DANA'S SERIES OF MINERALOGIES. New " System of Mineralogy/' Embodying the results of the last twenty-four years of active progress. Containing more than half more matter than the former edtion, and the page increased one-fifth in size. Not merely revised but entirely rewritten. Sixth edition, 1892. With Appendices I and II, completing the work to 1909 $12.50 First Appendix to the Sixth Edition of Dana's System of Mineralogy. Completing the work to 1899 Cloth, $1.00 Second Appendix to the Sixth Edition of Dana's System of Mineralogy. Completing the work to 1909 Cloth, $1.50 Manual of Mineralogy and Petrography. Containing the Elements of the Science of Minerals and Rocks, for the use of the Practical .Mineralogist and Geologist, and for Instruction in Schools and > Alleges. By the late Jas. D. Dana, LL.D. Twelfth edition. Illustrated with numerous woodcuts 12mo, cloth, $2.00 A Text-book of Mineralogy. Witn an Extended Treatise on Crystallography and Physical Mineral- ogy. By Edward Salisbury Dana, Professor of Physics and Curator of Mineralogy, Yale University. New edition, entirely rewritten and reset. With nearly 1000 figures and a colored platb 8vo, cloth, $4.00 Minerals, and How to Study Them. A book for beginners in Mineralogy. By Prof. E. S. Dana. 12mo, cloth, $1.50 ALSO A Text-book of Elementary Mechanics. For the use of Colleges and Schools. By Prof. E. S. Dana. 12mo, cloth, $1.50 THE SYSTEM OF MINERALOGY OF JAMES DWIGHT DANA 1837-1868 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY SIXTH EDITION FOURTH THOUSAND BY EDWARD SALISBURY DANA PROFESSOR OF PHYSICS AND CURATOR OF THE- MINERALOGY, YALE UNIVERSITY ENTIRELY REWRITTEN AND MUCH ENLARGED Illustrated uritlj oner 1100 figures X " HCBC studio, nobiscum peregrinantur rusticantur : WITH APPENDICES I AND II, COMPLETING THE WORK TO 1909 NEW YORK JOHN WILEY & SONS LONDON : CHAPMAN & HALL, LIMITED 1911. , , v COPYRIGHT, 1892, 7?Y EDWARD S. DANA. THE SCIENTIrlC PRESS BERT ORUMMOND AND COMPANt BROOKLYN, N. Y. GEOLOGY LIBRARY PREFACE. NEARLY twenty-four years have passed since the last edition of this work was published ; a long period, and one in which the science of Mineralogy has made very rapid progress. In fact, this quarter-century has probably been a time of more active mineralogical investigation than any like period in the past. A striking indication of this is given by the many new periodicals, recently started, which are devoted largely if not exclusively to Mineralogy. These include: Groth's Zeitschrift, started in 1877, of which the 19th volume is just completed; Tschermak's Mittheilungen, begun in 1872; the French Bulletin, begun in 1878; the English Mineralogical Magazine, begun in 1876; the Forhandlingar of the Swedish Geological Society, begun in 1872; the Italian journals, the Rivista di Mineralogia, begun in 1887, and the Giornale di Mineralogia, begun in 1890. Further the St. Petersburg Mineralogical Society, which published nothing for a number of years, commenced again with a new series in 1866 and has issued an annual volume regularly since then. Moreover, the always valuable Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie has more than doubled its size. This catalogue of new periodicals, which might be further extended, is a striking proof of the activity of mineralogical workers since 1868. Further evidence of this is given by the fact that within this time nearly one thousand new names have been introduced into the science unfortunately not all " new species," although this has been claimed for most of them. Still again, it is only within this period that the importance of the optical investigation of minerals has been fully recognized and the methods and instruments for optical and microscopical study have been developed and brought within the reach of all mineralogical observers. New means of observation have not only increased our knowledge of the optical constants of many species, but have developed new views in regard to the molecular structure of crystals. In Chemical Mineralogy, also, there has been rapid progress; on the theoretical side, in the way of explaining the composition of complex species and groups of species; again on the analytical side, and perhaps even more by the development of the synthetic processes. The last mentioned methods, in the hands of skillful chemists, have resulted in the reproduction in the laboratory of most of the prominent mineral species, as the feldspars, quartz, the pyroxenes and chrysolites, amphibole, corundum, etc. ; thus throwing much light upon the composition of species and their formation in nature. The work in this field is almost all of recent date. It is not strange, then, that this volume should contain more than half more matter than the former edition; indeed, it has only been with a rigid system of abbreviation and condensation, aided by an increase of one-fifth in the size of the page, that it has been kept down to tbis limit. The broad and solid foundation laid in the previous edition has made it possible to undertake here a greater degree of thoroughness and completeness than was possible before. The careful work on the history of mineral species, shown in the tracing out to the original source of their many names, was so well and fully done that it stands now essentially as it did in 1868. In other words, the list of synonyms, with references to the first authority, has been adopted entire from the 5th Edition. Such additions, however, as the period has served to introduce have been made, and also there have been added many common names of important species used in the other prominent languages besides English, German, and French. This last feature it is hoped will add much to the general usefulness of the work. The crystallographic portion of the subject has called for more than a mere revision. Here it has been the attempt, in the first place, to trace back to the original observer the fundamental IV PREFACE. angles for each species, not always an easy task, then the axes have been recalculated from them, and finally the important angles for all common forms have been calculated from these axes. In view of the too common practice of copying angles calculated by another without noting the source from which they have been taken, it is fair to state that every angle here given has been calculated anew for this work without exception; further, where there has been no other independent means of verification at hand, the angles have in most cases been calculated a second time independently. In this way, it is hoped that a fair degree of accuracy has been attained, although the author is keenly aware of the many ways in which errors can creep in, particularly in the case of a work which has so slowly and with so many interruptions approached completion, and where the progress of the science has made new calculations and new lists of forms so often necessary. The lists of forms have been made up as completely as possible from the original authorities, but doubtful forms and those that seem to be merely of a vicinal character are usually separated from the main list. The forms are denoted by letters in all cases, and the symbols are given on both the systems of Miller and Naumann, though the preference is given to the former, which should, indeed, finally supplant the others. In the hexagonal and rhombohedral systems, the commonly adopted symbols of Miller-Bravais are employed, instead of the rhombohedral symbols of Miller. References to the authors are given freely; and it is intended that these, with the others relating to the history of the names, and further those in connection with the lists of analyses, shall present a fairly complete literature, in compact form, for each species. Where, in the case of common species, the literature is very voluminous and has been carefully worked up by some author, this source of minuter detail is also indicated. Of the figures, about 1400 in number, all but very few of those in the body of the work have been made anew. A large part, particularly those illustrating American species, have been drawn from original data, and where figures are taken from other authors as is done freely it is intended in all cases to give the source; in these cases, too, they have in large part been redrawn to insure uniformity of projection. The habits of the crystals, methods of twinning, and the physical characters, especially those on the optical side, have been carefully rewritten and in general are given with much fullness. In regard to the optical constants, however, the object has been rather to give standard determinations than to overload the book with a multitude of measurements of all grades of accuracy. In regard to the matter of classification, chemical formulas, and related points, reference may be made to the explanation given in the Introduction for the principles adopted. It may be stated, however, that it has been the plan to develop as clearly as possible the successive groups of species and the characters belonging to them. In the lists of analyses, the plan has been to give all that are useful for a complete under- standing of the composition of each species. This means all reliable analyses in the case of the rare species or those of complex composition. In many cases, however, particularly when rare elements are involved, the ol'd analyses have been largly superseded, in consequence of the more accurate results of new chemical methods; for them, therefore, the reader is referred to the former edition. Still again, in the case of many common species where the analyses have developed almost indefinitely (e.g., feldspars, pyroxene, garnet, etc.), the aim has been to select recent analyses and those that best represent the composition; references are often given to other sources where additional analyses may be found. Analyses which are of purely technical character, as, for example, those showing the amount of impurity in iron ores, do not fall within the scope of this work. The clear development of the varieties of a species in their proper relation to each other and to the main species, which was one of the excellent features of the last edition, has been carried through as far as possible in the same way. In regard to the line between varieties and species, no law can be laid down and individual opinions must differ. The author believes, however, that while a small percentage of a foreign element does not give the variety the place of a species, still the two extremes of a series, between which many gradations exist, it is well to regard as distinct, e.g., Tetrahedrite and Tennantite, and this principle has been followed throughout. At the same time, the description is given in such a form as to show as clearly as PREFACE. V possible their mutual dependence. The Garnets are made subspecies, like the forms of common monoclinic Pyroxene and Amphibole, but they have much claim to be regarded as distinct. The line between well defined species and those which are placed in a subordinate position, until further investigated, must also be more or less arbitrarily drawn. Many so-called species, which have long been so regarded, are here deprived of that rank, and probably more might fairly have received the same treatment. Of the multitude of new names recently introduced, but few comparatively are based upon complete, satisfactory investigations. Certainly now that the means of mechanical purification of material for analysis by heavy solutions are so convenient and accurate, and still more since microscopic examination is so well understood, there is little excuse for loading the science down with names based on descriptions faulty and incomplete. A new name for a well characterized variety, announced as such, maybe useful; a new name for what may with reasonable certainty be regarded as a new species, even if at the time the material is too scanty to allow of analysis, may be an advantage. But names hastily given to imperfectly described "species," based often upon an imperfect analysis of material of more than doubtful purity, are a serious hindrance to science. The subject of the general occurrence and association of the species has been considerably developed. It has not been attempted to give an exhaustive statement of localities, however. To have done this would have been to have doubled the size of the volume. The localities are given with much fullness for this country and are to be supplemented by the Catalogue of American Localities at the end of the volume, which, thanks to the assistance of a number of gentlemen, has been made much more complete and accurate than heretofore. For foreign localities, the list is brief but is intended to include those that are most important and typical. The parts of the admirable new Mineralogy of Hintze leave little in this direction to be desired. All crystallographic and physical data, analyses, etc., have either been taken direct from the original authority or have been verified from it. References given mean, therefore, authors actually consulted; this is distinctly stated, for the practice of quoting at second hand while giving the original reference is as common as it is bad in its results. In the few cases where the original authority has not been accessible this is often given in brackets [ ], while the actual source follows. The only limitation to the above statement concerns the literature connected with the synonyms, where the references are reproduced for the most part from the previous edition, with only such verification as the most important have called for. Other points in regard to the methods followed will be found explained in full in the Introduction. In the spelling of foreign geographical names the author has attempted to follow a system, chiefly that laid down not long since by the Royal Geographical Society of London, in which, briefly, the consonants have the same value as in English, while the vowels have the Continental (Italian) sounds. The transliteration of Russian names has been the most difficult part of the matter, and here the author most gratefully acknowledges his indebtedness to Mr. J. Sumuer Smith of the Yale University Library, whose valuable advice has been always freely given and except in one or two particulars uniformly followed. That a reform is needed in this direction is most obvious, for it is little creditable to the English language that it alone should have no independence, but should follow now a French, now a German method according to the source from which the word has been absorbed probably both methods more or less at variance with its own usage. The subject is a difficult one, however, and it is doubtful whether a system, satisfactory in all respects, can be devised. Reference may be made here to a paper on the subject in Nature (Feb. 27, 1890) which throws much light upon the subject. The literature of the science has been freely drawn upon, especially that of the past twenty-five years. No better acknowledgment is needed to the many faithful workers, who have made the science what it is to-day, than the frequent references to their names which are to be found on almost every page of this work: to mention them individually seems quite unnecessary. The published works of many authors have been also used freely among these no one has been more useful than the Mineralogy of Brooke and Miller (1852) as revised, on the crystal- lographic side, by Prof. W. H. Miller. From this admirable volume many hints have been taken. The Russian Mineralogy of Koksharov, the Atlas of Schrauf, the Crystallography of Sadebeck, and many others have been used constantly. The Index of Goldschmidt has been useful in the verification of lists of forms, though these were made out (up to date) before the first part appeared in 1886. On the optical side, use has been made particularly of Des Cloizeaux'* vi PREFACE. Mineralogy and his other extensive memoirs, also the recent work of Levy and Lacroix ; but many other authors have also yielded valuable material. In the chemical part of the subject, Rammelsberg's Mineralchemie has been, as before, of great value, while the Tables of Groth have given many suggestions as to the formulas and chem- ical relations of the species ; the papers of Tschermak and Clarke have also been very useful. In the great labor involved in the. preparation of this work, the author has had the assistance of many gentlemen to whom his thanks are returned even if they are not mentioned by name. First of all, his acknowledgments are due to Prof. James D. Dana, the author of this System of Mineralogy from 1837 to 1868, and to whom all its chief points of excellence are due. His encouragement and advice have always been ready, but unfortunately ill health interrupted his plan of following it in detail as it was passing through the press. To Prof. G. J. Brush also the author is indebted for many friendly words of counsel. One of the most valuable features of the last edition was the full account of the blowpipe and allied characters of species, prepared by him, and this has been reproduced here almost without change. Prof. Penfield has stood in still closer connection with the work ; much of the proof has passed under his eye, and, besides many suggestions on minor points, he has supplied from his own observations and work much original matter not yet published. Numerous analyses, figures of crystals, etc. (especially under arnphibole and pyroxene), have been given by him from a memoir on the minerals of Northern New York, soon to be published as a Bulletin of the U. S. Geological Survey. The permission to use this matter in advance the author owes to the courtesy of Major Powell, Director of the Survey. To Dr. Genth of Philadelphia, ever active in the investigation of American minerals, the author's thanks are due for new matter supplied from his unpublished notes, for corrections to the former edition, and still more for assistance in regard to the mineral localities in Pennsylvania and North Carolina. Prof. F. W. Clarke has also been most friendly in like directions; while for the difficult subject of American localities, a number of gentlemen have made valuable contributions whose names are mentioned in full on p. 1053. To Prof. F. A. Gooch of New Haven, Dr. W. F. Hillebrand of Washington, Dr. G. H. Williams of Baltimore, Prof. J. C. Branner of Little Rock, Arkansas, Dr. E. O. Leech of the U. S. Mint, Mr. H. S. Durden of San Francisco, Mr. G. Chr. Hoffmann of Ottawa, and other gentlemen the author is also indebted. Among the Mineralogists abroad, to whom the author owes especial acknowledgment, he would mention Prof. W. J. Lewis of Cambridge, England, Mr. L. Fletcher of the British Museum, Professors Paul Groth of Munich and G. Tschermak of Vienna, whose advice at the beginning of the work was most valuable, as also the aid that they have given since then. Mr. Thomas Davies of the British Museum kindly furnished a list of minor errors that had before escaped notice in the 5th Edition, and these it is hoped have not been perpetuated here. To Prof. A. Des Cloizeaux, W. C. Br5gger of Stockholm, N. von Koksharov of St. Petersburg, and others, the author would also express his indebtedness. Through the kindness of Prof. BrOgger, advance sheets of his noble work on the minerals of the augke- and nephelite-syenite of Southern Norway were received in time to be freely used. In two directions the author has been able to make use of clerical assistance. First, in the calculations of angles from the accepted axes, for in general only the recalculation when necessary for the sake of verification has been assumed by the author. Here Miss Charlotte C. Barnum of New Haven, from 1885 to 1887, and Prof. H. H. White of Neligh, Nebraska, from 1886 to the end, have rendered most valuable aid. Second, in the drawing of crystals, the author has been most efficiently aided by Mr. E. F. Ayres, also by Mr. L. V. Pirsson, and further by Prof. E. H. Barbour, Dr. E. O. Hovey, Dr. F. W. Mar, and Messrs. J. Stanley-Brown, O. C. Farrington, E. W. Goodenough, F. D. Leffingwell, John Leverett, Edward Cramer, and others. Finally, the author takes pleasure in expressing his appreciation of the liberal support of the publishers, Messrs. John Wiley & Sons, and also of the patient care with which the printers and engravers have carried through a work of more than usual labor and vexation. In conclusion, the author would express the hope that he may be informed of errors, great or small, noted by those using the book, in order that they may be corrected in future printings from the stereotype plates. It is intended to keep the work up to date, by the publication of appendixes at not very long intervals. EDWARD SALISBURY DANA. NEW HAVBN, CONN., January 1, 1892. PREFACE. vii EXl^ACTS FEOM THE PEEFACES OF THE FOEMEE EDITIONS OF THIS WOEK BY JAMES D. DANA. FROM THE PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION (1837). classification of the mineral species, which is here adopted, is strictly a Natural Arrangement. The superiority of this method is exhibited in the body of the work, and in connection with the remarks on Chemical Classifications, in Appendix B. Although founded by Mohs on the external characters of minerals, it exhibits, in a considerable degree, the chemical relations of the species; and those who are accustomed to prefer a chemical arrangement will probably perceive that, in addition to such qualities as appear to recommend the chemical metnod, it possesses other advantages not less important. The changes which have been made in the nomenclature of minerals appear to be demanded by the state of the science. The present names, excepting those proposed by Mohs, are utterly devoid of system, unless we may consider such the addition of the syllable ite to words of various languages; and even this glimmering of system has been capriciously infringed by a French mineralogist of much celebrity they seldom designate any quality or character peculiar to the mineral; neither do they exhibit any of the general relations of the species, by which the mind may, at a glance, discover their natural associations, and be assisted in obtaining a com- prehensive view of the science. On the contrary, they are wholly independent, and often worse than unmeaning, appellatives, and are only tolerable in a very unadvanced state of the science. As a necessary consequence of this looseness of nomenclature, most of the species are embar- rassed with a large number of synonyms, a fertile source of confusion and difficulty. As a remedy for this undesirable state of things, a system of nomenclature, constructed on the plan so advantageously pursued in Botany and Zoology, was proposed by the author in the fourth volume of the Annals of the New York Lyceum. The necessity for something of the kind is very apparent, and the author trusts that it will not be considered a needless innovation. * * * . * * FROM THE PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION* (1844). The natural system adopted in this treatise has received such modifications in the present edition as were demanded by the advanced state of the science; and the systematic nomenclature has required some corresponding changes. Besides the natural classification, another, placing the minerals under the principal element In their composition, has been given in Part VII; and various improvements on the usual chemical methods have been introduced, which may render it acceptable to those that prefer that mode of arrangement. ***** FROM THE PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION (1850). This treatise, in the present edition, has undergone so various and extensive alterations that few of its original features will be recognized. The science of Mineralogy has made rapid progress in the past six years; chemistry has opened to us a better knowledge of the nature and * This edition, failing to find a publisher in New York, was printed at the expense of the author. viii PREFACE. relations of compounds; and philosophy has thrown new light on the principles of classification. To change is always seeming fickleness. But not to change with the advance of science is worse; it is persistence in error; and, therefore, notwithstanding the former adoption of what has been called the Natural History System, and the pledge to its support given by the author in supplying it with a Latin nomenclature, the whole system, its classes, orders, genera, and Latin names, have been rejected; and even the trace of it which the synonymy might perhaps rightly bear has been discarded. The system has subserved its purpose in giving precision to the science, and displaying many of the natural groupings which chemistry was slow to recognize. But there are errors in its very foundation, which make it false to nature in its most essential points; and, in view of the character of these errors, we are willing it should be considered a relic of the past. Yet science is far from being ready with an acceptable substitute. Most chemical systems have been more artificial than the "natural" system; and doubts now hang over some of the principles of chemistry that are widest in their influence on classification. In view of the diffi- culties on either side, it was a point long questioned, whether to venture upon a classification that might be deemed most accordant with truth among the many doubts that surround the subject; or to adopt one less strict to science, that might serve the convenience of the student for easy reference, and for the study of mineralogy in its economical bearings, while, at the same time, it should exhibit many natural relations, and inculcate no false affiliations or distinc- tions of species. The latter alternative has been adopted; the classification is offered simply as a convenient arrangement, and not an exhibition of the true affinities of species in the highest sense of the term. Among the Silicates, however, it will be perceived that the groupings in the main are natural groupings; and, throughout the work, special care has been taken to inculcate, as far as possible, the true relations of species, both by remarks, and by an exhibition of them in tables. ***** FROM THE PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION (1854X In the Preface to the last edition of this treatise, the classification of minerals then adopted was announced as only a temporary expedient. The system of Mohs, valuable in its day, had subserved its end; and in throwing off its shackles for the mare consistent principles flowing from recent views in chemistry, the many difficulties in the way of perfecting a new classifica- tion led the author to an arrangement which should "serve the convenience of the student without pretending to strict science." A classification on chemical principles was however proposed in the latter part of the volume, in which the Berzelian method was coupled with crystallography in a manner calculated to display the relations of species in composition as well as form, and prominently "exhibit the various cases of isomorphism and pleomorphism among minerals." The progress of science has afforded the means of giving greater precision and simplicity to this arrangement, until now it seems entitled to become the authorized method of a System of Mineralogy. Whether regarded from a physical or chemical point of view, the groupings appear in general to be a faithful exhibition of the true affinities of the species. The mind uneducated in science may revolt at seeing a metallic mineral, as galena, side by side with one of unmetallic luster, as blende; and some systems, in accordance with this prejudice, place these species in separate orders. Like the jeweler, without as good reason, the same works have the diamond and sapphire in a common group. But it is one of the sublime lessons taught in the very portals of chemistry, that nature rests no grand distinctions on luster, hardness, or color, which are mere externals, and this truth should be acknowledged by the mineralogist rather than defied. Others, while recognizing the close relations of the carbonates of lime, iron, zinc, and manganese (calcite, spathic iron, smithsonite, and dialogite), or of the silicates of lime, iron, manganese (wollastonite, augite, rhodonite), are somewhat startled by finding silicate of zinc, or silicate of copper, among the silicates of the earths, or of other oxyds. But the distinction of "useful" and "useless," or of "ores "and "stones," although bearing on " economy," is not science. * PREFACE. IX FROM THE PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION (1868). The large size of this volume on Descriptive Mineralogy, exceeding by one-half the cor- responding part of the preceding edition, is not without good reason. In the first place, the long interval of fourteen years has elapsed since the last edition was published, and during this period the science has made great progress. Chemical researches have been carried forward in connection with almost every species, and analyses have been largely multiplied; and it is the plan of the work to be complete in this department, so far as to include all analyses. Crystallographic investigations also have been numerous and important. Moreover, the number of species has been much enlarged, and every part of the science has had accessions of facts. In addition, a new feature has been given the work, in the systematic recognition and description of the varieties of species. The first edition of this treatise, that of 1837, was written in the spirit of the school of Mohs. The multitudes of subdivisions into subspecies, varieties, and subvarieties, based largely on unimportant characters, which had encumbered the science through the earlier years of this century, and were nearly smothering the species, were thrown almost out of sight by Mohs, in his philosophic purpose to give prominence and precision to the idea of the species. Much rubbish was cleared away, and the science elevated thereby; but much that was necessary to a full comprehension of minerals in their diversified states was lost sight of. In the present edition an endeavor is made to give varieties their true place; and to insure greater exactness with regard to them, the original locality of each is stated with the description. Further, the work has received another new feature in its historical synonymy. A list of synonyms has hitherto been mainly an index to works or papers on the species, and often without any regard to the original describer or description. Hausmann's admirable Handbuch (1847) is partly an exception. Leonhard's " Oryktognosie " (1821, 1826), following the method of Reuss of the opening century, contains a full catalogue of references to publications on each species; but it fails of half its value because the references have no connection in any way with the synonymy. In most recent works, an author who has merely adopted a name is often quoted as if the original authority. The present work is no longer open to this criticism. As now issued, the first author and first place of publication of each species, and of each name it has btfrne, and of the names of all its varieties, are stated in chronological order, with the dates of all publications cited; and, besides, remarks are added in the text when the subject is one of special interest. The facts and conclusions have been derived in almost all cases from the study of the original works themselves; and this treatise has become thereby, to some extent, an account of ancient as well as modern minerals. These historical researches added a third to the labor of preparing the edition for the press, thereby delaying the publication of the work about a year. But such studies are endless, especially when they relate to past centuries, and the work, however long continued, must be incomplete. * * * * * * In these and other ways the volume has unavoidably become enlarged. Not a page, and scarcely a paragraph, of the preceding edition remains unaltered, and full five-sixths of the volume have been printed from manuscript copy. I may here add that, notwithstanding the impaired state of my health, this manuscript the paragraphs on. the pyrognostic characters excepted was almost solely in the handwriting of the author, or in that of a copyist from it. Neither the consultation of original authorities, the drawing of conclusions, nor the putting of the results on paper, has been delegated to another. And being now but half-way between the fifties and sixties, it is my hope that the future will afford another opportunity for similar work. * * * In classification, the general system remains unaltered. It is based on a compre- hensive view of the characters of minerals as species in the inorganic kingdom of nature, the preeminence being given to chemical, the next place to Crystallographic, the third to the different physical characters. The author believes (after having tried the so-called natural-history system of Mohs for two editions) that light from no source should be shut out where the relations of species and groups in nature are to be determined. As in the preceding edition, the method avoids almost entirely the distinction, in most cases wrong, founded on the fact of the base in X PREFACE. oxygen ternaries or salts being in the protoxyd state, or in the sesquioxyd, or in both combined, and proceeds on the ground that the basic elements in these and the other different states are mutually replaceable in certain proportions determined by their combining power with oxygen. But while the progress of chemistry and the kindred sciences requires no modification of the general plan of the classification, but gives it new support, it has rendered many minor changes necessary, and some that are of much importance. The historical inquiries above alluded to were prompted by a desire to place the nomenclature of mineralogy on a permanent basis. They were incident to a search after a reason for choosing one name rather than another from among the number that stand as claimants. Part of the existing diversity is due to national partiality, and much of it to indifference. It has become somewhat common for authors to select the name they like best without reference to authority, or to reject an old for a new one on no other ground than that of their preference. Increasing confusion in nomenclature has consequently attended the recent progress of the science; and in view of this fact the novel expedient has been tried of endeavoring to escape the confusion by adding one more to the number of names. The right method is manifestly that which has proved so successful in the other natural sciences, viz., the recognition, under proper restrictions, of the law of priority; and this method the author has aimed to carry out. Moreover, it has seemed best that the science should not only have a system of nomenclature, but should also stand by it; tnat, accordingly, the termination ine, which is prominently chemical, should be left to the chemists, and that other miscellaneous endings should, as far as possible, be set aside, or be made to conform to the system. With this in view, changes have been made in accordance with the principles explained in the course of the remarks beyond on Nomenclature. * * * TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE INTRODUCTION xiii Crystallography xiv Physical Mineralogy xxxiii Chemical Mineralogy xxxvii Nomenclature xl Bibliography xlv Abbreviations Ixi GENERAL CLASSIFICATION 1 I. NATIVE ELEMENTS 2 II. SULPHIDES, TELLURIDES, SELENIDES, ARSENIDES, ANTIMONIDES 33 I. Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides of the Semi-metals : Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth ; also Molybdenum t . . , 33 II. Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, etc., of the Metals 42 III. SULPHO SALTS. SULPHARSENITES, SULPHANTIMONITES, SULPHOBISMUTHITES 109 IV. HALOIDS. CHLORIDES, BROMIDES, IODIDES ; FLUORIDES 152 V. OXIDES 183 I. Oxides of Silicon 183 II. Oxides of the Semi-metals : Tellurium, Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth ; also Molybdenum, Tungsten 197 III. Oxides of the Metals 204 A. Anhydrous Oxides 204 B. Hydrous Oxides 244 VI. OXYGEN-SALTS 261 1. Carbonates 261 A. Anhydrous Carbonates 261 B. Acid, Basic and Hydrous Carbonates 293 2. Silicates 310 A. Anhydrous Silicates 310 I. Disilicates, Polysilicates 311 II. Metasilicates 341 III. Orthosilicates 423 IV. Subsilicates 534 B. Hydrous Silicates 563 I. Zeolite Division 563 II. Mica Division '. 610 III. Serpentine and Talc Division 669 IV. KM ol in Division 684 V. Concluding Division 697 Titano-Silicates, Titauates 711 3. Niobates, Tantalates 725 xi xii TABLE OF CONTENTS. MM 4. Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates ; Antimonates . 747 A. Anhydrous Phosphates, etc 747 B. Acid and Basic Phosphates, etc 783 C. Hydrous Phosphates, etc. Normal Division 805 Acid Division 826 Basic Division 834 Antimonates; Antimonites, Arsenites 861 Phosphates, etc., with Sulphates, etc 866 Nitrates 870 5. Borates 874 Uranates 889 6. Sulphates, Chromates 894 A. Anhydrous Sulphates, etc 894 B. Acid and Basic Sulphates 922 C. Hydrous Sulphates, Normal Division 928 Hydrous Sulphates, Basic Division 960 Tellurates; Tellurites, Selenites 979 7. Tungstates, Molybdates 982 VII. SALTS OP ORGANIC ACIDS. OXALATES, MELLATES 993 VIII. HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS 996 SUPPLEMENT 1025 CATALOGUE OP AMERICAN LOCALITIES 1053 APPENDICES I AND II, COMPLETING THE WORK TO 1909 (Preceding Index) INDEX . 1105 INTRODUCTION. IN the Description of Species the following order is observed : 1. Name, followed by synonyms in historical order with author, original reference, and date ; also in many cases the common names in the forms peculiar to the French, German, Swedish, Italian and Spanish. See further on the subject of nomenclature, p. xl. 2. Crystalline Form and Structure, including (a) system of crystallization ; (6) axial ratio and angular elements* with authority ; (c) list of observed forms ; (d) methods of twinning, gen- eral habit of crystals, and such details in regard to the character of individual faces as are of value, particularly in the orientation of the crystals. Also (e) general structure of crystalline, massive or amorphous varieties, imitative forms, and so on. 3. Physical Characters. A. Those relating to COHESION, including (a) cleavage and part- ing; (b) fracture; (c) tenacity; (d) hardness (H). B. SPECIFIC GRAVITY, or density referred to water (G). C. Characters relating to LIGHT, including (a) luster ; (5) color and streak, pleochroism and absorption; (c) degree of transparency; (d) special optical properties. These last include the positive (+) or negative ( ) optical character; the position of the axial plane and bisectrix; the axial angle; dispersion; also the refractive indices, etc. D. Characters relating to HEAT, ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM. E. TASTE and ODOR. 4. Chemical Composition (Comp.). The chemical formula and percentage composition, followed, or sometimes preceded, by a description of the recognized varieties based upon form, structure, composition, etc. Then the analyses (Anal.) with references to the original authorities. 5. Pyrognostic characters, or those determined by the use of the blowpipe and similar means; also other related chemical characters (Pyr., etc.). 6. Observations (Obs.), containing a general statement as to method of occurrence, with a more or less detailed list of important localities, associated minerals, etc. 7. Altered forms (Alt.). 8. Artificial and furnace products (Artif.). 9. References (Ref.). A final paragraph gives the references as indicated by number from the preceding description, particularly the crystallographic part. Also references to memoirs of special character in some cases not otherwise mentioned. In order to aid those who are not thoroughly familiar with \Crystallography, Optical * In general it is intended to give the values of the axes to within three or four units in the fifth decimal place, in which case the calculated angles should be correct at least within 10". When the accuracy of the fundamental angles seems to justify it, a greater degree of exactness is employed, so that the calculated angles may be correct to 1". It is obvious that, unless in very exceptional cases, to give the axes to more than six decimals is merely playing with numbers. The angular elements, which are intended to correspond to the axes in degree of accuracy, are those of the unit forms in the pinacoid zones, from which calculations may most readily be made. The fundamental angles are also indicated by an asterisk; when this is omitted the axial ratio of the original author (often deduced by method of least squares) is taken as the starting point. The calculated angles are stated in general to the nearest minute, but the half-minute ia often retained when the neglected seconds are near 30. xiil XIV INTRODUCTION. Mineralogy, Chemistry, etc., and to explain the special methods of notation, abbreviations, etc., adopted, some general explanations under these successive heads are given. For fuller information on many of these points the reader is referred to the author's Text Book of Mineralogy, also to kindred works whose full titles are given in the Bibliography, thus on Crystallography and Physical Mineralogy, especially to the works of Groth, Mallard, Liebisch, Tschermak, G. H. Williams (Crystallography); also to others mentioned beyond under the special subjects. I. CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. Systems of Crystallization. There are six systems of crystallization, to one of which every crystal may be assigned ; these are distinguished by the degree of symmetry characteristic of each, which usually finds expression in the statement of the lengths and mutual inclination of Icertain axes assumed for the description of the form. These systems are : 1, ISOMETRIC; 2, TETRAGONAL; 3, HEXAGONAL and RHOMBOHEDRAL; 4, ORTHORHOMBIC ; 5, MONOCLINIC; 6, TRICLINIC. Other names which are or have been in common use are : for Isometric, cubic, regular; for Tetragonal, quadratic, dimetric; for Orthorhombic, rhombic, trimetric; for Monoclinic, inono- symmetric or oblique; for Triclinic, asymmetric, doubly oblique, or anorthic. Some general explanations applicable to all systems follow. Planes and Symbols. The position of a plane is fixed by its intercepts on the crystallo- graphic axes, and is defined by its symbol which expresses the ratio of these intercepts to certain assumed unit lengths of the axes. Thus, Pig. 1, let OA, OB, OC be taken as the unit lengths of the axes, and be represented by the letters a, b, c\ the position of a plane RNM is fixcJ by its intercepts OR, ON, OM. If OR = la, OB = i, OM = 2c, the ratio of the intercepts to the unit axes may be written for this plane : 1. la : |6 : 2c. For the plane HKL parallel to and hence crystallographically identical with RNM. the ratio is It Is found, In greneval, that if the lengths of the axes for any one plane be taken as the Units, the ratio ot those of every other plane on the same crystal (written as in 2) can be expressed by rational numbers and usually the whole numbers from 1 to 6 (or by 0). INTRODUCTION. JLV The two forms 1. 2. la:#>:2c and J : : are identical, since the ratio of the axes is all that is important, not their absolute length. They further illustrate the symbols after the two common methods in use, those of Naumann and of Miller. With Naumann the expression is always written in such a form that the multiple of one of the lateral axes (usually a) is unity (1) and the symbol,* written in the inverse order and omit- ting the axes, after Naumanu's method, is then 2 : | : 1, or simply 2-f Similarly for other planes, whose intercepts written in the two methods are, respectively, J. 2. !.:!:* :: the symbols are again, after Naumann, dropping the unity when it belongs to a lateral axis, 2:1:1, or simply 2. 1:2:1. " " 1-2. With Miller the expression is always taken in the equivalent form, 2 above? where the numerators are the unit lengths of the axes and the denominators are whole numbers;" 'these three integers form then the symbol of the plane that is, in the three examples given above, 432, 221, and 212. The general symbol is hkL corresponding to the full expression for any plane a b c h''k : T It will be seen that the symbols of Miller are essentially the reciprocals of those of Nau- mann. The minus signs, indicating intercepts of the negative lengths of the axes, are placed over the numbers to which they belong. The symbols employed in 'lie hexagonal system are explained on a later page. Naurnann's symbols are further modified by writing the sign for infinity oo (in this book replaced by the initial letter i), and the omission of 1. Further, the lateral axes and the numbers referring to them are distinguished, for example in the orthorhombic system, where b > a, by a long and short mark. Thus, for example : Naumann Miller d: 25:2 becomes 2-2 or 2P2 211 a : U : 2& " 2 or 2P 221 d: k These forms are shown in the following figures with the symbols after both Miller and Nauiuann. 11. 12; 13. 14. 15. (100) i-i 00000 a (111) I O (110) i 000 d (MO) i-n cc On, as e (210, 2) (hhl) m mO as p (221, 2) (Ml) m~m mOm as n (211, 2-2) (hkl) 1 m~n mOn as * (321, 3-D > I e (210, t-2) P (221, 2) n (211, 2-2) m (311, 3-3) s (321, 3-f ) The following letters are uniformly used in this work to designate the most commonly occurring forms, viz. (chiefly after Miller): Cube . Octahedron o. Dodecahedron d. Tetrahexahedrons : e = 210, z-2;/= 310, t-3; g = 320, i-f ; h - 410, z-4. Tetrahexahedrons : k = 520, t'-f ; I = 530, i-f, O = 430, -|. Trigonal trisotftahedrons : p = 221, 2; g = 331, 3; r = 332, f ; p = 441, 4. Tetragonal trisoctahedrons : m = 311, 3-3; n = 211, 2-2; ft = 322) f-f. Hexoctahedrons : * = 321, 3-f ; t = 421, 4-2. For other forms letters are used indis- criminately. The spherical projection, f. 21, shows the distribution of some of the forms j>f this system. It will be noted that the planes of the Aexoctahedron s (f. 20) in the right upper octant are, in order (counter-clockwise): 321, 231, '132, 123, 213, 312. Similarly for the trisoctahedron p (f. 17), 221, 122, 212; for n tf. 18), 211, 121, 112. INTRODUCTION. The HEMIHEDRAL forms are those in which only half the normal number of planes are present. The common types are : A. Tetrahedral or Inclined liemihedrons. Tetrahedron K (111) or \ (1), f. 22, 23.* Hemi- trigoual trisoctahedron K (JM) or \(m), f. 24, and hemi-tetragoual trisoctahedrou K (fill) or - (m-m) f. 25; hemi-hexoctahedron (hexatetrahedron) K (hkl) or % (m-n), f. 26. Also B. The Pyriiohedral or Parallel hemihedvons. Pyritohedron re (hkO) or (i-ri), f. 27-30, aud Diploid TC (hkl) or (m-n), f. 81. There are also certain gyroidal or plagihedral hemlhedrons (e.g., sylvite), and further tetartohedral forms which need not be explained here. In general, hemihedrons may .be plus or minus, according to which set of planes is present, thus .- The plus tetrahedron has the planes 111, 111, 111, 111. The minus " " " " 111, 111, 111, ill. These are, in the majority of cases, represented by the same letters on the figures, but the minus or inverse form is indicated by a subscript accent, thus o (111, -f- 1) and o t (111, 1), and similarly of the other -f- aud hemihedral forms in this system. 22. 23. 24. 25. ?t (210) n (120) n (210), (100) 7T(210), (111) The following tables give the more important angles (to the nearest 15") for the various forms thus far observed! in this system. Interfacial angles for the Cube Octahedron Dodecahedron 100 A 010 00 = 111 A 111 dd' = 110 A 101 90 0' 0" 70 31' 44" 60 Q , Q ,, Als ao = 100 A 111 = 54 44' 8" ad = 100 A 110 = 45 0' 0" od = 111 A 110 = 35 15' 52" TETRAHEXAHEDRONS. Edge A Edge .C Angle on Angle on Of. fig. 16 210 A 201, etc 210 A 120, etc. a (100, *-*) o (111, 1) 32-1-0, e-32 2 31f 86 25f 1 47i 53 28f 15-1-0, -15 5 23^ 82 22 3 48f 52 5 10-1-0, i-W 8 4 78 34f 5 42J 50 48 810, z-8 10 3f 75 45 7 7 49 52i 710, t-7 11 28|, 73 44* 8 7f 49 13 * In the list of planes given under hemihedral species, these hemihedral signs K and it, etc.. are omitted, and similarly in the other systems. f A number of doubtful forms are included in the lists, also some forms known only on artificial crystals. INTRODUCTION, xxi TETR AIIEX AHEDRONS Continued. Edge A EdgeC Angle on Angle on Cf . fig. 16 210 A 201, etc. 210 A 120, etc. a (100, z-0 0(111, 1) 610, i-Q 13 21' 71 4*' 9 27f 48 21*' 17-3 0, ^ 14 6* 69 59 10 Q4 48 1 510, i-5 15 564 67 23 11 18* 47 124 920, i-l 17 39 64 56* 12 81* 46 87* 13-3 0, iQ 18 17* 64 Of 12 59| 46 104 410, iA 19 45 61 55* 14 24 45 33* 11-3-0, i-Q 21 26f- 59 294 15 154 44 514 10-3 0, i-^- 23 26* 56 364 16 42 44 8* 310, 3 25 504 53 87* 18 26 43 54 520, -f 30 27 46 23| 21 48 41 22 12-5-0, f-# 31 33* 44 45* 22 374 40 58| 730, 32 20* 43 36i 23 12 40 424 940, f-| 33 22* 42 44 23 57* 40 214 210, 2 36 524 36 524 26 34 39 14 950, i-\ 40 10 31 534 29 34 88 16J 740, -| 41 44 80 304 29 44* 38 M 530, 42 40 28 44 30 57f 37 37 320, i-f 46 11* 22 374 33 414 36 48* 750, - 48 32 18 55* 35 324 36 214 11-8-0, ^-V 49 9 17 56| 36 If 36 14| 430, 4 50 124 16 154 36 524 36 44 970, i-f 51 274 14 15 37 524 35 53 540, f 52 25* 12 40* 38 39* 35 454 870, f 55 304 7 37| 41 Hi 85 264 14-13-6, i- 4| 57 314 4 144 42 52* 35 194 1110-0, z-H 20-19-0, i-\% 56 58 3 5 2 274 564 42 43 31* 35 85 81* 174 41-40-0, t-ft 59 10* 1 24* 44 174 35 164 64-63-0, i-ff 59 28* 544 44 33 85 16 86-85-0, ff 59 36* 404 44 40 35 16 TRIGONAL TRISOCTAHEDRONS. Cf. fig. 17 65-65-64, ff io-io-9,4p 776,| 554,| 443,f 832,f 85,| 553,f 774, | 221, 2 552,| 331, 3 772, | 441, 4 551,5 Edge A EdgeB Angle on Angle on 221 A 212, etc. 221 A 221, etc. a (100, "-*) o (111, 1) 434' 69 4iy 54 31*' 25' 4 50 64 56| 53 22f 2 47* 7 04 62 264 52 474 4 8f 9 594 58 594 52 1 5 46 12 40* 55 524 51 204 7 194 17 20* 50 28* 50 144 10 14 19 45 47 41 49 42 11 254 21 134 45 58* 49 234 12 164 22 554 44 04 49 2 13 15* 27 16 88 564 48 11 15 474 33 33* 31 354 47 74 19 284 37 51* 26 314 46 304 22 40 59 22 5,0^ 46 74 23 504 43 204 20 2* 45 52 25 144 46 39* 16 6 45 33* 27 13 XXII INTRODUCTION. TRIGONAL TBISOCTAHEDRONS Continued. Edge A EdgeB Angle on Angle on Cf. fig. 17 221 A 212, -etc. 221 A 221, etc. a (100, *-*) o (111, 1> 661,6 48 53*' 13? 26*' 45 23*' 28 32*' 771, 7 50 28* 11 32* 45 17*- 29 29* 881,8 51 40* 10 6* 45 13* 30 12| 11 11-1, 11 53 57 7 21* 45 7 31 35* 27-27-1, 27 57 32* 3 45 U 33 45f 40-40-1, 40 58 20* 2 If 45 0* 34 15 TETRAGONAL TBISOCTAHEDRONS or TBAPEZOHEDRONS. Edge B Edge C Angle on Angle on Cf. fig. 18 211 A 211, etc. 211 A 121, etc. a (100, ) o (111, 1) 40-1 1, 40-40 2 51*' 87 6' 2 1*' 52 42*' 36-1 1, 36-36 5 10* 86 46* 2 15 52 29* 16-1 1, 16-16 7 8* 82 39 5 3 49 41 15-1 1, 15-15 7 36* 82 9 5 23* 49 21 12-1 1, 12-12 9 29* 80 8* ? 43* 48 o* 11-1 1, 11-11 10 20* 79 13* 7 19* 47 24* 10-1 1, 10-10 11 22 78 7* 8 3 46 41* 911, 9-9 12 36* 76 46 8 55* 45 48* 811. 8-8 14 8* 75 4* 10 H 44 42* 15-2-2, J/-V- 15 3*. 74 3* 10 40* 44 3* 711, 7-7 16 6 72 53* 11 25* 43 18* 611, 6-6 18 40* 69 59* 13 15* 41 2S* 511, 5-5 22 H* 65 57* 15 47* 88 56* 411, 4-4 27 16 60 19 28* 35 15| 833, H 38 41* 45 57* 27 56* 26 47* 722, H .30 43* 55 50* 22 32 44 311, 3-3 35 5* 50 28* 25 14* 29 29* 522, H 40 45 43 20* 29 29* 25 14* 944, H 44 12* 38 51* 82 9 22 35 11-5 ' 5 - 44 57* 37 51* 32 44 22 211, 2-2 48 H* 33 33* 85 15* 19 28* 955, H 51 48* 28 36f 38 9* J6 34f 744, l-j 52 46* 27 16 38 56* 15 4?* 633, f-f 54 27 24 54* 40 19 14 25* 322, f-f 58 2 19 45 43 18| 11 25* 433, H 61 55f 13 55* 46 41* 8 3 655, H 65 15* 8 44* 49 41 5 8 HEXOCTAHEDRONS. Edge A EdgeB EdgeC Angle on Angle on Cf. fig. 20 321 A 312, etc. 321 A 321, etc. 321 A 231, etc. a (100, i-i) 0(111, 1) 25-6-2, *.*, 12 35*' 8 53*' 62 47f 14 11*' 42 22' 12-3-2, 6-4 6 28* 18 22* 61 3 16 43* 88 26 821, 8-4 9 46 13 49* 61 25* 15 37 40 8 21-7-5, V-3 7 8* 25 27* 51 43* 22 16* 32 54* 832, 4-| 9 14*. 26 21 47 31* 24 15* 31 12* 10-4-3, Y-f 7 15 31 7* 44 36* 26 34 28 36* 521, 5-f 14 50 21 2* 45" 34* 24 5* 82 30* 15-6-2, J/-| 20 Of 14 6* 46 1* 22 51* 85 20* 782, H 10 18* 29 25f 42 6* 27 15 28 22* 731, 7-* 21 13* 14 57J 43 12*. 24 18f 34 13f INTRODUCTION. HEXOCTAHEDRONS Continued. Edge A Edge B EdgeC Angle on Angle on Cf . fig. 20 321 A 312, etc. 321 A 321, etc. 321 A 231, etc. a (100, i-i) 0(111, 1) 16-7-4, 4-V 1 13 36' 25 48' 41 36*' 26 444' 29 33' 942, f-f- 16 10* 22 574 41 11* 26 254 30 29* 11-5-3, Y-Y 13 2f 27 53* 39 51 27 55* 28 13* 845, |-2 7 54f 58 24* 32 2* 38 40^ 16 41* 10-5-3, ^-2 14 2 30 24 35 34 30 14| 26 8 421, 4-2 17 45* 25 124 35 57 29 12* 28 64 24-12-5, -V~ 2 ~ 20 53| 21 6f 36 134 28 264 29 514 11-6-1, 11-Y- 32, 40* 9 74 32 40* 28 564 34 14 13-7-5, Y~V- 10 244 37 25 31 35* 33 294 22 11* 18-10-5, V-l 19 124 27 17* 30 58 31 50* 25 57* 18-10-1, 18-f 35 57* 5 33* 31 51* 29 104 35 414 12-7-5, --- 10 594 39 35* 27 424 35 38 20 12* 531, 5-| 27 394 19 27* 27 394 32 18* 28 33* 853, ft 16 254 25 17 24 44* 36 5* 21 4* 643, 2-f 10 234 45 iO| 20 51* 39 48* 16 34 321, 3-f 21 47* 31 0* 21 47* 36 42 22 12* 10-7-3, ig-\ - 26 04 27 37 19 .26 37 17* 23 16* 20-14-3, - 2 ^V- 36 52* 14 o* 19 52 35 36 29 43 751, 7-| 38 74 13 15* 18 47* 36 4* 29 55* 971, 9-f 43 31 10 u 14 H* 38 9* 30 574 432, 2-f 15 54 43 36* 15 54 42 1* 15 134 431, 4-f 32 12* 22 37* 15 564 38 19* 25 4 543, H 11 28| 50 124 11 28| 45 11 32* 541, 5-f 38 12* 17 45* 12 31* 39 304 27 I 654, |-t 9 14f 54 14* 9 14* 46 51* 9 164 651, 6-| 42 6* 14 354 10 18* 40 214 28 22* 13-11-9, J-*f 8 25* 55 42| 8 25* 47 33 8 26f 875, f-f 13 49* 50 22f 6 54 47 4* 10 35* 986, |.| 12 4 52 58* 6 1* 48 0* 9 144 64-63-1, 64-fl 58 26* 1 16} 54 44 33* 34 36* Further, the angles for the hemihedral forms* are as follows: For the tetrahedron oo' (111 A 111) = 109 28' 16", oo, (111 A 111) = 70 31' 44". Inclined Hemihedrons. HEMI-TRIGONAL TRISOCTAHEDRONS. Edge A Edge B Angle on Angle on Cf. fig. 24 221 A 212, etc. 221 A 122, etc. a (100, i-i) 0(111,1) 554 9 59*' 103 W 52 1' 5 46- 332 17 204 97 50* 50 14* 10 14 885 19 45 96 o* 49 42 11 25* 553 21 13* 94 51 49 23* 12 164 774 22 55* 93 31* 49 2 13 15* 221 27 16 90 48 114 15 474 552 33 334 84 41 47 74 19 28* 331 37 51* 80 55 46 304 22 661 48 53* 70 4 s * 45 234 28 324 15-15-2 51 7 68 41* 45 15* 29 52 881 51 40* 68 9* 45 13* 30 12* No distinction is made between the -f and - forms; the angles are the same obviously except for the pyritohedrons and diploids, where the angle between a given -j- form (e.g., 210, 321) and 100 is the same as that for the corresponding form (120, 231) and 010. The symbols after Naumann (many of them given in the table above) are omitted here. XXIV INTRODUCTION, HEMI-TETRAGONAL TRISOCTAHEDRONS. Edge B Edge C Angle on Cf. fig. 25 211 A 211, etc. 211 A 121, etc. a (100, i-i) 13-1-1 12 25' 80 55' 6 12!' 12-1-1 13 26! 80 8! 6 43* 17-2-2 18 53! 75 58* 9 26* 13-2-2 24 33 71 33* 12 16! 611 26 31! 69 59* 13 15* 511 31 35* 65 57! 15 47! 411 38 56! 60 19 28* 722 44 0* 55 50* 22 311 50 28| 50 28| 25 14* 833 55 52! 45 57* 27 56! 522 58 59! 43 20! 29 29f 733 62 26* 40 25f 31 13* 944 64 18 50 25* 82 9 211 70 31* 33 33! 35 15* 17-9-9 73 38| 30 53* 36 49! 955 76 18* 28 36* 38 9* 744 77 53 27 16 25 50! 322 86 37* 19 45 43 18f HEMI-HEXOCTAHEDRONS. Edge A Edge B Edge C Angle on Cf. fig. 26 321 A 312, etc. 321 A 312, etc. 321 A 231, etc. a (100, i-i) 521 14 50' 45 34^ 45 34^ 34 5 3> Angle on o(lll, 1) 48 31! 48 0* 45 17* 42 27* 41 28! 38 56! 35 15* 32 44 29 29f 26 47* 25 14* 23 31 22 35 19 28* 17 54| 16 34* 15 47! 11 25* Angle on (111, 1) 32 30*' 631 24 4* 49 17f 36 27* 27 47! 31 39 127-5 10 59! 70 9! 27 42! 35 38 20 12* 531 27 39f 57 7! 27 39f 32 18| 28 33f 321 21 47* 69 4! 21 47* 36 42' 26 12! 753 17 51f 76 46 17 51f 39 47f 18 5* 15-11-7 16 21f 79 38f 16 21* 40 41 16 32* 432 15 5! 82 4! 15 5! 42 1* 15 13! 431 32 12* 67 22f 15 56! 38 19* 25 4 861 41 H 59 0* 16 10| 37 14* 30 30* 975 13 2* 85 55* 13 2* 43 42* 13 8 11-10-1 50 34* 62 564 5 26! 42 25 31 31 Parallel Hemihedrons. PYRITOHEDRONS. Edge A EdgeC Angle on Angle on Cf. figs. 27-30 210 A 210, etc. 210 A 102, etc. a (100, i-i) o (HI, 1) 10-1-0 11 25' 84 19' 5 42|' 50 48!' 910 14 20| 83 42 6 20| 50 23* 810 14 15 82 55| 7 7! 49 52* 710 16 15! 81 57* 8 7* 49 13 610 18 55! 80 40 9 27* 48 21* 510 22 37* 78 54* 11 18| 47 12* 920 25 3! 77 46! 12 31* 46 27* 410 28 4* 76 23! 14 2* 45 33* 720 31 53! 74 41 15 56* 44 271 10-3-0 33 24 74 U 16 42 44 l INTRODUCTION. PYRITOHEDRONS Continued. Edge A EdgeC Angle on Cf. figs. 27-30 210 A 210, etc. 210 A 102, etc. a (100, i-i) 310 36 52' 72 32*' 18 26' 11-4-0 39 58 71 16 19 59 520 43 36! 69 49| 21 48 940 47 55* 68 12| 23 57* 210 53 7f 66 251 26 34 19-14-0 72 46 64 28* 36 23 12-7-0 60 30f 64 12 30 15* 740 59 29* 64 29 29 44f 530 61 55| 63 49! 30 57* 320 67 22f 62 30| 33 41* 750 71 4* 61 46! 35 83* 430 73 44* 61 19 36 52! 540 77 19! 60 481 38 39* 11-9-0 78 34| 60 39! 39 17! 650 79 36| 60 32* 39 481 760 81 12! 60 231 40 36 15-13-0 81 49* 60 20 40 54* 870 82 22! 60 17* 41 111 980 83 16 60 18* 41 38 109-0 83 58* 60 11 41 59! 11-10-0 84 32f 60 9 42 16* DlPLOIDS. Edge A EdgeB EdgeC Angle on Cf. fig. 31 321 A 321 , etc . 321 A 321, etc. 321 A 132, etc. a (100, i-i) 721 31 35!' 15 38*' 64 47*' 17 43' 932 36 3 23 48* 57 8* 21 50 16-6-3 40 28 19 55 57 26i 22 44* 15-6-5 41 33| 34 23* 47 0* 27 301 831 40 49! 13 21 61 46i 21 34 942 46 54* 22 57* 52 7f 26 25* 11-5-2 48 11* 18 47* 54 33 26 5 1265 49 33 40 52f 37 47* 33 3* 632 50 451 33 121 42 43 31 0! 421 51 45! 25 12* 48 Hi 29 121 841 52 46* 12 45* 57 5* 27 16 10-5-1 52 541. 10 13! 58 56* 27 1 12-6-1 52 68i 8 31* 60 11 26 52* 13-7-3 55 22! 22 581 48 18! 30 21* 742 57 34! 27 51| 43 33f 32 34* 532 58 14* 37 51* 35 20 35 47* 531 60 56* 19 27f 19 27* 32 18* 10-6-1 61 40* 9 481 56 18* 31 18f 851 63 36f 12 6 53 551 32 30* 22-14-7 62 28 30 31 39 48* 35 25* 962 66 f 20 57 46 2 35 58* 321 64 37* 31 OT 38 12! 36 42 643 61 36| 45 10* 27 43 39 48* 13-9-6 64 18! 41 33* 29 28 39 45* 751 70 31f 13 15* 51 HI 36 4! Angle on 43 51' 42 16| 41 22 40 21! 39 14 36 10 37 51 38 1* 37 37 36 48* 36 21! 36 4! 35 45* 35 39| 35 35f 35 30! 35 28! 35 26* 35 24! 35 22* 35 21* Angle on (111, 1) 38 13' 33 31! 33 42 27 25* 36 211 30 291 31 57 21 57* 24 52! 28 6* 33 29* 34 37 35 22* 28 11* 25 221 20 30f 28 33f 33 Of 31 34 23 9 26 50* 22 12* 16 3* 17 4* 29 55* XXVI INTRODUCTION. DIPLOIDS Continued. Edge A Edge B Edge C Cf. fig. 31 321 A 321, etc. 321 A 321, etc. 321 A 132, etc. 432 67 42*' 43 36f 26 17*' 431 72 4f 22 37 43 3 14-11-10 65 Hi ','.68 38* 14 20f 108-7 66 28f 57 19i 14 43| 543 68 54 '50 12* 19 57 Angle on a (100, i-i) Angle or 0(111, 1) 42 If 15' 13*' 38 19f 46 43 25 4 8 17 46 45 45 8 30f 2. TETRAGONAL SYSTEM. In the Tetragonal System there are three axes at right angles to each other; two of these are equal (a); the third, the vertical axis (c), is longer or shorter. The system is characterized by three axial planes of symmetry, two of which are equal to each other; there are also two other auxiliary planes inclined 45 to the other pair. The holohedral forms in this system are: 1. Basal plane (001) OP c 2. Diametral prism, or prism of second series (100) i-i oo Poo a 3. Unit prism, or prism of first series 4. Ditetragonal prism 5. Pyramids of diametral or second series 6. Unit pyramids 7. Ditetragonal pyramids or zirconoids (110) / oo P m (MO) i-n ooP?i as (210, 2) (Ml} m-i raPoo as e (101, I-/), (201, 2-e), etc. (KM) m mP as (111, 1), (221, 2), etc. (Jikl) m-n mPn as (211, 2-2), (321, 3-|), etc. 32, 33. 34. 35. 36. (001), (100) (001), (110) (001), (210) 38. 39. (101) (Ill) 37 (Ml) In figs. 38, 39, c = (001), a = (100), m = (110), h = (210), e = (101), r = (111), z = (311). INTRODUCTION. XXVU These 41. forms are shown in f. 32-37, and in combination in f. 38, of which f. 39, 40 are projections. The hemihedral forms are : A. Sphenoidal or inclined, represented by the sphenoid, or hemi-unit pyra- ~ mid, f. 41, analogous to the tetrahedron (f. 22) and the tetragonal scalenohedron. Cf. figs, on pp. 80, 81, under chalcopyrite. B. Pyramidal, including the half-form of the ditetragonal prism and pyramid or square prism and pyramid of the third series. Cf . figs. 3, 6, 7 under scheelite, p. 986, and f . 4-6, under wulfenite, p. 990. The following table gives the important angles for the observed ditetragonal prisms, which are the same for all species. The angle of the edge X (f. 34) is twice the angle on a (100), and of the edge Y, twice the angle on m (110). 810, i-8 710, j-7 920, *-| 410, *-4 310, *-3 940, t-f 210, t-2 740, * The vertical axis c can be obtained from the fundamental equations: tan (001 A 101) = c or tan (001 A 111) . * V% = Angle on Angle on a (100, i-i) m (110, /) 7 7*' 37 52*' 530, t-f go ,,3, 36 52i' 820, 'H 12 31f 32 28ir' 750, i-l 14 2' 30 57f 430, H 18 26' 26 34' 540, i-f 23 57f ' 21 2i' 650, i-l 26 34' 18 26' 870, i-f 29 44|' 15 15' 14-13-0, Angle on Angle on a (100, t-i) m (110, 7) 30 57f ' 14 2f 33 41' 11 18f 35 32^ 9 27f ' 36 52'. 8 7f 38 39V 6 20*' 39 48J' 5 llf' 41 11V 3 48|' 42 52f 2 7tf 3. HEXAGONAL SYSTEM. The Hexagonal System includes (1) the HEXAGONAL SYSTEM proper, and (2) the RHOMBO- HEDRAL DIVISION. In this work all the forms are referred to four axes, three equal axes (a) 42. +< i-l 4T inclined at angles of 60 in a common horizontal plane and a fourth vertical axis (c) at right angles to them and either longer or shorter. 1. In the HEXAGONAL SYSTEM proper, there are 4 axial planes of symmetry, 3 equal planes intersecting at 60, and a fourth unequal normal to them; also 3 auxiliary planes diagonal to the first set. The general symbol for hexagonal forms is : 1. Weiss-Naumann 2. Miller-Bra vais pa : na : a : me hkli These symbols correspond to the symbols 1 and 2, already explained on p. xv. It is to be added that here p = ~, in the first form, and h -}- k I = Q in the second. Special examples of these symbols are given in the list of forms below belongingjo the hexagonal system. Note also that in the general symbol hkli, h < k < I; for example (1231); this corresponds to the axes as shown in f. 42, and the spherical projection, f. 49. In stating the form (which includes 12 planes), it is customary to write it khli that is (2131), and so in other cases. The holohedral forms of this system are : 1. Basal plane (0001) 2. Unit prism, or prism of first series (1010) 3. Diagonal prism, or prism of second series (1120) 4. Dihexagonal prism (khlO) 5. Unit pyramids, or first series (quartzoids) (hQhi) 6. Diagonal pyramids, or second series (h-h'2h 7. Dihexagonal pyramids (khli) I i-2 i-n m m-2 m-n OP ooP oo P2 oo Pn mP mP2 mPn e m a as (2130, *-|) as (1011, 1) or (3021, 2) as (1122, 1-2) or (1121, 2-2) as (2131, 3-f) These forms are illustrated by figs. 43-47, also by the projections figs. 48, 49. iS ^L^ n ted that the svmbols of the planes of the forms p (1011), s (1121), taken in . 4o, 4t/j, sire \ jxviii INTRODUCTION. P 1011 1121 0111 1211 P" 1101 2111 P'" 1011 *'" 1121 0111 1211 1101 2111 For the forms below, # vi = 1011, etc., s^ = 1121, etc. Also for v (2131), v' 0" = 1321, r^ = 3121, etc., cf. f. 49.' 43. 44. In figs. 47, 48, c = (0001), m = (1010), a = (1120), p = (1011), u = (2021), s = (1121), w, = (3141), = 2131. The kind of hemihedrism belonging to this part of the system is the pyramidal, and the special forms are the half-forms of the 12-sided prism and pyramid; which are illustrated by the species of the Apatite Group, pp. 763-773. These half-forms are, respectively, a hexagonal prism, and hexagonal pyramid of the third series; cf. f. 4, p. 763, where the predominating form, H (2131), is this pyramid. 2. The RHOMBOHEDRAL DIVISION includes forms with only three planes of symmetry intersecting at angles of 120 in the vertical axis. The forms peculiar to it may be regarded as half-forms of the corresponding hexagonal types. They are distinguished as plus and minus, as in similar cases before explained (p f xx). The forms peculiar to the rhombohedral system are the rhornbohedron and scalenohedron, figs. 50-53, also f. 54 and the many other figures under calcite, pp. 263, 264, tourmaline, pp. 551, 552, etc. The symbols for the several planes of the plus unit rhornbohedron (f. 50, 54), always denoted by the letter r, are : r = 1011 r' = 1101 r" = 0111 r'" = 0111 r iv = 1011 r v = 1101 For the scalenohedron in general, which is regarded as a half-form on the same system of the dihexagonal pyramid, Naumann modified his symbols by referring the forms to the rhom- bohedron having the same lateral edges. His symbols read : mRn, in this book written m n , INTRODUCTION. xxix where the m and n are connected with the corresponding m and n of the dihexagonal pyra- mid by the relations : or n 2 T&O Thus K 3J3 I) or i(H) is equivalent to 12 3 or I 3 . 50. 52. 53. = mn, =, 54. 51. r = (1011, +S), e = (0111, - .R), (/= 2021, + 2S) t _v = (3121, I 3 ), also m = (1010, /), a = (1120, 2), = (0112, -i R), (0554, - f 5), * = (2134, | 3 ) The hemihedral forms of the Rhombohedral Division, which are ietartohedral to the Hexagonal Division, are: A. Rhombohedral. B. Trapezohedral. The distinctive form of the rhombohedral-tetartohedral class is the hemi-scalenohedron, or rhombohedron of the third series, illustrated by figs. 4, 5, 9, under phenacite, p. 462. Cf. also figs, under dioptase, p. 464, ilmenite, p. 218, dolomite, p. 272. The distinctive form of the trapezohedral class are the quadrilateral trapezohedron and the unsymmetrical trigonal prism, illustrated by quartz (pp. 184, 185) and cinnabar, p. 66. These forms may be either right- or left-handed, as shown in quartz, where their connection with the henomena of circular polarization is explained. The plus and minus forms are in general esiguated by different letters. ^ There are also hemimorphic forms, in which the opposite extremities of the vertical axis are dissimilarly modified, as shown in tourmaline, pp. 551, 552, and pyrargyrite, p. 133. Here the unit prism becomes a trigonal form. The important mathematical relations in this system are c = tan (0001 A 1122), c = tan (0001 A 1011) . i 4/a Also for a hexagonal pyramid tan (1011 A 0111) = sin 4/, where tan | = c, and in general , where tan , = -k. and tan g tan %(hQhl A Ohht) = sin , \ For a pyramid of the second series 2 sin |(1122 A 1212) = sin f For a dihexagonal prism, khlQ (as, 2130) : cot (1010 A KhlQ) - cot (1120 A The sum of the above angles is equal to 30. XXX INTRODUCTION. For a rhombohedron sin KlOll A 1101) = sin a \/~$, where a = 0001 A lOll ; in general sin i(hOhl A hhtil) = sin where 19 6i'. 16 6' 13 54' 10 53i' 9 22' 7 85*' 6 35*' 3 40*' THE RHOMBOHEDRAL DIVISION OF MILLER. The following projection (fig. 55) is added in order to show the relation of the forms in the Hexagonal and Rhombohedral Systems as referred by Miller to three equal oblique axes parallel to the faces of the fundamental rhom- bohedron. The forms are as follows : The planes having the indices 100, 001, 010 are those of the (plus) fundamental rhombohedron, while the plane 111 is the base. The planes 221, 121, 122 are those of the minus fundamental rhombohedron; with the planes 100, 010, 001 they form the unit hexagonal pyramid. The hexagonal unit prism, / = (1010), has the symbols. 112, 211, 121, 112, .211, 121. The second, or diagonal hexagonal prism, i-Z = (1120), has the symbols: 101, 110, Oil, 101, 110, Oil. The dihexagonal pyramid embraces, like the simple hexagonal pyramid, two forms (hkl) and (efg)', the symbol (Tiki) hence belongs to the plus scalenohedron, and (efg) to the minu3. In this as in other cases it is true that .< e = - h -f 2k + 21, f = 2h - k -\- 21, ff = 2h + 2k - I. The dihexagonal prism includes the six planes of the form (JikQ), and the remaining six of the form (efQ) ; corresponding, respectively, to the pyramids (Jikl) and (efg). INTRODUCTION. xxxi 4. ORTHORHOMBIC SYSTEM. In the Orthorhombic System, there are three unequal axes at right angles to each other. These axes are the brachy diagonal a, macrodiagonal b, and vertical c ; in stating the axial ratio, b is always made equal to unity. There are three planes of symmetry, which intersect in these axes, but which are all different. The types of forms in this system are: Macropinacoid (100) i-l ooP^o a Brachypinacoid (010) i-l ooPoo b Basal plane (001) OP c Unit prism (110) / mP m Macroprism (hkQ) h> k i-n ccPn as (210, 2) Brachyprism (MO) A > k i^n Pn as (120" t-2) Macrodomes (Ml) m-l raPoo as (201, 24) Bracbydomes (QU) m-l mP% as (021, 24) Unit pyramids (111) 1 _ m_ as (111, 1)_ Macropyramids (hkl) h > k m-n mPn as (211, 2-3) Brachy pyramids (khl) h> k rn^n mPn as (121, 2-5) These forms hardly need any further explanation beyond what has been given on pp. xv, xvl Hemihedral forms in this system are rare ; hemimorphic forms are less so, but not very common, cf. calamine, p. 547, struvite, p. 806. The axial ratio can be calculated from the simple relations a = tan (100 A HO), c = tan (001 A Oil), - = tan (001 A 101).. From the measured angles these elemental angles can be calculated, and vice versa, by the solution of spherical triangles on the sphere of projection with the aid of the tangent principle. 5. MONOOLINIO SYSTEM. In the Monoclinic System there are three unequal axes, of whifh one lateral axis, d, is inclined to the vertical axis, c, while the angles between c and b, and b and d are right angles. There is one pi. me of symmetry, the plane of the axes a, k. In stating the axial ratio, b is always taken as the unit, and, in the majority of cases, d, the clino-axis, is less than b, the ortho-axis ; this is not necessarily the case, however, hence the long mark used in the symbols is conventional only. The types of forms and the special terms employed are shown by the following list. The occurring types of forms are as follows : Orthopinacoid (100) i-l ooPco a Clinopiuacoid (010) i-l ooP< b Basal plane (001) OP c Unit prism (110) / ooP m Ortho-prism (hkQ) i-n ooPrc as (210, i-2) Clino-prism (MO) i-n ooPn as (120, -2) Orthodomes \ ~ ^ " as (101, - 14) ( Ml m-l mPab as (101, 1-i) Clinodomes 0& m-l mP& as (Oil, 1-i) Unit pyramids \ hhl ~ m ~ m ? " g"' ~ ( Wit m mP as (111, 1) Ortho pyramids J m ~ * ' mP >* as ( - 211 ' - hkl m-n mPn^ as (211, 2-2) ( khl m-n mPn as (121, 22) Ciino-pyramids n - 91 9 < khl m-n mPn C*21, 22) Some of these forms are illustrated by the figures of gypsum with the spherical projection, given on p. xxxvi ; also by the uiouoclinic species through the body of the work. xxxii INTRODUCTION. The relations connecting axial and angular elements are as follows : tan (100 A HO) d = - -Q or tan (100 A HO) = a . sin ft 4 = tEjL.A011) or ten (Q01 OU) = , sin , (2 } sm p a . tan (001 A 101) c . sin ft ^siM-cosl.tanWTW "" (OM A 1W) = T+F&F A . tan (001 A 101) , nn1 A T(m * ~u /., 8i P /? + C 08/S.tan(OOlAi01) taD ( 01 A 101) = a - k . cos ft These relations may be made more general by writing in the several cases in (1) hW for 110 and | d for a; (2) Qkl for Oil and jc for c ; (3) Ml for 100 and yc for . Also _ _ sin (001 A 101) _ sin (001 A 101) a ~ sin (100 A 101) ~~ sin (l6o~A 101)' and more generally h k_ _ sin (001 A ^0^) _ sin (001 A hOl) ~k'~a- sin (100" A AW) ~ sin ( ioo A "Io7)' Note also that tan = d and tan C = c ; where is the angle (f. 63, p. xxxvi) between the zone-circles (001, 100) and (001, 110), also 5 the angle between (100, 001) and (100, Oil). VI. TRIOLINIO SYSTEM. In the Triclinic System there are three unequal axes and their intersections are all oblique; there is no plane of symmetry, hence the system is often called the Asymmetric system. Only two planes belong to any given form, hence the prisms are hemi-prisms, the pyramids tetarto- . pyramids, etc. The axes are designated a,_b, c, in which a is usually the brachydiagonal axis (then written a) and b the macrodiagonal (b) ; in some cases, however, a is the longer and b the shorter lateral axis. The axial angles are : a between the axes b and c. ft " " " a and c. y " " " a and b. The symbols of Naumann are hence analogous to those of the orthorhombic system, but the different planes are distinguished by accents ; thus : in ill ill ill v ,1 i t Also 110 = 2 t 110 = 'I, 101 = 14', 101 = ,14,, Oil = 14', Oil = 14, etc. For illustrations of these species in the body of the work. 56. INTROD UCTION. xxxm , cf. figs. 56-58 of chalcanthite, also many other triclinic 57. 010 6 In the figs., a = (100, i-i), b = (010, i-i), c = (001, O), m = (110, 7'), ^(120, 2'), M (110, '/), k (Oil, 14'), (021, 2-*'), 0(011, '14), 10 (021, '24), p (111, I 1 ), * (121, 2-2'), z (121, '2-2). In the spherical projection, the spherical angles of the triangle 100, 010, 001 are the supple- ments of the axial angles, viz.: the angle at 100 (A) = 180 a, at 010 (B) = 180 ft, at 001 (C) = 180 -y. These angles A, B, C can be calculated from the angles between the planes 100 A 001, 100 A 010, 001 A 010, in the spherical triangle named and vice versa. Furthermore, cf, f. 58. sin T _ sin T' a sin cr ~ sin cr' ~~ b ' sin v' sin v sin ju ~ sin sin p sin it' sin p' b' Here A-tf-fp, B = ^ + //, C = r -f- etc. Crystals of all the other systems are anisotropic. Optical Anomalies. The term optical anomalies is applied to the optical phenomena exhib- ited iu polarized light, particularly by many crystals of the isometric system, which are so far abnormal or anomalous in that they do not conform to the external crystallographic form. Here belongs the double refraction of boracite, of most garnet, also aualcite, etc. ; further, the biaxial character of much beryl, apophyllite, etc. This is a subject to which much atten- tion has been given of late years, particularly since the publication of the classical paper by Mallard (1876). Details in regard to it, with references to the literature, will be found under the species named and many others. In this connection it may be noted that the term pseudo-symmetry (also pseudo-isometric, etc.) is used, first of crystals belonging to one system but approximating in angle closely to one of higher symmetry ; thus biotite is said to be pseudo-rhombohedral. Also, second, to crystals which gain an apparent symmetry of higher grade than that actually belonging to them by twinning ; thus aragouite is said to be pseudo-hexagonal by twinning. UNIAXIAL CRYSTALS. Tetragonal and hexagonal crystals are uniaxial, or have one axis of optical symmetry in which direction a ray of transmitted light suffers no double refraction. This optic axis coincides with the vertical crystallographic axis in the position of the crystals ordinarily taken and here followed. Further, they have two indices of refraction, that correspond- in ir to the ordinary ray (represented by GO) whose vibrations are transverse to the vertical axis (c), and that of the extraordinary ray (e) with vibrations parallel to this axis (|j c). The character of the crystal is optically positive (+) or negative ( ) according as GO < e, or GO > e. The double refraction is strong or weak according as to whether the difference GO e (or e GO) is relatively large or small. For example, it is strong in calcite, where GO e = 0'372, but very weak in apophyllite, where e GO 0'0p2. Crystals of these systems may betftfe&fttfe, accord- ing to the kind and degree of absorption in the two axial directions j_ c and | c, cf. tourmaline, p. 653. Crystals belonging to the trapezohedral (tetartoheclral) section of the rhombohedral division of the hexagonal system show circular polarization, and are right- or left-handed according as they rotate the plane of polarization of a ray of light passing from the observer through the crystal to his right or left. The amount of rotation for a section of unit thickness (e.g., 1 mm.) varies with the wave-length ; cf . quartz, p. 186. BIAXIAL and have three elasticity of the light ether has its minimum c, maximum a, and mean value 6. They have also three indices of refraction for a given wave-length, a, ft t y, for rays whose vibrations are parallel to the axes a, t, c, respectively ; here a < ft < y. The plane of the greatest and least axes of elasticity is the optic axial plane (usually contracted Ax. pi. ), since it contains the optic axes or the two directions of no double refraction. The angles between the optic axes are bisected by the axes a and c. The axis bisecting the acute angle is the acute bisectrix, Bx a or simply the bisectrix, the other is the obtuse bisectrix, Bx . The crystal is optically positive (+) or negative ( ) according to whether Bx a is the axis of least elasticity (c) or greatest elasticity (a). The double refraction "is strong or weak according as to whether the difference of the refractive indices y ct is relatively large or small; for example it is strong in epidote with y a = 0'055 ; but weak iu zoisite with y a = 0'006. The angle of the optic axes is designated (cf . f . 59) as follows: CRYSTALS. Crystals of the orthorhombic, monoclinic,and triclinic systems zrebiaxial iree axes of elasticity, or three directions at right angles to each other, in which the - 2V = real or interior angle of the optic axes ; 2E = apparent angle " " " " in air ; 2H " " " " measured in oil or some other medium of high refractive power.* The distinction between the acute and obtuse axial angle is designated by 2V a , 2V , etc., and the angles for the different colors, usually red, yellow, and green or blue, are written 2V a . r , 2V a . y , 2V a . gr , etc. In Orthorliombit crystals the axes of elasticity coincide with the crystallographic axes, or axes of symmetry; accordingly the axial plane is parallel to one of the piuacoids (| a, \ b, or | c), * It is often convenient to designate this angle by 2K when measured in a solution of mercuric iodide in potassium iodide (G. = 3'117, W T = 1'7176, Gdt.); also by 2G when measured m the glass of the Adams-Schneider polariscope. XXX VI INTRODUCTION. and the bisectrix is normal to one of these planes (Bx j_ c, etc.). Since, however, the refractive indices may vary for rays of different wave-length, the axial angle may be larger for red than for blue rays or vice versa, and this dispersion is characterized as p > v or p < v. In Monoclinic crystals one axis of elasticity coincides with the orthodiagonal axis, b, and the others lie in the plane of symmetry (parallel to the pinacoid b (010, i-i) ) normal to it. Hence the axial plane may be || b or j_ b; if the latter, its position must be further defined according to the angle that it makes either with the normals to the planes a or c, or more conveniently with the vertical axis, c. Three cases are possible: 1. Axial plane parallel to the plane of symmetry (Ax. pi. | b); the position of the bisectrices is usually indicated by reference to the vertical axis, and the angle formed is called + or according as the bisectrix (Bx a ) falls in front of or behind c (the middle point in the sphere of projection, f. 63), that is, is situated in the obtuse or acute axial angle. 60. 61. 62. m 0106 For example, gypsum (f. 60-63) is optically positive, hence the axis of elasticity, c, is the acute bisectrix, Bx a . Further (f. 62, 63), the position of Bx a is defined (Des Cloizeaux) by the angle, Bx a A c = + 52. But since the axial angle ft or ac (001 A 100) = 80 42', it is also true that the normal angles between c or & 53. and the planes c, a are as follows: ct = + 43 12', at = -f 3 ? 3 '> and ca = - 46 48' With varying positions of the axes a and C (the bisectrices) the axial planes for differ- ent colors may be more or less inclined to one another in the plane of symmetry, and this dispersion of the bisectrices is hence called inclined dispersion. 2. If the axial plane and the obtuse bisectrix are normal to the plane of symme- try (Ax. pi. and Bx J_ b), then the position of the axial plane is further defined by that of the acute bisectrix in the plane of sym- metry, which is written in the form jusV explained (Bx a A c = ). The dispersion oi the bisectrices possible in this case is called horizontal, in consequence of the relative position of the axial planes to each other. 