THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES B. 0. BAKER LAWYER DALLAb, TEXASrHE NOTE-TAKER; OR, ELEMENTS OF TACIIYGRAPHY, II. A TREATISE THE SECOND STYLE OF LINDSLEY'S BRIEF WRITING. FOR THE BSE OP LAWYERS, EDITORS, REPORTERS, STUDENTS, AND ALL PER- SONS DESIROUS OF TAKING FULL NOTES IN COURTS OF RECORD, PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS AND SEMI- NARIES, AND PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES. BY , DAVID PHILIP LINDSLET. BOSTON: OTIS CLAPP & SON 3 BEACON STREET. CHICAGO: D. KIMBALL, P. 0. BOX 398. 1873. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, by DAVID P. L1NDSLEY, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Stereotyped by WJiitcomb & Co., Boxton. DEDICATION. To THE REV. SAMUEL II. WINKLEY, BOSTON: REV. AND DEAR SIR, Permit me in dedicating this work to one whose abundant labors for the little ones of Christ's flock deserve a better tribute to recall an incident in the 22 introduction of the art in Boston. jtt Discouraged by the indifference of many whose aid and ^ sympathy I had reason to expect, I appealed, as a last resort, to the entire clergy of the city. All who responded j to the call deserve recognition here, and they represented the principal denominations of Christian people among us. ^ Some of them have continued friends to the present time, and some have fallen asleep. I desire to include in this memorial all who kindly ~> appreciated arid aided the art in that time of weakness. Your Christian charity, through which I have learned m much of the love of God, has been of inestimable service to me in keeping alive those sentiments of fraternal regard H which unite men in sympathy, and perpetuate the arts of peace. With the warmest sentiments of affectionate regard, I remain yours, In the cause of God and humanity, THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. The nature of the style of writing taught in this work, the demand for it, and the degree of brevity and per- spicuity gained in it, are discussed in the introductory pages. The persons for whom it is especially designed, and the style best adapted to each of the leading profes- sions, may also be learned from the introductions to this and the previous volume. It remains to give a few suggestions concerning the use of this work. 1. A previous knowledge of the ELEMENTS, not merely a theoretical, but a practical knowledge, is an essential foundation for rapid success in the study of this style. It is a mistake on the part of those who think that the practice of the longer forms given in the preceding volume is time and labor misdirected. Such practice is the quickest road to success in the briefer styles of the art. Long word-forms occur in the most contracted styles; and if the student shirks the labor of mastering them, he need never hope to become a swift writer. Those pupils invariably succeed best, and in the shortest time, who apply them- selves diligently to the practice of the Elements until they can write seventy-five to ninety words a minute; then they are prepared to commence the NOTE-TAKER'S style. 2. The chapters of the present work should be studied and mastered consecutively; and each writing exercise 1 2 PREFACE. should be written in its order, corrected, and rewritten until the principles embodied in it are made practically useful. 3. The correction of the writing exercises by a com- petent teacher is the only way in which most persons will be likely to acquire a good knowledge of the style; but if any one is obliged to rely upon himself, by a diligent study of the illustrations and reading lessons, and a fre- quent revision of his own exercises, he may acquire skill and a fair degree of accuracy. 4. It is better to avoid writing miscellaneous exercises until those here given are mastered ; but, if any one pre- fers to master a part of the book, and apply the principles first introduced without completing the. style, it will do no injury. The work contains more contractions than are needed by all ; but if a mode of contraction is introduced into a person's writing, it should be used intelligently. The habit of wresting a principle from its proper applica- tion, and applying it at random, as has been done so gen- erally by amateur phonographers, is destructive to all excellence, and a source of contusion. The student should study one principle until that is mastered before advancing to the next principle. With these suggestions to the student, and with thanks to all who have labored with us in the production of the work, we commend it to those whose labors it is designed to lighten. ANDOVER, MASS., Sept. 3, 1873. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. Page. The Measure of Success heretofore gained in the Introduction of Short-hand Writing 9 The Efforts made to this End " The Need of a Better System than the Old Phonography . . . 1O A Style for Literary and Business Men " The Demand for a Style Adapted to Taking Notes, &c. ..." The Persons who need it " Its Use in Schools of a High Grade 11 Qualities of the Style demanded 12 Causes of the Failure of Phonography ; its Indefiniteness ..." This Difficulty Avoided in Tachygraphy " Redundancy of Phonography 13 Numerous Signs for Single Letters " Various Modes of Combining Characters " The Letter P, with some of its Adjuncts in Phonography . . .14 The Letters strd Combined into Twenty Differing Outlines . . 15 The Labor of Acquiring the Phonographic Orthography . ' . .16 One Hundred and Twenty Thousand Word and Phrase Forms . . " The Upper Stories of the Phonographic Temple 17 Minute Distinctions " The Contractions used in Tachygraphy 18 Degrees of Complexity . . " Pure Phonic Signs 19 External Uniformity not Sufficient 20 FIRST RESULT . . .21 TUB CONTRACTIONS OF THE NOTE-TAKER'S STYLE . . " Words of Frequent Occurrence Abbreviated . . . ; " , . " Pt.rasc-signs . .. ' . .' . . . ',. '.. .. . . 22 Compound Words of Latin and Greek Origin . . . . " . " Consonants Combined in Saxon Words . . . . " . . 23 3 4 CONTENTS. P K e. Contractions Restricted in their Use . . .24 Average Rate of Public speaking 25 The REPORTING STYLE 26 M. Gourard in regard to Complexity of Outline . . 27 Acknowledgment of Services of Writers of Old School 28 CHAPTER I. SHORTENED "WORD-FORMS. 29 Sect. Word-Signs their Classification 2 Table of Word-Signs ....... 5 Explanation of the Table 6 Writing Exercise First 36 CHAPTER II. THE CIRCLE AND THE DOUBLE CIRCLE. 37 The Use of the Circle 10 Words of only Two Consonant Letters .... 11 Group of Words containing I 8 12 Groups containing r 8, m 8, and p 8 . . . 12 General Rule for the Use of the Circle .... 13 The Use of the Circle in Long Words .... 13 Reins. The Circle for z . . 14 The Double Circle 15 -hook on four of the consonants ; making, with its own special sign, seventeen * variations, or, speaking of signs varied only by form and not by position, eight distinct signs to rep- resent this one letter. How Represented in Tachygraphy. These sounds (the sounds of W and Y) ar exprest in Tachygraphy by only one sign, re- ducing their use to the most perfect simplicity, and cutting off the labor of many weeks in acquiring the style in the use of these let- ters alone. 2. The Varius Modes of Combining the Same Sounds into TKIPLE, QUADRUPLE, or QUINTUPLE STEMS. We can give here only a brief illustration of the mode of con- traction employed in Phonography, for a full explanation would require a treatise on the art. Our explanation cannot apply per- fectly to the conflicting styles now known under the name Pho- * It dcscrvs mention, however, that some of the modern innovators npon Mr. Pitman's system hav cndcvord to limit the number of the forms for W and Y, and, in some cases, with partial success. 14 PHONOGRAPHY ILLUSTRATED. nography; but these styles hav, in this respect, about the same structure, and present nearly the same difficulties to the learner. We take, by way of illustration, a single letter, applying to it a part of the hooks, circles, and loops by which it is modified in form- ing the system of contractions. Ab uno disce omnes! The same adjuncts apply to all the straight letters, while the curved letters lose some of these modes of contraction, and add others peculiar to themselves. THE LETTER P, WITH SOME OF ITS ADJUNCTS. \ \ pshns pss pnss pst pnst \ ^ NO \o ^ V\> s . e 1 &c., &c., &c., &c. It would be too tedius to go thro' all the forms that this one let- ter assumes in combination ; but the curius reader can fill up the list for himself by ading the final hooks, circles, and loups that ar attacht to the \ in the illustrations above, to each of the following forms : V pi pr sp spl spr stp stpr This will make (after deducting those especially inconvenient) about 175* forms based on the letter P. Multiplying this num- * Mr. Bcnn Pitman has given, in his "Reporter's First Reader," a table of compound stems, in which the compounds of the letter \ amount to fifty-four, in plaee of the thirty-four given above, and the variations of the entire alphabet number about one thousand; but he TWENTY WAYS OF WRITING S T R D. 15 t>er by eight (the number of straight signs to which such modifica- tions belong), we get 1400 combinations. To these must be added fhe forms arising from the use of a part of these modes of contrac- ion with the curved signs, and we get more than 2100 additional signs, or 3500 in all, composed of single stems with their modifi- cations. There is a degree of method in forming these complex steins that is worthy of praise, and should be duly appreciated ; but there is no such method in their use, and it is not easy to employ the best form for a word when several possible forms occur to the mind. For example, suppose that a word containing the letters a t r d is to be written. The Phonographic letters are ), j, / r ~^ ? |. The form may be varied in more than a dozen ways, re- taining the letters in the same order. In the following words, the only consonants written by the Phonographer ar s t r d ; yet each word is written in a diferent way, as follows : t,] . a. 3 Were the forms given above all the forms from which the student aiust choose in writing words containing these letters, the difficulty ias given forms having hooks, or circles, or loops, on one end of the sign ->nly, while a full table would contain forms in which the hooks, circles, 4c., appear both singly on either end of the character, and doubly on both ends at the same time. If it should be deemed sufficient to count the form of contraction only as it appears in its simpler form on each end of the stem separately, we should stil find more than a thousand stem-forms growing out of the al- phabetic signs. The design in the text was, however, to give the number of forms in their full complement of initial and final hooks, circles, and loups, attacht as they actually appear in the written words. 16 SIXTY THOUSAND WORD-FORMS. would not be so great as it really is; for, besides these legiti- mate outlines, there are eight others, which ar not recommended for use, yet ar quite as likely to be chosen by the young writer, who must choose between twenty pos- sible outlines to find the correct one. There ar other words, besides those given above, containing the same principal letters, for which word-forms must be provided from among those here given. So the only thing that can be done is to memorize the proper outline for the word, as we lern to spell in our common orthography, only with greater variations from general rules, and a greatly increast number of exceptional forms. To acquire the Phonographic orthography is an almost endles labor. Mr. Graham has attempted to fathom this gulf, and to lay stepping-stones to aid the student, lest he sink in this Slough of Despond, and abandon the art in despair. He has provided a dic- tionary, indicating, by means of type-keys, as he calls them, the proper outline for sixty thousand words and sixty thousand phrases, making in all one hundred and twenty thousand * forms to be * It should also be noticed that most of these forms of contraction at not peculi.ir to the reporting style, but that the general principles of con- traction apply also to the simplest style known to Phonography. The style used by reporters differs from the style offered for general use mainly in the addition of a few more irregularly contracted forms for words and phrases, and an omision of the vowels;, while this immense f.ibric of regular contractions remains to be lerned by those who use the art even in its simplest form. And it is also worthy of remark that the same men who Imv offered this complicated system to the public, hav, at the same time, complained long and loud of the anomalies of our English orthog- raphy, and hav taken the lead in the Phonetic reform. Yet our English orthography contains only about two hundred and .s/r/.y d lymphs and tri- grapJts, which ar used as an extension to our alphabet; while the Phono- graphic orthography contains modified stems numbering, as we hav seen, more than three thumaml. And we may, 1 presume, say with truth that IRREGULAR AND CURIUS DEVICES. 17 memorized, These forms can be of no use to the writer until ren- dered familiar by practice ; and a hard-working student can master about one thousand forms a month, or the one hundred and twenty thousand in ten years, provided he takes no vacations, and can retain in memory such a mass of details. This system of word and phrase forms may be regarded as the first and second stories of the wonderful temple of modern Phonography. Above these rise other stories (or perhaps they should be likened to towers, since they ar formed of a far less amount of material), containing word and phrase signs contracted in a more irregular way, for which the general principles will not suffice. Mr. Graham, with his usual thoro'ness, has given about three thousand of these irregularly con- tracted forms. In some of the styles of Phonography, forms still further removed from alphabetic principles ar found, device within device leading on to wonderful degrees of complexity, as where Mr. G., for in- stance, writes (,, which is literally tft or tvd, for / hav ; or s, for of all, and c- for of our ; while the former would naturally read pit, and the latter prt. Or, if the signs read of all and of our ar shorter than a halved letter, the diference between them and the halved letters cannot be more than one fiftieth of an inch a dis- tance wholly unappreciable by the eye, and impossible to be made in the hurry of reporting. It is with no wish to criticise harshly the old Phonographies that we hav detailed these dificultits, that rise like mountains before the student. It is an unplesant task to deal in what seems, when stated in the mildest form, like severe censure. We hav refused for many years to expose the enormus asumptions of those who hav assumed * lead the world in the stenographic arts, and actually hav controlled a large share of the public patronage in England and America, both as reporters and as teachers of short-hand. The the diphthongal and triphthongal signs in our common spelling can be reduced to rule as easily as the compound stems in Phonography of which we hav spoken. Yet the Phonographers hav one advantage in point of consistency, if not of simplicity they never employ silent letters, or combinations that hav no phonetic value whatever, as is the case in our long-hand orthography. 18 ^CONTRACTIONS CLASSIFIED. fact that some persons * hav succeeded in rising above all these dif- ficulties, and in using systems so involved for the purposes of swift writing, is more creditable to the ability and perseverance of those persons who hav succeeded than to the systems they hav employed. THE CONTRACTIONS USED IN TACHYGRAPHY. But it remains for us to inquire how far, and in what way, thia complexity of structure is avoided in Tachygraphy ; or how suffi- cient brevity of word-forms is secured, for the use of persons de- sirus of securing full notes of lectures without resorting to so complex a system of outlines. To make the reply to these ques- tions intelligible, it will be necessary to explain the basis upon which the system of contractions is built, and the principles fol- lowed in applying the different modes of shortening the word- forms. The student of the art will do well to take note of these principles, as they will enable him to understand why one form of contraction, in certain cases, is preferred to another, and why some ar rejected altogether. Contractions may be of several degrees of complexity. For the sake of distinction, we will call those forms that express sounds accurately and naturally Pure Phonic Contractions ; those of the second grade, Mixed Phonic ; and those of the third grade, Steno- graphic.f * The number of persons who hav succeeded in mastering Phonogra- phy, so as to be really expert, is much fewer than is generally supposed, as was stated in the Introduction to the Elements of Tachygraphy, page 22. We estimated at that time (1869) the number of competent reporters at five hundred persons in England and America, and conccdftl a greater or less degree of skill in the art to two thousand persons more. These fig- ures hav not yet been called in question, altho' they hav been before the public nearly three years. We think the estimate rather too large than too small, and that the number is not increasing. There has been cer- t duly a prodigious waste of time and effort on the part of thousands of persons ; and yet this result is quite as favorable as would be naturally ex- pected in the use of such a system as we hav shown Phonography to be. t This classification is not designed to be exhaustiv, but will answer the purpose of illustration for which it is intended. PnONIQ SIGNS L AND II SERIES. 19 Pure Phonic Signs. Abbreviations of the first grade are those given in the seventh chapter of the "Elements," page 71, where signs ar provided for the consonantal diphthongs of the L and R series, as follows : rr^<\ j<\ 1 vXc-,- 9 ^ ; bl pi gl cl fl br pr gr cr dr tr fr thr shr Here the L and the R blend with the preceding consonant, and unite, forming a compound sound, as in the words play and pray. Now, this form of contraction is definitely limited, both in the number of its forms and the frequency of their use, by the struc- ture of the language written. There ar in English only the four- teen compounds named above, of which L and R form part in this intimate union. But there ar sounds in final syllables, as in the last syllables of the words people and peeper, that may be classed with these without too much violation of the principles of phonics. All the signs given above ar sometimes used in this manner, and in addition to them the following, which ar never purely phonic signs : c_ d. o dl tl vl nl vr zhr thr nr zlil shl These, with the fourteen signs before named, make twenty-four signs of the L and R series. These ar all the signs * that can be made of this kind without decending to the third grade of contrac- tions. The letters yl, hi, wl, II, and some others, which Mr. Munson unites into one sign, hav no phonic union even of the remotest kind. Herein the introduction of such signs does not tend to ren- * It might be possible to add to the signs given above others to repre- sent si and el, but these ar provided more naturally in connection witli the S series mentioned below. Jr and chr ar also provided with signs of this series, but they ar the same as zhr and shr ,- and jl and chl ar of but little use. 20 PHONIC SIGNS S AND Z SERIES. der the system uniform, as he seems to suppose, but introduces an anomalism into it ; for, having provided signs for which he has nc corresponding sounds in the language, he must employ them in an arbitrary manner. It is scarcely possible in this way to determine when yl, for instance, shall be written with the full form or with the hooked form, as there ar no cases in which the latter ar needed. In endevoring, therefore, to produce uniformity by adding initial hooks to all the letters of the alphabet to represent I and r, Mr. Munson has succeeded only in producing an external uniformity to which there is no corresponding internal reality, and consequently has produced confusion in the use of all the signs of this class. Phonic Signs of the S Series. The signs of this series, unlike those given above, may represent either the union of s with a following or a preceding consonant. The only purely phonic signs of this class ar P \ 0_ ) Q^ X _^ ^ ^ J> S ps ks ts fs ths ns Is rs Connected with the latter of these series is the use of the circle to represent z after hevy signs, as follows : k\> _o j ^ r ^ -3 ^ bz gz dz vz thz mz nz Iz rz These, in their proper" use, ar purely phonic signs, an \ ar used in the First Style of Tachygraphy. They number twenty-five, and, with the twenty-four given above as belonging to the L and B series, give us forty-nine (to which may be added the c*^ , making fifty) diphthongal signs. These ar all the compound letters that ar used in the First Style of Tachygraphy as taught in the " Ele- ments ; " and their use is, for the most part, definite and natural. Theiv is a striking contrast between these fifty signs of the first PRINCIPLES OF CONTRACTION. "21 grade and the thirty-five hundred used in Phonography, the larger part of which ar of the second or third grade. And yet the fifty signs given in the First Style of Tachygraphy, together with the few word and phrase signs used, furnish a style more rapid than the Corresponding Style" of the old art, with all its complexity. Only a small rate of speed can be gained in Phonography without omitting the vowels ; and when the student has omitted the vowels, lie must master the whole system of outlines in order to read his writing with any certainty, which, as we hav shown, is the labor of years. First Result. We hav, then, as the first result, a style in Tachygraphy for which Phonography affords no parallel, and for which it can form no parallel without an entire change of structure a style that can be used as freely and legibly as our common script, and reduced to practice as redily ; while it is written three times as rapidly, and with less than one seventh of the labor. Such a result is in itself enuf to commend the system. But. in achieving this, we hav, at the same time, secured the best basis upon which to build the briefer styles demanded by the note-taker and reporter. THE CONTRACTIONS OF THE NOTE-TAKER'S STYLE. In forming a briefer style than that sketcht above, there ar sev- eral modes of abbreviating the writing. The first and most obvius mode is that of providing brief signs to represent words and phrases of frequent occurrence. There ar some words that occur many times on every page of writing, and a list of one hundred words may be made that will form a large per centum of the words em- plo\ ed in ordinary writing. Such words ar A, an, and, are, as, at, be, by, come, did, do, done, for, from, go, had, lias, hav, he, his, how, I, if, in, is, it, on, one, so, some, that, the, then, there, they, this, though, us, was, we, were, what, when, where, who, you, your, &c. By furnishing these words with the briefest available signs, the labor of writing is reduced in a very simple and easy way. This principle of abbreviation has been understood from the erliest times, and may be redily applied to any language. 22 PHRASE AND PREFIX SIGNS. Another principle immediately connected with this, tho' not used so anciently, is that of providing brief signs for the most frequently recurring phrases, such as have been, has been, there is, it is, this is, it was, to be, to hav, to do, &c. Great advantage is gained by uniting such phrases into one character, which may be done by simply joining the word-signs used for the simple words. These principles form part of all systems that hav any value at the present day. Most of the words of this class ar provided with brief signs in the First Style of Tachygraphy ; and some others become brief enuf thro' those principles of contraction which ar of general ap- plication. A few, however, ar specially contracted, and from some of them numerus derivatives ar formed, which ar written in anal- ogy with their primitivs, thus reducing even the word-signs to some degree of regularity. The most frequent phrases ar also pro- vided with brief signs, either by simply uniting the word-signs, or by further abbreviating them. A skilful use of these word and phrase signs, in addition to the brief forms of the First Style, would give considerable speed to the writing, and might be suffi- cient for some persons. Yet there ar many long words in that por- tion of our language which is derived from the Latin and the Greek that may be further abbreviated to advantage. These words ar built up from a root or stem word by the addition of prefixes and affixes ; as, for example, inter-communication, which may be divided into intcr-com-munica-tion. By providing brief signs to represent the prefixes inter- and com-, and the termination -tion, we greatly reduce the labor of writing ; thus, 3. ^^, . , intercommuni- cation. Prefix Signs. The general principles of contraction afford brief signs for most of the prefixes, yet there ar a few that ar provided with special signs. Some of these, such as com-, con-, and in-, form part of thousands of words, which renders it possible to effect a shortening in all these words by the use of only a few brief forms representing pre- lixes. So also with the affixes. THE D AND T SERIES OF COMPOUNDS. 