Ml 5RAK Y UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Deceiv LATIN LESSONS FOR BEGINNERS BY E. W. COY, PH.D. PRINCIPAL OF HUGHES HIGH SCHOOL, CINCINNATI NEW YOKK : CINCINNATI : CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY COPYRIGHT, 1895, BY AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, LAT. LESS. COT. [fliriVWSlTT, ^rm^ PREFACE THIS book for beginners in Latin aims to introduce the pupil early to good connected Latin reading, and at the same time to give him a thorough knowledge of the com- mon forms and simple constructions of the language. A knowledge of the forms is essential, because it is not pos- sible to read intelligently a language as highly inflected as the Latin without such knowledge. An early introduction to connected reading is essential, because the pupil needs to be trained to feel and know, from the beginning, that one of the chief objects in the study of the language is to learn to read it. Too exclusive attention to the study of forms in paradigms and in disconnected and trivial sentences leads to the feeling that the language is simply a curious mechan- ism to be examined and dissected, instead of a vehicle for the conveyance of thought. Every teacher of Latin begin- ners is familiar with the difficulties experienced in passing from the study of what may be termed the mechanics of the language, as seen in forms and rules, to the attempt to grasp the thought as expressed in the works of a Latin author. In order to avoid this difficulty in the present volume, the author proposes to begin very early the reading and translation of a connected Latin text. After a few exercises have been given in the conjugations and declensions, selections have been made first from Yiri 3 4 LATIN LESSONS m Romae, to form the basis of the lessons immediately follow- ing these exercises. These selections are presented in short passages, and are accompanied with such help in vocabu- laries and notes as the learner seems to need. Grammatical instruction in inflections and in the syntax is introduced gradually, as it is required in explanation of the text of the lesson. Each lesson also contains an exercise for transla- tion at sight, and one made up of English to be turned into Latin, both of which are based upon the passage that has been read. Thus the vocabulary of each lesson is used three times : first, in the text to be read ; again, in the passage for sight translation ; and a third time, in the Eng- lish to be converted into Latin. Besides this, frequent reviews have been given; and important words and con- structions are repeated in several lessons, in addition to the one in which they first occur. It is believed that a working vocabulary will thus be acquired more easily and more natu- rally than by the mechanical memorizing of word lists. Following the selections from Vlri Romae, and treated in the same general manner, comes Nepos' Life of Timoleon, and finally The Last Struggle for Gallic Freedom under Ver- cingetorix, taken from the close of the seventh book of Caesar's Gallic War. In the earlier part of the book, the meaning of the new words accompanies each lesson, so that the beginner, in his first efforts at translation, may not have his attention diverted by being compelled to search for words in a gen- eral vocabulary. Farther on, the special vocabulary for each lesson is removed to the Appendix ; and in the selec- tions from Nepos and Caesar, the student is referred for definitions to the general vocabulary at the end of the volume. PREFACE 5 From the beginning, attention has been called to English derivatives; and groups of such words, derived from the Latin already used, have been given at frequent intervals. As soon as it could be done with advantage, groups of allied Latin words have also been given, and the more common synonymous words and phrases are noticed. It is hoped that these features may add to the interest and profit of the learner. As an aid to pronunciation, all vowels long in quantity have been marked throughout the volume. In the case of hidden quantities, the Hiilfsbuchlein fur die Aussprache der lateinischen Vokale in positionslangen Silben of Anton Marx has been taken as authority. To assist further in securing a correct pronunciation, the accent of all inflections in the lessons has been marked. If by these means anything shall be contributed towards a more careful and accurate pronun- ciation of Latin in secondary schools the author's purpose will be answered. In order to fix the attention of the learner upon the variable element in inflections, the endings of nouns and adjectives and the tense signs of verbs have been printed in heavier type. The book is intended to furnish material for the first year's work, and is complete in itself; all grammatical forms, rules, and explanations needed being given with the lessons. What is unusual and exceptional has been excluded as confusing and foreign to the purpose of a beginner's book. With these carefully selected portions of Viri Romae, Nepos, and Caesar, an attempt is made to render the pas- sage easier from the first to the second year's work in Latin, and to prepare the pupil, not alone for Caesar, but 6 LATIN LESSONS for any more suitable book that may be placed in his hands. The beginner who has been kept for the first year at the study of forms and the dreary translation of lifeless artificial sentences finds himself, at the threshold of the second year, when set at work upon a Latin author, facing a blank wall which he can neither scale nor batter down. Many plans have been proposed to relieve the diffi- culties of this situation; but with the limited time at our disposal, I think that there is no better way than the one presented in this book. The author desires to acknowledge his indebtedness to a number of his colleagues and friends for generous aid in his work, and especially to Miss Clara B. Jordan, teacher of Latin in Hughes High School, Cincinnati, and Mr. A. F. Kuersteiner, formerly a teacher in the same school, whose kindly criticisms and suggestions have been of the greatest value in the preparation of this volume. E. W. COY. August, 1895. LESSON PAGE Introductory 9-12 I-III. First Conjugation Present, Imperfect, and Future Active 13-18 IV. Second Conjugation Present, Imperfect, and Future Active 18, 19 V. Nouns First Declension 20-23 Declensions, Cases, Gender 23-25 VI. Fourth Conjugation Present and Imperfect Active . 26,27 VII, VIII. Second Declension of Nouns and Adjectives . 28-33 IX. Third Conjugation Present and Imperfect Active 34, 35 X. Third and Fourth Conjugations Future Active 36 XI-XIII. Third Declension 37-46 XIV, XV. Perfect Active 46-50 XVI. The Irregular Verb Sum. Present and Imper- fect 51 Pluperfect of Regular Verbs 51, 52 XVII. Future Tense of Sum 53 Future Perfect of Regular Verbs ..... 53, 54 XVIII. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect of Sum 55, 56 XIX-XLII. The Beginnings of Rome 57-112 Declension of Qui 61 Declension of Res 63 Declension of Is 66 Declension of Vagitus 70 Declension of Hie and Vis 78 The Passive Voice 83-86 7 8 LATIN LESSONS Participles, and the Principal Parts of Verbs 87,88 Imperfect Subjunctive 97 Declension of Alius . . 109 XLIII. Nouns of the Third Declension i-stems 112,113 XLIV-L1X. Romulus, the First King of the Romans . 114-152 Declension of Ipse 116 Declension of Ille 129 Declension of Sinister 130 Adjectives of the Third Declension . . 132 Use of the Infinitive 135 Declension of Deus 150 The Infinitives 151 LX-LXVII. Numa Pompilius, the Second King of the Romans 152-174 Periphrastic Conjugations 157 The Subjunctive 159, 160 Sequence of Tenses ; Construction with Cum 161,163 LXVIII, LXIX. Comparison of Adjectives 175-178 LXX-LXXII. The Story of Horatius Codes 179-184 LXXIII. Formation and Comparison of Adverbs . 185-187 LXXIV-LXXXII. The Story of Lsevinus and Pyrrhus . . 188-210 Indirect Discourse 188, 189 Conditional Sentences 194, 195 LXXXIII-LXX XVIII. Paulus jEmilius and Terentius Varro 211-226 Declension of Aliquis ... 225 LXXXIX-XCVI. Life of Timoleon 227-240 The Last Struggle for Gallic Freedom . 241-253 APPENDIX 254-290 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY . 291 TJHIVBESITY LAI :]ST LESSONS INTRODUCTORY 1. The Latin alphabet is made up of twenty-four letters. The letters w and j are wanting, k is seldom used, and y and z are found only in words derived from the Greek or from other foreign sources. 2. There are two ways of pronouncing Latin in this country ; the one known as the Roman, and the other as the English, method. By the former method, which is sup- posed to be nearly like that used by the ancient Romans, each letter has always the same sound; the long and the short vowels differ only in the time occupied in uttering them. By what is called the English method, the letters are given nearly the same sound as in English. Sounds of the Letters by the Roman Method 3. (a) Vowels and Diphthongs. a as a in father. au as ow in now. 5 as ey in prey. ei as ei in feint. I as i in machine. eu as ew in new. 6 as o in go. oe nearly as o-a in o-a-sis, u as oo in moon. not quite like oi in coin. ae as ai in aisle. ui nearly as oo-i in cooing. 9 10 LATIN LESSONS The vowels, when short, have the same sound, only less prolonged. The difference in the sound of the long and the short vowels is a difference of quantity, not of quality ; yet in giving the sound of short e and of short o it is customary with most teachers in practice to change somewhat the qual- ity of these vowels, in order that the distinction between the long and the short vowels may be made more apparent. In the following words, the vowel sounds of the first sylla- bles represent the short Latin vowels ; those of the second syllables, the long Latin vowels : a papa. o forego. e entail. u footstool. i redeem. (b) Consonants. c and g are always hard, as in cat, go. v has the sound of w in wine. B has always the hissing sound, as in so; never the sound of z, as in is. t has always the sound of t in time; never the sound of sh, as in motion. i consonant, i.e. between two vowels or at the beginning of a word before a vowel, has the sound of y in yes. bs, when both letters are ia the same syllable, has the sound of ps, not of bz. Syllables 4. (a) Every Latin word has as many syllables as it has separate vowels and diphthongs. (6) In dividing a Latin word into syllables, a single con- sonant, or any combination of consonants that may begin a INTRODUCTORY 11 word, goes with the following vowel. In compounds, the parts are separated. (c) The last syllable of a word is called the ultima; the last but one, the penult; the last but two, the antepenult. Quantity 5. Of Vowels. Vowels are either long or short. (a) A vowel before another vowel, or h, is short. (b) A. vowel before nd or nt is usually short. (c) A diphthong, a vowel derived from a diphthong, or a vowel formed by contraction, is long. (d) A vowel before nf, ns, gn, gm, or i (consonant) is long. The quantity of other vowels must be learned from obser- vation. 6. Of Syllables. Syllables are long, short, or common. The quantity of a syllable depends upon the quantity of its vowel, or the position of its vowel. (a) A syllable containing a long vowel or a diphthong is long. (b) A syllable in which a short vowel is immediately fol- lowed by two consonants (the latter of the two not being 1 or r) or by a double consonant (x, z) is long. It is then said to be long by position. (c) A syllable in which a short vowel is followed by two consonants, the latter of which is 1 or r, is common; i.e. it may be used as either long or short in verse. In the last two cases, (b) and (c), the vowel retains its short sound. (d) All other syllables are short. In the following Lessons, all long vowels are marked thus (~). All unmarked vowels are short. 12 LATIN LESSONS Accent 7. All words of two syllables are accented on the penult. 8. All words of three or more syllables are accented on the penult, if the penult is long; if the penult is short or common, the accent is on the antepenult. It is important that the learner should, from the beginning, give careful attention to the accent of the Latin words which he uses. He will observe that, in words of two syllables, the accent is uniformly on the penult, without regard to quantity. In words of more than two syllables, the only thing necessary to be known, in order to determine the place of the accent, is the quantity of the penult. If that is long, it takes the accent; if it is short or common, the accent goes to the antepenult. 9. Divide into syllables, accent, and pronounce the fol- lowing : mater compulsus amabat pater infantes servilis Caesaris coeperunt dicantur natio vagitus magnus amicitia exitus differo tempora venando Rhodanus facio imperium conacribo Pronounce the following often-recurring monosyllables, observing particularly the quantity of the vowel: sic, thus, so. sg, himself, themselves. si, if. cur, why. me, me. non, not. cum, when, since. est, is. sed, but. turn, then. qum, but that. hi, these. qui, who. 8, out of. n, lest. quis, who ? , from, by. -que, and. ut, 50 that, that. hoc, this. et, and. FIRST CONJUGATION 13 LESSON I VERBS First Conjugation a-stems A mo (stem ama-), / love. 1O* Latin verbs are divided into four classes, or conjugations, distinguished from one another by the final letter of the verb stem. This final letter is called the characteristic. The characteristic l of the First Conjugation is a. " " " Second " e. " " Third " a consonant or u. " " " Fourth i. 11. The stem is that part of a word to which the endings are added in order to indicate different relations, such as voice, mode, tense, person, number, and case. In adding these endings to form the word, the final letters of the stem often either dis- appear, or undergo important changes. 12. The Pres. Ind. Act. of amo is thus inflected : Present Tense SINGULAR PLURAL 1. dm-o, I love. 2 ama-mus, we love. 2. dma-s, you love (thou lovesC). ama-tis, ye or you love. 3. ama-t, he, she, or it loves. ama-nt, they love. It will be observed that amo is for amao, and that the stem vowel a disappears before the ending 6. 1 We shall see that the long vowel characteristics are shortened in some of the forms. 2 / love, do love, or am loving. 14 LATIN LESSONS A study of these forms will show that they are made up of the stem ama-, together with certain endings that are joined to this stem. These endings, used in the inflection of the verb in the active voice, are as follows : SINGULAR PLURAL 1. -6 or -m, /. -mus, we. 2. -B, you (thou). -tis, you. 3. -t, lie, she, or it. -nt, they. These endings are added to the stem, to form the different per- sons and numbers. They stand for the personal pronouns, and hence are called the Personal Endings. 13. Like amo inflect the following : regno, / reign. libero, I set free, I liberate. privo, / deprive. propero, / hasten. voco, / call. educo, I bring up, I rear. indico, I point out, I inform, peragro, 1 / wander through. EXERCISE 14. Pronounce, analyze into stem and personal ending, translate, and inflect: 1. Begnanms; properant; peragrat. 2. Privas; indica- tis; regnant. 3. Llbero; educat; vocas. 4. Properamus ; liberamus ; peragratis. 5. Amat ; properas ; indico. 6. Edu- camus ; privant ; amas. 7. Peragramus ; vocant ; properat ; regnatis. 8. Indicamus ; privo ; properatis. 9. Educas ; regnat; liberant. 1 Compounded of per and ager. The parts of a compound word are separated, in the division into syllables, p6r-a-gro. FIRST CONJUGATION 15 Write in Latin and give orally : 1. I am wandering through; we are setting free; he is reigning. 2. They hasten ; he deprives ; you inform. 3. We do love ; he is loving ; they set free. 4. You reign ; I wan- der through ; we hasten. 5. You are rearing ; he hastens ; they are calling. 6. Thou settest free; we deprive; she points out. 7. We are calling; you hasten; he is rearing. 15. Of regno give the 3d sing. ; 2d sing. ; 2d plu. ; 1st plu. Of voc5 give the 1st sing. ; 3d plu. ; 2d sing. ; 2d plu. Of propero give the 2d plu. ; 3d sing. ; 1st plu. ; 3d plu. Observe the following English derivatives : amiable privation regnant indicate educate education vocation liberate LESSON II First Conjugation Continued 16. Imperfect Tense SINGULAR PLURAL 1. amabam, I was loving* amabamus, we were loving. 2. amabas, you were loving. amabatis, ye or you were loving. 3. amabat, he, etc., was loving. amabant, they were loving. The Imperfect Tense is formed, as will be seen, by adding to the stem the syllable ba and the personal endings; thus, ama-ba-t, ama-ba-mus. Hence ba may be called the tense sign of the Imperfect Tense. I loved or did love. 16 LATIN LESSONS EXERCISE 1 7. Pronounce, analyze into stem, tense sign and personal ending, translate, and inflect : 1. Prlvabat; regnant; amabatis. 2. Peragrabas; vocat; properabat. 3. Indicabam ; llberabamus ; regnabant. 4. Educabatis; amabas; vocabat. 5. Llberabam; prlvaba- mus; regnabat. 6. Yocat; vocabat; vocatis; vocabatis. 7. Indicas; indicabas; liberant; liberabant. 8. Regnamus; regnabamus; amo; amabam. Write in Latin and give orally : 1. We were liberating; he was reigning; they are rear- ing. 2. He hastens ; he was hastening ; you were calling. 3. They were traversing; they are traversing; we were loving. 4. She was informing; he was rearing; they are liberating. 5. We did liberate ; he did traverse ; they were hastening. 6. I called ; I am calling ; we were informing. 7. We call ; we do call ; we did call ; we were calling. 18. Of regno give the Pres. and Impf. 1st sing.; 3d sing. ; 1st phi. ; 3d phi. ; 2d sing. ; 2d plu. U j -LOU WAtb , l/V* U&Ub , JVVt Olllg. , I\JL LU.U< Give the same of voco, libero, and privo. WHITING MATEKIALS FIRST CONJUGATION 17 LESSON III First Conjugation Continued 19. Future Tense SINGULAR PLURAL 1. amabo, 1 1 shall love. 2 amabimus, we shall love. 2. amabis, you will love. amabitis, ye or you will love. 3. amabit, he, etc., will love. amabunt, they will love. It will be seen that the Future Tense is formed by adding to the stem the syllable bi (3d plu. bu) and the personal endings ; thus, ama-bi-t, ama-bi-mus. Hence bi may be called the tense sign of the Future Tense. In like manner inflect the other verbs already given. EXERCISE 20. Pronounce, analyze into stem, tense sign and personal ending, translate, and inflect : 1. Privabit; peragrabimus ; vocabunt. 2. Amabis; libe- rabitis; properabo. 3. Liberabit; indicabimus ; prlvabunt. 4. Peragrabis; properabitis ; educabimus. 5. Vocat; voca- bat; vocabit. 6. Regnamus; regnabamus; regnabimus. 7. Liberant; llberabant; liberabunt. 8. Amasj amabas; amabis. Write in Latin and give orally : 1. We set free ; we shall bring up ; he hastened. 2. He will liberate; thou didst rear; they will be traversing. 1 The final vowel of the tense sign disappears before the ending 5. Compare amo. 2 Or shall be loving. LAT. LES. 2 18 LATIN LESSONS 3. She called; they will love; they were loving. 4. He calls; he was calling; he will call. 5. He will point out; we were pointing out ; we point out. 6. You are rearing ; you were rearing ; you will be rearing. 7. They are reign- ing ; they were reigning ; they will be reigning. 8. I call ; I was calling; I shall be calling. 9. We shall set free; they will rear ; they were calling. 21. Of voco give the Pres. ? Impf., and Fut. 1st sing.; 3d sing. ; 1st plu. ; 3d plu. ; 2d sing. ; 2d plu. Give the same of llbero, regno, and educo. LESSON IV Second Conjugation e-stems Moiieo (stem mone-), / warn. 22. The Present, Imperfect, and Future Tenses of moneo are formed from the stem mone- just as the same tenses of amo are formed from the stem ama-. The personal endings and the tense signs are the same in both of these conjugations. Compare ama-tis, mone-tis ; ama-bit, mone-bit ; ama-bamus, irione- bamus. 23. Present Tense SINGULAR PLURAL 1. mdne-o, 1 / warn. mone-mus, we warn. 2. mdne-s, you warn. mone-tis, you warn. 3. mdne-t, he, etc., warns. mdne-nt, they warn. i Unlike amo, moneS retains the stem vowel before the ending 5. SECOND CONJUGATION 19 Imperfect Tense SINGULAR PLURAL 1. monebam, / ivas teaming. monebamus, we were warning. 2. monebas, you were warning. monebatis, ye or you were warning. 3. monebat, he, etc., was warning, inonebant, they were warning. Future Tense 1. monebo, I shall warn. monebimus, we shall warn. 2. monebis, you tvill warn. monebitis, you will warn. 3. monebit, lie, etc., will warn. monebunt, they will warn. 24. Like moneo inflect the following : 0? THB habeo, / have. teneo, / hold. T Tf t> ' moved, / move. video, / see. augeo, 1 increase, enlarge (trans.), iubeo, / order. EXERCISE 25. 1. Monet; monebat; monebit. 2. lubebam; habe- bant; habent. 3. Videbitis ; tenemus ; movebis. 4. Auge- bamus; iubent; tenes. 5. Habebatis; movebant; videbunt. 6. Augebit; iubebit; tenet. 7. Monebimus; iubebamus; habetis. 8. Movemus ; videbant ; habebitis. 9. Habe- bant ; regnabant ; videt ; vocat. 10. Vident ; videbant ; videbunt. 1. He orders ; he was ordering ; he will order. 2. We increase; we were increasing; we shall increase. 3. They have ; they had ; they will have. 4. You (sing.) see ; you (plu.) see; they will hold. 5. They were calling; they were moving; he was moving. 6. He will reign; he will have; they see. 7. You (plu.) were warning; you will 20 LATIN LESSONS warn ; you warn. 8. I am holding ; I was holding ; I will hold. 9. You are liberating; you were enlarging; they were ordering. 26. Of regno, habeo, and iubeo write the 1st sing, of the Pres., Impf., and Put. ; 3d sing. ; 3d plu. ; 2d plu. Of teneo, voco, and video write the 3d plu. of the Pres. ; 2d plu. of the Impf. ; 1st plu. of the Put. ; 3d sing, of the Impf. Observe the following English derivatives : habit monument vision move tenet visible motion tenement augment LESSON V Nouns First Declension 27. Stella, a star. SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. stella, a star. stellae, stars. Gen. stellae, of a star. stellSrum, of stars. Dat. stellae, to or for a star. stellis, to or for stars. Ace. stellam, a star. stellas, stars. Voc. stella, star.- stellae, stars. Abl. stella, by or with a star. stellis, by or with stars. 28. The First Declension includes nouns whose stem ends in a. The terminations, made by the union of the case endings with the final vowel of the stem, are affixed to the base, the part of the word unchanged in inflection, to form the different cases. The NOUNS FIRST DECLENSION 21 base may be found by dropping the termination of the Genitive singular, 1 which in the first declension is -ae. Hence the base of Stella is stell-. The terminations affixed to this, to form the different cases, are as follows : SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. -a -ae Gen. -ae -arum Cat. -ae -is Ace. -am -as Voc. -a -ae Abl. -a -Is (a) It will be 'observed that the vowel of these terminations is long in all cases except the Nom., Ace., and Voc. sing. Observe also that, although there are six different cases, we have but four differ- ent forms in the sing., and four in the plu. The Nom. and Voc. sing, are alike, the Gen. and Dat. sing., the Nom. and Voc. plu., and the Dat. and Abl. plu. The Abl. sing, is like the Nom. and Voc. sing., except that it has a. 29. VOCABULARY ripa, gen. ripae, a bank (of a filia, 3 gen. filiae, a daughter. river). silva, gen. silvae, wood, forest. aqua, gen. aquae, water. regina, gen. reginae, a queen. casa, gen. casae, a hut. via, gen. viae, way, road. incola, 2 gen. incolae, an inhabi- puella, gen. puellae, a girl. tant. . est, is. femina, gen. feminae, a woman. sunt, are. 1 As the final vowel of the stem is sometimes changed, and sometimes entirely disappears before the case ending proper, the pupil would not be aided in learning the forms by referring the formation to the stem. Hence the formation of the cases is referred to that unchanged part of the noun which we have called the base. 2 Incola is either masc. or fern. 3 Filia and dea (goddess) have -abus in the Dat. and Abl. plu. 22 LATIN LESSONS magna, gen. magnae, adj., great, longa, gen. longae, adj.. long. large. ad, prep., to, towards; always multa. gen. multae, adj., much, followed by the ace. many. in, prep., in, into, on. In casa filiam relinquit, he leaves (his) 1 daughter in the hut. In casam filiam ducit, he leads (his) daughter into the hut. Observe that in these sentences in denoting rest in a place is followed by the ablative ; denoting motion to a place, by the accusative. Rex Albanorum duos filios habuit, the king of the Allans had two sons. a. Rex (king) is in the nom. case, the subject of habuit (had). b. Albanorum (of the Albans) is in the gen. case, limiting rex. c. Filios (sons) is in the ace. case, the object of habuit. These three facts illustrate the following rules of syntax : Rule. The subject of a finite verb is in the Nominative case. Rule. The object of a transitive verb is in the Accusative case. Rule. A noun limiting another noun denoting a different person or thing is in the Genitive case. EXERCISE 3O. 1. Keglna 2 iubet. 2. Stellas videbant. 3. Ad ripam properabimus. 4. Via est longa. 5. Multae sunt stellae. 6. In rlpa multas incolas video. 7. Magnam silvam pera- grabat. 8. Puellae sunt in casa. 9. Femina in casam pro- 1 The possessive pronouns may not be translated into Latin when they are unemphatic and may be easily inferred from the context. 2 Reglna means a queen, or the queen, or simply queen. The Latin has no article, and the context will show what article is to be supplied, or whether none is to be used. NOUNS FIRST DECLENSION 23 perabit. 10. Iiicolae longam viam indicabunt. 11. Regmae fllia est in rlpa. 12. Regina filias educabit. 13. In ripls sunt multae casae. 14. Puellae ad magnam silvani prope- rabant. 15. Kegina multas filias habet. 1. We see many stars. 2. The way is long. 3. The girls are in the hut. 4. The daughters of the queen pointed out the hut of the woman. 5. The queen was reigning. 6. She called the girl into the great wood. 7. He is hastening towards the bank. 8. The queen is ordering. 9. They are hastening towards the water. 10. The queen will order. 11. He set free the inhabitants. 12. They see the women in the forest. 13. There 1 are many stars. Decline together via longa, multa casa. Observe the following English derivatives : stellar feminine magnitude aquatic sylvan multitude aquarium magnify longitude 31 1 The Latin admits of greater freedom of arrangement of words in a sentence than does the English. This is made possible by the fuller inflection of the Latin. The natural, unemphatic Latin order is the subject followed by its modifiers, the modifiers of the verb, and, last of all, the verb. But this order is constantly being disregarded for the sake of emphasis. Any word placed out of its natural order is thus made emphatic. Pater filiam amat, the father loves his daughter. In this sentence the words have the natural order, and no special emphasis is given to any part. 1 Not to be translated. 24 LATIN LESSONS Piliam pater amat. Here ffliain is made emphatic, and we might express the thought thus : It is the DAUGHTER whom the father loves. Again, Amat pater filiam gives emphasis to amat, and we might translate thus : It is LOVE that the father has for his daughter. The force of the Latin sentence can be understood only by careful attention to the order of words. The pupil should, from the first, be required to read with proper emphasis the Latin in the order given, and should be trained to discover the meaning of the sen- tence in this way. The translation into idiomatic English should follow this exercise. 32. DECLENSIONS. Latin nouns are divided into five declen- sions, distinguished from one another by the final letter of the stem, called the characteristic. The characteristic of the First Declension is a. " " " Second " o. " " " Third " a consonant or i. " " Fourth " u. " " " Fifth e. (a) As the stem ending is not apparent in all cases (28, n. 1), these declensions may in general be best distinguished by the end- ings, especially by the ending of the genitive singular. The ending of the Genitive sing, of the First Declension is ae. " " " " " Second " I. " a u u Third " is. " " " Fourth " us. " " " Fifth " el. 33. CASES. Latin nouns have six cases; namely, Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, and Ablative. The Nominative corresponds in meaning and use to the English nominative ; the Accusative, to the objective ; the Vocative, to the NOUNS FIRST DECLENSION 25 case of address ; the Genitive, to the possessive, or the objective with of; the Dative, to the objective with to or for; the Ablative, to the objective with by, with, or from. These meanings will be best understood from the use of the cases in sentences. All of the cases except the Nominative and Vocative are called oblique cases. 34. GENDER. Latin nouns have three genders; Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter. The gender of Latin nouns, as will be seen from the following rules, is not determined solely by sex. It depends in part upon the meaning and in part upon the endings. (a) General Rules for Gender : 1. Names of males are masculine. 2. Names of rivers, winds, and months are masculine. 3. Names of females are feminine. 4. Names of countries, towns, islands, and trees are femi- nine. 5. Indeclinable nouns and infinitives used as nouns are neuter. (&) Special rules for gender depending upon the endings will be found in the following lessons. Nouns of the First Declension are feminine, except such as are masculine under the general rules. 26 LATIN LESSONS i LESSON VI Fourth Conjugation I- stems 35. Audio (stem audi- 1 ), / hear. Present Tense Imperfect Tense SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL 1. aiidi-6 audi-mus 1. audie'bam audiebamus 2. aiidl-s audi-tis 2. audie'bas audiebatis 3. aiidi-t aiidi-unt 3. audiebat audiebant Observe that the Pres. and Impf. Tenses of this conjugation are inflected throughout just like the same tenses of the Second Conju- gation, with the following exceptions : 1. In the Pres., u is found between the stem and the personal ending of the 3d plu. Cf . moiie-nt and audi-u-nt. 2. In the Impf., e is found between the stem and the tense sign ba in all the forms. Cf. mone-ba-m and audi-e-ba-m. 36. VOCABULARY punio, 2 I punish. rana, a frog. finio, 2 I finish. agricola, m., a farmer. munio, 2 I fortify. bona, adj., good. venio,' 2 I come. mala, adj., bad. volo (1st Conj.), I fly. e 3 or ex, prep., from, out of. laudo (1st Conj.), I praise. Followed by the Ablative. aquila, an eagle. 1 The final vowel of the stem is shortened in some of the forms, as in the second .conjugation. N. 1, Less. I. 2 Inflect, in the Pres. and Impf. Tenses, like audio. 8 E is used only before consonants ; ex, before both vowels and con- sonants. FOURTH CONJUGATION 27 EXERCISE 37. 1. Kanas audio. 2. In silvam veniebant. 3. Aquilae ex silva volant. 4. lieglna ad casam venit. 5. Viam muniunt. 6. Bona regma agricolas laudabit. 7. Femina ex casa venie- bat. 8. Fllia bonae reglnae venit. 9. Fmiunt ; f miebant ; vocant ; habebant. 10. Vident ; veniunt ; tenebat ; munie- bat. 11. Regina regnat. 12. In magnam silvam veniebant. 13. Longam viam peragrat. 14. Mala reglna agricolas punit. 15. Audiebas; mums; puniebatis; fmltis. 1. The good women are in the hut. 2. The eagle will fly to the forest. 3. They were coming out of the water. 4. We are fortifying the long road. 5. The inhabitants punish the bad queen. 6. The queen was reigning. 7. They are finishing; they were finishing. 8. The farmers heard the frogs. 9. Many eagles were hastening into the wood. 10. We are coming ; we are seeing ; we are praising. 11. The daughter of the farmer came from the bank. 12. We hear ; we were hearing ; you fortify ; you were fortifying. Observe the following English derivatives : punishment finish audience volatile laudatory munitions convene auditor laud agriculture 28 LATIN LESSONS LESSON VII Second Declension 38. Servus, m., 1 a slave. Bellum, u., war. SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. servus servi bellum bella Gen. servi servorum belli bellorum Dat. servo servis bello bellis Ace. servum servos bellum bella Voc. serve servi bellum bella Abl. servo servis bello bellis The Second Declension includes nouns whose stem ends in -o. The Nom. sing, ends in -er, -ir, -us, or -um. Those ending in -um are neut. ; the rest are masc. TERMINATIONS 39. Masculine Neuter SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. -us or -i -um -a Gen. -I -orum -i -orum Dat. -6 -is -6 -Is Ace. -um -6s -um -a Voc. -e -I -um -a Abl. -6 -is -6 -is These terminations are added to the base, which in the above nouns is serv- and bell-, found by dropping the ending -I of the gen. sing. (a) It will be observed that, in masculine nouns, the vowel of these terminations is long, except in the Nom., Ace., and Voc. sing. 1 m. = masculine ; n. = neuter ; f. = feminine. NOUNS SECOND DECLENSION 29 Cf. 28. (a). In neuters the vowel is long, except in the Nom., Ace., and Voc., both numbers. (6) Observe also that the endings of the Nom., Ace., and Voc. neuter are alike ; being in the sing, -urn, and in the plu. -a. These cases are alike in neuter nouns of all declensions, and in the plural they always end in -a. It will be seen that the only difference between the endings of the masculines and the neuters of this declension is in the Nom. and Voc. sing., and in the Nom., Ace., and Voc. plu. (c) Nouns in -us of this declension are the only Latin nouns in which the endings of the Nom. and Voc. sing, are not alike. (c?) Comparing the endings of nouns of the First Declension with those of the Second Declension, we find that the Ace. sing, of the First Decl. ends in -am, Second Decl. -um; Gen. plu. First Decl. -arum, Second Decl. -orum ; Ace. plu. First Decl. -as, Second Decl. -6s ; Dat. and Abl. plu. both declensions, -is. Where may servi be found (give case and number) ? servo ? servis? bello? bellum? bella? bellis? 4O. VOCABULARY regnum, -I, n., a kingdom. filius, 1 -I, m., a son. vinculum, -I, n., a bond, chain. populus, -I, m., the people. caelum, -I, n., heaven, the sky. fluvius, -I, m., a river. Amulius, -I, m., Amulius (a leg- Albani, -orum, plu. m., Albans endary king of Alba). (inhabitants of Alba), amicus, -I, m., a friend. et, conj., and. equus, -I, m., a horse. non, adv., not. Inflect the masculine nouns given in the vocabulary like servus ; the neuter nouns, like bellum. i Nouns in -ius, like Amulius, filius, and fluvius, and nouns in -ium, contract -ii in the gen. sing, into -I without changing the accent. Proper names in -ius, also filius and genius, drop e in the voc. sing. 30 LATIN LESSONS 41. Adjectives like bonus, good, are declined in the mas- culine like servus, in the feminine like stella, and in the neuter like bellum. SINGULAR Masc. Fern. Nom. bonus bdna Gen. bdni bdnae Dat. bdno bdnae Ace. bdnum bdnam Voc. bone bdna Abl. bo'no bo'na Neut. bdnum bdni bdno bdnum bdnum bdno PLURAL Nom. bdni bdnae bdna Gen. bonorum bonarum bonorum Dat. bdnis bdnis bdnis Ace. bdnos bdnas bdna Voc. bdni bdnae bdna Abl. bdnis bdnis bdnis In giving the forms, read from left to right. In like manner decline the adjectives multus, -a, -um, magnus, -a, -um, longus, -a, -um, and malus, -a, -um. 42. Study the following sentences : Magnum bellum gerit, he is waging a great war. Bonos amicos habet, he has good friends. Via est longa, the way is long. Observe that the adjectives magnum, bonds, and longa have the same gender, number, and case as the nouns to which they belong. Hence the following Rule. An adjective agrees with its noun in Gender, Number, and Case. ADJECTIVES ^ EXERCISE 43. 1. Amulius filios habet. 2. Oppidum Albanorum tene"- bat. 3. Multos servos dominus habebat. 4. Albani magnum bellum fmiebant. 5. Amuli amicus est. 6. Filios et filias rSglnae videmus. 7. Servl dominum non amant. 8. Popu- lus multos amicos habet. 9. In fluvi ripa est magnum oppidum. 10. Albani multos equos et servos habebant.. 11. Stellae in caelo sunt. 12. Vincula servos non tenent. 13. Albanorum oppida llberabat. 14. Kegni oppida munie- bat. 15. Servl bonum dominum amant. 16. Multa aqua est in fluvio. 17. Ad oppidum amicus populi properabat. 18. Filii Amuli servos llberabunt. 1. Many stars are in the sky. 2. Amulius finished many wars. 3. Amulius is not a friend of the queen. 4. The master was punishing the bad slaves. 5. The good people were moving into the town. 6. He will increase the king- dom of the Albans. 7. The horses were hastening towards the river. 8. He will set free the sons and daughters of Amulius. 9. He wanders through the kingdom of the Albans. 10. The bad master does not have many friends. 11. The chain is long. 12. The water of the river is good. 13. He will finish the war. Inflect together magnum oppidum, bonus amicus, and Ion- gum vinculum. Observe the following English derivatives : filial popular servile domineer nonentity . belligerent amicable equine servitude 32 LATIN LESSONS LESSON VIII Second Declension Continued 44. Ager, m., a field. SINGULAR PLURAL N. V. dger Gen. agri Dat. agro Ace. agrum Abl. agro agri agrorum agrls agros agrls Puer, ra., a boy. SINGULAR PLURAL piier piieri piierS piierum piiero piieri puerorum piieris piieros piieris Vir, m., a man. SINGULAR PLURAL N. V. vir virl Gen. viri virorum Dat. viro viris Ace. vi'rum viros Abl. viro viris 45. Most noung of the Second Declension ending in -er are declined like ager. The principal nouns declined like puer are gener, m., a son-in-laiv. socer, m., a father-in-law. ' liberi, m., children (plu. only), vesper, m., evening. (a) The terminations added to the base of nouns in -er and -ir are the same as in nouns in -us, except that the Norn, and Voc. sing, have no termination. (6) Vir and its. compounds are the only nouns commonly met with that end in -ir. NOUNS SECOND DECLENSION 33 (c) It will be noted that, in nouns like ager, the e is not found in the stem, but is simply inserted before r, in the Nom. and Voc., to aid in the pronunciation. 46. VOCABULARY aper, apri, m., a ivild boar. liber, libri, m., a book. caper, caprl, m., a goat. magister, magistri, m., a master. culter, cultri, m., a knife. doceo (st. doce-), / teach. faber. fabri, m., a carpenter. hortus, -I, m., a garden. dominus, master of a household, or of slaves. magister, master of a school. EXERCISE 47. 1. Caper et equus in virl horto sunt. 2. Magistri pue- ros amant. 3. Magister generum regmae docebit. 4. Llberi fabri libros et cultros habent. 5. Sunt mult! caprl et apri in silva. 6. Dominus malos pueros puniebat. 7. Vir in socerl hortum venit. 8. Magister amicl llberos docet. 9. Multos apros in agris .videbam. 10. Llberi et fabri et agricolae et regmae filil in oppidum properabant. 11. Ager agricolae est in fluvi ripa. 12. Populus non multos amlcos habet. 1. The masters were teaching the carpenter's sons. 2. They were traversing the fields of the Albans. 3. The father-in-law is hastening into the town. 4. He saw the goats and wild boars in the farmer's garden. 5. The slaves saw the horses of (their) master. 6. The carpenter had many knives. 7. The farmer has many 1 good horses. 8. The children saw the eagles in the wood. 9. The boys came to i The Latin should be " many and good." LAT. LES. 3 34 LATIN LESSONS the bank of the river. 10. The men called the children into the hut. Decline together bonus vir, magmis culter, malus aper. Observe the following English derivatives : virile fabric docile puerile library doctor capricious magistrate horticulture LESSON IX Third Conjugation Consonant and u-stems 48. Most verbs of the Third Conjugation are formed from stems ending in a consonant. In the other conjugations, the present stem, as we have seen, is the same as the verb stem. In the Third Conjugation, the present stem is formed by adding e to the verb stem. This vowel appears as i in the Pres. Ind. Act., except in the 1st pers. sing., where it dis- appears before the ending -6 (cf . amo) ; and in the 3d pers. plu., where we have u before -nt. Rego (verb stem reg- ; pres. stem rege-), I rule. Present Imperfect I rule or am ruling. I ruled or was ruling. SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL 1. rdg-o rdgi-mus 1. regebam regebamus 2. rdgi-s rdgi-tis 2. regebas regebatis 3. rdgi-t regu-nt 3. regebat regebant THIRD CONJUGATION 35 49. Like rego inflect the following : duco, I lead. relinquo, 7 leave. mitto, / send. er o? I bear, carry on. curro, I run. pello, 7 drive away, expel. EXERCISE 50. 1. Ducis; ducebas; mittit; mittebat. 2. Equicurre- bant. 3. Viros mittunt ; bellum gerebat. 4. Oppidum relin- quimus. 5. Kegma incolas pellit. 6. Aper in silvam currit. 7. Amulius regebat. 8. Virl equum in aquam ducebant. 9. Agricolarum agros relinquebant. 10. In hortum pueri cnrrimt. 11. Populus regmam pellebat. 12. Multa bella Albani gerunt. 13. Multos libros ad magistrum mittunt. 14. Ad magnos Albanorum agros veniunt. 15. Agricola equos in magnam silvam ducit. 1. The boy is leading the horse. 2. The friends of the people are good men. 3. The children of the farmer have many books. 4. The inhabitants of the town expel the good queen. 5. The wild boars and the goats leave the fields. 6. The Albans were carrying on war. 7. They are running ; we are sending ; he is leading. 8. The slaves leave their masters. 9. The master teaches the boys and girls. 10. They were running towards the town. 11. He sends ; he has ; he, calls ; he punishes. 12. We lead ; we move ; we deprive ; we finish. Observe the following English derivatives : relinquish concur duct mission current expel conduct remit occurrence compel reduce gesture 36 LATIN LESSONS LESSON X Third and Fourth Conjugations Future Tense 51. THIRD CONJ. FOURTH CONJ. Regam, / shall rule or be ruling. Audiam, I shall hear or be hearing. SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL 1. regam regemus 1. aiidiam audigmus 2. reges regetis 2. aiidies audietis 3. reget regent 3. aiidiet audient It will be observed that the tense sign bi of the First and Second Conjugations is wanting in the Third and Fourth Conjugations. Inflect, in like manner, the Future Tense of the verbs given in 36, and 49. EXERCISE 52. 1. Belinquunt; relinquebant ; relinquent. 2. Mit- tit; mittebat; rnittet. 