3. If the axial plane and the acute bisectrix are normal to the plane of sym- metry (Ax. pi. and Bx a 1 b) the position of the axial plane is further defined by that of the obtuse bisectrix (Bx ) with reference to the vertical axis. The dispersion of the bisectrices for different colors which may be present in this case is called crossed. In the Triclinic System there is no necessary relation between the assumed crystallographic axes and the axes of elasticity. Hence also the dispersion may be, for example, both horizontal and inclined. Of. f. 58, p. xxxiii, of chalcauthite (see also p. 944), where 8 represents approxi- mately the position of Bx a , or in other words is the pole or normal to the plane at right angles to the acute bisectrix. INTRODUCTION. xxxvii 64. Pleochroism and Absorption. Biaxial crystals, having three axes of elasticity, may show different degrees or kinds of absorption in different directions, usually assumed as those of the axes of elasticity. The degree of absorption is designated as a > fc > C, etc. Further, according to the kind of selective absorption, the crystal may be dichroic or trichroic (or better, in general, pleochroic), in which cases the colors corresponding to the vibrations parallel to the axes of elasticity are usually given (cf. f. 64). It has been shown, however, that the axes of absorption do not necessarily coincide with the axes of elasticity (cf. epidote, p. 518). The optical characters of mineral species are given very fully in the Mineralogy (vol. 1, 1862, and 2, part I, 1874) and in certain prominent memoirs of Des Cloizeaux (see Bibliography); the results of earlier inves- tigations are also given by Grailich, Lang, Schrauf, and others; further, later by Rosenbusch (Mikr. Phys.), Levy-Lacroix (Min. Roches), etc. D. CHARACTERS RELATING TO HEAT. Here belong: the fusibility, defined, however, under the pyrognostic characters (p. xl) ; the thermal conductivity, and the position of the thermic axes (also the effect of heat in changing the crystallographic and optical constants); further, the specific heat. These subjects are briefly treated under the different species, and references to many important memoirs are given. Recent determinations of the specific heat have been made by Joly (Proc. Roy. Soc., 41, 250, 1887), also by Oberg, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 42, No. 8, 43, 1885. E. CHARACTERS RELATING TO MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY. A few minerals are strongly magnetic and sometimes show polarity, e.g., magnetite, pyrrhotite, iron-platinum. Many species are diamagnetic, and the diamagnetic constant, also the magnetic rotatory power, have been determined in a few cases, e.g., calcite. The electrical properties include (1) the power of becoming strongly electrified by friction, e.g., amber, p. 1002; (2) pyroelectricity, or the state of electric potential (-{-and ) developed in crystallographically dissimilar parts of a crystal (non-conductor) by change of temperature, also by pressure (piezo-electricity), or by direct radiation (actino-electricity), cf. tourmaline, p. 553, calamine, p. 547, quartz, p. 186. Also (3) thermo-electricity, or the electromotive force established in some metallic minerals when they form an electric circuit with another conductor and one point of junction is changed in temperature, cf. pyrite, p. 85. Further, the electrical conductivity or resistance to the passage of an electrical current, and other points. For the most part, these characters coming under the heads of Heat, Electricity, Magnetism are so far special that they are treated very briefly if at all in this work under the individual species; references are given, however, to many important papers. Further, the student is referred to the works on Physical Mineralogy by Groth, Mallard, Liebisch, already mentioned. Special investigations in pyroelectricity have been made by Hankel (Abh. Sachs. Ges. Wiss., also, Wied. Ann.) and by others. A recent paper on thermo-electricity is given by Backstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 45, 553, 1888; also One on the production of electrical potential by the action of light by Elster and Geitel in Wied. Ann., 44, 722, 1891. III. CHEMICAL MINERALOGY. Chemical Composition (Comp.) and General Scheme of Classification. The classification adopted in this work, as in the preceding edition, follows, first the chemical composition, and second crystallographic and other physical characters which indicate more or less clearly the relations of individual species. The general outline of the chief chemical divisions is given on p. 1. As seen there, the elements are placed first; then compounds in which the acidic part is taken by sulphur and the allied elements, selenium, tellurium, also by arsenic, antimony, bismuth; these include in part simple Sulphides. Selenides, etc., and after them, the Sulpho-salts. Next come the Haloids, or compounds of the metals with chlorine, bromine, iodine, fluorine; after these follow the oxygen compounds; first the Oxides and then the various Oxygen-salts; finally the Salts of Organic Acids and Hydrocarbon compounds. Among the Oxygen-salts, the Carbonates are placed first (thus devirl ing from the order in the last edition), and after them the Silicates and Titanates, which last are closely connected with the Niobates and Tantnlates. Then follow the Phosphates. Arsenates, etc. After them are placed the Borates, and next the Uranates (the latter might properly be placed after the Tungstates); then come the large class of Sulphates with the allied Chromates and Tellurates, and finally the less closely related Tungstates and Molybdates. In oix^er to understand the relations of these chief classes, as still more their further sub- division, down finally to the many isomorpJious groups groups of species having analogous XXXV111 INTRODUCTION. composition and closely similar form the fundamental relations and grouping of the elements must be understood, especially as developed of recent years and shown in the so-called Periodic Law. Although the subject can be only briefly touched upon, it will be useful to give here the general distribution of the elements into Groups and Series, as presented in the Principles of hemistry (Engl. Ed., 1891) of D. Mendel eeff, to whom is due more than any one else the development of the Periodic Law. A few remarks are added on the grouping of the elements as illustrated by mineral compounds; artificial compounds show these relations still more fully and clearly. For the thorough explanation of this subject, more particularly as regards the periodic or progressive relation between the atomic weights and various properties of the elements, the reader is referred to the work above mentioned or to one of the many other excellent modern text-books of chemistry. I II III IV V VI VII VIII Series 1 . . . H RH 4 RH 3 RH 2 RH Hydrogen Compounds " 2 ..... Li Be B C N O F " 3 Na Mg Al Si P s Cl " 4 K Ca Sc Ti v Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu 5 (Cu) Zn Ga Ge As Se Br " 6 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag 7 Aff Cd In Sn Sb Te I " 8 ..... Cs Ba La Ce Di? " 9 ..... "10 Yt Ta W Os Ir Pt Au "11 Au Hg Tl Pb Bi " 12 . . . Th U R 2 R 2 2 R 2 3 R 2 4 R 2 O 6 R 2 6 R 2 7 Higher Oxides RO RO 2 R0 3 RO 4 The relations of some of the elements of the first group are exhibited by the isomorphism of NaCl, KC1, AgCl (p. 152); or again of LiMnPO 4 and NaMuPO 4 , etc. (p. 756). In the second group, reference may be made to the isomorphism of the carbonates (p. 261) and sulphates (p. 894) of calcium, barium and strontium; while among the sulphides, ZnS, CdS, and HgS are doubly related (pp. 59, 66). In the third group, we find boron and aluminium often replacing one another among silicates. In the fourth group, the relations of silicon and titanium are shown in the many titano-silicates, while the compounds TiO 2 , SnO 2 , PbO 2 (and MnO 2 ), also ZrSiO 4 and ThSiO 4 , have closely similar form (pp. 233, 234). In the fifth group, many compounds of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth are isoinorphous among metallic compounds, while the relations of phosphorus, vanadium, arsenic, also antimony, are shown among the phosphates, vanadates. arsenates, and antimonates; again note the mutual relations of the niobatesand tantalates (p. 725), In the sixth group, the strongly acidic elements, sulphur, selenium, tellurium, are all closely related, as seen in many sulphides, selenides, tellurides; further, the relations of sulphur and chromium, and similarly both of these to molybdenum and tungsten, are shown among many artificial sulphates, chromates, also molybdates and tungstates. In the seventh group the relations of the halogens are too well understood to need special remark. In the eighth group, we have Fe, Co, Ni alloyed in meteoric iron, and their phosphates and sulphates (pp. 928, 929) are in several cases closely isomorphous; further, the relation of the iron series to that of the platinum series is exhibited in the isomorphism of FeS 2 , FeAsS, FeAs 2 , NiAs 2 , etc., with PtAs 2 and probably RuS 2 (p. 93). Formulas. The fact that the formula of a species is always given in two places, first in the tabular classification of each group, and, second, under the description of the species itself, affords an opportunity to vary the form in which it is stated. Thus malachite (pp. 293, 294), a INTRODUCTION, xxxix basic cupric carbonate, has strictly the formula Cu 2 (OH) 2 CO3, which indicates that the affinities of one atom of copper are satisfied by the double hydroxyl group 2(OH), and the other by the group CO 3 . It is, however, often convenient to think of this as if it were made up of cupric carbonate and cupric hydrate arid accordingly the formula (p. 295) is also written CuCO 3 .Cu(OH) 2 . To the latter is added the formula after the old dualistic system, 2CuO.CO 2 .H 2 O, and in general the composition of most species is given in this form. It is interesting to note that the last method, generally discarded when the atomic theory was adopted, has come back again, since in the case of complex compounds it presents the composition most clearly before the mind. It is to be noted, however, that the period used in both the above cases (some authors employ a comma) is merely a conventional sign and does not indicate that the different molecular groups separated by it are regarded as present in the substance in that form. When it is intended to express this, a plus sign (-(-) is employed, as NaCO 3 + 10H 2 O, or sodium carbonate with ten molecules of water of crystallization. The formulas given "are in general the simple empirical formulas, written, where possible in brief form, so as to suggest the actual nature of the compound. Thus (CaF)Ca4(PO 4 ) 3 means a salt of orthophosphoric acid 3(H 3 PO 4 ) in which the 9 hydrogen atoms are replaced by the 4 calcium atoms with also the uuivalent group CaF. That the formula of a mineral does not necessarily express the structure of the molecule is too obvious to need explanation; not only is the atomic grouping often uncertain, but, as has been repeatedly remarked, the composition of the actual molecule, for example, of corundum is doubtless expressed by ?iAl 2 O 3 , where the factor n is as yet undetermined. The first office of a miueralogical formula, however, is to present to the mind as clearly as possible the composition of the species, and if with that adjudication can be given of the molecular structure, that is a decided gain, but complex structural or rational formulas are in a work like the present entirely out of place. But not only is the actual molecular structure of mineral species in most cases doubtful, but even the simple empirical composition of many species, often common ones, is still unsettled. This is particularly true among the more complex silicates. Analysis has shown in many such cases that no single formula can express the composition, but that a varying basic or acidic character may belong to the same species. In such-cases recourse is often had to the theory of isomorphous mixtures which has thrown so much light upon the Feldspar Group (p. 314 et seq.), but the extreme or end compounds assumed are often hypothetical, and the correctness of the views which have been proposed needs confirmation. Clarke has shown that the variation in composition within the limits of a single species may be often explained in such cases by regarding the different forms as derivatives of a normal salt in which various atoms or molecular groups may enter. The theory thus advanced, supported by the experimental data which the same author is accumulating, promises to bring useful results. The oxygen ratio, in the case of the silicates, is the ratio of the oxygen atoms belonging to the different groups of basic metals and to the acidic silicon, as seen clearly if the formula is written in the dualistic form. Thus for garnet, whose formula is Ca 3 Al 2 Si 3 Oi 2 or 3CaO.Al 2 O 3 . 3SiO 2 , the oxygen ratio for Ca : A1 2 : Si is 3:3:6= 1:1:2; that is, for bases to silicon 1 : 1. II VI IV This ratio is the same as the quantivalent ratio, which for garnet, R 3 [K 2 ]Si 3 Oi 2 , is : 3 X II : VI : 3 X IV = 6 12 = 1 : 1 : 2. Although not strictly in accord with modern chemical principles, the oxygen ratio is often a useful way of expressing the general nature of a complex compound. The following atomic weights have been accepted, and from them the theoretical composition of each species has been calculated : Aluminium Antimony (Stibium) Arsenic Barium Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Caesium Calcium Carbon Cerium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Columbian!, see Niobium Copper (Cuprum) Symbol. At. Weight. \ Symbol At. Weight Al Sb 27 120 Didymium Erbium Di Er 142 166 As 74-9 Fluorine F 191 Ba 137 Gallium Ga 699 Be (or Gl) 9-1 Germanium Ge 73-3 Bi 207-5 Glucinum, see Beryllium B 10-9 Gold (Aurum) Au 196-7 Br 79-8 Hydrogen H 1 Cd 111-7 Indium In 113-4 Cs 58-7 Iodine I 126-5 Ca 39-9 Iridium Ir 192-5 C 12 Iron (Ferrum) Fe 55-9 Ce 141 Lanthanum La 138 Cl 35'4 Lead (Plumbum) Pb 206-4 Cr 52-5 Lithium Li 7 Co 58-7 Magnesium Mg 24 n Manganese Mn 54-8 Cu 63-2 Mercury (Hydrargyrum) Hg 199-8 INTRODUCTION. Symbol. At. Weight. Symbol. At. Weight. Mo 96 Sodium (Natrium) Na 23 Ni 58-6 Strontium Sr 87-3 Nb 93-7 Sulphur S 32 N 14 Tantalum Ta 182 Os 191 Tellurium Te 125 16 Thallium Tl 203-7 Pd 106-2 Thorium Th 232 P 31 Tin (Stannum) Sn 117-4 Pt 194-3 Titanium Ti 48 K Rh 39 104-1 Tungsten ( Wolframium) Uranium W U 183-6 240 Rb 85-2 Vanadium V 51-1 Ru 103-5 Ytterbium Yt 172-6 Sc 44 Yttrium Y 89 Se 78-9 Zinc Zu 65-1 Si 28 Zirconium Zr 90-4 Ag 107-7 Molybdenum Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Potassium (Kalium) Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Scandium Selenium Silicon Silver (Argentum) For a minute discussion of the many analyses and other points involved in Chemical Min- eralogy, reference is made to the Mineralchemie of Rammelsberg, also to the works of Doelter and Roth, whose titles are given in the Bibliography following. On the views of Tschermak in case of complex species and groups of species, see the Feldspars (p. 325), Scapolites (p. 466), Micas (p. 612), Chlorites (p. 643); for references to the work of Clarke and his memoirs, see pp. 311, 612, 648 et seq. Hunt's recent volumes, noted in the Bibliography, contain his views on the subject of mineral classification, especially as based upon what he calls the coefficient of condensation. Pyrognostics (Pyr.). The Blowpipe Characters, or pyrognostics, include, first, the fusibility, in which the following scale (von Kobell, cf. p. 1034) is employed: 1, Stibuite. 2, Natrolite. 3, Almandite garnet. 4, Green actinolite. 5, Orthoclase. 6, Bronzite. Further, they include the behavior of the mineral as to flame coloration, on charcoal, in the open and closed tubes (tube closed at one end), etc. Here B.B. means before the blowpipe; O.F. is the oxidizing flame or that which tends to give oxygen to the mineral being heated; R.F. is the reducing flame which tends to rob it of oxygen. It is to be noted that the use of the blowpipe is for the most part an easy method of qualitative chemical analysis. With the proper blowpipe characters are given also the degree of solubility, behavior with acids, etc. On blowpipe analysis, see further Brush, Determ. Min. (1875), also the excellent works by Plattner, Cornwall, and others (Bibliography). Alteration (Alt.). Under this head is given brief mention of the changes to which the prominent species are liable, and frequently analyses of the products of alteration. With this is often added a statement as to the species from whose alteration it may result and after which H may accordingly occur as a pseuclomorph. For fuller information on this head the works of Blum and Roth should be consulted. Artificial Compounds (Art.). This head states some of the results as to the formation of chemical compounds occurring as minerals either in the laboratory or by the furnace. This subject which has been largely developed of recent years, especially by the French chemists, is fully discussed in the works of Fouque-Levy, Bourgeois, and Meuuier; also earlier, Fuchs and others (see Bibliography). IV. NOMENCLATURE.* 1. The termination ites or itis (the original of ite) was used, according to system, among the Greeks, and from them among the Romans, in the names of stones, it being one of the regular Greek suffixes. It was added (as ite in these recent times) to the word signifying a quality, con* stituent, use, or locality of the stone. Some of the examples are : Haematites, from the red color of the powder; Chloritis, from thff green color; Steatites, from the greasy feel; Dendritis, from a resemblance to a tree or branch; Alabastritis, for the stone out of which a vase called an alabastron was made; Basanites, from the word for touchstone; Siderites, from the word for iron; Argyritis, from the Greek for silver; Syenitis, from the locality, Syene in Egypt; Memphitis, fora marble from Memphis in Egypt. 2. The only modern kind of name not in vogue in Pliny's time is that after persons. Werner appears to have been the first to introduce personal names into mineralogy. The * Reproduced almost entire, and without much change, from the 5th Edition; the principles stated are followed (but not quite rigidly) in this edition. The fact that Prehnite probably antedated Torbernite (cf. 5th Ed., p. xxix) has been pointed out to the author of the present edition by Prof. A. H. Chester of Rutgers College (Feb. 1892). INTRODUCTION. xli earliest example was probably Prehnite (before called chrysolite), named after Col. Prehu; this name, according to Werner's statement (Bergm. J., 1, 107. 1890), was given in 1783. About the same time he named Torbernite, after Torbern Bergmann, and Witherite after Dr. Withering (ibid., 1, 103, 1790). The exact date of the former name does not appear; the first mention found is that by Karsten in 1793 (by him written Torberite), who states that Werner substituted Chalcolite for it; accepting this it must be at least earlier than 1788 (cf. ibid., 2, 503, 1788). In 1789, Sage protested (J. Phys., 34, p. 446) against the name Prehnite and the use of personal names in general as trivial. In 1790, Estuer, a mineralogist of Vienna, issued a pamphlet against the Werner school, with the title " Freymiithige Gedankeu liber Herrn Inspector Werner's Ver- besserungen in der Mineralogie, " etc. (64 pp. 16mo, 1790), in which he makes light of Werner's labors in the science, and under the head of Prehnite ridiculed this method of creating a paternity, and providing the childless with children to hand down their names to posterity (p. 25). Such names were, however, too easily made, too pleasant, as a general thing, to give and receive, and withal too free from real objection, to be thus stopped off, and they have since become numer- ous, even Vienna contributing her full share toward their multiplication. As a part of the history of mineralogical nomenclature, it may be here added that Werner, when it was proved that his chalcolite was an ore of uranium with but little copper, instead of a true ore of copper, dropped the name entirely, and called the mineral simply Uranglimmer (Uranium mica); and Karsten, in his reply to Abbe Estner (Berlin, 1793, 80pp. 12mo), makes out of the necessary rejection of chalcolite an argument against chemical names, and in favor of names after persons, as the latter could never turn out erroneous in signification. Werner, in an article written in defense of his introduction of this class of names (Bergm. J., 1, 103, 1790), mentions the case of Obsidian (more properly Obsian} as a precedent from Pliny, Obsian being, as Pliny states, the reputed discoverer of the substance in Ethiopia. But this is not strictly an example. For Pliny uses Obsian not as a substantive, but as an adjective; the mineral was not Obsian, but Obsian glass or Obsian stone; vitrum obsianum, lapis obsianus, and obsiana [vitra], occurring in the course of the paragraph. The addition of the termination ite to Obsian would, according to miueralogical method, make a name equivalent to Pliny's lapis obsianus. Names of persons ending in an (as Octavian, Tertullian) were common among the Romans; and this is so far reason for avoiding the termination in names of stones. Some critics question the existence of the reputed Obsius, and reject Pliny's explanation. 3. The ancient origin of this termination ite, its adoption for most of the names in modern mineralogy, its distinctive character and convenient application, make it evidently the true basis for uniformity in the nomenclature of the science. 4. If any other termination in addition is to be used, it should be so only under system; that is, it should be made characteristic of a particular natural group of species, and be invariably employed for the names in that group; and its use should not be a matter of choice or fancy with describers of species. As a matter of fact, several other terminations are in use, but wholly without reference to any such system. The most common of them is ine; but it has not been employed for any particular division of minerals, and it could not now be so restricted; it belongs by adoption and long usage to chemistry, and should be left to that science. 5. In order then that the acquired uniformity may be attained, changes should be made in existing names, when it can be done without great inconvenience. Names like Quartz, Garnet, Gypsum, Realgar, Orpiment, with the names of the metals and gems, which are part of general literature, must remain unaltered. Mica and Feldspar, equally old with Quartz, have become the names of groups of minerals, and are no longer applied to particular species. Fluor was written fluorite last century by Napione. Blende, although one of the number that might be allowed to stand among the exceptions, has already given place with some mineralogists to Sphalerite, a name proposed by Haidinger (because blende was applied also to other species) in 1845, and signifying deception, like Blende. Galena was written Galenite by von Kobell some years since. Orthoclase, Loxoclase, Oligoclase might be rightly lengthened to Orthoclasite, etc. But the termination clase (from the Greek for fracture) is peculiar to names of minerals, and the abbreviated form in use may be allowed to stand for species of the Feldspar group. Many other examples will be found by the reader in the pages of this volume. In the course of the last century, when the science of minerals was taking shape, and progress in chemistry was helping it forward, there was an effort on one side to introduce, under the influence of Linnaeus, the double names of Botany and Zoology; and on the other, under the influence of Cronstedt and Bergmann, names expressive of chemical composition, as far as it was ascertained; and the two methods have their advocates even now. But, at the same time, the necessity of single names was recognized by most of the early mineralogists; and in the spirit of the system which had "made its appearance among the Greeks and Romans out of the genius of the Greek language, they almost uniformly adopted for the new names the termination ite. Thus we have from Werner the names Torberite, Chalcolite, Graphite, Prehnite, Witherite, Boracite, Augite, Pistacite, Finite, Aragonite, Apatite, Leucite, Cyanite (Kyanite); and from other sources in the same century, Zeolite, Actinolite, Tremolite, Coccolite, Arendalite, Baikalite, Melanite, Staurolite, LepidoHte, Cryolite, Chiastolite, Collyrite, Agalmatolite, Sommite, Moroxite, Pharmacolite, Strontianite, Delphiuite, Titanite, Ceylanite, Gadolinite, Rubellite, Salite, Wer- nerite, Scapolite, Mellite, etc. xlii INTRODUCTION. The termination ine was also adopted for a few names, as Tourmaline, Olivine, Mascagnine, Serpentine; and an in Vesuvian; but the great bulk of the names were systematically lermi- nated in ite. With the opening of the present century (in 1801), Hatty came forward with his great work on Crystallography, and in it he brought out a variety of new names that defy all system, having nothing of the system of the earlier science, and no substitute of his own. Forgetting that the unity of law which he had found- in nature should be a feature of scientific language, he gave to his names the following terminations : 'am, in Cymophane; ase, in Euc'lase, Idocrase, Anatase, Dioptase; aste, in Pleonaste; age, in Diallage; ene, in Distheue, Sphene; gene, in Amphigene; ide, in Staurotide; ime, in Analcime; ole, in Amphibole; ome, in Aplome, Harmotome; ose, in Orthose; ote, in Actiuote, Epidote; yre, in Dipyre; ype, in Mesotype. And the true miueralogical termination ite he admitted only in the few following : Axinite, Meionite, Pycuite, Stilbite, Grammatite. Hatty had commanded so great and so general admiration by his brilliant discoveries in crystallography, and by the benefits which he had thus conferred on miueralogical science, that his names with their innovations were for the most part immediately accepted even beyond the limits of France, although a number of them were substitutes for those of other authors. Some of Werner's names were among the rejected; and a break was thus occasioned between German and French mineralogy, which will not be wholly removed until the rule of priority, properly restricted, shall be allowed to have sway. The substitutes among Hatty's names in the 1st Edition of his Crystallography (1801) are the following : Amphibole, for Hornblende of last century and earlier. Orthose, for Feldspar. Pyroxene, for Augite of Werner, and Volcanite of Delametherie. [Delametherie was a con- temporary of Haiiy at Paris, the author in 1792 of an edition of Mongez's Manuel du Minera- logiste (after Bergmanu's Sciagraphia); in 1797, of an ambitious speculative work entitled Theorie, de la Terre, the first two volumes of which consisted of a Treatise on Mineralogy; in 1811, 1812, of Lecons de Miner -alogie, in 2 vols., and for a number of years principal editor of the Journal de Physique. He gave offense to Hatty by some of his early publications. Hatty's mineral Euclase is described in full by Delametherie in the Journal de Physique for 1792 (some years in advance of Hatty's description of it), without crediting the name or anything else to Hatty; but five years later, in his Theorie de la Terre, he inserts the species with full credit to Hatty.] Cymophane, for C?irysoberyl of Werner. Idocrase, for Vesuvian of Werner. Pleonaste, for Ceylanite of Delametherie. Disthene, for Cyanite of Werner. Anatase, for Octahedrite of de Saussure, and Oisanite of Delametherie. Spheue, for Titanite of Klaproth. Nepheliue, for Sommite of Delametherie. Triphane, for Spodumene of d'Andrada. Amphigene, for Leucite of Werner. Actinote, for Actinolite of Kirwan, and Zillerthite of Delametherie. Epidote, for Thallite of Delametherie, Delphinite of de Saussure, and Arendalite of^Karsten. Axiuite, for Yanolite of Delametherie. Harmotome, for Andreolite of Delametherie. Grammatite, for Tremolite of Piui. Staurotide, for Staurolite of Delametherie, and Orenatite of de Saussure. And, later, Paranthine, for Scapolite of d'Andrada, and Rapidolite of Abildgaard. Part of the changes were made with good reason; but others were wholly unnecessary. Hatty was opposed to names from localities, and hence several of the displacements. He objected also to names based on variable characters, and characters not confined to the species. Moreover, as his pupil, Lucas, observes (in giving reasons for rejecting the name Scapolite and substituting Paranthine), " le vice du mot lite, qui s'applique a toutes les pierres, ne pouvoient plus couvenir a cette substance du moment ou elle seroit recounue pour un espece." Hatty's own names are remarkable, in general, for their indefiniteness of signification, which makes them etymological ly nearly as good for one mineral as another, and very bad for almost none; as, for example, Diallage, which is from the Greek for difference; Analcime, from weakness in Greek; Orthose, from straight in Greek; Epidote, from increase in Greek; Anatase, from erection in Greek, interpreted by him as equivalent to length; Idocrase, 'from to see a mixture in Greek, etc. His name Pyroxene, which he defines hote ou etranger dans le domaine du feu, is an unfortunate exception, as often remarked, the mineral being the most common and universal constituent of igneous rocks. Beudant succeeded Hatty, and had the same want of system in his ideas of nomenclature. Find- ing occasion to name various mineral species which till then had only chemical names, he adopted Hatty's method of miscellaneous terminations, but indulged in it with less taste and judgment, and with little knowledge of the rules of etymology. In his work we find the termination ese, in Apherese, Aphanese, Neoctese, Acerdese, Mimetese; ise, in Leberkise, Sperkise, Harkise (only German words Gallicized). Melaconise, Zinconise, Crocoise, Stibiconise, Uraconise; ose, in Argy- rose, Argyrythrose, Psaturose, Aphthalose, Rhodalose, Siderose, Elasmose, Exanthalose, Cyanose, INTRODUCTION. xliii Melinose, Disomose; ase, in Neoptase, Discrase; ime, in Ypoleime; eU, in Exitele; while names ending in ine are greatly multiplied. lii Germany, the tendency has always been to uniformity through the adoption of the termi- nation iie. Kreithaupt has been somewhat lawless, giving the science his Pliniau, Alumian, (Sardinian, Asbolau, etc.; his Castor and Pollux; Glaucodot, Homichlin, Orthoclase, Xauthocou, etc. ; still, far the larger part of his numerous names are rightly terminated. Haidiuger's many names are always right and good. 6. In forming names from the Greek or Latin the termination ite is added to the genitive form after dropping the vowel or vowels of the last syllable, and any following letters. Thus, t/f'AtrS makes juekayuS (melanos) in the genitive, and gives the name melanite. The Greek iauguage is the most approved source of names. 7. In compounding Greek words the same elision of the Greek genitive is made for the first word in the compound, provided the second word begins with a vowel; if not, the letter o is inserted. Thus, from Ttvp, genitive nvpoS (puros), and dpftds (orihos), comes pyrorthite; and from the same and c-fVoS (xenos) comes pyroxene. 8. The liberty is sometimes taken in the case of long compounds to drop a syllable, and when done with judgment it is not objectionable; thus melacanite has been accepted in place of melanoconite. But magnoferrite (as if from the Latin magnus, great, and ferrum, iron), for a compound of magnesia and iron, or calcimangite for one containing lime and manganese, are bad. 9. In the transfer of Greek words into Latin or English, the K (k) becomes c, and the v (u) becomes y. 10. In the formation of the names of minerals, the addition of the termination iti to proper names in modern languages (names of places, persons, etc.), or names of characteristic chemical constituents, is allowable; but making this or any other syllable a suffix to common words in such languages is barbarous. . 11. Names made half of Greek and half of Latin are objectionable; but names that are half of Greek or Latin and half of a modern language are intolerable. 12. Law of Priority. The law of priority has the same claim to recognition in mineralogy as in the other natural sciences. Its purpose is primarily to secure the stability, purity, and perfection of science, and not to insure credit to authors. 13. Limitations of the Law of Priority. The following are cases in which a name having priority may properly be set aside: a. When the name is identical with the accepted name of another mineral of earlier date. b. When it is glaringly false in signification; as when a red mineral is declared in its name to be black; e.g., Melanocliroite (p. 014). c. When it is put forth without a description. d. When published with a description so incorrect that a recognition of the mineral by means of it is impossible; and in consequence, and because also of the rarity of specimens, the same species is described under another name without the describer's knowledge of the mineral bear- ing the former name. When, on the contrary, a badly described but well known old mineral is redescribed correctly, there is no propriety in the new describer changing the old name. e. When the name is based on an uncharacteristic variety of the species, Thus Sagenite was properly set aside for Rutile. /. When the name is based upon a variety so important that the variety is best left to retain its original name; particularly where this and other varieties of the species, introduced originally as separate species, are afterwards shown by investigation to belong to a common species. Thus, the earlier name Augite is properly retained as the name of a variety, and Hauy's later name Pyroxene accepted for the group. g. When a name becomes the designation of a group of species: as Mica, Chlorite. h. When the name is badly formed, or the parts are badly put together: as when the ter- minal s of a Greek word is retained in the derivative: e.g., aphanese from dQavrfi-^ Melaconise from the Greek for black and KOVL^\ Rhodalose from the Greek for rose-colored and aAoS (haios), the genitive of Af, salt. The last word is bad not only in termination but in wanting an h before the a, and strictly an o after the d. Also Siderose ^(spathic iron), Argyrose (silver glance), Chitlcosine (copper glance), from, respectively, aid rjpo^, apyvpo^, ^aA/cds. The ancient Greeks showed us how the derivatives from these words should terminate by writing them Sideritis* Ari/yrilis, Chalcitis. Ignorance or carelessness should not be allowed to give perpetuity to its blunders under any law o? priority. i. When a name is intolerable for the reasons mentioned in 10, 11, as Harkise, from the German Haarkies (hair- pyrites); Kupaphrite, f rom the German Kupferschaum; Bleinierite, from the German Blei-Niere. j. When a name has been lost sight of and has found no one to assert its claim for a period of more than fifty years; especially if the later name adopted for the species has become intimately incorporated with the structure of the science, or with the nomenclature of rocks. Thus, although lhallite and Delphinite antedate Epidote, it is not for the good of Science that Epidote should be thrown aside. But where a name has not this importance, and is unexceptionable, the law of priority may be allowed to have its course. xliv INTRODUCTION. k. Where the adopted system of nomenclature in the science is not conformed to. In accordance with this last principle, the author, believing that the system demands that the names of species should have as far as possible, as above explained, the common termination He, has changed, accordingly, a number of the names in the course of this volume. 14. It has appeared desirable that the names of rocks should have some difference of form from those of minerals. To secure this end, the author has written the final syllable ite of such names with a y; thus Diorite, Eurite, Tonaiite, etc., are written DioryU. Euryte, Tonalyte. They is already in the name Trachyte. The author has allowed Granite and Syenite to remain as they are ordinarily written, since they are familiar names in common as well as in scientific literature. See further, on Nomenclature, the excellent Mineral-Namen of von Kobell. A recent discus- sion of the subject has been given by Dr. H. Hugo A. Francke (Ueber die mineralogische Nomeu- clatur, 124 pp. 8vo. Berlin, 1890). The following paragraphs on the history of the Silicates (from 5th Ed., pp. 204-206) are an important addition to the subject of mineral-nomenclature. Note on the History of the Silicates. In the work of the Swedish mineralogist Wallerius, of 1747, silicates as such are unrecognized, and the only species of those now so called which are described are the gems that passed under the names of emerald, beryl, topaz, hyacinth, chrysolite, garnet ; clays of various kinds and names ; mica, talc, serpentine, amianthus, asbestus, feldspar, and the convenient pocket for various undeter- mined heavy stones, named Corneus the Hornbarg of the Swedish mineralogist, and Roche de Come of his French translator, and which embraced Skiorl (Sdiorl of the Germans) as a prominent part of it. Quartz (Kie- selsten, or Silex) in its many varieties, with opal, made up a large part of the non-metallic division of the science, occupying 30 pages out of 200. Feldspar is placed in the genus Spatum, as Spatum pyrimachum (or scintillating spar) alongside of fluor, Iceland spar, and heavy spar ; and sapphire and the other precious stones are in the group of Gems. All of these species excepting feldspar had special names in Pliny's time; and feldspar is distinctly referred to in Agricola as " Silex ex eo ictu ferri facile ignis elicitur, in cubis aliisque flguris intersectis coristans"(p. 314, 1546). Cronstedfs work of 1758 includes with the preceding the species Zeolite, a recent discovery of his own (1756); but adds no others. He shows, however, his acumen in making his group of Kiesel-Arter (siliceous minerals) to include not only the varieties of quartz, but also feldspar and the gems above enumerated (and his adding to it the diamond is not surprising). Garnet and schorl are left outside, and make the two species of his Graiiat- Arter; Mica (Glimmer-Arter) and Asbestus (Asbest-Arter), with Ler-Arter (clay minerals), are the other inde- pendent groups. Transparent tourmalines from Ceylon were among the gems of the day, having been first introduced into Europe in 1707 or before, but they are not distinctly mentioned by Cronstedt or Wallerius The group of Schorl increased in its varieties for the next twenty -five years, and after that became prolific in species, and much of the history of mineralogy is involved in its various phases. The following observations make, therefore, an introduction to the synonymy of many minerals beyond. The Oorneus, or Hornbarg, of Wallerius included a variety of hard, cheap or worthless stones, rather heavy, mostly of dark colors from black to dull green. The name alludes to a resemblance to horn in the aspect of some of the kind*. To Oorneus solidus belonged the massive, compact, flinty rocks of black and lighter shades; also petrosilex (or Hdlleflinta of the Swedes, which means false flint) of different shades; and massive horn- blende (" granulis cornpactis"), though the name hornblende was, by a mistake of its German use, given by Wallerius to a black zinc-blende alone. His Cornens fissilis embraced lamellar forms of hornblende and pyrox- ene, and some slaty rocks. While Corneus cry stall is atus was his Skiorl, which comprised opaque tourmalines, and other prismatic minerals of black, brown, green, and reddish colors, as hornblende, actinolite, and perhaps pyroxene, and at the head of the list basalt, and basanite or Lydian stone. Cronstedt's Skorl made up his genus Rasaltes, and was nearly synonymous with the Corneus crystallisatiis of Wallerius. Its varieties were better defined; and to massive, lamellar, and columnar hornblende, actinolite and pyroxene and crystallized opaque tourmaline were added; and in an appendix to the species, cruciform staurotide. The name Hornblende is applied only to the massive variety or rock which Cronstedt made a bole, and called Bolus induratis particulis squamosis ; it probably covered other similar stones. J. Hill in his work on Fossils, published in London, and according to the title-page in 1771 (though de Lisle says it was not issued until 1772), says of the " Shirls," that " as to size we see them from that of barley corn up to the Giant's Causeway," and the columns of the latter he calls "Irish Shirl," or "Basaltes Hibernicus." The group contains also made or chiostolite from Andalusia, besides tourmaline, etc. In the editions of Wallerius of 1772 and 1778 there is a little advance beyond the first as regards the number and classification of the species. Cronstedt is followed in the position of feldspar, and in the name " Basaltes M for the schorls; and Corneus is restricted to massive, fibrous, and coarse columnar stones, among which stands "hornblende " as Corneus spathosns, and " trapp " as Corneus trapezius. At this period de Lisle brought crystallography to bear on the subject. But while making known new distinctions, he did not appreciate their full value, or the precision required for thorough work. As a con- sequence, the group of Schorls (or Schorls, as he writes the word in his later treatise of 1783) reached its greatest extension, although in a partly divided state. He early pronounced basaltic columns no crystals, and dropped off this excrescence. He showed in 1772 that the gem tourmaline, his Transparent rhomboidal schorl, vas identical in form with the common black schorl. But stfll he made the latter a distinct species, his Opaque rhomboidal schorl, and included in it, along with black or opaque tourmaline, crystals of hornblende, jiugite, octahedrite from. Oisans, rutile (needles in quartz), and, as a white variety, thin twins of albite. whose relation to feldspar he did not perceive; and even hexagonal nephelite from Vesuvius has a passing remark under this head. Axinite, then a novelty from Dauphiny, was made a short lenticular variety of Transparent rhom- boidal schorl, or tourmaline, its rhomboidal planes proving to his eye the relationship. The massive mineral called Hornblende, or Roche de Come, referred by Cronstedt to Sole, he annexes to Schorl as a massive or semi- crystallized kind, but makes it a separate species. Schorl argileux, although apparently appreciating that it was little entitled to the distinction. Schorl crnciforme was his last species in the group, and to it were referred both andalusite and staurolite the latter his Pierre de croix, with the prismatic angle of 130 by his measure- ment; and the former, Made basaltique. with an angle of 95. The garnets and schorls were placed in a com- mon division, as done by Cronstedt, and garnet was made the first species, with tourmaline the second and ''cruciform schorl" the fifth. Garnet included the "white garnet." as it was called, of Vesuvius (leucite), first observed by Ferber in 1772. Besides these Silicates, de Lisle's work has its several groups of Gems, Feldspar, Argillaceous Minerals (embracing mica, asbestus, talc, serpentine), Zeolite, and Quartz. Labradorite, from Labrador (first brought to Europe about 1770), stands as a variety of feldspar, to which it had been referred by Werner; idocrase, of which many figures are given by him (first described and figured by Cappeler in 1722), meionite (hyacintes blanches), from Somma, and harmotome from Andreasberg (his hyacinte blanche cruet- forme, made calcareous spar by v. Born in 1775, who first mentions and figures it, but a hyacinth-like siliceous species by Bergmann in 1780), are placed with zircon as kinds of hyacinth. After de Lisle, as chemistry and crystallography made progress, the disintegration of the great Schorl group went rapidly forward, until the only thing left to it was common tourmaline; and now the name, once so INTRCD UCTION. xlv Important, has become a mere mineralogical relic. In Werner's system of 1789, as published by Hoffmann |Bergm. J., 1, 369, 1789), Schorl includes only the species Tourmaline as it now stands. The Kieselarten, on Siliceous species (commencing with the diamond still;, comprised the different gems; among which stands L'hrysoberyl (the modern), and, as distinct species, axinite, prehniie, hornblende of various kinds, with feldspar, mica, chlorite, the clays, etc. ; while under Talkurten, or Magnesian species, there are kyanite, actinolite, with asbestus, talc, serpentine, nephrite, etc. Silica was first proved to be a chemical constituent of many mineral species by Bergmann; and in his Opus- cula (1780) and his Sciagraphia Regni Mineralis (1782!) he distinguishes, after analyses by himself (made by fusion with potash, a method of his own), the following minerals as siliceous compounds of alumina, with or without liine or magnesia, namely, topaz, emerald, garnet, schorl (black tourmaline), hornblende, mica, zeolite from Iceland, feldspar, and the clays; and as essentially magnesian silicates, containing lime and a little iron, and little or no alumina, actinolite, asbestus (mountain cork and mountain leather), amianthus, steatite. These were the investigations that commenced the disbanding of the schorls, and before Werner's system of 1789 was published, many other analyses, more or less imperfect, had already been made by Wiegleb, Klaproth, Achard, Heyer, Mayer, Hopfner, Pelletier, and other chemists of the day. The word Schorl of the Germans has been supposed to be derived from the name of a locality of the mineral, Schorlau (meaning Schorl-village) in Germany. But Prof. Naumann said (in a letter to J. D. Dana, 1867) that it is more likely that the name is a miner's term of unknown origin, and that the village got its name from the occurrence there of the schorl. Some German mineralogists have pronounced it of Swedish origin, and as first used by Cronstedt. But it occurs in Briickmamf s Magnalia Dei, published at Braunschweig in 1727, on page 175, where it is spelt schirl. It exists also still earlier, as the author has found, in Ercker's Aula Subterranea, first published in 1595, shurl and wolfram being spoken of as among the rejected material in auriferous wash- ings: and again in the yet older work of Gesner, De Rerum Foss, etc., 1565, p. 87, where schurl (misspelt? schrul) is given as the German for " Lapilli nigri steriles" of a tin vein, which, " quando cum lapillis plumbi candidi [or tin] coquuntur plumbum consumunt," etc. ; again, in Matthesius's Sarepta, 1562, in the 9th " Predigt," where " Schurl " is quite fully described, and also in the next paragraph, " Wolffrumb. 1 ' The name Schorl (or Schurl) M - - - meaning impurities, or refuse. V. BIBLIOGRAPHY. The following catalogue contains the titles of the independent works and of most of the periodicals which are referred to in the following pages, with their abbreviated forms. Some titles also are added of works consulted but not referred to. Titles of Inaugural Dissertations (chiefly German) are not specially mentioned in the Bibli- ography, though in most cases the originals have been in the hands of the author. For the benefit of those who have not access to these and to the rarer portion of recent periodical literature in general, it may be noted that full abstracts are usually to be found in the Jahrbuch fur Min- eralogie (Jb. Min.) and particularly (since 1877) in Groth's Zeitschrift (Zs. Kr.); further, abstracts of chemical papers are generally given in the Jahresbericht fur Chemie (JB. Ch.). also in the Journal of the Chemical Society (J. Ch. Soc.) and elsewhere. Many more titles could have been introduced of scientific periodicals, particularly of Scientific Societies, but it would only greatly overburden an already long list if they were all included. The explanation of the general system of abbreviations adopted is so full that references will be intelligible even when the periodical in question is not included in the list. In this connection, attention may be called to the excellent Catalogues of scientific periodicals prepared by Scudder* (1879) and by Bolton f (1885). In the references, the number of the volume is uniformly printed in heavy-faced type (9), In the case of periodicals, the number of the series (in the last edition denoted by Roman numerals, I, II, III, etc.) is omitted for the sake of brevity, as not essential, since the date is always given. In general it may be mentioned that the addition of the date to a reference much increases its value. The number of the section, e.g. of an Academy, to which the publi- cation belongs is indicated by a number in parentheses following the volume, as Ber. Ak Wien 50 (1), etc. The statement made in the Preface is repeated here, that authors quoted have been actually consulted in the original; in a few cases when the original source was not accessible, this is given in brackets, [ ], while the authority used follows. The abbreviations of the more important words in the abbreviated titles are given after the Bibliography (p. Ixi et seq.), with also the abbreviations of the names of the States in the United States ; and finally the abbreviations of proper names. 1. PERIODICALS NOT ISSUED BY SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Afh., or Afhandl. Afhandliugar i Fisik, Kemi och Mineralogie, etc., utgifne af Hisinger & Berzelius. Vol. 1, 1806; 2, '07; 3, '10; 4, '15; 5, 6, 18. Am. Ch. J. American Chemical Journal. Edited by Ira Remsen, Baltimore (Johns Hopkins University). Begun in 1879. One volume annually in 6 numbers. Vol.1, 1879: 12, 1891. Index, vols. 1-10, 1890. * Scientific Serials of all Countries, including the Transactions of Learned Societies, in the Natural, Physical, and Mathematical Sciences, 1633-1876. By Samuel H. Scudder. Cambridge, iO i t7. f A Catalogue of Scientific and Technical Periodicals, 1665-1882, by H. Carrington Bolton. Washington, 1885 (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Contributions, 514). xlvi INTRODUCTION. Am. J. Sc. American Journal of Science. 1st series of 50 volumes, 8vo; conducted by B. Silliman, 1818-1839; with B. Sillinian, Jr., from 1840. Four numbers to vol. 1, and two to subsequent vols. Vol. 1,, No. 1, Aug., 1818; No. 2, Jan., 19; No. 3, Mar., 19; No. 4> June, 18; vol. 2, Ap., Nov., '20; 3, Feb., May, '21; 4, Oct., Feb., '21, '22; 5, June, Sept., '22; 6, Jan., May, '23; 7, Nov., Feb., '23, '24; 8, May, Aug., '24; 9, Feb., June, '25; 10, Oct., Feb., '25, '26; 11, June, Oct., '26; 12, 13, Mar., June, Sept., Dec., '27; afterward regularly on the first of April, July, Oct., Jan.; vols. 14, 15, in '28, '28-'29; 24, 25, in '33, '33-'34; 34, 35, in '38, '38-'39; then regularly, Jan., May, July, Oct., 36, 37, in '39; 38, 39, in '40; 48, 49, in '50; 50, Index volume. 2d ser., by the same and James D. Dana, until 1865, after which, by B. Silliman and James D. Dana; from 1851, aided by A. Gray and W. Gibbs, and later by other co-editors. 2 vols. ann.; 1, 2, 1846; 11, 12, '51; 21, 22, '56; 31, 32, '61; 41, 42, '66; whence, 49, 50, 1870. An index to each 10 vols. in vol. 10, 20, 30, etc. 3d ser. from 1871 in monthly numbers, by James D. Dana and B. Silliman until 1875; then by the same and E. S. Dana, and from 1885 by James D. and E. S. Dana. Vol. 1, 2, '71; 11, 12, '76; 21, 22, '81; 31, 32, '86; 41, 42, '91. An index to each 10 volumes issued (sometimes separately) with vol. 10, 20, 30, etc. The title was "American Journal of Science and Arts" until 1880. Amer. Geol. The American Geologist. 8vo, Minneapolis. Vol. 1, 2, '88; 7, 8, '91. Amer, Nat. The American Naturalist. 1 vol. annually. 8vo, Salem, and later Philadelphia. Vol. 1, '68; 25, '91. Ann. Ch. Annales de Chimie. 8vo, Paris, vols. 1-3, 1789; 4-7, '90; 8-11, '91; 12-15, '92; 16-18, '93; 19-24, '97; 25-27, '98; 28-31, '99; then regularly 4 v. an n. ; 32-35,1800; 52-55; '05; 72-75, 10 ; 92-95, 96, 15. Index to vols. 31 to 60 inclusive. Continued in the Ann. Ch. Phys. (q.v.). Ann. Ch. Pharm. See Lieb. Ann. Ann. Ch. Phys. Aunales de Chemie et de Physique; at first by Gay Lussac et Arago. 8vo, Paris; 3 vols. ami.; 1-3, 1816; 16-18, '21*; 31-33, '26; 46-48, '31; 61-63, '36; 73-75, '40. Vols. 67^75 made 2d ser., and numbered 1-9. 3d ser., 1-3, '41; 16-18, '46; 31-33, '51; 46-48, '56; 61-63, '61; 67-69, '63. 4th ser., 1-3, 1864; 16-18, '69; 28-30, '73. 5th ser., 1-2, '74; 22-24, '81; 28-30, '83. 6th ser., 1-3, '84; 22-24, '91. Index 1st ser. to vols. 1-30; 31-60; 61-90. To 2d ser., 1-30; 31-75. To 3d ser., 1-30; 31-69. 4th ser. ? 1-30. 5th ser., 1-30. Ann. Mines. Annales des Mines. 8vo, Paris. Begun in 1816 as sequel to Journal des Mines; 1 vol. a year until 1825, and subsequently 2 vols. a year. Vol. 1, 1816; 6, '21; 10, 11, '25; 12, 13, '26. 2d ser., 1, 2, '27; 8, last. 3d ser., 1, 2, '32; 19, 20, '41. 4th ser., 1, 2, '42; 19, 20, '51. 5th ser., 1, 2, '52; 19. 20, '61. 6th ser., 1, 2, '62; 19, 20, '71. 7th ser., 1, 2, '72; 19, 20, '81. 8th ser., 1, 2, '82; 19, 20, '91. Indexes to the different series. Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Anuales clu Museum d'histoire naturelle.par les Professeurs de cet etablissement, MM. Hatty, Fourcroy, Vauquelin, Desfoutaines, A. L. de Jussieu, Geoffroy, Lacepede, etc. 4to, Paris; vols. 1-20, 2 a year, 1803-1815. Ann. Phil. Annals of Philosophy. 2 vols. aim., 8vo, London. 1st ser. by Thos. Thomson; vols. 1. 2, 1813; 11, 12, 18; 15, 16, '20. 2d ser., vols. 1, 2, 1821; 11, 12, '26. Then merged in Phil. Mag. (q.v.). Arch. Math. Nat. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, 8vo, Kristiania. Begun in 1876. Arch. Sc. phys. nat. See Bibl. Univ. B. H. Ztg. Berg-undhttttenrminnischeZeitung. 4to, Leipzig, 1 vol. ann. Begun by Hartmann, and sometimes called Hartmaun's Zeituug. Vol. 1, 1842; 4, '45; 9, '50; 14, '55; 19, '60; 24, '65; 29, '70, etc. Baumg. Zs. Zeitschrift f. Physik und Mathematik; edited by Baumgartner and Ettingshausen. 10 vols., 8vo, 1826-1832, Vienna. Bergm. J. Bergmanuisches Journal; ed. by A. W. Kohler. 12mo, Freyberg, Sax. 1, 2, 1788; 1, 2, '89; so to '92; 1, 2, '93, by Kohler and Hoffmann. Afterward, Neues Bergm. J., of K. & H.; 1, 1795; 2, '98; 3, 1802; 4, 16. Contains papers by Werner, Hoffmann, Klaproth, and much on mineralogy. Berz. JB. See JB. Ch. Bibl. Univ. Bibliotheque Universelle de Geneve. Begun in 1816. In 1846, 4th series of 36 vols. commenced, and the scientific part of the Review takes the title, Archives des Sciences physiques et naturelles. 5th series commenced in 1858. Vols. 1-3, '58; 31-33, '68; 61-64, '78. New ser., 1, 2, '79; 15, 16, '86. Bruce Am. Min. J. The American Mineralogical Journal; conducted by Archibald Bruce, M.D. Only 1 vol., 8vo. Begun Jan., 1810; No. 1, 62 pp., 1810, and 2, to p. 126, 10; 3, to p. 190. 11; 4, to end, p. 270, 13. Can. Nat. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist. 8vo, Montreal. Vol. 1, 1856; 5, '61; 8, '63; 2d ser., vol. 1, '64; 2, '65; 3, '66; 10, '81-'83, etc. Can. J. Canadian Journal of Industry, Science, and Art. Toronto, Canada. 2d ser., vol. 1> 18r>6; 5, '60; 10, '65; 11, '66, '67; 15,. '76-78. Ch. Gaz. Chemical Gazette, by W. Francis. 8vo, London. 1 vol, ann. after vol. 1, of 1842 17, '59. Ch. News. Chemical News; edited by W. Crookes. Sm. 4to, London. 2 v. aun. ; vols. 1, 2, 1860; 11, 12, '65; 21, 22, '70; 41, 42, '80; 61, 62, '90. INTRODUCTION. xlvii Crell's Ann. Chemische Annalen; by L. Crell. 40 vols., 12mo, Helmstadt u. Leipzig. Vols. numbered 1, 2, for each year, from 1784 to 1803 inclusive. Dingier J. Polytechnisches Journal; by J. G. & E. M. Dingier. 3 vols. ann.*, 8vo, Augsburg. Begun iu 1820; vol. 187, in 1868, etc. Dublin Q- J. Sc. Dublin Quarterly Journal of Science; edited by Rev. S. Haughton. 6 vols. 8vo, 1861-'66, Dublin. Ed. J. Sc. Edinburgh Journal of Science; edited by D. Brewster (often called Brewster's J.). 8vo, Edinburgh, 2 vols. ann. 1st ser., vol. 1, 1824; 2, 3. '25; 6, 7, '27; 10, '29. 2d ser., vol. 1, 1829; 2, 3, '30; 4, 5, '31; 6, '32. Merged iu Phil. Mag. Ed. Phil. J. Edinburgh Philosophical Journal; edited by Brewster and Jameson. 8vo, 2 vols. anu.; vol. 1, 1819; 2, 3, '20; 6, 7, '22; 10, '24; edited by Jameson alone, 11, 1824; 12, 13, '25; 14, '26. Becomes Ed. N. Phil. J. (q.v.). Ed. N. Phil. J. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal; edited by Prof. Jameson (often called Jameson's Journal. 8vo, 2 vols. ann. 1st ser., vol. 1, 1826; 2, 3, '27; 12, 13, '32; 22, 23, '37; 32, 33, '42; 42, 43, '47; 52, 53, '52; 56, 57, '54. 2d ser., vols. 1, 2, 1855; 11, 12, '60; 19, 20, '64. Here end^. Eng. Mng. J. Engineering and Mining Journal. 4to, published weekly. New York. Begun in 1866. Vols. 51, 52, 1891. Before 1872, Am. Journal of Mining, Milling, etc. Erman's Arch. Archiv fiir wissenschaftliche Russlaud. Begun in 1841; 1 vol. ann. Vol. 1, 1841; 11, '51; 21, '61, etc, Gehlen's J. Neues allg. Journal der Chemie; by A. F. Gehlen. 6 vols., Berlin; 1, 1808; 2, 3, '04; 6, '06. 2d ser., under the title Journal fur die Chemie und Physik uud Miueralogie, 9 vols., Berlin: 1, 2, 1806; 5, 6, '08; 9, '10. Afterward, Schweigger's Journal (q.v.) began at Nuremberg. Geol. Mag. The Geological Magazine, or Monthly Journal of Geology. In monthly numbers. London. Begun in 1864; vol. 10, 1873; Decade II, vol. 1, '74; 10, '83. Decade III, vol. 1^84; 8, 91. Preceded by The Geologist. 1858-63. Gilb. Ann. Annalen der Physik; conducted by L W. Gilbert. 8vo, Leipzig, 30 vols. ; 1st series, 1799-1808; then 30 vols., 2d.ser.. 1809-'18; then Annalen d. Pbys. und der Phy- sikalischeu Chemie, 16 vols., 3d ser., 1819-'3. The vols. of the several series usually counted consecutively; 1, 2, 1799; afterward 3 vols. a year, 3-6, 1800; 13-15, '03; 28-30, '08; 43-5, '13: 58-60, 18; 73-5, '23; 76, '24. Afterward continued as Poggeudorff's Annalen, see Pogg. Giorn. Min. Giornale di Mineralogia, Cristallografia e Petrografia, diretto dal Dr. F. Sansoni. Milan. Begun in 1890; vol. 2, 1891. Groth's Zeitschr/ See Zs. Kr. Haid., Nat. Abh. Wien. Naturwissenschaftliche Abhandrungen, von Haidinger. 4to. Vols 1-4, 1847-'51. J. Mines, or J. d. M. Journal des Mines. 8vo, Paris. In monthly nos. 2 v. ami.; 1, 2, 1797; 11, 12, 1802; 21, 22, '07; 31, 32, 12: 37, 38, 15. Continued in Annales des Mines (q v.). f J. de Phys., or J. Phys. Journal de Physique. 4to, Paris, 2 vols. aim. Edited by Abbe Rozier (and hence called Rozier's J.), for vols. 1-43 (for a time with also Mougez, Jr.); by Delarnetherie for vols. 44-84; and afterward by Blaiuville. Two introductory vols., 1771, 1772: vols. 1, 2, 1773; 11, 12, 78; 22, 23, '83; 32, 33, '88; 42, 43, '93; 44, 45, '94 (French Revolution); 46, 47, '98; 56, 57, 1803; 66, 67, '06; 76, 77, 13; 86, 87, 18; 94, 95, '22; 96, 1823. J. Phys. Journal de Physique. Paris. Begun in 1872. One vol. annually. Vol. 1, 1872; 10, 1881. 2d ser., vol. 1, 1882; 10, 1891. Distinguished from the preceding by the date. J. pr. Ch. Journal fiir praktische Chemie. 8vo, Leipzig, 3 vols. ann. Preceded by J. f. pr. und okonomische Chemie, 18 vols. 8vo, 3 vols ann., begun in 1828. Begun in 1834; first edited byErdmann&Schweigger-Seidel (see Schweigger J.); from 1838 by E. &Marchand; from 1852, by E. & Werther. Vols. 1-3, 1834; 19-21, '40; 34-36, '45; 49-51, '50; 64-66, '55; 79-81, '60; 94-96, '65; 109-111, '70. 2d ser. begun in 1870, vol. 1, 2, '70; 3, 4, '71; 23, 24, o '81; 43, 44, '91. Arsb. \ Arsberattelser om framstegen i Kemi och Mineralogi, af Jac. Berzelius. In Jahresb. \ German, Jahresbericht ilber die Fortschritte der Chemie und Mineralogie. 8vo; JB. Ch. } usually designated by the year. Commenced with 1821. Vol.1, 1821; 11, '31; 21, '41; 30, 1850; the last three vols. by Svanberg. Continued in the Giessen Jahres- bericht, issued by Liebig & Kopp, from 1847 to '56; by F. Zamminer, '57; Kopp & Will, '58; and Will alone from '63 on. The first vol. covers the years 1847, '48. Jlx Min. Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologic, und Petrefaktenkunde; edited by K. C. v. Leonhard & H. G. Bronn. 8vo, Heidelberg, 1 vol. ann. 1830-32, 4 Nos. a year; after '32, 6 Nos., and called Neues Jahrbuch, etc. Since 1880 two volumes of three numbers each annually, the abstracts (Ref.) with independent paging. Also Beilage Band (Beil. or Beil.-Bd.), 1, 1881, 7, 1890-91. Index (Alls;. Repertorium), 1850-59, 1860-'69, 1870-79, 1880-'89. 1880-'84, and Beil.-Bd. 1, 2 (1885); 1885-89, and Beil.-Bd. 3-6 (1891). Karst. Arch Min. Archiv fur Mineralogie, Geognosie, Bergbau und Hilttenkunde. 26 vols, 8vo, 1829-1855, Berlin. Edited for vols. 1-10 by C. J. B. Karsten ; later by Karsten & v. Dechen. xlviii INTRODUCTION. Kastn. Arch. Nat. Archiv fur die gesammte Naturlehre ; edited by K. W. G. Kastner. 8vo Niirnberg. 27 vols., 3 vols. aim., 1824-'35. Hell. & Tiedm. Nordamerikanischer Mouatsbericht fiir Natnr- und Heilkunde ; edited by Dr. W. Keller & Dr. H. Tiedeinann. 4 vols., 8vo, Philadelphia. Vol. 1, 1850 ; 2, 3, '51 ; 4, '52. Lempe's Mag. Magazin fiir die Bergbaukunde, by J. F. Lempe. 8vo, Dresden. Vol. 1, 1785' 2, 3, '86; 4, '87; then 1 vol. ann. till 11, '94; 12, '98; 13, '99. Lieb. Ann. Annaleu der Ohemie und Pharmacie; by Wohler and Liebig; from vol. 77, by Wohler, Liebig. and Kopp, and called new series. 8vo, Leipzig and Heidelberg, 4 vols (and later 4 to 6 or 7) aun. Vols. 1-4, 1832; 13-16, '35; 33-36, '40; 53-56, 45; 73-76, '50; 93-96, '55; 113-116, '60; 133-136, '65; 153-156, '70; 191-194, '78; 195-200, '79; 255-260, '90. Supplementband, 1, 1861; 2, '62, '63; 3, '64; 4. '65, '66; 7, '70; 8, '72. With vol. 173 the title was changed to Liebig's Annalen der Chemie and the reference to the new series was dropped. Index to vols. 1-100, '61; 101-116, '61; 117-164, '74. L'lnstitut. L'Institut. a weekly journal in small fol., Paris, 1 vol. ann.; begun in 1832. Mag. Nat. Helvet. Magazin fiir die Naturkunde Helvetieus; herausg. A. Hopfner, Zurich. Begun in 1787. Min. Mag. See p. 1. Min. Mitth. Mineralogische Mittheilungen gesammelt von G. Tschermak. Begun in 1871 as Beilage zum Jahrbuche der k. k. geol. Reich sanst alt, Since 1878 published separately (in smaller form) as Mineralogische und Petrographische Mittheilungen. Vol. 1, 1878; 11, 1890. Index, vols. 1-10, 1890. Edited since 1889 by F. Becke. Moll's Efem. Efemeriden der Berg- uud Hutteukunde; edited by C. E. von Moll. 5 vols.; 1, 1805, at Muucheu; afterward at Niiruberg, 2, '06; 3, '07; 4, '08; 5, '09. Preceded by v. Moll's Jahrb. f. B. H., Salzburg,. 5 vols., 1797-1801; and Anualen id., Salzburg, 3 vols., 1802-'04. Naturaleza. La Naturaleza, Periodico cientifico, Mexico. Begun in 1869; vol. 7, '84-'87. 2d ser., vol. 1, '87-'91. Nature. A weekly illustrated Journal of Science. London. Commenced in Nov. 1869, in weekly numbers. Vol. 1, Nov. '69-April '70; 2, May-Nov. '70; 10, May-Oct. '74; 20, May-Oct. '79; 30, May-Oct. '84; 40, May-Oct. '89; 44, May-Oct. '91. Nicholson's J. Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts; by Wm. Nicholson. London, 1st ser., 5 vols., 4to, vol. 1, 1797; 5, 1801. 2d ser., 36 vols. 8vo, vol. 1, 1802; 36, 1813. Nuovo Cimento. II nuovo Cimento; giornale di Fisica, di Chimica, etc. Vol. 1-2, 1855-'56. 2d ser., vol. 1, 1869. Nyt. Mag. See p. 1. Phil. Mag. Philosophical Magazine. 8vo, London. 1st ser. by Tilloch, 2 or 3 vols. a year; 1, 2, 1798; 3-5, '99; 6-8, 1800; 21-23, '05; 30-32, '08; 33, 34, '09 (thence 2 v. ann.); 35, 36, 10; 45, 46, '15; 55, 56, '20; 65, 66, '25; 67, 68, '26. 2d ser., or Philosophical Magazine and Annals of Philosophy, 2 v. ann.; 1, 2, 1827; 11, '32. 3d ser,, London & Edinburgh Phil. Mag.; 1, 1832; 2, 3, '33; 12, 13, '38; 22, 23, '43; 32, 33, '48; 36, 37, '50. 4th ser., L., E. & Dublin Phil. Mag., 1, 2, 1851; 11, 12, '56; 21, 22, '61; 31, 32, '66; 49, 50, '75. 5th ser. with 1876, 1, 2, '76; 11, 12, '81; 21, 22, '86; 31, 32, '91. Pogg. or Pogg. Ann. Annalen der Physik und Chemie; edited by J. C. Poggendorff. 8vo, Leipzig, 3 vols. ann. Preceded by Gilbert's Annalen (q.v.). Vols. 1, 2, 1824; 3-5, '25; 11, Index vol.; 18-20, '30; 27-29, '33; 30, Index vol.; 31-33, '34; 34-36, '35; 49-51, '40; 63-66, '45; 79-81, '50; 94-96, '55; 109-111, '60; 124-126, '65; 139-141, '70; 157-159, '76; last vol., 160, 11. Also Erganzungsbd (Erg.), 1, 2, '48; 3, '53; 4, '54; 5, '71; 6, 7, '76; 8, '78; and Jubelband, 1874. General Index (Sachregister) to the whole series, 1824-1877, issued in 1888. Edited since 1877 by G. Wiedemann and called Wiedemanu's Annalen; see Wied. Ann. Q. J. Sc. Brandes' Quarterly Journal of Science. 8vo, 2 vols. ann. after 1819. Published by the Royal Institution. Vol. 1, 1816; 2, 3, 17, 17-18; 4, 5, 18; 6, 7, 8, 19; 9, 10, '20; 19, 20, '25; 27, 28, '29. Rec. Gen. Sc. Records of General Science; by Thog. Thomson. 4 vols., 8vo, Edinburgh. Vols. 1, 2, 1835; 3, 4, '36. Revista Minera. Revista Minera, Periodico cientifico e industrial redactado por una Sociedad de Ingenieros. 2 vols., 8vo, Madrid. Vol. 1, 1850; 2, '51. Riv. Min. Rivista di Mineralogia e Cristallografia Italiana diretta da R. Panebianco. Padua. Begun in 1887. Vol. 1, 1887; 8, 9, 1891. Scherer's J. Allgemeines Journal der Chemie; conducted by A. N. Scherer. 10 vols., Leipzig und Berlin; 1, 1798; 2, 3, 1799; 6, 7, 1801; 10, '03. Continued as Gehlen's Journal (q.v.). Schw. J. or Schweigg. J. Journal fiir Chemie und Physik; conducted by J. S. C. Schweigger. Niirnberg, 8vo. Also under the title Jabrbuch der Chemie und Physik. 3 vols. a year; 1-3, 1811; 16-18, 16; 28-30, '20; afterward issued by Schweigger & Meinecke; then by J, INTRODUCTION. S. C. Schweigger & Fr. W. Schweigger-Seidel ; then by Fr. W. Schweigger-Seidel; 31- 33, 1821; 46-48, '26; 61-63, '31; 67-69, '33. The next year began the J. pr. Ch. (q.v.), by Erdmann & Schweigger-Seidel. Science. An illustrated Journal published weekly. Begun Feb. 1883, Cambridge, Mass. Vol. 1, Feb.-June '83; 6, July-Dec. '85, New York. Tasch. Min. Tascheubuch fiir die gesammte Mineralogie, von C. C. Leonhard. 18 vols., 12mo, Fraukfurt a. M., 1 vol. ann. Vol. 1, 1807; 4, '10, 9, '15; 14, '20; 18, '24. Tschermak's Mitth. See Min. Mitth. Wied. Ann. Annalen der Pbysik und Chemie herausgegeben von G. Wiedemann, successor to Poggendorif, Aunalen (see Pogg. Ann.), begun in 1877; 3 vols. ann. Vol. 1, 2, '77; 3-5, '78; 24-26, '85; 42-44, '91. Also, connected with this, Beiblatter zu den Annalen der Physik und Chemie, begun in 1877, 1 vol. ann. Vol. 1, '77; 9, '85; 15, '91. Zs. Kr. Zeitschrift fur Krystallographie und Mineralogie, herausgegeben von Paul Groth, Leipzig. Begun in 1877; vol. 19 closed in 1891. Index *o vols. 1-10, 1886 (Repertorium der mineral, u. kryst. Literatur, 1877-1885). 2. TRANSACTIONS, ETC., OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Abh. Ak. Berlin. Abhandlungeu der koniglichen preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 4to, Berlin. Vol. 1 (for 1804-1811) issued in 1815. Abhandl. Senck. Ges. Frankfurt. Abhandlungeu von d. Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Frankfurt. Begun in 1854. Vol. 7 in 1868; 16, '90. Act. Soc. Fenn. Acta Societatis scientiarum Fennicae. Helsingfors, Finland. Begun in 1842; 2-10, '47-75. Ak. H. Stockholm. K. Vet.-Akademiens Handlingar, Stockholm. Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang. See Ofv. Ak. Stockh. Amer. Assoc. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. 8vo. Vol. 1, meeting at Philadelphia in 1848; 2, at Cambridge in '49; 3, at Charleston in '50; 4, at N. Haven, '50; 5, at Cincinnati, '51, 6, at Albany, '52; 7, at Cleveland, '53; 8, at Washington, '54; 9, at Providence, '55; 10, at Albany, '56; 11, at Montreal, '57; 12, at Baltimore, '58; 13, at Springfield, '59; 14, at Newport, '60; 15, at Buffalo, '66; 16, at Burlington, '67; and annually since then, 40, at Washington, '91. Ann. Lye. N. Hist. N. Y. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. Begun in 1824. Followed by the Annals of the New York Academy of Science. Vol. 1, 1879; 2, '82; etc. Ann. Mus. Wien. Annalen des K. K. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, redigirt von Dr. Franz Ritter von Hauer, Vienna. Begun in 1886, one vol. annually; vol. 6, 1891. Ann. Soc. G. Belg. Annales de la Societe geologique de Belgique. Vol. 1, '74-'75; 16, '89. Anzeig. Ak. Wien. Anzeiger der K. K. Akad. d. WiSsejischaften. 8vo, Vienna. Begun in 1864. 1 vol. ann. Att. Ace. Line. Atti della R. Accademia dei Lincei. Memoires, 3d ser., vol. 1, 1876-77; vol. 19, 1884. 4th ser., vol. 1, 1884-85. Transiunti, 3d ser., vol. 1, 1876-77; 8, '83. Followed by ser. 4, Rendiconti, vol. 1, 1884-85; vol. 7, '91. Att. Ace. Torino. Atti della Reale Accademia delle Scienze. Turin, vol. 1, 1866; 26, '90-'91. Att. 1st. Veneto. Atti delle Adunanze dell' R. Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. Begun in 1840-41; 2d ser., 1850; 3d ser., 1855-56; 4th ser., 1871-72; 5th ser., 1874-75- 6th ser., 1882-83. Att. Soc. Tosc. Atti della Societa Toscaua di Scienze Naturali Pisa. Begun in 1875. Ber. Ak. Berlin. Mouatsberichte der. K. preuss. Akad. der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 8vo Begun in 1836. Ber. Ak. Munchen. Sitzungsberichte der K. bayerischen Akad. der Wiss. zu Munchen (Munich). 8vo. Begun in I860. Since 1871 the volumes " der mathematisch-physika- lischen Classe " numbered consecutively. Vol. 1, 1871; 10, '80; 20, '90. Eer. Ak. Wien. Sitzungsberichte der K. Akad. der Wiss., Wien (Vienna). Commenced in 1848, 8vo. Vol. 1, '48; 10, 11, '53; 12-14, '54; 15-18, '55; 39-42, '60. From '61 in two sections, 2 vols. each; 51, 52, '65; 61, 62, '70. From '72 in three sections, and '88, 4 sections. Vols. 98, 99, '90. General Index to vols. 1-10, 11-50, 51-60, 61-64, 65-75, 76-80, 81-85, 86-90, 91-96. Ber. aus Ungarn. Mathematische und Naturwissenschaftliche Berichte aus Ungarn. Begun in 1882. Vol. 1, Oct. '82 to June '83. There is also a publication called " Literarische Berichte aus Ungarn." Ber. Oh. Ges. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, Berlin. Begun in 1868, vol. 1, '68; 5, '72; 24, '90. General Index 1868-77. Ber. nied. Ges. Sitzungsberichte der niederrheinischen Gesellschaft in Bonn. Issued in the same volume with Vh. Ver. Rheinl. (q.v.). Ber. Sachs. Ges. Leipzig. Berichte der K. Sachs. Gesellschaft der Wiss., Leipzig. Boll. Com. G. R. Comitato Geologico d' Italia, Bolletino. Commenced in 1869, published in yearly volumes of 12 numbers. Vol. 22, 1891. 1 INTRODUCTION. Bull. Ac. Belg. Bulletin de la Academic Royale cle Belgique. Vol. 1, '32-'34. 2d ser., 1, 2, '57; 49, 50, '80. 3d ser., 1, 2, '81; 21, 22, '91. Bull. Ac. St. Pet. Bulletin scientin'que de 1'Acad. Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersb. 4to, St. Petersburg. Vol. 1, 1858; 10, 1867; 32, 8vo, '88; vol. 1 (33) of a new series (8*0) in 1890. Preceded by the two Bulletins, B. physico-mathematique, 17 vols. 4to, and B. bistorieo-pbilologique, 16 vols. 4to; and these two preceded by the one Bull. Scieutifique, 10 vols. 4to. Bull. Mus. Belg. Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique. Brussels. Vol. 1, 1882. Bull. Soc. Ch. Bulletin mensuel de la Societe Cbimique de Paris. 8vo, 1 vol. aun. 1st ser., 1857-64. 2d ser., vol. 1, 2, '64; 15, 16, '71; 35, 36, '81; 49, 50, '88. 3d ser., vol. 1, 2, '89; 5, 6, '90. Bull. Soc. G. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France. 8vo, Paris. 1st ser., vol. 1, 1830-31; 2, '31-'32; 3, '32-'33; 4, '33-'34; 5, '34; 6, '34-'35; 7, '35-'36; 12, '40-'41 ; 14, '42-'43. 2d ser., vol. 1, '43-'44; 6, '48-'49; 11, '53-'54; 16, '58- '59; 21, '63- '64; 26, '68-'69; 29, '71-72. 3d ser., vol. 1, '72-'73; 15, '86-'87, etc. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou. Bulletin de la Soc. Imperiale des Natural istes de Moscou. 8vo. Bull. Soc. Min. Bulletin de la Societe Mineralogique de France, Paris. Begun in 1878, 1 vol. annually; vol. 14, 1891; also Index to vols. 1-10, 1888. Since 1886 the .title has been, La Societe Fraucaise de Mineralogie. C. R. Comptes Rendus des Seances de I'Academie des Sciences. 4to, 2 vols. ann.; vol. 1, 1835; 2, 3, '36; 12, 13, '41; 22, 23, '46; 32, 33, '51; 42, 43, '56; 52, 53, '61; 62, 63, '66; 72, 73, '71; 82, 83, '76; 92, 93, '81; 102, 103, '86; 112, 113, '91. General Index vols. 1-31, 32-61. Denkschr. Ak. Wien. Denkschriften dei kais. Akademie d. Wiss. in Wien; Math.-Naturwiss. Classe. 4to, Wien. Begun in 1850; vol. 25 in 18(56; 57, '90. Foldt. Kbzl. Foldtani Kozlony (Geologische Mittheiluugen), Zeitschrift der ungarischen geologi- scheu Gesellschaft, zugleich arntliches Organ der K. ting. geol. Anstalt. 8vo, Budapest. Begun in 1872; vol. 21, 1891. Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christiania. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania. 8vo. G. For. Fbrh. Geologiska Forenirigens i Stockholm Forhandlingar, Stockholm. Begun in 1872; vol. 1, 1872-74; vol. 7, 1884-85. Since 1885 one vol. annually; vol. 13, '91. Index vols., 1-5, '82; 6-10, '90. Gel. Anz. Munch. Gelehrte Anzeige der K. bayerischen Akad. der. Wiss. zu Miinchen. 4to. Vol. 1, 1835; 39, '54. Raid. Ber. Berichte ilber die Mittheilungen von Freunden der Wiss. in Wien; edited by W. Haidinger. 8vo, 7 vols., 1846-51. J. Ac. Philad. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1st ser., 8vo, 7 vols., 1817-42. 2d ser., 4to, begun in 1847. J. Ch. Soc. Journal of the Chemical Society. 1st ser., called Quarterly Journal, etc. 15 vols.; one vol. (of 4 Nos.) a year; vol. 1, 1849; 6, '54, 11, '59; 15, '63. 2d ser., monthly, begun in 1864, the vols., however, generally numbered from the beginning; vol. 28, '75; since 1876 2 vols. annually, and beginning with '79 the transactions and abstracts separated. Vols. 29, 30, '76; 59/60, '91. J. Coll. Sc. Japan. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Japan. 4to. TokyO. Begun in 1888. J. Frankl. Inst. Journal of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania, etc. Vol. 1, 2, 1826; 131, 132, '91. J. Nat. Hist. Bost. Boston Journal of Natural History. 8vo, 7 vols., 1834-63. Jb. G. Reichs. Jahrbuch der kaiserlich-kduiglichen geologischeu Reichsanstalt, Wien. Begun in 1850, 1 vol. aun. Vol. 1, 1850; 11, '60; 12, '61-'62; 20, '70; 30, '80; 41, '91. General Index to vols. 1-10, '63; 11-20, '72; 21-30 (also '71-'80 of Vh. G. Reichs.), '81. Jb. Wett. Ges. Hanau. Jahresbericht der wetterau'schen Gesellschaft fur die gesammte Natur- kunde. 8vo, Hanau, 1850-53. Mag. Ges. nat. Fr. Berlin. Magaziu der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde. 8 vols. 4to; 1, 1807; 2, '08; 3, '09; 4, '10; 5, '11; 6, 14; 7, '16; 8, '18. Afterward Verhandl. ib. Mem. Ace. Torino. Memorie della reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. 4to, Turin; 1st ser. 40 vols., 1815,-'38; 2d ser. begun in 1839, and vol. 22 in '65. Mem. Am. Ac. Bost. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 4to, Boston. Mem. Wern. Soc. Memoirs of the Weruerian Society of Natural History. 8vo, Edinburgh. Vols. 1-8, 1808-38. Min. Mag. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland. London and Truro. Begun in 1877. Vol. 1, 1877; vol. 9, 1890-91. Nyt. Mag. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne; udgives (grundlaget) af den physiographiske Forening i Christiania. 8vo, Christiania. Begun in 1838; vols. 1, 2, '38-'40; 29 30, '85-'86. 6fv. Ak. Stockh. 5fversigt af K. Vet. -Akad. FOrhandlingar, Stockholm. Commenced in 1844. 1 vol. ann., 8vo; vol. 48, '91. Also a series of supplementary volumes. Bihang till K. Sveuska Vetenskaps-Akademiens F5rhaiullingar, vol. 1. 1873; vol. 13, 1888, etc. Overs. Vid. Selsk. Copenh. Oversigt over del Kongelige danske Videuskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger. Copenhagen, 8vo. INTRODUCTION. li Phil. Trans. Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 4to. Vol. 1 contains transactions for 1665, '66. Vol. 182. '91. Phys. Arb. Fr. Wien. Physikalische Arbeiten der eiutrachtigen Freunde in Wien; published in Quartals; 1 qu., 1783; 2 qu., '84; 3, 4 qu., '85. 2d vol., 1 qu., '86; 2 qu., '87; 3qu., '88. Proc. Ac. Philad. Proceedings of the Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia. 8vo. Begun in 1841. Proc. Am. Acad. Proceedings of the American Academy of Acts and Sciences. 8vo, Boston. Begun in 1846; vol. 25, '90. Proc. Am. Assoc. See Am. Assoc. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. Vol. 29, '91. Proc. Col. Soc. Proceedings of the Colorado Scientific Society, Denver, Colorado. Begun in 1883; 3 vols. completed. Proc. Cryst. Soc. Proceedings of the Crystallological Society. 8vo, London. Part I. 1877; II, 1882. Proc. N. Hist. Soc. Bost. Proceedings of the Nat. Hist. Society of Boston. 8vo. Begun in 1841. Proc. Roy. Soc. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 8vo. (Abstracts of paper presented, etc.) Vol. 1, 1800-14; 2, '15-'30; 35, '30-'37; 4. '37- '43; 5, '43-'50; 10, '59-'60; 20, '71-72; 30, '79-80; 47, '89-'90; 48, '90; 49-50, '90-'91; 51, '92. . Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. Proceedings of the R. Soc. of Edinburgh. 8vo. Q. J. Ch. Soc. See J. Ch. Soc. Q. J. G. Soc. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 8vo, London. Begun in 1845; 1 vol. ami.; vol. 47. '91. Rec. G. Surv. India. Records of the Geological Survey of India. 8vo, Calcutta. Begun in 1868; vol. 20, '87 (Index vols. 1-20); 24, '91. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Begun in 1831; 61st meeting at Cardiff, '91. Sch. Mines Q. The School of Mines Quarterly, Columbia College, New York. Begun in 1880. Schrift. Ges. nat. Fr. Berlin. Schriften der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde in Berlin. 11 vols. 8vo, the first 1 v. ann.; 1, 1780; 5. '84; 8, '86-'87; 8, '88; 9, '89; 10, '92; 11, '94 (vols. 7-11, also as 1-5 of Beobachtungen und Entdeckungen, etc.). Next, Neue Schriften, etc., 4 vols. 4to; 1, 1795; 2, '99; 3, 1801; 4, 1803-4. Afterward Magazin, etc. (q.v.). Schriften Min. Ges. St. Pet. Schriften der russisch-kaiserlichen Gesellschaft fur die gesammte Mineralogie. 1842. For continuation see Vh. Min. Ges. Tech. Q. Technological Quarterly (published by the Institute of Technology). Boston. Begun in 1887. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 4to, Phila- delphia. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 4to. Vh. G. Reichs. Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-koniglichen geologischen Reichsanstalt. Vienna. Begun in 1867. Vh. Min. Ges. Verhandlungen d. russisch-kaiserlichen mineralogischen Gesellschaft zu St. Petersburg. 1st ser., 1842-58. 2d ser., vol. 1, 1866; 26. 1890. Vh. nat. Ges. Basel. Verhaudlungen der uaturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel. Begun in 1854. Vh. Ver. Rheinl. Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereines der preussischen Rheinlande und Westphulens. Published at Bonn. Begun in 1844. Vol. 10, '53; 20, '63; 30, 73; 40, '83; 48, '91. Index 1-40, '44-'83. Zs. G. Ges. Zeitschrift der deutschen geol. Gesellschaft. 8vo, Berlin; a quarterly; 1 vol. ann., Vol. 1, 1849; 11, '59; 21, '69; 31. 79; 41, '89; 43, '91. Zs. Nat. Halle, or Zs. Ver. Halle. Zeitschrift fur die gesammten Naturwissenschaften, von dem nat. Verein f. Sachsen und Thuringen in Halle. Be^un in 1853. Vol. 63, 1890. Since 1883, vol. 56, the title has been Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaften, etc. 3. INDEPENDENT WORKS. Achiardi, I Metalli. I Metalli loro Minerali e Miniere, by A. D'Achiardi. Vol. 1, 402 pp. 8vo; vol. 2, 635 pp. Milan, 1883. Achiardi, Min. Tosc. Mineralogia della Toscana, by A. D'Achiardi. Vol. 1, 276 pp., 1872; vol. 2, 402 pp. 8vo, Pisa, 1873. Adam, Tabl. Min. Tableau Mineralogique, by M. Adam. 102 pp. 4to, Paris, 1869. Agric., Ort. Caus. Subt. Georgius Agricola, de Ortu et Causis subterraueorum; preface dated 1543. Agric., Foss. Id., de natura fossilium; pref. dated 1546; and De veteribus et novis metallis; pref., 1546. Agric., Berm. Bermannus, sive De re metallica Diallogus; pref., 1529. Agric., Interpr. Interpretatio Germanica vocum rei metallicae; pref., 1546. The edition of Agricola's works, cited beyond, including the four preceding parts, is one in folio, 1 vol., Basil ese (Basel), 1558. lii INTRODUCTION. Agric., Metall. De re Melallica; by id. Preface dated 1550. Fol., Basilese, 1557. Aikin, Min. Manual of Mineralogy; by A. Aikiu. 2d ed., 8vo, London, 1815. The 1st ed. appeared in 1814. Albert. Magnus, Min. Albertus Magnus, De Mineralibus. Written after 1262. Alger-Phillips Min. Treatise on Min. by Wm. Phillips; 5th ed. (from the 4th London ed. by li. Allan), with numerous additions by F. Alger. 8vo, Boston, 1844. Allan, Min. Manual of Mineralogy; by R. Allan. 8vo, Edinburgh, 1834. See also Phillips. Allan, Min. Nomencl. Mineralogical Nomenclature; by T. Allan. 8vo, Edinburgh, 1814. Argenville, Oryct. L'Histoire Naturelle, etc.; by D. d'Argenville. 4to, Paris, 1755. Aristotle. Aristotle's works; particularly the MereoopohoyiKa, or "Meteorology," and Uepi QavjuaaiGov aKovajudrooy, or "Wonderful Things Heard of." Works written about the middle of the 4th century B.C. A. born about 384 B.C. and d. 322 B.C. Arppe, Finsk. Min. Analyser ai Finska Mineralier; by A. E. Arppe. Part I, 1855. from the Act, Soc. Fenu., 4, 561-578; II, 1857, ib., 5, 467 (paged 1-51); III, 1859-1861, ib., 6, 580. B. de Boot. Lap. Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia. 4to, Jena, 1647: the 1st edit, published at Jena in 1609; the 2d, enlarged by A. Toll, Lugduui Bat., 8vo, 1636. Ball, Geol. India. A Manual of the Geology of India. Part III. Economic Geology; by V. Ball, 640 pp. Calcutta, 1881. Bauer, Min. Lehrbuch der Miueralogie von Max Bauer. 562 pp. 8vo, Berlin and Leipzig, 1886. Bauermau, Min. Text-Book of Systematic Mineralogy; by Hilary Bauerman. 367 pp. 12mo, London, 1881. Text-Book of Descriptive Mineralogy; by id. 399 pp., London, 1884. Baumh... Kryst. Dns Reich der Krystalle fiir jeden Freuud der Natur, iusbesondere fur Mineraliensammler, leichtfasslich dargestellt; by H. Baumhauer. 364 pp. 8vo, Leipzig, 1889. Beck, Min. N. Y. See Rep Min. N. Y., beyond. Bergm., Opusc. OpPcula of Torbernus Bergmann. 1780. Bergm., Sciagr. Sciagraphia Regni Miueralis(in Latin); by T. Bergmann. 8vo, 1782; reprint in London, 1783. Berz., N. Syst. Min. Neues System der Mineralogie; translated from the Swedish by Drs. Gmelin and Pfaff. Nilruberg, 1816. Nouvenu Systeme de Miueralogie ; by J. J. Berzelius. 8vo, Paris, 1819 ; translated from the Swedish. Berz., Lothr. Die Anweudung des Lothrohrs, etc. Germ. Transl. by H. Rose. Niirnberg, 1821; 4th ed., 1844. American ed. by Whitney, 1846. Beud., Tr., 1824, 1832. Traite elemeutaire de Min.; by F. S. Beudant. 8vo, Paris, 1824; 2d ed., 2 vols., 1832. Bischoff, Ch. Geol. Lehrbuch de chemischen und physikalischen Geologie ; by G. Bischoff. 2 vols. 8vo. Bonn, 1847-54. 2d ed., 1863-66. Also an English edition. Blum, Min. Lehrbuch der Miueralogie (Oryktognosie); by J. Reinhard Blum. I. Abth., 4th Ed., 256 pp. 8vo, Stuttgart, 1873; II. Abth., 257-642 pp.. 1874. Blum, Pseud. Die Pseudomorphosen des Mineralreichs; b}' J. R. Blum. Stuttgart, 1843. With Nachtrage, 1, 1847; 2, Heidelberg, 1852; 3, Erlangen, 1863; 4, Heidelberg, 1879. Blumenbach, Handb. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte. 8vo, 8th ed.. Gottingen, 1807. Bombicci, Min. Corso di Miueralogia, Seconda Edizione. 2 vols. (vol. 2 in two parts), 1873- 75. Bologna. Boricky, Ch. Min. Elemente einer neuen chemisch-mikroskopischeu Mineral- und Gesteins- analyse; by E. Boricky. 72 pp. 4to, Prag, 1877. Born, Brief. Walschl. Briefe aus Walschland (Italy); by I. v. Born. 8vo, Prague, 1773. Born, Lithoph. Lythophylacium Bornianum; Index Fossilium quse colligit. etc., Ignatius S. R. I. Eques a Born. 2 parts, Prague; part 1, 1772; 2, '75. A descriptive catalogue, but without notes. Born, Cat. Foss. de Raab. Catalogue methodique et raisonne de la collection des Fossiles de Mile. Eleonore de Raab; by id. 4 vols. 8vo, Vienna. 1790. Bourgeois, Reprod. Min. Reproduction artificielle des Minemux; by Leon Bourgeois. 240 pp. 8vo. Paris, 1884. (Encycl. Chimique by M. Fremy, vol. 2, 1st Appendix.) Bourn., Cat. Catalogue de la Collection mineralogique particuliere du Roi; by Comte de Bourn on. 8vo, with Atlas in fol., Paris, 1817. Bourn., Min. Traite de Mineralogie; by Comte de Bournon. 3 vols. 4to, 1808. Boutan, Diamant. Le Diamant; by E. Boutan. 323 pp. 8vo, Paris, 1886. (Encycl. Chimique by M. Fremy.) Brackebusch, Min. Argentina. Las Especies Minerales de la Repiiblica Argentina; by D. Luis Brackebusch. 120 pp., Buenos Aires, 1879. (Anal. Soc. Cientif. Argentina.) Bravais, Crist. Etudes Cristallographiques. Paris, 1866 (1849). Breith., Char. 1820. Kurze Charakteristik des Mineral-Systems; by A. Breithaupt. 8vo, Freiberg, 1820. Breith., Char. 1823, 1832. Vollstandige Char., etc.; by id. 8vo, Dresden, 1823; 2d ed., 1832. INTRODUCTION. liii Breith., Uib. 1830. Uibersicht des. Mineral-System's; by A. Breithaupt. 8vo, Freiberg, 1830. Breith., Handb. Vollstiindiges Handbuch der Mineralogie; by id. 8vo, Dresden and Leipzig; vol. 1, iutroduct., 1836; 2, '41; 3, '47. Brochant, Min. Traite de Mineralogie; by A. J. M. Brochant. Paris, 1808; an earlier edition in 1800. Bromell, Min. Herr Magni von Bromells Mineralogia. 2d ed., 16mo, Stockholm, 1739. 1st ed. pub'd in 1730. Brongn., Min. Traite elementaire de Mineralogie; by A. Brongniart. 2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1807. Brongn., Tabl. Tableau des Especes Minerales; by id. 48 pp. 8vo, Paris, 1833. Brooke, Cryst. Familiar Introduction to Crystallography; byH. J. Brooke. 8vo, London, 1823. B. & M., Min. Introduction to Mineralogy, by the late Wm. Phillips; new edition, with extensive alterations and additions, by H. J. Brooke and W. H. Miller. 8vo, London, 1852. Prof. Miller is the author also of a Treatise on Crystallography, 8vo, Cambridge, 1839, giving the elements of the system adopted in the above work, a system first proposed by Whewell, in Phil. Trans, for 1825. Bmckmann, Magnalia Dei in locis subterraneis. 2 parts, fol. ; part 1, 1727; 2, '30. Brush, Determ. Min. Manual of Determinative Mineralogy, with an Introduction on Blowpipe Analysis. 176 pp. 8vo, New York, 1875. 3d Ed. 104 pp., 1878. Buchner, Meteoriten. Die Meteoriten in Sammlungen; ihre Geschichte, mineralogische und chemische Beschaffenheit; by Otto Buclmer. 202 pp., Leipzig, 1863. Oaesius, Min. De Miueralibus; by Bernardius Csesius. 656 pp. fol., Lugduni, 1636. Cal. Min. Rep. Annual Reports of the State Mineralogist of California. 1, June to Dec. 1880; 2, Dec. 1880 to Oct. 1882; 3, 1883; 4, 1884; 5, 1885; 6, in two parts, 1886-87; 7, 1887; 8, 18b8; 9, 1889; 10, 1890. Cappeller, Crist. Proclromus Cristallographiae; Marc. Ant. Cappeller. 4to. Lucerne, 1723. Cat. de Dree. Catalogue des huit Collections qui composent le Musee mineralogique de Et. de Dree. 4to, Paris, 1811. Dufrenoy speaks of it as the work of M. Leman. Chapman, Min. Practical Mineralogy; by E. J. Chapman. 8vo, London, 1843. Chapman, Char. Min. Brief Description of the Characters of Minerals; by id. 12mo, London, 1844. Cleaveland, Min., 1816, 1822. Treatise on Mineralogy and Geology. 8vo, Boston, 1816; 2d ed., 2 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1822. Cohen, Samml. Sammluug von Mikrophotographieen zur Veranschauiichung der mikrosko- pischen Structur von Mineralieu und Gesteineu, aufgenommen von J. Grimm, Offeuburg; by E. Cohen. Lief. 1-8, Stuttgart, 1881-83. Cornwall, Blowpipe Anal. Manual of Blowpipe Analysis, qualitative and quantitative, with a complete system of Determinative Mineralogy; by H. B. Cornwall. 308 pp. 8vo, New York, 1882. Cronst., or Cronst. Min., 1758, 1781. Mineralogie; eller Mineral-Rikets Upstalluing; by A. Cronstedt (but issued anonymously). 12mo, Stockholm, 1758; Brunnich's edit, in Danish, Copenhagen, 8vo, 1770; 2d Swedish ed., Stockholm, 1781; Magellan's edit, in English, 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1788. Dana, Manual. Manual of Mineralogy and Petrography, containing the elements of the Science of Minerals and Rocks for the use of the practical Mineralogist and Geologist and for instruction in Schools and Colleges; by James D. Dana. 4th edition, 517 pp. 12rno, New York, 1887. 1st ed., '50; 2d ed., '57; 3d ed., 1878. Dana, Min. This work; by James D. Dana, 1837-1868. Edition 1, 1837; 2, 1844; 3, 1850; 4, 1854, with supplements 1 to 10 to 4th edition in the Am. J. Sc., 1855-1862, the last three by G. J. Brush; 5th ed., 1868, by James D. Dana aided by G. J. Brush, with appendix 1, 1872, by G. J. Brush; 2, 1875, and 3, 1882, both by E. S. Dana. Dana, Min. Boston. Outlines of the Mineralogy and Geology of Boston and its vicinity; by J. Freeman and S. L. Dana. 8vo, Boston, 1818. Dana, Text-Book. A Text-Book of Mineralogy, with an extended Treatise on Crystallography and Physical Mineralogy; by E. S. Dana, on the plan and with the co-operation of James D. Dana. 486 pp. 8vo, New York, 1877; 2d ed., 1883. Daubenton, Tabl. Tableaux methodiques des Mineraux. Paris, 1784. Only a classified cata- logue. Several subsequent editions were issued, the 6th in 1799. Davila, Cab. Catalogue syst. et raisonne des Curiosites de la Nature et de 1'Art qui composent le Cabinet de M. Davila. 3 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1767. Dechen, Nutzb. Min. Die nutzbaren Mineralien und Gebirgsarten im deutschen Reiche; by H. von Dechen. 806 pp. 12mo, Berlin, 1873. Delameth., Sciagr. New edition of Mongez's Sciagraphie (Fr. trl. of Bergmann's Sciagr., with additions); by J. C. Delametherie. 2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1792. Delameth., T. T. Theprie de la Terre; by id. 2d ed., 5 vols., Paris, 1797; vols. 1, 2, of this edition contain his Mineralogy. Delameth., Min. Lesons de Mineralogie: by id. 8vo, vol. 1, 1811; 2, '12, Paris. De Lisle, Crist., 1772. Essai de Cristallographie; by Rome de 1'Isle. 8vo, Paris, 1772. De Lisle, Crist., 1783. Cristallographie, ou Description des formes propres a tons les corps du Regne mineral; by id. Called 2d edition of the preceding. 4 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1783. liv INTRODUCTION. Demeste, Lettres. Lettres sur la Mineralogie; by Dr. Demeste. 2 vols. 16mo, 1779. Dioscor. Dioscorides lie pi ?"/l?;5 larpixifS (Materia Medica), written about A.D. 50. In the mineral part treats especially of the medical virtues of minerals, but often gives also short descriptions. Not alluded to among the many references in Pliny, but evidently cited from. Doelter, Allg. Ch. Min. Allgemeine chemische Mineralogie; by C. Doelter. 277 pp 8vo Leipzig, 1890. Domeyko, Min., 1845, 1860, 1883. Elementos de Mineralojia; by I. Domeyko. 8vo, Chili, 1st ed.; Serena, 1845. 2d ed., Santiago, 1860, with appendixes 1-6. 3d ed., 762 pp ' 1879; also appendix 1, 1881; 2, 1883. Domeyko, Tratado de Ensayes; by id. 2d ed., 8vo, Valparaiso, 1858. Dufr, Min., 1844, 1856-1860. Traite de Mineralogie; by A. Dufreuoy. 4 vols. 8vo (the last of plates), Paris, 1844; 2d ed., 5 vols.; 1, 2, 3. '56; 4, '59; 5, '60. Dx., Min. Manuel de Mineralogie; by A. Des Cloizeaux. 572 pp., with 52 plates, 8vo Paris vol. 1, 1862; vol. 2, ler Fasc., 208 pp., Paris, 1874. Dx., N. R. Nouvelles Recherches sur les Proprietes optiques des Cristaux, naturels ou artificiels, et sur les variations que ces proprietes eprouvent sous 1'influeuce de la chaleur; by id. 222 pp. 4to, Paris, 1867. (Meinoires present, a 1'Institut imperial de France, vol. 18.) Dx., Proptr. Opt. 1, 2. De Pemploi des proprietes optiques birefringentes en Mineralogie; by id. 1, 1857 (Ann. Mines, vol. 11, pp. 261-342). Also 2 (2e Memoire); by id,, 1858 (ibid., vol. 14, pp. 339-420). The third memoir of this ser.ies is given in N. R. above. Still another with description of instruments, methods, etc., was published in 1864 Memoire su 1'emploi du microscope polarisant, etc. (ibid., vol. 6, 557-595, 1864). Dx., Quartz. Memoire sur la Cristallisatiou et la Structure interieure du Quartz; by A. Des Cloizeaux. 