23 Affix Signs. The terminations of words which require any specinl devices for contraction ar very few, and apply to thousands of words ; so that the use of a dozen brief signs for affixes, in connection with the prefix signs mentioned above, abbreviates the writing to an extent t,hat is a continual wonder, even tho' so long known and used. (See Chapters VII. and VIII.) We hav thus provided for the representation, in a brief manner, of 1st, The words of most frequent occurrence; and, 2d, For words of Latin and Greek origin, composed largely of derivativs from some common stem-word. But there is another class of words in our language, and one of great use and importance, that is not reacht in this way. Common Saxon Words. We refer to the great body of Saxon words which form the staple of ordinary intercourse. They present few markt features of reg- ularity, and cannot be shortened in so simple a manner as those composed of prefixes and affixes. They abound in consonant let- ters, employing not unfrequently four or five such letters in a single syllable ; as, for instance, strand, starts, plants. We hav shortened these words materially by the use of the signs of the L, R, and S series, heretofore explained ; and it may be doubted whether we can carry the process of contraction farther without more loss than gain. Yet, theoretically, wherever two con- sonants are frequently joined without an intervening vowel, a sign may be used to represent them in combination. Such combinations ar -rd, -nd, -Id, &c., in hard, hand, hold; -rt, -It, and -nt, in hurt, hilt, and hunt. And in like manner r and I may unite with almost any consonant following them, as in harsh, surf, elf, elm. But some of these combinations ar much more important than others ; for, while f, m, and sh may unite with a preceding I or r only, the d and t may unite with nearly all the consonant letters of the same degree of hardness, as z and s do in the list of final compounds of the S series. Hence, by adopting one mode of contracting all letteia which combine with d or t, we gain a multitude of brief forms 24 USE OF COMPOUNDS RESTRICTED. growing out of one principle. To represent this union of d and / with a preceding consonant, the consonant which precedes is short- end,* and the d or t is thus indicated without being written. The other comhinations named hav never been furnished with any briefer signs than the alphabet provides. There is, however, another step that maybe taken in the formation of shortened forms. Having signs for the consonantal diphthongs of the L, H, and S series (both initial and final), and of the d and t series final, these brief signs may be used to represent the same letters when not united diphthongally. For instance, the P may be used in the words soap, soup, sup, sap, sop, as well as spy ; the P in the words bill, bell, ball, able, as well as blow, blew, and blue, and so on through all the signs that represent consonants in union. This practice opens the way for entire licentiusnes of word-forms. It substi- tutes for the alphabetic signs others to be used in their place not merely in certain well-defined cases of combinations, but in any case where the fancy of the writer may choose to use them. Such licentiusnes could not be tolerated, as it would throw the whole system into confusion.f And the only escape from it, after once * This method of representing d and t when united with a preceding consonant (and the same form of contraction has been largely used also in other cases) is an important feature of all the Phonographies, and its utility as a stenographic device cannot be doubted. Yet it has been se- verely criticised as wanting in dcfiuitnes, and requiring too much pre- cision in the writer. These objections arc valid if applied to a style for general use, but form no very insuperable objection against a style for reporters, which must avail itself of brief forms in some manner. Before the hulf-length ehar.;cters are ahandund, belter ones must be provided. We regard them as entirely satisfactory, if limited in their use to the cases of phonic union specified, or when extended in a simple and natu- ral way to the addition of a t alter a light character, and a d after a hevy character; but when a light or hcvy character is allowed to indicate either a d or t at plesnrc, and a hook is added to the sh^rtend letter to represent nd or nt, shnd or shnt, vd or ft, the eoniplexnes is greatly in- rreast, and the original design seems to be buried in its accessories. However necessary this may be in the most involved of reporting styles, it certainly has no proper place either in a style for general writing, or in a .simple style for note-taking. * The confusion actually resulting from this licentius use of the con- RAPIDITY OF WRITING AND SPEAKING. 25 adopting the principle, is by assigning, more or less arbitrarily, one mode of contraction to one word, and another mode to another, and teaching the proper outlines individually. This method was resorted to in Phonography ; but we hav preferd, in this style, to use those methods of contraction principally in their first and legiti- mate sphere. We hav, however, treated the circle as a substitute for the alphabetic S, employing it with great freedom in long words, but restricting its use in words of one syllable sufficiently to render the outlines distinctiv. The use of the half-length characters of the d and t series is also extended somewhat beyond the cases mentioned on page 23, but they ar employed with greater restriction than in the old style. The lengthened curves ar introduced ; but their use is confined mainly to the prefixes enter- and inter-, and to a few words of fre- quent occurrence. We hav thus reduced the number of contracted stem-forms to about Jive hundred, or one seventh of the thirty-five hundred used in Phonography, and, by employing them in a more natural manner, hav renderd those introduced far easier of appli- cation. Sapidity of Writing Secured. Having secured so good a degree of simplicity, some persons will desire to know something concerning the rate of speed secured. While the rate of speed has been held subordinate to the more essential qualities of legibility and simplicity, it has not been over- lookt. Indeed, in securing simple and facile forms, we hav, at the same time, secured forms most easily and rapidly written. There will always be great diversity of talent shown in the ability to write rapidly by persons using the same style, but there is quite as much diversity in the Rate of Public Speaking. The average rate of public speaking has long been regarded as about one hundred and twenty words a minute. But many good tractions was, and still is, very great among Phonographers. A given page is often written with very different word-forms by students using the same text-book. 26 RESULT OF THE SIMPLIFICATION. speakers speak slower than this, and quite as many faster than this. The slowest speakers utter seventy-five to one hundred words a minute, and the most rapid from one hundred and sixty to two hundred words, or even faster than this for one or two minutes at a time. Yet rapid speakers do not always speak so rapidly, and the slowest sometimes accelerate their speed to an average rate. The rate of both speakers and writers is generally estimated for a period of only a few minutes at a time. Estimated by the hour, the speed diminishes considerably. This style is written at the rate of one hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty words a minute, and may be carried beyond this rate of speed by skilful men. Indeed, it is difficult to set a definit limit to the power of such a style. Used with the freedom with which we write the ordinary script, its speed would be at least six times as great. Our common script is written at the rate of twenty to forty words a minute. It will thus be seen that we gain for practical purposes more speed than is gained in Phonography by any except the few professional writers. Second Result. We hav thus, as a second result of the simplification of the sys- tem, produced a style adequate for taking full reports of ordinary speeches, sermons, or lectures, while at the same lime it is very accurate and legible. We hav gaind this result in a style so simple, that students in all our professional schools and colleges can reduce it to practice without interrupting their other studies, and in a reasonably short space of time.* THE REPORTING STYLE. We cannot treat here of the contractions peculiar to the Report- ing Style of Tachygraphy. Those that devote their lives to the art can afford to spend a longer time in preparing for their work, and, thro' long practice, may become skilled in a greater number * Students ar able to put the First Style to practical use with two or three months' study, and can master the Second Style in two months addi- tional, without interrupting their other pursuits. By devoting their whole time, '.ney may leru them sooner than this. ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF WRITING. 27 of peculiar and irregular word-forms ; but, even among profes- sional reporters, there is a limit to the degree of complexity that can be made practical. M. Gouraud * has well said : " Whoever has attempted to lern any of the systems encum- berd with these exceptional intricacies " [referring to those used in Phonography] " must hav experienced this unavoidable conse- quence viz., that, whenever an excess of exertion in the memory has been brought in to aid the fingers, the progres of the student has always been retarded.f Indeed, experience has often proved that the most lengthy kind of writing " [the writer doubtles means a comparativly extended style of brief writing] " could sooner help, in its fullest delineation, to follow the delivery of a voluble orator, than the most condenst or abbreviated system of reporting sten- ography." We shall treat further concerning the wants of professional re- porters in our next volume, devoted to the Reporting Style. But, whatever reporters as a class may need in a system of brief writ- ing, there can be no question that students, lawyers, editors, and literary men of most classes, demand simplicity and legibility, and only so much brevity as is consistent with these more essential qualities of good writing. * See work entitled " Cosmo-phonography," by Francis F. Gouraud, D. E. S., New York, 1850, page 179. t It is on this account that the speed of writing does not increase in proportion to the brevity of the style. In actual practice, the speed of the writing may diminish as briefer forms ar introduced ; and when the briefer forms ar so mastered as to add somewhat to the speed of the writ- ing, it is always far less than would be anticipated, for there is always a loss growing out of the increased complexity to be deducted from the gain growing out of the brevity. Hence it is that we increase the number of the brief forms of the First Style four-fold in order to double the speed of the writing, and must increase them in as great a ratio to add fifty per cent, of speed to the style here given. As, in ascending high mountains, the steepnes of the way increases with each degree of progres, so, in brief writing, it is vastly easier to gain a speed of one hundred and twenty to one hundred and forty words a minute than to increase this speed to one hundred and eighty or two hundred words. Yet even this highest rate of speed is attainable in Tachygraphy, and has been attained by some persons. 28 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TO FORMER AUTHORS. Acknowledgments. It would be unjust to close this Introduction without repeating the acknowledgments previusly made to those who hav done so much, in former years, to develop and perfect the art of brief writing. Their labors, however imperfect, were neces- sary ; and, though we must add to their work a little here, and take from it a little there, yet it has formd a basis without which none of the present systems could hav been produced. The author would acknowledge especial obligations to the distin- guish! Inventor of Phonography, Isaac Pitman, Esq., of England, in whose works he first lerned to love the art of swift writing, and whose patient and long-continued devotion to the development of the principles of the science has done so much to enrich it with new and valuable material. The new letters were not adopted through any love of novelty, but only because the art could not be ren- dered practicable without them ; and it is a source of plesure to the author of Tachygraphy that he is conscius of laboring in entire sympathy with all the aspirations and hopes awakend by the intro- duction of Phonography into this country, more than a quarter of a century ago. He believes that these hopes will be realized in the introduction of Tachygraphy. Though changed in form and dress, the essential principles' remain ; and the art, in its new form, em- bodies in a practical manner what was foreshadowd in the old. Thus men labor as grace and wisdom ar given them from above, but God directs for his own glory and the good of men. He is the true INVENTOR. THE NOTE-TAKER. CHAPTER I SHORTENED WORD-FORMS. 1. THE abbreviations employed in this style of Tachygraphy may be classed under the fol- lowing divisions: 1st, Word-signs; 2d, General Contractions ; 3d, Prefixes and Affixes ; 4th, Phrase-signs. WORD-SIGNS. 2. Definition. A word-sign is a Tachygraphic word-form shortened by omitting or contracting some of the -letters used in writing it fully. Word-signs are formed by special and some- times irregular modes of ' contraction, which apply only to the words specified, or to their derivatives. 29 30 THE NOTE-TAKER. The characters used for word-signs are, 0, Letters of the Tachygraphic alphabet. b, Compound signs, c, Combined signs. * d, Contracted and Irregular signs. 3. Word-signs may be further classed as A, Vocal, B, Consonantal signs. The purely Vocal signs are found only in Class a. Class b consists of the secondary letters of the L, R, and S series of compounds. Class c may contain either a consonant and a vowel, or two or more consonants. Class d comprises word-signs formed, in part, of letters which do not appear in the word as written in the full form, or those which employ one or more of the final letters of the word. REMARK. The latter class is very small, and forms an exception to the general principles which are followed almost uniformly throughout the system. 4. Word-signs may be further classed into Primitives and Derivatives. A Primitive word-sign is the simplest form in which it occurs, as "J , object; J, will. A Deriv- ative word-sign is any modification of such Primitive form. 5. We add a table of the Primitive word-signs that are of the most frequent occurrence. CHAPTER I. TABLE OF WORD-SIGNS. A. 1. VOCAL SIGNS. 31 n ye - who x all 3 in u have " of ^/ how - or i the B. CONSONANTAL SIGNS. 2. Common Abbreviations. c 1 A.B. "^ Co. c_A.D. --D.D. c/-A.M. "1 De P- "^X Ace. i Do. f? Mr. ^\_ Math. l^x RS ' |^" P.M. ^1 Chap. ^^ Eng. /") Rev. 3. In which only Vocals are omitted. \ Be ^_ they .^ are | up """N though /^~~ may *^_s on, own *j y u ^ he US, SO 32 THE NOTE-TAKER. 4. In which both Vocals and Consonantals are omitted. 1 object ~^\ thing f subject | number 1 principle, -al (^} neverthelesss 1 improve ^-^ knowledge \ perhaps ^S^-s language ~N together ^X] represent A . Tachygraphy ^X remark V value e^ with V form c general ^> Phonography r / gentlemen (an) 5. Irregular Forms. ( advantage ^-<^ notwithstanding 3 &c. f pleasure o as cA-' question ^N because < x when / while each ^ ^ > hath = which _>/ whole - him 4 large J will CHAPTER I. 33 EXPLANATION OF THE TABLE. 6. a. The first list of word-signs, composed wholly of vocal signs, are used in forming com- pounds and phrases, in the same way as the vocals are used in forming outlines for words. Examples. rS ye are "Y^ in them 7 who are \_ have they \^ of these = into ^ although \ however, &c. b. It should be particularly noticed, however, that the sign for the article the may be written either perpendicularly or horizontally, and that it never stands alone. All other vocal word-signs, may be written either joined or disjoined ; the tick for the is always joined. It may commence or end a phrase. Examples. -c-"" the way ^ /"" the time ^ the advantage 1 the favor in the . to the Q- as the [^ by the, &c. 34 THE NOTE-TAKER. 7. a. The second list of signs are always written independently, as they stand in the table. They are not purely phonic signs, but are so suggestiv of the common abbreviations, universally used, as to need no special memorizing. Their use may be learned by an examination of the table. It will be noticed, however, that such abbrevia- tions as have no phonetic value as, for in- stance, Kt. for Knight are omitted from the table. It would not do to write \ for KnigU. REMARK. It will lie observed that the sign for A. in A. B. and A. D. expresses different sounds in Artis Bach- elor and Anno Domini, and that A.M. maybe written for Artis Magister and Ante Meridiem, as well as for Anno Mundi. b. LIST No. 3. Words of a single conso- nant letter need, for the most part, a vowel to make them perfectly legible. It would not do to confound such words as any, no, now, nay, know, own, &c., nor is it at all necessary. Any and now are written v <* and ^-^ ; and other words which contain only the consonant ', except on and own, add the vowel. In a similar way, all little words of this class are treated. The follow- ing words, for instance, may be written in this Style as they are written in the First Style : Bow, lough, ape, ope, gay, see, say, thee, aim, mow, CHAPTER I. 35 me, my, ray, roiv, raiv, ear, oar, way, woe, nay, high, &c. c. Number 4 contains contractions from which many derivative forms spring. It is arranged, as the preceding table is, in the order of the Tachygraphic alphabet. The signs derived from these will be given in another chapter. 8. The last number contains anomalous forms, from the most of which no other forms are de- rived. a. In the sign for each, the hook of the <= is omitted. b. The sign for as is the s-circle. The com- mon abbreviation &c. is written with the halved > - x used for and, and ) , and reads and-so-forth. c. The stems of the letters Ha and Wha are omitted in the words hath, whole, ivhile, when, and him, and the hook only is written. d. In the word-signs advantage and large, ( is used for c__ , as being more distinctive and con- venient to write. REMARK. In memorizing the tables, let the student write each word-sign over many times, and repeat the word as the character is made. "When the signs are learned so that they can be written correctly, they may be written from the lips of a reader, repeating each sign and each table of signs many times, until they can be written with great rapidity and skill. 36 THE NOTE-TAKER. WRITING EXERCISE FIRST. Short Sentences containing Word-signs. Com unto me, all ye that labor! How shal they giv who hav not ? In this rejoice ! The way of the rihteus is as a shining liht. The day, the time, the path, the goal, the glory, the ground, the place, the praise. In the, on the, for the, to the, tho' the, thro' the, hav the, all the. John Jones, A. B. A. D. 1872. Adam Smith, A. M., in ace. with Samuel Sampson, D. D. Mr. William How- land, Deputy P. M. General, Washington, D. C. E. Dow, B. A., Prof, of Mathematics, Cambridge, Eng. Perhaps the principal object in our meeting together is to consider the subject in all its bearings. Gentlemen may remark the value of Tachygraphy as contrasted with Phonography in the expression of language, and they will form an opinion in accordance with the facts. A knot- edge of the principles of language is of general utility. Notwith- standing the advantages of the mesure, a large number of gentle- men wer disposed to call it in question. To him that hath shal be given, and from him that hath not shal be taken even that which he seemeth to hav. Becaus I hav calld and ye hav refused, I hav stretcht out my hands all the day long, and no man regarded, &c. It is as each one shal choose. TJio' the whole jurny gav us plesure in the main, we wer nevertheles delihted when we reacht our homes. They hav taken advantage of your remarks. A large number of persons wer present. Wud you be wise, Jive things observ with care of whom you speak, to whom you speak, and how, and when, and where. CHAPTER 11. THE USE OF THE CIRCLE. 9. The circle is retained in the Note-Taker's style in all cases in which it is used in the first style of Tachygraphy. The circle is used in the first style, a. In all initial and final compounds contain- ing .9, and with the dot vocal, as in I. With other short and obscure vowels, espe- cially in words of more than one or two sylla- bles. (See Elements, pp. 71, 78, and 79.) 10. In the Note-Taker's style, the use of the circle is farther extended, as specified below. 1. The circle is used with all single vowels in most words of more than two consonants, and with a larger number of short words than in the first style. 2. Words of two consonant letters, one of which is s, and some words of three consonants, require much limita- tion in the use of the circle. Since the same consonant skeleton may be vocalized to form a dozen, and in some 37 449602 38 THE NOTE-TAKER. cases many more different, words, the use of vocal signs is necessary to secure definiteness in the writing ; and the vocal frequently precludes the use of the circle. (See 12, 3, Rem. 1.) 3. Many words of three consonants, however, and nearly all Avords of four and more, are sufficiently definite from their consonant outline alone, and admit of contraction with more freedom. 11. a. Words of two consonant letters, one of which is > or s~\ is written, and in this respect these outlines differ from the forms used for these words in the first style. The vocal c before x N is almost always omitted, conforming to the general rule that vocal signs are omitted when they are not easily joined ; and the n before x-^s and x~s is almost always written in words of this class. REM. 2. Words belonging to such groups as those mentioned above, if of frequent occurrence, should be written as briefly as is consistent with perfect legibility. If the word contains an initial vowel which can be written, the circle may be used with the greater 40 TIIEf NOTE-TAKER. freedom, as in the words allays, allows. Still, even here there must be some restriction, for we have also the words alloys, allies, and alleys to be distinguished from them. REM. 3. The words containing l-s, and similar groups which end in a vowel, lazy, Lucy, boozy, fussy, &c. have not been given in the preceding lists because they all conform to the general princi- ple which prescribes the use of ^-^ and x~ N in all cases where is the last consonant in the word, and followed by a vowel. 