' GUIDE, 
 
 UC-NRLF 
 
 01. Helea 
 
 LESSON 
 PLANS 
 
 MESTIC 
 ANIMALS 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 f ' . N 
 
 Class 
 
TEACHERS' GUIDE SERIES 
 
 BOOK II 
 
 LESSON PLANS 
 
 DOMESTIC ANIMALS 
 
 BY 
 
 M. HELEN BECKWITH 
 
 EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 
 BOSTON 
 NEW YORK CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO 
 
 Of TH 
 
 ( UNIVERSITY J 
 
 .n 
 
 
GENERAL 
 
 COPYRIGHTED 
 BY EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 
 1907 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 The Cat 
 
 PACK 
 
 7 
 
 The Dog . 
 
 21 
 
 The Cow 
 
 . . .... 35 
 
 The Sheep 
 
 .... . . 53 
 
 The Goat 
 
 3 '. 67 
 
 The Horse 
 
 85 
 
 The Donkey . 
 
 I . IOI 
 
 The Piz 
 
 113 
 
 
 
 The Hen 
 
 1 ? 129 
 
 The Duck . 
 
 - . . . . 143 
 
 219113 
 
THE CAT 
 
 SUGGESTIONS 
 
 The lessons on the cat are suggestive only; the work is 
 planned to last the whole month. It is designed for the little 
 children, particularly, who have just entered school, and to 
 whom school work is apt to grow tiresome after the novelty 
 wears off. 
 
 Much easy reading can be combined with the lessons, by 
 drawing little pictures in place of the nouns in the first read- 
 ing lesson, as, 
 
 See Pussy's (picture of two eyes). 
 This is her (picture of tail). 
 
 Children love to make cats out of two circles, and if made 
 good size, with sandpaper glued across the back, they make 
 good match-scratchers. The mat on which kitty sleeps may 
 be woven, and the articles in the story drawn and cut, viz., 
 Belle's basket, the saucer, bottle of milk, stalks of catnip, a 
 ball she plays with, the tree she climbs, the cat in different 
 positions, and the rhymes and songs illustrated. 
 
found his mitTenb 
 
DOMESTIC ANIMALS 
 
 THE CAT 
 
 It was almost three o'clock when Miss Clare took 
 down a chart that had been hanging against the 
 blackboard, and the children spied the picture it 
 had covered. Just a little drawing in white chalk 
 a kitty and a tiny girl, looking at each other. 
 
 "Pussy-cat, pussy-cat, where have you been?" 
 
 laughed Miss Clare, writing the words by the little 
 girl's feet. 
 
 "I've been to London to see the queen," 
 called the little people, merrily. 
 
 " Pussy-cat, pussy-cat, what did you see there?" 
 "Only a little mouse under the chair," 
 
 the dialogue continued. 
 
8 Domestic Animals 
 
 "Pussy-cat wasn't very wise, was she, children? 
 She couldn't have had very good eyes, could she ? 
 I would have seen more than that, in a big, splendid 
 palace, and have taken at least one good look at the 
 queen herself, wouldn't you ? But then, some people 
 never do see much, even when there is a lot to see, 
 do they?" 
 
 " How many of you little people have a pussy-cat 
 at home?" 
 
 Nearly every hand went up. 
 
 "Very well; now I shall know to-morrow morning 
 what kind of eyes you have, and, perhaps, what 
 kind of ears you have, and if they are 'good to see 
 and hear with, my dears'; " and she began pinning 
 some little pink papers to the children's frocks and 
 blouses, on which were the following hektographed 
 questions: 
 
 1 What is the color of your kitty? 
 
 2 What kind of a coat does she wear? 
 
 3 What does she eat? 
 
 4 How often do you feed her? 
 
 5 What does she like best to eat ? 
 
 6 What sounds does she make ? What do they mean ? 
 
Domestic Animals 9 
 
 7 Is she fond of you? What has she done to make you 
 
 think so? 
 
 8 Does she play? Does she work? 
 
 9 Is she of any use? 
 
 10 What is your kitty's name ? 
 
 "Now," Miss Clare continued, after reading the 
 questions aloud, "if you can't remember them, why, 
 ask someone to read them to you ; but, if you have 
 the right kind of eyes, I think you can find out the 
 answers for yourselves. Bob, Belle, and Bess may 
 wait one little minute to find out the secret I have 
 for them;" and when the good-nights had been said, 
 the day's work was over. 
 
 There was a great call for cats that night in all of 
 the homes: big cats, little cats, and middle-sized 
 cats, all came in for a share of inspection, and forty 
 little heads were nearly bursting with information 
 when nine o'clock came the next morning. I wish 
 I could tell you of all the funny things they told 
 Miss Clare, and how much she learned of the way 
 in which pets were cared for in different homes 
 her principal reason for sending those questions 
 home, by the way but if you want to know, 
 why ask the children themselves, while I tell you 
 
io Domestic Animals 
 
 of the mysterious packages Belle, Bob, and Bess 
 had. 
 
 In Belle's covered basket was her darling Snow- 
 flake white, from nose to tail; Bob's package 
 held a bottle of fresh milk; and Bess's a saucer, 
 as clean and white as kitty herself. 
 
 As soon as the room was quiet, Miss Clare poured 
 the milk into the saucer. Bess put it on the number- 
 table, and Belle lifted out pussy-cat. 
 
 It was so still, Pussy was not at all afraid, and 
 while she was eating her breakfast for Miss Clare 
 had asked Belle not to give her any at home the 
 little folks crept up softly to see how she ate it, and 
 to watch her wash herself afterward. They dis- 
 cussed the shape of her body, her legs, and her tail; 
 and John measured her with a ruler. He found out 
 her length, from nose to tail, and then measured her 
 tail. How long do you suppose she was, and how 
 high ? 
 
 Jenny said papa told her cats had thick fur because, 
 sometimes, they had to sleep out in the cold and wet, 
 and that the hairs were set into the skin so that they 
 all pointed one way, from the head to the tail. This 
 kept the rain from getting through to the skin. In. 
 
Domestic Animals it 
 
 summer time, many of the hairs fell out, but they 
 grew again before cold weather came. Then the 
 children must all pat Snowflake "just once," to feel 
 her soft fur; must hear the queer crackling noise it 
 made when Belle rubbed her back briskly; and 
 must look at her eyes by the window in the sunshine, 
 and in the twilight, down in the basement. 
 
 Then they put her back in the basket to take a 
 "cat nap." 
 
 Miss Clare wrote a list of points, "discovered and 
 discoverable," on the board, to which something was 
 added each day. 
 
 1 BODY 
 
 Shape; size. 
 
 2 COVERING 
 
 Kind; use; color; wearing qualities; how re- 
 paired. 
 
 3 EYES 
 
 Use; color; shape. 
 Seen in sunlight 
 Seen in twilight 
 Difference. 
 
12 Domestic Animals 
 
 4 TONGUE 
 
 How does it feel ? How does kitty use it ? 
 a As a spoon ; for what ? 
 b As a sponge ? 
 c As a file ? 
 
 The next day the basket came again, but it held 
 a black cat this time, and later, a gray one, and then 
 a tortoise-shell. 
 
 Mrs. Price came over one morning, and showed 
 them her beautiful Angora kitty; and after school, 
 one night, they all went down the alley to see Tim's 
 little kittens, five of them, out in the shed, with the 
 mother-cat, in a basket. Tim was watching them 
 most carefully, and he told, very accurately, of the 
 way in which the mother cared for them. He saw 
 her wash them, and give them food, and yes spat 
 them with her paw, if they were naughty. One day, 
 she seemed to think they had been receiving too much 
 company, for she made a new home for them in a 
 box at the other end of the shed, and Tim saw the 
 moving take place; she carried each one over in 
 her mouth. His joy was very great the morning he 
 reported that one had its eyes open. 
 
Domestic Animals 13 
 
 * 
 
 Joe brought his cat one morning, and some stalks 
 of fresh, green catnip. The basket was uncovered 
 and left, with kitty in it, at one end of the long table, 
 and the catnip placed at the other, to see if kitty 
 had a "good smell' Joe said and would find it. 
 
 Another day, some small bones were given the 
 visitor, to see if she would eat off the bits of meat, 
 and to see how she did it. Again, Jenny held her 
 audience spellbound as she described, with eloquent 
 gestures, how her Teddy caught a mouse. 
 
 The list on the board was a long one now, so 
 many things were added. 
 
 5 EARS 
 
 Position; shape. 
 
 6 NOSE 
 
 Has kitty a keen scent ? 
 
 7 WHISKERS 
 
 Where are they? Length; use. 
 
 8 TEETH 
 
 Are they large or small ? 
 
 Are they all alike ? 
 
 Why not ? Different uses. 
 
14 Domestic Animals 
 
 9 * LIMBS 
 
 Number; shape. 
 
 How joined to body ? Joints. 
 
 10 FEET 
 
 How does kitty walk ? 
 
 Why does she make no noise ? 
 
 How many toes ? How many claws ? 
 
 What are the claws made of? 
 
 What is their shape ? 
 
 How does kitty use her claws ? 
 
 Are the front and back claws alike ? 
 
 1 1 TAIL 
 
 Shape; length. 
 
 What use is it ? 
 
 Do all cats have tails ? 
 
 12 KITTENS 
 
 How do they look when very little ? 
 Are they pretty ? 
 
 13 HABITS 
 
 How does kitty sleep ? 
 How does she take a bath ? 
 Does she get angry ? 
 
Domestic Animals 15 
 
 How does she defend herself if you hurt her ? 
 
 Does she like you to pet her ? 
 
 How do you smooth her hair ? Why ? 
 
 Did you ever see her climb a tree ? 
 
 What did she want ? 
 
 How does the mother-cat care for her kittens ? 
 
 I am kitty's eyes round in shape, and green in color. 
 There are holes in the centre that grow small in the light and 
 large in the dark. I can see best in the dark. I am made in 
 this way to help kitty find her food when she has to hunt for it, 
 for she likes mice best; and they come out of their holes more 
 often at night. 
 
 Or, 
 
 I am kitty's teeth. See the tiny front ones, and the long, 
 pointed ones on each side? They are to hold a mouse tight 
 when I catch it. 
 
 Little Billy told this story that his Uncle Ned 
 told him: 
 
 Long, long ago, a kitty caught a bird one morning; but, 
 as she was about to eat it, a sly fox came along. 
 
 "Good morning," said the fox. "Just going to eat your 
 breakfast? Well, let me tell you, sir; no gentleman eats until 
 he first washes his face." 
 
 Kitty laid the bird down on the ground for it was quite 
 
1 6 Domestic Animals 
 
 dead and began to wash herself. Then the sly fox reached 
 out his long paw, took the bird and ran off with it. 
 
 Poor kitty had to hunt for another breakfast, and she said, 
 "After this, I shall eat first, and wash myself afterward," and 
 cats do so to this day. 
 
 They " played cats," also. They chose Tim, one 
 day, and he made such a good one! He arched his 
 back (walking on hands and feet), to show he was 
 angry; scratched when Bob rubbed his fur the 
 wrong way; purred when Nellie patted him gently; 
 "shinned" up a pole in the centre of the room to 
 rub down his claws; measured the space in the 
 half-opened door with his whiskers to see if he 
 could go through, and howled terribly when some 
 one stepped on his foot. 
 
 There were little games, too, found in kinder- 
 garten song books. 
 
 There was "Puss in the Corner," also. 
 
 They sang 
 
 "I love little kitty, her coat is so warm, 
 And if I don't hurt her, she'll do me no harm; 
 So I'll not pull her tail, or drive her away, 
 But Pussy and I very gently will play. 
 I'll smooth her soft fur and give her some food, 
 And Pussy will love me, because I am good." 
 
Domestic Animals 17 
 
 Miss Clare sang a song she knew as a little girl, 
 called "The Old Black Cat," and Teddy recited 
 the old rhyme of the "Three Little Kittens Who 
 Lost Their Mittens." This latter the little folks 
 greatly enjoyed, and Miss Clare illustrated it for 
 them on the blackboard. 
 
 Those blackboard pictures! What delight they 
 took in them, and there was a new one nearly every 
 day: 
 
 Kitty playing with a ball; eating milk out of a 
 saucer; asleep, with "tail and nose together"; 
 running up a tree; stretching after a nap; carrying 
 a kitten by its neck; spitting at a dog; crying over 
 the lost mittens; laughing when they were found 
 and hung up to dry; and watching at a mouse's hole. 
 
 There were some pretty Perry Pictures pinned on 
 a strip of burlap on a small blackboard, and the 
 children tried to draw a great many more to add 
 to the collection. When the month was over, and 
 all the pictures erased, Miss Clare gave a little sigh 
 of satisfaction as she added these notes in a well- 
 worn note-book: 
 
1 8 Domestic Animals 
 
 ANIMAL STUDY FOR SEPTEMBER 
 
 OBJECT 
 
 1 To see if the children have pets, and, if so, how they are 
 treated. 
 
 2 To impress kindness to animals. 
 
 METHOD 
 
 1 Have different cats brought that the children may see 
 the salient characteristics of the family versus the accidental, 
 as size, color, etc. 
 
 2 Emphasize the use and adaptability of each organ, rather 
 than to simply notice the organs themselves. 
 
 3 Songs, games, stories, rhymes, and pictures to add interest 
 and relieve monotony. 
 
 RESULTS 
 
 Much better oral expression from children. 
 More interest taken in school matters by "home people." 
 Better control of muscles; keener powers of observation, and 
 A jolly good time by all oj us. 
 
THE DOG 
 
 SUGGESTIONS 
 
 Some novels that teachers may find interesting that have 
 dogs for heroes are: "Bob, Son of Battle," "The Call of the 
 Wild," and "The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come." Kip- 
 ling and Long will furnish ideas, and a good encyclopedia will 
 contain good pictures and many interesting facts. 
 
 Two stories for the children are: "Moufflon" and "Dicky 
 Smiley's Birthday," in "The Story Hour," by Kate Douglas 
 Wiggin. 
 
 For drawing; modeling, painting, or cutting, follow the ideas 
 in the stories told, using objects mentioned there. A mat for 
 doggy to lie on, his collar, the dish he eats from, a cookie that 
 he likes, a loaf of bread before we cut him a slice, the knife to 
 cut it with, a newspaper that he brings from the office, a basket 
 he can carry in his mouth, etc. Don't forget to let them illus- 
 trate some stories, even if you can see no "results," and let 
 them draw the dogs that visit you. 
 
THE DOG 
 
 Pit, pat, pit, pat, softly sounded the steps in the 
 hall, and then there was a sharp bark at Miss Clare's 
 door. She opened it and a large dog walked into 
 the room. A card was tied to his collar with some 
 writing on it that said: 
 
 "Good afternoon, little people! My name is 
 Bruno, and I have come to visit you for fifteen 
 minutes/' The teacher read this to the children, 
 and then to their delight Bruno began to walk slowly 
 through the aisles, looking at each little friend out 
 of his big brown eyes. 
 
 Meanwhile Miss Clare was writing this question 
 on the blackboard: "In what ways is a dog like a 
 cat?" and when Bruno had finished his survey of 
 the room and had taken his stand by the teacher's 
 desk, the children were ready to answer it. 
 
 They discovered some resemblances easily, as: 
 
 Shape. 
 
 Shape of limbs. 
 
 Shape of tail. 
 
22 Domestic Animals 
 
 Use and number of organs, and some differences, 
 as: 
 
 Size. 
 
 Covering. 
 
 Sounds made. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Eyes. 
 
 Teeth. 
 
 Ears. 
 