212 pp. 4to, with 5 folded plates, Paris, 1858. Egleston, Min. Syn. Catalogue of Minerals and Synonyms alphabetically arranged, 1889 (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 33); by Thomas Egleston. Also republished, enlarged. 378 pp., New York, 1891. Emmerling, Min. Lehrbuch der Mineralogie; by L. A. Emnierling. 8vo, Giessen, 1st ed., 1793-'97; 2d ed., '99, 1802. Ercker, Aula Subt. Aula Subterranea (on Ores, Mining, and Metallurgy); by L. Ercker. Written in 1574, published in 1595. Erdmann, Dannemora Jernm. Daunemora Jernmalmsfalt, etc.; by A. Erdniaun. 12mo, Stockholm, 1851. Also Uto Jerum., 1856. Erdmann, Min. Larobok i Mineralogien; by A. Erdmann. 8vo, Stockholm, 1853. JEstner, Min. Versuch einer Mineralogie. 3 vols. in 5 parts, 8vo, Vienna, 1794-1804. Estner, iiber Werner's Verbess. in Min. Freymuthige Gedankeu iiber Herrn Inspector Wer- ner's Verbesserungen in der Mineralogie, nebst einigen Bemerkungen liber Herrn Assessor Karstens Beschreibung des vom sel. Leske Mineralien-Cabinetts; by Abbe Estner. 64 pp. 18mo, Wien, 1790. Exner, Unt. Hart. Untersuchungen iiber die Harte der Krystallflachen ; by Franz Exuer. 166 pp. 8vo, Vienna, 1873. Fabricius, Met. De rebus metallicis ac nominibus observationes varise, etc., ex schedis Georgii Fabricii. Tiguri, 1566. Issued with an edition of Gesner's Foss. Faujas, Vole. Viv. Recherches sur les Volcaus eteints du Vivaraiset du Velay; by Faujas de St. Fond. Fol., Grenoble et Paris, 1778. By the same, Mineralogie des Volcans, 8vo, Paris, 1784. Fischer, Mikr. Min. Kritische mikroskopisch-mineralogische Studien; by H. Fischer. 64 pp. 8vo, Freiburg i. Br., 1869. Erste Fortsetzung, 64 pp., 1871. Zweite Fortsetzuug, 96 pp., 1873. Fischer, Nephrit. Nephrit uud Jadeit nach ihren miueralogischen Eigenschaften, so wie nach ihrer urgeschichtlichen uud ethuographischeu Bedeutuug; by Heinrich Fischer. 411 pp. 8vo, Stuttgart, 1875; 2te Autlage, 1880. Fors., Min. Minerographia; by Sigfrid Avon Forsius. 16mo, Stockholm, 1643. Fouque-Levy, Min. Micr. Miueralogie micrographique, roches eruptives Franyaises; by F. Fouque and A. Michel-Levy. 509 pp. 4to, Paris, 1879. Fouque-Levy. Synth. Min. Syuthese des Mineraux et des roches; by F. Fouque and Michel- Levy. 423 pp. 8vo, Paris, 1882. Frenzel, Min. Lex. Mineralogisches Lexicon fur das Konigreich Sachsen; by August Freuzel. 380 pp. 12mo, Leipzig, 1874. Fuchs, Kiinst. Min. Die kunstlich dargestellten Mineralien, etc.; by Dr. C. W. C. Fuchs. 174 pp. 8vo, Haarlem, 1872 (Nat. Verhandelingen). Gallitzin, Diet. Min. Recueil de noms par order alphabetique apropries en Mineralogie; by D. de Gallitzin Sm. 4to, Brunswick, 1801. Gdt., Index. Index der Krystallformen der Mineralien; by Dr. Victor Goldschmidt. 3 vols., 1886-1891, Berlin. Gesner, Foss. De omni rerurn f ossilium genere, Gemmis, Lapidibus, Metallis, etc. ; opera Conradi Gesneri. Tiguri, 1565. INTRODUCTION. lv Genth, Min. N. C. The Minerals of North Carolina. Bulletin of the U. S. G. Surv., No. 74. 119 pp., Washington, 1891. Also earlier, Minerals and Mineral Localities of North Caro- lina. 122 pp., Raleigh, 1881 (Geol. N. Carolina, 1881). Genth, Min. Rep. Penn. Preliminary Report on the Mineralogy of Pennsylvania; by F. A. Geuth, with an appendix on the Hydrocarbon Compounds by S. P. Sadtler. 206 pp., 1875 (2d G. Surv. Penu., 1874). Second Preliminary Report; 31 pp., Harrisburg, 1876. Geol. India. See Ball. Geol. India. Geol. Rec. The Geological Record for 1874: an account of works on Geology, Mineralogy, and Palaeontology published during the year; edited by W. Whitaker, London, 1875. Also similar volumes for 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879; for 1880-84 in two volumes. Geol. Rev. Revue de Geologic pour 1'annee 1860; by M. Delesse and M. Langel. Vol. 16 for 1877-78. Glocker, Handb., 1831, 1839. Haudbuch der Mineralogie; by E. F. Glocker. 8vo, Niirn- berg, 1831; 2d edit., 1839. Glocker, Syn. Geuerum et Specierum Mineralium secundum Ordines Naturales digestorum Synopsis; by id. 8vo, Halle, 1847. Gmelin^Min. Einleitung in die Mineralogie; by J. F. Gmelin. 8vo, Niirnberg, 1780. By the same, Grundriss einer Min. 8vo, Gottiugen, 1790. Greg & Lettsom, Min. Manual of the Mineralogy of Great Britain and Ireland; by R. P. Greg and W. G. Lettsom. 8vo. London, 1858. Gurlt, Kiinstl. Min. Uebersicht der pyrogenneten kunstlichen Mineralien, namentlich der krystallisirten HiUtenerzeugnisse; by Dr. A. Gurlt. 8vo, Freiberg, 1857. Groth, Edelsteinkunde. Grundriss der Edelsteinkunde; by Paul Groih. 165 pp. 8vo, Leip- zig, 1887. Groth, Min -Samml. Die Mineralien-Sammlung der Kaiser- Wilhelrns-Universitat, Strassburg; eiu Supplement zu den vorhandeuen mineralogischen Handbuchern; by Paul Groth. 271 pp. 4to, Strassburg, 1878. Groth, Phys. Kryst. Physikalische Krystallographie und Einleitung in die kryrtallo- graphische Kenutniss der wichtigereu Substanzeu; by Paul Groth. 523 pp. 8vo, Leipzig, 1876. 2d ed., 710pp., 1885: Groth, Tab. Ueb. Tabellarische Uebersicht der Mineralien nach ihren kry stall ographisch- chemischen Beziehungeu georduet; by id. 120 pp. 8vo, Braunschweig, 1874. 2d ed., 134 pp. 4to, 1882. 3d ed., 167 pp. 4to, 1889. H., Tr., 1801, 1822. Traite de Miueralogie; by C. Hatty. A 4to ed. of 4 vols., with atlas in fol.; also an 8vo ed., Paris, 1801; 2d ed., 4 vols. 8vo, with fol. atlas, 1822. H., Crist. Traite de Cristallographie; by id. 2 vols. 8vo, 1822. H., Tabl. Comp. Tableau Comparatif des resultats de la Cristallographie et de 1'analyse chimique relativement a la classification des Miueraux; by id. 8vo, Paris, 1809. Haid., Min. Mohs. Treatise on Mineralogy, by F. Mohs; trl., with considerable additions, by Win. Haidinger. 3 vols. 8vo, Edinburgh, 1825. Haid., Min. Aufangsgrilnde d. Min.; by id. 8vo, Leipzig, 1829. Haid., Handb. Haudbuch d. bestimmenden Mineralogie; by id. 8vo, Vienna, 1845. Haid., Ueb. Uebersicht der Resultate mineral ogischer Forschungen im Jahre 1843; by id. Brian sreu. 1845. Hartmann, Handwbrterb. Handworterbuch der Mineralogie uud Geologic; by Hartmann. Leipzig, 1828. Also Handbuch d. Min., 2 vols. Weimar, 1843. Hausm., Versuch. Versuch eines Entwurfs zu einer Einleitung in die Oryktognosie; by J. F. L. Hausmaun. 8vo, Braunschweiff, 1805; Cassel, '09. Hausm., Handb., 1813, 1847. Handbuch der Mineralogie; by id. 3 vols. 12mo, Gottingen, 1813; 2d ed., 1st vol., introductory, '28; 2d, in two parts, '47. Hbg., Min. Not. Mineralogische Notizen. 4to with plates, Frankfurt, 1-7, with Index in No. 7, 1854-'68; 8, '68; 9, '70; 10, '71; 11, 1873 (from the Abh. d. Senckenberg. nat. Gesell- schaft, Frankfurt). Heddle, Min. Chapter on Mineralogy in vol. 16 of the Encyclopaedia Britanuica (pp. 346 to 431); by M. Forster Heddle. 1883.. Henckel, Pyrit. Pyritologia, oder Kiess-Historie; by J. Fr. Henckel (of Saxony). 8vo, Leipzig, 1725. Hill, Foss. Fossils arranged according to their obvious characters; by John Hill. 8vo, Lon- don, 1771. (De Lisle says it was not issued till 1772.) His., Min., Geogr. Swed. Mineralogisk Geografi ofver Sverige; by W. Hisinger. 8vo, Stock- holm. 1808. Also His. Min., Geogr. Wohler. Versuch einer mineralogischen Geographic von Schweden, ttber- setzt von F. Wohler. 8vo, Leipzig, 1826. His., Handbok. Handbok for Miueraloger under Resor i Sverige; by W. Hisinger. 8vo, Stock- holm, 1843. Hintze, Min. Handbuch der Mineralogie; by C. Hiutze. Vol. 2, Lief. 1-5, pp. 1-800 (Sili- cates, pt.), Leipzig, 1889 to 1891. Hofer, Min. Karnth. Die Mineralien Karnthens; by A. Hofer. 84 pp. 8vo, Klagenfurt, 1870. Hoff, Mag. Magazin fur die ge?ammteMin., etc.; by K. E. A. v. Hoff. 1 vol. 8vo, Leipzig, 1801. Hofmann, Min. Haiidb. d. Mineralogie; by C. A. S. Hofmaun. 4 vols. 8vo, Freiberg. Vol. Ivi INTRODUCTION. 1, 1811; 2, part a, '12, b, '15; 3, parts a. b, '16; 4, part a, '17, 6, '18. Work, after 2d vol.. part a, issued by Breithaupt, Hofmaun having died March, 1813. Vol. 4, part b, consists of notes and additions by Breithaupt, and includes also the Letztes Min. Syst. of Werner (1817). Hunt, Min. Physiology. Mineral Physiology and Physiography; a second series of Chemical and Geological Essays; by Thomas Sterry Hunt. 710 pp. 8vo, Boston, 1886. Hunt, Syst. Min. Systematic Mineralogy based on a Natural Classification; by T. S. Hunt. 391 pp. 8vo, New York, 1891. Huot, Min. Manuel de Mineralogie; by J. J. N. Huot. 2 vols. 16mo, Paris, 1841. Jameson, Min., 1804, 1816, 1820. A System of Mineralogy; by R. Jameson. 8vo, Edin- burgh; 1st ed.. 2 vols., 1804; 2d, 3 vols., '16; 3d, 3 vols., 1820. Published also a Manual of Min., 8vo, in 1821, and Mineralogy according to the Natural System (from Encycl. Brit ), in 1837; also, in 1805, a Treatise on the External Characters of Minerals, 8vo, Edinburgh. Jasche, Kl. Schrift. Kleine min. Schriften; by C. F. Jnsche. 12mo. Sondershausen, 1817. John, Untersuch. Chemische Untersuchungen mineralischer, etc., Substanzen; by J. Fr. John. 8vo, Berlin, Fortsetzung d. chem. Laboratoriums, Berlin, which makes vol. 1 of series; vol. 2, '10; 3, '13: 4, '16; 6, '21. Karsten, Mus. Lesk. Museum Leskeanum, Regnum minerale; by D. L. G. Karsten. 2 vols. 8vo. Leipzig, 1789. Karst., Tab., 1791. Tabellarische Uebersicht der rnineralogisch-einfachen Fossilieu; by id. Fol., Berlin, 1791. Karst., Tab., 1800, 1803. Mineralogisclie Tabellen; by id. Fol., Berlin, 1800; 2d ed., fol., Berlin, 1808. Karst., Wern. Verbess. Min. TJeber Herrn Werners Verbesserungen in der Mineralogie auf Veranlassung der freimilthigen Gedanken, etc., des Herru Abbe Estner; by id. 80 pp. 12mo, Berlin, 1793. Kbl., Char. Charakteristik d. Mineralien; by Fr. von Kobell. 8vo, Nurnberg, Abth. 1, 1830: 2, 1831. Kbl., Min. Grundziige d. Mineralogie; by id. 8vo, Nurnberg, 1838. Kbl., Taf., 1853. Tafeln zur Bestimmung d. Mineralien ; by id. 5th ed., Miluchen, 1853. 8th ed., 1864; llth ed., 1878. Kbl. Min.-Namen. Die Miueral-Namen; by id. 8vo. Mtinchen, 1853. Kbl., Gesch. Min. Geschichte d. Min.; by id. 8vo, Milnchen, 1864. Kenng., Ueb. Uebersichte der Resultate mineralogischer Forschuugeu; by G. Ad. Kenngott. For the years 1844- '49, Wieu, 1852; for years I850-'5l, Wien, 1853; for '54, Wien, 1854; for '53, Leipzig, 1855; for '54, ib., 1856; for '55. ib., 1856; for '56, '57, ib., 1858; for '58, ib., 1860; for '59, ib., 1860; for '60, ib., 1862; for '61, ib., 1862; for '62- '65, ib., 1868. Kenng., Min, 1853. Das Mobs'sche Mineralsystem; by id. 8vo, Wien, 1853. Kenng. Min. Unt. Mineralogische Untersuchuugen; by G. A. Kenngott. Part 1, 77 pp. 8vo, Breslau, 1849; 2. pp. 77-156, 1850. Kirwan, Min. Elements of Mineralogy; by R. Kirwan. 2 vols. 8vo, London, 2d edition, 1794-6. 1st ed. was issued in 1784, 8vo. Kk., Min. Russl. Materialen zur Mineralogie Russlands; by N. v. Koksharov. 8vo, St. Petersburg. Vol. 1, 1853-54; 2, '54-'57; 3, '58; 4, '61-'66; 5, '66-'69; 6, '70-74; 7, '75-77; 8, '78-'83; 9, '84-'86; 10, '88-91. Also Atlas, Tafeln i to Ixxxvii. Also by same author, Vorlesungen liber Mineralogie. Vol. 1, 4to, St. Petersburg, 1865. Klapr., Beitr. Beitrage zur chemischen Kenntniss d. Mineralkorpers; by M. H. Klaproth, 8vo, vol. 1. 1795; 2, '97; 3, 1802; 4, '07; 5, '10; 6, '15. Klein, Kryst. Einleitung in die Krystallberechnuug; by Carl Klein. 393 pp., 8vo, Stuttgart, 1875. Knop, Anorgan. System der Anorgraphie; by A. Knop. 8vo, Leipzig, 1876. Kopp, Gesch. Ch. Geschichte d. Chemie; by H. Kopp. 4 parts, 8vo, Braunschweig, 1843-47. Kronstedt. See Cronstedt. Kunz, Gems. N. A. Gems and Precious Stones of North America; by G. F. Kunz, 836 pp.. 8vo. New York, 1890. Kupffer, Preisschrift. Preisschrift uber geuaue Messung der Winkel der Krystallen; 135 pp 4to, Berlin, 1825 (Gekrout K. preuss. Akad. Wiss., 3 Juli, 1823). Also by id,, Hand buch der rechnenden Krystallonomie. St. Petersburg, 1831. Lampadius, Samml. Sammlung practisch-chemischer Abhandluugen; by W. A. Lampn'lius. 3 vols. 8vo, Dresden. Vol. 1, 1795; 2, 1797; 3, 1800. Landero, Min. Sinopsis Mineralogica 6 catalogo descriptivo de los Minerales; by Carlos F- De Landero. 528 pp., Mexico, 1888-91. Lapparent Min. Cours de Mineraloirie; by A. de L;ipparont 560pp., F J aris, 1884. Lenz, Min. Versuch einer vollstandigen Anleitung zur Kenntniss der Miueralien; by D. G. J. Lenz. 2 vols 8vo, Leipzig, 1794. By the same, Tabellen, 1781; Hand buch, 1791; Grund- riss, 1793: Mustertafeln, 1794; Tabellen, fol., 1806; System, 1800,1809; H:mdbuch, 1822. Leonh., Syst. -Tab. Systematisch-tabellnrische Uebersicht mid Char. d. Miuerulkorper; by C. C. Leonhard, K. F. Merz, and J. H Kopp. Fol., Frankfurt a. M., 1806. INTRODUCTION. Ivii Leonh., Orykt. Handbuch der Oryktogonosie; by K. C. Leonhard. 8vo, Heidelberg, 1821. Also 3d ed., Svo, Heidelberg, 1826. Leonh., topogr. Min. Haudworterbuch d. topographischen Mineralogie; by G. Leonhard. Heidelberg, 1843. Levy's Heuland or Levy Min. Description d'une collection de Mineraux, formee par M. Henri Heultiud, et appartenant a M. Ch. H. Turner, de Rooksnest, dans le comte de Surrey en Augleterre; by A. Levy. 3 vols. 8vo, with an atlas of 83 pi., London, 1837. Levy-Lex., Min. Roches. Les Miueraux des Roches; by A. Michel-Levy and Alf. Lacroix. 334 pp., Paris, 1888. Libavius, Alchem. Alchemia, A. Libaviae. Frankfurt, 1597. Liebisch, Geom. Kryst. Geornetrische Krystallographie; by Th. Liebisch. 464 pp. 8vo, Leipzig, 1881. Liebisch, Phys. Kryst. Physikalische Krystallographie; by id. 614 pp. 8vo, Leipzig, 1891. Liversidge, Min. N. S. W. The Minerals of New South Wales; by Archibald Liversidge. First published in Trans. R. Soc., N. S. W., Dec. 1874. 2d ed., 137 pp., Sydney, 1882 (Min. Prod. N. S. W., pp. 65-199). 3d ed., 326 pp. 8vo, London, 1888. Linn., Syst. Nat. Systema Naturae of Linnaeus. 1st ed., 1735; 10th ed., T. 3, 1770. Lucas, Tabl. Tableau metliodique des Especes Mineraux; by J. A. H. Lucas. Part 1, 8vo, 1806; 2, 1813, Paris. The first part contains brief descriptions taken from Haily's work, and also from his subsequent lectures and published announcements of his courses. The second includes in the main Haiiy's Tabl., with many additional notes. Ludwig's Min., or Ludwig's Wern. Haudbuch d. Mineralogie nach A. G. Werner; by C. F. Ludwig. 2 vols. 8vo, Leipzig, 1803, '04. Mallet, Min. India. A Manual of the Geology of India. Part IV, Mineralogy (mainly non- economic); by F. R. Mallet. 179 pp. 8vo, Calcutta, 1887. Marx, Crystallkunde. Geschichte der Crystallkunde; by Dr. C. M. Marx. 8vo, Carlsruhe and Baden, 1825. Matthesius, Sarepta Berg Postilla, oder Sarepta; by J. Matthesius. Fol., Niirnberg, 1562. Meunier, Meteorites. Meteorites; by Stanislas Meunier. 532 pp. 8vo, Paris, 1884 (Encycl. Chimique, by M. Fremy). Meunier, Synth. Min. Les Methodes de Syntkese en Mineralogie; by Stanislaus Meunier. 359 pp. 8vo, Paris, 1891. Min. India. See Mallet, Min. India. Min Res U S Mineral Resources of the LTuited States. 1, 2, edited by Albert Williams, for 1883; 2, 1883-84; 3-6 by David T. Day; 3, 1885; 4, 1886; 5, 1887; 6, 1888; 7, 1889-90 (in preparation). Min.-Samml. Strassburg. See Groth, Min.-Samml. Mid., Crist. Traite de Cristallographie geometrique et physique; by Ernest Mallard. 8vo, vol. 1, 372 pp., Paris, 1879; vol. 2, Cristallographie physique, 599pp., 1884. Mid., Opt. Anom. Explication des pheuomenes optiques anomaux, que presentent un grand uombre de substances cristallisees. Paris, 1877. Ann. Mines, 7th ser., vol. 10, pp. 60-196, 1876 (Abstr. Zs. Kr., 1, 309, 1877). Mohs, Null Kab. Des Herrn J. F. Null Mineralien-Kabinet, nach eiuem, durchaus auf aussere Kennzeicheu gegiTindeten Systeme georduet; by F. Mohs. 3 Abthl., 8vo, Vienna, 1804. Mohs, Char. Characteristic of the Natural History System of Mineralogy; by id. 8vo, Edin- burgh, 1820. Mohs, Min., 1822. Gruudriss der Mineralogie; by id. Svo, vols. 1, 2, 1822, '24, Dresden. (Translated into English by W. Haidiuger. See Haid.) Mohs, Min., 1839. Anfangsgriinde der Naturgeschichte des Mineralreichs; by F. Mohs. Zweiter Theil bearbeitet von F. X. M. Zippe; Svo, Vienna, 1839 (Erster Theil, intro- tory, published in 1836). A first edition of this work in 1832. Mont & Cov., Min. Prodromo della Mineralogia Vesuviana; vol. 1, Orittognosia. Svo, Naples, 1825. Napione, Min. Element! di Mineralogia; by Napione. Svo, Turin, 1770. Naumann, Kryst. Lehrbuch der Krystallographie; by C. F. Naumaim. 2 vols. Svo, with numerous figs., Leipzig, 1829. Naumann later published the smaller works, Anfangs- griinde der Kryst., Svo, 1854; Elemente der theoretischen Kryst., Svo, 1856. Naumann, Min. Elemente der Miueralogie. Svo, Leipzig, 1st ed., 1846; 2d, '50; 3d, '52; 4th, '55; 5th, '59; 6th, '64; 7th, '68; 8th, '70; 9th, '73. Later revised by Zirkel. See N.-Z. Min. Naumaun published also. Lehrbuch der Min., Svo, Berlin, 1828. Necker, Min. Le regue mineral ramene aux inethodes de 1'histoire naturelle;' by L. A. Necker. 2 vols. Svo, Paris, 1835. Nicol, Min. Manual of Mineralogy; by J. Nicol. Svo, Edinburgh, 1849. Noggerath, Min. Stud. Geb. Niederrhein. Miueralogische Studieu uber die Gebirge am Niederrhem; by J. J. XOjrgerath. 8vo, Frankfurt a. M., 1808. A. E. Nd., Finl. Min. Beskrifuing ofver de i Finland funna Mineralier; by A. E. Norden- skiold. Svo, Helsingfors. 1855 Also 2d ed., ib., 18K3. N. Nd., Finl. Min. Bidrag till uarmare Iviinnedom af Fiulands Miueralier och Geognosie; by Nils Nordenskiold. Svo, Stockholm, 1820. Iviii INTRODUCTION. N. Nd., Verz. Verzeichn. d. in Finland gef. Miu.; by id. Helsingfors, 1852. N.-Z., Min. Elemente der Mineralogie by C. F. Naumann, 10th ed. revised by F. Zirkel, 714 pp. 8vo, 1877. llth ed. by Zirkel, 735 pp., Leipzig, 1881. 12th ed., 782 pp., 1885. Phillips, Min., 1823, 1837. Elementary Introduction to Mineralogy. Svo, 3d ed., London, 1823. 4th ed. by R. Allan, 8vo, 1837. The 1st ed. appeared in 1816; and this was republished in New York, in 1818. For Alger's Phillips, see Alger; for Brooke & Miller's Phillips (1852), see B. & M. Min. Pisani. Min. Traite elemeutaire de Mineralogie by F. Pisani. 415 pp. 8vo, Paris. 1875 2ded.,421pp., 1883. Plattner, Probirk. Die Probirkunst mit dem Lothrohr; by C. F. Plattner. Edited by T. Richter, 8vo, 1865. (A translation by H. B. Cornwall, assisted by J. H. Caswell, New York, 1872.) 5te Auflage, T. Richter, 1877-78. Plin. Historia Naturalis C. Plinii Secundi. First published A.D. 77. Latin ed. consulted, Sillig's, in 8 vols , 1851-58; and English, that of Bpstock & Riley, 5 vpls. 12mo, London, 1855. Pliny's Natural History is divided into xxxvii Books; and these into short chapters. The numbering of the chapters differs somewhat in different editions; that stated in the references is from the English edition. The last five books are those that particularly treat of metals, ores, stones, and gems. Quenstedt Kryst. Grundriss der bestimmenden und rechnenden Krystallographie nebst einer historischen Eiuleitung; by Fr. Aug. Quenstedt. 443 pp., Tubingen. 1873. Quenstedt, Min. Handbuch der Mineralogie; by F. A. Quenstedt. 8vo, Tubingen, 1853. Also 2d ed., ib., 1863; 3d ed., ib., 1877. Raimondi, Min. Ferou. Mineraux du Perou : Catalogue raisonne d'une collection des princi- paux types mineraux de la Republique; by A. Raimondi. Translated from the Spanish by J.-B. H. Martinet. 336 pp. 8vo, Paris, 1878. Rashleigh, Brit. Min. Specimens of British Minerals selected from the cabinet of Philip Rash- leigh (descriptions and colored plates). 4to, London. Part 1, 1797; 2, 1802. Rep. G. Cal. Report on the Geology of California; by J. D. Whitney. Large 8vo, San Fran- cisco, 1865. Rep. G. Can. Annual Reports on the Progress of the Geological Survey of Canada; by Sir Win. E. Logan. Containing reports on mineralogy by T. S. Hunt, 8vo, 1845-'59. In 1863 a General Report for the years 1843-'63. Also Annual Reports for later years with mineralogy by B. J. Harrington and G. Chr. Hoffmann. Rep. G. Mass. Report on the Geology of Massachusetts; by E. Hitchcock. 1st Rep., 1833, 8vo; 2d ed., 1835. 2d Rep., 1841, 4to. Rep. G. N. Y. Reports on the Geological Survey of New York. Annual Reports in Svo, 1837-'41; final in 4to. Rep. Min. N. Y. Report on the Mineralogy of the State of New York; by L. C. Beck. 4to, 1842. d^~ [The many Geological Reports published both for the general government as also for the different states during recent years cannot be mentioned in detail. See, however, U. S. G. Surv.] Reuss, Min. Lehrbuch d. Mineralogie; by F. A. Reuss. 8vo, 1801-05, Leipzig. Divided into parts, and the parts into vols. Pt. 1 and pt. 2, vol. 1. 1801; vol. 2, '02; vol. 3, 4, '03; 3d pt., vol. 1, 2, '05; 4th pt., including Index, '06. Rg., Handw. Handworterbuch des chemischen Theils der Mineralogie; by C. F. Rammels- berg. 8vo, Berlin, 1841. Supplement 1, '43; 2, '45; 3, '47; 4, '49; 5, '53. Rg., Kr. Ch. Handbuch der krystallographisch-physikalischen Chemie. Abtheilung I : Ele- mente und anorganische Verbinduugen. 615 pp. Svo, Leipzig, 1881. Abth. II : Organ- ische Verbindungen, 1882. Rg., Min. J. J. Berzelius's neues chemisches Mineralsystem ; by id. 8vo, Nilrnberg, 1847. Rg., Min. Ch. 1860, 1875. Handb. d. Mineralchemie; by id. 8vo, Leipzig, 1860. Do., 2d ed., part I, 136 pp.; part II, 744 pp., 1875. Erganzungshefl (Erg.), 276 pp., 1886. Rio, Min. Nuevo Sistema Minerale; by A. M. del Rio. Mexico, 1827. Rio, Orykt. Elementos de Oryktognosia, 6 del Conocimiento de los Fossiles, dispuestos segun los principles de A. G. Werner; by id. 4to, Mexico, 1795. Rio, Tabl. Min. Tablas mineralogicas por D. L. G. Karsten; by A. M. del Rio. 4to, Mexico, 1804. Robinson, Cat. Catalogue of American Minerals, with their Localities; by S. Robinson. Svo, Boston, 1825. Rose, Reis. Ural. Reise nach dem Ural, dem Altai, und dem Kaspischen Meere; by Gustav Rose Svo, Berlin; vol. 1, 1837; 2, '42. Rose, Kryst.-Ch. Min. Das Krystallo-chemischen Mineral-System; by G. Rose. 8vo, Leip- zig, 1852. ' Rose Kryst. Elemente der Krystallographie. See Rose-Sbk., Kryst., also Sbk. Ang. Kryst, and Websky, Kryst. Rose-Sbk., Kryst. Gustav Rose's Elemente der Krystallographie, 3d ed., vol. 1, 181 pp., 1873. Rosenb., Mass. Gest. Mikroskopische Physiographic der massigen Gesteine; by H. Rosen busch. 596 pp. Svo, Stuttgart, 1877. - 2d ed., 877 pp., 1886-87. INTRODUCTION. lix Rosenb., Mikr. Phys. Mikroskopische Physiographic der petrographisch-wichtigen Mine- ralien; by H. Roseubusch. 398 pp. 8vo, Stuttgart; 1873; 3d ed., 664 pp., 1885. Also accompanied by Hiilfstabelleu zur mikroskopischeu Mineralbestimmung, Stuttgart, 1888. Rosenbusch-Iddings, Micr. Phys. English translation and abridgment of the above work. 333pp., New York, 1888. Roth, Ch. G-. Allgemeine uud chemische Geologic; by Justus Roth. Vol. 1, Bildung u. Um- bildung der Miueralien, etc., 633 pp., Berlin, 1879. 2, Petrographie, 695 pp., 1887. Sage, Min. Elemens de Miueralogie docirnastique; by B. G. Sage. 2d ed., 2 vols., 1777. 1st ed. appeared in 1772. Sandb., Unt. Erzgange. Untersuchungen uber Erzgange von Fridolin Sandberger. 430 pp. 8vo, Wiesbaden, 1882-85. Saussure, Voy. Alpes. Voyages dans les Alpes, par H. B. Saussure. 4 vols. 4to. Vols. 1, 2, 1779, '80; 3, 4, '96. Sbk., Ang. Kryst. Angewandte Krystallographie (Ausbildung der Krystalle, Zwillingsbildung, . Krystallotektonik) nebst einern Auhaug uber Zoueulehre; by Alexander Sadebeck (Rose's Elemeute der Krystallographie, II. Band). 284 pp. 8vo, Berlin, 1876. Sbk., Kryst. See Rose-Sbk. Scacchi, Mem. Min. e Geol. Memorie mineralogiche egeologiche; by A. Scacchi. 8vo, Na- poli, 1841. Scacchi, Crist. Quadri Cristallografici, e Distribuzione sistematica dei minerale; by id. 8vo, Napoli, 1842. Scacchi, Mem. G. Campania. Memorie geologiche sulla Campania; by id. 4to, Napoli, 1849. By the same, Memoria sulla Inceudio Vesuviano, 1855. Napoli, 1855. Polisimmetria dei Cristalli. 4to, 1864. Scacchi, Contr. Min. Contribuzioni mineralogiche per servire alia Storia dell' Incendio Vesu- viano, del mese di Aprile, 1872. Part I, Naples, 1872; Part II, Naples. 1874. Scacchi, Min. Vesuv. Catalogo dei Mineral! Vesuviaui. Naples, 1887. Also Catalogo dei Mineral! e delle Rocce Vesuviane per servire alia Storia del Vesuvio ed al commercio dei suoi prodotti, 1889 (Att. Accad. Napoli, 4th ser., vol. 1). . Schrauf, Atlas. Atlas der Krystall Formen des Mineralreiches. 4to, vol. 1, A-C., Vienna, 1865- 1877. 1 Lief., Tf. i-x, 1865; 2, Tf. xi-xx, 1871; 3, Tf. xxi-xxx. 1872; 4, Tf. XXXI-XL, 1873; 5, XLI-L, 1875. Schrauf, Edelsteinkunde. Handbuch der Edelsteiukunde; by Albrecht Schrauf. 252 pp. 8vo, Vienna, 1869. Schrauf, Phys. Min. Lehrbuch der physikalischen Miueralogie. 8vo, vol. 1, 253 pp., 1866; vol. 2, 426 pp., Vienna, 1868. . Schumacher, Verz. Versuch eiues Verzeichnisses der in den Danisch-Nordischen Staateu sich fiudendeu eiufachen Mineralien. 4to, Copenhagen, 1801. Schiitz, Nordamer. Foss. Beschreibuug einiger nordamerikanischen Fossilien; by A. G. Schiitz, of Freyberg. 16mo, Leipzig, 1791. Contains the first notice of celestine, a min- eral named by Werner from Sehiitz's American specimens. Sella, Min. Sarda. Studii sulla Mineralogia Sarda; by Quintino Sella. 4to, Turin, 1856. Selle, Min. Cours de Mineral ogie et de Geologic, by Albert de Selle. Vol. 1, Mineralogie, 589 pp. 8vo, Paris, 1878. Senft, Min. Synopsis der Mineralogie und Geognosie; by F. Senft. He Abtheilung, Miueralogie, 931 pp. 8vo, Hannover, 1875. Shep., Min., 1832-1835, 1844, 1852, 1857. Treatise on Mineralogy; by C. U. Shepard. 1st part, 1 vol. 12mo. New Haven, 1832; 2d part, 2 vols., New Haven, 1835. Also, 2d ed. (with only the 1st part revised), New Haven, 1844. Also, 3d ed., 8vo, New Haven, No. 1, 1852; No. 2, '57. Shep., Min. Conn.. Report on the Geological Survey of Connecticut; by id. 8vo, N. Haven, 1837. Sohncke, Kryst. Eutwickeluug einer Theorie der Krystallstruktur ; by L. Sohncke. 247 pp. 8vo, Leipzig, 1879. Steffens, Handb. Handb. d. Oryktognosie; by H. Steffens. 3 vols. 18mo, Halle; vol. 1, 1811; 2. '15; 3, '19. Stromeyer, Unt. Untersuchungen uber die Mischung der Mineralkorper, etc.; by Fr. Stro- meyer. 8vo, Gottingeu, 1821. Tabl. Min. See Adam, Tabl. Min. Theophr. Theophrastus Ilepi Xihoov (on Stones); written about 315 B.C. Only a portion of the whole work is extant, but sufficient to show that the author was precise in his knowl- edge of minerals and careful in the statement of facts. T. born about 371 B.C., and d. 28(5 B.C. Thomson, Min., 1802, 1836. Outlines of Mineralogy, Geology, and Mineral Analysis; by T. Thomson. 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1836. A treatise on Mineralogy published also with preceding editions of his Chemistry, the earliest in 1802. Traube, Min. Schlesiens. Die Minerale Schlesiens; by H. Traube. 285 pp. 8vo, Breslau, 1888. Tsch.j Min. Lehrbuch der Mineralogie, von Dr. Gustav Tschermak. 589 pp. 8vo, Vienna, 1S85. 3d ed., 1888. IX INTROD ACTION. Ullmann, Syst. -tab Ueb. Systematisch-tabellarische Uebersicht der min.-eiufachen Fossilien: by J. C. Ullmann. Small 4to, Cassel and Marburg, 1814. Ulrich, Contr. Min. Viet. Contributions to the Mineralogy of Victoria; by G. H. F. Ulrich 32 pp. 8vo, Melbourne, 1870. U. S. G. Surv. United States Geological Survey. Bull. Bulletins 1 to 81. 8yo. A catalogue of those previously issued is given \vith each number. Ann. Rep. Annual Reports. 4to. Vol. 1, for 1880-81; 10 for 1888-89. Mon. Monographs. 4 to. Vols. 1 to 16. Vogl's Joach. Gangverhaltnisse und Mineralreichthum Joachimsthals; by J. Fl. Vogl. 8vo, Teplitz, 1857. Volger, Studien, etc. Studien zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Mineralien; by G. H. O. Volgei. 8vo, Zurich, 1854. Other works : Entwickl. der Min. d. Talk-Glimmer Fauiilie, 1855; Arragonit und Kalcit, 1855; Monographic des Borazites, Hannover, 1855; Epidot und Gran at, Beobachtungen liber das gegenseitige Verhaltniss dieser Krystalle, Zurich, 1855; Krystallographie, Stuttgart, 1854. Wall., or Wall., Min. Mineralogia, eller Mineralriket; by J. G. Wallerius. 12mo, Stockholm, 1747. Wall., Fr. Trl. French edition of Walleiius's Min. of 1747. 2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1753. Pub- lished anonymously. Wall., Min., 1772, '75. Systema Mineralogicum. 8vo, Holmiae, vol. 1, 1W2; 2, '75. Wall., Min., 1778. Syst. Min. 2 vols. 8vo, Vienna, 1778. Waltersh., Vulk. Gest. Ueber die vulkauischen Gesteine in Sicilien und Island [Iceland], und ih re submarine Umbilduug; by W. Sartorius v. Waltershausen. 8vo, Gottingen, 1853. Watts, Diet. Ch. Dictionary of Chemistry; by H. Watts. 5 vols.; 1 in 1863: with supplements. Two volumes (A In) of a revised edition have been published, 1888, '89, edited by H. F. Morley and M. M. Pattison Muir. Also two volumes of a companion-work, Dictionary of Applied Chemistry, edited by T. E. Thorpe, 1890, '91. . Websky, Kryst. Anwendung der Lineal-projection zum Berechnen der Krystalle; by Martin Websky (Rose's Elemeute der Krystallographie, III Band). 377 pp. 8vo, Berlin, 1887. Websky, Min. Sp. G. Die Mineral Species nach den fur das specifische Gewicht derselben angenommenen und gefuudenen Werthen; by Martin Websky. 170 pp. 4to, Breslau, 1868. Weisbach, Synops. Min. Synopsis Mineralogica, systematische Uebersicht des Mineralreiches; by Albiu Weisbach. 78 pp. 8vo, Freiberg, 1875. 2d ed., 1884. Wern., Auss. Kennz. Foss. Von d. ausserlichen Keunzeichen d. Fossilien; by A. G. Werner. 8vo, Leipzig, 1774. Wern., Letzt. Min. Syst. Letztes Mineral-System. 8vo, Freiberg & Wien, 1817. A Catalogue with notes. Werner or his scholars issued, from time to time, a tabular synopsis of his Mineral System revised to the time of publication, on folio sheets, or published them in other works. The earliest after that of Werner's Cronstedt was issued by Hofmann in Bergm. J., 1789, vol. 1, p. 369. Emmerling's Min., vol. 1, 1799, contains the synopsis of 1798, and Lud wig's Min. contains that of 1800 and 1803. Leouhard's Tasch., vol. 3, 261, that of 1809. Wern., Min.-Kab. Pabst. Verzeichniss des Miueralien-Kabinets des Herrn K. E. Pabst von Ohain; by A. G. Werner. 2 vols., Freiberg, 1791, '93. Wern., Ueb. Cronst. Croustedt's Versuch einer Min. iibersetzt und vermehrt von A. G. Werner. Vol. 1, part 1, Leipzig, 1780. Westrumb, Kl. Phys.-Ch. Abh. Kleine physikalisch-chemische Abhandlungen; by J. F. Westrumb. 8vo, Leipzig, vol. 1, 1785; 2, '87; 3, '88; 4, '89; Hannover, 5, 6, '93; 7, '95; 8, '97. Whitney, Lake Sup. Report on the Geology of the Lake Superior Laud District; by J. W. Foster and J. D. Whitney. 8vo, Part 1, 1850; 2, '51. Whitney, Met. Wealth. The Metallic Wealth of the United States, described and compared with that of other countries; by J. D. Whitney. 8vo, Philadelphia, 1854. Whitney, Miss. Lead Region. Report of a Geological Survey of the Upper Mississippi Lead Region; by id. (Made by authority of the State of Wisconsin.) 8vo, 1862. Whitney, Rep. G. Cal. See Rep. G. Cal. Whitney, Berz. Blowpipe. Berzelius on the Blowpipe; translated by J. D. Whitney. 8vo, Boston, 1845. Withering, Trl. Bergm. Sciagr. Outlines of Mineralogy, trl. from the original of Bergmann; by Wm. Withering. 8vo, 1783. (Reprinted in vol. 2 of Mem. and Tracts of the late Dr. Withering, London, 1822.) Wiik, Min.-Kar. Mineral-Karakteristik : En Handledning vid Bestammandet af Mineralier och Bergarter; by F. J. Wiik. 218 pp. 12mo, Helsingfors, 1881. Williams, Cryst. Elements of Crystallography for Students of Chemistry, Physics, and Mineralogy; by G. H. Williams. 250pp. 12mo, New York, 1890. Woodward, Foss. Fossils of all kinds digested into a Method suitable to their mutual Relation and Affinity. 8vo, London, 1728. INTRODUCTION. Ixi Zepharovich, Min. Lex. Mineralogisches Lexicon fiir das Kaiserthum Oesterreich; by V. R, v. Zepbarovich. 8vo, Vienna, 1859. Vol. 2, ibid., 1873. Zirkel, Mikr. Besch. Die mikroscopische Beschaftenheit der Mineralien und Gesteine; by Ferdinand Zirkel. 502 pp. 8vo, Leipzig, 1873. See also N.-Z., Min. The works in the above catalogue which are most important for the study of the history of mineral species are the following, the order cited being that of time : Theophrastus; Dioscorides; Pliny's Natural History; Agricola's works; Linnaeus's Sy sterna Naturae, 1st ed., 1735; Wallerius's Mineralogy in the original Swedish, 1747 (the first systematic, descriptive work, following in its system of classification mainly the 1st edition of Linnaeus, which the author alludes to in his preface, among other Swedish works by Forsius, Hiaerne, Bromell, and Swedenborg); Cronstedt's Mineralogy, 1757 (a new chemical system); Linnaeus's Systema Naturae, 10th ed., 1768; Rome de Lisle's Crystallography, 1772, 1783 (the first sys- tematic effort to apply the principles of crystallography to the science); Wallerius's Min. of 1772, 1778 (the system and facts are little changed from the earlier edition); Werner on the External Characters of Minerals, 1774, and his Cronstedt, 1780; Bergmann's Opuscula, 1780, and Scia- fmphia, 1782; Hofmanu's exposition of Werner's system in the Bergm. J., 1789; Emmerling's liueralogy, 1793-97, and 1799-1802; Lenz's Mineralogy, 1794; Klaproth's Beitritge, 1795-1810; Karsten's Tabellen, 1800; Hauy's Treatise on Mineralogy, 1801; lieuss's Mineralogy, 1801-1806; Ludwig's Werner, 1803, 1804; Mohs's Null Kab., 1804; Karsten's Tabellen, 1808; Lucas's Tableau, part 1, 1806 (giving views of Hauy of 1801 to 1806); Brougniart's Mineralogy, 1807; Hauy's Tableau compjiratif, 1809; Hausmann's Handbuch, 1813; Hoffmann's Miuera- logie, 1811-1817; Ullmanu's Uebersicht, 1814; Jameson's Mineralogy, 1816, 1820; Werner's Last Mineral System (Letztes, etc.), 1817; Oleaveland's Mineralogy, 1816, 1822; Berzelius's Nouv. SystSme, 1819; Leonhard's Haudbuch, 1821, 1826; Mohs's Mineralogy, 1822; Haidinger's transla- tion of Mohs, 1825; Breithaupt's Charakteristik, 1820, 1823, 1832; Beudant's Treatise, 1824, 1832; Phlllips's Min., 1823, 1837; Glocker's Min., 1831, 1839; Shepard's Min., 1832-'35, and later editions; von Kobell's Grundzuge, 1838; Mohs's Min., 1839; Breithaupt's Min., 1836-1847: Haidinger's Handbuch, 1845; Hausmaun's Handbuch, 1847; Dufrenoy's Min., 1844-1847 (also 1856-1859); Glocker's Synopsis, 1847; Brooke & Miller, 1852; Rammelsberg's Handworterbuch and Supplements, 1841-1853, also his Miueralchemie, 1860, 1875; Hessenberg's Notizen, 1854 to 1873; Koksharov's Mineralogie Russlands. 1854 to 1891; Kenngott's Uebersicht, 1844-1865; Des Cloizeaux's Mineralogy, 1862, 1874; von Kobell's Geschichte, 1864; Naumaun's Min. (and Nau- manu-Zirkel), 1846 to 1885; Tschermak's Min., 1881; Goldschmidt's Index, 1886-'91; Hintze's Min. (1889-'91), five parts only completed, but with greater detail of treatment than has been before attempted. To the above list are to be added the earlier editions of this work by James D. Dana, 1837, 1844, 1850, 1854, 1868. VI. ABBREVIATIONS. l. GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TITLES, ETC. Abh Abhandlungen. Ac. or Acad Academy. Accad Accademie (Ital.). Ak. or Akad Akademie (Germ.). Am. or Amer American. {Annals, Annales, Annalen. Att Atti (Ital.). B C. British Columbia. Ber. Bull. j Berichte or ( Sitzungsberichte. Bulletin. Can. . \ Canada ' I Canadian. Oh. [ Chemistry, j Chemical, 'jChemie, LChimie, etc. Dan. Danish. Ed. or Edinb Edinburgh. Eng. . \ En g| neers ( Engineering. Erg Erganzung. Fr French. G Geological, etc. Germ German. Ges Gesellschaft. Inst Institute. Ital Italian. J Journal. Jb. or Jahrb Jahrbuch. JB. or Jahresb. . . . Jahresbericht. Mag. Magazine. Mem (Memoirs, ( Memoires. t Mineralogy, Min < Mineralogical, ( Mineralogische.etc. Mitth. Mittheilungeu. Ixii INTRODUCTION. Mng. . Mou. . N. A. . N. S. . N. S. W. N. Z. . Ont. Phil. Proc. Q. Mining. Monograph. North America Nova Scotia. New South Wales. New Zealand. Ontario/ ( Philosophy, ( Philosophical. Proceedings. Quarterly Rend Rendiconti. Rep Report. S. A South America. Sc. . Science. Soc Society. Span Spanish. Trans j Transactions, * i Transiunti (Ital.^ Vh. or Verh Verhaudlungen. Zs Zeitschrift. Ztg. . Zeitung. 2. ABBREVIATED NAMES OF THE UNITED STATES (U. S.). Ala Alabama. Ark Arkansas. Cal California. Col., Colo Colorado. Ct., Conn Connecticut. Dak Dakota. Del Delaware. Ga Georgia. 111. . Illinois. Ind. Kan. Ky. Mass. Md. Me. Mich. Indiana. Kansas. Kentucky. Massachusetts. Maryland. Maine. Michigan. Minn Minnesota. Miss Mississippi. Mo Missouri. Mont Montana. N. Car North Carolina. N. H., N. Hamp. . . . New Hampshire. N. J New Jersey. N. Y New York. O Ohio. Pa., Fenn Pennsylvania. R. I Rhode Island. S. Car South Carolina. Tenn . . . Tennessee. Va Virginia. Vt Vermont. Wise ' . Wisconsin. 3. ABBREVIATIONS OF PROPER NAMES USED IN REFERENCES TO AUTHORS AND IN TITLES. Ach. ... A. D'Achiardi, Pisa. Arz. ... A. Arzruni, Aachen. Baumh. . . H. Baumhauer, Lildinghausen. Bdg. . . . C. Bodewig, Cologne. Bgr. . . . W. C. Brogger, Stockholm. Bkg. . . . H. Bucking, Strassburg. Breith. . . J. F. A.Breithaupt(1791-1873). Brk. . . . H. J. Brooke (1771-1857). Brz. ... A. Brezina, Vienna. Btd. . . . E. Bertrand, Paris. E. S. D. . . E. S. Dana, New Haven. J. D. D. . J. D. Dana, New Haven. Dbr. . . H. Dauber (1823-1861). Dmr. ... A. Damour, Paris. Dx. ... A. Des Cloizeaux, Paris. Erem \ Pl von Eremevev St - Peters- ( burg (Oerm. Jeremejew). Fzl. ... A. Frenzel, Freiberg. Gdt. ... V. Goldschmidt, Heidelberg. Grrl. . . . J. Grailich (1829-1859). H. . Haid. Hausm. Hbg, , Hkl. , Hkr. . Kbl. . . Kenng. Kin. Knr. Lasp. Lex. Lsx. Mg. Mgc. Mid. Mir. Ph. R. J. Hatiy (1743-1822). W. von Haidinger (1795-1871> J. F. L. Hausmanu (1782-1859). Fr. Hessenberg (1810-1874). W. Hankel, Leipzig. R. Helmhacker, Leoben. Fr. von Kobell (1803-1882). A. Kenngott; Zurich. [ N. von Koksharov, St. Peter* ! burg (Germ. Kokscharow). C. Klein, Berlin. J. A. Krenner, Buda-Pesth. H. Laspeyres, Kiel. A. Lacroix, Paris. A. von Lasaulx (1839-1886). O. Mugge, Hamburg. Ch. Marignac, Geneva. E. Mallard, Paris. W. H. Miller (1801-1880). W. Phillips (1775-1828). INTRODUCTION. Ixiii Pfd. . . . S. L. Penfield, New Haven. Rath. . . . G. vom Rath (1830-1888). Rg. ... C. F. Rammelsberg, Berlin; Rosenb. . . H. Rosenbusch. Heidelberg. Sbk. ... A. Sadebeck (1833-1880). Sbs. . J. Schabus, Vienna. Sec. Sf. Tsch. Weisb. Zeph. A. Scacchi, Naples. A. Schrauf, Vienna. G. Seligmann, Coblenz. G. Tschermak, Vienna. A. Weisbach, Freiberg. V. von Zepharovich (1830-1890) 4. MISCELLANEOUS ABBREVIATIONS. References are given below to the places in the preceding pages where the meaning ot certain general terms, symbols, etc., is more fully explained. Alt. . . Anal. . . Artif. . . Ax. pi. . B. B. . . Bx,Bx a . Bx . . . Comp. G. . . . H. . . . Obs. . . O. P. . . O. ratio . priv. contr. Pt. Altered forms, p. xl. Analyses. Artificial forms, p. xl. Optic axial plane, p. xxxv. Before the blowpipe, p. xl. j Bisectrix, i.e. acute bisectrix ( or first mean line, p. xxxv. j Obtuse bisectrix, or second ( mean line, p. xxxv. Composition, p. xxxvii et seq. Specific Gravity, p. xxxiv. Hardness, p. xxxiv. Observations, p. xiii. Oxidizing flame, p. xl. Oxygen ratio, p. xxxix. Private contributions (i.e. of unpublished observations). Part, in part. Pyr. Ref. R. P. . Tw. axis Tw. pi. Var. j Pyrognostics or blowpipe char- I acters, p. xl. f References (p. xiii); also used of abstracts of original ar- ' I tides found in certain jour, I nals,e.g.Jb. Miu. ,Zs.Kr., etc. . Reducing flame, p. xl. , Twinning axis, p. xviii. . Twinning plane, p. xviii. . Varieties. a b h a b etc \ Crystallographic axes, p. xi\ ' I etseq. a, fc, C, . . Axes of elasticity, p. xxxv. a * j Axial angles, p. xxxii; also UK ' ( dices of refraction, p. xxxv. 2E, 2V, 2H, j Optic axial angle in air, etc., 2K, 2G, . 1 p. xxxv. The following signs are frequently employed : {Plus and minus, as defining . the optical character of crys- tals, p. xxxv. |, .... Parallel to, as ax. pi. \ a. . j Perpendicular or normal to, ( as Bx l c. All temperatures are given on the Centigrade scale. j Angle between two forms, as ( 100 A HO = 45. C Mean of two (or three, etc.* \ analyses; also, in some cases ( of separate determinations. DESCRIPTIVE MINER ALOG-Y. GENEKAL CLASSIFICATION. L NATIVE ELEMENTS. II. SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ARSENIDES, ANTIMONIDES, III. Sulpho-salts. SULPHARSENITES, SULPHANTIMONITES, SULPHOBISKUTHTi* IV. Haloids. CHLORIDES, BROMIDES, IODIDES; FLUORIDES. V. OXIDES, VI. Oxygen-Salts. 1. CARBONATES. 2. SILICATES, TITANATES. 3. NIOBATES, TANTALATES. 4. PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES; AJTTIMONATES. NITRATES. 5. BORATES. TJRANATES. 6. SULPHATES, CHROMATES, TELLURATE& 7. TUNGSTATES, MOLYBDATES. VII. Salts of Organic Acids: Oxalates, Mellates, etc. VIII. HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS. 2 NATIVE ELEMENTS. I. NATIVE ELEMENTS. I. Non-Metals. II. Semi-Metals. III. Metals. I. Non-Metals. I. Carbon Group. 1. Diamond Isometric 2. Graphite Khombohedral b = 1-3859 2. Sulphur Group. 3. Sulphur S Orthorhombic a : b: 6 = 0-8131 i 1 : 1-9034 4. Selensulphur (Se,S) 5. Selenium (artif.) Se Monoclinic, like the monoclinic forms of sulphur. II. Semi-Metals. 3. Tellurium-Arsenic Group. Rhombohedral. rr' c 6b. Selenium (artif.) Se 93 6. Selen- tellurium (Te,Se) 7. Tellurium Te 93 3' 1-3298 8. Arsenic As 94 54' 1-4013 9. Allemontite SbAs, 10. Antimony Sb 92 53' 1-3236 11. Bismuth Bi 92 20' 1-3036 12. Zinc (only artif.?) Zn 93 46' 1-3564 Zinc belongs with this rhombohedral group, and connects the semi-metals to the metals; it is also stated to be isometric like mercury. III. Metals. 4. Gold Group. Isometric. 13. Gold Au Electrum (Au,Ag) 14. Silver . Ag 15. Copper Cu 16. Mercury Hg 17. Amalgam AgHg, Ag a Hg 3 , eta 1. Arquerite Ag 1Q Hg 2. Kongsbergite Ag 36 Hg 18. Lead Pb 19. Tin (cryst. only artif ) Sn Tetragonal b = 0*3857 Orthorhombic &:l:6 = 0-3874 : 1 : 0-3557 Tin is closely related to lead. 5. Platinum-Iron Group. Isometric, also in part Khombohedral. Isometric. Rhombohedral. 20. Platinum Pt with Fe also with Ir, Rh, Os 21. Iridium (Ir, Pt) 22, Iridosmine (Ir,0s) rr' =95 8' Platiniridium (Pt, Ir) 1. Siserskite b =1-4105 2. Nevyanskite CARBON GROUP DIAMOND. 3 Isometric. 23. Palladium Pd 25. Iron Fe with Ni, Co, also Mn Awaruite Fe Ni 2 Schreibersite, Khabdite, etc.. Rhombohedral. 24. AllopaUadium Pd 1. Carbon Group. 1. DIAMOND. Adamas, punctual lapidis pretiosior auro, Manttius, Astron., 4, 1. 926 (the eavliest distinct mention of true diamond). Adamas, in part, Plin. t 37, 15. Diainant Germ. Diamant Fr. Diamante ItaL, Span. Isometric; tetraliedral. Observed forms 1 : a (100, i-i) o (111, i) ^(430, z-l) .1(11-10-0, i 0(511, 5-5) w (211 , 2-2) * (321 , 3-|) u (431 , 4-|) c (uearo) ^ (near d) ^ (541 , 5-f ) $(651, 6-f) No distinction can be made between the -{- and tetrahedral forms, and the hemihedral character of the species has been questioned. 1. 2. Fig. 1, S. Africa. 2, Haidinger. 3, 7, 8, Rose-Sadebeck. 9, Groth. 4 NATIVE ELEMENTS. Twins: tw. pi. o very common, both contact- and penetration-twins; the former often flattened || o; also tw. axis a cubic axis, the twins with parallel axes, symmetrical to a cubic plane, and interpenetrating each other. Faces commonly much curved, and often striated, most frequently | intersection with o. Inverted triangular depressions common on o (f. 1), also others of diagonal quadrilateral form on a; octahedral faces built np of successive plates. Crystals distorted into elon- gated, pear-shaped forms, also irregular; and in groups. In spherical forms with radiated structure and rough exterior. Rarely massive. Cleavage : o highly perfect. Fracture conchoid al. Brittle. H. = 10, but greater on a than on o. G. = 3-516 3'525 crystals; 3'499 - 3'503 bort; 3'15 - 3 -29 car- bonado, E. v. Baumhauer. 2 Luster adamantine to greasy, sometimes dull. Color white or colorless; occasionally various pale shades of yellow, red, orange, green, blue, brown ; sometimes black. Usually transparent ; also translucent and opaque. Refractive and dispersive power high ; indices : n r = 2-4135 % = 2-4195 n gr = 2 '4278, Dx 3 . nr = 2-40845 Li n y = 2'41723 Na n gr = 2'42549 Tl, Schrauf 4 . Becomes phosphorescent when exposed to light radiation or to an electric discharge in a vacuum tube. Positively electrified by friction ; a non-conductor of electricity. Often shows abnormal double refraction, rarely distinctly uniaxial; also occasionally exhibits asterism. Var. 1. Ordinary. In crystals usually with rounded faces and varying from those which are colorless and free from flaws (first water) through many faint shades of color, yellow the most common ; rose, green, -and blue shades are rare, especially the last ; often full of flaws and hence of value only for cutting purposes. The crystals often contain numerous microscopic cavities (Brewster), and some are rendered nearly black by their number ; and around these cavities the diamond shows evidence, by polarized light, of compression. Sometimes crystals bear impressions of other crystals. Inclu- sions of small diamonds are common ; also others of a green chloritic mineral, of hematite, of carbonaceous matter, of rutile (?) have been noted. 2. Bwt or Boort; rounded forms with rough exterior and radiated or confused crystalline structure, often aggregated together, or enclosing crystals. No distinct cleavage obtainable. Hardness greater than in the crystals, and specific gravity less. Luster greasy. Color grayish to blackish. Translucent. There are gradual transitions from the perfectly crystallized diamond through the forms imperfectly crystallized or jniade up of several individuals to the true bort, as again between the bort and carbonado. Crystals or fragments of crystals useless as gems are also called bort in the trade. 3. Carbonado or Carbon ; black diamond. Massive with crystalline struc- ture, sometimes granular to compact, without cleavage. Hardness as great as, or greater than with the crystals and less brittle, but specific gravity less, due in BORT. p ar t t o slight porosity. Luster resinous to adamantine. Color black or gray- ish black. Opaque. Found occasionally in large masses up to 731 carats (Boutan). The true carbonado seems to graduate into the distinctly crystallized mineral. It is obtained chiefly from the province of Bahia, Brazil. Comp. Pure carbon, except in the anthracitic variety, carbonado, from which Kivot obtained on combustion an ash varying from 0'24 to 2'03 p. c. (Dx.). Pyr., etc. Unaffected by heat except at very high temperatures, when (in an oxygen atmo- sphere) it burns to carbon dioxide ; out of contact with the air it is transformed into a kind of coke. 5 Not acted upon by acids or alkalies. Obs. The diamond occurs chiefly in alluvial deposits of gravel, sand or clay, associated with quartz, gold, platinum, zircon, octahedrite, rutile, brookite, hematite, ilmeuite and also anda- lusite, chrysoberyl, topaz, corundum, tourmaline, garnet, etc.; the associated minerals being those common in granitic rocks or granitic veins. Also found in quartzose conglomerates, and further in connection with the laminated granular quartz rock or quartzose hydromica schist, itacolumyte, which in thin slabs is more or less flexible. This rock occurs at the mines of Brazil and the Urals ; and also in Georgia and North Carolina, where a few diamonds have been found. It has been reported as occurring in situ in a pegmatyte vein in gneiss at Bellary in India (diaper 1 ). It occurs further in connection with an eruptive peridotyte in South Africa. It has been noted as grayish particles forming one per cent of the meteorite which fell at Novo-Urei, Govt. Pensa, Russia, Sept. 22, 1886 ; also iu the form of black diamond (H. = 9) in the meteorite of Carcote, Chili 8 . (Of. also Cliftouite, p. 6.) Daubree has pointed out the analogy existing between the occurrence of the diamond in South Africa (see below) and in meteorites, C. R. , 110,18, 1890. CARBON GROUP DIAMOND. 5 India was the chief source of diamonds from very early times, as recorded by Sanskrit writers, down to the discovery of the Brazilian mines. There are three principal localities. The first in southern India, in the Madras presidency, embraces the districts of Kadapah (or Cuddapah), Bellary, Karnul, Kistna and Godavari. This region includes the famous " Gol- coiida mines," the name, however, as stated by Ball, being to some extent a misnomer since it was merely the mart where the diamonds were bought and sold; it was originally applied to the capital now represented only by an abandoned fort near Hyderabad, and was thence extended to the surrounding district. A second region farther north covers a large tract between the Maha- nadi and Godavari rivers ; it includes the neighborhoods of Sambalpur and Wairagarh 80 miles southeast of Nagpur. Connected with this tract there are also two or three localities within the province of Chutia Nagpur, where diamonds have been found. A third region is in Bundel- khand, in central India, especially near the town of Panna. In addition to the preceding some diamonds have also been reported as obtained from a hill stream near Simla. The Indian diamonds were obtained in part from alluvial washings, in part from a quartzose conglomerate ; at Panna this conglomerate (Rewah group) appears to be largely made up of fragments of a lower sandstone (Semri sandstone) which it has been suggested may represent the original matrix. The yield of the Indian mines, once so large, is now insignificant ; it is mentioned, however, that one stone, weighing when rough 67 and as cut 25 carats, was found in 1881 in the Bellary district (Mallet). The diamond deposits of Brazil have been worked since the early part of the 18th century, and have yielded very largely, although at the present time the amount obtained is small. The most important region was that near Diamantina in the province of Minas Geraes. It is situated along the crest and on the flanks of the Serro do Espinhaco, the mountain ridge which separates the Sao Francisco river and its branches, especially the Rio das Velhas on the west, from the Jequitinhonha, and the Doce on the east. The diamonds are obtained in part from river wash- ings (services do rid}, as conspicuously those of the bed of the Jequitinhonha, and in part from prairie washings (servicos do campo) as on the high ridge known as the heights of Curralinho. The river deposits (cascaUio) consist of rolled quartz pebbles, mixed with or cemented by a ferru- ginous clay, which usually rests on a bed of clay. The most common associated minerals are rutile, octahedrite, brookite, hematite, martite, ilmenite and magnetite, with also quartz, cyanite, tourmaline, lazulite, gold, and many others as garnet, zircon, euclase, topaz, etc. The diamonds are most abundant in the caldeiroes, which seem to be large potholes or giant kettles. In the upper plateau diggings, the diamond occurs in part in a sort of conglomerate called the gurgulho, consisting of quartz fragments which are less rolled than those of the cascalho, as are also the accompanying minerals, which occur too in less abundance. At some of these mines, as those of Sao Joao da Chapada, the diamonds occur in clay (barro) which has been regarded as the result of the decomposition in situ of veins traversing the hydromica schist and itacolumyte formation. At Grao Mogor, farther north, diamonds have been obtained in the quartzose schist (called itacolumyte), though most of the specimens showing this association are fraudulent. Other Brazilian localities are those of Bagagem and Abaethe, southwest of Diamantina; further the Lengiies and other mines of the province of Bahia, discovered in 1844, and finally on the Salobro and other branches of the Rio Pardo, two days' journey from the little port of Canavieiras, discovered in 1881. The discovery of diamonds in South Africa dates from 1867. The diamonds occur in the gravel of the Vaal river, from Potchefstroom, capital of the Transvaal Republic, down to its junc- tion with the Orange river, and thence along the latter stream as far as Hope Town. The principal river diggings, however, are along the Vaal river between Klip Drift and its junction with the Hart river. These have yielded well, including some large stones (as the "Stewart," and " Star of South Africa"), but are now comparatively unproductive, and have been nearly abandoned for the dry diggings, discovered in 1871. These are chiefly in Griqualand-West, south of the Vaal river, on the border of the Orange Free State. There are here a number of limited areas approximately spherical or oval in form, with an average diameter of some 200 to 300 yards, of which Kimberley, De Beer's, Du Toit'a Pan and Bultfontein are the most important. A circle 3| miles in diameter encloses the four principal diamond mines. The general structure is similar : a wall of nearly horizontal black carbonaceous shale with upturned edges enclosing the diamantiferous area. The upper portion of the deposit consists of a friable mass of little coherence of a pale yellow color, called the "yellow ground." Below the reach of atmospheric influences, the rock is more firm and of a bluish green or greenish color; it is called the " blue ground " or simply " the blue." This consists essentially of a serpentinous breccia: abase of hydrated magnesian silicate penetrated bycalcite and opaline silica and enclos- ing fragments of brouzite, diallage, vaalite, also garnet, magnetite, and ilmenite, and less com- monly smaragdite, pyrite, zircon, etc. The diamonds are rather abundantly disseminated through the mass, in some claims to the amount of 4 to 6 carats per cubic yard. The original rock seems to have been a peculiar type of peridotite which has been called Kimbertyte. These areas are believed to be volcanic pipes and the occurrence of the diamonds is obviously connected with the eruptive outflow, whether brought up from underlying rocks (as the large number of broken stones suggests) or formed by the action of heat upon the carbonaceous shales is uncertain. Since the discovery of the South African mines in 1867, up to 1886, it has been estimated that the region has yielded stones aggregating upward of 30 million carats, of a value of from 200 to 250 million dollars ; the yield for 1886 was over 3 million carats. (Jb. Min., 2, 81, 1887.) Another 6 NATIVE ELEMENTS. estimate (1889) gives as the amount obtained from Kirnberley's, De Beer's, Du Toit's Pan, and Bultfonteiu, between Sept. 1882 and the end of 1888, 18 million carais valued at nearly 100 million dollars ; further, the entire production of the 18 years (1871-1889 inch) is estimated as exceeding 40 million carats, or more than eight tons. The single mine of Kimberley is said to have yielded from 1871 to the end of 1885 about 17| million carats (3 tons), while the total amount of reef and ground excavated exceeded 20 million tons. (J. Soc. Arts, Oct. 4, 1889.) In 1889 the yield is stated to have been 3 million carats valued at over 20 million dollars. Diamonds are also obtained in some quantity in Borneo, associated with platinum, etc.: thus on the west in the basin of the Kapoeas river near the town of Poutianak, and also in the south- east near Bandjermassim. In Australia, in alluvial deposits near Mudgee on the Cudgegong river and Bingera in the valley of the Horton river in New South Wales. Other localities, chiefly in connection with gold-washings, have been noted in Victoria, Queensland, and South Australia. The Ural diamonds were discovered in 1829 ; they occur in the detritus along the Adolfskoi rivulet near Bisersk, where worked for gold, and also at other places. In the United States a few crystals have been met with in Rutherford Co., N. C., and Hall Co., Ga. ; they occur also at Portis mine, Franklin Co., N. C. (Genth) ; one handsome one, over in. in diameter, in the village of Manchester, opposite Richmond, Va. ; one weighing 4 carats was found in 1886 at Dysortville, McDowell Co., N. C. In California, at Cherokee ravine, in Butte Co. ; also in N. San Juan, Nevada Co. ; in French Corral, one of 1 carats ; at Forest Hill, El Dorado Co., of 1| carats ; Fiddletown, Amador Co. ; near Placerviile. Reported from Idaho and from Oregon with platinum. The largest diamond of which we have any knowledge is mentioned by Tavern ier (1676) as in possession of the Great Mogul. As figured by him it had the form and size of half a hen's egg. It is stated to have weighed originally 790 carats, but there is some question as to this amount, and it may have been much less. Some authors believe that the Kohinoor is identical with this diamond, perhaps reduced in size by cleavage.* The Kohinoor weighed when brought to England 186 carats, and as recut as a brilliant, it weighs now 106 carats. Other famous diamonds are: the Orlov, 193 carats ; the Regent or Pitt, 137 carats ; the Florentine or Grand Duke of Tuscany, 133 carats ; the Sancy, 53 carats. The " Star of the South," found in Brazil in 1853, weighed before and after cutting respectively 254 and 125 carats. Also famous because of the rarity of their color are the green diamond of Dresden, 40 carats, and the deep blue Hope diamond from India, weighing 44 carats. The history of the above stones and of others is given in many works on gems. Of more recent stones from South Africa may be mentioned : The Victoria (or the Imperial) from one of the Kimberley mines, which weighed as found 457 carats ; it was reduced to 230 carats by cutting, and later was recut ; is now said to be a perfect brilliant of 180 carats. The Stewart weighed before and after cutting 288 and 120 carats respectively ; the Star of South Africa, 83 and 46 carats. Tbe Tiffany diamond, of a brilliant golden yellow, weighs, cut as a double brilliant, 125 carats. The colorless Porter Rhodes diamond, found at Kimberley in 1880, weighed 150 carats uncut. The Julius Pam diamond, 241 carats (uncut) was found at the new Jagerfonstein United mine in 1889. Artif. Repeated attempts to form the diamond artificially have been unsuccessful ; further, its method of formation in nature is a matter of vague hypothesis and speculation. Ref. l See the monograph of Rose-Sadebeck, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 1876 ; Zs. G. Ges., 30, 605, 1878. Some of these planes (e.g., #, A., u, 2) must be regarded as doubtful because of their rounded faces. Cf. also Hirschwald, Zs. Kr., 1, 212, 1877 ; Groth, Min. Samml. Strassb., 4, 1878. a Wied. Ann., 1, 462, 1877. 3 N. R., p. 7, 1867. 4 Wied. Ann., 22, 424, 1884. 8 On the phenomena accompanying combustion, see Rose, Pogg., 148, 497, 1873; Schrotter, Ber. Ak. Wien, 63 (1), 462, 1871 ; E. v. Baumhauer, 1. c. 6 On inclusions, see Goeppert, Nat. Vh. Haarlem, 1864. 7 On the occurrence of diamonds in India, see V. Ball, Geol. India, vol. 3, pp. 1-50, 1881; Chaper, C. R., 98, 113, 1884. In Brazil, of later writers, Gorceix, C. R., 93, 981, 1881 ; Derby, Am. J. Sc., 24, 34. 1882. In South Africa, Dunn, Q. J. G. Soc., 30, 54, 1874, 33, 879, 1877, 37, 609. 1881 ; J. A. Roorda Smit, Arch. Neerh, 15, 61, 1880; A. Moulle, Ann. Mines, 7, 193, 1885 ; H. C. Lewis, Proc. Brit. Assoc., 1887. In the Ural, Kk., Min. Russh, 5, 373, 1866. In New SouthWales, Liversidge, Min. N. S. W., 116, 1888. United States, Kunz, Gems and Precious Stones of North America, 1890. 8 Diamond in meteorites, Erofeyev and Lachinov, Vh. Min. Ges., 24, 263, 1884; Sandb., Jb. Min., 2, 173, 1889 ; Will and Pinnow, Ber. Ch. Ges., 23, 345, 1890. The general literature contains such books as the Edelsteiukunde of Kluge (1871), Schrauf (1869), Groth (1887); Burnham on Precious Stones (Boston, 1886). A good summary of all points in regard to the diamond is given by M. E. Boutan, Le Diamant, Paris, 1886, 323 pp., with numerous plates, etc.; pp. 312-320 give a very full bibliography. CLIFTONITE. Fletcher, Min. Mag., 7, 121, 1887. In minute cubic crystals, sometimes with dodecahedral faces, or with those of a low tetra- * A discussion of this subject is given in Ball's Translation of Tavernier's Travels in India, London. 1B89. CARBON GROUP GRAPHITE. 7 hexahedron. No cleavage. Faces often depressed. H. 2*5. G. = 2'12. Color and streak black. COMP. Carbon, like graphite, with which it agrees in characters except form and hard- ness. From the Youudegin, West Australia, meteoric iron, found in 1884. Named after R. B. Clifton, Professor of Physics at Oxford, England. Graphitic crystals, of cubo-octahedral form, occur in the Cocke Co., Tenu. (Sevier) iron. Haidinger (Pogg. , 67, 437, 1846) described graphite crystals from the Magura, Arva meteorite, regarded by him as pseudomorphs after pyrite, but suggested by Rose to be pseudomorph after diamond, Beschr. Meteor., 40, 1864. Brezina has studied the Arva crystals further, identifying the forms (310, 320) ; he shows that they and the cliftonite are to be regarded as pseudomorphs after diamond, Ann. Mus. Wien, 4, 102, 1889. 2. GRAPHITE. Plumbago, Molybdaena, Bly-Ertz, Bromell, Min., 58, 1739 [not Plumbago Agric., Gesner~\. Blyertz pt., Mica pictoria nigra, Molybdaena pt., Wall., 131, 1747. Mica des Peintres, Crayon, Fr. Trl. Wall., 1753. Black Lead. Reissblei (= Drawing-lead) Germ. Molyb- dseuum Linn., 1768. Plumbago Scheele (proving its carbon nature), Ak. H. Stockholm, 1779. Plombagiue de Lisle, Crist., 1783. Graphit Wern., Bergm. J., 380, 1789, Karst., Mus. Lesk., 2, 339, 1789. Melangraphit Haid., Handb., 513, 1845. Fer carbure Fr. Grafite, Pombaggine Hal. Grafita Span. Rhombohedral. Axis 6 = 1'3859; 0001 A 1011 = *58 Kenngott 1 . Forms 2 : c (0001, 0); a (1120, -2); r (1011, R); t (2246, f-2); s (1121, 2-2). Angles : ct = 42 44'; C5 = 70 10'; rr' =94 31'. In six-sided tabular crystals striated || edge c/r, faces rarely distinct. Com- monly in imbedded foliated masses, also columnar or radiated; scaly or slaty; granular to compact; earthy. Rarely in globular concretions with radiated structure. Cleavage: basal, perfect, r indistinct (?). Thin laminae flexible, inelastic. Feel greasy. H. = 1-2. G. = 2'09-2-23; 2'229 Kenng. Luster metallic, some- times dull, earthy. Color iron-black to dark steel-gray. Opaque. A conductor of electricity. Comp. Carbon, like the diamond; often impure from the presence of iron sesquioxide, clay, etc. The purest forms usually yield upon combustion a little ash, from a fraction of one per cent upwards (see 5th Ed. p. 24). The specific gravity varies with the amount of impurities. Ram- melsberg obtained as the residue upon ignition of purified graphite : Ticonderoga 0'24 p. c., Siberia (Alibert) 0'60, Areudal 0*64, Upernavik 1'97. Min. Ch., 1, 1875. Pyr., etc. At a high temperature some graphite burns more easily than diamond, other varieties (e.g. Ticonderoga) much less so (Rose, cf. Rg. 1. c.). B.B. infusible ; fused with nitre in a platinum spoon, deflagrates, converting the reagent into potassium carbonate, which effer- vesces with acids. Unaltered by acids. Obs. Graphite occurs in beds and embedded masses, laminae, or scales, in granite, gneiss, mica schist, crystalline limestone. It is in some places a result of the alteration by heat of the coal of the coal formation. Sometimes met with in basaltic rocks, as with the metallic iron of Ovifak, Greenland. It is often observed in meteoric irons 3 , either in nodules or in veins; the Sevier iron yielded a nodule weighing 92 grams. Cf. also Cliftouite. A tine variety of graphite occurs at Borrowdale in Cumberland, in nests in trap, which occurs in clay slate ; in Glenstrathfarrar in Inverness-shire, forms nests in gneiss ; at Arendal in Norway, in quartz ; at Pargas in Finland ; in the Urals, Siberia, Finland ; in various parts of Austria-, at Passau in Bavaria ; France ; at Craigmau, Ayrshire, it occurs in coal-beds which have been altered by contact with trap. In Irkutsk, in the Tunkinsk Mts., in eastern Siberia, the Alibert graphite mine affords some of the best graphite of the world and in large quantities (Kk. Min., 4, 158, 1862). Large quantities are brought from the East Indies, especially from Ceylon. Forms beds in gneiss, at Sturbridge, Mass.; also at North Brookfield, Brimfield, and Hins dale, Mass. ; in Cornwall, near the Housatonic, and in Ashford, Conn. ; at Goshen, Sullivan Co., N. H. ; also in Brandon, Vt. ; at Grenville, Pr. Q., associated with titanite and wollastonite in granular limestone. .Foliated graphite occurs in large quantities at Ticonderoga, on Lake George ; also upon Roger's Rock, associated with pyroxene and titanite. Near Amity, Orange Co., N. Y., it is met with in white limestone, accompanying spinel, chondrodite, hornblende, etc.; at Rossie, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., crystallized with iron ore, and in gneiss ; at Hillsdale, Columbia Co., N. Y.; at Bloomingdale, N. J. ; at Franklin, N. J., in rounded concretions radiated within ; in Loudon Co., Va.; in Wake Co., N. C. ; on Tiger River, and at Spartanburgh near the Cowpens Furnace. S. C. ; also in Bucks Co., Penn., three miles from Attleboro', associ- ated with wollastonite, pyroxene, and scapolite ; and one and a half miles from this locality, it occurs in abundance in syenite, at Mansell's black-lead mine ; also at Byers, Chester Co. A graphitic earth is mined for paint in Garland, Montgomery, Hot Spring and Polk Cos., Arkansas. In California, at Sonora, Tuolumne Co., a deposit was formerly worked ; occurs also at 8 NATIVE ELEMENTS. Summit City, Alpine Co., near Fort Tejon, Kern Co., Tejunga, Los Angeles Co., Boser Hill. Fresno Co., and elsewhere. In Hum bold t Co., Nevada ; Beaver Co., Utah ; Albany Co., Wyoming. A large deposit occurs at St. John, New Brunswick. In the United States, the mines of Ticonderoga furnish most of the graphite mined commer- cially; 550,000 Ibs. were produced in 1883, 415,500 in 1886, 328,000 in 1887; also the Heron mine near Raleigh, N. C., yielded 20.000 Ibs. in 1887. The name black lead, applied to this species, is inappropriate, as it contains no lead. The name graphite, of Werner, is derived from ypa. Swab., Ak. H. Stockh. ; 10, 100. 1748, Gronst., Min., 201, 1758. Spiesglas, Gediegen Antimon Germ. Antimoine natif Fr. Antimonio nativo Ital., Span. Rhombohedral. Axis 6 = 1-32362; 0001 A 1011 = 56 48' 12" Laspeyres 1 . TELL URIUM ARSENIC GRO UP ANTIMONY BISMUTH. 1 3 Forms 2 : c (0001, 0); r (1011, R), 2 (1014, -f ); (0112, -J); also on artif. crystals 3 a (1120, t-2;, * (0221, - 2), 2 (2358, - *). cz = 20 55' <* = 37 28' 22' = 36 1' ?' = 63 27' cr = 56 48' e* = 71 53' rr'= *92 53' 10" ss' = 110 47V. Twins 4 : tw plane e, in complex groups, fourlings and sixlings, also polysyn- thetic. Generally massive, lamellar and distinctly cleavable; also radiated; some- times botryoidal or reniform with a granular texture. Cleavage 3 : c highly perfect ; e distinct; s sometimes distinct ; a indistinct. Fracture uneven; very brittle. H. = 3-3 '5. G. = 6*65-6*72. Luster metallic. Color and streak tin-white. Comp. Antimony, containing sometimes silver, iron, or arsenic. Pyr. B.B. on charcoal fuses, gives a white coating in both O. F. and R. F.; if the blowing be intermitted, the globule continues to glow, giving off white fumes, until it is finally crusted over with prismatic crystals of antimony trioxide. The white coating tinges the R. F. bluish green. Crystallizes readily from fusion. Occurs in lamellar concretions in granular limestone near Sala in Sweden; at Andreasberg in the Harz ; in argentiferous veins in gneiss at Allemont in Dauphine; at Pfibram in Bohemia; in Mexico; Huasco, Chili; Sarawak in Borneo; at Warren, N. J. ; in Kern Co., Cal., between Kernville and Havilah; in argillyte at South Ham, Canada; in considerable quantities at Prince William parish, York Co., N. Brunswick, cf. Kunz. Am. J. Sc., 30, 275, 1885. Alt. Oxidizes on exposure and forms valentinite (Sb 2 O 3 ). Ref. ' On artif. cryst., Zs. G. Ges., 27, 574, 1875; Rose obtained rr' = 92 25' and e = 1-3068, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 73, 1849. * Andreasberg, described by Romer, Jb. Min., 310, 1848, but shown by Rose to be complex twins, with tw. plane e. 3 Lasp. 1. c. 4 Lasp. 1. c., also Mgg., Jb. Min., 2, 40, 1884, 1, 183, 1886. 11. BISMUTH. Bisemutum, Plumbum cinereum, Agric., Foss., 439, Interpr. 467. Anti- monium femininum, Tectum Argenti, Alchem. Gediegen Wismuth Germ. Bismuth natif FT. Bismuto native Ital,, Span. Rhombohedral. Axis 6 = 1-3036; 0001 A 1011 = 56 24' Rose 1 . Forms 1 : c (0001, 0) ; r (1011, R) ; e (0112, - }), g (0445, - |) 2 , * (0221, - 2). ' Forms 1 : c (0001, 0) ; r (1011, R) ; e (0112, - }), g (0445, - |) 2 , * (0221, - 2). Angles: rr' *92 20', ce = 36 58', eg = 50 18', c* = 71 37V, ee' = 62 46', gg' = 83 33V, ' = 110 33'. Twins: tw. plane e, sometimes produced by pressure 3 . Natural crystals rare and usually indistinct; artificial crystals in parallel groups of cube-like rhombohe- drons. Usually in reticulated and arborescent shapes; foliated and granular. Cleavage: c perfect, s less so; e indistinct. Sectile. Brittle, but when heated somewhat malleable. H. = 2-2*5. G. = 9*70-9*83. Luster metallic. Streak and color silver-white, with a reddish hue; subject to tarnish. Opaque. Comp., Yar. Pure bismuth, with occasional traces of arsenic, sulphur, tellurium. etc. B.B. on charcoal fuses and entirely volatilizes, giving a coating orange yellow while hot, and lemon-yellow on cooling. Fuses at 265 C. Dissolves in nitric acid; subsequent dilution causes a white precipitate. Crystallizes readily from fusion. Obs. Bismuth occurs in veins in gneiss and other crystalline rocks and clay slate, accom- pany ing various ores of silver, cobalt, lead and zinc. It is most abundant at the silver and cobalt mines of Saxony and Bohemia, as at Schneeberg, Altenberg, Joachimsthal, Johanngeorgenstadt, etc., with various bismuth minerals at Meymac, Corrze, France. Also at Modum and Gjelle- bak in Norway, at Falun and elsewhere in Sweden. At Schneeberg it forms arborescent delineations in brown jasper. At Wheal Sparnon, near Redruth, and elsewhere in Cornwall, ami at Carrock Fells iu Cumberland, it is associated with ores of cobalt; formerly from near Alva in Stirlingshire; in a large and rich vein at the Atlas mine, Devonshire; at San Antonio, near Cppiapo, Chili ; Mt. Illampa (Sorata) and Tazna. in Bolivia. In Victoria; the New England district, at Glen Inness, Kingsgate and elsewhere, New South Wales. At Lane's mine in Monroe, Conn., it is associated in small quantities with wolframite, scheelite, galena, sphalerite, etc.. in quartz, also at Booth's mine, Monroe; occurs also at Brewer's mine. Chesterfield district. South Carolina; near Cummins City, Colorado; also in the placers of French Creek, Summit Co., and the Las Animus mine, Boulder Co. (Randall). Ref. i Abh. Ak. Berlin, 90, 1849. 2 Fletcher, Phil. Mag., 9, 185, 1880. a Mgg., Jb. Min., 1, 183, 1886. 14 NATIVE ELEMENTS. 12. ZINC. Zink Germ, Zinco Ital. Rhombohedral. Axis c - 1'35643; 0001 A 1011 = *57 26'6' Williams and Burton 1 . Forms 1 : c (0001, 0), q (4047, f), s (2023, f), r (1011, R), t (3032, f ), u (6061, 6); also doubt- ful (5052, |), w (8083, f), a (4041, 4), y (13-0-13'3, - 1 /); also the corresponding negative forms TI (0111, - 1), etc. Angles: c? = 41 50', cs = 46 14', ct = 66 57', cu = 83 55|', rr l = 49 51', rr = 93 46'. Obtained artificially in hexagonal prisms with tapering pyramids, strongly striated horizon- tally these are either barrel-shaped or tabular; also in complex crystalline aggregates. Zinc also appears to crystallize in the isometric system, at least in various alloys' 2 Cleavage: c perfect; also rhombohedral (?). Rather brittle. Percussion-figure parallel to edges CT and C-TI. H. = 2. G. = 6'9-7'2. Luster metallic. Color and streak white, slightly gray- ish. Zinc fuses at 420 C. and boils at about 1000 C. Obs. Native zinc has been reported from near Melbourne, Australia (see 5th Ed. p. 17); also from northeastern Alabama, Am. J. Sc. , 11, 234, 1876; also with sphalerite in Shasta Co., Cal. Its existence in nature, however, needs confirmation. Ref. * Am. Ch. J., 11, 219, 1889. Cf. also Rose, Pogg., 83, 129, 1851. 2 Noggerath, ibid., 39, 323, 1836. Cf. Rose, ib., 85, 293, 1852, 107, 448, 1859. J. P. Cooke, Am. J. Sc., 31, 194, 1861. , 4. Gold Group. 13. GOLD. Sol Alchem. Gediegen Gold Germ. Gediget Guld Swed. Or natif Fr. Ore nativo Ital. , Span. Isometric. Observed forms 1 : (100, i-i , *) , 1) 7* (410, *-4) /(310, *-8) k (520, -f) 3 1. , e-2) v (811 , 8-8) 4 ju (411, 4-4) 6 ? 2. m (311 , 3-3) w (211, 2-2)? t (421 , 4-2) s(321, 3-|) 2 x (18-101 , 18-) T Fig. 1, California, Alger 9 . 3, Ural, Rose. 4, Ural, Helmhacker. 5, 6, California, E. S. D. 7 GOLD GROUP GOLD. 15 Twins: tw. pi. o, often flattened || o; also repeated and in complex groups 8 . Forms d, o common, also m. Crystals often elongated in direction of an octahedral axis, giving rise to rhombohe- dral forms (as m in f. 7, 8), and with parallel grouping to arborescent shapes ; also in plates flattened || 0, and branch- ing at 60 parallel either to the edges or diagonals of an o face. Skeleton crystals common; edges often salient, or again much rounded (f. 1, 4). Crystals irregularly dis- torted and passing into filiform, reticulated, dendritic shapes, and occasionally spongiform. Also massive and in thin laminae; often in flattened grains or scales and rolled masses in sand or gravel. Cleavage none. Fracture hackly. Very malleable and ductile. H. = 2 -5-3. G. = 15-6-19-3, 19-33 when pure, Rose. Luster metallic. Color and streak gold-yellow, sometimes inclining to silver-white and rarely to orange- red. Opaque. Comp., Tar. Gold, but usually alloyed with silver in varying amounts and sometimes containing also traces of copper or iron; rare varieties with palladium, rhodium and bismuth have been described. 7. White Bull Oregon, E. Mine, S. D. 1 Var. 1. Ordinary. Containing up to 16 p. c. of silver. Color varying accordingly from deep gold-yellow to pale yellow, and specific gravity from 19'3 to 15'5. The ratio of gold to silver of 3 : 1 corresponds to 15 '1 p. c. silver. The purest gold which has been described is that from Mount Morgan, in Queensland, which has yielded 99'? to 99 '8 of gold, the remainder being copper with a little iron; silver is present only as a minute trace (Leibius, R. Soc. N. S. W., 18, 37. 1884). Gold from Maryborough, Victoria, assayed 99'3 p. c. The purest Uralian specimen analyzed by Rose gave: Au 98'96, Ag 0-16. Cu 035. Fe 0'05 = 99'52, with G. = 1910. 2. Argentiferous; Electrum. AevxoS XP V(T O* Herod. ;"H\.eKrpov Homer, Strabo; Electrum Plin., 33, 23. Oroche Span. Color'pale yellow to yellowish-white; G. = 15'5-12'5. Ratio for the gold and silver of 1 : 1 corresponds to 36 p. c. of silver; H : 1, to 26 p. c.; 2 : 1, to 21 p. c.; 21 : 1. to 18 p. c. Pliny says that when the proportion of silver in the gold is one-fifth (= 20 p. c. ) it is called electrum. The word in Greek means also amber; and its use for this alloy probably arose from the pale yellow color it has as compared with gold. Electrura from Verespatak has afforded 38*7 p. c. Ag, from the Altai 38*4 p. c., from New Granada 17 6 to 351 p. c., from Peru 20 p. c. See 5th Ed. pp. 4, 5. The Bodie electrum has G. = 1515, and contains Au 63'34, Ag 36'41 =99'75. (Hanks. 4th Cal. Min. Rep., 191, 1884.) A specimen from Montgomery Co., Va., gave Porcher : Au 65'31, Ag [34'01], Cu 014, Fe 0'20, quartz 0'34 = 100; G. = 15'46, Ch. News, 44, 189, 1881. 3. Palladium-Gold. Porpezite Frobel. A variety from " Porpez," Brazil, containing 10 p. c. of palladium, besides some silver, color pale ; also from Jacutinga and Condonga with 5 to 6 p. c. Pd. Porpez, however, is probably a corruption of PompeO, an old mining settlement near Sahara, in which vicinity palladium-gold occurs rather abundantly (Derby, priv. contr.). A speci- men from Taguaril, Minns Geraes, crave Seamon: Au 91 '06, Pd 8 - 21, Ch'. News, 46, 216, 1882. 4. Rhodium-Gold. Rhodite, Adam, TaU. Min., 83, 1869. Contains, according to del Rio (Ann. Ch. Phys., 29, 137, 1825), 34-43 p. c. of rhodium; G. = 15'5-16'8. Brittle. Requires ree"xamination. 5. Bismuth-Gold. Black gold Austr. miners. Maldonite Ulrich, Contrib. Min. Victoria, 1870. Corresponds to Au 2 Bi = Gold 65 -5, bismuth 34'5 = 100. Newbery (I.e.) found Au 64 5, Bi 35-5; and Mclvor Au 6512, Bi 34'88 = 100, Ch. News. 55, 191, 1887. Color pinkish silver- white, tarnishing on exposure. Luster metallic. Occurs in quartz from Nuggety Reef, Maidon, Victoria. Shepard's doubtful bismuthaurite, or bismuthic gold, may be similar. California gold is mostly from 87 to 89 per cent fine, the average being 88 (U. S. Mint); many analyses, however, run up to 95 p. c. or higher, while others are classed with electrum. The gold from Chaudiere, Canada, contains 10 to 15 p. c. silver, that of Nova Scotia is nearly pure. For the Australian gold (Miller, Liversidge), that from Victoria contains about 96 p. c. gold, 3'5 silver, and 0'5 of other metals. North of this in New South Wales the average fine- ness is 93'5 gold, 6 p. c. silver, the assays ranging mostly from 90 to 96. In Queensland the average is 87 25 p. c. gold and 12 p. c. silver, and for Maryborough 85 p. c. gold and 14 p. c. silver. Farther north the gold becomes richer again, that from the Palmer river washings con- taining but little silver; that of Mt. Morgan (as noted above) is nearly pure. The New Zealand gold of the Otago, or southern fields, is said to contain less than 6 p. c. silver with a little copper, that of Nelson 10 to 14 p. c. silver, and that of the Thames or northern fields over 30 p. c. silver 'S. H. Cox, Trans. N. Z. Inst. 14, 446, 1881). 10 NATIVE ELEMENTS. Rose (1. c., p. 191) gives the following determinations of specific gravity and silver percent age from Uralian specimens. G. Ag G. Ag G. Ag 1910 0-16 17-59 902 16'87 13'19 18-44 5-23 17-48 10 65 17-06 16 15 17-955 8-35 17'40 12'07 14'56 fc8'38 For analyses, see 5th Ed. pp. 4, 5, and authorities there mentioned, especially Rose, Pogsr., 23, 161, 1831; Avdeyev, ib., 53, 158, 1841, for the Ural. Forbes, Phil. Mag. ; 29, 129 : 30, 142, 1865; and Boussiugault. Ann. Ch. Phys., 34, 408, 1827, for So. America; also, Domeyko, Min. Chili. E. W. Ward (in Clarke's Researches in Southern Gold Fields, Sydney, I860, p. 276) for Australia, also Liversidge, Min. N. S. W., 1888, pp. 14-17. Levol, Aim. Ch. Phys , 27, 310, 1849, tor Africa. O. C. Marsh, Am. J. Sc., 32, 395, 1831, Nova Scotia. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses easily. Not acted on by fluxes. Insoluble in any single acid; soluble in nitro-hydrochloric acid (aqua-regia), the separation is not complete if more than 20 p. c. Ag is present (Rose). Observations. Native gold is found, when in situ, with comparatively small exceptions, in the quartz veins that intersect metamorphic rocks, and to some extent in the wall rock of these veins. The metamorphic rocks thus intersected are mostly chloritic, talcose, and argillaceous schist of dull green, dark gray, and other colors; also, much less commonly, mica and horn- bleudic schist, gneiss, diorite, porphyry; and still more rarely, granite. A laminated quartzyte, called itacolumyte, is common in many gold regions, as those of Brazil and North Carolina, and sometimes specular schists, or slaty rocks containing much foliated specular iron (hematite), or magnetite in grains. A quartzose conglomerate is sometimes richly auriferous as in Transvaal. Less frequently calcite is the vein material, as at Miuersville, Trinity Co., Cal. (Diller), and at many points in New South Wales (Liversidge). Gold has also been noted in scales embedded in serpentine. The gold occurs in the quartz in strings, scales, plates, and in masses which are sometimes an agglomeration of crystals; and the scales are often invisible to the naked eye, massive quartz that apparently contains no gold frequently yielding a considerable percentage to the assayer. It is always very irregularly distributed, and never in continuous pure bands of metal, like many metallic ores. It occurs both disseminated through the mass of the quartz, and in its cavities, the larger masses and the finer crystallizations mainly in the latter. The associated minerals are : pyrite, which far exceeds in quantity all others, and is gener- ally auriferous; next, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, arseno pyrite, each frequently auriferous; often tetradymite and other tellurium ores, native bismuth, native arsenic, stibnite, cinnabar, magnetite, hematite; sometimes barite, scheelite, apatite, fluorite. siderite, chrysocolla. The quartz at the surface, or in the upper part of a vein, is usually cellular and rusted from the more or- less complete disappearance of the pyrite and other sulphides by decomposition ; but below, it is commonly solid. The gold of the world has been mostly gathered, not directly from the quartz veins (the *' quartz reefs" of Australia), but from the gravel or sands of rivers or valleys in auriferous regions, or the slopes of mountains or hills, whose rocks contain in some part, and generally not far distant, auriferous veins; and such mines are often called alluvial washings; in California placer-diggings. Pliny speaks of the " bringing of rivers from the mountains, in many instances for a hundred miles, for the purpose of washing the debris," and this method of hydraulic mining has been carried on in California on a stupendous scale. (See Silliman, in Am. J. Sc., 40, 10, 1865.) The auriferous gravel beds in California were of vast extent; those of the Yuba, an affluent of Feather River, varying from 80 to 250 feet in depth, and averaging probably 120 feet. Most of the gold of the Urals, Brazil, Australia, and all other gold regions, has come from such alluvial washings. At the present time, however, the alluvial washings are much less depended upon, in many regions all the gold being obtained direct from the quartz. The alluvial gold is usually in flattened scales of different degrees of fineness, the size depending partly on the original condition in the quartz veins, and partly on the distance to which it has been transported. Transportation by running water is an assorting process; the coarser particles or largest pieces requiring rapid currents to transport them, and dropping first, and the finer (float gold) being carried far away sometimes scores of miles. A cavity in the rocky slopes or bottom of a valley, or a place where the waters may have eddied, generally proves in such a region to be a pocket full of gold. The rolled masses when of some size are called nuggets (pepitas,paw. 8. A.): in rare cases these occur very large and of great value. The Australian gold region has yielded many large nuggets; one of these found in 1858 weighed 184 pounds, and another (1869) weighed 190 pounds. In the auriferous sands, crystals of zircon are very common; also garnet and cyanite in grains; often also monazite, diamonds, topaz, corun- dum, iridosmine, platinum. The zircons are sometimes mistaken for diamonds. Besides the free gold of the quartz veins and gravels, much gold is also obtained from aurif- erous sulphides or the oxides produced by their alteration, especially pyrite, also arsenopyrite, halcopyrite, sphalerite, marcasite, etc. At Steamboat Springs, Nevada, gold is being deposited at the present time and probably from solution in alkaline sulphides, together with sulphides of arsenic, antimony, and mercury, and other compounds, chiefly sulphides. (Cf. Becker, U. S. Geol. Surv.. Mon. 13, 1888.) GOLD GROUP GOLD. 17 Gold is widely distributed over the globe, and occurs in rocks of various ages, from the Archean to the Cretaceous or Tertiary. The schists that contain the auriferous veins were once sedimentary beds of clay, sand, or mud, derived from the wear of preexisting rocks. Through some process, in which heat was concerned, the latter were metamorphosed into the hard crys- talline schists, and at the same time upturned and broken, and often opened between the layers: and then all the tissures (cutting across the layers) and the openings (made between the layers, and therefore conforming with the lamination) became rilled with the quartz veins containing gold. The quartz was brought into the intersecting tissures, and the iuterlaminated open spaces, from the rocks either side by means of the permeating heated waters (such heated waters, at a temperature much above that of boiling water, having great decomposing and solvent, power t and carrying into cavities whatever they can gather up from the rocks). Thus, the gold of the veins was derived from the rocks adjoining the openings, either directly adjoining, or above, or below it; and it must therefore have been widely distributed through these rocks before they vere crystallized and the veins were made, although in an infinitesimal quantity in a cubic ;'oot. As schists with auriferous quartz veins were made in Archean time, so were they also in Paleozoic, especially at the great mountain-making epoch which closed the Paleozoic era; also later, in the Jurassic period, as in the Sierra Nevada; and still later in the Cretaceous and Ter- tiary periods, as in the Coast Ranges of California. But whatever the age of the schists and veins, the original source of all the Paleozoic and later gold deposits must be the original rocks of the globe, as they are the great source of the material of the shales and sandstones of subsequent ages, excepting such as may have been derived from aqueous solution or chemical deposition. Auriferous quartz veins are in no case igneous veins that is, veins filled by injection of melted m ttter from below. Gold exists more or less abundantly over all the continents in most of the regions of crystal- line rocks, especially those of the semi- crystalline schists; and also in some of the large islands of the world where such rocks exist. In Europe, it occurs with silver ores in Hungary at Kontgsberg, Schemnitz, Kapnik, and Felsobanya, and in Transylvania at Verespatak, .often finely crystallized, and Nagyag chiefly with tellurium minerals; it occurs also in the sands of the R line, the Reuss, the Aar. the Rhone, and the Danube; on the southern slope of the Pennine A;;>s from the Simplon and Monte Rosa to the valley of Aosta; in Piedmont; in Spain, formerly w >rked in Asturias; in many of the streams of Cornwall; near Dolgelly and other parts of North Wales; in Scotland, in considerable amount, near Leadhills, and in Glen Coich and other parts of Perthshire; in the county of Wicklow, Ireland; in Sweden, at Edelfors; in Norwaj r , at Kougsberg. In Asia, gold occurs along the eastern flanks of the Urals for 500 miles, and is especially abundant at the Berezov mines near Ekaterinburg (lat. 56 40' N.); also obtained at Petropav- lovski (60 N.); Nizhni Tagilsk (59 N.), Miask, near Zlatoust and Mt. Ilmen (55 N., where the largest Russian nugget was found), etc. Ekaterinburg is the capital of the mining district. Tiie Urals were within the territory of the ancient Scythians; and the vessels of gold reputed, according to Herodotus, to have fallen from the skies, were probably made from Uralian nuggets. But the mines were not opened until 1819; soon after this they became the most productive in the world, and remained so until the discoveries in California. Siberian mines less extensive occur in the lesser Altai, in the Kolyvan mining region, about 1500 miles east of Ekaterinburg, near long. 100' E., between the Obi and Irtish, and 1500 miles west of the other great Siberian mining region, that of Nerchinsk, which is between 135 and 140 E., east of L. Baikal, includ- ing the Kara mines; among the localities are Zmeinogorsk and Ziryanovski, noted for affording the electrum. Asiatic mines occur also in the Cailas Mountains, in Little Thibet, Ceylon, and Malacca, China especially in the Amur district, Corea, Japan, Formosa, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, the Philippines, and other East India Islands ; at numerous points in British India, especially Mysore. la Africa, gold occurs at Kordofan, between Darfur and Abyssinia; also, south of the Sahara in western Africa, from the Senegal to Cape Palmas; in the interior, on the Somat/a day's journey from Cassen. Also in Transvaal in southern Africa, at Lydenburg, both quartz veins and alluvial washings, and at Eersteling; recently the Kaap gold fields in southeastern Transvaal have become very productive: the chief town of the region is Barberton. The quartz reefs of Witwatersrand in the immediate vicinity of Johannesburg, farther west, have also some very rich mines; here the gold occurs largely in a quartzose conglomerate. In South America, gold is found in Brazil (where formerly the larger part of the annual produce of the world was obtained) along the chain of mountains nearly parallel with the coast, especially near Villa Rica, and in the province of Minas Geraes; in the U. S. of Colombia, at Antioquia, Choco. and Giron; Chili; in Bolivia, especially in the valley of the Rio de Tipuani, east of Sorata; sparingly in Peru. Also in Central America, in Honduras, San Salvador, Guate- mala. Costa Rica, and near Panama; most abundant in Honduras, especially along the rivers Guyape and Jalau, in Olancho, while found also in the department of Yoro, and in southern Honduras. In Australia, the principal gold mines occur along the streams in the mountains of N. S. Wales (S. E. Australia), and along the continuation of the same range in Victoria. It was dis- covered in N. S. Wales, near Bathurst, in the spring of 1851; and in August of the same year. the far richer deposits of Victoria became known : up to the present time these have yielded double the amount from the remainder of Australia with New Zealand and Tasmania included. Also obtained largely in Queensland, N. Australia, particularly at Mt. Morgan, Rockhampton 18 NATIVE ELEMENTS. district. Also occurs in Tasmania. In New Zealand there are three distinct gold fields, as already noted. Found also in New Caledonia. In North America, there are numberless mines along the mountains of western America, and others along the eastern range of the Appalachians from Alabama and Georgia to Labrador, besides some in portions of the intermediate Archean region about Lake Superior. They occur at many points along the higher regions of the Rocky Mountains, in Mexico, in New Mexico, near Santa Fe, Cerillos, Avo, etc.; in Arizona, in the San Francisco, Wauba, Yuma, and other districts; in Colorado, abundant, the gold largely in auriferous pyrites, also in connection with tellurium minerals; also in Montana, the Black Hills of Dakota, Idaho especially the Cceur d'Aleue district, also Utah. Along ranges between the summit and the Sierra Nevada, in the Humboldt region and elsewhere. Also in the Sierra Nevada, mostly on its western slope (the mines of the eastern being principally silver mines). The auriferous belt may be said to begin in the Californian peninsula. Near the Tejon pass it enters California, and beyond for 180 miles it is sparingly auriferous, the slate rocks being of small breadth; but. beyond this, northward, the slates increase in extent, and the mines in number and productiveness, and they continue thus for 200 miles or more. Gold occurs also in the Coast ranges in many localities, but mostly in too small quantities to be profitably worked. The regions to the north in Oregon and in Wash- ington and Alaska, with British Columbia, are at many points auriferous, and product! vely so, though to a less extent than California. The Cariboo region on the Fraser river, and the Cassiar district on the Stickeen have yielded considerable amounts. The Alaska quartz mines have been worked to some advantage, as also the gravels of the Yukon river. The mines of California were first made known in 1819. They were for some years solely alluvial washings, but in 1852 quartz mining became prominent, and of late -years placer mining has largely ceased. The quartz veins are often of great size. Some in the " Mariposa estate" average 12 feet, and in places expand to 40 feet in breadth. North of Mariposa county, the auriferous gravel, which has everywhere been a principal source of the gold thus far obtained, is very extensive. The thick deposits, often semi-indurated, have been washed down by vast streams of water thrown by the pressure'of a column of water of 150 feet, that do the work of running off the earth and gravel, and gathering the gold in an incredibly short time. Much of the auriferous gravel formation is under a covering of volcanic rock, either tufa or lavas, which has to be underworked, in one way or another, to get out the gold, making what is called table- mountain mining; the flat tops of hard volcanic material giving a table-like look to the heights. See J. D. Whitney's Geol. California (review in Am. J. Sc., 41, 231, 351, 1866). and, by the same author, The Auriferous Gravels of the Sierra Nevada of California, Cambridge, 1880 (Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 6, No. 1). Also Precious Metal Deposits of the Western United States, by S. F. Emmonsand G. F. Becker, 1885; and Min. Res. U. S., 1882-1888. In eastern North America, the mines of the Southern United States produced before the California discoveries about a million of dollars a year. They are mostly confined to the States of Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia, or along a line from the Rappahaunock to the Coosa in Alabama. But the region may be said to extend north to Canada; for gold has been found at Albion and Madrid in Maine; Canaan and Lisbon, N. H. ; Bridgewater, Vermont; Dedham, Mass. Traces occur also in Franconia township, Montgomery Co., Pennsylvania. ^ In Virginia, the principal deposits are in Spottsylvauia county, on the Rappahaunock, at the United States mines, and at other places to the southwest; in Stafford county, at the Rappahannock gold mines, ten miles from Falmouth; in Culpepper county, at the Culpepper mines, on Rapidan river; in Orange county, at the Orange Grove gold mine, and at the Greenwood gold mines; in Goochland county, at Moss and Busby's mines; in Louisa county, at Walton's gold mine; in Buckingham county, at Eldridge's mine. In North Carolina, the gold region is mostly confined to the counties of Montgomery, Cabarrus, Mecklenburg, and Lincoln. The mines of Mecklen- burg are principally vein deposits; those of Burke, Lincoln, McDowell, and Rutherford, are mostly in alluvial soil; the Davidson county silver mine has afforded gold. In Georgia, the Shelton gold mines in Habersham county have long been famous; and many other places have been opened in Rabun and Hall counties, Lumpkin county, at Dahlpnega, etc. ; and the Cherokee country. In South Carolina, the principal gold regions are the Fairforest in Union district, and the Lynch's creek and Catawba regions, chiefly in Lancaster and Chesterfield districts; also in Pickens county, adjoining Georgia. There is gold also in eastern Tennessee. In Canada, gold occurs to the south of the St. Lawrence, in the soil on the Chaudiere (where first found in 1835), aud over a considerable region beyond, having been derived probably from the crystalline schists of the Notre Dame range (T. S. Hunt). In Nova Scotia, mines are worked near Halifax and elsewhere. Arsenopyrite is worked for gold at Deloro near Hastings, Ontario, Gold also occurs in the Port Arthur region, north of Lake Superior, and in the river-gravels of the Pacific slope, as before noted. The world's yield of gold has very much increased in amount since the discovery of the mines of California. The mines of South America and Mexico were estimated by Humboldt, in the early part of the century, to yield annually $11,500,000, which considerably exceeds the present proceeds. It is estimated that, between 1790 and 1830, Mexico produced $31,250,000 in gold, Chili $13,450,000, and Buenos Ayres$ 19, 500, 000, making an average annual yield of $16,050.000. The Russian mines in 1846 produced about $16,500,000; and in 1851, $15,000,000, while for 1887 the amount is $20,000,000. The yield of California in 1849, the first year after the dis- covery of the gold, was $5,000,000. It rapidly increased from that year until 1853, when it was nearly $60,000,000. Since then it has diminished, and in 1866 the amount was but $27,000,000. GOLD GROUP SILVER. 19 and from 1881 to 1888 it has varied from $18,200,000 to $12,750,000. Montana, Colorado, Nevada, Dakota, Idaho, etc., raise the total from the United States for the year 1888 to over $33,000,000, with $59,206,700 for silver in addition. The silver production in the U. S. for 1890 was $70,485,714 (Leech). Australia produced $60,000,000 for a numbers of years ; but for 1863, 1864, 1865, the average was not above $30,000,000, and from 1884 to 1887 the yield (including New Zealand and Tasmania) has varied from $28,284,000 to $26,425,000. The following tables are taken from the report for 1891 of the Director of the U. S. Mint, Edward O. Leech; figures for recent years above from the reports of James P. Kimball. WORLD'S PRODUCTION OF GOLD FOR 1890. United States $32,845,000 Australasia 30,416,500 Russia 21, 161,700 Africa 9,887,000 China 5,330,000 Colombia 3,695,000 British India 2,000,000 Dominion of Canada 1,495,000 Chili 1,436,600 Austria-Hungary $1,398,500 Germany 1,230,000 Venezuela 1,158,000 Mexico 767,000 Brazil 445,300 Japan 254,000 Italy Peru . . 98,000 69,000 Other Countries* 2,322,300 Total. $116,008,900 UNITED STATES PRODUCTION OF GOLD FOR 1890. Alaska $762,500 Utah Washington. . N. Carolina. . Georgia S. Carolina. . . Michigan Other States-}-. 680,000 204.000 118,500 100,000 100.000 90,000 40,000 California $12,500,000 Colorado 4,150,000 Montana 3,300.000 Dakota, South 3,200,000 Nevada 2,800,000 Idaho 1,850,000 Oregon 1,100.000 Arizona 1,000,000 New Mexico 850,000 Total $32,845,000 Ref. ! See Helmhacker for early authorities and description of crystals from Sysertsk, Min. Mitth., 1, 1877. Note also Rose, Pogg., 23, 196, 1831, Reis. Ural, 1, 198 et al., 1837, and Rath, Zs. Kr.. 1, 1, 1877. Dx. mentions also z (543). 2 Lang, artif. cryst., Phil. Mag., 25, 485, 1863. 3 Erem. Orenburg gold sands, Vh. Min Ges., 5. 402, 1870. see also Zs. Kr., 15. 526, 1889. 4 Lewis, Phil. Mag., 3, 456, 1877. 5 Fletcher, Berezov, ib.. 9, 185, 1880. 6 Werner, Jb. Min., 1, 1, 1881. 7 E. S. D., California, Am. J. Sc., 32, 132, 1886; Rose suggested the symbol 19'11'1 for this form; Naumann wrote it 15*9 1, Pogg., 24, 385. 1832. 8 See Rath and Werner; Helmhacker following Avdeyev assumes inclined hemihedrism to explain twins. 9 Am. J. Sc., 10, 102, 1850. GOLD AMALGAM. A variety of gold containing 57*4 p. c. mercury has been reported by Schneider as occurring in small grains with the platinum of Colombia, J. pr. Ch., 43, 317, 1848. An amalgam from California, Mariposa region, gave Sonnenschein 61 p. c. of mercury with G. = 15-47, Zs. G. Ges., 6, 243, 1854. 14. SILVER. Luna Alchem. Gediegen Silber Germ. Gediget Silfver Swed. Argent natif FT. Argento native Ital. Plata nativa Span. Isometric. Observed forms 1 : a (100, i-i) (410, -4) e (210 , i-2) x(552,4) 6 n (211 , 2-2) 4 . d (110 , i) f (310 , *-3) 5 d (740 , *-)* (331 , 3> y (751 , 74) 2 , o (111 , 1) k (520, *-f) /S (332 , f ) 6 m (311 , 3-3) Twins: tw. plane o. Often in groups, branching at 60, parallel to the diag- onals of an octahedral face 7 . Crystals commonly distorted, elongated to acicular forms, often in reticulated or arborescent shapes; coarse to fine filiform. Also massive, in plates or superficial coatings, in flattened scales. Cleavage none. Ductile and malleable. Fracture hackly. H. = 2-5-3. GL = 10'1-iri, pure 10'5. Luster metallic. Color and streak silver-white, often gray to black by tarnish. * British Guiana $1,125,000, Dutch Guiana 541,000, France 266,000, Central Am'n States 150,000, Argentine R. 82,000, Bolivia 59,800, Sweden 58,500. Gt. Britain 33,000, Turkey 7,000. f Alabama, Maryland, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wyoming. 20 NATIVE ELEMENTS. Comp., Var. Silver, with some gold, copper, and sometimes platinum, anti- mony, bismuth, mercury (Kongsberg, 0'4 p. c. Forbes). Var. 1. Ordinary, (a) crystallized; (b) filiform, arborescent; (c) massive. 2. Auriferous; Kustelite. Giildisch-Silber Hausm., Handb. 104, 1813. Kiistelit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 25, 169, 1866. Contains 10 to 30 p. c. of gold; color white to pale brass-yellow. There is a gradual passage to argentiferous gold (see GOLD). The name Kiistelite was given to an ore from Nevada, having the following characters : H. = 2-2'5; G. = H'32-13'10; color silver-white, somewhat darker than native silver on a fresh surface; Richter found in it silver, lead, and gold, the first much predominating. From the Ophir mine, Nevada, in bean-shaped grains. Named after Guido Kiistel. 3. Cupriferous. Contains sometimes 10 p. c. of copper. Pyr., etc. B.B. on charcoal fuses easily to a silver-white globule, which in O.F. gives a faint dark red coating of silver oxide; crystallizes on cooling; fusibility about 1050 C. Soluble . in nitric acid, and deposited again by a plate of copper. Precipitated from its solutions by hydrochloric acid in white curdy forms of silver chloride. Obs. Native silver occurs in masses, or in arborescent and filiform shapes, in veins trav- ersing gneiss, schist, porphyry, and other rocks. Also occurs disseminated, but usually invisibly, in native copper, galena, chalcocite, etc.; rarely in volcanic ashes (Mallet). The mines of Kongsberg, in Norway, have afforded magnificent specimens of native silver, sometimes in very large masses. One in the collection at Copenhagen weighs upward of 5 cwt. The principal Saxon localities are at Freiberg, Schueeberg, and Johanugeorgeustadt; the Bohemian, at Pfibram and Joachimsthal. It also occurs in small quantities with other ores, at Andreasberg in the Harz; in Suabia; Hungary; at Alleinont in Dauphine; in the Ural near Berezov; in the Altai, at Zmeov; and in some of the Cornish mines. Mexico and Peru have been the most productive countries in silver. In Mexico, it has been obtained mostly from its ores, while in Peru it occurs principally native. A Mexican specimen from Batopilas weighed when obtained 400 pounds; and one from southern Peru (mines of Huantaya) weighed over 8 cwt. During the first eighteen years of the present century, more than 8,180,000 marks of silver were afforded by the mines of Guanajuato alone. In Durango, Sinaloa, and Spnora, in northern Mexico, are noted mines affording native silver. In the Ignited States it is disseminated through much of the copper of Michigan, occasionally in spots of some size, and sometimes in cubes, skeleton octahedrons, etc., at various mines; at Silver Islet and at Port Arthur on the north side of L. Superior. It has been observed at a mine a mile south of Sing Sing prison, which was formerly worked for silver; at the Bridge- water copper mines, New Jersey; at King's mine, Davidson Co., N. C.; rarely in filaments with barite at Cheshire, Ct. In Idaho, at the ''Poor Man's lode," large masses of native silver have been obtained. In Nevada, in the Comstock lode, it is rare, and mostly in filaments; at the Ophir mine rare, and disseminated or filamentous; in California, sparingly, in Silver Moun- tain district, Alpine Co.; in the Maris vein, in Los Angeles Co. In Colorado, at many localities, common at the Caribou mine, Boulder Co.; Georgetown, Clear Creek Co., with argentiferous ores; rather rare at the Leadville mines, less so in the Ruby district, Gunuison Co. In Montana, near Butte, Silver Bow Co.. with manganese ores, also with pyrite and chalcopyrite. In Idaho, at the Jessie Benton mine, Atlanta. In Arizona, common at the Silver King mine, and with argentiferous ores elsewhere. Alt. Pseudomorphs, consisting of cerargyrite, red silver ore, argentite and stephanite. Ref. ! See Sbk., Min. Mitth., 1, 293, 1878; also Rose, Pogg., 23, 196, 1831. * Dbr., artif. cryst., Lieb. Ann., 78. 68, 1851. 3 Sbk., Kongsberg, I.e. 4 Groth, Min.-Samml. Strassburg, 13, 1878. 6 Fletcher, Chili, Phil. Mag., 9, 184, 1880. 6 Rath, artif. cryst., Zs. Kr., 12, 545, 1887. ' On the various methods of grouping, see Sbk., 1. c. ; Rath, Zs. Kr., 3, 12, 1878; Rose, 1. c. 15. COPPER. Aes Cyprium Pliny. Venus Alchem. Gediegen Kupfer Germ. Gediget Koppar tiwed. Cuivre uatif Fr. Rame nativo Ital. Cobre nativo Span. Isometric.. Observed forms 1 : a(WQ,i-i) f (310, i-3) <5(740,e-) 4 ra(311,3-3) 2 x (12'3'2, 6-4) 1 ? d(110,z) (520, e'-f)* 2(530, -f) 4 n (211 , 2-2) 1 z (11 -6'1 , 11-VO 1 o(lll, 1) e(730, &f) 4 a? (511, 5-5) 4 t (421 , 4-2) y(18'10-5, V'1) 3 h (410 , -4) 4 e (210 , i-2) fi (411 , 4-4) 4 (531 , 5-f ) 4 Twins: tw. pi. o, very common (f. 7); often flattened in direction of twinning axis, also elongated || diagonal of twinning plane to acute spear-shaped forms (figs. 9, 10, 11), sometimes to thin plates. Forms with rhombohedral symmetry about the octahedral axis common especially with twins (f. 8). Often in complex groups branching at 60 in the direction of (1) the edges, and (2) the diagonals of the octahedral face, which is usually the twinning plane, the lower side then in twin- ning position to the upper, cf. figs. 12, 13, the former ideal; also grouped after more complex methods; sometimes in fivelings 6 . In parallel groupings of simple forms extended in the direction of the cubic axes (f. 14). GOLD GROUP COPPER. 21 The tetrahexahedrons e, h, k, I, the most common forms both in twins and simple crystals. Crystals often with cavernous faces; also with elevations, especially octahedral plates hexagonal (e) or scalenohedral (A, etc.) in form. Crystals often irregularly distorted and passing into twisted bands of indistinct form and thus into wire-like forms. Often filiform and arborescent. Massive; as sand. 2. 3. Copper crystals from Lake Superior 1 . Cleavage none. Fracture hackly. Highly ductile and malleable. H. = 2'5-3. (* = 8 '8-8-9, 8-838 Whitney. Luster metallic. Color copper-red. Streak metallic shining. Opaque. An excellent conductor for heat and electricity. 22 NATIVE ELEMENTS. Comp. Pure copper; often containing some silver, bismuth, mercury, etc. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses readily; on cooling becomes covered with a coating of black oxide. Dissolves readily in nitric acid, giving off red nitrous fumes, and produces a deep azure-blue solution with ammonia. Fusibility 780 C. Obs. Copper occurs in beds and veins accompanying its various ores, especially cuprite, malachite and azurite; also with sulphides, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, etc. It is often abundant in the vicinity of dikes of igneous rocks; also in clay slate and sandstone. In Siberia, and on Nalsoe, one of the Faroer, it is associated with mesotype, in amygdaloid, and though mostly disseminated in minute particles, sometimes branches through the rock with extreme beauty. At Turiusk, in the Ural, in fine crystals; also at ISizhni Tagilsk, the Bogoslovsk mines, and elsewhere. In Germany, at the Fried richssegen mine, near Oberlahusteiu, Nassau; at Rheinbreitbach on the Rhine. Common in Cornwall at many of the mines near Redruth; and also in considerable quantities at the Consolidated mines, Wheal Buller, and others; one mass from Mullion weighed three tons. In serpentine in the Lizard district. Brazil, Chili, Bolivia, and Peru afford native copper; a mass now in the museum at Lisbon, supposed to be from a valley near Bahia, weighs 2616 pounds; north of Tres Puutos, desert of Atacama, a large vein was discovered in 1859. In Bolivia, at Corocoro, in sandstone, and called in commerce " Barilla de Cobre" (copper barilla). Also found at some localities in China and Japan. In South Aus- tralia it occurs abundantly at Wallaroo on Yorke Peninsula and other mines near Adelaide; at Bathurst and elsewhere in New South Wales. Occurs native throughout the red sandstone (Jura- Trias) region of the eastern United States, in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and more abundantly in New Jersey, where it has been met with sometimes in nne crystalline masses, especially at New Brunswick, Somerville, Schuyler's mines, and Flemingtou. Near N. Brunswick a vein or sheet of copper, a line or so thick, haa been traced for several rods. Near New Haven, Conn., a mass was found in the drift weighing nearly 200 pounds; another of 90 pounds and several smaller isolated masses have also been dug up at different times. The Lake Superior copper region, near Keweenaw Point, in northern Michigan, is the most important locality in the world. The copper is obtained practically all in the native state, and is obtained over an area 200 miles in length. The yield of native copper in 1887 from this region was about 37,000 tons, the Calumet and Hecla mine yielding much more than half. Masses of great size were observed in this district near the Ontauagon river, by Mr. bchoolcraf t, in 1821. (Am. J. Sc., 3, 201, 1821.) The largest single mass yet found was discovered in Feb- ruary, 1857, in the Minnesota mine, in the belt of conglomerate which forms the foot- wall of the vein. It was 45 feet in length, 22 feet at the greatest width, and the thickest part was more than 8 feet. It contained over 90 p. c. copper, and weighed about 420 tons. This copper con- tains silver, sometimes in visible grains, lumps, or strings, and occasionally a mass of copper, when polished, appears sprinkled with large silver spots, resembling, as Dr. Jackson observes ; a porphyry with its feldspar crystals. The copper occurs in both amygdaloidal doleryte and sand- stone, near the junction of these two rocks. It is associated with prehnite, datolite, analcite, laumontite, pectolite, epidote, chlorite, wollastonite, and sometimes coats amygdules of calcite, etc., in amygdaloid. Strings of copper often reticulate through crystals of analcite and prehnite. Pseudomorphs after scaleuohedrons of calcite are sometimes met with. Besides this occurrence in the vicinity of trap, it is also in some parts of the Keweenaw region distributed widely in grains through the sandstone, especially in a conglomerate of quartz and jasper pebbles. Native copper occurs sparingly in California; at the Union and Keystone, Napoleon and Lancha Plana mines in Calaveras Co.; in the Cosumnes mine, Amador Co.; in serpentine, in Sta. Barbara Co. Also in Arizona, common at the Copper Queen mine, Cochise Co. In Grant Co., N. Mexico, at the Santa Rita and other mines. Alt. Native copper is readily altered on exposure to cuprite, malachite, sometimes to azurite. Pseudomorphs of native copper after azurite occur in Grant Co., New Mexico (Yeates, Am. J. Sc., 38, 405, 1889); also replacement pseudomorphs after araffonite at Corocoro, Bolivia, see Forbes, Q. J. G. Soc., 17, 45, 1861; Domeyko, 6th App. Min. Chili, 6, 1878. Ref. ' See E. S. D., Am. J. Sc., 32, 413, 1886, or Zs. Kr.. 12, 569, 1887, for description of Lake Superior crystals, twinning, methods of grouping, etc. ; also for authorities, literature, etc. Important papers are the following: 2 Rose, Reis. Ural, 1, 313. 401; 2,453, 1837. who lirst described the complex groups; also 3 Rath, Zs. Kr., 2, 169, 1878; 4 Fletcher, Phil. Mag., 9 180, 1880; * Lsx., Ber. nied. Ges., 39, 95, 1882. 16. MERCURY. XuroS apyvpoS Theophr. ' TdpdpyvpoS xa& eavrrfv [native] Dioscor., E, ex. Argentum vivum, Hydrargyros, Plin. 33, 32, 20, 41. Quicksilver. Mercuriua Alchem. Gediegen Quecksilber Germ. Qvicksilf ver Swed. Mercure natif Fr. Mercuric Ital., Span. Liquid. Occurs in small fluid globules scattered through its gangue. G. = 13*596 Regnault. Luster metallic, very brilliant. Color tin-white, Opaque. Gomp. Pure mercury (Hg); with sometimes a little silver. GOLD GROUP AMALGAM. 23 ., etc. B.B. entirely volatile, vaporizing at 350 C. Becomes solid at 40 C., crystal- lizing m regular octahedrons with cubic cleavage; G. 14 '4. Dissolves readily in nitric acid. Obs. Mercury in the metallic state is a rare mineral; the quicksilver of commerce is obtained mostly from cinnabar. The rocks affording the metal and its ores are chiefly clay shales or schists of different geological ages. Also found in connection with hot springs in New Zealand, Iceland (?), and in California and Nevada. At Cividale, in Venetian Lombardy, it is found in a marl regarded as a part of the Eocene nummulitic beds. Mercury has been observed occasionally in drift; and near Eszbetek, in Transylvania, and also Neumarkt, in Galicia, springs, issuing from the Carpathian sandstone, sometimes bear along globules of mercury. Its most important mines are those of Idria, in Carniola, and Almadeu in Spain. At Idria it occurs interspersed through a clay slate, from which it is obtained by washing. It is found in small quantities at Wolfstein and Morsfeld, in the Palatinate; in Carinthia, Hungary, Peru, and other countries; also at Peyrat le Chateau, in the department of the Haute Vienne, in a disintegrated granite, unaccompanied by cinnabar, also similarly near Montpellier in southern France; in California, at various cinnabar mines, especially at the Pioneer mine, in the Napa Valley, where quartz geodes have been found con- taining several pounds of mercury. Occurs with gold near Johannesburg, Transvaal, S. Africa; at Pakaraka, Bay of Islands, New Zealand. On the distribution of mercury and cinnabar with a detailed account of the various localities, see Becker. U. S. G. Surv., Mon. 13, 1888. 17. AMALGAM. Quicksilfwer amalgameradt med gediget Silfwer (fr. Sala) Cronst., 189, 1758. Natiirlich Amalgam, Silberamalgam, Germ. Amalgam natif de Lisle, 1, 420, 1783. Mercure argental H. Pella natural Del Rio. Amalgarna Ital., tipan. Plata mercurial Span. Arquerite Berth., de B., & Duf., C. R., 14, 567, 1842, in Rep. on Art. by Domeyko, Ann. Mines, 20, 268, 1841. Bordosite Domeyko, Min. Chili, 3d Ed., p. 362. Kongsbergite Pisani, C. R., 75, 1274, 1872. Isometric. Observed forms 1 : a (100, i-i) d(\W,i) o(lll,l) /(310, -3) e (210, i-2) p (221, 2) n (211, 2-2) a (321, 3-f) Crystals often highly modified; common habit dodecahedral. Also massive in plates, coatings, and embedded grains. Cleavage: d in traces. Fracture conchoidal, uneven. Rather brittle to malleable. H. = 3-3'5. G. = 13*75-14'1. Luster metallic, brilliant. Color and streak silver-white. Opaque. Comp. (Ag,Hg), silver and mercury, varying from Ag,Hg, to Ag 36 Hg. Percentage composition for Ag 2 Hg 3 = silver 26*4, mercury 73-6 = 100; AgHg = silver 35'0, mercury 65 '0 = 100. Also Ag 5 Hg 3 = silver 52*7; Ag 3 Hg = silver 61'8; Ag 4 Hg = silver 68*3; Ag 6 H| = silver 76*4; Ag 12 Hg = silver 86 '6; Ag 36 Hg = silver 95*1. Var. 1. Ordinary amalgam, Ag 2 Hg 3 or AgHg. In crystals . Moschellandsberg often highly modified, rather brittle. No recent analyses have been Levy-Schrauf. published. Also Ag 5 Hg 3 (anal. 5), etc. 2. Arquerite, Ag 12 Hg. G. = 10-8. Malleable and soft. Anal. 11-13. 3. Kongsbergite, Ag 32 Hg or Ag 36 Hg. In crystals. Anal. 16, 17; anal. 18 gives Ag 39 Hg. Anal. 1, Cordier, J. Mines, 12, 1, 1802. 2, Klaproth, Beitr., 1, 182. 1795. 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 15, Domeyko, Miu. Chili, 3d Ed., 1879, anal. 15 by M. Silva. 4, Nordstrom, G. For. Forh., 5. 715, 1881. 6, Pufahl, Zs. G. Ges., 34, 817, 1882. 9, 14, Flight, Phil. Mag., 9, 146, 1880. 11, H. G. Hanks, Dana Min., App. in, 4. 12, 16, 17, Pisani, 1. c. 18, Darapsky, Jb. Min., 1, 67, 1888. Ag Hg 1. Allemont? 27*5 [72*5] = 100 2. Moschellandsberg 36'0 [64-0] = 100 3. Rosilla mines, Chili 43'6 [56 4] = 100 4. Sala, Sweden, 46 30 51 "12 gangue 2'03 = 99'45 5. Rosilla mines 53*3 [46*7] = 100 6. Friedrichssegen, G. = 12*703 f 56'70 43*27 Cu tr. = 99*97 7. Rosilla mines 651 [34*9] = 100 8. Bordos, Chili, Bordosite 69*21 30*76 = 99 "97 9. Kongsberg 75*90 23*06 insol. 0*49 = 99*45 10. N. Chili 79*4 [20*61 = 100 11. Br. Columbia 86*15 11-90 SiO 2 0*45 = 98*50 12. Kongsberg 86*3 13*7 =100 24 NATIVE ELEMENTS. Ag Hg 13. Arqueros, Arquerite .... 86'5 13'3 99'8 14. Kougsberg 93'4o 7'02 gangue 1'50 = 99'97 15. Rodaito, Chili 94'4 [5'6] = 100 16. Kongsberg, Kongsbergite f 94*94 [5 "06] = 100 17. " " ,* |95'26 [4-74] = 100 18. Chili ... 95-8 3'6 = 99'4 Darapsky (1. c.) found the amount of mercury to vary somewhat widely even in different samples from tiie same specimen. Pyr., etc. B.B. on charcoal the mercury volatilizes and a globule of silver is left. In the closed tube the mercury sublimes and condenses on the cold part of the tube in minute globules. Dissolves in nitric acid. Rubbed on copper it gives a silvery luster. Obs. From the Palatinate at Moschellandsberg, in fine crystals, and said to occur where the veins of mercury and silver intersect one another; at Friedrichssegen near Oberlalmstein, Nassau Also from Rosenau in Hungary, Sala in Sweden, Kongsberg in Norway, Allemont in Dauphine, Almaden in Spain. In S. America, from the mines of Arqueros, Coquimbo, Chili (arquerite pt.); Rodaito near Arqueros; Rosilla, prov. Atacama; Bordos (bordostie). From Vitalle Creek, Br. Columbia (arquerite). Artif. Various artificial amalgams are known, cf. Rg., Kr. Ch., 170, 1881. Ref. l See Schrauf, Atlas, Tf. vi, vii, 1864; also Gdt., Index, 1, 181, 1886. 18. LEAD. Plumbum nigrum Plin., 34, 47. Saturnus Alchem. Gediegen Blei Germ* Gediget Ely Siced. Plomb natif Fr. Pioinbo native Hal. Plomo metalico Span. Isometric. Observed forms 1 : a (100, i-i) d(110, 0(111, 1) h (410, i-4) n (551, 5) n (211, 2-2) Twins: tw. pi. o. Crystals rare, octahedral or dodecahedral ; usually in thin plates and small globular masses, also in dendritic, wire-like forms. Very malleable, and somewhat ductile. H. = 1*5. Gr. = 11*37. Luster metallic. Color lead-gray. Opaque. Comp. Nearly pure lead; sometimes contains a little silver, also antimony. The crystallized lead from the Harstig mine gave 99'71 p. c. Pb, with G. = 11-372, Hamberg, 1. c. Pyr. B.B. fuses easily, coating the charcoal with a yellow oxide which, treated in R. F., volatilizes, giving an azure-blue tinge to the flame. Fusibility 330 C. Dissolves easily in, dilute nitric acid. Obs. Occurs usually in thin plates and embedded scales; thus in a compact doloraitic lime- stone with hematite, magnetite, and hausmaunite, etc., at the iron and manganese mines of Pajs- berg, Harstig, and Langban in Wermland, Sweden; similarly at Nordmark; at the Sjo mines, Orebro, in a mineral resembling neotocite. Crystals are known only from the Harstig mine, where they occur in cavities associated with the manganese silicate, caryopilite, and the arsenates, sarkiniteand brandtite. Hamberg regards the native lead to have been reduced by the oxidation of arsenious acid. Found also in the gold washings of the Urals at Ekaterinburg and in the Altai, also on the Kirghese Steppes. Also reported (but some of these are doubtful) as occurring in globules in galena at Alston- moor; in lava in Madeira; at the mines near Carthagena in Spain; in Carboniferous limestone near Bristol, and at Keumare, Ireland; according to R. P. Greg, Jr , in thin sheets in red oxide of lead near a basaltic dike in Ireland; in an amygdaloid near Weissig; in basaltic tufa, at Rautenberg, in Moravia; in the district of Zomelahuacan, in the State of Vera Cruz, in a granular limestone, containing in some places species of ammonites, in laminae, in a foliated argentiferous galena; at Huaucavelica, Peru. In the U. S., reported from near Saratoga, N. Y., in crystalline limestone (but doubtful). At Breckinridge and Gunnison, Colorado. Jay Gould mine, Wood River district, Idaho. In the gold placers of Camp Creek, Montana. Artif. Metallic lead has long been known to crystallize in the isometric system; Lehmann has obtained electrolytically, besides this form, another in plates for which he suggests the monoclinic system 2 . Ref. 1 Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 45, 483, 1888, Zs. Kr., 17, 253, 1889. 2 Zs. Kr., 15, 274, 1889. 19. TIN. Plumbum candidum Plin., 34, 47. Jupiter Alchem. Gediegen Zinn Germ, Gediget Tenn Swed. Etain natif Fr. Stagno nativo Ilal. Estano nativo Span. In irregular rounded crystalline grains, or aggregations of grains, from O'l to 1 mm. in size; color grayish white. Occurs with platinum, iridosmine, gold, copper, PLATINUM-IRON GROUP PLATINUM. 25 cassiterite, corundum in washings from the Aberfoil and Sam rivers (headwaters of the Clarence river) near Oban, New South Wales. Howell, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 23, 30, 1885. Native tin has also been reported as occurring with the Siberian gold; in the Rio Tipuani valley, Bolivia (probably artificial, Forbes); in Guanajuato, Mexico, under bismutite (Frenzel). All these are doubtful. Artificial crystals are : (a] tetragonal, and (/?) orthorhombic. (a) Tetragonal. Axis c 0'3857, Mir. 1 In prismatic crystals with a (100, t-), m (110, I), e (101, l-i), i (301, 30, P (111, 1), T (331, 3). Angles pp' = 39 35', pp" = 57 13', 'ee' = 29 29', ee" = 42 1,:'. Also twins: tw. pi. (1) p (111), and (2) r (331). H. =2. G. 7-178, after fusion 7'293 Mir. Somewhat malleable. Luster metallic. Color tin-white. Obtained by the electrolytic decomposition of tin protochloride. Also from fusion in oscillatory pyramidal forms. (ft) Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : c = 0'3874 : 1 : 3557., 100 A HO = 21 10f, 001 A 101 = 42 33V, 001 A Oil ,= 19 34f, Trechmann' 2 . In thin plates of prismatic crystals with a (100, i-l\ b (010, ii), m (110, 7), y (340, -f) 3 , e (120, i-2), k (101, l-l), n (021, 2-i), d(lll, 1), p (121, 2 2>. Angles: mm' = 42 21', bm = *68 49f, bn = 54 34', dd' = 81 43', dd'" = 29 22', bd *75 19'. The form approximates to that of the tetragonal variety, e.g., in the ratio of a : c. Cleavage : b, k very imperfect. Brittle to mild. H. = above 2. G. = 6'54. Luster metal- lic. Color dark gray to bluish gray. Streak iron-gray, shining. Chemically nearly pure tin. Obtained from cavities of an arsenical slag produced in the process of tin-making, Cornwall. Ref. Min., p. 127; Phil. Mag., 22, 263, 1843. 2 Min. Mag., 3, 186, 1879. 3 Foullon, Vh. G. Reichs., 237, 1881; see also Jb. G. Reichs., 367, 1884; he describes both the dimorphous forms. 5. Platinum-Iron Group. 20. PLATINUM. Platina (fr. Choco) Ulloa, Relac. Hist. Viage Amer. Merid., lib. 6, c. 10, Madrid 1748. Platina (fr. Carthagena) W. Brownrigg (who received it in 1741 from C. Wood), Phil. Trans., 584, 1750. Platiua del Pinto Scheffer, Ak. H. Stockh., 269, 1752. Polyxen Hausm., Haudb., 97, 1813, 20, 1847. Gediegeu Platiu Germ. Platine natif Fr. Platino Ital. Platina Span. Isometric. Observed forms 1 : a (100, i-i) d (110, i) o (111, 1) /(310, *-3) e (210, e-2) I (530, e-f) g (320, f-f) Twins: tw. plane o. Crystals rare, cubes most common ; often distorted. Usu- ally in grains and scales, occasionally in irregular lumps or nuggets up to 20 pounds in weight. Cleavage none. Fracture hackly. Malleable and ductile. H. = 4-4*5. G. 14-19 native; 21-22 chem. pure. Luster metallic. Color and streak whitish steel-gray; shining. Sometimes magnetipolar. Coin p. Platinum alloyed with iron, iridium, osmium and other metals. Var. 1. Ordinary. Non-magnetic or only slightly magnetic. G. = 16-5-18 mostly. After washing in acid a distinction can be made between silver-white, gray, and iron-black grains. 2. Magnetic. G. about 14. Here is included Breithaupt's Iron-platinum (Eisenplatin), described as PtFe 2 with H. = 6 and G. 14-6-15'S. Much platinum is magnetic, and occasion- ally it has polarity, so that platinum magnets are spoken of, comparable in power to the lode- stone. The magnetic property seems to be connected with high percentage of iron, although this distinction does not hold without exception. Cf. Daubree, C. R., 80, 526, 1875. A nickeliferous magnetic platinum from Nizhni Tagilsk gave Terreil: 8'18 Fe and 0'75Ni, C. R., 82, 1116, 1876. Anal. 1-14, Minchin, Min. Russl., 5, 184-190, 1866: anal. 3-7 of black grains washed with acid and then distinguished by color as given; anal. 8-12, ditto white grains. 15-17, Berzelius, Ak. H. Stockh., 113, 1828. 18, Glaus, Rg., Min. Ch.. p. 10, 1860. 19, Bocking, Lieb. Ann., 96, 243, 1855. 20-23, Deville and Debray, Ann. Ch. Phys., 56, 449, 1859, and others. 24-26, Hoffmann, Trans. Roy. Soc., Canada, 5 (3), p. 17, 1887. anal. 24 of whole after separation of gold, 25, 26, of samples separated by the magnet. 27, Collier, Am. J. Sc., 21, 123, 1881. 26 NATIVE ELEMENTS. G Pt Fe Pd Rh Ir Os Cu Iridos. non- 1. Goroblag. magnetic 17 '726 2. Goroblag. magn. 14"25 3. N. Tagilsk wh. non-magn. 17'22 4. N. Tagilsk gry. 16*44 5. " blk. 1414 6. N. Tagilsk #ry. magn. 14 '82 7. N. Tagilsk blk. 13'35 8. N. Tagilsk wh. 17 '21 9. " non-magn. 16 '54 10. " " 13-52 11. N. Tagilsk magn. 14-63 12. " 13-52 13. N. Tagilsk 14. 15. N. Tagilsk non-magn. 16. N.Tagilskww^n. 17. Goroblag. non-magn. 18. Goroblag. 19. Borneo 20. Australia 21. Choco 22. California 23. Oregon 24. Br. Columbia 16'656 25. " non-magn. 17'017 26. " magn. 16 '095 27. Pittsburgh 17'35 Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible. Not affected by borax or salt of phosphorus, except in the state of fine dust, when reactions for iron and copper may be obtained. Soluble only in heated nitro- hydrochloric acid. Obs. Platinum was first found in pebbles and small grains, associated with iridium, osmium, palladium, gold, copper, and chromite, in the alluvial deposits of the river Pinto, in the district of Choco, near Popayan, in the U. S. of Colombia, South America, where it received its name platina (platiua del Pinto) from plata, silver. In the province of Antioquia, iii Brazil, it has been found in auriferous regions in syenite (Boussiugault, Ann. Ch. Phys., 32, 204, 1826). In Russia, where it was first discovered in 1822, it occurs in alluvial material in the Urals at Nizhni Tagilsk, sometimes in nuggets of considerable size; alsq at Kushvinsk in the Qoroblag- odatsk district and at other points; in Nizhni Tagilsk it has been found with chromite in a serpentine probably derived from a peridotyte. In the sand of the Ivalo river, northern Lap- land, associated with diamond and probably derived from a serpentine (altered peridotyte) con- taining chromite and diallage. Platinum is also found on Borneo; in the sands of the Rhine; at St. Aray, Val du Drac; county of Wicklow, Ireland; on the river Jocky, St. Domingo; according to report, in Choloteca and Gracias, in Honduras. Also from the river Tayaka, in New Zealand, from a region charac- terized by a chrysolite rock (dunyte) with serpentine; similarly with nickeliferous metallic iron (awaruite) in the drift of the Gorge river; also from quartz lodes in the Thames gold fields (J. A. Pond). In New South Wales, reported as occurring in situ in the Broken Hill district, in a feldspathic rock with iridosmine; found in gold washings in small quantities at various points. In California, in the Klamath region, at Cape Blanco, etc., but not abundant, in the gold washings of Cherokee, Butte Co.; in traces with gold in Rutherford Co., North Carolina; at St. Frangois, Beauce Co., Quebec; at several points in British Columbia, thus on the Fraser river near Lillooet, also on Tranquille river and on Granite Creek, a branch of the Tulameen; further on the tributaries of the Yukon river. A mass weighing 104 grams, with G. = 10*45, and con- sisting of 46 p. c. platinum (anal. 27) and 54 chromite, was found near Plattsburgh, N. Y. The metal platinum was brought from Choco, S. A., by Ulloa, a Spanish traveller in America, in the year 1735, and from Carthagena, by Charles Wood, who procured it in Jamaica. Ulloa speaks of specula made by the people of the country, of a peculiar metal, which Brown- rigg says was " platina," and the latter mentions a "pummel of a sword," and other articles of platinum, received by him from Carthagena. Ref. i Cf. Eremeyev, Vh. Min. Ges., 14, 155, 1879. 83-49 76-22 81-34 82-46 70-15 73-70 68-95 78-38 82-16 71-20 74-67 7194 68-72 77-14 78-94 73-58 86-50 85-97 82-60 61-40 8-98 17-30 11-48 11-23 18-90 16-65 1893 11-72 11-50 17-73 1554 15-79 15-58 12-13 11-04 12-98 8-32 6-54 10-67 4-55 1-94 1-87 0-30 023 0-20 0-23 0-21 017 0-25 018 0-18 014 0-20 0-22 0-28 0-30 1-10 0-75 0-30 1 80 3-17 2-50 214 2-35 3-61 3-12 3-30 2-79 2-19 3-46 2-26 2-76 2-48 2-74 0-86 1-15 1-15 0-96 1-85 tr. tr. 0-36 2-42 tr. 1-13 1-21 tr. 0-64 1-03 tr. 116 115 tr. 1-47 1-34 tr. 1-59 5-32 tr. 0-28 1-00 tr. 0-21 1-15 tr. 0-50 0-83 tr. 1-98 1-18 tr. 3-72 4-73 tr. 030 5-10 tr. 0-34 4-97 tr. 0-70 2-35 tr. 5-20 tr. 0-45 0-98 0-54 0-86 0-66 0-13 110 110 0-93 =98-51 050 =98-75 0-57 = 99-38 1-38 =99-50 3-87 = 98-92 2-56 =98-88 3-75 =98-07 0-32 =98-98 1 89 =99-20 3-85 =98-07 2-30 =97-76 2-87 =98-40 6-36 = 98-37 0-98 a = 9865 1-96 =98-75 2-30 = 97-86 1-40 =98-92 210 a = 98-70 3-80 Au 0-20 = 98 26-00 Au 1-20 sand 3( 1- \ 2b = 100-20 86 20 7-80 0-50 1-40 0-85 0-60 0-95 Aul-00 sand o- 95 = 100-25 85 50 6-75 0-60 1-00 1-05 1-40 1-10 Au 0'80 sand 2' 95 = 101-15 51 45 4-30 0-15 0-65 0-40 215 37-30 Au 0-85 sand 3-00 = 100-25 72' '07 8-59 0-19 2-57 114 3-39 10-51 gangue 1-69 100-15 68 19 7-87 0-26 310 1-21 3-09 14-62 gangue 1-95 100-30 78' 43 9-78 0-09 1-70 1-04 3-89 ,3-77 gangu 1-27 = 99-97 82 81 1104 310 0-29 063 tr. 0-40 gangue 2-05 = 100-32 a Including gangue. PLA TIN CM-IRON GRO UP IRIDIUM IRIDOSMINE. 27 21. IRIDIUM. Gediegen Iridium Breith., Berz.. JB., 14, 180, 1835, Ak. H. Stockh., 84, 1834. Platiniridium Smnberg, Berz. JB., 15, 205, 1834. Isometric. Observed forms 1 : a (100, i-i) d (110, i) o (111, 1) / (310, f-3) $ (430, *-f ) Twins : tw. plane o, commonly in polysynthetic groups. Crystals rare, gener- ally cubes. Usually in angular grains. Cleavage: cubic, indistinct. Fracture hackly. Somewhat malleable. H. = 6-7, G. = 22-65-22'84 2 . Luster metallic. Color silver-white, with tinge of yellow ou surface; gray on fracture. Opaque. Comp. Iridium with platinum and other allied metals. Anal. S vanberg : Pt Ir Pd Rh Fe Cu Os 1. N. Tagilsk 19-64 76-80 0'89 1'78 = 99'11 S.Brazil 55-44 27*79 0"49 6 '86 4- 14 '30 trace = 98'02 Prinsep in a specimen from Ava in India found Ir 60, Pt20; this is called Avaite by Heddle, Enc. Brit., 16, 382, 1883. Obs. Occurs with the platinum of the Urals and Brazil; perhaps also with the California gold; Ava in Burma. Ref. ! Erem., Vh. Min. Ges., 14, 155, 1879. 2 Of cubic crystals 22 "647-22 "668, of octahe- dral 22-770-22-773 from Sukho-Visim, from Nevyansk, 22 '805-22 -836, Erem. 1. c. 22. IRIDOSMINE. Ore of Iridium, consisting of Iridium and Osmium, Wollaston, Phil. Trans., 316, 1805 (Metals Iridium and Osmium, first announced by Tennant, Phil. Trans., 411, 1804). Native Iridium Jameson. Osmiure d'Iridium Berz., Nouv. Syst. Min., 195, 1819. Osmium-Iridium Leonh., Handb., 1821. Iridosmium; Osmiridium. Newianskit, Sisserskit. Haid. Handb., 558, 1845. Rhombohedral. Axis 6 = 1-4105; 0001 A 1011 = 58 27' Rose. Forms : c (0001, 0), m (1010, I\ r (1011, R)\ z (0111, - I) 2 , x (2243, f-2). Angles: ex = *62, rr' = 95 8', xx' = 52 24'. Rarely in hexagonal prisms ; usually in irregular flattened grains. Cleavage: c perfect. Slightly malleable to nearly brittle. H. = 6-7. G. = 19-3-21-12. Luster metallic. Color tin-white to light l steel-gray. Opaque. Comp., Tar Iridium and osmium in different propor- tions. Two varieties depending on these proportions have been named as species, but they are isomorphous, as are also the metals themselves (Rose). Some rhodium, platinum, ruthenium, and other metals are usually present. Var. 1. Nevyanskite. Newjanskit Haid.; H. =7; G. = 18-8-19-5. white. Over 40 p. c. of iridium. 2. Siserskite. Sisserskit Haid. In flat scales, often six-sided, color grayish white, steel-gray G. = 20-21 2. Not over 30 p. c. of iridium. Less common than the light-colored variety. Anal. Deville and Debray, Ann. Ch. Phys., 56, 481, 1859. 1. N. Grenada 2. 3. California 4. Australia 5. Borneo 6. Ural 7. " G. = 18-9 8. " G. =18-8 9. " G. = 20-4 10. " G. = 20-5 Pyr., etc. At a high temperature the siserskite gives out osmium, but undergoes no further change. The nevyanskite is not decomposed and does not give an osmium odor. With niter, the characteristic odor of osmium is soon perceived, and a mass obtained soluble in water, from which a green precipitate is thrown down by nitric acid. Obs. Occurs with platinum in the province of Choco in South America; near Ekaterinburg, Zlatoust, and Kyshtimsk, in the Ural mountains; in auriferous and other drifts at various points Ural, Rose. In flat scales; color tin- Ir Rd Pt 70-40 12-30 o-io 57-80 0-63 53-50 2-60 58-13 3-04 58-27 2.64 0-15 77-20 0-50 1-10 43-28 5-73 0-62 64-50 7-50 2-80 43-94 1-65 0-14 70-36 4-72 0-41 Ru Os Cu Fe [17-20] = 100 6-37 35-10 006 010 = 100-06 050 43-40 = 100 5-22 33-46 0-15 = 100 38-94' = 100 0-20 21-00' tr. = 100 8-49 '40-11 0-78 0-99 = 100 22-90 0-90 1-40 = 100 4-68 "48-85 = 0-11 0-63 = 100 23-01' 0-21 1-29 = 100 28 NATTVE ELEMENTS. as Bingera, Bathurst, etc., in New South Wales, Australia. Rather abundant in the auriferous beach-sands of northern California, occurring in small bright lead-colored scales, sometimes six-sided. Also traces in the gold-washings on the rivers du Loup and des Plantes, Canada. Ref. l Abh. Ak. Berlin, 97, 1849; Pogg., 29, 452, 1833. * Lsx., also a more acute' m-2 pyramid, Ber. nied. Ges., p. 99, 1882. 23. PALLADIUM. Wollaston, Phil. Trans. 1808. Isometric. In minute octahedrons,, Haid. Mostly in grains, sometimes com- posed of diverging fibers. Ductile and malleable. H. 4-5-5. Gr. = 11-3-11-8, Wollaston. Luster metallic. Color whitish steel-gray. Opaque. Comp. Palladium, alloyed with a little platinum and iridium. Pyr., etc. The blowpipe reactions of native palladium are undescribed. As prepared by Deville, it is the most fusible of the platinum metals. Oxidizes at a lower temperature than silver, but is not blackened by sulphurous gases. Obs. Palladium occurs with platinum in Brazil where masses of the metal are sometimes met with; reported from St. Domingo, also from the Urals (Breith., Berz. JB., 14, 181, 1835). 24. ALLOPALLADIUM. Selenpalladium Zinken, Pogg., 16, 496, 1829. Eugenesite Adam, Tabl. Min., 82, 1869. Ehombohedral. In small six-sided tables, Zinken. Cleavage: basal perfect. Luster bright. Color nearly silver-white to pale steel-gray. Comp. Palladium under the rhombohedral system, if Zinken's early observa- tions can be relied upon. Obs. From Tilkerode, in the Harz, in small hexagonal tables with gold. 25. IRON. Mars Alchem. Gediegen Eisen Germ. Jern Swed. Fer natif Fr. Ferro Ital. Hierro Span. Isometric. Usually massive, rarely in crystals, a (100), o (111). Artificial crystals usually dendritic, with branches parallel to the cubic axes. Twins: tw. pi. o, as penetration-twins often repeated and producing embedded lamellae parallel the faces of the trisoctahedron p (221). Cleavage: a perfect; also a lamellar structure || o and || d. Fracture hackly. Malleable. H. = 4-5. G. = ?'3-7'8 Luster metallic. Color steel-gray to iron- black. Strongly magnetic. Var. 1. Terrestrial; 2. Meteoric. 1. Terrestrial Iron. Found in masses, occasionally of great size (up to 20 tons), as well as in small embedded particles, in basalt at Blaaf jeld, Ovifak (or Uifak), Disco Island; also at Fortune Bay, Mellemf jord, Asuk, and other points on the same island, and at Niakornak, Disco Bay, and elsewhere on the coast of West Greenland. The Disco iron was discovered in 1870 by A. E. Nordenskiold, although the fact that native iron was used by the Greenland natives for knives, utensils, etc., was known much earlier (Captain Ross, 1 819). It was supposed at first to be meteoric, but its terrestrial nature has since been placed beyond doubt. It is uncertain, however, whether the iron was brought up as such by the basalt or whether it was reduced by the action of the carbonaceous shales through which the basalt passed; the latter seems most probable, and is confirmed by the presence of graphite and graphitic feldspar in the basalt. The iron varies in character from the exterior or oxidized crust, to that which is compact and malleable; for the most part the iron oxidizes and disintegrates rapidly upon exposure, in part owing to a deliquescent iron chloride. Some of this iron exhibits when etched a crystalline structure which somewhat resembles that common with meteoric iron (see beyond). Besides the Greenland irons, some other occurrences, usually classed as meteoric, may be in fact terrestrial; e.g., the Santa Catharina iron of Brazil discovered in 1875. Analyses of various Greenland irons, 1-12, Lorenzen 1 : G. Fe Ni Co Cu S C P SiO 2 b insol. 1. Blaafjeld, Ovifak 6'87 91"7l 1 -74 053 0-16 0-10 137 1 '52 2'39 = 99'52 2. " " 9M7 182 0-51 0-16 0'78 1'70 2'58 0-77= 99-49 3. " 82-02* 1-39 0-76 0-19 0'08 1'27 1-67 8'03 = 95-41 4. " " 59'77 a 1-60 0-39 0'23 ? 1'20 4-18 22-23= 89'60 5. Mellemfjord 7'5-7 9 93 89 2'55 0'54 33 0'20 0'28 0'46 1-48 = 99'7H 6. " 6-90,7-57 92-41 0'45 0'18 0'48 tr. 0'87 1'50 4-57 = 100'46 PLATINUM-IRON GROUP IRON. 29 7. Asuk 8. Arveprindsens Is. 9. Niakornak 10. Fortune Bay, Dis- co (1852) 11. Fiskernaes (1853) 12. Ekaluit G 7-26 7-29 719 7-06 a Fe 95-15 95-67 92-46 92-68 92-23 94-11 In part Ni Co 0-34 0-06 ' tr. ? 1-92 0-93 2-54 0-58 2-73 0-84 2-85 1-07 oxidized. Cu S 0-14 0-06 0'09 0-16 0-59 0-20 O'Ol 0-36 0-23 b With A1 2 C 0-96 1-94 3-11 2-40 0-20 3 . P 0-07 Si0 2 b 1-19 1-40 0-24 0-31 1-28 1-90 = 99-74 1-09 = 100-25 1-09 == 100-57 0-08 = 98-80 1-99= 99-63 0-61 = 98-87 Analyses 13-16 J. L. Smith 1 : 1, exterior portion; 2, iron particles from interior of the same mass, separated from gangue; 3, malleable iron; 4, iron in irregular rounded masses. G. Fe Ni Co Cu S C P Cl Fe 2 O 3 H 3 O 13. Ovifak 5'0 16-56 1'08 0'48 0-08 1-12 1'36 014 tr. 76*21 4*50 = 101 '53 14. " 6-42 93-16 2'01 0'80 0*12 0'41 2'34 0'32 0-02 = 9918 15. " 7-46 90-17 6-50 0'79 013 SiO 2 1 -54 = 99-13 16. " 6-80 88-13 2-13 1'07 0-48 0'36 2'33 0'25 '08 silicates 4'20 = 99-03 For other analyses see the authors quoted 1 . A nickeliferous metallic iron, called awaruite Skey, (Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., 18, 401, 1885,) occurs in the drift of the Gorge river, which empties into Awarua Bay on the west coast of the south island of New Zealand. It is associated with gold, platinum, cassiterite, chromite, and magnetite, and has probably been derived from a partially serpentinized peridotyte. It has H. = 5, G. = 8-1. Composition FeNi 3 = Iron 32'3, nickel 67'7 = 100. Compare anal. 14, p. 30. Analysis by W. Skey yielded: G. = 8-1 Fe 31-02 Ni 67'63 Co 0'70 S 0'22 SiO 2 0'43 = 100 Native iron also occurs sparingly in some basalts (Andrews el al.); in pyrite nodules in a Keuper limestone at Miihlhausen in Thuringia; in the Planerkalk atChozenin Bohemia (ancient meteorite ?) Also reported from gold or platinum washings at various points, but they are not all free from doubt: thus in the Urals, Brazil, Montgomery Co., Va., Burke Co., N. C., Camp Creek, Montana. Reported from shale near New Brunswick, New Jersey. Masses of metallic iron locally reduced from clay ironstone by the burning of a lignite bed have been noted 70 miles above Edmonton on the North Saskatchewan river, Alberta. Bahr has observed grains of native iron in a fragment of petrified wood. The iron was mixed with limonite and organic matter, and is supposed to have been produced by the deoxida- tion of a salt of iron by the organic matter of the wood. He calls the iron sideroferrite. SIDERAZOT 0. Silvestri, Pogg. Ann., 157, 165, 1876. Silvestrite A. D'Achiardi, I Metalli, 2, 84, 1883. A product of volcanic eruption, observed at Mt. Etna after the eruption of Aug., 1874, as a very thin coating on lava. Non-crystalline. Luster metallic, resembling steel. Slowly attacked by acids. An analysis gave: N 914, Fe 90'86 = 100, which corresponds to FesN 2 which requires: Nitrogen 9*11, iron 90'89 = 100. This is the composition (Fremy) of the artificial iron nitride. 2. Meteoric Iron. Native iron also occurs in most meteorites, forming in some cases (a) the entire mass; also () as a spongy, cellular matrix in w r hich are imbedded grains of chrysolite or other silicates; (c) in grains or scales disseminated more or less freely throughout a stony matrix. Rarely a meteorite consists of a single crystalline individual (Braunau) with numerous twinning lamellae || o (cf . above). Cubic cleavage sometimes observed; also an octahedral, less often dodecahedral lamellar structure. Etching with dilute nitric acid (or iodine) com- monly develops a crystalline structure 2 - 3 , usually consisting of lines or bands crossing at various angles according to the direction of the section, at 60 if | o, 90 | a, etc. These figures (f . 1) are called Widmanstiillen figures, because first described by Widmanstatten in 1808. They are formed by the edges of crystalline plates of the nickeliferous iron in different conditions, as shown by the fact that they are dif- ferently attacked by the acid (see also analyses below). These plates are usually parallel to the octahedral faces. Reichenbach named them ' ' Balkeneisen" or kamacite, from ted mac, pole or shaft. " Baudeisen" or Icenile, from raivia, band, and "Fiilleisen" or plessite; the first forms the broader plates marking the structure, supposed to be of purer iron and hence more readily attacked; the second forms thin plates bounding the first, rich in nickel, appearing also in thin lamellae; the third is the ground-mass. Enclosed in the " Balkeueisen" are sometimes areas of a white iron, re- sisting acids, and having a brilliant luster; this is Reichenbach's " Glanzeisen" or lamprite, from XauTtpo^ lustrous. Irons with cubic structure and with twinning lamellae (e.g., Braunau) have a series of line lines corresponding to these developed by etching (Neumann lines}. A damascene luster is also produced in some cases, due to quadrilateral depressions. From the distinctly octahe- Glorieta Mt., New Mexico. 30 NATIVE ELEMENTS. dral iron, showing the figures most perfectly, there are many gradations to the irons which show no distinct crystalline structure at nil upon etching. The exterior of masses of meteoric iron is usually more or less deeply pitted with rounded thumblike depressions, and the surface at the time of fall is covered with a film of iron oxide in fine ridges showing lines of flow due to the melting caused by the heat developed by the resistance of the air; this film disappears when the iron is exposed to the weather. Comp. Meteoric iron is always alloyed with nickel, which is usually present in amounts varying from 5 to 10 p. c. ; small- amounts of other metals, as cobalt, manganese, tin, copper, chromium, are also often present. f Occluded gases can usually be detected. Wright obtained from the Arva iron 44 volumes of mixed gases by heating up to low redness 4 . Analyses of typical irons. 1, Holger, Baumg. Zs., 7, 138, 1830. 2, Berzelius, Ak. H. Stockh., 163, 1834. 3, Taylor, Am. J. Sc., 22, 374, 1856. 4, Fickentscher, Buchner, Mete- oriten, 144. 5, Bocking, Lieb. Ann., 96, 246, 1855. 6, Holger, 1. c. 7, Silliman and Hunt, Am. J. Sc., 2, 370, 1846. 8, Berzelius, Ak. H. Stockh., 106, 1832. 9, Bergemann, Pogg., 100, 254, 1857. 10, Id., ibid., p. 256. 11, Dufios and Fischer, Pogg., 72, 170, 475, 1847; 73, 590, 1848. 12. Rube, B. H. Ztg., 21, 72, 1862. 13, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 12, 73, 1876. 14, Taylor, ib. 24, 293, 1857. 15, Damour, C. R., 84, 478, 1877. 16, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 13, 213, 1877. 17, Id., ib., 19, 463, 1880. 18, Kinnicutt, Peabody Mus. Arch., 3, 383, 1884. 19, Riggs, ib., 30, 312, 1885. 20, Mackintosh, ib., 30, 238. 21, D. Fisher, ib., 34, 381, 1887. 22, Mackintosh, ib., 33, 225. 23, Whitfield, ib., 33, 499, 1887. Fe Ni Co Cu Mn 1. Agram, May 26, 1751 83'29 11-84 1'26 0'64 X 2'97=100 2. Pallas Iron, 1749 88'04 10'73 0'46 0'07 013 CO'04, S tr., X0'53=100 3. Toluca, 1784 . 90*72 8 "49 '44 P 0'18, X 0-63=100-46 4. Bemdego, 1784 G.=7'731 91 -90 5'71 X 0-46=98-07 5. Cape of Good Hope, 1793 813015'232'01 tr. P 0'08, S tr., Sch. 0'88, SnZr.=99-50 6. Lenarto, 1814 85'04 8-12 3*59 0'61 X 2'64=100 7. Red River, 1814 90'91 8'46 X 0-50=9987 8. Bohumilitz, 1829 93'78 3'81 0'21 X 2'20=100 9. Sevier Iron, 1840 G.=7'26 90-10 6'52 0'33 P 0'02, X 2'23=99'20 10. Arva, 1840 82'11 7'11 0'36 C 1'54, PO'34, Sch. 6'56, Gr. 2-00=100-02 11. Braunau, July 14, 1847 91-88 5'52 0'53 2'07 C,S*r.=100 12. Rittersgrun, 1847 87'31 9'63 0'58 P 1 '37, X 1-38=10027 J23. Pittsburg, 1850 G.=7'74 92-81 4'67 0'39 0'03 0'14 S 0'04, P 0'25=98 33 14. Octibbeha Co., Miss., 1857 37-69 59'69 0'40 0'90 P O'lO, X 0'41=99-19 15. St. Catharina, 1875 G.=7'75-7'84 63'69 33*97 1-48 C 0'20, S 0'16, P 0'05 =99-55 16. Bates Co., Mo., 1875 G.=7'72 89'12 10'02 026 O'Ol P0'12=99'53 17. Estherville, Iowa, May 10, 1879 92'00 7*10 0'69 tr. P0'll=99-90 18. Turner Mound, Ohio, 1883 G.=7'894 89'00 10'65 0'45 tr. insol. 0'09=100'19 19. Grand Rapids, Mich., 1883 . 88'71 10*69 0'07 C 0'06, S 0'03, P 0-26 =99-82 20. GlorietaMt., N. M., 1884 G.=7'66 87'93 11-15 0'33 P 0'36=99'77 21. St. Croix Co., Wis., 1884 G. =7-60-7-70 89'78 7'65 133 tr. Ctr., PO'51,Sn ^.=99'27 22. Mazapil, Nov. 27, 1885 91'26 7-85065 P 0-30=100-06 23. Cabin Creek, Ark., Mch. 27, 1886 91 '87 6-60 tr. C,S 0'54, PO'41=99-42 X = silicates, insol., etc. Sch. = Schreibersite. Gr. = Graphite. The Octibbeha iron or octibbeJiile (anal. 14, supposing this correct) is exceptional in the amount of nickel present; it approximates to the terrestrial awaruite (p. 29). The Santa Catha- rina iron (anal. 15) is also remarkably rich in nickel, but this is regarded by some as of terrestrial origin. The composition of the portions of the meteoric iron to whose separate formation the struc- ture of the Widmanstatten figures is due has been only partially determined. Meunier assigns to kamacite the formula Fe, 4 Ni with G. = 7'652; to tasnite Fe 6 Ni with G. = 7'380; and to plessite FdoNi with G. =7850. Reichenbach assigned to plessite the formula Fe 2 sNi 5 . Analyses: 1, 2, 4, Meunier, Meteorites, 48-50, 1884. 3, Reichenbach, Jr., Pogg., 114,258, 1861. See also p. 1037. Fe Ni 1. Kamacite. La Caille G. = 7'652 91 -9 7'0 = 98'9 2. " Charcas 92'0 7'5 = 99'5 3. Tcenite. Cocke Co. , Tenn. 85'71 13-22 Co 0'55 S 0'23 P 0'29 = 100 4. " La Caille 85'4 14-0 Co tr. = 9'90 Weinschenk obtained for thin lamellae from the Arva iron: Fe 71 "50, Ni 26 -82, Co 1 '68 = 100, corresponding to Fe 5 (Ni,Co) 2 and approximating to the edmonsonite (see below) of Flight. He thinks these tsenite lamellae are really made up of two compounds, Fe.Ni and Fe s Ni a . The subject obviously requires much more investigation. PLATINUM-IRON GROUP IRON. 31 The following are other more or less well defined iron compounds from meteoric irons: EDMONSUNITE W. Flight, Phil. Trans , 888, 1882. An iron-nickel alloy forming tine lines in the Widmanstiitten figures of the Cranbourne, Victoria, meteoric iron. Analysis: Fe 70'14, IS i 29 74 = 99*88. Flight identities this with the meteor in of Abel, see Zimmermauu, Jb. jViin., 557, 1&61, Named, after George Edmonsou, Head JUabtci of Queeiiwood College, Hampshire. CHALYPITE Shepurd, Am. J. Sc., 43, 28, 18G7. A compound of iron and carbon' found by Forchhammer as a leading constituent of the Niakoruak iron. The carbon varied from 7-11 p. c. Meunier uses the name (Ann. Ch. Phys., 17, 86, 1869; cf. also Meteorites, p.. 52) and introduces another. ( ampbellite, fora compound with C = 1 '50 p. c.., assumed by him as present in the Campbell Co., Tenii., meteoric iron, which was analyzed by J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 19, 159, 1805. COHENITE E. Weinsclienk, Ann. Mus. Wien, 4, 94, 1889. In crystals, probably isometric but distorted. Brittle. H. = 5'5-6. G. = 6'977. Luster metallic. Color tin-white, becoming bronze-yellow on exposure. Composition (Fe,Ni,C<>) 3 C. Analysis, after deducting a little schreibersite: f Fe 89'88, Ki(Co) 3'71, C 6 41, Sn, Cu *?-. = 100. Named after Dr. E. Cohen of Greifswald. SCHREIBERSITE Haid , Haid Ber., 3, 69, 1847. Phosphornickeleisen Germ. Crystallized; also in steel-gray folia and grains. In some cases brittle; again in flexible folia. V H. = 6-5. G. = 7'01-7'22, Haid. Magnetic. A phosphide of iron and nickel, (Fe,Ts T i) 3 P, in part Fe 2 NiP = Phosphorus 15'4, iron 55 5, nickel 29'1 = 100. 'Analyses: 1, Patera, Haid. Ber , 1. c.. and Am. J. Sc., 8, 489, 1849. 2, Fisher, Am. J. Sc.. 19, 157. 1*55. 3-5, J. L. Smith, ib. 6, Meunier. Ann. Ch. Phys., 17,43, 1869. 7, W. Plight, Phil. Trans., 892, 1882. 8, Cohen, Jb. Min., 1, 219, 1889. P Fe Ni Co 1. Arva 7 26 87'20 4'24 =98'70 2 Braunau 11 '72 55-43 25'02 C 1 16. Cr 2'85, SiO 2 0'98=97'16 3. E. Tennessee 13'92 57'22 25 82 0'32, Cu, Zn tr., Cl 0"13, SiO 3 1'62, A1 8 O 8 1'63=100'66 4. " G.= 7-027 wrafcrf. 56'04 26-43 0'41, Cu tr. 5. " 14-86 56-53 28'02 0'28, Cu fr-. 6. Toluca.G. =7-103 15-01 57'11 28'35 tr. Mg fr'.= 7. Cranbourne f 13'50 56'12 29'18 =98'80 8. S. Juliao de Moreira f 15 74 69'54 14'86 = 100'14 Flight gives analyses of other compounds corresponding nearly to Fe 9 N"i 2 P 4 and (Fe,Ni) 4 P. An iron-nickel phosphide from the Deesa iron gave Meuiiier: P 10'29, Fe 60'00, Ni 26 ^5 =97 '04. Schreibersite is named after Director Carl Fr. A. von Schreibers of Vienna (1775-1882). On Schreibersite of Shepard, see p. 79. RHABDITE Rose. A phosphide of iron and nickel, occurring in minute tetragonal prisms distributed parallel to the cubic edges in the meteoric irons of Braunau, SeelSsgeu, JVIisteca. A similar compound occurs in the Cranbourne, Australia, iron, in brittle square prisms, witb G. = 6 33-6-78. Analysis, Flight, Phil. Trans., 891, 1882: | P 12 9.3 Fe 49-34 Ki 38 '24 = 100 '53 An Iron phosphide, formed by combustion in the coal mines of Commentry. France, i> referred here by Mallard. Tetragonal. Axis c 0'4880. Forms: a (100), m (110). e (101); OOlA 101 =26 1'; me = *7l 56', ee = 36^ 8'. Hard. G. = 7-14. Luster metallic. Color steel-gray. Brittle. Magnetic. Analysis, Caruot: P 12'10, Fe 84'28, As 1'65, S 1 -?5, C tr. =99 '78. Bull. Soc. Mm., 4. 230, 1881. APPENDIX. Meteorites are usually classified according to the amount of iron they contain, as follows (a) Meteoric iron proper, fdderites or holosiderites of Daubree, consisting of iron alone with only occasional veins, grains or nodules of troilite. carbon as graphite or diamond (cf. clifton- ite, p. 6). schreibersite, daubreelite. etc. Iron protochloride, lawrencite, is often present, and exudes forming drops of FeCl 3 on the surface and often leading to rapid disintegration of the mass. Upward of one hundred localities of these have been noted, and in a few instances they have been seen to fall.* Some of the masses are very large: the Butcher irons of the Bolson de Mapini in the States of Chihuahua and Coahuila, Mexico, include several masses, one estimated to weigh 5 tons The Red River Texas, iron (anal. 7) weighs 1635 pounds. (l Siclerolites or zyssiderites of Daubree, consisting of a more or less continuous spongy maas of iron with embedded grains chietiy of chrysolite, like the Pallas Iron of Krasnoyarsk. Siberia * The most important cases are Agram, Croatia, May 26, 1751; Charlotte. Tenn., Aug. 1, 1835; Braunau, Bohemia. July 14. 1847; Tabarz, Saxony. Oct. 18, 1854; Rowtou, Shropshire. England, April 20, 1876; Mazapil, Mexico, Nov. 27, 1885; Cabin Creek, Johnson county, Arkansas, March 23, 1886. 32 NATIVE ELEMENTS. (hepce called by Rose pallasites), which was brought to St. Petersburg by Pallas in 1772 and which weighed originally 1600 pounds. Masses of a meteorite, closely resembling the Pallas Iron, were found in Kiowa Co., Kansas, in March, 1890; they aggregated from 1000 to 1200 Ibs. The siderolites graduate through the kinds in which the iron is more scattered (mesosiderites of Rose), though forming a large part of the whole, to the meteoric stones. (c) Meteoric stones, sporadosiderites of Daubree, in which iron is more or less disseminated through the mass, including as named by Daubree the poly siderites, oligosiderites and cryptosiderites. Those stones which contain no icon are called by him asiderites. Meteoric stones have also been classified according to the silicates present in largest amount, and a large number of names introduced, chiefly taken from the names of localities, by Rose, Shepard, Tschermak, Meunier, Wadsworth and others. Many stones are characterized by the presence often to large extent of chondrules, or small spherical grains from the size of a cherry down, consisting usually of chrysolite or enstatite (cf. these species), the latter often with eccentric radiated structure these stones are hence called chondrites. Specimens of two hundred and fifty independent occurrences of meteoric stones have been preserved, and for most of them the date and often the circumstances of the fall are known. In some cases large numbers of stones are the result of a single fall, as that of Pultusk, Poland, in Jan. 30, 1868. Of the Estherville, Iowa, meteorite (siderolite) in addition to large masses weighing 450, 200, 95 Ibs., and others, about 60 pounds of minute individuals were picked up, mostly weighing less than an ounce and the smallest of the size of shot, these last chiefly iron. Another fall, remarkable for the number of small stones found, was that of Winnebago Co., Iowa, on May 2, 1890. Hef._i On the Greenland irons, see Nordenski5ld, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., -1058, 1870, and 1, 1871, orGeol. Mag., 9, 1872; Nordstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 453, 1871; Nauckhoff, ib., Bihang. 1, April, 1872 (or Min. Mitth., 109, 1874); Daubree, C. R. 74, 1541, 1872, and 75. 240, 1872, and 84, 66, 1877; Wohler, Gott. Gelehrt, Anzeig., 197, 1872, and Jb. Min., 832, 1879; Tschermak, Min. Mitth., 165, 1874; Steenstrup, Ved. Medd. Copenhagen, 1875, Nos. 16-19 (or Zs. G. Ges., 28, 225, 1876); Tornebohm, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., Bihang, 1878; Meunier, C. R., 89, 215, 1879; J. Lawrence Smith, Ann. Ch. Phys., 16, 452, 1879; J. Lorenzen, Medd. Gronland, 1883, also in Min. Mag., 6, 14, 1884. 2 On the crystalline structure of iron In general, see Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 70(1), 449, 1874, who also gives the early literature of the subject. Also, 3 on the Widmanstatten and related figures, see Breithaupt, Schweig. J., 52, 172, 1828, who gives the history of the name; also Neumann, Nat. Abh. Haid., 3, pt. 2, 45, 1850; Reichenbach, Pogg., 114, 99, 250, 264, 477, 1861; Rose, see below; Brezina, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, 43, 1880, 44, 1881; Huntington, Proc. Amer. Acad., May 12, 1886, or Am. J. Sc., 32, 284, 1886. 4 On the gases occluded in meteorites, see Graham, Proc. Roy. Soc., 15, 502, 1867; Mallet, ib.. 20, 365, 1872; Wright, Am. J. Sc., 9, 294, 459, 10, 44, 1875; Flight, Phil. Trans., 1882; Ansdell and Dewar, Proc. Roy. Soc., 40, 549. 1886. 5 On the classification of meteorites and the subject in general: Reichenbach, Pogg., 107, 155, 1859; Rose, Beschreibung und Eintheilung der Meteoriten, etc., Abh. Ak. Berlin, 23, 1863; Daubree, C. R., 65, 60, 1867; Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 43, 22, 1867 (and others earlier); Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 71(1), 1875, 75 (1), 1877, 88 (1), 1883; Brezina (see below). Also Die mikroskopische Beschaffenheit der Meteoriten, 1883 et seq. S. Meunier, Meteorites, 532 pp., Paris 1884 (Encycl. Chem., vol. 2, Fremy); Wadsworth, Lithological Studies, Mem. Mus. Zool., Cambridge 11, 1884, who gives many observations on microscopic structure, also tables of analyses. On the spectra of meteorites, discussion of origin, etc., see Lockyer, Nature, 1889; also on the latter subject, Newton, Tschermak and others. See also Rg., Min. Ch., 901, 952, 1860, and Die chemische Natur der Meteoriten, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 75, 1870, 1, 1879; ^Buchner, Die Meteoriten^ etc., 202 pp., Leipzig, 1863; Daubree, Etudes synthetiques de geologic experimentale, Paris; Early papers of importance include those by Chladni, Howard, Biot, Carl von Schreibers, Haidinger, etc. ; also, later, Tschermak, Daubree, Maskelyne, Brezina, J. Lawrence Smith (collected in Original Researches, etc. , 1884); W. Flight (collected in " A Chapter on Meteorites," 1887), and many others. For a list of meteorites with localities, dates, etc., see the catalogues of the Vienna collection (Brezina, Jb. G. Reichs., 151-276, 1885), of the British Museum (Fletcher, 1888), of the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (Daubree, 1889), and others. A catalogue of the Yale collection (E. S. D.) is given in Am. J. Sc., 32, appendix, 1886; one of the Harvard collection by O. W. Huntington in Proc. Am. Acad., 23, 1887. H. SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ARSENIDES, ANTIMONIDES. The sulphides fall into two Groups according to the character of the positive element. I. Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides of the Semi-Metals. II. Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides, Antimonides of the Metals. I. Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides of the Semi-Metals, Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth; also Molybdenum. 1. Realgar Group. RS. Monoclinic. 26. Realgar 27. Orpiment AsS 1-4403 : 1 : 0-9729 2. Stibnite Group. R 3 S 3 . Orthorhombic. 28. Stibnite Metastibnite. 29. Bismuthinite 30. Guanajuatite 31. Tetradymite 32. Joseite. 34. Molybdenite As 3 S 3 Sb,S 3 Bi 2 S 3 BLSe, a 0-9046 & 0-9926 0-9679 1 il:6 1 : 1-0014 1 : 1-0179 1 : 0-9850 1 approx. rr 98 58' Bi 2 Te 3 Rhombohedral 2Bi 2 Te,Bi 2 S 3 33. Wehrlite. 3. Molybdenite Group. RS 2 . MoS, Hexagonal or rhombohedral (?) ft 66 5' c 1-5871 1. Realgar Group. 26. REALGAR. 'SavSapccKrf Theophr., 325 B.C. 'Savdapaxrj Dioscor., 50 A.D. San- daracha Plin., 35, 6, 77 A.D. Sandaracha Germ. Reuschgeel, Rosgeel, Agric., 444, etc., 3529, Interpr., 468, 1546. Rauscbgelb pt., Arsenicum sulphure mixtum, Risigallum pt., Realgar, Arsenicum rubrum, Wall., 224, 1747. Arsenic rouge Fr. Trl. Wall., 406, 1753. Realgar natif, Rubine d'Arsenic de Lisle, 3, 333, 1783. Red Sulphuret of Arsenic. Rothes Rauschgelb, Germ. Arsenic sulfure rouge Fr. Risigallo Ital. Rejalgar Span. Monoclinic. Axes a : I : b = 1-4403 : 1 : 0-9729; fi = *66 5' = 001 A 100 Marignac '. 100 A HO = 52 47', 001 A 101 = fo 22^', 001 A Oil = 41 39'. ^rT/ 33 34 SULPHIDES, #ELE1\IDKS, TELLUBIUXS, ETC. Forms' 2 : a (100, i-l) b (010, i I) c (001, 0) li (610, 6)' i (410, /-4) 7 (310, *-3) (520, /-) // (120, i-2) 6 (250, i- q (Oil, / (212.-1-2) 77 (311, 3-2) (032, |4) A (15- 1-1.1, 1-15) 5 u (421, 4-2) /tf(3J<), i-|) 5 w (430, *-|) e (650, af) 5 m(110, /) A (670. /-|) 3 c (230, *-f) 1. I (101, -1-S) 3 a; (101, 1--1) z (201, 2-?) r 042, i-l) < (034, |4) 5 (214,-f'2) 8 (616, 1-6) 5 r/ (612, 3-6) 9' 78 3' 68 is| 75 7' a d = 4 1 a'u = 41 tf ft be bd r ee' W7/' ?m' dd' 72 33' 64 53' 46 69' 71 19 34 53' 86' 2' 71 29' 50 1' 37 22' Also Crystals Siiort prismatic. Faces in prismatic zone striated vertically. granular, coarse or fine; compact; as an incrustation. Cle:ivag3: b, rather perfect; c, a, /;/, less so; also / (Dx.). Fracture small conchoidal. Sectile. H. l'5-'3. G. = 3*556. Luster resinous. Color aurora- red or orane-ellow. Streak varying from orange- red to aurora-red. Trans- parent translucent. Optically . Double refraction strong. Ax. plane BxA c ~ -[- 11'. Dispersion inclined, strong. 2H r - 96 20', 2H y = 92 Dx.'. 58', Comp. Arsenic monosulpMde, AsS = Sulphur 29-9, arsenic 70 -1 TOO. Pyr- etc. In the closed tube inelts volatilizes, and gives a transparent red sublimate: in the open tuhe(if heated very slowly) sulphurous fumes, and awhile crystalline sublimate of arsenic trioxide. B.B on charcoal burns with a blue flame, emitting 1 arsenical and sulphurous odors. Soluble in caustic alkalies. Obs. O^en associated with orpiment; occurs with ores of silver and lead, at F< I'-obanva and Kapn!\ in Hungary, JN a^j-fo in Transylvania, at Joachimsthal in Bohemia, at Schnecberg in Saxony at Amlreasberg in the Harz; at Tajowa in Hungry, in beds of clay; Binnenthal, Swit/crU; -id, in dolomite; at Wiesloeh in Baden, in the Muschelkalk; on quartz in phyllyte at KreSi-vo ; .o-tiia: near Julamerk in Kurdistan; in Vesuvian lavas, in minute crystals, and the sol fa 'ar ear Naples; also in the trachylic region of Tolfa near Rome, in the calcite veins of a micacc- ainNione. Strabo speaks of a mine of sandara&t (the ancient name of this species) at Pom io Mth'sin Paphlagonia. In t < .' S., in seams in a sandy clay beneath the lava in Iron county, Utah; also in Cali- fornia. 4 : nf'ii-s from the Needles San Bernardino Co.. and in Trinity Co., in calcite; Norn's Geyser B'l^in Yellowstone National Park, where it occurs with orpiment as a deposition from the hot waters. The twin*- realgar is from the Arabic Rahj al ghar powder of tJie mine. Alt. Changes on exposure to light to orpiment (A.s 2 S 3 ) and arsenolite (As 2 O 3 ). Artif. Obtained in monoclinic crystals by Senarmont, C. R.. 32, 41*, i3oi. Hef. - ' Quoted by Dx., Ann Ch. Phys., 10, 422, 1844; with Naumann the vertical axis STIBN1TM GROUP ORPIMENT. 35 has one half this length. a See Hbg., Min. Not., 1, 14, 1856; 3, 3, 1860; also Mir., Min. 177, 1852, and earlier Sec., Mem. G. Camp., 110, 1841); Levy, JNiiu. Heul., 3, 277, 18ii7. 3 Hbg., 1. c., all Biuuenthal except h and -fiTfrom Uerezov. 4 Groth, Binnenthal. Min. Samml., 20, 1878. 5 Fletcher, Phil. Mag., 9, 189, 1880. b Knr., Kresevo, Bosnia, Foldt. Kozl., 13, 383, 1883. 7 Vrba, Kresevo, Zs. Kr., 15, 460, 1889. 8 Propt. Opt. 2, 68, 1858; N. K., 166, 1865. 2. Stibnite Group. 27. ORPIMENT. ''AppeviKov Theophr. ^ ApcreviKov Diowor. Auripigmentum, Arrhe- nicuui, Plin., 33, 22, 34, 56. Auripigmentum, Germ., Opermeut, Ayric., luterpr., 463. 1546. prpiment Rauschgelb pt., Risigallum pt., Arsenicum tlavnm. Wall., 224, 1747. Arsenic jaune Fr.trL Wall., 1, 406. 175H. Gelbe Arsenblende, gelbes Rauschgelb, Germ. Arsenic sulphure jaune Fr. Orpimento Ilal. Oropiment Span. Yellow sulphuret of Arsenic. Ortliorhombic. Axes a : I : c = 0-60304 100 A HO = 31 5f, 001 A 101 = 48 1 : 0-67427 Mohs \ 001 A Oil = 33 59 Forms 1 : a (100, iJ), b (010. i-T), t (710, *-7) 4 , s (320, i- 1), m (110, I), u (120, 2); o (101, \-i\ p (111, 1); ft (232, H) 4 . (121, 2-2)-. s'" = 43 48' mm'" = *62 11' uu' = 7i> 20' 00 = *96 23' pp = 85 40' = 105 6' = 48 24 /5ft' = 76 21' ft a" = 112 53' /*/*'" = 67 59' TV' = 67 20' w" = 12U 34' ro"' = 83 55' s( K ^ u m a in X ~* f\ f\ \ Crystals small and rarely distinct. Usually in foliated or columnar masses; Bonn-times with reniform surface. Cleavage: ft highly perfect, cleavage face vertically striated; a in traces; gliding-plane 001 (Mgg., cf. stibnite). Sectile. Cleavage laminae flexible, inelastic. H. = 1*5-2. G. = 3*4 3'5. 3 J 480 Mohs. Luster pearly on & (cleavage); elsewhere resinous. Color lemon-yellow Of several shades; streak the same, but paler. Subtransparent subtranslucent. Optically -\-. Ax. pi. g c. Bx J_ (i. Ax. angle large, Dx. 5 Comp. Arsenic trisulphide, As 2 S 3 = Sulphur 39*0, arsenic 61-0 = 100. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube, fuses, volatilizes, and gives a dark yel- low sublimate; other reactions the same as under realgar. Dissolves in aqua regia and caustic alkalies. Obs. Orpiment in small crystals is embedded in clay at Tajowa, near Neusohl in Upper Hunirary. It is usually in foliated and fibrous masses, and in this form is found at Moldawa in the Banat; at Kapnik and also Felsobanya in Hungary it exists in metalliferous veins, associated with realgar and native arsenic; at Kre&evo, Bosnia, on quartz crystals in a micaceous phyllyte; at Hall in the Tyrol it is found in gypsum; at Wiesloch in Baden in the Mu.schelkalk; at St. Gothard in dolomite; with calcite in a micaceous sandstone in the trachytic region of Tolfa. near Civita Vecchia Italy; at the Solfatara near Naples it is the result of vol- canic sublimation; in Fohnsdorf, Styria, found in brown coal. Near Julamerk in Kurdistan there is a large Turkish mine. Occurs also at Acobambillo, Peru. Small traces are met with at Edenville, Orange Co., N. Y., on arsenical iron. Occurs with realgar in seams in compact clay beneath lava in Iron county, Utah. Occurs among the deposits of the Steamboat Springs, Nevada (Becker); also with realgar in the Yellowstone Park. The name orpiment is a corruption of its Latin name auripigmentum, " golden paint," given in allusion to the color, and also because the substance was supposed to contain gold. Artif. A common artificial product, sometimes called King's yellow (Konigs^elbTrer???.). Ref. i Min , 2, 613, 1824; some authors make m = 120. with Groth m 820. 3 Phillips gives a doubtful prism g with gu = 2 6' (6'13'0?), Min., 277, 1823: for ft he gives fto = 34 10'. 3 Mir. Miu., 176, 1852. 4 Kur., Foldt. Kozl., 13, 381, 1883. 5 Bull. Soc. Miu., 5, 108, 1882. DIMORPHITE. Dimo.rfina A. fcacchi, Mem Geol. Campania, Napoli, 116, 1849. Minute (to | mm.) orange-yellow crystals with adamantine luster H. = 1'5. G. = 3'58. A sulphide of arsenic (As 4 S 3 suggested). From a fumarole of the Solfatara, Phlegraean fields. Described as occurring in two types TYPE A with a : b : c = 895 : 1 : 0'776, and the forms 0(100), #(010) ^4(001). o(l 10), f (5-5-19, T 6 7 ) 5 a (434, 1-f) (131, 2-2) v (227, f) 4 -ST(431, 4-f) 4 o) 3 (5 10-3, J^-S) s(113, i) A 3 (656, 1-f) 4 4 (361, 6-2) * (112, i) e(878, 1-f) o? 4 (5-11-3, V-V o- 2 (223, f) 4 Z (9-10-3, - 1 /- V-) 4 77(255, 1-f) 4 il (445, |) 6 S (9-9-10, T *k) 6 ft (676, H) <5 (4-5-12, T VI) 4 o- 6 (253, f-f) 4 t (133, 1-3) 1 #(111, 1) 1 (331, 3) T(346, f-f) 4 r (343 4.4) o- fl (263, 2-3) 4 w (131, 3-3) 4 W (829, f-4) 4 V"^"> S 3/ ? (15 20-16, $-f) 7(10-30-9, - 1 /-! rr 0"!^ 7 7\4 M (413, f4) D (15-20-3, - 8 -f) 4 O^7 (/*. porcelain slightly greenish. Opaque. Feel greasy. Coinp. Molybdenum disulphide, MoS a = Sulphur 40-0, molybdenum 60-0=100. Pyr., etc. In the open tube sulphurous fumes and a pale yellow crystalline sublimate of molybdenum trioxide (MoO 3 ). B.B. in the forceps infusible, imparts a yellowish-green color to the flame; on charcoal the pulverized mineral gives in O.F. a strong odor of sulphur, and coats the coal with crystals of molybdic oxide, which appear yellow while hot, and white on cooling; near the assay the coating is copper-red, and if the white coating be touched with an intermittent R.F., it assumes a beautiful azure-blue color. Decomposed by nitric acid, leaving a white or grayish residue (molybdic oxide). Obs. Generally occurs embedded in, or disseminated through, granite, gneiss, zircon- syenite, granular limestone, and other crystalline rocks. At Numedal in Sweden, Arendal, Selba, and Tellemarken in Norway, Nerchinsk in Eastern Siberia, and Auerbach in Saxony, it has been observed in hexagonal prisms. Found also at Altenberg and Ehrenfriedersdorf in Saxony; Schlackenwald and Zinnwald in Bohemia; Rathausberg in Austria; near Miask, Urals ;" Bastnaes, etc., Sweden; in Finland; Laurvik in Norway; Chessy in France; in Piedmont, Italy, at Traversella and Biellese; Peru; Brazil; Calbeck Fell, Carrock Fells, and near the source of the Caldew in Cumberland, associated with scheelite and apatite; several of the Cornish mines; in Scotland at East Tulloch; at Mount Coryby on Loch Creran, etc. In Maine, at Blue Hill Bay and Camdage farm, in large crystallizations; also at Brunswick, Bowdoinham, and Sanford, but less interesting. In Conn., at Haddam and the adjoining towns on the Connecticut river, in gneiss in crystals and large plates; also at Saybrook. In Vermont, at Newport, with crystals of white apatite. In N. Hampshire, at Westmoreland, four miles south of the north village meeting-house, in a vein of mica slate, abundant; at Llandaff in regular tabular crystals; at Franconia. In Mass., at Shutesbury, east of Locke's pond; at Brim- field, with iolite. In N. York, two miles southeast of Warwick, in irregular plates associated with rutile, zircon, and pyrite. In Penn., in Chester, on Chester Creek, near Reading; near Concord, Cabarrus Co., N. C., with pyrite in quartz. In California, at Excelsior gold mine, in Excelsior district and elsewhere. In Canada, at Balsam Lake, Terrace Cove, Lake Superior; north of Balsam Lake, on a small island in Big Turtle Lake, with scapolite, pyroxene, etc., in a vein of quartz intersecting crystalline limestone; at St. Jerome, Quebec; at Seabeach Bay, near Black River, N. W. of L. Superior (48 46' N., 87 17' W.). In large crystals (1 to 2 inches across) in Renfrew county, Ontario, also in Aldfield township. Pontiac Co., Quebec. Named from noXvfidoS lead; the name, first given to some substances containing lead, later included graphite and molybdenite, and even some compounds of antimony. The distinc- tion between graphite and molybdenite was established by Scheele in 1778-79. 42 SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ETC. Artii. Obtained crystallized by Schulten by melting together potassium carbonate, sulphur aod molybdic oxide in a platinum crucible, G. = 5'06, G. For. Forb.., 11, 401, 1889. II. Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides, Antimonides of the Metals. A. Basic Division. B. Monosulphides. 1. Galena Group. Isometric, holohedral. 2. Chalcocite Group. Orthorhombic. 3. Sphalerite Group. Isometric, tetrahedral. 4. Cinnabar Wurtzite Millerite Group. Hexagonal and rhombohedral. C. Intermediate Division. Embraces Polydymite Ni 4 S 6 ?, Melonite Te 2 S 3 , etc. ; also Bornite 3Cu a S.Fe a S 3 , Linnseite CoS.Co 2 S 3 , Cbalcopyrite Cu a S.Fe a S 3 , etc. D. Disulphides, Diarsenides, etc. 1. Pyrite Group. Isometric, pyritohedral. 2. Marcasite Group. Orthorhombic. 3. Sylvaiiite Group. II. Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, etc., of the Metals. A. Basic Division. Dyscrasite Group. d:t>:c 35. Dyscrasite Ag 3 Sb, Ag 6 Sb, etc. 0-5775 : 1 : 0*6718 Arsenargentite, Huntilite Ag 3 As? 36. Horsfordite Cu 6 Sb 37. Domeykite Cu 3 As 38. Algodonite Cu 6 As 39. Whitneyite Cn 9 As 40. Chilenite Ag 6 Bi ? 41. Stiitzite 35. DYSCRASITE Spiesglanz Silber Selb, 6 Ag 4 Te? Hexagonal? 1*2530 . Argentum nativum antimonio adunatum Bergm., Sciagr., 159, 1782. Lempe Mag., 3, 5, 1786. Silberspiessglaiiz, Spiesglas-Silber, Antimon- Silber Germ. Antimonial Silver. Argent Antimouial Fr. Discrase Betid., 2, 613, 1832. crasit Frobelf, Prodr. Stochiolith, 1837. Orthorhombic. Axes d : b : c = 0*5775 : 1 : O'G^S Hansmann 1 . 100 A HO = 30 01', 001 A 101 =. 49 19', 001 A OIL = 33 Forms ' : c (001, 0) q (130, *-3) 0(01-1 o(100, **!) m (110, /) r (150, 5) P (021 * (010, i-i) 7i(120. i-2) d(101, 1-i) 2(112 mm'" = 60 1' dd' = 98 38' cy = 53 20' nri = 81 46' ee' = 67 47' cs = 37 48' qq' = 59 59' pp' = 106 41' zz' = 57 44f rr' - 38 12' cz = 33 53' yy' = *8S 0' *(133, 1-3) 88' = 35 41' zz'" = 32 23' yy'" = *47 18' 88'" = 64 7' DYSCRASITE GROUP DYSCRASITE. 43 Twins: t\v. pi. m, producing stellate forms, pseudo-hexagonal. Planes c striated || b. Also massive, granular fine, or coarse" and foliated. Cleavage: c, e distinct, m imperfect. Fracture uneven. Sectile. H. = 3-5-4. G. = 9'44-9-85. Luster metallic. Color and streak silver-white, inclining to tin-white; somtimes tar- nished yellow or blackish. Opaque. Comp. A silver aiitimonide, including Ag 3 Sb = Antimony 27-1, silver ?2'9 = 100, and Ag 6 Sb = Antimony 15-7, silver 84*3 = 100, and perhaps other compounds. Analyses (see 5th Ed., p. 35) vary widely, some conforming also to "^ Ag 2 S, Ag 4 (!5b,As) 3 , etc. Of the following, 1 and 2 agree with Ag 3 Sb, 3 with Ag u Sb. 1, Kg., Zs. G. Ges., 16, 618, 1869. 