13. In all words, long as well as short, the ^-^ or X-N is used for s, a. Where this letter is immediately preceded or followed by a diphthong, or by two vocals, as in the words disguise, espouse, disabuse, science, serious. (R. L. Third, 7.) b. Where a vocal precedes s or sin the begin- ning of a word, or follows them in the end of a word, as in the words essential, fancy. EXCEPTION 1. Where o or x commences a word fol- lowed by s, the circle is sometimes joined to, or written within, the vocal, as in ask, auspicious. Exc. 2. A final vowel may also be written after the circle in such words as \ pursue, prophecy. CHAPTER II. 41 In this case, however, when another consonant is added, the vowel is dropped, as in V pursued, prophecies. SPECIFICATION. The following words of frequent occur- rence are written with the circle: case, seen, south, this, use (noun), house. EEM. 1 . The circle is not used in scene or seine. It must not be supposed that when a word is contracted irregularly that all words pronounced in a similar manner follow the same analogy. One word may be contracted on account of frequent occurrence, while another word, both spelled and pronounced in the same manner, is written in full. The word will, as a noun, as in the phrase the will of God, is written as in the common style of the art, while the word-sign^ is used only for the auxiliary will in such phrases as He will go. This principle will be observed in other instances. REM. 2. The use of the circle in long words is considerably extended. It is restricted only by the following principles: a. Where a vowel follows s in the end of a word, or precedes it in the commencement. To this principle there are no exceptions, except those noticed above in connection with the vowels ^ and / in the beginning of a word, and two or three vowels in the end of a word. i. Where, the 8 in the midst of the word is either preceded or fol- lowed by two vocals or a diphthong, as, for instance, in the last sylla- bles of the words spontaneous, erroneous, harmonious, counterpoise. (II. L. Fourth, 9.) To this principle there are some exceptions, which are mentioned below. EEM. 3. The circle is used in long words wherever it is more convenient than the full form, even with the double vocals and diphthongs, if the resulting outline is entirely legible, and not liable to be confounded with any other word. Examples. Licentiate, licentious. So, also, in the words unsound, assign, &c. 42 THE NOTE-TAKER. REM. 4. The circle is used in certain terminations ending in * preceded by two vowels, as, for instance, uous in the words anibigu- om, impetuous, tempestuous, &c. (R. L. Fourth, 9.) REM. 5. No account is made of silent vowels. When several vowels occur, only one of which is sounded, the vowel is considered as single. The word gorgeous, for instance, though ending in a syllable which contains three vowels, is pronounced as though there were but one, and is written with the circle. REM. 6. The above principles and directionswill.it is hoped, make the use of the circle plain in most cases. If pome cases still occur, in which the proper word-form is doubtful, the student must rely upon his observation in reading Tachygraphy. or the judgment of a competent teacher. The correction of exercises written by the pupil, in which words embodying these principles occur, is the best way of mastering them in detail. THE CIRCLE FOR Z. 14. In addition to the principles given i Elements for the use of the circle for , it may be used, a. In long words generally, when not pre- cluded by the principles before mentioned; but it cannot be used when the word begins with z. SPEC. 1. a. The circle is used in such words as deserve, observe, desert, resort, &c., where the sound of z seems to be a necessity of speech. b. The long sign ^~\ is used, however, in zeal, zany, etc. where the z is initial; also in business, emblazon, unison., and wherever the circle might be read for s. 2. Some cases of doubtful outlines will occur; and CHAPTER II. 43 some words may be distinguished in writing that have the same consonants similarly situated. The words reason, risen, rosin, raisin, for instance, contain the same conso- nant elements, but they may be distinguished as follows. a. In the following pairs of words, reside recede, pre- side precede, and others of this character, there is a double reason for writing the former word of the pair in the full form. These words contain both the z and the diphthong v in connection with it ; and so there is a stronger reason for writing reside and preside in full than for writing recede and precede in full. So, recede and precede are written with the circle, and reside and preside with / s. b. Some persons may also wish to distinguish more accurately between such words as precede and proceed, and to separate these in outline from praised and prized. The latter group (praised and prized) are written with the halved /^N, explained in chapter iv, and the former (pro- ceed and precede) may be distinguished by adding the vowel if necessary to one of the words. c. In most long words no confusion can result from freedom in the use of the circle for z; and, yet, in a few cases, like president and precedent, perfect perspicuity requires a restricted use of the circle. Such instances can be fully specified only in a vocabulary; but persons who do not require the briefest forms, and who need great accuracy in writing, can easily avoid all difficulty by using the long x-v in all cases where the circle might be taken for s. d. The terminations ism and asm in words of two syllables may frequently be written with the circle when 44 THE NOTE-TAKER. preceded by a consonant, and in some cases when pre- ceded by a vowel, as in theism, baptism, methodism, agrarianism. b. The circle is used for z in the following words: does, these, was, use (verb), his, has. SPEC. The word was takes the x->. in some phrases for convenience, and the full form is quite as rapid as the shorter form when both are equally convenient. The form "with the circle is needed in such phrases as was not, icas done, and is quite convenient in was so and was this. The full form is more convenient in the phrases I was sure, was present, and others of this kind. (R. L. Fourth, 8.) , since this form is more easily written than the circle; but when another consonant precedes the . This is always allowable, and is generally the best way where the following compound belongs to the initial series. Examples. misplace, discipline. 2. Other modes of overcoming this difficulty are allow- able, a. The hook may be omitted, as in ^^ explain; or, b. The hook may be written after the circle, by means of a connecting stroke, as in ^k^-v disclose. REM. 1. Mr. Pitman authorizes another mode of writing the hooks of the L and R series after the circle in such cases as those specified above. It is that of making an imperfect hook where it cannot be perfectly formed. This can be done if the writer can afford to pause long enough to do it ; but either of the methods recommended above is more consistent with speed in writing, and more likely to afford distinctly-legible word-forms. HEM. 2. The is never omitted, except in the case of word- 52 THE NOTE-TAKER. signs. The circle is added to word-signs when they take the plural number, or any other modification containing this sound. VOCALIZATION OF WOEDS CONTAINING THE CHICLE AND DOUBLE CIRCLE. 19. When disjoined vowels are used in words written with the circle or double circle, their position must be determined with reference to the full-sized letter to which the circle is attached: as, for instance, in the example previ- ously given: Ji- _o_ ^- s-^__ /^_ The dot is read after the main stem, near which it is placed, and before the circle. But in the following words the circle is read first, and the vowel between it and the main stem: f ^ sup, sad, unsatisfied. SPEC. 1. So, we have two cases, a. Where the circle is on the end of a stem, as shown in the former illustra- tion. Here the vocal is written after the stem that pre- cedes the circle, b. Where the circle is on the first of the stem. Here the vocal is written before the stem that follows the circle, as in the last illustration. Both cases are united in the word ttntattyled, 2. Observe, also, that letters preceding or following the stem to be vocalized do not affect the vocalization. In CHAPTER n. 53 the word unsatisfied, for instance, the syllable un, which precedes, and the syllable fied which follows, do not change the position which the vocals assume to the stem, satis (sts}, which is to be vocalized. REM. 1. It must not be inferred that the vocal signs are to be frequently inserted. They may be omitted in most cases. Even the words sup, sad, and unsatisfied, which we have used as illustra- tions, are usually written without the vowels. Yet, it is sometimes necessary to insert a disjoined vocal for greater distinctiveness, and when used, it should be used in accordance with the principles here given. REM. 2. The general rules for writing the circle between two consonants are given in the Elements, page 71. These rules should be followed. The rule most frequently violated is Case 3, " Between a straight and a curved line, the circle is always on the inside of the curie" This, also, is illustrated in the word unsatisfied, as given above. 20. Steins with which double circles are con- nected are vocalized in the same manner as those which contain a single circle ; but, iu addition to this, the double circle admits, in some cases, an inserted vowel, which is read between the two s's. Examples. analyses, cisalpine. 1. Since the double circle primarily represents sus, ses, sez, the vocals \ and need not be inserted ; and it is sel- dom necessary or expedient to insert the o or rt . Even 54 THE NOTE-TAKER. the words analysis and analyses will be sufficiently dis- tinguished by shading or thickening the circle on one side to represent sez. The only object of inserting the vocal in such a case would be to designate the tact that the e in this syllable is long, which in ordinary writing would be unnecessary. 2. The other vocal signs, such as x, c, or y , may be inserted in the double circle in such words as saucebox, exercising. But these, and all other words, may be writ- ten more fully by means of the - or x-~\ and a single circle, if the writer chooses the longer form. REM. Here, as in the case above, a mode of contraction is given to meet a few special cases ; and the student should not press such forms into service on all possible occasions, but choose instead the plainer form, when such form is convenient for use. CHAPTER II. 55 WRITING EXERCISE SECOND. Apes, opes, adds, odds, aids, odes. Apace, apiece, apis. Ease, bass, boss, bias. Case, kiss, chaos. Fuss, face, office. Pass, pace, piece, peace, pious. Place, pulse, bless, bliss, blouse. Dross, dress, trace, trice, truce. Press, price, pierce, purse. Brace, Bruce, bourse. Grace, grass, grouse. Crease, cross, cress. Glass, gloss, glassy, glossy, dressy, drossy. Vase, vice, voice. Mace, mass, muss, mess, mice, mouse, moose. Nice, gneis, niece, noose. Lac.e, lease, loose, loss, less, lass. Alas, Elias, alias, Lewis, Lucy. Hace, racy, iris, rice, ruse. Chase, chess, choice. Fleece, floss. Sip, sup, sop, sap, sick, suck, sock, sack, sake, seek, soak, set, sat, soot, sot. Seed, said, sowed, sawed, sad, sods, sighed, sued, sieve, save, salve, says, size, seize, sues. Cease, sauce, siss, cess, souse, assess, recess, assessing, ceasing, tracing, gracing, racing, pressing. /Specify, spice, space, suppose, supper, superior, super- fine, superficial, soporific, submissive, substantial, subsoil, suggesting, succeed, success, successful, unsuccessful. Sat- isfy, satisfied, unsatisfied, sudden, suddenly. Decency, citizen, citizenship. Situate, situated, settle, unsettled, sadly, Saturday, suffice, suffuse, sovereign, sovereignty, siiffer, sufferance, insufferable, south, southern, seethe, seen, same, some, sum, assume, sameness, seeming, whole- some, unseemly. Soon, scene, sane, sign, sawn, sound, soicn, unseen, unsound. Sing, sung, sang, singing, song, sing-song, sink, sank, sunk. 56 THE NOTE-TAKER. Seal, sail, soul, soil, sailing, soiling, unsealing, selling, sold, seldom, soldier. Ask, acid, astonish, asp, assiduity, assiduous, associ- ate, assign, assail, acerbity, aspen, asserted, assorted. BRIEF SENTENCES CONTAINING THE WORDS GIVEN ABOVE. If the price of the book you hav in press suits my purs, it is my purpos to purchas it. Messieurs Brace and Bruce wer at the Bourse. In pious mood they pas apace, and slowly pace in peace. He ads to the ods, and aids them with his odes. Tlie base boss has a decided bias. In this case, what is a kis f Did he say case or chaos f In face ofthefoss, with much fuss, he announced his office. Bles the giver of blis. The grouse was in the gras, with grace in form and f ether. Her glossy icing is dressy, I do not say her glassy wing is drossy. This mas of mice have made a pretty mus. Tlie loss of the lass is les on this lease than on the lace for her bridal arr,. (For further discussion of these principles, see the concluding chap- ter on Eugraphy.) In the examples vesicle and physical, another principle enters. Though the same advantage would result from the use of the circle which we have pointed out in the former examples, yet there are two reasons for using the x*-^ and ^. . 1st. The s is followed by a vowel. 2nd. The final syllable is a true compound (see Elements, page 75), and admits the sign properly, while in the case of vascular and gospel the use of the C , f would be irregular. We leave the student to apply the principle to other cases. REM. 2. Cases in which the hook may follow the circle need no special designation, for it is always allowable to use the circle and added hooked sign when it can be done conveniently, except in the cases mentioned in specification 1, where there are other words whicli might assume the name outline. In these cases, the word of most frequent occurrence is written with the briefest outline. (R. L. Sixth, 19.) 3. The following words, and some others, admit the vowel between the stem and the hook of the signs of the L and R hook series of compounds: Culture, with all the derivatives and compounds formed CHAPTER III. 63 from it, such as agriculture, horticulture, uncultured, cul- prit, pilgrim, pilgrimage, philology, philosophy, telegraph, telegram, telescope. (R. L. Seventh, 32, a.) 4. It is not necessary generally to vocalize those outlines which admit the vowel between the hook and the stem; but if, for any reason, it is desired, they may be vocalized in this manner: a. Semicircles may be written through the stem. b. The dots may be made into a small circle, and placed after the stern to be vocalized. c. The dashes may be struck through the stem when they are written in a direction at an angle with it, other- wise they may be placed after it. (For examples see R. L. Seventh, 32, b.} THE USE OF f 7 FOK *~7 ^7" 22. The signs J and J are used to represent the sounds ofjr and clir in such words as -7 Teacher, preacher, danger, larger. This is in analogy with the use of ( for c in the word-signs for large and advantage. (See table, Chapter I.) SPEC. 1. This form of contraction is not applied to many words in the Note-Taker's style, but only to a few- words of frequent occurrence. The signs ? and 'J must be 64 THE NOTE-TAKER. preserved for their original use, as representing the sounds zhr and shr in all cases in which these sounds occur; but in cases where there would be no indefiniteness, the jr and chr may be so written. 2. The use of a vowel with these signs may be sufficient to make the outline perfectly legible, and this will be fre- quently convenient with the vowels r\, n, ^/, and others, as in the words pitcher, preacher, teacher, voucher. With these words should be contrasted the normal use . of these signs in such words as measure, treasure, pressure, &c. (R. L. Sixth, 20.) THE USE O f) n OR (j (J FOR 23. a. The signs ^ ^) may be used for jl and clil in some words, as in vigil, fragile. b: The signs (j ' (J may be used instead of _J? J? when they are more convenient, as in the words angelic. t^j t O Sriic. Tlie following words may be contracted in this way : agile, agility, angel, angelic, bachelor,flagellate, frag- ile, fragility, vigil, vigilance. (R. L. Sixth, 21.) CHAPTER III. 65 WRITING EXERCISE FOURTH. Babel, babble, bubble, Papal, people, pupil, pebble. Paper, pattper, pepper, piper, popper. Auditor, auditory, daughter, debtor, doubter, deter. Tatter, tetter, titter, tighter, totter, tutor. Tattle, title, total, tittle. Affable, fable, feeble, foible. Evil, oval, valley, volley, vile, viol. Awful, fail, fall, feel, fell, Jill, file, fool, fowl, fall, awfully, folly, foidly, fully, fulfil. Audible, edible, double, terrible, treble, trouble, drabble, durable. Travel, drivel, trifle, truffle. Frivolous, level, leveler, revel, revelers, revelry, civil, civilly. Novel, novelty, cavil, gravel, bevel. Rider, reader, rudder, writer, rioter, wrecker, recur, har- bor, -harper, harsher, maker, meeker, seeker, sicker, secure, looker, locker, knocker. Able, unable, enable, disable, ability, disability, rebel, rabble, ribaldry, marble, fallible, unavailable. Journey, journal. New Hampshire. CALL, DEAR, FULL, SURE, TILL, until, surely, ensure. Gospel, expel, dispel, fiscal, vascular, vesicle, physical, Paschal, Bristol, briskly, musical. Pas- cal, muscular, vestal, festal, mustily, hastily. Fragile, fragility, flagellate, vigil, vigilance, frivolous, leveler, revelry, novelty, frivolity, philological. Phrenological, physiological, philosophical. Pilgrim, pilgrimage, tele- scope, telegram. Delaware. Brief Sentences comprising the above Words. Tlie daughter of an editor met a debtor. Auditor, said she, you may be a doubter, but this shall not deter me from 66 THE NOTE-TAKER. appealing to a larger auditory. The tower of Babel, according to the .Bible, was a great bubble, and ended in babble. That pauper orderd pepper and paper, and the piper orderd a popper. That feeble but affable lady spoke of the young man's fable as a characteristic foible. lie fell like a fool: how awful the fall! Words fail to give full emphasis to the foul folly, and awfully he has ful- filled an evil destiny. For ill can poetry expresfutt meny a tone of tho't sublime, And sculpture, mute and motionles, steals but one glansfrom time; But by the wondrus actor's skil their wedcd triumphs com, Vcrs ceases to be airy tho't, and sculpture to be dum. The Gift of Tnngs. When men had bin taut to look upon all men as breth- ren, then, and then only, did the variety of human speech present itself as a problem that calldfor a solution in the eyes of.tho'tful observers. I therefore date the real begin- in g of the science of language from the day of Pentecost. After that day of cloven tungs, a new light is spredinrj over the earth, and objects rise into view which had bin hidden from the eyes of the nations of antiquity. Old words assume a new meaning, old problems a new inter- est, old sciences a new purpos. The comon origin of mankind, the diferences of race and language, (he sus- ceptibility of all nations to the hihest mental culture, these become in the new world in which we live problems of scientific, because of more than scientific, interest. MAX MUELLEE. CHAPTER in. 67 THE PEEFIXES AB, AP, AG, AC, AD, AND AT OMITTED. 24. a. In such words as abbreviate and approxi- mate the #5 and ap may be omitted, writing bre- viate, proximate. Ex. \ abbreviate. So ag and #c, a<# and at, where followed by gr, cr, dr, and tr may be omitted. Ex. Address, attribute, aggress, accredit, writ- ten dress, tribute, gress, credit. b. The prefixes ac, af, and ag may in like manner be omitted in some cases before cl,fl, and gl, as in acclimate, afflict, agglutinate, writ- ten climate, flict, glutinate. SPEC. 1. The number of words containing these pre- fixes is small, and the student should fix upon definite outlines for each. Those omitting the prefix are abbreviate, accredit, ac- crue, address, aggrandize, aggress, appreciate, appropri- ate, approximate, attract, attribute, and their derivatives.. (R. L. Seventh, 24, a.) Acclimate, acclivity, afflatus, afflict, affluence, agglomerate, agglutinate, and their deriva- tives. (R,. L. Seventh, 24, b.) 2. In a few cases the prefix is written, and the following g or p omitted, as in T/^~5i apprehensive. The words which follow this mode are aggregate, ag- 68 THE NOTE-TAKER. grieve, appropriate, approach, approve, apply, and their derivatives. (R. L. Seventh, 24, c.) REM. Other forms of contraction not yet explained enter into the formation of the outlines of some of the words given in this section ; and they are on this account omitted from the reading lesson (Lesson Seventh), but they are given in the vocabulary. 3. In some cases, both the prefix and the following con- sonant may be written, as \. , acclaim. This will be necessary only when the contracted form would be liable to be confounded with the word stripped of the prefix, and in the case, for the most part, of words of infrequent occurrence, such as afflux, appraise, which might be confounded w\\hflux and praise. (R. L. Seventh, 24>.) REM. 1. The examples given in Spec. 2 also distinguish the words so contracted from the root- word, or some other word of similar outline. In this way, approve is distinguished from prove, aggrieve from grieve, and approach from preach. REM. 2. It is not necessary that all such words should be dis- tinguished by difference of outline. In many cases the word-form will be rendered definite by the use of the words in a sentence, although capable of two meanings when standing alone. This is the case when one of the words is a noun or adjective only, and the other a verb, as in the case of the words tribute and attribute, proxi- mate and approximate. But though both words designated by a given outline are of the same part of speech, there may be still some peculiarity of use that will clearly distinguish them in a sentence, as in the case of dress and address. CHAPTER in. 69 THE PREFIX AD BEFORE V AND J. 25. a. Where the prefix ad is followed by v, as in the words adverb, advise, the may be omitted, and the vowel u may be written for ad. SPEC. 1. The word advantage, and all its derivatives, are written with contracted forms, as given in the tables of word-signs. (R. L. Seventh, 25, b.) 2. The words adverse, adversity, adverseness, and ad- versely may be written V ~Q, &c., to distinguish them from averse and its derivatives. (R. L, Seventh, 26, a and b.) b. The vocal u may also be written for ad wheii this prefix is followed by^', as in the words adjoin, adjust, written ^-t^^ <-*-" . SPEC. In this manner may be written the words ad- judge, adjure, adjoin, adjust, adjutor, and their deriva- tives (R. L. Seventh, 27) and adject, adjacent, adjudicate, adjunct, adjuvant, and their derivatives. 70 THE NOTE-TAKER. WRITING EXERCISK FIFTH. Abbreviate, accrue, attribute, address, aggress, aggres- sor, acclivity, afflatus, affluence, approximation, agglom- eratioti, aggrieve, aggrievance, appropriate, approach, approachable, approaching, unapproachable, aggravate, aggravated, approve, approvable, apply, applicable, unap- plied, afflux, applause, appraise, apprise, applaud. Advance, advantage, advise, adviser, advisory, advo- cacy, advowson, adverb, adversary, adversative, adversity, advice, averse, aversely, adjacency, adjoin, adjudge, adjure, adjurer, adjust, adjustable, adjusting. Brief Sentences containing some of the above "Words. Appearances ar ofen deceitful. They approov the desine, and icil endevor to proov its superior merits. They praise the work, and appraise the value of the labor at one thou- sand dollars. lam sure they wil please and gain applause. lie teas addrest as the aggressor, and was greatly ag- grievd by the implied censure. He was averse to these adverse mesures. They preach an approaching doom. We advise an advance. Kepler's Prayer. Thou who by tlie liht of nature hast kindld in us the longing after the liht of thy Grace, in order to raise us to the liht of Thy Glory, 'thanks to thee, Creator and Lord, that Thou, lettest me rejoice in Thy works. Lo, I hav don the work of my life with that power of intelect which Thou hast given. I hav recorded to men the glory of Thy works as far as my mind cud comprehend their inftnit majesty. * * If, by the wonderful buty of Thy works, I hav bin led into boldnes, if I hav saut my own honor among men as I adcanst in the work which was destind to Thine honor, pardon me in kindness and charity, and, by Tliy Grace, grant that my teaching may be to Thy ylory and the welfare of aU men. Praise ye the Lord, ye herenly harmonies; and ye that understand the new harmonies, praise tlie Lord KEPLER'S HAKMONY OF TUE WORLD. CHARTER III. 71 BRIEFER SIGNS FOR QUA AND GUA. 26. a. A new sign is made to represent the sound of qu in queen, (/, named qua. It resem- bles ^/^ but has a larger hook. IXdiffers from the o^ (wlia] in that the latter has a smaller, heavy hook, while the *V article, particle, opportunity, practical. SPEC. 1. It is not necessary to enumerate the words that corne under this class. They are numerous and varied in form and length, but they all have a common resem- blance in one respect. They all contain a t or d preceded immediately by another consonant, with which it may unite, as pract in the word practical, art in article, and port in opportunity. The following will serve as additional examples: ordin- ary, pertinent, absurdity, rectify, fortify, fortitude, sus- ceptible. (R. L. Eighth, 41.) REM. In many of these cases the contracted letters are divided in pronunciation t-o As to stand in contiguous syllables, as in the examples just given, where par-ti-cal is written as though pro- nounced part-ic-al. 2. This principle is further extended to include words in which the d or t is separated by a vowel from the letter CHAPTER IV. 83 with which it is contracted, as in the words imperative, narrative. These words are written by elision, as though pronounced impertive, nartive, and so resemble those given in Spec. 1. Other words of three or more syllables omit the unaccented vowel, and admit of this form of contrac- tion, such as operative, authoritative, primative, diminu- tive, equitable. (R. L. Eighth, 42.) 3. This principle is still further extended to some words in which the vowel preceding the t is accented, as in theo- retical, dramatical, arithmetical, critical. (R. L. Eighth, 43.) REM. In long words, the half-length principle can be applied with much more freedom than in short words. It will not, how- ever, be necessary for the writer of the Note-Taker's style to burden himself much with contractions of this kind. The principle use of these shortened forms outside of a few words of frequent occurrence is in cases where an obtuse angle or a bad word-form may be avoided in this way, as in the words practical, article, opportunity, &c., given above. EST AND STE CONTRASTED. 39. The diphthong st in the end of syllables comes under two modes of contraction, and may be written either with or ~. a. The Q is used generally in cases where the circle would be used if not followed by t, as, for instance, the circle is used in muss, less, and class, so, the o_ is used in the analogous words must, lest, and classed. But where the 84 THE NOTE-TAKER. x s is employed in the primative word, the added t is indicated by making the ^ half- length, as in cross, crossed, trace, traced. (R. L. Fourteenth, 106, a.) b. So, also, where the st is preceded by any full vowel or diphthong that would require an ^, in accordance with the rules for the circle, the ~ is employed, as in L ^ post, coast. 40. As the est is contrasted with ste so is made three times its usual length to imply the sounds of thr in the words ^- ^ another, ^~, -- neither. This sign should be made light throughout, and will thus be distinguished from the forms given in the next section. CHAPTER V. 97 SPEC. 1. This principle, merely introduced in this style, is extended in the reporting style to some other curves, and forms a convenient way of writing many phrases end- ing with the words there and their. (See Chapter IX, 98.) 2. The trebled N ^ may also be used in the word ' 1^/^ anthropology, and its derivatives. 51. The letter ^^ may be made three times its usual length, to imply the addition of gr, m the words longer, linger, anger. SPEC. 1. This character should be made fully three times the length of N^, to distinguish it clearly from the double-length - , implying ndr. 2. This principle may be applied to a few other words, such vs finger, stronger, hunger. (R. L. Ninth, 56.) The full form must be used where a vowel follows the gr, as in the words l/ >*- J \ angry, c. > < 'N, hungry. 