3. Servos punient; pueros docebunt. 4. Magister llberos agricolarum docebit. 5. Puer ex oppido equum ducet. 6. Curret ; movet ; mittent ; habent. 7. Pu- niemus ; videmus ; ducit ; ducet. 8. Multa bella Albani gerent. 9. Pueri ranas ex aqua pellent. 10. Populus re- gmam in oppidum ducet. 11. Vinculum servum non tenebit. 12. Equi in agricolae agrum current. 13. Albani oppidum munient. 1. I shall lead; I was leading; I am leading. 2. He runs; he was running ; he will run. 3. He hears ; he was hear- ing; he will hear. 4. The people will wage a long war. 5. Amulius will fortify the town of the Albans. 6. They NOUNS THIRD DECLENSION 37 will punish the children. 7. He will lead the horse to the river. 8. They will send good books to (their) friend. 9. Many people will come to the bank of the river. 10. The farmers will leave the horses in the field. 11. He will leave; he is moving; they will punish; they are holding. 12. The master will send the slave into the town. 13. The king of the Albans has two sons. LESSON XI Third Declension 53. The Third Declension includes nouns with stems ending in a consonant or i. Consonant stems may be divided into the following classes : f (a) Stems ending in a labial (lip sound), p, b. 1. Mute stems j (b) " " " lingual (tongue sound), t, d. [ (c) " " " palatal (throat sound), c, g. 2. Liquid stems, or stems ending in 1, m, n, r. 3. Sibilant stems, or stems ending in s. 54. TERMINATIONS SINGULAR PLURAL Masc. and Fern, Neut. Masc. and Fern. Neut. N. V. -s or -es -a or -ia Gen. -is -is -um or -ium -um or -ium Dat. -I -I -ibus -ibus Ace. -em or -im -es or -is -a or -ia Abl. -e or -i -e or -i -ibus -ibus 38 LATIN LESSONS Mute Stems 55. (a) LABIALS Frinceps, m., a chief. st. prmcip- 1 . SINGULAR PL N". V. princeps prm Gen. principis prm Dat. principi prm Ace. prmcipem prin Abl. principe prin (b) LINGUALS Miles, m., Aetas, f., a soldier. age, time of life. st. milit- 1 . st. aetat-. SINGULAR N.V. miles aetas Gen. militis aetatis Dat. militi aetati Ace. militem aetatem Abl. milite aetate PLURAL N.Acc.V. milites aetates Gen. Dat. Abl. militum aetatum (-ium) militibus aetatibus Gustos, m. & f. ? a guard, keeper. st. custod-. ciistos custodis custodi custodem custode custodes custodum custodibus 56. Masculine and feminine mute stems form the Nom. sing, by adding s. A labial before B unites with it without change, as princeps ; a lingual is dropped, as custos ; a pala- tal unites with B to form x, as rex (st. reg-). i These stems were primarily princSp- and milt-, and the short e was changed to short i before an added syllable. NOUNS THIRD DECLENSION 39 57. VOCABULARY comes, -itis, m. and f., a com- eques, -itis, m., a horseman. paninn. pedes, -itis, in., afoot-soldier. nepos, -otis, m., a grandson. quod, conj., because. sacerdos, -otis, m. and f., a quid, conj., ichyt priest, priestess. ubi, 1 adv., where. civitas, -atis, f., state, citizen- quo, adv., whither. ship. iucundus, -a, -urn, adj., pleasant. EXERCISE 58. 1. Quo milites ducet? 2. In oppidum Albanorum mllites ducit. 3. Silvae custodes videmus. 4. Quid prlnci- pes in oppidum equites mittebant ? 5. Quod magnum bellum gerebant. 6. Nepos prlncipis comites relinquet. 7. Pedites et equites civitatern llberabunt. 8. Filius prlncipis bonos comites habet. 9. Ubi sunt amici Albanorum? 10. Filii Amuli sunt iucundi comites. 11. Mllites longum bellum f Inient. 12. Quid mllites in silvam properant ? 13. Quod equites ex oppido veniunt. 1. The keepers set free many slaves. 2. The priest warns the companions of the chiefs. 3. He will send the horse- men to the chiefs of the state. 4. Whither are the slaves of the master running ? 5. Where are the friends and com- panions of the keeper ? 6. Not many soldiers are-fond-of (amo) war. 7. The daughter of the queen will have many companions. 8. Pleasant friends will come to the hut of the farmer. 9. The horsemen and the foot-soldiers are the guards of the state. 10. Why do the foot-soldiers run out of the town? 11. Because the soldiers of the Albans are 1 Sometimes ubi. 40 LATIN LESSONS coining. 12. The chiefs will finish the war. 13. They will have pleasant companions. 14. The soldiers of the chiefs are not the friends of the people. Observe the following English derivatives : comity equestrian military nepotism pedestrian principle sacerdotal custodian ubiquitous 59. LESSON XII Third Declension Mute Stems Continued (c) PALATALS Rex, m., a king. a leader. a judge. a spouse. st. reg-. st. due-. st. iudic-i. st. coniug-. SINGULAR N.V. rex dux iudex commix Gen. regie diicis iudicis coniugis Dat. r%I duel iudici coniugi Ace. regem diicem iudicem coniugem Abl. rege diice iudice coiiiuge PLURAL N.Acc.V. reges diices iudices coniuges Gen. regum diicum iudicum coniugum D. Abl. regibus diicibus iudicibus coniiigibus 1 See note 1, p. 38. NOUNS THIRD DECLENSION 41 60. VOCABULARY vox, vocis, f., a voice. caput, capitis, n., the head. lex, legis, f., a law. frumentum, -I, n., corn. grex, gregis, in., a flock. vinco (3d Conj.), I conquer. lux, lucis, f., light. vincio (4th Conj.), I bind. periculum, -I, n., danger. studium, -I, n., desire, zeal. 61. Examine the following sentences : Equos aqua privabat, he deprived the horses of water. Maguo me metu liberabis, you will free me from great fear. Observe that aqua, in the first sentence, is in the Ablative, after privabat, a verb of depriving ; and in the second sen- tence, metu is in the Ablative, after liberabis, a verb of freeing. Rule. Tliat of which a person or thing is DEPRIVED, or from which it is FREED or SEPARATED, is expressed by the ABLATIVE. Multi convenere studio videndae novae urbis, many came to- gether from a desire to see the new city. Ludicris certaminibus vires auxere, they increased their strength by friendly contests. Vinculis servos vinciunt, they bind the slaves with chains. In the first sentence, studio is in the Ablative, denoting the cause of convenere; in the second sentence, certaminibus is in the Ablative, denoting the means of auxere; and in the third sentence, vinculis is in the Ablative, denoting the instru- ment of vinciunt. Rule. CAUSE, MEANS, and INSTRUMENT, are expressed by the ABLATIVE. 42 LATIN LESSONS EXERCISE 62. 1. lucunda est vox amid. 2. Quo rex mllites ducet ? 3. Leges regni sunt bonae. 4. Sacerdotes et indices videbimus. 5. Bex populum agrls non prlvabit. 6. Oppidum belli peri- culo liberabunt. 7. Magna voce equites iubebat. 8. Duces vinculis liberabat. 9. Rex est caput dvitatis. 10. Populus belli studio ex oppido properat. 11. Albanos bello mllites regis vincent. 12. Vinculis amicos Albanorum vincient. 1. The voice of the judge warns the companions of kings. 2. He will send the chiefs of the state to the leader of the horsemen. 3. Why did the chiefs of the state expel the good inhabitants from the kingdom ? 4. The friends of the good man are coming with a desire for war (Gen.). 5. The chief they were praising with a loud voice. 6. We will free the slaves from the danger of chains. 7. The boys will lead the herd of goats into the woods. 8. They con- quered the leaders of the Albans in war and bound (them) with chains. 9. They deprived the inhabitants of corn. Observe the following English derivatives : vocal gregarious lucid induce legal capital judicial conduct regal invincible conjugal studious Compare vox (vocis) and voco; rex (regis) and rego; dux (duels) and duco ; amicus arid amo. Compare also the endings of the Genitive singular, Third Declension, and the possessive case in English, as regis and king's, mllitis and soldier's; also the Nominative plural in Latin and in English, as voces and voices, indices and judges. NOUNS THIRD DECLENSION 43 LESSON XIII Third Declension Continued 63. Liquid Stems Pastor, m. f Legio, f., Flumen, n., Pater, m., a shepherd. a legion. a river. a father. st. pastor-. st. legion-. st. flumm-i. st. pater-. SINGULAR N.V. pastor legio flumen pater Gen. pastoris legionis fluminis patris Dat. pastor! legion! fluminl patr! Ace. pastorem legionem flumen patrem Abl. pastore legione flumine patre PLURAL N.V. past8res legiones flumina patres Gen. pastorum legionum fluminum patrum Dat. pastoribus legionibus flummibus patribus Ace. pastores legions flumina patres Abl. pastoribus legionibus flummibus patribus Multitude, f., . a multitude, a great number. st. multitudin-2. SINGULAR PLURAL N. V. multitude multitudines Gen. multitudinis multitudinum Dat. multitudin! multitudmibus Ace. multitudinem multitudines Abl. multitudine multitudmibus 1 Primarily flumen-, but becomes I before an added syllable. 2 Primarily multitudSn-, but 6 becomes I before an added syllable. 44 LATIN LESSONS L Sibilant Stems Flos, m., Corpus, n., a flower. a body. St. flOS-. st. corpos-. SINGULAR PLURAL N.V. flos flores corpus corpora Gen. floris florum cdrporis cdrporum Dat. flori floribus cdrpori corpdribus Ace. florem flores corpus corpora Abl. flore floribus cdrpore corpdribus Liquid stems form the Nominative singTilar without the addition of s. Those ending in 1 or r have the Nominative like the stem. Those ending in n drop the final n to form the Nominative, except neuters in -men and a few others. Nearly all sibilants change s to r between two vowels, like flos and corpus. Like pater are declined mater and frater. It will be noted that e of the stem in these nouns is kept only in the Nomi- native and Vocative sing. 65, VOCABULARY agmen, -inis, n., an army. mater, -tris, f., a mother. carmen, -inis, n., a song. Italia, -ae, f., Italy. virgo, -inis, f., a maiden, girl. provincia, -ae, f., a province. soror, -oris, f., a sister. orno (1st Conj.), / adorn. mercator, -oris, m., a merchant. can5 (3d Conj.), / sing. legatio, -oiiis, f., an embassy. altus, -a, -um, adj., high, deep. templum, -i, n., a temple. novus, -a, -um, adj., new. frater, -tris, m., a brother. EXERCISE 66. 1. Rex magnum agmen in Italiam ducet. 2. Kegmae frater et soror templurn ornabant. 3. AlbanI legationem. ad NOUNS THIRD DECLENSION 45 regem mittent 4. Quid virgines nova carmina in altls templis canebant ? 5. Alta sunt Italiae flumina. 6. Novae legiones mercatores frumento privabunt. 7. Mllite's pro- vincia pellebant. 8. Bonus pater filios' educabit. 9. Re"gis pastores sunt in fluminis ripa. 10. Comites habebitis^ad multitudiiiem iucundos} 11. Alta templa floribus ornabit. 12. Multis periculis provinciam agmen llberabit. 1. The leader of the Albans moved the army into the province. 2. The rivers of Italy are large and deep. 3. Whither are the mothers and maidens hastening? 4. Why do not the priests adorn the temples with flowers ? 5. The merchants will send an embassy into the new province. 6. The soldiers of the queen will free the state from the dangers of war. 7. The fathers and mothers love the songs of the maidens. 8. The chiefs of the state were waging a great war in Italy. 9. The voice of the king is the law of the state. 10. The good master will not deprive the children of books. 11. There was much corn in the fields. 12. They were expelling from the state the leaders of the army. EULES FOB THE GENDEB OF NOUNS IN THE THIRD DECLENSION 67. 1. Nouns ending in o ? or, 6s, er, es (increasing in the Genitive l ) are masculine. Exception : abstract and collective nouns in -io, and nouns in -do and -go of more than two syllables, are feminine. 2. Nouns ending in as, es (not increasing in the Genitive) is, a preceded by a consonant, aus, and x are feminine. i That is, having more syllables in the Gen. sing, than in the Nom. sing. These are from consonant stems. 46 LATIN LESSONS 3. Nouns ending in I, c, e, 1, a, n, t, y, ar, ur, and us are neuter. There are many exceptions to these rules, which must be learned by observation. The above rules do not apply to nouns the gender of which may be determined by the Gen- eral Rules under 34. NOTE. While these rules may be found useful in teaching the gender of nouns of the 3d Declension, they should not be relied upon as the only means to be used for this purpose. It is earnestly recommended that the beginner be required to learn the gender of each noun as he learns the noun itself, and that special attention be called to the use of the noun in connection with adjectives whose terminations indicate the gender. Observe the following English derivatives : fraternal pastoral ornament altitude maternal corporeal Jloral novel paternal provincial canticle novelty LESSON XIV Perfect Tense of the First and Second Conjugations 68. The endings of the Perfect Tense are the same for all conjugations, and are as follows 1 : SINGULAR PLURAL 1. -I -imns 2. -isti -istis 3. -it -erunt or -ere 1 These endings are made up of the tense sign i and the pers. endings. PERFECT TENSE 47 69. Inflection of the Perfect of amo and moneo : SINGULAR PLURAL 1. amavi, / loved or have loved. amavimus, we loved or have loved. 2. amavisti, you loved or have amavfstis, you loved or have loved. loved. 3. amavit, he loved or has loved. amaverunt or -ere, they loved or have loved. SINGULAR PLURAL 1. mdnui, / toarned or have moniiimus, ice warned or have warned. warned. 2. monulsti, you warned or have monulstis, you warned or have warned. warned. 3. mdnuit, he warned or has monuerunt or -ere, they warned warned. or have warned. 70. The perfect stem in the First Conjugation is regu- larly formed by adding v to the present stem; as, ama-, amav-; regna-, regnav-. 71. The perfect stem in the Second Conjugation is usually formed by dropping the final vowel e of the present stem and adding u ; as, mone-, monu- ; tene-, term-. A few verbs of this conjugation form the perfect stem by adding v to the present stem, as in the First Conjugation. Other ways of forming the Perfect of this conjugation must be learned by observation. Like amavi inflect the following : regnavi (regno) indicavi (indico) privavi (privo) properavi (propero) volavi (volo) educavi (educo) Also form the Perfect of voco, laudo, and llbero, and inflect the same. 48 LATIN LESSONS Like monul inflect the following : habui (habeo) vidi (video) tenui (teneo) movi (moveo) auxi (augeo) iussi (iubeo) EXEECISE 72. 1. Vocaverunt; vidimus; llberavisti. 2. Tenuimus; auxit; movisti. 3. Movistis; prlvavit; educaverunt. 4. Rex Albanorum f Ilios habuit. 5. Equites iussit ; milites f rumento prlvavit. 6. Sacerdotes templum floribus ornavermit. 7. Peri- cnlo oppidum liberavit. 8. Virgo flores in capite liabuit. 9. Videt; videbat; videbit; vldit. 10. Vocat; vocabat; vocabit ; vocavit. 11. Lucem stellarum vldit. 12. Romu- lus fratrem liberavit. 13. Dux agmen in oppidum movit. 14. Nov! pedites in provinciam properaverunt. 1. We praise; we were praising; we shall praise; we have praised. 2. They have ; they were having ; they will have ; they have had. 3. Many eagles flew out of the woods. 4. Good men praised the laws of the state. 5. The people loved the good judge. 6. He moved the new legions into the province. 7. The shepherds increased their flocks. 8. The leader freed the people from the dangers of war. 9. We saw the bodies of the soldiers in the field. 10. The priest called the multitude into the high temple. 11. Italy has many (and) deep rivers. PERFECT TENSE 49 LESSON XV Perfect Tense of the Third and Fourth Conjugations 73. Inflection of the Perfect of rego and audio : SINGULAR PLURAL 1. rexi, / ruled or have ruled. reximus 2. rexisti rcxistis 3. rexit rexeruiit or -ere SINGULAR PLURAL 1. audivi, / heard or have heard. audivimus 2. audlvlstl audlvistis 3. audivit audlverunt or -ere 74. The perfect stem in the Third Conjugation is formed, in most cases, by adding s to the verb stem. Changes in the final letters of the stem then often follow for the sake of euphony ; as, reg-, reg + s = rex ; ger-, ger -f- s = gess-. The perfect stem of verbs of the Third Conjugation is formed in several other ways, which may best be learned by observation. The following may be mentioned here : (a) By reduplication, i.e. prefixing the initial consonant with a vowel ; as, curr-, cucurr- ; pell-, pepul-. (b) By lengthening the root vowel, sometimes with change of that vowel ; as, em-, em- (buy) ; fac-, fee- (do). (c) By retaining the verb stem unchanged ; as, verto, stem vert-, perf. vert- (turn); defendo, stem defend-, perf. defend-. 75. The perfect stem in the Fourth Conjugation is usually formed by adding v to the present stem. Cf. the formation of the perfect stem of the First Conjugation ; as, ama-, ama + v ; audi-, audi -f v. LAT. LES. 4 50 LATIN LESSONS Like rexi inflect the following : duxi (duco) reliqui (relinquo) inisi (mitto) gessl (gero) cucurri (curro) viol (vinco) 76. Learn also the following perfects : Pres. Per/. Pres. Perf. muiiio munivi venio veni finio finivi vincio vinxi punio punivi cano cecini EXEECISE 77. 1. Ducit; ducebat; ducet; duxit. 2. Yenit; veniebat; veniet ; venit. 3. Oppidum rellquerunt ; vemmus ; venimus. 4. Albanos dux vlcit ; gerit ; geret. 5. Servos vinculls vinxerunt; pumvisti. 6. Ad patrem pueri cucurrerunt. 7. Soror prlncipis iucunda carmina cecinit. 8. Veni, vidi, vlci. 9. Pastor gregem in agros duxit. 10. Nova legatio venit. 11. Legiones Albanorum vincunt; vincient; vice- runt. 12. Oppidum stellarum luce viderunt. 1. We are singing; we were singing; we shall sing; we have been singing. 2. I am binding ; I was binding ; I shall bind ; I have been binding. 3. I saw the horses in the deep river. 4. He led the army into the kingdom of the Albans. 5. Why did they send the horsemen into the province ? 6. Because the chief of the province was waging war. 7. The girls and boys have come into the garden. 8. He left the new road. 9. They have finished the wars. We have fortified the towns. 10. We are coming; we have come ; he comes ; he has come. THE IRREGULAR VERB SUM 51 LESSON XVI The Irregular Verb Sum, I am 78. Present Imperfect SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL 1. sum, / am. siimus, ice are. 1. eram, I ivas. erSmus, we were. 2. es, you are. estis, you are. 2. eras, you were. erStis, you were. 3. est, he is. sunt, they are. 3. erat, he tvas. erant, they were. 79. Observe that the personal endings are the same as in the regular verb. The verb sum has for its stem es-. Sum is for esum, sunt for esunt, etc., the initial e of the stem being dropped in some of the forms. The s becomes r between two vowels, as in some noun forms (cf . 64) ; thus, eram is for esam, eramus for esamus, etc. THE PLUPERFECT TENSE OF REGULAR VERBS 80. The Pluperfect Tense is formed from the perfect stem. The tense sign of the Pluperfect Tense is era, which, with the personal endings -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt, takes the form SINGULAR PLURAL 1. -eram -eramus 2. -eras -eratis 3. -erat -erant It will be seen that these terminations are the same as the Imperfect of the verb sum. The Pluperfect Tense of all verbs of all conjugations has the same tense sign, era, and the same personal endings, and is formed from, the perfect stem in the same way. UITI7BI13IT7 52 LATIN LESSONS Pluperfect of Amo SINGULAR PLURAL 1. amaveram, / had loved. amaverSmus, we had loved. 2. amaveras, you had loved. amaveratis, you had loved. 3. amaverat, he had loved. amaverant, they had loved. Inflect the Pluperfect of moneo, rego, and audio in the same way, SINGULAR PLURAL monu- 1 "I rex- I -eram, -eras, -erat. I -eramus, -eratis, -erant. audiv- j Inflect in like manner the Pluperfect of other verbs that have been given. EXERCISE 81. 1. Voco; vocavi; vocaveram. 2. Tenet; tenebat ; tenebit ; tenuit ; tenuerat. 3. Ducimus ; ducebamus ; duce- mus ; duximus ; duxeramus. 4. Moverat ; vlderatis ; habue- rant ; vicerat. 5. Via erat longa. 6. Liberi erant in horto. 7. Comites et amici multitudinis eramus. 8. Sumus civi- tatis milites. 9. Estis regis boni amici. 10. Erant multi mercatores in oppido. 11. Eramus ; iusseramus ; erat ; habuerat. 12. Eras; laudaveras; eratis; vinxeratis. 1. I was ; I had punished ; they were ; they had sent. 2. He sends ; he was sending ; he will send ; he has sent ; he had sent. 3. They had come to the deep river. 4. The priest had come into the high temple. 5. The girls had been singing new songs. 6. The people had seen the foot- soldiers and the horsemen. 7. You are; you were; you FUTURE TENSE OF SUM 53 have had ; you had had. 8. The new legions had fortified the town. 9. He had called; he had led; he had moved; he had finished. 10. Many men were in the town. LESSON XVII Future Tense of Sum 82. SINGULAR PLURAL 1. ero, / shall be. erimus, we shall be. 2. eiis, you will be. eritis, you will be. 3. erit, he will be. erunt, they will be. THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE OF REGULAR VERBS 83. The Future Perfect Tense, like the Pluperfect, is formed from the perfect stem. The tense sign of the Future Perfect is eri, which, with the personal endings, takes the form. SINGULAR PLURAL -ero -erimus -eris -eritis -erit -erint These terminations, it will be noticed, are the same as the Future of the verb sum, except in the 3d plu. The Future Perfect Tense of all verbs of all conjuga- tions has the same tense sign, eri, and the same personal endings, and is formed from the perfect stem in the same way. 54 LATIN LESSONS Future Perfect of Amo SINGULAR PLURAL 1. amavero, / shall have loved. amav^rimus, we shall have loved. 2. amaveris, you will have loved. amav^ritis, you will have loved. 3. amaverit, he will have loved. amaverint, they will have loved. Inflect the Future Perfect of moneo, rego, and audio in the same way, SINGULAR PLURAL monu- 1 rex.- I -ero, -eris, -erit. I -erimus, -eritis, -erint. audiv- J Inflect in like manner the Future Perfect of other verbs that have been given. 84. The synopsis of a verb in any mode consists in giving any required person and number of the verb in each tense of that mode. For example, the synopsis of amo in the Indicative mode, 3d pers. sing., is given as follows : Pres. amat, Impf. amabat, Fut. amabit, Perf. amavit, Plupf. amaverat, Fut. Perf. amaverit. EXERCISE 85. 1. Est; erat; erit; sumus; eramus; erimus. 2. Gerit; gerebat; geret; gessit; gesserat; gesserit. 3. Erant; mise- rant; erunt; miserint. 4. Erimus; tenuerimus; eramus; tenueramus. 5. Venit; venerat; venerit. 6. Ubi milites erunt ? 7. Puellae carmina iucunda ad populos cecinerint. 8. Finiverint novum templum. 9. Legiones in provinciam venerant. 10. Prmceps populos fruinento privaverit. COMPLETE TENSES OF SUM 55 1. You are ; you were ; you will fce ; you had punished ; you will have punished. 2. He will be ; he will have had ; he was ; he had had. 3. The soldiers of the king will have conquered the legions of the Albans. 4. The chief had led the army to the river. 5. They have sent an embassy to the king. 6. He will have taught ; he will have fortified ; he will have called. 7. We had praised; we had con- quered ; we had bound. 8. We shall be ; we shall have finished; we were; we had sent. 9. The rivers will be deep. 10. The people of the town will have been freed from much danger. Give the synopsis of moveo in the 3d sing, of the Indica- tive mode ; of duco in the 3d plu. ; of muuio in the 1st plu. ; of regno in the 1st sing. LESSON XVIII Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Tenses of Sum 86. These tenses of sum are formed from the stem fu-, just the same as the Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Tenses of regular verbs are formed from the perfect stem. Fill, I have been. SINGULAR PLURAL 1. fill fiiimus 2. fulsti fulstis 3. fiiit fuerunt (-re) Fueram, / had been. SINGULAR PLURAL fuerarn fuerSmus fueras fueratis fiierat fiierant 56 LATIN LESSONS Fuero, I shall have leen. SINGULAR PL.URAL 1. fuero furimus 2. fiieris fu^ritis 3. fiierit fiierint EXERCISE 87. 1. I have been ; I had been ; I shall have been. 2. He has been; he had been; he will have been. 3. The boys had been in the river. 4. Soldiers, you have not been friends of the people. 5. (There) had been many foot- soldiers in the provinces. 6. The shepherd's herds have been in the farmer's fields. 7. The legions of the king had been in the kingdom of the Albans. Give the synopsis of sum in the 3d sing., Indicative mode ; in the 1st plu. ; in the 2d sing. ; in the 3d plu. ; in the 1st sing. 88. In the following lessons, let the learner be directed first to look through the Latin passage assigned, and see whether it con- tains any new words. The meaning of such words may be learned from the accompanying vocabulary. Then let him read the passage through in the Latin, and follow the meaning word by word in the order given. Finally, let him turn the passage into idiomatic English. This work cannot be insisted upon too strongly by the teacher ; for it is only by such a process that the student can be led to an intelligent appreciation of the Latin sentence, and, through this, to facility in translation. It should, however, be borne in mind that one of the chief objects of these early lessons is to give an easy familiarity with the foiins THE BEGINNINGS OF HOME 57 of Latin words. To this end, nothing can take the place of per- sistent repetition. The declension of nouns and adjectives, and the inflection and synopsis of verbs, both orally and by writing, should be continued until they can be given rapidly and correctly. 0? THB LESSON XIX The Beginnings of Rome 89. Proca, rex Albanorum, ISTumitorem et Amulium filios habuit. Numitori, qui iiatu niaior erat, regnum rellquit. Proca, -ae, m., Proca, a proper qui, rel. pron., who. name. natu maior (literally, greater by Numitor, -oris, in., Numitor, a birth) = elder. proper name. NOTES 90. Proca, a legendary king of Alba, a town about twenty miles southeast of Rome, commonly known as Alba Longa. Alb am, the inhabitants of Alba. Numitorein, declined like pastor (63) ; but names of persons are commonly used in the singular only. filios : p. 29, n. 1. Numitori, Dat. after rellquit. Compare in English, He gave the book to him. regnum is the direct, and Numitori the indirect object of rellquit. What, then, is the case of the direct, and what the case of the indirect object ? qui is a rel. pron., Xom. sing, masc., the subject of erat. Its ante- cedent is Numitori. Observe that qui has the same gender and number as its antecedent. Observe also that Numitorem and Amulium mean the same as filios, and are in the same case. 58 LATIN LESSONS 91. Translate at sight: 1. Rex Albanorum Numitorem f ilium habuit. 2. Amulius Procae filius erat. 3. Numitor Amulium fratrem habuit. 4. Filio regnum relinquet. 5. Proca Ainulio regnum 11611 rellquerat. 6. Amuli filius rex fuit. 7. Numitor erit rex Albanorurn. 8. Nuniitor, qul natu niaior erat, regnum habebit. 1. The king of the Albans had a son. 2. Numitor was son of Proca. 3. Proca had a son, Amulius. 4. Numitor and Amulius were sons of the king. 5. They had had sons, Numitor and Amulius. 6. Numitor, son of Proca, had been king of the Albans. 7. Proca, the king, will leave the kingdom to Nurnitor. 8. He left the kingdom to (his) son Amulius. 9. Numitor was the brother of Amulius. 1 10. Proca will have left the kingdom to (his) son Numitor, who was the elder. 11. The sons, Numitor and Amulius, left the kingdom to (their) brother. 12. The son who was the elder had the kingdom. i Cf . p. 29, n. 1. THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME 59 LESSON XX 92. Proca, rex Albanorum, Numitorem et Amulium f ilios habuit. Numitori, qm iiatu maior erat, regnum rellquit ; sed Amulius, pulso fratre, regnavit et, ut euin subole privaret, Kheam Silviani, eius flliain, Vestae sacerdotem fecit. sed, conj., but. subole, offspring. pulso, Perf. Pass. Part., having privaret, he might deprive. been driven away, banished. eius, pron., his, of him. ut, conj., in order that, in order Rheam Silviam, Rhea Silvia. to, that. Vestae, of Vesta. eum, pron., him. fecit, he made. NOTES 93. pulso is the Perf. Pass. Part, of pello, in the Abl. sing, masc., to agree with fratre. It is inflected like bonus (41), Nom. pulsus pulsa pulsum Gen. pulsi pulsae pulsi, etc. puiso fratre, literally, the brother having been driven away; better translated, having driven away his brother. eum, Ace. sing. masc. of the demons, pron. is, this, and the direct object of privaret. The demons, pron. is is often used, as it is here, for the pers. pron. of the 3d pers., he, she, it. Notice the ending -m, corresponding to the ending of the Ace. sing, of nouns, subole, Abl. sing, of suboles, limiting privaret. Rule XX. 1 In order that he might deprive him of offspring. (a) N. V. suboles (The plu. is rarely found.) Gen. siibolis Dat. suboli Ace. siibolem Abl. subole i See Rules on pp. 277-279. 60 LATIN LESSONS eius, Gen. sing, of the demons, pron. is. filiam : decline, p. 21, n. 3. Vesta, the goddess of the hearth and hearth fire ; daughter of Saturn and Rhea, and sister of Jupiter. sacerdStem : decline like custos, 55 (&), Nom. sacerdos, Gen. sacerdotis, etc. fecit, Perf . Ind. 3d sing., from facio, to make, do, a verb of the 3d Conjugation. The perf. stem is fee-. It is inflected regularly, like rexi. Inflect the Perf., Plupf., and Fut. Perf. tenses. With the Latin, filiam sacerdotem fecit, compare the English expressions, they made Romulus king ; they called the man dictator. 94. Translate at sight: 1. Amulius fratrem pellet. 2. Amulius fratrem pepule- rat (74 (a)). 3. Nuinitoris f rater regnabat. 4. JSTumitorem subole piivaverat. 5. Fratrem regno privavit. 6. Populus emu regem fecit. 7. Eheam Silviam sacerdotem fecerant. 8. Filios Procae sacerdotes fecerunt. 1. I made ; I had made ; I shall have made. 2. He de- prived him of offspring. 3. Amulius deprived (his) brother of offspring. 4. They had deprived the sons of Numitor of the kingdom. 5. He banished his brother. 6. He made (his) brother king of the Albans. 7. Amulius will deprive Numitor of the kingdom. 8. They made (their) sister priestess of Vesta. 9. The priestess of Vesta was daughter of Kumitor. 10. Numitor had a daughter, Ehea Silvia. THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME fil LESSON XXI 95. Rheam Silviam, eius filiam, Yestae sacerdotem fecit, quae tameii liomuhun et Eemum geminos edidit. quae, rel. pron., who. tameii, adv., nevertheless. Romulum, Romulus. Remum, Remus. edidit, gave birth to. NOTES 96. quae, Nom. sing, fern., subject of edidit. Its antecedent is filiam. Observe that it has the same gender and number as its antecedent. Cf. qul (90). It will be noticed that, in both of these instances, the relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, but that the case of the relative is not the same as that of the antecedent in either instance ; its case depend- ing upon the construction of its clause. This is always true of the relative, and of other pronouns used as substantives ; hence the following rule : Rule. A pronoun agrees with its antecedent in Gender and Number, but its case depends upon the construction of the clause in ivhich it stands. (a) INFLECTION OF Qul, icho SINGULAR PLURAL Mase. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. qul quae quod qul quae quae Gen. caius ! caius caius quorum quarum quorum Dat. CU1 2 cul CUl quibus quibus quibus Ace. quern quam quod quos quas quae Voc. Abl. quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus 1 Pronounced cod-yoos. 2 Pronounced kivee. 62 LATIN LESSONS Observe and point out resemblances between these forms and forms of the 1st, 2d, and 3d Declensions. Romulum and Remum : compare the expressions, Romulum et Remum geminos edidit, and Rheam Silviam, eius filiam Vestae sacerdotem fecit, and Numitorem et Amulium filios habuit. Observe that Romulum and Remum stand in the same relation to geminos as Rheam Silviam stands to filiam, and as Numitorem nnd Amulium stand to filios. Observe also that, in each of these groups, the first named words are in the same case as the second named, and that they refer to the same person or persons. Nouns standing in such relation to other nouns are said to be in apposition. Rule. A noun joined to another noun denoting the same person or thing is in the same case by APPOSITION. geminos, used as a noun in the plu. only. The termination -os shows what declension? what case? what gender? edidit, Perf. Ind. Act. 3d sing., from edo. Inflect the Perf ., Plupf., and Fut. Perf. tenses. 97. Translate at sight: 1. Qui ; quod ; cuius ; cui ; quibus. 2. Quos ; quae ; quorum ; quas. 3. Amicus, quern in horto vldi, filius agricolae fuit. 4. Duces qul Albanos vlcerunt ex pro- vincia venerant. 5. Komulus et Remus gemini fuerunt. 6. Rhea Silvia, quae Vestae sacerdos erat, filia erat Numi- toris. 7. Fllio, qul natii maior erat, regnum reliquit. 1. Give in the sing. : of whom ; whose ; to whom ; which ; of which. 2. Give in the plu. : whose ; to which ; whom ; which ; of which. 3. Rhea Silvia was the daughter of Numi- tor. 4. King Proca left the kingdom to his son Numitor. 5. Romulus, the son of Rhea Silvia, banished (his) brother Remus. 6. Romulus, who was the brother of Remus, made THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME 63 his father king. 7. Nmnitor, to whom he left the kingdom, was brother of Amulius. 8. The brothers to whom Proca left the kingdom, carried on long wars. LESSON XXII 98. Ea re cognita Amiilius ipsam in vincula coniecit, parvulos alveo impositos abiecit in Tiberim. ea, this. parvulos, the little ones, the chil- re, thing, fact, circumstance. dren. cognita, having been learned, alveo, a skiff. found out. impositos, having been placed in, ipsam, her, herself. put on board. conigcit, threw, cast. abiecit, he cast off. in vincula, into bonds, i.e. into Tiberim, the Tiber, the river that prison. flows past Rome. NOTES 99. Ea, Abl. sing. fern, of the demons, pron. is. It agrees with re. Is is sometimes used as a substantive, and sometimes as an adjective. In the latter case, it is called an adjective pronoun. Cf. eum and eius in Lesson XX. re is in the Abl. sing, fern., from res, a noun of the 5th Declen- sion. Nouns of the 5th Declension are formed from stems ending in -e. The stem of res is re-. Res is thus declined : (a) SINGULAR PLURAL N. V. res res Gen. rei rerum Dat. rei rebus Ace. rem res Abl. re rebus 64 LATIN LESSONS The stem vowel is shortened in the Ace. sing., and also in the Gen. and Dat. sing., when a consonant precedes. This declension contains but two nouns that are declined throughout ; viz. res and dies, a day. All nouns of the 5th Declension are feminine except dies, which is sometimes masculine and sometimes feminine, and meridies, midday, which is always masculine. Write out the endings of this declension, as seen in res above, and decline die^>. cognita, a Perf. Pass. Part, from cognosce, in the Abl. sing, fem., to agree with re ; literally, this fact having been learned; better translated, having learned this fact, or ivhen he learned this fact, or upon learning this fact. Cf. pulso fratre (93). Inflect cognita like bonus (41) : cognitus, cognita, cognitum. ipsam is the Ace. sing. fem. of the demons, pron. ipse, used here for an emphatic pers. pron., in contrast with parvulos. It is usually intensive, meaning self; as, rex ipse, the king himself; filia ipsa, the daughter herself. coniecit is the Perf. Ind. Act. 3d sing., from conicio ( = con + iacio. The perfect stem is coniec-; cf. fecit (93). Inflect conie- cit in the Perf., Plupf ., and Fut. Perf. Tenses. What is its subject ? its object? parvulos : decline like servus. Why is it in the Ace. case? alveo : Dat. sing, from alveus. What other case has the same ending? It depends upon impositos. impositos, Perf. Pass. Part, from imponS ( = in + pono), to place in, to put on board. It agrees with parvulos. Cf. pulso and cognita with respect to form. The Latin, literally translated, reads thus : he cast off into the Tiber, the children having been put on board a skiff". We should rather say in English, he put the children on board a skiff, and cast them off into the Tiber. The Latin often has a verb and a participle, where in English we should use two verbs. abiecit : cf. coniecit, above. What is its subject? its ob- ject ? Tiberim, from Tiberis, a noun of the 3d Declension, with stem in -I. It is thus declined : THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME 65 (6) i N.V. Tiberia Ace. Tiberim Gen. Tiberis Abl. Tiberl Dat. Tiberl Obser-'i especially the Arc. and Abl. in -im and -I. A few nouns of the 3d Declension are declined like Tiberis. What is the gender of Tiberis (34 (a) 2) ? 1OO. Translate at sight: 1. Parvulos alveo imposuit. 1 2. Amulius filiam in vin- cula coniecit. 3. Geminos in Tiberim abiecit. 4. Libe- ros in fluinen abiecerat. 5. Amulius earn rem cognoscit. 6. Filiam ipsam alveo imposuerant. 7. Alveus in ripa Tiberis erat. 1. The children had been in a skiff. 2. They had cast the child off into the Tiber. 3. Amulius had thrown (his) brother into prison. 4. When they had learned this fact [this fact having been learned], they threw the twins into prison. 5. The king himself was reigning. 6. Having learned this fact, he made (his) daughter priestess of Vesta. 7. The brother, whom I saw in the skiff, they made leader. 8. Where are the foot-soldiers who were hastening into the province? 9. The boys have been in the river Tiber. 1 The perfect stem, of imponS is imposu-. LAT. LES. 5 LATIN LESSONS LESSON XXIII 101. Parvulos alveo impositos abiecit in Tiberim, qui tune forte super rlpas erat effusus ; sed relabente numine eos aqua in sicco reliquit. tune, then, at that time. relabente, flowing back, reced- forte, by chance, as it happened. ing. super, beyond, above. eos, them. erat effusus, had been poured out. sicco, dry land. NOTES 102. qui: decline (96 (a)). What is its gender and number, and why V super, a preposition governing the Ace., except when it means about, concerning ; it then governs the Abl. ripas: in what declension? gender? case? construction? erat effusus, Plupf . Ind. Pass., from effundo, = ex + fundo ; fundo, to pour, and the prep, ex, out. Hence effundo to pour out. erat effusus, had been poured out. super ripas erat effusus, had been poured out beyond the banks = had overflowed its banks. relabente, Pres. Act. Part., Abl. sing., agreeing with flumine, just like an adj. Cf. Rule IV. for the adjective. Translate, the river receding. eos, demons, pron., Ace. plu. masc., from is. Cf. eum and eius, Lesson XX., and ea, Lesson XXII. Is is thus declined: (a) SINGULAR PLURAL Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. f'eni. Neut. Norn, is ea id ii (^i) <5ae 6a. Gen. ius eius eius eorum earum eorum Dat. <5i <$! 1 Us, (Sis iis, e^s iis, (Sis Ace. e'um earn id eos e*as ea Abl. ^5 e*a 60 iis, els iis, els iis, els TJlfiy-BRSIT THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME 67 Observe and point out the resemblances between these endings and those of the 1st and 2d Declensions. is is a weak demonstrative, meaning this or that. It is often used for the pers. pron. of the 3d pers., as we have already seen. aqua : what case ? How does the Abl. sing, of the 1st Declension differ from the Nom. sing.? sicco, from siccum. Decline like bellum. What is the differ- ence between in with the Abl. and in with the Ace. V 1O3. Translate at sight: 1. Proca iis regnum reliquit. 2. Eos in oppidum misit. 3. Fratres eorum in provincia fuerant. 4. In earn pro- vinciam magnum agmen venerat. 5. Id quod dix! ad populum est iucundum. 6. Puellae quas in horto vidi ex oppido venerunt. 7. Is fluvius; ea res; id flumen; eae matres; eorum puerorum; earum flliarum. 8. Eae res ad regis amicos erunt iucundae. 9. Boni sunt il qui populum magno perlculo liberant. 1. Amulius had left them in the Tiber. 2. They had left the twins on dry land. 3. He will have left ; you had left. 4. The son of the king had made (his) daughter priestess. 5. The water will leave them on dry land. 6. They will have cast off the children into the Tiber. 7. I shall have had ; we shall have reigned. 8. The water receding, we left the banks of the river. 9. He ; she ; him ; her ; it ; them ; their; his; her; they. 10. This thing; of this thing; of these things ; of these children. 