 Tongue. 
 
 As the time for the visit was now over, Miss Clare 
 said, "I am sure that we can find out many other 
 things and I will try and coax Bruno to visit us 
 again to-morrow," and Tom whose father owned 
 a market volunteered to bring a bone for him to 
 eat. 
 
 With nine o'clock came Miss Clare and Bruno. 
 The bone was there, also; a good meaty one, that 
 Tom hid on a low shelf in the cubpoard, leaving the 
 door ajar. 
 
 Bruno found it very quickly, and began at once to 
 eat it, leading the children to decide that he had a 
 keen scent, large, strong teeth, and good eyesight. 
 
Domestic Animals 23 
 
 "He fared much better than the dog in the story," 
 laughed Miss Clare. " Don't you remember how 
 
 "Old Mother Hubbard went to the cupboard 
 
 To get her poor dog a bone, 
 And when she got there, the cupboard was bare, 
 And so the poor dog had none"? 
 
 With a ruler they measured Bruno, his length, 
 height, tail, and ears, examined his eyes in the light 
 and in the dark, felt of his coat, searched for whiskers, 
 and studied his color. Miss Clare questioned if 
 dogs were always larger than cats. 
 
 "Yes," was the decided answer from all but quiet 
 little Johnnie, who said he had seen a dog smaller 
 than an Angora cat. 
 
 This reminded the guessers that dogs varied in 
 size, and they came to the conclusion "that some 
 dogs were as small as cats, but that no cat was as 
 big as a large dog." 
 
 They noticed that Bruno walked a little lame. 
 "What makes him?" inquired John. 
 
 "When he was a small dog," said Miss Clare, 
 "he was out playing with his little master in a field 
 near a railroad. The boy was throwing sticks for 
 
-vo 
 
Domestic Animals 25 
 
 the dog to bring back to him. One stick fell on the 
 track and as he ran to get it, the train came along. 
 Bruno jumped, but the engine hit his leg and broke 
 it. A doctor set it and it got well in time, but he 
 has been afraid of the cars ever since. He will not 
 cross a track if he can help it. 
 
 "One Sunday my brother and I were out walking 
 and we came to a bridge across the river. Bruno 
 was with us and when he saw there was a car track 
 across it he would not go over. We coaxed and 
 scolded, but he would not stir. At last we left him, 
 knowing he could find his way home well enough, 
 but what do you think! when we reached the other 
 side he was waiting for us. He had gone down the 
 steep bank and had swam across the river!" 
 
 It was now time to tell the dog good-by, so after 
 giving him many love pats, and a piece of cake, 
 they saw him trot quietly home. 
 
 The next day Charlie brought his dog, a spaniel. 
 He was a beauty, with curly hair so soft and silky, 
 and the brightest eyes! He could do many tricks 
 and was very willing to do them for his little master, 
 who spoke so lovingly to him. 
 
 "Sit up and beg, Fritz," Charlie would say, and 
 
26 Domestic Animals 
 
 Fritz would sit on his hind legs, and hold out his 
 front paw in such a droll way. He would roll over, 
 jump through a hoop, shake hands, go to sleep, and 
 play "hide the ball." Charlie would put him in 
 the hall after showing him the ball, and then he would 
 hide it in the school-room. Fritz never failed to 
 find it. 
 
 Dogs were not as plenty as cats in the homes, but 
 the children did have visits on different days from a 
 pug and a poodle, beside the two mentioned. From 
 these four, and a great many pictures, they learned 
 that dogs differed not only from cats but from one 
 another and they made this list for the blackboard. 
 
 Dogs vary in: 
 
 SIZE 
 
 Being small, medium, or large, 
 
 COVERING 
 
 The hair being short, long, straight, curly. 
 
 COLOR 
 
 Being black, white, brown, yellow, gray, or 
 mixed, 
 
Domestic Animals 27 
 
 SHAPE OF EARS 
 
 Erect or drooping. 
 
 SHAPE OF TAIL 
 
 Straight, recurved, slim, bushy, short, or long. 
 
 Of course there were other variations, but these 
 were little children and Miss Clare dd not think it 
 wise to be too technical. 
 
 She told them she had read in a book that there 
 were over one hundred and eighty kinds of dogs in 
 the world, more than some of them would be able 
 to count, but maybe they would like to know about 
 a few kinds and of what use they were to man. 
 
 She put pictures of these on the board. 
 
 The greyhound they admired for his beauty, and 
 they could easily imagine what a good hunter he 
 might be, and how swiftly he could get over the 
 ground. 
 
 The hound, too, was a favorite when they learned 
 that he was often able to find people that were lost, 
 having such a keen scent that he could follow their 
 footsteps. 
 
 The dogs of the Eskimos were not overlooked, 
 for what could these people do without their faithful 
 
2 8 Domestic Animals 
 
 dogs in those cold countries where so few animals 
 are able to live, there is so little food ? 
 
 Stories were told of the St. Bernards, whose homes 
 are in the Alps, and whose work of rescuing lost 
 travelers from the cold was graphically pictured. It 
 was to this family that their visitor, Bruno, belonged. 
 The Newfoundlands, who made such good watch 
 dogs, were so faithful and courageous, came in for 
 a large share of attention, while stories of the shep- 
 herd dogs, the Scotch collies, were received with 
 loud applause. 
 
 OLD WATCH TO THE MOON 
 
 "Bow, wow, wow, 
 
 Out to their posts the stars come now, 
 And we must begin the Moon and I 
 Our still night watch; she in the silver sky, 
 While down low in the dewy grass I lie. 
 
 "Bow, wow, wow, 
 
 Within the dark house the dear ones sleep now 
 And close I sit all through the silent night 
 With my heart as full as the Moon's of light 
 They trust old Watch and sleep, and they do right 
 
Domestic Animals 29 
 
 "Bow, wow, wow, 
 
 Moon so near to heaven, O you 
 
 Must know! I have no words to speak my pain 
 But, tell me, Moon, are faith and love in vain ? 
 Will there not come a time when all is plain? 
 
 "Bow, wow, wow, 
 
 1 hear the dear ones talking soft and low 
 
 Of some fair land where they shall journey soon, 
 Where all shall gain some longed-for boon 
 And shall I not be with them there? O Moon? 
 
 "Bow, wow, wow, 
 
 I shall tell them there that I loved them so! 
 What if I did wrong in the Old-Time Land, 
 Where they used to blame me with word and hand ? 
 It was only I could not understand." 
 
 They learned the second stanza to repeat, and 
 this taken from 
 
 THE FAITHFUL DOG 
 
 "If thou hast a dog, when he comes at eve, 
 Laying his ample head upon thy knee, 
 And looking at thee with a glistening eye, 
 Repulse him not, but let him on the rug 
 Sleep fast and warm, beside thy parlor fire, 
 So mayst thou win 
 
30 Domestic Animals 
 
 A willing servant, and an earnest friend, 
 
 Faithful to death." Mrs. Sigourney. 
 
 The little people originated a few games which 
 they found entertaining. One was this, to be played 
 at recess: 
 
 Choose two boys for shepherd dogs, and two more 
 for shepherds, and divide the remaining children into 
 two flocks of sheep. Then the two flocks run to- 
 gether, the game being to see if each dog can re- 
 member and separate his own sheep, driving them 
 to the pasture where his shepherd waits. 
 
 Another is to be played in the school-room. 
 Choose a boy for a watch dog. He must go to 
 sleep with his back to the door, the game being to 
 see if any child can steal in so softly that the dog 
 will not know it. 
 
 Of course they played they were St. Bernards and 
 found men lost in the snow, some able to be guided 
 to the monastery, and some so weak that they re- 
 quired help. The sharp barks, however, always 
 brought the monks to the rescue. 
 
 Songs telling about dogs did not seem to be very 
 plentiful, but this one found in an old Music Reader, 
 was used as a duet. 
 
Domestic Animals 31 
 
 FIDO AND HIS MASTER 
 
 "Come, come, my pretty Fido, 
 
 Come, come here, I say." 
 "No, no, my little master, 
 
 Do please let me stay; 
 
 Here on the warm rug I 
 
 Lie softly and snugly, 
 A sleeping, sleeping, sleeping with Tray." 
 
 "Come, come, -my pretty Fido, 
 
 Stand up for some sport!" 
 "No, no, my little master, 
 
 I'd much rather not. 
 
 I hate such a riot, 
 
 Do let me be quiet, 
 A dreaming, dreaming, dreaming so sweet. r 
 
 "Come, come, my little Fido, 
 
 Come here for some meat!" 
 "Yes, yes, my little master, 
 
 It smells good and sweet. 
 
 I long to begin it, 
 
 I come, then, this minute, 
 I think it, think it, think it a treat." 
 
 The children brought many little stories, incidents, 
 and pictures from home, and from time to time new 
 questions were put on the board. 
 
32 Domestic Animals 
 
 How does a dog sleep ? 
 
 Is a dog a clean animal ? 
 
 Does he wash himself as a cat does ? 
 
 Does he like the water ? 
 
 What sounds does he make ? 
 
 Can he climb a tree ? 
 
 Does he get angry ? 
 
 Why is his tongue not like a cat's ? 
 
 Did you ever see any baby dogs ? 
 
 What do we call them ? 
 
 How does the mother care for them ? 
 
 Does a dog sweat ? 
 
 Did you ever see a dog after he had been 
 
 running ? 
 What did he do ? 
 It is said that a dog will turn round and round 
 
 and scratch with his paw before going to 
 
 sleep. Is this true ? 
 
 All of these questions called for keen observations 
 on the part of the children, and Miss Clare seemed 
 pleased with her experience, for in her little note- 
 book was found this entry: 
 
Domestic Animals 33 
 
 ANIMAL STUDY FOR OCTOBER 
 OBJECT 
 
 To increase the child's interest in animals. Dogs chosen 
 because of their intelligence, because they are common, and are 
 easily recognized. Use pictures and blackboard drawings. 
 Have at least three dogs visit the school that we may study 
 resemblances and differences. 
 
 Use stories to bring out the dog's characteristics and passions, 
 such as grief, love, sympathy, gratitude, pride, etc., and to 
 inculcate good habits, such as responsibility, courage, obedi- 
 ence, and promptness. 
 
 Results too intangible to put down in black and white, but 
 perceived and felt. 
 
THE COW 
 
 " I am thinking of an animal that has a backbone 
 like a cat, but no fur. It has four legs like a dog, 
 but it cannot bark, and it is a great deal bigger 
 than either of them, or both of them together/' 
 said Miss Clare, with a merry twinkle in her eye 
 that the little folks knew meant a " funny lesson," 
 as Tom said. They were all attention. 
 
 "I suppose if I should ask you what you would 
 like best to eat, somebody would say 'ice cream/ 
 and another ' chocolate cake/ or * taffy-on-a-stick/ 
 but if I should ask my animal friend she would 
 make such a dreadful noise that half of you would 
 put your fingers in your ears and never wait to have 
 me tell you that she was only saying 'gr-ass, grass/ 
 
 "I should never dare ask her to come and visit 
 us, for she is so clumsy that I don't believe we could 
 ever get her up the stairs, and if we could, she never 
 could sit in one of our chairs as pussy and doggy did. 
 
 35 
 
36 Domestic Animals 
 
 "I will tell you a little more about her, and perhaps 
 you may be able to see her, after all. She has a 
 thick coat of coarse, short hair that keeps her warm 
 except in the very coldest weather. At the end of 
 her tail there are some long hairs, like this" and 
 she drew a tail. 
 
 (Miss Clare did not consider herself an artist, so 
 in a case of this kind the animal was put upon the 
 board the night before from a stencil drawing. The 
 outline was followed with a lead pencil and the 
 chalk marks erased. Standing now by the board 
 Miss Clare could see the pencil line; the children 
 could not. In this way she could draw the separate 
 parts, arouse the curiosity of the little folks, and 
 keep their enthusiasm from waning.) 
 
 " She has four slender legs/' continued the teacher, 
 "and four feet that have hoofs. She has two large 
 ears that stand out from the sides of her head, a 
 large nose, and two lovely, big, brown eyes. When 
 we put in her back, her udder (sketching them very 
 rapidly), and her horns, I am sure everybody will 
 be ready to tell me that my friend is a " 
 
 "Cow," cried a chorus of voices. 
 
 "Yes, one of our best friends; to-morrow we will 
 
Domestic Animals 37 
 
 find out something more about her/' it having been 
 discovered that cows were not very familiar animals. 
 
 The next day Miss Clare said, "Would you like 
 to play 'going visiting' ?" Taking a chart from the 
 wall the children saw sketched on the board a faint 
 suggestion of a house and near by a snug little barn. 
 
 "My friend, Mr. Brown, lives here. This cow 
 (the one drawn the day before) belongs to him. 
 See! he is just going to take her out for a drink of 
 water." (Sketching a halter round her neck, and 
 a watering trough close by.) "Let us ask him to 
 tell us about her. 
 
 " I will be Mr. Brown " - putting one of the boy's 
 caps on her head -- "and you may ask me anything 
 you like." 
 
 "What color is your cow, Mr. Brown?" 
 
 "She is red and white, but my neighbor has one 
 that is black and white and another that is all red." 
 
 "How big is she?" 
 
 "How large? Well, when I stand beside her 
 (sketching in a man's head behind the cow), you can 
 see my head, neck, and shoulders; but if one of you 
 small boys should stand the other side of her we 
 couldn't see you at all, unless it was your feet. So, 
 
38 Domestic Animals 
 
 boss so. She is very thirsty. She will drink as 
 much as a pailful usually." 
 
 "What does she eat?" 
 
 "Grass in summer. I keep her in that pasture 
 behind that hill then, and my boy, Johnnie, drives 
 her out and back morning and night. I wish 
 Johnnie was here to see all you nice little people, 
 but he has gone out to the farm to stay with grand- 
 mother until after Thanksgiving. Now that it is 
 cold, I keep the cow in the barn, and she eats hay and 
 meal. Come and see her teeth. She has strong 
 back teeth in both jaws, but she has no teeth in 
 front in her upper jaw. In place of teeth she has 
 a ridge of skin, hard as bone. See what thick lips 
 she has! She pushes them out to take the hay and 
 licks it in with her tongue. See how long and rough 
 her tongue is! Feel of her nose! It is always 
 moist. 
 
 "Oh! I must tell you a little more about the way 
 she eats. When she bites off the grass or hay she 
 does not really eat it at first, but she packs it away 
 in a bag that she has inside of her big body. Isn't 
 that a queer way to do ? When the bag is full, the 
 grass, or whatever she has eaten, comes up into her 
 
Domestic Animals 39 
 
 mouth, a little ball at a time, and then she chews 
 it and really eats it. We say about animals that 
 eat in this way, 'they chew the cud.' Now I must 
 take her back to the barn. Come over some morning 
 early and I will milk her for you. Good-by." 
 
 "Good-by, Mr. Brown. Thank you for showing 
 us your cow," added Grace. 
 
 Miss Clare enjoyed playing in this way herself so 
 much that of course she made it very real to the 
 children, and by the next day they began to bring 
 items from home. Sam's father had been a farmer's 
 son, and he told his little lad how he drove the cows 
 to pasture when he was a boy. In this pasture was 
 a tinkling little brook where the cows came to drink, 
 and tall trees that made shady places where they 
 could lie down and rest. There were swampy places 
 where the cowslips grew, and willow twigs from 
 which the boys made whistles. Pete, his shepherd 
 dog, always went with him, and would drive the 
 cows home alone. 
 