98 THE NOTE-TAKER. WRITING EXERCISE NINTH. After, rafter, laughter, alter, falter, filter, Easter. Elder, -wilder, wilderness, under, render, tender, ponder, under- standing. Enter, entertain, intersperse. Counter, encounter. Alexander. Matter, mutter, letter, latter, fetter, shatter, dia- meter, flutter, fritter, splendor. Winter, wintry, enter, entry, sunder, sundry, meander, Ly sander. Rend-er, render, defender. Lottery ^literary. Fester, pester, master, luster, illiterate. Sister, disaster, boaster, jester, haunter, hunter, binder, bindery, founder, foundry. Neither, another, anger, linger, longer, finger. Angry, hunger, hungry, stronger. Anthropology, anthro- pological, misanthropy, anthropomorphic, anthropoid. Ask mother erth why oaks wer made Taller and stronger than the weeds they shade. The 'excentric 1 man is generally the pioneer of man- kind, cutting his way the first into gloomy depths of unex- plored sience, overcoming difficulties that wud check meaner spirits, and then holding up the liht of his knolege to guide thousands who, but for him, wud be wandering about in all the uncertainty of ignorance, or be held in the fetters of some selfish policy which they had not of themselves the ability to thro off. Everything in the universe, both of mind and matter, exists in reference to certain fixt principles, which are calld laws of order, orig mating in the great First Cause, and thence emanating thro'out all creation. The grand degrees of all existences ar what is natural, human, Divine. The three grand divisions of all natural B. 0. BA r ^ER LAWY 00 CHAPTER V. 99 things ar erths, waters, and atmospheres. The three king- doms of nature ar the mineral, the vegetable, and the ani- mal. The three divisions of the animal kingdom are into those that creep and walk on the erth, those that swim, and those that fly. Each of these divisions is divided in- to trines, according to which all things exist and subsist. ANECDOTE. "How do you know," said a traveler to a poor, wandering Arab of the desert, '''that there is a God?" "In the same manner," he replied, ''that I trace the footsteps of an animal, by the prints it leavs upon the sand." HI fares the land, to hasening ills a prey, Where welth accumulates and men decay. Princes or lords may flurisJi or may fade: A breth can make them, and a breth has made; But a bold pesantry, their country's pride, When once destroyed, can never be supplied. WRITING EXERCISE TENTH. Tfie. favorit idea of a genius among us is of one icho never studies, or who studies nobody can tel when, at midniht, or at od times and intervals, and now and then strikes out, at a heat, as the phrase is, som wonderful production. This is a character that has figured largely in the history of our literature, in the persons of our Fieldings, our Savages, and our Steeles, loos felloes about town, or loungers in the country, who slept in ale- houses, and wrote in bar-rooms, who took up the pen as a magician?s wand to supply their wants, and when the presure of necessity was releced, resorted again to their carousals. 100 THE NOTE-TAKER. the truth is, as I shal take the liberty to state it, that genius wil study: it is that in the mind which wll study. Study, says Cicero, is the voluntary and vigorus application of the mind to any subject. Such study, such intense mental action, and nothing else, is genius. V> r /iat tho the m.iht of genius appears in one decisiv bio, struc in som moment of hi debate, or at the crisis of a nations peril? That mihty energy, tho it may hav heavd in the brest of a Demosthenes, was once a feebl infant's tho't. A mother's eye watchd over its dawning- a father's care yarded its erly groth. It soon trod with youthful steps the halls of learning, and found other fathers to wake and to watch for it, even as it finds them here. It went on; but silence was upon its path; and the deep struglings of the inward soul markt its pr ogres, and the cherishing powers of nature silently minister to it. Tlie elements around breathed upon it, and l tucht it to finer issues? The golden ray of heven fel upon it, and ripend its ex- panding faculties. The slo revolutions of years sloly aded to its collected tresures and energies, til, in its hour of glory, it stood forth embodid in the form of living, commanding, irresistible eloquence. The world wonders at the manifestation, and says ' strange, strange, that it shud com thus unso't, unpremeditated, unprepared.' Hut the truth is ther is no more miracl in it than ther is in the towering of the eminent forest tree, or in the fioing of the mihty and irresistible river, or in the welth and the wav- ing of the boundles harvest. OKVILLE DEWEY. CHAPTER VI PREFIXES. 52. The preceding principles of contraction apply largely to all classes of words, and to all parts of words. In plain and simple Saxon speech, they will give great power to the writer. But we have a large class of words in the lan- guage that are longer, and composed of distinct parts, a root or primitive form, with numerous derivatives, formed by the addition of prefixes or affixes. Thus, from the root form we have the derivatives inform, deform, reform, misform, misinform, formed, forming, former, formal, formalist, formation, information, reformation, &c., to the number of nearly a hundred in all. (R. L. Tenth, 58.) 53. Now it is not necessary to contract many of the particles used as prefixes and affixes, as many of them are sufficiently brief when written by the principles already given. Yet, some of them occur with greater frequency, and it has been found to be convenient to furnish them with briefer special signs. 101 102 THE NOTE-TAKER. a. They may be divided into two general classes. The first class is prefixed to the main body of the word, and are called prefixes or prefix signs. The second class forms endings of words, and are called affixes, or affix signs. SIMPLE PREFIX SIGNS. 54. Prefix signs are either simple or com- pound. The simple prefixes are the following : vicon, / ^~> magm, <^ witbj '-(corn, x contra, ^ ^ magna, 2 intro, r Jim, / selfj c trans. CON AND COM. 55. The prefixes con and com are represented by the same signs. SPEC. The use of the same sign for con and com can- not produce confusion, since these prefixes are mere varia- tions of the same prefix, and never conflict in actual use. To illustrate, we have the word comprise, but we cannot have the word comprise, because the letter n never pre- cedes the letter p. So we have the word continue, but we CHAPTER VI. 103 cannot have such a word as continue, because the letter m cannot precede the letter t. So, in all cases where con occurs, com cannot be used, and vice versa. 56. We have two signs for these prefixes, the first ; a light stroke in the 'direction of \, and one-third the length of this letter; the second, a stroke of the same length in the direction of the /. They are joined in the outline, as will be seen in the following examples: O <*- v- ^ \ I console, concede, consider, conduce, compress, comply. SPEC. 1. a. The sign \ is used for con and com in the following words, and in many others given in Writing Exercise 11: comprise, compress, comprehend, complain, conclude, conglomerate, construct. (R. L. Tenth, 59.) b. The sign \ is used for con and com in all words in which these prefixes are followed by 11 fj ' and some other characters. c. Use v also for con and com in the following words: f ? \>/ ^T v __ ' \^ * ^^_ s command, commit, commission, commissioner, commander. 104 THE NOTE-TAKER. 2. The second form, /, struck downward, is used for con and com in the following words: connect, concur, concave, conduce, condense, continue, confess, converge, convex, con- ceive, consult (R. L. Tenth, 60), and in all words in which these prefixes are followed by \ -__ ) \ ) ) 3. This sign is struck upward in the following words: common, commingle, concede, constitute, commend, communion, and in all words in which con or com are followed by s " s - *^_^> ~ o , such as commonplace, com- municate, commendable, constitute, commentator. 4. The following words are exceptional : -^ * con- comitant, v t___^ uncommon, ^ " ^ intercommuni- cate. REM. 1. It should be observed a. That the sign is used for con and com in all cases in which it can conveniently be used, so that this form always takes the precedence when it can be employed. b. That the second form, /, is struck downward whenever it can be joined easily in this direction, and that the downward form is preferred to the upward. c. That the upward form is used for convenience, and only in a few words. REM. 2. The prefixes con and com are of greater use than all the other prefixes given in the table, since they are used in thousands of words, many of which are of frequent occurrence. They also occur connected with other prefixes, and form the basis of nearly all the compound prefixes which are treated of in the end of this chapter. CHAPTER VI. 105 COX AND COM RADICAL. 57. In some words con and com form the root, or part of the root, of the word, as in the words conical from cone, and comical from the Latin comicus, allied to the Greek komos. Such words should be written in full. SPEC. Words in which con and com are radical gener- ally contain a single n or ra followed by a vowel. The fol- lowing are the principal words of this class. Coma, comb, come, comet, comic, comity. Con (to fix in the mind): conch, cone, Congo, cony, and their derivatives. (R. L. Tenth, 62.) RESI. Words in which com is followed by a root commencing in m in most cases drop the m of the root. Thus com-ence, corn-union, com-ute, for commence, communion, commute. The word comity is written in full, while the word committee loses both ra's. REM. 2. The word connect and its derivatives lose both n's in the same manner, but connive, connatural, and other words in which con is followed by n in the root, retain the second n. 106 THE NOTE-TAKER. WRITING EXERCISE ELEVENTH. In the following "Words, use the sign \ for Con and Com. Comprise, compress, comprehend, complain, conclude, conglomerate, construct (R. L. Tenth, 59), contribute, con- tract, consecrate, consider, conspicuous, consecutive, con- sequential, consult, concert, consummate, consist. Com- bine, compose, conscious, conjure (zhr), contrive, control, console, concise, concision, concession, noncommital, com- mercial, conquest, conclave, concrete, congress, confront, converse, command, commanding, commander, commit, committee, commission, commissioner. In the following Words, use the /, written downwards. Connecting, concurring, concord, concave, concavity, conducing, condensing, condign, condemn, contain, con- taminate, continue, converge, converse', conversing, con- vince, convene, confine, confide, confound, confessing, con- fidant, convex, convict, conceive, conciliate, consult, con- sulting. Use the / npward in the following Words. Common, commonplace, common sense, community, communicate, commend, commendatory, commending, commendable, commingle, concede, conceding, constitute, constituted, constituent, constabulary. Miscellaneous. Concomitant, uncommon, commodore, comfort, con- quer, conquerer, unconquered, unconquerable, commemo- rate, commensurate, comment, commodious, commodity, community, compact, compreJiensive, commute, compute, comparative, comparatively, compatible, compatibly, com- patriot, compound, compensate, competent, compliance, CHAPTER VI. 107 component, comport, compressible, compromise, compel, compulsive, comrade. Conceal, concentrative, concessive, conclave, conclusive, concord, concrete, concupiscence, con- current, confessor, confirm, conform, conservative, consid- erable, consociate, consistent, consolatory. Every evil that we conquer is a benefactor. The Sand- wich Ilander believd that the strength and valor of the enemy he killd passd into himself. Spiritually it is so with us, for we gain strength from every temptation we succesfully resist. In matters of great concern, and which must be done, ther is no surer evidence of a weak mind than irresolution. To be always intending to liv a new life, and never to set about it, this is the folly of follies. BUTT. The hih and divine buty which can be lovd without effeminacy is that ichich is found in combination with a human will, and never separate. Buty is the mark God sets upon virtue. Every heroic act is also decent, and causes the place and the by-standers to shine. We ar taut by great action that the univers is the property of every individual in it. Every rational creature has all nature for his dowry and estate. It is his, if he wil. He may divest himself of it; he may creep into a corner, and abdi- cate his kingdom, as most men do, but he is entitled to the world by his constitution. In proportion to his tho?t and will, he takes up the world into himself. "A.II those things for ichich men plow, bild, or sail obey virtue," said an ancient historian. "The winds and waves,' 1 '' said Gibbon, "ar always on the side of the ablest navigators." So are the sun and moon, and all the stars of heven. EMEESON. 108 THE NOTE-TAKER. CONTRA. 58. The prefix contra is used only in a few words, and they follow the analogy of M \ con- tradict, ^) contravene. SPEC. The following words have the prefix nor s can be used before (, (, e/% ^ ', ^, c/, = c , C-_, c When either of these letters follows the prefixes 'in or im, a change of construction is necessary. a. The use of the compounds c/, c T c is avoided, the full forms \^ ~~~) -7 beino- ' -*^ ^/ O used in their stead. b. The compounds j?, ^ , O are used wherever convenient, in place of the simple letters, as in OO 0? fVJ injure, insure, initial. c. Before ^ and (/, the prefix is written in full, and also before (, (, c__, c when the com- pound forms J '] cannot be used. SPEC. 1. Under the principle mentioned in section 60, 110 THE NOTE-TAKER. a, we have such words as iniquity, inquiry, indelible, in- tolerant, and many others. (R. L. Tenth, 65, .) 2. Under section 60, b, we have only a few words: in- jure, injured, injury, insure, insured, insurance, and initial. (It. L. Tenth, 65, b.) Under c we have such words as inherent, inherit, inhabit, inweave, ingenuous, injudicious, inject, initiate, insatiable. (R. L. Tenth, 65, c.) REM. Some of the words mentioned above are farther contracted in the reporting style. 61. a. When the prefix in or im precedes t\^ ^f. o _ , the circle may be written on the -hook side, as in . . . inspire, insect, institute. SPEC. 1. This principle applies to the words insupport- able, inspect, insecure, instead, install, instate. Compare, however, with these the words instruct, instrument. (R. L. Tenth, 66, a.) 2. The same principle may be also applied to the signs P, \ ^ and u in such words as insubordinate, insignia, incidental, and some others. (R. L. Tenth, 66, b.). b. The circle is also written in the prefix <> and } when followed by the curves ), ), /*-s, ^-^, (^ , ^^, J, and the / , as in the words inseverity, insufferable, insist, insin- cerity, insult, insurmountable. (R. L. Tenth, 66, c.) G2. a. In some words commencing with im, these letters are radical and should not be writ- CHAPTETl VI. Ill ten with the prefix. Such words are image, imitate, and their derivatives. b. The prefix in, on the contrary, is followed by a vowel, and the prefix sign may, if necessary, be attached to the vowel that commences the root. SPEC. 1. Where the prefix in is followed by a vowel, the vowel may be omitted before most of the consonants, as in the words inaccurate, inanimate, inarticulate, inele- gant, inexpedient, inordinate. (R. L., sec. 68, a.) 2. But where the in precedes the b, p, or m, with an intervening vowel, the vowel should be written, to enable the reader to distinguish at a glance between in and im, for he expects im to precede |, j, and /", and would read \J , impel sooner than ^nappli . This principle applies to such words as inapplicable, inapposite, inebriate, inoperative, inopportune, inimical, inimitable. (R. L., sec. 68, b.) 63. a. When the prefix im is followed by m, as in immaterial, the m of the root is always retained. b. The same principle applies to the prefix in. When followed by n in the root, the second n is written. Ex. Immature, immeasurable, immediate, immense, immigrate, innocent, innocuous, innovate, innumerable. (R. L., 69.) 112 THE NOTE-TAKER. INTRA, INTRI, INTRO, ETC. 64. The hook of the c is dropped after in in the prefix introj and the use of this mode of contraction is extended to many words com- mencing with intra, intrans, intre, and intri, as in the following Examples. intransitive, introduce, intrigue, intrepid, intrude. SPEC. The principal words that are so contracted in the Note-Taker's style are intractable, intrench, intricate, intrinsic, intromit, introspective, introvert, intrust, with the examples given above, and the words derived from them. (R, L., sec. 70.) MAGNI AND MAGNA. 65. These prefix signs apply to only a few words. Magni is written upward, magna, down- ward, as in /^^magnificent, y magnanimous. SPEC. The remaining words commencing with this pre- fix are magnanimity, magna-charta, magnify, magnijic, magnitude, with their immediate derivatives. (R. L., 71.) CHAPTER VI. 113 SELF, WITH, AND TRANS. 66. a. The prefix ^) (self) may be written either upward or downward, as in oX. selfish, J_f-^^ self-admiring. The direction in which this prefix is written is determined by the same principles that apply to the use of the upward and downward forms of J in other cases. (See Elements of Tachyg., Chap. X.) SPEC. This prefix occurs in the words self-abhorrence, self-conceit, self-denial, self-esteem, self-evident, self inter- est, selfish, self-love, self-possession, self-same, self-will, and a few others. (R. L., sec. 72.) b. The prefix ^ (loitli) admits of no varia- tion, but is used as in the word ^ withdraw, c. Trans ( = **). The circle in which this prefix ends may be written on either side of the stem, following the rules that determine the proper use of the circle in other cases. transgress, transact, translucent. SPEC. 1. Intrans loses the hook as shown above in sec- tion 64. 2. When the trans is followed by a root commencing in s, as in transcend, only one s is written. The trans in this 114 THE NOTE-TAKER. case loses its s in pronunciation, and sometimes in ou*- com- mon orthography, as when we write ^raw-scribe for trans- scribe, but these words are written as though pronounced trans-end, trans-cribe. 3. Other words containing this prefix are transform, transfer, transfuse, tramhip, transition, translate, trans- migrate, transplant, transport, transverse, and a few others with derivatives. (R. L., sec. 73.) EXCEP. 1. Transient and its derivatives drop the , as it is dropped in speech. 2. Transit is written <^~ai___ CHAPTER VI. 115 WRITING EXERCISE TWELFTH. Contra. Contradict, contradictions , contradicting ', con- tradistinguish, contravene. Im. Imbecile, imbitter, imbosom, imbrue, imbue, im- maculate^ immature, immeasurable, immediate, immemo- rial, immense, immigrant, imminent, immoderate, immod- est, immoral, immortal, immovable, immutable, impair, impartial, impart, impassable, impeach, impel, impercepti- ble, imperfect, impertinent, imperative, impious, implaca- ble, implant, implead, implicit, implore, imply, import, importance, important, impost, impressible, imprudent, impugn, impunity. In. Inaccessible, inaccurate, inactive, inadequate, in- admissible, inalienable, inalterable, inapplicable, inappro- priate, inarticulate, inaudible, inaugural, inauspicious, inborn, inbreathe, inbred, incapable, incapacitate, incisive, incline, inclose, income, incorporeal, incorrect, incrust, in- credible, increase, incredulous, incredulity, inculpate, in- curable, indebted, indecent, indefatigable, indelible, inde- fensible, indelicate, indestructible, indicate, indictable, in- discriminate, indisposed, indissoluble, indolent, induce, indwell, inebriate, ineffable, inequality, inert, inertness, inestimable, inevitable, inexcusable, inexpedient, inexpressi- ble, inextinguishable, inextricable, infallible, infamous, in- fatuate, infect, infer, inferior, inflame, infest, inflict, influence, inform, infract, ingrate, inimitable, iniquity, initial, innocence, innovate, innumerable, inofficious, in- operative, inordinate, inquire, inroad, insatiable, inscribe, inscrutable, inseparable, insolvency, inspire, insult, insure, insurmountable, intellect, intemperate, intend, intimate, 116 THE NOTE-TAKER. intimidate, intuitive, invalid, invariable, inventive, investi- gate, invent, invincible, involuntary, invulnerable. Incendiary, incense, instruct, inspect, insect, inspire, in- spirit, institute, insubordinate, instantaneous, incentive. NOTE. The prefix is not used in the words incessant and incest. Magn-1, SeH With, Intra-1-o, Trans. Magnify, magnificent, magnificence, magnitude, mag- nanimous, magnanimity. Self-denial, self-denying, selfish, self -admiring, self-con- ceit, celf-conscious, self-esteem, self-evident, self-interest, selfishness, self -same, self-will. Withdraw, withstand, withhold, within, without. Here- with, therewith, wherewithal. Introduce, intromit, introcession, intrinsic, intrinsically, intrench, intrepid, intricacy, intrigue, introvert, intrude, intrusive, intransitive, intransmissible, intransmutable. Transact, transatlantic, transcend, transcendent, trans- cendentalism, transcribe, transcript, transept, transfer, trans- form, transfuse, transgress, transitive, translate, translu- cent, transmigration, transmissible, transmit, transmute, transparent, transplant, transport, transpose, transverse. OBEY ORDERS. A brave veteran officer, reconnoitering a battery which was considered impregnable, and which it was necessary to storm, laconically answered the, engineers, who were endeavoring to dissuade him from the attempt, " Gentlemen, you may think and say what you please; all I know is that the American flag must be hoisted on tfie ramparts tomorrow morning, for I have the order in my pocket. n CHAPTER VI. 117 67. Compound prefixes consist of the simple prefixes already given and a preceding particle. Most of them are compounds of com or con, with a preceding de, dis, in, mis, or un. The most important forms are given in the following table : COMPOUND PEEFIX SIGNS. miscon, s^ 9 rein, recon, ^ uncon, uncom, irrecon, circum. recog, ^ decora, discom, ""^ discon, incora, * incon, 68. The use of those compound prefixes which end in com or con is analogous to that of the simple forms in similar cases. The following cases, however, deserve notice. a. The stroke for con or com in the compound prefixes may assume any of the variations as- sumed by the simple prefixes so far as conveni- ent. SPEC. Such variations occur in the words discontinue, inconstant, inconsistant, uncontaminated. (R. L., sec. 74.) 118 THE NOTE-TAKER. b. The / in the prefix recom may be struck downward in the words /_, recommend, recommence, and their derivatives. 69. a. Circum (treated as though spelled cir- coni) is contracted in some words by omittiug the cum, as in ^ circumstance. b. As circum is classed with the con and com prefixes, so also may incum and recum be writ- ten as though spelled incom and recom, as in the words incumbent, recumbent, encumber. (B.. L., sec. 75.) c. Recog is used only in the word recognize and its derivatives. YO. There are other modifications and com- binations not given in the table arising out of the union of prefix signs that will be easily understood. SPEC. 1. Rein and reim admit of a freedom in the use of the -3 the same as explained in case of the simple pre- fixes. Ex. Reimburse, reimprint, reinforce, reinhabit, rein- sert, reinsure, reinstall. (R. L., sec. 76.) 2. Accom may be written with or without the com, as in 1 * accomplish, accompany, accommodate. CHAPTER VI. 119 3. Other compounds that occur in a few words are un- contra in \incontradicted, unselfin unselfish, immagni in unmagnified, untrans in untranslated; misin, mistrans in (^y-~ misinformed, /^2_ mistranslated; unaccom in unaccommodated, unaccompanied. (R. L., sec. 77.) 