor in the literary department was given siOOO, and an assistant professor 1,300. The librarian received 2,000 and an acting professor 1,500. The salary of a medical or law professor was fixed at sl ,300. At this time (1868-69) there were eleven full professors in the literary department. There were Professors Williams and Douglas who had served for nearly thirty years ; Professors Winchell, Frieze and Wood, who received their chairs during Dr. Tappan's administration, and also Professor Edwan 1 P. Evans, who was made Professor of Modern Lan- guages upon the death of Professor Fasquelle in October 1862; Professors Watson and Olney, whosr appointments followed upon Dr. Tappan's removal Besides these there were some new faces, and sonic familiar ones were missed. Professor A. 1). White withdrew from the University in 1867, and Mr. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 175 Charles K. Adams, who had been Assistant Profes- sor of History since 1865, was given the chair of History. Mr. M. L. D'Ooge was appointed Assist- ant Professor of the Ancient Languages in 1867, and Acting Professor of Greek in 1868, upon the resignation of Professor Boise, at which time, also, Mr. E. L. Walter became Assistant Professor of the Ancient Languages. Mr. A. K. Spence AV as Assist- ant Professor of Modern Languages from 1865 to 1867, and then was made Professor of the French Language and Literature, while Professor Evans' title was changed to Professor of the German Lan- guage and Literature. Professor Chapin received leave of absence for the year of 1867 -'68, and resigned his chair before the beginning of the next college year. The duties of his professorship were assumed by Dr. Haven, and in September 1867, Mr. Moses Coit Tyler was appointed Professor of the English Language and Literature. In the medical and law departments, also, there were changes. Dr. Gunn, who had been connected with the medical college since its opening resigned in 1867, and Dr. Armor resigned in 1868. Dr. William W. Greene was Professor of Surgery in 1867-68, and Dr. Henry F. Lyster was Lecturer on Surgery in 1868 -'69 Dr. Henry S. Cheever was appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy and Curator of the Medical Museum in 1867, and Lecturer on Ther- apeutics and Materia Medica in 1868 upon the res- ignation of Dr. Armor. Dr. George E. Frothing- ham was Prosector of Surgery and assistant Demon- strator of Anatomy in 1867-68, and Demonstrator HISTORY OF THE of Anatomy and Curator of the Medical Museum in 18(iS -W. In the law department a ne\v chair called the "FJ etcher Professorship, 1 ' was established in lS(i(i. It was named in lionor of Judge Fletcher, of I Jos- ton, who, in that year, gave to the department his law library, consisting of about eight hundred vol- umes. Mr. Ashley Pond, of Detroit, filled the chair for one year and was then succeeded bv Mr. Charles A. Kent. Dr. A. B. Prescott became connected with the University in 1866 as Assistant Professor of Chem- istry and Lecturer on Organic Chemistry and Met- allurgy, and Dr. P. B. Rose in 1868 as Assistant Professor of Chemistry. It is impossible by any statement or schedules to give an adequate notion of the work done, its growth and development, in the different depart- ments of the University. Something may be said to indicate the continued broadening and enlarging of the courses of study. It should be understood, however, that there has been a vast amount of work done, both by teacher and pupil, which has not been and cannot be "required" work, which cannot be estimated, and to which the student is urged by an enthusiasm and a subtle, indescribable influence w^liich lingers around the halls of a university. Schedules of study cannot show the methods of work, nor the spirit in which it is done; that is something which it is necessary to see in order to justly comprehend. Professor Olney signalized his appearance in the UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 177 faculty by immediately effecting the raising of the standard of qualification in mathematics for admis- sion, adding Quadratic Equations to the studies re- quired for admission to the classical course, and tho fourth hook of Davies' Legendre's Geometry to those required for admission to the scientific course. In 18(37-68 an examination was required in the first, third and fourth books of Davies' Legendre's Ge- ometry for admission to the classical course, and the first four books were required the following year. At Dr. Haven's suggestion, after 1863 none were admitted to the " optional course " who were not able to pass the examinations required for admis- sion to either the classical or scientific course. Otherwise the requirements for admission were not changed during Dr. Haven's administration. There was little change in the courses pursued in the departments of Latin and Greek. In Latin, Quintilian was substituted for Cicero as an author to be read in the junior year. In Greek, the trage- dies were dropped in 1863-64, and again given a place in the course in 1868-69; in the interim the authors read were Xenophoii, Homer, Thucydides and Plato. A great change was in the department of Ehe- toric and English Literature. In 1865-66 Mr. Al- len J. Curtis was Assistant Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature, and in 1867-68 Professor Tyler commenced his work in that department. In 1868-69 the history of the language was taught by lectures; the study of the literature was pursued by lectures and recitations, and all the classes were ITS HISTORY' OF THI. exercised in composition and speaking. Freshman exhibitions, consisting of declamations and recitals, wore inaugurated in May, 1869, the participants being chosen by the faculty. Sophomore exhibi- tions had their origin in 18(>8, and they were three in number for each year, the orators being volun- teers. The time honored Junior Exhibition was still in existence. These were considered access* >ry to the rhetorical exercises of the college course. The members of the senior class prepared them- selves for their final exhibition by delivering, each in his turn, an original speech on Saturday in chapel before the assembled students. Dr. Haven was appointed Professor of Logic and Political Economy at the time when Mr. Curtis took the work in Rhetoric and English Literature; upon the resignation of Professor Chapin, in 1S6S. it also fell to Dr. Haven's lot to give instruction in Moral and Mental Philosophy. No very extensive work could be done in either of these departments under such circumstances. The "School of Mines" was established in LS(M, and the degree of Mining Engineer was conferred at the commencements from 1868 to 1871. A course in Mechanical Engineering was offered in the cata- logue of 1868-69, but the facilities for such a course were very meagre and there were no students and no graduates in that department. In 1867 a Latin and scientific course was organ- ized, in which the modern languages were substi- tuted for Greek; otherwise the course was the same as the classical. The degree of Bachelor of Phi- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 179 losophy which was given to students who completed the Latin and scientific course was conferred for the first time in 1870. A course in Pharmacy was drawn up in 1868 and the degree of Pharmaceutical Chemist was con- ferred in 1869, although the School of Pharmacy as an independent department of the University was not organized till in 1876. No honorary degrees were conferred by the Uni- versity till 1866. In that year the Board passed the resolution: "That this Board see no sufficient reason for the Uni- versity of Michigan continuing: hereafter to be an excep- tion to the institutions of learning of our country, by refusing to confer honorary degrees however worthy the recipient, or desirable the action may appear in the par- ticular instance." They then conferred the honorary degree of Master of Arts upon the Hon. Witter J. Baxter, and the degree of Doctor of Laws upon the Hon. James Y. Campbell. The University has conferred thirty -five honorary degrees up to and including the year 1883, of which sixteen were L. L. D., five Ph. D., ten M. A., one M. 8., two M. D., one D. D. S. Mr. Datus C. Brooks was Mr. Tappan's successor in the office of librarian; he served for one year and was, in his turn, succeeded by Professor Andrew Ten Brook in September, 1864 Mr. Ten Brook entered with some vigor upon the duties of his position, made some changes which were advan- tageous to readers in the library, and inaugurated a more perfect system of library administration than 180 HISTORY OF THE had been in use before. Previous to his time there had been exhibited in the library management a wonderful confidence in the uprightness and care- taking qualities of human nature, and a delicate disregard of all restraint in ordering books or in loaning them, and an entire neglect of orderly bus- iness habits. This was partly, perhaps largely due, to a lack of proper assistance; assistants were engaged for short and irregular periods from among the undergraduate students, and were employed simply in giving out books as they were called for. In 180(), at Mr. Ten Brook's earnest request .Mr. Edwin D. Kelly was appointed a regular assistant in the library; in the following year Mr. \V. J. ( 1 oeker occupied that position, and in 1SOS, Mr. Raymond C. Davis was appointed assistant librari- an. To the able, indefatigable, and enthusiastic efforts of Mr. Davis is the ['Diversity greatly indebted for the efficiency of its library since 1SOS. Immediately upon the completion of the law building in LSf>8 the library was moved into a large room on the first floor. By a count made by Mr. Ten Brook in June, 18(>5, there were found to be lo,5 ; ~>l volumes stowed away in the wall cases of this room. New shelving was then the thing most needed; indeed it would be hard to find a period of one whole year between 1865 and l when new shelving was not needed. It has ever been impos- sible to impress upon the authorities of the I ni- versity that there would be economy of time and space, and labor, and money, and patience, in sup- plying its library at one time with an amount of UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 181 shelving sufficient for at least fifteen or twenty years. Throughout Mr. Ten Brook's administra- tion and until 1883, cases of all sorts and sizes were crowded into one room, giving rise to a shelf nomenclature which puzzled all who had not been present during the evolution of it. About $1,500 a year, including the amount appropriated for period- icals and for binding, was spent upon additions to the library between 1863 and 1869; it was estimated in 1869 that there were about 17,000 volumes in the library. With only $1,500 a year, $500 of which at least was spent for periodicals and binding, and at a time when the rate of exchange was so high as to lead the President of the University to make the remarkable recommendation that only American books should be bought, the purchase of new books and the care of them when they were received could not have cost much labor; but such as it was, it was reduced to a satisfactory and reliable system by Mr. Ten Brook and his assistants. The work which made this period especially noteworthy was the making of a card catalogue, consisting of an author's catalogue, and a subject catalogue or index. In the latter were indexed not alone the subjects treated at length in volumes, but the sub- jects of articles in magazines and in volumes of essays, after the manner of Poole's Index. Poole's Index was the guide, and was copied, mistakes and all, where the periodicals indexed were in the library of the University. When this catalogue was commenced it was designed to print it, but it was afterward rewritten upon cards thicker than M 182 HISTORY OF THE the ones first used, and the design of printing it was abandoned. The work was done at first by young men employed for that purpose alone, mid afterward by the regular library assistants. About 1872 the catalogue was complete up to date. In 1867 a Reading Boom was established; the Students' Lecture Association provided the papers and magazines, the University fitted up the library room with tables and racks, and the librarian assumed the care. From 200 to $250 a year was spent in this manner by the association. The library was open eight and a half hours a day, with the exception of Sundays, Mondays and Fridays. On Sunday it was never open, on Mon- day it was closed in the afternoon, and on Friday in the evening. It became more and more a place of resort, especially after 1868 when " elegant arm chairs " were substituted for stools. The botanical collection in the museum received an important addition in 1864 by the gift of the " Houghton Herbarium " from Mrs. R. R. Richards of Detroit. It was a collection of dried plants pre- pared by Dr. Douglas Houghton, and consisting of twenty-eight cases or volumes. In 1866 Dr. Sager placed in the museum an herbarium consisting of 5,000 specimens collected by himself, and in 1868 Mrs. Ames of Niles presented to the University a collection of 22,500 specimens of plants made by her husband, Dr. George L. Ames. In 1864, Dr. Carl Rominger, who was for a short time assistant curator of the museum, placed in the cases of the University his cabinet of European UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 183 fossils, containing 6,000 specimens. This collection was purchased by the University in 1869 for $1,500. In 1867 a party, under the direction of Professor Winchell, visited the Lake Superior region. The greater part of the collections made by them were given to the University. There were specimens from the iron region of Marquette, from the Por- tage Lake copper region and the Ontonagon copper region. No other large collections were secured, though small gifts to this department were of frequent oc- currence. The medical museum gained permanently by pur- chase the collections which had been deposited in it by Drs. Ford and Sager. Dr. Ford was also paid $100 yearly rent for the use of his collection up to the time of its purchase. During Dr. Haven's administration became very determined the struggle for the appointment of a Homoeopathic Professor to a chair in the medical college. As early as 1852 there had been petitions from citizens of the State asking for such an ap- pointment. In 1853 the matter was brought up in the legislature, and was, for that session, silenced by the unfavorable report of the committee ap- pointed to consider it. Three reasons were given for the adverse report; the funds of the University were insufficient for its needs, as already established; the science of medicine, and no " pathy " should be taught in a state medical college; and it was a serious question whether the legislature had a right 184 HISTORY Otf THE to dictate to the Board of Begents in ivgard to the establishment of professorships. These objections were overruled in the session of 1855, and one section of the statute of lsr>l \\ns amended, so that it read as follows: "The Regents shall have power to enact ordinances, by-laws and regulations for the government of the Uni versity ; to elect a president; to fix, increase and diminish the number of professors and tutors, and to appoint the same and to determine the amount of their salaries: Provided, That there shall always be one professor of Homoeopathy in the department of medicine." A committee was appointed by the Board of Re- gents, who endeavored to learn by correspondence with other institutions whether the two medical systems could be taught with advantage in one in- stitution; probably the more important business of the committee was to gain time, and delay action. This non-committing correspondence enabled the Board in 1856 to make the plea that it had mani- fested no disposition to evade the law. An attempt was made by Elijah Drake to obtain a peremptory mandamus compelling the establishment of a chair of Homoeopathy, and the court held that there was no need for such action. The application was over- ruled for the reason, also, that it should have been made by the Attorney General, and not by a private individual. Here the matter rested for a number of years. the Board, at length, refusing to acknowledge the right of the legislature to dictate their course. Meanwhile the university fund had nearly reached its limit of growth, while the expense of carrying UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 185 on the work of the institution was growing with each year. It was felt that the University must go back in its course, or the State must come to the rescue. President Haven visited the legislature at its session of 1866-67, and found among the mem- bers a disposition to grant aid. A bill was framed and passed in the House laying a tax of one-twen- tieth of a mill on a dollar on the taxable property of the State, for the benefit of the University; the Senate passed the bill with an amendment provid- ing for the appointment of a homoeopathic pro- fessor. Could the Regents have accepted the gift with its condition, it would have added about $16,000 a year to the income at their disposal. Such a course would, however, have been followed by the resigna- tion of all the members of the medical faculty, and was regarded by the Board as a dangerous experi- ment. Dr. Haven who was not personally opposed to Homoeopathy, still regarded it as unwise to take the conditional gift; in part because he feared the dangerous practice, initiated by this measure, of dividing between legislature and Regents the re- sponsibility of establishing courses of study, and in part because, in his own words, " We do not want in a university, professors of special ideas and theories, who believe that their special ideas and theories embrace all truth in their respective schools, and that all outside of their special ideas and theories is false. Once establish the prece- dent that every party in the world shall be recog- nized by name, and have a professor bearing its 186 HISTORY OF THE l>(trfif*(in mime, and irreparable injury is done to the University." To the Board of Keovnts the chief objection was that the establishment of a chair of Homeopathy in connection with the medical college would en- tirely disorganize that department. In March, 1868, an attempt was made to comply with the condition by establishing a school of Homoeopathy outside of Ann Arbor. The follow- ing resolutions were passed: Resolved, That the Board of Regents accepts the aid proffered by the legislature of Michigan, by the act ait- proved March 15, 1867, with the terms and conditions thereof, Resolved, That in order to comply with the conditions imposed by said act, there be organized in the Department of Medicine a School, to be called the " Michigan School of Homoeopathy," to be located at such place (suitable in the opinion of the Board of Regents), other than Ann Arbor, in the State of Michigan, as shall pledge to the Board of Regents, by June 20, next, the greatest amount for the buildings and endowment of said school. Resolved, That two professors be appointed for said school, one at this time, and another prior to the opening of said school, and others as may be necessary. Resolved. That the sum of #3,000 be appropriated, be- sides the salary of the professors, out of the state tax, M donated to the University, to be expended in establishing said school of Homoeopathy. Resolved, That Dr. Charles J. Hempel be appointed Professor of the Theory and Practice of Homoeopathic Medicine in the Michigan School of Homeopathy, at the salary of $1,000 per annum from this date, to be paid out of said fund so donated." These resolutions were declared by the Supreme UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 187 Court to be not in compliance with the provisions of the act of 1867, which directed that the profes- sorship should be " in the department of medicine of the University," and at Ann Arbor. The Supreme Court has never given a unanimous opinion upon the question whether a department of the University can be established away from Ann Arbor; Judges Christiancy and Graves answer, No; Judge Campbell answers, Yes; and Judge Cooley gives no opinion. The Regents considered that the decision in the one case, and the opinions of two of the judges in the other, justified them in refusing to pay the salary which Dr. Hempel claimed within a year of his appointment. President Haven again visited the legislature, at its session of 1868-69, and petitioned for release from the condition of the grant. His effort was successful, and a bill was passed providing for an appropriation, for the aid of the University, of $15,000 for the year 1869, and for each year there- after; and also providing that the fund which had accumulated under the provisions of the act of 1867, should be given over to the treasurer of the Board. By this measure w r as the financial embarrassment of the University relieved; by it, also, was post- poned the necessity of an immediate decision of the Homoeopathic question, though still a law remained requiring the appointment of one Profes- sor of Homoeopathy. More important than all else was the practical 188 HISTORY OF THE recognition by the legislature of the principal of state aid for the University. That the people of Michigan would be willing to contribute somewhat to the support of its highest institution of learning was up to this time a thing hoped for; henceforth it was to be a patent and reliable fact. The higher education of woman was a subject which quite early engaged the attention of the educators of Michigan. The old laws in regard to the branches provided that there should be a female department connected with each branch. After the Regents had ceased to make appropria- tions for the branches, Dr. Pitcher still proposed (1849) that a preparatory school be maintained, from the University fund, at Ann Arbor, for the express purpose of offering something more than an elementary education to girls. The proposition was not carried out, nor did the memorials, in regard to establishing a State school for the higher education of women, which found their way to the legislature from time to time, meet with any success. As early as 1850, it is recorded in the record, kept by the faculty of their meetings that "an application was received from a young lady for the privileges of the University so far as to be per- mitted an examination on all the studies, and, if passed, to receive the customary degrees." The request was referred to Professor Whedon, and there is no record that it was granted. In 1855 Dr. Haven, then a professor in the Uni- versity, at a State Educational Convention at Ann Arbor, advocated the opening of the University to UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 189 women. In his autobiography (p. 110) he says: " So far as I know the subject had not been sug- gested before. It was considered wild and insane. Not a member of either faculty approved it, but usually it was regarded as rather a dangerous joke on my part." The matter was well canvassed in the journals of the State; the editorial articles were usually conservative, but letters were often pub- lished from advocates of co-education. In March, 1858, Miss Sarah E. Burger announced to the Board of liegents that a class of twelve young ladies would apply in June for admission to the University; three, at least, did so. Decision was postponed until September, when a lengthy re- port adverse to the admission of women, was made by Regents Mclntyre, Parsons and Baxter. This report is able and fair. It is interesting to notice that there is no question of health involved. It is acknowledged ungrudgingly that women should be granted by the State the means of gaining a uni- versity education. The objection was to co-educa- tion, and the association together of young boys and girls, unrestrained by parental influence. It was a new question; there was no precedent for action; it was wise to hesitate and delay. That fathers and brothers had a care for the womanly character and maiden modesty of daughters and sisters must command the gratitude of every woman, even though it rendered injustice and in- convenience to some and for a time. The committee of the Board consulted many eminent educators, HISTOHY OF THE President Hopkins of Williams Collect* was in favor of trying the experiment. Dr. Nott, of I'M ion College, was undecided, and. though lie would not Avisli to make such an innovation on his own re- sponsibility, was yet evidently willing that sonic institution should l>e compelled by public opinion to undertake it. President Walker, of Harvard, and President AVoolsey, of Yale, were decidedly < >pposed to co-education. Horace Mann, President of Antioch College, and 0. G. Finney, President of Oberlin College, were both in favor of the joint education of the sexes, but under such restrictions and surveillance as could not possibly be practiced in Ann Arbor. President Tappan and the entire faculty of the University of Michigan were op- posed to it. In September, 1858, the Regents adopted the resolution : " That to adapt the University to the education of both sexes would require such a revolution in the management and conduct of the institution, that we think it wiser, under all circumstances, both in respect to the interests of the University and the interests of the young ladies, that their application should not be granted, and that at present it is inexpedient to introduce this change into the institution." In the following year application was made a second time and again refused. The subject con- tinued to exist in newspaper controversy, but did not again come up before the Board of Regents till in 1867. At that time the legislature of the State urged the opening of the institution to women. The Board were not yet ready to do so, and Presi- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 191 dent Haven was now decidedly opposed to it. His language is unqualified. " I am confident," said he, "that such a change could not be made without a radical revolution, that would require a large ex- penditure of money and give a totally new character to the University, and infallibly be attended by a temporary breaking up of its prosperity and suc- cess."