 Paul's father was interested, too. He told his 
 little boy about the horns. He said: "Long, long 
 ago, when cows were wild, they needed their horns 
 to defend themselves from wild beasts. Now that 
 
40 Domestic Animals 
 
 they are tame and kept in pastures and barns, they 
 are not of much use, and when a farmer has many 
 cows he sometimes cuts off the horns. This is to 
 prevent them from fighting one another, as cows 
 often will do. The horns are not quite smooth. 
 They have little wrinkles in them. Some farmers 
 say they can tell how- old a cow is by the number of 
 wrinkles in her horns." 
 
 The boy whose father owned the market brought 
 a cow's foot. This was examined carefully. They 
 saw how the hoof was divided, and Miss Clare ex- 
 plained that this was called a cloven foot, and called 
 their attention to the two small toes at the back of 
 the foot. 
 
 William had spent the previous summer on his 
 uncle's farm. As his mother was anxious to have 
 him profit by this experience, she had spent much 
 time with him in out-of-door study. She came to 
 school with him one morning to help him recall 
 these happy days. 
 
 Do you know how a cow lies down ? 
 
 William said that she bends her front legs under 
 and so lowers her head and shoulders, and then 
 she bends one hind leg and then the other under 
 
Domestic Animals 41 
 
 her. When she gets up she rises on her hind legs 
 first. He said also that cows were fond of salt, and 
 would lick a piece out of your hand. His uncle 
 sometimes put salt on a cow's back and other cows 
 would lick it off. Cows often lick themselves and 
 one another with their rough tongues, to clean them- 
 selves and to get rid of insects. Their tails they use 
 as brushes and for the same purpose. 
 
 That reminded Miss Clare of the story of "The 
 Cow Who Lost Her Tail," in Miss Poulsson's "In 
 the Child's World," and she told it to the little folks. 
 They began now to make the blackboard list: 
 
 1 SIZE 
 
 2 SHAPE 
 
 3 COVERING 
 
 4 COLOR 
 
 5 LIMBS 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Hoofs. 
 
 Toes. 
 
 6 STOMACHS 
 
 (Not too much detail.) 
 
42 Domestic Animals 
 
 7 HEAD 
 
 Face. 
 
 Ears. 
 
 Horns. 
 
 Nose. 
 
 Mouth. 
 
 Lips. 
 
 Tongue. 
 
 Teeth. 
 
 8 TAIL 
 
 Length. 
 Use. 
 
 During these days, for seat work they had been 
 trying to draw the animal from the blackboard pic- 
 tures; its different organs; the barn; the pasture; 
 and now Miss Clare gave them some cows to cut 
 out that she had hektographed on drawing paper. 
 She folded the papers so that they were double when 
 cut, and by opening them a little, they could stand up 
 beautifully. After each child had cut one cow, he 
 could trace around that and cut as many as he liked. 
 
 They all liked to have a great many, a whole barn- 
 yard full. They were allowed to paint them with 
 
Domestic Animals 43 
 
 water color on both sides. They used different colors, 
 copying from some good colored prints that were in 
 the room. Stables were made to keep the cows in, 
 mangers for hay, troughs for drinking water, and 
 bags for meal. 
 
 Thus far little had been said of the usefulness of 
 the cow, but one morning Miss Clare reminded them 
 of Mr. Brown's promise to show them how he milked. 
 "Shall we go to-day?" Everyone was ready, and 
 they found Mr. Brown, milk-pail in hand, waiting 
 for them. 
 
 He sat down on his three-legged stool (which they 
 made later of cardboard and toothpicks) and showed 
 them the whole process. They could almost hear 
 the tinkle of the stream against the pail. "So, boss, 
 so boss, steady there," he said to her, for she was 
 not quite used to so many visitors. "I don't believe 
 any of you have fingers strong enough to milk her," 
 he explained. 
 
 "How much milk does she give, Mr. Brown?" 
 asked Jimmie. 
 
 "This pail nearly full night and morning, but I 
 get several quarts more in the summer when she has 
 fresh grass to eat. 
 
Domestic Animals 45 
 
 "Come into the house, now, and have a drink. 
 Mrs. Brown will strain it off into pans for the 
 cream to rise. To-morrow she is going to make 
 butter. You had better come and see how she 
 does it." 
 
 Then Miss Clare went into the hall and came back 
 as Mrs. Brown, carrying a glass pitcher full of truly 
 milk and a tiny tumbler, that each might have a 
 taste. Wasn't that a surprise realistic enough to 
 make the children rub their eyes and wonder if they 
 were dreaming ? 
 
 The milk that was left was poured into a tin dish 
 and placed on the desk to see if the cream would 
 rise. It did, and the next morning after seeing (in 
 imagination, of course) Mrs. Brown skim her milk 
 and make butter, they took the cream from theirs. 
 Miss Clare added some more bought of the milk- 
 man and they made some "truly" butter themselves 
 by shaking the cream in a glass jar. It was put into 
 a little tray, patted and salted, and served on crackers 
 for a little luncheon at recess. 
 
 The dishes, pails, and churns were drawn, painted, 
 and made of clay, and some pans and pails were 
 made of tea-lead one of the children brought. This 
 
46 Domestic Animals 
 
 was folded around the drawing models (cylinders) 
 and bits of wire added for bails and handles. 
 To the list now they added: 
 
 9 UDDER 
 
 Shape. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Use. 
 
 10 PRODUCTS 
 
 Milk. 
 Cream. 
 Butter. 
 Cheese. 
 
 11 FOOD 
 
 Kind. 
 Quantity. 
 
 12 HABITS 
 
 How does a cow lie down ? 
 How does she get up ? 
 How does she eat ? 
 What sounds does she make ? 
 Does she get angry ? 
 
Domestic Animals 47 
 
 How does she defend herself? 
 Is she a handsome animal ? 
 Is she a graceful one ? 
 Can she run fast ? 
 What is a baby cow called ? 
 
 They heard the poem of "The Cow," by Robert 
 Louis Stevenson, and "The Story the Glass of Milk 
 Told Me/' from "In the Child's World," and learned 
 the finger plays relating to milk and butter by Miss 
 Poulsson. They made a list of articles of food in 
 which mamma used milk, and were surprised at the 
 length of it. 
 
 To crown all, it was decided to make a cake, the 
 children agreeing to furnish the materials. 
 
 "Choose those that don't never forget, Miss Clare," 
 urged Sallie, "or somebody '11 spoil it." 
 
 To this they all agreed, and a list of the needed 
 articles was written upon the board, each child copy- 
 ing the one thing he was to bring. The list included 
 
 Mixing dish. 
 Large spoon. 
 Small spoon. 
 
48 Domestic Animals 
 
 Baking tin. 
 Measuring cup. 
 
 Egg- 
 Sugar. 
 
 Flour. 
 
 Salt. 
 
 Milk. 
 
 Baking powder. 
 
 Every one took a hand at the mixing and beating. 
 A kind neighbor baked it for them, and sent over a 
 slice of cheese to eat with it. It proved a great 
 success. 
 
 But there were other things for which they were 
 indebted to the cow. " Where did we get the roast 
 beef and juicy steak that we had for dinner ?" ques- 
 tioned the teacher. "Did you remember that it was 
 cow's flesh that you were eating? When a little 
 boy looks at the soles of his shoes he often needs to 
 say 'Thank you' to the cow, for very likely it was 
 from her skin made into leather that they were made. 
 From her horns, knife and fork handles, combs and 
 buttons are made; from her fat, candles, sometimes; 
 and from her hoofs we get glue. Even her hair is 
 
Domestic Animals 49 
 
 mixed with mortar to plaster our houses. From her 
 bones a food for plants is made that th& farmer 
 mixes with his soil to help the grass, vegetables, and 
 flowers grow." 
 To the list was added: 
 
 OTHER PRODUCTS 
 
 Flesh beef. 
 
 Hair plaster. 
 
 Hoofs glue. 
 
 Skin -- leather. 
 
 Horns buttons, combs, etc. 
 
 Bones fertilizer. 
 
 As Thanksgiving drew near the story of the Pil- 
 grims was told; the departure from England and 
 Holland; the journey; the house building; the 
 children and the babies. "How they must have 
 missed the milk and cream of the old Dutch home, 
 for no cows came in the Mayflower!" exclaimed 
 Miss Clare. "How the mothers must have racked 
 their brains to have good things to eat without any 
 milk! How glad everyone must have been when a 
 ship did finally come that brought some animals! 
 
50 Domestic Animals 
 
 How they must have patted bossy's side, looked into 
 her brown eyes and stroked her soft nose! How 
 good the milk must have tasted, and the fresh, sweet 
 butter the good mothers made!" 
 
 A game that they often played was the kinder- 
 garten "Farm Yard Gate," and a favorite story was 
 "The Cow with the Golden Horns," found in "A 
 Pot of Gold and Other Stories," by Mary E. Wilkins. 
 They also learned to recite that pretty old poem by 
 Jane Taylor: 
 
 THE COW 
 
 Thank you, pretty cow, that made 
 Pleasant milk to soak my bread, 
 Every morn and every night, 
 Warm and sweet and sure and white. 
 
 "Do not chew the hemlock rank, 
 Growing on the woody bank, 
 But the yellow cowslip eat, 
 That will make it very sweet. 
 
 Where the bubbling water flows, 
 Where the grass is fresh and fine, 
 Pretty cow, go there and dine!" 
 
Domestic Animals 51 
 
 The note-book summary may read: 
 
 ANIMAL STUDY FOR NOVEMBER 
 OBJECT 
 
 To make children somewhat acquainted with our common 
 domestic animal, chosen for this month to connect with har- 
 vesting, winter preparation and Thanksgiving. 
 
 METHOD 
 
 Pictures, descriptions and stories principally. 
 (Few of the children had seen a cow.) 
 
THE SHEEP 
 
 SUGGESTIONS 
 
 Be careful not to make the talks too technical. Make the 
 animal seem a real live one, not "a mass of wool and flesh." 
 Put in a great deal of fun, and tell as many rhymes as possible, 
 not forgetting the old classic, "Mary had a Little Lamb." 
 
 " Little lambs so white and fair, 
 Are the gentle shepherd's care. 
 Now he leads their tender feet 
 Into pastures green and sweet," 
 
 sang Miss Clare softly, as she pinned to the board a 
 beautiful picture of "Sheep on the Hillside," one 
 cold morning in December. 
 
 " Some of you little people who went out into the 
 country last summer saw sheep that the farmers had. 
 This picture will make you think of the pasture 
 where they loved to stay nibbling the short, green 
 grass. 
 
 " If you should go out there now, you would find 
 
 53 
 
S4 
 
 Domestic Animals 
 
 the fields all white with snow, and when you asked 
 for the sheep the farmer would tell you that he had 
 them hid away all snug and w/arm in his big barn, 
 or in the sheepfolds that he had had made for them. 
 
 "But in some places in the world where sheep are 
 raised, it is never very cold, and they have no snow 
 at all. There the sheep and lambs can stay out-of- 
 doors all the year. The man who owns them or 
 
Domestic Animals 55 
 
 cares for them is called a shepherd. He stays out 
 with them night after night, to see that no harm 
 comes to them, especially to the little lambs, who are 
 not strong enough to care for themselves, and so 
 'He Jeads their little feet where the grass is fresh and 
 sweet/ as it tells us in the song. 
 
 "Some of you have never seen any sheep, have 
 you ? But you have seen so many pictures of them 
 that I think you know how they look. However, 
 here is one that I got at the toyshop last night that 
 looks very much like a real one, only it is not nearly 
 as large." 
 
 (Here, to the delight of the children, Miss Clare 
 showed a small but excellent toy sheep covered with 
 wool.) 
 
 " It is very pretty, isn't it ? We will pass it around. 
 You may all feel of it, and then be ready to tell me 
 something about the 
 
 Shape of the body, 
 
 Number of limbs, 
 
 The coat that he wears." 
 
 These questions having been answered satisfac- 
 torily, Miss Clare said: "To-morrow, see if you 
 
56 Domestic Animals 
 
 can bring me any pictures or stories. Ask the 
 people at home to help you." 
 
 The next morning the little toy lamb was on hand 
 again, and the teacher said: "Let us play that our 
 little toy sheep is a real, truly one that has come to 
 visit us. If he could talk he would say: "Good 
 morning, children. Do you want me to tell you 
 something about myself? Your teacher says you 
 have had animal friends visit you before. Which 
 one do you think I look the most like ? " 
 
 "The dog," replied Willie. 
 
 "That is a pretty good guess. I am nearer the 
 size of the big dog that came to see you than any of 
 the others, and I am somewhat like him in shape. 
 I have as many legs as he, but my feet are different. 
 See, here is a foot (one procured from the butcher); 
 it is split, more like that of a cow. Do you know that 
 in the bottom of my foot is a little sac, that has 
 something in it that gives out an odor, or smell, as 
 I travel along ? I don't know as you would notice 
 it, but the other sheep my cousins, you know 
 following behind, can smell it on the stones and grass 
 over which I walk. That is one reason we follow 
 one another so well. Our sense of smell is keen, 
 
Domestic Animals 57 
 
 "Sheep are like cows in another way. You do 
 not see any horns on my head, but a great many 
 sheep do have them, especially those that are wild. 
 Some have very small horns, and some very large 
 ones, like my cousin, 'the big horned sheep/ Some 
 have horns that branch out, and some have horns 
 that curl until they nearly form a ring, but they are 
 all hollow. I like many things to eat that a cow does, 
 such as grass, clover, meal and salt, and my teeth 
 are much like hers. Our coats are not alike, we do 
 not make the same noise, and I never give you milk 
 to drink. I haven't much of a tail, either, but some 
 members of my family have much longer ones. I 
 have some far-away cousins who have such fat tails 
 they can hardly carry them. The people in that 
 country use this fat for butter, and what do you think! 
 They sometimes make little carts with four wheels 
 to them, and fasten them to the sheep, so that they 
 draw their own tails! Perhaps that was where Bo- 
 Peep lived, for don't you remember the story ? 
 
 "Little Bo-Peep has lost her sheep, 
 
 And can't tell where to find 'em. 
 Let 'em alone, and they'll come home, 
 Dragging their tails behind them" 
 
58 Domestic Animals 
 
 "If you think you can remember all this, maybe 
 I'll tell you something more another day. Good- 
 bye/' And the little toy lamb disappeared into its 
 sheepfold Miss Clare's desk while the children 
 helped to put this list on the blackboard: 
 
 A sheep resembles a cow somewhat in 
 Shape of body. 
 Shape and number of 
 
 Limbs; eyes; ears; horns; feet; teeth; 
 in food required; in care required. 
 
 A sheep differs from a cow in 
 Size. 
 Sounds. 
 Products. 
 Covering. 
 Habits. 
 
 The next day they began to learn the " Barn Yard 
 Song," from "Holiday Songs," by Miss Poulsson, 
 beginning, "With a baa! baa! baa!" and also "The 
 Lambs," in her "Finger Play" book. 
 
 Pictures began to come in of sheep and shepherds, 
 and under an outline drawing on the board was 
 written : 
 
Domestic Animals 59 
 
 "Baa! baa! old sheep, 
 Have you any wool?" 
 
 "No, sir; yes, sir; three bags full. 
 One for my master, one for my dame, 
 One for the little boy that lives in the lane." 
 
 "But how can he get it off his back?" queried 
 wee Jamie. 
 
 "To be sure! How can he, children?" 
 
 "Pull it off," shouted Sam. 
 
 'Take him to the barber and have it cut," sug- 
 gested Fred. 
 