68 LATIN LESSONS LESSON XXIV Review 104. Read and translate: Proca, rex Albanorum, Numitorem et Amulium filios habuit. Numitori, qui natu maior erat, regnum reliquit; sed Amulius, pulso fratre, regnavit et, ut eum subole pri- varet, Kheam Silviam, ems filiam, Vestae sacerdotem fecit, quae tamen Komulum et E-emum geminos edidit. Ea re cognita Amulius ipsam in vincula coniecit, parvulos alveo impositos abiecit in Tiberim, qui tune forte super ripas erat effusus ; sed relabente fluniine eos aqua in sicco reliquit. NOTES 105. Write the Ace. sing, of rex, films, filia, res. In what respects are their endings alike ? Write the Ace. plu. of the same. How do the endings of these compare? Compare also the endings of the Gen. plu. of the same. Write the Gen. and Voc. sing, of films and Amulius. Give the rule for their formation. Compare the endings of the Gen. sing, of is and of qui; the Gen. plu. What is the direct object of habuit? of reliquit (both occur- rences)? of privaret? of fecit? of edidit? of coniecit? of abiecit? Construction of Numitorem and Amulium? of Romulum and Remum ? of Rheam Silviam ? Give the rule. What determines the .number and gender of qui (both occur- rences)? of quae? Give the rule. Why is subole in the Abl. ? To whom do eum, eius, ipsam, eos, refer ? Why are vincula and Tiberim Ace., and sicco Abl.? REVIEW 69 Give the Latin for : he reigns he was reigning he will reign he has reigned he had reigned he will have reigned we leave we were leaving we shall leave we have left we had left we shall have left Decline frater, suboles, sacerdotem, flumine, is, and qui. Make a list of the masc. nouns of the 3d Declension in the above passage. By what rule are they masculine? What one is neuter? Rule. What one is feminine? Rule. What one is sometimes masculine and sometimes feminine ? Decline re. What is the gender of nouns of the 5th Declension ? Give English derivatives from the following : rex, filius, relin- quo, frater, privo, impositos, aqua. Decline together ea res ; id flumen ; is frater. Give the synopsis of reliiiquo in the 3d plu. ; of habeo in the 1st plu. ; of sum in the 1st sing. he has he leaves he was having he will have he was leaving he will leave he has had he has left he had had he had left he will have had he will have left he is he was he will be he has been he had been he will have been they are they were they will be they have been they had been they will have been 70 LATIN LESSONS LESSON XXV 106. Vastae turn in iis locis solitudines erant. Lupa, ut fama traditum est, ad vagitum accurrit. vastus, -a, -um, adj., vast, deso- lupa, -ae, f ., a she-wolf. late. Cf. Eng. waste. ut, adv., as. turn, adv., then. Cf. tune, Les- fama, -ae, f., report, tradition. son XXIII. traditum est, it is handed down, locus, -I, m., place. vagitum, crying. solitude, -inis, f ., wilderness. accurrit, ran to. NOTES 107. Vastae: decline like bonus. In what different places 1 may vastae be found ? With what word in this sentence must it agree ? Why may it not be taken with locis ? iis : decline in the plural. locis is from locus, -i, masculine in the sing., and usually neuter in the plural. Decline. fama, Abl. of means, limiting traditum est. Rule XIX. traditum est, Perf. Ind. Pass. 3d sing., from trado. ut fama traditum est, literally, as it has been handed down by tradition, = as Ike tradition is. vagitum, Ace. sing, of the 4th Decl. ; thus declined : (a) Vagitus (st. vagitu-), m., a crying. SINGULAR PLURAL N. V. vagitus vagitus Gen. vagitus vagftuum Dat. vagitui vagitibus Ace. vagitum vagitus Abl. vagitu vagitibus 1 Case, number, gender. THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME 71 In the same way decline saltus, a woodland ; vultus, the counte- nance; exercitus, an army; manus, the hand. The stem of nouns of the 4th Declension ends in -u, which becomes -i before -bus in the Dat. and Abl. plu. A few nouns retain the u in these cases also. The Nom. ends in -us or -u. Those in -us are generally masculine, except a few like manus, which are feminine. Those in -u are neuter, and are indeclinable in the sing., except that they sometimes have -us in the Gen. The other cases of the sing, are the same as the stem with final u length- ened. In the plu. the Nom., Ace., and Voc. are formed by adding a to the stem. The other cases are formed like those of the mas- culines. As there are but four neuters, and they are but seldom used, they may be learned as they occur. accurrit, Perf. Ind. Act. 3d sing., from accurro. Notice that the prep, ad is repeated with vagitum, although accurrit is itself compounded of ad and curro. Cf. English adhere to an opinion; adjacent to the town. 1O8. Translate at sight: 1. Pastor vagitum parvulorum audlvit. 2. Proca, rex, exercitum Albanorum duxit. 3. Fratres saltus peragrabant. 4. Virgo vidit id quod Amulius in manu habuit. 5. Puer! multos flores in manibus gerebant. 6. lucundum amic! vul- tum videbat. 7. Erat lupa in ils locis. 8. Parvull ad lupam accurrerunt. 1. The she-wolf had heard the cryiwg of the children. 2. She ran to them. 3. They were in a desolate wilder- ness. 1 4. Amulius, son of the king, had left them in that place. 5. The water had left them on dry land. 6. The Tiber, as the tradition is, had at-that-time overflowed its 1 Use the plural. 72 LATIN LESSONS banks. 7. The army of the king moved into the province. 8. The slave had a chain in his hands. 9. Romulus and Remus wandered-over the woodlands. 10. The countenance of the king's daughter was pleasant. Decline together longa manus ; magnus exercitus. LESSON XXVI 1O9. Lupa, ut fama traditum est, ad vagitum accurrit, infantes lingua lambit, ubera eorum oil admovit matremque se gessit. BRONZE WOLF (Rome) InfantSs, infants, babes. lingua, -ae, f., tongue. lainbit, she licked. uber, -eris, n., udder, breast. 6s, oris, n., the mouth, face. admoveo, to move to or towards. -que, conj., and. sS, herself. THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME 73 NOTES 1 1C. infantes is from mfans, an adjective used here as a noun. As an adjective it means not speaking, speechless; and as very young children have not the power of speech, infans came to mean an infant or babe, infantes, used as a noun, is either masculine or femi- nine. As an adjective of the 3d Declension it is thus declined : (a) SINGULAR PLURAL Mttxc. and Fern. Neut. Mase. and Fern. Neut. N.V. infans mfans Infantes Infantia Gen. Infantis Infantis infantium (-um) mfantium (-um) Dat. Infant! Infant! Infantibus infantibus Ace. infantem infans infantes (-is) Infantia Abl. infante (-1) infante (-1) Infantibus infantibus In the same way decline relabente, Pres. Part, from relabens, Lesson XXIII. All Pres. Act. Participles are declined in this way. They belong to the i stems of the 3d Declension (53). The stem ends in -nti, but the i of the stem disappears in some of the forms. All of these have -e or -I in the Abl. sing. ; -ium in the Gen. plu. ; -es or -is in the Ace. plu. masc. and fern. ; and -ia in the Noin., Ace., and Voc. plu. of the neuter. Decline am ans, Pres. Part, of amo ; regens, " " rego; audiens, " " audio. lingua : Rule XIX. lambit, Perf. of lambo. The perfect stem is the same as the verb stem (74 (c)). uber, -eris, a liquid noun of the 3d Declension. Plu. is ubera, uberum, etc. Decline in full. eorum limits ori. To whom does eorum refer? Decline it in full. ori, a neut. noun of the 3d Declension. Declined 6s, oris, ori, etc. The Gen. plu. is wanting. It depends upon the prep, ad in admovit. Cf . alveS impositos, Lesson XXII. ubera . . . ad- movit, moved her udders to their mouth. 74 LATIN LESSONS Rule. Many verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, super, and de are followed by the Dative. admovit = ad + moved. Give the synopsis in the 3d sing. matrem: decline like pater (63). In apposition with se. Rule VI. -que is an enclitic ; i.e. a word attached to another word, as -que is here attached to matrem. An enclitic always precedes in mean- ing the word to which it is attached, and draws the accent forward to the syllable immediately before it, ma-tre'm-que. se is a reflexive pronoun of the 3d person. It regularly refers to the subject ; here to lupa. It is declined as follows, the forms being the same for both numbers and all genders : (6) N.V. Gen. siii Dat. sfbi Ace. Abl. se or sese gessit : give the synopsis in the 3d plu. se gessit, bore herself as a mother = conducted herself as a mother. (c) infans, a child considered as one unable to speak, parvulus, literally, a little one; from parvus, small. 111. Translate at sight: 1. Lupa Infantem lingua lambit. 2. Lupa ad infantes accurrit. 3. Infantes ad lupam accurrerunt. 4. Amicus patrem se" gessit. 5. Albanl amlcos se gesserunt. 6. Par- vull orl aquam admoverunt. 7. Vir aquam eorum orl admovit. 1. The she-wolf licks the infants with (her) tongue. 2. The she-wolf had run to the crying of the infants. 3. The daughter conducts herself as a mother. 4. The THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME 75 brother of the king had conducted himself as a father. 5. Amulius conducted himself as a friend. 6. They will have conducted themselves as good soldiers. 7. The shep- herd had moved the water to their mouth. 8. They ran up to the infants. 9. He ran up to them. LESSON XXVII 112. Cum lupa saepius ad parvulos veluti ad catulos reverteretur, Faustulus, pastor regius, re animadversa eos tulit in casam. cum, conj., when. regius, -a, -um, adj., of the king saepius, adv., oftener, more fre- royal. quently. animadversa, having been ob- veluti, adv., just as, as if. served, noticed. catulus, -I, m., a whelp. tulit, bore, carried. reverteretur, returned. NOTES 113. saepius, the comparative of the adv. saepe. It may be translated here, repeatedly. reverteretur is from revertor, a verb that has a passive form and an active meaning. Such verbs are called Deponent, because they have laid aside the active form and the passive meaning. pastor regius, a shepherd of the king. An adjective is sometimes used with the meaning of the Gen. of the noun from which it is derived, regius is derived from rex, and is here equivalent to regis. Decline pastor regius together. Cf. Rule VI. re animadversa, having noticed the circumstance. What would be the literal meaning? Cf. ea re cognita and pulso fratre, above. 76 LATIN LESSONS To whom does eos refer ? What declension has this ending for the Ace. plu. niasc.? tulit is the Perf. 3d sing, of the irregular verb fero. Inflect the Perf., Plupf., and Fut. Perf. 114. Translate at sight: 1. Lupa saepius ad parvulos veniebat. 2. Pastor regius eos in Faustuli casam tulit. 3. Ea re animadversa, ad parvulos accurrit. 4. Exercitus regius in provincia bellum gerebat. 5. Infantes in aquam tulerant. 6. Cum lupa reverteretur, pastor eos in casam tulerat. 7. Faustulus, pastor bonus, parvulos in coniugis casam tulit. 1. Faustulus, the shepherd of the king, saw them in the river. 2. Having noticed this circumstance, he bore them into the hut. 3. He ran to them as if to (his) children. 4. Faustulus was a shepherd of the king. 5. He was on the bank of the Tiber. 6. He saw the twins in a skiff. 7. The river receding, the water had left them on dry land. 8. The she-wolf ran up to them. 9. When the she-wolf returned repeatedly to the children, the shepherd bore them into the hut. THE BEGINNINGS OF HOME 77 LESSON XXVIII 115. Faustulus, pastor regius, re animad versa eos tulit in casam et Accae Larentiae coniugl dedit educandos. Adult! deinde hi inter pastores prim 6 ludicrls certamin- ibus vires auxere. Acca Larentia, name of the hi, these, they. wife of Faustulus. inter, prep., among, between. dedit, gave. prinio, adv., at first, in the first educandos, to be brought up. place. adultus, -a, -um, adj., grown up, ludicrls, adj., playful, sportive. matured. Cf. Eng. adult. certaraen, -inis, n., a contest. deinde, adv., then, next. vires, strength, force. NOTES 116. Accae Larentiae, Dat. of Indirect Object, after dedit. Cf. Numitori (90). Rule. TJie INDIRECT OBJECT of an action is in the Dative case; as, Numitori regnum reliquit, he left the kingdom to Numitor. Accae Larentiae eos dedit, he gave them to Acca Larentia. dedit, Perf. Ind. Act. of do, to give. Perf. formed by redupli- cation. Cf. 74 (a). The direct object of dedit is eos. Inflect dedit in the Perf., Plupf., and Fut. Perf. educandos, a verbal adj. from educo, denoting purpose, to be brought up. Usually called a Gerundive. It agrees with eos, and is declined like bonus. Adulti, an adj. agreeing with hi, the subject of auxere. Decline like bonus. hi is a demons, pron., Nom. plu. masc., from declined: TJ1TI7BRSITY 78 LATIN LESSONS (a) SINGULAR Jf -emur, -emini, -entur. Write out these forms in full, and compare them with the corresponding forms of the Active voice. For the tense sign of the Future, cf . 19. 86 LATIN LESSONS EXERCISE 127. 1. Subole prlvatur privabatur prlvabitur. 2. Teiientur ; tenebatur ; tenebitur. 3. Vocantur ; ama- bantur; videbantur. 4. In sicco relinquentur. 5. Llbera- bimur ; movetur ; movebitur. 6. Monebit ; monebitur ; monebat; monebatur. 7. Bellum gerebatur. 8. Regnum Numitori relinquebatur. 9. Puniunt ; puniuntur ; punie- bant; puniebantur. 10. Mitto; mittor; mittebam; mit- tebar; mittam; inittar. 11. Laudaris; nioveris ; duceris; vinciris. 1. You will be left in the water. 2. The twins were left in a skiff. 3. He is seen; it is pointed out; they are moved. 4. They will be moved ; they will be sent ; they will be called. 5. They hear ; they are heard ; they lead ; they are lead. 6. We were ordering ; we were ordered ; he is heard ; it is finished. 7. The brother will be banished. 8. He saw ; he was seen ; he will send ; he will be sent. *^ - PARTICIPLES 87 LESSON XXXIII Participles 128. The Latin verb lias four participles, the Present and Future of the Active voice, and the Perfect and Ge- rundive, or Future, of the Passive voice. For example : ACTIVE PASSIVE Pres. amans, loving. Perf. amatus, loved or having been loved. Fut. amaturus, being about to Fut. (Gerundive) amandus, to love. . be loved. Pres. inonens Perf. monitus Fut. moniturus Fut. (Gerundive) monendus Pres. regens Perf. rectus Fut. recturus Fut. (Gerundive) regendus Pres. audiens Perf. auditus Fut. audlturus Fut. (Gerundive) audiendus Give the Participles of voco, mitto, and punio. It will be seen that the Present Participle is formed from the present stem by adding -ns; in the Fourth Con- jugation, -ens. The Gerundive is also formed from the present stem by adding -ndus ; in the Fourth Conjugation, -endus. The Future Active and the Perfect Passive Participles are formed from the supine stem. This stem is formed by adding t (sometimes s) to the verb stem. It will be noticed that, in the Second Conjugation, the final e of the verb stem is changed to i before t in the supine stem ; also that conso- nant changes sometimes take place in forming the supine 88 LATIN LESSONS stem of the Third Conjugation, as in rect-, where g becomes c before t; and gest-, where r becomes s before t. These changes may best be learned from observation. 1 The Present Participle is declined like infaus (110 (a)). The Future Active, Perfect Passive, and Gerundive are declined like bonus. The supine stem is so called because the Supine a part of the verb but little used is formed from it. The Supine corresponds in form to the neut. sing, of the Perfect Passive Participle. Thus, amatum, monitum, rectum, auditum are the Supines of amo, moneo, rego, and audio respectively. 129. The Present Indicative, Present Infinitive, Perfect Indicative, and the Supine are called the Principal Parts of the verb, because they show the three stems of the verb and also the conjugation to which the verb belongs. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Supine The prin. parts of amo are amo amare amavi amatum " " " moneo " moneo monere mdnul mdiiitum " " " rego " rego regere rexi rectum " " " audio " audio audire audivi auditum The conjugation to which the verb belongs may con- veniently be known by observing the vowel before -re of the Infinitive. 130. Read and translate: Qua re" cum iis msidiati essent latrones, Eemus captus est, Romulus vl se defendit. 1 The final t of the supine stem is changed to s after t, d, Ig, rg-, 11, rr, and in a few other cases, the preceding letter being then assimilated or omitted. PAKTICIPLES 89 qua rS (sometimes written as captus est, was taken captive, one word, quare), on account was captured. of which thing, wherefore. defendo, -ere, -I, deiSnsum, to insidiati esseiit, had lain in am- defend. hush, had plotted against. NOTES 131. Qua re, Abl. of cause, or reason, modifying defendit. cum : cf . cum in Lesson XXVII. iis, Dat., depending upon insidiati esseiit. Rule X. Decline iis in the plu. Tiisidiati esseiit, Plupf. Subj., from insidior, a deponent verb. Cf. reverteretur, Lesson XXVII. Compounded with the prepo- sition in. captus est, Perf. Ind. Pass. 3d sing., from capio. vi : decline. Abl., modifying defendit : defended himself with force. Rule XIX. The conjunction et may be supplied before Romulus. se : decline (110 (6)). To whom does se refer? defendit, Perf. Ind. Act. 3d sing., from defendo, defendere, defend!, defensum. Write the participles of defendo. Give the synopsis in the 3d sing, of the Ind. Act. and the Ind. Pass, as far as it has been learned. 132. Translate at sight: 1. Romulus vi Remum defendet. 2. Romulus se defen- dere coepit. 3. Fratres se defenderunt. 4. Cum el msidi- at! essent latrones, ad casam Faustull cucurrit. 5. Fratres, qui se defendebant, in oppiduni properaveruiit. 6. Hi se vi defenderant. 1. Wherefore Remus was taken captive. 2. Romulus will be defended. 3. Remus defended Romulus by force. 4. The shepherds began to defend themselves. 5. These will de- 90 LATIN LESSONS fend themselves. 6. When the robbers had lain in wait for Eemus, Eomulus defended himself. 7. We began to defend the sons of the priestess. 8. Amulius, to whom the kingdom was left, threw Ehea Silvia into prison. 9. Having ; leading ; having been led ; having been or- dered; being about to lead; being about to punish. LESSON XXXIV 133. Turn Faustulus, necessitate compulsus, indicavit Eomulo quis esset eoriini avus, quae mater. Eomulus statim, armatls pastoribus, Albam properavit. necessitas, -tatis, f ., necessity. avus, -i, m., grandfather. compello, -ere, -pull, -pulsum, statim, adv., forthwith, straighl- to compel, force. way. quis, who ? armo, -are, -avi, -atum, to arm. esset, was. NOTES 134. necessitate: decline like aetas (55 (6)). For con- struction, cf. Rule XIX. compulsus, Perf. Pass. Part., from compellS, agreeing with Faustulus. Compounded of con and pello. Note that the reduplication of the Perfect of the simple verb is omitted in the compound (74 (a)). Romulo : Rule IX. quis is an interrogative pronoun. It is declined like the rela- tive qui, except that when used as a substantive it has quis in the Norn. masc. sing., and quid in the Nom. and Ace. neut. sing. Write out the declension of quis in full. THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME 91 esset, Impf. Subj. 3d sing, of sum. quae is the Norn, fern. sing, of quis. Quis and quae agree in number and gender respectively with avus and mater. If the predicate noun were neut. plu., for example, the interrogative would be neut. plu. Supply esset after quae. avus and mater are predicate nouns after esset. Their case follows the Rule. A predicate noun after a neuter or passive verb takes the same case as the subject; for example, Rex est populi amicus, the king is a friend of the people. Iiicolae appellautur Galli, the inhabitants are called Gauls. armatis, a Perf. Pass. Part, in the Ablative Absolute with pa- storibus. Literally, the shepherds having been armed; better, having armed the shepherds. This construction is called the Ablative Abso- lute. It corresponds to the independent construction in English; as, the war being finished, the general returned home. But the Abla- tive Absolute construction is much more common in Latin than the independent construction in English; and in translating the Ablative Absolute into English, the independent construction should generally be avoided. Cf. pulso fratre, Lesson XX. ; ea re cognita, Lesson XXII. ; relabente flumine, Lesson XXIII. ; re animadversa, Lesson XXVII. Study also the following examples of the same construction : Cicerone coiisule, Catilma coniurationem fecit, in the consul- ship of Cicero, Catiline formed a conspiracy. (Cicero being consul.) Vivis nobiSj ex urbe egressus est, he went out of the city, and left us alive. (We living.) Rule. A noun and a participle, or a noun and an adjec- tive, or two nouns, may be put in the Ablative to denote the TIME, CAUSE, or other ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCE of an action. The Ablative Absolute may generally be best translated into English by a clause with when, while, if, although, after, etc., or by 92 LATIN LESSONS the Perf. Act. Part, with an object, or by a verb and an object. Thus, in the example in this lesson, armatis pastoribus, having armed the shepherds, or he armed the shepherds and hastened, etc. Albam, Ace. of place to which, after properavit. Rule. After verbs of motion, PLACE TO WHICH is expressed by the Accusative, PLACE FROM WHICH by the Ablative; names of towns, small islands, domus (home), and rus (the country) without a preposition; other nouns take ad or in with the Accu- sative, and ab, de, or ex with the Ablative; for example, Romani properavit, he hastened to Rome. Roma properavit, he hastened from Rome. Ad urbem properavit, he hastened to the city. Ab urbe properavit, he hastened from the city. Domum properavit, he hastened home. 135. Translate at sight: 1. Faustulus necessitate compellitur. 2. Necessities Fau- stulum compellit. 3. Indicabat Komulo quis esset eius pater. 4. Numitor erat Komuli avus. 5. Quae est gemi- norum mater? 6. Quis est Amuli pater? 7. Indicat Komulo quis sit 1 eius avus. 8. Indicabimus Kemo quae sit eius mater. 9. Komulus, arinatis pastoribus, domum properavit. 10. Fratres statim Alba properabant. 11. Ea re cognita, ad urbem properavit. 1. Forced by necessity, Komulus and Kemus defended themselves. 2. He sees who his father is. 3. He saw who his mother was. 4. They ran home ; they ran to the town ; they ran to Alba. 5. Having armed (his) brother, he began 1 Pres. Subjunc. 3d sing, of sum = is. Notice that sit and esset are used when the interrogative part of the sentence is dependent. or TH* "<$k\ ftnUVBRSITr THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME 93 to hasten to the king. 6. Wherefore he began to inform Bern us who his father was. 7. Having armed the shep- herds, they began to drive the robbers away from the plun- dering of the herds. 8. Who was the father of the twins ? 9. He informed them who their father was (cf. 135. 3). LESSON XXXV 136. Interea Eemum latrones ad Amulium regem per- duxerunt, eum accusantes, quasi Numitoris agros mfe'stare solitus esset ; itaque Eemus a rege Numitorl ad supplicium traditus est. interea, adv., meanwhile, in the infesto, -are, , , to meantime. trouble, disturb. perduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, solitus esset, had been accus- to conduct. tomed. accuse, -are, -avi, -atum, to itaque, conj., and so, therefore. accuse. supplicium, -I, n., punishment. quasi, 1 adv., as if, on the pretext trado, -ere, tradidi, traditum, that. to give up, hand over. NOTES 137. perduxerunt (per, through, and duco, to lead}. Give the synopsis of the Ind. mode, Act. voice, and the first three tenses of the Pass. What is the subject ? what the object ? 1 Quasi and ubi (57) are the only words, thus far given, having final i short. 94 LATIN LESSONS accusantes, Pres. Act. Part., from accuse. Give the partici- ples, both voices. Decline like infans (110 (a)). With what does it agree ? a rege, by the king. Means, as we have seen, is expressed in Latin by the Abl. without a prep. ; but a person is not regarded as a means, but as an agent, and the agent is expressed in Latin by the Abl. with a or ab. Thus, in Lesson XXV., " fama traditum est," it has been handed down by tradition, fama is the Abl. of means ; but in " a rege traditus est," he was handed over by the king, rege is the agent, and the prep, a is expressed. Rule. The voluntary agent of a verb in the Passive voice is in the Ablative with a or ab. traditus est : cf . traditum est, Lesson XXV. Give all the parti- ciples of trade, traditus est is in the Perfect Indicative Passive 3d sing. 138. The Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Passive are compound tenses formed by combining the Perfect Pas- sive participle with the first three tenses of sum. The Perfect Passive Participle with the Present tense of sum forms the Perfect Tense, Passive Voice ; with the Imperfect Tense of sum, the Pluperfect Passive ; and with the Future Tense of sum, the Future Perfect Passive. Inus, amatus sum, / have been loved or / was loved. amatus eram, I had been loved. amatus ero, / shall have been loved. As the participle, like the adjective, agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case, it will take the masculine, femi- nine, or neuter form, according as the subject is masculine, feminine, or neuter. Thus we have, amatus, -a, -um est, he ivas loved, she was loved, it was loved. amati, -ae, -a sunt, (hey were loved; they being either masculine feminine, or neuter. THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME 95 00 SINGULAR amatus, -a, -um moiiitus, -a, -um i rectus, -a, -um auditus, -a, -um Perfect Passive PLURAL amati, -ae, -a -\ moniti, -ae, -a | sumus, estis, recti. -ae, -a sunt. audit!, -ae, -a J ; sum, es, est. Pluperfect Passive amatus, -a, -um ^ moiiitus, -a, -um I eram, eras, rectus, -a, -um erat. auditus, -a, -um j amati, -ae, -a ) moniti, -ae, -a j eramus, eratis, recti, -ae, -a eraiit. audit!, -ae, -a amatus, -a, -um monitus, -a, -um rectus, -a, -um auditus, -a, -um Future Perfect Passive amati, -ae, -a i ero, eris, moniti, -ae, -a ] erimus, eritis, erit. recti, -ae, -a erunt. audit!, -ae, -a J 139. Translate at sight: 1. Interea Kemus ad regem properaverat. 2. Kemus a latronibus ad Amulium perductus erat. 3. Latrones eos accusaverunt. 4. Fratres, Eomulus et Eemus, a rege Anm- lio accusati sunt. 5. Is regis agros Infestare solitus erat. 6. Eemus, qui ad Amulium perductus est, a latronibus regi traditus erat. 7. Agri pastorum a fratribus peragrat! erant. 8. Pueri agros eorum Infestare soliti sunt. 9. Viri ad eos properabant. 10. Fratres domum properaverint. 1. Bemus had been accused by the robbers. 2. The king had handed over Remus to Numitor for punishment. 3. And so the robbers ran to Amulius. 4. He was accustomed to 96 LATIN LESSONS accuse the shepherds who were troubling (his) fields. 5. They accused the men who had been handed over to Numitor for punishment. 6. Straightway the shepherds of the king has- tened to them. 7. Having learned this fact/ the robbers conducted him to Alba. 8. They will have been accused by the ting. LESSON XXXVI 140. At cum Numitor, adulescentis vultum conslderans, aetatem minimeque servllem indolem compararet, haud pro- cul erat qum nepotem agnosceret. At, conj., but. Cf. sed in 92 servllem, adj., slavish, servile. and 101. indoles, -Us, f., character, dispo- adulescens, -entis, adj. used as sition. a noun, a youth. compare, -are, -avi, -atum, to vultus, -us, m., countenance, compare. looks. haud, adv., not, by no means. considers, -are, -avi, -atum, procul, adv., far, far off. to consider. quin, conj., but that. minime, adv., least of all, not at agnoscS, -ere, -novi, -nitum, to all. recognize. NOTES 141. adulescens, used as a noun, is declined like the masc. and fern, of infans (110 (rt)), adulescens, adulescentis, adule- scenti, etc. It has e alone, and not e or I, in the Abl. sin^. Nouns in -ns and -rs of the 3d Declension are declined like adulescens. 1 Cf. 98, 99. THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME 97 vultum, a noun of the 5th Declension, declined like vagitus (107 (a)). consideraiis, Pres. Act. Part., from considers. Decline like infans. (iivo all the participles of considers. minime, superlative of the adv. parum, little, minime servl- leni, not at all slavish. que : cf. 110, n. on que. servilem, an adj. in the Ace. sing., from servilis, agreeing with indolem. indolem, noun in the Ace. sing., from indoles. Decline like suboles (93 ()). Not used in the plu. compararet, Impf . Subj. Act. 3d sing. Cf. privaret in Lesson XX., reverteretur in Lesson XXV1L, agnosceret in this Lesson. It will be observed that each of these forms has the syllable re immediately following the stem vowel. This syllable is always found in the Impf. Subj., and may be called the sign of that tense. For example : ama-re -\ raone-re I are the bases upon which the Impf. Subj. is formed rege-re in these verbs. audi-re It will be observed also that these bases correspond exactly with the Pres. Inf. Act. of these verbs. The Pres. Inf. Act. and the base of the Impf. Subj. are always the same. By adding the personal endings to this base, we have the inflection of the Impf. Subj. : ACTIVE PASSIVE SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL 1. amarem amaremus 1. amarer amaremur 2. amares amaretis 2. amareris (-re) amaremini 3. amaret amarent 3. amaretur amardntur ACTIVE -rem, -res, -ret. L -remus, -retis, -rent. 98 LATIN LESSONS PASSIVE mone- 1 rege- I -rer, -rgris, -retur. I -remur, -rgmim, -rentur. audi- J Inflect in the same way privaret, compararet, and agnosceret. baud is a negative adv. used chiefly with adjectives and other adverbs. quin is a conjunction regularly followed by the Subjunctive, as in this instance by agnosceret. nepotem : cf. 57. baud procul erat quin nepotem agnosceret, literally, he was by no means far but that he recognized his grandson. Better thus : he was not far from recognizing, or, he almost recognized, etc. Give the synopsis of erat. 142. Translate at sight: 1. Cum Numltor adulescentis vultum consideraret, nepo- tem agnoscebat. 2. Ehe'ae Silviae filius minime servlleni indolem habebat. 3. Eemus hand procul erat quin vi se defenderet. 4. Vultum adulescentis agnovit. 5. Vultus adulescentis haud servilis erat. 6. Cum Amulius nepotem agnosceret, Eemum Numitor! ad supplicium tradidit. 7. A pastoribus regl traditus est. 8. Ad avum eum perduxerunt. 1. When Numitor recognized (his) grandson, he conducted him to the king. 2. Having noticed 1 this circumstance, he began to recognize the countenance of the youth. 3. He began to compare the age of the youth, and his disposition by no means slavish. 4. He was on the point 2 of handing him over to the king for punishment. 5. The youth who had been captured by the robbers was the grandson of Numi- i Lesson XXVII. 2 Haud procul, etc. THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME 99 tor. 6. The youth, whose countenance he was considering, was conducted to A'lba. 7. The king was on the point of recognizing Remus. Give the synopsis of trado and of compare in the Ind. Pass. 3d sing. LESSON XXXVII 143. Nam Eemus oris lineamentis erat matri simillimus aetasque expositions temporibus congruebat. Ea res dum Numitoris aniinum anxium tenet, repente Romulus super- venit, fratrem liberat, interempto Amulio avum Nuinitorem in regnum restituit. nam, adv., for. auxins, -a, -um, adj., anxious, 6s, oris, n., face, features. troubled. lineamentum, -I, n., lineament, repente, adv., suddenly. outline. supervenio, -ire, -veni, -ven- simillimus, -a, -um, adj., most turn, to come up, arrive. Like, very like. interimo, -ere, -emi, -emptum, expositio, -6ms, f., exposure. to kill, slay. congruo, -ere, -ui, (con + restituo, -ere, -ui, -utum, to gruo), to agree, coincide. replace, restore. dum, conj., while. NOTES 144. oris : cf . Lesson XXVI., ori. lineamentis, Abl. pin., limiting simillimus. Very like his mother in the outlines of his face. It denotes in what respect he was like his mother. Cf. natu, in natu maior, Lesson XIX. : greater in respect to birth. These constructions follow the 100 LATIN LESSONS Rule. The ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION is used with nouns, adjectives, and verbs to denote ix WHAT RESPECT anything is true. matri, Dat., limiting simillimus. Adjectives of likeness are fol- lowed by the Dat. in Latin. Cf. the English, similar to his mother. simillimus, an adj. from similis, like, in the superlative degree, declined like magnus. temporibus, Dat., by Rule X. Coincided with the time, etc. Ea res : give Gen. and Dat. sing, and plu. anxium is predicative : keeps the mind of Numitor anxious, i.e. in doubt or in perplexity. (a) The verbs of this sentence, tenet, supervenit, liberat, and restituit, are called Historical Presents ; so called because they describe past events as if they were taking place in the present. The same usage is not uncommon in English, in vivid description ; as, " Ulysses ivakes, not knowing where he is." supervenit = super + venio. How does the 3d sing, of the Pres. Act. differ from the 3d sing, of the Perf. Act. of this verb? Which is this? Give the principal parts and the synopsis of the Ind. Act. of the four verbs in this sentence. interempto Amulio : Rule XXVIII. How may this be best translated? Cf. Lesson XXXIV., n. on armatis. 145. Translate at sight: 1. Remus oris llneamentis similis erat matri. 2. Films erat matri simillimus. 3. Numitoris animus ea re anxius tenebatur. 4. Amulius a Romulo iriteremptus est. 5. Ro- mulus Remum fratrem liberaverat. 6. Repente Romulus supervenit et Amulium interemit. 7. Ea re audita Remum liberavit et avum in regnum restituit. 1. Romulus was not very like Remus. 2. Hearing the cry of the little ones [the crying of the little ones being REVIEW 101 heard], the brother suddenly came up. 3. The robbers will slay the youth whom the brother has liberated. 4. Komulus having armed the shepherds straightway restored Numitor to the throne. 5. Komulus was very like (his) father in the outlines of his face. 6. This circumstance kept the mind of his grandfather anxious. 7. Then he informed Romulus who his grandfather was. 8. When Numitor recognized (his) grandson, he freed Remus and slew Amulius. LESSON XXXVIII Review 146. Read and translate: Qua re cum iis insidiati essent latrones, Eemus captus est, Romulus vl se defendit. Turn Faustulus, necessitate com- pulsus, indicavit Romulo quis esset eorum avus, quae mater. Romulus statim armatis pastoribus Albam properavit. Inter- ea Remum latrones ad Amulium regem perduxerunt, eum accusantes, quasi Numitoris agros mfestare solitus esset; itaque Remus a rege Numitori ad supplicium traditus est; at cum Numitor, adulescentis vultum conslderans, aetatem minimeque servilem indolem compararet, hand procul erat quin nepotem agnosceret. Nam Remus oris lineamentis erat matri sirnillimus aetasque expositionis temporibus congrue- bat. Ea res dum Numitoris animum anxium tenet, repente Romulus supervenit, fratrem llberat, interempto Amulio avuni Numitorem in regnum restituit. 102 LATIN LESSONS NOTES 147. What mode and tenses have we had in clauses introduced by cum ? How does the declension of quis differ from that of qui, the relative ? To whom does eorum refer? What gender and number is eorum, and why? What words are declined like mater? How are place to which and place from which expressed in Latin ? How is the agent expressed in Latin? the indirect object? the means? What two words have we had meaning not? Give the Impf. Subj. of indicavit, properavit, perduxerunt, congruebat. Give all the participles, Act. and Pass., of defendit, considerans, tenet, restituit. Give the principal parts of the eight verbs just mentioned. Give the synopsis, Act. and Pass. 3d sing., of indicavit, traditus est, and tenet. Give the synopsis of sum in the Ind. 3d plu. Decline vi and se. How may the Ablative Absolute be best translated ? What is the rule for the case of mater in quae mater? Observe the English derivatives : insidious, capture, defense, com- pel, infest, servile, similar, expose, incongruous, restitution. EXERCISE 148. The robbers lay in wait for the twins. Faustulus told Romulus who his mother was. Romulus immediately armed the shepherds. He then hastened to the town. They were led to Amulius by the robbers who accused them. They gave up Remus to Numitor for punishment. Remus was very like (his) mother in countenance. The brother had been set free by Romulus. Amulius was killed. The grandfather Numitor was restored to the kingdom, and immediately hastened to Alba. THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME 103 LESSON XXXIX 149. Delude Komulus et Kemus urbem in isdem locis, ubi expositi ubique educati erant, condiderunt; sed orta inter eos contentione, uter nomen novae urbi daret eamque irnperio regeret, auspicia decreverunt adhibere. deinde : cf. Lesson XXIX. do, dare, dedi, datum, to give. isdem, same. daret, should give. expono, -ere, -posui, -positum, imperium, -1, 11., power, authority, to expose. supreme power, empire. ubique, and where. auspicium, -I, n., divination, aus- condo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, to pices. found, build. decerno, -ere, decrevi, decre- orta, having arisen. turn, to decide, determine, de- contentio, -onis, f ., contest, strife. cree. uter, utra, utrum, which of the adhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, to two. employ, make use of, have re- nomen, -inis, n., a name. course to. urbs, -bis, f., a city. NOTES 150. urbem, a noun of the 3d Declension with -ium in the Gen. plu. and -es or -is in the Ace. plu. It belongs to the i stems. Cf. 53. isdem is a demons, pron. from idem, compounded of is and the affix -dem. It is declined like is (102 (a)), the syllable -dem remaining unchanged throughout. The only changes from the declension of is are the following : isdem in the Norn. sing. masc. becomes idem ; iddem in the neut., idem ; m is changed to n in the Ace. sing, and the Gen. plu. before d; and iisdem becomes isdem in the Dat. and Abl. plu. Write out the declension in full. locis : cf . 107., n. on locis. erant is to be taken with expositi as well as with educati. Give the synopsis of these verbs in the Tnd. Pass. 104 LATIN LESSONS ubique = ubi + que. Cf. 110, n. on -que. condiderunt : inflect the tense, and give all the participles. orta is a Perf. Part, from orior, a deponent verb. Cf. 113, n. on reverteretur. inter : cf. inter pastores, Lesson XXVIII. eos refers to whom? orta contentione, Ablative Absolute. Give rule for gender of contentio. nomeii : cf. flumen, (63). urbi : Rule IX. daret : observe the short a in the stem, do is the only verb of the 1st Conjugation with the characteristic vowel a short. Imper- fect Subjunctive. Inflect the tense. earn refers to urbi ; hence fern. imperio : Rule XIX. Decline in the sing. regeret = should rule. Imperfect Subjunctive. Inflect the tense. Connected to daret by -que. auspicia is derived from two Latin words meaning to observe birds. The early Romans sought to learn the will of their gods by observing the flight of birds. The meaning of auspicium, in pro- cess of time, was widened, and came to be applied to various means for learning of future events. It is here used in its original mean- ing. Before entering upon any important undertaking, whether public or private, the Romans were accustomed to take the auspices. auspicia is the object of adhibere. 151. Translate at sight: 1. Romulus urbem condidit. 2. Romulus et Remus in isdem locls educati sunt ubi urbem condiderunt. 3. Cum urbem conderent, inter eos contentio orta est. 4. Deinde nomen novae urbi dederunt. 5. Nomen novae urbi ab ils datum est. 6. Hanc urbem imperio regebant. 7. Novam urbem condere decreverant. 8. Urbe condita, Romulus earn imperio regere decrevit. 9. Urbs quam condiderunt THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME 105 fuit Horn a. 10. Orta inter fratres contentione Renms vi se defendebat. 1. A city was founded by Eomulus. 2. Having given a name to the new city, they ruled it by (their) power. 3. They consulted (adhibed) the auspices (as to) which of the two should found l the city. 4. Romulus gave the name to the new city. 5. They decide to found a city in the same places where they had been exposed. 6. Romulus informed (his) grandfather who was ruling the city. 7. They gave to this city which they founded the name Rome. LESSON XL 152. Remus prior sex vultures, Romulus postea duo- decim vidit. Sic Romulus, victor augurio, urbem Romam vocavit. Ad novae urbis tutelam sufficere vallum videbatur. prior, adj., comparative degree, augurium, -I, n., augury, sign. former, first. tutela, -ae, f ., protection, defense. sex, numeral adj., six. sufficio, -ere, -fed, -fectum, to vultur, -uris, m., a vulture. be sufficient, suffice. postea, adv., afterwards. vallum, -I, n., rampart. duodecim, numeral adj., twelve. videbatur, seemed. sic, adv., thus. NOTES 153. prior, an adj. in the comparative; the positive is wanting. Used here instead of a superlative, because but two (Romulus and Remus) are spoken of. It is declined as follows : i Cf. uter daret, above. 106 LATIN LESSONS (a) SINGULAR PLURAL M. and F. N. M. and F. N. N. V. prior prius priores priora Gen. prioris priorum Dat. priori prioribus Ace. priorem prius priores priora Abl. priore or priori prioribus All comparatives are declined like prior. They are classed with adjectives of the 3d Declension. Cf. pastor (63). Observe that they have -e or -I in the Abl. sing., and -tun in the Gen. plu. Decline, in the same way, maior, greater, and melior, better. sex, a numeral adj. : indeclinable. duodecim : indeclinable, duo, two, + decem, ten. victor : many verbal nouns in -tor are used as adjectives. victor augurio = victorious through augury; i.e. shown to be vic- torious by the omens. augurio : Rule XIX. Through augury, i.e. through observance of omens; in this instance, by observing the flight of birds. urbem Romam vocavit, called the city Rome. Cf. Lesson XXL, eius filiam, Vestae sacerdotem fecit, made his daughter priestess of Vesta. These two accusatives after the verb are explained by the following rule : . Rule. Verbs meaning to MAKE, CHOOSE, NAME, CALL, and the like, take two Accusatives of the same person or thing. Ad tutelam : cf . ad supplicium, Lesson XXXV. videbatur : Impf. Tnd. Pass. 3d sing, of video, to see; but video in the Pass, form is often used as a deponent with the meaning, to seem. This is its use here. What is a deponent verb ? Cf . 113. Synopsis of the Ind. Pass. 154. Translate at sight: 1. Romulus erat victor augurio. 2. Kemus duodecim vultures viderat. 3. Remus postea Romulum victorem THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME 107 vocavit. 4. Romulus auspicia adhibere solitus est. 5. Val- lum ad urbis tutelam sufficiet. 6. Urbem quam condiderunt Romam vocaverunt. 7. Romulus victor augurio esse 1 vide- batur. 8. Remus prior sex vultures, Romulus deinde duo- deciin vldit. 1. A contest having arisen between the brothers, they determined to consult the auspices. 2. They called the shepherds robbers. 3. Six vultures were seen by Remus, afterwards twelve by Romulus. 4. Thus Romulus was called the victor. 2 5. Remus first saw the vultures. 6. The new city was called Rome by Romulus. 7. Romulus called the new city Rome. 8. They had determined to consult the auspices (as to) which-of-the-two should rule the new city. LESSON XLI 155. Quod inridens cum Remus saltu traiecisset, eum iratus Romulus interf ecit, his increpans verbls : " Sic deinde, quicumque alius transiliet moenia mea." Ita solus potltus est imperio Romulus. inrldeo, -ere, -risi, -risum, to iratus, -a, -urn, adj., angry, en- laugh at, ridicule. raged. saltu, with a leap or bound. interficio, -ere, -feel, -fectum, traicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, to to Ml, slay. pass over, go over. (trans, increpo, -are, -ui, -itum, to up- across -f iacio, to throw.} braid, chide. iTobe. 