* Urged, however, by the resolution of the legislature and by what he took to be the opinion of a majority of the people of the State, he again reviewed the subject and in his report for 1868 somewhat mildly recommended the admission. In 1869 the legislature noticed the matter by the following resolution: " WHEREAS, The legislature of 1807 declared as its de- liberate opinion that the high objects for which the Uni- versity of Michigan was organized, will never be fully at- tained until women are admitted to all its rights and privileges; and WHEREAS, There is a general and growing feeling throughout the state in favor of furnishing to the young women of the state all the advantages for education furnished to young men: and WHEREAS, The President of the University declares as his belief that the best method for Michigan, in further- ance of this object, would be to make provision for the in- struction of women at the University on the same condi- tions as men; therefore be it " Resolved, That the Board of liegents be requested to take such action as may be necessary to carry into effect this recommendation of the President of the University, as soon as practicable, without prejudice to the best inter- ests of the same." *President's Report, 1867. 192 HISTORY OF TIIK In April, 1869, Regent Willard presented a reso- lution, " That in the opinion of the Board no rule exists in any of the University statutes which ex- cludes women from admission to the University." The resolution was laid upon the table and re- mained there till the period treated of in the fol- lowing chapter. At the first meeting of the Board which came into office in 1864 a committee was appointed to ex- amine and revise the rules of the Board and of the University; the committee submitted the matter to the University senate and adopted its recommen- dations. It was not greatly changed from the code of 1861. A better arrangement and classification of the laws was made, some infelicities of expres- sion were removed, and a few sections were added. The steward was required to have an office on the University grounds and devote his whole time to the duties of his office. The term of the academic department was changed so that the college year began on the third Wednesday in September. One section provided that " No motion or reso- lution to change the course of study in any depart- ment shall be put upon its passage until it has first been referred to the proper faculty for their report thereon." One forbade the presentation of peti- tions from students in regard to the government of the University, and another forbade the invitation by the students of lecturers before having obtained the permission of the president. In 1867, another section was added: "Concerted absence from any appointed duty, by a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 193 class, oi 4 any number of students together, will be re- garded as a great violation of good order, and will be fol- lowed by suspension or dismission at the discretion of the faculty." This regulation was prompted by the increasing habit of " bolting," an act which in this later day has become individual, but was then regarded as more innocent and safe if executed by a large number. A few changes also were made in those regula- tions and customs over which the academic faculty had entire control. In 1863 it became the custom to " call the roll " at chapel on Monday morning, and to require each student to report the number of his absences, if any, during the week past; if any student were absent on Monday morning and failed to report to the proper officer before evening, he received seven marks. In 1867 those professors who had recitations at half -past nine on Monday mornings called the roll for the attendance at chapel, and that ceremony was abandoned in chapel. In the same year chapel prayers on Sunday morn- ings were abolished. In 1865 a new bell called to morning prayers; it was broken in 1870, and still another procured. Dr. Haven continued the practice which had been Dr. Tappan's, of delivering an address to the stu- dents on Sunday afternoons. His discourses were so popular among the citizens as well as among the students that, by invitation, they were delivered in one of the churches. One series delivered was pub- lished in book form called "The Pillars of Truth;" 194 HISTORY OF 1 HI others were published in one of the city papers. These were the days of much speaking among the students. There were the junior, sophomore mid freshman exhibitions, the annual debate be- tweeii chosen members of Alpha Nu and Adelphi, the "Webster Public" and the " Jeffersonian Pub- lic." In 1868, the Alpha Nu society, and also tin* Adelphi, had a series of "Prize Contests" between their own members, debates for the sophomores and juniors, and orations for the seniors; a first and second prize was awarded at each exhibition by the judges who were chosen from citizens or from the members of the faculty. A great interest was taken in these exhibitions by citizens and students, and wherever they were held, the house was filled. About 1865 sprang up a multitude of debating clubs, which sustained for several years the weight of names like " Homotrapezoi," "Philomathean," " Philozetian," "Panarmonian," " Philologoi ;" oth- ers were called the "Prescott Club," the "Jay Club," etc., etc. In the law department there wore the "Douglas Society," the "Clay Society," the "Lincoln Society," and the "Independent." In 1865 was established in the literary depart- ment the " Independent Organization; " its members belonged to no secret society; indeed, they regarded the Greek letter societies as an active evil, and proposed, by organization to oppose to them an active good. They published annually "The Cas- talia," a pamphlet bearing considerable resemblance to the Palladium; its first number was issued in 1865-66, its last in 186<)-70. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 195 The "Oracle" was published by the sophomores, for the first time in 1866. In 1866, also, was begun a weekly college paper, the " University Chronicle; " and in June, 1867, was published the first number of the "Michigan University Magazine," which was issued monthly during the college year till June, 1869, at which time it was united with the University Chronicle to form the " Chronicle," a semi-monthly which still exists. The class of 1868 gave a "Senior Hop" on the evening before Thanksgiving day, establishing a custom which the seniors followed for several years, and then bequeathed to the juniors. "Senior socials" were enjoyed by the classes of 1868, 1869 and 1870, whose members were invited by Dr. Haven, Professor Frieze and others of the profes- sors to their houses ; the entertainments were liter- ary and social. To the juniors of the class of 1870, Professor Williams extended an invitation to an evening's entertainment, provided they would not "burn mechanics," a ceremony to which he felt or feigned a great aversion. College colors, maize and blue, were adopted by the students in 1867. Class canes were carried for the first time in the University of Michigan by the class of 1869. In 1865 a cricket club was formed and the Regents were requested to prepare a ground for its practice. They appropriated $50 for the purpose, and $100 more in 1866 at the request of the base ball club. A gymnasium was very much needed, but at no time did the Board of Regents find that the finan- cial condition of the University would warrant them 196 HISTORY OF THE in expending money for such a purpose. The class of 1870 in 1868 erected on the campus an "embryo gymnasium," which was diligently used for a year or two. Had there been a gymnasium it is possible that some of that exuberance of spirits which led to "rushes" and to midnight raids on sidewalks, might have been spent. "Rushing" was becoming of frequent occurrence in the college halls and on the campus; class spirit was increasing; the "smoking out" of freshmen by sophomores was becoming n custom, but was not yet carried to an extent which called for faculty action. "Bolting "was at that- time the most serious evil, demanding even the attention of the Board of Regents. The faculty found it necessary in 1865 to pass the resolution: " That in case any officer shall be detained from recita- tion or lecture, his class shall be expected to remain and be liable to roll-call at least five minutes after the ringing of the bell." For a short time in 1868 there were a few students who were known among their fellows as the "lower house faculty." They were young men who had reason to suppose that their names would be men- tioned in the faculty meetings, and, in order to gain information before it was given them in an unpleas- ant way, they made holes in the floor of the presi- dent's room, which was then in the law building, gained access to the basement beneath the room and applied themselves to listening. It became known to the faculty after a time that the business UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 197 of tlieir meetings was finding its way outside through other than legitimate channels and they set a watch in the basement. The watchman, somewhat fright- ened by the weird appearance of things when the young men entered with a dark lantern, gave a shriek that was not entirely meant as a warning to his employers in conclave above. The students made their escape by an open window, all but one, who ran up stairs and turned to run down again, as if to the rescue, He had turned before he was seen by any members of the faculty, yet the suspic- ions of that body were aroused. He was asked where he was when he heard the cry; in replying, he made the distance a little too great as was dis- covered when he attempted to run it, at the request of the Professor of Mathematics, in the time allowed. The celebration of Class Day from the time it was introduced by the class of 1862 in their junior year to 1865 was of little moment; each class had some informal class exercises, usually on the camp- us. In 1865 the first genuine Class Day was ob- served by the senior class, at the beginning of the senior vacation in May. The exercises were held in the Presbyterian church. The " presentation " of the class was made, in Greek, by Professor Boise, and President Haven replied in Latin. In 1866 the class was presented by Professor Frieze, and both his address and Dr. Haven's response were in Latin. In 1867 the presentation exercises were in English, The absence of the President prevented the presen- tation of the class of 1868, but otherwise the day 198 HJ&TOBY OF THI was observed as usual. I p to this time the exer- cises had all been held in one of the churches. The class of ISO 1 .), however, inaugurated a different pro- gramme. The presentation exercises, the oration and poem were given in the morning at the church. It was designed to hold the afternoon exercises, consisting of the history and prophecy, in the open air, but the rain drove the class and the audience to the law lecture room. After these exercises the class adjourned to a spot in front of the south col- lege, where they had planted a white elm, and wheiv they had deposited, and for several days guarded with great care, the "calico rock," which serves ,-ts the memorial of the class of 186U. In 1867 and thereafter there was but one session on Commencement day, and the speakers were se- lected from the members of the class by the faculty.^ Immediately after the Commencement exercises was held for the first time the ." Commencement din- ner," which was at this time provided by the alumni, and was a comparatively uninteresting and insignificant occasion. At the June meeting of the Board of Regents. 1869, President Haven resigned his office. His resignation was accepted by the Board with great reluctance, and occasioned a regret which was general among the friends of the University. He had worked harmoniously with the Regents and had been supported in his efforts by them. He was politic in his measures and persuasive in man- ner and his influence with the legislature, with the Board of Regents, with the faculty, with students UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 199 and others was very great. The University had gained in every direction under his leadership. He said of himself " God made me restless and too ready to sacrifice present advantages with a prospect of greater good/' He was offered in 1869 the presidency of the recently established North- western University, It was under the control of his own church, and he "felt a strong desire to be more intimately at work in a religious institution." He was afterward led to doubt his judgment in leaving the University of Michigan, yet declined the office when it was again offered him in less than a year after his resignation. 200 HISTORY OF THE CHAPTER VIII. 1809-71, PBOFESSOU FHIK/K'S ADMIXIST1! ATK >N. At a special meeting of the Board, held in Au- gust, 1869, Professor Henry S. Frieze was appointed Acting President of the University. He remained at the head of the institution two eventful years: his administration was so able and successful, that he was offered the presidency by the committee ?ip- pointed to nominate a successor to Dr. Haven, and would have received the unanimous vote of the Board had he not made it known that he could not accept the position. In September, 1869, Dr. B. F. Cocker was ap- pointed Professor of Moral and Mental Philosophy. At the same time Mr. A. H. Pattengill became As- sistant Professor of Greek and French. In 1870 Professors Spence and Evans resigned and the chair of Modern Languages was accepted by Mr. George S. Morris; "Instructors" were appointed as assistants in this department, and Mr. Patten- gill's title was changed to Assistant Professor of Greek. Professor D'Ooge received leave of ab- sence for the years 1870-71, and 1871-72, and his chair was filled for those years by Mr. Elisha Jones. Mr. J. B. Davis commenced his work as assistant Professor of Civil Engineering in 1870, and Mr. Beman and Mr. de Pont were instructors in 1871. The position of instructor in the Modern Languages UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 201 proved an uneasy one, and changes were frequent; Mr. Deloulme was the first instructor in French and was soon succeeded by Mr. Billard, and he by Mr. de Pont. Mr. Maasberg, instructor in Ger- man, remained but a short time; his expostulation, "Mein Gott, poys, sie must nicht at the faculty chalk throw " will long be remembered of him, and serves to show the difficulty of his position. In June, 1870, Dr. Douglas' title was changed to Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy and Direc- tor of the Chemical Laboratory, and Dr. Prescott's to Professor of Organic and Applied Chemistry and Pharmacy. In the medical department, in 1869-70, Dr. A. B. Crosby was lecturer 011 Surgery and in 1870-71 was Professor of Surgery; also in 1870 Dr. Cheever was appointed Professor of Therapeutics and Ma- teria Medica, and Dr. Frothingham lecturer on Ophthalmology. In the Board of Regents, Mr. Joseph Estabrook of East Saginaw, and Mr. Jonas H. McGowan, took their seats in January, 1870. On the same day (January 5th) Eegent Willard offered the following resolution : Resolved, That the Board of Regents recognize the right of every resident of Michigan to the enjoyment of the privileges afforded by the University, and that no rule exists in any of the University statutes for the exclusion of any person from the University who possesses the re- quisite literary and moral qualifications." The resolution was adopted, Kegent Walker vot- ing against it. 202 HISTORY OF THE Several members of the faculty ami a large body of the students were opposed to the admission of women. The most frequent and most plausible <>l >- jection was that there was not room; the buildings were crowded, and were not fitted for the accomnu >- dation of women. Already, it was said, are the ex- penses of the University greater than its income. There was, however, a reasonable hope that the State would be more liberal in its gifts when this meas- ure which it had urged upon the Board of Regents was adopted. On February 2nd, 1870, Miss Madalun L. Stock- well of Kalarnazoo, was admitted to the classical course of the University. It is gratifying that the first woman who entered the institution as a student was fitted in every way to satisfy the expectations of the friends of the new movement, and allay the fears of such as had looked upon it with alarm. Miss Stockwell was the only woman connected with the University till the fall of 1870; at that time eleven entered the literary department, three the department of pharmacy, eighteen the medical de- partment, and two the law department. Of the eleven who entered the literary department, three chose the classical course, five the Latin scientific, one the scientific, and two a select course. Most of them were past the average age of students upon entering, several of them had been teachers, and several were supporting themselves. They were >i trusty band of pioneers; the University contained few better students. There was at first in Ann Arbor a decided pn-ju- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 203 dice against " lady students." Many of the board- ing places were not open to them, and several years passed before the oddity ceased to affect people. The presence of women had little or no effect upon their brother students. Indeed it would seem as if the young men were determined to show, by an exaggeration of the traditional rough customs, that the University had not become a " woman's college." The women were welcomed by a small minority, and by most of the students were usually treated with an indifferent courtesy. Their presence in. the halls and on the grounds did not, however, prevent the wild conflicts there. Fortunately they were self-reliant women ; they were gaining what they wished; all the courses of instruction were open to them. It was unpleasant to be looked upon as eccentric, but that was a tri- fling matter when compared with the satisfaction arising from each day's achievement. In the medical department the course of instruc- tion given to women was entirely separate from that given to men, the medical faculty consenting to do the extra work for an increase of salary of $500 for each professor. The first woman who received a degree from the University was Miss Amanda Sanford who took the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1871. While the State was still struggling with its own indebtedness, it could grant little aid to its Uni- versity. Up to the year 1871 the institution had re- ceived from the State not much more than its con- stitution and laws. The cancelling of the $100,000 204 HISTORY OF THE debt was a generous as well as a just art ion, considering the financial embarrassment of thr time. But since that time the State had had a career of remarkable prosperity, and \vasin 1ST 1 exceedingly well-to-do. She could well afford to give to the University an assistance to which it had just claims and large ones. In January, 1871, the Board of Regents asked the legislature for an appropriation of $75,000, to be used in the erection of a building for lecture and recitation rooms in the literary department. The appropriation was promptly made by an almost unanimous vote of the legislature. With this money the Regents determined to erect a building which should fill the space between the north and south buildings, and accepted the plan of Mr. E. S. Jenison, of Chicago, a graduate from the University in the class of 1868. AYork was imme- diately commenced upon the building. The corner stone was laid, with appropriate ceremonies, on Commencement day, 1871. The State Aid Fund, resulting from the legisla- tive act of 1867, amounted to $80,796.60 before it was made available by the act of 1869. This was set apart to meet extraordinary expenses. From it was paid $1,000 for Dr. Sager's collection in the medical museum, $3,215.83 for Dr. Ford's collec- tion and for interest upon it, si, 500 for the Rom- iiiger collection in the general museum, **200 for the Van Vechten collection also in the general museum, $1,010 for museum cases, $10,757.48 for putting in the steam heating apparatus for the UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 205 law and medical and laboratory buildings, and the remainder upon furniture for the hospital and rec- itation rooms and for repairs upon the buildings. At the close of the year 1869-70, and also of 1870-71, there was a balance remaining in the treas- ury when the expenses for the year had all been paid. The finance committee, however, . in their report for 1870-71, made the statement that "It will be possible to go through this year (1871-72) without incurring debt, but the next Avill show a deficit of more than $10,000. Some measures must be taken to provide against this contingency, and your committee can suggest nothing but an appeal to the people." At this time the income of the University was about $73,000; of which $37,500 was interest on the University fund, $15,000 the annual State aid fund; $20,000 or more came from students' fees. In September, 1869, the library of the University received a gift of one hundred and thirty-five vol- umes from Messrs. Macmillan & Co., book publish- ers of London and New York. The books were selected from their own publications, and were of value and use. In 1870 was received what was, until quite recently, the largest gift ever made to the library, and, with the exception of Mr. H. N. AValker's gift to the observatory, the largest dona- tion from one person to any department of the University. Mr. Philo Parsons of Detroit, pur- chased for the library, the book collection of Prof. Ban of Heidelberg University. It consisted of about four thousand volumes and five thousand 206 HIsTOliY OF THE pamphlets upon subjects hearing a relation to polit- ical science. Most of the books are in the (-ierman or French language, but other European languages are represented. It contains some specimens of early printing, noticeably three minute but hand- some Elzevirs. Mr. Parsons has since added about three hundred volumes to the library, which is known as the " Parson's Library." To the gallery of fine arts was added in 1870 a copy in plaster of Randolph Rogers' "liutli Glean- ing," a gift from the sculptor himself, and in 1871 a copy in oil of Murillo's " Immaculate Concep- tion," a gift from the class of 1866. The class of 1870 placed upon the campus a bronzed statue of Benjamin Franklin, which has been treated with as little reverence as the cenotaph at the other side of the grounds. The plan of bringing the High Schools of the State into a closer connection with the University was one which occupied the attention of the faculty in 1870-71. In March, 1871, it was determined to admit pupils to the University upon the presenta- tion of a diploma from such schools of Michigan* as furnished satisfactory evidence that the course of study and instruction pursued in them was ade- quate and thorough. A committee of the faculty, under this arrangement, was sent, to any school which had made the reqiiest for the privilege, to examine preparatory classes or to be present at the recitations long enough to determine the character *'juite recently (l*sj, this privilege has iem t xu-ndrd to the .