120 THE NOTE-TAKER. WRITING EXERCISE THIRTEENTH. Decompose, discompose, discontinue, inconstancy, mis- conceive, misconstrue, reconcile, reconstruct, irreconcilable, recognize, reinvest, unconscious, unconcerned, circumfer- ence, circumstances, circumcise, circumnavigate. Incon- gruous, incomplete, incumbent, incombustible, incompati- ble, recommence, recommend, unconstrained, unconstitu- tional, disconnected, uncontroverted, uncontradicted. Ac- companied, unaccompanied, accomplished, unaccomplished, selfishly, unselfishly, unmagnified, misinformed, misinter- preted, misconstrued, uncircumcised, unrecognized. Reinvest, reimburse, reimprint, reinfect, reinhabit, rein- sert, reinsure, reinvigorate. Encumber, incumbent, recum- bent, inconstant, inconsistent, uncontaminated. MODERN REPUBLICS. Where ar the republics of modern times, which clustered round immortal Italy ? Venice and Genoa exist but in name. We stand the latest, and, if ice fail, probably the last experiment of self-government by the peeple. We have begun it under circumstances of the most auspicius nature. We ar in the vigor of youth. Our constitutions hav never bin enfeebled by the vices or luxuries of the old world. Such as we ar, we hav bin from the beginning, simple, hardy, intelligent, accustomd to self-government, and self-respect. The Atlantic rolls be- tween us and any formidable foe. Within our own terri- tory, stretching throo many degrees of latitude and longi- tude, we hav the choice of many products, and timmj means of independence. Alredy has t/ie age caut the spirit of our institutions. It has infused itself into the life- blood of Europe, and warmed the sunny plains of France CHAPTER VI. 121 and the lolands of Holland. It has tucht the philosophy of Germany, and the North, and, moving onward to the South, has opened to Greece the lessons of her better days. Can it be that America under such circumstances can betray herself? that she is to be aded to the catalog of republics the inscription upon ichose ruins is ''They were, but they are not? Forbid it, my countrymen : forbid it Ifeven ! STORY. WRITING EXERCISE FOURTEENTH. EFFECTS OF SUCCESS. If you icud revenge yourself on those hoo hav slihted you, be successful. It is a bitter satire on their icant of judgment to sho that you can do without them. This is a wound to the self-love of proud, inflated peeple ; and you must reckon on tJieir hatred, as they wil never forgiv you. RAISING RENT. ''Sir, I intend to raise your rent," sed a land- holder to one of his tenants, to which he replied, "I am very much obliged to you, for I cannot raise it myself" PRINCIPAL AND INTEREST. A detor, when asJct to pay his creditor, observd to him that it was not his interest to pay the principal, nor his principle to pay the interest. VARIETIES. To promote an unworthy person disgraces humanity. The human mind is a mirror of the incompre- hensible Deity. The reason that many persons want their desires is because their desires want reason. Haj)py ar the miseries that end in joy, and blessed ar the joys that hav no end. BOUNDARIES OF KNOLEGE. Human reason very prop- 122 THE NOTE-TAKER. erly refuses to giv its assent to any thing without evidence oj its truth. Yet the powers of reason ar limited on all subjects of inquiry. The astronomer finds a difficulty in getting from the solar system, to a clear idea of the outly- ing univers; the chemist in proceeding from matter to its mysterious essence; and the physiologist in advancing from the body to the soul. These three kingdoms of knol- ege border on other kingdoms unknown to natural sience. Our minds ar so constituted that, after having traverst the material creation, and perceivd, sientificatty, the very boundaries of matter, where it is adjoined to spirit, it can elevate itself by power constantly given by God to the lower boundaries of spirit life, and from thence ascend, step by step, to a knolege oftfie great I Am, whom to kno ari/it t and to love supremely, is the hihest good of man. CHAPTER VII. AFFIXES. 71. The class of words introduced in the last chapter, which consist of a root-word varied by means of prefixes, are farther modified by annex- ing particles, called affixes or suffixes. The terminations ing, ed, ous, ment in the words knowing, wretched, righteous, fragment are familiar examples. It is not necessary to provide special signs for all of these terminations, as most of them are sufficiently brief when written in accordance with the general principles of the art. Yet, con- tracted modes of writing some of them have been adopted, and are found to be very useful. 72. The following table contains the most important of these signs. Like the prefixes, they may be either simple or compound. 123 124 THE NOTE-TAKER. TABLE OF AFFIX SIGNS. SIMPLE. COMPOUND. "~ ment, 3 mental, C cient, <^J ular, J>self, cJ ularly, ) soever > ^ nation, ulation, tional, J ure, (y- tionality, ^ ural, ual, fication. MENT, jrENTAL, MENTARY. 73. a. The affix me/itf is a half-length f . In forming mental, a small hook is added, which may be considered a relic of the n hook more freely used in the reporting style. These signs may be written either upward or downward, as ^" is written in other cases, following the laws CHAPTER VII. 125 already given to govern the direction of this letter. (See Elements, p. 91.) Ex. Detriment, detrimental, ornament, orna- mental, sentiment, sentimental, monument, embar- rassment, sacrament, raiment. (R. L., sec. 79.) 1}. We have also the terminations mentary and mentality, as in elementary, 'mentality, written c. The plural is formed by adding the circle, as L elements. 74. a. This affix, spelled in several ways, is written with the halved ( and n hook. We have, also, ciently written in analogy with men- tal. These terminations are of frequent occur- rence. Ex. Ancient, anciently -<-^J, tr 'ancient, patient, proficient, sufficient, sufficiently. (R. L., sec. 80.) b. In a similar manner are formed the termina- tions * dent and J7 dental, *-> gent and gently J?, and others, as in "\-, accident, ^7 accidental, v^*> urgent, ^? urgently. c. This form of contraction may also be ap- 126 THE NOTE-TAKER. plied in such words as constant, constantly, in- stant, instantly, intent, intently. (R. L., sec. 81.) REM. The forms 6 and >_/, and others of this class, are regu- larly formed, in accordance with principles developed in the report- ing style. While the ( is halved to imply t, a hook is added to represent the n, which is read before the implied t. This method of contraction is too much involved to be used indiscriminately in this style, but it may be applied safely in the case of a few termina- tions, as explained in this section. SOEVER. 75. The use of this affix is uniform, and will he easily understood from the following exam- ples: S 5 ~^) 1 1 whensoever, howsoever, wheresoever, whosoever, whosesoever. SELF AND WITH. 76. The signs for these affixes are the same as the signs for the corresponding prefixes, given in Chapter VI. Self may be written in either direction, as in ^7 himself, ^-^ his own self. The plural is formed by adding the circle, as *) ourselves. CHAPTER VII. 127 Ex. Herewith, wherewithal, themselves, her- self, whatsoever. (R. L., sec. 82.) WARD. 77. The sign for this affix is formed by mak- ing the latter part of the stem of e /' heavy, thus c-^-. Ex. <^ onward, \^ forward. The word toward is written irregularly, thus -. URE. 78. This affix is of very frequent use, and applies to nearly all words ending in the sounds yr, whether written ure, ier, ior, iar, or eur, as LJ ^ v nature, pannier, culture, cultured, grandeur, familiar, peculiar, pictures. URAL, URALLY, UAL, AND UALLY. 79. These affixes belong to only a very few words, and no confusion can result from the use 128 THE NOTE-TAKER. of the same form for ural and ual. The form of this affix is a large hooked ^J, implying the J, in analogy with the large hook on the '. The forms urally and ually add the tick, in analogy with the words any and many. Examples. natural, naturally, gradual, gradually. 80. a. The affix sign for ular is double length, and the adverbial form adds an^/, thus: ^<^J regular, ^^J~^ regularly. b. Some words ending in ular do not have the sound of ^/, and are written without this affix. Such words are angular, circular. Mis-eel. Ex. Mutual, spiritual, scriptural, secular, vernacular, angular, circular. (R. L., sec. 83.) UATION ATO) ULATION. 81. a. These are written with large final hooks, the former on a single -length, the latter on a double-length, letter. Ex. <^9 graduation, ^J} congratulation. CHAPTER VII. 129 b. The use of these forms is much more fre- quent than those given in section 80, and their use is limited only in such words as osculation, where the sound of f j is not distinctly heard. Ex. Situation, emulation, modulation, stipu- lation, attenuation, extenuation. (R. L., sec. 84.) TIONAL AND TIONALLY. 82. a. The terminations tional and tionally are contracted into slil, written (j as given in the table of affixes, or with O, as in -v ^v~ \ \ < \ 2 national, nationality, professional, professionally. b. In words where the <9 in sional has the sound of zli, the heavy signs (j and ^ are used, as in r ~^j occasional, 1 provisional. 3 FICATION. 83. This termination is written fshn. The large hook is used for slin, as in the terminations nation and ulation, given above, thus "-^ sancti- fioation. 130 THE NOTE-TAKER. Ex. Sensational, traditional, rational, notion- al, justification, rectification. (R. L., sec. 85.) THE SHN HOOK. 84. a. A large final hook may be used for the termination shn (spelled tion, sion, tian, dan, one. HEM. The use of the n hook is extended in the reporting style to other letters, and to cases where a vowel occurs before the n. 88. The final syllables ance, ence, ans, and ens are represented in some cases by writing the cir- cle on the left or under side of a straight sign, as in ^ o "3 o a" condense, instance, circumstance. SPEC. 1. This form of contraction may be applied as in the words expense, eloquence, interference, confidence, and many other words. (R. L., sec. 94.) 2. This form of contraction is more useful after the up- CHAPTER vm. 139 strokes ^x^, c/' , cS' > an< ^ C/ > an< ^ the horizontals , , c , and c , than after the |, |, \, \, for the ^^ joins so easily with the latter group of signs that less is gained by the contraction ; yet it is used on | in such words aa ea^ercse, where it is more convenient to write the second circle on the left, because the first circle occurs on the right side of the | . For a similar reason, it will be found con- venient at times on |, \, \; but nothing will be gained by endeavoring to press this termination into use in all possible cases. Such words as encumbrance, remembrance, are best written 3. After a half-length character, this termination must be written in full, as in \> acceptance. 4. The word once is written cx^ , in analogy with the termination ance. REM. 1. The words >TJ> existence and Vb consistence drop the n without any direct reference to the principle stated in the pre- ceding section, but merely because it cannot be easily joined in these cases. 89. a. A large final hook is used on the left and under side of the straight signs in the reporting style to express the sounds of /"or v, generally in connection with the vocals n and . This form of contraction is employed in the Note-Taker's style to provide briefer outlines for the words differ and its derivatives, difference, different, indifferent, &c. (K. L., sec. 95.) b. This hook may also be employed in writing the words give, forgive, and their derivatives 140 THE NOTE-TAKER. given, forgiven, giving, and forgiving; and in the words J objective and J 1 subjective; but the ^ is used for the termination ively in objectively, subjectively, and elsewhere. (R. L., sees. 96, 106.) DERIVATIVE WORD - SIGNS. 90. Derivatives formed from the words which are represented by word-signs, as given on page 82, follow the principles already given for writ- ing affixes so far as they can be applied. The following specifications will sufficiently illustrate* their use. SPEC. 1. The plural of nouns and third singular of verbs is formed by adding the circle to the word-sign. Ex.. Objects, principles, improves, values, forms, things, generals. (R. L., sec. 97.) 2. The termination able, as in other cases, is written either P or \^/ , as in objectionable, improvable, remark- able, pleasurable, questionable. (R. L., 98.) 3. The ly is added by J, written either upward or downward, as .generally, gentlemanly, advantageously, largely, wholly. (R. L., sec. 99.) 4. a. The words form and question shorten the final let- ter in adding the ed; but the is added in the words objected, subjected, improved, valued, acknowledged, and represented. (R. L., sec. 100.) CHAPTER VIII. 141 b. The termination ed is omitted in writing the words O numbered, remarked, and advantaged. 5. The termination ing is written as in other cases, by adding x_x to the word -signs, as in numbering, objecting, improving, enlarging. (R. L., sec. 101.) a. The terminations less, ic, &c. are formed regularly, as in numberless, phonographic, tachy 'graphic, whilst, whence, generalissimo. (R. L., sec. 102.) 7. a. The prefixes used in forming other derivatives from the word-signs given in the table need no special explanation. Their use will be understood from the follow- ing examples, as given in Reading Lesson Thirteenth, sec- tion 103: unobjectionable, unprincipled, unvalued, un- numbered, unrepresented, disadvantage, anything, nothing. b. From the vocal word-signs we have the following: altogether, although, also, always, whom, whose, whoever. (R. L., sec. 104.) CONTRACTED WORDS. 91. A few words not given in the table of word-signs are abbreviated by omitting a por- tion of the outline independently of the general rules of contraction. Those most employed in the Note-Taker's style are the following: already, almighty, difficult, signify, significant, 142 THE NOTE-TAKER. practice, practicable, respect, outrage, useful, with their derivatives. SPEC. 1. The principal derivatives formed from the contracted words given in this section are difficulty, signifi- cance, insignificant, impracticable, respectful, respectively, outrageous, usefully. (R. L., sec. 107.) 2. To these contracts may be added eternal, internal, external, and fraternal, which omit the /, and children, which omits the J. (R. L., sec. 108.) COMPOUND WORDS. 92. Compound words are written in analogy with their primatives, and, so far as possible, joined into one outline. In cases where the compound is too long to be joined into one out- line, the parts may be connected by an ordinary hyphen. SPEC. Compound words are so numerous, and of such a varied character, that they cannot be treated of exhaust- ively here; yet, as they follow in all respects the same principles as simple words, they do not need special atten- tion. The following examples furnish illustrations of the manner in which they are written : self-knowledge, brute- mindedness, ever-deepening, forever-enduring, never-rest- ing, fellow-workmen, body-guard, life-essence, life-purpose, God-given. (R. L., sec. 109.) CIIAPTEE VIII. 143 WRITING EXERCISE SEVENTEENTH. Warding, rewarding, harden, harder, heard, unheard. Marl, carl, girl, furl, moral, relish, religious, religions. Morn, corn, bom, scorn, burn, turn, worn, mourn, bourne, return, adjourn, unlearn, sworn, concern, then, than, one, once, condense, eloquence, circumstance, interference, infer- ence, conference, instance, confidence, providence, residence, expense, recompense, encumbrance, remembrance, accept- ance. Deference, diferent, indiferent, diferently, indiferently. Given, giving, forgiven, forgiving. Objective, subjective. Objects, subjects, principles, improves, values, forms, things, numbers, languages, represents, remarks, generals, advant- ages, enlarges, pleasures, questions. Conformable, remarkable, valuable, questionable, objec- tionable, improvable, pleasurable. Objectively, subjectively, instructively, distinctively. Prin- cipally, uniformly, remarkably, generally, gentlemanly, unqestionably, wholly, largely. Formed, informed, deformed, questioned, unquestioned, objected, subjected, unprincipled, improved, valued, acknowl- edged, represented, outgeneraled, numbered, unnumbered, remarked. Objecting, subjecting, improving, valuing, forming, re- forming, informing, numbering, acknowledging, repre- senting, remarking, questioning, willing. NATIONAL CHARACTER. The loss of a firm national character, or the degradation of a nation's honor, is the inevitable prelude to her destruction. Behold the once proud fabric of the Roman empire, an empire carrying 144 THE NOTE-TAKEE. its arts and arms into every part of the eastern continent. "Where is her splendor, her welth, her power, her glory f Extinguisht forever. Her moldering temples, the morn- ful vestiges of her former grandeur, afford a shelter to her muttering monks. Where ar her statesmen, her sages, her philosophers, her orators, her generals f Go to their soli- tary tombs, and inquire. She lost her national character, and her destruction followed. Citizens will lose their res- pect and confidence in our government if it does not extend over them the shield of an honorable national character. Corruption will creep in, and sharpen party animosity. Ambitius leaders will seize upon the favorable moment. The mad enthusiasm for revolution will call into action the irritated spirit of our nation, and civil war must fol- low. The swords of our countrymen may yet glitter on our mountains: their blood may yet crimson our plains. Such the warning voice of all antiquity, the example of all republics, proclaim may be our fate. MAXCY. WRITING EXERCISE EIGHTEENTH. "Wilful, wilfully, formality, numberless, phonographic, tac/ty graphic, generalissimo, whence, whilst, largest, ad- vantageous. Unobjectionable, unsubjected, unprincipled, unimproved, uniform, uniformity, unacknowledged, unrepresented, un- gentlemanly. Disadvantageously. Anything, nothing. Altogetlier, also, although, always, whoever, whose, whom, however. Give, given, giver, giving, forgiven, unf or given, forgiveness. Difficulties, signify, significant, insignifi- cancy. Practicable, impracticable, unpracticed, respect, CHAPTER VTTT. 145 respectful, respectfully, respectively, irrespective. Outrage, outrageous, useful, usefully, usefulness. Well-being, well-wisher, many-sided, word-forms, ever- enduring, never-ending, heavy-laden, fellow-citizens, fellow~ countrymen, pleasure- seeker, never-to-be-forgotten. LABOR. Labor is life; from the inmost hart of the worker rises Ids God-given force, the sacred celestial life- essence, breathed into him by Almighty God. Doubt of whatever kind can be ended by action only. Older than all preached gospels was this unpreacht, inarticulate, but ineradicable, forever-enduring gospel work, and therein hav well-being. All true work is sacred. In all true work, wer it but true hand-labor, ther is somthing of divinenes. Labor wide as the world has its summit in heven. Who art thou that complainest of thy life of toil? Com- plain not. Look tip, my wearied brother; see thy fellow- workmen there in God^s eternity; surviving there, they alone surviving, sacred bands of the immortals. Even in the weak human memory they survive so long, as saints and heroes, they alone surviving, peopling alone the immesured solitudes of time. To thee Heven, tho severe, is not unkind. Heven is kind as a noble mother, as that Spartan mother, saying, ichile she gave her son his shield, ''"With it, my son, or upon it." Thou, too, shalt return home in honor, in honor to thy far-distant home. Doubt it not, if, in the battle, thou but keep thy shield. THOMAS CARLYLE. OUR COUNTRY'S FUTURE. Unborn ages and visions of glory crowd upon my soul, the realization of all which, however, is in the hands and good plesure of Almihty God; but, under his divine blesing, it icill be dependent 146 THE NOTE-TAKER. on the character and the virtues of ourselves and our posterity. If classical history has bin found to be, is now, and shal continue to be, the concomitant of free institu- tions, and of popular eloquence, what afield is opening to us for another Ileroditus, another Thucidides, and another Livy. And let me say, gentlemen, that if we and our posterity shal be true to -the Christian religion, if we and they shal liv always in the fear of God, and shal respect his commandments, if we and they shall main- tain just moral sentiments, and such conscientius convic- tions of duty as shal controll the hart and life, we may hav the hihest hopes of the future fortunes of our country; and if we maintain those institutions of government, and that political union, exceeding all praise as much as it does all former examples of political associations, we may be sure of one thing, that while our country furnishes materi- als for a thousand masters of the historic art, it will afford no topic for a Gibbon, it will hav no Decline and Fall. It will go on prospering, and to prosper. Hut if we and our posterity reject religius instruction and authority, vio- late the rules of eternal justice, trifle with the injunctions of morality, and recklesly destroy the political constitu- tion which holds us together, no man can tel how sudden a catastrophe may overwhelm us that shal bury all our glory in profound obscurity. Shud that catastrophe hap- pen, let it have no history. Let the horrible narrativ never be written. Let its fate be like the lost books of Livy, which no human eye shall ever read; or the missing Pleiad, of which no man can ever kno more than that it is lost, and lost forever. DANIEL WEBSTER. CHAPTER IX. PHEASE SIGNS. 93. a. The general principles determining the use of phrase-signs are the same as those given in the first style of the art. The student will do well to review Chapter IX of the Elements as an introduction to this chapter. The phrases of the Note-Taker's style differ from those in the simpler style principally in the brevity of the word-forms of which they are composed. 1). A large number of very valuable phrase- signs may be made by joining the simple word- signs together, as explained on page 83. SPEC. Other phrases may be formed in a similar way, like the following : of-the, of-all, all-of, of-that, of-which^ of-tJiese, of-thiS) oj-some, of -many, in-no, in-some. (R. L., sec. 110.) See, also, the phrase-signs given in Table A, at the end of this chapter. 94. The use of the word-signs joined in phrases is guided by the same principles as those already given for the joining of letters into word-forms. Yet, the following specifications may aid the 147 148 THE NOTE-TAKER. writer in some cases of doubt in securing good forms for phrases. SPEC. 1. a. The word-sign :>, in, is written n before f , as in-me, in-my, in-many. (R. L., sec. 111.) b. The word tVi may be written in full more easily than by the word-sign in cases where the *+~s is needed for a connecting stroke, as in in-a, in-one, in-what. (R. L., sec. 120.) 2. The word-sign u, have, may either begin or end a phrase, or stand between other signs, as have-I, I-have, have-they, they-have, I-have-not, we-have-seen. But it will be well to avoid using the ^ for have before Y as it would be possible in that case to read it ad. Hence, such phrases as I-have-ventured should be divided into I-have ventured; but the phrase I-have-advised, where the have precedes the ad, may be used. (R. L., sec., Ill, ft and c.) 3. The word-sign s , all, though generally struck down- ward, may be struck upward wherever the upward form is more convenient. The upward form will be preferred gen- erally before |, |, ' (con and com), ^-^, 1 ., (/, (R. L., sec. 114.) But in CHAPTER IX. 149 some cases of this kind the /, of, may be added to the preceding word. 5. The tick for the takes the place of the initial vowel / (o) in such phrases as the-opposition, the- occurrence, the- obstacles; but if it is desired to retain the vowel, the tick may be added to the preceding word, as in on the occur- rence of this festival. (R. L., sec. 119.) 6. The word us may be written by the circle in phrases where the , . is inconvenient, as It-will-afford-us-much' pleasure; they-will-send-us-supplies / of-us, some-of-us. (R. L., sec. 114, #.) 7. It is better to preserve the word-sign Vo they, in its proper form, and to change other words to conform to it when necessary, as in the phrases they-are, they-may, they- may-be. The word them may be written like they-may if unavoidable; but it will be generally easy to retain its proper form, as in let-them, set-tliem, for-them, hear-them. (R. L., sec. 115.) 8. The word-sign ~*^, though, is invariable : so, also, are the signs - who, ^ how, ^ on and own, and g^ we. Ex. Though-they, thouyh-these, though-this, though we, who is, how-is, on-us, their-own, we-know. (R. L., sec. 116.) 9. The word-sign /^, may, is written either upward or downward. It is sometimes made heavy to represent the phrase may-be. The words you and he are sometimes written with other signs than those given in the table. (See sec. 96.) 10. The word-sign ,/, are, may be written either upward or downward, as are-they, they-are, are-we, we-are, who-are. (R. L., sec. 117.) 11. The word-sign ^J, will, may be written either up- 150 THE NOTE-TAKER. ward or downward, as in they- will, who -will, we -will- endeavor. (R. L., sec. 118.) 95. The word-sign <> may be written for you whenever this word follows ) or ), or precedes (^ , as in the phrases if-you, love-yon, you-may, you-musti, if-you-mu*t. (R. L., sec. 121.) SPEC. Since these phrases do not distinguish between ye and you, wherever it is thought sufficiently important to make this distinction, the ^/ must be used for you, as in the first style. But the distinction will be obvious enough in most cases from the sense of the writing. /96. The tick for A may be used for he in many phrases, and the sign ^"" may be used for he-may. Ex. He-is, he-thinks, he-sees, he-lives, he-saves, he-may-be. (R. L., sec. 122, #.) This tick and hook may also be used in the midst of a phrase, as in if -lie-was, for-he-may, if- lie-will, ivheii-he-is. (R. L., sec. 122, #.) SPEC. 1. The use of the tick for he is considerably extended in the reporting style, but it will be better to limit it in this style to phrases of frequent occurrence, and where its use is not liable to be confounded with the con and com, or the word-sign ', of. The con and com occur frequently before , , ), and ), hence it will be well generally to avoid the use of the tick for he before these letters. Yet the phrases he-did and he-did-not are used. CHAPTER IX. 151 2. The tick for he will be distinguished from the word- sign / , of, in many cases, because it is struck downward, while the /, of, is struck upward; but before c^S and <^ the ^, he, is struck upward, and may be mistaken for of. So, also, in a few other cases the signs for of and he may be confounded. Yet no real difficulty need result from this, for only in very rare cases will the phrases them- selves be indeterminate, as will be seen in the following examples: he-had, of-what, he-was, of-wisdom, ij -he-should, many-of-them, he-seems. (R. L., sec. 123.) 