2 Cf. Rule HI. 108 LATIN LESSONS verbum, -i, n., a word. moenia, -ium, n., ramparts, walls. quicumque, quaecumque, Only in the plu. quodcumque, whoever, what- meus, -a, -um, poss. adj. pron., ever. my. alius, alia, aliud, adj., other, ita, adv., so, thus. another. solus, -a, -um, adj., alone, only. transilio, -ire, -ui, , to leap potior, -Iri, -itus sum, to become over or across. master of, gain possession of. NOTES 156. quod, neut. sing. Ace. of the rel. pron., with vallum, in the preceding lesson, for its antecedent. It is the object of inridens. The rel. pron. is often used at the beginning of a sentence in Latin where in English a demons, or a pers. pron. would be used. Quod is here equivalent to id. Laughing at this or it. inrideiis, agrees with Remus. The English order would be cum Remus inridens quod, etc. Give all of the participles, both voices, of inridens. saltu, a noun of the 4th Declension, with only the Ace. and Abl. sing, and plu. in use. Rule XIX. traiecisset, Plupf. Subj. 3d sing., had gone over. eum, object of interfecit. iiiterfecit, Perf. Ind. Act. 3d sing. Inflect the tense. Give the Plupf. and Fut. Perf. With what do iratus and increpans agree ? verbis : for construction, cf. saltu above. sic, thus (shall be killed). deinde, after this, hereafter. quicumque alius = whatever other one. quicumque is a general or indefinite rel. pron., declined like qui, quae, quod (96 ()), with the affix -cumque added to all of the forms ; as, Noni. quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque Gen. cuiuscumque Dat. cuicumque, etc. -THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME 109 alius is declined as follows : (a) SINGULAR N. V. Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl. Masc. alius alius alii alium dlio Fern. alia alius alii aliam alia Neut. aliud alius alii aliud ali 6 PLURAL Matte. Fern. Neut. alii aliae alia aliOrum aliSrum aliorum aliis aliis aliis alios alias alia aliis aliis aliis Eight other adjectives, making nine in all, have the Gen. sing, in -lus, and the Dat. sing, in -I. These adjectives are nullus, -a, -um, no one. ullus, -a, -um, any. solus, -a, -um, alone. uiius, -a, -um, one. totus, -a, -um, whole. alter, -tera, -terum, the other uter, -tra, -trum, which (of (of two). two). neuter, -tra, -trum, neither. It will be noticed that alius has -d in the Nom. and Ace. neut. sing, nullus, solus, totus, ullus, and unus are declined like bonus, except in the Gen. and Dat. sing. The declension of alter, uter, and neuter will be given later. transiliet = trans, across, -f salio, to'leap. Give the synopsis of transiliet in the Ind. Act. imperio is in the Abl., after potitus est, according to the Rule. The deponent verbs utor, fruor, fungor, pot/or, and vescor are followed by the Ablative. (utor, to make use of; fruor, to enjoy; fungor, to perform; potior, to gain possession of; vescor, to feed upon, to eat.) Observe especially the perf. stems of inrideo, increpo, and transilio. 157. Translate at sight: 1. Eernus saltu vallum traiecit. 2. Remus vallum inrl- sit. 3. Romulus cum eum increpuisset, interfecit. 4. His verbis Remum increpabat. 5. Qulcumque alius hoc vallum 110 LATIN LESSONS saltu traiecerit, inter ficiam. 6. Eemus mea moenia non tran- siliet. 7. Solus Eemus vallum transiluit. 8. Alius imperio potitus est. 9. Alii regno potiti sunt. 10. Alius moenia saltu traiciet. 11. Quicumque moenia transilit, multls verbis increpat. 1. Eemus was leaping over the rampart. 2. Eomulus, being angry, killed him. 3. Eomulus gained possession of the kingdom. 4. Eemus went over the rampart with a leap. 5. Then another laughed at the rampart. 6. Eomulus, who had built the city in this place, upbraided him with these words. 7. " Thus will I slay whatever other one shall laugh at my rampart." 8. He alone gained possession of the chief- power. 9. They alone will leap over my walls. LESSON XLII Review 158. Read and translate: Deinde Eomulus et Eemus urbem in isdem locis ubi expositi ubique educati erant, condiderunt; sed orta inter eos contentione, uter nomen novae urbi daret eamque im- perio regeret, auspicia decreverunt adhibere. Eemus prior sex vultures, Eomulus duodecim vidit. Sic Eomulus, victor augurio, urbem Eomam vocavit. Ad novae urbis tutelam sufficere vallum videbatur. Quod inrldens cum Eemus saltu traiecisset, eum Iratus Eomulus interfecit his increpans ver- bis: "Sic deinde, qulcumque alius transiliet moenia mea." Ita solus potitus est imperio Eomulus. REVIEW 111 NOTES 159. Make a list of the verbs in the above passage, arranging them according to the conjugations to which they belong. Give the principal parts of coiidideruiit, daret, iiirideiis, incre- paiis, and transiliet. What is the peculiarity of the verb do? Remembering that the Impf. Subj. may be formed from the Pres. Inf. Act. by adding the personal endings, write the inflection of the Imp. Subj. Act. and Pass, of coiididerimt, decreveruiit, adhibere, sufficere, interfecit, and transiliet. Give all the participles, active and passive, of daret, vidit, de- creveruiit, and transiliet. Decline alius and solus in the singular. How may the relative at the beginning of a Latin sentence often be translated ? Decline together novae urbis in both numbers. What construction follows verbs of naming, calling, etc.? What construction follows potior ? Give the other verbs that take the same construction. Give the Dat. and Ace. sing, and plu. of prior. Write the Gen. and Ace. plu. of urbem. What case or cases may follow in ? inter ? ad ? Notice that saltu traicere and transillre are equivalent ex- pressions. Give rule for gender of urbem, nomen, augurio, verbis. Observe the following English derivatives : expose, educate, con- tention, nomenclature, imperial, priority, duodecimals, sufficient, irate, sole. EXEECISE 160. 1. Eomulus founded the city Kome. 2. A strife arising between the brothers (as to) which-of-the-two should rule the new city, they straightway consulted the auspices. 3. Romulus gave to the city the name Rome. 4. Romulus saw twelve vultures, but Remus six. 5. Thus Romulus was 112 LATEST LESSONS the victor. 6. Remus laughed at the walls of the new city, and Romulus killed him. 7. Romulus alone was called king. 8. Romulus, who had determined to call the city Rome, up- braided his brother Remus with these words. LESSON XLIII Nouns of the Third Declension i-stems 161 . Hostis (st. hosti-), ra. Mare (st. mari-), n., and f ., an enemy. the sea. SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL N. Y. hdstis hdstes mare maiia Gen. hdstis hdstium mails mdrium Dat. host! hdstibus mail maribus Ace. hdstem hdstes, -is mare maria Abl. hdste hdstibus marl maribus Urbs (st. urbi-), f., Cliens (st'. clienti-), m. a city. and f., a client. SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL N. V. lirbs urbes cliens clientes Gen. urbis lirbium clientis clientium Dat. urbi urbibus clienti clientibus Ace. urbem urbes, -is clientem clientes, -is Abl. lirbe urbibus cliente clientibus The four nouns given above represent the four classes of i nouns. Any nouns hereafter met with in these lessons that belong to these classes and vary in any of their forms from the ones here given, will be specially noticed; and their variation from these forms will be pointed out. U5IVER3IT7] NHINS OF THE THIHD DKCLKNSloN 113 (a) Nouns formed from i stems may be divided into the following classes : 1. Nouns in -es and -is not increasing in the Genitive singular, i.e. having no more syllables in the Genitive than in the Nominative. 2. Neuters in -e, -al, and -ar. 3. Monosyllables in B and x preceded by a consonant. 4. Most nouns in -ns and -rs. 1 An examination of the forms of i nouns of the 3d Declen- sion will show the following statements to be true : (b) In the Singular 1st Class. Some nouns of this class are declined in the sing, like consonant stems, and some retain i in the Accu- sative or Ablative, or in both. These will be noticed as they occur. 2d Class. These nouns have I in the Ablative sing. 3d and 4th Classes. These are declined in the sing, like consonant stems. (c) In the Plural In nouns of all the four classes the i is retained in the Genitive plural, which has -ium instead of -urn ; in the Nomi- native, Accusative, and Vocative plural neuter, which have -ia; and In the Accusative plural masculine and feminine, which has -is as well as -es. Of the nouns already given, study and classify : suboles, Tiberim, infantes, adulesceiitis, indolem, urbem. 1 In the declension of these four classes of nouns, the i of the stem often disappears or is changed to e. LAT. LES. 8 114 LATIN LESSONS LESSON XLIV Romulus, the First King of the Romans 162. Komulus imaginem urbis magis quam urbem fece- rat ; incolae deerant. Erat in proximo lucus ; hunc asylum fecit. Et statim eo mlra vis latronum pastorumque confugit. imago, -iiiis, f ., image, likeness. asylum, -I, n., a place of refuge, Gf. multitude (63). an asylum. magis quam, rather them. eo, thither, to that place. facio, -ere, fed, factum, to mirus, -a, -um, adj., wonderful, make, do. extraordinary. deerant, were wanting. confugio, -ere, confugi, , to in proximo, near by. flee, take refuge. lucus, -I, m., a grove. NOTES 163. fecerat : what tense ? Cf . rexerat. deerant, Impf . 3d plu. of desum = de + sum. It is inflected like sum with the syllable de prefixed. huiic asylum: Rule XVII. hunc refers to lucus. Romulus made his new city a place of refuge for criminals and outlaws and runaway slaves from the region round about ; therefore it came to consist chiefly of men without wives and families. The neighbors very naturally looked upon the settlement on the Tiber as a nest of thieves and robbers, and refused to allow their daughters to intermarry with them. vis latronum, force of robbers = number of robbers. Decline together mlra vis. confugit, Perf. Ind. Act. 3d singular. How does this form differ from the Present? Verbs in -io of the Third Conjugation, like fugio, facio, iacio, are inflected as follows : ROMULUS, THE FIRST KING OF THE ROMANS 115 (a) Capio (pres. stems 1 cape- and cap!-), to take. Present Tense ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL 1. ciipio capimus 1. ciipior capimur 2. capis ciipitis 2. ciiperis or -re capi'miiii '>. capit capiwnt 3. capitur capiwntur The Impf. capiebam and the Fut. capiam are inflected like verbs of the Fourth Conjugation. Cf. audiebam (35) and audiam (51). Like capio inflect iacio. 164. Translate at sight: 1. Romulo rege, Roma imago urbis erat magis quam urbs. 2. Romulus imaginem urbis faciet. 3. Erat in proximo asylum. 4. Romulus urbem asylum faciebat. 5. Statim eo latrones pastoresque confugerunt. 6. Frumentum deerat. 7. Mira vis latronum in urbe erat. 8. Lucum asylum fecit. 9. Mira vis hostium in urbem properavit. 10. Hostes in mare confugerunt. 1. Romulus made the likeness of a city in this place. 2. The city which he founded on the Tiber 2 he called Rome. 3. He made an asylum, rather than a city. 4. Straightway there came thither a wonderful number of men. 5. When Romulus was king, 3 a city was founded on the Tiber. 6. The robbers and shepherds fled to the asylum. 7. He called the robbers enemies. 1 A part of the forms are to be referred to one of these stems, and a part to the other. 2 ad Tiberim. 8 Ablative Absolute. 116 LATIN LESSONS LESSON XLV 165. Cum vero iixores ipse populusque non haberent, lega- tes circa vlcinas gentes misit, qul societatem conubiumque novo populo peterent. Ntisquam benlgne audita legatio est. cum, since. vicinus, -a, -urn, adj., of the vero, adv., in truth, however. neighborhood, neighboring. Never first in a sentence. gens, gentis, f., tribe, people. uxor, -oris, f., a wife. societas, -tatis, f., alliance. ipse, -a, -um, he himself, i.e. conubium, -I, n., the right of Romulus. intermarriage, marriage. legatus, -I, m., an ambassador, peto, -ere, -ivi, -itum, to seek, envoy. nusquam, adv., nowhere. circa, prep., around, round about, benlgne, adv., in a friendly man- Always with the Ace. ner, kindly. legatio, -onis, f., embassy. NOTES 166. uxores, object of haberent. misit : the subject is a pronoun understood, referring to Romulus. The clause, qul . . . peterent, expresses purpose, who should seek. Better expressed in English by the Infin. to seek, etc. populo is the Dat. modifying peterent. For the new people. ipse is thus declined : (a) SINGULAR PLURAL Mase. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut. N. V. ipse ipsa I'psum ipsT ipsae ipsa Gen. ipsius ipsius ipsfus ips6rum ipsSrum ipsorum Dat. ipsl I'psi ipsi ipsis ipsis ipsis Ace. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa Abl. ips5 ipsa ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis Give the Participles, both voices, of misit and peterent. ROMULUS, THE FIRST KING OF THE ROMANS 117 167. Translate at sight: 1. Romulus ipse uxorem non habuit. 2. Populus vero Roinulum in regnum restituit. 3. Legationem circa vicl- nas gentes miserunt. 4. Gentes ad quas legatl missi sunt societatem petebant. 5. Prmcipes, qui uxores non habebant, conubium sibi petierunt. 6. Legatl, qu! a Eo- mulo circa viclnas gentes missi sunt, nusquam benlgne audit! sunt. 7. Incolae asylum sibi petunt. 8. Romulus legates circa viclnas gentes miserat, qui societatem novo populo peterent. 1. Romulus sought for the right-of-intermarriage for the new people. 2. The envoys, whom he sent around the neighboring tribes, were not heard kindly. 3. Romulus himself and the people did not have wives. 4. Wives are wanting were wanting will be wanting. 5. The neighboring tribes did not send envoys. 6. They sought intermarriage, rather than an alliance. 7. The embassy which was sent by Romulus was not heard kindly by the neighboring tribes. 118 LATIN LESSONS LESSON XL VI 168. Nusquam benlgne audlta legatio est : ludibrium etiam additum: "Cur non femims quoque asylum aperu- istis ? Id enim compar foret conubium." Romulus, aegri- tudinem animl dissimulans, ludos parat ; iiidlcl delude fmitimis spectaculum iubet. ludibrium, -I. n., mockery, de- dissimulo, -are, -avi, -atum, to rision. hide, conceal. etiam, adv., even, and also. ludus, -I, m., a play, game. In addo, -ere, addidi, additum, the plu., games, spectacles. to add. pa.ro, -are, -avi, -atum, to pre- cur, adv., why. pare. quoque, conj., also. indico, -ere, -dixi, -dictum, to aperio, -ire, -ui, -ertum, to open. proclaim, announce. enim, conj., for. Never first in finitimus, -a, -um, adj., neighbor- a sentence. ing. As a noun in the plu., compar, adj., equal, suitable. neighbors. foret, would be. spectaculum, -I, n., a show, aegritudo, -inis, f ., anxiety, vexa- spectacle. tion. NOTES 169. additum, the neuter of the Perf. Pass. Part., to agree with ludibrium. Supply est. Derision even was added. This derision is shown by the following speech. They had opened an asylum for worthless men : why didn't they open a similar asylum, or refuge, for women also? Then they would have women suitable for such men. quoque always emphasizes the word immediately preceding here feminis. For women also, as well as for men. compar, -paris, has e or I in the Ablative. It agrees with conubium. KOMULUS, THE FIRST KING OF THE ROMANS 119 foret is an old form for esset. aegritudiiiem aniiiii, vexation of spirit. iiidicl is the Pres. Pass. Inf. of indlco. The subject is specta- culum. He orders a spectacle to be announced to the neighbors. (a) The Pres. Pass. Inf. of the First, Second, and Fourth Conju- gations is formed by adding -ri to the verb stem ; of the Third Conjugation, by adding -I to the verb stem. For example, amo, stem ama-, Pres. Pass. Inf. amari, to be loved. laudo, " lauda-, " " laudari, to be praised. moneo, " monS-, " " moneri, to be learned. habeo, " habe-, " haberi, to be had. duco, " due-, " " duel, to be led. mitto, " mitt-, " " mitti, to be sent. facio, " fac-, " " faci, to be done. audio, " audi-, " audiri, to be heard. vincio, " vine!-, " " vinciri, to be bound. It will be noticed that the only difference between the Pres. Act. Inf. and the Pres. Pass. Inf., in the First, Second, and Fourth Con- jugations, is that in the Act. voice the ending is e and in the Pass. voice I ; as, amare, amari ; monere, moneri ; audire, audiri. Verbs in -io of the Third Conjugation form the Pres. Pass. Inf. in -I ; as, capio, cap! ; iacio, iaci ; rapio, rapi. 17O. Translate at sight: 1. Feminis quoque asylum aperietur. 2. Asylum quo- que feminls aperietur. 3. Asylum aperiri iubet. 4. LudI a Komulo paratl sunt. 5. Cur feminls quoque asylum ape- rirl iussit ? 6. Spectaculum f mitimis indictum est. 7. Ro- mulus deinde aegritudinem animi dissimulabat. 8. Liidos quoque parari iussit. 9. Cur Romulus spectaculum indici iubebat ? 10. Quod vero ipse populusque uxores non habe- bant. 120 LATIN LESSONS 1. Wives were wanting. 2. So Romulus sent envoys round about the neighboring tribes. 3. They were no- where heard kindly. 4. They upbraided Romulus with these words : " Why do you not order an asylum to be opened for women too ? Why do you seek the right-of- intermarriage for the new people ? " 5. Romulus concealed (his) vexation of spirit. 6. He ordered games to be pre- pared, and the show to be proclaimed to the neighbors. 7. Straightway a wonderful number of people came to the new city. LESSON XL VII 171. Multi convenere studio etiam videndae novae urbis, maxime Sablnl cum llberis et coniugibus. Ubi spectaculi tempus venit eoque conversae mentes cum oculis erant, turn signo dato iuvenes Roman! discurrunt, virgines rapiunt. convenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, signum, -I, n., sign, signal. to come together, assemble. iuvenis, -is, m. and f., a youth, studium, -I, n., zeal, desire. a young person. maxime, adv., especially. Romanus, -a, -um, adj., Roman. Sabini, -orum, m., the Sabines. discurro,-ere,-currior-cucurri, cum, prep., with. -cursum, to run different ways, converts, -ere, -i, -versum, to to run to and fro. turn, direct. rapio, -ere, -ui, -turn, to carry off" mens, mentis, f., the mind. by force, to hurry away, seize. NOTES 172. Multi, the Nom. plu. masc. of the adj. multus, much, many, used substautively. Adjectives are often used as nouns, ROMULUS, THE FIRST KING OF THE ROMANS 121 especially in the plural; as, bom, good men; xnulti, many men; multa, nuini/ things; bona, goods. convenere, the second form of the Perf. Ind. 3d plural, coiiveiierunt or -ere. A compound of cum, with, and venio, to come; but cum in compounds takes the form com or con, and has the force of together. studio : cf. Rule XIX. etiam may here be translated besides. They came not only to see the spectaculum, but to see, besides that, the new city. videndae is the Gerundive, a word having the construction of an adjective or participle, and agrees with urbis. Cf . 116, n. on educandos, and Lesson XXXIII. The English idiom here differs entirely from the Latin idiom. We should express the same thought in English by translating videndae as a verbal noun, with novae urbis for its object, thus, of seeing the new city; or better still, in this instance, by the use of an Infinitive, from a desire to see the new city. Sabini: the Sabines were a people of central Italy, dwelling between the Apennines, the river Anio, and the Tiber, northeast of Home. They were curious to see what their new neighbors were doing. cum, a preposition that takes the Abl. only. Not to be con- founded with cum meaning when or since. eo, thither, i.e. towards the show. Cf. eo, Lesson XLIV. meiites belongs to the i stems, Third Declension. Cf. Lesson XLIII. It is declined in the sing, like the consonant stems, and in the plu. has -ium in the Gen. and -es or -is in the Ace. Decline it in full. conversae erant : what tense? Why conversae rather than conversi? Give synopsis of the Ind. Pass. eoque conversae mentes cum oculis erant, their minds had been directed to it together with their eyes, i.e. they were wholly absorbed in the spectacle before them; their thoughts and their eyes were directed towards it. signo dato, at a given signal. Cf. Lesson XXXIV., note on armatis. Rule XXVIII. 122 LATIN LESSONS discurrunt (dis, apart, + curro, to run') : the Perf . of the sim- ple verb curro is formed by reduplication ; cf. 74 (a). This reduplication is sometimes retained and sometimes omitted in compounds. Observe the tense of discurrunt and rapiunt. The Present is used to give vividness to the narrative. The Present tense thus used is called the Historical Present. Inflect the Pres. Tense, Act. and Pass., of rapio. Cf. capio, Lesson XLIV., notes. Give the synopsis of the Ind. Act. and Pass, of rapio. 173. Translate at sight: 1. Multi convenere studio videndi speetaculi. 2. Ro- mulus hand procul erat qum imaginem urbis faceret. 3. Sabini niaxime convenere studio videndi novi populi. 4. Slgnum a Romanis datum est. 5. Liberos et coniu- ges Sablnorum rapiebant. 6. Romulus societatem novo populo petivit. 7. Sablni a Romulo Romanis ad suppli- cium traditi sunt. 8. Llberl et coniuges Sablnorum a iuvenibus Romanis rapti sunt. 9. Multi ad spectaculum mentes convertebant. 10. Vicmae gentes convenerunt etiam studio videndorum Romanorum. 1. At a given signal, the Roman youth carry-off-by-force the wives and daughters of the Sabines. 2. When Romulus was king, 1 the Sabines especially came together from a desire to see the spectacle. 3. They came to the new city with (their) wives and children. 4. Their minds, together with their eyes, were turned towards the games. 5. He ordered the daughters of the Sabines to be carried-off-by-force. 6. The wives and children of the Sabines ran-to-and- i Ablative Absolute. ROMULUS, THE FIRST KING OF THE ROMANS 123 fro. 7. After Eemus was killed, 1 Eomulus prepared games. 8. Tims Eomulus and the new people had wives. 174. adulescens, a person that is growing up ; a person from fifteen to thirty years of age. iuvenis, a young man up to about forty-five years of age ; older than adulescens, and younger than senior or senex, an old man. fmitimus, near in the sense of bordering upon, adjoining. vicliius, near in the sense of neighboring, in the vicinity. mens, the mind considered as the seat of thought, the intellect. animus, the mind considered as the seat of feeling or desire. LESSON XLVIII 175. Haec fuit statim causa belli. Sabml enim ob vir- gines raptas bellum adversus Eomanos sumpserunt, et cum Eomae appropinquarent, Tarpeiam virginem nacti sunt, quae aquani forte extra moenia petitum ierat. Huius pater Eoma- nae praeerat arcl. causa, -ae, f., cause. nanciscor, nancisci, nactus ob, prep, with the Ace., on ac- sum, to meet with, fall in count of. with. adversus, prep, with the Ace., extra, prep, with the Ace., out- against. side of, beyond. sumo, -ere, -psi, -ptum, to take, petitum, to seek, ask for. undertake, begin. eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum, to go. appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum, praeerat, was set over, had charge to come near to, approach. of, commanded. Tarpeia, -ae, Tarpeia. arx, -cis, f., a citadel. i Cf. interempto Amulio, Lesson XXXVII. 124 LATIN LESSONS NOTES 176. ob virgines raptas, literally, on account of the maidens carried off; = on account of the seizing and carrying off" of the maidens. The Perf . Part, agreeing with a noun is often best translated by a verbal noun having the noun with which it agrees depending upon it. sumpserunt: the letter p is inserted before the endings of the perfect and supine stems for euphony. Inflect the tense ; give the synopsis of the Ind., both voices, and give the participles. Romae, Dat. after appropinquarent. nacti sunt, a deponent verb. Cf . 113, n. on reverteretur. The principal parts of the Passive Voice consist of the Pres. Ind., the Pres. Inf., and the Perf. Ind. ; for example, amor, amari, amatus sum ; moneor, moneri, monitus sum ; regor, regl, rec- tus sum ; audior, audiri, auditus sum. What is the gender and number of quae, and why? Decline it. aquam : object of petitum. petitum is the Supine of peto, petere, petivi, petitum, depend- ing upon ierat, and denoting the purpose of her going, viz. to seek water. Rule. TJie /Supine in -urn is used with verbs of Motion to express PURPOSE. Besides the Supine in -um, a form in -u is occasionally found. The Supine in -um is called the former Supine ; that in -u, the latter. The Supine is formed from the supine stem of the verb by adding -um and -ii. ierat is for iverat, the" Plupf . Ind. Act. from the irregular verb eo. It is inflected as follows : (a) Eo (st. I-), to go. Present Imperfect SINGULAR PLURAL fbam, ibas, ibat, etc. 1. d-d, I go. i-m\is,wego. 2. i-s, you go. i-tis, you go. Jfuture 3. i-t, he etc. goes, e-unt, they go. ibo, ibis, ibit, etc. ROMULUS, THE FIRST KING OF THE ROMANS 125 Perfect Pluperfect fvi (ii), IvistI, ivit, etc. iveram (ierain), iveras, iverat, etc. Future Perfect Imperfect Subjunctive ivero, iveris, iverit, etc. irem, ires, fret, etc. It will be observed that these forms resemble the forms of the Fourth Conjugation, but the i of the stem becomes e before a, o, and u ; the e before the tense-sign -ba of the Impf. is wanting, and the Future is formed after the analogy of the First and Second Conjugations. Moreover, as will be seen hereafter, the i of the supine stem is short. In other respects, the verb is regular. huius refers to Tarpeia, and limits pater. praeerat = prae, before, + sum, 1 am. It is inflected like sum with the prep, prae prefixed. arcl is an i noun of the Third Declension, declined like urfos. 177. Translate at sight: 1. Roman! statim virgines Sabmorum rapuerunt. 2. Bel- lum adversus Romanes a Sabinis sumptum est. 3. Cum Roman! iuvenes virgines raperent, Sabm! bellum sump- serunt. 4. Milites qu! urb! appropinquabant, Tarpeiam virginem nacti sunt. 5. Aquam forte extra moenia peti- erat. 6. Tarpeia cum extra moenia iret, Sabmos nacta est. 7. Romulus urb! praeerat. 8. Mult! novam urbem v!sum iverunt. 1. He informed them what was the cause of the war. 1 2. The Sabines will begin war against the Romans. 3. Romulus ordered that the maidens be seized. 4. When they approached the city, the signal was given. 5. They i Cf . quis esset, etc., Lesson XXXIV. 126 LATIN LESSONS fell-in-with the wives and children of the Sabines. 6. She will go outside the city to seek water. 7. She went to the new city with her father. 8. Romulus will-be-set-over the city which he founded. 9. They came to the show to seek wives. LESSON XLIX Review 178. Read and translate: Romulus imaginem urbis magis quam urbem f gcerat ; incolae deerant. Erat in proximo lucus ; hunc asylum fecit. Et statim eo mlra vis latronum pastorumque con- fugit. Cum vero uxores ipse populusque non haberent, legates circa viclnas gentes misit, qui societatem conubi- umque novo populo peterent. Nusquam benlgne audita legatio est ; ludibrium etiam additum : " Cur non f eminls quoque asylum aperuistis? Id enim compar foret conu- bium." Romulus, aegritudinem animi dissimulans, ludos parat ; indicl deinde fmitimis spectaculum iubet. Multi convenere studio etiam videndae novae urbis, maxime Sabmi cum llberls et coniugibus. Ubi spectaculi tempus venit eoque conversae mentes cum oculis erant, turn, slgno dato, iuvenes Romam discurrunt, virgines rapiunt. Haec fuit statim causa belli. Sabmi enim ob virgines raptas belluin adversus Romanos sumpserunt, et cum Romae appropinquarent, Tarpeiam virginem nactl sunt, quae aquam forte extra moenia petitum ierat. Huius pater Romanae praeerat arcl. REVIEW 127 NOTES 179. Tell where each of the following verbs is found, and give the principal parts : Ixt Conj. Sd Conj. Sd Conj. Irregular Vfrftn dissimulana conversae erant peterent deerant parat discurrunt additum erat appropinqurent rapiunt indici fuit dato sumpserunt ierat nacti sunt Utli Conj. praeerat td Con). petitum audlta est haberent fecerat aperuistis iubeo confugit convenere videndae 111 Is it venit For what word is f oret used ? How is the Pres. Pass. Inf. formed? Inflect the Pres. Act. and Pass, of rapio ; the Impf . ; the Future. Give the meanings of cum. What case or cases are used with the following prepositions ? a or ab ob in ad inter circa cum adversus extra Write the Gen. sing, of is, Me, ipse, idem, qui, quis, unus, alius, solus. Write the Dat. sing, of the same words. Write the Gen. plu. of urbs, vis, gentes, mentes, arci. Give the classes of i nouns. What ones are declined like conso- nant nouns in the sing. ? In what case is the i of the stem always found? Give the synopsis of eo in the Ind. Act. The Pres. Inf. Act. being given, how may the Impf. Subj. be formed? Give the synopsis of the Indie, of desum and praesum. Write the former and latter Supines of paro, habed, misit, audio. 128 LATIN LESSONS EXERCISE 18O. When Romulus founded 1 a city on the Tiber, inhabitants were wanting. So he made a grove, which was near by, an asylum. Many robbers and shepherds came thither. Then they had inhabitants, but wives were wanting. The envoys, whom he sent round about the neighboring tribes, were nowhere heard kindly. So Romulus prepared games, and ordered them to be pro- claimed to the neighbors. Many Sabines came to the new city with (their) wives and children. At a given signal the Roman youth seized the maidens. LESSON L 181. Titus Tatius, Sabmorum dux, Tarpeiae optionem muneris dedit, si exercitum suum in Capitolium perduxisset. Ilia petiit, quod Sabml in sinistrls manibus gererent, vide- licet et aureos anulos et armillas. Titus Tatius, a proper name. perduco, -ere, -duxl, -ductum, optio, -onis, f., a choice. lead, conduct. munus, muneris, n., a present, ilia, she. gift. sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., left. si, conj., if. manus, -us, f., a hand. exercitus, -us, m., an army. videlicet, adv., to wit, namely. suus, -a, -um, his, hers, its, theirs, anulus, -i, m., a ring. Here it means his. armilla, -ae, f., a bracelet. Capitolium, -I, n., the Capitol. aureus, -a, -um, adj., golden. i Impf. Subj. ROMULUS, THE FIRST KING OF THE ROMANS 129 NOTES 182. Tarpeiae is the indirect object of dedit ; optiSnem, the direct object. dedit : give the principal parts and the synopsis. exercitum: decline like vagitus (107 (a)). suum is a poss. pron., from suus, -a, -um, declined like bonus. Suus and the reflexive sui generally refer to the subject of the clause in which they stand; sometimes, when in a subordinate clause, they refer to the subject of -the principal clause. Here suum refers to Titus Tatius, the subject of the principal clause, exercitum suum may mean his army or her army or their army, according as the subject referred to is masculine or feminine, singular or plural. Thus, Rex exercitum suum perduxit, the king conducted HIS army. Regma exercitum suum perduxit, the queen conducted HER army. Duces exercitum suum perduxerunt, the leaders conducted THEIR army. Capitolium, the temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill. perduxisset, Plupf. Subj. Its subject is a pronoun referring to Tarpeia. If she would lead, etc. Cf. perduxerunt, Lesson XXXV. Ilia is a demons, pron., from ille. It is thus declined : (a) SINGULAR PLURAL Jftisc. Fern, Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut. N.V. ille ilia illud illl illae ilia Gen. illius illlus illlus illorum illarum illorum Dat. ill! ill! ill! illis illis illis Ace. ilium illam illud illos illas ilia Abl. illo ilia illo illis illis illis As hie refers to that which is nearer the speaker, and hence is called the demonstrative of the first person, so ille refers to that which is more remote from the speaker, and hence is called the demonstrative of the third person. LAT. LES. 9 130 LATIN LESSONS petiit, a shortened form for petivit. Inflect petiit. Id may be supplied as the object of petiit and the antecedent of quod. sinistris is an adjective of the First and Second Declensions. It is declined in the masculine like ager (44), in the feminine like a noun of the First Declension, and in the neuter like bellum (38). (6) SINGULAR Masc. Fern. Neut. N. V. sinister sinistra sinistrum Gen. sinistri sinistrae sinistri Dat. sinistro sinistrae sinistro Ace. sinistrum sinistram sinistrum Abl. sinistro sinistra sinistro PLURAL N. V. sinfstri sinistrae sinfstra Gen. sinistrOrum sinistrSrum sinistrorum Dat. sinistris sinistris sinistris Ace. sinistros sinistvas sinistra Abl. sinistris sinistris sinistris Most adjectives in -er of the First and Second Declensions are declined like sinister. A few retain the e throughout, like puer (44) ; as, miser, misera, miserum, wretched. manibus, Abl. plu., from manus. Decline like vagitus (107 (a)). et . . . et, both . . . and. 183. Translate at sight: 1. Titus Tatius exercitum suum in Capitolium per- duxit. 2. Optio muneris Tarpeiae a Sabmorum duce est data. 3. Eomam exercitum suum in urbem perduxerunt. 4. Tarpeia anulos, quos Sabmi in sinistris manibus gere- rent, petiit. 5. Dux Sabmorum anulos in sinistra manu gerebat. 6. Armillas, quas in sinistris manibus gerebant, Tarpeiae dederunt. 7. Dux anulos Tarpeiae darl iussit. ROMULUS, THE FIRST KING OF THE ROMANS 131 1. Titus Tatius commanded the army of the Sabines. 2. He gave the choice of a present to the maiden who was going outside of the city to seek water. 3. He will lead his army into the Capitolium. 4. Titus Tatius began to conduct his army to the city. 5. They gave many gifts to the maiden who had gone to seek water. 6. The father of the maiden Tarpeia, whom the Sabines f ell-in-with when they approached the city, was-in-charge-of the Koman citadel. LESSON LI 184. Quibus dolose promissis, Tarpeia Sabmos in arcem perduxit, ubi Tatius scu- tis earn obrul iussit ; nam et ea in laevls habuerant. Sic impia proditio celeri poena vindicata est. Deinde Romulus ad certa- OF TARPEIA men processit, et in eo loco, ubi nunc Forum Roinanum est, pugnam conseruit. dolose, adv., craftily, deceitfully. promitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, to promise. scutum, -I, n., a shield. obruo, -ere, -rui, -rutum, to overwhelm, bury. laeva, -ae, f., the left hand. impius, -a, -um, adj., wicked, impious. proditio, -onis, f., betrayal, treachery. celeri, swift, speedy. poena, -ae, f ., punishment. vindico, -are, -avi, -atum, to avenge, punish. certamen, -inis, n., a contest, a combat. procedo, -ere, -cessi, , to advance, go forth. nunc, adv., now. consero, -ere, -ui, -turn, to join. With pugnam, to join battle. 132 LATIN LESSONS NOTES 185. Quibus promissis, Ablative Absolute. For the force of a rel. pron. beginning a sentence, cf. quod, 156. scutis : Rule XIX. et is here emphatic, also ; et ea = these also. celeri is an adj. of the Third Declension, of three terminations. (a) Adjectives of the Third Declension may be divided into three classes, 1. Adjectives of three endings. 2. Adjectives of two endings. 3. Adjectives of one ending. Those of the 1st class have a different form for each gender in the Norn. sing. Those of the 2d class have one form for the mas- culine and feminine, and one for the neuter. Those of the 3d class have but one form for all three genders. Acer, keen, eager, will illustrate the more common form of adjec- tives of the 1st class, i.e. those having three endings. Acer (st. acri-), keen, eager. SINGULAR PLURAL Masc. Fern. Neut. Maze. Fern. Neut. N. V. acer acris acre acres acres acria Gen. acris acris acris acrium acrium acrium Dat. acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus Ace. acrem acrem acre acres (-Is) acres (-is) acria Abl. acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus celer is the only adjective of this class that keeps the e of the Nom. through all the forms; thus, N.V. celer celeris ce*lere Gen. celeris celeris celeris etc. etc. etc. Prior (153 (a)) is an illustration of a class of adjectives of two endings ; and Infaiis (110 ()), of a class of adjectives of one ending. ROMULUS, THE FIRST KJNG OF THE ROMANS 133 m. /* A O*r ^4lTPnti1^ 186. Translate at sight: 1. Haec dolose promissa sunt. 2. Tarpeia Sabmos in arcem decrevit perducere. 3. Tatius Sabinos in arcem perducl iussit. 4. Tarpeia scutls, quae milites in sinistiis manibus gesserunt, obruta est. 5. Munera Tarpeiae pro- miserunt si eos in Capitolium perduxisset. 6. Et scuta in laevis habuerunt. 7. Forum Romannm est in loco ubi Koniulus pugnam conseruit. 1. Having promised these things deceitfully, they over- whelmed Tarpeia with their shields. 2. He ordered this impious treachery to be avenged with a speedy punish- ment. 3. At a given signal, they overwhelmed her with their shields. 4. Romulus joined battle where the Roman Forum now is. 5. The Sabines did not give Tarpeia the rings and bracelets which she asked for. LESSON LIT 187. Primo impetu vir inter Romanes Inslgnis, nomine Hostllius, fortissime dlmicans cecidit ; cuius iiiteritu con- sternati Roman! fugere coeperunt. lam Sablnl clamitabant : " Vicimus perfidos hospites, imbelles hostes. Nunc sciunt, longe aliud esse virgines rapere, aliud pugnare cum viiis." primus, -a, -um, adj ., first. fortissime, adv., very bravely. impetus, -us, m., attack, on- dlmico, -are, -avi, -atum, to set. fiyht, contend. Insignis, -e, adj., distinguished, cado, -ere, cecidi, casum, to prominent. Jail. /fo?' Of TOT ^^\ fciriVBRSITI 134 LATIN LESSONS interitus, -us, m., overthrow, downfall, death. consterno, -are, -avi, -atum, to confound, dismay, terrify. fugio, -ere, fugi, , to flee, . take to flight. iam, adv., now, already. clamito, -are, -avi, -atum, to cry aloud, bawl. vinco, -ere, vici, victum, to conquer, subdue. perfidus, -a, -um, adj., faithless, treacherous. hospes, -itis, m., entertainer, host. imbellis, -e, adj., unwarlike. sci5, -ire, -ivi, -itum, to know. longe, adv., by far, greatly. esse, to be. Pres. Inf. of sum. pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, to fight. NOTES 188. Primus is the superlative of the comparative prior (153 (a) ) . It has no positive. insignis is an adj. of the Third Declension, belonging to the class having two endings (185 (a)). It is thus declined : (a) insignis (st. Insigni-). SINGULAR PLURAL Masc. and Fern. Neut. Masc. and Fern. Neut. N. V. Insignis Insigne Insignes Insignia Gen. Insignis Insignis msignium Insignium Dat. Insigni Insigni Insignibus insignibus Ace. Insignem Insigne Insignis (-es) Insignia Abl. Insigni Insigni Insignibus Insignibus Notice that the Abl. sing, ends in -I, the Gen. plu. in -ium, and the neut. plu. Nom. and Ace. in -ia. In the same way decline imbellis ; also servilis. nomine: Rule XXIV. cuius interitu, at his downfall. Rule XIX. clamito is a frequentative or intensive verb, derived from clamo, to cry, to shout. These verbs end in -to or -ito, and denote repeated or intensive action. They are usually formed from the supine stem, with some vowel changes, as of a to i; as, clamo, to cry, shout, ROMULUS, THE FIRST KING OF THE ROMANS 135 clamito, to cry aloud; volo, to fly, volito, to flit. All verbs of this class are of the First Conjugation. hostes, in apposition with hospites. longe aliud esse . . . aliud pugnare, that it is one thing ... a far different thing, etc. Notice that the Latin places longe in the first clause, while in English the emphatic adverb far is placed m the second clause. esse is an infinitive depending upon sciunt, with rapere for a subject. pugnare is the subject of esse to be supplied. Decline impetu and iiiteritu. Give the synopsis of fugere and rapere in the Ind. Act. Give the Imperfect Subjunctive of fugere, rapere, esse, pugnare (141 (a)). Decline cuius, aliud, and viris. THE INFINITIVE The Infinitive may be used as an appositive, or as the subject, object, or complement of a verb. Rule. After verbs of THINKING, SATING, KNOWING, BELIEVING, PERCEIVING, and the like, the Infinitive is used with a Subject Accusative; as, Dixit se audire, he said that he heard. Putat hostes esse pugnaturos, he thinks that the enemy will fight. Audivit Caesarem in Galliam venisse, he heard that Ccesar had come into Gaul. In Latin, just as in English, the Infinitive is used, without any subject, after many verbs to complete their meaning ; as, Romani fugere coeperunt, the Romans began to flee. Auspicia decreverunt adhibere, they determined to consult the auspices. The tenses of the Infinitive represent the time as present, past, or future, relatively to the time of the principal verb. 136 LATIN LESSONS 189. Translate at sight: 1. Multi Roman! fortissime dlmicantes ceciderunt. 2. Vir inter Sabmos Inslgnis, nomine Tatius, Tarpeiam scutls obrul. iussit. 3. Primo impetti imbelles hostes fugere coeperunt. 4. Nunc sciunt Romanos fortissime pugnare. 5. Longe aliud est ad certamen procedere, aliud hostes vincere. 6. Hostlli interitu, in arcem fugerunt. 7. Fortissime Sabmi cnm Roma- ms pugnabant. 1. Romulus joined battle with the Sabines. 2. Having armed the men, he cried out, "We will conquer the faithless Sabines." 3. At the first onset, a man renowned among the Romans defended himself by force. 4. Hostilius, who fell at the first onset, was a man renowned among the Romans. 5. The Romans, terrified at the downfall of their leader, began to flee into the place where the Roman Forum now is. LESSON LIII 19O. Tune Romulus arma ad caelum tollens, lovi aedem vovit et exercitus sen forte seu divmitus restitit. Itaque proelium redintegratur j sed raptae mulieres crmibus passis ausae sunt se inter tela volantia mferre et hinc patres, hinc viros orantes pacem conciliarunt. arma, -orum, n., arms, weapons. luppiter, lovis, m., Jupiter, Sing, wanting. Jove. caelum, -I, n., heaven. Plu. aedis or aedes, -is, f., a tem- AViinting. pie. tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum, voveo, -ere, vovi, votum, to to lift, raise. vow, promise solemnly. ROMULUS, THE FIRST KING OF THE ROMANS 137 sen . . . sen, ichether . . . or. divinitus, adv., % divine influ- ence, providentially. resists, -ere, restiti, , to stand I/ark; halt, s'op. proelium, -I, n., battle. rediiitegro, -are, -avi, -atum, to restore, renew. mulier, -eris, f., a woman. crinis, -is, in., the hair. passus, -a, -urn, adj., outspread, disheveled. audeo. -ere, ausus sum, to ven- ture, dare. telum, -I, n., a missile, javelin, dart. volo, -are, -avi, -atum, to fly. Iiifero, inferre, intuli, inla- tum, to bring in or against. Se inferre = to betake them- selves, present themselves. SS means himself, herself, itself, or themselves, according to the number and person of the subject. hinc, adv., from this place, hence. nine . . . hinc, on this side . . . on that side; on one side ... on the other. oro, -are, -avi, -atum, to plead, entreat. pax, pacis, f., peace. coiicilio, -are, -avi, -atum, to procure, bring about. NOTES 191 . (a) luppiter is declined as follows : N. V. luppiter Gen. Idvis Dat. lo'vi Ace. Idvem Abl. love aedem is declined like hostis (161). In the sing., temple; in the plu., house, palace. exercitus, subject of restitit. Decline in full. raptae : translate by a relative clause, the women who had been carried off". crmibus passis, Ablative Absolute, crinis is masc. by excep- tion to 67. 