2, 3, Petersen, Pogg., Andreasberg ?, Mir 137, 377, 1869. Sb Ag 1. Andreasberg cryst. G. = 9'73-9'77 [27-56] f 72'44 =r 100 2. Wolfach cryst. G. = 9'611 | 27*20 71 -52 = 98-72 3. " fine gran. G. = 10'027 15 '81 83 "85 = 99 '-66 Another fragment of the crj'stal analyzed by Rammelsberg (1) gave (f) Ag = 74'79, with G. = 9'851. A coarse granular form from Wolfach gave Petersen Sb 23 06, Ag 76'65, As Lr. 99-71, with G. = 9'960. Peterseu calls the compound Ag 3 Sb, stibio-triargentite, and Ag 8 Sb, stibio-hexargentile. Because of the similarity of form with chalcocite, etc., it has been urged that the true com- position is Ag 2 Sb, and that the variation is due to mechanical admixture, cf. Kenngott' 2 , Groth 3 . The analogy, however, of the copper arsenides and still more of artificial compounds (Cooke 4 ) of zinc and antimony (Zn p Sb), which latter are near dyscrasite in form, speak against this. Domeyko mentions silver ores with only 4 to 6 p. c. antimony. A silver-white mineral from Chanarcillo conforming approximately to the formula Ag 4 (!Sb,As)3 has been called cltanarcillite. (5th Ed., p. 36, 1868.) Pyr., etc. B.B. on charcoal fuses to a globule, coating the coal with white antimony trioxide and finally giving a globule of almost pure silver. (Soluble in nitric acid, leaving anti- mony trioxide. Obs. Occurs in the Wenzelgang near Wolfach, Baden, where it is the chief silver ore (cf, Saudb., 1. c.); it is crystalline, and in part tine granular, in part coarsely foliated; the latter forming masses in concentric layers, varying in structure and somewhat in composition; also at Witticlien in Suabia, and at Andreasberg in the Harz, commonly associated with other ores of silver, native arsenic, galena, etc.; also at Allemont, Isere in France, Casalla in Spain, and in Bolivia, S. A. Named from dufftcpdo'tS, a bad alloy. Chanarciilite, from Chanarcillo, is a silver-white ore for which Domeyko gives Ag 2 (As,Sb; 3 ; 5th Ed., p. 36. Alt. Occurs at Wolfach, altered to pyrargyrite and native silver, cf. Sandberger, 1. c. Ref. ! Handb. Min., p. 57. 1847. Saudbeiger s.dds a pyramid probably 332, Unt. Erzg., 2,208, 1882. Ber. Ak. Wien, 9, 548, 1852. 3 Tab. Ueb. 20, 1882. 4 Am. J. Sc., 18,229, 1854; 20, 222, 1855; cf. Kg., 1. c., p 623. ARSENICAL SILVER. Arsem'ksilber, from Andreasberg. analyzed by Klaproth (Beitr., 1. 183, 1795), and DuMenil (Schweig. J.. 34, 357, 1822), is regarded by Rammelsberg as a mixture perhaps of arseuopyrite, arsenical iron, and dyscrasite (Pogg., 77, 262. 1849, and Min. Ch., 27, 1875). Called pyritolamprite by Adam, Tabl. Min., 39, 1869. MACFARLANITE, HUNTILITE, ANIMIKITE. The ores from Silver Islet, Lake Superior, appar- ently contain a silver arsenide (huntilite) and perhaps also a silver antimonide (animikite), the lattei\related to or identical with dyscrasite. The name macfarlanile was given by Sibley to the complex ore consisting of a reddish-brown sectile metallic mineral mixed with silver and other species; this has been investigated by T. Macfarlane (Can. Nat., Feb. 1, 1870; Trans. Am. Inst. Mng. Eng., 8, 236, 1880). The name huntilite, after Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, was given by Wurtz (Eng. JVIng. J., 27, 55, 1879) to the supposed silver arsenide, stated to be dark gray to black and massive, G. = 7'47; also slate-color and cleavable. Semi-malleable. G. = 6'27. The analyses were made on too impure material to allow of any decision as to the composition. Ag 3 As (= As 18-8, Ag 81-2 = 100) is sugested. Compare Koenig, Proc. Acad. Philad., 276,1877. Animikite, Wurtz, 1. c. p. 124, occurs on huntilite. Structure fine granular. Somewhat sectile. G. = 9-45 Color white to grayish white. The formula Ag 9 Sb is proposed, but very doubtful. Named from animike, thunder, whence Thunder Bav. For analyses, etc., see further Mm. 5th Ed., App. Ill, 71, 1882. ARSENARGENTITE J. B. Hannay, Min. Mag., 1, 149, 1877. Stated on the basis of a partial examination of a single specimen of doubtful source (Freiberg ?) to be Ag 3 As, occurring in orthorhombic acicular crystals in native arsenic. G. = 8'825. Analysis: As [18-43] Ag 81*37 - 100. Needs confirmation. 44 SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ETC. 36. HORSFORDITE. A. Laist and T. H. Norton, Am. Ch. J., 10, 60, Only known massive. Brittle. Fracture uneven. H. = 4-5. G. = 8 '812. Luster metallic; brill- iant, but tarnishing easily. Color silver-white. Opaque. Comp. A copper antimonide, probably Cu 6 Sb = Antimony 24 '0, copper 76*0 = 100. Anal. Laist and Norton: Sb 26-86 Cu 73-37 = 100-23 Pyr. B.B. fusibility 1'5. Reacts for antimony and copper. Obs. Occurs as a large deposit in Asia Minor not far from Mytilene. Named for E. N. Horsford, formerly Rumford Professor of Chemistry in Harvard University. Artif On octahedral crystals containing Cu 6 Sb, see Brand, Zs. Kr., 17, 264, 1889. 37. DOMEYKITE. Arsenikkupfer (fr. Copiapo) Zinken, Pogg., 41, 659, 1837. Arseniure de cuivre Domeyko, Ann. Mines, 3, 3, 1843; Cobre Blanco id., Min., 138, 1845. Weisskupfer Hausm. Cuivre arsenical Fr. Arsenical Copper. Domeykite Haid., Handb., 562, 1845. Con- durrite W. Phillips, Phil. Mag., 2, 286, 1827. Jfteniform and botryoidal; also massive and disseminated. Fracture uneven. H. = 3-3'5. Gr. = 7*2-7'75. Luster metallic, but dull on exposure. Color tin-white to steel-gray, with a yellowish to pinchbeck-brown, and afterward an iridescent tarnish. omp. A copper arsenide, Cu 3 As = Arsenic 28*3, copper 71*7 = 100. Anal. 1, Domeyko, after deducting 2'55 gangue, Ann. Mines, 3, 6, 1843. 2, 3, Field, J. Ch. Soc., 10, 289, 1857. 4, Frenzel, Jb. Min., 26, 1873. 5, Forbes, Q. J. G. Soc., 17, 44, 1861. 6, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 33, 193, 1862. 7, 8, Frenzel, 1. c. 9, Winkler, Jb. Min., 2, 255, 1882. 1. Coquimbo (Calabozo), Chili 2. 3. Copiapo " 4. " (S. Antonio) " G. = 6'70 5. Corocoro, Bolivia 6. L. Superior, Portage Lake G. = 7 -75 7. G. = 7-207 8. Cigazuala, Mexico G. = 7-547 9. Zwickau H. = 5. G. = 6'84 As Cu 28-36 71-64 =100 28-26 71-48 =90-74 28-44 71-56 = 100 25-89 70-16 Fe,Mn 3 '50, S 0'49, insol. 0'45 = 100 '49 28-41 71-13 Ag 0-46 = 100 29-25 70-68 =9993 28-29 72-02 = 100-31 27-10 72-99 = 100-09 26-45 65-08 Fe 0'64, Ni 0'44, O 2'49, gangue 3 84 = 98-94 Pyr., etc. In the open tube fuses and gives a white crystalline sublimate of arsenic trioxide. B.B. on charcoal arsenical fumes and a malleable metallic globule, which, on treatment with soda, gives a globule of pure copper. Not dissolved in hydrochloric acid, but soluble in nitric acid. Obs. From the Chilian mines of Algodones in Coquimbo, in Illapel, San Antonio m Copiapo, etc. Also from Zwickau, in Saxony, in porphyry. In N. America, found on the Sheldon location, Portage Lake; and mixed with niccolite at Michipicoten Island, in L. Superior. Domeykite is named for the Chilian mineralogist, Ignacio Domeyko. Condurrite is a mixture, the result of alteration (of tennantite?, Rg.). It is black and soft, soiling the fingers. It has been investigated by Rammelsberg (Pogg., 71, 305, 1847) and Wink- ler (B. H. Ztg., 18, 383, 1859), also earlier by Faraday, Blyth and Kobell. Cf. 5th Ed., p. 37. From the Condurrow mine, near Helstone, and Wheal Druid mine at Carnbrae, near Redruth, Cornwall. ORILEYITE D. Waldie, Proc. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, p. 279, September, 1870. Massive H. = 5'5. G. = 7'343-7'428. Color steel-gray on fresh fracture with purplish tint. Luster metallic. Streak dark gray. Analysis, D. Waldie: As 38 -45, Sb 0*54, Cu 12 -13, Fe 42-12, X 6'19. Insol. 0'12 = 99-55. X = oxidized matters soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid = CuOl-21, FeOl'97, PbO 1'89, As a O 3 1*12 = 6'19. Soluble in nitric acid. From Burma, but exact locality not known. Named after Mr. O'Riley, Deputy Commissioner of Martaban, Burma. The analysis corresponds approximately, as shown by Mallet (Min. India, 14, 1887), to (Cu,,Fe) 3 (As.Sb),, which if confirmed makes the mineral allied to domeykite. DTSCRASITE GROUP ALGODONITE WHITNEYITE CHILENITE. 45 38. ALGODONITE. F. Field, J. Ch. Soc., 10, 289, 1857. In incrustations minutely crystalline. Commonly massive and distinctly granular. Fracture subconchoidal, affording a granular surface. H. = 4. G. = 7*62, Chili, Genth. Luster metallic and bright, but becoming dull on exposure. Color steel-gray to silver-white, the latter on a polished surface. Opaque. Comp. Cu 6 As = Arsenic 16'5, Copper 83'5 = 100. Anal.-l, F. Field, 1. c. 2-4, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 33, 192, 1862. As Cu Ag 1. Chili | 16-23 83'30 0'31 = 99'84 2. " G. = 7-603 f 16-95 8242 tr. = 99'37 3. L. Superior 15-30 84"22 0'32 = 99"84 4. " 16-72 82-35 0'30 = 99'37 , In analysis 3, a little whitneyite was mixed with the ore, and hence the higher percentage of copper (Genth). Pyr. The same as with domeykite, but less fusible. Obs. In Chili, at the silver mine of Algodones, near Coquimbo, in the Cerro de los Seguas, Department of Rancagua; in the United States, in the Lake Superior region. A transported mass of mixed whitneyite and algodonite, weighing 95-100 IDS., was found on St. Louis R. The color is grayer, and the texture more granular and less malleable, than in whitneyite. 39. WHITNEYITE. Genth, Am. J. Sc., 27, 400, 1859, 33, 191, 1862. DarwiniteD. Forbes. Phil. Mag., 20, 423, 1860. Massive. Crystalline; very fine granular. Malleable. H. = 3'5. Gr. = 8'4-8'G. Luster dull and sub-metallic on surface of fresh fracture, but strong metallic where scratched or rubbed, soon tarnishing. Color pale reddish to grayish white, pale reddish white on a rubbed surface; becom- ing yellowish bronze, brown, and brownish black on exposure. Sometimes iridescent. Opaque. Comp. Cu 9 As = Arsenic 11'6, copper 884 = 100. Anal. 1-3, F. A. Genth, 1. c. 4, Id., Am. . be 45, 306, 1868. 5, D. Forbes, 1. c. As Cu Ag & insol. 1. Michigan G. = 8-408 f 11-61 88-13 040 = 100-14 2. " 12-28 87-48 004 = 99'80 3. " G. = 8-47 12-28 87'37 0'03 = 99'68 4. Sonora 11-46 88'54 tr. = 100 5. Chili G. =8-64 f 11*58 88-14 0'28 =100 Pyr. Less fusible than algodonite; otherwise as in domeykite. Obs. In Houghton Co., Michigan, coated with red copper. A loose mass, weighing about 15 Ibs., and consisting partly of algodonite, was found on the Pewabic location, 1 m. from Han- cock village, Portage Lake; also found in place on the Sheldon location, near Houghton, Mich.; stated to occur at the Albion location, about a mile from the Cliff mine, in a vein 4 inches wide; also at the Minnesota mine; also in Sonora (Genth), near La Laguna, a ranch on the road to Libertad, Gulf of California, 35 m. fr. Saric; reported also from the Lane and Fuller mine, Austin, Nevada. Darwinite (anal. 5) is stated to occur near Potrero Grande, southeast of Copiapo, Chili. Named after Prof. J. D. Whitney of Cambridge, Mass. , formerly State Geologist of Cali- fornia. A mineral related to whitneyite, from Fortuna di Paposa, Chili, gave Bertrand 7*5 p. c. As, Ann. Mines, 1, 413, 1872. 40. CHILENITE. Aleacion de plata con bismuto Domeyko, Min., 187, 1845. Plata bis- mutal Id., ib.. 185, 1860. Chilenite Dana, Min., 1868, 36. Amorphous; granular. Soft. Silver- white, but tarnishing easily to yellowish. Comp. Contains bismuth and silver, perhaps Ag 6 Bi = Bismuth 13'8, silver 86 -2. Domeyko obtained: Bi lO'l, Ag 601, Cu 6'8, As 28, gangue 19'0, corresponding to Bi 14*4, silver 85*6. Also (Ann. Mines, 5, 456, 1864) Bi 15'3, Ag 84'7. For the last the material was separated from a mass containing 8 to 10 p. c. of it disseminated in small points. Obs. From the mine of San Antonio, Potrero Grande, in Copiapo. For the bismuth silver of Schapbach, see p. 122. 46 SULPHIDES, RELENIDE8, TELLURIDES, ETC. 41. Stutzite. Tellursilberbleude Sckrauf, Zs. Kr., 2, 245. 1878. Hexagonal, or pseudo-hexagonal. If hexagonal, axis c = 1-2530; 0001 A 1011 = 55 21'. Forms: c (0001, 0); a (1120, j-3), m (1010, /), 7* (2130, *-f), (4130, *-f), d (1014, i), /(1 012. 4), (1011, 1), * (3032, |); // (1126, -2), 2 (1124, f2), # (1122, 1-2). (1121, 2-2); i (2132, |-f), 0(3142, 2-f). Angles: cf = 35 53', cs = 65 16 , cz = 32 C 4', cy = 51 24f, cz = 68 15'. Schrauf prefers a monoclitiic "parameter, viz, a : b : c = '1-78205 : 1 : 1'2~>829, ft = 89 33'. A similarity in form to dyscrasile (as also to chalcocite; is apparent, and it may be orthorhouibic and pseudo hexagonal like them. Crystals highly modified. Faces mostly brilliant; m horizontally striated. Fracture uneven 10 subcouchoidal. Luster metallic. Color lead-gray, with reddish tinge. Streak blackish lead-gray. Comp. A silver telluride, perhaps Ag 4 Te = Tellurium 22*5, silver 77'5 = 100. The silver percentage determined approximately with the blowpipe in two trials 72 p. c. and 77 p. c. Pyr. Easily fusible to a dark bead, from which a silver globule is obtained by reduction with soda; yields tellurium dioxide in the open tube. Obs. -Identified on a single specimen in the collection of the Vienna University; locality probably Nagyag, Transylvania. Associated with gold and hessite on quartz. Named after tStiitz. who, in 1*03, described a tellurium mineral from Nagyag, which is regarded by JSchrauf as probably identical with this. B. Monosulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, etc. 1. Galena Group. RS. Isometric, liololiedral. Monosulphides, etc., of silver, copper, lend and mercury. 42. Argentite Ag 2 S Jalpaite (Ag,Cu) 2 S 43. Hessite Ag 2 Te 44. Petzite (Ag,Au) 2 Te Massive 45. Galena PbS Cuproplumbite, Alisonite (Pb,Cu 2 )S, (Cu 2 ,Pb)S 46. Altaite PbTe 47. Clausthalite PbSe 48. Naumannite (Ag 2 ,Pb)Se 49. Berzelianite Cu 2 Se Massive 50. Lehrbachite (Pb,Hg 2 )Se 51. Eucairite Cu 2 Se.Ag 2 Se " 52. Zorgite (Pb,Cu s ,Ag,)Se? 53. Crookesite (Cu,Tl,Ag) 2 Se " 42. ARGENTITE. Argentum rude plumbei coloris et Galenae simile, cultro difflnditur, dentibus compressum dilatatur, Agric., 438, 1529; Germ. Glaserz, Agric., Interpr., 463, 1546; Henckel, Miu., 1734 (proving it a sulphur compound). Silfverglas, Miuera argeuti vitrea, Aigentum sulphure mineral isaturn Wall.. 308, 1746; Sage, Ann. Ch., 2, 250, 1776 (with earliest anal.). Glanzerz, Silberglas, Silberglanz, Schwefelsilber, Weichgewachs, Germ. Vitreous Silver, Sulphunet of Silver, Silver Glance. Argent sulfure Fr. Argyrose Beud., Tr., 2, 392, 1832. Argentit Raid., Handb., 565, 1845. Argyrit Glock., Syn., 23, 1847. Argirose Ital. Plata sulfurea Span. Petlanque nero Span., S. A. Isometric. Observed pianos ' : a (100, i-i) /(310, *-3) 2 p (221, 2) z (322, f -f) d(110, t) e(210, -3) m (311, 3-3) x (433, 4-|) 2 o (111, 1) g (320, i-|) n (211, 2-2) a (533, H) Penetration-twins: tw. plane o. Forms a, d, o most common; crystals often distorted, frequently grouped in parallel position making reticulated, arborescent forms; also filiform. Massive, embedded or as a coating. GALENA GROUP HESSITE. 47 Cleavage: a, d in traces. Fracture small subconchoidal. Perfectly sectile. H. 2-2'5. G. = 7-20-7-36; 7*296 Freiberg, Dbr. Luster metallic. Color aud streak blackish lead-gray; streak shining. Opaque. Comp. Silver sulphide, Ag 2 S = Sulphur 12'9, silver 87-1 = 100. Pyr., etc. In the open tube gives off sulphurous fuuies. B.B. on charcoal fuses with intu- mescence in O. F., emitting sulphurous fumes, and yielding a globule of silver. Obs. Found at Freiberg, Auuaberg, Joachimsthal of the Erzgebirge; at Schemnitz and Kremuitz in Hungary; in IXorwny near Kougsberg; in the Altai at the Zmeiuogorsk mine; in the Urals at the Blagodatsk mine; in Cornwall; in Bolivia; Peru; Chili; Mexico at Guanajuato, Zacatecas, C'atorce, San Pedro del Potosi. etc'. Occurs in Nevada, at the Comstock lode, at different mines, along with stephauite, native gold, etc.; in the vein at Gold Hill; common in the ores of Reese river; probably the chief ore of silver in the Cortez district; in the Kearsarge district, Silver-Sprout vein. At ihe Silver King mine, in Arizona. At mines near Port Arthur on north shore of Lake Superior. Occurs with native silver and copper in northern Micbigan. Acauthite (p. 5b) may be only argentite in distorted crystals with orthorhombic symmetry, Kreuner. Alt. Native silver, at Joachimsthal. Also a mixture called silver-black (Silberschwarze Germ.}. Ref. i Cf. Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, 63 (1), 165, 1871, and Atlas, Taf. xxiii. 2 Groth, Min. Samml., Strassburg, 50, 1878. JALPAITE Breithaupt. B. H. Ztg., 17, 85, 1858. A cupriferous argentite from Jalpa, Mexico. Isometric in cleavage, and malleable like ordinary argentite; color blackish lead gray; G. = 6-877-6-890. Composition according to T. Richter (I.e.): S 14'36, Ag 71 '51, Cu 13-12, Fe 0'79 - 99'78, affording the formula 3Ag 2 S.Cu 2 S. Bertrand obtained for a brittle mineral from Tres Puntas, Chili, associated with argentite: S 14-02, Ag 71-63, Cu 13 06, Fe 57 = 99'28; Ann. Mines, 1, 413, 1872. Cf. stromeyerite. 43. HESSITE. Tellursilber G. Rose, Pogg., 18, 64, 1830. Savodinskite Huot. Min., 1, 187, 1841. Telluric Silver. Hessit Frdbel, Gruudz. Syst. Kryst., 49, 1843. Tellursilberglauz Germ. Isometric. Observed forms 1 : a (100, i-i); d (110, i}\ o (111, 1); /(310, i-3), e (210, z-2) 2 ; p (221, 2), q (331, 3) 3 ; m (311, 3 3) 8 , n (211, 2-2)' 2 , z (322, f f). Crystals sometimes highly modified, and often much distorted. Also massive, compact or fine-grained; rarely coarse granular. Cleavage indistinct Fracture even. Somewhat sectile. H. = 2-5-3. G. = 8-31-8 -45; 8*89. Luster metallic. Color between lead-gray and. steel-gray. Comp. Silver telluride, Ag,Te = Tellurium 36-7, silver 63-3 = 100. Gold is often present, replacing part of the silver; it thus graduates toward petzite. Anal. 1, Rose, 1. c. 2, Petz, Pogg., 57, 467, 1842. 3, Becke, Min. Mitth., 3, 301, 1880. 4, 5, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 45, 311, 1868. 6-8, Id., Am. Phil. Soc., 14, 226, 1874. 9, Raht (blowpipe), quoted by Geuth, ib., 17, 115, 1877. Te Ag Au 1. Savodiaski, Altai G. = 8-41-8-56 3693 62'37 ' Fe 0-37 = 99'67 2. Nagyag G. = 8'31-8'45 [37'76] 61 "55 69 Fe Pb, S tr. = 100 3. Botes, Transylvania G. = 8 318 37'22 60'69 1'37 SiO 2 0'40 = 99 68 4. Stanislaus Mine, Cal. [39'64] 55'60 3 22 Ni 1'54 = 100 5. " " " 44-45 46-34 3 28 Pb 1'65, Ni 4'71 = 100*43 6. Red Cloud Mine, Col G. = 8'178 37'86 59"9l 0'22 Fe 1'35, PbO'45, Cu 0-17=9996 7. " " " " G. = 8-789 | 37-17 59'75 3'33 Fe 0'18, Cu 0'06, SiO 2 15 = 100-64 8. " " " " G. = 8-897 34-91 50-56 13 -09 Fe 0'36, 'Ou 0-07. Pb 017, Zn 0-15, SiO 2 0-70 = lOO'Ol 9. Kearsage Mine, Utah undet. 58'79 O'lO Pyr. In the open tube a faint white sublimate of tellurium dioxide which B.B. fuses to colorless globules. On charcoal fuses to a black globule; this treated in R.F. presents on cool- ing white dendritic points of silver on its surface; with soda gives a globule of silver. Obs. Occurs in the Savodinski mine, about 10 versts from the rich silver mine of Zyrianov- ski, in the Altai, in Siberia, in a talcose rock, with pyrite, black sphalerite, and chalcopyrite. Specimens in the museum of Barnaul, on the Ob, are a cubic foot in size. Also found at Nagyag in Transylvania, and in highly modified crystals at the Jacob and Anna mines, Botes Mt., between Zalathna and Verespatak; also at Rezbanya, Hungary. In Chili, near Arqueros, 48 SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ETC. Coquimbo. A silver telluride (hessite or petzite) has been noted at the Maria mine, Karangahake, New Zealand. In the U. S., at the Stanislaus mine, Calaveras Co., Cal. Sparingly at the Red Cloud mine. Boulder county, Colorado; also at the Kearsarge mine, Dry Canon, Utah. Named after G. H. Hess of St. Petersburg (1802-1850). Ref. i Schrauf, Rezbanya, Zs. Kr., 2, 242, 1878; also 2 Knr., Botes, Transylvania, ibid., 4, 542, 1880. 3 Becke (1. c.) concludes from irregularity in angles, earlier noted by Schrauf, that the crystals are triclinic. Kenngott referred crystals to the orthorhombic system, Ber. Ak. Wien, 9, 20, 1853; Hess to the rhombohedral, Pogg., 28, 407, 1833; cf. Schrauf, 1. c. 44. PETZITE. Tellursilber Petz, Pogg. 57, 470, 1842. Tellurgoldsilber Hautm. Handb., 2, 51, 1847. Petzit Raid., Handb., 556, 1845. Massive ; fine granular to compact. Fracture subconchoidal. Slightly sectile to brittle. H. =2-5-3. Gr. = 8'7-9'02. Luster metallic. Color steel- or iron-gray to iron-black; often tarnishing. Comp. A telluride of silver and gold (Ag,Au) 2 Te, if Ag : Au = 3:1 = Tellurium 32'5, silver 42-0, gold 25'5 = 100. Anal. 1, Petz., 1. c. 2, 3, 4, Geuth, Am. J. Sc., 45, 310, 1868. 5, 6, Id., Am. Phil. Soc. 14, 226, 1874. Te Ag Au Nagyag G. = 8'72-8'83 [34'98] 46-76 18-26 Fe,Pb,S tr. = 100 Stanislaus Mine, Cal. f [32-23] 4214 25-63 = 100 Golden Rule Mine, Cal. ' 32'68 41-86 25'60 = 100-14 [34-16] 40-87 24-97 = 100 Red Cloud Mine, Col. G. = 9'01 33-49 40'73 24-60 Bi 41, PbO'26, Zn 0'05, FeO-78, SiO 2 0-62 = 100-44 G. = 9-020 [32-97] 40'80 24-69 Zn 0'21, Fe 1'28, SiO 2 0'05 = 100 Pyr. Like hessite, but yields a globule containing both gold and silver. Obs. Occurs at Nagyag, Transylvania. In the U. S. at the Red Cloud mine, Boulder Co., Colorado; at the Stanislaus and Golden Rule mines, California. Named after W. Petz. Groth suggests that petzite may be orthorhombic and hence belong to the chalcocite group. 45. GALENA, or GALENITE. Galena Plin., 33, 31 [not Galena or Molybdseua (= litharge- like product from the ore), Plin., 34, 47, 53]. Molybdsena pt. , Plumbago pt., Galena, Pleiertz, Plei Glanz Agric., 1546. Plumbago pt. , Blyglants, Galena, Plumbum sulphure et argento mineralisatum, Wall., 292, 1747, Cronst., 167, 168, 1758. Galeiiit von KM., Min., 201, 1858. Lead glance. Lead sulphide. Bleiglanz Germ. Blyglans Swed. Galene, Plomb sulfure Fr. Plumbago, Pleischweis ? Agric., Interpr. , 467, 1546. Bleischveif, Plumbago, Plumbum sulphure et arsenico mineralisatum, Wall., 294, 1746. Steiumannite Zippe, Verh. Ges. Mus. Bohmen., 1833, 39. Targionite Bechi, Am. J. Sc., 14, 60, 1852. Supersulphuretted Lead Johnston, Rep. Brit. Assoc., 572, 1833; Thomson, Min., 1, 552, 1836; Johnstonite Greg & Lettsom, Min., 448, 1858. Isometric. Observed forms 1 : a (100, i-i)' w(554, f) c (36-1-1, 36-36)' T (15-2'2, V') 8 /3 (322, f -f ) d(110, *) r (774, |) (16-1-1, 16-16) 3 2(611,6-6) a (433, H) 8 0(111,1) #(221,2) y (15-1-1, 15-15) 6 '" = 57 42' dd'" = 87 33' Sternbergite, Haid. 3. Frieseite, Vrba. Sternbergite, Haid. Breith. Luster metallic, of c most brilliant. Color Sinchbeck-brown, occasionally a violet-blue tarnish on some faces. Streak black, paque. For FRIESEITE, axes a : b : c = 0'5970 : 1 : 0'7352 approx. Vrba 2 . 100 A HO = 30 50*', 001 A 101 = 50 55*', 001 A Oil = 36 19*'. also r (102, *-*), y (101, 14), q (032, |4)?, t (131, 3-3). Ano-lps- 7>7> *fi1 401.' *.' 3 1 K' tiii' 1(1 Observed forms: b, c, w; = 149 43', cw = *74 51*', Angles: bb = *61 40*', rr' = 63 15', yy' = 101 51', ww' qq' = 95 36', ~ct = 68 24', ' = 53 54*', '" = 108 33'. Twins: tw. pi. m. Crystals thick tabular fl c; faces c striated || edge c/r, a feather-like stria- tion on twins. Cleavage: c, perfect. Laminae flexible. H. = 2'5. G. = 4-212-4 '220. In very thin plates dark greenish gray, translucent. Comp., Var Sulphides of silver and iron. 1. Sternbergite. AgFe a S 3 or Ag a S.Fe 4 S 6 = Sulphur 30-4, silver 34-2, iron 35'4 = 100. 2. Frieseite. Physical characters as above; analyses 4,5 below, corresponding " iron 37'2 = 100. Rg., Min. Ch., 66, 1875. 3, Janovsky, Zs. Kr., to Ag 2 Fe 5 S 8 = Sulphur 34'1, silver 28' Anal. 1, Zippe. Pogg., 27, 690, 1833. 2, 3, 187, 1878, 4, 5, Preis, ibid. 1. Joachirnsthal, Sternbergite 2. 3. 4. " Frieseite 5. s Ag Fe 300 33-2 36-0 = 99-2 2910 35-27 35-97 = 100-34 33-87 30-69 35-44 = 100 330 29-1 37-4 = 99-5 339 27-6 37-3 = 98-8 58 SULPHIDES. SE LEX IDES, TELLURIDES, ETC. Pyr., etc. In the open tube sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal gives off sulphur and fuses to a magnetic globule, the surface of which shows separated metallic silver. The washed mineral, treated with the fluxes, gives reactions for iron; on charcoal yields a globule of metallic silver. Soluble in aqua-regia with separation of sulphur and silver chloride. Obs. Sternbergite occurs with ores of silver, particularly pyrargyrite and stephauite, at Joachimsthal in Bohemia, and Johaungeorgeustadt in Saxo'uy, also at Schueeberg (Breith.). Named after Count Caspar Stern berg'of Prague. The Flexible silver ore (Argent sulfur 'e flexible Bourn., biegsamer Silberglanz Germ.) from the Himmelsfurst mine, near Freiberg, is referred here. Frieseite occurs with dolomite, proustite, and pseudomorphs of " Silberkies" (see below, Tsch.) on massive marcasite at Joachimsthal; the crystals of frieseite and " Silberkies" some- times in parallel position. Ref. ' Miu., p. 180, 1852; see earlier Haid., 1. c., or Pogg., 11, 483, 1827. 2 L. c. and Zs. Kr., 5, 4'36, 1881; for q the symbol (04-J) and angle given do not agree, viz., cq = 47 28' meas. ARGENTOPYRITK. Silberkies S. v. Walter shausen, Nachr. Ges. Gott., 9, 66, 1866. Described as mouocliuic; in six-sided twin crystals. No cleavage. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 8'5-4. G. - 6'47i?). Luster metallic. Color steel-gray to tin- white; tarnishing. Analysis (6) below. From Joachimsthal. Tschermak 1 later described pseudomorphs in small hexagonal crystals consisting of argentite, marcasite, pyrrhotite arid pyrargyrite, which he regarded as being the argentopyrite of v. Wal- tershausen. Schrauf '', however, sustained the latter species making it orthorhombic, but pseudo- hexagonal by_repeated twinning. Axes a :b : c = 0'5812 : 1 : 0'2749, or near that of Sternbergite if c be multiplied by 3. Forms: b, c, m, n (130), y (Oil), z (021), p (111), it (421). Angles: mm" = *60 20', cy = 15 22, bx = *61 12', cp = 28 45 (= c A 1U Sternbergite). Silver = 22'3 p. c. Streng 3 has also describee 1 a, " SILBERKIES" from Andreasberg. occurring in prismatic crystals, pseudo-hexagonal by twinning, with the planes m, n, x (as above). No cleavage. Fracture uneven. Rather brittle. H. = 3'5-4. G. = 4'18. Luster metallic, brilliant. Color bronze- yellow, tarnishing on surface. Weak magnetic. Analysis (7) below. Weisbach 4 has described a similar mineral from Marienberg, like the above in form. Brittle. G. = 4'06-4'12, Also another from the Himmelsfurst mine, Freiberg, similar in form but with cleavage || c; crystals often grouped in hemispherical forms. Not brittle. G. = 4*206. Color on fresh fracture bronze-yellow. Analysis by Winkler (8) below. To these varieties the name ARGYTIOPYRITE was attached. Anal. 6, Waltershausen, 1. c. 7, Streng, 1 c. 8, Winkler, Jb. Min., 908, 1877. S Ag Fe 6. Joachimsthal, Argentopyrite [34'2] 26'5 39'3 - 100 7. Andreasberg. -Silberkies" 30'71 32'89 35'89 Cu 0'19 = 99'68 8. Freiberg, Argyropyrite 32'81 29'75 36'28 = 98'84 The relations of the above minerals are yet uncertain. It seems probable that there may be two independent species: 1, Sternbergite (including frieseite) usually in tabular crystals, cleava- ble, soft, flexible; and 2, Argentopyrite usually in prismatic, pseudo-hexagonal forms, without cleavage, harder, brittle. The fact that the two forms occur together seems to point to this. The " argyropyrite" from Freiberg seems to be intermediate between them. The vari- ation in composition is probably more apparent than real. Streng suggested the formula Ag 2 S -f- pFe n S n -i for the group (i.e. acauthite -|- pyrrhotite), but no simple numerical relation exists and pyrrhotite is yet to be shown to be other than true hexagonal in form. Ref.- 1 Ber. Ak. Wien, 54 (1), 342, 1866. * Ib., 64 (1), 192, 1871. a Jb. Miu., 785, 1878. 4 Ib., 906, 1877. 57. ACANTHITE. Akanthit Kenng., Ber. Ak. Wien, 15, 238, 18o5, Pogg., 95, 462, 1855. Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 = 0*6886 : 1 : 0-9944 Dauber 1 . 100 A HO = 34 33', 001 A 101 = 55 17f ', 001 A Oil = 44 50J'. Forms: m (110, I) e (301, 34) * (214. -J-2) n (122, 1-2) a> (141, 4-4)* a (100, i-l) a (120, i-2) d (Q11 1 ^ n (211, 2-2) k (121, 2-2) ft (152, f-5) 6(010, ) , 1Q1 ,- } *(534,H) S (241, 4-2) * (181, 6-6)* c(001,0) W- *( 113 >*) Anas *(131,33) ^(163,2-6) * CU-l H) ^ (183, r (210. ,2 Also doubtful 0(508, |4), (203, f-i), e(506, f-i), ^(801, 8-i), y (518, f-5), cr (14-15-13, lf-f|) f g (8-20-1, 20-f). Krenner shows the close correspondence between the angles of acanthite, as given by Dauber, and those required by the isometric system, and argues from this that the crystals of acanthite are simply distorted forms of argentite. This conclusion seems plausible (cf. gold, silver, also hessite), but cannot be regarded as proved, cf. Zs. Kr., 14, 388, 1888. SPHALEBITE GROUP SPHALERITE. 59 rr'" mm' aa oo uu' = 38 = 69 6' = 71 58' = 110 36 = 141 48' ee' = 154' 0' dd = 89 41' ex = 30 18' cp = 60 18' en = 71 52 cr = ck = pp' = 39 20 67 52 91 21f nri = 127 57' >fc&' = 65 57' nn' kk" 88" = 49 1* = 59 2' =r 36 3' = 97 6' = 119 1' Twins: tw. plane o. Habit prismatic, crystals usually slender; sometimes mono-clinic, in development of planes. Cleavage indistinct. Fracture uneven. Sectile. Freiberg, 7'246, Color iron-black. H. = 2-2-5. G. = 7-2-7-3; 7-196, Joachimsthal, Dbr. Luster metallic. Opaque. Comp. Silver sulphide like argentite, Ag 2 S = Sul- phur 12-9, silver 87'1 100. Pyr. As for argentite. Obs. At Joachimsthal, with pyrite, argentite, and calcite, usually on quartz; also at the Hiniuielsfarsi and other mines, near Freiberg, Dbr. Freiberg in Saxony, along with argentite and stephauite. A specimen found in i860 shows brilliant crystals 22mm. long. At Sclmeeberg with native silver and argentite. Named from atcavBa tliorn, in allusion to the shape of the crystals. Ref. ' Crystals from Himmelsfurst mine, Ber. Ak. Wieu, 39~. 685, 1857. 2 Groth, Anna- berg, crystals with marked monoclinic symmetry, Min. Samml., 51, 1878. Artif. A silver sulphide, Ag a S, in acicular crystals resembling acanthite has been obtained by Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., 17, 497, 1890. DALEMINZITE Breith., B. H. Ztg., 21, 98, 1862, 22, 44, 1863. Silver sulphide (Ag 2 S) in an orthorhombic form regarded as distinct from acanthite; crystals short prisms with 010, 001, 110, 121, with mm'" 64. G. = 7'049. It may be a pseudomorph after stephanite, cf. Frenzel, Min. Lex. Sachs., 76, 1874. Found in 1858 at the Himmelfahrt mine at Freiberg with argentite. 3. Sphalerite Group. RS. Isometric, tetrahedral. 58. Sphalerite ZnS 59. Metacinnabarite HgS . Guadalcazarite (Hg,Zn)S 60. Tiemannite HgSe 61. Onofrite Hg(S,Se) 62. Coloradoite HgTe 63. Alabandite MnS Massive. 64. Oidhamite 65. Pentlandite CaS 58. SPHALERITE or BLENDE. Galena inanis, Germ. Blende, Agric., Interpr., 465, 1546. Bliiude, Pseudo-galena, Ziucum S, As, et Fe mineralisatum, Wall., Min., 248, 1747. Zincum cum Fe, S mineralisatum Bergm.. Sciagr., 1782. Sulphuret of zinc. Zinc sulfure Fr. Zinc Blende. Sphalerit Glock., Syn., 17, 1847. Black-Jack, Mock-Lead, False Galena Ei-gl. Miners. Blende or Ziukblende Germ. Blenda Hal., frpan. Chumbe Span. S. A. Cleiophane Nuttal. Cramerite. Marmatite (fr. Marrnato) Boussingault. Pogg., 17, 399, 1829. Przibramite Huot, Miu., 298, 1841. Marasmolite Sheph., Am. J. Sc., 12, 210, 1851. Christophit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 22, 27. Rahtite Sheph., Am. J. Sc., 41, 209, 1866. 60 SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ETC. Isometric; tetrahedral. Observed forms 1 a (100, **) d(110, *) (722, (311, -K) 4 -3-3) s, (321, - H) 6 q, (331, -3) (T (833, - f-f) 6 *i (753, f-l) 6 5(12-1-1 M (411. r (722, , 12-12) 4 4-4) K) 3 i (553, (554, (885, -I) 6 -f) 8 -I) 6 'ft. P, n (523, (944, (211, - f-f) - H) 6 - 2-2) ' y, z t u, (15-iI'l (432, - (431,- . -. ^ W 6 4-1) m (311, 3-3) A' (15-15-2, - Y) 4 it (744, - f I) 6 v, (975. - H) 6 /?-(522, H) s. (511 -5-5) , (iriO'i ~~n Fig. 1, Bottino, Becke. 2, St. Agnes, Id. 3, Schernnitz, Sbk. 5, Lockport. 6, Freiberg, Sbk. Twins: tw. pi. 0, th'e comp. face usually || o, but also _L o. Twinning often repeated, and sometimes producing narrow polysynthetic lamellae. Crystals frequently highly complex and distorted, sometimes resembling rhombohedral forms; the faces d, m often rounded together into a low conical form. Commonly massive cleavable, coarse to fine granular and compact; .also foliated, sometimes fibrous and radiated or plumose; also botryoidal and other imitative shapes. Cryptocrystalline to amorphous, the latter sometimes as a powder. Cleavage: dodecahedral, highly perfect. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 3-5-4. G. = 3-9-41; 4*063 white, N. J. Luster resinous to adamantine. Color commonly yellow, brown, black; also red, green to white, and when pure nearly colorless. Streak brownish to light yellow and 'white. Transparent to translucent. Refractive indices, Ramsay 10 : n r = 2-34165 Li n y = 2-36923 Na Sometimes shows abnormal double refraction, direction of the trigonal axes, Frie.de! J1 . n v = 2-40069 Tl Pyro-electric, polar in the SPHALERITE GROUP SPHALERITE. 61 Comp. Zinc sulphide, ZnS = Sulphur 33, zinc 67 = 100. Often containing iron and manganese, and sometimes cadmium, mercury and rarely lead- and tin. Also sometimes contains traces of indium, gallium and thallium; may be argentifer- ous and auriferous. Var. 1. Ordinary. Containing little or no iron; colors white to yellowish brown, sometimes black; G. = 4-0-4-1. The pure white blende of Franklin, N. J., is the cleiophane (anal. 1). A kind occurring at Kordmark, Sweden, in snow-white crystals, consists of pure ZnS with neither Fe nor Mn. The red or reddish brown transparent crystallized kinds are sometimes called ruby blende or ruby zinc. The massive cleavable forms are the most common, varying from coarse to fine granular; also cryptocrystalline. Schalenblende (Germ., also Leberblende) is a closely compact variety, of a pale liver-brown color, occurring in concentric layers with reniform surface; galena and marcasite are often interstratified. The fibrous forms (faserige Zinkblende Germ.) are chiefly wurtzite (p 70). Rarely occurs as a soft white amorphous deposit, resembling the -zinc sulphide precipitated by hydrogen sulphide in the laboratory, cf. below, 2. Ferriferous; Marmatite. Containing 10 p. c. or more of iron; dark-brown to black; G. = 3-9-4-05. The proportion of FeS to ZuS varies from 1 : 5 to 1 : 2, and the last ratio is that of the christophito of Breithaupt, a brilliant black sphalerite (anal. 11) from St. Christophe mine, at Breitenbrunn, near Johanngeorgenstadt, having G. = 3'91-3'923. A similar variety from St. Agnes, Cornwall, gave v Collius 26 p. c. Fe, Min. Mag. , 3, 91, 1879. 3. Cadmiferous; Pribramite, Przibramite. The amount of cadmium present in any sphalerite thus far analyzed is less than 5 per cent. 4. Mercurial. A specimen from Aviles, Asturia, yielded Soltsien, 135 p. c. Hg, Jb. Min., 2, 272 ref., 1887; other sphalerites (Sweden, Rhine) have given 0-02 p. c. 5. Stanniferous. Specimens of the black sphalerite from Freiberg, with' 12-13-4 p. c. Fe and Q. = 3'95-3'99, yielded 06-0*55 p. c, Sn, present as sulphide, also some cassiterite as impurity Cf. Stelznerand Schertel, Zs. Kr., 14, 398, 1888. Anal. 1, Henry, Phil. Mag., 1, 23, 1851. 2, 3, 7, 9, P. N. Caldwell, priv. contr. 4-6, 8, L. Sipocz, Zs. Kr., 11, 216, 1885. 10, Bechi. Am. J. Sc., 14, 61, 1852. 11, Heinichen, B. H, Ztg., 22, 27, 1863. 1. Franklin Furnace, wh. 2. Picos de Europa, yw. 3. Joplin, Mo., yw. 4. Schemnitz, yw. 5. Kapnik, yw.brn. 6. Nagyag, brn. 7. Roxbury Ct., brn. 8. Rodna, blk. 9. Felsobauya, blk. 10. Bottino, Marmatite 11. Breitenbrunn, Cristophile G 4-063 4-098 4-098 4-109 4-098 S 32-22 33-60 32-93 32-79 32-98 Zn 67-46 66-59 66-69 65-24 64-92 Cd tr. 1-52 1-05 Fe 0-16 0-42 0-47 0-57 Mn 0-37 = 99-68 = 100-35 = 100-04 = 100-02 Pb 0-05, Cu 0-06, Sb 0-04, As tr. =100'04 4-064 33-47 63'76 0*14 1'37 1'56 Pb 0'06, Cu tr., SbO-08, As *r. =100-44 = 100-32 = 99-66 Pb 1-01 = 100 02 Cu tr. = 97-99 Sn tr. = 99-43 4-073 4-002 4-030 3-92 33-36 33-49 33-25 33-65 33-57 63-36 52-10 50-02 48-11 44-67 1-51 0-30 tr. 0-28 3-60 12-19 15-44 16-23 18-25 0-37 2-66 On the sulphides of lead and zinc which are probably to be regarded as mixtures of galena and sphalerite, see huascolite, kilmacooite, p. 51. The brass-ore, Messingwz Germ., of early mineralogists is a mixture of sphalerite and chalcopyrite. Shepard's marasmolite is a partially decomposed sphalerite containing some free sulphur. Pyr., etc. In the open tube sulphurous fumes, and generally changes color. B.B. on char- coal, in R.F., some varieties give at first a reddish brown coating of cadmium oxide, and later a coating of zinc oxide, which is yellow while hot and white after cooling. With cobalt solu- tion the zinc coating gives a green color when heated in O.F. Most varieties, after roasting, give with borax a reaction for iron. With soda on charcoal in Jl.F. a strong green zinc flame. Difficultly fusible. Dissolves in hydrochloric acid with evolution of hydrogen sulphide. Some specimens phosphoresce when struck with a steel or by friction. Obs. Occurs very commonly in both crystalline and sedimentary rocks, and as a frequent associate of galena; also associated with chalcopyrite, barite, tiuorite, siderite; common in silver mines. ^ It often forms beds of considerable magnitude filling cavities in limestone. Crystals of sphalerite have been observed associated in parallel position with tetrahedrite, also with chal- copyrite (cf. Becke, Min. Mitth., 5, 331, 1883). Some of the chief localities for crystallized sphalerite are: Alston Moor in Cumberland, black variety; Derbyshire, St. Agues and elsewhere in Cornwall; Oberlahnslein in Nassau, Ems, red; Audreasberg, yellow and brown, Neudorf in the Harz, Freiberg. Breitenbrunn and other localities in Saxony, black and brown, Pfibram, green or yellow, and Schlackenwald in Bohemia, black; Kapnik in Hungary, green or yellow; Nagyag in Transylvania, brown; Rodna, black; the Binnenthal in Switzerland, isolated crystals of great beauty, yellow -to brown 62 SULPHIDES, SE LEW IDES, TELLURIDES, ETC. jm color, in cavities of dolomite; Sala in Sweden; Nordmark, black, brown and also snow- white. A beautiful transparent variety yielding large cleavage masses is brought from Picos de Europa, Province of Sautander, Spain, where it occurs in a brown limestone. Fibrous varieties {see wurt/ite) are obtained at Pfibrain, Geroldseck in Baden, Raibel; also in Cornwall. The original Marmatite is from Marmato near Popayan, Italy. Large beds occur at Ammeberg on Lake Wetter in Sweden. The new element gallium was first identified in the sphalerite of the Pierrefitte mine, Vallee d'Argeles, Pyrenees, L. de Boisbaudran, C. R., 81, 493, 1875. Abounds with the lead ore of Missouri, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois In N. York, Sulli- van Co., near Wurtzboro', it constitutes a large part of a lead vein in millstone grit, and is occasionally in octahedrons: in St.' Lawrence Co., occurs at Cooper's falls; at Mineral Point with galena, and in Fowler, on the farm of Mr. Beimout, in a vein with iron and copper pyrites traversing serpentine; at the Ancram lead mine in Columbia Co., of yellow and brown colors; in limestone at Lockport and other places, in honey and wax -yellow crystals often transparent; with galena on Flat Creek, two miles south-west of Spraker's Basin. In Mass., at Sterling, of a cherry-red color, with galena; also yellowish brown at the Southampton lead mines; at .Hat- field, with galena. In N. Hamp., at the Eaton lead mine; at Warren, a large vein of black Tjleude. In Maine, at the Lubec lead mines; also at Bingham, Dexter, and Parsonsfield. In Conn,, yellowish-green at Brookfield; at Berlin, of a yellow color; brownish black, sometimes- waxy var. In Virginia, at Walton's gold mine, Louisa Co , and more abundantly at Austin's lead* mines, Wythe Co., where it occurs crystallized, or in radiated crystallizations. In Michigan', at Prince vein, Lake Superior, abundant. In Illinois, near Rosiclare, with galena and calcite; at Marsdeu's diggings, near Galena, in stalactites, some 6 in. or more through, and covered with cryst. marcasite, and galena. In Wisconsin, at Mineral Point, in fine crystals, and many of large size (3 in. through, or so), altered to smithsonite. In Tennessee, at Haysboro', near Nash- ville. In Missouri, in beautiful crystallizations with galena, marcasite. and calcite at Joplin and other points in the southwestern part of the state; the deposits here occur in limestone and are of great extent and value. The original sphalerite in places has been removed and redepositeu as calamine or smithsonite, or again as sphalerite, usually in crystals. A variety, formed by reprecipitation, occurs as a soft white powdery mass in Galena, Cherokee Co., southeastern Kansas, adjoining the zinc region of Missouri; the deposit as first exposed extended for 30 feet with a thickness of at least 4 feet. " (Am. J. Sc., 40, 160, 1890.) Named blende because, while often resembling galena, it yielded no lead, the word in German meaning blind of deceiving. Sphalerite is from cr^cr/lepoS, treacherous. Alt. Sphalerite by oxidation changes to the zinc sulphate, goslarite. Calamine, smith- sonite, and liinonite occur as pseudoinorphs. Artif. Made in crystals from a solution of sulphate containing some putrifying animal matter; in an experiment by Gages, using oysters for the animal matter, the shells were turned partly into carbonate of zinc and selenite, and some sphalerite incrusted them. Also may be made by subjecting heated oxide or silicate of zinc to vapors of sulphur. Cf. further Fouque- Levy, Synth. Miu., 297, 1882. Rahtite Shepard is an impure uncrystalliue sphalerite, with G. = 4'128, containing iron and copper, see 5th Ed., p. 50. Ref. ' See Sbk., Zs. G. Ges., 21, 620, 1869; 24, 180. 1872; 30, 573, 1878; also earlier Hbg., Miu. Not., 1, 28, 1856, Kapuik with h and u\ 6, 7, 1864, Cumberland and Schemnitz; Rath, Binnenthal, with u, Pogg., 122, 396, 1864. Later Becke, Miu. Mitth., 5, 457, 1883. The dis- tinction between the planes of the -f- and octants was made out by Sbk., and revised and extended by Becke on the basis of etching experiments; the results of the latter (see above) are followed here. Some planes are in doubt as between the -f- and position. 2 Klein, Kapuik, Jb. Min., 492; 1871. 3 Id. Binuenthal, ibid., 897, 187_2; Klein called it 722, but Becke's etching makes the prominent tetrahedron for this locality (111) and reverses the position taken by other authors. 4 Sbk., 1. c. 5 Groth, Min. Samml , 23, 1878. 6 Becke. 1. c. ' Hintze, Striegau, Zs. Kr.,13, 161, 1887 * Flink, Nordmark, Bihang, Ak. H. Stockh., 13. (2), No. 7, 15, 1885. 9 Foldt. Kozl., 18, 151, 1888. 10 Sautauder, Picos de Europa, Zs. Kr.; 12, .218, 1886. On effect of change of temperature, etc., on indices of refraction, see Calderou, Zs. Kr., 4, 504; and Voigt, ib. 5, 113. 1880: 11 Friedel, Bull. Soc. Miu., 2, 32, 1879; Id. and Curie, 6, 191, 1883. On the effect of heat on molecular structure, Mid., Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 235, 1882, cf. also Hautefeuille. C. R.. 93. 774. 1881. Experiments in hardness, JSxuer, Unt. H3ne Kr., p 38, 1873. 59. METACINNABARITE. G. E. Moore J. pr. Ch., 2, 319, 1870; Am. J. Sc., 3, S0L 1872. Metaziunober Germ. * Jsometric; tetrahedral. Observed forms 1 : mi,-fl) o, (111, -1, ?i(211.2-2) 0(332, H) 0(975, H) SPHALERITE GROUP METACINNABARITE-TIEMANNITE. 63 Twins : tw. plane o, common. Habit tetrahedral, faces rough and unpolished. Also massive; amorphous. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. = 3. G. = 7 -81, PM., cryst.; 7*701-7-748, Moore, amorphous. Luster metallic. Color grayish black. Streak black. Opaqufe. Coin p. Mercuric sulphide, like cinnabar, E^S = Sulphur 13'3, mercury 86-2 = 100. Anal. Moore, 1. c. S Hg Fe Quartz 1. 13-79 85-69 0'33 0'26 = 100-07 2. 13-84 85.89 0'45 0'24 = 100'42 Pyr. See ciunabar Obs. From the Reddingion mine, Lake county, California, with cinnabar in acicular crystals, quartz and marcasite. Also at the Baker mine near Knoxville; some tons have been found at New Idria, Fresno Co (Becker). At Huitzuco, Mexico, in pseudomorphs qf cinnabar after stibnite (Sandb.). At the mercury mines in the Palatinate. Also, reported from Herms- doii near Waldeuburg, Silesia (Traube). Probably at Pakaraka, Bay of Islands, New Zealand, where Button in 1870 noted the occurrence of native mercury and a "black ore of mercury a sulphide containing some iron." H. =5, G. = 9'224(?) Trans. N. Z. lust.. 3, 252, 1870. Metacinnabarite is the equivalent of the black mercuric sulphide of the laboratory, also called jffltliiops mineral (Quecksilber-Mohr Germ.). Ref. 'Pfd., Am. J Sc , 29 452, 1885. Melville has described crystals _ from New Almadeii, Cal., which he regards as rhombohedral and heinimorphic, with 0001 A 1011 = 15 19', Am. J, Sc., 40, 291 1890, and p. 1041. GUADALCAZARITE Schwefelselcnquecksilber Castillo and Burkhart, Jb. Min., 414, 1866. Guadalcazite Adam, Tabl. Min., p. 59, 1869. Guadalcazarite Petersen, Min. Mitth., 69, 1872; Burkhart, ibid., 243. Near metacinnabarite, but contains a little zinc. Occurs massive, with cinnabar, barite, quartz at Guadalcazar, Mexico. H. =2. G. = 7'15. Castillo mentions rhombohedral forms. Anal. 1, Petersen, 1. c. 2, Rg., Min. Ch. p. 79, 1875. S Se Hg. Zn Cd Fe 1. G, = 7-15 14-58 1-08 79-78 4'23 tr. tr. = 99-62 2. 14-01 tr. 83-90 2'09 = 100 The ratio of Hg : Zn = 6 . 1 in anal. (1), and 12 : 1 in (2). LEVIGLIANITE D'Achiardi, Att. Soc. Tosc., 2, 112, 1876. Stated to be a ferriferous variety of guadalcazarite (metacinnabarite); but not fully examined. From the mercury mines of Levigliaui, near Seravezza in-the Apuan Alps, Italy. 60. TIEMANNITE. Selenquecksilber Marx, Schw. J. 54, 223, 1828 Selenmercur, STiemannit, Naumann, Min., 425, 1855. Isometric; tetrahedral. Observed forms 1 : a (100, t-); o (111, 1), o, (111, - 1); GO (511, 5'5), m (311, 3'3),

striated || intersection-edges; also m monly massive ; compact granular, Cleavage none. Fracture uneven to conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 2-5. G. = 8*19 Utah, cryst. ; 8*30-8-47 Clausthal 2 . Luster metallic. Color steel-gray to blackish lead-gray. Streak nearly black. Opaque. 64 SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ETC. Comp. Mercuric selenide, HgSe = Selenium 28'3, mercury 717 = 100, Anal. 1, Penfield, 1. c. 2, Petersen, JB. Ch., 919, 1866. Se & Hg Cd 1. Utah 29-19 0'37 69 -84 0'34 insol. 0-06 = 99-80 2. Clausthal 24'88 0'20 75'15 Pb 012 = 100*35 Earlier analyses (5th Ed., p. 56) were made on more or less impure material. Pyr. Decrepitates in the closed tube, and, when pure, entirely sublimes, giving a black Sublimate, with the upper edge reddish brown, with soda a sublimate of metallic mercury. In the open tube emits the odor of selenium, and forms a black to reddish brown sublimate, with a border of white selenate of mercury, the latter sometimes fusing into drops. On charcoal volatilizes, coloring the outer flame azure-blue, and giving a lustrous metallic coating. Obs. Occurs with chalcopyrite near Zorge in the Harz; at Tilkerode; near Clauslhal. In California, in the vicinity of Clear lake. Near Marysvale, Piute Co., in southern Utah, with barite, manganese oxide and calcite in a vein in limestone, the ore in part 4 feet in thickness. Cf. Becker, U. S. G. Surv., Mon 13, 1888. Named after the discoverer, Tiemann. R?f. ' Pfd., Am. J. Sc., 29, 449, 1885. 2 Ibid., p. 453; earlier determinations with G. = 7*l-7'37 were probably made on impure material. 61. ONOFRITB. Selenschwefelquecksilber H. Rose, Pogg., 46, 315, 1839. Merkur- Glanz Breith., Char., 316, 1832. Onofrite Haid., Handb., 565, 1845. Massive; fine granular. Cleavage none. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 2 -5. G. = 7'98-8'09, Pfd. 1 Luster metallic. Color and streak blackish gray. Opaque. Comp. Sulpho-selenide of mercury, Hg(S,Se), with S : Se = 6 : 1, Brush, or 4 : 1, Rose. The first requires: "Sulphur 1T5, selenium 4*7, mercury 83*8 = 100; the second: Sulphur 10'6, selenium 6*6, mercury 82 '8 = 100. Anal. 1, H. Rose, 1. c. 2, Comstock, Am. J. Sc., 21, 314, 1881. S Se Hg Zn Mn 1. Mexico 10-30 6;49 81-88 = 98-12 2. Utah | 11-68 4 : 58 81 '98 0'54 0'69 = 99'42 Pyr. In the closed tube decrepitates and then gives reactions for sulphur and mercury, coating the tube grayish black and leaving a slight non-volatile residue. In the open tube gives sulphurous fumes and sublimates of mercury and sulphp-selenide of mercury'. On charcoal gives copious fumes with selenium odor and a sublimate with metallic luster which touched by R.F. disappears tingeing the flame azure-blue. Gives faint zinc and manganese reactions. Obs. Occurs with calcite and barite at San Onofre, Mexico. With the pure mercuric selenide, tiemanuite, forming a seam 4 inches wide in limestone near Marysvale, southern Utah. Ref. i Am. J. Sc., 29, 453, 1885". Del Rio early called attention to a sulpho-selenide of mercury. He mentions two ores occurring in limestone at Culebras, Mexico (Phil. Mag., 4, 113, 1828), one red, the other gray. These were called culebrite and riolite (also rtonite other authors) by Brooke, ib.,-8, 261, 1836. No confidence can be placed in Bel Rio's chemical determinations. Cf. native selenium, p. 10. 62. OOLORADOITE. F. A. Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 17, 115, 1877. Massive; granular. Cleavage none. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. H. = 3. G* = 8'627. Luster metallic. Color iron-black, inclining to gray. Comp. Mercuric telluride, HgTe = Tellurium 38 -5, mercury 61*5 = 100. The material analyzed (see Appendix III, 5th Ed., p. 29 for analyses) was very impure. Pyr. In the tube slightly decrepitates, fuses and yields metallic mercury as a sublimate, also tellurium dioxide in drops, and next to the assay metallic tellurium. Soluble in nitric acid. Obs. Occurs very sparingly at the Keystone, Mountain Lion, and Smuggler mines, in Colorado, with quartz, gold, native tellurium and sylvanite ; it sometimes has a columnar structure due to alteration from sylvanite. 3. ALABANDITE. Schwarze Blende (fr. Transylvania) Mutter v. Reichenstein, Phys. Arb. Fr. in Wien, 1, 2nd Quart., 86. 1784; Bindlteim. Sen rift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl.. 5, 452, 1784 (making it comp. of Mn. S, Fe, Ag). Schwarzerz Klapr., Beitr , 3, 35, 1802. Braunsteinkies Leonh., Tab. 70. 1806 Braunsteinblende f= Manganblendel Blumenbbc?i t Handb., 1, 70^ 1807. Manganglanz Karst.. Tab., 72, 1808. Manganese sulfure H. t Tab., 3, 1809. Schwefel OLDHAMITE PENTLANDITE. 65 Siangan Germ. Alabandine Beud., Tr. 2, 399, 1832. Bluinenbachit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 22, 193, 1866. Isometric; tetrahedral 1 . In cubes or dodecahedrons with tetrahedral planes; also n (211, 2-2). Twins 2 : tw. pi- o; sometimes repeated, consisting of five octahedi-Qns. Usually granular massive. Cleavage: cubic, perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H.=3'5-4. G.=3-95-4'04 4-036, Mexico. Luster submetallic. Color iron-black, tarnished brown on exposure. Streak green. Comp. Manganese sulphide, MnS = Sulphur 36*9, manganese 63-1 = 100. p yr ._Unchanged in the closed tube. In the open tube sulphurous fumes. Roasted on charcoal, the assay is converted into the oxide, which, with the fluxes, gives the reactions of manganese. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, with evolution of hydrogen sulphide. Obs. Occurs in veins in the gold mines of Nagyag, in Transylvania; also Kapnik and Offenbanya in Hungary, associated with tellurium, rhodochrosite, and quartz; at Gersdorf, near Freiberg, a variety containing a trace of arsenic; in Mexico, at the mine Preciosa in Puebla, with tetrahedrite. From the Morococha mines, Peru. Crystallized and massive on Snake River, Summit county, Colorado, with rhodochrosite, galena, argentite, pyrite. Named from Alabanda i Caria, Asia Minor. Artif. Cf. Doelter, Zs. Kr., 11, 32, 1885, and C. R., 105, 1372, 1887; also Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., 17, 500, 1890. Ref. J Peters, Jb. Min., 665, 1861. * Schrauf, Nagyag, Pogg., 127, 348, 1866. 64. OLDHAMITE. Maskelyne, 1862; Phil. Trans., London, 195, 1870. Isometric. In small, nearly round spherules, generally coated by calcium sulphate as result of alteration. Cleavage : cubic. H. = 4, G. = 2 "58. Color pale chestnut-brown, transparent when pure. Isotropic. Comp. Calcium sulphide, CaS = Sulphur 44'5, Calcium 55*5 = 100. .After deducting foreign matter (enstatite, etc.): Oldhamite. Incrustation. CaS MgS CaSO 4 CaCO, troilite 1. 89-37 325 3'95 3'43 = 100 2. 90-20 326 419 2'30 = 100 Maskelyne suggests that the MgS may be considered either as a mechanically mixed ingre- dient, or as a constituent of the mineral. Pyr. Readily dissolved in acid with the evolution of hydrogen sulphide and deposition of aulphur. Obs. Found embedded in eustatite or augite in the Busti meteorite, and apparently also in that of Bishopville, South Carolina. Named after Dr. Oldham, Director (1862) of the Indian. Geological Survey. OSBORNITE Maskelyne, Phil. Trans., 198, 1870. Small golden yellow regular octahedrons occurring in oldhamite and in augite in the meteorite from Busti, India* It is supposed to be a sulphide, or an oxysulphide, of calcium and probably titanium. Named af ter.Mr. George Osborne 65. PENTLANDITE. Eisen-Nickelkies Scheerer, Pogg., 58, 315, 1843. Pentlandite Dufr , Min., 2, 549, 1856. Nicopyrite 8hep., Min., 307, 1857. Lillhammerit Wewbach, Synops. Min., 57, 1875. Isometric. Massive, in granular aggregates. Cleavage octahedral. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 3-5-4. G. = 4'60, Luster metallic. Color light bronze-yellow. Streak light bronze-brown. Opaque. Not magnetic. Comp. A sulphide of iron and nickel, (Fe,Ni)S. In part, 2FeS.NiS = Sul- phur 36-0, iron 42'0, nickel 22-0 = 100. Anal. 1, 2, Scheerer, L c. 3, J. 3L Mackenzie, priv. contr. S Fe Ni Cu 1. Lillehammer 36-45 4270 18'35 M6 = 98*66 2. " 36-64 40-21 21 '07 1'78 = 99'70 3. Sudbury 84*25 25-81 39'85 0'24 = 100-15 With Co tr. 66 SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ETC. An analysis of the Sudbury nickel ore by Clarke and Catlett gave: S 40-80, Fe 15'57, 2ft 41 -96, CuO-62, SiX) 2 1'02 9997, G. = 4'541; this corresponds to Ni 3 FeSj, or the general formula ot polydymite (p. 75), Am. J. Sc., 37, 372, 1889. Cf. also pyrrhotite. Fyr. In the open tube sulphurous fumes. The powdered mineral roasted on charcoal gives with the fluxes reactions for nickel and iron. Obs. Occurs with chalcopyrite in a hornblende rock near Lillehammer in southern Norway. The mineral from Sudbury, Ontario, {anal. 3) is mined extensively for nickel; it carries a little platinum (0'006 to O 1 024 p. c.) probably as sperrylite, Clarke and Catlett. Pent- landite was named after Mr. Pentland. The Sudbury mineral, examined by Penfield (priv. contr.), shows; distinct octahedral cleav- age (or parting) which identifies.it with the original pentlandite. 4. Cinnabar-Wurtsite-Millerite Group. 66. 67. Cinnabar Covellite 68. Greenockite 69. Wurtzite 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. Millerite Niccolite Breithauptite Arite Troilite Pyrrhotite HgS CuS CdS ZnS NiS NiAs NiSb Ni(Sb,As) FeS Pe u S lV etc. Trapezohedral Hemimorphic Rhombohedral or Hexagonal. a 1-1453 1-1466 d 6 0-8109 or 0-9364 0-8175 0-9440 0-8194 0-8586 0-9883 0*9462 0-9915 0-8701 1-0047 If, as suggested by Groth, the prominent. pyramids of wurtzite, greenockite, etc., be made pyramids of the second series (e.g., x = 1122, instead of 1011), then the values of c in the second column are obtained, which correspond to millerite. The form of several of these species, however, is only imperfectly known. A rhombohedral form for greenockite has been suggested but not proved. 66. CINNABAR. Kivvaftapi^ (fr. Spain) Theophr. " A^nor Dioswr. Minium Vitruv., Plin Minium nativum, Germ. Bergziuober, Agr.fc., Interpr.. 466, 1546. Cinuabarite. Zinnober, Schwefelquecksilber, Merkur-Blende Germ. Cinabro Ital ' Cinabrio Span. Khombohedral ; trapezohedral like, quartz. = *52 54' 15" Schabus 1 . A (5051, 5) 4 7t (6061, 6)* p (7071, 7) 4 Cinnober Swed. Cinabre Axis 6= 1-14526; 0001 A 101J. Forms': c (0001, 0) m (1010, /) a (1120, z-2 - 017 ' , 8-0-8-10, ^ (1013 4) /2025' I) (4049 i) 4 (1012 /) t (10-0-10-19 m (5059 )' ' ft (3035, f) 4 h (2023, ) Y (7079, |) 4 i(4045. |) 4 10) 4 n, (0221, - 2) (0552. - f) 4 o (0331, - 3) 4 p (0-32'32'9, - q, (0441, -4) A ' ( 551 ' - 5)4 y (2243, |-2 r, 1)< (1121, 2-2) I (2241, 4-2)* l (4 43 ' 0114 - 038 - I S - 1) ^ m (9 95 ' f) n (2021> 2) ft7 (3 31 ' 3)4 e (10 1 i0 ' 3 ' ' rt (707 - 2 ' l)7 9 (404U 4) (0881 ' - 8) ^ (M-2-20, F(o385, * (0223. - f) 1 (0445, - |) ^ (0111, - 1) * (0554, - |) * (0443, - |) Z (6157, |-| <5 (8-3-513, ^(1124, f-2 r)' P(H23, f-2 r) x (2245. - 4 -2)< O (7-7-14-18, I-2) 1 //(I -8-4-10, - |-|) 6 J? (1342, ~2-|) C (2641. - 6-| r) 4 5 (2-8-16 5, - 2-f) CINNABAR. 67 tK = 18 18' d = 23 47' ,;/ = 27 53' eg -. 33 28f ch - 41 24' ci - 46 37' ^ --= 60 26V e/i = 69 17' eta - 75 51' CQ - 79 18' a =81 24' cb = 9 23' c& = 58 50' ct - 84 36' KK' = 31 33' dd' ff ffff' hh ii' = 40 53^ = 47 464 = 57 4' = 69 53' = 78 Of rr' = 87 23' ' = 97 45' nn 108 12' &&' = 114 14' 99' =116 38' = 117 48' = 16 14' = 95 38' bV kk' it' = 119 7i' gg. = 32 l r r A = 47 Of nn, = 55 46' ^ 58 51' = 66 25' = 77 41' = 81 43' = 54 33' 5' = 58 29' mf - 59 19' 99, cu uu' Twins: tw. axis I, often penetration-twins 5 ; with also tw. pi. a, sometimes like the "Brazil twins" of quartz 6 . Crystals usually rhombohedral or thick tabular in habit, rarely showing trapezohedral planes; also acicular prismatic. In crystalline incrustations, granular, massive; sometimes as an earthy coating: 1. 2. 3. 4, m Almaden?, Sbs. Mt. Avala, Schmidt. California. Mt. Avala, Schmidt. Cleavage: m perfect. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Somewhat sectile. H. = 2-2-5. G. = 8*0-8-2; 8-090 G. E. Moore. Luster adamantine, inclining to metallic when dark colored, and to dull in friable varieties. Color cochineal-red, often inclining to brownish red and lead-gray. Streak scarlet. Transparent to opaque. Optically -{-. Indices: <& r 2*854, e r = 3*201, Dx 8 . Polarization cir- cular, chiefly left handed; twins sometimes showing Airy's spirals 5 . Var. 1. Ordinary: either (a) crystallized; (b) massive^ grauular embedded or compact! bright red to reddish brown in color; (c) earthy and bright red. 2. Hepatic. Quecksilberlebererz and Quecksilberbranderz, Germ. Inflammable cinnabar. Of a liver-brown color, with sometimes a brownish streak, occasionally slaty in structure, though commonly granular or^compact. Cinnabar mixed with an organic substance called idrialine (q.v.) occurs at Idria. "The corallinerz of Idria is a curved lamellar variety of hepatic cinnabar. Comp. Mercuric sulphide, HgS = Sulphur 13*8, mercury 86*2 = 100. Usually impure from the admixture of clay, iron oxide, bitumen. Pyr. In UK close'd tube alone a black sublimate of mercuric sulphide, but with sodium carbonate one of metallic mercury. Carefully heated in the open tube gives sulphurous fumes and metallic mercury, which condenses in minute globules on the cold walls of the tube. B.B. on charcoal wholly volatile, but only when quite free from gangue. Obs. Occurs chietiy in veins in slate rocks and shales, and rarely in granite or porphyry 9 . It 1ms been observed in veins, with ores of iron. The Idria mines are m the Carboniferous formation; those of New -Almaden, California, in partially altered Cretaceous or Tertiary beds. It sometimes occurs in connection with hot springs as the result of solfataric action. Pyrite and marcasite, sulphides of copper, stibnite, realgar, gold, etc., are associated minerals; calcite quartz or opal, also barite, fluorite, are gaugue minerals; a bituminous mineral (cf. napalite) is common. The most important European deposits are at Almaden in Spain, and at Idria in Carniola, where it is usually massive. ^ Considerable amounts are now obtained at Bakhmut in southern Russia, where it occurs as an impregnation of a bed of Carboniferous sandstone from 14 to 17 feet in thickness. Good crystals occur in the coal formations of Moschellandsberg and Wolf- stein in the Palatinate. Also found at Reichenau in Upper Carinthia; in graywackeat Wiudiscb Kappel; in beds traversing gneiss at Dunbrawa in Transylvania; in fine crystals at the recently reopened mines of Alt. Avala. near Belgrade, Servia; at Neuinarktel in Caruiola; at Ripa iu Tuscany; at Schemnitz in Hungary, In the Urals and the Nerchinsk region in TransbaikaU At the mines of Kwei Chaw in China abundantly, and in Japan. In Guadalcazar, Huitzuco, San 68 SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ETC. Onofre and elsewhere in Mexico; at Huancavelica in southern Peru, abundant; in the provinces of Coquimbo and Copiapo in Chili.' Also in H"ew South Wales, New Zealand, and Transvaal, S. Africa. In the IF. S. forms extensive mines in California, in the Coast Ranges at many different points from Clear Lake in the north (near which there is a vein in a bed of sulphur) to Santa Barbara Co. in the south; important mines are at New Almaden and the vicinity, in Santa Clara Co.. about 60 m. S.S.E. of San Francisco. It is now forming by solfataric action at Sulphur Bank. Cal., and Steamboa-t Spring's,- Nevada. Also occurs in southern Utah; in Idaho, but only as rolled masses. In Douglas Co., Oregon. In British Columbia, sparsely disseminated througfi, a crystalline limestone at the Ebenezer Mine, Hector (Kicking Horse) Pass, Rocky Mts. .The name cinnabar is supposed to come from India, where it is applied to the red resin, dragon's blood. The native cinnabar of Theophrastus is true cinnabar; he speaks of its afford- ing quicksilver. The Latin name of cinnabar, minium, is now given to red lead, a substance which was early used for adulterating cinnabar, and so got at last the name. It ias been said (King on Precious Stones) that the word-wane (miniera, Itat.) and mineral come from the Latin for quicksilver mine, miniaria (Fodina miniaria). Alt. Pseudomorp'hs after pyrite, tetrahedrite, dolomite have been described (Blum, Pseud., Nachtr., 2, 13, 124, 3, 262); also after stibnite (Sandb.-). Heated nearly to the point- o{ sublimation and suddenly cooled cinnabar is changed to the black sulphide, HgS; cf. meta* cinnabarite. Art. St. Claire Deville and Debray have obtained rhombohedral crystals of cinnabar by sublimation, see Fouque-Levy, Synth. Min., p. 313, 1882; also Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., 17, 498, 1S90. Ref. ' Ber. Ak. Wien, 6, 63, 1851; angles confirmed by Koksharov, Min. Russl., 6, 257, 1870. ? See Sbs., 1. c. for early literature, new planes, etc.; also later Mgg., Jb. Min , 2, 29, 1882. The distinction between -}- and forms is not always surely made, cf. Schmidt". 3 D'Achiardi, as a trigonal prism, tetartobedral. Ripa, Tuscany, Boll. Com. G . 2,463. 1S71. Min. Tosc., 2, 282,1873. 4 Mgg , Almaden, Spain, 1. c. 5 Tsch., Nikitovka, Min. Mitth., 7, 361, 1886. 6 A. Schmidt. Mt. Avala, Servia, F5ldt. KOzl., 17. 555, 1887, and Zs. Kr., 13. 433, 1887; no attempt is made to distinguish between -f and rhombohedrons, nor between r and I trapezohedrons. ' Traube, Mt. Avala, Zs, Kr.f 14, 563, 1888. 8 Propr. Opt., 1, 77, 1857. 9 On the genesis of cinnabar deposits, see Phillips, Q. J. G. Soc., 1879; Christy, Am. J. Sc , 17, 453. 1879; also LeConte, ib., 24, 23, 1882; 25, 424, 26f 1, 1883; Becker., ib.,-33, 199, 1887, and Mon., 13, U S. G. Surv., 1888. In the latter tluere is given a full description of the occur- rence of cinnabar, especially in California- and also throughout the world. Becker concludes that the cinnabar, pyrite and gold of the quicksilver mines of the Pacific. Slope reached their present position in hot solutions of double sulphides leached from the adjacent granite or the; masses underlying it (p. 449). ETHIOPSITE Adam, Tabl. Min., 59, 1869. Black mercurous sulphide, Hg 2 Si; it Ts an unstable compound, not known to occur in nature. 67. COVELLITE. FreiesUben, Geogn. Arb.,3, 129 (fr. Sangerhausen); Kupferindig5?vtt77< v , in Hofi'm. Min., 4. 2, 178, "1817. Bi-solfuro di rame che formasi attualmente ^nel Vesuvio Covelli (1826). Att. Ace. Napoli, 4. 9, 1839. Indigo-Copper; Blue Copper. Covelline, Sulfure de cuivre du Vesuve, Beud.., 2, 409, 1832. Breithauptite Chapm., Min. 125, 1843. Can'tonite Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 22, 449, 1856, 23, 409, 1857. Cobre anilado Span..S. A Hexagonal or rhombohedral. Axis 6. = 1-1466; 0001 A 1011 = 52 56J' Kenngott 1 . Forms: c (0001, 0), a (1120. i-2), x (1122, 1-2), y (2241; 4-2;. Angles: ex = 48 54', cy = 77 42', xx' = 44 IBf , yy' - 58 29', ytf* = *24 36' Rarely in hexagonal crystals with, faces m and x. horizontally striated. Com- monly massive or spheroidal ; surface, sometimes crystalline. Cleavage: basal, perfect. Flexible in thin leaves. H. = 1-5-2. Gr. = 4-590, 4-6.36 crystals, Zeph. Luster of crystals submetallic, inclining to resinous, a little pearly on cleavage-face ; subresinous or dull when, massive. Color indigo-blue or darker. Streak lead-gray to black, shining. Opaque. Comp. Cupric sulphide, CuS = Sulphur 33*6, copper 66 '4 = 100. Analyses, 5th Ed., p. 84. Pyr. In the closed tube gives a sublimate of sulphur; in the epen tube sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal burns with a blue flame, emitting the odor of sulphur, and fuses to a globule, ivhich reacts like chalcocite. Obs. With othr copper ores near Baden weiler .m Baden; at Leogang in Salzburg with Chalcopyrite, sometimes in small crystals; at Kielce in Poland; Sangerhausen in Saxony; Mansfeld, Thuringia; Vesuvius, on lava; common in Chili. Named after N. Covelli (1790-1829), the discoverer of the Vesuvian covellite. GREENOCKITE. 60 Covellite is a result Of ^the alteration of other ores of copper, and is often mixed with cbalcocitc, from which it has been derived. (See Digenite and Carmenite, p, 56.) Artif. Formed at low temperatures (to 200 C.) from CuO, while at higher temperatures, as too from Cu 2 O, chalcocite (Cu 2 S) results, Doelter, Zs. Er., 11, 34, 1885; also Weinschenk, ia crystals, ib , 17, 497, 1890. Ref, ' Leogang, Ber. Ak. Wien, 12, 22, 1854; the' suggestion of Groth as to" position is here followed, since it shows the probable relation to cinnabar. CANTONITE is covellite from the Canton mine, Georgia, occurring in cubes, with a cubical cleavage. It is associated with harrisite (pseudomorphs of chalcocite after galena, see p. 56), uud is regarded by Genth as a pseudoinorph of covellite after the harrisite. 68. GREENOCKITE. .Greenockite Jameson, Ed. N. Phil, J., 28, 390, 1840. Sulphuret of Cadmium Connel, ib., 392. Cadmium-blende. Cadmium sulfure Fr. Hexagonal; hemimorphic.. Axis 6 ss 0'81091; 0001 A lOU = 43 7' 3" Miigge 1 . Forms' : Jb. Min., 2, 18, 1886; for first description of crystals see Breith., Pogg., 51, 507, 1840: he calls attention to the relations of -the group of hexagonal (and rhorabofredral) sulphides. Greg and Lettsom, and Mir. give only camixzv. Kk. gave in 1871, c = 0-81257, Bull. Acad, St. Pet., 15, 219; later also c = 0-817247, Min. 8, 125, 1881, Schiller regarded artif. cryst examined by him as rhombohedrai, Lieb. Ann,, 87, 40, 1853. 70 SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ETC. 69. WURTZITE. C. Friedel, C. R., 52, 983, 1861. Spiauterit BreitJi., B. H. Ztg., 21, 98, 1862, 25, 193. Faserige Blende, Schalenblende pt. Hexagonal; hemimorphic. Axis 6 = 0-81747; 0001 A lOll = 43 20J' Friedel 1 . Forms': c (0001, 0); m (1010, 7), (1150, ); (4045, |), p(10ll, 1), 0(2021,2). Angles: ex = 37 8JV co = *62 5''4, a' = 35 4', pp' = 40 9', oo' = 62 27'. Natural crystals quartzoids (p) with also m, both planes horizontally striated. A-lso fine fibrous or columnar, massive. Cleavage: a easy; c difficult. H. = 3 '5-4. G. = 3 f 98. Luster resinous. Color brownish black. Streak brown. Optically + Double refraction weak. Var. 1. Crystals, hemimorphic like greeiiockite. . 2. Massive, fibrous, including the varieties of " Schalenbleude" having a fine columnar structure (Noelting). Comp. Zinc sulphide, ZnS = Sulphur 33, zinc 67 = 100. Pyr 1 . Same as for sphalerite. Obs. From a silver-mine near Oruro in Bolivia. Also from Albergaria Velha in Portugal; from Quesbesita, Peru, in tabular crystals grouped and forming a crust, some of the crystals inch across. In fine pyramidal crystals with sphalerite and quartz at the " Original Butte " mine, Butte City, Montana. The massive fibrous forms of " Schalenblende" occur at Pribram, Liskeard, etc. Other forms, from Stolberg, Wiesloch, Altenberg, are in part wurtzite, in part sphalerite. Named after the French chemist, Adolphe Wurtz. Artif. First made by St. Claire Deville and Troost by fusing zinc sulphate with CaF 2 and BaS in equal parts (C. R., 52, 920, 1861); also in crystals by a long and high heating of amorphous sphalerite (Sidot, C. R., 62, 999, 1866); or by subliming the sphalerite in a current of sulphurous oxide, long, transparent, colorless hexagonal prisms have been formed (ib., 63, 188, 1866). Cf. also Hautefeuille; also Noelting (Inaug. Diss., Kiel, 1887), who traces out the relations of sphalerite and wurtzite, and shows that the latter has often been produced in nature from the former. Ref. i On artif. cryst., C. R, 62, 1002, 1866; Foerstner obtained c = 0'8002, Zs. Kr., 5, 363, 1881. 2 On nat. cryst., Bolivia, only c, m, a, o, 1. c. ERYTHROZINCITE Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., 3, 156, 1880. Probably a maugauesian variety of wurtzite. Occurs in thin plates. Optically uniaxial, positive (Dx., ib. 4, 40, 1881). Soft. Color red. Streak pale yellow. Translucent. Contains sulphur, zinc, manganese. In veins of lapis lazuli from Siberia, 70. MILLERITE. Haarkies (as a var. of Schwefelkies) Wern., Bergm. J., 383, 1789 (fr. Johanng.); Hofmann, id., 175, 1791. Fer sulfure capillttire (as a var. of Pyritc) H., Tr., 4, 180L Capillary Pyrites. Gediegen Nickel Klapr., Beitr., 5, 231, 1810. Schwefelnickel Berz.; Arf- vedson, Ak. H. Stockh., 427, 1822. Harkise Beud., Tr., 2, 400, 1832. Capillose Chapman. Min., 135, 1843. Millerit Haid., Handb., 561, 1845. Trichopyvit Olock., Syu., 43, 1847. Nickelkies Germ. Sulphuret of Nickel. Nickel sulfure Fr. Sulfuro di Nickel, Archise Ital. Sulfuro de niquel Span. Rhombohedral. Axis 6 = 0-9883; 0001 A 1011 = 48 46J' Miller 1 . Forms 1 : m (1010, 7), a (1120, t-2), k (2130, -f); r (1011, R); also as cleavage-faces: e (1016, t), " d (1013, i); e, (0116, - |), d, (0113, - i). Angles: &t = 18 37f , dd' = *35 52', rr' = 81 17', dd, = 20 29'. Usually in very slender to capillary crystals, often in delicate radiating groups; sometimes interwoven like a wad of hair. Also in columnar tufted coatings, partly semi-globular and radiated. Cleavage: e, e,, d, d,, all perfect, Mir. Fracture uneven. Brittle; capillary crystals elastic. H. = 3-3*5. G. = 5'3-5'65; 5-65 fr. Saalfeld, Rg. Luster metallic. Color brass-yellow, inclining to bronze-yellow, with often a gray iridescent tarnish. Streak greenish black. Comp. Nickel sulphide, NiS = Sulphur 35-3, nickel 64'7 = 100. Pyr., etc. In the open tube sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal fuses to a globule. When roasted, gives with borax and salt of phosphorus a violet bead in O.F., becoming gray in R.F. from reduced metallic nickel. On charcoal in R.F. the roasted mineral gives a coherent metallic mass, attractable by the magnet. Most varieties also show traces of copper, cobalt, and Iron with the fluxes. Obs. Occurs commonly in capillary crystals, in the cavities and among crystals of other minerals. Found at Joachimsthal in Bohemia: Johanngeorgenstadt; Pribram; lliechelsdorf; XICCOLITE. 71 Andreasberg; Himmelfahrt mine near Freiberg and Marienberg in Saxony; at Micheroux, Belgium; Cornwall; near Merthyr Tydvil, at Dowlais, occupies cavities in nodules of siderite. Occurs at the Sterling mine, Antwerp, N. Y., in radiating groups of capillary crystals with ankerite in cavities in hematite; in Lancaster Co., Pa., at Gap mine, with pyrrhotite, in thin coatings of a radiated fibrous structure, often with a velvety surface of crystals, or tufts of radiated needles. With calcite, dolomite and fluorite, forming delicate tangled hair-like tufts, in geodes in limestone, often penetrating the calcite crystals, at St. Louis, Mo.; similarly near Milwaukee, Wis. Stated to occur in considerable deposits in quartz near Bentoii in Saline Co., Arkansas (Miu. Res. U. S., 128, -1887). Sparingly present with pyrite and marcasite atone of the cinnabar miu^s in Pope Valley, Mayacinas distr., Cal. With a green ehromiferous garnet in Orford Township, Quebec, disseminated in grains in calcite. Identitied in the nickeliseious metallic iron of Santa Catarina, Brazil (Meimier). Artif. Obtained in groups of acicular crystals by Weiuscheuk, Zs. Kr , 17, 500, 1890; also earlier by Baubiguy, Fouqne-Levy, Synth. Min., 306, 1882. The capillary pyrites, Haarkies, of Werner was true millerite, from Jphanngeorgenstadt, according to Hofmaun, Miu., 4, 168, 1817. But capillary pyrite and marcasite have sometimes gone by the same name. Ref. ' Phil. Mag., 6,. 104, 1835, or Pogg., 36,-476, 1835, and Min., p. 163, 1852. Cf. Breith., Pogg., 51, 511, 1840 JAIPURITE. Sulphuret of Cobalt Middleton, Phil. Mag., 28, 3'52, 1846. Syepoorite /. Nicoll, Min., 458, 1849. Jeypoorite -Ross, Proc. Roy. Soc., 21, 292, 1873. Jaipurite F. R. Mallet, Records Geol. Surv. India, 14, pt. 2, 190, 1880, and Min. India, 16, 1887. Rutenite Adam, Tabl. Min., 55, 1869. Kobaltsulfuret pt., Schwefelkobalt pt... Kobaltkies pt.^ Graukobalterz, Kobaltblende Germ. Described as a simple cobalt sulphide (CoS), occurring massive, witlrG. = 5 '45, and ol a steel-gray color, stated to have been found at the Khetri mines, Jaipur (Syepoore, Jeypoor), Rajputaua, India, and to be " used by Indian jewelers for staining gold of a delicate rose color." Mallet (1. c.) questions the existence of the mineral, he having found only cobaltite and danaite at the locality. Moreover the cobalt ore from the Khetri mines, sold to Indian enamelers under the name of " sehta, " is used in enameling in different shades of blue (not red) on gold and silver. It is to be noted here that Weinschenk describes an artificial cobalt monosulphide, CoS, in tin-white crystals resembling those obtained of the nickel sulphide, millerite. See Zs. Kr., 17, 500, 1890 71. NICCOLITE. Kupfernickel Hiarne, Anledri. Malm og Berg., 76, 1694. Cuprum Nicolai [mistaken trl.] J. Woodward, Foss., 1728. Kupfernickel, Arsenicuin sulphure et cupro mineralisatum, aeris rnodo rubeute, Wall., 228, 1747. Niccolum ferro et cobalto arsenicatis et sulphuratis miu. (fr. Saxony) Cronst. Ak. H. Stockh., 1751, 1754 (first discoy. of metal); Min., 218, 1758. Cuprum ruin, arsen. fulvum Linn., 1768. Mine de cobalt arsenicale tenant cuivre Sage, Min., 58, 1772; de Lisle, Crist., 3, 135, 1783 Niccolum nativum Bergm.< Opusc. 2, 440, 1780 Rothuickelkies, Arseuiknickel, Germ. Copper Nickel, Arsenical Nickel. Nickeline Beud., Tr., 2, 586, 1832. Arsenischer Pyrrotin Breith. f J pr. Ch., 4, 266, 1835. NiccoliteZ> 7- 3970 25-69 29-56 1-96 2-23 insol. 0-45 = 99-59 6. Sie i 9- 41-15 [50 76] 3-20 3-63 insol. 1-26 = 100 7. Missouri, Sieg. 41-54 21-34 30-53 3-37 tr. PbO-39, Sb tr., insol . 1-07 8. Bastnaes G. = 4-755 41-83 44-92 0-19 4-19 8-22 = 99-35 r L *""" 98-24 9. Glad ham mar G. = 4-825 42-19 39-33 12-33 4-29 = 100-42 A portion lost. Hisinger obtain ed^U^ p. c. Cu in the Bastnaes mineral, but it is not certain that it all belonged to the pure linnseite. Pyr., etc. The variety from Musen gives, in the closed tube, a sulphur sublimate; in the open tube, sulphurous fumes, with a faint sublimate of arsenic trioxide. BiB. on charcoal gives sulphurous (and arsenical) odors, and fuses to a magnetic globule. The roasted mineral gives with the fluxes reactions for nickel, cobalt, and iron. Soluble in nitric acid, with separation of sulphur. Obs. In gneiss, with chalcopyrite, at Bastnaes, near Riddarhyttan, Sweden, also at Glad- hammar; at Musen, near Siegen, in Prussia, with barite and siderite; .at Siegen (siegenite). in octahedrons; at Mine la Motte, in Missouri, mostly massive, sometimes octahedral and cubo- octahedral crystals; and at Mineral Hill, in Maryland, in a vein in chlorite slate, with chalco- pyrite, boruite, sphalerite, pyrite, etc. Alt. Occurs altered to yellow earthy cobalt so-called (gelb ErdfcobaU}, which is a mixture of erythrite and pitlicite. Ref.- 1 Becke, Min. Mitth.. 7. 225. 1885. DA UBREELITECUBANITECARROLLITE* 79 80. DAUBREELITE /. L. Smitii, Am. J. Sc., 12, 109, 1876; 16, 270, 1878. Massive; somewhat scaly, structure crystalline. Cleavage in one direction. Brittle. Fracture uneven. G. = 5*01. Luster metallic, brilliant. Color black. Streak black. Not magnetic. Comp. FeS.Cr a S, = Sulphur 44'3, chromium 36'3, iron 19'4 = 100. Anal. Smith, 1. c. f S 42'69 Cr 35'91 Fe 20-10 = 98'70 Pyr, B.B. infusible, loses luster and (R.F.) becomes magnetic. With borax reacts for chromium. Not attacked by cold nor by hot hydrochloric acid, but completely dissolved in nitric acid, without the liberation of free sulphur. Obs. Occurs associated with troilite, on the borders of troilite noduies, or as minute veins running across them, in the meteoric irons from Cohahuila, Mexico. Also identified in the irons of Tolitea, Mexico, of Sevier, Tenn., and of Cranbourne, Australia. Named after M. Dunbree, of Paris. The name schrtibersite was given by Shepard to a supposed chromium sesquisulphide, occurring in the Bishopville meteorite (Am. J. Sc., 2, 383, 1846). It is not contained ia Shepard s list of- meteoric minerals (ibid., 43, 28), published in 1867. 81. CUBANITE Weisskupfererz pL Cuban Breith.-, Pogg., 59, 325, 1843. Cubauite Chapman. Isometric. Massive. Cleavage: cubic, and rather more distinct than in ordinary pyrite, Breitru Color between bronze- and brass-yellow. Streak dark reddish bronze, black. H. = 4. G. = 4-026-4-042 Br.; 4-169 Booth. Comp. CuFe a S 4 CuS.Fe 3 S 3 = Sulphur 35'4, copper 23'3, iron 41'3 = 100. Anal. 1, Eastwick, Dana, Min., p. 68, 1854. 2, Magee, 'ib. ' 3, Stevens, ib. 4, Scheid- hauer, Pogg., 64, 280, 1845. 5, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 18, 381, 1854. 6, 7, 8, Carlin, Brodin, Liudstroin, G. For. F5rh.. 1, 105, 1873. 1. Cuba 2. " 3. " 4. " 5. " G. - 4180 6. Tunaberg G. = 4'03 7. " 8. Kafveltorp Pyr. In the closed tube a sulphur sublimate; in the open tube sulphur dioxide. B.B. on charcoal gives sulphur fumes and fuses to a magnetic globule. The roasted ore reacts for copper and iron with the fluxes; with soda "on charcoal gives a globule of metallic iron with copper. Obs. From Barracauao, Cuba; Tunaberg and Kafveltorp, Sweden. CHALCOPYRRHOTITE. Chalkopyrrhotin Blomstrand, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 27, 23, 1870. Massive. Color like 'that of pyrite with a tinge of brown. H. = 3'5-4. G. = 4'28. Analysis: f S 38-16, Fe 48 22, Cu 12'98, residue 0'74 = 10010. which gives the formula Fe 4 CuS 6 . Occurs at Nya Kopparberg, Sweden, in small imbedded portions with magnetite, sphalerite, calcite, and chondrodite. A "Weisskupfererz" (cf. p. 96) from Halzbrucke, near Freiberg, gave Frenzel:~~8 44'83, Fe 40-47, Cu 10-75, Co. 2'61 = 98'66. Jb. Miu., 785, 1873, 82. CARROLLITE. Faber, Am. J. Se., 13, 418, 1852. Isometric. "Rarely in octahedrons. Massive. Fracture Bupconcnoidal or uneven. H. = 5'5. G-. = 4-85. Luster metallic. Color light steel-gray, with a faint reddish hue. Comp. A sulphide of copper and cobalt, CuCo,S 4 or CuS.Co 3 S = Sulphur 41:5, cobalt 38-0, copper 20-5 = 100. Anal. 1-3, Smith and Brush, Am. J. Sc., 16, 367, 1853, 4, Genth, ib., 23, 418, 1857. S Co Ni Fe Cu As 1. Patapscomine 41-93 37'25 1'54 1-26 17-48 tr. = 9946 2. 40-94 38-21 1 54 1'55 17'79 tr. = 100'04 3. 40-99 37-65 1'54 1'40 19-18 tr. = 10076 41-71 38-70 1-70 0'46 17'55, quartz 007 = 100-19 Pyr. Like siegenite, except that the roasted mineral reacts for copper with the fluxes. Obs. In 1 Carroll Co., Maryland, at the Patapsco mine, near Finksburg; and also at the Springfield mine, associated and mixed with chalcopyrite and chalcocite. 8 Cu Fe Si0 2 3901 19-80 38-01 2-30 = 99-12 39-35 21-05 38-80 1-90 = lOi-10 39-05 20-12 38-29 2-85 = 100-31 34-78 22-96 42-51 Pb tr. = 100-25 39-57 18-23 37-10 SiOsFejOs 4-23 = 9913 35-86 23-32 40-04 = 99-22 34-77 24-68 40-26 = 99-71 3462 22-69 40-71 Znl-11, insol. 0'38 = 99 51 80 SULPHIDES, 8ELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ETC. 83. CHALCOPYRITE. ? XahKinS (fr. Cyprus) Aristotle. ? XorA/o'rzS, TlvpiTrjt, pt., Dioscor., ? Chalcites pt., Pyrites pt., Plin. Pyrites serosus pt., Pyrites aureo colore, Germ. Geelkis o. Kupferkis Agric., 212, Interpr., 467, 1546. Pyrites pt., Germ. Kupferkies, Oesner, FOBS., 1565. Pyrites flavus, Chalcopyrites, Henckel, Pyrit., 1725, Gul Kopparmalm, Cuprum eulphure et ferro mineralisatum, Chalcopyrites, Wall., 284, 1747. Cuivre jauue, Pyrite cuiv- reuse, Fr. Trl. Wall., 2, 514, 1753. Copper Pyrites.- Pyritous Copper. Chalcopyrite, Beud., 2, 412, 1832. Towanite B. & M. Min., 182, 1852. Kupferkies Germ. Cuivre pyriteux Fr. Kopparkis -Swed. Kobberkis Dan. Calcopirite, Rame giallo, Pirite di rame Ital. "Cobre amarillo, Bronze amarillo, Bronze de cuivre Span. Peacock ore pt. (when tarnished). Tetragonal: sphenoidal. Axis 6 = 0-98525; 001 A 101 = 44 34^' Haidmger 1 Forms 2 : g (203, f -*) 6, 1889. n Cathrein, Mouzoui, Min. Mitth., 10, 395, 1889. 14 Pfd., French Creek, Am. J. Sc. 37, 209 1889. 15 Thermo-electrical character, Friedel, Ann. Ch. Phys., 17, 79, 1868; Rose, Pogg., 142, 1, 1871; SchraufmA Dana, Ber. Ak. Wien, 69 (1), 145, 157, 1874; Curie, Bull. Soc. Mm., 8, 127, 1885. On elasticity, Voigt, Nachr. Ges. Gottingen, 310, 1888. On etching experiments see Becke, Min. Mitth., 8, 239, 1886, 9, 2, 1887. 86. HAUERITE. Hauerit Raid., Nat. Abh. Wien, 1, 101, 107, 1846, or Pogg., 70, 148, 1847. Isometric; pyritohedral. Observed forms: a (100, i-i) d(110. o(lll,l) /(310, 3) e (210 i-2) ft (321, 3-f) Commonly in octahedrons; sometimes in globular clusters. Cleavage: cubic, imperfect. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. Brittle. H. =4. G. = 3-4H3. Luster metallic-adamantine. Color reddish brown, brown- ish black. Streak brownish red. Comp. Manganese disulphide, MnS 2 = Sulphur 53*9, manganese 46 ! = 100. Anal. 1, Patera, quoted by Haid. 2, E. Scacchi, Rend. Accad. Napoli, April 1890. S Mn Fe 1. Kalinka 5364 42'97 1'30 SiO 2 1'20 = 99'11 2. Sicily G. = 3 366-3 "411 53'76 46'05 = 99'8l Pyr. In the closed tube a sublimate of sulphur; in the open tube sulphurous fumes, and becomes green. On charcoal sulphurous fumes; the roasted mineral reacts for manganese with the fluxes. Obs. From Kalinka, Hungary, in clay with gypsum, sulphur, and realgar in a region like a solfatara: trachytic, and other eruptive rocks decomposing and adding to the clay, and the sulphur given off at the same time making depositions of sulphur and sulphides. One crystal found measured 1^ inches through. The hauerite crystals are sometimes coated with pyrite; an unknown flesh-red or greenish mineral *.jo accompanies it. Also in the crystalline schists of the Wakalinu district, New Zealand (Cox, Trans. N. Z. Inst., 14, 426, 1881). At Raddusa, Catania, Sicily, in octahedral crystals at a depth of 50 meters embedded in a clay carrying layers of sulphur, gypsum and calcite. Artif. Synthetic experiments partially successful, Doelter, Zs. Kr., 11, 32, 1885. 87, 88. SMALTITE-CHLOANTHITE. Smaltite. ?Cobaltum cineraceum Agric., 459, 1529. Koboltrnalm, Koboltglants, Minera Cobalti cinerea. Cobaltum arsenico mineralisatum. pt. (Cobaltite here included), Wall., 231, 1747. ?Cobaltum Ferro et Arsenico mineralisatum, Giants-Cobalt (fr. Schueeberg), Cromt., 212, 1758. Mine de Cobalt grise De Lisle, Crist., 333, 1772; Mine de Cobalt arsenicale De Lisle, 3, 123, 1783. Weisser Speisskobold, Grauer Speisskobold, Wern. Gray Cobalt ore Kirw., 1796. Tin white cobalt. Speiskobalt Hausm., Handb., 155, 1813. Smaltine Beud., Tr., 2. 584, 1852. SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURWES, ETC. Chloanthite BreitJt., Pogg., 64, 184, 1845. Weissnickelkies, Weissnickelerz pt. Weisser Kupfernickel, Arseiiiknickel, fig. Rauimelsbergit Raid., Handb., 560, 1845. Chathamite Shepard, Min., 158, 1844; Am. J. Sc., 47, 351, 1844. Isometric; pyritohedral, Groth 1 . Observed forms 1 : a (100, i-i); d(110, *); o(lll, 1); n (211, 2-2); e(101-0, i-W), 5(510, -5), /(310, -3); x (831, 8-|) ? Penetration-twins 3 : tw. pi. o, comp.-face 211, normal to 0; often in complex and distorted forms. Also massive, and in reticulated and other imitative shapes. Cleavage: o distinct; a in traces. Fracture granular and uneven. Brittle. H. = 5*5-6. GT. = 6'4 to 6 '6. Luster metallic. Color tin-white, inclining, when massive, to steel-gray, sometimes iridescent, or grayish from tarnish. Streak grayish black. Opaque. Shows both -\- and varieties thermo-electrically . Comp. SMALTITE is essentially cobalt diarsenide, CoAs 2 = Arsenic 71*8, cobalt 28*2 = 100. CHLOANTHITE is nickel diarsenide, NiAs 2 = Arsenic 71'9, nickel 28-1 = 100. Cobalt and nickel are usually both present, and thus these two species graduate into each other, and no sharp line can be drawn between them. Iron is also present in varying amount; the variety of chloanthite containing much iron has been called chatliamite, a name given by Shepard to the mineral from Chatham, Conn. Further sulphur is usually present, but only in small quantities. Sometimes argentiferous, anal. 20. Many analyses do not conform even approximately to the formula RAs 2 , the ratio rising from less than 1:2 to 1 : 2*5 and nearly 1 : 3, thus showing a tendency toward skutterudite (RAs 3 ), perhaps due to either molecular or mechanical mixture. Part of the variation is due to want of homogeneity in the substances analyzed. Baumhauer has shown that even the crystals often have a zonal structure, Zs. Kr., 12, 18, 1886. Moreover, Volkhardt has analyzed such crystals, and shown that, after being acted upon by hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate, a part containing less arsenic went into solution, and the residue was richer in arsenic than the original (76 '19 p. c. and 73 '46 in one case). Similarly the same author found skutterudite (RAs 3 ) to be more difficultly soluble than smaltite and chloanthite. Zs. Kr., 14, 407, 1888. Much that has been called smaltite (speiskobalt) is shown by the high specific gravity to belong to the species saftiorite, p. 100. Without the determination of either the form or specific gravity the classification is uncertain. Anal. 1, McCay, luaug. Diss., p. 44, 1883, deducting 10'62 p. c. quartz and 1'44 Bi. 2, Id., ib., p. 31, see below. 3. Petersen, Pogg., 134, 70, 1868. 4, van Gerichteu, Ber. Ak. Munchen, 137, 1873. 5, Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 25, 284, 1873. 