-i-hoolx of other states. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 207 of the instruction given. The announcement of this arrangement was published in the catalogue of 1870-71, and immediately applications for visit- ing committees were received from the schools of Adrian, Jackson, Flint, Ann Arbor, and Detroit. Both in 1870 and in 1871 the requirements in Mathematics for admission were raised. For ad- mission to the scientific course in 1870 five books, instead of four, in Geometry were required, and in the following year eight books. In 1871 five books were required for admission to the classical course, and for admission to either the classical or scien- tific course an examination was reqiiired in the whole of the complete school Algebra, instead of " to Quadratic Equations " as heretofore. In the Calendar for 1870-71, it was announced that after the close of the year 1871-72 candidates for the scientific course would be examined in Geometrical Drawing. These additional requirements made it possible to add also to the course in college, and Sturm's Theorem and Horner's method of solving Higher Equations were added to the requirements of the freshman year. A Greek and scientific course, corresponding with the Latin and scientific except in the ex- change of Greek for Latin was offered in 1869-70 and thereafter. The required age of applicants for admission was raised in 1870 from fourteen to sixteen years. Acting President Frieze was very active and earnest in an effort to bring about a more perfect 208 HISTOHV OF THE union of the three departments of the University. Under his direction, " University Day " \v;is inau- gurated on November 17th, 1809. College exercises in all the departments were suspended for the dav. A procession of the faculty and students was formed at the University buildings, inarched through the principal streets of the city, and entered the Metho- dist church about 11 A. M. The day was stormy, and in consequence the banners which the depart- ments and classes had furnished for themselves could not be brought out. At the church addresses were made by Acting President Frieze, Judge Campbell, Dr. Palmer, and Professor Wiiichell, and a benediction pronounced by the venerable Professor Williams. A second time University Day was celebrated, on November 9th, 1870; again the day was stormy and a march further than from the campus to the church was prevented. This time young ladies took their seats among the students at the church. Addresses were given by Acting President Frieze, Rev. Dr. Cocker, Dr. Ford, and Professor C. I. Walker. The procession, which was prevented on the ninth of November, occurred on the twenty-first. It ended with a battle between the students of the law department and the members of the sophomore and freshman classes. There were but two celebrations of University Day; it created strife rather than union. Even before the first celebration there was contention in regard to the arrangement of the departments in the procession and the election of the Chief Marshal. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 209 With a like purpose to that which gave origin to University Day, arrangements were made for a series of " University Lectures " to be given before the students of all the departments by members of the University senate. A few lectures were given in 1870 and but few. A University cap, resembling the Oxford cap, was adopted and quite generally worn in 1870. The Acting President, Professor Williams and sev- eral others among the professors wore it. In the following year, very few University caps were seen. Class caps were worn by the sophomores in 1868-69, and again in 1869-70. The effort to unite the departments was aban- doned, the jealousy existing between them being an insuperable objection. The professional schools would naturally stand at the head of the University departments provided their students or a major- ity of them were graduates from the academic department; but in the University of Michigan they have no just claim to superiority, except in the age of their students. In the days when " class spirit" was high in the University there was no desire for, and, in consequence, no possibility of harmony between the departments. At a later date the distinction of classes is fast vanishing in the individualizing tendency of the literary courses of study, and a spirit of indifference to everything except work is destroying the antagonism between the departments, though it does not, of course, create union* 210 HISTOBt or THE Professor Frieze was instrumental in establish- ing another custom which has met with greater success than did the University Day. Immediately after the Commencement exercises of 1870 the alumni and guests of the University were invited to a commencement banquet prepared by order of the Board of Regents. It is a custom which still endures and has become one of the most attractive features of Commencement week to the alumni and invited guests. For a few years previous to this time the inter- est" in the exercises of Commencement week had been waning. Very few of the alumni came back to visit their alma mater; even members of the graduating class were absent. To remedy the lat- ter evil, it was proposed to do away with the senior vacation in June. The class of 1870 pledged them- selves to be present at Commencement if the vaca- tion were allowed, and the question was adjusted in that manner. Thereafter it became the custom to grant degrees only to those who were present to receive them. The class of 1870 was the last to be "presented" on Class Day. The exercises of that day had become such that the faculty wished to dissolve their connection with it. The class history was a detail of exploits which no professor could counte- nance, and the day was, at any rate, emphatically the students' day, The class of 1870 added to the usual exercises of the day the presentation of a leather medal to the homeliest man in the class, the presentation speech being made by the next home- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 211 liest man; as the two men chosen were witty as well as homely, this feature of Class Day was much enjoyed. The class of 1871 gave prizes to " The best (?) ponyist," "The best (?) penman," "The best (?) whiskered man," "The best (?) orator," and "The biggest eater;" an extravagance which discouraged future classes, and the custom was not perpetuated, although the classes of 1872 and 1877 both made presentations. The practice of carving class canes was intro- duced by the class of 1870; by the same class the arrangements for "class pictures" were made more extensive and systematic. In April, 1871, chapel exercises on Saturday were discontinued; at or about the same time "chapel speeches" were abolished. Professor Frieze, very early in his administra- tion, introduced choral music in the chapel exer- cises, a feature which was highly appreciated by the students. The class of 1870 was a musical class; from its members was formed a University Glee Club, which visited and gave entertainments in several of the towns of the State. A similar club was formed by ten members of the class of 1872 in their junior year. There was little justice in the cry which was raised during these years, by some of the State papers, against the students and the institution. It was true, nevertheless, that practices were gaining ground and becoming fixed customs among the students which, however delightful they may have 212 IIIsToiiY OF THE rendered college life to the student, did not con- tribute to the honor of the University. '"Ha/ing" in the University of Michigan was never a practice fraught with extreme danger; but it gave the stu- dents an ill name abroad, and furnished both text and illustration to enemies of the University; it consumed time that was pledged to a better pur- pose, and was altogether a practice too adventurous for boys and too undignified for men. " Rushing." where two classes or two departments met in con- flict, was more dangerous, more noisy, and had become in 1869-70 a matter-of-course whenever the sophomore and freshmen classes met in the college halls or on the campus. u Horning " was the method which the students, being denied the "right of petition,'" had become accustomed to take in order to express displeasure against any member of the faculty, and there were a few years following upon 1869 when great dissatisfaction was felt. Acting President Frieze, by a wise movement, put an end substantially to midnight depredations upon the streets and in the college buildings; after a "raid" which had resulted in considerable dam- age, he paid to the city authorities 8225, the esti- mate put upon the property destroyed. The students engaged in the work at once repaid it to him, and resolved not to repeat the experience. The class of 1873 was, early in its career, pledged to good order. At the sophomore exhibition, held April 29th, 1870, the freshmen ( class of 1873 ) were present with grass bouquets and a rooster. The grass bouquets fell in showers upon the platform UNIVERSITY Of MICHIGAN. 213 and, at an appropriate moment, the rooster also was tossed down from the gallery to the stage. For this act several of the class were suspended, but were re-admitted when the class pledged itself " to refrain from the disorderly conduct which usually characterizes classes upon entering their sophomore year." The class was faithful to its pledge, and during the next year there was quiet. Toward the end of the year, however, in May, 1871, the current of events was again disturbed by the suspension until September, 1871, of a large number of the freshman and sophomore classes for " bolting." Many of the students had never consulted the by- laws and did not know that there was a law against " concerted absence," and, with all, it was a thought- less action, the immediate incentive being the sight of Van Amburgh's show. The suspension was regarded, universally among the students, and quite generally among the citizens, as unnecessary and even unjust; the students considered that the uniform quiet during the year should have some effect in excusing so slight an offense. To the members of the faculty the offense did not appear slight, and the penalty was certainly not great; yet it served to declare what would be the policy of the faculty in the future, and "bolting," as a class measure, was at an end. During the presidency of Professor Frieze there had been no halting in the progress made by the University. The faculty had been re-inforced by men of ability and popularity; women had been admitted; a close connection with the High Schools 214 HISTORY OF THfi was formed; the requirements had been raised and the examinations had become stricter; means had been provided for a new building; an earnest effort had been made to promote union among the depart- ments, none the less worthy because it failed; and a decided movement had been made towards the suppression of disorder. Not a little of success was due to the untiring energy, the enthusiasm and good judgment of the Acting President. Immediately after the resignation of Dr. Haven a committee had been appointed whose duty it was to select his successor. The members of the com- mittee visited the east, and first offered the presi- dency to President Seelye of Amherst College. After some consideration, he declined it. Upon the recommendation of Professor Frieze the com- mittee then visited Vermont University to learn of President James B. Angell if he would accept the position. He visited Ann Arbor, and was unani- mously elected president by the Board of Regents. So great was the opposition made by President Angell's friends in Vermont to his leaving the University of Vermont, that he, too, was obliged, reluctantly, the Regents were assured, to decline the office. The committee continued their efforts in the sea rrl i for a president; eighteen months passed and still the office was vacant. Satisfied with the adminis- tration of Acting President Frieze during that time, the Eegents, at an informal meeting of ail but one, "directed the chairman of this committee to converse with Prof essor Frieze and intimate to tJNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. him that he would probably be chosen president at the next meeting, if he would accept the position. He replied that he did not wish the permanent position of president, that he believed that Presi- dent Angell could ultimately be obtained, and he was willing to accept the presidency only until such time as President Angell could be procured."* A correspondence was again opened with Presi- dent Angell, and in February, 1871, he was a second time elected president, by the following resolution : "Resolved, That Hon. James B. Angell, LL. D. be declared elected president of the university, at a salary of $4,500 per annum, and house rent, and that his expenses of removal from Vermont to Ann Arbor be paid by the university; his salary to begin August 1st, 1871." This invitation was accepted. Dr. Angell was inaugurated president of the University by Acting President Frieze on Commencement Day, June 28, 1871. The warm welcome publicly given him by Professor Frieze, found a response among the students, and citizens of the State. No less heart- ily was greeted the new President's graceful tribute to Professor Frieze: "And, sir, permit me to say that I count it as one of my chief encouragements, and as my special good fortune, that, in entering on my duties, I can lean on the tried arm of one whose character and scholarship and friendship I learned to esteem long years ago, in my boyhood, and whose two years' administration of the presidency has been so honorable to himself and so useful to the univer- sity." * Report of Committee, Regents' Proceeding, 1S70-76, p. 90. 216 HISTORY OF THE At a special meeting of the board in July, 1871, the following resolutions were adopted: "Resolved, That in view of the advancing years of Pro- fessor George P. Williams, and the necessity of sonic relief from his labors, Professor George B. Merriman br made adjunct professor of Physics, with a salary of $2,- 000, from October 1st. 1871." "Resolved, That the salaries of Professors Winchell, Wood, Watson, Olney, Adams, Tyler, Cocker, Prescott, D'Ooge and Morris be 82,500 from and after October 1st, 1871." "Resolved, That the salary of Acting Professor Elisha Jones be $2,000 for the next year." At the preceding meeting, June 26, 1871, the following had been adopted: "Resolved, That the board of regents hold in high ap- preciation the able and efficient manner in which Acting President Henry S. Frieze has discharged the duties of the chief executive officer of the university for the past two years, and that the thanks of the board are hereby tendered to him for these truly valuable services to the institution, which, during his administration, has enjoyed no common degree of prosperity, and has constantly increased in usefulness." "Resolved, That the salary of Professor Henry >. Frieze, from and after the first day of August next, be fixed at $2,500 per annum, and the rent of the house now occupied by him." UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 217 CHAPTEE IX. 1871-83, DK. A^GELL'S ADMINISTRATION. Dr. James B. Angell graduated from Brown Uni- versity in the class of 1849; having spent thereafter several years in study and travel in Europe, he ac- cepted in 1853 the chair of Modern Languages in Brown University; from 1860 to 1866 he was editor of the Providence Journal. In 1866 he became President of Vermont University, where he dis- played remarkable executive ability. His success as President of Vermont University, his scholarly attainments and broad culture, his genial manner and Christian character were known to the Board of Regents and faculties of the University of Michi- gan, and justified the effort made by them to secure him for the presidency. He entered upon the duties of his office at Ann Arbor, August 1st, 1871. The University had then been in operation for thirty years and had an ac- knowledged position among colleges of the first rank in the United States. It had maintained its pros- perous course through many changes and vicissi- tudes. That its existence and success depended upon 110 one man nor set of men had been thor- oughly demonstrated. Since 1871 it has grown in every direction, gained in honor and renown, has flourished even while storms were raging, 218 HISTOKY OF THE From that time to the present Dr. Angell has been its chief executive officer, with the exception of the two years during which he was in the service of the United States government as Minister to China The policy inaugurated by the State legislature of 1871 of making special appropriations for the University has been continued, and is, it is hoped, established. The institution cannot be maintained in its present condition without generous aid from the State, much less can it make any advance. The State has shown a disposition to grant assistance, and it is not a vain expectation that the increasing prosperity and wealth of Michigan will bring in- creasing prosperity and wealth to her University. The legislature of 1873 granted the sum of *2^>.- 000 for the completion of University Hall, and $13,000 to cover a deficit in the revenue of the Uni- versity for the year ending June, 1873. It repealed the act granting 35,000 a year, and adopted a new one w r hich fixed a tax of one -twentieth of a mill on each dollar of taxable property, in the State, for the use of the University. This act was passed by a vote, in the senate of 22 to 6, and in the House by a vote of 76 to 3. It became a law without the approval of the governor. No State officer was ever more friendly to the Uni- versity, or more earnest in his efforts to aid it than Governor Bagley. He advocated the most gener- ous appropriations by the legislature, but was op- posed to any permanent arrangement. It was his opinion that the Board of Regents should present UNIVEK8ITY OF MICHIGAN. 219 at each session of the legislature a statement of the needs of the University and a request for certain sums of money ; he was confident that a reasonable request would always be granted. The abandon- ment of one department and the precarious condi- tion of others, which were established by the legis- lature and supported by biennial appropriations, have shown the impolicy of such a course. In 1875 was granted $21,000 for the establish- ment of a school of mines, 6,000 a year for a homoeopathic college, $6,000 for a dental college, $8,000 for a hospital, $5,000 for the introduction of water-works, and $13,000 to cover a deficit. In 1877 was granted $4,000 for the salary for two years of a Professor of Geology, $4,000 for the sal- ary for two years of a Professor of Physics, $1,500 for the physical laboratory, $3,500 for the phys- iological laboratory, $4,000 for the hospital, $5,- 000 for books for the general library, $11,500. for the dental college, $1,500 for the astronomical department, and $9,000 to enable the Eegents to extend the medical term to nine months, with $5,- 000 for the extension of the homoeopathic term. In 1879 was granted $40,000 for a fire-proof mu- seum building, $20,000 for a central boiler-house and the introduction of steam heating, $12,250 for the dental college, $6,500 for a homoeopathic hospital building, $1,250 for the support of the homoeopathic hospital, $1,000 for the enlargement of the matron's house at the hospital, $6,000 for the University hospital, $4,000 for the homoeo- pathic college, and $4,000 for books for the gen- eral library. 220 H1ST01IY OK THK In 1881 was granted $100,000 for a foe-proof li- brary building, $15,000 for an addition to the chem- ical laboratory, 1*2,000 for the dental college, 7,500 for the placing of sewers, $7,000 for the hospital, 5,000 for books for the general library, 4,000 for the homoeopathic hospital, 4,000 for the homoeopathic college, 3,500 for an eye and ear ward at the hospital, and 2,500 for the me- chanical laboratory. In 1883 was granted 15,000 for books for the general library, 12,000 for the dental college, 8,000 for completion of the heating arrangements, 7,000 for the hospital, 8,400 for the homoeo- pathic college, 4,000 for the homoeopathic hos- pital, 3,000 for apparatus for the physical labor- atory, 2,000 for apparatus for the physiological laboratory, $3,000 for apparatus for the mechani- cal laboratory, and 2,000 for an assistant in the mechanical laboratory. This makes a total of 594,- 900, including the entire appropriation for Univer- sity Hall and the annual fund for the homoeopathic college, which has been given to the University in special appropriations. Since the institution has become more closely connected with the legislature, that body has felt a greater interest in and responsibility for it. A committee is appointed at each session, whose duty it is to visit the University and look into its affairs and take note of its condition. On several occa- sions the legislative body has felt called upon to inquire closely into matters over which the Board of Regents alone have jurisdiction; at one time UNIVEE8ITY OF MICHIGAN. 