2. Used mostly in the plural. ausae sunt: cf. solitus esset (136). Such verbs as these that have the parts from the pres. stem regular, and have no perf. 138 LATIN LESSONS stem, but appear as deponent verbs in the parts usually formed from the perfect stem, are called semi-deponent verbs. Inferre is compounded of the prep, in and the irregular verb f ero, to bear. The principal parts of fero are, Active, fero, ferre, tuli, latum. Passive, feror, ferri, latus sum. It is inflected in the Present as follows : (6) ACTIVE PASSIVE SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL 1. fer-o fer-imus 1. fer-or fer-imur 2. fer-s fer-tis 2. fer-ris fer-imini 3. fer-t fer-unt 3. fer-tur fer-iintur It will be observed that the endings beginning with t, s, and r are added directly to the root fer-. f ers is for feris ; fert and fertis are for ferit and feritis ; ferris and fertur are for fereris and feritur. The Inf. ferre is for ferere, and ferri for feri. The other parts of the Indicative are regular. Impf. f erebam, -bas, -bat, etc. f erebar, -baris, -batur, etc. Fut. f eram, -5s, -et, etc. f erar, -eris, -etur, etc. Perf. tuli, -isti, -it, etc. latus, -a, -um, sum, es, est, etc. Plupf. tuleram, -eras,-erat, etc. latus, -a, -um, eram, eras, erat, etc. Fut. Perf. tulero, -eris, -erit, etc. latus, -a, -um, ero, eris, erit, etc. The Impf. Subj. is ferrem, ferres, ferret, etc. orantes agrees with mulieres, and has for its objects patres and viros. viros here means husbands. pax, like "many other monosyllabic nouns of the Third Declen- sion, has no Gen. plural. conciliarunt, for conciliaverunt. Cf. ierat (175). Perfects in -avi, -evi, and -ivi, and the tenses derived from them, often omit v, and contract the two vowels into 5, e, and I respectively. Give all the participles of tollens. Synopsis of vovit. Synopsis of restitit in the Act. voice. Decline mulieres, crinibua, and viros in full. REVIEW 139 192. Translate at sight: 1. Tune Romulus, proelio redintegrate, arma ad caelum sustulit. 2. Romulus lovi aedeni vovere decrevit. 3. Ro- man! proelium redintegrate coeperunt. 4. Virgines se inter tela volantia mferebant. 5. Exercitus, qui seu forte seu dlvmitus restiterat, proelium redintegrabat. 6. Se inter tela volantia Inferentes, hinc patres, hinc viros oraverunt. 7. Mulieres crmibus passis ausae sunt patres orare. 8. Mu- lieres, quae a iuvenibus raptae erant, pacem conciliarunt. 1. AVlien the Sabines were conquering 1 the Romans, Romulus vowed a temple to Jove. 2. The women, with dishevelled hair, betook themselves among the enemy. 3. The women who had been carried off entreated their fathers and husbands. 4.' The women, whom the Roman youths had carried off, brought about peace. 5. When Romulus raised 1 his arms towards heaven, the army provi- dentially halted. LESSON LIV Review 193. Read in review the Latin given in Lessons L.- LIII. NOTES To whom do suus and sui usually refer ? Difference between hie and ille ? Give the Dat. and Ace. sing, and plu. of sinister 1 Cf. cum . . . compararet (14O) and cum . . . appropinquarent (175). 140 LATIN LESSONS and ille. Give the classes of adjectives in the 3d Decl. Write the Gen. and Ace. sing, and plu. of insignis, acer, celer. Decline crmibus in the sing. Give the synopsis of f ero in the Ind. Act. and Pass. Inflect the Pres. Tense, Ind. Mode, and the Impf. Tense, Subj. Mode. Principal parts of dedit, gererent, obrui, processit, conseruit, cecidit, fugere, vicimus, rapere, tolleiis, vovit, restitit, ausae sunt. Give the Gen. and Voc. sing, of Hostilius. Decline to- gether impia proditio ; celeri poena. What kind of a verb is clamito? In what conjugation are such verbs? What kind of a verb is ausae sunt ? What are the peculiarities of these verbs ? Write in Latin, in two ways, "on the left hands" Give two Latin words for to fight; two words for temple; two words for army. LESSON LV 194. Komulus foedere cum Tatio icto et Sabmos in urbem recepit et regnum cum Tatio sociavit. Verum non ita multo post occiso Tatio ad Eomulum potentatus omnis reccidit. Centum deinde ex senioribus elegit, quo- rum consilio omnia ageret, quos senatores nominavit propter senectutem. foedus, -eris, n., a league, treaty. occldo, -ere, -cidi, -cisum, to ico, -ere, Ici, icturn, to strike. kill, slay. With foedus, to enter into a potentatus, -us, m., power, do- league or treaty. minion. recipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, omnis, adj., every, all. to receive. recid6,-ere,-reccidi,-recasum, socio, -are, -avi, -atum, to hold to fall back, to return. in common, to share. centum, numeral adj., one hun- verum, adv., but. dred. post, adv., after, afterwards. 5 or ex, prep., from, out of. ROMULUS, THE FIRST KING OF THE ROMANS 141 senior, -oris, adj., older, elder. senator, -oris, m., a senator. eligo, -ere, -legi, -lectum, to nomino, -are, -avi, -atum, to choose, to elect, to select. name. coiisilium, -I, n., counsel, ad- propter, prep., on account of. vice. With the Ace. only, ago, -ere, egT, actum, to do, per- senectus, -utis, f ., age, old form, conduct. age. NOTES 195. What is the construction of foedere icto? non ita multo post = not by so much afterwards, not very long afterwards. Compare aliquot ante annls, before by several years, and iino die longior, longer by one day. These expressions illustrate the fol- lowing Rule. The DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE is expressed by the Ablative. potentatus: decline like vagitus (107 (a)). omnis, an adj. of the 3d JDecl., with two terminations. Decline like insignia Nom. omnis dmne Gen. omnis omnis etc. etc. Centum is indeclinable, as are all numerals from four to one hundred inclusive. It is here used as a noun, the object of elegit. senioribus, an adj. in the comparative degree, used as a noun, the elders. The clause, quorum . . . ageret, expresses purpose ; in order that he might do everything with their advice. quorum = ut eorum. (a) Examine the following clauses : Ut eum subole privaret. Lesson XX. Haud procul erat qum nepotem agnosceret. Lesson XXXVI. Timebam lie hostis veniret, I feared lest the enemy would come. Non recusabam quominus diceret, / did not object to his saying. 142 LATIN LESSONS Castella communivit, quo facilius eos prohibere posset, he fortified the strongholds in order that he might the more easily be able to prevent them. Observe that the subjunctives in these sentences are in clauses denoting purpose or result. Hence the following Rule. Clauses denoting PURPOSE or EESULT take the Sub- junctive after ut, ne, quo, qum, quominus, or a Relative. 1 quos and senatores are Accusatives, after nominavit. Cf. Rule XVII. Give the Participles, both voices, of icto and occiso. Give the synopsis, in the Ind. Act. and Pass. Voices, of recepit, sociavit, elegit, ageret, nominavit. Decline foe- dere and senectutem. 196. Translate at sight: 1. Romulus Sabmos in urbem recepit ut regnum cum Tatio sociaret. 2. Non ita multo post omnes Sablnl in urbem recepti sunt. 3. Titus Tatius, rex Sabmorum, a Eomams occisus est. 4. Cum Sablnl regnum cum Eo- manis sociarent, ad Eomulum potentatus omnis reccidit. 5. Viros, quos ex senioribus elegit, senatores nomina- vit. 6. Eomulus viros elegit quT foedus cum Sabmis icerent. 7. Centum, quos Eomulus elegerat, senatores nominatl sunt propter senectutem. 1. Why did Eomulus choose a hundred from the elders ? 2. He did everything with the advice of the men whom he had chosen from the elders. 3. After the league with the 1 Clauses of Purpose and Result readily pass into substantive clauses, and may be used as subject or object of the sentences in which they are found, or may serve as appositives. These uses may best be learned by a study of them in the sentences as they occur in reading. ROMULUS, THE FIRST KING OF THE ROMANS 143 Sabines was entered into, 1 all the power returned to Romu- lus. 4. He chose a hundred senators, who were-to-do 2 every- thing with his (suus) advice. 5. Then he named those whom he had chosen senators. 6. The Sabines, having been re- ceived into the city, entered into a league with the Romans. LESSON LVI 197. Tres equitum centurias constituit, populum in trl- ginta curias distribuit. His ita ordinatls, cum ad exercitum lustrandum contionem in campo ad Caprae paludem haberet, subito coorta est tempestas cum magno fragore tonitribusque et Romulus e conspectu ablatus est. tres, tria, numeral adj., three. centuria, -ae, f ., a division of a hundred, a century. constituo, -ere, -ui, -utmn, to form, establish, build. triginta, numeral adj., thirty. curia, -ae, f., a curia. distribuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, to distribute, apportion, divide. ordino, -are, -avi, -atum, to set in order, arrange. lustro, -are, -avi, -atum, to review. coiitio, -onis, f., a meeting, as- sembly. campus, -i, m., a plain, field. capra, -ae, f ., a she-goat. Caprae palus, the Goat's Pool. paltis, -udis, f., a swamp, marsh, pool. subito, adv., suddenly. coorior, -iri, -ortus sum, to come forth, arise, break forth. tempestas, -atis, f., a storm, tempest. fragor, -oris, m., a crashing, din, noise. tonitrus, -us, m., thunder. Some- times neut. in the plu. conspectus, -us, m., sight t view. auf ero, -erre, abstuli, ablatum, to take away, carry off. 1 Ablative Absolute. Subjunctive. 144 LATIN LESSONS NOTES 198. The following are the first twelve cardinal numbers : unus, -a, -um, one. septem, seven. duo, duae, duo, two. octo, eight. ties, tria, three. novem, nine. quattuor, four. decem, ten. quinque, jive. undecim, eleven. sex, six. duodecim, twelve. (a) The first three are declined. For the declension of unus, cf. 156 (a). duo and tres are thus declined: Masc. Fern. Neut. Maze, and Fern. Neut. N. V. duo duae duo tres tria Gen. duorum dutrum duorum trium trium Dat. duObus duabus duObus tribus tribus Ace. duos (duo) diias diio tres (-is) tria Abl. duObus duabus duObus tribus tribus Observe that tres is declined like the plu. of inslgnis (188 (a)). centurias : a century was a division of the Roman people, con- sisting originally of one hundred men selected from the wealthier class. They served in the army on horseback, and hence were called equites. curias: each of the three tribes of the Roman people Ramnes, Tities, and Luceres was divided into ten ciiriae, or divisions, making thirty in all. coiistituit and distribuit are Perfects, although the forms would be the same were they Presents. ad exercitum lustrandum, for the pur- pose of reviewing the army. Cf. 172, n. on videndae. lustran- dum is a Gerundive, agreeing with exercitum. campo, i.e. the Campus Martius, or field of Mars, a plain between the hills upon which Rome was built and the Tiber. coorta = con or cum + orior. Cf. ort5, Lesson XXXIX. A deponent verb. ablatus est : Perf. Pass, from aufero = ab + fero. Ab becomes au before f, abs before t, and retains the form ab before 1. Decline exercitum, paludem, fragore, to- nitribus, and conspectu. ROMULUS, THE FIRST KING OF THE ROMANS 145 199. Translate at sight: 1. Tres equitum centuriae a Romulo constitutae suiit. 2. Cur non in quattuor curias Romulus populum distri- buit? 3. Haec ita ordinata sunt et delude contionem in campo ad Caprae paludem habuit. 4. Quinque Sablnl a septem Romams victl sunt. 5. Magnus fragor tonitrusque suiit audit!. 6. Unus Romanus miles cum tribus Sabinis pugnabat. 7. Subito omnes ex conspectu sunt ablati. 8. Novem senatores cum liberis occisi sunt. 9. Populus fragorem tonitrumque audivit. 1. Eomulus held an assembly in the plain to review the horsemen. 2. A great storm having arisen, suddenly Romu- lus was taken away out of sight. 3. He reviewed the army near the Goat's Pool. 4. He determined to establish eight centuries of horsemen. 5. We shall divide the people into eleven curiae. 6. Four Sabines will not fight with eight Romans. 7. The soldiers, whom he was reviewing in the plain, suddenly began to flee. 8. Why did he not divide the horsemen into two centuries ? 9. The Goat's Pool was in the field of Mars. 2OO. statim, on the spot, immediately, without first doing something else. repente, suddenly, contrary to expectation. subito, suddenly, but having no element of surprise, as repente has. contentio, a contest or struggle, involving exertion. certamen, a contest, with special reference to the rivalry between the parties engaged in it. pugna (allied to pugnus, a fist}, a fight, whether with fists, or between two armies considered as two great bodies. proelium, a battle, an engagement in a military sense. LAT. LES. 10 146 LATIN LESSONS LESSON LVII 201. Ad deos translsse vnlgo creditus est; cm rei fidem fecit lulius Proculus, vir nobilis. Orta enim inter patres et plebem seditione, in contionem processit iureiurando adfir- mans visum a se Romulum augustiore forma. deus, del, m., a god. plebes, -ei, or plebs, plebis, f., traiiseo (trans, across, over, and the common people, plebeians. eo, to go), to pass over, cross seditio, -onis, f ., dissension, over. strife, quarrel. vulgo, adv., commonly,, gener- iusiurandum, iurisiurandi, n., ally. an oath. credo, -ere, -credidi, -itum, to adfirmo, -are, -avi, -atum, to believe. assert, declare. fides, -ei, f., trust, faith, belief. augustior, -oris, adj., more ma- nobilis, -e, adj., high-born, noble, jestic, more noble. famous. forma, -ae, f., form, figure. NOTES 202. translsse, for transivisse, is the Perf. Inf. of transeo. The Perf. Inf. Act. is always formed by adding -isse to the perf. stem of the verb ; thus, (a) ( amav-, J monu-, I amavisse, to have loved. ( monuisse, to have warned. ( rex-, J audiv-, [ rexisse, to have ruled. [ audlvisse, to have heard. iv- (perf. stem of eo), [ fu- (perf. stem of sum), Ivisse, to have gone. [ fuisse, to have been. J tul- (perf. stem of fero), [ ( 1 1 iisse. to have borne. The Plupf. Subj. Act. may be formed from the Perf. Inf. Act., just as the Impf. Subj. is formed from the Pres. Inf. Act. (cf. UNIVERSITY ROMULUS, THE FIRST 141 (a)). By adding the personal endings of tin- Act. Voice to the Perf. Inf. Act., we shall have the Plupf. Subj. ; thus, (ft) 1. amavissein amuvissemus 2. amfivfsses amavissetis 3. amiivfsset amavissent monuisse- 1 j rexisse- > -m, -s, -t. 1- -mus, -tis, -nt. audlvisse- J Give the Perf. Inf. and the Plupf. Subj. Act. of duco, transeo, facio, pugno, habeo, and venio, eo, sum, and fero. creditus est, he was believed: the personal construction, instead of the impersonal, which would be more natural in English, it was believed that he, etc. cui rei fidem fecit, made belief for this thing = caused this to be believed, fides has no plural. vir : decline (44). nobilis : decline like insignis (188 (a)). plebem comes either from plebs, of the 3d Decl., or from plebes, of the 5th Decl. It has no plural in either declension. iureiurando is compounded of ius, iuris, and iurandum, -I, the former of the 3d Decl., and the latter of the 2d Decl. Both parts are inflected, and both parts are neuter, iuraiuranda is the only form found in the plural. visum, sc. esse ; visum esse is the Perf. Pass. Inf. of video. Romulum is here the subject. For the use of the Inf., cf. Rule XXXI. (c) The Perf. Pass. Inf. of verbs is regularly formed by joining esse, the Pres. Inf. of sum, to the Perf. Pass. Part. ; as, amatus esse, to have been loved. rSctus esse, to have been ruled. monitus esse, to have been warned, auditus esse, to have been heard. The Participles in these forms must, of course, agree with the subject in gender, number, and case. Cf. Rule IV. Thus visum, in visum esse, agrees with the subject Romulum. We have seen (202 (&)) that the Plupf. Subj. Act. may be formed from the Perf. Inf. Act. by the addition of the personal endings. In a somewhat similar manner, the Plupf. Subj. Pass, may be formed from the Perf. Inf. Pass. : 148 LATIN LESSONS amatus. -a, -um ) amati, -ae, -a mdnitus, -a, -um ! e"ssem, e"sses, mdniti, -ae, -a essemus, essetis, Assent. rectus, -a, -um e"sset. recti, -ae, -a auditus, -a, -um J audit!, -ae, -i se : decline (110 (&)). To whom does se refer? augustiore : decline like prior (153 (a)) ; m. and f., augustior, n. augustius. augustiore forma, in more majestic form. 2O3. Translate at sight: 1. Eomulus ad deos transiit. 2. Di 1 omnia regunt. 3. Seditio enim inter Sabmos et Romanos orta est. 4. Proculus, vir nobilis, qul Romulum vlderat, in con- tionem processit. 5. lureiurando adflrmavit a se Komu- lum visum esse. 6. Roman! Romulum ad deos transisse credideruiit. 7. Cum in contionem processisset, adflrma- vit se vidisse Eomulum. 8. Eomulus visus esse a Proculo, viro nobill, creditus est. 1. A strife arose between the husbands and their wives. 2. Eomulus, in more majestic form, was seen by the fathers. 3. Proculus, a noble man, declared that he had seen Eomu- lus. 4. When Eomulus had passed to the gods, a strife arose among the common people. 5. They caused this to be believed. 2 6. He declared with an oath that Eomulus had been taken away out of sight. i Norn. plu. 2 cf . cui rei, etc. ROMULUS AS QUIKINUS ROMULUS, THE FIRST KING OF THE ROMANS 149 LESSON LVIII 204. In contionem processit iureiurando adflrmans visum a se Romulum augustiore forma, eundemque prae- cipere ut seditionibus abstinerent et rein mllitarem cole- rent ; futurum nt omnium gentium dominl exsisterent. Aedes in colle Quirmali Romulo eonstituta, ipse pro deo cultus et Quirlnus est appellatus. praecipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, futurum, sc. esse, to be about to to enjoin, direct, order. be, ivould be, would come to ut, conj., that. pass. abstineo, -ere, -uT -tentum, to exsisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum, to keep from, refrain from. stand forth, become. militaris, -e, adj., military, war- collis, -is, m., a hill. like. Quirinalis, -e, adj., Quirinal. cold, -ere, -ui, cultum, to cher- pro, prep, with Abl. only, for, ish, cultivate, worship. in the place of. NOTES 205. eundem., Ace. sing, masc., from idem. Write out the declension in full (150). It refers to Romulum^and is the subject of the Inf. praecipere. And that the same directed, etc. Rule. The subject of the Infinitive is in the Accusative. Write the Pres. and Perf . Inf., Act. and Pass., of praecipere. seditionibus : Rule XX. Give the synopsis of the Ind. Act. and Pass, of abstinerent. Write the Plupf. Subj. Act., and the Perf. Inf. Act. Rule for the mode of abstinerent and colerent ? Rule XXXII. Decline rem mllitarem = the art of war. Give the Perf. Inf. Act. and the Plupf. Subj. Act. of colerent. futurum, sc. esse. futurum esse is the Fut. Inf. of sum. It is used impersonally, and depends upon adflrmans. Declaring that it ivould come to pass that, etc. Instead of futurum esse, fore is often used. 150 LATIN LESSONS (a) The Fut. Inf. Act. is formed by joining esse to the Fut. Act. Part. Cf . 128. For example : amaturus esse, to be about to love (would love). moniturus esse, to be about to warn, etc. recturus esse, to be about to rule, etc. audlturus esse, to be about to hear, etc. The Fut. Inf. Pass, is formed by joining iri, the Pres. Inf. Pass. of eo, to the Supine in -um ; thus, amaturn Iri, to be about to be loved (would be loved), monitum iri, to be about to be warned, etc. rectum iri, to be about to be ruled, etc. auditum iri, to be about to be heard, etc. domini, predicate Nom. after exsisterent, a neuter verb. Rule III. The clause ut . . . exsisterent is the subject of futurum esse. collis is masc. by exception to 67. 2. It has rarely I in the Abl. sing. Decline together colle Quirmali. Rome was built on seven hills, the Palatine, the Capitoline, the Aventine, the Coe- lian, the Esquiline, the Viminal, and the Quirinal. The Quirinal was in the northern part of the city. Romulo is Dat., depending upon constituta ; was built to Romulus. constituta, sc. est ; also sc. et before ipse. Decline ipse (166 (a)). pro deo = as a god. deus is declined as follows : (6) SINGULAR PLURAL N. V. deus (del) dii or dl Gen. del deOrum or deum Dat. deo (deis) di'is, dis Ace. deum dcos Abl. deo (dels) di'is, dis Observe that the Voc. of deus is the same as the Nom. The forms dii, di, and diis, dis, are preferable to del and dels. cultus. sc. est, and he himself was worshipped, etc. Quirinus, predicate Nom. Write all the Infinitives, Act. and Pass., of cold, appello, and constituo. ROMULUS, THE FIRST KING OF THE ROMANS 151 (c) The regular verb has three Infinitives in the Active and three in the Passive Voice, viz. the Present, the Future, and the Perfect. We have now had all of these. The Infinitives of amo, moneo, rego, and audio are as follows: ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE Pres. amare amari rdgere regi Perf. amavlsse amatus esse rexlsse rectus esse Fut. amatdrus esse amatum ill recturus esse rectum Irl Pres. monere moneri audire audiri Perf. monulsse mdnitus esse audivisse auditus esse Fut. moniturus esse mdnitum iri auditurus esse auditum Iii Of sum the Infinitives are : Pres. esse, Perf. fuisse, Fut. futu- rum esse. 2O6. Translate at sight :- 1. Idem praecepit ut Roman! seditionibus abstinerent. 2. Adfirmavit futurum ut rem mllitarem. colerent. 3. Om- nium gentium domini exsistent. 4. Aedem in colle Quiri- nall Romulo constituerunt. 5. Adfirmavit Romulum pro deo cultum Irl. 6. Incolae urbis, quam Romulus condide- rat, rem mllitarem colent. 7. Plebes Romana clamitabat se Romulum Quirlnum appellaturam esse. 1. They built a temple to the gods in the city. 2. By the advice of Romulus, the people will keep from strife. 3. He declared with an oath that he would build a temple to Romu- lus. 4. He said that Romulus had been worshipped as a god. 1 5. They said that they had built a temple to Romulus. 2 6. To have called ; to have been called ; to be about to refrain from. 7. To be worshipped ; to be about to be worshipped. 1 Literally, He said Romulus to have been worshipped, etc. 2 They said themselves to have built, etc. 152 LATIN LESSONS LESSON LIX 2O7. Bead in review the Latin given in Lessons LV.- LVIII. NOTES Give two Latin words meaning not; three meaning to kill. What is the difference in meaning between pugna and proelium ? Give the Latin for not very long after. Give the cardinal num- bers from one to twelve. What ones are declined? What word means thirty? what one hundred? What two ways of expressing purpose can you give ? What was the Campus Martins, and where was it situated ? Difference between statim and repente ? Principal parts of ablatus est? Give all the Participles and Infinitives, Act. and Pass., of ageret, nominavit, distribuit, rece- pit. Give the Pres. and Perf. Inf. Act., and the Impf. and Plupf. Subj., of fero, constituit, habeo, facio, procedo, and sum. What construction follows such words as nomino and appello ? What two words (conjunctions) have we had meaning for? Decline idem. Give the Infinitives, Act. Voice, of eo (Lesson XL VIII.), fero (Lesson LIIL). LESSON LX Numa Pompilius, the Second King of the Romans 2O8. Successit Komulo Numa Pompilius, vir inclita iusti- tia et religione. Is Curibus, ex oppido Sabmorum, accitns est. Qui cum Ilomam venisset, ut populum ferum religione mitigaret, sacra plurima mstituit. Aram Vestae consecravit, et Ignem in ara perpetuo alenduni virginibus dedit. NUMA roMriLius 153 succedo, ere, cessi, -cessum, sacrum, -I, n., a sacred rite. to follow, succeed. plurimus, -a, -urn, adj., very iuclitus, -a, -urn, adj., celebrated, many. n n owned. Instituo, ere, -Mi, -utum, to iustitia, -ae, f., justice. found, establish. religio, -onis, f., religion. ara, -ae, f., an altar. Cures, -ium, m. and f., Cures, consecro, -are, -avi, -atum, to the chief town of the Sabines. consecrate. accio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, to call, ignis, -is, in., fire. summon, incite. perpetuo, adv., constantly, with- ferus, -a, -um, adj., wild, rude, out interruption. barbarous. alo, -ere, -ui, altum or alitum, mitigo, -are, -avi, -atum, to to nourish, maintain. make mild, soften, tame. NOTES 2O9. Romulo : Rule X. iustitia and religione are Ablatives of Description or Characteristic, limiting vir : a man of renowned jus- tice and piety. Cf . augusti5re forma, Lesson L VII. Examine also the following examples : Caesar traditur fuisse excelsa statura, Caesar is said to have been (a man) of lofty stature. Uri sunt figura tauri, the uri are of the form of the butt = have the form of the bull. It will be seen that iustitia, religione, forma, statura, and figura are all in the Abl., modifying respectively vir, Romulum, Caesar, and uri, and denoting some quality or characteristic of these nouns, figura is accompanied by a limiting Gen. ; and the other Ablatives have adjectives agreeing with them. Rule. A noun with an adjective or a limiting Genitive is in the Ablative after the verb sum or another noun, to denote the CHARACTER or QUALITY of a person or thing. This is called the Ablative of Description or Characteristic. NOTE. Instead of the Ablative, the Genitive is sometimes used. 154 LATIN LESSONS Curibus, the Abl., according to Rule XXX. Qui cum = when Tie; the relative at the beginning of a sentence often being equiva- lent to a personal or demonstrative. Give the rule for the case of Romam. ut introduces a purpose clause, hence the Subjunctive mitigaret. Rule XXXII. ignem, masc. by exception to 67. 2. Cf. collis (205, n. on collis). ignis is declined like hostis (161), except that the Abl. sing, has usually I. alendum is the Gerundive. Gave the fire to the virgins to be maintained, etc. Cf. educandos (116). These Gerundives are used to express Purpose. Rule. After verbs of GIVING, SENDING, UNDERTAKING, CONTRACTING, and the like, the Accusative of the Gerundive in agreement with the object is used to express Purposed 2 1C. Translate at sight: 1 . Nuina Pompilio rege, vir minime servili indole Romam venit. 2. Vir inter Sabmos insignis, nomine Numa, Curi- bus venit. 3. Mult! incliti studio Roma, ex urbe Italiae, venerunt. 4. Populus Romam Numam Pompilium, virum inclita religione, accivit. Qui cum Romam venisset, Ro- mulo successit. 5. Populus ferus religione mltigabatur. 6. Decrevit aedem diis consecrare ut sacra plurima Institu- eret. 7. Cum aram Vestae consecravisset, ignem in ara perpetuo alendum virginibus dedit. 1. Numa Pompilius came from Cures to Rome. 2. When Romulus had been taken away, 2 the people summoned a man of renowned justice from Cures. 3. They said 3 that he had come to Rome in order that he might succeed Romulus. 4. Now they know that Numa has been summoned from a 1 This rule must not be understood to exclude or contradict the rule on p. 142. 2 Ablative Absolute, 8 Rule XXXI NUMA POMPILIUS 155 town of the Sabines. 5. He came to Rome in order to establish sacred rites. 6. The altar of Vesta having been consecrated, he gave the fire to the virgins to be constantly maintained upon the altar. 7. He said that he 1 had given the fire to the virgins. Observe the following English derivatives : success religion institution succeed popular consecration justice populace mitigate ailment LESSON LXI 211. Flaminem lovis sacerdotem creavit eumque mslgni veste et curuli sella adorna- vit. Dlcitur quondam ipsum lovem e caelo elicuisse. Hie ingentibus fulminibus in ur- bem demissls descendit in nemus Aventmum, SELLA CURTJLIS u ki Numam docuit quibus sacrls fulmina essent procuranda, et praeterea imperl certa pignora populo Romano daturum se esse promlsit. flamen, -inis, m., a flamen, a vestis, -is, f ., clothing, garment, name given to a priest of one garb. particular deity. curulis, -e, adj., curule. creo, -are, -avi, -atum, to create, sella, -ae, f ., seat, chair. choose, make. insignis, -e, adj., distinguished. adorno, -are, -avi, -atum, to furnish, adorn. Se. 156 LATIN LESSONS dico, -ere, -xi, dictum, to say. nemus, -oris, m., a grove. quondam, adv., once, formerly. Aventinus, -a, -um, adj., of the elicio, -ere, -ui, , to draw Aventine. forth, call down. doceo, -ere, -ui, doctum, to ingens, -entis, adj., great. teach. fulmen, -inis, n., lightning, thun- procure, -are, -avi, -atum, to derbolt. take care of, avert. demitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, praeterea, adv., moreover. to send down, let down. certus, -a, -um, adj., certain, descends, -ere, -I, -scensum, to definite. come down, descend. pignus, -oris and -eris, n., pledge, guaranty. NOTES 212. lovis limits sacerdotem. Flaminem and sacerdo- tem : Rule XVII. insigni veste = with a distinguishing dress. Decline together. The characteristic garb of the flamen was a pointed cap called the apex, a woolen cloak called laena, and a laurel wreath. sella curulis = the curule chair, the official chair of consuls, praetors, curule aediles, and some other officers, as well as of the flamen of Jupiter. It was ornamented with ivory, and sometimes overlaid with gold. Its form was very simple, closely resembling a common folding camp-stool with curved legs. f ulminibus de- missis : Ablative Absolute. quibus sacrls, by what sacred rites. Abl. of means. essent procuranda, were to be averted, procuranda essent is in the Pass. Periphrastic Conjugation, which is formed by joining the different parts of the verb sum to the Gerundive. It is used to denote necessity or propriety. The Active Periphrastic Conjugation is formed by joining the different parts of the verb sum to the Fut. Act. Participle. It is used to denote intention or simple futurity. The parts of sum are inflected just as they are in form- ing the Passive Voice of the verb, with the Perf. Pass. Participle, Cf. 138 (a). NUMA POMPILIUS 157 ACTIVE VOICE (a) Indicative Pres. amaturus, -a, -um sum, I am about to love. Impf. amaturus, -a, -um eram, / was about to love. Fut. amaturus, -a, -um ero, / shall be about to love. Perf. amaturus, -a, -um fui, / have been about to love. Plupf. amaturus, -a, -um fueram, 1 had been about to love. Fut. Perf. amaturus, -a, -um fuero, / shall have been about to love. (6) Subjunctive Pres. amaturus, -a, -um sim, sis, sit ; amaturi, -ae, -a simus, sitis, sint. Impf. amaturus, -a, -um essem. Perf. amaturus, -a, -um fuerim, fueris, fuerit, etc. Plupf. amaturus, -a, -um fuissem. Observe, above, the inflection of sim, the Pres. Subj. of sum. Observe also that fuerim, the Perf. Subj. of sum, has the same forms as the Fut. Perf. Tnd., except in the 1st sing., where it has fuerim instead of fuero. Cf . 86. 214. PASSIVE VOICE (a) Indicative Pres. amandus, -a, -um sum, / am to be loved. Impf. amandus, -a, -um eram, / tuas to be loved. Fut. amandus, -a, -um ero, / shall have to be loved. Perf. amandus, -a, -urn fui, / have to be loved. Plupf. amandus, -a, -um fueram, / had to be loved. (&) Subjunctive Pres. amandus, -a, -um sim. Impf. amandus, -a, -um essem. Perf. amandus, -a, -um fuerim. Plupf. amandus, -a, -um fuissem. The Fut. Perf. Ind. of the Passive Periphrastic (amandus fuero) is seldom used. 'TJHI7BESIT7: 158 LATIN LESSONS populo Romano, indirect object of daturum esse. Rule IX. populus Homanus, like res publica and some other expressions, became a fixed form, and is never found with the words in the reverse order. Give all the Infinitives of do. 215. Translate at sight: 1. Populus Romanus Numam Pompilium regem creavit. 2. Nurna lovis sacerdotem insigni veste adornavit. 3. lup- piter ipse in nemus Aventlnum descendit. 4. Dlcitur ip- sum lovem in nemus Aventmum descendisse. 5. Dlcitur ipsum lovem in nemus Aventmum descenstirum esse. 6. Fulmina his sacris sunt procuranda. 7. Dlcitur eum docuisse Numam his sacris fulmina esse procuranda. 8. Promisit se Numam docturum esse quibus sacris ful- mina essent procuranda. 9. Dlcitur ingentia fulmina in urbem esse demissa. 10. Promisit se lovis sacerdoti curu- lem sellam esse daturum. 1. He promised to give 1 certain pledges of power to the Roman people. 2. He said that he would furnish the flamen of Jupiter with a distinguishing garb. 3. Once Jupiter de- scended into the grove of the Aventine with a loud noise. 2 4. The Roman people chose Numa, a man of renowned jus- tice, (as) king. 5. It is said that he promised to teach Numa certain sacred rites. 6. He said, " I will give to -ye- certain pledges of power." 7. He once called down the god himself from heaven. 8. It is said that Numa himself had been taught by what sacred rites thunderbolts were to be averted. 1 Literally, he promised himself to be about to give. 2 Compare cum magrno fragore (197). SUBJUNCTIVE 159 nemus is the common name for a grove or woodland, lucus, a sacred grove, a wood consecrated to a deity, flamen, a priest of some particular deity. sacerdos, the general name for a priest. LESSON LXII Subjunctive 216. Keview the Subjunctive of sum. Appendix, 6. The Subjunctive has four tenses, Present, Imperfect, Perfect, and Pluperfect. The Imperfect and Pluperfect have already been given. Cf. 141 (a), 202 (&) and (c). (a) In the Present Subjunctive of the 1st Conjugation the final a of the verb stem disappears, and the vowel e takes its place. ACTIVE PASSIVE 1. &mem amimus 1. amer amemur 2. ames ainetis 2. ameris (-re) amemim 3. amet ament 3. ametur am^ntur In the Present Subjunctive of the 2d, 3d, and 4th Conju- gations the vowel a is added to the verb stem. Hence a may be called the sign of the Present Subjunctive in these con- jugations. (5) Present Subjunctive ACTIVE mone- 1 reg- I -am, -as, -at. I -amus, -atis, -ant. audi- 160 LATIN LESSONS PASSIVE mone- i reg- Y -ar, -aris (-re), -atur. > -amur, -amini, -antur. audi- J Of eo : earn, eas, eat, etc. Of fero : Act., feram, feras, ferat, etc. ; Pass., ferar, feraris (-re), feratur, etc. The Perfect Subjunctive Active has the same form as the Future Perfect Indicative, except that the 1st pers. sing, ends in -erim instead of -ero (83 and 86). The Perfect Subjunctive Passive is formed by joining the Present Subjunctive of sum to the Perfect Passive Participle of the verb. (ltff(>. If quam is used, the following noun takes the same case as the noun with which it is compared. Quam can be omitted only when it would be followed by the nominative or accusative. With relative pronouns, quam is rarely expressed. Study the following sentences : 1. laniculum est altius ( quam m A 5ns A- [ monte Aventmo. 2. Albaiii non erant sapientiores { quam R6mani - [ Romanis. 3. Romulus non fuit nobilior { quam . Remus - [Remo. 4. Numitor erat natu maior I 1 uam . Amulius - [ Amulio. Rule. The Comparative is followed by the Ablative when quam is not expressed. LESSON LXIX Comparison of Adjectives Continued 233. (a) Five adjectives in common use are compared irregularly. POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE bonus, -a, -urn, good. melior, -ius. optimus, -a, -um. malus, -a, -um, bad. peior, -ius. pessimus, -a, -um. magnus, -a, -um, great. maior, -ius. maximus, -a, -um. parvus, -a, -um, small. minor, minus. minimus, -a, -um. multus, -a, -um, much. plus (n.). plurimus, -a, -um. LAX. LES. 12 178 LATIN LESSONS (b) The Positive of the following are rarely used except as nouns. POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE [exterus] exterior, -ius, outer, extremus or extimus, outermost. [superus] superior, -ius, higher, supremus or summus, highest. [Inferus] inferior, -ius, lower. mfimus or Imus, lowest. [posterns] posterior, -ius, later, postremus or postumus, last. (c) The following want the positive : COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE citerior, -ius, hither. citimus, -a, -um, hithermost. ulterior, -ius, further. ultimus, -a, -um, furthest. interior, -ius, inner. intimus, -a, -um, inmost. prior, -ius, former. primus, -a, -um, first. propior, -ius, nearer. proximus, -a, -um, nearest. (d) Some adjectives have no terminational comparison. These must be learned by observation. Such adjectives may be compared by prefixing to the positive magis, more, to form the comparative, and maxime, most, to form the Su- perlative ; as, minis, wonderful, magis minis, more wonderful, maxime minis, most wonderful. EXEKCISE 234. 1. Aquila est maior quam vultur. 2. Caesar in Galliam ulteriorem properavit. 3. Kemus prior sex vultu- res vidit. 4. Impia proditio celerrima poena vindicata est. 5. Primo impetu vir inter Romanos mslgnis, nomine Hos- tilius, fortissime dimicans cecidit. 6. Numa sacra plurima Instituit. 7. Leges quoque utilissimas tulit Numa. 8. Ma- iorem Institutis suis auctoritatem conciliabat. 9. Komanl plure"s viros quam mulieres habuerunt. 10. Quis Romano- rum regum erat optimus ? THE STORY OF HORATITJS COCLES 179 REVIEW QUESTIONS Give three ways of expressing purpose in Latin. In the sen- tence she came to the city to seek water, express to seek water in three ways in Latin. How are the two Periphrastic Conjugations formed? Give illustrations with doceS and mitto. Inflect the Present and Perfect Subjunctive of sum, Instituo, eo, fero, contiiieo. Give the rule for Sequence of Tenses. Which tenses are called Principal Tenses and which Historical? What tenses are usually in the Sub- junctive after cum? What ones usually in the Indicative? When may any or all of these tenses be in the Indicative after cum? How is a negative purpose expressed ? Give an example. Give a synopsis of possum in the Indicative and Subjunctive. How is possession expressed in Latin? Write in Latin, in two ways, / have a shield. Write the four monosyllabic nouns of the Third Declension that are masculine by exception. Make a list of the words that have been used which never stand first in the sentence or clause. What case follows the compounds of sum? What com- pounds of sum are exceptions to this rule? Express the following numbers in Latin in two ways : 24, 35, 47. How is duration of time expressed in Latin? How is time at or within which expressed? Give an example of each. Name the six adjectives that have -limus in the Superlative. LESSON LXX Tlie Story of Horatius Codes 235. Porsena, rex Etruscorum, ad restituendos in regnum Tarquinios infesto exercitu Komam venit. Primo impetu laniculum cepit. Non umquam alias ante tantus terror Ko- manos invasit ; adeo valida res turn Clusma erat magnumque Porsenae nomen. Ex agris in urbem demigrant; urbem 180 LATIN LESSONS ipsam saepiunt praesidiis. Alia urbis pars murls, alia Tiber! obiecto tuta videbatur. NOTES l 236. After Tarquinius Superbus, the last king of Rome, with his family, had been expelled from the city, he made several attempts to regain his lost sovereignty. The one referred to in this story is the third of these attempts, in which he was aided by King Porsena. The story of Horatius Codes has always been a favorite one among the old Roman legends. It has been made familiar to English readers by the poetical version of it in Macaulay's " Lays of Ancient Rome." Codes means one-eyed. rex Etruscorum: the Etrus- cans were the inhabitants of Etruria, a country adjoining Rome on the north. ad restituendos Tarquinios: cf. 198 (a), n. on ad exercitum lustrandum. Romam : Rule XXVIII. Frimo im- petu : cf. the same (187). Compare primo. Non umquam alias ante, not ever at any other time before; an emphatic way of saying, never before. adeo modifies valida, and is also to be taken with magnum. res Clusina = the commonwealth of Clusium. The city of Clusium was north of Rome, in the central part of Etruria. To-day it is Chiusi. demigrant, the subject refers to the Romans. Alia pars . . . alia (pars), the one part . . . the other part. muris and Tiber! are Ablatives of means with tuta (esse). Tiber! obiecto, by the Tiber thrown before = by the intervention of the Tiber. videbatur is a passive form from video, used as a deponent, meaning to seem. Give all the participles of restituo. Synopsis of cepit in the Ind. and Subj., both voices. Decline Tiber! in the singular. 237. Translate at sight : 1. Porsena, rex Etruscorum, Tarquinios in regnum resti- tuere non potuit. 2. Porsenae exercitus maior erat quam 2 1 The vocabularies for the following lessons will be found on p. 280 foil. 2 Than that of the Romans. Exercitus is to be supplied from the first part of the sentence. THE STORY OF HORATIUS COCLES 181 Bomanormn. 3. Ut in regnum Tarquinios restitueret, Bo- iii a in venit. 4. Noil umquam alias ante laniculum erat cap- turn. 5. Cum laniculum captum esset, magnus terror Remands invasit. 6. Nomen Porsenae maiorem rel Clusmae auctoritatem conciliavit. 7. Plurim! 1 ex agris in urbem demigrabant. 8. Alia urbis pars praesidiis, alia muiis saepiebatur. 1. Porsena led the Etruscans to Borne. 2. He determined to restore the Tarquiiis to the throne (regnum). 3. Having taken the Janiculum, he hastened to Borne. 4. The Bo- mans, dismayed, began to protect the city itself with garri- sons. 5. So great terror fell upon the Bom arts that 2 they fled into the city. 6. Many also came from the fields into the city. LESSON LXXI 238. Pons sublicius iter paene hostibus dedit, nisi unus vir fuisset Horatius Codes, illo cognomine appellatus, quod in alio proelio oculum amlserat. Is extrema poiitis parte occupata aciem hostium solus sustinuit, donee pons a tergo interrumperetur. Ipsa audacia obstupefecit hostes; ponte rescisso armatus in Tiberim desiluit et multis superinci- dentibus tells incolumis ad suos tranavit. NOTES 239. Pons sublicius, a bridge resting on piles. This is the oldest bridge across the Tiber of which we have any account. It i Very many. 2 ut. 182 LATIN LESSONS crossed the river near the Palatine Hill. It is said to have been built by Ancus Marcius, the fourth king of Rome. iter is an irregular neuter noun of the 3d Declension, declined as follows : SINGULAR PLURAL () N.Acc.V. fter itinera Gen. itineris itmerum Dat. itmerl itineribus Abl. itinere itineribus dedit has the force of a Plupf. Subj. = would have given if there had not been, etc. The Indie, is used for greater vividness. Decline unus vir; alio proelio; solus. Compare extrema. Decline aciem. interrumperetur is in the Subj., after donee, because it implies purpose or design. ponte rescissS is an Abla- tive Absolute denoting time, but multls superincidentibus tells denotes concession ; although the weapons were falling thick around. Compare multls. (6) suds = his friends. The plural of suus is often used alone to mean his, her, or their friends, possessions, etc., always referring to the subject, or to some emphatic word that is the real subject of thought. 24O. Translate at sight : 1. Hostes a Porsena rege ducti ad pontem sublicium venerant. 2. Hie pons iter paene hostibus dedit; sed vir inter Komanos msignis, nomine Horatius, aciem hostium solus sustinuit. Is enim extremam pontis partem occupavit. 