6, Smith, Gillis Exped., 2, 102. 7, lies, Am. J. Sc., 23, 380, 1882. 8, Booth, Am. J. Sc., 29, 241, 1836. 9, Rg., Min. Ch., 23, 1860. 10, 11, Bull, Rose, Kr.-Ch. Syst., 52, 152. 12, 13, McCay, 1. c.. pp. 39, 40. 14, Berthier, Ann. Mines, 11, 504, 1837. 15, Rg., J. pr. Ch., 55, 486, 1852. 16, Id., Zs. G. Ges., 25, 283, 1873. 17, Koenig, Proc. Ac. Philad., 184, 1889. 18, Genth, Dana Min., 512, 1854. 19, Kbl., Ber. Ak. Munchen, 402, 1868. 20, Hillebrand, Proc. Col. Sc. Soc., 3, 46, 1888. See further 5th Ed., pp. 70, 71. 1. Smaltite. 1. Schueeberg 2. " Gheleutite 3. Wittichen 4. Bieber 5. Usseglio 6. Atacama 7. Gunnison Co., Col. G. As S Co Ni 6-11 71-53 1- 88 18-07 1-02 6-30 | 76-00 1 32 12 61 3-05 6272 69-70 4 71 10 11 8-52 74-84 1 '70 8 28 8-50 6-498 7655 '75 7 31 4-37 70-85 08 24 13 1-23 63-82 1 55 11 59 tr. 2. Chloanthite. 8. Riechelsdorf 9. 10. 11. Schneeberg, Stdngelkobalt 12. 13. 14. Val d'Anniviers 15. Allemont 16. Annaberg 17. Franklin Furnace 18. Chatham, Chathamite 19. Andreasberg 20. Grant Co., N. M. 6-6 6-374 6-537 6-54 6-45 6-411 683 6-6 6-644 Fe Cu 7-31 0-01 = 99-32 5-22 1-60 = 99-80 5-05 0-94 BiO 97, Sb ^.=100-00 4-45 3-24 = 101-01 7-84 0-22 Sb 0'32, Zn 411 4-05 0-41 = 100-75 [= 101-47 15-99 0-16 Pb 2-05, Bi M3, Si0 2 2-60, Agr. =98-89 6-6 6-374 72-64 60-42 76-09 2-11 3-37 10-80 4-56 20-74- 25-87 12-25 3-25 0-80 6-82 = = 100 100 99-72 6-537 75-85 3-32 12-04 6-52 0-94 = 98.67 6-54 75-40 o- 73 3-42 11-90 7-50 039 = 99 34 6-45 68-40 1- 06 4-20 24-95 069 Bi 0-21 = 99-51 [65-02] 2' 90 3-93 26-75 1-40 100 6-411 71-11 8- 29 tr. 18-71 682 9893 [76-38] o- 11 1-60 18-96 2-30 Sb 0-31, Bi 0-34=100 683 70-66 1- 54 6-37 1863 2-31 Zn tf. t CaC0 3 0-89 70-11 4- 78 3-82 9-44 11-85 100 [= 100-40 6-6 72-00 <) 43 1-94 7-00 17-39 9876 6-644 74-04 13 19-52" 0-44 0-04 Ag 4-78, Pb 0-03 ss 98-98 Ni : Co = 3 : 1 approx. PYRITE GROUP COBALTITE. 89 Analysis 2 by McCay is of the Sckneeberg ore called Wismuthkobalterz by Kersten (Schw. J., 47, 265, 1826), and from which he obtained : (|) As 77'96, S 1'02, Co 9'89, Ni I'll, Fe 4'77, Cu 1'30, Bi 3-89 99*94. Breithaupt called it cheleutite (cf. McCay, p. 25). It is isometric, with cubic habit and cleavage; H. = 5; color slate-gray. McCay shows that the bismuth, of which he obtained 0'78 p. c., is an impurity; the ratio of R : As= 1 : 2*80, which with the cubic cleavage shows it to be closely allied to skutterudite. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives a sublimate of metallic arsenic; in the open tube a white sublimate of arsenic trioxide, and sometimes traces of sulphur dioxide. B.B. on charcoal gives an arsenical odor, and fuses to a globule, which, treated with successive portions of borax -glass, affords reactions for iron, cobalt, and nickel. Obs. Usually occurs in veins, accompanying ores of cobalt or nickel, and ores of silver and copper; also, in some instances, with niccolite and arsenopyrite; often having a coating of annabergite. Occurs with silver and copper at Freiberg, Annaberg, and particularly Schneebergin Saxony; at Joachimsthal in Bohemia, the reticulated varieties frequently found embedded in calcite; also at Wheal Sparnon in Cornwall; at Riechelsdoff in Hesse, in veins in the copper schist; at Tuna- berg in Sweden; Allemont in Dauphine; at the silver mines of Tres Puntas and others in Chili, but only in small quantities. At Chatham, Conn., the chloanthite (cJiathamite) occurs in mica slate, associated generally with arsenopyrite and sometimes with niccolite. At Franklin Furnace, N. J., at the Trotter zinc mine in octahedral crystals (anal. 17) with traces of a pyritohedron (20'1 '())?. Alt. Occurs altered to erythrite (arseuate of cobalt), a change due to the oxidation of the arsenic and cobalt on exposure to moisture. Ref. J Groth, Pogg., 152. 249, 1874; Min.-Samml. Strassburg, p. 43, 1878; Naumann, Pogg., 7, 337, 1826, 31, 537, 1834. 2 Rath, Zs. Kr., 1, 8, 1877; cf. Groth, Min.-Samml., p. 44. 89. COBALTITE. Cobaltum cum ferro sulfurato et arsenicato mineralisatum, Glants- Kobolt pt. (fr. Tunaberg), Cronst., 213, 1758. Mine de Cobalt blanche de Lisle, Crist, 334, 1772. Mine de Cobalt arsenico-sulfureuse de Lisle, Crist., 3, 129, 1783. Glauz-Kobold Wern, Kobalt- Glanz Germ. Cobalt gris pt. H. Glance Cobalt; Bright- White Cobalt. Glanzkobaltkies Glock., Grundr., 1831. Cobaltine Beud., Tr. 2, 450, 1832. Koboltglans Swed. Sehta Indian jewelers. Isometric; pyritohedral. Observed forms 1 : o (111, 1) e (210, -2) o> (522, f-f) s (321, 3-f) -4) P(221,2) x (433, f|) # (432, 2-|) a (100, i-i) d(UQ, Commonly in cubes, a, or pyritohedrons, e, or combinations of these, with faces striated as in pyrite (cf. f. 1-5, p. 85); also with o. Also lamellar, granular massive to compact. Cleavage: cubic, rather perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 5'5. G. = 6-6*3. Luster metallic. Color silver-white, inclined to red; also steel-gray, with a violet tinge, or grayish black when containing much iron. Streak grayish black. Shows both -j- and varieties thermo- electrically. 2 Comp. Sulph-arsenide of cobalt, CoAsS or CoS 2 .CoAs 2 = Sulphur 19-3, arsenic 45 '2, cobalt 35 '5 = 100. India, Mallet. Iron is present, and in the variety ferrocobaltite in large amount; this is the so-called Slahl- kobalt, Rg. 4th Suppl., 116, 5th, 148, 1853; ferrocobaltine, Dana Min., 58, 1854. Anal. 1, Stromeyer, Schw. J., 19. 336, 1817. 2-5, Schnabel, Rg. Min. Ch., 60, 1860. 6, McCay, Inaug. Diss., p. 41. 7, Flink, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang 12 (2), No. 2, 5, 1886. 8, Mallet, Rec. G. Surv. India, 14, 190, 1880. Fe 3-23 = 99-87 1-63 = 100 6-38 = 100 25-98 Sb 2-84 = 100 28-03 = 100-75 5-30Ni 3-20 = 99 '55 4-72 Ni 1-68 = 100-57 7-83 Ni, Sb. tr. gangue 0'80 = 100-26 The mineral analyzed by McCay had H.= 5, and gave in the closed tube a distinct sublimate of arsenic sulphide and metallic arsenic, like arsenopyrite. Pyr., etc. Unaltered in the closed tube. In the open tube gives sulphurous fumes, and a crystalline sublimate of arsenic trioxide. B.B. on charcoal gives off sulphur and arsenic, and 1 Skutterud G. 2. Siegen, massive 3. 4. " plumose 5. 6. Schladming G. 7. Nordmark 8. Khetri, India G. = 6-231 = 5-722 = 6-00 As 43-46 45-31 44-75 42-53 42-94 43-12 44-77 43-87 S 2008 19-35 19-10 19-98 2086 1873 2023 1946 Co 33-10 33-71 29-77 8-67 8-92 29-20 29-17 28-30 90 SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ETC. fuses to a magnetic globule; with borax a cobalt-blue color. Soluble in warm nitric acid, with the separation of sulphur. Obs. Occurs at Tuuaberg, Riddarhyttan, aud Hakausbo, in Sweden, in large, splendent, well-defined crystals; at the Ko and Bjelke mines of Nordmark; also at Skutterud in ^Norway. Other localities are at Querbach in Silesia; Schladimng, Styria; Siegen in Westphalia (from the Hauiberg mine the ferrocobaltite); Botallack mine, near St. Just, in Cornwall; Khetri mines, Rajputaua, India, called sehta by the Indian jewelers, who use it for giving a blue color to gold ornaments, cf. p. 71. Ref. > See Phillips, Min. 278, 1S3, also Naumann, Pogg., 16, 486, 1829, Groth, Min.- Simml., 41. 1878; Zs. G. Ges,, 23, 661, 1871. * Cf. references under pyrite, p. 87. 90. GERSDORFFITB. Niccolum Ferro et Cobalto Arsenicatis et Sulphuratis miuerali- satum, Kupfernickel, pt. (white, var. fr. Loos), Cronist., 218, 1758, Ak. H. Stockh., 1751, 1754. [The species later taken for Kupfernickel aud Cobalt ore, until 1818.] Nickelglanz, Weisses JSHckelerz, Pfaff, Schw. J., 22, 260, 1818; Berz., Ak. K. Stockh., 251, 1820. Sulto-arseuiure de nickel Bead., 1824. Nickelarsenikglauz, Nickelarsenikkies, Arsenikuickelglanz, Germ. ISickel Glance. Disomose Beud., Tr., 2, 448, 1832. Tombazite pt. Breith., J. pr. Ch., 15, 330, 1838. Gersdorfflt (fr. Schladming) pt. Lowe, Pogg., 55, 503, 1842. Amoibit pt. Kbl, J. pr. Ch., 33, 402, 1844. Dobschauite (fr. Dobschau). Isometric ; pyritohedral. Observed forms : a (100, i-i) , 1) : c = 0-67726 : 1 : 1 -18817 Arzruni 1 . 100 A HO = 34 6J', 001 A 101 == 60 19', 001 A Oil = 49 54f '. Forms 2 : b (010, M) c (001, 0) m (110, /) e (101, 1- a (0-1 -24, (0-116, T V-i) r (018, H) /* (016, H) . /o (013, H) 3 ^ (014, f i) Z (013, yi) n (012, |4) (023, f-) 4 ? (on, i-i) * (021, 2-1) r (031, 3-i) v (331, 3) w (212, 1-2) a; (321, 3-f) 1. 2. 1, 3, Common forms. 2, Schladming, Rumpf. 4, Danaite, Franconia. Schmidt. 7, Weiler, Bkg. 6 5, Deloro. 6, Servia. mm = *68 13' = 120 38' = *59 22' = 8 30' = 16 54' = 26 44' uu = ' = nri = 33 5' 43 13' 61 26' tup = 76 46' qq 1 = 99 50' kk' = 134 21' rr' = 148 39f mg = 25 16' mv = 8 56i' gg' = 96 58' gg" = 129 28' gg'" = 60 57' w' = 109 45' ww ww' XX' xx" xx' n = 67 17' - 112 54V = 32 C 47' = 127 48' = 160 21' = 47 50f Twins: tw. pi. (1) m, as contact- or penetration-twins, sometimes repeated like marcasite (f. 5); (2) e in cruciform-twins (f. 6), also in trillings 6 sometimes star- shaped (f. 7) crossing at angles of 59 and 62. Crystals prismatic w, or flattened vertically by the oscillatory combination of n (012). Brachydomes horizontally striated; also faces m often finely striated || edges m/e or with m/n. Also columnar, straight, and divergent; granular, or compact. Cleavage: m rather distinct; c in faint traces. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 5-5-6. Gr. = 5-9-6-2; 6269 Franconia, Kenng. Luster metallic Color silver-white, inclining to steel-gray. Streak dark grayish black. Opaque. Thermo- electrically 7 both positive and negative. Comp., Tar. Sulph-arsenide of iron, FeAsS or FeS 2 .FeAs 9 = Arsenic 46*0, sulphur 19*7, iron 34-3 = 100. Part of the iron is sometimes replaced by cobalt. MARCASITE GROUP AESENOPYRITE. 99 ro r Var. 1. Ordinary. Containing little or no cobalt. The analyses show considerable variation, and it has been proved that this is accompanied by a change in the angles, as exhibited below. Antimony is present in small amount (to 0'28 p. c.) Loczka, 1. c.; also bismuth, Carnot, 1. c. Plinian of Breithaupt, supposed to be monoclinic, belongs here, anal. 12; G. = 63. 2 Cobaltiferous: Danaite. Containing from 4 to 10 p. c. of cobalt replacing the iron, and thus graduating toward glaucodot. 3. Niccoliferous. Anal. 23. Anal. 1, Rumpf, Miu. Mitth., 178, 1874. 2-4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13-17, Arzruni, Zs. Kr., 2, 430 et seq. 1878, and Arzruni and Barwald, ib., 7, 337, 1882. 5, C. v. Hauer, Jb. G. Reichs., 4, 400, 1853. 8, Balson, quoted by Arzruni. 9, Zimmermann, Ber. Ak. Miinchen, 385, 1885. 11, Magel. Ber. Oberhess, Ges., 22, 297, 1882. 12, Plattner, Pogg., 69 430, 1846. 18, Scheerer, Pogg., 42, 546, 1837. 19, Wohler, ib., 43, 591, 1838. 20, Hayes, 1. c. 21, J. L. Smith, Gilliss Ex., 2, 102. 22, Forbes, Phil. Mag., 29. 7, 1865. 23, Kroeber, ibid. Also Genth, Alabama, Am. Phil. Soc., 23, 39, 1885; Loczka, varieties from Hungary, containing from 014 to 0'28 p. c. Sb, Zs. Kr., 11,269, 270,1885; 15, 40, 1888; Oebbeke- Bottiger, Wuusiedel, Zs. Kr., 17, 384, 1890; Carnot, varieties from Meymac containing both bismuth and antimony, C. R., 79, 479, 1874. Schladming, after Rumpf. 1. Ordinary. 1. Schladming 2. Reichenstein 3. Sangerberg 4. Marienberg 5. Mitterberg 6. Freiberg. I. 7. Hohenstein 8. 9. Mte. Challanches 10. Ehrenfriedersdorf 11. Auerbach, II. 12. Ehrenfried., Plinian. 13. Sala 14. Auerbach, I. 15. Joachimsthal 16. Freiberg, II. 17. Binnenthal G. mm'" ee' 5-89 67 37' 58 55' 5-898 67 43' 58 53' 59 1' 67 54' 59 5' 67 59' 59 9' 68 11' 59 7' 6-192 68 13' 59 22' As 45-23 [47-27] [46-66J S 21-06 18-05 18-29 Fe 34-47" 34-68 35-05 100-76 100 100 45-00 21-36 33-52 = 99'88 6-082 6-30 6-035 6-091 67 35' 68 17' 68 15' 68 24' 68 29' 68 36' 68 36' 68 39' 69 11' (58 24') 59 15^ 59 10' 59 32' 60 21V (61 34') (60 1') [45-52] 45-62 45-78 44-11 45-46 [42-63] 42-95 44-14 42-61 19-41 19-76 19-56 19-76 19-91 20-07 20-41 20-64 20-52 20-83 22-47 35-07 3464 34-64 35-84 34-46 36-96 35-81 36-53 35-03 34-92 100 100-02 99-98 99-06 99-99 100 100 100 100 With 0-29 Ni. 2. Cobaltiferous; Danaite. 18. Skutterud 19. 20. Franconia, Danatte 21. Copiapo 22. Mt. Sorata 23. Bolivia As S Fe 46-76 17-34 26-36 47-45 17-78 30-91 41-44 17-84 32-94 44-30 20-25 3021 42-83 1827 29-22 43-68 16-76 34-93 Co 9 01 = 99-47 4-75 = 100-89 6-45 = 98-67 5-84 = 100-60 3-11 Ni 0-81, Mn 5'12, Bi 0'64 = 100 tr. Ni 4-74, Ag 0'09 = 100-20 Pyr., etc. In the closed tube at first gives a red sublimate of arsenic trisulphide, then & black lustrous sublimate of metallic arsenic. In the open tube gives sulphurous fumes and a white sublimate of arsenic trioxide. B.B. on charcoal reacts like lollingite. The varieties con- taining cobalt give, after the arsenic has been roasted off, a blue color with borax-glass when fused in O.F. with successive portions of flux until all the iron is oxidized. Gives fire with steel, emitting an alliaceous odor. Decomposed by nitric acid with the separation of sulphur. Obs. Found principally in crystalline rocks, and its usual mineral associates are ores of silver, lead, and tin, also pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite. Occurs also in serpentine. Abundant at Freiberg and Munzig, where it occurs in veins; at Reichenstein in Silesia, in serpentine; at Auerbach in Baden; in beds at Breitenbrunn and Raschau, Andreasberg, and Joachimsthal; at Tunaberg in Sweden; at Skutterud in Norway; at Wheal Maudlin and Unanimity, Cornwall, and at other localities; in Devonshire at the Tamar mines. In S. America, in the San Baldomero mine of Mt. Sorata in Bolivia, the arsenopyrite and danaite, the formei having crystallized out of the latter and the most abundant ore; also both at Inquisivi in Bolivia; also, niccoliferous var., (anal. 23) between La Paz and Yungas in Bolivia; at many localities in New South Wales, sometimes highly auriferous. 100 SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ETC. In New Hampshire, in fine crystallizations in gneiss, at Frauconia (danaite) associated with chalcopyrite; also at Jackson, and at Haverhill. In Maine, at Blue Hill, Coriuna; Newtield (Bond's mountain), and Thomaston (Owl's Head). In Vermont, at Brookfield, Waterbury, and Stockbridge. In Mass., at Worcester and Sterling. In Conn., at Chatham, with smaltite and niccolite; at Monroe, with wolframite and pyrite; at Derby, in an old mine associated with quartz; at Mine Hill, Roxbury, in fine crystals with siderite. In New Jersey, at Franklin. In N. York, massive, in Lewis, ten miles south of Keeseville, Essex Co., with hornblende; in crys- tals and massive, near Edenville. on Hopkins's farm, and elsewhere in Orange Co., with scorodite, iron sinter, and thin scales of gypsum; also in fine crystals at two localities a few rods apart, four or five miles north-west of Carmel, near Brown's serpentine quarry in Kent, Putnam Co. In California, Nevada Co., Grass valley, at the Betsey mine, and also at Meadow lake, with gold, the danaite in crystals sometimes penetrated by gold. In crystals at St. Fran9ois, Beauce Co., Quebec; on Moulton Hill, near Lennoxville, Sher- brookeCo.; large beds occur in quartz ore veins at Deloro, Marmora Township, Hastings Co., Ontario, where it is mined for gold. Alt. Pseudomorphs consisting of pyrite. Ref. ' Hohenstein, this variety is taken as fundamental because conforming most closely to the formula FeAsS, Zs. Kr., 2, 434, 1878; cf. also, ib., 7. 337, 1882; on the variation of angle in the cobaltiferous varieties, cf. Becke, Miu. Mitth., 101, 1877, and earlier, Scheerer, Pogg., 42, 546, 1837. 2 See Hausm., Handb., 2, 72, 1847; Mir., Min., 188. 1852, and later Arzruni, 1. c., and Gdt, Index, 1, 256, 1886; Hausm. gives also (340), (370). (027). Miller's x = 312 is apparently a mis- take for 331. 3 Gainper, Joachimsthal, Vh. G. Reichs., 354, 1876; cf. Arzruni, Zs. Kr., 1, 396, 1877. 4 Magel, Auerbach, Ber. Oberhess. Ges., 22, 297, 1882. 5 Schmidt, Servia. Foldt. Kozl., 17, 557, 1887, and Zs. Kr., 14, 573, 1888. 6 Magel, 1. c., Bilcking, Mitth. G. Land. Els. Lothr., 1, 114. ' Schrauf and Dana, Ber. Ak. Wien, 69 (1), 152. 1874. The name mispickel is an old German term of doubtful origin. Danaite is from J. Freeman Dana of Boston (1793-1827), who first made known the Franconia locality. CRUCITE (Crucilite) Thomson, Min., 1, 435, 1836. Cruciform crystals, twins or trillings crossing at angles of 60 and 120, disseminated in clay slate at Clonmell, county of Waterford, Ireland. They are red in color and consist largely of iron sesquioxide. They have been referred to staurolite (pseudomorphous), but Des Cloizeaux has shown that they are probably pseudomorphs after arsenopyrite (cf. f. 7, p. 98), Bull. Soc. Min. 11, 63, 1888. 99. SAFFLORITE. Breitfi., J. pr. Ch., 4, 265, 1835. Faseriger Weisser Speiskobalt Werner. Grauer Speiskobalt, Arsenikkobalt Rose, Kr.-Ch. Min., 50, 1852. Eisenkobaltkies, Spathiopyrit, Der rhombische Arsenkobalteisen, Quirlkies Sandberger, Jb. Min., 410, 1868; 59, 1873; Ber. Ak. Milnchen, 135, 1873. Schlackenkobalt Schneeberg miners. Orthorliombic. Form near that of arsenopyrite. Forms combinations of m (110, /) and a macrodome (hOl, m-i), the latter brilliant in luster. Twins: tw. pi. m, probably in fivelings; also often in cruciform-twins crossing at angles of nearly 120 with tw. pi. probably (101) like marcasite and arsenopyrite. Also massive and with fibrous radiated structure. Cleavage: b distinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 4/5-5. G. = 6'9-7'3; 7 '123-7 '129 Breith. Luster metallic. Color tin-white, soon tarnishing to dark gray. Streak grayish black. Opaque. Comp. Like smaltite, essentially cobalt diarsenide, CoAs 2 Arsenic 71*8, cobalt 28*2 = 100. Nickel and iron are also present in varying amounts, especially the latter. Compare remarks under smaltite. Anal. 1. Varrentrapp, Pogg., 48, 505, 1839. 2, Petersen, Jb., Min., 410, 1868. 3, Hofmann, Pogg., 25, 485, 1832. 4, McCay, Am. J. Sc., 29, 373, 1885. 5, Id., Inaug. Diss., p. 20, 1883. 6, Jackel, Rose, Kr.-Ch. Min., 53, 1852. 7, McCay, ib., p. 21. 8, Van Gerichten, Ber. Ak, Milnchen, 138, 1873. 9, Kbl., Grilndz. Min., 300, 1838. ) Ni Fe < = 98-74 1-78 Bi 0-33 = 100-28 Bi 0-01 = 99-88 0-62 Bi tr. = 99'97 0-69 = 99-55 1-90 Bi 0-04 = 101 -26 0-26 = 100-45 4-22 = 99-49 Bi tr. = 100 In anal. 5, 5-82 quartz and 0'37 Bi have been deducted; also in 7, 1'24 Bi. McCay suggest* that in anal. 9 the percentages of Co and Fe may have been exchanged, cf . anal. 4. G. As S Co Ni Fe Cu 1. Tunaberg 7-131 69-46 0-90 23-44 4-94 2. Wittichen 6-915 69-53 0-32 22-11 1-58 4-63 1-7* 3. Schneeberg 70-37 0-66 13-95 1-79 11-71 1-31 4. Schlackenkobalt 7-167 70-36 090 18-58 9-51 0-6$ 5. < 728 69-34 0-51 17-06 11-95 0-6S 6. if 6-84 66-02 0-49 21-21 11-60 1-9C 7. Bieber 7-26 69-12 1-32 13-29 1-90 14-56 0-26 8. ' ' Spath iopyrite 6-7 61-46 237 14-97 16-47 4-22 9 Schneeberg, Eisenkobaltkies 6'95 71-08 tr. 9-44(1) 18'48(?) - MARCASITE GRO UPRAMMELSBERGITEOLA UCODOT. 101 Fyr. See smaltite. pbs. Occurs with smaltite, and implanted upon it, at Schueeberg in Saxony. Also similarly associated at Bieber near Hanau, in Hesse; at Wittichen in Baden; Tunaberg in Sweden. Kenngott's Einfach-Arsenik-Kobalt from Bieber, supposed to be hexagonal in crystallization, is probably this species, Jb. Min., 754. 1869. The name safflorite is from the German Safflor, sajflower, bastard saffron, in allusion to its use. Spathiopyrite (from cntd^rf) is the equivalent of the German Quirlkies. The true position of safflorite was established by McCay, 1. c. 100. RAMMELSBERGITE. Arseniknickel Hofm., Pogg., 25, 491, 1832. Weissnickel- kies Breith., Pogg., 64, 184, 1845. Rammelsbergite Dana, Min., 61, 1854. [Not Rammels- bergite, Syn. of Chloauthite, Haid., Handb., 1845.] Niguel bianco Domeyko. Orthorhombic; mm"' = 56 to 57. Crystals prismatic with a brachydome, resembling arsenopyrite. Also massive. Cleavage : prismatic. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 5-5-6. Gr. = 6-9-7*2; 7*099, 7158 Breith. Luster metallic. Color tin-white with a tinge of red. Streak grayish black. Comp. Same as that of chloanthite, essentially nickel diarsenide, NiAs, = Arsenic 71 '9, nickel 28'1 = 100. Cobalt and iron are present in small amount. Anal. 1, Hofmann, 1. c. 2, Hilger, Ber. Ak. Miinchen, 202, 1871. 3, McCay, Inaug. Diss., p. 8, 1883. Some of the analyses quoted under chloanthite may belong here; cf. p. 88. 1. Schneeberg 2. " G. = 7-19 3. " G. = 6-9 As 71-30 68-30 6990 S 014 tr. 0-17 Ni 28-14 26-65 29-26 Co tr. 0-67 Fe 2-06 tr. Cu 0-50 tr. Bi 2-19 = 102-27 2 66 = 99-67 = 100 In 3, 5'11 p. c. bismuth have been deducted. A mineral from Hiittenberg, referred here by Zepharovich, gave Weyde: As 60'40, S 5*20, Ni 13-37, Co 5-10, Fe 13 49 = 97'56. Vh. Min. Ges., 3, 90, 1868. Fyr. In the closed tube gives a sublimate of metallic arsenic; other reactions the same as with niccolite (p. 71). Obs. Occurs at Schneeberg and at Riechelsdorf. It was first separated from the isometric white nickel by Breithaupt. Domeyko refers here a massive mineral from Portezuelo del Carrizo, Chili, 3 to 4 leagues from Morado, Department of Huasco. 101. GLAUCODOT. Glaukodot Breith. & Plattn., Pogg., 7*7, 127, 1849. Glaucodot. Kobalt arsenkies _p*. Glaucodote. Akontit Breith., J. pr. Ch., 4, 258, 1835. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0-69416 : 1 : 1-1925 Lewis 1 . 100 A HO = 34 46', 001 A 101 = 59 47.f ', 001 A Oil = 50 1'. Forms : a (100, t-i) p (610, z-6) 4 m(lW, /) (101, 1-iY (012, H) I (Oil, l-) u (021, 24) 3 T (031, 3-*)? o (HI, I) 4 v> (212, 1-2) 4 Hakansb5, Lewis. ee i'" = *69 32' = 119 35|' = 61 36i' II' =*1002' uu' = 134 30' TT' = 148 46' mo = 25 33V oo' = 56 1' wuf = 111 45' oo'" = 61 55' ww'" = 33 24' Twins: tw. pi. (1) m; (2) e, cruciform-twins, also in trillings. Crystals commonly prismatic ] ; faces a vertically, also brachydomes horizontally, striated. Massive. Cleavage : c rather perfect; m less so. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 5. 102 SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ETC. G. = 5 -90-6*01. Luster metallic. Color grayish tin-white. Streak black. Opaque. Shows both + an d varieties thermo-electrically 5 . Comp. A sulph-arsenide of cobalt and iron,(Co,Fe)AsS or (Co,Fe)S 2 .(Co,Fe)As,, = (if Co : Fe = 2 : 1) Sulphur 19'4, arsenic 45-5, cobalt 23-8, iron 11'3 100. Anal. 1, Plattner, Pogg., 77, 128, 1849. 2, Ludwig, Ber. Ak. Wien, 55 (1), 447, 1867. 3, Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 102, 409, 1867. As S Co Ni Fe 1. Chili 43-20 20-21 24'77 tr. 11-90 SiO 2 tr. = 100-08 2. Hakansbo G. = 5'973 44 03 19 80 16-06 19 34 = 99'23 3. " G. = 5-96 44-30 19-85 IS'OO 0'80 19'07 SiO 2 0'98 = 100 Pyr. In the closed tube gives a faint sublimate of arsenic trioxide. In the open tube sulphurous fumes and a sublimate of arsenic trioxide. B.B. on charcoal in R.F. gives off sulphur and arsenic, fusing to a feebly magnetic globule, which is black on the surface, but on the fracture has a light bronze color and a metallic luster. Treated with borax in R.F. until the globule has a bright metallic surface, the flux shows a strong reaction for iron; if the re- maining globule is treated with a fresh portion of borax in O.F., the flux becomes colored smalt-blue from oxidized cobalt. Obs. Occurs in chlorite slate with cobaltite, in the province of Huasco, Chili. In fine crystals, often twins, with chalcopyrite and pyrite at Hakansbo, Sweden; this is probably the akontite of Breithaupt, cf. Lewis, 1. c. The supposed glaucodot of Orawitza is alloclasite. Named from y'X.avKo'i, Hue, because it is used for making smalt. As Bi S Co Fe Cu 33-04 25-99 18 21 21-06 3-54 0-20 = 102-04 28-17 28-65 16 22 24-46 3-70 0-45 101-65 2841 29-19 15 78 22-50 3-84 0-28 10000 30-48 22-96 18 10 23-29 3-40 0-16 98-39 32-59 24-07 18 34 21-66 3-28 0-16 100-10 * Schrauf and Dana, Ber. Ak. Wien, 69 (1), 153, 1874. 102. ALLOCLASITE. Alloklas Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 53 (1), 220, 1866. Glaucodot pt. Breith. Orthorhombic. Earely in crystals, with mm'" = 74, ee' = 58 (e = 101, 1-i). Commonly in columnar to hemispherical aggregates. Cleavage: m perfect; c distinct. H. = 4*5. G. = 6*6. Color steel-gray. Streak nearly black. Com p. Probably essentially Co(As,Bi)S with cobalt in part replaced by iron; that is, a glaucodot containing bismuth. Anal. 1-6, Frenzel, Min. Mitth., 5, 181, 1883. Also 5th Ed., p. 81. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 28-22 32-83 16'06 20'25 2 71 0'22 = 100'29 The mechanically mixed gold has been deducted, viz.: 1-24, 1-10, MO, 1-20, MO, 1-70 p. c. respectively. Pyr., etc. B.B. on charcoal gives arsenical fumes, and a bismuth coating. Fuses to a dull globule. Soluble in nitric acid. Obs. Occurs at Orawitza, Hungary. Named from aAAoS, xXdeiv, to break, because its cleavage was believed to differ from that of arsenopyrite and marcasite, which it resembles. 103. WOLFACHITE. F. Sandberger, Jb. Min., 313, 1869. Orthorhombic. In small crystals with m (110, /), and x (Okl, m-i) and some- times I (010, i-i), resembling arsenopyrite. Also in columnar radiated aggregates. Brittle. Fracture uneven. H. = 4-5-5. G-. = 6-372. Luster metallic. Coloi silver-white to tin-white. Streak black. Comp. Probably Ni(As,Sb)S, near corynite. Anal. Petersen, Pogg., 137, 397, 1869. As Sb S Ni Co Fe 38-83 13-26 14-36 29-81 tr. 3'74 = 100 8TLVANITE GROUP STLVANITE. 103 A little lead (1'32 p. c.) and silver (0'12) have been deducted. Pyr. See corynite. Obs. From Wolfach in Baden. 3. Sylvanite Group. 104. Sylvanite (Au,Ag)Te a 105. Krennerite Calaverite AuTe a Monoclinic a : b : 6 fi 1-6339 : 1 : 1-1265 89 35' Orthprhombic 0*9407 : 1 : 0-5044 Massive 106. Nagyagite Au 2 Pb 14 Sb 3 Te 7 S 17 ? Orthorhombic 0-2810 : 1 : 0-2761 104. SYLVANITE. Weissgolderz Muller v. Reichenstein, Ph. Arb. eintr. Fr. Wien, Qu. 3, 48. Or blanc d'Olfenbanya, ou grapbique, Aurum grapbicum, v. Born, Cat. de Raab, 2, 467, 1790. Prismatiscbes weisses Golderz v. Fichtel, Min. Bemerk. Carpatben, 2, 108, 1791, Min., 124, 1794; Aurum bismuticum Schmeisser, Min., 2, 28, 1795. Schrifterz Esmark, N. Bergm. J., 2, 10, 1798, Warn., 1800. Sylvane grapbique Broch., 1800. Tellure ferrifere et aurifere H. t 1801. Scbrift-Teilur Hausm.. 1813. Graphic Tellurium Aikin, 1814. Goldtellur. Tellure auro-argeutifere H., 1822. Sylvane Beud., Tr. , 1832. Sylvauit Necker, Min. , 1835. Aurotellurite Dana, Min., 390, 1837. Tellursilberblende. Tellurgoldsilber. Silvanite, Oro-grafico, Silvano- grafico, Ital. Oro grafico, Metal escrito Span. Monoclinic. Axes a : I : b 1-63394 : 1 : 1-12653; ft = 89 35' = 001 A 100 Schrauf 1 . 100 A HO = 58 31' 55", 001 A 101 = 34 27' 0", 001 A Oil 48 24' 16 Forms 2 a (100, b (010, c(001, (510, /(210, m (110, R (120, 0) t-2) n(201, 2-1) 0(301, -3-*) .#(201, 2-i) F(301, 3-i) x (012, fl) d (Oil, 1-i) #(021, 2-1) y a (112, |) 7) (221, -2) 2~ 2 (112, i) (223, |) P (111, 1) J (221, 2) < 4 (414,- 1-4) 2/ 4 (314, -f -3)' Z 3 (313,- 1-3) J 3 (311,- 3-3) A (621, -6-3) # 3 (213, --2) U (212,- 1-2) I (211, -2-2) z a (421, -4-2) 2. J' a' ^(323,- 1-f) z (321. -3-1) J 1 (542, -if) T(721, 7-|) I (621, 6-3) A 3 (311, 3-3) 7 3 (521, 5-|) T 3 (213, f-2) r 2 (212, 1-2) A (211, 2-2) fl rf rd Jf X \_ c * ^ m Wr , w 7 2 (421, 4-2) r (323, 1-1) 7(321, 3-f) * (542, if) 1> (341, -4-|) w (231, -3-D y (123, -1-2) P(122,- 1-2) 5 (121, -2-2) w (381, -8-|) 0(131, -3-3) 3. q (141, -4-4) C (671, 7-|) it (341, 4-|) X (231, 3-|) r(123, f-2) 77(122, 1-2) o-(121, 2-2) fl (381, 84) GO (131, 3-3) Q (141, 4-4) Offenbanya, etc., Schrauf. 104 SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ETC. ff" = 78 30' dd' = 96 48f al = 47 23' ss' = 123 11' Mii"' = 117 4' KK'=m8' ar = 65 11' A A' = 106 1' ##' = 34 2' , 9 o .., as = 74 13' pp = 85 C 53' -0 47 . OQO Tt a'p = 65 38' cro-' = 123 30' CTZ. = 53 47 cm = 89 47 ,' _ 7 ,o 09' ho o*' Q KO' f;Q A' CT <4 O 08 = 4O 4O CV = bd 52 cp = 5d T , 7 o -R, cM = 34 43' cs = 66 54' II' = 66 46f f* S, J2, cJV = 54 19' co- = 67 6' if = 88 43' xx' = 58 47' at* = 49 54' Twins: tw. pi. m, (1) as contact twins; (2) sometimes as twinned lamellae; (3) as penetration-twins giving rise to branching arborescent forms resembling written characters and crossing at an angle of 69 44', rarely 55 8' as too 90. Crystals in part nearly orthorhombic in symmetry, with a, or m, or a and b predominating; again monoclinic and usually with m or a largely developed ; a also sometimes prominent. Skeleton forms common. Also bladed and imperfectly columnar to granular. Cleavage: Z> perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 1-5-2. G. = 7'9-8'3. Luster metallic, brilliant. Color and streak pure steel-gray to silver-white, inclining to yellow. Comp. Telluride of gold and silver (Au,Ag)Te 2 with Au : Ag = 1:1; this requires: Tellurium 62-1, gold 24-5, silver 13-4 = 100. AnaL 1, 2, Petz, Pogg., 57, 472, 1842. 3, Sipocz, Zs. Kr., 11, 210, 1885. 4, Hanko, Zs. Kr., 17, 514, 1890. 5, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 14, 228, 1874. 6, F. W. Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 14, 286, 1877. Also 5th Ed., p. 82, and Jennings, Trans. Am. Mng. Eiig., 6, 507, 1877. Te Au Ag Pb Sb 1. Offenbanya G. = 8'28 [59-97] 26'97 11'47 0'25 0'58 Cu 0'76 = 100 2. " [58-81] 26-47 11 '31 2'75 0'66 = 100 [100-72 3. " G. =8-073 62-45 25'87 11'90 Cu 010, Fe 0'40 = 4. Nagyag G. = 8'036 61 '98 26'08 11-57 tr. Cu 0'09, Fe 0'30 = 5. Red Cloud mine, Col. G. = 7'94 59-78 26'36 13'86 = 100 [100'02 6. Grand View mine, Col. 5891 2935 11-74 = 100 Pyr., etc. In the open tube gives a white sublimate of tellurium dioxide which near the assay is gray; when treated with the blowpipe flame the sublimate fuses to clear transparent drops. B.B. on charcoal fuses to a dark gray globule, covering the coal with a white coating, which treated in R.F. disappears, giving a bluish green color to the flame; after long blowing a yellow, malleable metallic globule is obtained. Most varieties give a faint coating of lead oxide and antimony trioxide on charcoal. Obs. With gold, at Offenbanya in Transylvania, in narrow veins, which traverse porphyry; also at Nagyag. In California, Calaveras Co., at the Melones and Stanislaus mines. In Boulder Co., Colorado, at the Red Cloud, Grand View and Smuggler mines; also associated with tetrahedrite near Lake City. Named from Transylvania, the country in which it was first found, and in allusion to sylvanium, one of the names at first proposed for the metal tellurium. Called graphic because of a resemblance in the arrangement of the crystals to writing characters. Ref. ! Zs. Kr., 2, 211, 1878. Early made orthorhombic (Miller) but shown to be mono- clinic by Koksharov. * From Schrauf, 1. c., whom see for a careful discussion of earlier results and literature. See also Mir., Min., 134, 1852. Kk., Bull. Ac. St. Pet., 6, 192, 1865, or Vh. Min. Ges., 1, 6, 1866; also Min. Russl., 10, 165, 1889. MULLBRINE Beud., Tr., 2, 541, 1832. Gelberz Karsten, Tab., 56, 1800. Weisstellur, Weisserz, Petz, Pogg., 57, 473, 1842. A white to brass-yellow telluride from Nagyag, occurring in bladed foliated forms, cleavable and massive. Analyses have shown the presence of antimony and lead, in part due to impurities, and it has been formerly referred with a ques- tion to sylvanite. Krenner and Schrauf make it identical with krennerite, see references under these species. Anal. Petz, 1. c. Te Sb Au Ag Pb 1. White cryst. G. = 8'27 2. " G. = 7-99 3. Yellow cryst. G. = 8 '33 4. " massive 5. " 55-39 48-40 51-52 44-541 49-96 2-50 24-89 14-68 2 -54 = 100 8-42 28-98 10'69 3'51 = 100 5-75 27-10 7-47 8'16 = 100 8-54 25-31 10-40 11-21 = 100 3-82 29-62 2'78 13-82 = 100 Named after Fr. J. Miiller von Reichenstein (1740-1825), the discoverer of tellurium (1782). 8 7L VANITE ORO UP KRENNERITE NA G YA GITE. 105 105. KRENNERITE. BUNSENIN Krenner [Termesz. Fuzetek, 1877], Wied. Ann., 1,637, 1877. Krennerite vom Rath, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 292, 1877; Zs. Kr., 1, 614, 1877. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0-94071 : 1 : 0-50445 Rath '. 100 A HO = 43 15', 001 A 101 = 28 12f, 001 A Oil = 26 46f . Forms : a (100, i-l) b (010, *'-*) c (001, 0) k (210, 2 I (320, | II'" = 64 11' mm"' = *86 30' nri = 55 59' m (110, /) n (120, *-) s (130, i-3) 30 1' 56 24' 53 32 9 (102, -H) h (101, 1-1) p (201, 2-i) 8 r (301, 3-1)* e (Oil, 1-i) 6 (111, 11 w (211, 2-2) * (322,H) u (122, 1-2) co = 36 22' <*>' = 51 10' uu' = 26 55|' oo'" 47 56' if" = 42 55' me = *72 U In prismatic crystals, vertically striated. Cleavage: c perfect. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. G-. = 8'353 Sipocz. Luster metallic, brilliant. Color silver-white to brass-yellow. Opaque. Comp. A telluride of gold and silver, composition uncertain. Anal. la, Scharizer, Jb. G. Reichs., 30, 604, 1880; Ib, after deducting admixed stibnite assumed to be present. 2, Sip6cz, Zs. Kr., 11, 210, 1885. Anal. 16 corresponds to AgAuTe 2 (or Ag 2 Te.Au 2 Te 8 )=Te 45'1, Au 35-5, Ag 19-4 = 100. Schrauf obtained Te [48], Au 31, Ag 21 = 100, Zs. Kr., 2, 236, 1878. Anal. 2, on the contrary, is (Ag,Au)Te a like sylvanite, with Ag : Au = 3 : 10. la. Ib. 2. G. 5-598 G. 8-353 Te 39-14 45-59 58-60 Au 30-03 34-97 34-77 Ag 16-69 19-44 5-87 Sb [9-75] 0-65 S 4-39 = 100 = 100 Cu 0-34, Fe 0'59 = 100-82 Pyr. Decrepitates violently; see sylvanite and calaverite. Obs. Found at Nagyag, Transylvania, associated with quartz and pyrite. Ref. ' Knr., and Rath, 1. c., andZs. Kr., 2, 252, 1878. * Schrauf, ib., 2, 235. Seealso p. CALAVERITE F. A Genth, Am. J. Sc., 45, 314, 1868. Massive, indistinctly crystalline. Brittle. Fracture uneven, inclining to subconchoidal. H. = 2-5. G. 9'043. Color pale bronze-yellow. Streak yellowish gray. Comp. Like sylvanite (Au,Ag)Te 2 with Au : Ag 6 : 1 or 7 : 1, the latter (anal. 4) requires: Tellurium 57'4. gold 39'5, silver 3*1 = 100. Anal. 1-4, Genth. 1, 2, 1. c. 3, Am. Phil. Soc., 14, 229, 1874. 4, Ib., 17, 117, 1877. From 2, 1'45 p. c. quartz deducted, from 4, 4*96 p. c. 1. California 2. 3. Boulder Co., Col. 4. G. = 9 043 Te Au Ag 55-89 40-70 3-52 = 100-11 [56-00] 40-92 3-08 = 100 57-67 40-59 2-24 = 100-50 57-32 38-75 3-03 = 99-10 Fyr., etc. B.B. on charcoal fuses with a bluish green flame, yielding globules of very yellow gold. Dissolves in aqua regia, with separation of silver chloride. Occurs with petzite at the Stanislaus mine, Calaveras county, California. Also at the Red Cloud mine, Colorado, with sylvanite and quartz; and at the Keystone and Mountain Lion mines. Calaverite has the same general formula as sylvanite but a much higher percentage of gold, aud may belong with it; or if anal. 2 of krennerite expresses its true composition, it may be the crystallized form of calaverite. 106. NAGYAGITE. Aurum Galena, Ferro etparticulis volatilibus mineralisatum, Scopoli, Ann. Hist. Nat., 3, 107; v. Born, Lithoph., 1, 68, 1772. Nagiakererz Wern. Bergm. J., 1789. Or gris lamelleux v. Born, Cat. de Raab, 1790. Blattererz Karst., Tab., 56, 1800. Foliated Tellurium; Black Tellurium. Elasmose Beud., Tr., 2, 539, 1832. Elasmosine Huot, Min., 1. 185, 1841: Nagyagite Haid., Handb., 566, 1845. 106 SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ETC. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0-28097 100 A HO = 15 41f ', 001 A 101 = 44 Forms 2 : b (010, i-i) m (110, /) e (120, e-3) * (130, *-3) o (160, *-6) mm"'= 31 23' ee'" = 58 40' be = *60 40' ii " = 80 15' oo '' = 118 39' e (101, 1-i) d (Oil, l-) / (031, 3-1) ee' = 88 59V dd' = 30 52' bd ='*7434' JT = 79 16' gg' = 108 0y 1 : 0-27607 Schrauf 1 . 29}', 001 A Oil = 15 26'. g (051, 5-i) r (121, 2-2) x (131, 3-3) t (111, 1) p (252, f-f) V (141, 4-4) s (343, ff) tt" '" rr' rr" = 86 53' = 91 10' = 22 17' = 81 24' = 42 59f *'" = 29 25' pp" = 52 25' xx"' = 61 9' yy"' = 76 27' Luster Crystals tabular | b. Faces J striated || a and . Also granular massive, particles of various sizes; generally foliated. Cleavage: I perfect. Thin laminae flexible. H. = 1-1 '5. G. = 6-85-7-2. metallic, splendent. Streak and color blackish lead-gray. Opaque. Comp. A sulpho-tellnride of lead and gold; recent analyses show the presence also of about 7 p. c. of antimony. Sipocz writes Au a Pb ]4 Sb Te S,,. Anal. 1, P. Schonlein, J. pr. Ch., 60, 166, 1853. 2, 3, Folbert [Vh. Sieb. Ver. Her- mannstadt, 8. 99] Kenng., Ueb., 179, 1856. 4, S. J. Kappel, JB. Ch., 770, 1859. 5, Sipocz, Zs. Kr., 11, 211, 1885. 6, Hanko, Zs. Kr., 17, 514, 1890. Te S Sb Pb Au Ag Cu 1. 30-52 8-07 50-78 9'11 0'53 0'99 = 100 2. G. = 6-85 17 22 9'76 3'69 60"83 5'84 Se tr. = 97'34 3. 18-04 9-68 3-86 60'27 5'98 Se tr. = 97'83 4. 15-11 8-56 60-10 1275 1-82 Se 1-66 = 100 5. G. = 7-46 17-72 10-76 7'39 56'81 7'51 Fe 041 = 100*60 6. G. = 7-347 f 17-87 10'03 6'99 57-16 7'41 Fe 0'32 = 99'78 Pyr., etc. In the open tube gives, near the assay, a grayish sublimate of antiraonate and tellurate, with perhaps some sulphate of lead; farther up the tube the sub- limate consists of antimony trioxide, which volatilizes when treated with the flame, and tellurium dioxide, which at a high temperature fuses into colorless drops. B.B. on charcoal forms two coatings: one white and volatile, consisting of a mixture of antimonate, tellurate, and sulphate of lead; and the other yellow, less volatile, of lead oxide quite near the assay. If the mineral is treated for some time in O.F. a malleable globule of gold remains; this cupelled with a little assay lead assumes a pure gold color. Decomposed by aqua regia. Obs. At Nagyag in Transylvania, in foliated masses and crystalline plates, accompanying rhodonite, sphalerite, and gold; and at Ofl'enbanya associated with antimonial ores. Reported from Colorado with other tellurides. Berthier has analyzed another ore, very similar to the above in physical characters, consisting of: Tellurium 13'0, sulphur 11 -7, lead 63*1, gold 6'7, antimony 4'5, copper 1-0 = 100. It is called Blatterine (Blatterin, Blattererz Germ.) by Huot, Min., 1, 189, 1841. Ref. ! Zs. Kr., 2, 239, 1878, earlier regarded as tetragonal, to which it closely approximates; cf. also Fletcher, Phil. Mag., 9, 188, 1880. SILBERPHYLLINGLANZ Bfeith., Schw. J., 1, 178, 1828. Nobilite Adam, Tabl. Min., 35, 1869. Occurs in gneiss at Deutsch-Pilsen, Hungary, appears to be related to nagyagite. Color blackish gray. Structure foliated massive. One perfect cleavage. H. = 1-2. G. = 5-8-5 '9. > According to Plattner (Probirkunst, 3d Ed., 421) the constituents are: antimony, lead, tel- lurium, gold, silver, and sulphur 4*9 p. c. of gold, 0'3 of silver the sulphur probably in com- bination with the antimony and lead. Only a trace of selenium was found, contrary to the earlier determinations of Harkort and Breithaupt. Schrauf. 107. Kermesite Sb 2 S 2 108. Voltzite Zn 5 S 4 Oxysulphides. Monoclinic a:6 = I : 1-4791 j3 = 77 51' 107. KERMESITE. R5d Spitsglasmalm, Antimonium Sul. et Ars. mineralisatum, Minera Ant. colorata, Wall., 239, 1747 (fr. BrRunsdorf), Cronst., 203, 1758." Antimonium OXYSULPHIDES VOLTZITE. 10? pluinosum v. Born, Lithoph., 1, 137, 1772. Mine d'antimoine en plumes, ib. granuleuse, == Kermes mineral natif , Sage, Min., 2, 251, 1779, de Lisle, Crist., 3, 56, 60, 1783. Roth-Spies- glaserz Wern., 1789. Rothspiessglanzerz Emmerling, Min., 1793; Klapr., Beitr., 3, 132, 1802 (with anal., making it an oxysulphide). Antimoine oxyde sulfure H., Tabl., 1809. Red antimony Spiessglauzblende pt. Hausm. Handb., 225, 1813. Antimony Blende Jameson, Min. 3, 421, 1820. Antirnonblende Leonh., Handb., 157, 1821. Kermes Beud. t ^v. t 2, 617, 1832. Kermesite Chapman, Min., 61, 1843. Pyrostibit Glock., Syn., 16, 1847. Pyrantimonite Bretth. Antiraonio rosso Ilal. Antimonio rojo Span. Monoclinic. Axes a:c = 1: 1-4791; ft = *77 51' = 001 A 100 Kenngott 1 . Forms : a (100, *-*, p), c (001, 0, u), s (103, fi), o (101, 1-i). Angles: cs = 28 16', co = 64 32', a'o = *37 37'. Usually in tufts of capillary crystals, prismatic || ortho-diagonal. Cleavage: a perfect. Sectile; thin leaves slightly flexible. H. = 1-1*5. G. = 4*5-4 *6. Luster adamantine, inclining to metallic. Color cherry-red. Streak brownish red. Feebly trauslucent. Cornp. Antimony oxysulphide, Sb 2 S 2 or 2Sb 2 S 3 .Sb 2 3 = Antimony tri- sulphide 70*0, antimony trioxide 30 -0 = 100; or antimony 75 '0, sulphur 20 '0, oxygen 5*0 = 100. Analyses, Rose, 5th Ed., p. 187. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube blackens, fuses, and at first gives a white sublimate of antimony trioxide; with strong heat gives a black or dark-red sublimate. In the open tube and on charcoal reacts like stibnite. Obs. Results from the alteration of stibnite. Occurs in veins in quartz, accompanying stibnite and valentinite at Malaczka near Posing in Hungary; at Braunsdorf near Freiberg in Saxony; at Allemont in Dauphine; at New Cumnock in Ayrshire, Scotland. At South Ham, Wolfe Co., Quebec, Canada; in cavities in native antimony and stibnite at the Prince William mine, York Co., New Brunswick. The tinder ore (Zundererz) has been shown to be wholly distinct from red antimony. Named from kermes, a name given (from the Persian qurmizq, crimson) in the older chemistry to red amorphous antimony trisulphide, often mixed with antimony trioxide. Ref. ' Min. Unt., 1, 1, 1849, Breslau; cf. Mohs, Min., 2, 598, 1824. 108. VOLTZITE. Voltzine Fournet, Ann. Mines, 3, 519, 1833. Leberblende Bretth., J. pr. Ch., 15, 333, 1838, B. H. Ztg., 22, 26. Voltzit Eg., Handw., 260, 1841. In implanted spherical globules; structure thin curved lamellar. H. = 4-4-5. Gr. = 3-66-3'80. Luster vitreous to greasy; or pearly on a cleavage surface. Color dirty rose-red, yellowish, brownish. Opaque or subtrans- lucent. Optically uniaxial, positive. Comp. Zinc oxysulphide, Zn 6 S 4 or 4ZnS.ZnO = Zinc sulphide 82*7, zino oxide 17-3 = 100. Anal. 1, Fournet, 1. c. 2, Lindaker, Yogi's Min. Joach., 175. ZnS ZnO Fe 2 O 3 1. Rosieres G. = 3 "66 82 '82 15 '34 1'84 = 100 2. Joachimsthal 82'75 17'25 = 100 Pyr., etc. B.B. like sphalerite. In hydrochloric acid affords fumes of hydrogen sulphide. Obs. Occurs at Rosieres, near Pont Gibaud, in Puy de Dome; Elias mine near Joachims- thai, with galena, sphalerite, native bismuth, etc.; near Marienberg (the leberblenae); Hoch- rnuth near Geyer; at Bernkastel on the Mosel, in pseudomorphs after quartz; Cornwall, prob- ably at Redruth. .Named after the French mining engineer, Voltz. Supposed artificial voltzite from the Freiberg smelting- works has been shown to be sphalerite. Appendix to Sulphides, etc. ARSENOTELLTJRITE. Hannay J. Ch. Soc., 26, 989, 1873. A supposed new telluride. Stated to occur in small brownish scales upon arsenical iron-pyrites. Analysis: Te 40'71, As 23 61, S 35-81 = 100-13. No locality given. BOLIVIANITE. Bolivian Breith., B. H. Ztg., 25, 188, 1866. Orthorhombic. In acicular rhombic prisms, tufts, and fine columnar. Resembles stibnite. H. = 2 5. G. = 4 820-4*828. Cleavage: brachydiagonal distinct. Luster snbmetallic. Color lead-gray, a little darker than in stibnite. According to T. Richter, an autiuiouial silver sulphide containing 8'5 p. c. of silver. From Bolivia. 108 SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ETC. KANEITE. R. J. Kane, Q. J. Sci., 28, 381, 1829; Haid., Handb. 559, 1845. Arsenikmangan. Described as a manganese arsenide (MnAs) occurring in botryoidal, granular masses attached to galena. G. = 5 '55. Color grayish white, tarnishing black. Luster metallic. Supposed to be from Saxony. Needs confirmation. PLAKODIN. Bretthaupt, Pogg., 53, 631, 1841. Plattner, ib., 58, 283, 1843. Placodine. A supposed nickel arsenide (NiAs 2 ) in monoclinic tabular crystals. Stated by Breithaupt to occur at Miisen, near Siegen, with siderite and gersdorffite, but probably only a furnace product Cf Schnabel, Pogg., 84, 585, 1851; Hose, Kr.-Ch. Min., 47, 1852. Dana, Min., 3d Ed., 475, 1850. ' PLUMBOMANGANITE. Hannay,~bH\v.. Mag., 1, 151, 1877. Massive, crystalline. G. = 4'01. Color dark steel-gray, with a bronze .tinge when exposed to the air for some time Analvsis- Mn 49-00, Pb 30'68, S 20'73 = 100-41.' Of unknown source. PLUMBOSTANNITE. A. Raimondi, Mineraux du Perou, p. 187, 1878. Amorphous; structure granular. H. = 2. Feel greasy, like graphite. Slightly ductile Luster feebly metallic. Color gray. Analysis (deducting 38 '8 p. c. quartz): G. = 4-5 S 25-14 Sb.16-98 Sn 16-30 Pb 30-66 Fe 10-18 Zn 0'74 = 100 B.B. gives on charcoal antimonial fumes and a lead coating; yields metallic tin. Dissolves completely in hydrochloric acid to which a little nitric acid has been added. With concentrated nitric acid leaves a white residue of the oxides of tin and antimony and lead sulphate. From the district of Moho, province of Huancane, Peru; occurs with cassiterite and sphalerite. SULPHIDE OP COPPER AND SILVER. A massive mineral from the Gagnon mine, near Butte, Montana, resembling bornite has been described by R. Pearce. H. = 3*5-4. G. = 4'95. Analysis: S 20'51, Cu 41 -10, Ag 24'66, Zn 9'80, Fe 2 09, insol. 1'02 = 99'18. This conforms to 8Cus8.Ags8.2Zn8. Col. Sc. Soc., 2, 70, 1887. Hillebrand obtained for the same mineral: S 20-88, Cu 40-24, Ag 21-80, Zn 12-83, Fe 1-98, Pb 1-46 = 99-19. G. = 5*407. Ibid., 3, 45, 1888. It is not certain that the mineral was homogeneous. Cf. jalpaite, p. 47; castillite, p. 78. Another ore from Idaho Springs, Col., is regarded by Pearce as a mixture of bornite and stromeyerite (ibid., p. 188); it gave: S 19'40, Cu 4249, Ag 26-31, Fe 6'22, Pb, insol. undet. = 94-42. VALLERIITE. Blomstrand, 5fv. Ak. Stockh. , 27, 19, 1870. A massive metallic mineral resem- bling pyrrhotite in color; very soft. Contains sulphur, copper, iron, alumina, magnesia, and water. Of doubtful purity. Found sparingly at the Aurora mine, Nya-Kopparberg, Sweden. Named for the Swedish mineralogist Vallerius. For analyses see 5th Ed., App. II., p. 58, 1875. YOUNGITE. Hannay, Min. Mag., 1, 152, 1877; 2, 88, 1878. A metallic mineral of doubtful homogeneity, containing sulphur, lead, zinc, iron, and manganese. One specimen analyzed was of unknown source, another from Ballarat, Australia. For analyses, etc., see 5th Ed., App. III., p. 133, 1882. III. SULPHO-SALTS. I. Sulpharsenites, Sulphantimonites, Sulphobismuthites. II. Sulpharsenates, etc. The species here included are chiefly salts of the sulpho-acids of trivalent arsenic, antimony and bismuth. The most important acids are the ortho-acids, H,AsS 3 , etc., and the meta-acids, H 2 AsS 2 , etc. ; but H 4 As 2 S 5 , etc., and a series of others are included. A smaller section includes the sulpharsenates, etc., chiefly normal salts of the acid H 3 AsS 4 , analogous to H 3 As0 4 . The metals present as bases are chiefly copper, silver, lead; also, iron, zinc, mercury, rarely others (as Ni,Co) in small amount. In view of the hypothetical character of many of the acids whose salts are here represented, there is a certain advantage, for the sake of comparison, in writing the composition after the dualistic method, RS.As 2 S 3 , 2RS.As 3 S s , etc. I. Sulpharsenites, Sulphantimonites, etc. A. Acidic Division. RS : (As,Sb,Bi) 2 S 3 = 1 : 2, 2 : 3, 3 : 4, 4 : 5. B. Meta- Division. RS : (As,Sb,Bi) 2 S 3 = 1:1. General formula: RAs 2 S 4 , RSb 2 S 4 , RBi 2 S 4 . C. Intermediate Division. RS : (As,Sb,Bi) 2 S 3 = 5:4, 3:2, 2:1, 5:2. D. Ortho- Division. RS : (As,Sb,Bi) 2 S 3 = 3:1. General formula: R 3 As 2 S 6 , R 3 Sb 2 S 6 , etc. Also R 3 AsS 3 ; R 3 SbS 3 . E. Basic Division. RS : (As,Sb,Bi) 2 S 3 = 4 : 1, 5 : 1, 6 : 1, 9 : 1, 12: 1, A. Acidic Division. 109. Livingstonite HgS.2Sb 2 S 3 110. Guejarite Cu 2 S.2Sb 2 S 3 Orthorhombic a : 1 : 6 = 0*8221 : 1 : 0-7841 111. Chiviatite 2PbS.3Bi 2 S 3 112. Cuprobismutite 3Cu 2 S.4Bi 2 S 3 113. Rezbanyite 4PbS.5Bi 3 S 3 109. LIVINGSTONITE. Mariano Barcena, Naturaleza, 3, 35, 172, 1874. Am. J. Sc., 8, 145, 1874; 9, 64, 1875. In groups of slender prismatic crystals; also columnar massive, resembling stibnite. H. = 2. G. = 4-81. Luster metallic. Color bright lead-gray. Streak red. Opaque. Comp. HgSb 4 S, or HgS.2Sb 2 S 3 = Sulphur 22'1, antimony 53*1, mercury 24-8 = 100. Anal. 1, Barcena, ]. c. 2, Id., Naturaleza, 4, 268, 1879. 3, Venable, Chem. News, 40, 186, 1879. 4, Page, ib., 42, 195, 1880. S Sb Hg 1. Huitzuco 29-08 53-12 14-00 Fe 3'50 = 99'70 2. 22-97 53-12 20'00 gangue and loss 3'91 = 100 3. " 23 73 53-75 22 52 = 100 4. Guadalcazar 24'50 52'21 22-61 Fe 0'68 = 100 109 110 SULPHARSENITES, 8ULPHANTIMONITES, ETC. The results under (3) and (4) have been obtained by recalculation, after deducting impurities (chiefly gypsum, free sulphur, insol. residue), viz. in (3), 13 to 16 p. c. , in (4), 37'6 p. c. Groth suggests ihat tbe formula may more properly be written Hg 2 S.4Sb 2 S 3 = Sulphur 21 '9, antimony 5?'0, mercury 21 '1 = 100. Pyr., etc. B.B. very fusible, giving off white antimonial fumes freely. Yield's me- tallic mercury in the open tube, or in the closed tube with soda. Not sensibly attacked by cold nitric acid, but dissolved by warm acid, with the separation of antimony trioxide. Obs. Occurs at Huitzuco, State of Guerrero, Mexico, in a matrix of cal cite and gypsum with sulphur, cinnabar, stibnite, and valentinite. Also at Guadalcazar, in San Luis Potosi, with gypsum, sulphur, etc. Named after David Livingstone (1818-1873), the African explorer and missionary. Alt. Page (1. c.) gives an analysis of an ill-defined alteration product of liviugstonite. Artif. Baker, by fusing together HgS and Sb 2 S 3 in an atmosphere of CO 2 has obtained a crystalline mass resembling livingstonite and yielding on analysis: S 24'83, Sb 53'20. Her 22'71 = 100-74. Chem. News, 42, ltt, 1880. 110. GUEJARITE. Cumenge, Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 201, 1879. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0*8221 : 1 : 0*7841 Friedel 1 . 100 A HO = 39 25', 001 A 101 = 43 39', 001 A Oil = 38 6'. Forms: b (010, i-i), c (001, -0); h (210, t-2), k (320, t-$) 8 ?. w(110, 7), (230, |) 8 ?; c*(013, H), e(011, 1-t). Also doubtful 410, 310, 032, and two pyramids x, z, with bx = 56 24', bz = 39 58'. Angles : M'" = 44 41', bh = *67 89f , kk'" = 57 27', mm'" = 78 51', II' = 78 5'; dd' = 29 18', ee' = 76 12', be = *51 54'. In prismatic crystals, flattened || #. Cleavage : b nearly perfect. Brittle. H. = 3*5. G. = 5'03. Luster metallic. Color steel-gray, wtih a tinge of blue. Streak black. Opaque. Comp. Cu 2 Sb 4 S 7 or Cu a S.2Sb 2 S 3 = Sulphur 27'0, antimony 57*8, copper 15-2 = 100. Anal. Cumenge, 1. c. S 25-0 Sb 58-5 Cu 15'5 Fe 0'5 Pb tr. = 99'5 Fyr. B.B. on charcoal gives off antimonial fumes, and yields metallic copper when treated with soda. Obs. Occurs with siderite at the copper mines at the foot of Muley-Hacen, in the district of Gueiar, Sierra Nevada, Andalusia. Ref._i Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 203, 1879. 2 Given as (730) and (370) which correspond with the angles less well than these, which, however, are only approximate. 111. CHIVIATITE. Chiviatit Rammelsberg, Pogg., 88, 320, 1853. Foliated massive; resembling bismuthinite. Cleavage in three directions in one zone, one making an angle with the second of 27, and with the third of 47, Mir. G. = 6-920. Luster metallic. Color lead-gray. Comp. Pb,Bi 6 S n or 2PbS.3Bi 2 S 3 = Sulphur 17'5, bismuth 61-9, lead 20 -6=100. Part of the lead is replaced by copper. Anal. Rammelsberg, 1. c. S Bi Pb Cu Fe Ag insol. 18-00 60-95 16-73 2'42 1-02 tr. 0'59 = 99-71 Fyr. Same as for aikinite, Rg. Obs. From Chiviato, in Peru, with pyrite and barite. 112. OUPROBISMUTITE. Sulphobismuthite of copper and silver Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 27. 355. 1884. Kupfersulfobismutit Bretina. Cuprobismutite Dana. In groups of slender prismatic crystals, deeply striated longitudinally and resembling bismuthinite; also compact. G. = 6-31-6-68. Luster metallic. Color dark bluish black. Streak black. Opaque. Comp. Probably Cu 6 Bi 8 S 16 or 3Cu 2 S.4Bi 2 S 3 = Sulphur 19-1, bismuth 65-9, copper 15'0 = 100. The copper is sometimes in part replaced by silver. REZBANYITE. Ill Anal. 1-3, Hillebrand, 1, c. S Bi Cu Ag Pb Fe Zn 1 Missouri Mine 19'94* 60'80 15-96 0-89 2-13 10 = 99'82 2 " 18-83* 63-42 12'65 4'09 0'59 0'07 = 99'65 3. Missouri Mine? 17'90 62'51 6'68 9*89 2'74 010 '07 = 99 89 Calculated. From (1) 4-43 p. c. gangue have been deducted; from (2) 59*75 p. c.; from (3) 47'57 p. c. There remain in (1) 6'97 chalcopyrite; in (2) 1-91 p. c.; in (3) 0'33 p. c.; also a little sphalerite. Deducting these the ratio of R 2 : Bi : S corresponds to 3 : 8 : 15. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube a sublimate of sulphur; a bismuth coating on -charcoal; soluble in acids. Obs. Occurs in a quartz gangue associated with chalcopyrite and wolframite at the Missouri mine, Hall's Valley, Park Co., Colorado; the ore is auriferous, sometimes highly so. DOGNACSKAITE Foldt. Kozl., 14, 564, 1884. Briefly mentioned by Krenuer as a " Wisinuthkupfererz" with the following characters: Cleavage in one direction ; color gray, tarnishing on .exposure to the air. Analysis by Maderspach: S 15-75 Bi 71-79 Cu 12-28 = 99'82 Occurs at Dognacska, Hungary, with gold, pyrite, chalcocite, and bismuth ocher. 113. REZBANYITE A. Frenzel, Min. JVlitth., 5, 175, 1883. Massive; fine granular to compact. Cleavage indistinct. H. = 2 -5-3. GL = 6-09-6*38. Luster metallic. Color light lead-gray, becoming darker. Streak black. Opaque. Comp. Pb 4 Bi 10 S 19 or 4PbS.5Bi 2 S 3 =Sulphur 17-3, bismuth 591, lead 23-6=100. Anal. 1-3, Frenzel, 1. c. S Bi Pb Ag Cu Zn 1. 17-85 59-08 19-80 1'89 1'71 tr. = 100-33 2. 16-61 62-57 15'10 1'89 3'71 0'12 = 100 3. 16-89 62-88 13'88 2'46 3'77 012 = 100 The above. results obtained after the deduction of chalcopyrite: in (1) 4*64 p. c., in (2) 3*63, in (3) 6-58; also calcite in (1) 5'00 p. c., in (2) [4 -72], in (3) [4*08i Obs. Occurs at Rezbanya, Hungary, intimately mixed with chalcopyrite and calcite; also embedded in quartz. Named from the locality. The same name was given by Hermann to a lead-gray bismuth ore from Rezbanya, which was probably an impure cosalite, cf. p. 121. Pyr. Like galenobismutite. B. Meta- Division. KAs 2 S 4 , KSb 2 S 4 , RBi 2 S 4 . Zinkenite Group. RS.(As,Sb,Bi) 2 S 3 , Orthorhombic. & : 1 : 6 114, Zinkenite PbS.Sb 2 S, 0-5575 : 1 : 0*6353 0-5389 : 1 : 0*6188 0-5430 : 1 : 0-6256 1 : 0-6065 115. Sartor ite PbS.As 2 S 9 116. Emplectite Cu 2 S.Bi 2 S, 117. Chalcostibite Cu 2 S.Sb 2 S 9 118. Galenobismutite PbS.Bi 2 S 3 119. Berthierite FeS.Sb,S, 120. Hatildite Ag a S.Bi 2 S 3 Plenargyrite It is uncertain whether matildite and plenargyrite are the same species, isomorphous with miargyrite; or whether, as seems probable, the compound AgBiS, 112 SULPHARSENITES, SULPHANTIMONITES, ETC. is dimorphous, matildite belonging to the zinkenite group, and plenargyrite with miargyrite. a :i:l ft 181. Miargyrite Ag a S.Sb a S 3 Monoclinic 2'9945 : 1 : 2-9095 81 23' Zinkenite Group. 114. ZINKENITE. Zinkenit G. Rose, Pogg., 7, 91, 1826. Bleiantimonglanz Oroth, Tab. Ueb., 25, 1882. Zinckenit. Orthorhombic. Axes & : 1 : 6 = 0*5575 : 1 : 0-6353 Kose 1 . 100 A HO = 29 8J', 001 A 101 = 48 44', 001 A Oil = 32 25f '. Forms: e (102, f 1), k (061, 64). Angles: ce = *59 21', kk' = *150 36'. Crystals seldom distinct; sometimes in nearly hexagonal forms through twinning. Lateral faces longitudinally striated. Also columnar, fibrous, massive. Cleavage not distinct. Fracture slightly uneven. H. = 3-3'5. G. = 5*30-5'35. Luster metallic. Color and streak steel-gray. Opaque. Comp. PbSb 2 S 4 or PbS.Sb 2 S 3 = Sulphur 22'3, antimony 41*8, lead 35'9 = 100. Arsenic sometimes replaces part of the antimony. Anal. 1, H. Rose, Pogg., 8, 99, 1826. 2, Kerl, B. H. Ztg., 12, 20, 1853. 3, Hilger. Lieb. Ann., 185, 205, 1877. 4, W. F. Hillebrand, Proc. Col. Soc., 1, 121, 1884. S Sb Pb 1. Wolfsberg 22*58 44*39 31-84 Cu 0'42 = 99'23 2. " 21-22 43-98 30'84 Ag 0'12, Fe 1'45 = 97'61 3.. Kinzigthal 23'04 46'18 30*80 = 100'02 [= 98*71 4. Red Alt., Col. G. = 5*21 22*50 85*00 32'77 As 5*64, Cu 1*20, AgO'23, gangue, etc., 1*37 Fyr., etc. Decrepitates and fuses very easily; in the closed tube gives a faint sublimate of sulphur, and antimony trisulphide. In the open tube sulphurous fumes and a white sublimate of antimony trioxide; the arsenical variety gives also arsenical fumes. On charcoal is almost entirely volatilized, giving a coating which on the outer edge is white, and near the assay dark yellow; with soda in R.F. yields globules of lead. Soluble in hot hydrochloric acid with evolution of hydrogen sulphide and separation of lead chloride on cooling. Obs Occurs in the antimony mine of Wolfsberg in the Harz; the groups of columnar crystals occur on a massive variety in quartz; the crystals sometimes over half an inch long and two or three lines broad, frequently extremely thin and forming fibrous masses. From the Ludwig mine, Adlerbach near Hausach, Kinzigthal, Baden. Pontgibaud, Puy de Dome, France. In the U. S., at the antimony mines of Sevier County, Arkansas ; in Colorado at the Brobdignag mine, Red mountain, San Juan Co. Named after J. K. L. Ziuketo (1798-1862), director of the Anhalt mines (also written Zincken) Ref. 1. c. Kenng., Ber. Ak. Wien, 9, 1852. 115. SARTORITE, Skleroklas 4- Arsenomelan Waltershausen, Pogg>,''94, 115. 1855, 100, 537, 1857. Skleroklas Rath, ib., 122, 380, 1864. Binnit C. Heusser-, Pogg., 94, 335, 1855, ,97, 120. 1856. Dufrenoysite, pt., Dufr., Tr.. pi. 235, f. 66; Dx., Ann. Mines. 8, 389, 1855. Arseno- melan Petersen, Oflenb. Ver., 7, 13, 1866. Sartorite Dana, Min., 87, 1868. Bleiarsenglanz GrothT&b. Ueb., 22, 1882. Orthorhombic. Axes a : 1 : 6 = 0-5389 : 1 : 0-6188 Rath 1 . 100 A 110 = 28 19 J', 001 A 101 ='48 56f' 5 001 A Oil = *31 C 45' d (021, 24) (041, 44) Forms 9 : a (100, ) b (0\0, i-i) c (001, 0) or /? ^ (108, 4 (104, 4 (5*0*14 (5-011 4) 4) :fc3 (102, 4)? u (509, f 4) 9 (507, ft) z (506, f 4) * (504, y (503, a? (501, H) 54)? c (10-0 /(OH, 6 (043, Z (032, 1, 104) 14) H) H) aa' = ftft' = 16 32 20' 2' 22' 99' = 87 28* = 97 54' <<' = 170 3' M' nri = 136 ftft' 0' oo. do O 40 A/t - 11U ID , J_ WQO Q' /v _" _ mi Q' 65 4' yy' = 124 49' ff, ' S, ^ oo - 105 3 WQO A nt < iof\o t A , II 85 44 oo = 44 14 78 43 xx = 160 14 dd = 102 o T fo> = #44 o 19 ZIXKENITE GROUP-SMPLECTITE-CHALCOSTIBITE. 113 Crystals slender, elongated || axis t>', also striated or channeled in tins direction. Cleavage: c distinct. Fracture conchoid al. Very brittle. H. = 3. G. = 5 '393. Luster metallic. Color dark lead-gray. Streak reddish brown. Opaque. Comp. PbAs 2 S 4 Or PbS.As 3 S 3 = Sulphur 26'4, arsenic 31-0, lead 42'9 = 100. Anal. Uhrlaub, Pogg., 94, 124, 1855. Other analyses, 5th Ed., p. 87. S As Pb Ag Fe 25-91 28-56 44'56 0'42 0'45 = 99'90 The excess of lead is probably due to admixed dufrenoysite. Pyr., etc. Nearly the same as for dufrenoysite, but differing in strong decrepitation. Obs. From the Binnenthal with dufrenoysite and binnite. Named after Sartorius v. Waltershausen (1809-1876) who first announced the species; icleroclase is from - = 99'69 2. " 16-78 54-13 27-18 = 98'09 3. Alaskaite G. = 6'878 } 17-63 56-97 11-79 8-74 3'46 79 Sb 0'63 = 100 4. " | 17-62 55-81 19-02 3'26 4'07 0-22 = 100 6. " G. = 6-782 17-98 53'39 12-02 7'80 5'11 0'34 Fe 0'84, insol. 1-80 6. Falun G. = 7-145 | 9-75 12-43 49'88 27'88 0'33 -100-27 [= 99'28 7. ' G. = 6 97 9-82 13'61 49-73 24'62 0'77 Fe 0'61 =; 9916 Pyt. B,B. fuses easily on charcoal, giving bismuth and lead coatings. The argentiferous ^variety yields silver, and the seleniferous the odor of selenium. Dissolves with difficulty in Hydrochloric acid, readily in strong nitric acid. Obs. Occurs with bismutite at the Ko mine, Nordmark in Wermland, Sweden, where it sometimes carries gold. Also intimately mixed with quartz, barite, chalcopyrite, and tetra- 3iedrite, at the Alaska mine, Poughkeepsie Gulch, Colorado (alaskaite). The seleniferoua variety 5s from Falun. Sweden; -it occurs with native bismuth. 119. BERTHIERITE. Haidmgerite Berthier, Ann. Ch, Phys., 35, 351, 1827; Pogg , 11 478, 1827. fcerihierit Haid., Ed. J. Sc., 7, 353, 1827. Eisenantimonglanz Germ. In elongated prisms; also fibrous massive, plumose; granular. Cleavage: longitudinal, rather indistinct. H. = 2-3. G. = 4-4-3. Luster MATILDITH 1W metallic. Color dark steel-gray, inclining to pinchbeck-brown; surface often covered with iridescent spots.- Opaque. Comp. Probably FeSb S 4 or FeS.Sb a S s == Sulphur 30-2, antimony 56 -6, iron 13-2 = 100. Analyses show a somewhat varying composition, doubtless due to the impurity of the material examined, cf. Fischer, Zs. Kr., 4, 362, 1880. Anal. 1, Berthier, 1. c. 2, Rg., Pogg., 40, 153, 1837. 3, Pettko, Haid. Ber., 1, 62, 1847. 4 Hauer, Jb. G. Reichs., 4, 635, 1853. 5, Sackur, Rg., Min.Ch., 988, 1860. 6, Rg.,Zs.G.Ge&. 18, 244, 1866. S Sb Fe Zn 1. Chazelles 30'3 52'0 16:0 0'3 = 98*6 2. Braunsdorf 31-33 54'70 11'43 0'74 Mn 2'54 = 100'74 3. Aranyldka G. = 4'043 29'27 57'88 12-85 =100 4. Braunsdorf 30'53 59'30 10-16 = 99'99 5. " 28-77 56-91 10-55 Mn 3-73 = 99*96 6. S, Antonio, Cal. G. = 4'062 29-12 56'61 10'09 Mn 3'56 = 99'38 Other analyses by Berthier (Ann. Mines, 3, 49, 1833) gave: Anglar Sb 2 S 3 80*6 FeS 19'4 deducting 7 p.c. gangtie. Martouret 84'3 15 "7 " 60 " These correspond approximately to FeS.Sb 2 S a and 3FeS.4Sb 2 S 3 . while anal. (1) above gives 3FeS.2Sb 2 S 3 ; little dependence can be placed upon them. N. IMordenskiSld in his Atom.-Ch. Min. System, 1848, introduces for the three varieties analyzed by Berthier the following names: Anglarite for FeS.Sb 2 S 3 . Chazellite for BFeS.2Sb 2 S 3 , Martourite 'for 3FeS.4Sb 2 S s Pyr., etc. In the closed tube fuses, and gives a faint sublimate of sulphur; with a strong; "heat yields a blacfc sublimate of antimony oxysulphide, which on cooling becomes brownish-red. In the open tube gives off fumes of sulphur and antimony, reacting like stibnite. B.B. on charcoal gives off sulphurous and antimonial fumes, coats the coal white, and the antimony is expelled, leaving a black magnetic slag, which with the fluxes reacts for iron. Dissolves readily in hydrochloric acid, giving off hydrogen sulphide) Obs. At Chazelles and Martouret in Auvergne, associated with quartz, calcite, and pyrite; in the Vosges, Commune of Lalaye; at Anglar, Depart. La Creuse: also at Braunsdorf near Frei- berg in Saxony, and at Padstow in Cornwall; at Arany Idka in Hungary; at Real San Antonio, Lower California, massive; N. Brunswick, probably from the antimony mine in Prince: William parish. 25 miles from Fredericton, York Co. Named after the French chemist, Pierre Berthier (1782-1861). 120. MATILDITE. Silberwismuthglanz Rammelsb&rg, Zs. G. Ges., 29, 80, 1877. Matil- dite A. D'Achiardi, I Metalli, 1, 136, 1883. Morocochite Heddle, Enc. Brit., 16, 394, 1883. Argento-bismutite Genth, Am. Phil. Soc. 23, 35. 1885. In slender striated prismatic crystals; also massive, compact. Soft. G. = 6*92. Luster metallic. Color gray. Streak light gray. Opaque. Comp. AgBiS 3 or Ag 2 S.Bi 3 S 8 Sulphur 16'9, bismuth 54-7, silver 28 -4 = 100. Sometimes with lead replacing part of the silver and hence tending toward galenobismutite (p. 114). Anal. 1, Rg., 1. c., after deducting some galena. 2, Genth, 1. c. S Bi Ag Pb 1. Peru G. = 6-92 f 17'24 54'50 28'26 = 100 2. Colorado [16-66] 52 89 26'39 4'06 = 100 Pyr. B.B. fuses readily on charcoal, giving a coating of bismuth oxide and on long blowing 6 globule of silver. Soluble in nitric acid with separation of sulphur. Obs. Associated with tetrahedrite, galena, sphalerite, and pyrile at the Matilda mine, near TVIorococha, Peru. Also from Lake City, Colorado. Artif. Obtained by Schneider, but not in distinct crystals, J. pr. Ch., 41, 414, 1890. PLENARoraiTE Sandberger, ErzgSnge, 1, 96, 1882. In indistinct crystals and crystalline groups, apparently like miargyrite in form. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle." H. = 2-5. G. = 7-22 (calc.). Luster metallic, dolor iron-black. Streak black. Opaque. COMP. Probably like matildite, AgBiS 2 or Ag a S.Bi 2 S 8 . Anal. Zeitszchel, after deducting 15*83 p.c. pyrite, 1'46 quartz: 818-31 Bi 55-20 Ag 26'49 = 100 116 SULPHARSENITES, SULPHANTIMONIIES, ETC. Occurs intimately associated with pyrite, chalcopyrite, and quartz at Scliapbacb, Baden. The name is stated to have been given in allusion to the fact that it contains less silver than miargyrite. 121. MIARGYRITE. Hemiprismatische Rubin-Blende (fr. Braunsdorf) MoJis. Grundr., 606, 1824. Miargyrit H. Hose, Pogg., 15, 469, 1829. Hypargyrite, Hypargyron-Blende (fr. Clausthal) Breith., Char., 286, 333, 1832. Kenngottite (fr. Felsobanya) Haid., Ber Ak. Wien., 22, 236, 1856. Monoclinic. Axes a : l".b = 2-99449 : 1 : 2-90951; J3 = 81 22' 35" = 001 A 100 Lewis 1 . 100 A 010 = 71 20' 12", 001 A 101 = 39 58' 45", 001 A Oil = 70 49' 52". Forms 2 . a (100, i-l) b (010, i-l) c (001, 0) A (210, /-2) fl (105, -H) H (104, 4) A (102, i-i)? m (101, 14) Z (703, 14) w (301, 34) ^ (702, 14) J/ (103, H) ^ (203, 4) o (101, 14) E (201, 24) .#(301, 34) /? (013, H) a> (Oil, 1-i) 2(111, 1) A (111, 1) 8 (15-1-1, 15-15)? $ (811, 8-8) (711, 7-7) 7} (611, 6-6) 7P (511, 5-5) /(922,-f-f)

9 41-95 37'30 1'05 = 99'99 3. FelsObauya G. = 5'298 \ 21-80 40'68 32'77 4'01 0-51 0'19 = 99'96 4. Kenngoltite G. = 5'337 20'66 39'46 35'28 1'76 50 0'25 = 97'91 5. Hypargyrite | 21'35 4107 37'40 As 0'79 = 100'61 6. Pfibram G. = 5 '077 21 "68 41 '15 3671 tr. = 99'54 Pyr., etc In the closed tube decrepitates, fuses easily, and gives a sublimate of antimony oxysulpnidc. inilie open tube sulpliuroiisand aiitimonial fumes, tbe latter as a white sublimate. BB on "charcoal . uses quietly with emission of sulphur and antimony fumes to a gray bead!, which after continued treatment in O.F. leaves a bright globule of silver. If the silver globule is treated with phosphorus salt in O.F., the green glass thus obtained often shows traces of copper when fused with tin in R.F. Decomposed by nitric acid, with separation of sulphur and antimony trioxide. Obs. At Braunsdorf, near Freiberg in Saxony, associated with tetrnhedrite, pyrargyrite, etc.;" Felsobanya (kenngottite) with pyrite, galena, sphalerite, barite; Pfibram in Bohemia; Clausthal (hypurgyrite); Guadalajara iu Spain; at Pareuos, and the miue Sta. M. de Catorce, Sau Luis Potosi, Mexico; also at Molinares, with rhodochrosite; at Tres Puntas, Chili. Named from jueiaov, less, dpyvpos, silver, because it contains less silver than some kindred ores. Artif. Formed artificially by Poelter, Zs. Kr., 11, 39, 1885. Ref. ! Result deduced (recalc., E.S..D.)from many measurements, Zs. Kr., 8, 545, 1884. For .earlier observations see Naumann, Pogg., 17, 142, 1829; Miller, Min.^ p. 214; Weisb., Pogg., 125, 441, 1865, and Zs. Kr., 2, 55, 1877; Friedlander, Min.-Samml. Strassburg, p. 58, 1878; Rath, Zs. Kr., 8, 35, 1883; Lewis, ib., 545, 1884. With Weisb. and Rath a = 101. o = 100, g = 110, etc. In general for h k I (Lewis) and p qr (Weisb.), h = p, k =-| , l=p + r. o *See Rath and Lewis for authorities, etc., but note Lewis's explanation of Miller's error in identifying the forms, and the consequent rejection of several planes included by Rath. C. Intermediate Division. a : : 6 122. Plagionite 5PbS.4Sb 2 S 3 ? Monoclinic 1-1331 : 1 : 0-4228 .72 50* 123. Binnite 3Cu 2 S.2As 3 S 3 ? Isometric 124. Klaprotholitei 3Cu 2 S.2Bi 2 S 3 Orthorhombic 125. Schirmerite 3(Ag a ,Pb)S.2Bi 2 S 8 126. Warrenite 3PbS.2Sb 2 S 3 0-740 : 1 Jatnesonite Group. 2RS.(As,Sb,Bi),S 8 . Orthorhombic. a : I : b 127. Dufrenoysite 2PbS.As 2 S 3 0-9381 : 1 : 1-5309 2PbS.Bi 2 S s 0-9187 : 1 : 1-4601 PbS.Ag 2 S.Bi a S, 2PbS.Sb 2 S 3 0-8915 : 1 2PbS.(Bi,Sb) a S, 128. Cosalite 129. Schapbachite 130. Jamesonite 131. Kobellite 132. Brongniardite 2(Ag 3 ,Pb)S.Sb 3 S 8 . Isometric. a :l:& 133. Semseyite 7PbS.3Sb 2 S 3 ? Monoclinic 1-1442 : 1 . 1-1051 71 4 r 118 SULPHARSENITES* SULPHANTIMOXITES, ETC. 134, foaphorite 135. Freieslebenite a-.l-.b Orthorhombic 0-4919: 1: 0'7345 5<[Ag a ,Pb)S.2Sb 8 S 3 Monoclinic 0-5871:1:0-9277 87 46' 122. PLAGIONITE. Ein neires Spiessglanzerz C, Zincken, Pogg., 22, 492, 1831. Plagionit G. Rose, ib., 28, 421, 1833. Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 = 1-1331 : 1 : 0-4228; ft = *72 49J'= 001 A 100 Luedecke 1 . 100 A 110 = 47 16J', 001 A 101 = 17 48', 001 A Oil = 21 d 59J'. Forms 1 : 8 (0'20'3, -*/-!)' p (112, - |) r (221, - 2) * (441, - 4) s~(778, ^)* a (100, t-i) d (081, 8-^ o (111, - 1) 2 {773. - 1)? # (661, - 6)* c* (111, 1) def ^= 145 87' cp. = 14 19' co = 25 53' cr = 41 26V ex = *56~14^ ty = 62 ,48' cw = 31 12' i>p' = 21 23' oo' = 38 13' rr' = 59 30' xx' = *77 6-8' yy' = 83 39' <*><*>' = 45 42' ao = 57 12' = 50 134' = 46 24 = 45 474'. thick, tabular c, or short prismatic || .r ; often grouped in druses . 2. and geodes. Faces d smooth, pyra- mids .striated || edge. c/o. Also mas- sive; granular to compact. Cleavage : r tolerably perfect. Frac- ture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. = 2-5. G. =-5-4. Luster metallic. Color and streak blackish lead-gray. Opaque. Comp. Perhaps 5PbS.4Sb,S, = Sulphur 21-5, antimony 37-8, lead 40-7 = 100. AnaL 1, H. Rose, Pogg., 28, 422, 1833. 2-. Kudernatsch, -ib., 37, 588, 1836. 3, Pigs. Wolfsberg; 1. Kose; 2, after Luedecke. Schultz, Rg., Min. Ch., 1006, I860- 1. Wolfsberg 2. 3. S Sb Pb 21-53 37-94 40-52 = 21-49 [3753] 40'98 = 100 2MO > 37-84 39-36 Cu 1'27 = 99'57 Pyr.-^Same as for zinkenite. Obs. At Wolfsberg in geodes and druses of crystals in inassive plagionite, or crystallized on quartz, discovered by Zincken; also at Wolf ach, Baden; Arnsberg, Westphalia. Named, in allusion to its unusually oblique crystallization, from TtXdyioS, oblique. Ref. ' Jb. Mizi., 2, 112, 1883; Rose obtained earlier (1. c.) ac = 72 28', rr' = 59 11', cr s= 41 8', etc. 8 Luedecke, 1. c. 123. BINNTTE. Dufrenoysite Walter shausen, Pogg., 04. 119, 1855; C. ffeutur, Pogg., 94, 334, 97, 115. Binnite Ex., Ann. Mines, 8, 389. 1855. Isometric. Observed forms 1 : a (100, i-i) o (111, 1) G) (441, 4) ^ (711, 7-7)' \ // (411, 4-4) * (321, 3-|) d (110. f) r (332, f) (lO'l'l, 10-lty

Pogi?., 122, 373, 1864. See earlier Dx., Ann. Mines, 8, 389, 1865; Heusser, Pogg,, 97, 120, 1856; Bereudes, Inausr. Diss., Bonn, 1864; * Cf. Berendes. 1. c. 128. COSALITE. Oenth, Am. J. Sc., 45, 319, 1868. Ett nytt vismutsvafladt svafveibjy Lundstrom, G. For Forh , 2, 178, 1874. Bleibismutit Groth, Tab. Ueb. 18, 1874. Bjelkite-tt. $jogren, G. For. Forh., 4. 107, 1878. Orthorhombic. Axes: a : 1 : 6 = 0-91874 : 1 : 1-4601 Flink. 1 100 A 110 = 42 34' 30", 001 A 101 = 57 49' 14", 001 A Oil =B :5 55 35' 36-'. Towns : (010, i-i) f (140, i-l) e (101, 1-i) k (221, 2) h. (142, M) 1 (100, i-l) c (001,^ 0) d (104, f i) / (Oil, 14) g (144, 1-4) ii - 30 27' cd = *2I 40' 6" ee' = 115 3Sf cf = *55 35' 36" jr = 111 ir c7c= 76 57' eg = 56 32f ch = 71 43' kk' = 91 41' kk'" = 82 28' gg 1 = 25 18' m =28 52' Usually massive with indistinct crystalline structure; fibrous, radiated. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 2-5-3. G. = 6*39- 6-75. Luster metallic. Color lead-gray, steel-gray. Streak black. Opaque. Comp. Pb,Bi,S 6 or 2PbS.Bi S 3 = Sulphur' 16'2, bis- muth 42-0, lead 41-8 = 100. The lead is sometimes in part replaced by silver and copper. \ Nordmark, Plink. Anal. t, 2, Genth, 1. c., after deducting 6'79 p. c. and 11-88 p. c. cobaltite. 3,4, Frenzel, -Tb Min., 681 1874. 5, LundstrSm, 1. c., containing some pyrrhotite. 6, 7, H. Sj.> 1. c. 8, G. Lindstrom, G. For. Forh.. 11, 171, 1889. 9, Tilden, Proc. Col. Soc., 1, 74, 1884. 10, W. F., Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 27, 354, 1884. 11, 12, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 23, 36, 1885. 13, Koenig Am. Phil. Soc., 22, 211, 1885. 14, Low, Proc. Col. Soc., 1, 111, 1884. 1 Cosala 2. 3. G. = 6-22-6-33 | 5 Nordmark Bjelkite 6. 7. 8 9 10 11 G. = 6-39-6 75 Gladhammar Caodamena Comstock mine, Col Gladiator mine. Col. G. = 7'0-7'07 S 15-27 15-23 16-11 16-68 17-83 15-98 16-48 15-92 16-58 17-11 17-17 Bi 41-76 12-77 35-90 14-48 39-40 41-55 4i-86 33-84 40-13 42-97 45-09 Pb 40-32 38-79 38-08 31-93 87-64 40-10 39-19 48-05 25-12 22-49 24-61 Ag Cu Fe 2-65 = 100 3-21 = 100 [99-84 1-37 0-86 2 96 Zu 1 54, As 8'02 = 0-22 3-49 1-18 Zn 18, As 2'82 = _ _ 5-13 = 100 [100-98 0-67 insol. 219 = 100'49 1-32 = 98-85 0-69 0-16 Zn 0'05, insol. 0'45 15-66 1 63 = 99-12 - [= 99'16 8-43 7'50 0-70 Zn tr. = 99'20 5-75 5-84 Sb 84, Zn 0'58 = 12 Alaska mine, Col- 13. y 14 Bed Ait , Coi. 16-80 44-95 28-.10 1'44 8'00 2n 0:24, Sb 0'51, As [0-04, Se*r.=10008 17-13 43-54 26-77 1'35 8'78 52.Zn tr,, Sb undet., [insol. 0-60 = 98-69 [18-64] 36-22 28'22 8'70 5- 74 4 '48 = 100 Pyr. B.B. fuses easily, giving the usual reactions for sulphur, bismuth, and lead; some varieties yield a small globule of silver. Obs. Found associated witL quartz and cobaltite in a silver mine at Cosaia, Province of Sinaloa, Mexico. An argentiferous variety (anal. 9) occurs at Candamena, Chihuahua. In cal- cite at the Bjelke mine, at Nordmark, Wermland, Sweden (bjelkite); also at Gladhammar. At Rezbauya, Hungary, with sphalerite, pyrite, an.d chalcopyrite ; an impure form of this mineral was called rezbanyite (retzbanyite) by Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 75, 450, 1859; cf. Frenzel, 1. c. In the U. S., from the Comstock mine (anal. 10), near Parrott City, La Plata county, Col., in a quartz vein with pyrite. sphalerite, a telluride probably sylvanite and rmtive' gold. Also f rom the Gladiator and Alaska mines, Colorado, and at the Yankee Girl mine, RedMt, San Juan county. Ref. ' Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang. 12 (2), No. 2. 6. 1886. 122 SULPHARSENITES, SULPHANTIMONITES, ETC. 129. SCHAPBACHITE. Wismutisches Silber Selb. Crell's Ann., 1, 10. 1793. Wismuth- Weierz. Schapbachit Kenngott, Min., 118, 1853. Sandberger Erzgange, 1, 90, 1882. Orthorhombic ? In minute acicular crystals, with b, c, m; mm" = 75. Also fine granular, massive. Cleavage: basal, distinct. Fracture uneven. H. = 3*5. G. = 6'43. Luster metallic. Color lead-gray. Streak black. Opaque. Comp. PbAg a Bi a S 6 orPbS.Ag a S.Bi S 3 = Sulphur 16 !, bismuth 41:6, lead 20*7, silver 21'6 = 100. Anal. Hilger, 1. c., after deducting' 1 ;86 p. c. pyrite. S 16-08 Bi 42-02 Pb 20*82 Ag 21-08 = 100 This species may be regarded as an argentiferous variety of cosalite. Obs. From Schapbach, Baden, intimately associated with galena, pyrite and chalcopyrife/ quartz and native bismuth or bismuthinite. Earlier regarded as merely a mixture of bis- muthinite, argentite and galena (cf. Sandberger, Jb. Min., 22, 1864). 130. JAMESONITE. Gray antimony pt. Jam., Syst. ,3, 390, 1820. Axotomous Antimony. Glance Jam., Man., 285. Axotomer Antimon-Glanz Mb/is, Grundr., 586, 1824. Jamesonite Raid., Trl. Mohs's Min.,~l, 451 (3, 26), 1825. Bleischimmer Pfaff, Schw. J., 27. 1. Pfaffite Huot., I, 192 1841. Autimpnialisk Fadererz pt., Minera autimonii plain osa pt., Wall, 1747; Fedeierz Germ., Mine d'antimoiue au plumes Fr.; Feather ore, Plumose Antimonial ore, pt- (rest mostly Stibnite), through last cent. Antimoine sulfure capillaire pt. [or var. of Stibnite] T Tr., 1801; Haarformiges Grauspiessglanzerz pt. Karst., Tab.. 52. 1800; Haarf. Antimonglanz Mohs, 1824, Leonh., 1826. , Federerz of Wolfsberg H. Rose, Pogg , 15, 471, 1829; Bend., Tf\, 2, 425, 1832 Federerz, var. of Jamesonite, Kbl., Char., 2, 175, 1831. Wolfsbergite Huot., Minr! , 1, 193. Plumosit Raid. Hanclb., 569, 1845. Plumites 'Glock., Syu., 30,1847. Heteromorphit Rg., Pogg., 77, 240, 1849. Federerz, var. of Jamesonite, Rg., Min. Gh., 71, 1860. Bleiantimonit Oroth, Tab. Ueb., 18, 1874. Qucrspiessglanz, Germ. Orthorhombic.. Axes: d:b = 0.8915 : 1. Angles: raw'" = 78 9 40 r , bm = 50 40'. Usually in acicular crystals, with b, m'; common in capillary forms, cobweb- like. Also fibrous massive, parallel or divergent; compact massive.* Cleavage: basal, perfect; b, in, less so. Fracture uneven to conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 2-3. G. =5*5-6-0. Luster metallic. Color steel -gray, to dark lead-gray. Streak grayish black. Opaque. Comp. Pb Sb S 5 or 2PbS.Sb 2 S 3 = Sulphur 19-7, antimony 29-5, lead 50-8 = 100. Most varieties show a little iron (.1 to 3 p..c.), and some contain also silver, copper, and zinc. AnaL 1, Boficky. Ber. Ak. Wien, 56 (1), 32, 1867. 2, Burton, Am. J. Sc., 45, 36, 1868. 3, Sicwert, Min. Mitth.. 248, 1873. 4. Sarlay, ib., 355, 1877. 5, Duuniu^ton, Amer. Assoc., 184. 1877. 6, Wait, Trans. Am. ltig.*Bng*, 8, 51, 1880. 7, Geuth, Am. Cii. J.. 1. 325, 1879. 8, Pisani, C. R., 83, 747, 1876. For early analyses, 5th Ed , p. 91. S Sb Pb Ag Cu Fe Zn 1. Pfibram 20-21 30-81 47'17 1-35 As tr. =99-54 2. Star City G. = 6'03 f 1906 2926 43'86 6'14 1'55 0'05 =9992 3. FamatinaG. =-5'54 21'75 32'00 39 05 1 34 345 2'00 0'62 As 020 = 100'41 4. Wiltau G. =5-2 21-66 34-02 40'39 - 3-43 As 0'39 = 99'89 5. Arkansas 22-18 32'89 36'78 2"62 5 -07 SiO 2 74 = 100 28 6. ' G. t= 5-15 22-07 35-06 38 44 0-22 0-01 2-53 Bi.Cd 001 SiO 1'58 7. Huelva G. = 5-47 22-3134-0338-49 5'16 =99-99 =9992 8. Arnsberg G. = 5;59-5'73 19'90 31 '20 47'86 0'60 = 99 "56 Heleromorphite Pyr. Same as for zinkenite. Obs. Occurs principally in Cornwall, associated with quartz and minute crystals of bouruonite; occasionally also in Siberia, Hungary, at Valentia d'Alcantara in Spain, and Brazil; at the antimony mines in Sevier Co., Arkansas; at the Montezuma mine, Nevada Named after Prof. Robert Jameson of Edinburgh (1774-1854). The feather ore (Federerz Germ.) occurs at Wolfsberg in the Eastern Harz; also at Andreas- berg and Clausthal; at Freiberg and Schemnitz; in the Anhalt at Pfaffenberg and Meiseberg; in Tuscany, near Bottino; at Chonta in Peru. It was regarded as a species by nearly all the min- eralogists of last century, but included capillary Stibnite; made a variety of Stibnite by v. Born, Karsten, Haiiy, Mohs, Leonhard, and other authors, until 1829; and a distinct species again by rnost authors after the analysis by Rose in 1829; but referred to Jamesonite by v. Kobell in 1830, and Rammelsberg in 1860. KOBELLITEBRONGNIARDITESEMSEYITE. 123 Zundererz, or Bergzunderz [ = Tinder Ore] of G. Lehmann (Mem. Ak. Berlin, 20, 1758), which is soft like tinder and dark dirty red in color, has been referred to kermesite, but proves to be an impure jamesouite or feather ore sometimes mixed with red silver and arsenopyrite; also with free sulphur. From Andreasberg and Clausthal in the Harz. Alt. The lead antimonate, bindheimite, is a common alteration product. Artif. Obtained by Doelter in forms resembling the natural mineral, Zs. Kr., 11, 40, 1885. 131. KOBELLITE. Kobellit Sdtterberg, Ak. H. Stockh., 188, 1839; Berz. Jahresb., 20, 215. Massive, sometimes fibrous and radiated, resembling stibnite; also fine granular. H. = 2-5-3. G. = 6-29-6-32 Satterberg; 6-334 Keller. Color blackish lead, gray to steel-gray. Streak black. Comp. Pb,(Bi,Sb) 3 S 5 or 2PbS.(Bi,Sb) 2 S 3 = (if Bi:Sb = 2:1) Sulphur 17-2, bismuth 29*8, antimony 8*6, lead 44-4 = 100. ' Silver is also present. Anal. 1, Satterberg, recalculated by Rammelsberg, Min. Ch., 100, 1875. 2, H. F. Keller, Zs, Kr., 17, 67, 1889, deducting impurities. S Bi Sb Pb Ag Cu Fe 1. Sweden [18-61] 28-37 9'38 40-74 0-88 2'02 = 100 2. Colorado | 17'76 30'61 8'13 38 95 3'58 97 = 100 Pyr., etc. B.B. decrepitates, and fuses easily; in the open tube sulphurous fumes and a sublimate of antimony trioxide; on charcoal, a yellow coating (B5 2 O 3 ) near the assay and beyond white (SbjO 3 ); witli potassium iodide and sulphur a bright red coating (bismuth iodide). Soluble iu concentrated hydrochloric acid with evolution of hydrogen sulphide. Obs. From the cobalt mine of Hvena in Sweden, associated with actinolite, chalcopyrite, and small reddish white crystals of a cobaltiferous arsenopyrite (Kobaltarsenikkies). Also from the Silver Bell mine at Ouray, Colorado, associated with chalcopyrite and barite. Named after the Bavarian mineralogist and poet. Franz von Kobell (1803-1882). Rammelsberg rejected Satterberg's analysis, and on the basis of analyses by himself and Genth deduced the composition 3PbS.(Bi,Sb) 2 *S 3 . Keller, however, has proved the existence of the compound 2PbS.(Bi,Sb) 2 S 8 , to which Satterberg's analysis conforms, and to the other has given the name of lillianite (p. 130); cf. also Groth, Tab. Ueb., pp. 30, 31. 1889. If this conclusion is correct, both these compounds must occur at the Swedish locality. 132. BRONGNIARDITE. Damour, Ann. Mines, 16, 227, 1849. Bleisilberantimonit Oroth, Tab. Ueb., 18, 1874. Isometric. In octahedrons (o) with truncated edges (d). Massive without cleavage. H. above 3. G. .= 5*950. Luster metallic. Color and streak grayish black. Comp. PbAg.Sb.S. or PbS.Ag.S.SbJS, = Sulphur 19-5, antimony 29-2, silver 26-2, lead 25-1 = 100. Anal. Damour, 1. c.: S Sb Ag Pb Cu Fe Zn | 19 24 29-77 24-77 24'91 62 0'26 36 = 99*93 Pyr., etc. In the closed tube a feeble orange sublimate with a white one above; in the open tube fuses, affords an odor of sulphur and a white sublimate of antimony trioxide. B B. on charcoal decrepitates, fuses easily, giving off an odor of sulphur and white vapors; after roasting, yields a globule of silver, with a yellow coating of lead oxide. Rapidly attacked by concentrated nitric acid. Obs. From Mexico. Named for the French mineralogist, Alexandre Brongniart (1770-1847). 133. SEMSEYITB. Krenner [Mag. Akad. rtes., 15, 111, 1881], Ungar. Revue, 367. 1881;Zs. Kr. 8,532, 1883. Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 = 1-14424 : 1 : 1-10515; ft = 71 4' = 100 A 001 Krenner 1 . 100 A 110 = 47 15f ', 001 A 101 = 34 49', 001 A Oil = 46 16'. Forms: a (100, i-l), c (001, 0\ s (113 - i), p (111, - 1), ?(221, - 2), t (113. ). 124 SULPHARSENITES, SULPHANTIMONITES, ETC. Angles: cs = *22 44', cp = 46 35', cq = *59 38', ct = 27 C 20', ss' = 33 50', pp = 66 19'. g^ = 81 2', ??" = *98 58', tt' = 40 27' In small tabular crystals, often elongated || b. Cleavage: pyramidal, p. G. = 5 '952 Sipocz. Luster metallic. Color gray. Opaque. Comp. Near jamesonite, perhaps Pb 7 Sb 6 S 16 or 7PbS.3Sb 2 S 3 = Sulphur 19 'I, antimony 26-9, lead 54*0 100. Anal. Sipocz, Zs. Kr., 11, 216, 1885. S 19-42 Sb 26-90 Pb 53'16 Fe O'lO = 99'58 Obs. Occurs with galena, also diaphorite, sphalerite and pyrite at Felsobanya, Hungary. Named for Andor von Semsey. Ref. ' Zs. Kr., 8, 532, 1883. 134. DIAPHORITE. Freieslebenite pt. Diaphorit Zepharovich, Ber. Ak. Wien, 63 (1), 130, 1871. Orthorhombic. Axes d : I : 6 = 0-49194 : 1 : 0-73447 Zepharovich. 100 A HO = 26 11|', 001 A 101 = 56 llf, 001 A Oil = 36 17}'. Forms: m (110, /) P (150, *-5) u (012, H) w (021, 2-t) e (534, M) a (100, ) n (120, i-2) a (1-11-0, i'll) r (Oil, 14) * (114, r) C (122, 1-2) tw. pi, b (010, t (310, i-l) **) k Tt (5-12-0, *) (130, *-) * X (102, i-l) (101, 1-i) v (032, j (053, H) 1-0 oo (314, / f-3) o (134, d (144, f-3) 1-4) tt'" mm'" = 18 37^ 52 23' 'xx' ax = 112 22' = *33 48f ' ww ' =111 o nt>' by = 73 : 54' 36 nri = 90 56' uu' = 40 20' mi ay = 54 /oO 59' xw = *71 45' W 73 29' rr' = 72 36' After Zepharovich. Twins: tw. pi. (1) n (120); (2) C (122). Habit prismatic, faces in zone a m often vertically striated. Cleavage not observed. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. = 2'5-3. G. = 5-902 Zeph.; 6-042 Vrba. Luster metallic. Color steel-gray, Opaque. Cbmp.-(Pb,Ag 2 ) 5 So 4 S u or 5(Pb,AgJS.2Sb 2 S 3 . If Pb : Ag 2 = 4:3, this requires: Sulphur 18-7, anti- mony 25-5, lead- 31 -3, silver 24-5 = 100. The composi- tion is the same as for freieslebenite. Anal. 1, Helmhacker, Kenng. Ueb. 294,, 1865. Referred here (Zeph.) on the ground that freieslebenite is not found at Pfibram. 2, Morawski, Zs. Kr., 2. 101, 1878. 1. Pfibrair 2. 20-18 18-51 Sb 26-43 2592 Pb 28-67 31-56 Ag 23-44 23-36 Fe 0-67 Cu 0-73 = 100-12 =99-35 Pyr. As for freieslebenite. Obs. Occurs at Pfibram and at BrSunsdorf near Freiberg; freieslebenite is also found at Freiberg. Reported from Zancudo, U. S. of Colombia, S. A., with sphalerite and heteromorphite* Named from diaQopd, difference, because distinct from, while similar to, freieslebenite. 135. FREIESLEBENITE. Mine d'antimoine grise tenant argent (fr. Himmelsfiirst) de Lisle, Descr. de Min., 35, 1773, Crist., 3, 54, 1783. Dunkles Weissgiiltigerz (id. loc., known since 1720) Klapr., Beitr., 1, 173, 1795. Schilf-Glaserz Freiesleben, Geogn. Arb.. 6, 97, 1617, Antimonial Sulphuret of Silver, Sulphuret of Silver and Antimony. Argent sulfure antimoni* f^re et cuprifere Levy, Descr. Min. Heuland, 1838. Donacargyrite Chapm., Min., 128, 1843. Freieslebanit Uaid., 569, 1845. FREIESLEBENITE. 125 Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0-58714 : 1 : 0-92768; ft = *87 46' = 100 A 001 Miller 1 . 100 A HO = 30 24', 001 A 101 = *56 5', 001 A Oil = 42 49'. Forms 2 : t (310, *-3) o (230, *-!) *' (150, z-5) 4 r (Oil, 14) / (111, - 1) o (100, i-l) ft (210, e-2) 3 & (120, z-2) x (101, l-l) d (054, f 4) 4 h (414, - 1-4) b (010, i-l ) * (430, |) n (350, i-l) (101, 1-1 ) 3 (032, ft) g (312, - |-3) c (001, 0) 771(110, /) *(250, *-|)' ^ yo. VA, A. i' f w (021, 2-i) z (212, - 1-2) q (810, i-8) I (560, 2-f) j3 (130, i-3) 8 u (012, 14) e (034, f-i) 4 vcni'-i) (ii* i) tt'" fi?" mm'" nri kk' nit 1 PP' ax = 22 8' = 32 42' = *60 48' = 91 17' = 80 53' = 68 34' = 59 12' = 31 41' = 59 16' ' = 32 58' uu' = 49 44' rr' = 85 40' tow' = 123 19' cy = 41 36V cf = 59 54' cm = 88 4f c0 = 43 22' ch = 56 22' my = 46 28' mf = 28 11' m'0 = 48 34' ap = 24 34' as = 34 14' o =40 5 = 64 11 = 69 39 f = 51 57' = 13 53' = 27 23' =20 9' = 40 41' Twins : tw. pi. a. Habit prismatic, prismatic planes vertically striated. Cleavage : m imperfect. lt ' 2 . Fracture subconchoidal to un- even. Rather brittle. H. = 2- 2-5. G. = 6-2-6*4; 6'194Hausm., 6*35 Vrba. Luster metallic. Color and streak light steel- gray inclining to silver-white, also to blackish lead-gray. Opaque. Comp. (Pb,Ag 2 ) 6 Sb 4 S n or 5(Pb,Ag 2 )S.2Sb a S 3 =(ifPb:Ag, = 4:3) Sulphur 18*7, antimony 25-5, lead 31'3, silver 24-5 = J.OO. antimony 25*7, lead 55*4 = 100. Anal. 1, 2, Wohler, Pogg., 46, 153, 1839. 3, Escosura [Rev. Min^ra, , 358], Ann. Mines, 8, 495, 1855. 4, Payr, Jb. Min., 579, 1860. 5, Morawski, Zs. Kr., 2, 161, 1878. 6, L. G. Eakins, Am. J. Sc., 36, 452, 1888. Also (anal. 6) Pb.Sb 4 S n = Sulphur 18-9, 1. Freiberg 2. 3. Spain 4: Pfibram 5. Spain 6, Colorado G.