 "Pretty good," laughed Miss Clare. "Do you 
 think our toy sheep could tell us anything about it ? 
 We might ask him." So the lamb came forth once 
 more and said: 
 
 "Pretty cold morning, isn't it, children? I sup- 
 pose you all wore your thick coats to-day. I am 
 glad of mine now, but there are days when it feels 
 rather hot and uncomfortable. Do you know what 
 the farmers do for their sheep, then ? They cut or 
 shear off their wool. 
 
 "Shall I tell you how I saw it done last year? 
 It was in June, when Farmer Brown said to his 
 man one morning, 'John, the sheep shearers are 
 
6o Domestic Animals 
 
 coming here to-day. I want you to go down to the 
 pasture with me, and drive the sheep up to the 
 barn.' Then they went down and drove us all up 
 - the whole fifty. 
 
 "Soon the men came with their big shears to cut 
 off our coats; not mine I was too little but 
 the old sheep. They would take a sheep, tie his 
 legs together, lay him on a bench, strap him down, 
 and then shear him. I asked an old sheep after- 
 ward if it hurt, and he said, 'No, not at all, but it 
 always frightens me.' He told me I wouldn't be 
 sheared until I was a year old. 
 
 "Another sheep told me that farmers sometimes 
 washed their sheep before they were sheared. He 
 said there was some oil in the wool which kept the 
 rain from running through to our skins and wetting 
 us, and that when sheep were taken to a brook or 
 pond and bathed, this was washed out and the wool 
 was left very soft and white. 
 
 "One thing more, children, before I leave you. 
 Ask your mothers to-night what folks use lamb's 
 wool for, and tell your teacher to-morrow. Good- 
 bye," and off he ran. The children clapped their 
 hands at this, and Frank said, "What a nice story 
 he told us, didn't he, Miss Clare ? " 
 
Domestic Animals 61 
 
 Yes, indeed! and don't forget what he asked you 
 to find out." 
 
 The words fairly tumbled over one another the 
 next morning, the children were so anxious to answer 
 the lamb's question, and later they divided them into 
 groups telling what might have been made from the 
 "three bags full," in this way: 
 
 MASTER'S BAG 
 Trousers. 
 Coat. 
 Vest. 
 Flannels. 
 Overcoat. 
 Socks. 
 Caps. 
 Mittens. 
 
 DAME'S BAG 
 Skirt. 
 Dress. 
 Shawl. 
 Hood. 
 Stockings. 
 Gloves, 
 
62 Domestic Animals 
 
 LITTLE BOY'S BAG, WHO LIVES IN THE LANE 
 Toque. 
 Pants. 
 Sweater. 
 Leggins. 
 Night-dress. 
 Blankets. 
 
 Nellie's grandma, such a sweet old lady, came 
 one day and told them how people in the old days 
 used to send the wool to the mill to be made into 
 soft white rolls, and then the women at home would 
 spin these into yarn, knit stockings of it, and weave 
 it into cloth. 
 
 By putting some yarn through the holes in an old 
 slate frame, and then weaving some more in cross- 
 wise, just as they did their paper mats, the children 
 made a piece of cloth themselves, and grandma had 
 shown them the stocking she was making for her 
 little grandson Carl. She used four bright, shining 
 knitting needles to knit it with. For seat work 
 there was the folding of sheep folds and barns; the 
 cutting of sheep and lambs, as they did cows; the 
 drawing of shears, racks of hay, measures for meal, 
 
Domestic Animals 63 
 
 and bags for grain, and the modeling of the articles 
 in clay. 
 
 They also cut clothing from paper and cloth, such 
 as hoods, mittens, coats, jackets, caps, dresses and 
 shawls, dyed paper different colors with water colors, 
 and painted striped blankets and stockings. 
 
 When they found there was no part of the sheep 
 but what could be used in some way, the other 
 products made a long list, including: 
 
 THE FLESH for food 
 Lamb; mutton. 
 
 THE FAT suet and tallow 
 Soap; candles. 
 
 THE SKIN 
 
 Gloves. 
 Parchment. 
 Book covers. 
 
 BONES burned, ground 
 Fertilizer. 
 
 For stories there were "Jason and the Golden 
 Fleece," and "Cupid and Psyche," in "In Myth- 
 
64 Domestic Animals 
 
 land" (Vol. II.); "How the Little Boy Got a New 
 Shirt," "The Child's World," and "The Rhyme of 
 the New Dress," in an old copy of Primary Education. 
 
 For games, in "Marching Plays," by Grey Burle- 
 son, was a " Flock of Sheep " that the children thought 
 great fun; while dividing the little folks into flocks, 
 each with a shepherd, whom they followed wherever 
 he led, was a favorite recreation. 
 
 But Christmas came on with the stories of the 
 shepherds and the Christ-Child, the making of little 
 gifts to take home, and the singing of the dear old 
 carols. When this happy time was over, someone 
 who peeped into Miss Clare's note-book read: 
 
 ANIMAL STUDY FOR DECEMBER 
 OBJECT 
 
 1 To familiarize the children with another domestic animal. 
 
 2 To lead them to trace manufactured articles back to the 
 raw products. 
 
 3 To awaken gratitude and love for the kindly care that is 
 given them. 
 
 RESULTS 
 
 The children seemed to have a better comprehension of the 
 Christmas Story, and enjoyed the songs more than any previous 
 class. 
 
THE GOAT 
 SUGGESTIONS 
 
 The query, "What do goats eat?" was addressed to a 
 gentleman who is very familiar with the character and habits 
 of the Billy in the following sketch. He wrote: "Goats eat 
 most everything from tree trunks in the forests, to harnesses in 
 the stable. Billy got at our carriages and ate the enamel from 
 the shafts; he ate the bark from our trees, and I don't know 
 what would have happened if he had gotten into the coal bin. 
 He insisted upon sampling everything he saw. When deigning 
 to partake of food he ate a little corn, sometimes a few oats, a 
 bit of hay, a morsel of grass, and other green stuff, but only a 
 little of any one thing. 
 
 "He was exceedingly temperate in the matter of drink, 
 drinking infrequently and but a little, and usually his beverage 
 was water. 
 
 "The goat is the most liberal liver in the world when some 
 body else provides the stuff. His extravagance at others' ex- 
 pense is something marvelous." 
 
 65 
 
THE GOAT 
 
 "Oh, Miss Clare! Miss Clare !" shouted Roy, 
 bursting into the school-room the first day after 
 vacation, "come out and see Freddie's team, quick." 
 Dropping everything, Miss Clare rushed to the door 
 and such a dear little "turn out" as met her eyes. 
 
 First, there was the wagon such a dear little 
 wagon, painted yellow, with a foot mat, a whip 
 socket, and a seat just big enough for two, if the 
 two happened, as in this case, to be tiny boys. 
 
 Next, there was the harness such a shiny leather 
 harness, with buckles and straps, and rings and 
 reins. 
 
 Then there was the driver such a proud little 
 driver in a bright red cap, who sat up so stiff and 
 tall and held the reins. Beside him sat the passen- 
 ger, a serious looking little passenger, who wore a 
 red cap, also, and sat stiff and straight and held the 
 whip. 
 
 By the side of the wagon stood brother Tom, 
 
 keeping one eye on the driver and the other on the 
 
 67 
 
68 Domestic Animals 
 
 horse, which, by the way, wasn't a horse at all, but 
 the very cutest little "Billy-goat" it had ever been 
 Miss Clare's lot to see. 
 
 The little people crowded around it admiringly, 
 and the teacher said, "Look at the goat carefully, 
 children, for I shall want you to tell me about him 
 after school opens," while Fred explained that the 
 team came on New Year's Day, a present from Uncle 
 Fred, who lived in New York. 
 
 When the "quarter bell" rang, Tom said he must 
 take Little Brother home and go to school himself, 
 but that they would drive over again the next day. 
 
 Now it happened that Miss Clare had written in 
 her note-book for January, "Animal Study Goats," 
 but she had no idea that she was to be aided in such 
 a realistic way; so the children found several pictures 
 of goats drawn on the blackboard when they went 
 in, and they were soon comparing them with the 
 "real one." Then they compared goats with sheep 
 and found 
 
 Some resemblances: 
 Size. 
 Shape. 
 
Domestic Animals 69 
 
 Number of legs. 
 Feet. 
 Hoofs. 
 Sounds made. 
 
 Some differences: 
 Covering. 
 
 Use. 
 
 They talked a little about the difference in habits, 
 Miss Clare telling them that goats are good climbers, 
 and can live in rocky places where their little sharp 
 hoofs find their way into each little crack or crevice 
 so that they do not fall. 
 
 She said, "They do not go about in flocks as sheep 
 do, and they can run fast and jump high, so they are 
 not driven as sheep are. They do not need shepherds 
 to watch them, and they will come home at the right 
 time if they know some good food will be ready for 
 them." 
 
 The next morning everyone was on hand early 
 to see the little team drive up, and as Little Brother 
 stayed at home Fred gave different children short 
 rides, one at a time. During this second visit they 
 discovered Billy's beard of long hair hanging from 
 
76 Domestic Animals 
 
 his chin, and John was very anxious to measure it. 
 They noted several of his peculiarities; he did not 
 trot off quietly like a pony, but walked in a jerky, 
 uncertain way, stopping often, and was ready to 
 investigate everything that attracted his attention. 
 
 He was a sort of gray in color, with a short head, 
 forehead flat and wide, and a small nose. His horns 
 were quite large, rather flat near the head and curving 
 toward the back. They looked in his mouth, and 
 Miss Clare told them that goats have thirty-two 
 teeth, but as they do not have them all at once, any 
 more than children do, people tell the age of goats 
 by the number of their teeth until they are five years 
 old. Fred was questioned as to the food Billy ate. 
 
 He said, "He doesn't eat very much of any one 
 thing. He likes lots of kinds; a little corn, a bite of 
 potato, a piece of cabbage, and some oats. He eats 
 hay, too, and any kind of green things. Papa says 
 he eats tin cans, and nails, and old iron, but he is 
 only in fun when he says that; but he truly does 
 want to taste of everything he sees, for he ate some 
 paint off the carriage one day, and another time we 
 found him chewing an old harness. You have to 
 look out for him and not leave things where he can 
 
Domestic Animals 71 
 
 get them. He drinks water, of course, but not very 
 much at a time." 
 
 Miss Clare said, "An old Billy-goat is sometimes 
 cross, and will butt with his horns anything he does 
 not like. He has to be kept by himself and in a 
 place where he will do no harm." 
 
 They looked at Billy's hair and saw that it was 
 short and coarse. For this reason, Miss Clare told 
 them, it was not of much use except for Billy himself, 
 but she added: "In some countries there are goats 
 that have two kinds of hair, one long, coarse kind 
 outside, and a soft, fine kind like wool underneath. 
 
 "The soft wool is made into thread, and then woven 
 into beautiful shawls. They are so fine and soft, of 
 lovely colors, and it takes so long a time to weave 
 one, that they cost a great deal of money." 
 
 The children were anxious to hear Billy "talk." 
 Fred said he made a noise very much like a sheep, 
 and that he made it a great deal when he was alone 
 in the barn. They supposed that he was lonesome. 
 
 The little folks were intensely interested in goats 
 in general by this time, and one morning Sallie an- 
 nounced that some goats gave milk. 
 
 Fred looked incredulous, until Miss Clare ex- 
 
Domestic Animals 
 
 73 
 
 plained that it was a mother, or Nanny-goat, that 
 gave milk, while his was a father, or Billy-goat. 
 
 NANNY GOAT 
 
 She said, "A Nanny-goat is often called 'the poor 
 man's cow/ because she eats little, and it costs little 
 to keep her. She is gentle and playful, and likes to 
 
74 Domestic Animals 
 
 be petted. She is clean in her ways, and her milk 
 is rich and sweet. 
 
 "She doesn't give much, a pint or a quart some- 
 times, but not much more, for she is a little animal, 
 you know, while a cow is large. She has a bag like 
 a cow and is milked in the same way a cow is. A 
 goat is not hard to milk. Sometimes a man will 
 teach Nanny to jump upon a bench, or he will sit 
 upon a stool and put her hind legs in his lap while 
 he milks her. 
 
 "In summer the goat can be tied to a stake in the 
 yard and allowed to nibble the grass. She likes 
 leaves, too, green or the pretty colored ones that 
 we have in the fall, and will bite the bark from 
 trees and shrubs. Nanny likes a dry place to stay 
 in, especially at night when she goes to bed. If she 
 stays where it is wet it makes her feet sore. 
 
 "A friend of mine had a goat and a Shetland pony 
 in the same stable. They never quarrelled, but ate 
 out of the same rack, though Nanny would eat some 
 weeds that the pony threw away. She was very 
 fond of lettuce and cabbage. 
 
 "The children used to gather acorns for her. in 
 the fall and spread them in the barn to dry and then 
 
Domestic Animals 75 
 
 give them to Nanny. She loved them dearly, and 
 would run away to the woods and gather them for 
 herself whenever she got the chance. 
 
 "We do not have many goats in our country, but 
 in some places where the pasture is so rocky that no 
 cow can live, there are many goats, and from their 
 milk the people make butter and cheese." 
 
 The blackboard list looked like this now: 
 
 BODY 
 
 Shape. 
 Size. 
 
 COVERING 
 
 Kind; color; use. 
 
 LEGS 
 
 Feet; hoofs. 
 
 TAIL 
 
 Shape. 
 Size. 
 
 HEAD 
 
 Eyes. 
 
 Ears. 
 
76 Domestic Animals 
 
 Nose. 
 Mouth. 
 
 Teeth: kind; number. 
 
 HORNS 
 
 Number; shape; position; size. 
 
 BILLY-GOAT 
 Beard. 
 Large horns. 
 
 HABITS 
 
 Can be driven in harness. 
 Sometimes cross. 
 Butts with horns. 
 
 NANNY-GOAT 
 No beard. 
 Smaller horns. 
 Bag for milk. 
 
 HABITS 
 
 Gentle; playful. 
 
 FOOD OF GOATS 
 Hay. 
 Oats. 
 
Domestic Animals 77 
 
 Grass. 
 
 Vegetables. 
 
 Leaves. 
 
 Shrubs. 
 
 Weeds. 
 
 Water infrequently. 
 
 PRODUCTS 
 Milk. 
 Butter. 
 Cheese. 
 
 OTHER PRODUCTS 
 Flesh for food. 
 
 Hair for cloth in some countries. 
 Skin for leather. 
 
 NAMES OF GOATS 
 
 Billy Nanny. 
 Young goats kids. 
 
 Little Jimmy told a very interesting tale one day. 
 He said, "My auntie had a goat that always knew 
 when the fire alarm rang in the town, and off he 
 would rush to the fire. He would stand by and 
 watch the fire until it was all over, and then he 
 
78 Domestic Animals 
 
 would trot off home again. All the firemen knew 
 Billy and always looked for him at every fire. He 
 never got in the way, nor never got hurt." 
 
 Miss Clare told them this old riddle one morning: 
 
 " Little Miss Nanny-goat 
 In a white petticoat. 
 The longer she stands 
 The shorter she grows." 
 
 They drew pictures of the answer (a candle) and 
 cut some from white paper. To their collection of 
 animals they now added some paper goats, cut and 
 painted, and made little carts of box covers with 
 milk-stopper wheels for Billy. 
 
 Sheds were folded for Nanny to sleep in, and 
 pastures and barns were drawn and painted. Milk- 
 ing stools were made again, and pans and pails for 
 holding milk. 
 