3. Cum pons a tergo interrumperetur, Horatius armatus in Tiberim desiluit et ad suos tranavit. 4. Cum pontem resci- dissent, Horatius, multls superincidentibus tells, incolumis ad suos properavit. 5. Etrusci Horatium capere non potue- runt. 6. Komam capere, ponte rescisso, facillimum vide- batur. THE STORY OF HORATIUS COCLES 183 1. There was a man, Horatius Codes, who had lost an eye in another battle. 2. He, taking possession of the furthest part of the pile-bridge, was able to hold in check the line of the enemy. 3. He alone could not conquer the enemy, but his friends broke down the bridge from behind. 4. Then he leaped into the river with his armor on and swam to his (friends). 5. The Eomans were wiser than King Porsena. exercitus, an army considered as a trained body of men. agmen, an army on the march. acies, an army in line of battle. LESSON LXXII 241. Grata erga tantam virtutem clvitas fuit ; el tantum agri publice datum est, quantum uno die circumaravit. Statua quoque el in comitio posita. NOTES 242. Grata is an adjective in the predicate after fuit. Com- pare it. tantum agri, so much of land = so much land. publice : in the name of the state. tantum . . . quantum are correlatives = so much as. die: Rule XXII. What does quoque render emphatic ? Cf . 169. ei, Dative after posita (est). Nearly equiva- lent to a Genitive (eius), limiting statua. The Comitium was an open space adjoining the Forum. 243. Translate at sight : ^ 1. Horatius agrum circumaravit quern Roman! ei dederajt. 2. Ager Horatio publice datus est. 3. Agrum quoque Ho- 184 LATIN LESSONS mam el dedtfe 4. Gratus populus statuam el posuit. 5, Uno die Porsena, rex Etruscorum, inf esto exercitu Roniam venit. 6. Horatius Codes, vir inclita audacia, aciem hostium solus sustinuit. 7. Porsenae nomen erat maximum. 8. Horatius est appellatus Codes, quod in alio proelio oculum amiserat. 9. Bex Etruscorum in regnum Tarquinios restituere de- crevit. 1. When the Tarquins had come to Rome with a hostile army, great fear fell upon the Romans. They would have taken l the city at the first attack if it had not been for one man, Horatius Codes. He was called by this name because he had lost an eye in another battle. He took possession of the furthest part of the bridge and fought with the enemy alone. Although the javelins fell thick about him, he swam across in safety to his friends. The name of Horatius was then greater at Rome than the name of king. (a) The following is a list of the Prepositions used in the preceding lessons, arranged according to the case or cases that are used with them : With the Ace. : ad, circa, erga, extra, inter, ob, per, propter. With the AM. : a or ab, cum, e or ex, pro, sine. With the Ace. or AbL: in, super. i Plupf. Subj. FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 185 LESSON LXXIII 244. Formation and Comparison of Adverbs () ADJECTIVE STEM ADVERB latus, -a, -um, wide. lato- late, widely. beuignus, -a, -um, kind. benigno- benigne, kindly. miser, -era, -erum, wretched, misero- misere, wretchedly. From adjectives of the first and second declensions with steins in -o, adverbs are regularly formed by changing the final o of the stem to e. Form adverbs from gratus, laetus, pulcher, longus, altus, iucundus. (6) ADJECTIVE STEM ADVERB similis, -e, like. simili- similiter, in like manner. fortis, -e, brave. forti- fortiter, bravely. sapiens, wise. sapienti- sapienter, wisely. From adjectives with stems in i adverbs are formed by adding ter to the stem. Stems in -nti, like sapienti-, drop the -ti before the adverbial ending -ter. Form adverbs from felix, fortunate; utilis, useful; brevis, short; prudens, prudent. (c) The Accusative singular neuter of many adjectives is used as an adverb : as, multum (multus) ; facile (facilis) ; primum (primus). The Ablative singular of some adjectives is used as an adverb : as, falso (falsus) ; perpetuo (perpetuus) ; primo (pri- mus) ; multo (multus). Adverbs are also formed in several other ways, which may best be learned by observation. 186 LATIN LESSONS (e?) POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE late latius latissime bemgne bemgnius benignissime misere naiserius miserrime similiter similius simillime fortiter fortius fortissimo sapienter sapientius sapientissime It will be observed that the Comparative of the adverb has the same form as the Accusative neuter singular of the Comparative of the adjective, and that the Superlative of the adverb is the same as the Accusative neuter plural of the Superlative of the adjective, except that it ends in e instead of a. (e) If the adjective is irregular in its Comparison, the adverb will in like manner be irregular. POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE bene melius optime male peius pessime parum minus minime multum or multo plus plurimum magis maxime (/) There are many adverbs not derived from adjectives, some of which do not admit of Comparison. Some of these, however, are compared ; as, for example, saepe, often, saepius, oftener, saepissime, oftenest; diu, long (of time), diutius, longer, diutissime r very long time. EXERCISE 245. 1. Ignem in ara perpetuo alendum virginibus dedit. 2. Fides ac iusiurandum non minus quam legum et poena- rum metus elves continebant. 3. Numa non minus clvitatl profuit quam Romulus. 4. Nusquam benigne audita legatio est. 5. Maxime Sabml cum llberis et coniugibus convenere. FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 187 6. Hostilius fortissime dimicans oeeidit. 7. Kuuc sciunt longe aliud esse virgines rapere, aliud pugnare cum virls. 8. Verum hand ita multo post occiso Tatio ad Romulum potentatus omnis reccidit. 9. Miniine servilis erat adule- scentis indoles. 1. The soldiers fell fighting bravely. 2. The road was most difficult. 3. The Romans carried on many wars most successfully (felldter). 4. Strife very often arose between them (as to) which of the two should give a name to the new city. 5. The eagle flies more swiftly than the vulture. 6. For a very long time Romulus defended himself by force. Give English words suggested by the following Latin words : restitueiidos, impetu, invasit, valida, obiecto, ex- trema, sustiiiuit, interrumperetur ; posita, quantum. Study the following allied words : capio, to take; capto (-are), to lay hold of; capesso (-ere), to seize eagerly; accipio (-ere), to receive; recipio (-ere), to take back; excipio (-ere), to take out; praecipio (-ere), to take beforehand; captus (-us), a taking; captio (-onis), a taking, deceiving; cap- tivus, captive ; capax, able to take or hold; capacitas, space for taking or holding; particeps, taking a share, partaking; prin- ceps (primus -f capio), taking the first, foremost. 188 LATIN LESSONS LESSON LXXIV The Story of Lcevinus and Pyrrhus, King of Epirus 246. Tarentmis, quod Eomanorum legatis iniuriam f ecis- sent, bellum indicium est. Hi Pyrrhum, Epirl regem, contra Romanes auxilium poposcerunt, qul ex genere Achillis origi- nem trahebat. Is paulo post in Italiam venit tumque primum Roman! cum transmarine hoste dimicaverunt. Missus est contra eum consul Publius Valerius Laevlnus, qui cum exploratores Pyrrhl cepisset, iussit eos per castra duel, ostendi omnem exercitum tumque dimitti, ut renuntiarent Pyrrho quaecumque a Komanls agerentur. NOTES 247. Tarentinis, Dat. after indictum est. RuleX. Tarentum \vas a Greek city of Southern Italy, now Taranto. Pyrrhum and auxilium, two Accusatives after poposcerunt; asked Pyrrhus for aid. Rule. Verbs of ASKING^ TEACHING, and CONCEALING take two Accusatives one of a person, the other of a thing. ex genere Achillis : there was a legend that Pyrrhus, son of Achilles, settled in Epirus, after the fall of Troy ; and from him Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, claimed descent. primum, for the frst time. Cf . prlmo, at first, Lesson XXVIII. qul cum, etc., and when he. Cf. qul cum (209). Note the change of subject with duel, ostendi, and dimittl. eos is the subject of duel ; exerci- tum, of ostendi ; and eos understood, of dimitti. quaecum- que : cf. 156, n. on quicumque ; everything which, etc. (a) INDIRECT DISCOURSE The expression of thoughts in the exact words of the writer or speaker is called Direct Discourse (Oratio Recta). THE STORY OF LvEVINUS AND PYRRHUS 189 The expression of thoughts not in the exact words of the writer or speaker, but depending upon some verb of saying, thinking, per- ceiving, etc., and containing the substance of what has been said, is called Indirect Discourse (Oratio Obliqua). Examples DIRECT DISCOURSE INDIRECT DISCOURSE II qul bonl sunt beat! sunt, Dlcit eos qui bom sint beatos those who are good are happy. esse, lie says that those who are good are happy. Caesar dlxit : " Publium Con- Caesar dlxit s Publium Con- sidium, qui rei militaris pe- sidium, qul rei militaris pe- ritissinuis habebatur, prae- rltissimus haberetur, prae- misi," Caesar said : " / sent misisse, Ccesar said that he forward PuUius Considius, sent forward Publius Consi- who was considered most dius, who was considered most skilled in military science." skilled in military science. It will be seen that, in changing the sentence from Direct to In- direct Discourse, the verb of the principal clause (sunt, prae- misi) is changed to the Infinitive, and the verb of the subordi- nate clause (sunt, habebatur) to the Subjunctive. Rule. In INDIRECT DISCOURSE the verb of the principal clause is in the INFINITIVE, and the verbs of the subordinate clauses are in the SUBJUNCTIVE. (&) Subordinate clauses, even though not introduced by any word of saying, thinking, perceiving, etc., have their verbs in the Subjunctive if these clauses express the thought of some other person than the writer or speaker. This is sometimes called Implied Indirect Discourse. fecissent, in the above lesson, is in the Subjunctive for this reason. The cause clause introduced by quod gives the reason, not of the w r riter, but of those who declared war, viz. the Romans. This may be expressed in translation thus : because (as was alleged, or as was claimed) they had done an injury to the envoys 190 LATIN LESSONS of the Romans. If the writer had wished to give this reason as his own, he would have used fecerant. 248. Translate at 1. Roman! Tarentlms, quod eorum legatis iniuriam fecis- sent, bellum indixerunk 2. Tarentmi ad Pyrrhum, Epm regem, legatos mls*ty qui contra Romanos auxilium peterent. 3. Pyrrhus dixit se ex genere Achillis originem trahere. 4. Hand ita multo post Pyrrhus in Italiam venit. 5. Dlci- tur Eomanos, qui non umquam ante transmarmum hostem vidissent, cum Epiri rege diniicare. 6. Populus Romanus Publium Valerium Laevmum, quod consul esset, mitti contra eum iussit. 7. Laevlnus iussit Pyrrhi exploratores, qui a Romanis essent capti, per castra duel. 8. Legati renuntia- verunt Pyrrho quaecumque a Romanis agebantur. 1. The inhabitants of Tarentum had insulted the envoys of the Romans. 2. When the Romans had declared war upon them, they asked aid of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. 3. Pyrrhus said that he would immediately come into Italy. 4. It is said that the Romans then for the first time fought with an enemy from across the sea. 5. He said that the scouts, who had been led through the camp, were dis- missed. 6. They announced that the consul, who had been sent against the Tarentines, had captured the scouts of Pyrrhus. THE STORY OF L^EVINUS AND PYRRHUS 191 ELEPHANT LESSON LXXV 249. Commissa mox pugna cum iam Pyrrhi exercitus pedem referret, rex elephantos in Romanorum aciem agi iussit ; tumque mutata est proeli fortuna, Romanos vastorum. corpo- rum moles terribilisque superastan- tium armatorum species turbavit. Equi etiam, conspectu et odore belu- arum exterriti sessores vel excutie- bant vel secum in f ugam abripiebant. Nox proelio flnem dedit. Pyrrhus captivos Romanos summo honore habuit; occlsos sepelivit. NOTES 250. The battle here described was fought near Heraclea, on the river Siris. Commissa pugna : cf. pugnam conseruit, Les- son LI. pedem referret, began to give way. vastorum corpo- rum moles, the bulk of their huge bodies the huge bulk of their bodies. turbavit has for subjects moles and species, but it agrees in number with the nearest subject, as is often the case in Latin. sessores, those seated (on the horses) = the riders. It is the object of excutiebant, of which equi is the subject. fmem dare, to give an end = to put an end to. summo : compare. occlsos, the slain. Observe the omission of the connective et. Compare vastus. Give the comparative of terribilis. 251. Translate at sight: 1. Pugna mox cum Pyrrhi exercitu commissa est. 2. Primo irnpetu Pyrrhi exercitus pedem referre coepit. 192 LATIN LESSONS 3. Dlcitur Romanes, qui non umquam ante elephantos vidis- sent, conspectu beluarum exterritos esse. 4. Elephantorum corpora sunt vastiora quam equorum. 5. Romams elephant! terribiliores videbantur quam Pyrrhl mllites. 6. Cum Pyrrhus elephantos in Romanorum aeiem ageret, proell fortuna mutata est. When presently battle was joined, the army of Pyrrhus began to retreat. Then in order to change the fortune of the battle, the king led the elephants against the line of the Romans. The Romans were thrown into confusion by the terrible appearance of their huge bodies. The horses, also, terrified at the sight of the elephants and of the armed men standing upon (them), hurried away in flight with their riders. They say that Pyrrhus came into Italy because the inhabitants of Tarentum asked him for aid against the Romans. (a) Observe the following words and expressions: pug- nam committere, pugnam conserere, dlmicare, pugnare, bellum gerere, bellum sumere. Also the following: iiiterimere, interficere, occidere, ex- stinguere. LESSON LXXVI 252. Quos cum ad verso vulnere et true! vultu etiam mortuos iacentes vidisset, tulisse ad caelum maims dicitur cum hac voce: s6 totms orbis dominum esse potuisse, si tales sibi mllites contigissent. Amlcls gratulantibus, " Quid mihi cum tali victoria," inquit, " ubi exercitus robur amit- THE STORY OF L^VINUS AND PYRRHUS 193 tarn? Si iterum eodem modo vicero, sine ullo mllite in Epirum revertar." Deinde ad urbem Komam magnis iti- neribus contendit ; omnia ferro ignlque vastavit ; ad vlcesi- mum ab urbe lapidem castra posuit. NOTES 253. Quos refers to those slain in the battle, who are men- tioned in the preceding sentence. Cf. qui cum, Lesson LXXIII. When he had seen them, etc. adverse vulnere, with wounds in front. truci is an adj. of the 3d Decl., of one ending (185 (a)). It is thus declined : (a) Trux (st. truci-), fierce. SINGULAR PLURAL Masc. and Fern. Neut. Jfaso. and fern. Neut. iST. V. trux truces triicia Gen. tnicis (triicium) Dat. truci trucibus Ace. tnicem trux truces triicia Abl. tnid (-e) trucibus The Gen. plu. of trux is not found. In like manner decline simplex, -icis, simple; felix, -icis, fortunate ; audax,-acis, bold. etiam mortuos, even in death. Decline vultus and manus. Notice the gender of manus. iacentes agrees with quos. hac voce, this exclamation, these words. To whom do se and sibi refer? What is the rule for the use of sui and suus (182)? What is the Dat. of totius? What other adjectives form the Gen. and Dat. sing, in the same way (156 (a))? The sentence, se . . . contigissent, in Direct Discourse, would be "Ego totius orbis dominus esse potui, si tales mihi milites contigissent." orbis is declined like hostis (161), but it has e or I in the Ablative. Notice the gender of orbis. tales : decline like 111- signis (188 (a)). Amicis, Dat. after inquit. mihi is the Dat. sing, of the personal pronoun of the 1st pers., ego. Learn inflection, Appendix, 13. LAT. LES. 13 194 LATIN LESSONS Quid mihi cum tall victoria, etc., what is there to me with such a victory (ubi, whereby) that by it I lose, etc. = what do I gain by a victory of such a nature that I lose by it the flower of my army? mihi maybe referred to the Dat. of Possessor, with est understood. Rule XL amittam is in the Subj., in a relative clause of result introduced by the relative adverb ubi. Rule XXXII. inquit is a defective verb, from inquam, inquis, inquit, etc. It has the same form, inquit, for the Pres. and the Perf. 3d sing. Si ... vicero . . . revertar, if I conquer, I shall return, vicero is a Fut. Perf., but in English we should say, if I conquer, rather than if I shall have conquered. magnis itineribus, by forced marches. Abl. of means. Notice the inversion of the usual English order in ferro ignique. vicesimum is the ordinal number correspond- ing to the cardinal viginti. Cf. the table of numerals, Appen- dix, 12. vicesimum ab urbe lapidem, the twentieth (stone) mile- stone from the city. Milestones were set up along the highways in all directions from the city. castra : difference in meaning of the sing, and the plu.V {A) CONDITIONAL SENTENCES A Conditional Sentence consists of two parts, a Condition and a Conclusion. The Condition is called the Protasis, and the Con- clusion is called the Apodosis. The conjunctions si, if, and nisi, unless, are the particles most frequently used in introducing conditions. Conditional Sentences may be divided into three general classes, 1. Conditions relating to the present or past, in which nothing is implied as to the truth or falsity of the supposition. These may be called Simple Conditions. 2. Conditions relating to the future, in which, because they relate to the future, it is implied that the truth or falsity of the supposition is uncertain. These may be called Future Conditions. 3. Conditions relating to the present or past, in which it is implied that the supposition is not true. These may be called Conditions Contrary to Fact. THE STOBY OF L^EVINUS AND PYBBHUS 195 I. In Simple Conditions a Present or Past Tense of the Indicative is used in both Condition and Conclusion. 1. Present: Si epistulam scribit, mittit, if he writes a letter, he sends it. 2. Past: Si epistulam scripsit, misit, if he has written a letter, he has sent it. II. Future Conditions are divided into two classes, (rt) Conditions in which the reference to the future is distinct and vivid. These take the Future Indicative in both Condition and Conclusion. (7>) Conditions in which the reference to the future is less distinct and vivid. These take the Present Subjunctive in both Condition and Conclusion for incomplete action, and the Perfect Subjunctive for completed action, (a) Distinct and Vivid: Si epistulam scribet, 1 mittet, if he writes (shall write) a letter, he will send it. (6) Less Distinct and Vivid: Si epistulam scribat, 2 mittat, if he should write a letter, he would send it. III. Conditions Contrary to Fact. These may be either Present or Past. Present Conditions Contrary to Fact take the Imperfect Subjunctive in both Condition and Conclusion. Past Conditions Contrary to Fact take the Pluperfect Subjunctive in both Condition and Conclusion. (a) Present: Si epistulam scriberet, mitteret, if he wrote a letter, he would send it (but he has not written a letter, and therefore he will not send it). (6) Past: Si epistulam scripsisset, misisset, if he had written a letter, he would have sent it. 1 If the action in the Condition is completed before the time of the action in the Conclusion, then the Future Perfect is used. 2 For completed action, the Perfect Subjunctive is used. 196 LATIN LESSONS Study with care the forms of the English sentences corresponding to the different forms of the conditional sentences in Latin. 254. Translate at sight: 1. Romanorum mortuorum iacentium vulnera erant ad- versa. 2. Tulit ad caelum maims et dixit "Cum talibus militibus totms orbis dominus esse potul." 3. Si tales mihi mllites contingant, t'otius orbis sirn dominus. 4. Si iterum mihi sit tails victoria, omnem exercitum amittam. 5. Si ite- rum eodem rnodo vicisset, sine ullo milite in Epirum rever- tisset. 6. " Exercitus robur amlsi," inquit Pyrrhus, " et omnia ferro Ignique vastabo." 7. Omnibus rebus ferro ignl- que vastatis, ad undecimum ab urbe lapidern castra posuit. 1. Pyrrhus saw the slain lying with a fierce countenance even in death. 2. He raised his hands to heaven and cried out, " If I had * such soldiers, I would immediately hasten by forced marches to Rome. 3. Now I know that it is one thing to lead my soldiers into battle, and a very different thing to conquer the Romans." 2 4. If Pyrrhus had asked aid of the gods, he would have conquered the Romans. 5. If he hastens to Rome by forced marches, he will lose the flower of his army. (a) omnis, all, the whole, considered as made up of parts. totus, the whole considered as a unit without regard to parts. vinco, to conquer ; victor, a conqueror; victrlx, she who con- quers; victoria, victory ; invictus, unconquerable. Vclsto, to lay ivaste ; vastus, tuaste, desert; vastitas, a waste, desert; vastatio, a laying waste; devasto, to devastate. vastator, one who lays waste. i Use the Imperfect in both clauses. 2 Consult Lesson LII. THE STORY OF L^EVINUS AND PYKRHUS 197 LESSON LXXVII 255. Pyrrho obviam venit Laevmus cum novo exercitu. Quo viso rex ait sibi eandem adversus Rom.an.6s esse for- tilnam quam Herculi adversus hydrain, cm tot capita rena- scebantur, quot praecisa erant; delude in Campaniam se recepit ; missos a senatu de redimendls captlvis legates lionorifice excepit ; captlvos sine pretio reddidit, ut Roman!, cognita iam virtute sua, cognoscerent etiam llberalitatem. NOTES 256. PyrrhS is the Dative after obviam venit. obviam with a verb takes the Dative. obviam venit, came to meet. Quo viso, when he saw this, or upon seeing this. ait is from the defective verb aio. It has the same form (ait) for the 3d sing. of the Pres. and the Perf. It is here in the Perfect. sibi: Rule XI. Herculi: in the same construction as sibi. Literally, that the same fortune was to him against the Romans as was to Hercules against the hydra, quam is the subject of esse under- stood. Hercules, son of Jupiter and Alcmene, was compelled, through the jealousy of Juno, to perform twelve great labors. For the second of these labors, he was required to slay a seven- headed serpent, the Hydra, that infested the marshes of Lerna, south of Argos. No sooner did he cut off one head of this monster than two new ones sprung out of the bleeding stump. Finally, by searing the necks with a naming brand as the heads were cut off, he prevented their growth, and so succeeded in destroying the Hydra. tot . . . quot, so many . . . as. Cf . 242, tantum . . . quantum. Campania is a rich country of Central Italy, south of Latium. de redimendls captlvis, about the ransoming of the captives. redimendis is a Gerundive, agreeing with captlvis (172, n. on videndae). What does the clause with ut denote and what does 198 LATIN LESSONS it modify ? cognita iam virtute sua, as they already knew, or who already knew, etc. 257. Translate at sight: 1. Cum Pyrrhus ad trlcesimum ab urbe lapidem castra posuisset, el obviam venit Laevmus cum novo exercitu. Quod cum rex videret, clamitabat: "Mini eadem adversus Romanes est fortuna quae Hercull adversus hydram." 2. Pyrrho obviam ivit Laevmus cum tot mllitibus quot in priore proelio habuerat. 3. Senatus ad regem in Campaniam de redimendls captivis legates mlsit. 4. His legatis honori- fice exceptis, dlxit se sine pretio captivos esse redditurum. 5. Liberalitas Pyrrh! non minor virtute erat. 6. Si captivos sine pretio reddat, Eomanl llberalitatem cognoscant. 1. Night having put an end to the battle, 1 the king has- tened by forced marches into Campania. 2. Then the con- sul, when he learned of this, 2 went to meet him with a fresh army. 3. When he saw the new army, 3 he said that his fortune against the Eomans was more wretched than (that) of Hercules against the hydra. 4. He said that he had returned the captives without price, in order that the Eomans might come to know his liberality. (a) Observe the following words and expressions used in the foregoing lessons : se recipere ; se inferre ; eo, ire ; procedo ; demigro ; contendo ; proper o ; appropinquo ; venio. Also the following : scio ; agnosco ; cognosce. 1 Literally, an end having been given to the battle by night. 2 Cf. 98. Ablative Absolute. THE STORY OF L7EVINUS AND PYKRHUS 199 LESSON LXXVIII 258. Erat Pyrrhus initi ac placabili animo; solet enim magni aniini comes esse dementia. Eius humanitatein expert! sunt Tarentlni. Qu! cum sero intellexissent se pro socio dominum accepisse, sortem suam miserabantur idque aliquanto liberius, ubi vino incaluerant. Neque deerant, qul ad Pyrrhuin deferrent; arcessitlque nonnulli, quod inter conviviuin parum honorifice de rege locuti esseiit ; sed perl- culum simplex confessio culpae discussit. Nam cum rex percontatus esset, num ea, quae pervenissent ad aures suas, dixissent ; " Et haec diximus/' inquiunt, " rex, et nisi vmum def ecisset, multo plura et graviora dicturi f uimus." Pyrrhus, qul malebat vlnl quam hominum earn culpam videri, sub- ridens eos dlmisit. NOTES 259. Decline miti and placabili (188 (a)). Compare mitis. animo: Rule XXIII. solet: principal parts. What kind of a verb (191, n. on ausae sunt)? Observe the inverted arrange- ment of words here. Qul cum sero intellexissent, and when too late they had found out, etc. Compare sero. Why are se and suam used here rather than e5s and eorum, and why eius, in the preceding sentence, rather than suam? miserabantur, were bewailing. Notice the force of the Imperfect Tense here. The Imperfect is used to denote continued, repeated, or customary action. idque, and that too. aliquanto liberius, somewhat too freely (231 (f/)) . incaluerant is from incalesco, an Inceptive verb. All Inceptives end in -sco, but the so is found only in the parts formed from the present stem. They are of the 3d Conjugation, and are called Inceptive because they denote the beginning of an action. For example, caleo means to be warm / calesco, to grow warm. vino incaluerant, had become heated with wine. 200 LATIN LESSONS ii understood, the antecedent of qui, is the subject of deerant. deferrent, Subjunctive in a relative result clause, there were not lacking persons to report. Principal parts, and synopsis of the mode. arcessiti : supply sunt. Notice that this verb forms the perfect and supine steins after the analogy of the 4th Conjugation. Cf. accltus est (208). parum honorifice, with too little respect. Compare parum (244 (e)). locuti essent, Subjunctive in im- plied indirect discourse ; they had spoken (as was alleged) (247 (6)). periculum: the danger they would be in from giving offense to the king. For declension of simplex, cf. 253 (a). ea, object of dixissent. How does ea differ from the Abl. sing. fern. ? pervenissent, Subjunctive, because it is a part of the inquiry of the king, and hence it is not the expression of the thought of the writer, but of the king (247 (6)). dixissent, indirect ques- tion introduced by num. Rule XXXIV. To whom does suas refer? Why is it feminine plural? et (haec) . . . et (nisi), loth . . . and. nisi vmum defecisset, if the wine had not given out (253. III). Compare multo, plura, and graviora. dicturi fuimtis, the Perf. Ind. of the Act. Periphrastic Conjugation (213 (a)) ; we should have said. Used instead of dixissemus. plura and graviora are adjectives used alone in the plural as nouns ; many more and severer things, plus is declined : SINGULAR PLURAL Masc. and Fern. Neut. Masc. and Fern. Neut. Nom. plus plures plura Gen. pluris plurium Dat. "pluribus Ace. plus plures (-is) plura Abl. pluribus malebat, from maid ; compounded of magis, rather, and volo, to wish. vmi and homiiium limit culpam. earn is the subject of vidgri, and culpam is the Predicate Accusative. Compare sero, liberius, parum, plura, multo, and graviora. Give the Com- parative of simplex and placabili. Form adverbs from simplex and graviora, and compare them. THE STORY OF L^EVINUS AND PYllllHUS 201 26O. Translate at sight: 1. Tarentml, cum sero vldissent Pyrrhum pro socio do- iniiiuin esse, lion aegritudinem anim! dissimulabant. 2. Pyr- rlius vir inclita dementia et humanitate erat. 3. NonnullI ad Pyrrhum detulerunt quae de eo Tarentml locuti essent. 4. Sortein suam miserabantur quod pro socio dominion acce- pissent. 5. Nonnulli aliquanto llberius inter convrvium de Pyrrho locuti erant. 6. "Num. ea, quae pervenerunt ad aures meas, dixisti ? " " Vino incaluimus," inquiunt, " ubi haec gravissima dlxinius." Cum vlni ea culpa videretur, subrldens eos dimisit. 1. Pyrrhus had 1 a more conciliatory spirit than the Romans, for he returned the captive Romans without a price. 2. They had spoken with too little respect of the king when they were heated with wine. 3. Therefore, he summoned them and inquired whether they had said these things. 4. He said that he preferred that it should seem (to be) the fault of the wine rather than of the men. 5. If the wine should give out, we should not say much more. LESSON LXXIX 261. Pyrrhus igitur cum putaret sibi gloriosum fore, pacem et foedus cum Romanis post victoriam facere, Ro- mam misit legatum Clneam, qui pacem aequis condicionibus proponeret. Erat is reg! familiaris multumque apud eum 1 Literally, was of a more conciliatory, etc. 202 LATIN LESSONS gratia valebat. Dicere solebat Pyrrhus se plures urbes Cmeae eloquentia quarn vl et armis expugnasse. Cmeas tainen regis cupiditateni non adulabatur ; nam cum in ser- mone Pyrrhus el consilia sua aperiret dixissetque se velle Italian! dicionl suae subicere, Cmeas " Superatls Romanls," inquit, " quid agere destinas, 6 rex ? ?? NOTES 262. The order is, igitur cum Pyrrhus putaret, etc. igitur usually stands second in its clause. cum is causal here ; since. Form an adverb from gloriosus, and compare both adjective and adverb. fore is an old form, equivalent to futurum esse. Cf. foret (169). The subject of fore is the clause pacem . . . facere, and gloriosum agrees with this subject. A clause used substantively always takes its adjective in the neuter. Romam : Rule XXX. qui . . . propoiieret a relative purpose clause, and hence its verb is in the Subjunctive ; sent Cineas to offer peace, etc. What is the rule for the tense of proponeret? condicionibus : Rule XIX. multumque . . . valebat, and had much influence with him on account of his esteem (for him), i.e. the esteem of Pyrrhus for Cineas. regi is in the Dative, limiting the adjective familiaris. Cf. matri simillimus (143). Rule. Adjectives of NEARNESS, FRIENDLINESS, FITNESS, LIKENESS, or their opposites, take the Dative of the object to which the quality is directed. vi et armis, by force of arms; literally, by force and arms. This illustrates the figure of speech called Hendiadys, in which two nouns connected by a copulative conjunction are used instead of one noun and an adjective or limiting Genitive. Decline vi (116 (//)). tamen: although Cirieas was an intimate friend of the king, nevertheless he did not natter him. Cineas (before superatls) is the subject of inquit. Learn the inflection of volo, THE STORY OF L^EVINUS AND PYRRHUS 203 / am willing; nolo (=non -f volo), / am unwilling; and maid (= magis + volo), / wish rather. Appendix, 9. (a) Besides interrogative pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs, there are three interrogative particles used in asking questions, ne, nonne, and num. -ne is an enclitic, usually affixed to the emphatic word of the sentence. -ne asks for information ; as, venitne ? is he coming f nonne expects the answer yes; as, nonne venit? is he not coming? num expects the answer no; as, num venit? is he coming? = he is not coming, is he? 263. Translate at sight: 1. Pyrrhusne Eomam legatum misit qul pacem et foedus cum Eonianis faceret ? 2. El gloriosum erit pacem aequis condicionibus facere. 3. Nonne Clneas regl familiaris fu.it ? 4. Num Pyrrhus se malle Clneae eloquentiam audlre dicebat quam Italiam dicioni suae subicere ? 5. Pyrrhus dixit se velle plurimas urbes vi et armis expugnare. 6. Nonne Pyr- rhus in serrnone Clneae consilia sua aperuit ? 1. Pyrrhus thought that it would be glorious for him to offer peace on equal terms. 2. Did the king send an envoy to Eome to offer peace and alliance with the Eomans ? 3. Did not Cineas inquire what the king intended to do when the Eomans were overcome? 4. "I wish," said he, "to subject all Italy to my sway." 5. Did Pyrrhus capture the cities by force of arms ? (a) Observe the following : gloria, glory ; glorior, -ari, to glory ; gloriatio, -onis, a glorying ; gloriosus, full of glory; gloriose, gloriously; gloriola, a little glory. 204 LATIN LESSONS gratus, pleasing ; gratia, favor; grate, with pleasure ; gratis, through favor; gratuito, without pay, as a favor ; gratiosus, full of favor; gratulor, -ari, to manifest joy ; gratulatio, a manifesta- tion of joy ; gratifi cor, -ari, to do a favor. Observe that nouns in -io are abstracts, and that adjectives in -osus denote fulness. LESSON LXXX 264. "Italiae vicma est Sicilia," inquit Pyrrhus, "nee difficile erit earn armis occupare." Tune Cmeas: "Occu- pata Sicilia, quid postea acturus es ? " Rex, qui nondum Cmeae mentem perspiciebat, " In Africam," inquit, " traicere mihi in animo est. 7 ' GUI ille : " Quid deinde ; 6 rex ? " " Turn denique, mi Cmeas/' inquit Pyrrhus, "nos quiet! dabimus dulcique otio fruemur." Turn Cmeas: "At quid impedit, quominus isto otio iam mine fruaris ? " Romam cum venisset Cmeas, domos prlncipum cum in- gentibus donls circumibat. Nusquam vero receptus est. Non a viris solum, sed etiam a mulieribus spreta eius munera. NOTES 265. Italiae, Dat. after viclna. Rule XIV. nee = et non. Cmeas, ille, and Cmeas following turn, are subjects of dixit understood. mentem, the purpose (of Cineas). mihi, Dat. of possessor ; it is to me in mind = I intend. In Africam traicere is the subject of est. Decline mihi. Quid deinde, what next? mi, Voc. sing. masc. of meus, -a, -um. It is declined like bonus, except that it has mi in the Voc. sing. masc. nos is the object of dabimus ; we will give ourselves, etc. dulci : de- cline and compare. otio : Rule XXVI. THE STORY OF L^EVINUS AND PYRRHUS 205 isto is a demonstrative pronoun, from iste, ista, istud. As hie has been called the demonstrative of the 1st person (116 (a)), and ille the demonstrative of the 3d person (182 (a)), so iste may be called the demonstrative of the 2d person, because it refers to that which is related to the person spoken to. It means that of yours, or that which you are speaking of or are interested in. isto' otio = that ease which you are speaking of. iste is declined like ille (182 (a)). fruaris : Rule XXXTI. iam nunc, just now, at once. domos is the direct object of circumlbat, and is thus declined : (a) SINGULAR PLURAL N. V. ddmus ddmus Gen. ddmus (Loc. ddmi or ddmui) domorum (ddmuum) Dat. ddmui (ddmo) ddmibus Ace. ddmum domos or ddmus Abl. ddmo (ddmu) domlbus A part of these forms, as will be seen, are from a stem in -u of the 4th Declension, and a part from a stem in -o of the 2d Declension. circumlbat, Impf . of circumeo = circum (around) + eo (to go) (176 (a)). Non solum . . . sed etiam, not only . . . but even. spreta, from sperno. sunt is to be supplied. 266. Translate at sight: 1. Pyrrhus dicere solebat non difficile futurum esse Sici- lian! armis occupare. 2. Multo difficilius erat RomancJs superare. 3. Occupata Sicilia, in Africam traicere Pyrrho in animo fuit. 4. Denique destinabat se quietl dare dulcique otio frui. 5. " Num in Africam," inquit Cmeas, " traicere tibi 1 in animo est?" 6. "At quid impedit, quominus in Africam iam nunc traicias ? " 7. Si Pyrrhus Eomanos su- peravisset, Siciliam occupavisset. 8. Si Siciliam occupet, 1 Dat. of tu, you. 206 LATIN LESSONS in Africam statim traiciat. 9. Dulcius est otio frui quam cum Roinanls dimicare. 1. Since Sicily is near Italy, it will not be difficult to take possession of it with arms. 2. If Sicily is taken 1 possession of, we will cross into Africa. 3. If (our) enemies should be overcome, we should enjoy the victory. 4. Did the king perceive the purpose of Cineas ? 5. Did Cineas come to Rome in order to visit the houses of the chief-men with great gifts ? 6. Cineas, however, was a man of great eloquence. Observe the following English derivatives : vicinity perspicuity impede occupation dulcet donor activity fruition remunerate Form English derivatives from the following Latin words : dementia, expert!, intellego, cpnvivium, defecisset, foedus, propono, cupiditas, subicere, quies. BEVIEW QUESTIONS How are adverbs formed from adjectives? How is the Com- parative of adverbs formed? the Superlative? Explain the use of suns. When is it used rather than eius or eorum? What three words are used to mean army ? Give the different meanings. What construction follows verbs of asking, teaching, etc.? Give an example. How is a relative pronoun to be translated when it stands first in a sentence? What is the general rule for modes in Indirect Discourse? Give different Latin expressions, meaning to fight, to kill. Give ordinal numerals for 2, 5, 10, 20, 30. Give i 253 (A) II. THE STORY OF L^EVINUS AND PYRRHUS 207 the three forms of conditional sentences, and tell how each is expressed in Latin. What is a semi-deponent verb? Give an example. What is an inceptive verb? How are inceptive verbs formed ? In what conjugation are they ? What parts of plus are wanting? What is hendiadys? Composition of iiolo and malo? Give the principal parts and the synopsis of the Indicative and Subjunctive. Give the three interrogative particles and the use of each. What difference in the meaning of hie, ille and iste ? LESSON LXXXI 267. Introductus deinde in curiam cum regis virtutem propensumque in Romanes animum verbis extolleret et de coiidicionum aequitate dissereret et sententia senatus ad paceni et foedus faciendum inclmare videretur, turn Appius Claudius, ob senectutem et caecitatem abstinere curia olim solitus, confestim in senatum lectica deferri se iussit ibique gravissima oratione pacem dissuasit, itaque responsum Pyr- rho a senatu est, eum, donee Italia excessisset, pacem cum Romanls habere non posse. NOTES 268. Let the student first read this long sentence through in the Latin, carrying the meaning along in his mind as he proceeds. It will thus present itself to him in about this form : " Conducted next into the senate-house, when the king's high character and kindly towards the Romans feeling with words he praised, and about the fairness of terms he discoursed, and the sentiment of the senate towards the making of peace and a treaty to incline seemed, then Appius Claudius on account of age and blindness to stay away from the senate-house for some time being 208 LATIN LESSONS accustomed, immediately into the senate on a litter to be carried himself he ordered, and there in a most earnest speech, peace he advised against, and so it was replied to Pyrrhus by the senate, him, until from Italy he had withdrawn, peace with the Romans to have not to be able." This does not give an idiomatic English sentence, it is true, but it does give an idea of the Latin mode of expression, and, if the sentence be read through in this way with proper emphasis, the meaning will be sufficiently clear. It may then undergo such modi- fications as may be necessary to convert it into the English idiom. faciendum, a Gerundive to be taken with pacem and foedus, but agreeing in gender with the nearest noun, foedus. curia : Rule XX. confestim, right away. Used properly of something to be done with rapidity. Cf. 200. The lectica was a kind of litter, used sometimes for carrying dead bodies to the grave, sometimes for conveying persons feeble from age or disease, or those disabled by wounds received in battle. In later times, the lectica was used by the wealthy for traveling, and was often fitted up in expensive style. responsum est, reply was made to Pyrrhus by the senate. Italia : Rule XX. excessisset, Plupf. Subj. (247 (a)). The principal verb in the indirect discourse here is posse, depending upon respon- sum est. 269. Translate at sight: 1. Cmeas deinde in curiam introductus est. 2. Cum Cmeas putaret sententiam senatus ad pacem et foedus faciendum inclmare videri, turn Appius Claudius pacem dissuasit. 3. Pyrrhus, vir miti et placabili animo, Romam misit Cmeam, qui pacem cum Romanis faceret. 4. Pyrrhus, donee Italia excesserit, pacem cum Romanis habere non potest. 5. Num. Pyrrhus Italia excessit ? 6. Responsum ei a Romanis est, se pacem non facturos esse. 7. Nonne Ro- man! pacem cum Eplrl rege f ecerunt ? THE STORY OF UEVINUS AND PYRRIIUS 209 Iii the senate Cineas was extolling with his words the high character of Pyrrhus. The sentiment of the senate inclined towards making peace and a treaty. The old age and blindness of Appius Claudius prevented him from going to the senate. And so he ordered himself to be carried to the senate at once on a litter. In a very earnest speech he said that the Romans would not make peace with Pyrrhus until he had withdrawn from Italy. LESSON LXXXII 270. Praeterea Roman! captlvos omnes, quos Pyrrhus reddiderat, infames haberl iusserunt, quod armati cap! po- tuissent, neque ante eos ad veterem statum revertl quam si bmum hostium occisorum spolia^rettulissent. Ita le~gatus ad regem revertit; a quo cum Pyrrhus quaereret, qualem Roinam comperisset, Cineas respondit urbem sibi templum, senatum vero consessum reguni esse visum. NOTES 271. captTvos, subject of haberl. infames, predicate adj., after haberl. Decline iiif amis. armati, an adj. agreeing with the subject of potuissent ; because they had allowed themselves to be captured with arms in their hands. potuissent is in the Subj. in implied Indirect Discourse. The reason given in quod . . . potuissent is not the reason of the writer, but of the Romans (247 (&)). neque = and not. Same as nee. revertl depends upon iusserunt, like haberl. And that they should not return to their former condition before they had brought back, etc. ante + quam = before that. si is redundant here, and may be omitted without LAX. LES. 14 IIVBESITT 210 LATIN LESSONS changing the sense. binum, contracted form for binorum. It is a Distributive Numeral, meaning two each, i.e. the spoils of two enemies slain by each. Synopsis of rettulissent in the Subj. Act. a quo cum: Cf. qui cum and quos cum in former passages. When Pyrrhus inquired of him, etc. qualem Romam comperis- set, what kind of a Rome he had found. The verb is in the Subj., by Rule XXXIV. sibi depends upon visum esse. urbem and seiiatum are the subjects of visum esse, and templum and con- sessum are predicate Accusatives. 