221 asking for a statement of the amount of work done by the different members of the faculty, an inquiry which was followed by a recommendation that the salaries be decreased. A committee was appointed to investigate the "laboratory defalcation," and repeatedly has an effort been made to force the Board to establish a homoeopathic department or professorship. The Board of Regents have never acknowledged themselves subject to legislative control in the establishment of schools, the appoint- ment of professors, the fixing of salaries, nor in any of the duties which the constitution makes it theirs to perform. Yet they have endeavored to meet the wishes of the people of the State and of the legislature as representative of the people. The legislature has exercised its right of limiting and conditioning its appropriations, and of noting the use made of them, of recommending changes and improvements in the administration of the Univer- sity, and of examining closely its affairs in relation to its needs. As early as 1873 the income from the University fund and from the tAventieth of a mill tax was nearly consumed by the regular expenses of the institution. The erection of buildings and the opening of new departments has been made possi- ble by the appropriations of the legislature. In 1871 an appropriation of 75,000 was made by the legislature for the building known as " Univer- sity Hall." The building was immediately Com- menced, and the corner stone was laid on com- mencement day, 1871. In October 1872, the lecture HISTOKY OF THE rooms and chapel in it were ready for use. The legislature of 1873 granted an additional *2f>,000 for its completion, and thereupon the work was pushed rapidly m. and the whole building was complete in October of that year. It was dedicated on the eighth of October, 1873. For the first time in many years the University possessed, in the auditorium of University Hall, a place where it could gather together all its students and many of its friends. Probably the hall has never been so well filled as on the evening of its dedication. It is said that about 3,400 people were comfortably seated. The building cost about $108,000. In 1875 the Regents were authorized to establish a School of Mines and an appropriation was made by the legislature of $8,000 for salaries and of $2,500 for apparatus and means of illustration, for each of the college years 1875-76, and 1876-77. Three professorships were established. Mr. William H. Pettee was appointed (June 29th, 1875) Professor of Mining Engineering, Dr. 8. H. Douglas was transferred to the professorship of Metallurgy, and Mr. W. L. B. Jenney Avas appointed (March 29, 1876) Professor of Architecture and Design. Some slight attention had hitherto been paid to instruction in Mining Engineering; in 1868, 1S(> ( ,), and 1870 a few students had received the degree of Mining Engineer. To offer a more extended courst ' was but justice to the large number of people in the State who are interested in the mining indus- try. The school of mines was greeted with much applause and encouragement. By purchase and by UNIVEKBITY OF MICHIGAN. 223 gift a beginning was made in the collection of apparatus, models, specimens, and, in the depart- ment of architecture, of books. The school showed promise of success and usefulness. The legislature of 1877, however, failed to provide for its continued support After a struggling existence through 1877-78 and 1878-79, during which time the Pro- fessor of Architecture was " absent on leave," and the Professors of Mining Engineering and of Met- allurgy did their work in those departments gra- tuitously, the school of mines was abandon (id. There were those in the legislature who wished to establish such a school in the upper peninsula, and so opposed the support of one at the University. It is possible, however, that the school of mines would have received further legislative support had it not been for the unfortunate u laboratory defal- cation" in which the legislature had become inter- ested and which had excited in many a hostility to the University. By an act of the legislature, adopted April 1st, 1873, the Board of Eegonts were directed to appoint two professors of homoeopathy in the department of medicine in the University. This act followed upon the report of a committee, appointed by the House of Representatives to make investigations concerning the course of instruction in the medical department. The chairman had addressed two questions to the Board of Regents: First, "Is the instruction in the medical department at the present time sectarian in character?" Second, "What are the reasons, if any, which have influenced the 224 HISTORY OF THE Board in its past action on the subject of hoime- opathy?" These questions had been answered again and again, but the Board patiently dressed up their well-worn reply in synonymous words. In reply to the first question it was said substan- tially that it was the design of the school to teach the general principles of medicine common to all medical education; to the second, that the two schools could not exist together in one department, because " No professor can teach in a school con- nected with homoeopathy without absolute profes- sional ostracism. No student w r ho believes in the regular system, so-called, will attend such a school, because his studies and lectures in an institution, irregular and unrecognized by these societies, will not admit him into the professional ranks of the school to which he belongs." The Board, consistently and firmly, declined to make the appointments. Both the Circuit Court of the county of Washtenaw and the Supreme Court of the State refused the application of the Homce- pathic Medical Society of Michigan for a writ of mandamus compelling the Board to comply with the demand of the legislature. Finally, in 1875, the legislature passed an act authorizing the establishment of a homoeopathic medical college, as a distinct department of the University, and made a permanent appropriation of JS(),000 a year for its support. The Board at once proceeded to organize the college. In June of that year, upon the recom- mendation of the State Homeopathic Society, l)r. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 225 S. A. Jones, of Englewood, N. J., was appointed Professor of Materia Meclica and Therapeutics, and Dr. J. C. Morgan, of Philadelphia, was appointed Professor of the Theory and Practice of Med- icine. The students in the homoeopathic college were to receive instruction in the medical department of the University in all branches of medicine not cov- ered by the two chairs established. They were reg- istered as students of the homoeopathic college, and were examined by, and received their degrees upon the recommendation of the homoeopathic faculty. This plan of organization met with decided op- position from some of the homoeopathic physicians of the State; the college has never had the cordial and united support of the body of men who should be most naturally interested in it. It has suffered more from those of its household than from its enemies in the regular school of medicine. Dr. Morgan resigned in 1877 and was succeeded for a few months, by Dr. W. J. Hawkes, and in January, 1878, by Dr. Charles Gatchell, and in March, 1880, by Dr. T. P. Wilson. Dr. Jones re- signed in 1880 and was succeeded by Dr. H. C. Allen. In June, 1877, Dr. J. G. Gilchrist was ap- pointed lecturer on Surgical Therapeutics, and, upon his resignation in 1878, Dr. E. C. Franklin was appointed Professor of Surgery, and remained such until June, 1883. For the few months since, Dr. H. L. Obetz has held the chair of Surgery. In June, 1883, a chair of Obstetrics and Diseases of 226 HfSTORV OF THE Women and Children was established, and Dr. N. Baldwin was appointed to fill it. The term was lengthened to nine months in each year in 1877. For that purpose 85,000 was granted by the legislature at the session of 1877, and $4,000 at each of the sessions for 1879, 1881. and 1883. Twenty -four students entered the college in 1875-76; the number increased to eighty-eight in 1880-81 and again decreased to fifty-eight in 1882- 1883. Since the opening of the medical department of the University, the lack of clinical advantages had been keenly felt. For a few years a summer school of clinical medicine was kept up in Detroit under the direction of Dr. Pitcher, and nominally in con- nection with the University, but it could not bo M satisfactory adjunct to the school in Ann Arbor. In 1869 the northwest dwelling house on the cam- pus was fitted up for a hospital; from the first it was crowded and was entirely inadequate. The case was represented to the legislature at its session of 1875, and an appropriation made of 5,500 for a pavilion hospital building, and of 82,500 for its equipment, provided the citizens of ^nii Arbor would raise 4,000 for the same purpose. The *4,000 was quickly raised, the citizens of Ann Ar- bor making, for the fourth time in the history of the University, a quick response to the appeal for help. Generous appropriations have since been made by the legislature: $4,000 in 1877, 6,000 in 1879, $7,000 in 1881, and at the same time s UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 227 for the equipment of an eye and ear ward, and $7,- 000 in 1883. When the first appropriation was made it was supposed by the Board of Regents and the faculty of the medical department to be designed for an addition to the hospital then in existence, which was under the control of the "regular" faculty. Such an arrangement left the homoeopathic college without hospital advantages, complaint of which reached the legislature, and caused it to make in- quiries which led to the division of the hospital between the two schools, one-fifth being assigned to the homoeopathic department. This proved very unsatisfactory and was the occasion of some dis- turbance, until, in 1879, the legislature granted $6,- 500 for a homoeopathic hospital building and also for an amphitheatre in which surgical operations could be performed before the class. Since its erection $2,000 a year has been voted for its sup- port. Also in 1879 was erected an amphitheatre in con- nection with the University hospital, the cost being paid from the general University fund. Patients who are too poor to pay for medical or surgical treatment are admitted to the hospitals and receive treatment free of charge from the pro- fessors of the medical schools, or under their direction. They are charged for board and for hospital accommodations $4.00 per week. They are also charged for medicines, dressings or other appliances needed in surgical treatment. In 1881 the legislature passed an act providing for the ! THE treatment of dependent children at the hospitals, all charges being paid by the State. The hospitals, particularly that one in connection with the depart- ment of medicine and surgery, are usually well filled and often over-crowded. It has proved a charity well worthy of the care of the State. In 1875 the dental college was established. It is entirely supported by legislative appropriations and has received in 1875, $12,000; in 1877, 811,500; in 1879, 12,250; in 1881, 12,000; in 1883, 12,000. In June, 1875, Dr. Jonathan Taft, of Cincinnati, was appointed Professor of the principles and practice of Operative Dentistry and Dean of the Dental College, and shortly after, Dr. J. A. AVatling, of Ypsilanti, was appointed Professor of Clinical and Mechanical Dentistry. Dr. W. H. Dorrance became demonstrator in 1877, Assistant in Mechan- ical Dentistry in 1879, and Professor of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Metallurgy in 1881. Twenty students entered the college in 1875-7(); the number increased each year to eighty-six in 1880-81, and has decreased to sixty-seven in 188H- 1884. The school has won for itself an excellent name not only in the United States, but in Europe. Its graduates share with those of the dental school of Harvard alone, of all the schools in the United States, the privilege of practising their profession, without a previous examination, in the British dominions. At first, and for two years, the dental college and the homoeopathic college occupied together the UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 229 building on the north side of the campus, now occupied by the homoeopathic college alone. In 1877 one of the dwelling houses 011 the south side of the campus was fitted up for its use and in 1879 an addition was made to it. The establishment of the homoeopathic school whose students were to receive instruction for the first two years of their course from the professors in the department of medicine and surgery met, of course, with great opposition from " regular " prac- titioners. The professors, members of the " reg- ular " school, who retained their positions in the medical department after it became their duty to instruct homoeopathic students in anatomy, and physiology, and other branches of medical study, which are the same in all schools, were threatened with professional ostracism. Men of high rank and honor in the medical profession advised and insisted upon the resignation of the medical fac- ility. The venerable Dr. Sager, who had been connected with the University almost from its be- ginning, who had been one of the founders of the medical college, and who, now too feeble to lecture, held the position of emeritus professor and dean of the medical faculty, considered a longer con- nection with the department as inconsistent with his professional honor, and resigned the office of dean. With but few exceptions, however, the members of the faculty remained. They neither taught nor countenanced homoeopathy. They were instrumental in giving to certain homoeopathic students a better medical education than could be p 230 HISTORY Of obtained in but very few homoeopathic colleges, a deed highly commendable; but they had nothing to do with the degree conferred upon such students. It was their avowed policy to demonstrate tin* weakness of homoeopathy by tolerating and even welcoming its juxtaposition with their own medical school. For several years their position in the American Medical Association and in the Michigan Medical Society was a precarious one. They fought for themselves, however, with skill and address and have kept their membership in both societies. It does not appear that many students have been kept from attendance in the medical department because of its association with homoeopathic stu- dents. On the contrary, so flourishing was its condition, that in 1877 the Board of Regents ven tured to lengthen the term to nine months of each year, the legislature making an appropriation of >1>,000, to enable them to do so. Neither has this step, which places the requirements for a degree beyond those of any of the schools in the United States, save two, lessened the number of students. In 1876-77 there were 285 students in the depart- ment of medicine, in 1877-78 there were 296; in 1881-82 there were 380, and in 1883-84, 332. In 1877 a physiological and histological labora- tory was established. The legislature appropriated $3,500 for its establishment, and, in 1883, .$2,000 for apparatus for it. In 1873, Dr. Sager, on account of failing health, obtained leave of absence; one year later, he re- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 231 signed. The Kegeiits conferred upon him the title of " Emeritus Professor," and he remained dean of the medical faculty, until in June, 1875, when he felt obliged to close all connection with the Univer- sity. Dr. Sager's personal character, his eminence in his profession, and his faithful and able service to the University for thirty-three years was such as to place his name high among those whom it is the privilege of the University to honor. Dr. E. S. Dunster succeeded to the chair vacated by Dr. Sager's resignation. Dr. H. S. Cheever's connection with the Univer- sity terminated practically in 1873, at which time he obtained leave of absence on account of ill- health, though his resignation was not accepted until March, 1876. From October, 1873, to March, 1875, his chair was occupied by Dr. F. H. Gerrish. During 1875-76 Dr. Cheever was able to give a few lectures, but much of the work of his depart- ment was done by his colleagues in the medical school. In June, 1871, Dr. T. A. McGraw, of Detroit, suc- ceeded Dr. Crosby as Professor of Surgery, and was himself succeeded, in June, 1872, by Dr. Don- ald Maclean. In June, 1877, Dr. J. W. Langley, who had occu- pied the position of Professor of General Chemistry and Physics in the literary department since 1875, became Professor of General Chemistry in the med- ical department. Dr. Burt G. Wilder, of Cornell University, de- 232 HISTORY OF THE livered a course of lectures on physiology during the winter of 1876-77. The experimental study of physiology was necessarily neglected in the Uni- versity until the establishment of the physiological laboratory and the appointment, in 1877, of Dr. ( 1 . H. Stowell to the position of instructor in charge of the laboratory. In 1879 Dr. Stowell \vas ap- pointed Lecturer on Physiology and Histology, in 1880 assistant Professor of Physiology and Histo- logy, and in 188H Professor of Histology and Micro- scopy. The study of physiology was further pro- vided for by the appointment of Dr. Henry Sewall as Lecturer on Physiology, in 1881, and as Professor of Physiology in 1882. Dr. Y. C. Vaughan became Lecturer on Medical Chemistry, in 1879, and Profes- sor of Physiological and Pathological Chemistry and Associate Professor of Therapeutics and Materia Medica, in 1883. Dr. W. J. Herdman became Demonstrator, and Lecturer on Pathological Anatomy in 1879, and Pro- fessor of Practical and Pathological Anatomy and Demonstrator of Anatomy in 1882. Steadily, if slowly, has the medical school been winning its way to a worthy position among medi- cal colleges. One serious evil awaits a remedy its requirements for admission are very low. A slight examination is required, and trifling as it is, it ex- cludes each year a few applicants. As rapidly as it can be done consistently with the welfare of the school and the expectations of the people, the standard of admission will be raised. In 1879 a legislative appropriation of s-M ).()()() was UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 233 made for a fire-proof museum building. The plans for the building were drawn by Professor W. L. B. Jeniiey and the contract for building was taken by Messrs. Wilke & Son. The construction of the building occupied about one year's time, and it cost about $1,400 more than the appropriation. The collections in natural history grow each year by many small contributions. During the years following upon 1870 a large zoological, botan- ical, and archaeological collection, known as the "Beal-Steere Collection" was stored in the mu- seum. In September, 1870, Mr. J. B. Steere, a graduate of the University in the class of 1868, sailed for South America with the design of mak- ing a collection of objects of natural history in that country, and then of continuing his journey around the world, collecting where he could. His collections were shipped to the University of Mich- igan, and amounted ultimately to 60,000 zoological specimens, 2,500 botanical specimens, and a collec- tion of objects in the department of archaeology and ethnology. Mr. Steere was able to make his extended jour- ney by aid rendered him by Mr. Rice A. Beal, a citizen of Ann Arbor; Mr. Beal consequently had a claim upon the collection, and it was regarded as the joint possession of Mr. Beal and Mr. Steere. That it would eventually become the property of the University was certainly expected, and since Mr. Beal was a man of wealth and since the col- lection had been received in the United States free of duty as coming to a state institution, there was 234 HISTOKY OF THE a reasonable expectation that it would become so by gift. At the time of Mr. Steere' s return, the Board of Hegents and Mr. Beal were engaged in the contro- versy connected with the " laboratory defalcation," and matters regarding the collection remained in abeyance until April, 1878, when Messrs. Beal and Steere offered to the University a one-half interest in the collection in liquidation of the decree ren- dered against Dr. Hose, for whom Mr. Beal was surety. Shortly afterwards the Board of Kegents cancelled Mr. Beal's obligation, and in June, 1879, he presented to the University his share of the collection, and Mr. Steere accepted $4,500 for his interest in it, and the "Beal-Steere Collection" became the property of the University. In 1879 it had been a question with the Board of Kegents and one difficult to decide, whether they should ask the legislature for an appropriation for a fire-proof museum building or for a tire-proof library building. Both were pressingly needed not only on account of the inaccessible but also of the unsafe condition of the natural history and book collections. The lot fell to the museum building, but two years later the legislature were asked for s 100,000 for a library building, and it was granted. There was a determination from the first that this building should be w r ell and substantially built, and that it should be the most perfect work of any upon the campus. The design was made by Messrs. Ware and Van Brunt,* Architects, of Boston, * This firm became Messrs. Van Brunt ami Howe before the com- pletion of the design, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 235 Mass. In September, 1881, the contract for building was let to James Appleyard, of Lansing. Michigan, the contract calling for the completion of the build- ing on the first of October, 1882. There was, how- ever, a great and probably unavoidable delay. October, 1882, came and the building was yei uncovered. Month after month of 1883 disap- peared, and patient waiting became a habit. On November 22nd, 1883, the building committee of the Board received the building from Mr. Apple- yard, and on the following day the first book, which happened to be Erlach's Die Volkslieder der Deuts- chen, was placed by the librarian in the new book-room. The moving of the books occupied about ten days, during which time the old reading room was left open and books supplied to readers where it was possible. The building was dedicated December 12th, 1883, the exercises being held in University Hall. On the following day its reading room was open, and the old room, occupied for twenty years, was yielded to the law department. This building is 155 feet and 11 inches in length, 145 feet and 8 inches at its greatest width, and about 125 feet from the ground at its highest point. It contains a semi-circular reading-room, 80 feet in diameter and 24 feet high, and capable of accommodating over 200 readers. The book room occupies a separate wing at the rear of the building, is 40 feet wide, 54 feet long, and 27^ feet high. According to the architect, "it is protected from fire by every expedient known to architecture." It will accommodate from 75,000 to 80,000 volumes, 236 HISTORY OF THE Besides these two large and important rooms there are library administration rooms, lecture rooms, and rooms designed for the use of professors, and of students who are engaged in special researches. Above the reading-room is a sculpture gallery, and above the book-room is a picture gallery. All this has been done at a cos"t of a little over s 100,000. Could the fine art collection be provided for elsewhere, the whole of the building could be profitably used for library purposes alone. 