97. a. The circle for as may be made twice its usual size in such phrases as as-some-suppose, as-specified. b. The s~*. may be halved for the phrase as-it, and trebled in the phrases as-there-is and as- there-may-be. (R. L., sec. 124, a.) SPEC. The following phrases may be used with the halved or trebled /-^\: as-it-is, as-it-was, as-it-were, as-there- are, as-there-were, who-is-there, and some others. (R. L., sec. 124, b.) 98. a. The word-signs ^-> so, ~*\ though, f may, < - when, J while, and J will may be trebled to add the expletive there, as in the phrases so-there-is, though-there-is, may-there-be, wh en-there-is, while-there-is, will-there-be. (R. L., sec. 125.) b. In analogy with these lengthened signs, the 152 THE NOTE-TAKER. s_x of the termination ing mny be trebled to add the pronoun their as in the phrases desiring-their, loving-their, giving-tlieir. (R. L., sec. 126.) SPKC. A few other cases of lengthened curves will be found in Table E. The student should observe that the ^-/ only is lengthened to add their, while the other length- ened curves, except ^ , add there only. The ^ is length- ened to add there and other. REM. 1. Phonograpliere add there, their, and other indiscriminately by means of lengthened curves. Whatever may be the advantage of tliis in the reporting style, the demands of the Note-Taker's style will, it is believed, be best served by the limitations given above. REM. 2. The use of the trebled sx to represent ngr in the words anger, linger, &c. (see sec. 51) will not interfere with its use in the phrases mentioned iu this section. SHORTENED PHRASES, 99. As some word-forms are contracted by means of the general principles of contraction, and others by the omission of one or more radical letters, so phrase-signs may be contracted regu- larly, as in the preceding sections, by the use of shortened or lengthened characters, , ', and J. 154 THE NOTE-TAKER. So, also, its is implied by adding the circle to the short- ened form. 3. The v drops its second stroke in I-may, I-am, and so also in I-must-be, I-mean, 1-meant. (R. L., sec. 131, a.) HEM. The V does not drop its first stroke in phrases. The " is used for he or of instead of / in the commencement of phrases. Phonographers should take a note of this, as the first stroke of the v has been dropped in that system. 4. a. The words his and has are contracted into the cir- cle, or into a circle and tick, as will be seen in the phrases in-his, of-his, he-has, it-has-been, and others. (Table D.) b. Generally the tick is struck up in has and down in his; but the construction of the phrase may make it neces- sary in some cases to reverse this direction. c. The following examples will sufficiently illustrate the use of his and has in phrases : with-his, to-his, on-his, it- has, it-has-not, has-had, has-been, has-not, has-done, he- lms-had. (R. L., sec. 131, ft.) 5. The use or omission of the f and / in phrases con- taining the words from and for need not be definitely limited. But where the use of these letters is not neces- sary either for convenience of joining or for distinguishing the phrases, they may be omitted. 13x. For-this, for-these, for-us, from-us, for-me, from- me, from-which, for-many-reasons. (R. L., sec. 131, c.) 6. The use of n for it, as given in the phrase it-has-been, should be limited in this style to the cases following. The r> may be used for it in the commencement of a phrase a. Whenever it is followed by has, written <~P, it-has. J2c. It-has-not, it-has-done, it-has-come, &c. (R. L., sec. 132, a.) CHAPTER IX. 155 b. When followed by had, written r^, it-had, as in the phrases it-had-been, it-had-not. (R. L., sec. 132, b.) c. When followed by is, may, must, might, as in the phrases it-is, it-is-not, it-may-seem, it-must-be, it-might-be. d. In the phrases it-ought-to-be, it-ought-not-to-be. (R. L., sec. 132, c and d.) 7. The phrases it-will and you-will are written with the large-hook signs c and cJ The former of these signs is used also in word-forms, and the latter is used in the terminations ual and ually. These phrases are used freely in all connections, as in it-will-do, as-it-w ill-be, I-hope-it- vrill, as-you-will, for-you-will, where-you-witt. (R. L., sec. 133.) 8. The letter ^ is written for your, as well as you, without danger of confusion. Ex. Your-own, your-own-selves, yourself, your-duty; but the /" may be added when necessary for joining, as in your-pleasure, your-friends. (R. L., sec. 134.) 101. a. The phrases at-it, at-wldcli, by-it, by- which, do-it (or done-ify, have-it (or have-to), in-it, may-it, of -it, on-it, to-it, with-it, within-it, without- it, as given in Table E and R. L., 135, need little comment. After , ^, /^, and ' (of) the it is written in full. This is merely for convenience, as it is difficult to add to these letters with- out some connecting stroke. b. The words at, in, and out, when they follow a verb, as in the phrases laugh-at, come-in, &c., 156 THE NOTE-TAKER. may unite with either the preceding or following word as may be more convenient. Ex. Laugh-at, loolc-at, come-in, go-in, go-out, set-out, they -laughed, at him, let-us-go, into-(tlie-) house. (R L., sec. 136.) 102. a. In the tables which follow examples are given of the principal forms of contracted phrases which are explained in the preceding sections. They should be thoroughly mastered by the student, and the additional examples given in the reading lessons added to them. When this is done, the student will be prepared to apply the same principles to the phrases given in the writing lessons. SPEC. It is expected that the student will learn to form phrases for himself freely wherever it is convenient to do so. But in doing this he will do well to bear in mind the following general directions. a. He should form shortened and irregular phrases only in accordance with the models given in the tables and the reading lessons; and most persons will find those given quite sufficient for their use without adding to this class of signs. b. Of the regular and simple phrases, which consist of joining two or more words without any change in the words joined, new ones may be made at convenience, but they should not be too long. Simplicity is essential to speed. Most phrases should consist of only two words, but CHAPTER IX. 157 if they are very short, three words may be joined into a phrase. c. The particles, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, and adverbs, with the auxiliary verbs, form the closest connection in sense with one another and with other words, arid should generally be joined to the words to which they belong. Such are the following words : and, as, but, by, for, from, if, in, of, on, or, to, tinder, unto, with, without. All, each, he, her, his, I, it, its, many, me, my, one, .our, she, some, such, their, they, these, this, those. Am, are, art, be, been, can, could, did, do, done, had, has, have, is, may, might, must, shall, should, were, will, would. Never, no, not, same, still, than, then, until, and some other words. REM. 1. Most of the words given in this list have been intro- duced previously in connection with the principles of contraction which are applied to phrases. The writer must be familiar with them as written separately, and as modified in the shortened phrases. REM. 2. The use of phrases in the Reading Lessons should be carefully studied. The selection from the first chapter of Job, given at the close of the illustrations of shortened phrases, on page 15, will afford a good model for imitation in regard to the length of phrases for general use. REM. 3. In studying the following tables, the student should refer to the explanation of the principles given in the preceding sec- tions. These forms should be rendered so familiar as to be written with the greatest rapidity, and with a fair degree of accuracy. 158 THE NOTE-TAKER. SIMPLE PHRASE-SIGNS. TABLE A. * in the, ^ in this, ^ of that, x of which, "S in that, -y of all, 3 -un no, -7 of the, tf~ in some, >^~ of some, rf in me, _J7 who will, '- -< of any, ^^^ how is, -^ who is, ^ how could, ^ who would, / how sure, s who had, ^^x^' we are, u/ have we, ^^- are we, ^r have I, ^^^^^were we, \_ have they, ^^^"we were, t- all of, ^^~ with some, ^ all the, . the other, -" L with respect to, with reference to, western States, eastern States, southern States, U.S., U.S. of Am. SPECIAL PHRASES. TABLE C. <*"~^as is, \ f f )r as far as, x~b is as, ^->. i (* as much as, G as a, 3 as in, /^ as it, o as to, ") as if, as some .say, is there, there is, one or two, two or three. CHAPTER IX. TABLE D. * cannot, ^~ I am, I may, > could not, 3 in his, ) for this, ^ of his, V^ for he is, >^ he has, \*s~** for he was, V^ /|fc>he has, *> for it is, ' it has been, l_4_o for its own sake, ^^~}iow much, 2 from it, in neither, ^ in it, S/ in their, P~ may it, "X V though there are,^- of it, V 7 will there be, ^ with it doing their, , i . c/" 1 within it, giving their, i ,, in you, of such, "^ in your, with such, -^ let there be. CHAPTER IX. 163 WRITING EXERCISE NINETEENTH. The phrases are separated by commas. "Words not separated by commas or peri- ods are to be joined. In me, in my, in this, in that, in them, in their, in those, in this case, in those days, in such a way, in some way. Who can, who could, who will, who would, who shall, who should, who have, who have been, who had been, who may be. Have they, have you, have we, have I, have been, have not, have not been. All of, all the, all of the, all men, all times. Of this, if that, of which, of me, of no, of any, of some, of the, of their, of all, of which it is. How far, how soon, how is, how is it, how could, how can, how easy, how sure, how strange. We have, we woidd, we can, we could, we shall, we should, we are, we were. Were we, were you, were they, were this. With it, with that, with this, with which, with some, with me, with him, with us, with words, with God. They were, they shall, they shall be, they shall have, they know, they wish. Though this, though some, though cer- tain. May we, may they, may you, may have, may I, may not, may not be, may have been. On this, on that, on this account, on that account, on no account, on one account, on my account, on me, on some^ on which, on all. Are we, are you, are they, are they sure, are not. You have, you shall, you know, you need not, you can, you could, you can be, you have been. He can, he shall, he knows, /ie loves, tie lives. 1G4 THE NOTE-TAKER. IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL. Among many excellent arguments for the immortality of the soul, ther is one drawn from the perpetual progress of the soul to its perfec- tion, without a possibility of ever arriving at it. How can it ever enter into the tho'ts of man that the soul, which is capable of such immense perfections, and of receiving new improvements to all eternity, shall fall away into nothing almost as soon as it is created? Are such abilities made to no purpose? A brute arrives at a point of perfection that Jie can never pas; in a few years he has all the endowments he is capable of; and wer he to liv ten thousand more, wud be the same thing he is at present. But a man can never hav taken in his full mesure of knolege. He has not time to subdue his passions, establish his soul in virtue, and come up to the perfection of his nature, before he is hurried off the stage. Wud an infinitely wise being make such glorius creatures for so mean a purpose ? Can he delite in the production of such abortiv intelligences, such short-lived reasonable beings ? Wud he giv us talents that are not to be exerted, and capacities that are never to be gratified? How can we find that wisdom which shines throo all his works in the formation of man without looking on this icorld as only a nursery for the next, and believing that the several generations of rational creatures which rise up and disappear in such quick successions ar only to receiv their first rudiments of existence here, and afterwards to be transplanted into a more frendly climate, where they may spred andfiurish to all eternity. ADDISON. CHAPTER IX. 165 WRITING EXERCISE TWENTIETH. The phrases are separated by commas. As it were, as it was, as it will be, as it has been, as it should be. At all events, at all times, at first, at last, at length, at large, at once, at one time. Hy chance, by some means, by the same means, by no means, by all means. For ever and ever, for instance, for the most part, for the purpose of, for the sake of, from time to time, from this time, from that time, from ancient times. In accordance with, in account with, in connection with, in consequence of, in many cases, in many places, in pro- portion to, in reference to, in regard to, in respect to, in the mean time, in the name of, in the first place, in the last place, in the next place, in the, second place, in the third place. In any icay, in no way, in some way, in, every way. Less than, let its, let us not, let us see, let us look, let us come, let us suppose. More and more, moreover, more or less, more frequently, more closely, more than, more than that, more than this, must not, must be, must have (the is retained in must have), must come. JVo more, no more than, no less than this, now and then. On account of, on account of this, on no account, on some accounts, on either hand, on the one hand, on the other hand, once more. The other, the other way, the other day, in the other, on the other. With respect to, with reference to, with respect to this, with respect to that, with reference to this. Western States, in the western States, in the eastern 166 THE NOTE-TAKER. States, in the southern States, in the United States of America. LETTERS. G. D. MITCHELL. JBlessed be letters! They ar the monitors, they ar also the comforters, and they are the only true heart-talkers. Your speech, and their speech, ar conventional^ they are molded by circumstances' they ar suggested by the observation, remark, and influence of the parties to whom the speaking is addrest, or by whom it may be overherd. Your truest tho^t is modified half throo its utterance by a look, a sign, a smile, or a sneer. But it is not so with letters: there you ar icith only the soulless pen, and the snow-white, virgin paper. Your sotd is mesuring itself by itself, and saying its own sayings : ther ar no sneers to modify its utterance, no scowl to scare: nothing is present but you and your thd*t. Oh, the glory, the freedom, the passion of a letter ! It is worth all the lip-talk of the world. Do you say it is studied, made up, acted, reherst, contrived, artistic? Let me see it, then; let me run it over; tell me age, sex, circum- stances, andlwil tel you if it be studied or real, if it be the merest lip-slang put into words, or hart-talk blazing on the paper. Ar we not creatures ofthoH and passion? Is anything about us more ernest than that same tho?t and passion? Is ther anything more real, more characteristic of that great and dim destiny tp which we ar born, and which may be written down in that terrible word FORE VK it! Let those who will, then, sneer at what in their wisdom tfiey call untruth, at what is false, because it has no mate- rial presence: this daz not create falsity, wud to Hewn that it did. CHAPTER X. THE TACHYGRAPHIC NOMENCLATURE. 102. a. In giving oral instruction in Tachy- grapby, it is often desirable to speak of the com- pound and complex signs that enter into the word-forms as well as the simple letters. In order to do this intelligibly, it is necessary that the teacher and pupil become familiar with some system of naming the signs. b. Names for the simple letters are given in connection with the alphabet, on page 43 of the Elements; and the names of the compounds of the L, R, and S-series are given in the following table of the compound signs. (See p. 170.) 103. a. In spelling Tachygraphically, it will -be found convenient to name each stem by a distinctive name. A full-sized,half-length, double, or treble-length sign, with such circles or hooks as may be attached to it, forms a stem. b. Stems which take a vowel after them may be properly distinguished from those which do not admit a vowel after them: the former may b# regarded as open, and the latter as closed. To 167 168 THE NOTE-TAKER. make this distinction appear in the names, it is convenient to name stems which take a vowel after them with open syllables, and those which do not take a vowel after them with closed syl- lables. Ex. f Ua, 1 Ira, f spe, \ spra, c/ qua, when initial ; and f bul, \ bur, | spur, when final. 104. Contracted signs should designate in their names either that use to which they are put in the word spelled, or that use to which they are more frequently and properly applied. SPEC. 1. The double circle may be called sus, as in P sus-pe. On the end of a stem it may be named ses, as I penses. 2. The half-lengths may be named by writing the short e before the shortened letter, or introducing it before the added d or t, thus, i ept or pet, \ ekt or ket. When the heavy signs are halved, the name will end in d, as ebd or bed. 3. When a circle is attached to the half-length, the com- bination may be named in a similar manner, as in P sept or spet. So, also, with the double circle, as in p sus ept. 4. a. When a circle ends the character, it is named as in the table, ^ eps, "%> ex, &c. When halved, these signs read ^ epts or pets, -^ ekts or kets. b. When a hook or circle commences the sign, and a circle ends it, it is named in a similar manner, as in^plens, 1 pres or purs, ? spes or seps, ^ spres. 5. Final hooks are treated like the final circle, and the CHAPTER X. 169 letter or letters they represent end the name of the stem on which they occur. -Ex. J pen, \ spren, J 3 spen, \jpeshn, J peforpev. 6. a. The lengthened curves are named by adding tr and thr to the name of the letter lengthened, as enter, - enther, &c. b. The trebled ^^ is named ingger when it implies gr, and ingtJier when it implies their. 7. The names of all prefixes and affixes will be found in the tables of these signs. In spelling, the prefix or affix may be named in all cases except where a letter is used as an affix: in that case, the letter retains its own name, as in V_^_^/ wi-enter-en-ya, intercommunion. REII The following tables give the names of the principal modifications of the straight etems, as illustrated in the letter | f and the names of the compounds of the L, R, and S-series. The names of the letters not given will be easily understood from, the illustra- tions given in this section. 105. Vocals may be named separately, as in the alphabet, and the long vocals can be named in no other way; but the short vocals may be named in connection with the following conso- nant, as u\#c for a-JTa. Stems ending in vowel-hooks are named as o they are pronounced, as = dy, => ty, \j ca. 106. The signs used -in phrases may be named O A v as the same signs are named in word-forms ; but if any signs occur in the phrases which do 170 THE NOTE-TAKER. not occur in the word-forms, they should have distinctive names. 107. Students may be exercised to advantage in spelling; but a few exercises will suffice to render the method of spelling entirely familiar to an intelligent class. The following examples will serve as farther illustrations of the names of Tachygraphic stems : f*~^ \^ ma-a-en-es-pra-ing, mainspring; ->Q. a la-ef-ty, lofty; (^ pe-o-est, post; ^ sest-ma, sys- tem; J^ eps-est or pe-sest, possest; /~& e-sste, assessed;^ clet, called; }) ef-i-later, filter; /J ra-end-ar, render; ^ ' ra-ender, render; v^__ ka-o-enter or ka-onter, counter ; ^^ -^ a-entJier or anther, another; ' Ly* antlier-pe-la-o-gy, anthi'opology. - con-ste-te-te, constitute; ^) c&ntra-ve-e- en, contravene; ^ v ^~^ < - im-ma-ra-tel, immortal; y in-shel, initial; ^ in-bred, inbred; <\ in-sect, insect; ^ ob-s-Jm, objection; ^ opxhn, option j ~J dis-pe-a or dis-pa, dissipation. CHAPTEK X. 171 NAMES OF COMPOUND SIGNS. 1 bra or ber, f bla or bel, ] pra OF pel', f pla or pel, % gi'a or ger, ^ gla or gel, N era or ker, % c]a or ke]> dra order, ^ del? - tra or ter, c_ t el, ) V6r ' J vel, ) fraorfer, j fla or fel, / zber, o _y zhel, / sura or sher, n , , _x shel, ^ ther, c^ nel, *> tbra or ther, ^v sne or sen? *-* ner > ^y _J sla, sle, sel, ^ wba , ^ swa, f speorsep, ^ maz, emz, \ ske or sek, x__p ens or enz, G _ ste or set, ^^ eu g z > ") sfe or sef, _J laz, els, or elz, f~ f* sma, sme, sem, ^ ers or erz, 172 CHAPTER X. NAMES OP COMPOUND SIGNS CONTINUED. L eps, j pens, j penses, I Pen, j pen, I Peshn, J pef or pev, [, peshns, seps or spes, spenses, s]>eshns, 1 p sus-pe, 9 sus-pra, i pet or ept, f spet or sept, p sus-pet, 1 spret, t pets, j peuts, pies, n preses, ^ sns-pens, 1 pren, I spren, *L spreshn. CHAPTER X. 173 WRITING EXERCISE TWENTY-FIRST. Exercise on the Use of the Names of the Signs. J3e-pe-te-sme, in-ka-ma, Ja-a-em, de-sme, de-sla~ish-en, sla-ve-dent, con-tent, con-eJct, com-p-en-d, com-peshn, con- tra-acshn, contra-dy-keshn, contra-dy-ekt, in-ef-te-yashn, con-gra-at-yulashn, com-and, corn-end, con-si end, int&r-ef- e-rens. Mqgni-te-de, or-na-ment, scra-ment-el. Through knowledge we behold the world's creation, How in his cradle first he fondled was, And judge of Nature's cunning operation, How things she formed of a f armies mass. By knowledge we do learn ourselves to know, And what to man and what to God we owe; From hence we mount aloft unto the sky, And look into the crystal firmament. T/tere we behold the Heaven's great hierarchy, The stars' pure light, the spheres' swift movement, The spirits and intelligences fair, And angels waiting on the Almighty's chair; And there with humbk mind, and high in light, The Eternal Maker's majesty we view, His love, his trut7i, his glory, and his might, And mercy more than mortal man can view. Oh, Sovereign Lord, oh, sovereign happines ! To see Thee and thy mercy measureles! Such happines have they that do embrace The precepts of thy heavenly discipline; But shame and sorrow and acursed case Have they that scorn the school of arts divine, And banish me, which do possess the skill To make men heavenly wise through humbled will. EDMUND SPENCEK. MYSTERY. In loveliness of form, or of moral char- acter, or of the material creation, it is that which is most 174 THE NOTE-TAKER. veiled which is most beautiful. The mysteries of the heart and of nature are the delight of the intellect, the soul, and the eyes. It seems as if the Creator had drawn a shadow over whatever he has made most delicate and most divine to, by its secrecy, heighten our aspirations after it, and to soften its lustre from our gaze, in a manner as he has placed lids over our eyes to temper the light when its im- pression is too great upon them. Valleys are the mysteries of landscapes; the more we long to penetrate them, the more they try to wind and bury and hide themselves. Mist is to mountains what illusion is to love, it elevates them. Mystery hovers over everything here below, and solemnizes all things to the eyes and to the heart. IMMORTALITY. When I think that I am to outlive the sun and the stars, that I am to be freed from the limited influence of time, that ages on ages will roll over me with- out touching the youthful vigor of my soul, that mansions < flight and purity are prepared for me by the holy being who once dwelt on earth, that I shall live there in closer intimacy with God than with an earthly parent, that saints and apostles will be my companions, Jesus the Redeemer will be my brother, I am oppressed with the responsibility of immortality. And to tlie hands of each one of us is committed a spirit to be. fitted for this endless, glorious life. The spirit is ourself. Its culture is the development of its every faculty. Afar 'behind expression hides The thing to be expressed. Deep underneath all that we do, And all we seem, Lies what we feel; And what we feel, we are CHAPTER XL ANALOGY AND EUGRAPHY. 108. Allusion has previously been made to certain general principles, or laws, that have an influence upon word-forms, and which, running through the entire field of word-forms, bind them together into one system. These principles may be considered, so far as is necessary for practical purposes, under two general divisions, the laws of analogy, and the laws of eugraphy. 109. Analogy consists in a similarity in certain, respects between things which are in other re- spects different. When applied to the outlines of words in Tachygraphy, analogy consists in writing such portions of two or more words as are alike in sound in the same manner, and such portions as are similar in a similar manner. SPEC. 1. The nature of the principle stated in this sec- tion will be seen in the following examples: 175 176 THE NOTE-TAKER. In the words ingress, egress, digress, congress, regress, transgress, digressing, transgressors, the root gress, which is put in italics, appears without change. The law of analogy is observed here in the common spelling; but if the first word was spelled ingress, the second cgres, the third digress, the fourth congrace, and so on, this law would be broken. 2. In Tachygraphy, the original root-form is retained so far as possible in all the derivations. The principle may be traced in those derived from the word-signs, and else- where. The word V~ form, for instance, remains unchanged throughout a list of over a hundred derived words. (See section 90.) But this principle applies to all classes of words, and to all parts of words. As the same sound is written by the same sign, so the same combination of sounds is written by the same combination of signs, unless some other law inter- feres to effect an exception to the rule. 3. Such exceptions do occur, and not infrequently, but no exception should be admitted without sufficient reason. Some exceptions are given in the end of the following section. THE LAWS OF ANALOGY. 