 Stories were not very plentiful; an old fable or 
 two, and a tale from Miss Poulsson's "Through the 
 Barn-yard Gate," were used, but as the little folks 
 were introduced to Robinson Crusoe this month, he 
 was able to supply all the deficiencies. He furnished 
 such interesting seat work, and afforded such a good 
 
Domestic Animals 79 
 
 chance to review many things already made. First 
 there was the long voyage, with the ship to be folded, 
 his chest of clothes and the wardrobe itself to be cut. 
 Then there was the wreck, the island, and the 
 gathering of the things he was able to save to be 
 drawn, a raft to be woven of slats, a canoe and a 
 hut to be constructed, and gardens and fields to be 
 measured and laid out. 
 
 There were trees, fruits, and birds to be painted, 
 cooking utensils, dishes, and tools to be made of 
 clay, and the last story of the goats, which Miss 
 Clare told in this way: 
 
 - ROBINSON CRUSOE^S GOATS 
 
 "Now you must know poor Robinson Crusoe had 
 been living on the island a long time, and he was 
 very tired of the things he had to eat. One day he 
 said to himself, 'How good some milk would taste, 
 and some cheese, and some nice fresh butter. Oh, 
 how I wish I had a cow! how I Jo wish I had one!' 
 Then the thought came to him, 'Why, there are 
 some goats on this island, but, dear me! they are 
 so wild I could never catch one. To be sure I might 
 
80 Domestic Animals 
 
 shoot one, but what good would a dead goat be ? 
 Goat's meat is not very good, and it is milk, not meat, 
 that I want. How can I catch oner 5 Now you 
 remember Crusoe didn't give up very easily, so he 
 kept thinking about the goats. 
 
 "At first he made some snares to trap them, but 
 they were too smart for him and always got away 
 after eating all the bait. Then he dug some deep 
 holes in a place where they liked to feed and put 
 some corn into the holes. The next day the corn 
 was gone, and he could see where the goats had 
 scrambled in and out. 
 
 "Next he took some long, thin sticks and wove 
 some covers as you weave mats, and put these over 
 his holes. On top he put some leaves and corn, 
 and at the ends he put big stones to hold the covers 
 down. Then he went home to bed. The next day 
 he went to look at the traps and found that a big 
 Billy-goat had stepped on to the cover of one, and 
 that it had broken and let him through. He could 
 not get out, for the stones held the cover on, even if 
 he climbed up and tried to butt it with his horns. 
 
 "He was so fierce Crusoe did not know what to 
 do with him, and besides he could give no milk, so 
 
Domestic Animals 81 
 
 he took off the cover, and Billy jumped out very 
 quickly and ran away. When he looked in another 
 hole, however, he found three little kids, a Billy 
 and two Nannies. They were easily managed, so 
 he tied their legs together and brought them all 
 home. 
 
 "They were quite wild at first and would not eat, 
 but by throwing them some corn, they soon found 
 out he was their friend. He fastened them to some 
 stakes, and every day he took them some food, a 
 little barley or rice, some green leaves and fresh water, 
 and by and by they would eat from his hand. Then 
 he fenced in a piece of land and let them loose, and 
 they would follow him all around inside the fence 
 begging for corn. 
 
 "Later he captured some more goats in the same 
 way, until he had quite a flock. He milked them 
 every day*, and oh, how good the milk did taste! 
 He made butter and cheese, too. 
 
 "As his clothes began to wear -out, I don't know 
 what he would have done for new ones if it had not 
 been for the skin of the goats. 
 
 "He made a hat first, and it had a flap hanging 
 down behind to keep the hot sun off his neck. He 
 
82 
 
 Domestic Animals 
 
 made it with the hair outside so the rain would drip 
 off and not run down inside his jacket. 
 
 "Still later he made himself a jacket, a pair of 
 trousers, a belt, some bags to hold his game, and an 
 umbrella. The umbrella was the funniest of all, 
 and the hardest to make. 
 
 "He said any one would have smiled to see him 
 sit down to dinner. On one side sat Poll, his parrot, 
 the only one beside himself that could talk. On 
 each side were two cats and near by an old dog, 
 and Robinson would give first one and then another 
 a bite from his plate. 
 
 " I think the kitties as well as Crusoe must have been 
 glad when they could have some milk, don't you?" 
 
THE HORSE 
 
 " I came to school this morning/' announced Miss 
 Clare, "with a friend who seemed very glad and 
 happy over some new shoes. My father told me 
 yesterday he was going to get him some, but as he 
 has rather queer shaped feet, one can't go to the store 
 and buy him some as your father does you. If I 
 should ask you how many toes you have on each 
 foot, you would all say 'Five,' but this other friend 
 of mine has only one on each foot, and he wears his 
 shoes fastened to his toe-nails nailed right on. 
 Did you ever hear of such a queer way of wearing 
 shoes ? 
 
 "Shall I tell you a little more about him, and per- 
 haps take his picture for you ? Well, his ears are 
 rather long and stand up quite straight like this 
 (sketching in some horse's ears over a pencil drawing 
 done the night before). His face is not as wide nor 
 his nose as large as a cow's. When we have put in 
 his four legs, his tail, and his back (sketching rapidly), 
 
 I am quite sure you are ready to call him a" 
 
 83 
 
J.. 
 
Domestic Animals 8$ 
 
 "Horse," cried a chorus of voices. 
 
 "Yes, indeed! Isn't he one of our best friends? 
 Just think how fond I must be of Dandy, who brings 
 me to school so many mornings, and often saves me 
 the long walk home at night. 
 
 "Now let us look at our picture again and see 
 what else he needs. He could see better could he 
 not? with an eye on this side (putting one in), 
 and he needs a tuft of hair to come over his fore- 
 head so. We will put in his mane, arrange his 
 tail a little, and there! Does he not look very 
 well? 
 
 "I have just time to tell you a little about his 
 teeth. You know a cow has no teeth in the front 
 of her upper jaw, but a horse has. He has six teeth 
 on each jaw, that are sharp at the edges so that he 
 can cut off the grass that he eats. Then there are 
 a pair of pointed teeth on each side of these, and 
 then a gap without any teeth at all. Back of this 
 gap are some broad, flat teeth with which the horse 
 chews his food as you do yours. Now, what do you 
 suppose that gap is for ? See if you can find out, 
 and notice all the horses that you see going home, 
 so that to-morrow you can tell me about a horse's 
 
86 Domestic Animals 
 
 "teeth, color, coat." 
 
 The next morning Miss Clare said, "Who is able 
 to tell me about the horse's" ? (pointing to the 
 word "teeth"). 
 
 Johnny's hand was waving wildly. 
 
 "That is the place where the bits go in. A horse 
 wears a little bar in his mouth to which the reins 
 are fastened. You could not guide a horse without 
 bits, my father says," while Willie added: 
 
 " My father took me out to the stable and showed 
 me how to put the bits in. Papa put his thumb on 
 old Bob's jaw where the gap is, and Bob opened his 
 mouth wide and they slipped right in." 
 
 In regard to his coat, they decided that it was 
 made of short coarse hair, and was thicker in winter 
 than in summer. 
 
 "To make it look smooth and glossy, you must 
 comb and brush it just as we do our hair," explained 
 Fred, and then he produced a curry-comb and brush 
 which his father had loaned him for the morning. 
 These were received with great applause, and were 
 passed around and examined by all the little folks, 
 who afterward made drawings and cuttings of them. 
 
Domestic Animals 87 
 
 For color they gaVe black, white, cream, and gray, 
 while one little boy added roan, sorrel, bay, and 
 chestnut. 
 
 "Tim told me those names," he said, "and we 
 went over to Mr. Gray's stable to see his horses. He 
 has twenty of them, and he told me that he gave 
 them hay, oats, and corn to eat. In summer they 
 eat grass, and they drink lots of water, a whole 
 pailful at a time, as a cow does. He has one horse 
 that likes apples and sugar very much. He let me 
 give him a lump of sugar. I put it in my hand, so 
 (holding it out flat), and he ate it all up, but he did 
 not bite me." 
 
 Miss Clare explained that a horse's lips are flexible; 
 that the mouth is lined with a thin skin or membrane; 
 that the tongue is long and narrow, and that he has 
 large nostrils, through which he breathes. 
 
 "His teeth are very strong, and they have some 
 ridges and marks," she said, "by which some men 
 are able to tell the age of a horse." 
 
 The teacher rode home that afternoon, and when 
 the team came for her they all went out to look at 
 Dandy. He was wearing his new shoes, and the 
 driver lifted up one foot that the little folks might 
 
Domestic Animals 89 
 
 see the hoof and the shoe, and Miss Clare promised 
 a visit to the blacksmith at some future day. 
 
 They found this old rhyme written on the board 
 the next morning: 
 
 "Shoe the old horse, 
 Shoe the old mare, 
 But let the little colt go bare." 
 
 And they learned this old song: 
 
 "Ho, rider ho, ho! 
 No longer can your horse go. 
 I tell you, sir, he wants a shoe. 
 The blacksmith he will make it you. 
 Some nails to hold it on his foot, 
 The blacksmith now for you will put, 
 And, then, Master Rider, you can again bestride her, 
 And, then, Master Rider, you can again bestride her." 
 
 Miss Clare told them that in the old days men 
 always rode on horseback, for there were few carriages 
 and poor roads, and that in some parts of the world 
 now, that is the usual mode of conveyance. At eleven 
 o'clock they put on hats and wraps, and the whole 
 company went to see Mr. Pine, whose large smithy 
 was in a nearby street. 
 
 The teacher had interviewed the blacksmith early 
 
90 Domestic Animals 
 
 in the morning and obtained his permission for the 
 visit. I cannot begin to tell you how much fun they 
 had; but if you really wish to know, why, "Go 
 thou and do likewise." It happened that Mr. Pine 
 was just ready to shoe a horse. They noticed that 
 he wore a leather apron, and held the horse's foot 
 between his knees. He pared the hoof with a large 
 knife, filed it to make it smooth, and measured it for 
 a new shoe. He heated the shoe red hot at the forge, 
 pounded it on the anvil, and when it was just the 
 right size, cooled it in water, and nailed it to the 
 hoof. 
 
 He showed them that the nails were not like the 
 carpenter's nails, but were long and flat, with a sharp 
 point. He told them if the shoe was too tight, it 
 would pinch the foot and make corns, and if he was 
 careless in -driving in a nail, it might hurt the horse 
 and make him lame. 
 
 He explained the difference between a summer and 
 a winter shoe, the latter having sharp little pieces of 
 iron, called calks, on them, which stick to the ice 
 and prevent the horse from slipping. He asked the 
 children if they could not sing him a song, and with 
 one accord they struck up: 
 
Domestic Animals 91 
 
 "Cling, clang, goes the blacksmith's hammer, 
 
 Cling, clang, how the anvil rings. 
 As he shapes the curving horseshoe 
 
 Hear the song the blacksmith sings. 
 Blow bellows, heat iron, burn my fire a blazing bed, 
 Strike hammer, ring anvil, shape the iron while it's 
 red." 
 
 This visit was remembered for many days, and 
 was often represented in illustrative drawing and 
 cutting. 
 
 They compared the horse with the cow and found 
 some resemblances, as: 
 
 size, 
 
 shape, 
 
 color, 
 
 coat, 
 
 limbs, 
 
 food eaten, 
 
 and that they differed in regard to 
 teeth, 
 feet, 
 tail, 
 
 stomach, 
 use, 
 
92 Domestic Animals 
 
 manner of eating, 
 sounds made. 
 
 The horse has no horns nor udder, is swift and 
 graceful, while the cow is clumsy and slow. 
 
 The blackboard list read: 
 
 1 SIZE 
 
 Large. 
 
 2 COVERING 
 
 Coarse hair. 
 
 3 COLOR 
 
 Black, white, cream, gray, bay, sorrel, chest- 
 nut, roan. 
 
 4 LIMBS 
 
 Feet, hoofs, toes. 
 
 5 TAIL 
 
 Length, material, use. 
 
 6 HEAD 
 
 Face, nose, mouth, ears, eyes, lips, tongue, 
 teeth, mane, foretop. 
 
Domestic Animals 93 
 
 7 FOOD 
 
 Hay, oats, corn, meal, grass, water. 
 
 8 BED 
 
 Straw, sawdust, leaves. 
 
 One morning was spent in talking about the care 
 of a horse. He should be well fed, have a warm, 
 clean, light stable, be combed and brushed, have 
 plenty of water, and wear a blanket in cold weather. 
 He should not stand in the wind without a covering, 
 should not have his tail docked, his mouth hurt with 
 cruel bits, nor be beaten nor scolded. His harness 
 should fit, he should not be driven too fast nor too 
 long without a rest, nor hurried up hill. He ought 
 not to be asked to draw too heavy a load. 
 
 Miss Clare asked them to bring in some stories 
 telling of the intelligence of the horse, and here are 
 two that were given: 
 
 FRED'S STORY 
 
 " My uncle had a kitty who stayed out in the barn 
 and slept in the horse's manger. Old Jim was very 
 kind to kitty and let her stay, except when he was 
 
94 Domestic Animals 
 
 going to have his supper. Then if kitty was lying 
 in the hay he always took her up in his mouth and 
 dropped her on the floor. Uncle said he guessed 
 old Jim was afraid he'd make a mistake and eat 
 her instead of hay." 
 
 NATE'S STORY 
 
 "At the grocery store where papa works they had 
 a horse that always went home at twelve o'clock to 
 get his dinner. If papa was out getting orders at 
 the different houses and Ben heard the noon whistle 
 blow, he would start for home on a run, without 
 waiting for anybody. They never hitched him when 
 driving, as he would wait any length of time if he 
 did not hear the whistle. When that sounded he 
 wanted his dinner." 
 
 Miss CLARE'S STORY 
 
 "My brother had a horse named Bell who was 
 very intelligent. If you said, 'Bell, have you had 
 your supper ? ' and she had not been fed, she would 
 always whinny. 
 
 "One day brother Harry went for a long drive 
 and at night he stopped at an hotel out in the coun- 
 
Domestic Animals 
 
 95 
 
 try. ' Rub down my horse and give him four quarts 
 of oats,' he said to the hostler at the stable, and then 
 he went into the house to get his own supper. Later 
 he went back to the stable. 'Have you had your 
 supper, Bell? 5 he asked. Bell whinnied 'No.' 
 
 'Why haven't you fed my horse?' Harry said 
 to the hostler. 
 
 'She has had her supper,' said the hostler. 
 
 'You are mistaken; she has not.' 
 
 'I know she has/ answered the man. 
 
 'Did you feed her yourself?' inquired Harry. 
 " 'No, but I told my boy to.' 
 ; 'Then Harry hunted up the boy. 'Did you feed 
 my horse ?' he asked. 'No,' said the boy, 'someone 
 called me to the telephone and I forgot it.' 
 
 " 'There,' said Harry, 'what did I tell you ? Bell 
 said she had not been fed, and she never tells lies. 9 " 
 
 Another story: 
 
 JOHN AND BYRON 
 
 John was a negro boy, full of fun and frolic. Byron was a 
 large, white horse. Both lived and worked on Grandma Hud- 
 son's farm. 
 
 John had a habit that Byron disliked. While he was eating 
 
96 Domestic Animals 
 
 his supper of sweet hay and golden corn, John would stand in 
 front of the stall and tease him, by making all sorts of ugly 
 grimaces. 
 
 John thought it fine fun to see Byron get angry and try to 
 bite him through the bars of the stall. 
 
 Uncle George had often reproved John for this naughty habit, 
 telling him that the horse would hurt him some time if he con- 
 tinued his insults. 
 