80 im- portant a place does the library take in the work of University instruction, so large is the number of those who daily visit it, and so earnest and unintermit- ting is the work done in it, so universal is its bene- fit, that it is not extravagant to claim that it should have not only the best building, but the largest building, the best equipped building and the most convenient building on the University grounds. Before the entire completion of the building a peab of five bells had been placed in the west tower. They Avere a gift from President Andrew D. White, of Cornell University, Mr. E. C. Hegeler, of LaSalle, 111., and of Mr. J. J. Hagermann, of Milwaukee, Wis. The bells were purchased from the Clintor H. Meneely Bell Company at Troy, N. Y., and were selected by Professor C. K. Adams, with the aid of Mr. Bobbins Battell, of New York, and Professor C. B. Cady, of the University. In June, 1871, the library contained a few less than 20,000 volumes; this number was increased each year, until 1877, by from 600 to 800 volumes, of which from 200 to 300 were gifts. In 1H73 tlie UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 237 Grand Duke Alexis, of Russia, havingre turned to St. Petersburg from his tour in the United States, sent to the University about 70 volumes in the Russian language. With this exception the library received no noteworthy additions during the period between 1871 and 1877. In 1877 the legislature granted $5,000 for books for the library; in 1879, $4,000; in 1881, $5,000; and in 1883, $15,000. This money has been carefully and advantageously spent, and several valuable sets of books, longed for and hoped for, for many years, have been purchased. But not alone by purchase has the library received its additions. Each year has the number of gifts increased; individuals and institutions, towns and states have generously contributed. Some gifts there have been which are noteworthy beyond others. In 1882 Mr. E. 0. Hegeler gave $500 for the purchase of a set of Crelle's Journal fiir die reine und angewandte Mathematik, in 90 volumes, a work of great value to. students of mathematics; again in 1883 he purchased for the library the eight large volumes of Herbert Spencer's Descriptive Sociology. In the same year Mr. George C. Mahon, of Ami Arbor, presented a set of the Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 40 volumes in all. Still, in 1883, Mr. James McMillan, of Detroit, gave $6,500 for the purchase of a Shakespeare library. The friends of literature in the University had long looked with desire and with some expectation upon the Shakspeare collec- tion of Mr. E. H. Thomson, of Flint. This collec- tion was offered for sale in 1883 and its purchase 238 HISTORY OF THE was the first object of Mr. McMillan's gift. It con- tained 736 volumes; to these have been added 1864 volumes, making at this time a McMillan Shakes- peare library of 2,600 volumes, second to none west of New York. In 1883, also, commenced a series of gifts, pre- sented through Professor 0. K. Adams, and on condition that the giver's name should not be made known. The books are selected by Professor Adams and bear a relation to history and political science. There are now 2,300 volumes in the col- lection. To Dr. S. A. Jones, of Ann Arbor, is the library indebted for its first manuscript. It is a beautifully written and illustrated work of the fifteenth cen- tury, Theodorici Chirurgia. It was presented upon the opening of the new building. Also fit- that time, the Rev. Dr. George Duffield, a member of the Board of Regents, presented a manuscript of earlier date, probably of the twelfth century, a copy of the Vulgate Bible; Professor C. K. Adams gave to the library a volume, Burteii de Vita et Moribus Philosophorum, printed in 1478, a date earlier than that of any printed volume which the library pre- viously contained; the Hon. James Shearer, chair- man of the building committee of the Board of Regents, gave a copy of Heath's elegant edition of Hogarth's works. These gifts coming as they did from the very household of the University were especially appropriate to the occasion on which they were given, and were received as an auspicious for the future. Upon the opening of the UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 289 new building the library contained about 40,000 volumes. By an actual count made in June, 1884, there were found to be 44,066 -volumes in the gen- eral and medical libraries, of which 3,000 are in the medical. In the administration of the library there has always been shown the most severe economy. Mr. J. L. Tappan received a salary of $500 when first appointed librarian; this was raised to $600 and again io $800; from that time the salary of the librarian, has been a varying one; in 1865, it was raised to $1,000, in 1866 to $1,500, in 1869 to $2,000; in 1874 it was decreased to $1,500, and in 1877 to $1,000, and was again raised to $1,500 in 1879. In 1865 it was considered that $200 a year was a suffi- cient sum to pay for assistance to the librarian; in 1872, $1,000 was devoted to that purpose, an unusu- ally large sum being needed for extra assistance in preparing the card catalogue; in 1877-78, $600 was paid; and in 1883-84, $2,200 was paid six assistants, making the cost of the adm inistration of the library $3,700 a year. The library is open eleven and one-half hours a day, except only on Sundays. The recorded use, which is about two-thirds of the whole use, has been for 1883-84 something more than 100,000 volumes. Professor Andrew Ten Brook held the office of librarian until 1877, when he was succeeded by Mr, Raymond 0. Davis. In 1881, at the suggestion of Assistant Professor J. B. Davis, the Board of Regents asked and received from the legislature an appropriation of 240 HISTORY OF THE $2,500 with which to make a beginning in the establishment of a mechanical laboratory. Before the appropriation had been expended, Mr. M. E. Cooley, assistant engineer in the United States Navy, was detailed to this University to take charge of a department of Mechanical Engineering. Mr. Cooley reported for service in August, 1881. In the following October the 2,500 of the appropria- tion was placed at his disposal. A small brick building was erected at a cost of about $1,500, and the laboratory was supplied with a small outfit of machinery and apparatus with the remaining 1,000. In 1883 the legislature granted $2,000 for the salary for two years of an assistant in the mechan- ical laboratory. Mr. C. G. Taylor, a graduate of Worcester Free Institute, received the position thus provided for. At the same time the legislature gave $3,000 for apparatus. With this small outlay has the department of mechanical engineering been in operation since October, 1881. It offers a valuable and popular course of study. Shop practice in wood work and in iron work, in forging and foundry work is an important branch of it. It offers also courses of instruction in the principles of mechan- ism, in prime movers, in the theory of machine construction, in machine design and machine drawing, in machine dynamics, in mill work, and in naval architecture. During the first year of its establishment there were thirty-five students engaged in the work at the mechanical laboratory. It is a department which should receive the hearty support of tin- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 241 people of Michigan. There are few who cannot appreciate the value of trained and skilled labor in mechanics and machinery. It is also a depart- ment which requires, for its successful operation, an ample endowment. An addition was made to the building of the chemical laboratory in 1880, and in 1881 the legis- lature granted $15,000 to reimburse the University for the money spent upon it. Since the establishment of the school of pharm- acy as a separate department, in 1876, it has had from sixty to one hundred students each year. These students do nearly all their work in the chemical laboratory. All of the medical students and many of the literary students also have work to do in the laboratory. As a consequence there has been a constantly increasing demand for better facilities for work. In 1870 steam heating was introduced into the law, medical, and museum, or north wing, build- ings. It was done at an expense of about $10,757, which was supplied from the " state aid fund " which had accumulated under the legislative act of 1867. In 1876 the Board of Regents began to con- sider the feasibility of heating all the buildings, ex- cept the medical and laboratory buildings, from one central boiler house, but they were unable to take any decisive measures until the legislative grant of $20,000, in 1879, rendered it possible. The plans and specifications for the steam heating works were made by G. W. Lloyd, of Detroit; the boiler- house was built by Dean Brothers, of Detroit; and 242 HISTORY OF the steam heating apparatus was constructed and introduced by the Detroit Metal and Plumbing \Vorks. In 1883 a further appropriation of sS.OOO was made for new boilers and connections. Four buildings, University hall, the law, museum and library buildings are heated from this central boiler house. The town of Ann Arbor does not possess water- works. The rainfall on the roofs, collected into cisterns, very meagerly supplies the wants of the citizens and offers slight protection against fire. The water which was collected in cisterns on the University grounds was even insufficient for the supply of the steam boilers. Again was the legis- lature called upon and a grant of .5,000 was re- ceived for the introduction of water-works. The water is "obtained from springs on the land of Mr. Emanuel Mann, a little more than a mile south- west of the University. It flows through wooden pipes 3,000 feet, to a cistern on State street, and is pumped from the cistern through iron pipes 2,000 feet, and forced into a tank in the tower adjacent to the laboratory. The tank holds 40,000 gallons. The water is distributed by pipes to the various University buildings."* The introduction of water- works cost about $2,200 more than the appropria- tion. Still another improvement was the laying of sewer-pipes on the University grounds, in 1881, and their connection with the Huron river. For * President's Report, 187f> UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 243 this, the legislature provided by an appropriation of $7,500. The law department has never been the recipient of legislative favors; it has been, almost from its first establishment, self-supporting, and in some years has been a source of income for the benefit of other departments. Although such has been the case, its term has been confined to six months of the year, until, in 1883, it was lengthened to nine months, an extension of time which has long been desired by the members of the law faculty. No change occurred in the faculty of the depart- ment between 1868, when Mr. Kent was appointed Fletcher Professor of law, and 1874, when Mr. C. I. Walker obtained leave of absence. In the year fol- lowing, Mr. Walker offered his resignation, but was induced to withdraw it and accept another year's leave of absence. At the close of the year 1875-76, however, he again offered his resignation, which was accepted, and Mr. William P. Wells, of Detroit, who had occupied the Kent professorship during Mr. Walker's absence, now received an ap- pointment to the professorship. Mr. Walker again gave lectures in the law department in 1879-80, and 1880-81, during the illness of Mr. Wells. In 1879 the Tappaii professorship of law was es- tablished, and the Hon. Alpheus Felch, was ap- pointed to it. Governor Felch resigned, in 1883, and was suc- ceeded by Mr. Henry Wade Eogers. The law department could sustain no greater loss than by the resignation of Judge Thomas M. Cooley, J4-4 in Probably the larger proportion who enter the de- partment from < itee than Michigan are drawn to it l>\ tin- ivm.wn of .hid-.' < looley's name, al time- within a few years li-^ the school beeu threatened with such a loss/ In 1SSO lie otTVred hi> re.ML'nation. but was inducted to witli- draw it by the promi- .-I' some relief from work. It has been the good fortune of the 1'niversity that so many of its officers have become so -tron^ly attached t<> it and to their work in it, that they yield to their inclination in remaining rather than con- sider their advantage in devoting thenis-lve^ fco n-inunerative work. PtM-uliarly is this true of the older professors in the law department In 1879 Regent Kynd offered a resolution calling for an investigation into a reported "delinquency " on the part of the professors in the law department " in absenting themselves from duty at the regular lecture hours." The resolution reminds one < >f M r. I) is hop's letter to Dr. Tappan in 1861. It was car- i-ied 1)\ the vote of four Regents, who were popu- larly known as the ' Beal Regents," so named from the supposed mutual sympathy existing between them and Mr. R. A. Beal upon many points of rniversity administration. There were those who thought that the proposed investigation was a part of a plan devised by Mr. Beal for the purpose of driving Judge Cooley and others from the law de- partment. The report of the committee, of which President Angell, and Regents Cutcheon, Duftield Shearer were members, entirely exonerated the * Judge Cooley resigned in June, IKSI. rXIVEP.SITY OF MICHIGAN. 245 professors from the alleged delinquency and con- tained the following sentence: "In closing this report we desire to express our convic- tion that the distinguished gentlemen who have so suc- cessfully conducted the law school for twenty years, and have done so much to extend and increase the reputation and influence of this university, have been faithful to their duties, and with a genuine affection for the great school they have done so much to build up, they will omit nothing in their power to add to its fame and usefulness in the future." The University lands have all been sold excepting about 300 acres which are of little value. The fund arising from the sale amounts to about $543,300, of which from $50,000 to $60,000 still remains in the hands of purchasers. It yields to the University an annual income of about $38,400. From the one- twentieth of a mill tax, granted by the legislature in 1873, the University received at that time $30,- 500 a year. As the result of a new valuation of the property of the State, in 1881-82 the amount was increased to $40,500. These two funds, to- gether with the $6,000 a year for the support of the homoeopathic college, a stated appropriation from the legislature, are the reliable resources of the Board of Regents. Whatever else is available is derived from special legislative grants, and stu- dents' fees. However generous the legislature may be, the income from special grants must always be uncertain, and such uncertainty must occasion ein- barrassment so long as the University is dependent upon such appropriations for the payment of some of its current expenses. That the citizens of Michi- Q _> K. KIBTORY or Till ganwill not willingly >ee the rniversity linger be- hind others, in an advance which is invited by the rapid development of new objects of study and in- vestigation, is readily believed. That a reliable and permanent fund, large enough to cover the or- dinary expenses of the institution, will be provided by the State or by individuals must be earnestly hoped. Such a permanent fund is necessary even to a correct and wise administration of the finances of the institution. The interests of the University have seemed to the Board of Regents to require, at different times, an increase in the fees charged the students. In 1870 the diploma fee was raised from 3.00 to 5.00, and in 1877 to $10.00. In 1874 the matriculation fee for students non-resident of the State was raised to X'25.00, and the annual fee, for all students, to $15.00. In 1877 the annual fee was raised, for resident students, to 20.00; and for non-resident students, to $25.00. In 1881 the annual fees were arranged as follows: in the literary department, for residents, $20.00, for non-residents, $30.00; in the law department, for residents, 30.00, for non- residents, $50.00; in all other departments, for resi- dents, $25.00, and for non-residents, $35.00. The fees for the law students were almost immediately changed to correspond with those charged the stu- dents of the other professional departments. In 1882-83 there was realized from students' fees W>,- 687.40. The variation in this amount may be so great, that it renders it a very uncertain item in financial estimates. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 247 At the close of the financial year, 1871-72, there remained in the University treasury a balance of about $4,000; the finance committee predicted, how- ever, for the following year a deficit of $13,000. This deficit was provided for in 1873 by the legis- lature. Again, in 1873-74, notwithstanding the use of a large amount from the " reserve fund," there was a deficit which was again provided for by the legislature. In 1875-76 there was a deficit of about $20,000, and this became still greater in 1876-77, but by close economy this debt was paid in 1877- '78, and the University was free from debt. At the close of each financial year (September 30) since that time, a small balance has been reported, but one that was insufficient to pay the salaries due on the following day. Some relief to financial embarrassment was sought in 1879 by a reduction of salaries. The salary of the President was reduced to $3,750 and his house, of a full professor in the literary or medical department to $2,200, of an assistant pro- fessor to $1,600, of a professor in the law depart- ment to $1,500. This was done under the plea that the value of money had increased since the salaries had been fixed in 1871. Notwithstanding the reduction, the amount paid in salaries has in- creased from about $94,000, in 1878, to $131,000, in 1883-84. The increase has come from the opening of new departments and new courses or study, re- quiring a greater number of instructors. Occa- sionally some man who has built up a department in the University, whose name in connection with IMS HisToiiY OF TIN: the institution has conferred honor and distinction upon it and has called students to it, is called awn \ to some other institution more fortunate in its en- dowment. This fact, as well as the pressure which the united faculty are bringing to bear upon tin 4 Board of Regents, is a note of warning that the salaries must be made to bear a better proportion to those paid in other institutions, if the University is to retain an able corps of instructors. There are but two ways to effect such a purpose; either the State or individuals must provide the means, or the number of instructors, and consequently the number of courses of study offered, must be les- sened. It would be pitiful if the latter course should be forced upon a University which is the possession of a wealthy State, and which is the alma niater of a large body of alumni. The years between 1875 and 1880 were years of trouble and of threatening doom to the University. The ability and skill of its president, his consum- mate knowledge of men and of affairs, the devotion and industry of its professors, its established rep- utation in the United States and elsewhere, its firm hold upon the pride and regard of the people of the State all worked together to counteract the evil and permanent effect which might otherwise have arisen from the contention and intrigues of those years. The trouble arose from what is known as the "laboratory defalcation." The connection of Dr. Silas H. Douglas with the University began in 1844, when he became Instruc- tor in Chemistry; from 1846 he held the professor- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 241) ship of chemistry, his title being changed from time to time so as to include other sciences allied to chemistry. When the chemical laboratory was established he became its director, and for many years worked faithfully and wisely in building up the department. Dr. Preston B. Rose became connected with the University as dispensing clerk in 1864. He was made Assistant Professor of Chemistry in 1868. It was his duty to keep an account of the chemicals used by the students and receive money in pay- ment for them. Until 1875 he had the confidence of Dr. Douglas, and his courtesy and kindness had gained him popularity among the students. The student in his work in the laboratory uses a greater or less amount of chemicals. Dr. Douglas, by the direction of the Board of Regents, pur- chased the chemicals from wholesale houses at reduced rates and sold them to the students at "list prices," the prices they would be obliged to pay at a retail store. The student, before entering upon his work, was required to deposit $10 ; an account of the chem- icals used by him was kept, and if the price of them amounted to less than $10, there was a sum due him which was returned; if it was more than $10, he paid an additional sum. The profit on chem- icals was considerable, and Dr. Douglas was allowed to spend it upon improvements in the laboratory, as he might think best, and at the close of each year he rendered an accoiint to the Board of Regents, 250 HISTORY OF THE The following method of keeping the laboratory accounts was adopted by Dr. Douglas and Dr. Rose. The student, when he had deposited sJO was given a voucher as a receipt for it. The voucher was torn from a book containing stubs corresponding to the vouchers, the account upon the face of the voucher and upon the stub being the same. Be- sides this a ledger account was kept showing the amount of chemicals used by the student. Any deposit of money made after the first $10 deposit was recorded in the ledger and also upon the back of the student's $10 voucher. At certain periods the money from tiie first, the $10 deposits, was given by Dr. Rose to Dr. Doug- las, the latter placing his initial letter D. upon the stubs in the stub book as a token that the amount had been paid. At the close of a student's connection with the laboratory he returned to Dr. Rose his voucher. Both the voucher and the ledger would show what amount Dr. Rose had received from the student, and the stub-book would show if he had delivered the $10 deposit to Dr. Douglas. At the final set- tlement it was usual for Dr. Douglas to take the vouchers, while Dr. Rose held the stub-book, and thus the two compared them. Dr. Rose would pay to Dr. Douglas the difference in amount between the first deposit and the amount registered on the voucher, and upon each settlement Dr. Rose, in the presence of Dr. Douglas, drew a red line across the face of stub. It was Dr. Douglas' duty to keep an account of r.MVEllSITY OF MICHIGAN. 251 the money he received, to deduct from it the amount he had spent in the business of the laboratory, and make an annual report of the same to the Board of Regents. Had the director himself carefully compared the vouchers with the list of students in the laboratory and again with the stub, no deception on the part of Dr. Rose would have been possible. Had the Board of Regents examined the accounts of both Dr. Douglas and Dr. Rose, no deception on the part of either would have been possible. From the carelessness of all the parties concerned arose the most serious trouble which has ever disturbed the peace of the University. It is not designed to give a detailed account of the laboratory defalcation, but merely to mention the successive steps in an affair which, unfortu- nately, is a part of the history of the University. In October, 1875, Dr. Douglas reported to Dr. Angell that he had discovered errors in the returns made to him by Dr. Rose. President Angell, after some investigation, considered it a matter which required the attendance of some members of the Board of Regents. Regents McGowan and E. C. Walker responded to his summons, and after a brief examination, they requested President Angell, Mr. Knight, cashier of the First National Bank of Ann Arbor, Mr. Bennett, steward of the University, and Dr. Douglas to make further investigations and ascertain the amount of the discrepancy ; meamvhile, at their request, Dr. Rose transferred his house to Hr. Knight, to hold as security for the University. 