110. The principal features of the agreement of word-forms with similar word-forms are included in these rules. CHAPTER XI. 177 a. Derivative words are written in analogy with their primatives. 1. Compound words are written in analogy both with the simple words from which they are formed, and with other compounds formed by uniting any of their parts. c. In all classes of words the same combina- tion of letters are written, so far as possible, in the same manner. SPEC. 1. a. The first rule applies especially to the deriva- tive word-signs, and to that large class of words formed by means of the addition of prefixes and affixes. These de- rived forms, are, for the most part, regularly formed. A given stem remains unchanged throughout the entire list of derivative forms, and even the prefix and affix signs have some analogy to the signs from which they are derived. b. The words \, compress, and ^ impress, for exam- ple, are written analogically in having the root press written with the same form in both words ; but the words ^ and ? are analogous only in regard to the prefix which is common to them both. c. Some exceptions to the laws of analogy will be noticed, such, for instance, as J, larger,* and % useful, from A and ^. / 2. Word-forms remain so constant in outline that they suffer change very infrequently in forming compounds. Plence the 2nd rule admits of very few exceptions, and these may be regarded as special contractions. 178 THE NOTE-TAKER. Ex. _ overwhelm, and J' elseioliere. 3. The third rule embraces a much wider field, and one that cannot be dismissed so summarily. This rule applies to all combinations of consonant sounds that are, or may be, written by means of distinctive signs ; but it applies imperfectly, for entire uniformity in the use of these second- ary signs is unattainable. Still, it is not in vain to recog- nize the principle, and apply the law wherever it can be done. . Compounds of the L and R-series come under this law ; and it is imperative in the use of all true initial com- pounds like pi in play, pr in pray, fr in free, &c. In final compounds the law does not demand the use of the com- pound sign, so its use here is merely for convenience. b. The law of analogy demands also that all consonants that unite with a following d or t, as in the words apt, act, art, and, &c., represent such union by shortening the for- mer of the two consonants. This principle is followed without any important exception; but the use of the half- length characters, where no such union of sounds takes place, is for convenience merely, and not demanded by the law of analogy. c. The lengthened curves present another instance of the operation of this law; but it applies primarily only to cases in which a curved letter is followed by the sounds of tr or dr without an intermediate vowel, as in the words after, enter, under. RKM. 1. There is a conflict between the application of this law in the use of the half-lengths and the double-lengths, for in cases where ter and der are added to a consonant, the shortened form might be used, though not with the same degree of appropriateness. CHAPTER XI. 179 After might be written aft-er, and enter, ent-er; but the true sylla- bication is af-ter and en-ter, which determines the mode of contrac- tion. REM. 2. Other cases, however, occur in which the application of the true principles are not so obvious, as will be seen in the use of the different forms for st and sir, as explained in sections 39, 40, and 48. The student is referred to these sections for further details in regard to the application of this law to half and double-length characters. 111. The operation of the laws of analogy may be traced throughout the entire system of word and phrase-signs. Whether a given prin- ciple extends through a larger or smaller class of words, it has a power to produce uniformity as far as its influence extends. But the action of one law is partially suspended by the action of another law in many cases. The termination ward, for instance, and the words word and heard, which express the rd by making the end of the stems of c^ and \\Q phrase-signs. As applied to the letters, grace of form is secured by accuracy in direction, proportion, curvature, and shading. SPEC. The correct formation of the letters belongs to the elements of the science, and need not be discussed here. Yet, as some attention to the proper size and pro- portion of the letters is ess'ential, both to beauty and facility of writing, the following suggestions may not be out of place. a. Inclined, full-sized letters should be so proportioned in length as to fill the same space perpendicularly as the upright letters. J&.H i \\ / / r ^ ^ ^- b. The same principle will apply to the half-length, double, and treble-length characters. They each will fill one-half a space, or two or three spaces, as the case may be. REM. An earnest effort on the part of the writer to accustom himself to accuracy in this respect will be rewarded by an increased beauty in the writing. He should practice on each letter, contrast- ing its half-length, full and double-length forms with one another until he gains skill in making suitable distinctions. 114. The proper size of the letters for note- takino 1 is one-eighth of an inch for i and i as the O O i standard for the space occupied. The \\ "^ J &c. will be a little longer, and / ^ and , I. . 2. The use of half-length signs greatly lessens the num- ber of bad angles. In most cases, where \ either pre- cedes or follows , the hall-length letter absorbs it, as in So, also, where follows /, the ,/ is halved, as in '^. Other cases will be noticed in connection with other angles. 3. The skilful use of the variable signs will secure good angles in many cases where a careless use would produce bad angles. The variable letters are V.VJ'V^. f~ J / / Their proper use is discussed in the Elements, pp. 92, 93, and 94. See, also, the following section, where the proper use of the variable signs is determined in reference to the nature of the curves with which they unite. 186 THE NOTE-TAKER. 2. THE HOMOGENEOUSNESS OF THE CURVES. 121. a. Curves are homogeneous when they face the same way, or form any portion of a cir- cle that may be made by tracing the circle in the same direction. Opposing curves are seg- ments made by tracing the circle in opposite ways. The curves /^, x ~ > ',/ > \ ), and J (downward) are homogeneous; so are the curves (, V_, " , J (upward); but the curves in the first example are, each and all, opposed to the curves in the second example. b. When an angle occurs between them, fac- ing curves are made much more easily than opposing curves, for the pen traces a second curve in the same direction without an entire loss of motion ; but when an opposing curve is made, the direction of the stroke must be re- versed. c. When opposing curves unite without an angle, they are made with perfect freedom. SPEC. 1. The following examples will sufficiently illus- trate the nature of facing and opposing curves. CHAPTER XI. 187 FACING CUEVES. OPPOSING CUEVES. 2. When opposing carves lie in the same direction, and run into one another, they are more convenient than facing curves, as will be seen in the following examples: 3. a. As a general rule, when a variable curve follows a curve of the same length, it may be turned so as either to unite without an angle or to face the same way as the curve to which it is joined. The union without an angle takes the precedence where it is equally convenient. b. When curves of different lengths unite, those facing are always to be preferred, as an angle must in these cases always be formed. 122. a. These principles apply equally to vocal curves, and to the union of vocal and consonantal 188 THE NOTE-TAKER. curves. For these reasons f is struck upward after ^, and downward after c. J (-^0 fol- lows r>, and J (La) follows . For these reasons, we have the forms La-and for land, and J^l-i-ent for lint, and many others that will be noticed, where the direction of the letters V^, k_, (^, and J are varied on account of a preceding or fol- lowing curve. b. These principles apply also to the union of curves with straight lines or dashes. If a curved letter lies in the same general direction as the straight line, though an angle is needed, there is a continuous movement in the same direction favor- able to speed ; and if, added to this, the two may unite without an angle, the gain is still greater. SPEC. 1. The direction of the curves as controlled by the dashes is seen in the case of J in the word J, and others. If the direction of the dash is reversed, the direc- tion of the J will be reversed also. 2. Some exceptions to the principles given in this and preceding sections are unavoidable, for in many cases a curve occurs between two letters, with one or both of which it will unite with a greater or less degree of diffi- culty. If any of the letters are variable, as in most cases one or more of them will be, the difficulty can easily be reduced to a single bud angle; but even in case of variable letters, a change that aids the joining with a preceding letter may increase the difficulty of joining with the follow- CHAPTER XL 189 ing letter, and vice versa. Cases of this kind will afford scope for the ingenuity of the writer. 3. So in other ways one principle may influence or over- ride the operation of another principle. Such details can- not be given here; but the teacher of the art is advised to add to the illustrations given, so as to adapt them to differ- ent classes of his pupils. Such instruction will bear good fruit in the increased beauty and facileness of the outlines. 3. OUTLINES EASILY JOINED IN PHRASES. 123. Outlines that end in such a way as to be easily joined to a following word add greatly to the grace and rapidity of the writing. Such outlines ma 7. be secured in most cases by avoid- ing the use of final hooks, both vocal and conso- nantal. SPEC. 1. Vocal hooks are seldom used in the end of words in this style, and the use of consonant hooks is suffi- ciently limited in the instructions for their use. (Seo Chapter VIII.) REM Those modes of contraction which encumber the ends of word-forms with signs that do not admit of connection with other words are so great a hinderance to phrase writing as to nearly neu- tralize their value as contractions. This is the case with the loups for at and str used in phonography. Forms of this kind have been purposely excluded from the Note-Taker. If they can be made of any use in a re{X)rting stylo, it is only by carefully restraining them to certain words that do not occur in phrases very frequently. 190 THE NOTE-TAKER. THE LINEALITY OF OUTLINES. 124. Word -forms should have, so far as possi- ble, a forward instead of a backward tendency. If the outline runs downward, or backward, away from the line of writing, it renders it unfit to form part of a phrase; and time is lost in bringing the pen back to the proper place for commencing the next word-form. SPEC. The student will see the application of this prin- ciple without extended illustration. The variable letters and the contractions may be so used as to favor linear word-forms. Such words, for instance, as public, publica- tion, aggregate, aggregation, and others, may be relieved from running too far below the line by using the upward forms for J and / instead of the compounds P and \. REM. So much regard has been paid to this principle in the arrangement of the alphabet that it will be easy to secure good outlines by a little attention and care on the part of the writer. In any extreme case of difficulty, the word-form may be divided, as in the compound word book-keeper. THE REQUIREMENTS OF LEGIBILITY. 125. The requirements of legibility presup- pose, as a basis, a fair degree of accuracy of pen- manship, and regard to the proper distinctions in the length and shading of the letters. CHAPTER XI. 191 SPEC. The student should be drilled on all the elements introduced into this style, contrasting half-length and full- length characters, full-length and double-length, double and treble-length, &c., till he can make the new distinc- tions as readily as those introduced into the first style. 126. The first special requirement of legibility as applied to word-forms is consistency of out- line. When the reader has become accustomed to see a given word written in a given way, he reads it from memory, without looking through the characters to see what they spell. If the form be changed at random, he will read with slowness and uncertainty. 127. Another requisite of legibility is an , observance of the laws of analogy. This will greatly aid the memory of forms, and the reader, becoming accustomed to see a given combination of sounds expressed in a given way, will read with certainty and ease. SPEC. 1. The operation of this principle is very subtile and far reaching. Suppose, for instance, that the writer omits the sign ^ uniformly in such words as sound, bound, found, and inserts the last stroke of the v as uniformly in signed, bind, find, and the u in sand, band, fanned, &c., the reader instinctively associates the sound of * with the open uncontracted and unvocalized forms x-v^, , L> ) , and is led by the laws of analogy to expect the same 192 THE NOTE-TAKER. sound before the uncontracted **"" " in the words ground, frowned, mound, crowned, &c. 2. It will be observed that full, long vowels and diph- thongs separate consonants, and that they generally accom- pany full and open outlines, while small and short vowels more frequently accompany contracted forms. This is especially true in regard to the use of the circle and the compounds of the L and R-series, and to some extent of the half-length signs. 128. A third thing essential to a legible style of writing is a proper distinction of words con- taining the same consonants. This has been so well provided for in the rules for the formation of outlines that it is only necessary here to call attention to the subject. If the words in ques- tion are of such meaning that they cannot be confounded, there is no danger; but if they are of like or opposite significations, there is need of a distinct difference in the word-forms. SPEC. There is ample opportunity in this style for such difference of outline as may be necessary to legibility. When fully written, no word can bo obscure or liable to be confounded with another; and where any form of con- traction would reduce two or more words to the same form, the contraction should be applied only to the word of most frequent occurrence, leaving the others to be writ- ten more fully. 129. A proper use of vocalization may be CHAPTER XI. 193 named as a fourth requisite of a legible style. A proper regard for brevity will lead the writer to omit all vowels that are not necessary; but it is unwise economy to add to the labor of read- ing to save a far less labor in writing. SPEC. 1. Vowels are necessary in some words contain- ing only one consonant. Some of these are mentioned on pages 34 and 35 ; but the list may be increased. Besides these there are a larger number of words of two conso- nants, comprising nearly all uncommon words that may be written in full, as in the common style. The following will serve as specimens of the words alluded to in this specifi- cation : bag, sag, ran, pan, cap, gap, map, rap, tap, mob, sob, jog, job, dame, cape, cake, wake, tall, gall, &c. 2. In addition to these, many words of three or four consonants, with or without a contraction of consonant outline, may be vocalized. Ex. Blab, slab, clod, plod, trod, shad, glad, clog, flog, grog, Hank, flank, prank, brine, swine, twine, stripe, strip, strap, blame, flame, bloom, flume, broom, brim, trim, band, sand, bland, grand, &c. KEJI. To these words in which the vocal sign is used for the sake of greater ease in reading should be added those given previ- ously under the rules for the requirements of speed. (See sec. 120.) 3. The vocal v is frequently contracted before ,, as in the word U^, bind; and words ending in ny may be writ- ten in analogy with ^ -, any, by adding the tick. The last remark applies to such words as bony, stony, cony, funny, honey, briny, &c. 194 TITE NOTE-TAKER. 4. When two vocal sounds occur together, as in the words aerial, pean, pious, science, &c., one or both of the vowels should be written. The former, which is in most cases the accented vowel, is to be preferred when equally convenient. 5. Vocalization will be frequently necessary in the fol- lowing cases : a. In writing proper names of persons and places. b. In quotations from the Latin, Greek, German, French, and other foreign languages. c. In technical terms used in the arts and sciences. d. In all unusual words, or words used in an unusual connection, or in a peculiar sense. REM. 1. Words generally considered technical or uncommon may be sufficiently familiar to some persons to be treated like ordinary words. The purpose of the writing, and the knowledge of the subject, will determine the amount of vocalization necessary to perspicuity. It is only necessary that the manuscript be easily read by the parties, and for the purposes, for which it was written. 2. The careless writing of bare skeletons of consonant letters, without any reference to their legibility, so common among amateurs in phonography, should be discouraged by the teacher. 130. A fifth requirement of legibility is a proper regard to the relations of words in the sentence. Words that are used in familiar phrases, or in constructions that are familiar, become more easily legible from the connection in which they stand. But words that are isolated, or used in unusual connections, or in peculiar senses, demand CHAPTEE XI. 195 more care in the writing to render them easily legible. SPEC. 1. The power of position in a sentence to add to the legibility of word-forms is illustrated in nearly all the phrases given in Tables B, C, D, and E, and in Reading Lessons, pages 13, 14, and 15. Properly made phrase- signs will aid the reader by making the connection of the words "more noticeable. The word same, for instance, becomes definite in the phrase _""", the same, since the word some is never preceded by the article the. 2. The joining of words, however, not associated in sense, would lessen rather than increase the ease of read- ing by intimating a connection between the words that did not exist. 3. Where words are isolated in construction, as in the following sentences, they need to be distinguishable in form. Ex. JSut the fruit of the spirit is love, joy, peace, long- suffering, gentleness, goodness, faith, meekness, temper- ance. Can youth, or health, or strength, or honor, or pleasure satisfy the soul f I have seen the effects of love and hatred, joy and grief, hope and despair. REM. 1. Even in these cases, the reader is aided somewhat by the context, for he would not look for any evil affection or passion among the fruits of the spirit ; and in the last example, the contrast suggests the contrasted word. So in nearly all cases the context will aid the reader to a greater or less extent ; but he should not rely too much upon it, but take care that all isolated words be writ- ten clearly and definitely. 2. Uncommon words, and those of doubtful signification, with words from foreign languages, mentioned in the preceding section, cannot, from the nature of the case, be referred with safety to the 196 TTTE NOTE-TAKETC. context for explanation, but. must be legible independent of their connection. 3. Proper names that are mentioned among words needing vocali- zation may also be considered as isolated words, as they are not generally inferable from the sense of the passage in which they stand. Outlines chosen for autographs should be easily legible. CONCLUSION. 131. When the student has gone through the preceding pages, and the writing and reading lessons which follow, he is advised to review the entire work, and x to review it a second time, if necessary to its complete mastery. In no study will thoroughness bear better fruit. He should not rest satisfied, however, with the mastery of this little text-book, but apply the principles of the style in a larger variety of exercises, taken from works of value, by which he may add to his knowledge of the best literature while giv- ing it a beautiful expression in the Note-Taker's style of Tachygraphy. CHAPTEE XI. 197 WETTING EXERCISE TWENTY-SECOND. Form, formal, formalism, formalist, formality, for- mally, formation, formative, former, formerly. Conform, conformable, conformably, conformation, con- former, conformist, conformity. Deform, deformation, deformer, deformity. Inform, informal, informality, informant, information, informative, informer, informity,informous, inconformity, misform, misinform, misinformation, multiform. Perform, performable, performance, performer. ^Re- form, reformation, reformation, reformative,, reforma- tory, reformer, reformist. Retiform, scutiform. Trans- form, transformation, transformative, transforming. Uni- form, uniformity, uniformly, uninformed, vermiform. CONGRESSIONAL ORTHOEPY. A phonographic corres- pondent writing from Washington to the Cincinnati Com- mercial some years ago said, "During a rough and tumble debate on the confiscation bill yesterday, I paid a little attention to the manner in which certain words of common use in the ^English lan- guage were pronounced by different members. About twenty per cent of the representatives had something to say. The Constitootion was talked of freely, and great love for the instrument was expressed; eloquent appeals in behalf of the institooshuns of our country were made, and it was generally conceded they were very great indeed. Several inquiries were made by rural members as to v;har certain authority was obtained from, and the reply generally was that if the inquirer would look in the right place, he would find it thar. It seemed to be a mooted question whether 198 THE NOTE-TAKER. Congress had the right to con-fis-cate anything. It was asked if a dooplicate copy of something or other could not be made, and a gentleman was referred to the Smithsonian Institoot/or an opportoonity to get what he wanted. Life, liberty, and the pursoot of happiness were declared the con- stitushunal rights of everybody. The democrats thought the republicans were revolootionary. Eu-ro-pean prece- dents were quoted; and at home, here, we were referred to the fine States o/"Ohia, Injiany, Noo York, and Missooruh. These were all prodoocing States. Everybody was either a com-bat-ant or a non- com-bat-ant. The G\iver-ment was assailed, and the Gfover-ment, was defended. The Soo- preme Court was thought to be the highest law power in the land. Mr. Sooard was said to be the Secretary of State, and Mr. TZoochanan the last President. Tlie abeli- tionists were declared to be fan-atics. A great many men had been enlisted for three years, or dooring the war; but the quoto of some States was not full yet. Reference was made to pro-vo marshals, provost marshals, and the Pro-vo Marshal General. High eulogies were passed upon tlie people of certain deestricks because they had done their dooty in filing up the old rigiments. Men who didn't enlist were advised to get substitoots. Finally, somebody offered a resolootion that the Souse adjourn, and the members went home to sleep over their imperfect accentua- tion and pronunciation." A UNIVERSAL ALPHABET. We cannot but render hom- age to the efforts made by the powerful minds of those who have striven to reduce to a satisfactory unity the lament- able diversity of signs {alphabets} which have thrown such obstacles in the way of truth, and, either by fortuitous or de- signed resemblance, have so long retarded the progress of CHAPTER XI. 199 the comparative study of languages, and their etymological affinity so important to their philosophical development, and, consequently, the knowledge of their real origin, as well as of the characters employed in writing, funda- mental principles which, in referring each language to its true source, would enable us to study each group of lan- guages at the same time, and thus to obtain, (if it were possible to tlevote sufficient time to each} an universal knowledge of languages. To illustrate this proposition by an example, the study of the languages named Arabic, Hebreio, Samaratan, Ethiopic, Syriac, and Chaldean might, to a certain extent, be reduced to the study of only one, and a knowledge of the alphabets of each of the others, alphabets founded, for the most part, upon circumstances which have wholly past away, but which, nevertheless, have given, and still con- tinue to give, to each of the above-named languages an appearance of individuality which they do not in reality possess, but which will subsist until this appearance shall vanish, and all these languages be written with the same alphabet, whereby it would at once be apparent that they are really dialects of one and the same mother-language, the Arabic, An able professor, who should occupy his scholars in this wide field of inquiry, explaining the rules of the mother-tongue, and the exceptions and peculiar char- acter of its dialects, might teach six languages, or rather an entire family of languages at the same time. An analogous idea, but of less easy execution, has been suggested, namely, the composition of an universal alpha- bet, or one embracing at least all the languages of Europe. SYLVESTEKB'S P ALLOGRAPH Y. 200 THE NOTE-TAKEK. WRITING EXERCISE TWENTY-THIRD. No EXCELLENCE WITHOUT LABOR. The education, moral and intellectual, of every individual must be chiefly his own work. Rely upon it that the ancients were right, Quisque suae fortunae faber. JSoth in morals and intel- lect, we