272. Translate at sight: 1. Roman! dixerunt captivos omnes, quos Pyrrhus red- didisset, Infames haberi. 2. Roman! se defendere non po- terant. 3. Ita senatus eos ad regem revert! iussit. 4. Non ad veterem statum reverterunt quod armat! cap! potuerant. 5. Cum a legato rex quaereret quid Roman! fieri 1 iussissent, Cmeas respondit, senatum captivos bmum hostium occisorum spolia referre iussisse. 6. Urbs legato templum, senatus vero consessus regum videbatur. 1. They considered those whom Pyrrhus had taken with arms in their hands, as infamous. 2. And so the reply was made to the envoy by the senate, that the captives could not return to their former condition. 3. They said that they would bring back the spoils of the enemies (who had been) slain. 4. Pyrrhus asked his envoy what kind of a senate he had found at Rome. 2 Observe the following : OB, oris, the mouth; oro, -are, to speak; orator, one who speaks; oratio, a speech; osculum, a little mouth, a kiss; adoro, -are, to call upon, to reverence ; ostium, a door, an entrance. 1 To be done. 2 Romae. PAULUS ^EMILIUS AND TERENTIUS VARRO 211 LESSON LXXXIII Paulus ^Emilius and Terentius Varro 273. Hannibal in Apuliam. pervenerat. Adversus eum Koma profectl sunt duo consules, Paulus Aemilius et Ter- entius Varro. Paulo FabI cunctatio magis placebat ; Varro autem ferox et temerarius, acriora sequebatur consilia. 216 Ambo consules ad vlcum, qul Cannae appellabatur, B,C, castra comniunrverunt. Ibi deinde Varro invlto conlega aciem mstruxit et signum pugnae dedit, Hannibal autem ita constituerat aciem, ut Eomanis et solis radii et ventus ab oriente pulverem adflans adversi essent. Victus caesus- que est Komanus exercitus ; nusquain graviore vulnere adflicta est res publica. NOTES 274. Hannibal came into Italy from the north over the Alps. After defeating the Romans in several engagements, he led his army down into Apulia in southeastern Italy. Here, near the little hamlet of Cannae, on the banks of the Aufidus, he again met the Roman forces and inflicted upon them the most crushing defeat that Rome had ever experienced. Roma : Rule XXX. PaulS, Dat. after placebat. Rule. Many verbs signifying to FAVOR, PLEASE, TRUST, OBEY, and their contraries, to COMMAND, RESIST, PERSUADE, THREATEN, and BE ANGRY, and the like, are followed by the Dative. Fabi, Gen. of Fabius. Fabius Maximus was made commander of the Roman forces after the defeat at Trasumenus and before the battle of Cannae. His policy was to watch the movements of 212 LATIN LESSONS the enemy, hang upon his flanks and rear, cut off his supplies, and harass him in all possible ways without permitting himself to be drawn into any general action. Hence he was called cunctator, or the Lingerer. acriora consilia, more vigorous counsels. Ambo, decline like duo (198 ()). invlto conlega, his colleague being unwilling = against the wish of his colleague. Paulus favored the policy of Fabius and wished to avoid a battle with Hannibal until he could choose his time and place. Varro, on the contrary, was eager for a battle. ita . . . ut, so stationed his army that, etc. ut introduces a result clause. Romanis, Dat. after adversi : opposed to the Romans = in the face of the Romans. Rule XIV. et . . . et, both . . . and. res publica, sometimes written as one word, respublica, both parts being declined ; Gen. and Dat. reipublicae; Ace. rempublicam, etc. temerarius has no terminational comparison. How may it be compared? Decline ferox and acriora. Compare ferox, acriora, and graviore. Form adverbs from the positive of these adjectives and compare them. 244. What is the Superlative of magis ? 275. Translate at sight: 1. Cum Hannibal in Apuliam pervenisset, adversus eum Roman! duo consules mlserunt. 2. Dlcunt FabI cunctatio- nem Paulo placere. 3. liter acriora consilia sequebatur? Nonne erat Varro ferox et temerarius ? 4. Ab ambobus consulibus communita sunt castra. 5. Vlcus, ad quern castra posuerant, Cannae appellabatur. 6. Ibi deinde Varro, invlto Paulo, pugnam conseruit. 7. Turn slgno dato Hannibal ad certamen processit. 8. Cum Komams solis radii adversi essent, Hannibal consulum exercitum facile vicit. 9. Nus- quam res publica graviora vulnera accepit. Hannibal came into Italy and joined battle with the Komans at Cannae, a hamlet in Apulia. The Eomans were PAULUS ^EMILIUS AND TERENTIUS VARRO 213 led by the two consuls, Paulus and Varro. Paulus was very similar to Fabius, and delay was pleasing to him. But Varro was rash and wished to fight with the enemy im- mediately. Hannibal drew up his line in such-a-way 1 that the wind blowing the dust from the east was in the face of the Eomans. Varro was more imprudent than Paulus. LESSON LXXXIV 276. Paulus Aemilius tells obrutus cecidit; quern cum media in pugna sedentem in saxo oppletum cruore conspexis- set qnidam tribunus militum, " Cape," inquit, " hunc equum et fuge, Aemili. Etiam sine tua morte lacrimarum satis luctusque est." Ad ea consul ; " Tu quidem macte virtute esto ! Sed cave, exiguum tempus e nianibus hostium eva- deiidi perdas ! Abi, nuntia patribus, ut urbem muniant ac priusquam hostis victor adveiiiat, praesidiis flrment. Me in hac strage meorum militum patere exsplrare." Alter consul cum paucis equitibus Venusiam perfugit. Consulares aut praetorii occiderunt viginti, senatores capti aut occisi triginta, nobiles viri trecenti, militum quadraginta mllia, equituni tria niilia et qumgentl. NOTES 277. obrutus : cf. Tatius scutis earn obrui iussit, Lesson LI. Principal parts of cado and caedo. media in pugiia, in the midst of the battle. Monosyllabic prepositions are often placed between the noun and the adjective. sedentem and oppletum i Ita. 214 LATIN LESSONS agree with quern, which is the object of conspexisset. quidam is declined like qui, quae, quod, except that in is changed to n before d ; as, quendam for quemdam. The neuter sometimes has quiddam for quoddam. Write the declension. tribunus militum : the Roman legion had six of these tribunes of the soldiers, or military tribunes, each of whom commanded it for two months of the year. Cape and fjige are in the Pres. Imperative Act. 2d sing. This form of the verb is the same as the pres. stem. For example, ama, mone, rege, audi, are the Imperatives of amo, moiieo, rego, and audio. The Pres. Imperative Act. may be found by dropping -re of the Pres. Inf. Act. The Imperative has two tenses, the Pres. and Fut. Learn the inflection of the Im- perative Act. and Pass, as given in the Appendix, 1-4. Notice that the Pres. Imperative Pass, has the same form as the Pres. Inf. Act. (a) The Imperatives of dico, duco, facio, and fero drop the final e of the stem in the 2d sing. ; thus, die, due, f ac, and fer. tua : decline like bonus. lacrimarum and luctus are Genitives limiting satis ; there is enough of tears and grief. Supply dixit with consul. (6) tu is the personal pronoun of the 2d person. Learn its inflection ; Appendix, 13. macte virtute esto, is an idiomatic expression, equivalent to the English Heaven speed thee I Good luck attend thee ! or Well done ! esto is the Fut. Imperative of sum. (c) Learn the inflection of the Imperative of sum; Appendix, 6. cave, inflect the Imper. evadendi, the Gen. sing, of the Gerund limiting tempus ; time for escaping. In what cases is the Gerund used? Has it any plural? See 119 n. on venando. perdas, Pres. Subj. after ne, lest, omitted after cave. Ne is often omitted before an object clause after cave ; beware of los- ing, etc. Abl, Imper. of abeo = ab + eo ; depart. (d) Learn the inflection of the Imperative of eo ; Appendix, 11. nuntia, Imper. of nuntio. Inflect the Pres. and Fut. of the Imper., both voices. Notice the omission of the connective be- PAULUS JEMILIUS AND TERENTIUS VARRO 215 tween ab! and nuntia. ut muniant, literally, that they should fortify ; better rendered, to fortify. victor, a noun with the force of an adj. Cf. (153 (a)), n. on victor augurio. Translate, before the enemy shall arrive victorious. adveniat is in the Subj. in a subordinate clause in Indirect Discourse. Rule XXXV. nun- tia is the verb of saying that introduces the Indirect Discourse. firment, Pres. Subj., connected to muiiiant by et understood. Give the synopsis of muniant, adveiiiat, and flrmeiit, in the Subj. Me, subject of exspirare. Decline it (App. 13). patere, the Imper. of the deponent verb patior ; Passive in form, but Active in meaning; alloiv me, etc. Inflect it like the Passive of capio, Appendix, 5. Alter = the other, when two are spoken of ; alius, another, when more than two are spoken of. Venusiam : Rule, XXX. Ex-consuls or ex-praetors there perished twenty, senators captured or slain thirty, noblemen three hundred, of soldiers forty thousand, of knights three thousand and Jive hundred. The equites were those who served on horseback, the knights. mille, a thousand, is indeclinable in the sing. In the plu. it has milia, milium, milibus, etc. Prin. parts of occiderunt and occisi. (e) The first three cardinal numbers are declined, as we have seen (198 (a)). From four to one hundred inclusive, they are indeclinable. From two hundred to nine hundred inclusive, they are declined in the plu., like the plu. of bonus. mflitum and equitum are Partitive Genitives after milia ; the sing, mille does not usually take the Genitive. Alter is declined as follows : SINGULAR Maso. Fern. Neut. Norn, dlter altera alterum Gen. alterius alterius alterius Dat. alter! alter! alter! Ace. alterum alterum dlterum Abl. altero altera altero The plural is declined like the plural of bonus. 216 LATIN LESSONS 278. Translate at sight: 1. Hand grata Varron! erat Fab! cunctatio. 2. Mult! Ro- man! tel!s obrut! ceciderunt. 3. Quidam tribunus militum Paulum media in pugna sedentem in saxo conspexit. 4. Qui- dam Paulo d!xit, sine eius morte lacrimarum satis luctus- que esse. 5. Cavete, hostes e manibus consulum evadant. 6. Priusquam hostis advenerit, firmate urbem praesidiis. 7. Paulus fortissime dimicans cecidit, sed Varro Venusiam perfugit. 8. Abite, urbem munite, praesidiis firmate. 1. "Take this horse, Aemilius,"- said a certain tribune of the soldiers, " and escape from the hands of the enemy." 2. Beware of taking refuge in the city, with a few soldiers. 3. Announce to the ex-consuls that they should flee im- mediately from the city. 4. Allow me to depart and to return to Eome. 5. The soldiers of Hannibal were fiercer than (those) l of the Romans. 6. Behold the victorious enemy : flee-f or-ref uge to Rome ; draw up the line of battle. ANULTTS LESSON LXXXV 279. Hannibal in testimonium victoriae suae tres modios aureorum anulorum Cartha- ginem mlsit, quos de manibus equitum Ro- maiiorum et senatorum detraxerat. Hannibal! victor! cum ceter! gratularentur suaderentque ut quietem iam ipse sumeret et fess!s m!litibus daret, unus ex 6ius prae- Omit. UNIVERSITY PAULUS -ZEMILIUS AND fectis, Maharbal, minime cessandmn ratus, Hannibalem hor- tabatur, ut statini llomam pergeret, die quinto victor in Capi- tolio epulaturus. Cumque Hannibal illud non probasset, Maharbal "Non omnia nimirum," inquit, "eidem dil dedere. Vincere scis, Hannibal; victoria utl nescls." Mora hums die! satis creditor salutl fuisse urbl et iinperio. NOTES 28O. in testimoiiium victoriae suae,ybr a proof of his victory, i.e. to show how great the victory was. aureorum anulorum : cf. aureos anulos, Lesson L. Only Romans of high rank were allowed by law to wear gold rings. A modius was equal to nearly one peck. Carthagiiiem : Rule XXX. Carthage was a city in northern Africa, near modern Tunis. It was the bitter enemy of Rome. Hannibal! is the Dat. after gratularentur and suaderent, by Rule XII. victorl, victorious. ut . . . daret : read in the order of the Latin words and the meaning will be apparent. That rest now he himself should take and to the weary soldiers should give. ex eius praefect!s, equivalent to a Gen. limiting unus ; thus, unus eius praefectorum = one of his com- manders. The Ablative with e (ex) or de is often used instead of the Partitive Genitive, 1 especially after cardinal numbers. minime cessandum: Cf. minimeque serv!lem, 140. Supply esse with cessandum, making the Infinitive of the Pass. Peri- phrastic Conj. depending upon ratus ; thinking that it must by no means be delayed, = thinking that he must by no means delay. Cf. 214. Romam: Cf. Carthaginem, above. Supply et before die quinto. die: Rule XXII. victor agrees with a pronoun understood referring to Hannibal and the subject of epulaturus (esset) ; that he victorious, etc. epulaturus (esset) is in the same construction as pergeret ; the Impf . Subj. of the Act. Periphrastic 1 That is, the Gen. denoting the whole, limiting a word denoting a part, as in unus praefectorum, unus being a word denoting a part, aiid praefectorum a word denoting the whole of which a part is taken. 218 LATIN LESSONS Conj. Cf. 213. eidem, is the Dat. sing, after dedere ; truly the gods have not given to the same one, etc. dedere, the Perf. Ind. Act., 3d plu. of do ; dederunt or dedere. Decline dii (205 (6)). scis, you know how, etc. victoria: Rule XXVI. saluti is the Dat. of the end for which, and urbi and imperio are Datives of the object to which, after satis fuisse ; is believed to have been enough for safety to the city and empire; i.e. enough to make the city and empire safe. Rule. A few verbs admit two Datives, one denoting the OBJECT TO WHICH, the other the END FOR WHICH anything is, or is done. Give the synopsis of cessaiidum esse in the Ind. Mode, and of epulaturus esset in the Subj. 281. Translate at sight: 1. Aureos anulos de manibus equitum Eomanorum et sena- torum Hannibal detraxit et Carthaginem misit. 2. Unus ex ems militibus suasit ne quietem fessls hostibus daret. 3. Maharbal dixit Hannibalem statim Romam pergere posse. 4. Hannibal illud minime probavit, sed quietem iam ipse sumere voluit. 5. Quid die qumto victor in Capitolio non epulabatur ? 6. Cave, Hannibal, quietem sumas ne deinde te Roman! vincant. 7. Unus e tribunis mllitum dixit Hanni- balem vincere sclre, victoria uti nesclre. 1. The gold rings, which had been taken from the hands of the Roman knights, were sent to Carthage as a proof of the victory. 2. One of his commanders urged Hannibal not to delay at all, but to hasten to Rome at once. 3. Use your victory, Hannibal ; send your army to Rome. 4. Hasten to Rome. 5. He said that on the fifth day he would banquet at Rome. 6. His friends were congratulating him because PAULUS jEMILIUS AND TERENTIUS VARRO 219 he had conquered l the Roman army. 7. If you knew how to conquer, you would know how to use (your) victory. Observe the following : probo, to approve; probus, worthy of approval, honest; improbus, unworthy of approval, base; improbitas, dishonesty; comprobo, to approve ; comprobatio, approbation; probitas, that which is approved, honesty ; probatio, approval; improbo, to disapprove; approbo, to approve; approbatio, approbation. LESSON LXXXVI 282. Hannibal cum victoria posset uti, frui maluit, relic- taque Roma in Campaniam devertit, cuius deliciis mox exercitus ardor elanguit; adeo ut vere dictum sit Capuam Hannibal! Cannas fuisse. Numquam tantum pavoris Romae fuit, quantum ubi acceptae cladis nuntius advenit. Neque tamen ulla pacis mentio facta est ; qum etiam animo cl vitas adeo magno fuit, ut Varroni ex tanta clade redeuntl obviam Trent et gratias agerent, quod de re publica non desperasset ; qui, si Poenorum dux fuisset, temeritatis poenas omni sup- plicio dedisset. Dum igitur Hannibal segniter et otiose agebat, Romanl interim resplrare coeperunt. NOTES 283. victoria : Rule XXVI. posset : give the synopsis of the Subj. and inflect this tense. To what class of verbs do uti and frui belong? maluit, prin. parts. Inflect the Pres. Ind., and give the synopsis of the Ind. See Appendix, 9. What is its com- i Subjunctive (247 (6)). 220 LATIN LESSONS position? What is the antecedent of cuius? What is the gender of cuius, and why ? deliciis : Rule XIX. adeo ut, to such a degree that, etc. Capuam the subject, and Cannas the predicate of fuisse. Romae, at Rome. Rule. PLACE WHERE is expressed by the ABLATIVE WITH in ; but names of TOWNS and SMALL ISLANDS are put in the LOCATIVE CASE, without a preposition. (a) The Locative in the First and Second Declensions singular, has the same form as the Genitive ; as, Romae, at Rome ; Corinthi, at Corinth. In the Third Declension and in the plural number, the Locative has the form of the Dative or Ablative; as, Athems, at Athens (from Atheiiae) ; Curibus, at Cures (from Cures, -ium). tantum . . . quantum, so much . . . as. ubi acceptae cladis nuiitius, when the messenger of the disaster received, = when the tidings of the disaster that had befallen them, etc. Give the Gen. and Dat. sing, of ullus. What other words form the Gen. and Dat. in the same way? animo : Rule XXIII. Translate: the state possessed such greatness of soul, etc. obviam Trent : Cf. obviam venit, 256; also 176 (a). Observe the construction of Fyrrho in 256, and apply the same rule to Varroni. Why is Trent Subjunctive? redeuiiti, Pres. Part., from redeo, agreeing with Varroni. It is inflected : .Nom. re'diens Gen. redeiintis Dat. redeiinti, etc. (6) gratias agere = to express gratitude, return thanks; gratiam habere = to feel gratitude; gratiam referre = to show gratitude. desperasset, Subj., because it is the reason, not of the writer, but of the citizens. Shortened form for despei avisset. Observe the number of Trent and agerent. They are plural, because of the plural idea of croitas ; the citizens of the state. Give the synopsis of the two verbs in the Ind. and Subj. active. Poem, the Carthaginians, so called frojn their supposed Phoenician origin. PAULUS ^EMILIUS AND TERENTIUS VARRO 221 omni supplicio, with every kind of punishment. fuisset and dedisset are in the Plupf. Subj. in a conditional sentence, in which the condition is contrary to fact in past time (253 (A) III). Dum . . . agebat, while therefore Hannibal ivas moving slug- gishly and leisurely. 284. Translate at sight: 1. Hannibal cum victoria posset frui, in Campaniam de- vertere maluit. 2. Campaniae deliciis exercitus ardor elan- guescebat. 3. Capua Hannibal! Cannae fuit. 4. Vere dlxit Capuam Hannibal! Cannas f uisse. 5. D!xit numquam tantum pavoris Romae fuisse. 6. Roman! nullam pacis mentionem f ecerunt ; qu!n etiam Varron! ex tanta clade redeunt! obviam ierunt. 7. Si Hannibal in Campaniam devertisset, mox exercitus ardor elanguisset. 8. Ei gratias egerunt quod fortissime d!micavisset. 9. Si Hannibal segniter et otiose egisset, Roman! interim respirare coepissent. 1. If lie had preferred to leave Rome, there would not have been so much terror in the city. 2. Although l great disaster had befallen them, nevertheless they made no mention of peace. 3. They went to meet Varro (as he was) returning from the battle, and thanked him. 4. They said that they thanked him because he had made no mention of peace. 5. If Hannibal had been the leader of the Romans, they would have thanked him because he had conquered. 1 Cum. 222 LATIN LESSONS LESSON LXXXVII 285. Arma non erant ; detracta sunt templis vetera hos- tium spolia. Deerat iuventus ; servl manfonissl et armati sunt. Egebat aerarium ; opes suas libens senatus in medium protulit, nee praeter quod in bullls singulisque anulis erat, quicquam sibi aurl reliqueruiit. Patrum exemplum secuti sunt equites imitataeque equites omnes tribus. Denique vix suffecere tabulae, vix scribarum nianus, cum omnes prlvatae opes in publicum deferrentur. Cum Hannibal redimendl sui copiam captivis Eomanis f ecisset, decem ex ipsis E,6manl ea de re missi sunt ; nee pignus aliud fidei ab iis postulatum est, quam ut iurarent se, si non impetrassent, in castra esse redituros. NOTES 286. templis : Rule XX. vetera ; the Comparative of vetus is wanted, and is supplied by the Comparative of vetustus, old; vetustior. The Superlative is veterrimus. manumissi: observe the composition and literal meaning ; maims, the hand, and mitto, to let go, send; hence, to let go from the hand. libens is an adjective used with the force of an adverb ; the senate willingly. opes has no Nom. nor Dat. sing. Why not eorum instead of suas? protulit: give synopsis of the Ind. praeter quod = praeter id (i.e. aurum) quod, etc., except the gold that was in the amulets and rings of each. quicquam is the neut. sing, of quisquam, which has no fern, and no plu. The first part only is declined, and it has the same forms as simple quis, except in the neut. where quic is usually found instead of quid. Decline it. quicquam aurl, anything of gold, = any gold. Patrum = seiia- torum. For senatores and equites, cf. Lessons LV and LVI. imitatse, sc. sunt. The subject is tribus, the object equites. tribus was a division of the Roman people for political pur- PAULUS 7EMILIUS AND TERENTIUS VARRO 223 poses. Decline it. suffecere, Perf. Ind. Act., 3d plu., suffece- runt or -ere. The records hardly gave room for entering an account of the contributions to the public treasury, and the force of clerks was hardly sufficient to do the work of recording. maims, bands, or force of clerks. in publicam deferreiitur, were turned over to public use. Cf . in medium, above. sui is the Genitive plural of se, but the Genitives sui, vestri, and nostri take the Genitive singular form of the Gerundive in -i without regard to the gender or number of the pronoun. redimendi sui copiam, = a chance to ransom themselves. decem ex ipsis, = decem ipsorum, ten of their number. Cf. n. on unus ex eius praefectis, 280. ea de re, i.e. about ransoming themselves. Decline pignus ; aliud in the sing.; fidei. fidei, of good faith. ut iurarent, a purpose clause in apposition with the subject of postulatum est. Why is se used rather than eos? impetrassent, syncopated form for impetravissent. se . . . redituros, is Indirect Dis- course depending on iurarent. In the direct form it would read : SI noil impetraverimus in castra redibimus. 287. Translate at sight: 1. Cum Romanis arma non essent, deorum templls veter- riina hostium spolia detraxerunt. 2. Si Romams arma fuissent, non detraxissent templls hostium spolia. 3. Cum deesset iuventus, servos manumiserunt et armaverunt. 4. Dicunt opes suas libentem senatum in medium pro- ferre, nee quicquam sibi aurl relinquere. 5. Dlxerunt se equitum exemplum sequi. 6. Dlxerunt eos equitum exem- plum sequi. 7 . Quid omnes privatae opes in publicum deferebantur ? 8. Nonne Hannibal redimendi sui copiam captivis Romanls fecit ? 9. luraverunt autem se in castra esse redituros. Why were the slaves freed and armed by the Romans ? Because their youth had been slain in battle and soldiers 224 LATIN LESSONS were wanting. They had no treasury, and 1 so the senators willingly brought forth their wealth for the public use. But the Eomans said that they would not ransom those who had been captured with-arms-in-their-hands. 2 If Hannibal had not exacted any other pledge of good faith from them, they would have returned to the camp. LESSON LXXXVIII 288. Eos senatus non ^redimendos censuit responditque eos elves non esse necessaries, qui, cum armati essent, cap! potuissent. Unus ex els legatis e castris Poenorum egres- sus, velutl aliquid oblitus, paulo post in castra erat regressus, deinde comites ante noctem adsecutus erat. Is ergo, re non impetrata, domum abiit. Eeditu enim in castra se liberatum esse iureiurando interpretabatur. Quod ubi innotuit, iussit senatus ilium comprehend! et vinctum duel ad Hannibalem. Ea res Hannibalis audaciam maxime fregit, quod senatus populusque Komanus rebus adfllctls tarn excelso esset animo. NOTES 289. redimendos, sc. esse; the Inf. of the 2d Periphrastic Conj. with eos for the subject depending upon censuit (214). esse and potuissent : Rule XXXV. cap! potuissent, could be captured. Cf. quod armati cap! potuissent (270). Unus ex els legatis : Cf. decem ex ipsis (286), and unus ex eius prae- fectis (280). velutl, as if, i.e. pretending that he had forgotten something. aliquid is an indef. pron. and is thus declined: i Itaque. 2 Armati. PAULUS ^EMILIUS AND TERENTIUS VARRO 225 SINGULAR Masc. /'y Passive Voice PRESENT icarn thou warn ye be thou warned be ye warned mdne monete monere monemini FUTURE thou shall warn you shall warn thou shalt be warned they shall be warned moneto moneto monetote monento monetor monetor mon^ntor INFINITIVE PRES. monere, to warn moneri, to be warned PERF. monuisse, to have warned mdnitus ^sse, to have been warned FUT. moniturus esse, to be about mdnitura m, to be about to be to warn warned PARTICIPLES PRES. mdnens, -entis, warning PERF. mdnitus, -a, -um, warned or having been warned FUT. moniturus, -a, -um, being GERUNDIVE, monendus,-a,-um, about to warn to be warned GERUND GEN. monendi, of warning DAT. monendo, to or for learn- ing Ace. monendum, warning ABL. monendo, by warning SUPINE mdnitum, to warn mdnitu, to warn or to be warned 260 LATIN LESSONS Third Conjugation 3. Re*go (verb stem reg- ; pres. stem rege-), to rule Principal Parts : Active Voice, rego, regere, rexl, rectum Passive Voice, regor, regi, rectus sum INDICATIVE Active Voice Passive Voice PRESENT / rule, am ruling, do rule I am ruled, etc. rego regimus regor regimur regis regitis regeris regimini regit rdgunt regitur regiintur IMPERFECT / ruled, was ruling, did rule I was ruled, etc. regebam regebamus regebar regebamur regebas regebatis regebaris (-re) regebamini regebat regebant regebatur regebdntur I shall rule or be ruling regam regemus reges regetis reget regent FUTURE 1 shall be ruled, etc. regar regemur regeris (-re) regemini regetur regentur / ruled or have ruled rexl reximus rexisti rexistis rexerunt (-re) PERFECT / was ruled or have been ruled rectus -a, -um sum est ,. ,_ fsumus recti \ estis -ae, -a sunt APPENDIX 261 Active Voice PLUPERFECT 1 had ruled or had been ruling Passive Voice / had been ruled rexeram rexeramus rexeras rexeratis rexerat rexerant rectus -a, -urn f eram j eras erat ^ feramus reCtl erStis - ae '" a Uaut FUTURE PERFECT I shall have ruled or been ruling I shall have been ruled rexero rexeris rexerit rexerimus rexeritis rexerint recti -ae, -a . ferimus j eritis erunt SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT regam regamus regar regas regatis regaris (-re) regat regant regatur IMPERFECT regamur regaminl regantur regerem regeres regeret regeremus regeretis regerent regerer regereris (-re) regeretur regeremur regeremini regerentur PERFECT rexerim rexeris rexerit rexerimus rexeritis rexerint f. . \ sim rectus \ SIS -a.-um ., [sit .. . f simus recti e .. \ SltlS -ae. -a . , [smt rexissem rexissemus rexisses rexissetis rexisset rexissent PLUPERFECT rectus dssem recti f \ essetis -ae, -a . [ essent 262 LATIN LESSONS IMPERATIVE Active Voice Passive Voice rule ihou rege rule ye regite PRESENT be tlwu ruled regere FUTURE be ye ruled regimini ihou shall rule you shall rule ihou shall be ruled they shall be ruled regito regito regitote regunto regitor regitor regiintor INFINITIVE PRES. regere, to rule PERF. rexisse, to have ruled FUT. recturus esse, to be about to rule regi, to be ruled rectus esse, to have been ruled rectum m, to be about to be ruled PARTICIPLES PRES. regens, -entis, ruling FUT. recturus, -a, -urn, being about to rule PERF. rectus, -a, -um, ruled or having been ruled GERUNDIVE, regendus, -a, -um, to be ruled GERUND GEN. rege'ndi, of ruling DAT. regendo, to or for ruling Ace. regdndum, ruling ABL. regendo, by ruling SUPINE rectum, to rule rectu, to rule or to be ruled APPENDIX 263 Fourth Conjugation 4. Addio (st. audi-), to hear Principal Parts : Active Voice, audio, audire, audivi, auditum Passive Voice, aiidior, audm, auditus sum INDICATIVE Active Voice Passive Voice PRESENT / hear, am hearing, do hear I am heard, etc. audio audimus audior audimur audis auditis audiris (-re) audiminl audit aiidiunt auditur audiiintur IMPERFECT / heard, was hearing, did hear I was heard, etc. audiebam audiebamus audiebar audiebamur audiebas audiebatis audiebaris (-re) audiebaminl audiebat audiebant audiebatur audiebdntur FUTURE / shall hear I shall be heard audiam audiemus aiidiar audi^mur aiidies audietis audieris (-re) audieminl audiet audient audietur audientur PERFECT / heard or have heard I was heard or have been heard audivi audivimus ,, fsum , f fsiimus ,_ , , . auditus audit! audivisti audivistis j es 4 estis audivit audlverunt (-re) [est ' [sunt 264 LATIN LESSONS Active Voice PLUPERFECT / had heard or had been hearing audfveram audlveramus audiveras audiveratis audiverat audfverant Passive Voice I had been heard auditus -a, -um f eram 4 eras erat auditi -ae, -a eramus eratis erant FUTURE PERFECT 1 shall have heard or been hearing I shall have been heard audrvero audiverimus ,, fero , fl ferimus auditus , . auditl audiveris audiveritis 4 ens 4 eritis audfverit audfverint " a '" Um erit " ae ' " a erunt SUBJUNCTIVE . PRESENT aiidiam audiamus aiidiar audiamur aiidias audiat audiatis aiidiant audiaris (-re) audiatur audiamim audidntur IMPERFECT audirem audireinus audirer audlremur audires audlretis audireris (-re) audireminl audiret audirent audiretur audirentur PERFECT audiverim audiveris audivdrimus audiveritis , e . fsim auditus 4 sis .,.,_ fsfmus auditi f .. 4 sitis audiverit audiverint -a,-um [sit -ae, -a . . [smt PLUPERFECT audivi'ssem audivisses audivissemus audivissetis , e ^ f dssem auditus 4. esses , e ._ fessemus auditi ... 4 essetis audlvfsset audivfssent -a,-um . [ dsset ' [Assent APPENDIX 265 IMPERATIVE Active Voice hear thou aiidi hear ye audite Passive Voice PRESENT be thou heard be ye heard audire audiminl FUTURE thou shalt hear ye shall hear thou shalt be heard they shall be heard audito audltote auditor audito audiunto auditor audiuntor INFINITIVE PRES. audire, to hear PERF. audivisse, to have heard FUT. audlturus esse, to be about to hear audm, to be heard auditus esse, to have been heard auditum iri, to be about to be heard PARTICIPLES PRES. aiidiens, -entis, hearing FUT. audlturus, -a, -urn, being about to hear PERF. auditus, -a, -um, heard or having been heard GERUNDIVE, audiendus, -a, -um, to be heard GERUND GEN. audiendi, of hearing DAT. audiendo, to or for hearing Ace. audiendum, hearing ABL. audiendo, by hearing SUPINE auditum, to hear auditu, to hear or to be heard 266 LATIN LESSONS Third Conjugation Verbs in -id 5. Capio (verb stem cap-; pres. stems cape- and capi-), to take Principal Parts : A ctive Voice, capio, capere, cepi, captum Passive Voice, capior, capi, captus sum INDICATIVE Active Voice Passive Voice PRESENT / take, am taking, do take I am taken, etc. capio capimus c&pior capimur capis capitis caperis (-re) capimini capit capiunt capitur capiuntur . IMPERFECT / took, was taking, did take I was taken, etc. capiebam, capiebas, etc. capiebar, capiebaris (-re), etc. FUTURE / shall take or be taking I shall be taken, etc. capiam, capies, etc. capiar, capieris (-re), etc. PERFECT 7 took or have taken I was taken or have been taken cepi, cepisti, etc. captus, -a, -urn, sum, es, etc. PLUPERFECT / had taken or had been taking I had been taken ceperam, ceperas, etc. cdptus, -a, -um, eram, eras, etc. FUTURE PERFECT / shall have taken or been taking I shall have been taken cepero, ceperis, etc. captus, -a, -um, dro, dris, etc. APPENDIX 267 SUBJUNCTIVE Active Voice Passive Voice PRESENT capiam, capias, etc. capiar, capiaris (-re), etc. IMPERFECT caperem, cdperes, etc. caterer, capereris (-re), etc. PERFECT ceperim, ceperis, etc. captus, -a, -um, sim, sis, etc. PLUPERFECT cepfssem, cepisses, etc. cdptus, -a, -um, e^sem, dsses, etc. take ihou take ye cape capite ihou shalt you shall take take cdpito cdpito capitote capiiinto IMPEEATIVE PRESENT be ihou taken be ye taken capere capiininl FUTURE ihou shalt be they shall be taken taken cdpitor cpitor capiuntor INFINITIVE PRES. cdpere, to take c&pi, to be taken PERF. cepisse, to have taken cdptus esse, to have been taken FUT. capturus esse, to be about captum iri, to be about to be to take taken ' OT TBM *> UHI7BRSIT: 268 LATIN LESSONS PAKTICIPLES Active Voice Passive Voice PRES. capiens, -entis, talcing PERF. captus, -a, -um, taken or having been taken FUT. capturus, -a, -um, being GERUNDIVE, capiendus, -a, -um, about to take to be taken GEEUND SUPINE GEN. capiendl, of taking, etc. Ace. cdptum, to take ABL . captu, to take or to be taken IEEEGULAR VEEBS 6. Sum (pres. stem es- ; perf . stem fu-) Principal Parts : sum, esse, fui, f uturus INDICATIVE PRESENT IMPERFECT / am I was sum siimus eram eramus es estis eras erati's est sunt ^rat erant FUTURE PERFECT / shall be I have been e*ro erimus fui fiiimus ^ris iritis fufsti fuistis ^rit ^runt fiiit fuerunt (-ere) APPENDIX 269 PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT I had been I shall have been fiieram fueramus fiiero fudrimus fiieras fueratis fiieris fue"ritis fuerat fiierant fiierit fiierint SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT IMPERFECT sim simus e'ssem essemus sis sitis e'sses ess^tis sit sint esset essent PERFECT PLUPERFECT fiierim fudrimus fuissem fuissemus fueris fueritis fuisses fuissetis fuerit fiierint fuisset fuissent IMPEKATIVE PRESENT FUTURE bethou be ye thou shall be ye shall be es este esto estote he shall be they shall be esto siinto INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE PRES. esse, to be PERF. fui'sse, to have been futurus, -a, -um, about to be FUT. futurus esse, to be about to be 270 LATIN LESSONS 7. Pdssum (potis, able 4- sum), to be able, can Principal Parts : possum, pdsse, po'tui, INDICATIVE PRESENT / can, am able possum pdssumus pdtes potestis pdtest pdssunt IMPERFECT / could, was able pdteram, -as, etc. FUTURE / can, shall be able pdtero, -is, etc. PERFECT / could, have been able pdtui, -istl, etc. PLUPERFECT / could have, had been able potueram, -as, etc. FUTURE PERFECT / could have, shall have been able potuero, -is, etc. SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT pdssim possimus pdssis possitis pdssit pdssint IMPERFECT pdssem, -es, etc. PERFECT potiierim, -is, etc. PLUPERFECT potuissem, -fsses, etc. INFINITIVE PRESENT to be able PERFECT to have been able potuisse APPENDIX 271 8. Prfisum (pro + sum), to profit Principal Parts : prosum, prode'sse, profuturus INDICATIVE PRESENT prosum prosumus prodes prodestis prodest prosunt IMPF proderam FUT. prodero PERF. profui PLUPF. profiieram FUT. PERF. profuero PRES. FUT. prodes prodesto PRESENT prodesse IMPEEATIVE INFINITIVE PERFECT profuisse SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT prdsim prosiinus prdsis prositis prosit prdsint prodessem profuerim profuissem prodestote FUTURE profuturus esse PARTICIPLE FUTURE profuturus, -a, -um 9. V616, to be willing, to wish N615 (non + volo), to be unwilling Malo (magis + volo), to be more willing, to prefer Principal Parts : volo, velle, vdlul, nolo, nolle, nolui, maid, malle, malm, 272 LATIN LESSONS INDICATIVE PRESENT vdlo nolo malo vis non vis mavis vult non vult mavult vdlumus nolumus malumus vultis non vultis mavultis vdlunt nolunt malunt IMPF. volebam nolebam malebam FUT. vdlam, -es nolam, -es malam, -es PERF. vdlui nolul malm PLUPF. volueram noliieram maliieram FUT. PERF. voluero noliiero maluero SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT velim nolim malim veils noils malls velit nolit malit velimus nolimus malimus velitis nolitis malitis velint nolint malint IMPF. vellem, -es nollem, -es mallem, -es PERF. voliierim noliierim maluerim PLUPF. voluissem noluissem maluissem IMPERATIVE PRES. _____ noli ^____ nolite FUT. nolito nolitote, nolunto APPENDIX 273 PRES. PERF. velle voluisse INFINITIVE nSlle noluisse ma 1 lie maluisse PRES. vdlens PARTICIPLES nolens 1C. F^ro, to bear, carry Principal Parts : f dro, ferre, tiill, latum INDICATIVE Active Voice Passive Voice PRESENT / bear, do bear, am bearing I am borne, etc. fero ferimus fe'ror ferimur fers fertis fdrrisor-re fenmini fert ferunt fertur feriintur IMPF. FUT. PERF. PLUPF. ferebam feram, -es, etc. tiill tiileram FUT. PERF. tiilero fer^bar ferar, -eris, etc. iStus sum iStus dram latus ^ro SUBJUNCTIVE PRES. IMPF. PERF. PLUPF. feram, -as, etc. f^rrem tiilerim tiileram LAT. LES. 18 f e'rar, -aris, etc. fe>rer latus sim l^tus e'ssem 274 LATIN LESSONS IMPERATIVE Active Voice Passive Voice PRES. fer ferte ferre ferimini FUT. ferto fertote fertor ferto feninto fertor feruntor INFINITIVE PRES. ferre ferrl PERF. tulisse latus esse FUT. laturus esse latum irl PARTICIPLES PRES. fe'rens PERF. latus FUT. laturus GERUNDIVE, ferendus GERUND SUPINE GEN. ferendl, etc. Ace. latum ABL. latu 11. Eo, to go (used only in the Active) Pfo (pass, of facio), to be made, become Principal Parts : e'o, ire, ivi (li), itum fio, fieri, fdctus sum INDICATIVE PRESENT do imus fio fimus is itis fis fitis it ^unt fit ffunt APPENDIX 275 IMPF. FUT. PERF. PLUPF ibam ibo ivi (il) iveram (leram) FUT. PERF. ivero (lero) flgbam f fain, -cs, etc. f ictus sum fdctus eram fdctus dro SUBJUNCTIVE PRES. earn fiam, -as, etc. IMPF. irem fferem PERF. iverim (lerim) fdctus sim PLUPF. rvissem fdctus essem IMPERATIVE PRES. I ite fl FUT. ito Itote ito eiinto ffte INFINITIVE PRES. ire fieri PERF. Ivisse (iisse) factus dsse FUT. iturus esse fdctum irl PARTICIPLES PRES. fens, GEN. eiintis FUT. iturus, -a, -um PERF. fdctus GERUNDIVE, faciendus GEN. eundi, etc. GERUND SUPINE Ace. itum ABL. ftu fdctum fdctii 276 LATIN LESSONS 12. NUMEKALS CARDINALS ORDINALS 1. unus, -a, um primus, -a, um 2. duo, duae, duo secundus (alter) 3. tres, tria tertius 4. quattuor quartus 5. quinque qulntus 6. sex sextus 7. septem Septimus 8. octo octavus 9. novem nonus 10. decem decimus 11. undecim undecimus 12. duodecim duodecimus 13. tredecim tertius decimus 14. quattuor decim quartus decimus 15. qumdecim qulntus decimus 16. sedecim (sexdecim) sextus decimus 17. septendecim Septimus decimus 18. duodevigintl duode~vlcesimus 19. undevlginti undevlcesimus 20. viginti vicesimus J vlgintl unus or } ' \ unus et viginti J f vicesimus primus or 1 \ unus et vicesimus J f viginti duo or } ' [ duo et viginti J f vicesimus secundus or \ alter et vicesimus 30. triginta trlcesimus 40. quadraginta quadragesimus 50. qumquaginta qulnquagesimus 100. centum centesimus 200. ducentl, -ae, -a ducentesimus 1000. mllle millesimus APPENDIX 277 13. PERSONAL PKONOUNS FIRST PERSON Sing. riu. Norn, ego nos Gen. f nostrum mei t(ndstrl) Dat. mini nobls Ace. Abl. me me nos nobls SECOND PERSON Sing. Plu. tu vos . f ve'strum 1 "" {(vestri) } tfbi vobls te vos te vobls THIRD PERSON (HEKLKXIVE) Sing, and Plu. SUl sfbi se (sese) se (sese) 14. KULES OF SYNTAX I. The Subject of a Finite Verb is in the Nominative Case. II. The Object of a Transitive Verb is in the Accusative Case. III. A Predicate Noun after a neuter or passive verb takes the same case as the subject. IV. Adjectives, Adjective Pronouns, and Participles agree with their nouns in Gender, Number, and Case. V. A Pronoun agrees with its antecedent in Gender and Num- ber, but its Case depends upon the construction of the clause in which it stands. VI. A Noun joined to another noun denoting the same person or thing is in the same case by Apposition. VII. A Noun limiting another noun denoting a different person or thing is in the Genitive. VIII. Adjectives of Desire, Knowledge, Fulness, Power, Shurhiff, Guilt, and their opposites, and Verbals in -ax, take the Genitive. IX. The Indirect Object of an action is in the Dative. X. Many verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, and super are followed by the Dative. 278 LATIN LESSONS XI. After sum and similar verbs, the Possessor is expressed by the Dative, the thing possessed being the subject of the verb. XII. Many verbs signifying to Favor, Please, Trust, Obey, and their contraries, to Command, Resist, Persuade, Threaten, be Angry, and the like, are followed by the Dative. XIII. A few verbs admit two Datives, one denoting the Object to which, the other the End for which, anything is, or is done. XIV. Adjectives of Nearness, Friendliness, Fitness, Likeness, or their opposites, take a Dative of the object to which the quality is directed. XV. The Subject of the Infinitive is in the Accusative. XVI. Duration of Time and Extent of Space are expressed by the Accusative. XVII. Verbs meaning to Make, Choose, Name, Call, and the like, take two Accusatives of the same person or thing. XVIII. Verbs of Asking, Teaching, and Concealing take two Accusatives, one of a person, the other of a thing. XIX. Cause, Means, and Instrument are expressed by the Abla- tive. Manner is expressed by the Ablative, either alone or joined with the preposition cum. XX. That of which anything is deprived, or from which it is removed or separated, is expressed by the Ablative. XXI. The Degree of Difference is expressed by the Ablative. XXII. Time at or within which is expressed by the Ablative. XXIII. A noun with an adjective or limiting Genitive is in the Ablative after the verb sum, or another noun, to denote the Char- acter or Quality of a person or thing. NOTE. Instead of the Ablative, the Genitive is sometimes used. XXIV. The Ablative of Specification is used with Nouns, Adjec- tives, and Verbs, to denote in what respect anything is true. XXV. The Comparative is followed by the Ablative when quam (than) is not expressed. XXVI. The Deponent Verbs utor, fruor, fungor, potior, and vescor are followed by the Ablative. XXVII. The Voluntary Agent of a verb in the Passive Voice is in the Ablative with a or ab. APPENDIX 279 XXVIII. A noun and a participle, or a noun and an adjective, or two nouns, may be put in the Ablative to denote the time, cause, or other attendant circumstance of an action. This is called the Ablative Absolute. XXIX. Place Where is expressed by the A Native with in ; but names of Towns and Small Islands, Domus, and RUB are put in the Locative Case without a preposition. XXX. After verbs of Motion, Place to which is expressed by the Accusative, Place from which by the Ablative; names of Towns, Small Islands, Domus, and Rusj without a preposition ; other nouns take ad or in with the Accusative, and ab, de, or ex with the Ablative. XXXI. Verbs of Declaring, Thinking, Believing, Knowing, take after them an Infinitive with a Subject Accusative. XXXII. Clauses denoting Purpose or Result take the Subjunc- tive after ut, ne, quo, quin, quominus, or a Relative. XXXIII. Cum Causal (since} or Concessive (although} takes the Subjunctive ; Cum Temporal (when} generally takes the Subjunc- tive of the Imperfect and Pluperfect Tenses, and the Indicative of the Present and Perfect Tenses. XXXIV. The Indirect Question has its verb in the Subjunctive. XXXV. In Indirect Discourse (Oratid Obllqua) the verb of the Principal clause is in the Infinitive, and the verbs of the Subordinate clauses are in the Subjunctive. XXXVI. The Subjunctive is used to express a command or an exhortation. In this sense it is used chiefly in the first and second persons singular and theirs* and third persons plural of the Present Tense. XXXVII. The Supine in -um is used with verbs of Motion to express Purpose. XXXVIII. After verbs of Giving, Sending, Undertaking, Con- tracting for, and the like, the Accusative of the Gerundive in agreement with the object of the verb is used to express Purpose. XXXIX. A Principal Tense in the main clause of a complex sentence is followed by a Principal Tense in the dependent clause ; and a Historical Tense in the main clause is followed by a His- torical Tense in the dependent clause. 