 One day when Uncle George was away, John went into the 
 stable to bridle Byron, and lead him to the well. But, as he 
 was reaching up to take hold of his mane, Byron opened his 
 mouth, seized John by his thick, curly hair, lifted him from the 
 floor, and walked leisurely out into the barn-yard. 
 
 Grandma heard a loud scream, and ran to the kitchen door 
 to see what was the matter. There was Byron, with John 
 hanging from his mouth, marching across the yard; he was 
 not trying to hurt the boy, but only giving him a vigorous shake 
 now and then, to show him what he could do if he had a mind 
 to. When he had punished him sufficiently, he dropped him 
 on the ground, and trotted away to the well. In this novel 
 way John was taught to abandon the cruel and dangerous 
 habit of teasing animals. We all thought Byron's trick a very 
 smart one for a horse. Our Dumb Animals. 
 
 The teacher asked them to find out how a horse 
 slept at night, how he got up when lying down, and 
 what a baby horse was called. 
 
Domestic Animals 97 
 
 To the list now they added the horses' different 
 ways of moving. They caa 
 
 walk, 
 
 trot, 
 
 gallop, 
 
 canter, 
 
 pace, 
 
 run, 
 
 and the children learned the song, by Mrs. Gaynor: 
 
 "Oh, a gallant horse, big and strong am I, 
 
 A-gallop, a-gallop, a-trot. 
 And I arch my neck, and my head hold high, 
 
 A-gallop, a-gallop, a-trot. 
 
 Like the winds that blow o'er the plains near by, 
 With my rider bold I can swiftly fly, 
 And my hoofs beat time on the road so dry, 
 
 A-gallop, a-gallop, a-trot. " 
 
 They had a great many pictures of horses, and the 
 teacher told them of the little Shetland ponies, Indian 
 ponies, and the beautiful Arabian steeds. She told 
 them also that horses can be trained to do a great 
 many different things; that there are horses that 
 draw the fire-engines, driving horses, saddle horses, 
 
98 Domestic Animals 
 
 war or cavalry horses, car horses, hunting horses, 
 and racing horses. She gave out paper and pencils, 
 and let each child tell of the work he had seen or 
 heard of a horse doing, and the following list was 
 taken from the different papers. 
 
 A horse 
 
 plows, 
 
 rakes, 
 
 harrows, 
 
 treads machines to thresh grain, 
 
 ireads machines to saw wood, 
 
 carries milk, 
 
 draws coal, 
 
 draws ice plow to cut ice, 
 
 draws cars, hacks, coaches, carriages, hearses, 
 
 draws all kinds of heavy loads. 
 
 Of course they illustrated their work in their usual 
 manner, painting, drawing, cutting, and modeling 
 all sorts of objects connected with the subject, and 
 dramatized several of the stories told them, "Old 
 Sol" being a great favorite. 
 
 They played the blacksmith game, fire engine 
 horses, high stepping horses, the farmer, the knights, 
 
Domestic Animals 99 
 
 and the circus horses. The stories Miss Clare used 
 were: 
 
 "Old Sol," "Nahum Prince." ("In the Child's 
 World." Poulsson.) 
 
 "How Athens was Named," "Pegasus, the Horse 
 with Wings," "A Dangerous Ride." ("In Myth- 
 land." II. Beckwith.) 
 
 , "Village Blacksmith," "Bell of Atri." -Long- 
 fellow. 
 
 Stories from Our Dumb Animals. 
 
 Songs : 
 
 "Ho Rider." ("Kindergarten Chimes." 
 
 Wigging 
 
 "The Horse," "The Blacksmith." ("Songs 
 of the Child World." Gaynor.) 
 
THE DONKEY 
 
 "Do any of you little folks know what it is to 
 have a cousin?" inquired Miss Clare, one windy 
 March morning. 
 
 "I thought you did" -noticing the flutter of 
 hands. 
 
 "Some of us have big cousins and little cousins, 
 girl cousins and boy cousins, cousins with blue eyes 
 and cousins with black eyes; but did you know that 
 our friend, the horse, has a cousin, too, and that 
 they look quite a good deal alike ? The cousin has 
 four legs like a horse, hoofs that look like his, a gap 
 in his teeth for a bit, he wears the same kind of coat, 
 the same shoes, and his name is 
 
 DONKEY 
 
 "Did you ever see one? Let us try to draw his 
 picture. First, he has very long ears (drawing them 
 over an outline), not much of a mane, and a tail that 
 has long hair only at the end. 
 
 Of TH 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 ILIR 
 
102 Domestic Animals 
 
 "He is not as large as the horse, nor of the same 
 color, for a donkey is nearly always gray with a 
 darker stripe down his back, and often one over 
 his shoulders. 
 
 "He has a keen smell, good eyesight, and excellent 
 ears, perhaps because they are. so big. Now, see if 
 you can find out anything about donkeys at home 
 and tell me to-morrow." 
 
 Knowing that donkeys were rather unfamiliar 
 animals, the next day Miss Clare borrowed a little 
 toy one of a shop-keeper down town. It was an 
 excellent model, of just the right color, and when 
 one moved its head, it gave forth a most realistic 
 bray, to the great delight of the little folks. After 
 it had been duly admired, William said, "See if it 
 can tell us a story, Miss Clare." So after a long 
 delightful bray, it began as follows: 
 
 "I hope my voice does not frighten you little 
 people. It is only a donkey's way of saying, 'I am 
 glad to see you,' and 'Good morning.' It is not a 
 very pleasant voice, I admit, and so thought a great- 
 uncle of mine who lived long, long ago. He didn't 
 like the sound of his voice, and one day, hearing 
 some grasshoppers chirping out in the meadow, he 
 
Domestic Animals 103 
 
 went to them and said: 'Oh, grasshoppers, what 
 sweet voices you have! I never heard anything 
 half so fine as your song. Do tell me what kind of 
 food you eat, that I may try it and have a pleasant 
 voice also.' 
 
 "'Dew, we eat,' said the grasshoppers, 'nothing 
 but dew/ So the donkey said, '/ will eat nothing 
 but dew, 5 but in a very little while he died of hunger. 
 None of us have ever tried to improve our voices 
 since then. 
 
 "I hear that you know a great deal about my 
 cousin, the horse, and that we are alike in many 
 ways, but, dear me, people don't treat me as well 
 as they do him. They call me slow, and stupid, 
 and sometimes beat me with sticks. Do you suppose 
 any donkey likes that ? 
 
 " If you look at my feet you will see that they are 
 quite small, and I can pick my way carefully over a 
 narrow mountain path where a horse cannot go. 
 I am not as large as he and do not need so much 
 
 room.'' 
 
 "What do you eat?" asked Tim. 
 "Oh, hay and grass, as horses do, but not so much 
 at a time. I will eat some things that a horse won't; 
 
104 
 
 Domestic Animals 
 
 thistles, for instance. I like those, and I like to lie 
 down and roll over in them. Their needles brush 
 out my hair as a curry-comb does a horse's. I like 
 
 to roll in the sand, too, and I will do it sometimes 
 even if I have a load on my back. That makes my 
 master cross; but if he brushed me off, of course, I 
 
Domestic Animals 105 
 
 should like that better; but, alas! donkeys have a 
 hard life," and he gave another bray. 
 
 "I don't like mud," he continued. "I always 
 take pains to go around any I see in the road. I 
 like the clean, cool water, and will drink no other 
 kind. I never put my nose deep down in the tub, 
 though. I just take little sips. I heard a man say 
 we were afraid of the shadow our big ears make in 
 the water when we go to drink, but we are not so 
 silly. I am afraid of water, though, and I never 
 will cross a stream and get my feet wet if I can 
 possibly help it. 
 
 "Donkeys have good eyes. I can tell my master 
 a long way off, and in the dark I know when he is 
 near, for I can smell him." 
 
 "Can you gallop?" queried John. 
 
 'Yes, but only a few minutes at a time. I can 
 run and pace, also, but it tires me to try to go swiftly. 
 Oh, I am only a slow beast!" 
 
 "How old are you?" questioned Paul. 
 
 "I don't know exactly, but it takes a baby donkey 
 about four years to grow to his full size, and he lives 
 to be twenty-five or thirty years old. 
 
 "It takes less room for us than for horses, less 
 
io6 Domestic Animals 
 
 food, and less care. In the old days, many men 
 who had little money could keep a donkey when 
 they couldn't afford to keep a horse. 
 
 "Well, folks, I must say good-by now," and he 
 disappeared into his box. 
 
 The next day several pictures were brought, and 
 Charles said: "Papa says a donkey has a good 
 memory, for he knows the different places in which 
 he has lived, and different roads he has traveled. 
 
 "If you try to make him carry too heavy a load, 
 he will bend down his ears, show his teeth, and look 
 pretty ugly, but I would, too, if a man wasn't kind 
 
 to me." 
 
 "Yes," said Miss Clare, "that is one of a donkey's 
 ways of talking." 
 
 "A donkey does not often lie down to sleep," 
 chimed in Walter. "He goes to bed standing up. 
 If you cover up his eyes he will stand perfectly still. 
 If he lies down on his side so that one eye is on the 
 ground, so (illustrating by stretching his head out 
 on the desk), and you cover up his other eye with 
 a. cloth, or a board, he won't even try to get up. 
 
 "Papa says donkeys are the best kind of ponies 
 for little boys to have, for they are patient and slow. 
 
Domestic Animals 107 
 
 I asked him if he wouldn't buy me one, but he said 
 I had two good feet of my own and didn't need one, 
 but I could tell Santa Claus about it." 
 
 Miss Clare explained that donkeys in some parts 
 of the world are used a great deal. You will see 
 them fastened to little milk, fish, or vegetable carts, 
 for they are strong and can carry heavy loads. 
 They do not need as warm a stable as a horse and 
 can live on poorer food. 
 
 Their blackboard list read: 
 
 BODY 
 
 Size and shape. 
 
 LEGC 
 
 Feet. 
 Hoofs. 
 
 COVERING 
 Kind. 
 Color. 
 Use. 
 
 TAIL 
 
 Size and shape. 
 Covering. 
 
io8 Domestic Animals 
 
 MOVEMENTS 
 Walks. 
 Runs. 
 Paces. 
 Gallops. 
 But only for a short time. 
 
 USE 
 
 Draw loads. 
 
 Draw carts. 
 
 Plough. 
 
 Climb steep mountains and hills, 
 HEAD 
 
 Eyes. 
 
 Ears. 
 
 Nose. 
 
 Mouth. 
 
 Teeth. 
 
 HABITS 
 
 Patient. 
 Slow. 
 Stupid. 
 Affectionate. 
 Good memory. 
 
Domestic Animals 109 
 
 Timid. 
 Sure footed. 
 
 FOOD 
 
 Hay. 
 
 Oats. 
 
 Grass. 
 
 Vegetables. 
 
 Weeds. 
 
 Thistles. 
 
 Clean water. 
 
 Miss Clare told them the following story: 
 
 "Once upon a time there was a soldier at Gib- 
 raltar who owned a donkey by the name of Valiant. 
 The soldier was sent to Malta, and after a while he 
 sent to Gibraltar for his donkey. 'Put Valiant on 
 board the next ship that sails/ he wrote. 'I cannot 
 get along without the dear little beast.' So in a 
 few days the donkey set sail with the sailors for 
 Malta. When they were far out on the sea, a great 
 storm arose, the ship struck a rock, sprung a leak, 
 and everybody was in danger of being drowned. 
 The men got out the row-boats. 'We must try to 
 
no Domestic Animals 
 
 row to land/ they said, 'but we cannot take the 
 donkey. He must swim or drown,' and they pushed 
 him overboard. They reached the shore at last 
 and took another ship for Malta, and when they 
 reached there they told the soldier that his poor 
 little donkey was lost in the sea. 
 
 "Not long after that, one morning, a little donkey 
 was seen walking through the streets of Gibraltar. 
 He went straight to Mr. Weeks' stable and brayed 
 for something to eat. 
 
 "How surprised Mr. Weeks was to find it was 
 Valiant, but he had no idea how the donkey got 
 back, for he had supposed he was in Malta. No- 
 body could explain until one of the sailors came 
 home and told what had happened. And, only 
 think, little Valiant not only swam to shore, but he 
 found his way back to his old home, over mountains 
 and streams, a distance of two hundred miles, with 
 no one to help him or tell him the way. 
 
 "I don't believe anyone ever called him stupid 
 after that, do you ? I hope he was put on another 
 ship and sent to his master, who, I am sure, would 
 be kind to him after that." 
 
 There did not seem to be many songs about the 
 
Domestic Animals in 
 
 donkey, so Miss Clare remodeled some of the old 
 ones, substituting " donkey" for "horse," and pro- 
 ceeded in the same manner at game time. 
 
 They enjoyed dramatizing some of ^Esop's Fables, 
 which contained few characters, such as, "The Ass 
 and the Grasshoppers," "Ass in the Lion's Skin," 
 "Ass and the Wolf," "Ass and Frogs," etc. 
 
 They reviewed the Christmas story of the journey 
 to Bethlehem, when Mary's beast was a donkey, 
 and the children brought several little anecdotes 
 from home. 
 
 They made mountains in the sand table before 
 school, and sent long trains of paper donkeys (which 
 they had cut, mounted, and colored) over the narrow 
 passes into the valleys below. They made donkey 
 carts, also, and filled them with loads of gay paper 
 boys and girls, gorgeous vegetables, or shining brass 
 milk cans. 
 
 There were shoes to be cut and sewed and modeled 
 in clay, and the little beast himself, with quite mar- 
 velous results; and when the month closed they 
 agreed with Miss Clare in thinking that the donkey 
 is one of the most useful of our four-footed friends. 
 
"Shi& Iftftfe 
 
 "to 
 market?' 
 
THE PIG 
 
 Miss Clare and Michael were holding an animated 
 conversation at the teacher's desk. 
 
 ''Yes'm, six of them, awful pretty," were the 
 words borne to the listening children, followed by 
 
 'bout so long," and Michael was measuring with 
 his hands. 
 
 Miss Clare nodded, smiled, said "Yes, indeed," 
 and added, after a glance at the clock, "a quarter of 
 twelve will be a good time;" then Michael walked 
 to his seat with a proud air, nothing more was said, 
 and the classes were called as usual. 
 
 Just before noon, however, the teacher said, "Get 
 your hats, very quietly, for we are going a little 
 earlier than usual. Michael has invited us to go 
 home with him for a few minutes. He has some- 
 thing to show us that we know you will like to 
 see." 
 
 Michael lived with his grandfather in a little 
 house down the back alley, not far away, and when 
 
 "3 
 
ii4 Domestic Animals 
 
 the children came in sight there stood the old man 
 by the gate looking down the street. 
 
 "Oh, so they came, did they ? All the children and 
 the teacher, too? You are very welcome;" and he 
 led them to the back of the house. 
 
 Here was a small yard fenced in with rough 
 boards that Grandfather called a sty. The children 
 climbed up, peeped in, and what do you think they 
 saw? A mother and six little white pigs! 
 
 I cannot begin to tell you how pretty and cunning 
 they looked, with their pink skin, soft white bristles, 
 and little curly tails. They were running around 
 and giving little shrill squeals and low grunts. 
 
 Grandfather climbed into the sty, picked up one 
 of the little animals, and brought it out so that the 
 children could examine it more carefully. As he 
 held it, they looked at its feet and saw that each 
 sme was split into two toes, and that each toe had a 
 hoof; they noticed the number and shape of its 
 legs; its ears, eyes, mouth, and teeth; felt of its 
 tail, and its covering of bristles, which was much 
 stiffer than the hair they had seen on any other 
 animal. 
 