2-V2 HISTORY OF THK The report of President Angell and the others was reviewed and approved by Regents Gilbert and Walker, and presented to the Board of Regents at a meeting held December 21st, 1875. It covered the years between 1869 and 1875, and computed the delinquent accounts at 3,978.43. Of this amount 2,281.53 was from accounts without either stubs or vouchers, and 81,696.90 from accounts with stubs, but no vouchers. The greater number of the stubs which were without vouchers correspond- ing had the red line across them, showing, unless the lines were forgeries, that the money called for by them had been paid over to Dr. Douglas. Dr. Douglas claimed that the lines were forged. Dr. Rose, at the meeting held December 21st, declared his innocence, protested against the action of the committee and invited investigation. At this meeting Dr. Rose was suspended from his duties, and a committee, consisting of Regents McGowan, Climie, Rynd, and S. 8. Walker, was appointed to investigate Dr. Douglas' accounts. The vote upon Dr. Rose's dismissal was as follows: Aye Regents Gilbert, Burt, McGowan, Climie and E. C. Walker; Nay Regent Rynd. At the meeting of the Board, held in March, 1876, Regents Climie, Rynd and S. S. Walker reported the deficit, reckoning from 1864-65, to be *6,9S4.0I. and the finance committee were directed to learn to whom this amount should be charged. Dr. Rose's cause had now been espoused by M r. II. A. Beal, of Ann Arbor. Mr. Beal appeared ;it this meeting of the Board find stated that Dr, Rose UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 253 would be able to clear himself from all suspicion, and asked that he be restored to his position, and this was done by the following vote: Aye Regents Estabrook, Grant, Rynd, Climie, Cutcheon and S. S. Walker; Nay Regents McGowan and E. C. Walker. June 19, 1876, the committee, Regents Grant, McGowan and Estabrook, whose duty it was to learn to whom the deficit was chargeable, reported a deficit of $5,536.13* of which $1,17465 was chargeable to Dr. Douglas and the remainder to Dr. Rose. Dr. Rose had refused to appear before the committee, and was now acting by the advice of Mr. Beal, and of his lawyer, Mr. A. J. Sawyer. The feeling upon both sides had become bitter, and a terrible conflict had begun. Dr. Rose was again dismissed, by the vote: Aye Regents Estabrook, McGowan, Grant, E. C. and S. S. Walker; Nay Regent Climie. It was ordered that a suit be commenced against him, and that his house and lot should be deeded back to him upon receiving his bond, giving two sureties, conditioned to pay any judgment against him. Mr. Beal and Dr. R. S. Smith became his sureties. A motion to dismiss ] >r. Douglas was defeated by the vote: Aye Regents Ryiid and Climie; Nay- Regents McGowan, Grant, E. C. and S. S. Walker. In January, 1877, the legislature, whose mem- *There was, as will be seen, a considerable difference of opinion as to the amount of the deficit among the committees, owing to the compli- cated nature of the accounts. _r> I HISTORY or THI: bers, largely through Mr. Beal's influence, had be- come interested in the matter, sent to Ann Arbor an investigating committee, which sat for about two months, took a vast amount of testimony in a manner thought by many not to be entirely impar- tial and uninfluenced, and reported against Dr. Douglas, and in favor of Dr. Hose. From that time the pressure exerted by the legislature upon the Board of Regents became an important ele- ment. To explain the magnitude of Mr. Beal's in- fluence, it is necessary to state that he was an ex- perienced political manager, that he was proprietor of a newspaper which he scattered everywhere through the State, and that he was a man of wealth which he did not hesitate to use wherever it would do, according to his view of the case, the most good. It was also said that he had special claims upon some members of the Board of Regents. But whatever may have been the occasion of his in- fluence, it was very great, and such was his bitter hostility to all who opposed him, that many of the friends of the University felt that through him the interests of the institution were in great danger. March 28, 1877, Dr. Douglas was dismissed from the University by the vote: Aye Regents Rynd, Climie, Cutcheon and Collier; Nay Regents E. C. mid 8. S. Walker. In May, 1877, a legislative committee met with the Board of Regents, and endeavored to effect the restoration of Dr. Rose, and the dismissal of the chancery suit pending, so far as it regarded him. The effort was defeated by the vote: Aye UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 255 Rynd, Climie, Cutcheou and ("Jollier; Nay Regents Grant, Estabrook, E. C. and S. S. Walker. The chancery suit was brought against Dr. Rose and his bondsmen and Dr. Douglas for the re- covery of the amount of the laboratory deficit, which, for this occasion, was fixed at $5,671.87. Ex-Governor Felch, of Ann Arbor, and Judge C. I. Walker, of Detroit, were the first attorneys for the Board in the case. They resigned in May, 1877, being unwilling to bear the abuse which wa^ heaped upon them under the suspicion that they favored Dr. Douglas. They were succeeded by Mr. W. L. Webber and Judge I. P. Christiancy. The suit was commenced in July, 1877, before Judge Huiitington, whose decision was filed in the September following. The decision was that the delinquent accounts which were represented by initialed stubs should be charged to Dr. Douglas, and all others to Dr. Rose. Dr. Rose's liability was fixed at $4,62440. While Dr. Douglas was charged with the remainder of the deficit, he was, on the other hand, allowed credit for interest on moneys advanced by him to the laboratory, for money spent in travelling expenses while engaged in University business, etc., etc. So that in the final accounting the University ow^ed him about $17.00. A rehearing of the case only confirmed the judg- ment. Mr. Beal, for it had become Mr. Seal's rather than Dr. Rose's case, declined to appeal to the Su- preme Court. He had accused Judge Huntiiigton of making a partial judgment, and he now had no or THI-: confidence in the higher court. He could count upon four members of the Board of Regents, and turned his efforts in that direction. In January, 1878, a motion to restore Dr. Ros<> was defeated by a tie vote: Aye Regents Rynd, riimie, Duffield and Maltz; Nay Regents Grant, Gutcheon, E. C. and S. 8. Walker. On March 26, 1878, there were present of the Board, Regents Grant, Rynd, Climie, Duffield, Maltz, E. C. and S. S. Walker. Regent Maltz offered a resolution cancelling the decree of the court and reinstating Dr. Rose. Before the motion could be carried Regents Grant, and E. C. and S. S. Walker had gone from the room, leaving the Board without a quorum. Throughout that day and the following this status of affairs continued, and then the Board adjourned. The absentees felt them- selves justified in their extraordinary measure by the serious evil which they, for the time, prevented. In the following April a full Board convened. Mr. Beal and Mr. Steere offered to the Univer- sity a one-half interest in the Beal-Steere collec- tion in payment of the judgment of the court against Dr. Rose, and the offer was accepted. In February, 1879, a legislative committee again appeared before the Board of Regents and urged what seemed to them justice for Dr. Rose. Dr. Rose was appointed Assistant Professor of Physi- ological Chemistry by the following vote: Aye Regents Rynd, Climie, Duffield and Maltz; Nay- Regents Cutcheon and S. S. Walker. By the same vote the judgment against Dr. Kosc and his bonds- UNIVERSITY or MICHIGAN. 257 men was cancelled. Dr. Rose held the position of Assistant Professor until October, 1881, when he resigned. Dr. Douglas appealed his case to the Supreme Court. The decision, rendered in January, 1881, exonerated Dr. Douglas completely, pronounced some of the initial D's to be forgeries, and granted to Dr. Douglas certain moneys claimed, but not granted by the lower court. The judgment against the University amounted to $2,045.80 and costs to the amount of $1,605.94 The University lost heavily in this affair; the original deficit was less than the amount paid in the conduct of the suit, and the little that was gained by the suit was deliberately abandoned. More still did it lose by the spectacle of its Board of Regents, not only divided in opinion, but bitterly and personally hostile to one another. It lost by the aspersions cast upon many of its officers, unfounded though they might be; it lost by being involved in a contest in which not only the members of the Board of Regents, but the people of the State became partisans; it lost by the wire-pulling meth- ods then introduced into its administration. Yet the University did not recede in its course during the contest, though its advance may have been retarded. Truly may it be said to have been proven that no one man nor set of men can destroy it. The discovery of .the laboratory deficit led to an entire remodeling of the financial department of the University. In July, 1878, Mr. W. A. Tolchard HISTOKY OF TIIF. was appointed treasurer of the University. He had an office upon the University grounds and devoted his time to the service of the University. To him alone was money to be paid from students of any department. Upon Mr. Tolchard's resigna- tion, in 1882, Mr. H. Soule received an appointment to the same office. The office of steward of the University was held, from 1869 to 1888, by Mr. Henry D. Bennett, who, through this period of fifteen years, served the institution faithfully, and gained the confidence and affection of the many with whom he had to deal. He was succeeded, upon his resignation, by Mr. James H. Wade. The advanced age of Professor George P. Wil- liams rendered necessary, in 1871, an entire relief from University work. He had served for thirty years, through the period of greatest hardship. It was the wish of Regents, faculty and alumni that his name remain still in connection with the Uni- versity though his active work was to cease. He remained Professor of Physics without duties, and Mr. George B. Merriman was appointed Adjunct Professor of Physics. Professor Merriman resigned in 1875 and Mr. John W. Langley became Acting Professor of General Chemistry and Physics. At the same time Professor Williams became Emeritus Professor of Physics. The salary of a full professorship was continued to Professor Williams until 1876, from which time he received from the University but S500 a year. The act reducing his salary was adopted after I'NlVKPiStTY OF MICHIGAN. '259 measures had been taken, by the society of the alumni, towards providing a fund for his support. This society established " The Williams Professor- ship Fund," the income from which was to be paid to Professor Williams during his life, and after his death was to endow a Williams' Professorship. In June, 1884, the total amount subscribed to the fund was $28,445.47 ; the total amount which had been collected was 13,583.35. Of the unpaid subscrip- tions probably all but about $2,500 will be, at some time, paid. During the last year of Professor Williams' life he received from this source $1,587.25. Professor Williams died, at the age of 79 years, in the summer of 1881. The alumni society has not yet decided what disposition to make of the fund; up to this time the income has not been paid to the University. Since 1877 the chair of Phys- ics has been occupied by Professor C. K. Wead. Soon after President Angell's inauguration Pro- fessor Frieze asked for leave of absence, which was granted him. He spent two years in Europe and returned to assume the duties of his professorship. In 1880-81, and 1881-82, during President Angell's absence, he again became Acting President, and for this second period of two years he performed the duties of that office with the ability, faithfulness and disinterestedness so characteristic of him. The occasion of the second Acting Presidency was the appointment, by President Hayes, of Dr. Angell as Minister to the Chinese Empire for the purpose of negotiating a treaty between that power and the United States. The Board of Regents 260 fflsToKY OF THE regarded "the tender of this position, so important at the present time as a most gratifying recognition both of President Angell and of the University; " they believed " that the standing and progress of the University are now so well assured that leave <>!' absence may be granted the President without serious detriment, and that all adverse considera- tions are more than counterbalanced by benefits that may be expected to arise out of this public employment." Dr. Angell' s absence was continued until February, 1882. Upon his return to Ann Arbor he was met by a large body of the students and citizens, and escorted to his house. In the evening of the same day a welcome was given him in University Hall, where hearty words and hearty cheers were meant to show an appreciation of the honor which he had gained for himself and for the University. Prof. Alexander Winchell resigned the profes- sorship of Geology, Zoology and Botany in 1S7)>, and again in 1879 returned to the University, as Professor of Palaeontology. In the interim he was fora time President of Syracuse 1 adversity, and later occupied a professorship in Ymiderbilt I'ni- versity, at Nashville, Tenn. Professor James G. Watson, the most distin- guished son of the University, and probably the most widely known and honored of any of her faculty, resigned the professorship of Astronomy, in 1879, in order to accept the directorship of the Washburn Observatory, at Madison, Wis., a posi- tion which offered him peculiar advantages for UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 261 astronomical research. Scarcely more than a year later in November, 1880, a large audience was gathered in University Hall to listen to memorial addresses upon his life, and to look upon his life- less face. He died before the realization of the bright hopes which induced him to leave Ann Ar- bor, but not before he had won renown for himself and the University. He was a popular instructor; his lectures were sometimes brilliant, and always lucid; though a man of extraordinary quickness of intellect, he was able to bring his instruction within the comprehension of slower minds; he was not exacting in recitation or in examination. He once included in a list of students, who had passed an examination just held, the name of a man who had died early in the year; he had passed the whole class, and had taken the names from his class roll as prepared on the first day of recitation. Professor DeVolson Wood, after fifteen years of service in the University, resigned in 1872, and Mr. Charles E. Greene was, in his place, appointed Pro- fessor of Civil Engineering. Professor Wood's peculiar name was once the occasion for one of Professor Williams' witticisms. The various mem- bers of the faculty were engaged in latinizing their names, when Professor Wood met with difficulty in finding a Latin form for his name. Professor Wil- liams suggested, "Filius Diaboli;" a jest without a sting since it could have no reference to the character of a man. of such rugged honesty and frankness. Professor Moses Coit Tyler resigned in 1873, but ins-roily or rur. was absent for one year and a half only, having ac- cepted a reappointinent in 1874. In 1881 he again resigned. A professorship in Cornell Cimersity was offered him, and influenced by the large li- brary of Americana which that college p<>- and its value to him in his literary work, he ac- cepted it. Professor George S. Morris resigned the chair of .Modern Languages in 1871). In 1881 he was ap- pointed Professor of Ethics, History of Philosophy and Logic, with the understanding that his duti were to occupy but one-half of the year, and would allow the continuance of his connection with Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Cocker' & title was at the same time changed to Professor of Psychology, Speculative Philosophy, and Philosophy of Eeligion. Dr. Cocker's" relations with the University were severed by his death in the spring of 1883. He was a teacher who received, in an unusual degree, the confidence and affection, as well as the admiration, of his students. Under his guidance the study of philosophy became an interesting one; his cla- were always large. When each year the members of the graduating class were asked by the class his- torian, " Who is your favorite professor," a very frequent answer was " Dr. Cocker." His course of instruction was such that it brought him into con- tact w r ith all or nearly all of the literary students and he took a hearty interest in each one. More than is possible with most men he impressed upon the student a confidence in his personal friendship. V XI VERITY Otf MICHIGAN. Dr. Cocker was born in Yorkshire, England, in 1821, and was educated at King James' Grammar School, and then entered into business. In 1850 he went to Australia for his health, engaged in busi- ness there, and in 1856 had heavy financial losses. An escape from the cannibals in the Feejee Islands, whither he had gone on a trading voyage, and other marvelous incidents, caused him to think that his life had been saved for a purpose. He came to the United States and entered the ministry in connection with the Methodist Church. He preached in Adrian, Ann Arbor, and Detroit, every- where gaining the love of his people. He had created for himself the reputation of an eloquent preacher and scholarly thinker, when he was invited to accept a chair in the University. Mr. Elisha Jones was appointed Acting Professor of Greek in 1870, Acting Assistant Professor of La- tin in 1875, Acting Assistant Professor of Greek in 1878, and Assistant Professor of Latin in 1879. The class of 1868 is represented in the faculty by six of its members. Mr. E. L. Walter was instruc- tor in Latin before taking his degree. In the fall of 1868 he became Assistant Professor of Latin, a position which he held until, in 1879, he was ap- pointed Professor of Modern Languages. Mr. M. W. Harrington was instructor in French and Math- ematics in 1870, Assistant Professor of Geology, Zoology and Botany in 1872, and Assistant Profes- sor in charge of Zoology and Botany in 1874 He resigned in 1877, but returned in 1879, having re- ceived the appointment of Professor of Astronomy 264 HISTORY OF THE and Director of the Observatory. Mr. A. H. Patten- gill was Assistant Professor of Greek from 1869 to 1881, when his title was changed to Associate Pro- fessor of Greek. Mr. J. B. Davis was appointed Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering in 1872. Mr. I. N. Demmon became instructor in Mathe- matics in 1872, Assistant Professor of Rhetoric and History in 1876, Assistant Professor of Rhetoric and Old English in 1879, and Professor of English Literature in 1881. Mr. J. B. Steere,was, in 1876, Assistant Professor of Palaeontology, in 1877 Assist- ant Professor of Zoology and Palaeontology, and since 1879 he has been Professor of Zoology. In 1883-84, six professors, one acting professor, three associate professors, four assistant professors and two instructors, in the literary department, are graduates of the University of Michigan. In 1879, Regent Rynd submitted the following resolution : "Resolved, That hereafter no professor or other em- ployee of the University shall be at liberty to absent him- self from the discharge of his proper duties in the insti- tution longer than three college days at any one time, to attend to any other business or engagement, without se- curing the previous consent of a majority of this Board, expressed in writing; sickness or death in their families, relatives or other friends excepted." The motion was adopted by the following vote: Aye Regents Rynd, Climie, Duffield and Maltz; Nay Regents Cutcheon and S. S. Walker. The measure was called out by the custom which prevailed with some professors of spending a few weeks of the winter season in lecturing, away from UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 265 home. Probably in every case the usual course of study was carried by extra work before or after the absence of the professor. The regulation was regarded by very many as unnecessary and design- edly annoying, and was so warmly advocated by Mr. R. A. Beal that there was a suspicion that he was the author of it. The Board of Regents was republican in its polit- ical composition from 1864 to 1882, when Hon. L. D. Norris, a member of the first class which entered the University, a democrat in politics, was appoint- ed to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Regent Cutcheon. In 1883 the two democratic nominees for regents were elected and took their seats .with the Board in January, 1884. There has been a pronounced purpose among the people of the State that politics should not enter into the administration of University affairs; a purpose which it has -not been, probably, quite possible to effect, since men prominent in their party have been members of the Board, and for several years one of the most accomplished wire-pullers in the State had a very decided influence in University matters. It is, however, possible to say that polit- ical considerations have never determined, proba- bly never have influenced the appointments to chairs of instruction. For twenty years and more there has also been an entire disregard of denominational or sectarian influences. The democratic, the republican, and the prohibition parties have representatives in the faculty, and, while the prevailing; tone of the Uni- 266 HISTORY OF THE versity is Christian, there are many shades of relig- ious opinion, from rigid orthodoxy to pronounced heterodox}. The practice of admitting, upon diploma, stu- dents from the approved high schools of the State has been a successful one. The students who enter upon diploma are, on the average, fully as well prepared as those who enter upon examination. It has also had a good effect in sustaining the High Schools in a high standard of study. While the University is obliged, in some measure, to keep its requirements within what can be attained in the preparatory schools, it is still possible, by its close relations with them, to encourage them to a higher standard. A very few additions have been made* in the requirements for admission since 1871, but the greatest gain has been in the increased rigor of examinations both before and after entrance. In 1873 the whole of the ^Eneid was required for admission to the classical or Latin scientific courses. In the same year was required some knowledge of French, and of natural philosophy, botany, zoology, and geology for admission to the scientific course, while in 1879 and thereafter geo- metrical drawing was dropped from the require- ments. In 1878 the requirements in English were in- creased, the candidate being subjected to an exam- ination in grammatical and rhetorical analysis, and also required to write a short essay upon some subject selected by the professor from the number Announced in the calendar of the preceding year. UNIVEKSITY OF MICHIGAN. 