= 6-230 G. = 6-040 8 18-77 18-71 17-60 18-41 18-90 18-98 Sb 27-72 27-05 26-83 27-11 25-64 25-99 Pb 30-00 30-08 31-90 30-77 31-38 55-52 Ag 22-18 23-76 22-45 23-08 2331 tr. Fe 0-11 Cu 1-22 = 100 =98-78 0-63 = 100 Cu 0-13 = 99-36 tr. = 100-49 By calculation. Pisani refers here the massive dark Wewgultigerz analyzed by Klaproth, who obtained (I.e.) 822-00, Sb 21-50, Pb41'00, Ag 9'25, Pe 1'75, A1 3 O 3 I'OO, SiO 2 0'75 = 97'25, considering part of the silver as bere replaced by lead. Pyr. In the .open tube gives sulphurous and antimonial fumes, the latter Condensing as a white sublimate. B.B. on charc< antimony trioxide, and near the globule of silver. Obs. With argentite, siderite, and galena, in the Himmelsfilrst mine, at Freiberg in Saxony; at Kapnik in Hungary; at Ratieborzitz, the ore of which locality contains bismuth, according to Zincken ; at Fels5banya; at Hiendelencina in Spain, with argentite. red silver, siderite, galena, etc. In groups of acicular crystals of a bright steely grayish black color from C1YC>0 OU1L/U.U1 UlLO OiLlVi. tV U 1 1 LJJ.V7 LI Kl I ft UlUVOj VUV KfctLt/1. \j\JH Vl^UOlU fc jharcoal fuses easily, giving a coating, on the outer edge white, from r the assay yellow, from lead oxide; continued blowing leaves a 126 SULPHARSENITES, SULPHANTIMONITES, ETC. the Augusta Mt., Gunnison Co., Colorado (anal. 6). Formerly regarded as occurring at Pfibram, but this mineral is referred to diaphorite (Zeph.). Named after J. K. Freiesleben (1774-1846) ; tli 22 See Miller ' - L c< 3 Zeph - Ber - Ak - Wien * 63 (1) ' 130 ' 18n - D. Grtho- Division. K 3 As a S 6 , R 3 Sb a S e , etc.; also R 3 AsS 3 , etc. Bournoiiite Group. 3RS.(As,Sb,Bi) 2 S 3 . Orthorhombic. The crystalline form of only a part of the species provisionally included here is definitely known, 136. Bournonite 3(Cu a ,Pb)S.Sb a S 3 0-9380 : 1 : 0-8969 137. Wittichenite 3Cu a S.Bi a S 3 138. Aikinite 3(Pb,Cu 2 )S.Bi a S 3 0-9719 : 1 139. Boulangerite 3PbS.Sb 2 S 3 140. Lillianite 141. Stylotypite 3(Cu 2 ,Ag 2 ,Fe)S.Sb a S 9 0-941:1 142. Guitermanite 3PbS.As 2 S 3 ? Tapalpite 3Ag a (S,Te).Bi a (S,Te) 3 ? Pyrargyrite Group. 3 Ag a S. (As,Sb) 8 S 8 . Khombohedral, hemimorphic. 144 Pyrargyrite 3Ag 2 S.Sb a S 3 6 = 0-78916 145. Proustite 3Ag a S.As a S s 6 = 0-80393 146. Pyrostilpnite 3Ag a S.Sb a S, Monoclinic 0-3547 : 1 : 0-1782 90 147. Rittingerite Monoclinic 0-5280 : 1 : 0*5293 89 26' Bournonite Group. 136. BOURNONITE. Ore of Antimony (fr. Endellion) P. Rashleigh (Spec. Brit. Min., 1, 34, pi. xix., 1797. Triple Sulphuret of Lead, Antimony, and Copper B&urnon (with figs.), Phil. Trans., 30 r 1804; Ch. Hatchett (anal.), ib. 63., Bournonite, Antimonial Lend Ore, Jameson, Syst , 2, 579, 1805, 3, 372, 1816. Spiessglanzblei Karst., in Klapr. Beitr., 4, 82, 1S07. and Tab., 68, 1808. Plomb sulfure autimonif^re H., Tabl., 1809. Endellione Bourn., Cat. Miu., 409, 1813. Schwarz Spiesglanzerz Wern. Sehwarzspiessglaserz, Antimonbleikupferblende Germ. Anti- moine sulfure plumbo-cuprifere H., Tr.,4, 1822. Radelerz [ Wheel Ore] Kapnik miners. Eudelliouite Zippe, Char. Min., 213, 1859. Canutillo Span. 8. A. Prismatischer Spiesglas-Glanz Mohs, Char., 1820; Prismatoidischer Kupfer-Glanz Mbfis. Grundr., 2, 559, 1824. Antimonkupfer-Glanz Breith. Wdlchit Haid., Haudb., 564, 1845 Wolchite. Orthorhombic. Axes: a : b : c = 0*93797 : 1 : 0-89686 Miller 1 . 100 A 110 = *43 10', 001 A 101 = *43 43', 001 A Oil = 41 53}'. BOURNONITE QROJJPBOURNONITE. 127 Forms* r a (100, t-i) b (010, i-) c (001, 0) rj (310, i-3) e (210, j-2) J (320, t-f ) R (750, z-I) 6 #(11-8-0, i 1 (430, t-f) df (970, i-f ) * (540, -f ) 65 (340, f-f) a (230, i-|) /(ISO, i-2) * (130, t-8) S (3-10-0, *-J (140, *-4> IF '(560, r (1-0-13, T V 0(108, H)? T, ( 105 > H) 6 * (104, fi) # (207, f -i)? e (103, f I) F (205, f-i) e * (102, H) h (203, |-i) ft (304, |-i)? o (101, 1-0 cr (504, f-i)? 2 (201, 2-1) 8 (301, 34) , C (401, 4-1) K (013, H) y (023, |-i) (Oil, 14) ^(081, n (in, jj (H3, i) w (112, i) P (10-10-19. H) 6 ^(559, f) s ^(558, f) 5 1 (223, f ) ^ (334, f) ^ (HI, 1) 2) v (7-2 -14, I (316, 4-3) (214, i-2> 6 (213, f-2) * (212, 1-2) v (211, 2-2) A (7-4-14, H) 5 (17-17-12, A (332,f) T (885, f) (? (326, r (321, ff (431, 4-f )* F(454, f-|) F(355, 1-|) w> (346, |-f) (232, H)* <7(123, |-2) TT (122, 1-5) p (121, 2-2) r (134,|-) 9(131, 3) > H>* (144, 14) Miers 6 adds as doubtful forms: (610), (6'13'0), (5-16-0), (270), (350), (580), (190); (907); (0M4) (014); (445), (20-20-21), (12-12-11), (U'14-ll), (17-1711); (22-ll'34), .(10-80-88): (368), (132), (MO'9^ (1-18-19). d'" - 50 16* d$' 55 141 34' c? = 27 50' nit = 39 11' mm" = 64 ' = 86 = 56 6 2' 20' 8' O* rr' = wn = S2' 5= 61 83 139 45' 46i* 13' y ftp' = 49 56' 2. Fig v l. Harz, Levy. , 5, Kagyag, Zirkej. 3, Kapnik, Hbg..Scbrauf: 4, Harz, ZirkeJ. 6, Liskfeard, Miers. Twins:, tw. pi. w, often repeated forming cruciform and wheel-shaped crystals, with also enclosed twin lamellae. Crystals usually short prismatic to tabular; often aggregated in parallel position; prismatic faces often vertically striated, also/ macrodomes horizontally. Also massive; granular, compact. Cleavage: b imperfect; a, c less distinct. Fracture subconchoidal to ui 3V61^ Bather brittle. H. == 2 '5-3. G. = 5 -7-5 '9. Luster metallic, brilliant. Color and streak steel-gray, inclining to blackish lead-gray or iron-black. Opaque. 128 SULPHARSENITES, SULPHANTIMONITES, ETC. Comp. (Pb,Cu a ) 3 Sb,S 6 or 3(Pb,Cu 2 )S.Sb 2 S 9 = PbCuSbS, (if Pb : Cu, = 2 : 1) Sulphur 19-8, antimony 24-7, lead 42-5, copper 13'0 ;= 100. Anal. 1, Wait, Ch. News, 28, 271, 173. 2. Helmhacker, Min. Mitth., 86, 1875. 3,4, Hidegh, Zs. Kr., 8, 534, 1883, ref. 5, SipOcz, Zs. Kr., 11, 218, 1885. 6, Lesinsky, J. pr. Ch 40, 232, 1889. Also 5th Ed., p. 96. 1. Liskeard G. = 5'826 2. Pfibram 3. Fels&banya G. = 5'86 4. Kapnik G. = 5-737 5. Nagyag G. = 5'766 6. Neudorf S Sb As Pb Cu Ag 19-36 23-57 0'47 41.95 13 27 19-94 24-74 39'37 13'52 1 69 19-78 23-80 42-07 12.82 19-37 22-42 0'41 40'98 14'75 0'40 20-22 18-42 3-18 43'85 12'87 19-90 26 35 40-20 12'55 Fe 0-68 = 99-30 0-13 Zn 0-09 = 99-66 0-20 = 98-67 0-81 = 99 14 0-51 Mn 0-26, Zn 0'20 = 99 '51 gangue 0-50 = 99 '50 (f Pyr., etc.Jn the closed tube decrepitates, and gives a dark red sublimate. In the open tube gives sulphur dioxide, and a white sublimate of antimony trioxide. B.B. on charcoal fuses easily, and at first coats the coal white; continued blowing gives a yellow coating of lead oxide; the residue, treated with soda in R.F., gives a globule of copper. Decomposed by nitric acid, affording a blue solution, and leaving a residue of sulphur, and a white powder'containing anti- mony and lead. Obs. Occurs in the mines of Neudorf in the Harz (which in- clude the Meiseberg localities), where the crystals occasionally exceed an inch in diameter; also at Wolfsberg, Clausthal, and Andreasberg in the Harz; at Pfibram in Bohemia; with quartz, tetrahedrite, and phosphorescent sphalerite, at Kapnik in Hungary, in flattened crystals; at Servoz in Piedmont, associated with, pearl spar and quartz. Other localities are the parish of Brftunsdorf and Gersdorf in Saxony, Olsa in Carinthia, etc. ; Endellion at Wheal Boys in Cornwall, where it was first found, and hence called endellione, by Count Bournon, after whom it was subsequently named; in Mexico; at Huasco-Alto in Chili; Mina Beatriz, Sierra Gorda, Atacama; at Machacamarca in Bolivia; in Peru. In the U. S., at the Hoggs mine, Yavapai Co., Arizona (Blake), with pyrite, chalcopyrite, etc.; also from Montgomery Co., Arkansas, with galena, tetrahedrite, etc. (F. W. Gibb). Also reported from the Bear and Anvil Mts., San Juan Co., Colorado. In Canada, in the township of Marmora. Hastings Co., and Darling, Lanark Co., Ontario. Alt. Occurs altered to cerussite, malachite, azurite, and also (as Rammelsberg has shown) to the mineral called wolchite (Antimonkupferglanz Germ.), which occurs in similar crystals, with the same hardness and same sp. gr, (5 '88-5 -94 Kg.). It was originally from WOlch in Carinthia, but occurs also at Olsa, with true bournonite. Rammelsberg found, as the mean of 4 analyses (Min. Ch., 80, 1860), S 16'81, Sb 24'41, Pb 15'59, Cu 42'83, Fe 0'36 = 100, excluding the ad- mixed carbonate, sulphate, and antimonial salts of lead and copper, and some water. See Min. Ch., 102, 1875. Artif. On synthetic experiments, Doelter, Zs. Kr., 11 > 38, 1885. Also later (Anz. Ak. Wien, 101, 1890), where it is shown that bournonite when digested in water as a fine powder in a sealed tube at 80 is slightly soluble; in connection with these experiments crystals of the common twinned form were obtained. Ref. 1 Min. p. 201, 1852; cf. Rose, Pogg., 76. 291, 1849, and Zirkel, Ber. Ak. Wien, 45 (1), 431, 1862. 2 See Zirkel, 1. c. ; Hbg., Min. Not., 5, 32, 1863; Schrauf , Atlas, Tf . xxxvi-xxxviii, 1871-72; Miers, Min. Mag., 6, 59, 1884; Gdt., Index, 1, 327 et seq., 1886. 3 Zeph., Lotos, 1876. 4 Rath, Zs. Kr., 1, 602, 1877. 6 Groth, Min.-Samml., 61, 1871. Miers, 1. c. 137. WITTICHENITE. Kupferwismutherz 8ett>., Denks. d'Aerzte u. Nat. Schwab., 1, 419; Klapr., Beitr., 4, 91, 1807. Bismuth sulphure cuprifere FT. Cupreous Bismuth;. Cupriferous Sulphuret of Bismuth. Wismuth-Kupfererz Leonh., 1826. Wittichit Kbl. t Taf., 13, 1853. Wittichenit Kenng., Uebers., 1853, 118, 1855. Orthorhombic. In crystals resembling bournonite with a, b, c, m, 0, n, Breith. Massive and disseminated; also coarse columnar, or an aggregate of imperfect prisms. Fracture conchoidal. H; = 3'5. G. = 5, Hausm.; 4*3, Gallenbaeh, Hilger. Color steel-gray, tin-white, tarnishing pale lead-gray. Streak black. Comp. Cu 8 BiS 3 or 3Cu a S.Bi 5 S 3 = Sulphur 19-5, bismuth 42-1, = 100. Anal. 1, Petersen, Pogg., 136, Also 5th Ed., pp. 98, 99. copper 38-4 500, 1869. 2, G. LiudstrSm, G. F5r. FOrh., 9, 523, 1887. BO URN ONI TE GRO UP^-AIKTNITEBO ULANGERITE. 129 S Bi Cu Pb_ 1. Galleubach G. = 4'45 20-30 4M3 36'76 As 0-79, Sb 0'41, Ag 0'15, Zn 0-13, [Fe 0-35 = 100-03 2. Gladhammar G. = 6 70 17'70 42'94 20'86 18'04 Zn 0'06, Fe 0'68, insol. 0'16 = 100'44 It is a question wbetber anal. 2 belongs here; cf. lillianite. Pyr. ID the open tube gives sulphurous fumes and a white sublimate of bismuth sulphate. B.B. on charcoal fuses easily, at first throws out sparks, and coats the coal with bismuth trioxide, the residue with soda in R.F. gives a globule of metallic copper. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, with evolution of hydrogen sulphide; decomposed by nitric acid, with separation of sulphur. Obs. From cobalt mines with barite, near Wittichen, Baden; also at Zell, near Wolfach; at Christophsau near Freudenstadt. Chiefly at the Neugliick mine, Bockelsbach, also Autor> mine in Heubach, David mine in Silberberg, and King David (anal. 1.) in Gallenbach. A related mineral (anal. 2) occurs at Gladhammar, Sweden. Alt. Undergoes easy alteration, becoming yellowish brown, then red and blue externally, forming apparently covellite; also changing to a greenish earthy mineral, which is a mixture of malachite, bismuth oxide, and hydra te.d iron sesquioxide; also to an eartUy yellow bismutite and bismuth ochre. Sandberger. Jb Min., 274, 1865. Artif. Obtained by Schneider, Pogg., 127, 302, 1866. 138. AIKINITE. Nadelerz MoJis, Null's Kab., 3, 726, 1804. Bismuth sulfure plumbo- cuprifere H., Tabl.. 105, 1809. Needle Ore; Acicular Bismuth; Cupreous Bismuth. Aikinite Chapman, Min., 127. 1843. Patrinite Haid., Handb., 568, 1845. Belouit Qlock., Syu., 27, 1847. Aciculite Nicol, Min., 487. 1849. Orthorhombic. Axes: a : b = 0*9719 : l.Miers. Forms: b (010, i-l), e (210, i-2), m (110, /), /(120, i-2), i (130, *-3). Angles: ee'" = 51 50', mm'" = *88 22'. ff' = 54 27', ii = 37 52'; be = 64 5', bf = 27* 13|', bi = 18 56', measured 63 26', 26 34', 19 4'. Crystals embedded, acicular, longitudinally striated. Also massive. Fracture uneven. H. - 2-2-5. G. = 6 -1-6-8; 6;757 Frick. Luster metallic. Color blackish lead -gray, with a pale copper-red tarnish. Opaque. Comp. 3(Pb,Cu 2 )S.Bi 2 S 3 or (if Pb : Cu, = 2 : 1), PbCuBiS, ~ Sulphur 16-8, bismuth 36-2, lead 36-0, copper 11*0 = 100. Anal. 1, 2, Frick. Pogg., 31, 529, 1834. 3, Chapman, Phil. Hag., 31, 541, 1847. 4, gej inann, J. pr. Ch., 75, 452, 1858. S Bi Pb Cu Ni 1. Berezov G. = 6-757 1605 34'62 35'69 1179 = 98'15 2. " 1661 36-45 36'05 10'59 = 99'70 3. " G. = 6-1 18-78 27-93 40-10 12'53 = 99-34 4. 16-50 34-87 36 81 10'97 0'36 Au 09 = 99'10 Pyr., etc. In the open tube gives sulphurous fumes, and also a white sublimate, which may be fused into clear drops that are white on cooling; the assay becomes surrounded with a |>lack fused oxide, which on cooling is transparent and greenish yellow. B.B. on charcoal fuses and gives a white coating, yellow on the edge nearest the assay; with the fluxes, reactions for copper, and after long blowing a globule of metallic copper. Decomposed by nitric acid, with separation of sulphur and lead sulphate. Obs. Occurs at Berezov near Ekaterinburg, Urals, with gold, malachite, and galena, in white quartz. In the United States perhaps at Gold Hill, Rowan Co., N. Carolina (possibly cosalite, Genth). Ref, Berezov, Min. Mag., 8, 206, 1889; Miers gives 410 instead of 210, but the former does not agree with the measured angle. Hoernes gave a prismatic angle of 70. 139. BOULANGERITE. Plomb antimonie sulfure Boulanger, Ann. Mines, 7, 575, 1835. Schwefelantimonblei Antimonbleiblende Germ. Sulphuret of Antimony and Lead. Boulan- gerit Thaulow, Pogg., 41, 216, 1837; Bausm., ib., 46, 281. Embrithite, Plumbostib, Breith., J. pr. Ch., 10, 442, 1837. In plumose masses, exhibiting on the fracture a crystalline structure; also granular and compact. H. = 2-5-3. G. = 5-75-6-0. Luster metallic. Color bluish lead-gray; often covered with yellow spots from oxidation. Opaque. Comp. Pb 3 Sb 2 S 6 or 3PbS.Sb 2 S 3 = Sulphur 18'3, antimony 22-8, lead zz 100. 130 SULPHARSENITES. 8ULPHANTIMONITE8, ETC. Anal. 1, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 45, 320, 1868. 2, 3, Rath, Pogg., 136, 430, 1869. 4, 5 Frenzel, J. pr. Ch., 2, 360, 1870. Also 5th Ed., pp. 99, 795. S Sb Pb Ag 1. Echo Distr.. Nevada 17'9l 26'85 5482 tr. Fe 0'42 = 100 2. Silbersand G. = 5'935 18'62 22 93 55-82 = 97-37 3. " 18-51 25-65 5614 = 100'30 4. Ptumbostib G. = 6'17 | 18 "09 20'49 59 '54 Cu 0'88 = 99 '00 5. Embrithite G. = 6*32 18'08 21-47 59-30 *- Cu 0'80 = 99'65 The last two correspond nearly to 10PbS.3Sb a S 8 , but the material analyzed may not hare been quite pure. Cf. Guitermanite. Pyr. Same as for zinkenite. Obs. Quite abundant at Molieres, department of Gard, in France; also found at Nasafjeld in Lapland; at Nerchinsk; Obpr-Lahr in Sayn-Altenkirchen ; Silbersand near Mayen in the JSifel; Wolfsberg in the Harz; Pribram in Bohemia; near Bottino in Tuscany, both massive, 1 acicular, and fibrous. Also in aeicular crystals embedded in quartz in Echo District, Union county, Nevada. Named after C. L. Boulanger (1810-1849). Embrithite is from the locality of boulaugerite at Nerchinsk. It is granular in texture, of a. lead-gray color. Named from ejufipiQrfs, Jieavy. Plumbostib is also, from Nerchinsk; it is columnar to fibrous in structure. Named from plumbum and stibium. 140. LILLIANITE. H. F. Keller, Zs. Kr., 17, 67, 1889. Kobellitep*. Massive, crystalline. Luster metallic. Color steel-gray. Streak black. Opaque. Comp. Pb 3 Bi,S 6 = 3PbS.Bi 3 S, = Sulphur 15-7, bismuth 33-8, lead 50'5 = 100. Also Pb,BiSbS 3 = Sulphur 16'9, bismuth 18*2, antimony 10'5, lead 54*4 = 100. Further the lead may be in part replaced by silver, in anal. 1-3, Pb : Ag = 4 : 1. Anal.-l-3, H. F. & H. A. Keller, J. Am. Ch. Soc., 7, 194, 1885. 4. Rg., Ber. Ak. Berlin* 237, 1862, after deducting 5'61 cobaltite, 3'67 chalcopyrite. 5, Gent, Rg., Min. Ch., 100, 1875. S Bi Sb Pb Ag Cu 1. Colorado 15-21 32-62 43'94 5'78 tr. - 97'55 2. " 15-27 33-31 44'28 5'49 0'03 = 98-38 3. " 15-19 33-89 44*03 5'72 tr. = 98-83 4. Sweden G. = 6145 16-85 18 68 10'59 52-09 Fe 0'43 = 98-64 5. " 17-62 1789 10*14 50'66 1'46 Fe 1 -70 = 99-47 Obs. From Hvena, Sweden, with cobaltite and chalcopyrite. Cf. Kobellite. p. 123. In the U. S., an argentiferous variety occurs with galena in the mines of the Lillian Mining Co., Printerboy Hill, near Leadville, Colorado. 141. STYLOTYPITE. Stylotyp v. Kobell, Ber. Ak. Mttnchen, 1, 163, 1865. . Orthorhombic; prismatic angle 86i approx. Twins: cruciform, angle of intersection near 90. Fracture imperfectly conchoidal, uneven. Brittle. H. = 3. G. = 4*79. Luster metallic. Color iron-black; streak black. Comp. 3(Cu a , Ag,,Fe)S.Sb a S>, the species being an iron-silver-copper bournonite (ratio Cu a -f- Ag a : Fe = 2 : 1, and Cu a : Ag a = 6 : 1) = Sulphur 25-0, antimoBy 31-3, copper 28'3, silver $-1, iron 7'3 = 100. Anal.-Kobell, 1. c.: S 24-30 Sb 30-53 Cu 28'00 Ag 8'30 Fe 7'00 Pb, Zn tr. = 98-13 Pyr., etc.B.B. decrepitates, and fuses very easily. On charcoal a steel-gray globule, -which is magnetic; fumes of antimony Obs. From Copiapo in Chili. Named from oruAos, column, and Tvno$,form, in allusion to the columnarjorm, in whica it differs from tetrahedrite, although approaching it in composition. A related mineral from the Great Eastern mine, Park county, Colorado, has been examined l>y Page. Structure crystalline. H. = 4. G. = 4'S9. Color steel-gray. Streak dark red. An 82688 Sb 34-47 Cu 23'20 Pb 1-19 Zn 7*14 Fe 1'38 gangue 5'8G = IQO'12 PYRARGYITE GROUP PYRARGYITE. 131 The copper is stated to be present one half as Cu 2 S, the rest as CuS (Ch. News, 46, 215. 1882). DuBBELDTITE Haimondi, Mineroux du Perou, p. 125, 1878. In- masses with indistinct fibrous structure, also in tine needles. H. = 2'5. G. = 5-40 Color light gray. Luster metallic. Associated with quartz as gangue. After deduction ox impurities (3T3 p. c. gangue), the composition is : S 24-15, Sb 30-52, Pb 25'81, Ag 7'34, Cu 1'86, Fe 2-24, Mn 8' 08.= 100. From the Irismachay mine, Auquimarca, province Cajatambo, Peru. Named afttjt Richard Durfeldt. 142. GUITERMANITE. Billebrand, Proc. Col. Sc. Soc., 1, 129, 1884. Massive, compact. H. = 3. G. = 5-94. Luster metallic. Color bluish gray. Opaque. Comp. A sulphide of arsenic and lead, 10PbS.3As,S s or 3PbS.As 2 S 3 . Analysis, after deducting 2'6 lead sulphate, also free sulphur and pyrite, gangue, etc.: S 19-49 As 14-33 Pb 65'99 Cu 0'19 = 100 The formula 10PbS.3As 3 S 3 requires : S 19'5, As 14-4, Pb 66'1 = 100; but an analysis Of purer material is needed to settle the composition. It may prove to conform to the general formula of the preceding group, i.e., 3PbS.As 2 S 3 = Sulphur 20'0, arsenic 15'6, lead 64'4 = 100. Obs Occurs intimately mixed with zunyite at the Zuni mine, near Silverton, San Juan Co.. Colorado. Named for Mr. Franklin Guiterman. 143. TAPALPITE. Pedro L. Monroy, A. del Castillo, Naturaleza, 1, 76, 1869. Tellurwia- muthsilber fiammelsberg, Zs. G. Ges., 21, 81, 1869. Granular, massive. Sectile, somewhat brittle. G. = 7*803. LilSter metallic. Color pale steel-gray, inclining to lead-gray, tarnished'. Comp. A sulpho-telluride of bismuth and silver, perhaps 3Ag a (S,Te).Bi a (S,Te) 9 (if S : Te = 3 : 2) = Tellurium 20'3 3 sulphur 7'8, bismuth 28'1, silver 43 '8 = 100. Anal. 1, Rg.,1. c. 2, 3, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 24, 41, 1887, after deducting 7-8 p. C. jjalena. These analyses vary widely; the above formula is based on those of Genth. Te S Bi Ag Cu 1. 24-10 3-32 48-50 23'35 tr. = 99'27 2. 19-76 8-07 28-41 43/76 =,100 3. G. = 7-74 21-67 7'25 24*99 46-09 = 100 Pyr. Fuses easily in the closed tube, giving a faint white sublimate. B.B. on charcoal gives off fumes and leaves a white and yellow coating; finally yields a silver globule. Dissolved in the cold by nitric acid forming a green solution, which on heating becomes colorless with a white precipitate. Obs. Occurs at San Antonio mine, San Rafael district, Sierra de Tapalpa, Jalisco-; Mexico. Pyrargyrite Group. 144. PYRARGYRITE. Argeutum rude rubrum pt. Germ. Rothgolderz, Agnc. 362, Interpr., 462, 1546. Argeutum rubri cploris pt., Gemein Rothguldenerz, Gesner., Foss., 62, 1565. Rothgylden pt. , Argentum arsenico pauco sulphure et ferro mineralisatum pt., Miuera argenti rubra var. opaca, var. nigrescens, Wall., 310, 1747. Mine d'argent rouge Fr. TrL Wall., 1753. Ruby Silver Ore pt., Red Silver Ore pt., Hill, Foss, 1771. Dunkles Rothgiiltigerz, Lichtes id. pt., Wern., 1789. Dark Red Silver Ore; Antimonial Red Silver. Argent antimonie sulfurept, H., Tr., 1801. Argent rouge antimoniale Proust., J. Phys., 59, 407, 1804. Prosit Selb, Denks. Nat. Schwab., 1, 311, Tasch. Min., 401, 1817. Rubinblende pt. Mdhs. Antimon- silberblende. Pyrargyrit Glock., Handb., 388, 1831. Argyrythrose Beud., Tr., 2, 430, 1832- Argento rosso antimoniale Hal. Rosicler oscuro Span. Petlanque Mexico. Rhombohedral; hemimorphic. Axis: 6 = 0-78916; OOQ1 A 1011 = 42 Miers*. 132 SULPHARSENITES, SULPHANTIMONITES, ETC. Forms': G t (7189. = 5 ) r t (5-3-8-11, T 2 T 4 ) 63(2358, -P) c (0001, 0) q (5388, | 4 ) f (1235, A 3 ) m (lOlO, /) I (5167, | ) L (5386, i 4 ) d (1222, -V) a (1120, z.2) to (5164, I 1 ) P (5385, f ) (3698, - 3 ) r (4150, z-f) (4156, ^ r (5382, I 4 ) 7(5-10'l5-8, - C (3140, t-f ) (2130, i-f) n (4153, I 5 ) 0(14-4-18'13, U 1 ) S (21-13-34-26, ^ ? ) 7 (17 11-286. lY) a (2573, -1') U (1014, \) X< \ _ ^ 1 3 / . 20 (3145, ?') T(3257, | 5 ) 6(1344, -i 2 ) j (5058, |) ^ (3142, 1) cr(3254, ^ 5 ) V (5056, g) a (3034, f ) /7 (3032, f ) (8 -311 -8, f 1 *) F(12-5-17-10. -r 7 ^') 5 #(3251, I 5 ) A (19-13 32-6, 1^) W (7 5-12 8, | 6 ) A l (17-13 30-4, l v ) p (2797, -f 1 ) F (4- 15- 19 -4, -i fl (1451, -3 ! ) A/ (0118, -)' .(0112, -) A (0332, -|) 3 * (0221, -2) s (7-3-IO-4, I 1 ) i (2134, ^ 3 ) p(2!32, | 3 )? A; (10-5 15-8, | 3 ) T! (4-3-7-10, T V) B(4376, ^) 2 (4374, y) C (4371, I 1 ) ^r (9-7-16-2, I 8 ) #(2-9-11 2, -|^ ? (4-20 24-11, - P(1562, -2^) JT (0772, |) /(0551, -5) (2131, I 3 ) F l (11 -6 17-12, T 5 ^) t, (14-11-25-15, ^) Z (5491, I 9 ) S (2- 13-15-7. - p (1123, f-2) A (2243, f-2) C (9-5 14-4, I 1 ) m (6 5-11 .7, V 1 ) Tti (7-6-13-19, j^ 13 ) 6(2-15 17-8, - J f) (4483, |-2) A (7 -4 -11 -15, I**) 2Vi (17-15-32-2, I 16 ) G (l-9-10-l,-8 i J>(17-li8-l, 16 s ) Z (11 1 12-1, 10 f ) x (7-4-1! 8, f v ) F (7 -4 -11 -6, f* 1 ) /(4595,- 9 ) D (1-12 13-1,-] cu = '2 50' rr' = *71 22' gg* = 29 IT EE' = 26 34' ca = 34 21' nrr = 88 4i' w' = 74 25' PP' = 16 38' <;r = 42 20f TT = 104 C 56' OT T = 35 12' gq' = 14 51' en = 53 49' ee = 42 5' ^vi _ 490 4 g- cT = 66 18' 55' = 98 48' y^v _ 41 29' 7 = 19 12* ce = 24 30' rr' = 111 27' yy' = 70 37' ay = 15 34' cs = 61 15' ff = 115 32' yy* = 45 20' av = 24 54' Y (5382, 1) } y (3251, 1) A (19-13-32-6, 1 MM' = 29 15' MM v = 49 47' ace = 28 31' aa' = 76 1' PP' = 16 41' pp* _ 92 59' !P(4377, T) d (1232, -* 3 ) J/(3587, -$ 4 ) a (2573, - 1 4 > P (1562, -2*) ay = 15 20' X = 18 554 av' = 24 34' ar' = 53 54' mv = 28 56' Twins: tw. pi. (1) u (1014), common, some times as "tw. lamellae; (2) r, also common; (3) c, (4) e, both rare, cf. pyrargyrite. Crystals often acute rhombohedral or scalenohedral. Also massive, compact. Cleavage: r distinct. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. ==.2~5J-5. G. = 5-57-5-64; 5 '57 if pure. Luster adamantine. Color scarlet- vermilion; streak same, also inclined to aurora- red. Transparent to translucent. Optically negative. Double refraction strong. Dichroism weak || 6 = cochineal-red, || a blood -red. Indices, Fizeau Dx.*: Comp. Ag 3 AsS, or 3Ag a S.As a S, = Sulphur 19'4, arsenic 15'2, silver 65'4 = 100. PTEOSTILPNITE. 135 Anal. 1, Petersen. J. pr. Ch., 106, 144, 1869. 2, Rethwisch, Jb. Min., BeiUBd., 4, 94, 1886. 6-7, G. T. Prior, Min. Mag., C, 98, 1888. G. S As Sb Ag 1. Wittichen 20-16 15'57 tr. 63'38 = 99'11 2. Chafiarcillo 5'555 19'52 15'03 65'10 = 99 65 3. Mexico 5'57 19'52 14'98 65'39 = 99 89 4. Chanarcillo 5'59 19'24 14'81 0'59 65'37 = 100-01 5. " 5-58 19-31 14-89 0'26 65'38 = 99'84 6. " 5-64 19-64 13'85 1-41 65-06 = 99 96 7. Saxony? 19'54 [12'29] 3 -74 64'43 = 100 Probably too higb. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube fuses easily, and gives a faint sublimate of arsenic trisulphide; in the open tube sulphurous fumes and a white crystalline sublimate of arsenic trioxide. B.B. on charcoal fuses and emits odors of sulphur and arsenic; by prolonged heating in O.F., or with soda in R.F., gives a globule of pure silver. Some varieties contain antimony. Decomposed by nitric acid, with separation of sulphur. Obs. Occurs at Freiberg, Johanngeorgenstadt, Marienberg, and Annaberg in Saxony; at Joachimsthal in Bohemia; Wolfach in Baden; Markirchen in Alsace; Chalanches in Dauphine; Guadalcanal in Spain; in Mexico; Peru; Chili, near Copiapo, at Chanarcillo in magnificent crystallizations, some crystals 3 inches long. In Colorado, Ruby Distr., Gunnison Co.; Sheridan mine, San Miguel Co.; Yankee Girl mine, Ouray Co. In Arizona, with silver ores at various points. In Nevada, in the Daney mine, and in Comstock lode, but rare; in veins about Austin, Lander Co.; in 'microscopic crystals in Cabarrus Co., N. C., at the McMakin mine; in Idaho, at the Poorman lode, with pyrargyrite, native silver and gold, and cerargyrite. Named after the French chemist, J. L. Proust (1755-1826). Ref. ' Cf. references under pyrargyrite; earlier authors have not attempted to separate the forms characteristic of proustite from those of pyrargyrite. 146. PYROSTILPNITE. Feuerblende Breith., Char., 285. 333, 1832. Fireblende Dana, Min., 543, 1850. Pyrostilpnite, Dana, Min., 93, 1868. Pyrichrolite Adam, Tabl. Min., 60, 1869. Pyrochrotit BreitTiaupt, Frenzel, Min. Lex. Sachsen, 252, 1874. Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 = 0-35465 : 1 : 0-17819; = 90 = 100 A 001 Luedecke 1 . 100 A HO = 19 31f ', 001 A 101 = 26 40J', 001 A Oil = 10 6}'. Forms: c (001, 0) d (140, i-l) n (121, -2-2) 77(121, 2-fc) a (100, ) j d (101 ^ W) p (141, - 4-4) 7> = 75 7' pp' = 64 59' **' = 109 18' an = 64 40' 'oca = *29 46f oo 1 = *110 11' 65' =70 21' ap = 67 45' itit' - 35 20' Twins: tw. pL a. In slender prismatic crystals, tabular || b; faces b striated | edges b/oo, b/c*>'. Usually grouped in small tufts resembling stilbite. Cleavage: b perfect. Somewhat fusible. Fracture conchoidal. H. = 2. G. = 4-2-4-25. Luster adamantine, on b pearly. Color hyacinth-red. Trans- lucent. Extinction (b) inclined 8-ll to 6, .or extinction-angle 16-22 in twins. Comp. Same as pyrargyrite, Ag 3 SbS 3 Or 3Ag a S.Sb a S, = Sulphur 17*8, antimony 22-3, silver 59 -9 = 100. AnaL-Hampe, Zs. Kr.. 6, 572, 1882. S 18-11 Sb 22-30 Ag 59'44 = 99'85 Plattuer's early trials gave 62'3 p. c. silver. Pyr. Like pyrargyrite. Obs. A rare mineral at Andreasberg in the Harz, with native arsenic, galena, etc.; also at foe Kurprinz and other mines near Freiberg; at Reichstadt, near Altenberg: at Pfibram and probably at Schemnitz. Cf. also rittingerite. Named from nvp, fire, and crrjATryfc, shining, in allusion to the color. Ref. 1 Andreasberg, Zs. Kr., 6, 570. 1882. 136 SULPHARSENITES. SULPHANTIMONITES. ETC. 147. RITTINGERITE. Rittingerit Zippe, Ber. Ak. Wien, 9, 2, 345, 1852. Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0-52801 : 1 : 0-52934; ft = *89 26' = 100 A 001 Schrauf '. 100 A 110 = 27 50', 001 A 101 = 45 21J', 001 A Oil = 27 53J'. Forms 1 : d(0-16'3, y-i) e (334, - f) q (16-16-3,-- 1 /) 77 (334, f) p (332, f) e (001, 0) /(115, -*) p(lll,-l) 0(115, i) Trail, 1) Q (16-16-3, ^J , 7) 0(112, -i) r(332, -|) a? (112, 1) WM'" = *55 40' dd' = 141 0' co = 29 25' c e 48 18' cr = 59 10' cw = 89 30' CGO = 29 40' en = *48 52' cp "= 59 55' 00' = 26 31' pp' = 40 4r <' = 26 43' K7t' = 41 11' ap = 48 11' a'* = 48 44' pit = 83 5' In very small crystals, tabular || c; sometimes twins with tw. pi. a and c. Cleavage : c imperfect. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. =2-2-5. G.=5*634 Luster submetallic-adamantine. Color blackish brown to iron-black by reflected light. Translucent and dull honey-yellow to hyacinth-red by transmitted fcght. Streak orange-yellow. Comp. A compound of arsenic, selenium, and silver, with 57'7 p. c. Ag, Schrauf, 1. c. Obs. From Joachimsthal, Bohemia, with proustite, argentite, galena. Also from Schemnitz, Hungary, on quartz with pyrargyrite, pyrite, and probably pyrostilpnite. Named after Rittinger, an Austrian mining official. A mineral from Chanarcillo, Chili, described by Streng (Jb. Min. 917, 1878, 547, 1879) as pyrostilpnite, has the angles of rittingerite (Schrauf, ibid., 144, 1879) and may belong .here; for this Streng (Jb. Min., 1, 57, 1886) suggests the composition Ag 3 As(o,Se) 3 analogous to pyro- stilpnite. Groth places rittingerite near stephanite, basing his conclusion upon the silver per- .centage given above, and a certain resemblance in form noted by Schrauf. Ref. Ber. Ak. Wien, 65 (1), 227, 1872. , E Basic Division. Tetrahedrite Group. 4RS.(Sb,As) a S 3 . Isometric, tetrahedral. 4Cu 2 S.Sb a S 3 148. Tetrahedrite 4Cu 2 &(Sb,As) a S 3 149. Tennantit 4Cu 2 S.As 2 S, Also 4Cu,S.(Sb,Bi) a S, 4(Cu a ,Ag 2 )S.Sb 3 S s 4(Cu a ,HgJS.Sb a S, 4(Cu a ,Pb)S.Sb a S f 150. Jordanite 151. Meneghinite 152. Geocronite 153. Stephanite 154. Kilbrickenite 155. Beegerite Richmondite a:b:6 4PbS.As 2 S 3 Orthorhombic 0-5375 : 1 : 2-0305 4PbS.Sb 2 S 3 " 0-5289 : 1 : 0-3632 5PbS.Sb 2 S s 5Ag 2 S.Sb 2 S 3 0-5805 : 1 : 0*5028 0-6291 : 1 : 0-6851 6PbS.Sb 2 S 3 6PbS.Bi 2 S 3 TETRAHEDRITE GROUP TETRAHEDRITE TENNANTITE. 137 : c 156, Polybasite 9Ag,S.Sb 2 S 9 0*5793 : 1 : 0-9131 157. Polyargyrite 12Ag 2 S.Sc,S 3 148-149. TETRAHEDRITE TENNANTITE. Tetrahedrite. Argentum arsenico cupro et ferro mineralisatum, Falerts, Grauerts, Mfnent .rgenti grisea, Wall., 313, 1747. Falerz, Argentum cupro et antimonio sulph. mineraMsatuni; Cronst., 157, 1758; Pyrites cupri griseus, Fahlkupfererz, Cronst., 175, 1758. Argentum cinereunj crystallis pyramidatis trieonie v. Born, Lithoph., 1, $2, 1772. Cuprum cinereum cryst. trigonis, etc., v. Born, ib., 108." Fablevz, Kupferfahlerz, Schwarzerz pt., Antimonfahlerz, Germ. Graugiltigerz Germ. pt. Mine de cuivre grise de Lisle, Crist., 3, 315 (with figs, cryst.), 1783. Cuivre gris Fr. Cobre gris, Pavonado Span. Gray Copper Ore. Panabase Betid., Tr., 2, 43#, 1832. Tetraedrit Raid.. Handb.. 563, 1845. Clinoedrit pt., Fahlit, Breith.. B. H. Ztg. f 25, 181. Argentif.: Argentum rude album pt. Agric., Foss., 362, 1546. Weisgylden, Minera argenti alba pt., Wall.. 312, 1747; Croustedt, 156, 1758. Weissgiiltigerz pt. , Silberfahlerz, -Graugiltigerz pt., Schwarzgiltigerz pt., Germ. Aphthouite Svariberg Berz. JB., 27, 236, 1848. Freibergit Kenng., Min., 117, 1853. Polytelit KbL, Taf., 10, 1853 fnot of Glock., Syn., 31, .1847]. Leukargyrit Weisbach, Synops. Min., 62, 1875. Mercurial: S'chwarzerz pt. Wern. Quecksilberfahlerz Germ. Graugiltigerz pt. Hausm. Spaniolith KbL, Min. Namen, 98, 1853 Schwatzit Kenng., Min., 1. c., 1853. Hermesit Breitft., B. H. Ztg., 25, 182. Malinowskite JSaimotuK, Domeyko Min. Chili, 5 App. 1876; Min. Perou, 122, 1878. Nepaulite Piddington. J. Asiat. Soc., 23, 170, 1854. Studerite Fellenberg, Mitth. Ges. Bern, 178, 1864. Coppite Bechi, A. D'Achiardi, Min. Tosc., 2, 341, 1873. Frigidite A. D'Achiardi, Att. Soc. Tosc., 172, 1881. Nickelfahlerz Arzruni, Zs. Kr., 7, 629, 1884. Kobaltfahlerz 8andberger t Jb. Min., 584. 1865. Tennantite. Gray Sulphuret of Copper in dodecahedral crystals Sowerby, Brit. Min., 1817. Tennantite Wm, & R. Phillips, Q. J. Sc., 7, 95, 100, 1819. Arsenikalfahlerz Germ. Kupfer- blende Breith., Clar., 131. 251, 1823, Ptfgg., 9, 613, 1827. Sandbergerit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 25. 187, 1866. Erythroconite Adam, Tabl. Min., 59, 1869. Ziukfahlerz Germ. Julianite WebOat, Zs. G. Ges.. 23, 486, 1871. Fredricit Hj. Sjogren, G. F5r. Forh., 5, 82, 1880. Annivite Brauns, Mitth. Ges. Bern, 57, 1854. Rionite Brauns, Petersen, Jb. Min., 590, 1870. Kobaltwismuthfahlerz Sandberger, ErzgSnge, 392, 1885. Isometric; tetrahedral. Observed forms 1 : D r (332. f ) n (211, 2-2) 0' (611. - 6-6) ^("'9-9. V~W y, (681. - M? ( 12 ' 7 ' 5 ' ~ ") ^ (221, 2) TwinsV (1) tw. pi. o, contactrtwins with the comp.-face either || or J_ to the tw. pi., and penetration-twins, both common, twinning often repeated; also rarely twins {2) with axes parallel and symmetrical with "reference to a cubic plane. Habit tetrahedral; crystals sometimes in parallel position 6 , as. on chalcopyrite, sphalerite. Also massive; granular, coarse or fine; compact. Cleavage none. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Bather brittle. H. = 3-4 -5. G. == 4'4-5-L Luster metallic, often splendent. Color between flint* gray and iron-black. Streak like color, sometimes inclining to brown and cherry* red. Opaque; sometimes subtranslucent (cherry-red) in very thin splinters. Comp., Van For TETRAHEDRITE, essentially Cu^b.S, or 4Cu 8 S.Sb 8 S 3 =Sulphur 23-1, antimony 24'8, copper 52*1 = 100. For*TENNANTiTE. essentially Cu K As 2 S. or 4Cu_S.As S. = Sulphur 25-5. arsenic 17-0, copper 57-5 = 100. Antimony and arsenic are usually both present and thus these two species graduate into each other and no sharp line can be drawn between them. There are also varieties containing bismuth, chiefly at the arsenical end of the series. Further the copper is replaced by iron zinc, silver, mercury, lead, and rarely cobalt and nickel, and in traces tin (Sandb ) and perhaps platinum,' 138 SULPHARSENITES, SULPHANTIMONITES, ETC. 1. Tetrahedrite. ANTIMONIAL SERIES. Var. 1. Ordinary; lichtes Fahlerz Germ. Contains little or no silver. Color steel-gray to dark gray and iron- black. G. = 4 -75-4 '9. 2. Argentiferous; Frvibergite, Weissgiltigerz Germ. Color usually steel-gray, lighter than the ordinary varieties; sometimes iron-black; streak often reddish. G. = 4'85-5'U. 3. Mercurial; Schwatzite. Color dark gray to iron-black. Luster often dull. G. = 5*10 chiefly. Breithaupt attempted to distinguish varieties here under the names spaniolite and hermesite. 4. PluiHbiferous. Here belongs malinowskite, also .a variety from Arizona (anal. 34), per- haps also polytelite, p. 141. Other varieties, more or less closely conforming to the tetrahedrite formula, occur, containing iron, nickel, and cobalt, in considerable amount. Platinum occurs in an ore from Guadalcanal, Spain, according to Vauquelin,, Pigs. I. 2, Simple forms. 3, after Sbk. 4, 5, Dillenburg, Cramer. 6, Clausthal, Sbk. II. Tennantite. ARSENICAL SERIES. Var. 1. The original tennantite from Cornwall contains only copper and iron (to 9 '75 p. c., Phillips). In crystals, habit dodecahedral, also cleavage d in traces. G. = 4- 37-4 '49. Color blackish lead-gray to iron-black. 2. Kupferblende Germ., Sandbergerite. Contains zinc in considerable amount. Fredricite from Sweden has, besides copper, also iron, lead, silver, and tin. Rionite and annivite carry bismuth in considerable amount as well as antimony. wismuthkobaltfahlerz of S>andberger with bismuth has also cobalt. I. ANTIMONIAL SERIES. 8, Raimondi, Min. Perou, 114, 1878. 9, Rg., Min. Ch., 107, 1875. 10, Untchj, Mitth, Ver. Steiermark, p. 60, 1872, Jb. Min., 874, 1872. 11, Becke. Min. Mitth,, 273, 1877. 12, 13, Bibra, J. pr. Ch., 96, 204. 1865; 14. Hidegh, 1. c. 15, Genth, Am. J., Sc., 45, 320, 1868. 16, Com. stock, ib.. 17, 401, 1879. 17, 18. Nilson, Zs. Kr., 1, 417, 1877. 19. Hidegh, 1. c. 20, 21, Rg. Pogg., 77, 251,^1849. 22, Forbes, Phil. Mag., 34, 350, 1867. 23, Burton, Am. J. Sc., 4&, 320, 1868. 24. H. Rose, Pogg., 15, 579, 1829 (also other an als.). 25, Mann. Babanek, Min: Mitth., 6,. 82, 1884. 26, H. Rose, 1. c. 27,28. Carl v. Hauer, Jb. G. Reichs., 98. 1852 (and other analyses). 29. Kersten, Pogg., 59,131, 1843. 30, Weidenbusch, Pogg., 76, 86, 1849. 31, .Rath, ib., 96, 322, 1855. 32, (Ellacher, Jb. Min., 596, 1865. 33, Raimondi, Domeyko. Min. Chili, 6th App., 1876, and Min. Perou, 122, 1878; 29'3 p. c. gangue have been deducted, other analyses pn still more impure material are given. 34, F. W. Clarke and Mary E. Owens, Am, Ch. J., 2, 173, 1880 35, Bechi, 1. c. 36, Funaro, quoted by D'Achiardi, 1. c. 37, Fellenberg. 1. c. 83, 39, Hilger, Jb. Min., 586, 592, 1865. TETRAHEDRITE ORO UP TETRAHEDRITE TENNANTITE. 139 Sb As Cu Fe Za Ag 1. Ordinary. 1. 2. 3. Liskeard Newburyport Andreasberg G. G. = 5-09 = 4-90 23-95 27-60 | 25-22 23-97 25-87 27-38 tr. 0-67 44-08 35-85 37 18 2-17 2-66 3-94 3-64 5-15 5-00 4 Kahl G. = 4-75 259 24-9 2-6 36-3 3-6 4 5 5. Kapnik G. = 491 2531 24-21 2-88 37-83 094 7 25 6. Lake City, Col. G. = 4-885 | 25-97 25-51 322 37-68 0-64 7 15 7. Herrengrund G. = 4-77 25-75 22-82 4-75 3981 4-75 1 44 s: Cajabamba 23-51 17-21 767 42-00 828 49 9. Musen G. = 4 793 25-46 1915 4-93 39-88 3-43 3 50 10. Brixlegg 25-59 20-44 6-96 39-37 3-26 4-43 11. " G. = 4-721 26-55 15-80 8-50 40-84 1-44 6 26 12. Algodou, 21-14 1164 20-05 38-72 633 13. " 19-66 18-00 1930 36-35 4-29 14. Nagyag G. = 4-61 26-52 1135 12-07 39-75 1-77 5 55 2. Argentiferous. 15. Prescott, Arizona 16. Huallanca. Peru G. = 17. G&Tdsjo,aphlhoniteG. - 18. 19. Kapnik G. = UO. Meiseberg, mass. G. = "21. " cry si. G. = Isle of Man G. = 2697 24-67 tr. 38-16 1-05 6-23 4-70 | 26-74 906 1349 39-09 5-46 214 4-53 24-16 27-48 36-53 0-79 4-73 22-78 2613 36-96 2-84 4-72 4-885 24-25 2563 1-08 32-59 0-90- 5-77 4-53 24-69 25-74 32-46 4-19 3-00 4:852 24-80 2656 30-47 352 3-39 4-97 27-48 24-85 22-62 4-80 4-65 23. Star City, Nevada G. = 5'0 f 24'44 27'60 27'41 4'27 24. Wolfnch 23'52 26-63 25'23 3'72 25. Pfibram, Weissgiltigerz 24*9 23 10'8 2'4 26. Freiberg ' 2117 24'63 14'8t 5/98 1-31 = 99-12 2 30 = 99-43 1-58 = 100-97 0-5 Co 0-5, Bi tr. = 1-32 = 99-74 [98-8 0-60 Bi 0-37, Mn 010 [= 101-24 0-05 = 99'37 0-55 = 99-71 0-60Ni,Col-64=98'59 = 100-05 0-23 = 99-62 0-45 Pb.Hgfr. =98-33 0-58 Hg tr. = 98-ia . 0-29 Mn 1-23 = 98'53 3-21 = 100-29 3-86 = 99 84 6-15 = 99-84 6-07 = 99-50 6-76 Mn 0-83 a 97*81 7.55 = 97 63 3-39 10 48 Pb 0-78 a 100' 99-74 2-31 14-54 3 10 17-71 = 99-91 2-0 26-1 Pb 10-8 = 100 0-99 31-29 = 9887 | = 100-57 Sb As Cu Fe Zn Ag Hg 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 3. Mercurial. Poratscb G. = 4 733 G. = 5-107 V. di Castello G. = 5-092 Schwatz G. = 5-107 Kotterbach G = 5 '356 Moschellands- berg G. = 5*095 24-89 24-37 |24-17 22-96 f 22-53 21*90 30-18 25-48 27-47 21-35 19-34 23-45 tr. tr. 2-94 0-31 32-80 30-58 35-80 34-57 35-34 32-19 5-85 1-46 189 2-24 0-87 1-41 6-05 1-34 0-69 o-io 007 0-09 0-33 fj 5-57 16-69 2-70 15-57 17-27 17-32 = 99-36 = 98-67 = 98-41 gang. 0-80 Pb 0.21. Co 0-23. [gang. 1-3 = 98-83, Bi 081 [=100 Bi 1-57, 9=99-87 4. Plumbiferous. 33. Peru, Malinowskite 34. Arizona G. = 4'35 S Sb As Cu Fe Za Ag Pb 24-27 24-74 0*56 14*38 9-12 1'93 11-92 13'08 = 100 21 67 24-72 33'53 0'56 1'80 16'23 = 98'51 Other Varieties. 35. 36. Coppite Frigidite G. G. = 4-713 = 4-8 | 27-01 29-60 29-61 25-59 30-10 19-32 18-08 12-67 tr. 37. 38. Sluderite Scbwarzwald G. G. = 4-657 = 49 24-97 26-43 15-58 14-72 11-49 6-98 3817 33-83 2-76 6-40 5 11 39. Kaulsdorf G. = 4'8 28-34 15-05 10-19 32'04 4'85 3'84 = 99-80 0-04 Ni 7-55, SiO, 2-20 [= 96-97 0-58=100 96 Pb 0-38, Bi 1-37 Co 4 21. Ni tr., Bi [4-55 = 98-46 0-38 Co 295. Pb 0'43. [Bi 1-83 = 99 74 II. ARSENICAL SERIES. Anal. 1, Rg., Min. Ch., 88, 1860. 2, Wackernagel, ibid. 3, Plattner, Pog., 67. 422, 1846. 4, Merbach, B. H. Ztg., 25, 187, 1866. 5, 6, Orosi, quoted by A. D'Achiardi^ N. Cim., II, 3, May, 1870. 7, Websky, 1. c. ,8, Hidegh, Min. Mitth,, 2, 355, 1879. 9, Petersen, Jb. Min, 1. 262. 1881. 10, Harrington, Trans. R. Soc. Canada, 1, 80, 1883. 11, Qrosi, quoted by Raimondi, Min. Perou, 116, 1878. 12, Hj. Sjogren, G. Fdr. F5rh., 5. 82, 1880. 13, Brauns, quoted by Petersen, 1. c. 14. Brauns, 1. c. 15, Petersen, Jb. Min., 464, 1870. 140 SULPHARSENITES, SULPHAXTIMONITES, ET& Tennantite. 1. Cornwall, cryst. 2. As Sb Bi Cu Fe Zn 26 61 19-03 51-62 1 95 - _ 99'21 G. = 4-69 26-8820-53 48 -68 3 -09 - = 99-18 28-11 18-88 tr. 41 '07 222 8'89 Pb 0'34. Ag to [= 99-51 4. Morococha, Sandbergerite. G.=4'37 25'12 14'75 7'19 41-08 2'38 7'19 Pb 2'77= 100'4& 26-05 16-78 6-12 43'20 4'00 2'00 Pb tr. = 98'15 29-52 15-60 4-54 - 38 45 6'22 3'40 Pb 2'15 = 99 88 G. = 5-12 26-50 16-78 1-42 52-300-79 Ag 0'54 = 9S-33 G. =49 25-98 19-11 0-10 53 60 '39 Ag 0'08 = 99 26 G. = 4-87 27-4520-63 tr. 0'98 46'66 3'03 0'88 Ni.Co 030=99-93 . 42-09 3-77 4-56 Ag 21, Pb 0'25 [=98-73 26-05 16-78 6 12 43*30 4'00 2'00 tr. = 98'25 G. - 4-65 27-18 17'11 tr. 42'23 6 02 Sn 1-41, Pb 3 34, Ag [2-87 = 100-10. 3. Freiberg, Kupferblende 5. Jucud mines, cryst. 6. " " mass. 7. Julianite 8. Szaska 9. Wilhelmine mine 10. Capelton, Quebec G. = 4 622 27'99 15'34 4'52 11. Cajamarca 12. Falun, Fredricite Bismuthiferous. 13. Creraeuz, Rionite 14. Val d'Anniviers, Annivite 15 Neubulach 29-10 11-44 2-19 13-07 37'52 6*51 Ag 0'04, Co 1-20 [= 101-07 23-75 10-96 8-80 4'94 35-57 3 85 2 01 insol. 9'40 = [100-28 G. = 4-908 2485 13'53 4'28 6'33 41'43 3*74 3'82 Ag tr., Pb 1-52 Co,NUr. =99-50 Pyr., etc. Differ in the different varieties. In the closed tube all the antimonial kinds fuse- and give a dark red sublimate of antimony oxysulphide; when containing mercury, a faint dark gray sublimate appears at a low red heat; and if much arsenic, a sublimate of arsenic trisulphide first forms. In the open tube fuses, gives sulphurous fumes and a white sublimate of antimony; if arsenic is present, a crystalline volatile sublimate condenses with the antimony; if the ore contains mercury it condenses in the tube in minute metallic globules. B.B. on charcoal fuses, gives a coating of the oxides of antimony and sometimes arsenic, zinc, and lead; the arsenic may be detected by the odor when the coating is treated in R.F. : the oxide of zinc assumes a green color when heated with cobalt solution. The roasted mineral gives with the fluxes reac- tions for iron and copper; with soda yields a globule of metallic copper. To determine the presence of a trace of arsenic by the odor, it is best to fuse the mineral on charcoal with soda. The presence of mercury is best ascertained by fusing the-pulverized ore in a closed tube with, about three times its weight of dry soda, the metal subliming and condensing in minute globules* The silver is determined by cupellation. Decomposed by nitric acid, with separation of sulphur and antimony trioxide. Obs. Tetrahedrite is often associated with chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, and various-- other silver, lead, and copper ores; also siderite. It occurs at many Cornish mines; thus at the Herodsfoot mine, Liskeard, in tetrahedral crystals often coated with iridescent chalcopyrite; at the Levant mine near St. Just; the ConUurrow mine; near St. Austell. Prominent localities, are Andreasberg and Clausthal in the Harz; Freiberg in Saxony; Dillenburg and Horhausen in Nassau; at Miisen; various mines in the Black Forest: Kahl in the Spessart; Pfibram in Bohemia; Kogel near Brixlegg in Tyrol; Kapnik, Kremnitz. and Herrengrund in Hungary;, Baigorre near St. Etienue in the Pyrenees. In Mexico, at Durango, Guanajuato; Chili; Bolivia, etc. The argentiferous variety occurs especially at Freiberg; Pribram; the Foxdale mine, Isle of Man; Huallanca in Peru and elsewhere in South America and Mexico. The mercurial variety at Schmolnitz, Hungary; Poratsch, Zavatka, and Kotterbach near Iglo; Schwatz in Tyrol; and the valleys of Angina and Castelloiu Tuscany. Coppite and frigidite are from the mines in the Val del Frigido, in the Apuan Alps. Studerite is from Ausserberg, Ober-Wallis* Switzerland; named after Prof. Bernhard Studer. In the U. S. , tetrahedrite occurs at the Kellogg mines, 10 m. N. of Little Rock, Arkansas, with galena. In Colorado, near Central City, Gilpin Co., in fine crystals, often in parallel posU tion coating chalcopyrite; also in Clear Creek &nd Summit Cos.; the Ulay mine, Lake Co.; further in Hiusdale, San Juan, Ouray, and Miguel Cos.; with pyrargyrite in Ruby District,. Gunnison Co. In Nevada, abundant at the Sheba and De Soto mines, Humboldt Co., massive and rich in silver (the De Sotocontainingl6'4 p. c. of silver, Allen); near Austin in Lander Co.; Isabella mine, Reese river. In Utah. In Arizona at the Heintzelman mine, containing 1 p. c, of silver; at the Santa Rita mine; at various points in British Columbia. Tennantite has been found at the Cornish mines, particularly at Wheal Jewel in Gwennap, and Wheel Unity in Gwinear, usually in splendent crystals investing other copper ores; also at the East Relistian mine; at Freiberg (Kupferblende); at the Wilhelmine mine in the Spessart: Also at Skutterud in Norway. At Capelton, Pr. Quebec, Canada. Named after the chemist,. Smithson Tennant (1761-1815). See further p. 1049. Julianite is from the Friedrich-Julian mine, at Rudelstadt, Silesia. Annivite from the Val d'Anniviers. Switzerland. Fredricite from Falun. Sweden. JORDANITE. 141 Alt. -Chalcopyrite, malachite, azurite, amalgam, bournonite, erythrite, cinnabar, covellite, occur as pseudomorphs after tetrahedrite. Artif. Obtained by Durocher in tetrahedral crystals and of varying composition. C. R., 32, 823, 1851. Occurs as a recent formation at PlombiSres and at Bourbonne-les-Bains (Daubree). Ref. l Sadebeck, monograph with authorities, description of methods of twinning, etc., Zs. G. Ges., 24, 427, 1872. 8 Slg., Horhausen, Zs. Kr., 1, 335, 1877. 3 Groth, Min.-Samml., 66, 1878. 4 Cathrein, Brixlegg, Zs. Kr., 9, 353, 1884, Min. Mitth., 10, 56, 1888. 5 Rath, Bolivia, Ber. nied. Ges., June 7, 1886. 6 Sbk, 1. c., also Becke, Min. Mitth., 5, 331, 1882. NEPAULITE .H". Piddington, J. Asiat. Soc., 23, 170, 1854. Described as a carbonate of bis- muth, copper, etc.; shown by Mallet (Rec. G. Surv. India, 18, 235, 1885, Min. India, 30, 1887) t be simply tetrahedrite. From near Khatmandu, Nepal. FIELDITE. An ore from mine Altar, 30 leagues from Coquimbo, afforded F. Field (J. Ch, Soc., 4, 332, 1851), S 80'35, As 3'91, Sb 20'28, Cu 36'72, Zn 7-26, Fe 1;23, Ag 0'075, AU 0'003. It is soft, of greasy appearance, greenish-gray, slightly reddish, with powder bright red. Domeyko considers it impure with sphalerite, pyrite, and galena. Ettling observes (ib., 6, 140, 1854) that the constitution is analogous rather to enargite than tetrahedrite. Kenngott has named it Fieldite. POLYTELITE Gloek., Syn., 31, 1847. Weissgultigerz Germ. pt. Consists mainly of lead, silver, antimony, and sulphur. Glgcker cites the following analysis by Rammelsberg (Pogg., 68, 515, 1846) of an ore from the Hoffnung Gottes mine near Freiberg, a tine-granular ore, having G. = S'438^5'465, apparently homogeneous but somewhat mixed with sphalerite and pyrite. Klaproth also analyzed a related weissgultigerz from the Himmelsfurst mine near Frei- berg (Beitr., 1, 166, 1795; cf. 5th Ed., p. 104). Analysis, Rg. : S 22-53 Sb [22-39] Cu 0*32 Fe 3'83 Zn 6'79 Pb 38'36 Ag 5'78 = 100 Rammelsberg makes the mineral, from his analysis, a silver-lead tetrahedrite, with the formula 4(Pb,Ag,Fe,Zn)S.Sb 2 S 3 , in which the ratio Fe : Zn : Pb -f Ag = 2 : 3 : 6> and Pb : Ag = 7 : 1. Cf. malinowskite, p. 137. CLAYITE W. J. Taylvr, Proc. Ac. Philad., p. 306, Nov. 1859. In tetrahedrons witfi dodeca- hedral planes. Crystals small. Also massive, incrusting. H. = 2'5. Luster metallic. Color and streak blackish lead-gray. Opaque. Analysis W. J. Taylor: S 8-22 As 9-78 Sb 6-54 .Pb 68:51 Cu 7-67 Ag trace ss 100-72 From Peru. Probably a result of alteration. Requires further investigation. Named after Messrs. Joseph A. Clay and J, Randolph Clay. 150. JORDANITE. Rath, Ber. nied. Ges., 21, 34, 1864; Pogg., 122, 387, 1864. Orthorhombic. Axes & : b : 6 = 0-53747 : 1 : 2*0305 Rath 1 . . 100 A 110 = 28 15 1 /, 001 A 101 = 75 10J', 001 A Oil 3 63 46f '. Forms : c (001, 0) 7/1(110, /) n (130, *-3) 3 u (103, fQ (205, f 4)' w (102, 4) x (203, |4) 3 y (ioi, i-i) d (029, f 4) e (014. f I) / (027. f -:> g (013, H) h (025, f 4) * (012, i-i) k (047, f 4) I (023, f ) p (01 1/14) 9(021. 24) a (119, |) ft (H8, i) s (lie', $) * (115, i) C (114, i) w (227. f ) mm'" = 56 31* nri = 63 37' uu' = 103 6' ww' = 124 12V yy' = 150 21' ee' = 53 50' ffff' = 68 11' ii' = 90" 52' IV = 107 5V & = 127 34' = 127 34' cd = 35 33V cC 47 0' cO = 55 2' CK *65 0' cA = 76 52V CfJL = 81 10' cv = 86 40' cB = 50 4' cC = 60 50' cD = 67 17' cb = 74 24V = 82 3V (113, |) K (112, $) 1 (225, f ) * (HI, 1) V (332, f y \v (441, 4)* K 1 = 80 12' 00' = 92 24' KK' = 105 56' AA' = 118 9' CC' r ' - 40 31' = 45 39' = *50 49' = 54 55' = 58 11' = 62 56' A (137, f-3) B (136, i-3) C (134, f-3) #(133, 1-3) AA'" DD' FF DD" 1 = 103 15' FF" - 114 38' Twins: tw. pi. m, common; often repeated, producing pseudo-hexagonal forms, like those of aragonite. Crystals six-sided with c predominating, sometimes tabular; the pyramidal planes narrow and often striated. 142 SULPHARSENITES, SULPHANTIMONITE8, ETC. Cleavage: b distinct. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. =3. G. = Luster metallic. Color lead-gray. Streak black. Opaque. Comp Pb 4 As Q S, or 4PbS.As 2 S 3 Sulphur 18-7, arsenic 12 '5, lead 68 '8 = 100. Anal. 1, Sipocz, Min. Mitth., 29, 1873. 2, Ludwig, ib., p. 216. material containing a little galena. 1. Binuenthal 2. Nagyag G. = 6-393 S 18-16 17-06 As 12-71 9-90 Sb Oil 1-87 Pb 69 97 = 100 95 70-80 = 99-63 Pyr. Cf. sartorite. Obs. From Imfeld in tbe Binnentbal in cavities in a crystalline dolomite witb the related minerals dufrenoysite, sartorite, binnite, also sphalerite, etc. With sphalerite and galena at Nagyag in Transylvania. Named after Dr. Jordan of Saarbriick. Ref. 'Pogg., 122, 387, 1864, and ib. Erg.-Bd., 6, 363, 1873. * Tsch., Nagyag, Min. Mitth., 215, 1873. 3 Lewis, Binnenthal, Zs. Kr., 2, 191, 1878. See p. 1039. 151. MENEGHINITE. Bechi, Am. J. Sc., 14, 60, 1852 Orthorhombic. Axes' a : b : 6 = 0-52891 : 1 : 0-36317 Miers 1 . 100 A HO = 27 52'_29", 001 A 101 = 34 28' 30", 001 A Oil = 19 57' 34' Forms 1 : / (350, t-f) a (100, i-l) T (120, i-2) b (010, 'i-l) ^"(130,1-3) c (001. 0) i (270, t-^) e (320, f-|) 27(140, -4) m (110, /) h (l'10'O, i- (340, *-f ) k (1-12-O.j- i (mz-3) y (308, fi) 6 (6-013, T yi) #(021,24) d (102, i-i) o (203, I -I) e (405, ft) (101, 14) w (501, 54) n (Oil. 14) (0*24*11, ff 4) r (111, 1) ar (24-24-13, ff) * (344, 1-1) (18-24-13, fff) * (122, 1-2) + (12-24-13, ff 8) SS U TT UU' dd' 38 31' 55 45' 109 37' 103 9' 86 47' 50 36' 37 54' oo' = vv' = av = nri = QQ' = mr = 8s = 49 12' 68 57' *55 3U' 39 55' 71 59' 52 9V 57 47' Tt = lu = Uft = rr = 63 27' 45 1' 68 7' 51 13' 65 41' 33 20' ' '" PP' PP'" ft/3' p (121, 2-5)? p (12-24-11, ff 3) u (144, 1-4) A. (6-24-13, |f 4) /J(142, S4)- t a (6-24-11. ^4) // (184, 2-8) = 35 46' = 37 55' = 58 7' = 61 50' = 31 3' = 68 59 as = *64 lOf Bottino, after Miers. 1870. 7, B. J. Harrington, Trans. R. Soc. Canada, 1, 79. 1883. Crystals slender prismatic, vertically striated. Als<> massive, fibrous to compact. Cleavage: a perfect, but interrupted; c difficult. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 2-5. G. = 6-34- 6-43; 6-399 Miers, 6-432 Loczka. Luster metallic, bright. Color blackish lead-gray. Streak black, shin- ing. Opaque. Comp.-Pb 4 Sb 2 S 7 or 4PbS.Sb 2 S, = Sulphur 17'4, antimony 18 -6, lead 64-0 = 100. Copper is usually present in small amount. Anal. 1, E. Bechi, 1. c. 2, Rath, Pogg., 132, 376, 1867. 3, Martini & Funaro, Att. Soc. Tosc., 2, 116, 1876. 4, Loczka, FOldt. Kdzl., 13, 356, 1883. 5, 6, Frenzel, Pogg., 141, 443, 8 Sb Pb Cu Fe 1. Bottino 17-52 19 28 59-21 3 54 35 = 99 90 2. " G. 2= 6-342 16-97 18-37 61-47 0'39 0'23 insol. 82 = 98'25 . 16-98 19-50 60-37 2 63 = 99*48 4. " G. = 6-432 17-49 16'80 61 -05 2'83 0-30 As 0'23. Ag O'll = 98'81 5. Saxony G. = 6-367 17'04 1960 61'33 1'38 undet. = 99'35 6. " 18-22 19-11 60-09 1-56 0'25 = 99'23 T.Canada G. = 6'33 16*81 19*37 61*45 1'36 0'07 As tr., Ag 0'08 = 9914 GEOCRONITESTEPHANITE. 143 Pyr. Like ziukenite. Obs. Occurs at Bottino, near Serravezza, in Tuscany, with galena, boulangerite. jatnesonite, etc., and also crystals of albite; also in the neighboring valley of Castello. From the Qchseu- kopf iiear Schwarzenberg, Saxony, disseminated through emery; at Goldkronach. Also with quartz and dolomite as a vein in gneiss at -Marble Lake, Barrie township, Ontario, Canada. First observed by Prof. Meneghini, of Pisa (1811-1889), after whom it was named. Ref. 1 Bottino, Min. Mag., 5, 325, 1884; Krenner (Fpldt. K5zl., 13, 297, 850, 1883) obtained nearly the same results. Rath made the species monoclinic, Pogg., 132, 372, 1867. Cf. also Schmidt, Zs. Kr.. 8, 613, 1884; Hintze, ib., 9, 294, 1884. The position of Miers is here retained. 152. GEOCRONITE Hausm., llaudb., 166, 1847. Geokronit Svanberg, Ak. H. Stockholm, 184, Orthorhombic. Axes a : 1 : 6 = 0'5805 : 1 : 0-5028 Kerndt 1 .. Schulzit 100 A 110 = *30 8', 001 A 101 = 40 54', 001 A Oil = 2.6 Forms: a (100, i-i)\ m (110, /); k (211, 2-2). Angles: mm'" = 60 16', kk = 114 16', '**" = *122, kK" = 28 13' Crystals rare. Usually massive; granular and earthy. Cleavage: m distinct; k less so. Fracture uneven. H. = 2'5. G. = 6 '3-6 -45. Luster metallic. Color and streak light lead-gray to grayish blue. Opaque. Comp. Pb 6 Sb t S. or 5PbS.Sb 2 S 3 = Sulphur 16-7, antimony 15-7, lead 67*6 = 100. Part of the antimony may be replaced by arsenic, and the lead by copper. Anal. 1, Svauberg, 1. -c. 2, Sauvage, Ann. Mines, 17, 525, 1840. 3, Kerndt, Pogg., 65, 302, 1845,- 4, Nauckhoff, G. For. Forh. 1, 88, 1872. m Kerndt. 1. Sala, Sweden G. = 5'88 16'26 2. Merido,Schulzite G. = 6'43 16*90 3. Tuscany G. =6-45-647 17'32 4. Bjorkakogsnfia G. = 6-26 17-73 Sb As Pb Cu Fe 9-58 4-70 65-45 1-51 0'42 Zn 0-11 = 99'03 16-00 64-89 1-60 = 99'39 9-69 4-72 66-55 1-15 1 "73 = 101 -16 17-33 57-95 5 93 11 = 99'05 Pyr. Same as for zinkenite. Obs. From the silver mines of Sala in Sweden; also in a fine crystalline dolomite at Bj5rk- skogsniis, Orebro; from Galicia, Merido in Spain, in nodules in galena; Val di Caste.llo near Pietro Santo, in Tuscany. Also at Owen's Valley, Inyo Co., Cal. The name geocronite is derived from yrj, earth, and KpovoS, Saturn, the alchemistic name for lead. A mineral found at Tinder's gold mine, Louisa Co , Va., may be this species. It contains, .according to Genth (Am. J. Sc., 19, 9, 1855), S 16, Pb 60, Ag 0'25, with antimony and arsenic. G. = 6-393 An antimonial ore from between La Paz and Yungas, in Bolivia, is referred here by D. Forbes (Phil. Mag., 29. 9, 1865). Ref. 1 From Val di Castello, Pogg., 65, 302, 1845. 153. STEPHANITE. Argentum rude nigrum?, Germ. Schwarzerz, pt., Agric., Interpr., 462. 1456. Svartgyldeu, Schvartsertz, pt. Minera argenti nigra s'pongiosa (fr. Freiberg) Wall., 313, 1747. Argentum mineralisatum nigrum fragile (fr. Schemnitz, etc.)i ROschgewSchs (of Hung, miners) Born., Lithoph., 1, 81,. 1772. Sprddglaserz Wern., 1789. Sprodglanzerz. Brittle Silver Ore, or Glance. Brittle Sulphuret of Silver. Argent noir pt. H., Tr. f 1801. Argeut sulfure fragile Fr. Schwarzgiiltigerz Leonh., Handb., 638, 1826. Psaturose Beud , Tr., 2. 432. 1832. Stephanit Haid., Handb., 570. 1845. Antimonsilberglauz Breith., 1830. Sc;hwarzsilberglanz Glocker, 1831. Prismatischer Melanglanz Mbhs, 1824. Tigererz Germ. Rosicler negro, Plata agria Span. Orthorhombic ; hemimorphic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0-629129 : 1 : 0*685135 Vrba'. 100 A HO = 32 10' 31", 001 A 101 = 47 26' 24", 001 A 011=*34: 24 f 59" 144 SULPHARSENITES, SULPHANTIMONITES, ETV. Forms 2 : * (012, i-i) J? 2 (554, f) # (351, 5-i) w (131. 3-3) m (110, /) tt (350, *4) U (120, -2) d (021, 2 i) , -5; p an. n * (352,1-1) Also uncertain (212, 1-2), (727, 1-1), v 4 (4-2M3, ff $) or (3-16-10, |- AA 1 " = 23 41' kk' = 68 50' c2 = 66 21' MM'" 24 14' mm'" = 64 21' dd' = 107 45' cR = 60 16' hh" 33 30' UU' = 76 57* ee' = 139 54' cw = 66 44' PP" 49 44' TtTt' = 55 50' CO XT 17 50' cy = 74 27' 22'" 31 544 M' = 57 8' cM = 23 13' MM' = 38 58 1 ' CC" = 22 41' = 94 53' ch = 32 45' hh 1 = 54 30 1 ' b'w 35 44' ffff' = 130 41' cP = *52 8' 40" PP = 83 52^ by 23 21' = 49 6' $, = 73 19}' a2 = 29 6' = 47 56' 1. Figs. 1, 2, Simple forms. 3, Pfibrani: 4, Andreasberg. 5, 6, Pfibram. 3-6, Vrba. Twins: tw. pi. (1) m, often repeated, hence pseudo-hexagonal; (2) n (130); (3) a or 5, and comp.-face c, observed in hemimorphic crystals. Crystals usually short prismatic || b\ also elongated |[ a, and tabular || c. Hemimorphism 3 shown by want of symmetry in s.triations on m || edge m/F. Also massive, compact and disseminated. KILBRICKENITEBEEGERITE. 145 Cleavage: J, d imperfect. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. = 2-2*5. G. = 6-2-6-3. Luster metallic. Color and streak iron-black. Opaque. Comp. Ag 5 SbS 4 or 5Ag 2 S.Sb,S 3 = Sulphur 16'3, antimony 15-2, silver 68 '5 = 100. Anal. 1, Freiizel, Jb. Min., 788, 1873. 2, Kolar, Zs. Kr., 5, 435, 188k Also 5th Ed., p. 106. S Sb Ag 1. Freiberg G. = 6'28 16-49 15-76 68'64 = 100'89 2. Pfibram G. = 6'271 15'61 16'48 67'81 Cu, Fe tr. = 99-90 Pyr. In the closed tube decrepitates, fuses, and after long heating gives a faint sublimate of antimony oxysulpbide. In the open tube fuses, giving off antimonial and sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal fuses "with projection of small particles, coats the coal with antimony trioxide, which after long blowing is colored red from oxidized silver, and a globule of metallic silver is obtained. Soluble in dilute heated nitric acid, sulphur and antimony trioxide being deposited. Obs. In veins, with other silver ores, at Freiberg, Schneeberg, and Johaungeargenstadt in Saxony (see Freuzel, Min. Lex. Sachs.); at Pfibram and Ratieborzitz in Bohemia; at Schemnitx and Kremnitz in Hungary; at Audreasberg in the Harz; Kongsberg, Norway; Wheal Newton, Cornwall; Zacatecas and Guanajuato in Mexico; in Peru; Chanarcillo, Chili. In Nevada, a rather abundant silver ore in the Comstock lode; at Ophir and Mexican mines in fine crystals; in the Reese river and Humboldt and other regions. In Idaho, a't. the silver mines at Yankee Fork, Queen's River district and elsewhere. Named after the Archduke Stephan, Mining Director of Austria. Alt. Crystals occur altered to silver. Ref. ' Pfibram, Ber. Bohm. Ges., p. 119, 1886; closely similar results were obtained Dy Haidinger, Min. Mobs, 2. 588. 1824; Schroder, Andreasberg, Pogg., 95, 258, 1855; Morton, Kongsberg. Zs. Kr., 9, 239, 1884. 2 See Vrba's monograph for authorities, literature, many new forms, full list of calculated angles, etc.; also, earlier. Schroder, 1. c. ; Schimper, Min. Samml. Strassburg, 69, 1878; Vrba, Zs. Kr., 5, 418, 1881; Lewis, Wheal Newton, Zs. Kr., 7, 574. 1883; Morton. c.; Rath, Mexico, Zs. Kr., 10, 173, 1885. 3 Miers. Min. Mag., 9, 1, 1890. 154. KILBRICKENITE. Apjohn, L'Institut, 9, 111, 1841 (read before R. Irish Acad. r June 20, 1840). Massive. G. = 6*407. Luster metallic. Color lead -gray. Comp. Perhaps Pb a Sb 2 S 9 or 6PbS.Sb a S 3 = Sulphur 16'3, antimony 13-6, lead 70-1 = 100. Anal. Apjohn, 1. c. S Sb As Pb Cu Fe G. =6-407 16-36 14-39 -*- 68'87 -- 0'38 = 100 Obs. From Kilbricken, Co. Clare, Ireland. 155. BEEGERITE. Eoenig, Am. Ch. J., 2, 379, 1881. Indistinctly crystallized (isometric ?). Also massive. Cleavage apparently cubic. G. = 7*273 Koenig. Color light to dark gray. Luster brilliant metallic. Opaque. Comp Pb 6 Bi 2 S 9 or 6PbS.Bi 2 S 3 = Sulphur 14*8, bismuth 214, lead 63-8 = 100. Silver is sometimes present. Anal. 1, Koeuig, 1. c.. 26 p. c. quartz deducted. 2. Id., Am. Phil. Soc., Philad., 22, 212, 1885. 3, Genth, on 0'03 gr., ib., 23, 3?, 1886. S Bi Pb Ag Cu 1. Park Co. 4 14'97 20'59 64-23 1 "70 = 101 '49 2. OurayCo. G. = 6 565 16-39 19'3o 45*87 9'98 1 -12 Fe 2-89, insol. 0'12, loss 4-2$ 3. Park Co. [14'63] 19'81 50'16 15-40 = 100 [= 100 Pyr. B.B. fuses on charcoal to a globule, giving lead and bismuth coatings; sulphurous fumes in the open tube. Dissolved by hydrochloric acid slowly in the cold, quickly on heating. 146 SULPHARSENITES, SULPHANTIHONITES, ETC. Obs. From the Baltic Lode, near Grant P. O., Park Co., Colorado; also the Treasury Vault mine, Park Co. (anal. 3); Poughkeepsie Gulch, Ouray Co. Named after Mr. Hermann Beeger, of Denver. RICHMONDITE W. Skey, Trans. N. Z. Inst., 9, 556, 1877. Massive, crystalline. Brittle H. = 4'5. G. = 4*317. Luster metallic. Color black, inclining to reddish in parts. Comp. Approximately 6RS.Sb 2 S 3 , but needs further examination. Analysis. Skey, after deducting 15'4 gaugue, SiO 2 , etc., also some antimony qxysulphide: b 2 S 3 Bi 2 S 3 PbS Cu 2 S Ag 2 S FeS ZnS MnS 22-20 tr. 36-12 19'31 2 '39 13 '59 5'87 0*52 = 100 From Richmond Hill, New Zealand. 156. POLYBASITE. Sprodglaserz pt. Wern. Polybasit H. Rose, Pogg., 15, 573, 1829. Uugenglanz Breith., Char., 266, 1832. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0*5793 : 1 : 0-91305 Mierp 1 . 100 A HO = 30 5', 001 A 101 = 57 36J, 001 A Oil = 42 23f ' . Forms : c (0.01, 0); m (110, /); w (019, f-2), n (Oil, 14), t (021, 24); r (112, i), p (111, 1), & (221, 2) mm'" = *60 10' cr = 42 19f rr' = 71 16' rr"' = 39 27' ww' = 11 35' cp = *61 14' pp' = 98 40' pp'" = 52 8' nri ^ = 84' 48' cs = 74 39' ss' = 113 7' ss'" = 57 49' In short six-sided tabular prisms, with beveled edges; c faces with triangular etriations; in part repeated twins with tw. pi. m. Cleavage: c imperfect. Fracture uneven. H. = 2-3. G. = G'0-6'2. Luster metallic. Color iron-bjack, in thin splinters cherry-red. Streak black. Nearly Opaque. Ax. pi. || a. Bx J. c. Ax. angle variable, 2E = 62 44', 78, 88 15', Dx*. Comp Ag 9 SbS or 9Ag 2 S.Sb 2 S 3 = Sulphur 15-0, antimony 9'4, silver 75 -6 r= 100. Part of the silver is replaced by copper, e.g., Ag: Cu = 8 : 1; also arsenic replaces antimony. Anal. 1, H. Rose, 1. c, 2, 3, Id., ibid., 28, 156, 1833. 4, C. A. Joy, Rg., Min. Ch., 102, 1860. 6, Tonner [Lotos, 85, 1859], Jb. Min., 716, 1860. 6, Gentb, Am. Phil. Soc., 23, 39, 1886. S Sb As Ag Cu Fe Zn 1 Durango Mexico 17 04 5'09 3'74 64-29 9'93 0-06 = 100-15 2. Schemuitz 16 83 0'25 6'23 72'43 3'04 0'33 '59 = 99'70 S. Freiberg 16'35 8'39 1-17 69'99 4'il 29 = 100-30 4. Cornwall 15'87 5'46 3'41 72'01 3'36 0'34 = 100'45 5. Pfibram G. =6'03 15'55 ll'53 68'55 336 O'M = 9913 6. Colorado G. = 6'01 [16'70] 1018 0'78 62'70 9'5J 0'07 = 100 Pyr., etc. In the open tube fuses, gives sulphurous and antimonial funies, the latter form- Ing a white sublimate, sometimes mixed with crystalline arsenic trioxide. B.B. fuses with (spirting to a globule, gives off sulphur (sometimes arsenic), rind 6oat3 the coal with antimony trioxide; with long-continued blowing some varieties give a faint yellowish white coating of sine oxide, and a metallic globule, which with salt of phosphorus reacts for copper, and cupelled with lead gives pure silver. Decomposed by nitric acid. Obs. Occurs in the mines of Guanajuato and Guadalupe y Calvo in Mexico; also at Guarisamez in Durango, with chalcopyrite and calcite; at Tres Puntos, desert of Atacama, C!hili; at Freiberg and Pfibram. In Nevada, at the Reeso mines and at the Comstock Lode; in Idaho, at the silver mines of the Owhyhee district. In Colorado, at the Terrible Lode, Clear Creek Co., with argentiferous galena and pyrite. In Arizona, at the Silver King mine. Named from TtolvS, many, and fidcns, base, in allusion to the many metallic bases present. Alt. Stephanit'e and pyrite occur as pseudomorphs after polybasite. Kef. Min. Mag., 8, 204, 1889. 2 N. R., 85, 1867. 157. FOLYARGYRITE. Sandberger, Jb. Min., 310, 1869. Petersen, Pogg., 137, 386, 1869. Isometric. In cubo-octahedrons, usually distorted and indistinct; d (110, i) 9 W (Jill, mr-m) also observed. Cleavage: cubic; Fracture uneven. Malleable and sectile. H.-=2'5. Gr.=6'974 Luster metallic. Color iron-black to blackish gray. Streak black. Opaque. SULPHARSEXATES, SULPHANTIMONATES, ETC. 147 Comp. Ag a4 Sb a S 16 or 12Ag a S.Sb 3 S 3 = Sulphur 14-5, antimony 7*4, silver 78*2 s= 100. Anal. Petersen, 1. c. S Sb Ag Pb Fe Zn G. = 6-974 14-78 6'98 76'70 tr. 0'36 0-30 = 99'12 Mean of 76'63 and 76*77; another sample gave 78-85 p. c. Pyr. B.B. on charcoal fuses easily to a black globule, giving off antimonial fumes, and yielding a brittle globule of silver. Soluble with difficulty in nitric acid with separation of sulphur, readily by fuming acid. Obs. Occurs at Wolfach in Baden with argentite, etc. II. Sulpharsenates, Sulphantimonates, etc. Enargite Group. 158, Enargite 3Cu 2 S.As^S 5 Orthorhombic a : 1 : 6 = 0'871} : 1 : 0'8248 Clarite, Luzonite 159. Famatinite 3Cu 2 S.Sb a S 6 160. Xanthoconite 3Ag a S.As a S 5 Rhombohedral rr' = 108 25' .. 46, 201. 4, E. S. D., ib. 6, 127, 1873. 5, Siewert & Doring, Min. Mitth., 242, 1873. 6r Schickendantz, Dorneyko, 3d App. Min. Chili, p. 26, 1871. 7, Terrill, Min. Mag., 6, 50, 1884. Also 5th Ed., p. 108. S As Sb Cu Ag Fe Zn 1. Morococha 37'45 15-23 33*25 04 5*66 7 72 Pb tr = 99*35 2. Willis Gulch, Col. G.=4'43 f 31'56 17-80 1'37 47 58 1-04 = 99 35 3. Alpine Co., Cal. G.=4'34 f 31 '66 13-70 6'03 45 95 72 SiO 2 1-08 = 9914 4. Shoebridge mine, Utah G. =4*861 34-35 1720 095 46*94 tr. 1-06 tr. - 100-50 5. FaraatinaMts. G.=4*36 30'48 17*16 1'97 47*83 1 31 0*52 Pb 073 = 100 6. Catamarca 33 '40 18*78 48'05 36 = 100 59 7. Montana G.=4'3 32*69 19*47 47*84 ~- = 100 Pyr. In the closed tube decrepitates, and gives a sublimate of sulphur; at a higher temperature fuses, and gives a sublimate of sulphide of arsenic. In the open tube, heated gently, the powdered mineral gives off sulphurous and arsenical funies, the latter condensing to a sublimate containing some antimony trioxide. B.P>. on charcoal fuses, and gives a faint coat- ing of the oxides of arsenic, antimony, and zinc; the roasted mineral with the fluxes gives a globule of metallic copper. Soluble in aqua regia. Obs. From Morococha, Cordilleras of Peru, Ht a height of 15.000 feet, in large masses, occasionally with small druses of crystals, along with tennantite,- embedded in crystalline lime- stone; Cordilleras of Chili (guayacaniieY, mine of Hedioudas, Prov. Coquimbo. mines of Santa Anna, U. S. of Colombia, in cavities in quartz; Argentine Republic at several mines in the Sierra de Famatina, also in the province of Catamarca; at Cosihuirachi in Mexico In t-vriu crystals at Matzenkopti, Brixlegg, Tyrol- and in similm twins from Mancayan, island of Luzon, lu the US, at Brewers gold mine, Chesterfield district, S. Carolina; in Colorado, at mines near Black Hawk and Central City, Gilpin Co.; in Park Co., at the Missouri mine, also on Red mountain in San Juan and Ouray counties. In southern Utah at the Shoebridge mine In crystals and massive; also massive, cleavable at the Mammoth and American Eagle mines in the Tintic district, where it appears as the parent mineral of a number of copper arsenates; at several mines near Butte, Montana, associated with chalcocite, boruite, etc. Morning Star mine, Alpine county, California. Ref. Pogg , 92, 237, 1854. 2 Dauber, Peru. 1. c.. he adds as doubtful (310). (210), (130), (403), (132), but see below. 3 Zeph., Brixlegg, Zs. Kr , 3, 600, 1879 4 Rath, Argentine Repub., ib., 4, 426, 1880. 6 Zettler, Luzon, Jb Min., 1, 159 ref., 1880, LAUTITE Frenzel. Min Mitth., 3, 515, 4. 97, 1881. Described as having the composition like enargite, with which it is regarded as being dimorphous. Analysis. Winkler, 1. c. S 33-14 As 16-52 Sb 2'15 Cu 47'51 Fe 0-93 = 100*25 Obs. Occurs in the copper veins of Mancayan, district of Lepanto, Island of Luzon, associated with the lollowing minerals, named in the order of their deposition: quartz, pyrite fluz'onite), enargite, quartz, tetrahedrite, barite. See p. 1041. CLARITE Sandberger, Jb. Min. 960, 1874; 382, 1875. Another mineral having the com position of enargite: Regarded as monoclinic with cleavage a, b. In tufted groups of crystals. H. es 3'5. G. = 4'46. Luster metallic. Color dark lead-gray. Analysis. Petersen: 8 33-92 As 17-74 Sb 1*09 Cu 46'29 Fe 0'83 Zn tr. = 98*87 FAMA TINITEXANTHOCONITEEPIBO ULANQEBITE. 149 Occurs on barite at the Clara mine, near Schapbach, Baden. Sometimes altered to chalco pyrite and covellite. Note also remarks under binnite, p. 119. 159. FAMATINITE. Stelzner, Min. Mitth., 242, 1873. Ortliorhombic; isomorphous with enargite. Observed forms 1 : a, c, m, L Also massive, sometimes reniform. Fracture uneven. Rather brittle. H. = 3*5. G. = 4'57. Color gray with a tinge of copper-red. Streak black. Opaque. Comp. Cu 3 SbS 4 or 3Cu 2 S.Sb 2 S 6 = Sulphur 29'3, antimony 27'4, copper 43-3 = 100. Arsenic replaces the antimony in part. Anal. 1, 2, Siewert, Min. Mitth., 242, 1873. 3a, Frenzel, Jb. Min., 679, 1875. 36, id., : after deducting 13'8 pyrite assumed to be present. S Sb As Cu Fe Zn Gangue 1. Mej. Upulungos mine G. = 4-59 f 29*17 21-23 4'07 44*12 0'82 059 =100 2. Mej. Verdiona mine G. = 4'52 f 29'63 20'54 3'63 45-34 0-51 0*59 0'63 = 100'87 3a. Peru 33'46 1093 7'62 41-11 6'43 = 99'55 3$. " 30-45 12-74 8-88 47*93 = 100 Pyr. In the closed tube decrepitates, giving off sulphur readily, and on stronger heating also some sulphide of antimony,. On charcoal gives off white fumes of antimony, leaving a black, brittle metallic globule. Obs. Occurs with enargite, chalcopyrite, pyrite', etc., in the Sierra de Famatina, Argentine Republic. Also found at Cerro de Pasco, Peru. Ref. * Rath, Zs. Kr., 4, 426, 1880, Ber. nied. Ges., Nov. 4, 1878. See p. 1041. 160. XANTHOCONITE. Xanthokon BreitJi., J. pr. Ch., 20, 67, 1840. Rhombohedral. Axis 6 = 2-3163; cr = *69 30', rr' = 108 25' Breith.* Observed forms: c (0001, 0), r (lOlO, R), e (0221, 2). ce = 79 25'. In thiu tabular crystals. Also reniform masses with granular structure. Cleavage: c, r. Brittle. H. = 2. G. = 50-5'2; 411-4-16 Breith. Luster adamantine. Color orange-yellow to dull red or clove-brown. Streak yellow. Transparent to translucent. Comp. Ag 3 AsS 4 or 3 Ag a S. As,S 6 = Sulphur 24'3, arsenic 14-3, silver 61*4 =.100. Anal. Plattner, Pogg., 64, 275, 1845. S 'As Ag *Fe 1. Brown 21 '36 [13-491 64'18 0'97 = 100 2. Yellow 21-80 [14-32] 63'88 = 100 Pyr. In the closed tube, at a gentle heat, the yellow color is changed to dark red, but on cooling it regains its original color; at a higher temperature fuses, and gives a faint sublimate of Sulphide of arsenic. In the open tube, and on charcoal, behaves like proustite. Obs. Occurs with stephanite at the Himmelsfurst mine near Freiberg. Named in allusion to its yellow powder, from arQ6$. yello'to, and KOVIS, powder. Ref. 1 Pogg , 64, 272, 1845. 161. EPIBOULANGERITB. M. Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 21, 747, 1869. Orthorhombic ? occurring in striated prismatic needles. G. = 6 '309. "Lusteis metallic. Color dark bluish gray, almost black. Structure granular, acicular. Comp. Pb,Sb 2 S 8 or 3 PbS.Sb a S 5 = Sulphur 21'5, antimony 23*0, lead 55-5=100. Anal. 1,2, Websky: S Sb Pb Ni Fe Zo 1. Granular 21 -139 20'77 56-11 0'20 0*60 Q'29 = 9986 2. JSIeedles 21 '31 20'23 54'88 030 0'84 1'32 = 98 8& Websky considers the mineral as probably a product of the decomposition of boulangerite from whiph it differs in containing more sulphui and correspondingly less antimony . Fouud with galena, pyrite, sphalerite, and arsenopyrite at Altenberg in Silesia 150 SULPHAKSENATES, SULPHANTIMOXATES, ETC. 162. EPIGENITE. Arsenwismuthkupfererz Sandberger, Jb. Min., 415, 1868. Epiarenit Id., ibid., 205, 1869. Orthorhombic. In short prisms (69 10') with macrodome and brachydome, resembling arsenopyrite. Fracture uneven. H. = 3*5. Luster metallic. Color steel-gray. Streak black. Opaque. Comp. Perhaps (Groth) B,As 2 S 12 with.K 7 = 4Cu 2 + 3Fe, or 4Cu 3 S.3FeS.As 9 S, s= Sulphur 31*5, arsenic 12*3, copper 41 '5, iron 14 -7 == 100. AnaL Petersen, Pogg., 136, 502, 1869, after deducting 5 p. c. wittichenite. S 32-34 As 12-78 Cu 40-68 Fe 14-20 = 100 Pyr. In the closed tube gives first sulphur, then sulphide of arsenic. B.B. on charcoal gives. an arsenic reaction and a magnetic slag with copper globules. 'Soluble in nitric acid with sepa- ration of sulphur. Obs. Occurs sparingly at Neugltlck mine in the Bockelsbach at Wittichen, Baden. So- named from fitiyiyvecrftai, to follow after, because always observed implanted upon the barite vein masses. RKGNOLITE A. VAchiardi, I Metalli, 1, 293, 294, 1883. Nuovo Cimento, 3, May 1870. In ^tetrahedral crystals resembling (as it does in other characters) the sandbergerite with which it is associated. Analysis : S 37-45 As 15 23 Cu 33 25 Ag 04 Fe 5-66 Zn 7'72 Pb tr. = 99 35 Calculated composition essentially Cu 7 As 2 Sia or 5CuS.FeS.ZnS.As 2 S = Sulphur 39'5. arsenic 15'4, copper 32-6, iron 5'8, zinc 6'7 = 100, From the Jucud mines near the source of the Jucud river, Cajamarca, Peru. Named after Dr. Carlo Regnoli. 163. ARGYRODITE. Weisbaeh, Jb. Berg.-Hutt., 1886; ib. Min., 2. 67, 1886. Monoclinic. Axes: a : 1 : 6 = 0-6780 : 1 : 0*6144; ft = ?0 6 = 001 A 100 Weisbaeh 1 . 100 A 110 = 32. 30', 001 A 101^= 33 !', 001 A Oil = 30. Forms : m (110, /), /(J03, ft), q (101, 1-*), k (Sol, 6-i),> o (Oil, 14), (232, -H)?, n (691, 9-f)?. Angles: mm"' = *65, oo' .= *60, w 7 = 58 (meas. 50), mv = 31 49', edge, rn/m" A o/o 7 = 110, A v/v' = 143 2' (141), A # = 169 33' (170"), A ff'. = 120 59' (121i). A / = 92 26' (96). Twins: tw. pi. J_ k? geniculated; also as triHings (f. 2). Crystals small and indistinct; usually grouped in verruciform or reni form shapes. Faces k brilliant;. f somewhat less so; o smooth but rounded; m striated parallel edge m/m. Also in rounded forms and compact massive. No cleavage observed Fracture uneven to flat conchoidal. Some- what brittle. H. = 2-5. G. = 6-085- 6*111. Luster metallic. Color steel- gray, on a fresh fracture, with a tinge of red turning to violet. Streak gray- ish black, shining. Comp. A sulpho-salt containing silver and the rare element ger- manium, first discovered in this specios, 3Ag 9 S.GeS a = Sulphur 18*2, germanium 6'3, silver 73'5 = 100. Anal,~Wiokler, 1. c. S 17-13 Ge 6 93 Ag 74'72 Fe066 Zn 0-22 = 99-6* ARGTRCDJTE. 151 On the chemical properties of germanium see Wiukler, J pr. Ch., 34, 177, 1886; 36, 177, 1887. This new element has also been identified Jn euxenite. Pyr. In the closed tube gives a brilliant black sublimate; in the open tube fumes of sulphur dioxide. On charcoal fuses to a bead, giving near the assay a fainti white sublimate; after long blowing an orange-yellow sublimate and a silver globule. Obs. Found at the Himmelsftlrst mine, Freiberg, associated with siderite, marcasite abundant s-lso sphalerite, pyrite, galena, further argentite, pyrargyrite, polybasite. stephanite; implanted sometimes on argentite and again on marcasite or siderite. Ref. J L.c., the measurements only approximate; the symbols of some of the planes are doubtful because measured and calculated angles vary widely; perhaps should be 454, for wliicb we have 454 A 454 = 49 35' IV. HALOIDS. CHLORIDES, BROMIDES, IODIDES FLUORIDES. I. Anhydrous Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides; Fluorides. II. Oxy chlorides ; Oxyfluorides. III. Hydrous Chlorides; Hydrous Fluorides,. I. Anhydrous Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides; Fluorides. Calomel Group. E,C1 8 . 6 164. Calomel Hg a Cl 3 Tetragonal -1-7229 165. Nantokite Cu a Cl 2 Isometric iii Halite Group. RC1, RBr, EL Isometric. Chlorides, etc., of sodium, potassium, ammonium, and silver. 166. Halite NaCl 167. Sylvite KC1 168. Sal Ammoniac (NH 4 )C1 169. Cerargyrite AgCJ 170. Embolite Ag(Cl,Br) 171. Bromyrite AgBr 172. lodobromite Ag(Cl,Br,I) Silver Iodide (artif.) Agl 173. lodyrite Agl Hexagonal " Schrauf 1 . Forms 2 : (920, -|) 4 ft (504, | -O 4 y (559, |) p (331, 3) 2 p (315, f-3) c (001, 0) 1 '\5 8 (201, 2-0 x (558 r f ) 2 B (313, 1-3) 3 a (100, '(710' i4) i-l) 6 Y z t e (104,' Li) (103, fO (102, i-O 6 (101,1-0 C (119, * A (114, i a (113, i ) 3 ) 4 r (111', 1) o (221, 2) 2 /3 (552, f) 4 cr ^u j. AV, -g~vj- f (614, f-6)* (543, |-5) (412, 2-4) 2 I> (18-4-9, 2-|) 4 n (312, |-3) t& (311, 3-3) 3 A (14-5-10, f V-)* 7r(214, -2) 2 an 8 8' ee" = 119 44' 00' = 156 48' aa = 63 31' \ = 9 28.' 88" = 147 38' PP" = 164 25' av = 21 53' am = 12 = 45 32' 0' aa ii' ' = 52 = 66 57' 16' w' = 63 21 20' 23V ap an = 45 39' = 27 3' yy' = 32 29' = 81 43' ^' = 38 284' ait = 51 39' Af\o rk' ZZ 1 ^=41 14' oo' = 87 41' pp*a = 26 57 ar 1 =49 9 ee' = 75 24' PP' = 88 57' jfpM = 32 10' ay &L O 7-10 Qf ss' = 85 33' aa "= 78 10' nn *"i ~ 34 32' cv CP SC f 1 V = 47 27^' 7 J :> = 46 = 59 36' 44' ii" = 101 rr" =135 14' 22 Kit** = 36 14^' JL, 2. 3. ^c tf%^ ti Fig. 1, El Doktor, Mexico, Websky 3 . 2, Moschellandsberg, Websky 8 . 3, Moschellandsowgi after Schrauf 1 . Twins: tw. pi. e, con tact- and penetration-twins.. Crystals sometimes '.tabular 1 also pyramidal ; often highly complex. 154 CHLORIDES, BROMIDES, IODIDES FLUORIDES. Cleavage: a rather distinct; also r. Fracture conchoidal. Sectile. H. = l- G. = 6-482 Haid. Luster adamantine. Color white, yellowish gray, or ash-gray,, also grayish, and yellowish white, brown. Streak pale yellowish white. Trans- lucent subtranslucent. Optically +- Double refraction strong. Indices- co r = 1-96 e r = 2-60 Senarmont* Comp. Mercurous chloride, Hg 2 Cl 7 = Chlorine 15*1, mercury 84-9 = 100. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube volatilizes without fusion, condensing in the cold part of the tube as a white sublimate; with soda gives a sublimate of metallic mercury. B.B on charcoaL volatilizes, coating the coal white. Insoluble in water, but dissolved by aqua regia; blackens^ when treated with alkalies. Obs. At Moschellandsberg in the Palatinate, coating the cavities of a ferruginous gangue. associated with cinnabar crystals often large and well-defined; also at the quicksilver mines of Idria in Carniola; Almadeu in Spain; Horzowitz in Bohemia; with cinna.ber at JVlt. Avala near Belgrade in Servia 5 . From El Doktor near Zimapan, Queretaro, Mexico 3 . Calomel is an old term of uncertain origin and meaning, perhaps from KrcAo's, beautiful, and /ueA.1, honey, the taste being sweet, and the compound the Mercurius dulcis of early chemistry; or from xaAoS and U\ Schrauf, Atlas, Tf. XL, 1872; cf. earlier Brooke, Ann. Phil., 6, 285, 1823; Sbs. artif. .cryst., Ber. Ak. Wien, 9, 394, 1852; Hbg., Abh. Senck. Ges., 1. 24, 1854-5. 2 See Schrauf. 1. c. 3 Websky, El Doktor, Mexico, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 461, 1877; also # 3 (3'lil), p l (5'3-ll), and p 2 (419) doubtful. -Traube, Mt. Avalsi, Belgrade, Zs. Kr.. 14, 571, 1888. 5 Vrba, Mt. Avala, ib., 15, 455, 1885. 6 Quoted by Dx., Propr. Opt., 1, 40, 1857. MERCURIC CHLORIDE. The occurrence of native corrosive sublimate (HgCl 2 ) is reported by Besnou near Iquique, in the desert of Atacama; the determination, however, was based only on some qualitative trials. Assoc. Franc. Adv. c., 533, 1878. The artificial salt is orthorhombic, cf. Rg., Kr. Ch., 257, 1881. 165. NANTOKITB. Nantoquita Sieveking, Domeyko, 2d App., .Min. Chili, 51, 1867; 3d5 App., 22. 1871. Nantokit Bretth., B. H. Ztg., 27, 3, 1868; Jb. Min., 814, 1872. Isometric. Granular, massive, not in distinct crystals; / artificial crystals tetrahedral. Cleavage: cubic. Fracture conchoidal. H. = 2-2-5. G. = 3'930. Luster- adamantine. Colorless to white or grayish. Transparent to translucent. , Comp. Cuprous chloride, Cu 2 Cl a = Chlorine 35'9, copper 64'1 = 100. An analysis by Sieveking (1. c.) gave: Cl 35'52, Cu 64*17 = 99'69. Pyr. B.B. on charcoal fuses, coloring the flame intensely azure-blue; a globule of copper finally remains. Easily soluble in hydrochloric and nitric acids, also in ammonia. Gives off chlorine when struck with a hammer. Oxidizes readily on exposure to the air. Obs. Occurs with cuprite, native copper, and hematite, also chalcocite and other copper minerals at the mine Carmen Bajo, near Nantoko, Chili. Atacamite is sometimes formed by the oxidation, of nantokite. Halite Group. RC1, etc. 166. HALITE. COMMON or ROCK SALT. Muriate of Soda, Sodium Chloride. Kochsalfc;, Steinsa) 1 ^ Bergsalz Germ. Soude muriatee, Chlorure de sodium, Sal gemme Fr. Sal mai'eBeud.,, Tr., 1832 Halites Gloctc., Syn. , 290, 1847. Sal gemma, Alite Ital. Sal gema, Sal marina, 'Span* Isometric. Observed forms 1 : 9 a (100, t-f ), d (110, *), o (111, 1), e (210, -2), s (321, 3-f). Usually in cubes, rarely octahedral ; crystals sometimes distorted, or with cavernous faces. Rarely snowing twinning lamellae (|| 20-20 '7) a . Also massive, granular to compact; less often columnar. Cleavage: cubic, perfect. Fracture conchoidal. Per- cussion-figure on a easily obtained, rays || d. Rather brittle. H.=2'5. G.= 2 -1-2 -6; pure crystals 2-135. Lu'ster vitreous. Colorless or white, also yellowish, reddish, bluish, purplish. Transparent to translucent. Soluble; taste saline. Refractive index 1-5442 Na., Langley 8 . Highly diather- manous. Sometimes exhibits anomalous double refraction. Comp. Sodium chloride, NaCl = Chlorine 60-6, sodium 39 '4 .= 100. Com- HALITE GROUP HALITE. 165 mouly mixed with calcium sulphate, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and sometimes magnesium sulphate, which render it liable to deliquesce. life For analyses quoted and references to others, see 5th Ed., p. 112; also under sylvite for Scacchi's observations on Vesuvian chlorides with KC1 (natrikalite Adam, Tabl. Min., 69, 1869). S. W. Johnson attributes the bluish or indigo color of some varieties from Stassfurt to odiurn subchloride, Ochsenius to the presence of sulphur; this color disappears on heating. Wittjen & Precht (Ber. Chem. Ges., 16, 1454, 1883) regard the color as an, optical effect due to the presence of thin cavities having parallel surfaces with gas inclusions; they find the color distributed in lines mostly |j o. seldom || a. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube fuses, often with decrepitation; when fused on the platinum wire colors the fiaine deep yellow, Added to a salt of phosphorus bead which has been saturated with oxide of copper,it colors the flame a deep azure-blue. Dissolves readily in three parts of water. Obs. Common salt occurs in extensive but irregular beds in rocks of various ages, associ- ated with gypsum, polyhalite, anhydrite, carnallite, clay, sandstone, and calcite; also in solution forming salt springs; similarly in the water of the ocean and salt seas. In Europe and England occurs in the Triassic, associated with red marl or sandstone, but not confined to these rocks. At Durham, North umberland v and Leicestershire, England, salt springs rise from the Carboniferous series; in the Alps, some saltworks are supplied from' Oolitic rocks; the famous mines of Cardona in Spain and Wieliczka in Poland are referred, the former to the Green Sand formation, and the latter to Tertiary rocks. Salt springs also occur in volcanic regions. In the United States the brines of New York come from Upper Silurian strata; those of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, mostly from Devonian and Subcarboniferow beds; ^those of Michigan, mainly from the Subcarbouiferous and Carboniferous; while in, .Louisiana, at Petit Anse, there is a thick bed of large extent of pure salt in the Post-tertiary or more recent deposits of the coast. Salt also occurs as an essential part of the efflorescences orei. ?the dry prairies and. shallow ponds or lakes of the Rocky mountains, California, Atacaraa, etc.* ;and in most desert or semi-desert regions there are numerous salt lakes. The principal mines of Europe are at Wieliczka, in Poland; at Hall, in Tyrol; Stass* jfurt, near Magdeburg, and along the range through Keichenthal in Bavaria, Hallein in Salz- burg. Hallstadt, Ischl, and Ebensee, in Upper Austria, and Aussee in Styria; in Hungary, at JMannoros and elsewhere; in Transylvania, Wallachia, Galicia, and Upper Silesia; Vic and Dieuze in France; Valley of Cardona and elsewhere in Spain, forming hills 300 to 400 feet liigh; Bex in Switzerland; and North wich in Cheshire, England. At Cheshire it occurs in a fcasin-shaped deposit, and is arranged in spheroidal masses, from 5 to 8 feet in diameter, which 3tre composed of concentric coats, and present polygonal figures. It is but little contaminated Tvith impurities, and is prepared for use by merely crushing it between, iron rollers. At the Austrian mines, where it contains much clay, the salt is dissolved in large chambers, and the clay thus precipitated. After a time the water, saturated with the salt, is conveyed by aqueducts to evaporating houses, and the chambers, after being cleared out, are again filled. Salt also occurs, forming hills and covering extended plains, near Lake Urirmia, the Caspian Lake, etc. In Algeria; in Abyssinia. In India in enormous deposits in the Salt Range of the Punjab; thus at the Mayo mines there are five great beds having aa aggregate thickness of 275 feet alternating with another of 275 feet of, Kallar or impure salt. Also in the Kohat district immense beds, in one place exceeding 1000 feet in thickness; at Mandiin the northwestern Himalayas; also at the salt lakes of Rajputana, and as an important part of a saline efflorescence (EeK) in alluvial deposits at various points (Mallet). In China and Asiatic Russia; in South America, in Peru, and at Zipaquera and Nemocon, the former a.large mine long explored in the Cordilleras of U. S. of Colombia^ clear salt is obtained from the Cerrp de Sal, San Domingo. Occasionally formed at the eruptions of Vesuvius, as in 1855, when it was found in cubes, incrustations, and stalactites. In the United States, salt has Deen found in large amount in central and western New York. Salt wells (see below) had long been worked in this region, but the presence of rock salt was-first discovered by boring in 1878, and since then the industry has been rapidly developed. Salt is now known to exist over a large area from Ithaca at the head of Cayuga lake, Tonipkins Co., und Canandaigua lake, Ontario Co., through Livingston Co., also Genesee, Wyoming, and Erie Cos. The salt is found in beds with an average thickness of 75 feet, but sometimes much thicker, and at varying depths from 1000 to 2000 feet and more; the depth increases southward with the dip of the strata. The rocks belong to the Saliua period of the Upper Silurian. Salt has aiso been found near Cleveland, Ohio, associated with gypsum, there are here several beds, the widest 164 feet including shale, at depths from 2154 to 2475 feet. Also in Washington Co., West Virginia, in the Holston and Kanawha valleys; in Kansas, in beds from 10 to 100 feet in thickness at a depth of 700 feet or more in Ellsworth, Rice, Reno,- Kiugman, and Harper -counties; the salt beds lie near the base of the Trias; at Petite Anse, Louisiana (see above); along the Rio Virgin in Lincoln Co., Nevada, in extensive beds of great purity; in Utah, near Nephi, Juab Co.. and Salina, Sevier Co.; hi Arizona, on the Rio Verde, with thenardite, etc., and mostly impure; the headwaters of Salt river, and Tonto basia, Gila Co.; in California, at Dos Paimas, San Diego Co. In Canada, salts occurs in Bruce, Huron, and Lampton Cos., Ontario, along the eastern shore of Lake Huron; it was first found at Goderich in 1866 at a depth of 964 feet, also at Clinton at a depth of 1180 feet, ULlU later at other points. 