 "Look at its odd little nose, children," said Miss 
 
Domestic Animals 115 
 
 Clare. "See how flexible it is! Piggy can turn it 
 any way he likes. The end of it is called the snout." 
 
 Just then the mother pig (Grandfather called her 
 the sow) gave a loud grunt and began to dig a hole 
 in the ground with her snout; all the little pigs ran 
 up and tried to dig, too, with their little noses. 
 
 "If you were to dig a hole, you would want a spade 
 or a hoe, would you not, children ? Or maybe some 
 dirty boy would use his hands; but not one of you 
 would think of us ng his nose, I am sure," continued 
 the teacher. 
 
 "When pigs are wild they do not have their food 
 brought to them, but must find it for themselves. 
 They live largely upon roots, and their sense of 
 smell, which is keen, helps them to choose- the kinds 
 that are best to eat, and they dig these up with their 
 snouts. Pigs can dig real deep holes where the 
 ground is not hard and stony and they will some- 
 times dig from under their sty when the farmer 
 thinks he has them nicely housed." 
 
 "Our old pig did that!" exclaimed Michael, 
 "and we had to chase her all round the alley before 
 we got her back." 
 
 "Pigs are contrary creatures/' explained Grand- 
 
n6 
 
 Domestic Animals 
 
 father. "They are sure to go in the wrong direction 
 when you try to drive them." 
 
 "What do pigs eat?" inquired the children. 
 
 "Potatoes," said the teacher, "and other kinds of 
 cooked vegetables; milk, sweet or sour; any kind 
 of meal; scraps of food left from the table, and 
 
 clover and some kinds of weeds in summer. They 
 must have water to drink, but they are not as dainty 
 and particular about its being clean as most other 
 domestic animals are. They are greedy creatures, 
 and make a disagreeable noise in eating." 
 
 "Would you like to see them eat ?" asked Grand- 
 father, 
 
Domestic Animals 117 
 
 He went into the house and presently came back 
 with a kettle of warm swill, which he poured into a 
 trough in one corner of the sty. 
 
 What a scrambling and squealing there was then! 
 In their haste the pigs fairly tumbled over one 
 another, and one greedy little beast fell right into 
 the trough! Sorry looking he was indeed as he 
 waddled out. 
 
 Miss Clare noticed that Grandfather kept his sty 
 very clean. There was a bundle of straw in one 
 corner for the pigs to sleep on; the troughs he 
 scrubbed out with an old broom, and the water was 
 fresh and clean. She complimented the old man 
 on his neatness, thanked him for the pleasure he 
 had given them all, and then sent the little people 
 home to their dinners. 
 
 When school opened the next morning there was 
 a pig sty on the blackboard and a whole family 
 of pigs, "looking just like the truly ones," Tom 
 said. 
 
 The children found that a pig is not a hard animal 
 to draw, so they reproduced the picture and cut 
 out some hektographed pictures to add to their 
 farm-yard collection. Some of these they colored 
 
1 1 8 Domestic Animals 
 
 when they found out that pigs are black, black 
 and white, as well as white. 
 
 Miss Clare explained that pigs are found in many 
 countries and are called swine. She told them that 
 a long time ago in some parts of England swine 
 were kept in large herds, as is now the custom in 
 parts of our own country. She said that the man 
 who took care of the swine was called a swineherd, 
 just as a man who takes care of sheep is called a 
 shepherd. 
 
 The swineherd had a horn and a great whip, and 
 he could take care of five or six hundred swine. 
 He fed them when the sun rose, and then they went 
 where they pleased during the day, feeding upon 
 roots and acorns; but when the sun was setting 
 they scampered for home, where warm beds and 
 good food were waiting for them. The horn was 
 blown before they were fed, and what a rush and 
 scramble there would be when they heard it! 
 
 The swineherd knew his pigs as a shepherd does 
 his sheep, and if any were missing at night he took 
 his dogs and whip, went after them, and drove them 
 home. 
 
 The little folks found " Piggy Wig and Piggy Wee" 
 
Domestic Animals 119 
 
 in the Poulsson "Finger Plays" very entertaining, 
 and they illustrated it on the blackboard in a very 
 realistic manner. 
 
 For seat work they made gates for the sty out of 
 slats, folded troughs of paper, and made buckets, 
 kettles, pails, vegetables, and pigs of clay. 
 
 The use of pigs was discussed, and the children 
 learned that this animal differed from the others 
 they had studied in that it is raised as an article of 
 food only; though Miss Clare told them she had 
 read of one man who had a pig that he trained to 
 hunt as a dog does. This pig could smell the game 
 a long way off, and when it did smell it, it would 
 stand quite still and try to hold its little curly tail 
 out straight, as a dog does. 
 
 The blackboard list read: 
 
 BODY 
 
 Size. 
 Shape. 
 
 LEGS 
 
 Feet. 
 Hoofs. 
 
I2O Domestic Animals 
 
 COVERING 
 Kind. 
 Color. 
 Use. 
 
 HEAD 
 
 Ears. 
 Eyes. 
 Mouth. 
 Teeth. 
 
 Nose. 
 
 Snout. 
 
 SOUNDS 
 
 Grunts. 
 Squeals. 
 
 TAIL 
 
 Size. 
 Shape. 
 
 FOOD 
 
 Vegetables v cooked . 
 Meal of all kinds. 
 
Domestic Animals 121 
 
 Milk, sweet or sour. 
 
 Scraps from house table called "swill." 
 
 Clover and some weeds. 
 
 Water. 
 
 HABITS 
 
 Movements. 
 
 Slow. 
 
 Awkward. 
 Dirty. 
 Stupid. 
 
 Digs with snout. 
 Not dainty as to food or water. 
 
 The attention of the children was now directed to 
 swine as articles of food. Miss Clare told them of 
 the stock-yards in Chicago, a city of animals with a 
 great city, and described the pens or houses in which 
 they are kept, hundreds and hundreds of them, and 
 the manner of feeding them. 
 
 "It is said," explained the teacher, "that every 
 part of the pig is used in some way except the squeal. 
 The inside fat, when melted, is known as lard, and 
 we use it when we cook The flesh of the pig is 
 
122 Domestic Animals 
 
 called pork, and when this is salted it will keep a 
 long time. The salt pork is put into tubs and some 
 of it is put on board ships that are going for long 
 sails over the big ocean. The sailors cannot get 
 much fresh food out at sea, and if it were not for 
 salted pork and beef, they would have no meat at all. 
 
 "Ham, bacon, and sausages we get from the pig, 
 also, and when all of the fleshy parts have been dis- 
 posed of, there are still some other uses for piggy. 
 The brushes with which we smooth our hair, clean 
 our clothes, wash our teeth, and black our shoes are 
 all made from the stiff hairs on his back; his skin, 
 so thick and hard that no water will run through it, 
 makes the best of saddles; some of his bones are 
 made into buttons, hair-pins, and combs, while the 
 hoofs, refuse grease, and bones are converted into 
 glue, soap, candles, bone meal, and fertilizer." 
 
 The children found out at home and brought long 
 lists of food in which mamma used lard and other 
 parts of the flesh of the pig, and they had a clay 
 "baking day," when they made doughnuts, pies, 
 croquettes, etc., galore. 
 
 To their list they now added: 
 
Domestic Animals 123 
 
 USE 
 
 FOOD PRODUCTS 
 Pork. 
 
 Fresh, salted. 
 
 Ham. 
 Bacon. 
 Sausage. 
 Lard. 
 
 OTHER PRODUCTS 
 
 Bristles for brushes. 
 Clothes. 
 Hair. 
 Nail. 
 Teeth. 
 Shoe. 
 
 BONES 
 
 Buttons. 
 Hair pins. 
 Combs. 
 Bone meal. 
 
i24 Domestic Animals 
 
 SKIN 
 
 Saddles. 
 Purses. 
 
 REFUSE MATTER 
 Glue. 
 Soap. 
 Candles. 
 Fertilizer. 
 
 The pig does not seem to be celebrated in song 
 and story to any great extent. Miss Clare told the 
 old fairy tale of "The Three Tiny Pigs"; the nursery 
 rhyme, "This Pig Went to Market"; .Esop's "The 
 Porker, the Sheep, and the Goat," and "The Eagle, 
 Cat, and WilH Sow"; "The Prodigal Son," from the 
 Bible, and the following little anecdote from Harper's 
 Young People: 
 
 TWO GOOD SWIMMERS 
 
 One bright summer morning as I was strolling toward the 
 beach on the Island of Mackinac, I saw, a short distance 
 ahead of me, two little pigs', one perfectly white and the other 
 perfectly black, both of the same size, trudging along side by 
 side in the same direction as myself. 
 
Domestic Animals 125 
 
 They seemed so out of place, and I was so curious to know 
 whither they were bound, that I followed them unobserved. 
 They did not walk aimlessly, but as if they had some special 
 object in view, and some definite destination. 
 
 I wondered what they would do when they reached the 
 water. I was not long in being answered. Without a moment's 
 hesitation, they plunged into the waves, side by side, and swam 
 out and away toward another island, six miles distant. I stood 
 and watched them until their two little heads looked like balls 
 bobbing up and down, side by side, all the time. 
 
 When I related the incident to the landlord, a little later, he 
 looked astonished and annoyed. 
 
 "Those pigs," he said, "were to have been served up for 
 dinner to-day. They were brought here this morning in a boat 
 from that island, six miles away, and we thought we might allow 
 them their freedom, never thinking of their making an attempt 
 to go home. 
 
 "And did you notice," he continued, "they chose the point 
 of land nearest the island where they came from, to enter the 
 water? Singular that the little animals should have been so 
 bright! And, furthermore, they weren't landed there; that 
 makes it more strange." 
 
 I, too, left the island that day, and I have never heard whether 
 these brave little pigs ever reached their destination or not. 
 
 The children made up a game for themselves which 
 they called "The Swineherd/' playing it as they did 
 "The Shepherd," at recess; and they sang the song 
 
126 Domestic Animals 
 
 of "Five Little Pigs," a finger play, in "Games and 
 Rhymes," by Hailman. 
 
 As pigs did not seem to the teacher to be animals 
 she cared to have the children imitate, they drew 
 lessons from them as to what to avoid, such as un- 
 cleanliness, table habits of greediness, uncouth noises 
 when eating and drinking, laziness, etc., though the 
 lesson of physical kindness in the way of care and 
 food was impressed upon the little folks as was done 
 in all of their animal studies. 
 
Fowls 
 
 THE HEN 
 
 "Will you take the basket, Tom, please?" asked 
 Miss Clare as she drove up to the school-house door. 
 "If you hear a little noise, don't be frightened," 
 she continued, merrily, as they went in, "for it con- 
 tains something that is alive." 
 
 There was a piece of netting tied over the basket, 
 so Tom peeped in and saw feathers. He caught 
 a glimpse, also, of a tiny dark eye, but it was after 
 the morning hymn had been sung and everybody 
 was sitting with a "straight back," that the cover 
 was finally removed; then, as Miss Clare tipped 
 the basket down, out walked a ben. 
 
 She was a very handsome white one, with beauti- 
 ful long tail feathers. As the room was very quiet 
 she did not seem at all afraid, and as she walked 
 slowly across the room the children were bidden to 
 
 watch her most carefully. 
 
 127 
 
THE COCK THAT CROWS LOUD AND LONG IN THE MORNING 
 
Domestic Animals 129 
 
 Feathers were now passed around, and the little 
 folks discovered that the short, fluffy ones covered 
 the hen's body, while the longer ones were found ki 
 wings and tail. They noticed the rib in each feather, 
 and the variegated hues, and came to the conclusion 
 that hens were not all of the same color. 
 
 Attention was then called to the number and 
 shape of the feet and the manner of walking. A 
 hen's foot was passed, that they might see the dif- 
 ferent lengths of the toes, the long nails, and the 
 little pad or cushion in the centre of the foot. By 
 this arrangement the hen is enabled to cling to its 
 perch and not fall off, even when asleep. 
 
 Some corn was now sprinkled on the floor, and 
 while Biddy was eating it Miss Clare crept up softly 
 from behind and seized her by the legs. She strug- 
 gled for a minute, but soon kept very still. Then 
 the little folks crept up for a nearer view. They 
 saw that a hen's eyes are round and bright with a 
 pupil in the middle of each. There was a little 
 twitching or winking, if one looked carefully, that 
 could be seen, and Charlie thought Biddy closed 
 them tight at bedtime as he did his. 
 
 The ears were a puzzle, but Ned noticed a tiny 
 
130 Domestic Animals 
 
 lid on each side of the head, and when one of these 
 was gently lifted there was a little round hole to hear 
 with. 
 
 Just over the bill was Biddy's nose or nostrils 
 two more holes and when Pete held out some corn 
 on a book she opened her mouth to swallow it, and 
 he saw her tongue. 
 
 They admired the bright flesh on the top of her 
 head, called the comb, and the flaps of the same 
 color, the wattles, that hang down on each side, 
 and after seeing her take a drink of water they 
 watched the teacher put her back in the basket, 
 tie on the netting, and give her to Brother Harry, 
 who called to take her back home. 
 
 "Now," said Miss Clare, "we shall talk about the 
 hen again to-morrow, though Biddy will not be here, 
 and I shall expect you to tell me about her: 
 
 BODY 
 
 Size. 
 Shape. 
 Covering. 
 Colors, 
 
Domestic Animals 131 
 
 LEGS 
 
 Number. 
 Shape. 
 
 FEET 
 
 Toes. 
 Nails. 
 
 HEAD 
 
 Comb. 
 
 Wattles. 
 
 Eyes. 
 
 Shape. 
 Ears. 
 
 Position. 
 Nose. 
 Mouth. 
 
 Tongue. 
 
 "Find out, too, all you can about food for hens 
 and where people keep them." 
 
 A fine large cock was the first thing that met the 
 eyes of the little people when they looked at the 
 blackboard the next morning, and near by was Biddy 
 reaching out for some corn that lay at her feet, 
 
132 Domestic Animals 
 
 "I know what 'tis," exclaimed Fred; "it is a 
 rooster. Grandpa has one, and grandma says he 
 is the man of the hen-house. If a hawk or a weasel 
 comes stealing 'round after a chicken he will fly at 
 him and drive him off." 
 
 "Yes," said Miss Clare, "a good farmer always 
 has some roosters or cocks among his fowls. They 
 are brave and courageous, and look after the wives 
 and children the hens and little chickens. It is 
 the cock, too, that crows loud and long in the morn- 
 ing, telling people as well as hens that it is time to 
 get up. Oh, a cock is a handsome fellow as he 
 stands out in the morning sunshine, calling, ' Cock- 
 a-doodle-doo/ or as the old rhyme says: 
 
 " Cock-a-doodle-do, 
 
 My dame has lost a shoe, 
 My master's lost his fiddle stick, 
 And don't know what to do. 
 
 "Now, who is going to tell me what a hen eats?" 
 The little folks were ready, and grain, such as 
 
 rye, oats, corn, and barley, were mentioned, as well 
 
 as many vegetables. 
 
 "You must cook the vegetables," said Harry. 
 
Domestic Animals 133 
 
 "You may boil potatoes, carrots, peas, beans, 
 cucumbers, and almost everything that grows in a 
 garden, but it is better to mix some meal with them, 
 though, and in the winter hens like the food warm. 
 They eat scraps and bits of meat, too, and father 
 gives our hens little stones that he calls gravel and 
 bits of broken oyster shells, and they eat them just 
 as they do corn. I asked him why, last night, and 
 he says hens haven't any teeth, and they eat these 
 things to help grind up their food." 
 