267 In 1878 was adopted the practice of admitting students, who were not less than twenty-one years of age, and who were not candidates for any degree, without examination, provided they gave evidence of ability to pursue the studies they should choose. After 1881 such persons were obliged to pass the examination in English required of candidates for a degree. In the same year (1878) was offered a course, forming a sequel to the English course pur- sued in high schools, and upon the completion of this course has been conferred the degree of bach- elor of letters. In 1878-79 the University entered upon a new^ departure. The whole scheme of requirements for a degree was changed. The change consisted in requiring a certain amount of work to be done, rather than a fixed time in which work should be done, leaving to the student, in a large measure, the selection of his studies, the appointment of their order in his course, and the number he would pursue at one time. "Five exercises a week during a semester, whether in recitations, laboratory work, or lectures, shall constitute a fall course of study. The completion of twenty-four full courses is required to obtain the recommendation of the faculty for the degree of bachelor of arts, or of civil engineer, or of mining engineer. The completion of twenty-six such full courses is required to obtain the recom- mendation for the degree of bachelor of philoso- phy, or of bachelor of letters." For the degree of bachelor of arts there were 268 HISTOKY OF THE twelve and two-fifths courses m//f/m/, the remain- ing eleven and three-fifths were elective; for the degree of bachelor of sciences twelve and three- fifths courses were required and the others elec- tive; for the degree of bachelor of philosophy thirteen courses were required and thirteen were elective; ^nd for the degree of bachelor of letters eleven and three-fifths courses were required av.d fourteen and two-fifths elective. Less choice was given students in Civil and Mining Engineering, the former having but three elective courses and the latter but one. The number of required courses has been very slightly changed since. There were, of course, certain courses which must be taken before certain other courses. The faculty retained the right to require a student to drop part of his work or to take more, as might seem desirable to them. Experience has shown that the prevailing disposition is to take too much rather than too little work. During the first year of his course a student is permitted to take, without special permission of the faculty, but sixteen hours, per week, of work; during the second and third years, but eighteen; and during the fourth year, but twenty. This is called the "Credit System" in distinc- tion from the "University System" introduced in 1882. Students who have completed the required work of the first two years are permitted to proceed for a degree upon the "University System." " Under this the candidate will not be held to the comple- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 269 tion of a fixed number of courses, but will, under tlie direction of a committee of the faculty, take a larger amount of work in a limited range of stud- ies, and at the end of the fourth year of residence sustain a searching examination. If his attain- ments warrant, he will win a bachelor's degree; if they are very conspicuous and he presents a meri- torious thesis, he may. attain a master's degree. He may then continue his studies for a doctor's degree." The privileges of the University System are also open to graduates of Michigan University, and of other colleges and universities, who may wish to work for the higher degrees. This method gives the student a freedom in study which is calculated to call out all his energy, enthusiasm and ability. It was at once entered upon by a number of students. In 1871-72 Professor Charles K. Adams intro- duced into some of his classes in history what is known as the " seminary " method of study. "A seminary, according to the German idea, is a smrJl group of advanced students carrying on investiga- tions of an original nature under the general guidance of their instructor." A class is divided into a number of sections and each section meets once a week for a session of two hours or more. One member of the c^ss reads an essay upon the sub- ject before them for the day, another reads an ex- tended critique of the essay, and each member of the class is called upon to give the results of his own study of the subject. 270 HISTORY OF THE This method WHS very soon adopted by Professor Tyler in some of his classes in English Literature, and lias since become very popular in other branches of study, in science as well as in history and literature. Some instruction in pedagogy had long been de- sired, when, in 1879, Mr. W. H. Payne was ap- pointed Professor of the Science and Art of Teach- ing. The establishment of this chair was followed by the offer of a "teacher's diploma" to any one. receiving a bachelor's or master's degree, provided he had completed one of the courses in pedagogy. In 1880, Professor C. B. Cady was appointed instructor in Music. Instruction is given in har- mony, counterpoint, and in choral music. At the same time a " School of Music," under Mr. Cady's direction, was established in Ann Arbor, which, although it has 110 direct connection with the Uni- versity, receives its aid and encouragement in every possible way. In September, 1881, the "School of Political Science" was opened. It offers (1883-84) courses of instruction in Political and Constitutional His- tory, in Political Economy, in the Science of Forestry, in Sanitary Science, in Constitution al Law, in International Law and Diplomacy, in the Principles of Finance, in the Financial History of the United States, in the History of Political Ideas, in Theories and Methods of Local (lov- ernment, in Theories and Methods of Taxation, in Political Ethics, in Social Science, in the Historical Development of Educational Systems, in the UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 271 Economic Development of Mineral Resources, and in Public Scientific Surveys. The School of Political Science is open to stu- dents of the University who have completed two years of work in the academic department, includ- ing all the required studies offered in the first two years for some one of the baccalaureate degrees. Since 1877 the master's degree has not been con- ferred " in course " as had been the previous cus- tom, but only upon examination after not less than one year's work from a resident graduate, and not less than two years' work from a non-resident grad- uate. When the credit system was introduced, a master's degree might be obtained upon the com- pletion of thirty full courses. In 1882 this offer was withdrawn except for those students who were already working for the master's degree. At the present time (1883-84) students may ob- tain an examination for a bachelor's degree at a date not earlier than at the end of three and one- half years of residence at the University. The master's degree may be obtained, upon examina- tion, by graduates of this and other reputable col- leges after one year's residence at the University, and by graduates of this University alone, after two years' study carried on elsewhere. The doctor's degree is conferred, upon examina- tion, in not less than two years from the date of taking a bachelor's degree, and is conferred only upon those who "during residence here have made special proficiency in some one branch of study and good attainments in two other branches, and 272 HISTORY OF THE have presented a thesis that shall evince the power of research and of independent investigation." Since 1882 the degrees of civil, mechanical, and mining engineer have been conferred only as post- graduate degrees and the degree of bachelor of science is conferred upon the completion of the courses of study for which these degrees were formerly given. In 1880-81, and also in 1881-82, there were 1,534 students in all the departments together, the great- est number yet reached. Of these about one-third were in the Academic department. About forty- seven per cent, of the students are from the state of Michigan, and the others are from many states and countries. It is now fourteen years since women were ad- mitted to the University. During that time 106 have taken bachelor's degrees, 150 degrees in med- icine, 17 degrees in law, 13 degrees in pharmacy, 6 degrees in dentistry, and 26 degrees in homoeo- pathic medicine. The number of women in at- tendance has been increasing from year to year; there were 34 in 1870-71, 184 in 1881-82, 170 in 1882-83. The largest number are in the academic department, where in 1882-83 there were 107. In the medical department there were 40 in 1872-73, and only 43 in 1882-83. In the law department there have never been more than five at one time, and usually but one or two. There have been four- teen in the school of pharmacy between 1877 and 1883, and 9 in the dental school between 1879 and 1883. UNIVEBSITY OF MICHIGAN. 273 Two women have taken the master's degree "in course," and fourteen upon examination. Upon one, Miss Alice E. Freeman, of the class of 1876, a lady who is president of Wellesley college, has the University conferred the honorary degree of doc- tor of philosophy. Two who were graduates from the academic department, have taken also a degree in the law department and one has studied medi- cine. One, who carried a chain with the engineers when in college, has since studied architecture in Boston and is now studying in Paris. The greater number of the graduates from the academic de- partment are teaching, many of them in the high schools of this state and other states; one is an in- structor in the University of Michigan, six are teaching in Wellesley college. Of the 106 who took the bachelor's degree twenty- four, at least, are married. Year after year in his annual report has the Pre- sident said that none of the evils, which it was feared would follow upon the admission of women to the University, have been realized. No embar- rassment has arisen from their presence, the stand- ard of scholarship has not been lowered, the ques- tion is never asked, " Is this best for the women?" but, "Is it best for the students?" The women have held their own in study and also in health. At least two thirds of the women who have taken academic degrees have, within a few months after graduation, commenced a course of teaching which still continues; it is a fact which must remove any suspicion of broken health. It would be difficult '214 HrsmuY or THE to Collect statistics of the other departments, but it is known that some are practicing law, and sonic have won honor for themselves in the practice of medicine. It is true that a very few have suffered from ill- health which was apparently induced during their college course. So far as is known, however, they do not attribute it to over-study or to any tiling which might not happen under other circumstances. In 1879 attention was called, in the Chronicle, to the supposed fact that only a small proportion of the women who entered the University ever fin- ished their course. The assertion was answered 1 >y statistics carefully collected. It was found that of the women who had entered upon a regular course, 68 percent, had graduated; of the men who had en- tered upon a regular course, during the same period of time, but 66 per cent, had graduated. It was not learned that any had left on account of ill-health, though there were five cases where the cause was not known. Four, however, had died; one has since died during her college course. These sta- tistics refer alone to the literary department. In the medical department, several women have been unable to complete their course on account of ill- health, some have died while in college and others since graduation. Two women have committed suicide while con- nected with the University; in one case, it occurred immediately after her entrance upon her work in the University and was the result of a monomania which antedated her college life; in the other, the UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 275 history was of a frail body, a sensitive mind, mor- bid anxiety about examinations when there need have been none. The most earnest advocate of higher education for women will willingly acknowl- edge that there are some girls, as there are some boys, for whom the pursuit of a college course is folly. Upon the admission of women some of the friends of the new movement were a little over-zealous. The newspapers carried throughout the country the report that the best Greek scholar in the insti- tution was a woman, and the best mathematical student, a woman; reports which were entirely without the countenance of the women who were students. Had the report been that some of the best students in Greek, in mathematics and in other departments, were women, there would have been no dissent from it. Very early the women of the literary department formed the "Q. C.," a literary society. It main- tained an existence until about 1878, when it died from inanition, its mysterious name still unex- plained. In 1873-74 women were admitted to the Adelphi Literary Society, and in 1878 to Alpha Nu. Two secret societies exist among them, the Kappa Alpha Theta, organized in 1879, and the Gamma Phi Beta organized in 1882. It was feared by some and hoped by others that the presence of women in the University would have a soothing effect upon the students as a body, and would aid in uprooting rude and boisterous 276 HISTORY OF THE customs. To one familiar with college customs in 1872-73, and again in 1882-83 (if indeed there can be said to be "college customs" in 1882-83), it must appear that a marvelous change has occurred. This, however, has not been attained by an influence so gentle as a woman's, but by the persistent and determined measures taken by the President and faculty. During the first days of the college year 1871-72 the chapel was the scene of the usual war- like demonstrations between the two lower classes, demonstrations which were, however, speedily ban- ished, under the influence of the new President, There was a little "rushing," a little "hazing," a little "horning" during the year. At the opening of the following year, 1872-73, the disorder in chapel was again very pronounced and again it endured only for a short time, and the war was the more vigorously prosecuted on the campus and on the street. "Pumping" was the peculiar form of hazing most observed in Ann Arbor, and in 1872-73 many members of the sophomore and freshman classes had their heads treated to a cold-water bath. On an evening in October, 1872, occurred what was afterwards known to the combatants as the "moonlight rush " following upon a spirited pump- ing contest. Though a hard fought battle, it received its greatest notoriety from the action, on the following morning, of one of the sophomores, by whom a banner was made and adorned with the picture of a pump, and an attempt was made to carry it into chapel. The attempt was prevented and the young man was expelled, and the class felt UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 277 very bitter towards the authorities for the remain- der of their course. In the same year occurred the "department rush" in which the larger portion of students in the medical and literary departments were engaged. It was provoked by a dispute in regard to the pos- session of the ball ground, and ended in the dis- comfiture of the medical students. In 1873-74 hazing became still more common; within a few days after the opening of college it was said that thirty freshmen had been pumped. The noise of it spread through the State, alarmed the friends of the University, and tickled its enemies to loud denunciations. It was evident that for the honor and safety of the institution, hazing, however harmless it might be in itself, must be stopped. In April, 1874, three sophomores and three fresh- men were suspended for hazing. Meetings of the two classes were at once held and papers drawn up, declaring that the signers of them were equally guilty with the six suspended men. The sophomore paper was signed by thirty-nine men, and the freshman by forty-five. This meas- ure had the sympathy of all or nearly all the mem- bers of the two lower classes. The women, many of them, would have signed the papers but for the absurdity of such an act. The papers were given to the faculty, by whom action upon them was deferred for one week arid permission given for any student to withdraw his name. Several names were withdrawn, leaving HI STORY OF THE eighty-one on the papers. At the close of the one week of grace the eighty-one students whose names remained were suspended for the remainder of the college year, for the offense of hazing and " for conduct which is practically interference with the government of the University." The act of sus- pension contains the following statement: " The public voice of the state demands that the Uni- versity faculties, which are but the servants of the state, shall eradicate from the university the practice of hazing and every other form of disorder, which may bring upon it harm and disgrace, whether it costs the suspension or the absolute exclusion of a hundred or of hundreds <>t those who have been admitted to its privileges. The uni- versity can better afford to be without students than without government, order, and reputation. This action of the faculty is none the less imperative because the tra- ditions with which they have to xleal have so lowered the tone of sentiment in this as in other institutions that practices which at home and away from college, would be thought by students shameful and criminal, are re- garded as innocent amusement in the university." The students claimed that there was no law against hazing, that if criminal at all, it was at least not within the jurisdiction of the faculty and should receive cognizance from the city authorities. The senior and junior classes supported the under- classmen in their measures of defense, and issued a circular explaining the harmless character of hazing, and testifying to the good order observed by the classes concerned in it. It is well, x>erhaps, for the preservation of the human race that the heroic virtue, which sacrifices to the public good all family and class partiality, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 279 and interest, does not widely prevail. To any one who has been in college it is unnecessary to explain the action of the students at this time; to any who have not been, it would probably be impossible to do so satisfactorily, though it is not alone among students that custom makes a reprehensible act seem honorable, nor is it unusual that those governing and those governed entertain quite dif- ferent notions of justice. There were few of the upper-classmen who did not discountenance haz- ing; they, as well as the lower-classmen, knew that it met the hearty disapproval of the faculty, and felt that it was an injury to the University; they, however, believed that public sentiment among the students, would before many years abolish it a faith which had not a very firm foundation. Since the period of suspension little has occurred among the students themselves that can be called disorder; there was one rush in the fall of 1874, and an another in 1877; occasionally there is an attempt to deprive a freshman of a cane or a soph- omore of a cap; the horns have not been heard since 1878. In 1879 occurred something of a sensation over what appeared in the newspapers under the omin- ous heading, "A Riot in Ann Arbor." The evening mails from the east and from the west reach Ann Arbor at about six o'clock; between half -past six and half-past seven the larger number of the students visit the post-office. Until 1882 the post-office was a very small and inconvenient build- ing, and the entrance to the students' department 280 HISTORY OF THE was such that but few could occupy it at one time, ingress and egress being at the same door. It may may be presumed that a struggling mass of five or six hundred students under such circumstances, might, without possessing any extraordinary degree of moral depravity, engage in jostling, pushing and shouting. This, in fact, they did, night after night to the great inconvenience and annoyance of citi- zens; until one evening in October, 1879, they found policemen stationed at the doors, who allowed them to enter but one at a time. The result was a great crowd, taunting remarks from the students, and arrests by the police. The following evening a still larger crowd gathered, citizens and students mingled together; a large body of special policemen had been employed for the occasion and the Ann Arbor company of the State Militia was called out; the former made arrests of students wherever they could be found and whatever they might be doing, and the latter, in their evolutions through the streets with bayonets fixed, wounded a citizen. Had the postmaster possessed tact, good nature and swiftness, there would have been no trouble at all. As it was, the "riot" was much exaggerated in the reports of it. The University has suffered much from the misrepresentation and exaggeration of slight disturbances. In 1871 attendance upon chapel exercises was made voluntary. During 1871-72 and also during some other years this new measure had little in- fluence in lessening the number present; good music and a large attendance have usually been UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 281 associated together, as was true in 1871-72, 1874-75, and 1876-77. In these later days the attendance has become smaller. In 1873, Mr. S. B. McCracken of Detroit, in the interest of some of the "rationalists" of the State made a charge before the legislature of " sectarian- ism " in the University. A legislative investigating committee was appointed, visited Ann Arbor, made inquiries, and reported: " We are unanimously of the opinion that the general charge of sectarianism is a mistaken one. The teachings of the University are those of a liberal and enlightened Christianity, in the general, highest, and best use of the term. This is not, in our opinion, sectarian. If it is, we would not have it changed. A school, a society, a nation, devoid of Christianity, is not a pleasant spectacle to con- template. We cannot believe the people of Michigan would denude this great University of its fair, liberal, and honorable Christian character, as it exists to-day." On the other hand, there has frequently been among the religious bodies of the State a great dis- satisfaction at the religious indifference and spirit of scepticism which seems to them to prevail at the University. The report of the legislative com- mittee furnishes a reply to them as well as to Mr. McOracken and his friends. The University has no theology, but the Christian character of a major- ity of the members of the faculty, the number and character of the religious meetings of the students are a sufficient guarantee for the religious life of the institution. The Alpha Nu and Adelphi literary societies have had a continuous existence since their organ- 282 HISTOKY OF THE ization, though at times it has been a very feeble one. The number of their members, as compared with the number of students in the literary depart- ment, is small, but is quite as large as is consistent with the design of the societies, the securing of a sufficient degree of practice in speaking for each one. In 1882-83 Alpha Nu had fifty-four members, of whom eight were women, and the Adelphi had forty-one members. In 1873-74 twelve women were admitted to the Adelphi; none entered Alpha Nu until in 1878. Although they were early invited to become members of the literary societies, they knew that such a course was opposed by many of the young men; they accordingly established "(<). C.," a literary society of their own, and maintained it till about 1878. Elocution and oratory is a branch of study which has always been much neglected in the University. The student has little opportunity for practice, outside of the literary societies. The junior ex- hibition in 1871 was the last of the exhibitions, which at one time were so frequent. In 1875-76 " junior speeches " were made elective, and remained so during the two or three years in which the course was offered. An effort to make rhetorical exercises agreeable and profitable to the senior class resulted in 1871 72 in a "senior forum," in which membership was voluntary. The practice continued with more or less success till 1875-76. The Palladium, Oracle, and Chronicle are still published as college papers. Other publications UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 283 have had