give their final shape to our own characters, and thus become emphatically the architects of our own for- tunes. How else could it happen that young men who have had precisely the same opportunities should be con- tinually presenting us with such different results, and rushing to such opposite destinies.. Difference of talent will not solve it, because that difference very often is in favor oftJie disappointed candidate. You shall see issuing from the watts of the same college, nay, sometimes from the bosom of the same family, two young men of whom the one shall be admitted to be a genius of a high order, the other scarcely above the point of mediocrity. Yet, you shall see the genius sinking and perishing in poverty, obscurity, and wretchedness, while, on the other hand, you shall observe the mediocre plodding his slow and sure way up the hill of life, gaining steadfast footing at every step, and mounting at length to eminence and distinction, an ornament to his family, a blessing to his country. And of this be assured, I speak from observation a certain truth, there is no excellence without great labor. It is the fiat of fate, from which no power of genius can ever absolve you. If genius be desirable at all, it is only of that great and magnanimous kind which, like the con- dor of /South America, pitches from the summit of Chim- borazo, above the clouds, and sustains herself at pleasure in that empyreal region with an energy rather invigorated CHAPTER XI. 201 than weakened by the effort. It is this capacity for high and long-continued exertion, this vigorous poioer of pro- found and searching investigation, this careering and wide-spreading comprehension of mind, and those long reaches of thought TMt pluck IrigJit honor from the pale-faced moon, Or dive into the bottom of the deep, Where fathom line could never touch the ground, And drag up drowned honor by the locks. This is the prowess, and these the hardy achievements, which are to enroll your names among the great men of the earth. WIRT. WEITIXG. Whatever be the fate of this or that system, though every author perish without a, name, yet the art of writing is not only commanding in its origin and history, but is beautiful in its graceful perfections, and imposing in its proper imagery. T/ie true imagery of writing is culled then from the sublime and beautiful in nature; and here the mind cannot but contemplate its advent among the Hebrews with mingled emotions of veneration, awe, devotion, admiration, and pleasure. The summit of Sinai is clad with vivid lightnings, and rocked by the awful thunders of the Eternal, while amid the conflicting ele- ments and blazonry of heaverfs artillery the pen of the Law-giver is put forth to give his divine law, and the first tracings of this proud art to man. There he grouped in lessened lines the sun in his glorif, and the moon in her unshorn majesty, the varied shore, the straits, the indenta- tions, the sparkling islands, and culminating leaves of the ocean. He blent the windings of the Euphrates and Jor- dan with the oaks of Bashan and the cedars of Lebanan; with the rainbow of the cloud he capped the tall pines of 202 THE NOTE-TAKER. Tdumea, and mingled the rich shrubbery of Paradise with the spiral furs of Sidonia. Every dot was a star, and every cross [dash] a line of light from the eternal hills; and when the whole was finished, this wondrous art flamed out from t/ie bosom of the rock, bearing the solemn and divine injunction of the moral law, as rules of action for all mankind. KBY TO SPENCER'S PENMANSHIP. WRITING EXERCISE TWENTY-FOURTH. WRITING WELL. When a man would speak well, he must conceive clearly t/ie ideas which he desires to express; and if he would write well, he must have distinctly im- pressed on his mind the characters w\ich he means to exhibit. To illustrate the second essential of good writing, viz., power of execution, by the same analogy, however just and clear a marts conceptions may be, if his utter- ance be labored, slow, and timid, his discourse ^cill be imperfect and unsatisfactory. In like manner, iftlie let- ters be well formed, but combined and arranged without ease or gracefulness, the writing will never be thought beautiful or pleasing. By long experience and observa- tion in teaching, we are induced to believe that but a small proportion of minds are deficient in the faculty of appre- hending proportionate forms, and happy blending of imagery, reflected throfigh the medium of the eye. Such apprehension is generally developed with the greatest quick- ness, particularly when tlie judgment is assisted in its decisions by the active power and happy opportunity of comparison presented. Imagery, commended to our favor- able notice and selection when young, by those we love, and CHAPTER XI. 203 on whose judgment we depend, or left unforbidden to vol- untary selection amid our school-boy scenes, when the young heart first begins to revel amid Nature's varied charms, and drink the smiles from friendship's sun-lit brow, makes a deep and lasting impression, which time and toil and age can scarcely mar, and never obliterate. Such is our nature. It is the poetry as well as the reality of our existence, embalming the scenery we loved in the innocent days of untried being. Better is it for the noviciate in the art of writing to sit down alone with his materials and copy the moon in all her phases, borrow from the serpentinings of the brook that meanders at his feet, bring the Lombardy poplar to his aid, follow the curve of the pendant willow from ten- dril to stamen, and bind the whole with the undulating folds of the woodbine, and then call it chiroyraphy, than depend for a model of his hand on those miserable pro- ductions that, without form or comeliness, pain and per- plex, and against the worship of which there is no com- mand, either specified or implied. He would thus have more of nature, and therefore more of the true art of writing. Thus, the proper images of writing being implanted in the mind, by having them early before the eye, are adopted by the judgment after comparison has done its labor and doubt has ceased. The power to bring forth such imagery on paper is latent in the arm, forearm, hand, and fingers, and can only be developed by exercises that affect these auxiliary localities, and bring a fourfold power to act conjointly with ease and skill. Without a free and unobstructed constant horizontal 204 THE NOTE-TAKER. movement from right to left through the whole line, the writing will be wanting in harmony of slope, ease, and truthfulness of combination. But when oil these movements are practiced fully and systematically, all the muscles from the shoulder down- wards develop themselves rapidly, and power is gained over the pen to bring forth the adopted imagery of tlie mind in all the grace and elegance that spring from just proportions and easy execution. Practice, to be sure, is indispensable in bringing to per- fection any art, science, or profession. The pupil must not expect to be able at once to execute what he fully comprehends. Patience and energy are required to attain a thorough and perfect command of hand. There is no royal road by which idleness and indif- ference may find their way to a goal which is only to be reached by diligent and well-directed application. The only process really short is such as is made so by com- mencing in a right manner from the outset, securing the advantage of the instructions of an experienced teacher till the object is accomplished. And when the object is accom- plished, how beautiful and imposing are the specimens of art which the proficient is able to produce! The eye glances along the well-written page with as much pleasure as it rests on a beautiful grove when nature and art have unitedly tasked themselves to blend the greatest variety with the utmost symmetry. SPENCER'S PENMANSHIP. ItllllH^il^G:!! Ti; .->SJi J*.'- -i* [(ESSON Km. LESSON THIRD. V_AJ VJlx-w- 4. (See Set.'l*. *J 9 } J 9 - / -f^ -+> -s J. 5. ,^- J> / . 6. A n I- ^ U-~v l^v . 7 . \0 )' *1 10 . u^> X 11. ^^j tittlim mm /i/vo 14. ^ n ^ JL_ -7 Iv V^ . so. 31. 52. 53. 5 . 55 . a . . 54. / VN . C. 56. 58. 59. V . 60 v . 63. 10 68. a. 70. ^T ^ . 69. "-f 1 81 18. 2 J 11 wELPTH. 79. V- ^t . 80. ^~< 82. ^ <"-! 9 9 \_ jj^^/ u v ^x a ^- ^ ~3 O 86. V-^ 7 83 -' ^" . 84. . 85. /> . 87. . 88. . 89. 90- CA- vJl L_ ^^? V A-^^x ^ , ~~~3 ^ ^X -L., i, ^-VK"^^ n ^^ ' 12 91 . 6^ ' 93. ^ 7 i, ~X_, 95 3 97. 1 I 1 99. " 100. . 103. . 104 . 105. 92 . 94. 96. .3 98. 101. >XH 1 \ A P 13 106. a. 107. "1 S X 108. 109. K, ill. u. . 112. . us. 114. 115. . I y y 117. -- X V_ ^ ^ 1 16 ~r *, -*.-, <2_ ^ j 3 1 VOCABULARY. The following word-forms, brought together and arranged alpha- betically for greater convenience, are, mostly, illustrations of the principles scattered throughout the volume. L vt A A, aye (forever). -. \ advise, ^ J after. abbreviate, brevity. \S^ ~*^~ agrarianism. "N^ agree. acceptance, accessible. f / ^ aimed, almighty. /__, ^ already, although. access, accession. J Alsace. ^~~~^S*~***: accident, accidental. ^^3 analysis. / ancestor. acclaim, accomplish. "<-^J anciently. c ^ \^ angel. accompany. ^~\^J\ angelic. act, addition. ^-~ " anger. adjoin. ^^*X angry. adjust. v^_ ^s* another. advantage, advantages. ^^ ^ ant, &c. adverb, adverse. "~~ 1^ anthropology. 223 224 VOCABULARY. ^-^ N any, anything. f I blow, bone, boon. 1 apotheosis. [_^ boned, bound. 1/^5 apprehensive. 1 bounty. t j- -""^^ O V -1 apt, art. article, as. > ask, assess. T 'Y briskly, % < - bristol. I Ix- 7 bubble, 1 burn. x~< astride. V auspicious, azure. aye (yes). c chair, chance. ^-^> \j-^ c ^ ean coalition. 7 bindery. ^^ coast. VOCABULARY. 225 IT. 5 coaster. ^ contravene. command. \i ^) coal, cool. commend. \__ count, county. commander. v^__^- counter. commingle. \J \y culture, cultured. commission, commissioner. commit, common. D communion. / danger. comply, compress. concede. ^L \j dealt, deception. concomitant. c r; dear, dense. condense. - debts, doubts. conduce. ~J dell, dull. confession. "= ^ dent, dental. congratulation. I describe. consent. ^ _ ^ dissect, desert. consider. ) difficult-y. consists-ence. _ ^ console. \^, discipline. ^^L disclose. constitute. contradict. e\} discretion. VOCABULARY. disorder, dissuade, distress. ^ exclaim. \^-^ exercise. do, done, down, dun. Vs ^^ exist, existence. ^N? ^N^. explain, ^ {> express. E X^ extra, cast. each, eat. F earns, earth. edge, effort. 3 i Q fable, I falsehood. elder, elementary. elements, else, less. y~*s } familiar, /^ favor. \ } J fetter, LS filter. elsewhere. ^\ \ fiscal, ^~^ J> fisher. emission. r" J/*^ form, forward. encumbrance. \ found. end, enter, equal. I ^ founder. elision, error, ever. C_s foundry. n fragile. V VOCABULARY. 227 G = ^-^S hungry. =-7 general, generally ^~^_^ hunter. ^y gent, gentle. I c^ gentleman-en. V V get, got, v v I, eye, idea. *> ' gospel. S grad ual , gradually n^ T impart, imply. \9 graduation. . * i ? j impel, impels. X~J grandeur. "1 "] impress, improve. V Grecian. ^ hardy. ^ \/ insect, inspire. Q -*i \ hasty, hath. 30 instance. C- -,_ institute. t he, head. _ /y> instruction, \ f~ heavy, him. / insure. * ^-__^^ ^intercommunicate > magnanimous. intrigue. introduce, intrude. K knowledge. ' JL magnificent. ' \^ mainspring. /^~ matter, 1 mutter. /^~*> matters, ' mutters. know, no. ^2 melt, moult. L s*\ member. lagged, large. f 7 f D men, mention. language, long. larger, latter. 3 mental. r~\ methodism. length. ) mischief. lessen, lesson. letter, letters. (y~ misinform. ( ^-c misjudge. linger. ^"T misplace. local, lofty. (? mission. -longer. f^s mistranslated. VOCABULARY. 229 ^~\\J mock, mole. (O /O move, muff. 1 s O ! oh ! owe. 4 1 object, objection. A 4 objective, " 'N// obscure. N < ^ l />'^^ obsequeous. 1 obstruct. (^J national. (_J nationality. i nature, natural. ,^ \ occasional, fj *^j offspring. > ,/^ ocean, omission. ^^ naturally. ^ ^ office, ) ^"^ offices. ^_yS necessary. {/^> on, own, one. -^_^-" need, undo. ^_^c^ onward. ~X"^ neighbor. -. - neither. l^^^^ opportunity. "1 -^-r^? option, ourselves. ^~r q nevertheless. ~"V^ nothing. ^^^ outrage. A *) over, ' 1^- overwhelm. ^S~~ notwithstanding. P v_x^ now. I } pannier, part. number. JA^ J particle, pebble. 230 VOCABULAET. 1 I perceive, perhaps. UT proposition, !__, propriety. perish, pet. 1 1 prosper, * \ provisional. pets, pent, phonography. 1 Prussian. physical, picture. pictures, pleasure. \f- I/"" pursue, pursued. Q possess, possest. ^0 qualify. post, poster. practicable, practical. practice, preacher. d/"""* quench. o SL --' question. R ^**~^ races. precede, proceed. JCx /*) reason, received. press, presses. ^*s ^ recess. principle, principles. x /~-^> recognition. professional, professionally. / / recommence, ^ ** recommend. prophecy, prophecies. ^ C^ redemption. x /N i _ -x / regular. VOCABULARY. 231 regularly. 5 ^> sanctification. U remark. <^2 \ sanction, save. remembrance. rf s \_^ says, screen. render (^"fa"). '""(^ secession. render ( n T. h .). V^ sung. sad, sadder. / /^ slaughter, siuatte saddle, safe. ~} smooth. 232 VOCABULARY. 1 9 sober, social. Q c^_s sustain. ^ ck society, soft. /^ system. o sole, soul. T /^-x soon, sown. &v tachygraphy ^^_ sound. \ (ta-k*)- ^"U south, spring. / teacher.' a stir, strew, setter. n ~^ tell, tool, ten. ^_2 tension. o - strayed. _ test. r/" stream. \^ ^s "^ than, that, thee. f J 5 subject,subjective '^V-*/ Atheism, then. ^S subsist, subscribe. **-^ "^" theist, them. (^ ^_ these, they. Sr~N \D success, ' G succession. "^\ "^ ^\ thing,this, though ^M successive, superb. Q_ J~ till, time. P p sup, supped. v ^ together, toward. 1 ? supper, sure. c <**s transact. I suspicious. c C N^ tranHfrrass. VOCABULARY. 233 V transit. w / translucent. <^/ wellspriiig. true, turn. V-/ u < - CP when, whensoever x uncommon. *^^ } wheresoever. under. / 6 while, whim. ' undo, need. / who, whole. \ unsatisfied. "^ "^ whosoever, urgent, urgently. o >-^*" word, ward. cS] use, useful. ^"S. wreathe. o utter, utters. /'^-^ wrongs. V Y value. n ^ ye, you. ^ vascular. Z \ verb, S vigil. o zest. TACHYGRAPHIC AND PHONETIC PUBLICATIONS. THE ELEMENTS OF TACHIGRAPHT. A Complete Treatise on the simplest style of the Art. Tho prin- ciples are illustrated by numerous examples of short-hand word- forms inserted in the text; by an extended series of exercises to be written by the student; and by reading lessons, beautifully engraved on copper. 120 pp. 12mo. In cloth ....:.... Price, 81.75 Per dozen ........ 16.80 In boards ... ...... 1.50 Per dozen ...... . . 14.40 Postage .... 10 cents a copy. e Third Edition now on sale, is printed on paper of the first quality, in the neatest manner. THE TACHYGRAPHIO ALPHABET. With directions for its use, and reading Lesson with Key . Per dozen .......... 75 THE RAPID WRITER (Quarterly) for 1869, '70, and 'TL Volume 1, bound in cloth (postage paid) .... $1.25 Rapid Writer and Philological Magazine for January and April, 1873 ........... 2* THE NOTE TAKER. A full Treatise on the Second Style of Tachygraphy, to follow the " Elements," Bound in cloth .... ..... $2.75 ADDRESS, A No. 3 Beacon Street, Boston. D. EIMBALL, Bex 398, Chicago, 111. NOTICES OF THE PRESS. From the Cormeaut (O.) Beporter. For several months we hav compard It (Tachygraphy) with other systems, and ar witisflcd that thin is the best. It is more perfect, easier to lern, easier to read, and better adapted to general use. From Rev. Peter Vogel, in the Christian Standard, Cincinnati, O- It is becaus I kno whereof I affirm that I desire to speak. So long as men bav not found out the value and convenience of any given thing, it is no hard- ship for them to do without it. But who that has livd in our day of railroads, telegraphs, printing- preses, and kindred improovments, cu'd wish them ban- isht, or desire to hav livd in an age when these wer unknown ? What these ar to former modes of travel, dispatching news, or disseminating information, is short-hand to the ordinary means of writing. . . . The phonography of Pitman, of Bath, Eng., surpast all previus systems. This system I studied, practist, and taught. Several years' experienc has forst the conviction upon me that as a corresponding style it is worthies, and for reporting purposes only the adept few wil ever use it. Tocbygraphy, which is but a few years old, as a corresponding stylo, is more easily red than ordinary long-hand, and from three to four times as rapidly written. This I kno from experienc. As a reporting style it is adequate to a verbatim report, more easily lernd, and far more redily red, than any other system whatever. I hav studied the re- porting style, but do not use it. The corresponding stylo scrvs all my pur- poses better. My advice to all literary men preachers, lawyers, doctors, clerks is, Study Tachygraphy. From the American Farmer's Advocate,, Jackson, Tenn. THE ELEMENTS OF TACHYGRAPHY : CLOTH, $2. We are indebted to the publishers for a copy of the abov. It is by far the most satisfactory system of " brief writing " we hav ever examind, and we hope the day is not far dis- tant when it shal becora one of the studies of the common scool. To young men, to the students of our colleges, we unhesitatingly advise that they lern this system of rapid writing, and practice it until they bccom expert. They wil never regret the three or four months' time devoted to it. From the Daily Journal, Jacksonville, 111. We hav taken pains to cxamin into Mr. Lindsley's system, which he calls Tachygruphy, and can now speak of It in terms of the highest commendation. PoBgesing all the advantages of phonography, to which it boars som resem- blance, Tncliygraphy 1ms so many mnrkt excellences of its own, that it must be considerd far in advance of all other styles of short-hand. . . . The case with which it can be lernd, written, and red; its simplicity, grace, and beauty, must commend it to all who ar anxius for sorathing more economical of time aud space than our present cuiubursom long-hand. From the Toledo (O.) Democrat. The distinctly feature of this system is continuity of pen-stroke by means of conncctiv vowels. This principl is strongly illustrated in the superior rapidity of our long-hand writing 1 , with its coutinuua stroke, over the ordinary Roman letter of print, requiring 1 nearly every pen-stroke to be disconnected. . . . We hav not time to go further into the subject at present. It is one in which teachers, clergymen, authors, and students, as wel as editors and re- porters, hav a deep interest. Prom the Detroit (O.) Commercial Advertiser. "We hav studied both these works (Graham's and Pitman's), and our expe- rience is, that they ar BO complicated and obscure, and withal eo vast, that it seems like dedicating one's life to a wild-goose chaso to attempt to lern it (them). True, these systems can be lernd ; but then the person wljo expects to keep all these geometrical figures In his bed must not expect to hav any- thing else in his mind. After having gaind a knowledge of the art, it then requires years and years of practice befor you ar abl to use it with any degree of proficiency. Seeing these great difflcultis, we had almost mentally resolvd to put our wits to work to invent a simpler and shorter method, when we herd of the new system, lately brought out, calld Tachygraphy. We hav examind it, and find it to be the most elmpl system that we hav ever seen. And not only is it commendabl for its simplicity, but is actually interesting to the student. Every mark used in it is nicely calculated and laid out upon general principle. ... If we pretend to hav a reform in writing, we must hav a system that is plainly and easily comprehended. The times demand that BOIU improovmeut on the old long-hand system should be mode. From the Reveille, (Publisht at Gen. BussePe Collegiate and Commercial Institute, New Haven, Ct.). This system (Tachygraphy) has bin used in the scool during the past year, and has proovd easy of acquirement, and better adapted to general use than any previusly attempted. We recommend it to our readers. From the New Bedford Evening Standard. Those desirous of lerning a short method of writing wo'd do well to exam- in this system. From the Carver (111.) Times. The system of Mr. Lindsley is taught in first-class colleges, and Is pre- ferred by reporters and professional men above all others that hav bin intro- duced. From the Peninsular Herald, Detroit. The leading object of the RAPID WRITER Is to Introduce a simple and practicable system of Rapid Writing as the general and universal medium of communication. There is a pressing want in this direction. From the Chicago Daily News. In Tachygraphy the letters ar almost invariabl, and easily memorized. . . . For verbatim reporting it is equal to Phonography, and for all other purposes far superior. THE AMERICAN TAOHYGRAPHIO ASSOCIATION. To the Friends of Tachygraphy : We Lav frequent inquiries concerning the American Tachy- graphic Association, and wish to say to those friends interested that it is an Association of such writers of Tachygraphy as de- sire to unite with others in their efforts to increase their knowl- edge of the art, or to aid in its introduction. Circles hav been formed for correspondence, which are found to blend in- struction with amusement in a happy manner. Circulars explain- ing this mode of correspondence will be furnished on application, and those members desiring it will be introduced to circles. The following extract from the Constitution gives the terms of admission: ART. m. SEC. 1. Any writer of Tachygraphy may become a member of this Association on application to any officer of the Association, and the payment to the Treasurer of the sum of one dollar. SEC. 2. Children may be received with the consent of their parents or guar- dians at 15 years of age, but shall not be entitled to vote in the elections for o ulcers of the Association until they reach the age of twenty-one years. SEC. 3. Each member shall contribute to the funds of the Association, In pro- portion to his ability, a sum not less than twenty-five cents annually ; and it shall DC the duty of the President, with the aid and co-operation of the Corresponding Committees of the several districts, to organize and maintain circles for corresp ind- ence, to which all members who contribute one dollar or more yearly shall be admitted free. SEC. 4. Any person eligible to membership may become a life member on tho payment of twenty dollars at one time, or five dollars a year for five consecutive years, into the treasury of the Association. Life members shall be entitled to all the advantages of the Association, without further payment of dues or assess- ments. SEC. 6. Persons not writers of Tachygraphy, but friendly to Its Interests, may be enrolled as Patrons on the payment of ten dollars. They shall not be eligible to ofQce, nor subject to any dues or duties. Note. Previous to 1873, all members were expected to pay $1 a year. It la hoped that the present arrangement will be more satisfactory to some who prefer to pay for the KAPID WRITEH and for instruction separately, and that those who are able to do so will contribute liberally. We hope that our friends, so far as they Indorse these provi- sions, will endeavor to add to the membership of the Associ- ation, and to organize branch societies. Tachygraphers willing to serve the Association as members of the Corresponding Committees are wanted to conduct circles in all parts of the country. Friends of the art, who are rfcady for the work, are requested to address the President. A Circu- lar containing the districts to be represented, and the nature of the work, will be sent on application. Every possible aid and encouragement will be extended to members who conduct circles. LKT ALL TACUYGRAPHERS JOIN TUB ASSOCIATION. " Come with us and we will do thee good ! " T. W. Hannum, Hartford, Conn., Secretary. D. Kimball, Chicago, 111., P. O. Box 398 ; Treasurer. D. P Lindsley, Andover, Mass., President. THE RAPID WRITER QUARTERLY. TABLE OF CONTENTS. i a 71. Wo. 6. January. PACK Report on the New Short-hand, presented to the American Phi- lological Society, New York . . 81 The Cherokee Alphabet 85 The Foundations of Despotism. Edward Everett 85 Editorial Items 88 Correspondence 88 Literary Notices 91 Wo. 7. April. Professional Reporting 97 The Saxon Orthography 99 Rapid Writing 101 Chinese Printing 103 Foreign Correspondence. Gabels- berger's Stenography 104 Wo. 8. July. The Origin of Words. Dan Saxon 113 1 8 Wo. 10. April. PAGE Where was Fusang? An Inquiry into the Settlement of the West- ern Coast of America, and the Introduction of the Buddhist Re- ligion by the Chinese in, or prior to, the Fifth Century of our Era. 15y Rev. Nathan Brown, IX D 1 The Sun an Kmblem. Beecher . . 13 Editorial Items 15 A nswers to Correspondents . ... 17 Literary Notices 18 Wo. 8 continued. PAO What Clergymen are Learning 1 . . 115 Undo the Heavy Burdens 110 Friendly Neutrality 117 Various Replies to a Practical Ques- tion 117 Editorial Items VJO Books and Periodicals 121 Wo. 9. October. The Origin of Words, No. 3, writ- ten in Illustration of a New The- ory of the Meaning of the Ulti- mate Roots of Language .... 129 Our Mother Tongue 131 Editorial 138 Extracts from Correspondence . . 137 Literary Notices 138 Second Biennial Address, by the President of the American Ta- chygraphic Association 110 73. Wo. 11. October. PAOB The English Phonography How Managed 19 The Helm of Language. Max Miil- ler 22 Bost Works for Study in Philology 23 Ministerial Work 24 Self and AH. Horace Greeley . . 25 Elihu Burritt and the Vowel U . . 27 Moov Forward 28 EDITORIAL. The Note-taker ; To Old Phoneticians; Eight Styles of Phonography, &c 31 1S73. The Rapid Writer and Philological Magazine. No. 12