280 LATIN LESSONS 15. SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 235 Porsena, -ae, m., Porsena, a proper name, mfestus, -a, -um, adj., hostile, dangerous. umquam, adv., at any time, ever. alias, adv., at another time. ante, adv., before. tantus, -a, -um, adj., 50 great, so much, such. terror, -oris, m., alarm, terror. invado, -ere, -vasi, -vasum, to enter, fall upon, attack. aded, adv., so, to such a degree. validus, -a, -um, adj., strong, powerful, stanch. Clusmus, -a, -um, adj., of Clu- sium, Clusian. demigro, -are, -avi, -atum, to migrate, remove. saepio, -ire, -si, -turn, to hedge in, fortify, guard. praesidium, -I, n., a protection, guard, garrison. pars, partis, f., apart. murus, -I, m., a wall. obicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, to throw before, set against, use as a defense. tueor,-eri, -tutus sum, to guard, defend. 238 pons, pontis, m., a bridge. sublicius, -a, -um, adj., resting upon piles, sublician. iter, itineris, n., a way, march, journey. paene, adv., almost, nearly. nisi, conj., if not, unless, except. cognomen, -minis, n., a sur- name, name. amitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, to lose, send away. extremus, -a, -um, adj., outer- most, farthest, farthest part of. occupo, -are, -avi, -atum, to take possession of, seize, occupy. acies, -SI, f., a sharp point, edge, line of battle. sustineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum, to sustain, hold in check, with- stand. donee, conj., as long as, until. tergum, I. n., the back, rear. interrumpo, -ere, -rupi, -rup- tum, to break apart, to break in pieces. audacia, -ae, f., boldness, rash- ness, audacity. obstupefacio, -ere, -fee!, -fac- tum, to astonish, amaze, stu- APPENDIX 281 rescindo, -ere, -scidi, -scis- sum, to cut off, cut down, break down. desilio -ire, -ui, -sultum, to leap down. telum, -I, n., a missile, weapon. superincido, -ere, , , to fall from above, fall upon. incolumis, -e, adj., unimpaired, unharmed, safe. trano, -nare, -nSvI, , to swim over, swim across. 241 gratus, -a, -um, adj., accept- able, pleasing, thankful, grate- ful. erga, prep., towards. virtus, -utis, f ., manliness, cour- age, virtue. civitas, -tatis, f., the state. publice, adv., publicly, in behalf of the state. quantus, -a, -um, adj., how much, as. circumaro, -are, -avi, , to plow around. statua, -ae, f ., an image, statue. Comitium, -I, n., a place of meet- ing, the Comitium. pono, -ere, posui, positum, to put, place. 246 quod, conj., because. iniuria, -ae, f ., injustice, wrong, _ injury. Epirus, -I, f ., Epirus, a country in the northwest of Greece. contra, prep., against. auxilium, -I, n., help, assistance, succor. posco, -ere, poposci, , to ask, demand, request. genus, -eris, n., race, stock, fam- ily, kind, class. origo, -inis, m., a beginning, de- scent, lineage, origin. traho, -ere, traxi, tractum, to draw, drag, drive. paulo, adv., a little. primum, in the first place, first, for the first time. transmarinus, -a, -um, adj., beyond sea, from over the sea. consul, -is, m., a consul. The highest magistrate of the Roman republic, explorator, -oris, m., a spy, scout. castra, -orum, n., a camp. Used only in the plu. in this sense, ostendo. -ere, -I, ostentum, to shore, exhibit. dimitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, to send out, dismiss. renuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, to carry tidings back, report. 282 LATIN LESSONS 249 committo, -ere, -misi, -missum, to bring together, join, begin. mox, adv., soon, directly, pres- ently. pes, pedis, m., a foot ; pedem referre, to retreat, go back. refero, -ferre, rettuli, relatum, to bear back, bring back. elephantus, -I, m., an elephant. mutd, -are, -avi, -atum, to change. fortuna, -ae, f., fortune, chance, good fortune. corpus, -oris, n., a body. moles, -is, f ., bulk, mass, diffi- culty. terribilis, -e, adj., frightful, dreadful, terrible. superastd, -are, -stiti, , to stand upon. species, , f., sight, look, ap- pearance. turbo, -are, -avi, -atum, to dis- turb, confound, throw into dis- order. equus, -I, m., a horse. odor, -oris, m., smell, scent, odor. belua, -ae, f., a beast, monster. exterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, to strike with terror, frighten, ter- rify. sessor, -oris, m., one who sits, a sitter, a rider. vel, conj., or if you choose, or either; vel . . . vel, either . . . or. excutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, to shake off, remove. fuga, -ae, f., flight. abripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptum, to take away by force, to carry off- nox, noctis, f ., night. finis, -is, f., an end, boundary, limit. In the plural, territory. captivus, -a, -um, adj., taken prisoner, captive. As a sub- stantive, a prisoner. summus, -a, -um, adj. sup., highest, greatest, the top of. honor, -oris, m., honor, distinc- tion. 252 adversus, -a, -um, adj., turned iaceo, -ere, -ui, towards, facing, in front. vulnus, -eris, n., a wound. trux, trucis, adj., wild, fierce, stern. mortuus, -a, -um, adj., dead. -, to lie, be prostrate, lie dead. vox, vocis, f ., the voice, word, exclamation. totus, -a, -um, adj., all, the whole, entire. APPENDIX 283 orbis, -is, m., a circle, the world. tails, -e, adj., such, of such a kind. miles, -itis, in. and f., a soldier, soldiery. contingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum, to touch, to happen, to fall to one's lot. amicus, -I, m., a friend. gratulor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., to be glad, to congratulate. victoria, -ae, f., victory. inquam, inquis, in quit, etc., def . verb, to say. robur, -oris, n., hardwood, oak, strength, flower. iterum, adv., again, a second time. modus, -I, in., measure, manner, way. ullus, -a, -um, adj., any, any one. contends, -ere, -I, -tentum, to strive for, to pursue, to hasten, to fight. ferrum, -I, n., iron, sword, tool. vasto, -are, -avi, -atum, to lay waste, ravage, desolate. vicesimus, -a, -um, ordinal adj., twentieth. lapis, -idis, m., a stone. 255 obviam, adv., in the way, against, to meet. aio, ais, ait, etc., def. verb, to say, affirm. hydra, -ae, f., a hydra. tot, indecl. adj., so many. caput, -itis, n., the head, the life. renascor, -I, -natus sum, dep. verb, to be born again, to grow again. quot, indecl. adj., how many, as. praecido, -ere, -I, -cisum, to cut off in front, cut off. de, prep, with abl., about, con- cerning, from. redimd, -ere, -mi, -emptum, to buy back, to ransom, to redeem. honorifice, adv., honorably, with respect. pretium, -I, n., price, ransom. reddo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, to give back, return. liberalitas, -tatis, f ., generosity, liberality. excipio. -ere, -ce*pi, -ceptum, to take out, to receive. 258 mitis, -e, adj., mild, gentle, kind. comes, -itis, m. and f., a placabilis, -e, &d]., placable, con- companion, associate, attend- ciliatory. ant. 284 LATIN LESSONS dementia, -ae, f., moderation, forbearance, mercy. humanitas, -tatis, f ., humanity, kindliness, refinement. experior, -Iri, -pertus sum, dep., to try, to test, experience. In the perf., to know by ex- perience. sro, adv., late, too late. intellego, -ere, -lexi, -lectum, to come to know, to understand. socius, -I, m., a companion, an ally. accipio, ere, -cepi, -ceptum, to receive, accept, to learn. sors, sortis, f., a lot, fate, fortune. miseror, -ari, -atus sum, dep., to lament, deplore, pity. aliquanto, adv., somewhat, rather. libere, adv., freely, openly. vinum, -I, n., wine. incalesco, -ere, -calui, inc., to grow warm, to become heated. defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, to carry away, to report. arcesso, -ere, -ivi, -itum, to call, summon. nonnullus, -a, -um, adj., some, several. As a substantive in the plural. convivium, -I, n., a social feast, a banquet. parum, adv., too little, not enough. loquor, loqui, locutus sum, dep., to speak, talk, say. periculum, -I, n., a trial, danger, risk. simplex, -icis, adj., simple, frank, open. coiifessio, -onis, f ., a confession, an acknowledgment. culpa, -ae, f., a fault, guilt, blame. discutid, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, to shatter, to remove, dispel. percontor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., to ask particularly, inquire. num, adv., whether (in indirect questions). perveniS, -ire -veni, ventum, to come up, arrive, reach. auris, -is, f., the ear. deficio, -ere, -feel, -fectum, to revolt, to be wanting, to fail, to give out. plus, pluris, adj., more. gravis, -e, adj., weighty, serious, severe, earnest. maid, malle, malm, to choose rather, to prefer. subrideo, -ere, -rial, to smile. 261 igitur, conj., then, therefore, ac- cordingly. puto, -are, -avi, -SLtum, to reckon, consider, think. gloriosus, -a, -um, adj.,/u# of glory, famous, glorious. foedus, -eris, n., treaty, league, alliance. APPENDIX 285 aequus, -a, -um, adj., even, just, fair, equal. condicio, -onis, f., condition, terms, agreement. propono, -ere, -posui, -posi- tum, to place before, put forth, propose. familiaris, -e, adj., of a house- hold, intimate, friendly. multum, adv., much, greatly. apud, prep, with ace., with, in the presence of. gratia, -ae, f ., favor, friendship, esteem, thanks. valeo, -ere, -ui, , to be strong, to have power, to have influence. eloquentia, -ae, f ., eloquence. expugno, -are, -avi, -atum, to take by assault, to storm, to capture. cupiditas, -atis, f ., desire, pas- sion, ambition. adulor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., to flatter, fawn upon. sermo. -onis, m., talk, conversa- tion, discourse. aperio, -ire, -ui, -ertum, to open, to disclose, to reveal. volo, velle, volui, to wish. dicio, -onis, f ., dominion, sway, rule. subicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, to place under, to make subject. superd, -are, -avi, -atum, to go over, to surpass, to overcome. destinS, -are, -avi, -atum, to design, intend. 264 nee, adv., nor and not. difficilis, -e, adj., difficult, hard. nondum, adv., not yet. perspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spec- turn, to look through, to per- ceive, see through. ego, mei, mihi, etc., /. nos, ace. plu. of ego. quies, -etis, f., rest, repose, quiet. dulcis, -e, adj., sweet, agreeable, pleasant. otium, -I, n., ease, leisure, peace. fruor, -I, fruqtus sum, dep., to enjoy, delight in. impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, to en- tangle, hinder, obstruct. quominus, conj., by which the less, that not, to prevent. iste, ista, istud, pron., this, that, that of yours. domus, -us, f., a house, home. donum, -I, n., a gift, present. circumeo, -Ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, to go around, to visit, to canvass. sSlum, adv., alone, only, non . . . solum, not only. sperno, -ere, sprevi, spretum, to spurn, reject, scorn. 286 LATIN LESSONS 267 introduce, -ere, -duxi, -due- turn, to lead in, introduce, admit. curia, -ae, f., the senate house. propensus, -a, -um, adj., inclin- ing towards, willing, friendly. extollo. -ere, , , to raise, praise, extol. aequitas,-atis, f., evenness, fair- ness, equity. dissero, -ere, -ui, -turn, to ex- amine, discuss, discourse about. sententia, -ae, f., opinion, senti- ment. senatus, -us, m., the senate. incline, -are, -avi, -atum, to turn, incline, yield, give way. caecitas, -atis, f., blindness. olim, adv., at that time, for some time, formerly . confestim, adv., immediately, forthwith. lectlca, -ae, f ., a litter, sedan. ibi, adv., there, in that place. oratio, -onis, f., a speech, ora- tion. dissuaded, -ere, -suasi, -sua- sum, to advise against, dis- suade. responde6,-ere,-spondi,-spon- sum, to answer, reply. excedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, to go out, to withdraw. 270 Infamis, -e, adj., of ill repute, disreputable, infamous. vetus, -eris, adj., old, advanced in years. status, -us, m., station, position, condition, rank. antequam, adv., before, sooner than. bini, -ae, -a, distributive nu- meral, two by two, two each. spolium, -i, n., spoils, booty. quaero, -ere, quaesivT, quae- situm, to seek, ask, inquire. qualis, -e, adj., ef what sort or kind, such as, as. comperio, -ire, -peri, -pertum, to gain knowledge of, to find out. templum, -I, n., a temple, a con- secrated place. consessus, -us, m., a collection, an assembly. 273 proficiscor, -I, -fectus sum, placeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, to dep., to set out, depart, march. please, to be pleasing. cunctatio, -onis, f ., a lingering, ferox, -ocis, adj., bold, head- delay, strong, fierce. APPEND temerarius, -a, -um, adj., rash, imprudent, indiscreet. Seer, acris, acre, adj., sharp, spirited, keen, actire. sequor, -I, secutus sum, dep., to follow, adopt. ainbo. ambae, ambo, num., both. vicus, -I, m., a village, hamlet. communio, -Ire, -ivi, -Itum, to fortify on all sides, to intrench. invitus, -a, -um, adj., against the will, unwilling. conlega, -ae, m., a colleague. instruo, -ere, -struxi, -struc- tum, to form, draw up, furnish. radius, -I, m., a beam, ray. ventus, -I, m., oriens, -entis, m., the rising sun, the East. pulvis, -eris, m. (rarely f.), the dust adflo, -are, -avl, , to blow towards. caedo, -ere, cecidi, caesura, to cut, to cut to pieces, to slay, slaughter. adfligo, -ere, -Ixi, -ictum, to strike (to the ground), to damage, injure, afflict. res publica, rei publicae, f., the commonwealth, the state, the republic. 276 sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessum, to sit. luctus, -us, m., sorrow, grief, saxum, -I, n., a stone, rock. lamentation. oppleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, to Jill, tu, tul, pres. pron., thou, you. mactus, -a, -um, adj., wor- shiped, honored; macte vir- cover. cruor, -oris, m., Hood, gore. conspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spec- tute, good luck I well done ! turn, to look at, gaze upon, esto, fut. imper. of sum, 2d observe. sing. : thou shall be, be thou. quidam, quaedam, quoddam caveo, -ere, cavi, cautum, to or quiddam, indef. pron., a certain, some. tribunus, -i, m., a tribune. tuus, -a, -um, poss. pron., thine, your. mors, -tis, f ., death. lacrima, -ae, f ., a tear. satis, enough. Used as an adv., or as an indecl. adj. or noun. be on one's guard, take heed, beware. exiguus, -a, -um, adj., small, scanty, short. evado, -ere, -vasi, -vasum, to go out, escape. perdo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, to make way with, waste, lose, ruin. 288 LATIN LESSONS abeo, -ire, -ii, , to go away, depart. munio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, to for- tify, guard, defend. priusquam, adv., sooner than, before that. adveniS, -ire, -veni, -ventum, to come to, to reach, arrive at. flrmo, -are, -avi, -atum, to make firm, strengthen. stragSs, -is, f., an overthrow, ruin, slaughter, carnage. patior, pati, passus sum, dep., to suffer, permit, allow. exspiro, -are, -avi, -atum, to breathe out, perish, expire. alter, altera, alterum, gen. alterius, adj. pron., the other (of two), one (of two), paucus, -a, -um, adj., a few, little. perf ugio, -ere, -f ugl, , to flee for refuge, take refuge. consularis, -e, adj., of a consul, consular. As a substantive, an ex-consul. aut, conj., or. aut . . . aut, either ... or. praetorius, -a, -um, adj., of a prcetor, prcetorian. As a sub- stantive, an ex-prcetor. occido, -ere, -cidi, -casum, to fall, perish, be slain. viginti, num. adj., twenty. nobilis, -e, adj., well known, famous, high born. trecenti, -ae, -a, num. adj., three hundred. mille, num. adj., indeclinable in the sing., a thousand. In the plu., a substantive, de- clined, milia, milium, mlli- bus, etc. quingenti, -ae, -a, num. adj., five hundred. 279 testimonium, -I, n., testimony, evidence, proof. modius, -I, m., a measure, a peck. detraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractum, to draw off, take away, remove. (ceterus), -a, -um, adj., the rest. Nom. sing. masc. not used, suadeo. -ere, suasi, suasum, to advise, urge, persuade. feds us, -a, -um, adj., wearied, tired. praefectus, -I, m., an overseer, commander. cesso, -are, -avi, -atum, to delay, cease, stop. hortor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., to urge, exhort. pergo, -ere, perrexi, perrec- tum, to go on, proceed, has- ten. quintus, -a, -um, ordinal num., fifth. Capitolium, -I, n., the Capitol. APPENDIX 289 epnlor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., utor, uti, usua sum, dcp., to to feast, banquet. use, employ, enjoy. probo, -are -avi, -atum, to ap- nescio, -ire, -Ivi, , not to prove, commend, test. know, to be ignorant. nimirum, adv., doubtless, surely, mora, -ae, f ., a delay. truly. aalus, -utis, f., safety, welfare. 282 d everto, -ere, -I, , to turn mentio, -orris, f., a mention. aside, qum etiarn, nay moreover. deliciae, -arum, f . plu., a delight, redeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, to go back, charm, allurement. return. ardor, -5ris, m., eagerness, zeal. despero, -are, -avi, -atum, to Slanguesco, -ere, -langui, , have no hope, to despair of, give incep., to grow faint, fail, up. relax. temeritas, -atis, f., rashness, vere, adv., truly, truthfully. foolhardiness, temerity. numquam, adv., at no time, segniter, adv., slowly, sluggishly, never. lazily. pavor, -oris, m., a trembling, otiose, adv., leisurely, without terror, dread. haste. clades, -is, f., destruction, disas- interim, adv., meanwhile, in the ter, calamity. meantime. nuntius, -I, m., a messenger, respiro, -are, -avi, -atum, to take courier, tidings. breath, to recover, revive. 285 iuventus, -utis, f., youth, young (ops), opis, f., aid, wealth, trees- people, ure. manumitto, -ere, -misl, -mis- libens, -entis, adj., willing, with sum, to release, set at liberty, readiness, with pleasure. m I>1. augustus, -a, -um, adj., un-, contracted. Comp. angustior, Sup. augus tissimus. animadverto, -ere, -I, -versum [animum -f- adverto], to turn the mind, give attention to, con- sider, regard, punish. animus, -I, in., the mind. annus, -I, m., a year. ante, prep, with ace., before. As adverb, before, in time or space. antefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum [ante -f fero], to bear before, or in front. antequam, adv., sooner than, before. Antistius, -I, m., Antistius Itegi- nus, one of Caesar's lieutenants. Antonius, -I, m., Marcus Anto- nius, one of Caesar's lieutenants. anulus, -I, m., a ring. anxius, -a, -um, adj., anxious, solicitous. aper, apri, m., a wild boar. aperio, -ire, -ui, -turn, to un- cover, open. apertus, -a, -um, adj., uncovered, open ; latus apertum, the right side, as that side was not covered by the shield. appello, -are, -avi, -atum, to address, call, call by name, name. appeto, -ere, -Ivi or -ii, -itum, to strive for, seek after, attack, draw nigh, be at hand. Appius, -I, m., Appius Claudius, a famous Roman, appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum, to come near, approach. 294 LATIN LESSONS apud, prep, with ace., with, near, before, among, at, in the presence _of. Apulia, -ae, f., Apulia, a country in southeastern Italy. aqua, -ae, f., water. aquila, -ae, f . , an eagle. ara, -ae, f ., an altar. arbiter, -tri, in., a spectator, wit- ness. arceo, -ere, -ui, , to shut up, keep away, prevent. arcesso, -ere, -Ivi, -Itum, to call, summon, send for. ardor, -oris, m., heat, eagerness, zeal. anna, -orum, n. , only in the plu. , implements, arms, weapons. armatura, -ae [armo], f., armor, armed men, troops ; levis arma- tura, light infantry. armilla, -ae, f., a bracelet, arm- let. armo, -are, -avi, -atum, to arm, equip. Arvernus, -I, m., an Arvernian. The Arverni were a powerful Celtic tribe. arx, arcis, f., a citadel, fortress. ascensus, -us, m., an ascent, a way up, an approach. aspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum [ad + specie], to look at, be- hold, observe. asylum, -I, n., a place of refuge, sanctuary, asylum. at, conj., but, but on the other hand. atque (before consonants ac), conj., [ad + que], and, and also, and in fact. attribuo, -ere, -I, -utum [ad -f tribuo], to assign, allot, ascribe, give. auctoritas, -atis [augeo], f,, authority, power, responsibility, influence. audacia, -ae [audax], 1, bold- ness, daring, bravery, audacity. audeo, -ere, ausus sum, semi- dep., to venture, dare. audio, -Ire, -Ivi or -ii, -Itum, to hear, listen to, regard. aufero, -ferre, abstuli, ablatum [ab + fero], to take away, carry off, remove. augeo, -ere, auxi, auctum, to increase, enlarge. augurium, -I [augur], n., the observance of omens, augury, divination. augustus, -a, -um, adj., reverend, venerable, majestic. aureus, -a, -um [aurum], adj.., of gold, golden. auris, -is, f., the ear, attention. aurum, -i, n., gold. auspicium, -I, n., divination by the flight of birds, auspices; auspicia adhibere, to consult the auspices. aut, conj., or, or at least. autem, conj., but, however, more- over. Automatia, -ae, f., Automatia, the goddess of fortune, auxilium, -I, n., help, aid, succor. In the plu., auxiliary troops, auxiliaries. Aventmus, -a, -um, adj., relating to the Aventine, of the Aventine, one of the seven hills of Rome, avus, -I, m., a grandfather. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY barbarus, -a, -nm, adj., foreign, strange, barbarous. As noun, a barbarian. bellicosus, -a, -um [bellum], adj.. H-iti'liki-. fond of fighting. bello, -are, -avi, -atum [bellum], to war, wage war, carry on war. bellum, -I, n., c-'ir. belua, -ae, f . , a beast, wild beast. benevolentia, -ae [bene -f volo], f., good will, favor, friendship. benigne, adv., in a friendly man- ner, kindly, courteously. benignitas, -atis [benignus], f., kindness, courtesy, friendliness. bmi, -ae, -a, num. adj., two by two, two each. Gen. plu. bmum. bis, num. adv., twice. bonitas, -atis [bonus], f., good- ness, integrity, virtue. bonus, -a, -um, adj., good. Comp. melior, Sup. optimus. Brutus, -I, m., Brutus, one of Caesar's lieutenants. bulla, -ae, f ., an amulet, generally of gold, worn by free-born boys. C is an abbreviation for the proper name Gdius. cado, -ere, cecidi, casum, to fall, happen, decline. caecitas, -atis [caecus], f., blind- ness. caedes, -is, f., a cutting down, killing, slaughter. caedo, -ere, cecidi, caesum, to cut, cut down, slay, kill. caelum, -I, n., the sky, heaven, heavens. 1'lu. wanting. Caesar, -axis, in., Ccesar. calamitas, -atis, f., loss, damage, misfortune, disaster, calamity. Campania, -ae, f., Campania, a country of Italy, south of Rome. campester, -tris, -tre [campus], adj., of a lert / ji< Id, flat, level, in the plain. campus, -i, m., a plain, field; campus Martins, the field of Mars, an open field in Rome along the Tiber. Caninius, -I, m., Caninius Rebilus, one of Caesar's lieutenants. Cannae, -arum, f., Cannce, a hamlet in Apulia. cano, -ere, cecim, cantum, to sing, chant. caper, -pri, m., a he-goat. capio, -ere, cepi, captum, to take, seize, take captive, cap- ture. Capitolium, -I [caput], n., the Capitol at Rome ; sometimes used for the Capitoline Hill on which the Capitol stood. capra, -ae, f ., a she-goat ; caprae palus, the Goafs Pool. captivus, -I [capio], m., a cap- tive, prisoner. Capua, -ae, f., Capua, a city of Campania. caput, -itis, n., the head; capitis poenam. the punishment of death, capital punishment. carmen, -inis, n., a song, poem. Carthago, -inis, f., Carthage, a city in northern Africa. Cartbaginiensis,-e, adj., Cartha- 296 LATIN LESSONS ginian, of Carthage. As noun, a Carthaginian. casa, -ae, f., a cottage, hut, cabin. castellum, -I, n., a fort, citadel, fortress. castra, -orum, n., a camp, an encampment. casus, -us [cado], m., occur- rence, event, chance, fortune, calamity. catulus, -I, m., a young animal, a whelp. causa, -ae, f ., a cause, reason. In the abl. with limiting gen., on account of, for the sake of. caveo, -ere, cavi, cautum, to be on one's guard, take care, beware. cedo. -ere, cessi, cessum, to give way, withdraw, retreat. celebro, -are, -avi, -atum, to fre- quent, celebrate, honor. celer, -eris, -ere, adj., swift, quick, hasty. Comp. celerior, Sup. celerrimus. celo, -are, -avi, -atum, to hide from, hide, conceal. censeo, -ere, -ui, -um, to estimate, judge, think, be of the opinion. centum, num. adj., one hundred. centuria, -ae [centum], f., a division of a hundred, a century. cerno, -ere, crevi, cretum, to distinguish, perceive, determine. certamen, -inis [certS], n. , a struggle, contest, combat, battle. certus, -a, -um, adj., determined, certain, sure. Comp. certior, Sup. certissimus. cesso. -are, -avi. -atum [cedo], to delay, pause, be idle. (cSterus), -a, -um, adj., (noin. masc. sing, not used), the other, remainder, rest. As noun, the others, the other things. Cmeas, -ae, m., Cineas, a coun- sellor of Fyrrhus. circa, prep, with ace., around, about, among. As adv., round about, around. circuitus, -us, m. , a circuit, way around. circumaro, -are, -avi, -atum, to plow around. circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum, to place around, surround, in- vest, besiege. circumeo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, to go around, visit. circumplector, -I, , to clasp, surround, encompass. circumvenio, -Ire, -veni, -ven- tum, to come around, surround, encompass. civis, -is, m. and f., a citizen. civitas, -atis, f., citizenship, body- politic, state. clades, -is, f., destruction, disaster, slaughter, calamity. clamito, -are, -avi, -atum [cla- mo], to cry aloud, shout. clamor, -oris, m., a shout, cry, clamor. Claudius, -I, m., Claudius, a Roman name of one of the gentes. claudo, -ere, clausi, clausum, to shut, close, shut in, blockade. dementia, -ae, f ., mildness, mercy, clemency. cliens, -entis, m., a client. Clusinus, -a, -um, adj., of Clu- sium ; res Cluslna, the Clusian state. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 297 coacervo, -are, -Svi, -atum, to In )> to'jt-thcr, collect in a mass. Codes, -itis, in., Codes, meaning one-eyed, a surname of Horatius. coepi, coeptus, dcf . verb, to begin. coerceS, -ere, -ui, -ituro, to re- *(riit, hold hi check, curb. cognomen, -inis, n., a surname, f/. depello, -ere, -pull, -pulsum [de -f pello], to (///>< out, ilrirr a /', hi'/ down. descendo, -ere, -I, -scensum, to climb do ion, descend. describe, -ere, -scrips!, -scrip- turn, to vrite down, describe, 1-1 ^resent, mark off. desertus, -a, -um, adj., deserted, solitary, waste. desilio, -Ire, -ui, -sultum [de + salio], to leap down, leap. despectus, -us, m., a view down- ward, prospect. despero, -are, -avi, -atum [de 4- spero], to be without hope, despair of. destine, -are, -avi, atum, to fas- ten, determine, design, intend. desum, -esse, -fui [de + sum], to be away, fail, be wanting, be lacking. detego, -ere, -texi, -tectum, to uncover, unroof. detestor, -Sri, -atus sum, dep., to curse, avert, ward off; -de- testans, uttering curses atjou>it. riu., f> rritonj. country. flnitimus, -a, -um [finis], adj., border in a HJ><>. neighboring. As noun, neighbor. fio, fieri, factus sum, used as the pass, of facio. to be done, be made, become, Ixi^pen, come to pass; certior fieri, to be in- formed; fit proelium, a battle takes pi ( . firmo, -are, -avi, -atum [firmus], to xt rent/then, secure. firmus, -a, -um, adj., strong, firm, steadfast. flamen, -mis, in., a priest of one deity, a flamen. fleo. -ere, -evl, -etum, to weep, lament. flos, -oris, m., a flower. flumen, -inis, n., a stream, river. foedus, -eris, n., a treaty, league, alliance. fore, forem, see sum. foris, adv., out of doors, from without. forma, -ae, f., a form, figure, ap- pearance, beauty. fors, fortis, f., chance, accident. forte [fors], adv., by chance, by accident, as it happened. fortis, -e, adj., strong, brave, steadfast. fortuna, -ae, f., chance, lot, for- tune, luck. forum, -I, n., an open space, market-place, forum. fossa, -ae, f., a ditch, trench, fosse. fragor, -oris [frango], m., a crashing, din, thunder peal. LAT. LES. 20 frango, -ere, fregi, frSctum, to hri'K/,-, cntsfi. rnther, a fratricide. fructus, -us, in., fruit, pro)t J lli have the use of. fuga, -ae, f., flight. fugio, -ere, fugi, , to flee, fly, take to flight, escape by flight, avoid. fugo, -are, -avi, -atum, to put to flight, rout. fulmen, -inis, n., lightning, a thunderbolt. funda, -ae, f., a sling. fundamentum, -I, n., usually in the plu., a foundation, support. furtum, -I, n., a theft, robbery. Gams, -I, m., Gaius, a Roman praenomen. Galli, -orum, m., Gauls. Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul, the country of the Gauls, corresponding nearly to modern France, gemini, -orum, m., twins. gens, gentis, f., a race, tribe, clan, gens, people. genus, -eris, n., a race, stock, family. Germanus, -I, m., a German. gero, -ere, gessi, gestum, to bear, carry, wear, carry on, wage. gladius, -I, m. , a sword. 306 LATIN LESSONS glans, glandis, f ., an acorn, acorn- shaped ball. gloriosus, -a, -um [gloria], adj., full of glory, glorious. gratia, -ae, f., favor, gratitude, esteem; gratias agere, to ex- press gratitude; gratias habere, to feel gratitude; gratiam re- ferre, to return a favor. gratulatio, -onis [gratulor], f., congratulation, rejoicing, joy. gratulor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., to congratulate, rejoice, show one's joy. gratus, -a, -um, adj., acceptable, pleasing, grateful. gravis, -e, adj., heavy, serious, severe, weighty, influential. Comp. gravior, Sup. gravis- simus. grex, gregis, m., a flock, herd. gymnasium, -I, n., a gymnasium. habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, to have, hold, possess. Haedui, -orum, m., the Hcedui, a Gallic tribe. Hannibal, -alis, m., Hannibal, the great Carthaginian leader. harpago, -onis, m., a hook, grap- pling hook. haruspex, -icis, m., a soothsayer. baud, adv., not, by no means. Hercules, -is, m., Hercules, a Greek hero. hie, haec, hoc, demons, pron., this, used of something near the speaker; this one, he, she, it. hie, adv., here, in this place. Hicetas, -ae, m., Hicetas, a Syra- cusan. hinc, adv., from this place, hence. homo, -inis, in., a man, human being. honorifice [honor], adv., honor- ably, ivith respect. honor, -oris, m., honor, respect, esteem. hora, -ae, f., an hour. Horatius, -I, m., Horatius, a Roman name. hortor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., to urge, encourage, exhort. hospes, -itis, m., a stranger, host, entertainer. Hostilius, -I, m., Hostilius, a Roman name. hostis, -is, m. and f . , an enemy. hue, adv., hither, to this place, thus far. humanitas, -atis, f., humanity, kindliness, refinement. humanus, -a, -um [homo], adj., human, kind. hydra, -ae, f., the hydra, a mon- ster with many heads. iaceo, -ere, -ui, , to lie, be prostrate, lie dead, lie in ruins. iam, adv., now, already, presently. laniculum, -I, n., the Janiculum, one of the hills of Rome. lanus, -I, m., Janus, an old Ital- ian god. ibi, adv., there, in that place. Ico, -ere, ici, Ictum, to strike; foedus Tcere, to make a treaty, enter into a covenant. LATIN KM.l.ISII VOCA1U-I.AKY J-507 Idem, eadem, idem, demons. pron., tJn' .nn<', ///.-/'/>. idoneus, -a, -um, adj., jit, #uit- l< , jH'opi r. igitur, conj., therefore, then, ac- cordingly. ignis, -is, in., fire. Ignorninia, -ae, f., disgrace, dis- honor, hjnntniun. Ignore, -are, -avl, -atum, not to know, to be ignorant of. ille, ilia, illud, demons, pron., that, that one, he, she, it. imago, -inis, f., a likeness, copy, imbecillitas, -atis, f., iceakness, feebleness. imbelh's, -e, adj., unwarlike, cow- ardly. imbuo, -ere, -I, -utum, to moisten, Jill, imbue. imitor, -arl, -atus sum, dep., to imitate, copy, represent. immortalis, -e [in neg. -f mors], adj., immortal, undying. impedlmentum, -I, n., a hin- drance, baggage. impedio, -ire, -IvI, -Itum, to entangle, hinder, be in the way of, impede. imperlte, adv., ignorantly, un- skilfully, unadvisedly. imperium, -I. n., a command, su- nri'ini- power, supremacy, sway. impero, -are, -avi, -atum, to com- mand, order, demand, govern. impetro, -are, -avl, -atum, to accomplish, gain one's end, ob- tain a request. impetus, -us, m., an attack, on- set, charge, rush. impiiiB, -a, -um, adj., ///< r, rent, HH- tablish, impose. improvise, adv., siiilil ill;/. impune, adv., without ment, with impunity, .sv//l ///. in, prep, with ace. or abl. With ace. after words of motion, into, within, against, to. With abl., in, within, on, among, (/i. tlitring. interdiu, adv., by day, in the day- time. interea, adv., meantime, mean- while. intereo, -Ire, -ii, -itum [inter -f eo], to be lost, perish, , < ut< i\ ///- null . ilit>/< iii'iii-rnftitti, litx ft/if//. libere, adv., fwly. liberally, with- out hin<1rt-i . liberi, -orum, in., children. libero, -are, -avi, -atum, to set free, to free, liberate. libertas, -atis, f., liberty, free- /. hindrance. morbus, -I, in., a disease, sick- moror, -arl, -atus [mora], drp., to dela;/. dii'i'i/. xt< ople. (natus, -us), m., abl. natu, ihc only form in use, by birth ; maior natu, elder. ne, conj., lest, that not; ne . . . quidem, not even. -ne, enclitic, used in asking a question. nee or neque, adv. and conj., neither, nor, and not. necessario, adv., of necessity, inevitably, necessarily. necessarius, -a, -um, adj., neces- *' ////, needful. As subst., kins- men, friends, relatives. necessitas, -atis, f., necessity. nefarius, -a, -um, adj., wicked, in- famous, impious. nefastus, -a, -um, adj., unhal- lowed, unlucky; dies nefastus, a day on which court may not be held. Cf. fastus. neglego, -ere, -lexi, -lectum, to disregard, neglect, not to care for. nemus, -oris, n., a grove, wood, forest. nepos, -otis, m., a grandson, a descendant. nequaquam, adv., by no means, in no way. nescio, -Ire, -Ivi, , not to know, to be ignorant. neu or neve, adv., nor, and not. nihil, n., indecl., nothing, in no respect, not at all. 314 LATIN LESSONS nimirum, adv., without doubt, cer- tainly, surely. nisi, conj., unless, if not. nobilis, -e, adj., well-known, famous, noble, renowned. noctu, adv., by night, at night. nocturnus, -a, -um, adj., noc- turnal, of the night, by night. nolo, nolle, nolui [non + volo], to be unwilling, not to wish. nomen, -inis, n., a name, account. nomino, -are, -avi, -atum, to call by name, to name. non, adv., not. noiidum, adv., not yet. nonne, interrog. adv., not? whether not? nonnullus, -a, -um, adj., some, sev- eral. nonnumquam, adv. , sometimes. nosco, -ere, novl, notum, to learn, come to know, know. noster, -stra, -strum, poss. pron., our, ours. In the plu., our men. novus, -a, -um, adj., new, recent, fresh. nox, noctis, f., night. nubo, -ere, nupsi, nuptum, to veil one's self, to marry (of the woman). nudo, -are, -avi, -atum, to un- cover, lay bare, expose. iiullus, -a, -um, adj., none, no, not any. num, interrog. particle, used to ask a question, and need not be trans- lated. In indirect questions, whether. Numa, -ae, m., Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome. numen, -inis, n., divine will, a divinity, a god, divine power. numerus, -i, m., a number. Numitor, -oris, m., Numitor, grandfather of Romulus. numquam, adv., never, at no time. mine, adv., now, at the present time. nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, to an- nounce, report, inform. nuntius, -I, m., a messenger, cou- rier, message, tidings. nusquam, adv., nowhere, in no case. O, interj., ! oh ! ob, prep, with ace., against, on account of, for, for the sake of. obeo, -ire, -ivi, -itum [ob + eo], to go to meet, go against, per- form, perish ; diem supremum obire, to die. obicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum [ob + iacio], to throw before, offer, oppose, be in the way. obliviscor, -i, oblitus sum, dep., to forget, omit. obruo, -ere, -i, -turn [ob + ruo], to overwhelm, overthrow, bury. obsideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessum [ob + sedeo], to sit down against, besiege, blockade. obsidio, -onis, f ., a siege, blockade. obstupefacio, -ere, -f eci, -factum, to astonish, astound, stupefy. obtero, -ere, -trivi, -tritum, to bruise, crush, undervalue. obtestor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., to call to witness, appeal to, protest. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY :nr, obtineo, -re, -ux, -tentum [ob + teiieo], to occupy, hold, pos- sess, accomplish. obveiiio, -ire, -vni, -ventum [ob -f venio], to go to meet, h/>! >t. be allotted. obviam [ob + via], adv., /// tin- way, obviam ire or venire, to meet. occasus. -us, 111., a falling, set- tin (/ ; soils occasus, sunset. occido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum [ob + caedo], to cut n-n, ////, *l< rixh, he xl'/i/i. occulte, adv., secretly, pricad-ly. occulto, -are, -avi, -atum, to l< i lress, discourse. orbis, -is, m., circle; orbis ter- rae or terrarum, the icor/t<>/> /////, finish, fontfili-tc, finisi". perfidus, -a, -um, adj., perfringo, -ere, -fregl, -fractus [frango], to break through, I ii'di/ through. perfugio, -ere, -fugi, -- , to flee pergo, -ere, perrexl, perrectum [per -f rego], to go //, cn- tintii', proceed, go forward, march. periculum, -I, n., danger, peril, risk. perftus, -a, -um, adj., skilled, expert. permitto, -ere, -misi, -missurn [per + mitto], (<> xt-nd through, (tlliiir, /<'. pervenio, -ire. -venl, -ventum [per -f- venio], to come through, pgs, pedis, in., afoot. peto, -ere, -ivi <>r -ii, -itum, to s- /,-, dint ' ni'tii'l. nl- petulans, -aiitis, adj., impudent, insolent, pietas, -atis [plus], f., filial af- fection, dutiful '-on duct, devo- tin n, loyalty, piety. pignus, -oris, n., a pledge, guar- Ol/t'J. pflum, -i, n., a javelin, dart. placabilis, -e, adj., conciliatory, placable. placeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, to please, give pleasure. planities, -Si, f., a plain, level ground. plebs, plebis, or plebes, -Si, f., the common people, the ple- beians. plenus, -a, -um, adj., full, filled. plerumque, adv., generally, for the most part. plurimus, of. plus. plus, pluris. adj., comp., more. Pos. multus, Sup. plurimus. poena, -ae, f., punishment, pen- alty. Poeni, -onim, m., the Cartha- ginians. Pompilius, -I, m., Numa Pom- j u'li us, the second king of Rome. pono, -ere, posui, positum, to put, place, statin, i, /mst. pons, pontis, in., a bridge. populus, -I, m., a people, nation, the people. Porsena, -ae, in., Porsena, king of Clusium. porta, -ae, f., a gate, door. 318 LATIN LESSONS posco, -ere, poposci, , to ask for, demand, claim. possessio, -onis, f . , a possession, occupation. possum, posse, potui, irreg. verb, to be able, can, have power. post, adv., behind, afterwards. post, prep, with ace., behind, after. postea, adv., afterwards. posteaquam, adv., after that. Also written postea quam. (posterus), -a, -um, adj., not used in nom. sing, masc., following, next. In the plu., descendants, posterity. Comp. posterior, Sup. postremus. postremo, adv., at last, finally. postridie, adv., on the next day. postulo, -are, -avi, -atum, to ask, demand. potens, -entis, adj., able, power- ful. potentatus, -us [potens], m., dominion, chief power. potior, -iri, -itus sum, dep., to become master of, gain posses- sion of, acquire, gain. potissimum [potis], adv., sup., chiefly, above all, in preference to all others. potius [potis], adv., comp., rather. praecido, -ere, -I, -cisum [prae 4- caedo], to cut off. praecipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum [prae 4- capio], to take before- hand, order, direct, instruct. praeclarus, -a, -um [prae + cla- rus], splendid, remarkable, fa- mous. praeda, -ae, f., booty, plunder, prey. praedico, -are, -avi, atum [prae 4- died], to announce, proclaim, herald. praeduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum [prae + duco], to draw before, construct in front. praefectus, -I [prae + faciS], m., commander, lieutenant. praeficio, -ere, -fee!, -fectum [prae + facio], to set over, place in command of. praeparo, -are, -avi, -atum [prae + paro], to prepare beforehand, prepare. praerumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum [prae + rumpo], to break off, tear away in front. praesaepio, -ire, -saepsi, -saep- tum [prae + saepio] , to hedge in in front, barricade. praesertim, adv. , especially, chiefly. praesidium, -I, n. , defense, guard, garrison. praesum, -esse, -rai [prae + sum], to be before, have charge of, command. praeter, prep, with ace., beyond, before, besides, except. praeterea, adv., besides, more- over. praetereo, -ire, -ii, -itum [prae- ter 4- eo], to go by, pass by, dis- regard. praeteritus, -a, -um [praetereo], adj., past. praeterquam, adv., besides, ex- cept. praetorius, -a, -um [praetor], LATIN-r.N(iI.IS!I YOr.MlU.AKY .",19 adj., pm'torhni, brttnnjing to a ri//>/ forth. proficio, -ere, -feel, -fectum [pro -f facio], to advance, accom- plish, effect. proficiscor, -i, -fectus sum, dep. , tn *(>t out, depart, march. prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum [pro + habeo], to hold back, hinder, prevent, prohibit. proicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum [pro -f iacio], to cast forth, throw, throw down. promitto, -ere, -misi, -niissum [pro + mitto], to promise. promoveo, -ere, -movi, -motum [pro + moveo], to move for- ward, advance. prope, adv., near. Also used as a prep, with ace. Comp. pro- pius, Sup. proximo, propello, -ere, -pull, -pulsum [pro + pello], tn