 Miss Clare smiled approval, and John added: 
 "You need a hen-house that is snug and warm, 
 and a yard outside where they can run about. They 
 like grass to eat, and lettuce, cabbage, and chick- 
 weed. You must keep the house clean. Uncle 
 Frank whitewashes his hen-house inside every little 
 while. Hens like water to drink, and sour milk, 
 and they'll scratch in the dirt and eat the bugs and 
 worms that they find there." 
 
 Then they learned the song by Mrs. Gaynor in 
 "Songs of the Child World," beginning "Mr. 
 Rooster wakes up early in the morning," and had 
 ^Esop's tale of " Cock-a-doodle and the Piece of 
 Gold." 
 
134 
 
 Domestic Animals 
 
 The use of hens came next. There were none of 
 the children but what knew that we get our eggs 
 from hens, and a few were ready with some details. 
 
 Paul said: "Once at grandma's we were going 
 to have a hen for dinner, and grandma showed me 
 
 A SITTING HEN 
 
 some tiny little eggs, and one quite large one, that 
 she found inside the hen when she was getting it 
 ready to cook. 
 
 ''The eggs didn't have any shells, not even the 
 
Domestic Animals 135 
 
 biggest one, just a thick skin, 'cause shells are the 
 last part of the egg to be made so they can squeeze 
 together and not take up so much room. When an 
 egg is all made Biddy knows ^about it and climbs 
 into her nest and lays it. She never lays but one a 
 day, and she cackles when she comes off." 
 
 "What does she say? inquired the teacher. 
 
 "Cut-cut-ca-dah-cut'; and it sounds like * Johnny 
 get your hair cut/ Cousin John says. When you go 
 to get the egg it is always warm if the hen has just 
 laid it." 
 
 Miss Clare told them she had read that a good 
 hen will lay about two hundred eggs a year, if she 
 has a good home, a yard to run in, and plenty of 
 food and water. 
 
 "She likes something like hay or straw for a 
 nest," she continued, "though she will often steal 
 away in the summer and make a nest for herself in 
 the grass and bushes. When you see a hen scratch- 
 ing and clucking, and staying on her nest a long 
 time, people call her a "sitting hen," and the farmer 
 gives her or lets her lay for herself a whole nest full 
 of eggs. Then she feels very happy. She sits on 
 them day after day, hardly coming off to eat or 
 
136 Domestic Animals 
 
 drink, and keeps them warm with her soft, downy 
 feathers. Every day she turns them half way over and 
 moves them around so that all will be kept warm, and 
 then after twenty-one days, if all goes well, she hears 
 a little 'chip, chip, peep, peep/ and out comes a downy 
 little chick; 'peep, peep, chip, chip,' and another 
 and another comes out, until there is a whole brood 
 of them, ready to run about, and crying for some- 
 thing to eat. Oh, they are so cunning, like fluffy 
 little balls, and the good mother hen takes such good 
 care of them, cuddling them under her warm wings 
 at night, calling them in out of the wet, scratching 
 up bugs and worms for them, calling, 'Cluck, cluck, 
 come quick, here's a 'worm! here's a bug! here's 
 Sally with some dough! hurry up, hurry, hurry/ 
 and oh, how they scamper!" She told them, too, 
 a little about hatching chickens in an incubator, 
 and showed them pictures of several kinds. 
 
 One morning they found a group of eggs drawn 
 on the board, and out of one a little chicken was 
 peeping. Underneath was printed: 
 
 "This is little yellow head, 
 
 Who says he's very well. 
 He thought he'd rather take a walk, 
 Than stay inside his shell." 
 
Domestic Animals 137 
 
 They talked of coops, of hawks, weasels, and 
 other enemies of chickens, and had boards full of 
 illustrations: nests with eggs, downy chickens, cocks 
 and hens, dishes for water, bags of grain, coops, and 
 hen-houses. 
 
 The ringer play of Miss Poulsson's, "Good Mother 
 Hen," was much enjoyed, and "The Happy Hen" 
 in "Marching Songs" (Guy Burleson), made a good 
 game. A favorite song was this, from the "Nied- 
 linger" song book: 
 
 "I think when a little chicken drinks, 
 
 He takes the water in his bill, 
 And then he holds his head way up, 
 So the water can run down hill." 
 
 "What eggs are used for," formed one lesson. 
 The children remembered the happy Easter egg hunt 
 they had, and brought long lists of food in which 
 they were used, and told how they liked them cooked. 
 
 Hens, chickens, and roosters are particularly good 
 for paper-cutting, and these were added to the 
 animal set. There were coops, eggs, nests, and 
 dishes drawn and modeled, and little stories written, 
 illustrated, and tied into books. 
 
138 Domestic Animals 
 
 But there were other uses of the hen. Who did 
 not like chicken to eat, stewed, fried, baked, roasted, 
 and made into salad and pies; and who did not enjoy 
 pillows and cushions filled with soft feathers ? Roy 
 said they made pens out of the long quills when his 
 grandma was a little girl, and she wrote with one in 
 school. 
 
 The blackboard list grew apace. They added: 
 
 FOOD 
 
 Vegetables (cooked). 
 
 Grass and other green stuff. 
 
 Gravel. 
 
 Grain, as rye, corn, barley, wheat. 
 
 Bugs, worms. 
 
 Meal. 
 
 Water. 
 
 * 
 
 MOVEMENTS 
 Runs. 
 Walks. 
 Flies. 
 
^Domestic Animals 139 
 
 SOUNDS 
 
 Clucks. 
 
 Cackles. 
 
 Squawks. 
 
 HABITS 
 Shy. 
 
 Makes nests. 
 Lays eggs 
 Hatches chickens. 
 Scratches in dirt. 
 
 ROOSTER 
 
 Fights. 
 
 Brave. 
 
 Defends home. 
 
 Calls hens in morning. 
 
 PRODUCTS 
 Eggs. 
 Chicks. 
 
 Articles of food. 
 Feathers. 
 
 Stories were numerous; some were taken from 
 " In the Child's World," such as " The Lost Chicken," 
 
140 Domestic Animals 
 
 "Pe-wee's Lesson," "The Story of Speckle," while 
 the old fairy tale of "Henny Penny and Chicken 
 Little" was often called for. 
 
 At the close of the month the children were ready 
 to express much gratitude for the hen and the good 
 things she gives us. 
 
THE DUCK 
 
 SUGGESTIONS 
 
 If teachers wish to go more into detail in regard to 
 different varieties of ducks, much information can be gleaned 
 from natural histories and encyclopedias. 
 
 "Out into the water 
 
 On a bright warm day, 
 Mother leads her children 
 For a merry play." 
 
 "Who do you suppose the mother is?" in- 
 quired Miss Clare, after the little people had read 
 this verse from the blackboard one bright June 
 morning. 
 
 "We would all like to go out and paddle a day 
 like this, would we not? However, I doubt very 
 much about our mothers taking us. But this mother 
 is always glad to go. She has the same number of 
 feet our mothers have, the same number of eyes, 
 the same number of ears, though one needs bright 
 
 eyes to find the ears. 
 
 141 
 
Domestic Animals 143 
 
 "She wears a dress that is smooth and glossy, and 
 often it is beautifully colored. As for her children, 
 why, she usually has a dozen or more babies, all of 
 the same size and all looking much alike. Fortu- 
 nately they don't require as much care as our home 
 babies; the mother never stops to wash and dress 
 them. Oh, no, indeed! She just opens her mouth, 
 says 'Quack, quack' (deftly rolling up a curtain that 
 covered a section of the board and revealing a draw- 
 ing of ducks), and here you see the whole family out 
 for a morning plunge. 
 
 "Notice the feet," continued the teacher; "they 
 look somewhat like hen's feet, but the three front 
 toes are joined together with thick skin, while the 
 back one is smaller and free. A foot of this kind 
 is called a web foot. 
 
 "Ducks are fine swimmers; even the babies, as 
 soon as they are out of the shell, rush for the water 
 and swim off as easily as the mother, without one 
 lesson. They use their feet as paddles. 
 
 "Notice a duck's bill; here is one I have drawn 
 large. See! it is broad and flat, with holes here for 
 the ducks to breathe through the nose. The whole 
 bill is covered with a tender skin. If you watch a 
 
144 Domestic Animals 
 
 duck out on the water not far from the shore, you 
 will see her dive her head down into the soft mud. 
 She is after bugs and worms, and the edges of her 
 bill are made in such a way that they act as a strainer; 
 
 they keep the insects in her mouth and let the muddy 
 water run out. 
 
 "A duck has soft, pretty feathers that keep out 
 cold and wet, and she lays eggs as a hen does. The 
 
Domestic Animals 145 
 
 little ducklings are hatched from eggs as chickens 
 are, but the mother duck sits on the eggs longer 
 twenty-eight days. 
 
 "My cousin that I visited last summer keeps ducks, 
 and at that time she had about fifty little ducklings. 
 She told me that meal and uncooked food was not 
 very good for little ducklings, so twice a day she 
 baked great cakes of dough for them. She made 
 the cakes of meal or grain mixed with water. It 
 was great fun to see her feed them out in the yard. 
 She broke the cake into small pieces, and how they 
 would run and scramble for it! On pleasant days 
 she let them run about in the yard and take a little 
 swim in the water, but on rainy days they were 
 kept in the duck-house. 
 
 " 'What harm will it do if they get wet ?' said I. 
 ' Don't they get wet swimming ? ' 
 
 'No/ she replied, 'only a little, and the hot sun 
 soon dries their feathers; but rain chills them all 
 through. The first year I kept ducks, a good many 
 died from cold and wet, and I learned to be more 
 careful. One must not let ducklings stay in the 
 water very long at a time, either, for [they often get 
 cramp in their legs/ 
 
146 Domestic Animals 
 
 "Then she picked up a little duckling that had 
 fallen into a pan of water, and took him into the 
 kitchen to dry by the fire. 
 
 "Now we have found out something about a 
 duck's 
 
 Eyes. 
 
 Ears. 
 
 Nose. 
 
 Bill. 
 
 Covering. 
 
 Color. 
 Feet. 
 Toes. 
 
 To-morrow I will tell you something more." 
 
 The next day there was a little duck-house drawn 
 
 on the board with sloping roof, two front windows, 
 
 and a door at the end. 
 
 "My cousin has her duck-house on a little hill, 
 
 so that the water will run off and not soak into the 
 
 ground and make it damp. 
 
 "There is clean straw on the floor, which is taken 
 
 out and burned when it gets soiled, and the house is 
 
 made snug and tight so no weasel, rat, or other enemy 
 
Domestic Animals 147 
 
 can get in. Inside there are large pans for drinking 
 water, troughs for food, and the nests. 
 
 "The nests are along the wall at the back on the 
 floor. They are made of hay and straw, and strips 
 of board are nailed in front to keep them in place. 
 Last summer she had some coops outside, like 
 chicken coops, where she kept the smallest duck- 
 lings. 
 
 " I told you yesterday about the food of the little 
 ones. The old ones ate meat and vegetables chopped, 
 meal mixed with water, grain, green stuff, bugs, 
 worms, etc. She said she gave them more cooked 
 food in winter when it was cold. 
 
 "The father duck does not lay eggs. He is 
 called a drake, and looks after his family as the 
 rooster does his. He usually has two feathers in 
 his tail that are recurved or turned back over his 
 back. 
 
 "Ducks are found in many countries. Don't you 
 remember about the ducks of the little Chinese girl 
 in 'Seven Little Sisters' ? 
 
 "Let us think now of some of the ways in which 
 ducks resemble hens," and they put this little list 
 on the board: 
 
148 Domestic Animals 
 
 DUCKS AND HENS 
 Lay eggs. 
 Sit on eggs. 
 
 Hatch their babies from eggs. 
 Like the same food. 
 Have feathers. 
 Are good to eat. 
 
 And this one also: 
 
 Ducks differ from hens in having 
 Curved necks. 
 In sounds made. 
 In manner of walking. 
 In liking water. 
 Different feet. 
 Different bills. 
 No comb. 
 No wattles. 
 
 Later the children learned the little song in the 
 "Niedlinger" song book beginning: 
 
 "Mrs. Duck went to call on Mr. Turkey, 
 
 And she walked with a wobble, wobble, wobble. 
 She said " How-de-do" to Mr. Turkey. 
 
 Mr. Turkey said, " Gobble, gobble, gobble." 
 
Domestic Animals 149 
 
 This proved such a favorite that they often drama- 
 tized it, as well as one in the Jenks book: 
 
 " There they go in the water clear, 
 One, two, three, four, five, I declare," 
 
 One morning Miss Clare told them of the wild 
 ducks that go south in such flocks in the autumn. 
 
 "There are many varieties," she said, "of different 
 sizes and various colors. See if you can find out 
 about any of them at home." 
 
 The next day Tom told about the "wood duck." 
 He said: "They nearly-always go in pairs, and they 
 build their nests in the woods, sometimes on the 
 ground, but often in a hollow tree. Papa found a 
 nest once in an old tree stump with thirteen eggs in 
 it. They were covered over with soft down that the 
 mother bird had pulled from her breast to keep 
 them warm. Later, when they were hatched, he 
 said he supposed the mother duck took them in her 
 bill and carried them down to the ground, one by 
 one, and led them off for a swim, for that is the 
 way wood ducks do. 
 
 "They like seeds, acorns, oats, other grain, and 
 
150 Domestic Animals 
 
 insects to eat; they are called * summer ducks/ 
 too, because they stay here only in the summer." 
 
 Ned said there are some ducks in England called 
 "burrow duck," because they often lay their eggs 
 in rabbit burrows. 
 
 Canvas-back duck, the wild duck that is especi- 
 ally good to eat, was mentioned. These are usually 
 found near rivers, go in flocks, and are good divers. 
 
 The eider duck was not forgotten, Miss Clare 
 telling the children of its home in the cold northland. 
 
 "It has such lovely soft down that people like it 
 to put inside comfortables and pillows. The mother 
 bird takes this down from her breast to line her 
 nest and to cover over her eggs. Sometimes the 
 father bird helps her by plucking the down from 
 his breast also. 
 
 "The eggs are good to eat, and the people in the 
 cold country are -glad to have them, as there are no 
 hens' eggs." 
 
 For seat work the little folks made pretty pictures 
 by pasting white paper ducks on a blue background; 
 clay ducks were also made, as well as eggs, drinking 
 pans and dishes from this plaster material. 
 
 Cardboard houses and coops decorated the sand 
 
Domestic Animals 151 
 
 table and whole duck families were added to the 
 animal collection. 
 
 Stories were not so very numerous, though Dumb 
 Animals furnished some, and the old tale of the 
 "Ugly Duckling" was a favorite. 
 
 So the school year came to a close, and as Miss 
 Clare was saying good-bye to the little ones, this 
 note from Tom's father was handed to her: } 
 
 Dear Miss Clare: 
 
 I am unable to meet you face to face to-day and to wish you 
 a happy vacation as I intended to do. I am sorry for this, but 
 my greatest regret is that I cannot personally express my grati- 
 tude to you for this year's animal lessons. .They have done 
 more for Tom in awakening a love for life and the care of it 
 than you will ever know. Rest assured that I shall do all in 
 my power to strengthen the feeling in the days to come. 
 
 Cordially yours, 
 17 Cedar Street. C. J. VAN NORMAN. 
 
AJN 11N1TIAJ-. rAJNJEi UJT ZO UXUtt 10 
 
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 THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY 
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 OVERDUE. 
 
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219113