an ephemeral existence, or have been recently started. From March, 1870, to February, 1873, the "Michigan University Medical Journal" was published under the direction of the faculty of the medical department. It did not meet with sup- port and closed with the third volume. The Phi Chi fraternity, a secret society of the law department, published in 1873-74 the " Sap- phire," a pamphlet resembling the Palladium. But one number was issued. In 1879 the professional departments started a paper of their own. The "University" was de- signed to represent them more than the Chronicle was able to do. It existed through 1879-80, and 1880-81, but did not receive a support sufficient to encourage its continuance. Since 1882 the "Argonaut," started by a party in the literary department who were dissatisfied with the management of the Chronicle, has been pub- lished, and has, apparently, as vigorous a life as the latter. The ladies of the class of 1884 published in their junior year the "Amulet," a pamphlet re- sembling the Oracle. The succeeding class has not continued the custom. As a private enterprise of a few students, in June, 1881, the " Commencement Annual " was published. Two numbers were issued, each being a large single sheet, and containing the addresses and other liter- ary exercises of Commencement week. The same enterprise was repeated the following year, and in 1883 the Annual appeared in pamphlet form. The " Monthly Bulletin," published by the Stu- 284 HISTOBY OF THE dents' Christian Association began its existence in 1880. " College politics " is a phrase, which has come into frequent use in recent years; it is at once sug- gested to one who becomes familiar with certain phases of modern student life. In the University of Michigan there are several important elections in the course of a year; notably, the election of Chronicle editors, the election of officers for the Lecture and Athletic Associations, and the election of senior class officers. For many years the contest was between secret society men and independents; in recent years, while that frequently remains the nominal ground of division, there are always some independents on the side of the society men, and some societies on the side of the independents, while the true ground of division is accidental, or temporary, or personal. It has become customary to hold caucuses, to gain votes by paying the ad- mission fees to the different organizations for new members, and to use the machinery of a political campaign. The contest is an enthusiastic and some- times a bitter one. It was notably so in the class of 1881 and resulted in the abandonment of Class Day exercises for that year. In 1881 occurred the severest contest on record; from 10 A. M. to 6 p. M. was continued the balloting for president of the Lecture Association, and en- tirely without a decision. It was only at an ad- journed meeting, three weeks later, that a choice was made. In 1882 so great was the dissatisfaction of a large body of the students with the election of UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 285 Chronicle editors, that the new paper, the Argonaut, was started. The subject of a Gymnasium came again into prominence in 1879. For many years a depart- ment of physical culture has been regarded as one of the great needs of the University. In 1869 a committee of the University senate, composed of Professors Tyler, Olney, Ford, and Cooley, made a report to the Board of Regents strongly favoring the establishment of a "department of hygiene and physical culture." The Board have never had the means to do so. In 1879 was formed the "Students' Athletic As- sociation," which had for its object the raising of funds for a gymnasium. It was made a corporate body for a period of thirty years. Its board of trustees, as first appointed, consisted of President Angell, Judge Cooley, Dr. Palmer, Professor Tyler, and ex-Governors Alpheus Felch and J. J. Bagley; its treasurer was Mr. J. W. Knight, cash- ior of the First National Bank of Ann Arbor. The affairs of the association were under the management of officers elected by the students. Any student might become a member by paying the sum of one dollar. For a time much enthusiasm was felt; tourna- ments were held, and other entertainments; the college publications and the Lecture Association gave the balance in their funds at the end of the year to the association; subscriptions were taken up and gifts solicited. An appeal to the legislature was unsuccessful *JS() HISTORY OF THE In the spring of 1883 about $4,000 had been raised by the various students' associations, by the gift of s750 from Mr. E. C. Hegeler, and smaller gifts from others. At that time the enthusiasm of the students began to wane. It is said that the con- stitution is such as to prevent the use of any of the funds of the association for the necessary expenses of games and tournaments; as a consequence, the Foot-ball and Base-ball Associations have assumed the management and the Athletic Association sleeps. The game of foot-ball made its appearance upon the campus about the year 1870, and has since been the favorite game. In 1875 a boating club was organized and for two or three years succeeded in exciting considera- able boating interest. The facilities for boating offered by the Huron river are not sufficient to sustain the enthusiasm. The first " Tournament " by the students was given on Monday of Com- mencement week, 1876, under the auspices of the Boating Association. An attempt was made in 1880 to introduce the English game of " Hare and Hounds." Two games were played during that year, but it has failed to gain a position among college sports. The Oxford cap was adopted as a college cap in 1876. About one fourth of the students of the lit- erary department wore it for* one year, and it was then abandoned. The custom of adopting class hats meets with greater approbation, the under- classmen being especially addicted to it. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 287 The class of 1871 was the last to give a " senior Hop." The custom was, however, adopted by the junior class and from 1872 to 1879 there was given each winter a "junior hop," each one rivaling the preceding one in brilliancy. In 1880 and in the years since then the ."society hop," under the auspices of the secret societies, has taken the place of the junior hop, which was abandoned upon the breaking up of class interests which followed upon the adoption of the " credit system." In May, 1873, upon the evening of Class Day was given the first senior reception, in University Hall. Room A, Dr. Cocker's room, was set aside for dancing, and all the rooms of the lower floor were thrown open to the guests. The classes of 1874, 1875, and 1876 held similar receptions. In 1877 loud complaint was made by some of the re- ligious bodies of the State because dancing was allowed in University Hall, and it was thought best by the Board of Regents to forbid it. The class erected a pavilion within the campus on the north side, near the present homoeopathic building, held in it the afternoon exercises of Class Day, and in the evening the floors were filled with dancers. In 1878, and the following years, the classes have erected a pavilion adjoining the east entrance to University Hall which is set aside for dancing, and the Hall, also, is open to the guests. The Board of Regents in 1882 removed the restrictions upon dancing in room A, but the classes have continued to provide a pavilion each year. The senate reception, given on the Wednesday 288 HISTORY OF THE evening of Commencement week by the faculties of the University, became one of the social customs of the institution in 1880. Class Day was changed in 1874 to Commencement week. In 1878 several changes affecting the senior class and its celebrations were made. At that time, the medical term being lengthened, the medical Commencement occurred also in June and upon the same day as the literary Commencement. At that time it became the custom to invite some able and distinguished orator to make the address of the clay. Commencement speeches from members of, the senior literary class were abolished, and with them disappeared the customary senior vacation. Thursday became Commencement day, Wednesday was assigned to the alumni for their various exer- cises, and Tuesday remained Class Day as had been the custom since 1874. In February, 1878, the faculty passed a resolu- tion which materially changed one feature of Class Day: "WHEitEAfS, the public exercises of Class Day have frequently been made the occasion for discourteous allus- ions to officers of the university, and for boastful recitals of disorderly exploits on the part of students, the faculty hereby announce that if, hereafter, any member of any graduating class shall upon Class Day indulge in words or acts regarded by the faculty as disrespectful to any officer of the university,or deemed of a nature to encourage misdemeanors in other students and to interfere with the good government of the university, the name of such offending person will not be presented to the regents for graduation." UNITEBSITY OF MICHIGAN. 289 The preamble to the resolution correctly de- scribes the character of the class histories for sev- eral years. The "boastful recitals" formed the part of the history most interesting to the class, and also to the audience who were not of the class. The first effect of the faculty " ukase " was to excite the feeling that a history of the class could not be written, or, if written, must be read at the class supper. There were efforts to do away entirely with Class Day. Another opinion prevailed and Class Day is still observed, though it cannot be said to possess the interest for the class, or for others as of former days. Indeed, were there no restrictions placed upon the historian of the class, his task would be a hard one did he attempt to write an exciting history. The romance of college life at Michigan University is far spent; yet it would be wrong to convey the impres- sion that it is a constant routine of hard work. In the societies, secret and open, in the various associ- ations, in the friendships that one may form, in the games and amusements which young men and young women can always provide, the student will still find an attraction. College life has become more like life in a civilized society, and has some- thing of the grace and courtesy which attends civ- ilization. The fierce pleasures of the olden time are gone; it may be that there has gone with them much of that college spirit which leads the alum- nus of an eastern college back, year after year, with a full hand, to his alma mater. Yet it cannot be denied that without them the University is 290 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN'. serving more nearly the purpose of its existence, and its friends may hope that those who have re- ceived so largely and generously will also give largely and generously. THE END. INDEX. Adams, Charles K 175 Adams, Rev. Dr. William, 93 Admission to the Medical Department, Requirements for 87 Admission to the Law Department, Requirements for, 136 Admission, Requirements for, (1841), 47; (1852),..... 99-100 Agnew, Rev. John H., 61,83-86,95,96 Agriculture, Course in, 110-111 Alexis, Grand Duke, Gift to the Library, from the,.... 237 Allen, Dr. H. C., 225 Allen, Dr. J. Adams,... 87 Andrews, Dr. Edmund, 137 Angell, James B., Appointed President, ..214-215 Angell, James B., Administration of,... 217-290 Ann Arbor, Gifts from the Citizens of, 24-25, 116 Ann Arbor, Gifts from the City of, 171 Ann Arbor Land Company, 24-25 Ann Arbor, Location of the University at, 24-25 Apparatus, Philosophical, 29, 63 Armor, Dr. S. G, f 134, 175 Army, Students in the, 138 Arts, Fine, Collections, 118-120, 206 Arts, Fine, Lectures on the, 98 Athletic Association, 285 Baccalaureate Address,.... 145 Bagley, Gov. J. J., 218 Baldwin, Dr. N., 226 Barnard, Hon. Henry, Offer of the Presidency to the, 93 Battalion, University, Ill Beach, Jonathan, 55 Beal, Rice A., 233, 252-257 BeaUSteere Collection,.. ...233-234 292 Bell, The College, 49, 193 Bells, Peal of 236 Beraan, Wooster W., , 200 Bennett, Henry D., 258 Bishop, Hon. Levi, 147, 148, 150-150 Boating, 280 Boise, Rev. James R., 98, 175 Bolting, 193, 190, 213 Borup, Dr. Chas. W., Gift from, 39 Bradish, Alvah, 9s Braman, Benjamin, 118 Branches, The, of the University, 21, 24, 27-29, 40 Brooks, Datus C., 158, 179 Brunnow, Dr., 115 Building Committee, The First, 30 Building Operations, First Measures 32, 33 Buildings, Laboratory, 133, 172, 241 Buildings, Law, 130 Buildings, Library 234-230 Buildings, Medical, 00, 171 Buildings, Museum, 232-233 Buildings, North Wing, 38, 39, 43, 117-118 Buildings, South Wing, 05 Buildings, Professors' Houses, 33, 38, 39. 43 Buildings, University Hall 204. 221-222 Buildings, Naming the, 43, 00 Burning of Mechanics, 142 Burying Ground, University, 59 Cady, Calvin B., 270 Campbell, Hon. James V., 135 Canes, Class, 195 Cap, University, 209, 280 Caps, Class, 209, 280 Catholepistemiad,The, or University of Michigan, ...8- 12 Cenotaph, The, 59 Chancellor, Appointment of a, 91-92 Chapel, 48, 142, 211 Chapin, Rev. L. D., 158, 102, 175 f.VDEX. 29o Cheever, Dr. Henry S., 175, 201, 231 Class Day, 143-144, 197-198, 210-211, 287-289 Clergymen in the Board of Regents, 60-01 Clergymen in the Faculty, 61 Cocker, Rev. Dr. B. F., 200, 262-263 Colclaxer, Rev. Henry, 27, 39, 53 Collection, The Beal-Steere, 233 234 Collections, Botanical, etc, 182 Collections, Geological, Mineralogical, etc., 29 30, 31 , 64, 1 83 Collections, Natural History, 29-30, 31, 45, 120-121 Collections, Medical, 134, 183 Colors, College, 195 Commencement Customs, 57, 145, 198, 288 Commencement Banquet, 198, 210 Commencement, The First, 57-58 Commencement Receptions, 287-288 Congressional Land Grants, 7, 8, 13 Consolidated Warrant, The, 122 Cooley, Mortimer E., 240 Cooley, Judge Thomas M., 135, 243-244 Crary, Gen. Isaac E., 15, 26 Credit System of Gaining a Degree, 267 Crosby, Dr. A. B., 201, 231 Curtis, Allen J., 177 Davis, Alex. J., Architect, 32 Davis, Joseph B., 200, 264 Davis, Raymond C., 180, 239 Debating Clubs, Exhibitions, etc., 194 Degrees, Baccalaureate, 267, 268, 271 Degrees, Honorary, 179 Degrees, Post Graduate, 268-269, 271 Demm on, Isaac N., 264 Denominational Considerations in the Appointment of Professors, 61 Dental College, 228-229 Denton, Dr. Samuel W., 26, 87, 134 Detroit Lots,.., 4 12 D'Ooge, Martin L.,..< 4 17o, 200 T JIM INDKX. Dormitories is, 130 Dorrance, Dr. W. II., 22s Douglas, Dr. s. A 55,01,02,87, 174, 201. 222, 2 Is 257 Duflield, Rev. Dr. George, 35 Dunster, Dr. E. S., 231 Dutch War, The, 131 132 'Educational Provisions of the Constitution of 1S37... 10 Educational Provisions of the Constitution of 1850... no Entertainment for First Graduating Class, 5s Evans, Edward P 171, 2oo Exhibitions, Public, 50. i;s, P.M. 2-s2 Faculty, The University, (1841-45), 55; (1845 51 .), 01 -02: (1852 03), 97-98, 110-111: (180309), 174-170; (1809-71), 200-201; (1871-83) 2r>s-2ir> Faculty, Dismissal of Professors Williams. Whc-:!on and Agnew, 84 8<>, U5 IM Faculty, Dissensions in the, 1849-50, 83-84 Faculty, Lower House, liHi-197 Fasquelle, Louis, 02, 110, 171 Fees, 48, 143, 173, 213 Felch, Hon. Alpheus, 243 Financial Condition, (1839), 30; (1841), 45-40; (1S42 -15 \ 9 53-55; (1845-51), 04-05; (1852 03), 121-129; (1HW-71), 204-205; (1871-83), 245 247 Fines, 09. ss Ford, Dr. C. L 134 Fort Meigs Land Grant, 11, 12 Fox, Rev. Charles, 110 Franklin, Dr. E. C., 225 Frieze, Henry S., Ill, 118, 174, 210 Frieze, Henry S., Acting President, (1809-71) 200 210 Frothingham, Dr. G. E 175 201 Games, 195 2-so Gatchell, Dr. Charles 225 Geological Survey, Collections obtained through the, 29 30,31 Gerrish, Dr. F. H., 231 Gibson, Dr. Pi. C 27 INDEX. CJilehrist, Dr. J. G., 22o * ({ray, Dr. Asa, 32,38-39,55 Greene, Charles E., 261 Greene, J)r. W. W., 175 Grounds, University, Improvements in the, 38, 67-68, 137 i:*s Gunn, Dr. Moses,.. 87, 134, 175 Gymnasium, 195-196, 285-286 Harrington, Mark W., 263 Haven, Dr. E. O., 98, 111 Haven, Dr. E. 0., Elected President, 158 Haven, Dr. E. O., Administration of, 160-199 Hawkes, Dr. W. J., 225 Ha/ing, 212,276,277-279 Hazing, Suspensions for, 277-279 Heating, Steam, 241 Hegeler,E. C., Gifts from, 236, 237, 286 Hemple, Dr. Charles J., 186-187 Herdman, Dr. W. J., 233 High School, The, and the University, 206 207, 266 Homoeopathic Medical College, 223-226 Homoeopathy, 183-187 Hop, Senior, 195, 287 Hop, Junior, 195, 287 Hop, Society, 287 Hospitals, 172,226-228 Houghton, Dr. Douglas, 31, 35, 38, 55, 61, 62 Jenney, W. L. B., _^ Jones, Elisha, 200, 233. 263 Jones, Dr. S. A., 225 Kelley, Patrick, Janitor, 19 Kent, Charles A., 176, 243 Laboratory Defalcation, 24s -jr.; Land Grants, Congressional, for Educational Purposes. 7 Land Grants, Congressional, for the University of Michigan, 8, 11, 17 Lands, University, The Detroit Lots, 12, 169 170 Lands, University, Location of ,...,, f ., 12 296 INDJ-X. Lands, University, Remaining Unsold, (1862-63), 129 Lands, University, Sale of, 17, 25, 33 35, 39. 45 Lands, University, State Legislation in regard to 33, ;;."> Lands, University, Value of _."> Langlry. Dr. .1. W 231, 25s Law Department, 135, 170. 243 244 Laws, Code of, (>s on. i;>n Ml, 192 in:; Lederer Collection of Minerals, -in Legislative Aid, 184 188, 203 204, 218 220 Legislative Aid, one-twentieth of a mill lax, 218 Legislative Relief, 54 Legislature, The, and the University, 22M- 221 Librarian. Appointment of first, '27 Library, (1841), -44-45, 52-515; (1845-51), 03; (1852-03), 11 (Ml 7; (1863-69), 179-182; (1869-71), 205-2nr>; (1871-83), 230-23S Library, Medical, 134 Library, Purchases for the, 30, 31, 32-33, 39 Loan, $100,000, ,..30-31, 54-55, 122-128 Lyster, Dr. Henry F., , 175 Maclean, Dr. Donald, 231 McClelland, Hon. Robert, 89 McCracken,S. B., and Sectarianism in the University, 281 McGraw, Dr. T. A.,... 231 Mdntyre, Hon. Donald, 147, 156 McMillan, James, Gift of Shakespeare Library, 237 Mahon, Geo. C.. Gifts from, 237 Manuscript in the Library, 238 Mason, Gov. Stevens T., 17, 26, 35, 43 Mechanical Laboratory, 239-240 Medical Department, Iloimeopathy and the, 229-230 Medical Department, Organization of the, 8(1 Medical Department, Question of Removal to Detroit, 134 Medical Department, Requirements for Admission,... 87 Medical Department, Requirements for Graduation,... ss Merriinan, George 15., 25s Michigan,Constitutionof 1837,Educational Provisions, ](> Mich igan. Constitution of J S5o. Kd i icational Provisions, 90 INDEX. 297 Michigan, Constitutional Convention, 1835, 15 Military Drill, Ill Minerals, Lederer Collection of, 30 Mines, School of, 178, 222 Monitors, 49 Monteith, Rev. John, 10 Morgan, Dr. J. C., 225 Morris, George S., 200, 262 Music, Instruction in, 270 Music, Introduction of, in the Chapel Exercises, 211 Northwest Territory, Cession of, to the United States, 7, 8 Northwest Territory, Government of, 7 Obetz, Dr. H. L , 225 Observatory, Detroit, 113-114,171-172 Ohio Land Company, 7 Olney, Edward, 104 Palmer, Dr. A. B., 133, 134 Palmer, Charles H., 92-93 Parsons, Philo, Gift by, to the Library, 205 Pattengill, Albert II., 200, 261 Payne, William H., 270 Peck, Lieut. W. G., 110 Pedagogy, Instruction, 270 Pettee, William H., 222 Pharmacy, Course in, 133, 179 Pharmacy. School of, 133, 241 Pierce, Rev. John D., 15, 17, 32-33 Pitcher, Dr. Zina, : 26, 89 Political Science, School of, 270-271 Politics, College, 284 Pond, Ashley, 176 Pont, Paul B. de, , 200 Prescott, Dr. Albert B., 176, 201 Presidency, Efforts to lill the, 1852, 91-94 President, Office of, llotary, , 62 Professors, Absence of, 264-265 Professorships, Establishment of,... 30, 32, 35, 55 Publications, Students', 56, 141-142, 195, 282-283 298 INDEX. Receptions, Senate, i'87 1'ss Receptions, Senior, 2S7 Regents, Board of, (J837), 26-27; (1837-51), 88-89; (1852 58), 91, 146; (1858-63), 147-148; (1864-69), 165; (1864-83), L>O:> Religious and Moral Character of the Students,... 140 J41 Religious Services, Attendance upon, 49 Reserve Fund, The, 170-171 Richard, Father Gabriel, 10 Rogers' Art Association, , 118-119 -Rogers, Henry Wade, 243 Rogers, Randolph, and his Statue of Xydia, 118-119 Rose, Dr. P. B. Rose, 176, 219-257 Hushing, 196 Sager, Dr. Abram, 31, 55, 61, 62, 87, 134, 229, 230-231 Salaries, 27, 35, 46, 53, 55, 63, 88, 129, 173-174, 239 Scholarships, .". 113 School of Mines, 178, 222 School of Political Science, 270-271 Schoolcraft, Henry R., 26 Sectarianism in the University, 281 Seminary Method of Study, 269-270 Senior Receptions, 2s? Senior Speeches in Chapel, 211 Senior Vacation 145 Sewall, Dr. Henry, 232 Sewers, Introduction of, 242-243 Smith, Bnrritt A., 55 Societies, Law and Medical, i;;i Societies, Lecture Association, 139 Societies, Literary, 56, 139, 194, 275, 2SJ-2S2 Societies, Secret, Organization of, and the Attempt to Suppress them, 7:: s2 Societies, Young Men's Christian Association, and the Christian Library Association, , i;j<) Societies, Union Society of Missionary Inquiry i:;<.) Spence, Adam K., 175, 200 State Aid, is-i 188,203-204,218 220 Steam Heating, ...;. 241 Steere, Joseph B., 233, 264 Steward, University 192 Stowell, Dr. C. II., . 233 Students, The First, 47 Students, Number, (1841-45), 55-56; (1845-51), 70; (1852-63), 138; (1863-69), 173; (1871-83) 272 Students, Order, (1841-45), 56; (1845-51), 70 71; (1852-63), ] 30- 183; (1863-69), 196; (1869-71), 211; (1871-83), 275-280 Study, Courses of, (1841-45), 49-51; (1845-51), 72 73; (1852-63), 99-110; (1863-69), 177-179; (1869-71), 207; (1871-83), , 266-269 Study, Courses of, Latin and Scientific, 178 Study, Courses of, Partial, 99-100 Study, Courses of, Scientific, 99-100 Study Hours, 69 Superintendent of Public Instruction, 16, 17, 23 Suppers, Class, 144 Taft, Dr. Jonathan, 228 Tappan, Dr. Henry P., Administration of, 90-160 Tappan, Dr. Henry P., Appointed President, 92-94 Tappan, Dr. Henry P., Censure and Abuse of, 112-113 Tappan, Dr. Henry P., Conflict of, with the Board of Regents, 147-160 Tappan, Dr. Henry P., Efforts to Reinstate, 165-168 Tappan, Dr. Henry P., Resolutions of Respect by the Board of Regents, 168-169 Tappan, Dr. Henry P., Removal, 157-158 Tappan, John L., 116-117, 158, 239 Ten Brook, Rev. Andrew 55, 61-62, 83-84, 179, 239 Terms, 49 Thompson, Rev. Edward, 55 Toledo Lands, 13 Tree Planting on the University Grounds, 137-138- Trowbridge, Hon. C. C., 35 Trowbridge, Lieut. W. P., Ill Trowbridge Collection, ...120-121 300 INDEX, Tyler, Moses Coit, 175, 177, 261-2U2 University Cap, 209 University Day, 207 2ox University of Michigan, Constitution of 1837 18 University of Michigan, Constitution of 1850, DO in University of Michigan at Detroit 11 University of Michigan, Location of, at Ann Arbor, 2-4 25 University of Michigan, Opening of, at Ann Arbor,., in University of Michigan, Organic Law of, 18r>7, 18-23 University of Michigan, Organic Law, Changes rec- ommended by the Regents, 1S40, 37 3S University System of Gaining a Degree, 268-21 w Vance, J. H., 110 Yaughan, Dr. Y. C., 2:1:5 Walker, Charles I., i:;5, 2-J3 Walker, Hon, Henry X., 114 115 > Walter, Edward L 175, 263 Water Works, Introduction of, 242 Vfatling, Dr. J. A., 228 Watson, James C., 115, 164, 2(>o 2<;i Wead, Charles K, 259 Wells, William P., 243 Whedon, Rev. Daniel D., 61, 83-86, 95-96 White, Andrew D., Ill Whiting, Rev. Joseph, 41, 46-47, 55, 58-59, 61 Wilder, Dr. Hurt G., 231 Williams, George P 28, 41, 46-47, 55, 61, 84-86, 95-97, Ki4, 25S- 25!) Williams' Professorship, 259 Winchell, Alexander, 110, 200 Wing, Austin E., 13 Women, Admission of, 188 192, 201 203 Women of the University, 272-275 Wood, De Yolsen, 261 Woodward, Hon. Augustus B., t 8, l.o ! ^ folXVBESITT) /** o ^W/y So*!? UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. MAY 1 4 1980 FEB9 1954 L MAY l'67-l fiEC'D LD FB BARBARA MART L m* y d LD 21-100m-9,'47(A5702sl6)476 .rf^^|>^ si