156 CHLORIDES, BROMIDES. IODIDES FLUORIDES. Brine springs are very numerous in the Middle and Western States. These springs are worked at Salina, Syracuse, and elsewhere, N. Y., in the Kanawha Valley, Va. ; Muskinguni, Ohio; Michigan, at Saginaw and elsewhere, in Kentucky and Tennessee; also at Goderich. Ontario, Canada. The salt water is obtained by boring, and raised by means of machinery, and thence conveyed by troughs to the boilers, where it is evaporated by artificial heat; or to basins for evaporation by exposure to the heat of the sun. Composition of Syracuse brines, according to analyses by Dr. C. A. Goessmann (private communication): I. II. III. IV. NaCl 167503 15'5317 18-2465 13-3767 CaSO, 0-5673 0'5772 0'5117 05234 CaCU 0-1594 0-1533 0'1984 01037 MgCl, 0-1464 0-1444 0'1784 01336 MgBr 0-0022 0*0024 0'0025 0'0017 KC1 0-0110 00109 0-0119 00086 FeCO 00034 0-0044 0-0036 0-0015 H a O 82-3600 83-5757 80'8470 85-8508 100 100 100 100 No. I has G. = 1-1300 at 16 Baume and 20 C. No. II has G. = 1-1225 at 15 Baume and 21 C. The Saginaw brines, Michigan, afford about 19 250 of salt. Vast lakes of salt water exist in many parts of the world. Lake Timpanogos in the Rocky mountains, 4,200 feet above the level of the sea, now called the Great Salt Lake, is 2,000 square miles in area L. Gale found in this water 20-196 per cent, of sodium chloride (Stansb. Exped., cited in Am. J. Sc., 17, 129, 1854). The Dead and Caspian seas are salt, and the waters of the former contain 20 to 26 parts of solid^ matter in 100 parts. Gmelin, who analyzed a portion of these waters of specific gravity 1 212, found them to contain CaCl a 3'336, MgCl 2 12-167, NaCl 7-039, CaSO 4 0'052, MgBr a 0'443, KC1 1-086, A1C1 3 0-144, NH 4 C1 0*007, MnCl a Cf. Gdt., Index, 1, p. 437, 1886. a Wernicke, Pogg., 142, 560, 1871. BORDOSITE Bertrand, Ann. Mines, 1, p. 412, 1872. A mineral substance, color yellow to red, occurring with amalgam and resulting from its decomposition. It becomes dark rapidly on exposure to the air. Analysis: AgCl 31 '23, HgCl 4553, HgO 22 '70 = 99 '46 Bertrand regards the HgO as adventitious, and proposes for it the name hydrargyrite ; deducting this there remain : AgCl 40'69, and HgCl 59'31 = 100, or AgCl + HgCl, to which he gives the name of bordosite. Both species are very uncertain. Locality Los Bordos^Chili. 170. EMBOLITE. Chlorobromure d'argent Domeyko, Ann. Mines, 6, 153, 1844; Berthier, ib., 2, 540, 1842. Plata cornea verde Domeyko, Min., 202, 1845. Embolit Breith., Pogg., 77, 134. 1849. Chlorobromide of Silver. Chlorbromsilber. Megabromite, Microbromit, Breith. , B. H. Ztg., 18, 449, 1859. Isometric Observed forms: a (100, i-i) d (110, i) o (111, 1) e (210, *-2) Usually massive; sometimes stalactitic or concretioDary on surface. Cleavage none. Fracture uneven. Sectile. H. = 1-1-5. G. = 5-31-5-43 Domeyko; 5*53 Yorke; 5*79-5-81 Breith. Luster resinous, somewhat adamantine. Color grayish green and asparagus-green to yellowish green ; yellow, often dark and becoming darker on exposure. Transparent to translucent. Comp. Ag(Cl,Br), the ratio of the chlorine to the bromine varying indefinitely, the yellowish varieties and those of deeper green colors containing the largest proportion of bromine. Anal. 1, W. von Beck, Jb. Min., 165, 1876. 2, Munro, Ch. News, 53, 99, 1886. 3, C. Wood quoted by Welch, ib., 54, 94, 162, 1886. Br Cl Ag 1. Orenburg, cryst. 28'44 8'20 63'36 = 100 2. St. Arnaud, Victoria 25'84 9'70 64'45 = 99*99 3. " " 24-16 10-73 65-14 = 100'03 For other analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 116, these show variations from AgCl = 81 '4 and AgBr 18 "6 to AgCl 51 and AgBr 49. Cf. Welch, 1. c., for a discussion of the various analyses published. The megabromite and micrdbromite of Breithaupt are varieties of embolite based on the pro- portion of bromide to chloride; and are even indistinct as varieties, these extremes being con- nected by indefinite shadings. Obs. Abundant in Chili, constituting the principal silver ore of the mines of Chanarcillo, and found also at Agua-Amarga, Tres-Puntas, Rosilla, and at all the new openings in the province of Copiapo; found also at Eulalia in Chihuahua, Mexico; at the mine of Coloal in Gracias, Honduras. At St. Arnaud, Victoria; in New South Wales, at Sunny Corner, Bathurst, and in the Silverton mines. Named from ejufioA-ior, an intermediate, because between the chloride and bromide of silver. 171. BROMYRITE. Bromure d'Argent, Plata verde Hex. (fr. Mexico and Huelgoet), Berth., Ann. Mines, 19, 734, 742, 1841, 2, 526, 1842. Bromide of Silver; Bromic Silver. Brom- silber Germ. Bromit Haid., Handb., 506, 1845. Bromyrite Dana, Min., 93, 1854. Bromargyrit Rg., Min. Ch., 196, 1860. Plata cornea amarilla melada Domeyko, Min., 214, 1860. Isometric. Observed forms: a (100, i-i) d (110, ) o (111, 1) Crystals rare. Usually in small concretions. Cleavage none. Fracture uneven. Sectile. H. = 2-3. G. = 5*8-6. Luster resinous to adamantine. Color, when pure, bright yellow to amber-yellow; slightly greenish; often grass- or olive-green externally; little altered on exposure. Transparent to translucent. Index, n y = 2-2533 Na, Wernicke. Comp Silver bromide, AgBr = Bromine 42'6, silver 57'4 = 100. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube and with metallic zinc reacts like cerargyrite. B.B. on char- coal emits pungent bromine vapors and yields a globule of metallic silver. Fused with potassium bisulphate in a matrass gives off yellowish brown vapors of bromine. Insoluble in nitric acid. Difficultly soluble in ammonia. Obs. With other silver ores in the district of Plateros, Mexico, and at the mine of San Onofre. seventeen leagues from Zacatecas, associated with cerargyrite and cerussite; also in crystals at Chanarcillo, Chili, with cerargyrite, sometimes embedded in calcite; also at Huelgoet in Brittany, with cerargyrite. 160 CHL RIDES, BROMID ES, IODIDES FL UOEID ES. 172. IODOB1OMITE. Jodobrornit A. wn Lasaulx, Jb. Min., 619, 1878. Jodbromchlor- silber Germ. Isometric. In octahedrons with cubic planes. Cleavage : o indistinct. Sectile. Soft. G. = 5*713. Luster resinous. Color sulphur-yellow, sometimes greenish. Comp 2AgCl.2AgBr.AgI = Chlorine 7'9, bromine 17'8, iodine 14'1, silver 10-2 = 100. Anal. Lasaulx, 1. c. Cl 7-09 Br 17 30 ' 1 15-05 Ag 59*96 = 99'40 Pyr., etc. B.B. on charcoal gives off bromine vapors and leaves a silver globule. Obs. Found in small cavities in ferruginous quartz at the " Schone Aussicht " mine, near Dernbach, Nassau, associated with beudantite, carminite, and iodyrite. 173. IODYRITE. lodure d'Argent Vauquelin, Ann. Ch. Phys., 29, 99, 1825; Domeyko, Ann. Mines, 6, 158, 1844. Plata cornea amarilla clara Domeyko, Min., 205, 1845. lodic Silver. lodsilber Germ. lodit Haid., Handb., 506, 1845. Iodyrite Dana, Min., 95, 1854. lodargyrit Rg., Min. Ch., 197, 1860. lodsilber, Jodsilber Germ. Argent iodure Fr. Hexagonal; hemimorphic. Axis 6 = 0-81960; 0001 A 1011 = 43 25' 20" Zepharovich 1 Forms 2 c (0001, O) m (1010, 7) ji (1012, |) e (3034, f) as tw. pi. o (1011, 1) g (3032, f ) * (2021, 2) Also on artif. crystals 3 : a (1120, *-2); v (2023, f)?, e (3034, |), it (4045, f)?; ft (9'9-18'20, / (3031, 3) u (4041, 4) cjj, - 25 19' ce = 35 22' eg - 54 50' ci = 62 9' cu = 75 12' oo' = 40 12' = 52 28f ' = 57 49' Iodyrite is homoeomorphous with greenockite. An isometric form is also known, 4 into which the hexagonal form passes on increase of temperature, and conversely. The former change is accompanied by absorption of heat 5 . Natural crystals in hexagonal prisms; rarely twins 6 with tw. pi. e. Also massive, and in thin plates with a lamellar structure. Cleavage: c perfect. Sectile, plates flexible. Soft. G. = 5-60-5-70; 5'707 Dmr.; 5 '609 Kath. Luster resinous to ada- mantine. Color citron- and sulphur- yellow to yellowish green, sometimes brownish. Streak yellow. Translucent. Index, n y = 2-1816 Na, Wernicke. Comp. Silver iodide, Agl = Iodine New Mexico, Rath 6 . Artif. cryst., Zeph 1 . 54, silver 46 = 100. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube fuses and assumes a deep orange color, but resumes its yellow color on cooling. B.B. on charcoal gives fumes of iodine and a globule of metallic silver. With zinc reacts like cerargyrite and bromyrite. Fused with potassium bisulphate in a matrass, yields violet vapors of iodine. Obs. Occurs in thin veins or seams in hornstone at Albarradon, near Mazapil, in Mexico; at Algodones, 12 leagues from Coquimbo; less abundantly at Delirio mines of Chanarcillo, Chili, where the crystals are sometimes half an inch broad ; also at Guadalajara in Spain. At Dern- bach, Nassau, with iodobromite. In Arizona at Cerro Colorado mine. In New Mexico, with vanadinite and descloizite at Lake Valley, Sierra Co. Ref. ' Artif. cryst., Zs. Kr., 4, 119, 1879; Dx. obtained c = 0'81438, Ann. Ch. Phys., 40, 85, 1854. 2 See Dx., 1. c. Also Slg., Dernbach, hemimorphic crystals with coin above and c i below; Chanarcillo cmgifholohedral, Zs. Kr., 6, 229, 1881. 3 Zeph., 1. c., hemimorphic crystals with o above and below and ju v it ft only below. 4 Lehmann, Zs. Kr., 1, 492, 1877. 5 Mallard and Le Chatelier, Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 181, 1883; J. Phys., 4, 305, 1885. 8 Rath, Lake Valley, New Mexico, Zs. Kr., 10, 474, 1885. TOCOKNALITE Domeyko, 2d App. Min. Chili, 41, 1867. Plata iodurada mercurial. Granular massive. Color pale yellow, becoming darker on exposure. Streak yellow. An iodide of silver and mercury. Analysis gave: Ag 33'80, Hg 3'90, I 41-77, siliceous residue 16-65 --= 96'12. The loss is FLUORITE GROUP-HYDROPHILITE-FLUORITE. 161 due to some water belonging with the residue, and probably some iodine. From the mines of Chanarcillo, Chili. Named after M. A. Tocornal, rector of the Santiago university. Several minerals, chloro-iodides of silver and mercury but of variable composition, are mentioned by Domeyko, Min. Chili, 3d Ed., 431, 1879. COCCINITE. lodure de Mercure Del Rio, Ann. Mines, 5, 324, 1829; Beud., Tr., 2, 515, 1832. Coccinit Raid., Handb., 572, 1845. Mercure iodure Fr. lodquecksilber Germ. Chlorselen- quecksilber del Castillo. In particles of a reddish brown color on selenide of mercury, adamantine in luster, at Casas Viejas, Mexico; and supposed by Del Rio to be an iodide of mercury. But Castillo says (Colegio de Min. Mexico, 1865) that specimens labeled by Del Rio contain no iodine, and appear to be largely chlorine and mercury, yet are not calomel. Castillo describes it from Zimapan and Culebras, both massive and in acute, acicular, rhombic pyramids, 2-6 mm. long; color tine red to yellow, and sometimes yellowish green, changing to greenish gray and dark green on exposure; transparent to translucent. In a closed tube affords a sublimate, white when cold, of Hg 2 Cl 2 , and leaves a residuum which is dull red while hot, orange-yellow when cold, and which B.B. turns aurora-red, and is dissipated with an odor like that of selenium. ZIMAPANITE Adam, Tabl. Min. , 70, 1869. A hypothetical vanadium chloride, credited to Del Rio. BUSTAMENTITE Adam, Tabl. Min., 67, 1869. Hypothetical lead iodide, PbI 2 , not known to occur in nature. The artificial compound is hexagonal, cf. Rg., Kr. Ch., 305, 1881. ZINC IODIDE ZINC BROMIDE. Iodine and bromine are stated by Mentzel to occur along with a cadmiferous zinc in Silesia, and hence it is inferred that iodide and bromide of zinc exist in nature, though not yet distinguished. Ann. Mines, 5, 324, 1829. ii Fluorite Group. R(C1,F) 2 . Isometric. 174. HYDROPHILITE. Hydrophilit Hausm., Handb., 857, 1813. Chlorure de Calcium, Beud., Tr., 2, 512, 1832. Clorocalcite Scacchi, Rend. Ace. Sc. Napoli, Oct. 12, 1872; Contrib. Min. Vesuv., n. 37 (Mem. Ace. Sc. Napoli, Dec. 13, 1873). Chlorocalcite. Isometric. In cubic crystals, sometimes with o and d. As a crystalline or mealy incrustation. &. = 2 -2 artif. Color white, sometimes stained violet. Transparent to trans- lucent. Taste bitter. Deliquesces readily. Comp. Calcium chloride, CaCl 2 = Chlorine 64'0, calcium 36 -0 = 100. The chl&rocalcite from Vesuvius contained also the chlorides of potassium, sodium, and manganese. Pyr., etc. B.B. fusible. Very soluble in water, attracting moisture from the air and rapidly deliquescing. Obs. Occurs at Luneburg in anhydrite and gypsum, and associated with halite (Hausm.). At Vesuvius in crystals (chloroc'alcite) in bombs ot the eruption of April, 1872. At Guy's Cliffe, Warwickshire, as an impure slimy exudation on sandstone. Mixed witb clay in the province of Tarapaca and elsewhere in Peru. From crevices between ejected blocks near the middle of a solfatara in the crater of Barren island, Bay of Bengal, chiefly as a red and orange deliquescent incrustation mixed with ferric oxide and basic aluminium sulphate (Mallet). Named from vdoop, water, and z'Ao? , friend, in allusion to its hygroscopic properties. The hydrous calcium chloride (CaCl 2 + 6H 2 O) is known in artificial crystals belonging to the hexagonal system, cf. Rg., Kr. Ch., 265, 1881. 175. PLUORITE or FLUOK SPAK. Fluores lapides gemmarum shnilis sed minus duri qui ignis calore liquescunt [whence he derives the name] Colores varii, jucundi, (1) rubri, (2) pufpurei (vulgo amethysti), (3) candidi, (4) lutei, (5) cineracei, (6) subnigri, etc. [with mention also of its use as a flux in smelting], Agric., Berm., 458, 1529; Germ. Flusse id., Interpr., 464, 1546. Fluor mineralis Stolbergicus, Lithophosphorus Suhlensis, Woodward, Cat., 1728. Glas- Spat, Spatum vitreum, Wall., 64, 1747. Fluss, Flussspat, Glasspat, Cronst., 93, 1758. Flussaures Kalk Scheele, Ak. H. Stockh., 1771. Calx fluorata Bergm., Sciagr., 1782. Spath fusible, Spath vitreux, de Lisle, Crist., 1772, 1783. Fluorite Napione, Min., 373, 1797. Fluor Spar, Fluate of Lime, Fluoride of Calcium; Derbyshire Spar, Blue-John Vulg. Chaux fluatee Fr. Fluorine Beud., Tr., 2, 517, 1832. Liparit Glock., Syn. 282, 1847. Bruiachite Macadam, Min. Mag., 7, 42, 1886. Fluorina, Spato fluore Ital. Espato fluor, Fluspat, Span. Var. Chlorophane (fr. Nerchinsk) Tti. De Grotthaus; Detameth., J. de Phys., 45, 398, 1794. Ratofkit Fischer, John, Ch. Timers., 6, 232, 1812. Isometric. Observed forms' : 162 CHLORIDES, BROMIDES, IODIDES FLUORIDES. (100, i-i) (110, *) (111, 1) (32-1-0, a-32)? (610, 2-6) (920, *-f ) (410, i-4) (11'30, F (10-3-0, a-W? P (221, 2) / (310, i-3) (331, 3) k (520, *-4) p (441, 4) a jr(12-5-0,~&-Y-) 6 ? e (730, *-i) u (411, 4-4) 9 r (722, f!) ro (311, 3-3) n (211, 2-2) ft (322, |-f) y F (25-6-2, (821, 8-4) s (10-4-3, J^-|) (15-6-2, ^.5)10 (732, 1-1)3 (731, 7-1) x (11-5-3, -V-V-) T 7 (24 -12 -5, - 3 /-2) 8 ? t (421, 4-2) (321, 3-f) 0(481,4-1)* Figs. 1-4, simple forms. 5, Freiberg. 6, 7, Alston Moor, England. Twins: tw. pi. o, commonly penetration-twins (f. 6, 7). Habit cubic, often modified; less frequently octahedral ordodecahedral; forms/, e (fluoroids) common; also the vicinal form C, producing striations on a (f. 8) ; hexoctahedron t also com- mon. Cubic crystals sometimes grouped in parallel position, thus forming a pseudo- octahedron. Also massive; granular, coarse or fine; rarely columnar; compact. Cleavage: o perfect. Fracture flat-conchoidal; of compact kinds splintery. Brittle. H. =4. G. = 3-01-3*25; 3-180-3-189 Kenngott, mean 3-183. Luster vitreous, sometimes splendent; usually glimmering in massive varieties. Color white, yellow, green, rose- and crimson-red, violet-blue, sky-blue, and brown: wine- yellow, greenish blue, violet-blue, most common; red, rare. Streak white. Trans- parent subtranslucent. Sometimes presenting a bluish fluorescence. Phospho- resces when heated gently. Refractive index for Na: n y = 1-4339 Sarasin; *ij = 1'4324 (gray), 1*4342 (black), Kohlrausch. The index diminishes slightly with increase of temperature. Etching, natural and artificial, develops depressions corresponding usually to faces of m (311) or f (310) ; also other forms. Exhibits .a difference of electrical potential between the faces and angles of a cube, both under the action of heat (pyro-electric) and of light (photo-electric). Sometimes exhibits anomalous double refraction 12 . See also p. 1034. Hussak finds that all fluorite shows double refraction with varying degrees of intensity, the crystals consisting of a series of lamellae crossing one another and apparently parallel to the dodecahedral planes. Isotropic spots also occur, though rarely. The structure of the crystals is that of the orthorhombic system with the axis of least elasticity normal to a cubic face. The abnormal double refraction is probably to be regarded as secondary and due to internal tension; it does not disappear at a red heat. Comp. Calcium fluoride, CaF, = Fluorine 48-9, calcium 51'1 = 100. Chlorine is sometimes present in minute quantities. Var. 1. Ordinary; (a) cleavable or crystallized, very various in colors; (b) fibrous to columnar, as the Derbyshire blue-John used for vases and other ornaments; (c) coarse to fine granular; (d) earthy, dull, and sometimes very soft. A soft earthy variety from Ratovka, Russia, of a laveiider-blue color, is the ralovkite or ratofkite. FLUORITE GROUP FLUORITE. 163 The finely colored fluors have been called, according to their colors, false ruby, topaz, emerald, amethyst, etc. The colors of the phosphorescent light are various, and are independent of the actual color; the kind affording a green color is the chlorophane (fr. ^Acw/ads, green, and airecr$ai, to appear) or pyro-emerald. Wyrouboff attributes the various colors to compounds of carbon and hydrogen, derived from a slight infusion of organic matters in the solvent waters; he found (Bull. Soc. Ch., 5, 334, Ib6tt) that the blue and violet colors changed to purple on heating, and supposes that two CH substances, a blue and a red, were present, the former more volatile, and therefore leaving the color reddish after partial heating. Breithaupt obtained for fluorite : G. = 3'017, fr. Alston Moor, Cumberland, white; 3'170, Euba, blue; 3-176, ib., white; 3'171, fr. Siberia, blue; 3'183, ib., white; 3166, fr. near Marienberg, green; 3-J72, ib., blue; 3*169, fr. Bosenbrunn in Voigtland, green; 3 186, ib., blue, 8-188. ib., white; 3'185. fr. Cornwall, fluorescent; 3'188, fr. Switzerland, rose-red; 3'193, fr. near Freiberg, green; 3 255, fr. Mexico, emerald-green transparent oct. ; 3'324-3'357, fr. Siberia, violet blue. For Kenngott's observations on specific gravity see Ber. Ak. Wien, 10, 1853. 2. Antozonite of Schonbein. Stinkfluss Germ. The dark violet-blue fluor of Wolsendorf, Bavaria, afforded Schrotter OD2 p. c. of ozone, which Schonbein (J. pr. Ch., 83, 95, 1861, 89, 7, 1863) called antozone, whence his name for this variety. Its strong odor is said often to produce headache and vomiting in the miners. More recently antozone has been shown to have no real existence, and the odor of this variety has been attributed to free fluorine. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates and phosphoresces. B.B. in the forceps and on charcoal fuses, coloring the flame red, to an enamel which reacts alkaline on test paper. With soda on platinum foil or charcoal fuses to a clear bead, becoming opaque on cooling; with an excess of soda on charcoal yields a residue of a difficultly fusible enamel, while most of the soda sinks into the coal; with gypsum fuses to a transparent bead, becoming opaque on cooling. Fused in an open tube with fused salt of phosphorus gives the reaction for fluorine. Treated with sulphuric acid gives fumes of hydrofluoric acid which etch glass. Obs. Sometimes in beds, but generally in veins, in gneiss, mica slate, clay slate, and also in limestones, both crystalline and uncrystalline, and sandstones. Often occurs as the gangue of metallic ores, especially of lead. In the North of England, it is the gangue of the lead veins, which intersect the coal formation in Northumberland, Cumberland, Durham, and Yorkshire. In Derbyshire it is abundant, and also in Cornwall, where the veins intersect metamorphic rocks. The Cumberland and Derbyshire localities especially have afforded magnificent specimens. Common in the mining district of Saxony; fine near Kongsberg in Norway. In the dolomites of St. Gothard it occurs in pink octahedrons; at Milnsterthal in Baden in flesh-red hexocta- hedrons. Rarely in volcanic regions, as in colorless octahedrons in the Vesuvian lava; also in massive form with other fluorine compounds in ejected masses inclosed in the tufa of Fiauo and at other points in the Campania. In Maine, on Long Island. Blue Hill Bay, in veins. In N. Hampshire, at N. village of Westmoreland, 2 m. S. of meeting-house, while, green, purple, constituting a vein in quartz; at the Notch in the White Mts., green oct. in quartz, rare. In Vermont, at Putney, in green cubes. In Massachusetts, at the Southampton lead mine. In Connecticut, at Trumbul), the chlorophane var., with topaz; at Plymouth, in octahedral and dodecahedral crystals; at Willimantic, purple, in a vein in gneiss, and also sparingly at the topaz vein; at the Middletown lead mine. In New York, in Jefferson Co., at Muscolonge lake, formerly abundant, in gigantic cubes, sometimes modified, of grass-green and pale-green shades, in granular limestone; in St. Lawrence Co., at Rossie and Johnsburgh, rarely in fine crystals: also at Macomb, where a large cave was recently opened (cf. Kunz, Am. J. Sc , 38, 72, 1889), lined with cubic crystals, of a sea-green color, from 1 to 6 inches in diameter, some of the groups weighing 1000 pounds and the whole cavity estimated to contain 15 tons; at Lockport, occasionally in cubes, with selenite and celestite in limestone; also similarly near Rochester and Manlius; Amity, in thin seams, with spinel and tourmaline; at Brewster, at the iron mine in colorless to purple crystals, sometimes dodecahe- dral. In New Jersey, near the Franklin Furnace, Sussex Co. In Virginia, near Woodstock, in limestone; on the Potomac, at Shepardstown, in white limestone; at the mica mines of Amelia Court House, Amelia Co., a finely phosphorescent variety of green or purple color. In Illinois, Gallatin Co., for 30 m. along the Ohio. 10 to 15 m. below Shawueetown. and at other places, dark purple, often in large crystals, in Carboniferous limestone, with galena, and through the soil. In Missouri, in cavities in limestone at St. Louis, with calcite, dolomite, millerite. In California, at Mt. Diablo, rare in white cubes In Arizona, in Castle Dome dist., white, pink, green, purple. In Nova Scotia, at Mabou harbor, green. Near Lake Superior, a few miles from the N.E. corner of Thunder Bay, in large violet cubes on amethyst, affording magnificent specimens. Alt. Fluorite is slightly soluble in waters containing calcium bicarbonate in solution. The alkaline carbonates decompose it, producing calcium carbonate or calcite, and a subsequent change of the calcite may produce other forms of pseudomorphs. Fluorite occurs changed to quartz, by substitution, and also to limonite, hematite, lithomarge, psilomelane, calamine, smithsonite, cerussite, kaolinite. Artif. Made by Scheerer and Drechselin crystallized forms, J. pr. Ch., 7, 63, 1873. Ref. 1 Klocke, monograph, Ber. Ges. Freib., 6, No. 4, 1876, who gives early authorities, etc. Dx. adds the vicinal (40'1'0); Gdt. includes also e (510), v (121-1), Index, 2, 51, 1888. Cf. Grailich, Kr. Opt. lint., 70, 1858, on peculiar distorted forms. 2 Lsx., Jb. Min., 134, 1875. 3 Id., 164 CHLORIDES, BROMIDES, IODIDES FLUORIDES. Zs. Kr., 1, 359 seq., 1877. 4 Groth, Breitenbriinn, Min.-Samml., 16, 1878. 5 Busatti, Att. Soc. Tosc., 6, 12, 1883. 6 Van Calker, Zs. Kr., 7, 451, 1883. 7 Hintze, Riesengrund, Zs. Kr., 14, 74, 1888. 8 Hoefer, Sarnthal, Min. Mitth., 10, 158, 1880. 9 Flink, Nordmark, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 13 (2), No. 7, 46, 1888. 10 Busz, Cornwall, Zs. Kr., 17, 553, 1890. 11 Bibl. Univ., 10, 303, 1883; cf. Kohlrausch, Zs. Kr., 2, 101, 1877, and Dufet, Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 257, 1885. 12 Anomalous optical characters, Mid., Ann. Mines, 10, 115, 1876; Hussak, Zs. Kr., 12, 552, 1887. On fluorescence, Bonn, Phil. Mag., 34, 109, 1867. On etching, cf. Baumh., Jb. Min., 605, 1876; Lsx., Zs. Kr., 1, 363, 1877; Werner, Jb. Min., 1, 14, 1881; van Calker, Zs. Kr., 7, 449, 1883. Hardness, Exner, Harte Kryst., 31, 1873. Pyro-electricity, Photo-electricity, etc., Hankel, Wied., 2, 66, 1877, 11, 269, 1880. 'Elasticity, Klang, Wied., 12, 321, 1881; Voigt, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 4, 236, 1885. BRUIACHITE Macadam, Min. Mag., 7, 42, 1886. Incrusts barite at Loch Bruithaich, In- verness-shire, Scotland. It was first noted by T. D. Wallace, ib., 6, 169, 1885; its identity with fluorite was shown by Heddle, ib., 8, 274, 1889. GUNNISONITE Clarke and Perry, Am. Ch. J., 4, 140, 1882. Massive, deep purple; color of powder the same. Easily scratched by a knife. G. = 2'85. Analysis by E. A. Kebler, after deducting 12-75 p. c. admixed CaCO 3 : CaF 2 74*89, CaO 11 '44, SiO 2 6 "87, Al 2 Os 5'95, Na,O 0'85 = 100. From near Gunnison, Colorado. Probably an altered or impure fluorite. 176. CHLOROMAGNESITE. Cloruro di Magnesio A. ScaccM, Mem. Incend. Vesuv., 181, 1855. Cloromagnesite Id., Att. Ace. Napoli, 6, 1873. Magnesium chloride, Mg01 2 ; found with other deliquescent salts of Vesuvius. 177. SELLAITE. Struver, Att. Ace. Torino, 4, 35, 1868. Tetragonal. Axis 6 = 0-6596; 001 A 101 = 33 24|' A. Sella 1 (301, 3-) 3 Forms 2 : a (100, i-i) m (110, /) h (210, *-2) r (320, -f ) (101, I-*') /(605, |-f) (502, |-.-J M' = 57 40|' ss" = 86 1' /?/?" = 50 Of ft u (558, |) F(334, |) = 123 37' = 45 50' = 66 49' * (111, 1) n (221, 2) , 5) 3 a (525, 1-f) 3 e (733, H) 3 d (944, |-f) 3 = 126 23' = 24 50 6 (212, l-2) 3 ( / (323, 1-f) 3 A (972, f-f)' = 30 47' = 40 19' The form of sellaite is near that of the species of the Rutile Group, p. 233. In crystals, usually prismatic in habit and somewhat fibrous in structure. Cleavage: a, m perfect; also e (Mid.). Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 5. G. = 2'972 Svr.; 3*15 Sella. Luster vitreous, brilliant. Colorless, transparent. Optically +. Kefractive indices: GJ D = 1-3780, e D = 1-3897, Sella. Comp. Magnesium fluoride, MgF 2 = Fluorine 61'4, magnesium 38'6 = 100. Anal. 1, A. Sella, 1. c. 2, 3, A. Cossa, on the corresponding artificial compound, Zs. Kr., 1, 208, 1877. 1. 1. Gebroulaz glacier 2. Artif. 3. G. = 3-15 G. = 2-857 F 61-58 60-79 6106 Mg 38-42 = 100 39-21 = 100 38-94 = 100 Sellaite, after Strilver. The natural mineral gave Struver 39'64 p. c. Mg. Pyr., etc. B.B. in small fragments fuses with intumescence. Insoluble in water; also in acids, except concentrated sulphuric acid: with this it evolves hydrogen fluoride. Obs. Found embedded in anhydrite or in sulphur, also associated withalbite, dolomite, magnesite, fluorite, celestite; from the moraine of the Gebroulaz glacier in Savoy near Moutiers, north of Modane. Named after the Italian mineralogist and statesman, Quintino Sella (1827-1884). Artif. Formed artificially by A. Cossa (1. c.) in short prismatic or tabular crystals, with a, m; sometimes twins || e. H. =6. Phosphorescent, with a violet light in a powerful induction-current, which Difficultly fusible. G. = 2-857. is also true of the natural compound. Ref. Mem. Ace. Line., 4. 455. 1887; Struver obtained c = 0'6619, Att. Ace. Torino, 12, 59, 1876. Cf. also Mid., Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 302, 1888. 2 Cf. Struver. 3 A. Sella, 1. c., also some other doubtful forms. LA WRENCITESCA CCHITE CO T UXNITEMOL Y8ITE. 1 65 178. LAWRENCITB. Daubree, C. R, 84, 69, 1877. Eisenchlorur Germ. Solid, becoming soft on exposure. Color green to brown. Comp. Ferrous chloride, FeCl 2 = Chlorine 55*9, iron 44-1 = 100. Obs. Present in meteoric irons, as those of Tazewell Co., Tenn., and Rockingham Co., N. C., as identified by J. Lawrence Smith (1818-1883), Am. J. Sc., 19, 159, 1855, ib., 13, 214, 1877. after whom the species is named. Probably also present in the Greenland native iron (Daubree). Drops of ferric chloride, FeCl 3 (cf. molysite), formed from lawrencite, often exude in drops (stagmatite, Daubree) from the surface of meteoric irons. The existence of this substance at Vesuvius was announced by Monticelli and Covelli. The artificial FeCl 2 is hexagonal, uniaxial. 179. SCACCHITE. Protocloruro di Manganese A. Scacchi, Mem. Incend. Vesuv., 181, 1855. Scacchite Adam, Tabl. Min., 70, 1869. Manganese protochloride, MnCl 2 = Chlorine 56*4, manganese 43*6 = 100. A deliquescent salt observed with magnesium chloride and other salts at Vesuvius. CHLORALLUMINITE. Cloralluminio A. Scacchi, Att. Accad. Napoli, 6 (read Dec. 13, 1873)- Aluminium chloride (A1C1 3 -f-^HaO), produced with molysite and chloromagnesite, at Vesuvius* at the eruption of April, 1872. 180. COTUNNITE. Cotunnia Monticelli & Covelli, Prodr. Min. Vesuv., 1825. Cotunnite KbL, Char., 2, 179, 1830. Lead chloride. Chlorblei Germ. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0-9976 : 1 : 1-6805 Schabus 1 . 100 A HO = 44 56', 001 A 101 = 59 18J-', 001 A Oil = 59 14f '. Forms : b (010, i4) e (120, i-2) jj- (102, $4) p (111, 1) a (100, i-l) c (001, 0) u (104, f I) v (101, 1-i) q (122, 1-2) ee' = 53 14f w' = 118 37' pp' = 81 29' qq' = 46 36' uu' = 45 40A' ap = *49 15' pp" = 134 24f qq" = 123 58f fiu' = 80 13' pp'" = *81 15' qq'" = 104 14' In acicular crystals. Also in semi-crystalline masses. Cleavage : , perfect. Soft; scratched by the nail. G. = 5*238; 5 - 83 Rg. Luster adamantine; inclining to silky or pearly. Color white, also yellowish or with a tinge of green. Streak white. Comp. Lead chloride, PbCl, = Chlorine 25 -5, lead 74-5 = 100. Anal. 1, 2, Scacchi, Not. Min., i, p. 39 (Att. Ace. Nap., March 12, 1870): 1, wax-yellow var. ; 2, white laminae. Traces of fluorine are present. 1. Cl 25-36 Pb 74-98 = 99'65 2. 25-33 73-98 = 99-31 Pyr., etc. B.B. on charcoal fuses readily, spreading out on the coal and volatilizing, gives a white coating, the inner edge of which is tinged yellow from lead oxide; the coating in R.F. disappears, tingeing the flame azure; with soda gives metallic lead. Added to a salt of phos- phorus bead, previously saturated with copper oxide, gives the reaction for chlorine (see cerargyrite). Soluble in about 22 parts of hot water. Obs. Found by Monticelli and Covelli, in the crater of Vesuvius, after the eruption of 1822, accompanied by sodium chloride, and chloride and sulphate of copper; also by Scacchi and Guiscardi on the lava of 1855, and by Scacchi on that of 1868 (1. c.). Occurs massive with other lead minerals, Mt. Challacollo, Tarapaca, Chili. Named after Dr. Cotugno of Naples. Ref. i On artif. cryst., Ber. Ak. Wien, 4 (1), 456, 1850; with Miller (Min., p. 616), fj. = 110, e = Oil, q = 111, etc.; the crystals deviate at most but 3 or 4 minutes from the tetragonal type, and are near calomel in angle, as noted by Schrauf . PSEUDOCOTUNNITE. Pseudocotunma A. Scacchi, Att. Accad. Napoli, 6, 1873 (Contrib. Min., n, 38). Observed in acicular yellow opaque crystals, destitute of luster, accompanying cotun- nite, at Vesuvius, as a result of the eruption of 1872. Composition believed to be PbCl 2 .KCl, but uncertain. 181. MOLYSITE. Eisenchlorid Hausm., 1819, Handb., 1463, 1847. Molisite Scacchi. Molysite Dana, Min., 5th Ed., 1868, p. 118. Incrusting. Color brownish red, light or dark, and yellow. Comp. Ferric chloride, FeCl 3 = Chlorine 65'5, iron 34-5 = 100. 166 CHLORIDES, BROMIDES, IODIDES FLUORIDES. Obs. Noticed by Hausmaun at Vesuvius in 1819, forming a brownish red incrustation on lavas; and by Scacchi iu the same region, as a result of recent eruptions (Eruz. Vesuv., 1850-55, Min. Contrib. Vesuv., n, 43, 1878), who attributes the yellow color of the lavas about the fumaroles or steam-holes partly to this species; by its decomposition a reddish brown deposit, insoluble in water, is formed. Named from /u6kv(Ti$, stain, in allusion to its staining the lavas. The artificial salt, FeCl 3 , is hexagonal. 182. TYSONITE. Allen and Comstock, Am. J. Sc., 19, 390, 1880. Fluocerite pt. Hexagonal. Axis b 0*68681; 0001 A 1011 = *38 25' E. S. Dana 1 . Forms: c (0001, 0); a (1120, *-2), m (1010, 7); p (1011, 1), q (2021, 2); s (1121, 2-2). Angles: cq = 57 46', cs = 53 57', pp' = 36 12', ms = 45 34', ps = 26 20'. In thick prisms with c a m, also tabular; crystals mostly altered to bastniisite. Also massive, cleavable. Cleavage: c perfect. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. = 4*5-5. G = 6*12 6*14. Luster vitreous to resinous, on cleavage surface somewhat pearly. Color pale wax-yellow, when fresh, changing to yellowish and reddish brown. Trans- parent to translucent. Optically negative. Comp. A fluoride of the cerium metals, (Ce,La,Di)F 3 , ratio of Ce : La(Di) = 14 : 11. Anal. Allen and Comstock, 1. c. | Ce 40-19 a La,Di 30'37 b F [29-44] = 100-00 * Atomic weight 141 '2. b Joint atomic weight 138. Pyr., etc. B.B. blackens, but does not fuse. In closed tube decrepitates, changes color to a light pink. Insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acids, but soluble in sulphuric acid, with evolution of hydrogen fluoride. Obs. Tysonite occurs in feldspar in the Pike's Peak region, El Paso Co., Colorado. The original fluocerite occurs at Finbo and Broddbo near Falun, in Sweden, embedded in. quartz and albite, accompanying pyrophysalite and allanite; it is described as being hexagonal with basal cleavage. The Broddbo mineral occurs in crystals with cq = 61 2' (A.Nd.). There seems every probability that this mineral is identical with tysonite, although the imperfect analysis of 'Berzelius (5th Ed., p. 126) has left its composition in doubt. The fluocerite from Osterby, analyzed by Weibull and Tedin, seems to be quite distinct, see p. 175. Alt. Commonly altered to the fluocarbonate called bastnasite (hamartite, or hydro fluo- cerite), p. 291. Ref. ' Am. J. Sc., 27, 481, 1884. The mineral from Broddbo, Swe_den, called fluocerite by Nordenskiold (see above) probably belongs here; he found 0001 A 2021 = 61 2', Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 27, 550, 1870. 183. CRYOLITE. Chryolith, Thonerde mit Flussaure AUldgaard, Scherer's J., 2, 502, 1799; d'Andrada, ib., 4, 37, 1800. Kryolith Karat., Tab., 28, 73, 1800; id. (with anal.), Klapr., J. de Phys., 51, 473, 1800, Beitr., 3, 207, 1802; Vauq., Ann. Ch., 37, 89, 1801. Alumine fluatee alcaline, H., Tr., 2, 1801. Cryolite. Eisstein Germ. I : b 0-96626 : 1 : 1-38824; /? 89 49' = Monoclinic. Axes 001 A 100 Krenner 1 . 100 A HO = 44 1', 001 A 101 = 55 2', 001 A Oil = *54 14'. r (Oil, 1-1) z (112, I) as tw. pi. Forms 2 : a (100, i-l) e (001, 0) m (110, /) 9 (101, -1- k (101, 14) 1. /^~ c -^\ 2(111, 1) e (323, -1-f) s (121, -2-2) t (121, 2-2) x (176, -|-7) 3. m"' Figs. 1-3, Greenland, Krenner. CRYOLITE. 167 mm"' = *88 2' cm = *89 52' a'q = 50 2|' ' = 115 37' a 34 47' eg = 63 31' as = 63 59^' ee' = 55 40' c* = 55 17' a = 72 11' at = 64 5f . _. ^ rr' = 108 28' ct = 72 20' o -^ _. KQ ox/ w* = 47 21 cz = 44 54' pp' = 76 45' mr = 55 35' 7712 = 44 58' ap = 49 55' qq 1 = 76 55' vm = 53 48' mp = 26 34' ar = 89 53f ' = 115 27' km' = 53 51' cp =63 18' Twins 3 : tw. pi. (1) w, contact-twins with mm = 3 56', also as polysynthetic lamella? resembling plagioclase; (2) z (112) contact-twins, and since cz = mz nearly, the prism of one individual sensibly coincides with the base of the other, while the other prismatic faces unite in a diagonal line at a very obtuse angle; also (with tw. pi. 112) shown as enclosed lamellae, which may be produced by application of heat. (3) , with c-face nearly \\ m, seen in enclosed lamellae; and perhaps also (4) c. Oy&- tals of ten cubic in aspect and grouped in parallel position. Faces m striated || edges m/r, m/v f also m/c. Massive, cleavable. Cleavage: c most perfect, also m, Jc somewhat less so. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 2'5. Gr. = 2*95-3-0. Luster vitreous to greasy; somewhat pearly on c. Colorless to snow-white, sometimes reddish or brownish to brick-red or even black. Transparent to translucent. Optically -f. Double refraction weak. Ax. pi. J_ b; Bx a A = 43 54' in white light. Dispersion p < v\ also horizontal. Axial angles: 2E r = 58 50' 2E y = 59 24' 2E bl = 60 10' Krenner 4 . Refractive index (for a prism with edge || Bx ) = 1 -364 Na, Knr. ; also 1 -3343 Websky 5 , or differing but little from that of water. On etching-figures, cf. Baum- hauer 6 . v Comp. A fluoride of sodium and aluminium, N~a 3 AlF 6 or 3NaF.AlF 3 = Fluorine 54'4, aluminium 12'8, sodium 32 '8 = 100. A little iron sesquioxide is sometimes present as impurity. Anal. 1, 2, Brandl, Zs. Kr., 7, 386, 387, 1883. 3, Hillebrand, Bull. 20, U. S. G. Surv., p. 48, 1885. F Al Na 1. Greenland 54-15 13'07 32-56 = 99'78 2. " 54-28 13-01 32-41 = 99'70 3. Colorado G. = 2'972 53'55f 12*81 32'40 Fe 2 O 3 0'40, Ca 0'28, H 2 O = 0'30 = 9974 Pyr., etc. Fusible in small fragments in the flame of a candle. B.B. in the open tube heated so that the flame enters the tube gives off hydrofluoric acid, etch ng the glass; the water which condenses at the upper end of the tube reacts for fluorine witli Brazil-wood paper. In the forceps fuses very easily, coloring the flame yellow. On ciiarcoal fuses easily to a clear bead, which on cooling becomes opaque; after long blowing, the assay spreads out, the fluoride of sodium is absorbed by the coal, a suffocating odor of fluorine is given off, and a crust of alumina remains, which, when heated with cobalt solution in O.F., gives a blue color. Soluble in sulphuric acid, with evolution of hydrofluoric acid. Slightly soluble in water, 1 part in 2730 at 12 C., Johnstrup. Obs. Occurs in a bay in Arksuk-fiord, in West Greenland, at Ivigtut (or Evigtok), about 12 m. from the Danish settlement of Arksuk, where it constitutes a large bed in a granitic vein in a gray gneiss. The crystals occur in cracks in the massive mineral. The first specimens of cryolite came through Denmark from Greenland, and the earliest notice of it was by Schumacher in the Abh. Nat. Ges. Copenhagen, 4, 1795. The locality was described from personal observa- tion by Gieseck^ in Ed. Encyc., 10, 97, and Ed. Phil. J., 6, 141, 1822; by J. W. Tayler in the Q. J. G. Soc., 12, 140; and more recently by Johnstrup (FOrh. Skand. Nat., 12, 234, 1880). Johnstrup finds the cryolite limited to the granite; he distinguishes a central and a peripheral part; the former has an extent of 500 feet in length and 1000 feet in breadth and consists of cryolite chiefly, with quartz, siderite, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and wolframite irregularly scattered through it. The peripheral portion forms a zone about the central mass of cryolite; the chief minerals are quartz, feldspar, and ivigtite, also fluorite, cassiterite, molyb- denite, arsenopyrite, columbite. Its inner limit is rather sharply defined, though there inter- venes a breccia-like portion consisting of the minerals of the outer zone enclosed in cryolite; beyond this it passes into the surrounding granite without distinct boundary. Also occurs spar- ingly near Miask, in the Ilmen Mts., in a topaz mine with chiolite (andchodneffite). Cryolite and its alteration products, pachnolite, thomsenolite, prosopite, etc. , also occur in very 168 CHLORIDES, BROMIDES, IODIDES FLUORIDES. limited quantity at the southern base of Pike's Peak, El Paso county, Colorado, north and west of Saint Peter's Dome; they are found in vein-like masses of quartz and microcline embedded in granite; zircon, astrophyllite, and columbite are associated minerals. Also reported from the Yellowstone Park (Min. Res. U. S., 1886, p. 693). Named from KpvoS, frost, Az'Oo?, stone, hence meaning ice-stone, in allusion to the translu- cency of the white cleavage masses. Artif., Alt. On artificial alteration products, showing that the sodium may be replaced by the alkaline earths (Ca, Mg, etc.), see Noelluer, Zs. G. Ges., 33, 139, 1881. The related minerals, pachnolite, thoinsenolite, etc., are largely secondary products due to the alteration of the original cryolite. Ref. l Nat. Ber. aus Ungarn, 1, 151, 1883. Cryolite, at first regarded as orthorhombic, was made triclinic by Des Cloizeaux, Propr. Opt., 1, 64, 1857, N. R., p. 201, 1867, and by Websky, Jb. Min., 810, 1867; cf. also Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 254, 1883, and Groth, Zs. Kr., 10, 642, 1886. 2 Knr., 1. c. 3 See Mgg., Jb. Hamb., 1, 67, 1883-84, Zs. Kr., 11, 167, 170, 1885; also Cross and Hillebrand, Bull. 20, U. S. Geol. Surv., 45, 1885. 4 Knr., 1. c. 5 Websky, 1. c. 6 Zs.Kr., 11,133, 1885. ELPASOLITE Cross and Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 26, 283, 1883; Bull., 20, U. S. Geol. Surv. p. 57, 1885. Massive or showing an indistinct isometric form; optically iso tropic. Colorless to white. An imperfect analysis (Hillebrand) gave: F 46-98 (calc.) Al 11-32 Ca 0'72 Mg 0'22 K 28-94 (approx.) Na 9 90 (approx.) = 98-08 This suggests a composition analogous to cryolite with sodium in part replaced by potassium. Occurs sparingly in cavities in the massive pachnolite from the Pike's Peak region, El Paso county, Colorado. 184. OHIOLITE. Chiolith (fr. Miask) Hermann & Auerbach, J. pr, Ch., 37, 188, 1846. Arksutite G. Hagemann, Am. J. Sc., 42, 94, 1866. Tetragonal. Axis b = 1'0418; 001 A 101 = 46 10J' Koksharov 1 . In small pyramidal crystals, o (111, 1), with an undeter- mined zirconoid, z, and rarely c (001, 0). Angles: oo'=*71 37', oo" = 111 40f . Twins: tw. pi. o, contact-twins sometimes prismatic in aspect. Distinct crystals rare and very small. Usually massive granular, resembling cryolite; structure crystalline. Cleavage: o? H. 3-5-4. G. = 2 '84-2 -90 Eg.; 2 -99 Lindstrom. Color snow-white. Luster vitreous. Trans- parent to translucent. Optically negative, Dx., Knr. Com p. A fluoride of aluminium and sodium, 5NaF.3AlF 3 = Fluorine 57'7, aluminium 17-5, sodium 24'8 = 100, Groth-Brandl. Anal. 1, Brandl, Zs. Kr., 7, 478, 1883. 2, 3, G. Lindstrom, G. F5r. F5rh., 8, 172, 1886. 1. Miask 2. Ivigtut G. = 2-994 3. << F 57-30 5716* 57-74* Al 17-66 17-28 17-68 Calculated. Na 24-97 = 99-93 24-72 Ca 0'22, Mg 0*05 = 99'43 24-49 Mg 0-11 = 100-02 Earlier analyses (5th Ed., p. 128) on less pure material were made by Hermann and Ram- melsberg. The analysis of Hagemann, upon which " arksutite " was based, was shown by Groth (Zs. Kr., 7, 479, 1883) to be untrustworthy, and the identity of the mineral with chiolite was later established by Nordenskiold on the strength of LindstrOm's analysis (I.e.); cf. also Krenner, who noted the resemblance in form, Nat. Ber. aus Ungarn, 1, 170, 1883. Pyr. Like cryolite, but somewhat more fusible. Obs. From the Ilrnen Mts., near Miask, where it occurs in granite, with topaz, fluorite, phenacite, and cryolite. Also with cryolite at Ivigtut, Greenland, in white granular masses, occasionally showing cleavage. Named from xioar, snow, Az'OoS, stone, in allusion to its appearance and similarity to cryolite (=: ice-stone). Ref. 1 Vh. Min. Ges., p. 1, 1850-51; Min. Russl., 4, 393. Cf. Kenng., Ber. Ak. Wien, 11, 980, 1853, who made the crystals orthorhombic. CHODNEFFITE. Chiolith (fr. Miask) v. Worth tfe Chodnev, Vh. Min. Ges., 1845-46, 208, 216, 1846. Chodnefflte Dana, Min., 234, 1850; Cryolite, ib., 97, 1854. Chodnewit. Nipholith Naum., Min., 219, 1864. Separated from chiolite on the basis of analyses by Chodnev and Rammelsberg (5th Ed., p. HIERATITE. 169 129); but as shown by Groth, the differences are almost certainly due to want of purity in the material analyzed. The formula deduced (and still preferred, Rg.) for chiolite was 3NaF.2AlF 8 ; that for chodnefflte, 2NaF.AlF 3 . 185. HIERATITE. A. Cossa, Trans. Ace. Line., 6, 141, 1882; Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 61, 1882. Isometric. In octahedrons or cubo-octahedrons forming, with scales of sassolite, stalactitic concretions of grayish color and spongy texture. The concretions contain also selen-sulphur, arsenic sulphide, and the alums of potassium, caesium, rubidium, and, in small quantities, thallium. They are four-fifths soluble in boiling water, from which, on cooling, a gelatinous precipitate, later becoming crystalline, separates out; the latter consists of isotropic crystals, cubes with octahedral faces. For these the composition 2KF.SiF 4 was obtained on analysis Fluorine 51'9, silicon 12'7, potassium 35 '4 = 100. Obs. From the fumaroles of the crater of Vulcano (Greek name, Hiera), one of the Lipari Islands. The following fluorides are mentioned by Scacchi as occurring at Vesuvius, Att. Ace. Napoli, 6, 1873 (Contr. Min., n, 1874): HYDROFLUOKITE. Idrofluore A. See. Hydrofluoric acid gas (HF) observed especially after the eruptions of 1870, 1872. PROIDONITE. Proidonina, A. Sec. Silicon tetrafluoride (SiF 4 ) observed in the exhalations at the time of the eruption of 1872. CKYPTOHALITE. Criptoalite, A. Sec. A fluo-silicate of ammonium, perhaps 2NH V-*) ^ (221, 2) v (762, |-|)? d teoi 2 -i * (031 ' 24) z (331j 3) w (121 > 2 '^ g (031, 3-?) w(992, |) (142, 2-I) 3 ? k (130, e-3) ^ (023, |4) / (2 11, 2-2) mm'" = 66 57' ee' = *73 50' 56" rr'" = 52 48' 22'" = 64 47i' *' = 74 11' oo' = 112 43|' qq' = 103 5' an = 27 57' axe' = 41 25' uu' = 97 18V ddt = 132 30' er' = *42 15' 19" rr' = 84 31' rr"= 107 27' qq" = 139 42' go'" = 62 22' 22' = 108 14' zz" = 152 30' W7i' = 64 23' nri" = 89 35' mn = 33 35V me - 70 39' ATACAMITE. 173 Twins : tw. pi. m. Commonly in slender prismatic crystals, vertically striated, with terminal planes (e, r) bright; also tabular || b. In confused crystalline aggregates; also massive, fibrous or granular to compact; as sand. Cleavage: I highly perfect; u (101) imperfect. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 3-3-5. G. = 3-75-3-77. Luster adamantine to vitreous. Color bright green of various shades, dark emerald-green to blackish green. Streak apple- green. Transparent to translucent. Optically. Ax. pi. || a. Bx J_ b. Dispersion p < v. Axial angles, Dx. 4 m Chili, Brogger. 2H r = 91 50' 2H y = 93 11' 2H r = 91 33'-94 30' 2H bl = 100 23' Chili 2H bl = 102 30'-105 1' Australia Cl 16-44 16-17 15-38 16-78 13-79 15-77 16-24 16-15 15-21 16-45 15-83 Cu 14-67 14-76 13-73 15-00 12-11 14-10 14-52 14-45 13-61 14-72 14-16 CuO 56-64 55-47 55-91 55-26 57-01 54-77 55-26 55-04 56-77 5526 55-70 H a O 12-02 13-59 [13-51] 12-47 17-09 15-36 13-98 14-50 14-41 13-57 14-31 = 99-77 = 99-99 insol. 1-47 insol. 0-21 = 100 = 100 = 100 = 100-14 = 100 = 100 = 100 = 100 = 99-72 Comp.-Cu 2 ClH 3 3 or CuCl a .3Cu(OH) 2 = Chlorine 16-6, copper 14*9, cupnc oxide 55-8, water 12'7 = 100. Anal 1 J A Cabell, Ch. News, 28, 271, 1873. 2, Ludwig, Min. Mitth., 35, 1873. 3 T C. Cloud, Ch. News, 34, 254, 1876. 4, Hiortdahl, Nyt Mag., 13, 153, 1864. 5-11, Darap- sky/Jb. Min., 2, 1, 1889. Also Genth, Am. J. Sc., 40, 207, 1890; for earlier analyses see 5th Ed.,' p. 121. 1. Australia, cryst. G. = 4-314 2. " " G. = 3-769 3. So. Australia 4. Chili 5. Copiapo 6. El Cobre G. = 3'11 7. Llano de Chueca 8. Copiapo 9. Los Bordos 10. Atacama 11. From anal. 5-11, the impurities have been deducted. Darapsky (1. c.) gives a discussion of the variation in composition. Analyses of an ore from Cobija, Bolivia, and of botallackite give half more water (see 5th Ed.). Liversidge obtained for a crystallized specimen from New South Wales 69'9 p. c. CuO and 14-3 CuCl 2 (Proc. Roy. Soc., N. S. W., Nov. 3, 1880). Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives off much water, and forms a gray sublimate. B.B. on charcoal fuses, coloring the O.F. azure-blue, with.a green edge, and giving two coatings, one brownish and the other grayish white; continued blowing yields a globule of metallic copper; the coatings, touched with the R.F., volatilize, coloring the flame azure-blue. In acids easily soluble. Obs. This species was originally found in the state of sand in the Atacama province, north- ern part of Chili. It occurs in different parts of Chili, especially at Los Remolinos; also in veins in the district of Tarapaca, Bolivia; at Tocopilla, 16 leagues north of Cobija, an important locality, in Bolivia; with malachite at Wallaroo in South Australia; in New South Wales, probably at the Cobar mines, Robinson Co.; in the Nellore district, India; at the malachite locality in the Senra do Bembe, near Ambriz, on the west coast of Africa; at the Estrella mine in southern Spain- at St. Just in Cornwall, in crusts and stalactitic tubes. In large pseudo- morphous crystals. 2 inches long, altered to malachite, at the Medno-Rondiansky mine near Nizhni Tagilsk and in the Turginsk mines. In the U. S., with cuprite, gerhardtite, etc., at the United Verde mine, Jerome, Arizona. Botallackite occurs at the Botallack mine, Cornwall, in thin crusts of minute interlacing crystals, closely investing killas; Schwarzenberg in Saxony; also supposed to invest some of the lavas of Vesuvius, but questioned by Scacchi, the mineral so called being a basic sulphate (Mem. Incend. Vesuv., 1855). Atacamite is sometimes ground up in Chili, and sold under the name of Arsenillo as sand for letters. Alt. Occurs altered to malachite, cf. Tschermak (Min. Mitth., 39, 1873), who has imitated this result; also Kk., Bull. Soc. St. Pet., 18, 186, 1872. Also altered to chrysocolla, cf. Rose, Reis. Ural., 1, 409, 412, 1837, and Barwald, Zs. Kr., 7, 169, 1882. 174 CHLORIDES, BROMIDES, IODIDES FL rORlDHS. Artif. On artificial atacsraiite, see Field, Phil. Mag., 24, 123, 1862; Debray, Bull. Soc. Ch. ; 7, 104, 1866; Friedel, C. R , 77, 211, 1873; on analogous oxybromide, C. R., 109, 266, 1889. Occurs as a recent formation on bronze coins at Bourbonne-les-Baius (Daubree). Ref. ! Mean deduced by Zepharovich (Ber. Ak. Wieu, 68(1), 120, 1873) from measurements by himself and Klein (Jb. Min., 495, 1871) on Australian crystals; the angles in the prismatic zone show great irregularities (cf. E.S.D., Min. Mitth., 103, 1874); compare also Brftgger's results on Chilian crystals, Zs. KT., 3, 488, 1879. AVith Dx., u = 110, b = 001, etc. 2 See Zeph., 1. c. and ib., 63 (1), 6, 1871, for authorities, etc.; cf. also Miller, Min., p. 618, 1852; Schrauf, Atlas, Tf. xxiv; Gdt., Index. 1, p. 261, 1886. 3 Bgr., Chili, 1. c. 4 N. R., p, 39, 1867; cf. also Bgr., 1. c. A black oxychloride of copper, differing somewhat f rom atacamite, is described by Domeyko (3d Append., Min. Chili, 1871). It was amorphous, grayish black, without luster. Compact to granular. Fracture even or subconchoidal. It takes a semi-metallic polish under the knife. Composition as obtained by Stuven, deducting impurities, CuCl a 16'94, CuO 68 67, H 2 O 14-39. Marcylite of Shepard, as originally described, was an impure atacamite of a black color; a trial afforded Shepard: Copper 54*30. O and Cl 39 20, H 9'50. G. 4-41. From the south part of the Red River, near the Wachita Mts. (See further under Melaconite.) TALLINGITE A. H. Church, J. Ch. Soc., 18, 77, 213, 1865. In thin crusts, consisting of irregular aggregations of minute globules, appearing botryoidal under the microscope. Subcrystalline. H. =3. G. 3'5 approx. Color bright blue, inclin- ing to green. Streak white. Subtranslucent. Hygroscopic. A hydrated copper chloride, according to Church. Analysis yielded: Cl 11 '33, CuO 66'24, which is explained as Cl 11 '33, CuO 53'57, Cu lO'll, H 2 O 24'99 = 100, for which Groth writes Cu 6 (OH) B Cla -4-4H 2 O. Another sample contained more water. Occurs at the Botallack mine, Cornwall. Named after R. Tailing, of Lostwithiel, by whom the mineral was collected. MELANOTHALLITE. Melanotallo A. Scacchi, Att. Ace. Napoli, May, 1870. In thin scales at first black and gradually changing from without to green. Composition perhaps CuCl 2 .CuO.2H 2 O = CuCl 2 53 8, CuO 31 8, H 2 O 14-4 = 100. Analy- sis : E. Scacchi, Rend. Ace. Napoli, Dec., 1884, and Zs. Kr., 11, 405, 1886. CuCl 2 58-25 CuO 31-37 H,O (100) 10 38 = 100 57-37 31-39 11-24 = 100 Dissolves in water, giving an acid reaction. Found with euchlorine and hydrocyanite at Vesuvius. ERYTHR.OCAI.CITE. Eriocalco A. Scacchi. A hydrated copper chloride found in wool-like aggregates of a bright blue color; from the eruption of 1869 at Vesuvius. It deliquesces on exposure. Composition CuCl 2 with an undetermined amount of water; an analysis of the aqueous solution gave: Cu 48 '08, Cl 51'92. E. Scacchi, Rend. Ace. Napoli, Dec , 1884. Zs. Kr., 11, 405, 1886. ATELITE. Atelina A. Scacchi, Att, Ace. Napoli, 6, 1873, Contr. Min., n, 22, 1874. Observed as more or less complete pseudomorphs after tenorite, and formed by the action on the latter of fumes of hydrochloric acid; as a result the black color is changed to green. An analysis gave: CuO 4559, CuCl 2 38'19, H 2 O and loss 16 '22 = 100. This corresponds to 2CuO.CuCl 2 .3H 2 O. Found at Mt. Vesuvius, as a result of the eruption of April, 1872. It is not far from atacamite. Named from areAr/s, imperfect. 194. DAUBREEITE. Daubreite I. Domeyko, C. R., 82, 922, 1876; Min. Chili, p. 297, 1879. Amorphous; structure compact, earthy, in part fibrous. H. = 2-2-5. G. = 6-4-6-5. Color yellowish to grayish white. Opaque. Comp. A hydrated oxychloride of bismuth, perhaps 2Bi 2 3 .BiCl 3 .3H 2 (Rg.). Anal. Domeyko, 1. c. Bi 2 O 3 89-60 Cl 7-50 H 2 O 3'84(?) Fe 2 O 8 0'72 = 101 '66 Pyr. In the closed tube gives off acid water, and becomes grayish in color; but on con- tinued heating below fusion turns yellow again. B.B. colors the flame slightly blue; in very thin splinters fuses on the end instantly, the fused part becoming black and compact. Soluble in hydrochloric acid in the cold without residue; the solution has a more or less yellow color. Obs. Occurs at the Constancia mine, Cerro de Tazna, Bolivia. Named after M. Daubree, of Paris. 195. NOCERITE. Nocerina A. Scacchi, Ace. Line. Trans., 5. 270, 1881. Nocerin. Hexagonal. In very slender white acicular crystals. Optically negative, uniaxial, Btd 1 . FLUOCERITE. 175 Comp. Perhaps 2(Ca,Mg)F 2 .(Ca,Mg)0, but doubtful. Anal. E. Fischer and Lederer, Zs. Kr., 10, 270, 1885. F Al - Mg Ca Na K O 37-60 4-38 17-52 26'92 2'47 0-51 11'40 = 100 80 Obs. Occurs in volcanic bombs in the tufa of Nocera, near Naples, Italy; it is associated with fluorite, some brown crystals referred to amphibole, and minute crystals in hexagonal prisms, perhaps a variety of microsommite. The exterior of the bombs is covered with mica. Ref. * Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 142,. 1882. FLUOSIDEKITE A. Scacchi; E. Fisher, Zs. Kr., 10, 270, 1885. In minute crystals forming a granular crust of a bright red color underneath the mica covering of the bombs of Nocera which have yielded the uocerite (see above). Composition unknown ; some measurements, but not leading to definite results, have been made by vom Rath, Ber. iiied. Ges., Dec. 4, 1882. PSEUDONOCERINA A. ScaccM, Mem. Accad. Napoli, 2, 1885; Vulcani fluoriferi, p. 69. In minute, transparent acicular crystals, resembling nocerite and also containing fluorine, but of unknown composition. Fusible B.B. Dissolves in boiling hydrochloric acid with difficulty; with sulphuric acid fluorine is liberated. Found in bombs inclosed in the tufa of Pacoguano, near Vico Equense on the south side of the Bay of Naples. 196. PLUOCERITE. Neutralt flussspatssyradt Cerium Berz., Afh., 6, 56, 1818. Neutrales flusssaures Cerer, Flusscerium ceriumfluat, Germ. Neutral Fluate of Cerium. Cerium fluatee ffr. Flucerine Beud., Tr., 2, 519, 1832. Fluocerit Raid., Handb., 500, 1845. Massive. H. = 4. G. = 5-70 W.; 5-93 Osterby, Nd. Luster resinous. Color reddish yellow. Subtranslucent to opaque. Comp. R 2 OF 4 or R 2 3 .4RF 3 , where R = cerium metals chiefly, with some of the yttrium group. Anal. M. Weibull and Tedin, G. For. Forh., 8, 496, 1886; b recalculated on basis of atomic weights: Ce = 141, Di,La = 143, Y, etc. = 97 '5. Ce a O 3 (La,Di) 2 O 3 (Y,Er,Yt) 2 O 3 F H 2 O G. = 5-70 |46-03 36'00 3'96 19'49 1-78 C1,A1 2 O 3 tr., [CaCO 3 1-50 = 108-76" Ce La,Di Y,Er,Yt F O H 2 O 39-53 30-82 3'19 19'49 4'43 1-78 CaCO 3 1-50 = 100-74 Deduct O (= F) 8'21 = 100'55 Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water, and at a high temperature corrodes the glass; the water contains fluorine, and tinges Brazil-wood paper yellow; the assay changes from yellow to white by heat. B.B. on charcoal infusible, but darkens in color. With soda it is not dissolved, but divides and swells up; the soda is absorbed by the charcoal, and leaves a gray mass on the surface. . Obs. Occurs at Osterby in Dalarne, Sweden, in pegmatyte veins with gadolinite, orthite, etc Cf . remarks under tysonite, p. 166. III. Hydrous Chlorides, etc. A. Hydrous Chlorides. 197. Bischofite MgCl a + 6H 3 Monoclinic (artif.) 198. Kremersite KCl.NH 4 Cl.FeCl 3 + H a O Isometric a:b:6 199. Erythrosiderite 2KC1. Fe01 3 -f H 2 O Orthorhombic 0-6911 : 1 : 0'71?8 200. Douglasite 2KCl.FeCl a + 2H 2 Monoclinic (artif.) 176 CHLORIDES, BROMIDES, IODIDES FLUORIDES. 201. Carnallite KOl.MgCl, + 6H 2 Orthorhombic 0-5936 : 1 : 0-6906 6 202. Tachhydrite CaCl 2 .2MgCl a + 12H 2 Khombohedral 1-90 B. Hydrous Fluorides. a : b : L 203. FlueUite A1F 3 + H 2 Orthorhombic 0-7700 : 1 : 0-8776 a\l\b ft 204. Prosopite CaF 2 .2Al(F,OH) 3 Monoclinic 1-3188:1:0-5950 85 40' a:l:c ft 205. Pachnolite ) AT T?P T? AII? TTA Monocliuic 1*1626: 1: 1'5320 89 40' 206. Thomsenolite \ ^ a * ' Ca * ' Al * 3 "+ H ' " 0-9975 : 1 : 1-0329 86 48' 207. Gearksutite CaF 2 .Al(F,OH) 3 + H 2 208. Ralstonite (Mg,Na 2 )F 2 .3Al(F,OH) 3 +2H 2 Isometric 209. Yttrocerite A. Hydrous Chlorides. 197. BISCHOFITE Ochsenius [Die Bildungder Salzlager, Halle, 18771, JB. Ch., pp. 1284, 1285, 1877. Crystalline-granular and foliated, sometimes fibrous. H. = 1-2. G. = 1*65. Colorless to white. Luster vitreous to dull. Comp. MgCl 2 -f 6H 2 = Chlorine 35-0, magnesium 11-8, water 53'2 = 100. Anal. Koenig: | Cl 35-04 Mg 11-86 H 2 O [53'10] = 100 Soluble in 0'6 parts of cold water. . Obs. Occurs in layers 2-3 cm. thick in halite, with kieserite and carnallite; the fibers transverse to the layers, at Leopoldshall, Prussia. The assumption of water is said to commence as soon as the layer is exposed to the air. The artificial salt is monoclinic, cf. Rg., Kr. Ch., 264, 1881. Named after Dr. Gustav Bischof, the German chemist and geologist (1792-1870). . 198. KREMERSITE. Eisenchlorid mit den Chloralkalien Kremers, Pogg., 84, 79, 1851. Kremersit Kenng., Min., 9, 1853. Isometric. In octahedrons. Color ruby-red. Easily soluble. Comp. KCl.NH 4 Cl.FeCl 3 + H 2 = Potassium chloride 24-2, ammonium chloride 17*3, ferric chloride 52*6, water 5'9 = 100; or Chlorine 57*5, potassium 12*7, ammonium 5-8, iron 18*1, water 5*9 100. Anal. Kremers, 1. c.: Cl 55-15 Fe 16'89 K 12-07 NH 4 6'17 Na 016 H [9-56] = 100 Obs. From fumaroles at Vesuvius, associated with ferric chloride as a product of sublimation. Named after the chemist Dr. P. Kremers. 199. ERYTHROSIDERITE. Eritrosidero A. Scacchi, Contr. Min., n, p. 42, 1874. Rend. Ace. Napoli, Oct., 1872. Orthorhombic. Axes a : 1 : 6 = 0-6911 : 1 : 0-7178 Scacchi. 100 A HO = *34 39', 001 A 101 = 46 5', 001 A Oil = 35 40J'. Forms: a (100, t-I); d (102, H), (101, l-l). Angles : mm'" = 69 18', dd' = 54 53', ee' = 92 10', ad = 62 33', ae = 43 55'. D UGLASITE CARNALLITE. 1 77 Crystals somewhat tabular | a. Color red, very deliquescent. Comp.-2KCl.FeCl 3 .H 2 = Chlorine 53-8, iron 17'0, potassium 23-7, water 5-5 = 100. Anal. Scacchi, 1. c.: 01 53-30 Fe 16'81 K 24'21 H 2 O 5-68 = 100 Obs. Found at the cone of Vesuvius embedded in the lava of April, 1872, and undoubtedly formed at that time. Named from epvbpoS, red, and cridr/po$, iron. 200. DOUGLASITE. Ochsenius, Precht, Ber. Ch. Ges., 13, 2328, 1881. Eisenchlorur- chlorkalium Germ. A salt associated with carnallite at Stassfurt and stated to have the composition 2KCl.FeCl 2 .2H 2 = Chlorine 48-2, potassium 26-6, iron 19% water 6-1 = 100. The artificial salt is monoclinic with G. = 2 '162. Of. Sbs., Ber. Ak. Wien, 4 (1), 475, 1850, and Rg., Kr. Ch., 273, 1881. 201. CARNALLITE. Carnall.it H. Hose, Pogg., 98, 161, 1856. Kalium-Magnesium chlorid Germ. Orthorhombic. Axes a \l : 6 = 0-59356 : 1 : 0'69062 Hessenberg 1 . 100 A HO = 30 41J', 001 A 101 = 49 19f, 001 A Oil = 34 37f '. Forms* : c (001, 0) i (201, 2-i) e (021, 2-i) s (223, f) k (221, 3) b (010, i-i) m (110, /) d (043, f fc) /(041, 44) o (111, 1) mm'" = *61 23' ff' = 140 12' ss' = 70 20' '" = 39 59' ii' = 133 29' cs = 42 3' oo' 87 30' oo'" = 48 28' dd' = 85 17' co = *53 32' kk' = 107 32' kk'" = 57 13' ee' = 108 11$' ck = 69 43' Crystals rare, resembling hexagonal pyramids. Commonly massive, granular. No distinct cleavage. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. = l. G-. = 1*60. Luster shining, greasy. Color milk-white, often reddish and with a metallic schiller due to minute enclosed scales of hematite. Transparent to translucent. Strongly phosphorescent. Taste bitter. Deliquescent. Optically -j-. Double refraction strong. Ax. pi. || #. Bx J_ (100). 2E r = 115 1', 2E bl = 117 0' Dx. 3 Comp KMgCl 3 .6H 2 or KCl.MgCl, + 6H 2 = Chlorine 38*3, potassium 141, magnesium 8*7, water 39'0 = 100 or Potassium chloride 26*8, magnesium chloride 34*2, water 39 '0 = 100. Analyses (5th Ed., p. 118, also Hammerbacher, Inaug. Diss., p. 21, Erlanger, 1874) show the presence of some sodium and calcium chlorides, Hessenberg. calcium sulphate, etc. It also sometimes incloses besides iron oxide more or less organic matter. Hammerbacher found thallium in the Stassfurt mineral. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses easily. Soluble in water, 100 parts of water at 18'75 C. taking up 64 5 parts; deliquescent. Obs. Occurs at Stassfurt, where it forms beds in the upper part of the salt formation, alter- nating with thinner beds of common salt and kieserite, and also mixed with the common salt. Its beds consist of subordinate beds of different colors, reddish, bluish, brown, deep red, some- times colorless. The red varieties inclose scales of iron oxide and resemble some varieties of oligoclase (sunstone) from Tvedestrand (Groth). Sylvite occurs in the carnallite and may have oeen formed from it (Tscbermak); as may also have been true at Kalusz, Galicia. Also found with salt at Maman in Persia. Named after von Carnall 01 the Prussian mines. Artif. Occurs artificially formed in the salt-pans at Halle. Ref. ' On natural crystals, a secondary formation at Stassfurt, Min. Not., 7, 12, 1866. Rg. (Kr. Ch., 204, 1855) made the artificial crystals hexagonal with co = 53 42'; they were later shown to be orthorhombic, Dx., Ann. Mines, 6, 593, 1864, and N. R., 46, 1867. Marignac ob- tained on artificial crystals: mm'" = 61, co = 53 35', Ann. Mines, 12, 3, 1857. The axes of Hbg. Are calculated from his measured angle mm'" = 61 23' and an angle (Rg.) for artif. crystals, 178 CHLORIDKS, BROMIDES, IODIDES FLUORIDES. viz.: oo iv = 72 40', that is co = 53 40'. * Hbg., 1. c., all but * observed by Dx. (I.e.) on artificial crystals. 3 On masses from Stassf urt, 1. c. 202. TAOHHYDRITE. Tachhydrit Rammelsberg, Pogg., 98, 261, 1856. Tachybydrite, Tachydrite. Khombohedral. Axis 6 = 1-90; rr' = 104 Groth 1 . Massive; in roundish masses with easy rhombohedral cleavage, and twin- lamellae forming planes of parting. Color wax- to honey-yell ow. 'Transparent to translucent. Very deliquescent on exposure. Optically uniaxial, negative, Dx. 2 Coinp. CaMg 2 Cl 6 .12H 2 or CaCl 2 .2MgCl 2 + 12H 2 = Chlorine 41-1, calcium 7*7, magnesium 9*3, water 41 -9 = 100, or Calcium chloride 21*4, magnesium chloride 36-?, water 41-9 = 100. Anal. Hamrnerbacher, Inaug. Diss., p. 24, Erlangen, 1874. Also Rg., 1. c.; 5th Ed., p. 119. | Cl 40-85 Ca 7'18 Mg 9'97 H a O 42'50 = 100'48 Pyr., etc. Fuses easily. Very soluble; 100 parts of water at 18'75 C. dissolving 160'3 of tLe salt. Obs. From the salt mines of Stassfurt, in thin seams with carnallite and kieserite, in an- hydrite. Named in allusion to its ready deliquescence, from raxi^, quick, and vdoop, water. Ref. i Tab. Ueb., 74, 1874. * N. R., 20, 1867. 203. FLUELLITE. Fluellite Levy, Ann. Phil., 8, 242, 1824. Fluateof Aluinine, Fluorid of Aluminium. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0*7700 : 1 : 1-8776 Miller 1 . 100 A HO = 37 35f ', 001 A 101 = 67 42', 001 A Oil = 61 57f '. In rhombic pyramids (r, 111) with basal plane. Angles: rr' = *97 48', rr" = *144, rr'" = 70 56', cr = 72. Cleavage: r indistinct. H. = 3. G. = 2 '17. Luster vitreous. Colorless to white. Transparent. Ax. pi. || 100. Bx _J_ c. Ax. angle large, = 100 approx. Groth. Refractive index 1'47. Comp. A hydrous fluoride of aluminium, A1F 3 -f H a O = Fluorine 56*0, aluminium 26-4, water 17'6'= 100, Groth-Brandl. Anal. Brandl, Zs. Kr., 7, 484, 1883. F 56 25 Al 27-62 Na 0'58 H 2 O [15-551 = 100 Obs. A rare mineral found at Steuua-gwyn, Cornwall, in minute crystals on quartz, with wavellite and torbernite. Ref.- 1 Min., p. 607, 1852. 204. PROSOPITE. Prosopit Scheerer, Pogg., 90, 315, 1853, 92, 612, 1854, 101, 361, 1857. Monoclinic (or triclinic) : Axes: a : I : b 1-318S : 1 : 0'5950; ft = 85 40' = 001 A 100 Dx. 1 100 A HO = 52 45', 001 A 101 = 23 30f, 001 A Oil = 30 40f. Forms 2 ; b (010, i-i), m (110, /), o (Oil, 1-i), t (111, 1), z (211, -2-2), y (231, 3-|). mm'" = 105 30' it' = 58 13' bz *66 59' mz = *45 28' bm = *37 15' zz' = 46 2' by = 38 7' mi = 54 59' oo' = 61 22' yy' = 103 46' In embedded crystals; also granular massive. Crystals sometimes tabular || b. Cleavage: z distinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 4-5. G.= 2-88-2-89. Luster vitreous, weak. Colorless, white, grayish. Transparent to translucent. Op tically -}-. Double refraction strong. Ax. pi. || b. Bx nearly || edge z/z f . Disper- sion p > v. Ax. angles, Dx. : 2H ar = 65 9' .-. 2E r = 10414'also2H 0>r = 12056'.-. 2V r =63 30' t =1-500 PACHNOLITE. 179 2H a . y = 64 21' .'. 2E y = 102 50' also 2H . y = 121 42' .' . 2V y =62 45' fl y =1-502 2H a . bl =60 35' .-. 2E bl = 96 24' " 2H aU = 124 38' .-. 2V bl =59 20' >ff w = 1-506 Comp. A hydrous fluoride of aluminium and calcium, CaAl 2 (F,OH) 8 or CaF 2 .2Al(F,OH) 3 Groth-Brandl. Anal. 1, Brandl, Zs. Kr., 7, 490, 1883. 2, Hillebrand, Bull. 20, U. S. G. Surv., 64, 1885. An earlier incomplete analysis was made by Scheerer. H a 'O 1. Altenberg 2. Colorado G. = 2 '880 F Al Ca Mg Na 35-01 23-37 16-19 O'll 0"33 f 33-18 22-02 17 28 0'17 0'48 13-46 O 12'41 [12-58] = 100 ] = 10 Pyr., etc. In the glass tube affords water and silicon fluoride. Decomposed by sulphuric acid. The water goes off above 260 C. Obs. Occurs at the tin mines of Alteuberg, in crystals, part of which are a kind of kaolin, and others, according to observations by G. J. Brush (Am. J. Sc., 25, 411, 1858$, cleavable violet fluorite, and others still, fluorite partly kaolinized. Also found at the Schlackenwald tin mines. In cellular pachnolite, derived from the alteration of cryolite, with fluorite and astrophyllite at St. Peter's Dome near Pike's Peak, Colorado. Named from TtpoaooTteior, a mask, in allusion to the deceptive character of the mineral. Ref. ' Made triclinic by Dx. (N. R , 190, 1867). but as shown by Groth (Zs. Kr., 7, 489, 1883) the variations in angle lie within the probable errors of observation, and hence it seems better to regard it as monoclinic, at least provisionally. These axes are calculated from the funda- mental angles of Dx., the mean of 010 A HO, 010 A 110, also of OiO A 211, 010 A 211, being taken. 2 Scheerer, Pogg., 101, 361, 1857. Colorado. Altenberg. 205. PACHNOLITE. Pachnolit Knop, Lieb. Ann., 127, 61, 1863. Pyroconite Wohler, Lieb. Ann., 180, 231, 1875. Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : 6 = 11626 : 1 : 1-5320; ft = 89 40' = 001 A 100 Groth 1 . 100 A HO = 49 18', 001 A 101 = 52 35 f, 001 A Oil = 56 52'. Forms 1 : a (100, i-l) as tw. pi. c (001, 0) mm'" = *98 36' cp = 63 30' cm = 89 47' ce = 76 26' op = 54 7' m (110, /) P (HI, -1) s (554, |-) 2 t (553, - 1) 2 2(221, -2) 2 0(331, -3) a; (551, - 5) : mp = 26 17' ms =21 34' mq = 13 53' mv = 9 22' mx = 5 39' pp' = 85 27' **' = 89 30' qq' = 47 20' P )* Iff ee' cc PP o- (111, 1) e (811,-8-Sf = 96 45f = 41 8' = *0.40' = *71 46' .Twins: tw. pi. a, the crystals having thus an orthorhombic appearance. Crystals prismatic, commonly acutely terminated; also terminated by c. Faces m striated | edge m/c. Cleavage: c indistinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 3. G-. = 2-93-3-0. Luster vitreous. Colorless to white. Transparent to subtransparent. Optically +. Ax. pi. J_ b. Bx A & = + 68 5'. 'Ax. angle large, 2E = 120 approx. Dispersion p < v weak; horizontal strong, Dx. Comp. A hydrous fluoride of aluminium, calcium, and sodium, NaCaAlF 6 .H 2 or NaF.CaF 2 .AlF 3 .H 2 = Fluo- rine 51-5, aluminium 12'2, calcium 17'9, sodium 10-3, water 8-1 = 100. Anal. 1-4, Hillebrand, Bull. 20, U. S. G. Surv., 54, 1885. Greenland, Knr. 180 CHLORIDES, BROMIDES, IODIDES FLUORIDES. 5, Knop, 1. c. 6, Hagemann, Am. J. Sc., 41, 119, Philad., 42, 1876. 7, Wohler, 1. c. 8, Koenig, Proc. Ac. 1. Colorado, compact G. = 2 '980 2. 3. 4. 5. Greenland 6. 7. 8. cryst. G. = 2-965 G. = 2-923 G. = 2-929 G. = 3-008 F Al Ca Na H 2 [50 [51 27] 19 11-94 1293 19-32 15-22 10-43 10-28 7- 8' 91 72 Mg 0-13 = 100 Mgl-53, KO-13 = 100 51 32 12-14 18-06 10-23 8 10 = 99-86 [51 39] 12-27 18-04 10-25 05 = 100 50 79 1314 17-25 12-16 9 Of) = 102-94 51 15 10-37 17-44 12-04 8 63 = 99-63 [49 78] 13-43 17-84 10-75 8 20 = 100 51 54 12-50 18-14 10-23 819 = 100-60 Obs. Occurs with cryolite, thomsenolite, etc., at Ivigtut, Greenland, and at St. Peter's Dome, Colorado. Pachnolite is from xdxvy, frost, Az'-Oo?, stone. Pyroconite from Ttvp, fire, and xoria, powder, because it falls to pieces when ignited B.B. Ref. ' Zs. Kr., 7, 462, 1883. Cf. also Knr., Nat. Ber. aus Ungarn, 1, 166, 1883, and Kk., Min. Russl., 8, 425, 9, 1. * Knr., 1. c. a Hillebrand, 1. c. 206. THOMSENOLITE. Dimetric Pachnolite G. Hagemann, Am. J. Sc., 42, 93, 1866. Thomsenolite Dana, Min., 129, 1868. Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : b = 0-9975 : 1 : 1-0329; ft = 86 48' = 001 A 100 Krenner 1 . 100 A HO = 44 53', 001 A 101 = 47 39J', 001 A Oil = 45 53'. Forms; c (001, 0); m (110, 7); t (101, l-l), x (302, f-i); (331, - 3), q (111, 1), r (221, 2), * (331, 3). mm'" =*89 46' ct = 47 39' ex = 59 30' m - 75 0' cm = *87 44' eg = 57 10' cr = 73 9' cs = 79 19' w' = 86 2' qq' = *72 48' rr' = 85 3' 88' = 87 53 1. 2. Greenland, Knr. Crystals often cubic in aspect (c, m); also prismatic, with prismatic and also pyramidal faces striated | edge c/m-' 9 often grouped in parallel position. Twins not ob- served. Also massive, opal, or chalcedony- like. Cleavage : c perfect ; m less so. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 2. G. = 2-93-3-0. Luster vitreous, on c somewhat pearly. Colorless to white, or with a reddish tinge. Transparent to translucent. Optically . Ax. pi. J_ b. Bx A 6 = - 52 22'. Dis- persion p < v. Ax. angles : 2E r = 69 10' 2E 7 = 69 36' also 2H r = 48 28' 2H bl = 49 14' Knr. omp. Same as pachnolite, !NaCaAlF 8 .H 3 0. Anal. 1, Hagemann, 1. c. 2, Wohler, ISac'hr. Ges. Gottingen, Nov. 17, 1875. 3, Koenig, 42, 1876. 4, NordenskiSld, G. For. FOrh., 2, 84, 1874. 5-7, Brandl, Zs. Proc. Ac. Philad. Kr., 7, 470, 1883. 1. Greenland 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. F Al Ca Ka H 2 O G = 2-75 50-08 14-27 14-51 7-15 9'70 SiO 2 2-0 = 97'71 G. = 2-929 [49-781 13'43 17'84 10-75 8'20 = 100 G. = 2-937 50-37 13-74 16-79 10-10 9'00 = 100 F52-251 14-22 15'38 8'87 8'92 Mg 0'36, K tr. = 100 50-65 13-04 17-22 10-02 8'48 Mg 0'39 = 99'80 50-62 13-00 17-21 10-49 8'33 Mg 20 = 99'85 50-61 13-26 17-22 10*43 8'42 = 99'94 Pyr.. etc. Fuses more easily than cryolite to a clear glass. The massive mineral decrepi- tates remarkably in the flame of a candle. In powder easily decomposed by sulphuric acid. GEARK8UTITERALSTONITE. 181 Obs. Found with pachnolite on the cryolite of Greenland, as a result of alteration of the latter. First noticed by Dr. Julius Thomsen of Copenhagen, the originator of the cryolite industry, after whom it is named. It differs strikiugly from pachnolite in its pearly basal cleavage and its nearly square prisms; and from cryolite in the horizontal striae of the same and the facility of cleavage. The compact variety referred here by Dr. Hagemann has much of the aspect of chalcedony; it incrusts cryolite or occupies seams or cavities in it, and is covered by the chalky gearksutite; the incrustations are sometimes half an inch or more thick. Also occurs sparingly with pachnolite and other fluorides at St. Peter's Dome, near Pike's Peak, Colorado. Ref. i Nat. Ber. aus Ungarn, 1, 162, 1882. HAGEMANNITE Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 42, 246, 1866. Closely resembles in aspect and con- dition the compact thomsenolite, but passes sometimes into a yellow, opaque, jaspery variety. It incrusts the cryolite, and also constitutes seams ^ to ^ inch thick. It sometimes traverses a drusy ferruginous pachnolite. It is ocher-yellow to wax-yellow in color, rarely faint greenish, dull, or with only a faintly glimmering luster, and looks like an iron flint, or yellow chloropal. H. = 3-3-5. G. = 2-59-2-60. Adheres but feebly to the tongue. Hagemann obtained in an analysis: F 40-30, Al 12'06, Fe 5 96, Mg 2'30, Ca 11-18, Na 8'45, Si 7'79, H 2 O 10-44. G. = 2'83. Decrepitates surprisingly in the flame of a candle. No probable formula can be deduced. Excluding the Si,Mg,Fe, the composition is that of thomsenolite; it is consequently probably an impure thomsenolite. Cf. Groth, Zs. Kr., 7, 480, 1883. 207. GEARKSUTITE Hagemann; Dana, Min., p. 130, 1868. Evigtokite Flight, J. Ch. Soc., 43, 140, 1883. Earthy, kaolin-like in aspect, but consisting of very minute colorless needles, with oblique extinction. H. = 2. Luster dull. Color white. Comp. Perhaps CaF 2 .Al(F,OH) 3 .H 2 = Fluorine 42'9, aluminium 15'1, calcium 22'4, water 15-1, oxygen 4-5 = 100, if F : OH = 2 : 1, Hillebrand. Anal. 1, Hillebrand, Bull. 20, U. S. G. Surv., 59, 1885. 2, G. Lindstrom, G. For. FDrh., 7, 687, 1885. F Al Ca Na K H a O O 1. Colorado f 42'07 15*20 22'30 010 0'04 15'46 [4'83] = 100 2. Ivigtut 41-81* 15-37 21 '02 1'06 0'23 1503 4'82 Fe 0'30, Mg 016, Cl 0'20=100 a Direct determination 40-55. Hagemann's analysis (5th Ed., p. 130) is shown by Hillebrand to be incorrect in the determination of fluorine and water; the same author shows that Flight's emgtokite is identical with gearksutite. Flight gives: Al 16'23, Ca 2239, Na 0'43 or A1F 3 4987, CaF 2 43'66, NaF 0-76, H 2 O [5'71] = 100. Pyr. B.B. fuses easily to a white enamel. Gently heated in the tube gives off neutral water, but more strongly heated attacks the glass. Soluble in acids. Obs. Occurs sparingly with the Greenland cryolite, and is one of the results of its alteration. The underlying material is compact thomsenolite. Also more abundant with the fluorides, cryolite, pachuolite, etc., of St. Peter's Dome near Pike's Peak, Colorado. Named from yjj, earth, and arksutite, alluding to its earthy aspect. 208. RALSTONITE. O. J. Brush, Am. J. Sc., 2, 30, 1871. Isometric. In octahedrons, also with cubic planes. Cleavage none. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 4'5. G. = 2 '56-2*62. Luster vitreous. Colorless to white, milky, often yellow on the surface. Trans- parent to translucent. Often shows weak double-refraction, Btd. 1 Comp. A hydrous fluoride of sodium and aluminium, (Na 2 ,Mg)F .3Al(F,OH) 3 .- 2H 2 0, Penfield and Harper. If Na : Mg = 1 : 1 and F : OH 2 : l) this requires: Fluorine 43'4, aluminium 23*0, magnesium 4*5, sodium 4-4, water 17'9, oxygen 6-8 = 100. Anal. 1, Nordenskiold, on 0'22 gr., G. For. Forh., 2, 81, 1874. 2, Brandl, on 0'5 gr., Zs. Kr. , 7, 474, 1883. 3, Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 32, 380, 1886. 4, Penfield and Harper, ibid. F Al Mg Na Ca H 2 O 1. G. =2-60 [50-05]* 22-94 5'52 4'66 1'99 14*84 K tr., P 2 O 5 tr. = 100 2. 57-12 22-14 3'56 5-50 1'53 lO'OO = 99-85 3. undet. 22'33 4*29 4'12 1'67 18 "41 K O'll 4. G. = 2 58 1 39-91 24-25 4'39 4-27 0'03 18 73 K 0'12 = 91 '70 This, as calculated, includes F 38'13, O 10'69. 182 CHLORIDES, BROMIDES, IODIDES FLUORIDES. Penfield and Harper confirm NordenskiOld in finding the fluorine insufficient to unite with thje bases; they complete analysis 4 by calculating the amount of hydroxyl required, viz. 16 27 (== 8'61 H a O), here F : OH = 2 : 1. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube whitens,, yields water at first, ihen a copious white sublimate which etches the tube. The water reacts acid. B.B. on charcoal a faint white sublimate. In the forceps whitens, colors the flame yellow, but does not fuse. With cobalt solution gives a deep blue. In salt of phosphorus dissolves completely to a colorless bead in both flames. Soluble with effervescence in a bead of sodium carbonate. Decomposed by sulphuric acid with evolution of hydrofluoric acid. Obs. Occurs with cryolite and thomsenolite at Ivigtut. Arksuk Fiord, Greenland. Ref. Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 34, 1881. 209. YTTROCERITE. Yttrocerit Gahn & Berzelius, Afh., 4, 151, 1814. Yttrocererit teonh., Handb., 573, 1826. Yttria fltiatee Fr. Fluate of Cerium andYttria. Ytterflussspath, Flussyttrocalcit, Germ. Yttrocalcit Glock., Syn., 283, 1847. Massive; crystalline-granular and earthy. Cleavage: in two directions inclined to each other 71 30'. Fracture uneven. H. = 4-5. G. = 3*447 Berz,; 3 -363 Rg. Luster glistening; vitreous to pearly. Color violet-blue, inclining to gray and white, often white; sometimes reddish brown. Comp. A fluoride of calcium with the metals of the cerium and yttrium >ups. According to Rammelsberg the formula is 2(2RF 3 .9CaF 2 ) -f- 3H 2 0, with = Ce(La,Di) : Y(Er) = 1:2; further the cerium metals consist one-half of lan- thanum and didymium, and the yttrium contains 30 p. c. of erbium. Anal. 1, 2, Rg., Ber. Ch. Ges., 3, 857, 1870. Also earlier, Gahn and Berzelius (1. c. and Schw. J., 16, 241, 1816), 5th Ed., p. 125. CaO Ce 2 O 3 Y 2 O S H 2 O 1. . G. = 3-363 47-27 9'3o 14 87 2'52 2. 49-32 16-14 Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives water. B.B. on charcoal alone infusible; with gypsum the yttrocerite of Finbo fuses to a bead, not transparent, and that of Broddbo is infusible With the three fluxes the Finbo mineral behaves like fluorite; the glass is, however, yellow in the Oxidizing flame as long as hot, and becomes opaque sooner than the glass given by fluorite. In a pulverized state it dissolves completely in heated hydrochloric acid, forming a yellow solution, Obs. Occurs sparingly at Finbo and Broddbo, near Falun in Sweden, embedded in quartz, and associated with albite and topaz. Also at Amity, Orange Co., N. Y.; in Mass., probably Worcester Co.; at Mt. Mica, in Paris, Maine. V. OXIDES. I. Oxides of Silicon. II. Oxides of the Semi-Metals: Tellurium, Arsenic, Antimony^ Bismuth ; also Molybdenum, Tungsten. III. Oxides of the Metals. HydrogeD and Titanium are included here. 210. Quartz 211 Tridymite Asmanite 212. Opal I. Oxides of Silicon. SiO Rhombohedral, trapezohedral SiO, Hexagonal or Pseudo-hexagonal Si0 2 . ?iH 3 Amorphous <$ = 1-09997 6 = 1-6530 Rhombohedral; 0001 A 1011 = 51 Forms, pt. 2 : I (2021, 2) c (0001, 0) rare M (3031, 3) 771(1010,7), a (1120, -2 r) o, (2110, i-2 1) r (4041,4) e (5051, 5) C (6061, 6) A; (5160, i-f r) r (iO'0-io-i, 10) & 2 (3140, fc-f r) GO (0113, - |) ^ 4 (2130, *-f r) 7T (0112, - i) A: 6 (3250, -f r) z (0111, - 1) A, (6150, -!), etc. 1, (0221, -2) d (1012, |) r (1011, R) m (6065, |) A (5054, f) t (4043, A) M, (0331, - 3) e, (0551, - 5) A (0772, -|) (0771, -7) IF (O-ll-H-1,-11), etc. ; (3032,|) (1122. 1-2 r) *' (5053, f) * (1121, 2-2 r) Qvarts Swed. Quarzo Ital. Axis: 6 = 1-09997 \ v (1451, - 5-f 1) V (1341, - 4-| 1) 210. QUARTZ. KpvoraXXoS TheopJir., etc. Crystallus (with allusion to its hexagonal form and pyramidal terminations) Plin., 37, 9, 10; Silex Plin., 36, 371. Crystallus, Quartzum., candidissimum [auriferous], Germ. Quertze, Kiselstein, Agrtc., 276, etc., 444, 459, 465> 1546, 1529. Quartz, Kisel, Wall., Cuarzo Span. with trapezohedral tetartohedrism. 47' 10" Kupffer 1 . i (2112, 1-2 1) *, (2111, 2-21) Zone, msz n (12"-H (7181, 8-f r) x (5161, 6-|r) y (4151, 5-| r) u (3141, 4-| r) L (1232, -H.I) T (1343, -HI) T! (1454, - f-f 1) r 2 (1565, -|-fl) r, (1676, - H 1) r 4 (1787, - f-f 1), etc. r) e (1231, -3-fl) ' **T / t .* c\.c\n .+ + t (3253, Hr) * 8 (2132, f-fr) Y (3123, 1-| 1) Zotoe ritr' r) ? 3 (2134, |- ? 4 (1235, - ft .(2979, - 1-f r) (6173, J (10 5-15-2, J^f r) etc* Zone ?;i'5r p (1561, - 6-f 1) For most of these forms the complementary left or right planes, respectively, have been ob- served: thus, x, (6151, 6-f 1), t, (5233, f-f 1), etc.,- also p (1651, - 5-f r), r, (1433, -|- r), ft (2799, 1-f 1) f. 14, etc. The distinction between the right and left forms has not usually been made out, and that between -f- and forms only imperfectly. 183 184 OXIDES. mk = 8 57' mk* = 13 54' mk* = 19 6' md = 57 35' mr - 38 13' mi = 25 17' ml = 21 29' m M = 14 42' my = 11- 8' we = 8 57' w = 7 28 m$ m CDC*' dd' 4 30' 67 3' 6 25' 6' = 4 = 39 28' - = 55 19' = 85 46' = *46 15' 52' as = 42 16 24 27' mv 8 52' mft - 76 39 mx 12 r m$ sJ: 90 0' my mu ms mL = 14 18 37 49 35' 29' 58' 29' m'p mv = 12' 14 18 r 35' 29' mr = 54 57 33' 21' m' e m's 25 37 5' 58' __ 59 7' m't 5S 45 5' mrl _ 60 20' m'r = 66 52' mr 61 13' m'y =1 81 54' mz 66- 52' rs ** 28 54' 1. 1-6, simple forms. 7, Typical right-handed crystal. 8, Left-handed crystal. 9-12, Twins. 13, Distorted crystal. 9, 10, Sbk. 11, Switzerland, Dx. 12, Madagascar; Pfd. Crystals commonly prismatic, with the m faces horizontally striated {f. 11); terminated either by both rhombohedrons (f. 1, 5, 6), or by one only (f. 3). Often in double six-sided pyramids or quartzoids through the equal development of r and z (f. 2) ; rarely r predominates (f. 4), the form then having a cubic aspect (rr f = 85 46'). Crystals frequently distorted (f. 6, 13), when the correct orientation may be obscure except as shown by the striations on m. The faces s and s y also often striated || edge r/m' (s), or || edge r /J)i v (s,), cf. figs. 7, 8, 14; also striations common in other zones, f. 17, 18. Crystals often elongated to acicular forms, and tapering through the oscillatory combination of successive rhombo- hedrons with the prism. Occasionally twisted or bent. Frequently in radiated masses with a surface of pyramids, or in druses. qUAMTZ. 185 The + rhombohedron (r) is usually the predominating form, where r and z are not equally developed, and its faces often show a higher luster than those of 2; it can always be recognized by the shape of the etching figures (cf. figs. 26, 27), and also in most cases by pyroelectrical phenomena when these are distinct (see below). As shown by Rose, simple crystals are either right- or left handed. On^a right-handed crystal (f. 7), s, if present, Jies to the right of the wface, which is below the plus rhombohedron r, and with this belong the plus right trapezo- hedrons, as x, alsow, y.and t(f. 15, 16), and minus left trapezohedrons (f. 17), as/9, T, also a (left). On'a left-handed crystal (f. 8), s (properly s t ) lies to the left of the ra below r, and with it (f. 18-, 19, 20, the last two twins) the plus left and minus right trapezohedrons. also a (right). The right- and left-handed forms (except apparently and ?,) occur together only in twins. In the absence of trapezohedral planes the striations on s (cf. above and f. 16), if distinct', serve to distinguish the planes?* and z, and hence show the right- and left-handed character of the crystals. Twins 3 : (1) tw. axis 6 (tw. pi. w), axes hence parallel, the individuals both right- or both left-handed but unsymmetrical, r then parallel to and coinciding with z, the resulting. form, as in fig. 9, mostly penetration-twins, the parts often irregularly united (cf. f. 19, 20), P,S shown by dull areas (/) on the plus rnombohe* dral face (r)-; otherwise these twins are recognized by pyro-electrical phenomena. 15. 16 m Figs. 15-21, Rath: 15, Dissentts; 16-21, Alexander Co., N. C. (2) Tw. pi. a, sometimes called the Brazil law, the individuals respectively right* and" left-handed and the twin symmetrical with reference to an a face (f. 10), usually as irregular penetration-twins; in these twins r and r, also z and z, coincide. This -kind of twinning sometimes gives rise to successive zones of alternate character (as in amethyst); the composition is seen by the simultaneous appearance of planes characterizing both forms (right and left), and in irregular areas on the surface having different physical character; alse in the optical behavior of cross-sections (JL ), as well as by pyro-electrical phenomena. (3) Tw. pi. (1122), contact-twins {f. 11, 12), the axes crossing at an angle of 84 33', and a plane in coincident in both individuals; the like rhombohedral faces are usually symmetrical, i.e., r to r, etc., but sometimes unsymmetrical, that is, r corresponds to ?, etc. Groupings' which simulate twins are common; pseudo-twins; with s as the approximate twinning- 186 OXIDES. plane, are also produced by the arrangement of crystals in parallel position on ths R faces of calcite. Massive forms common and in great variety, passing from the coarse or fine granular and crystalline kinds to those which are flint-like or cryptocrystalline. Sometimes mammillary, stalactitic, and in concretionary forms; as sand. Cleavage: r, z, difficult and not often observed, also m, and sometimes c, more difficult^ sometimes developed by sudden cooling after being heated; also (Mid. 4 ) by the pressure of a sharp point on. thin, sections, e.g. .cut | 6 and j_ m. Also a, lamellar structure || r and || z as gliding-planes, sometimes developed by secondary means (Judd 4 ). Fracture conchoidal to subconchoidal in crystallized forms, uneven to splintery in some massive kinds. Brittle to tough. H = 7. GL == 2*653, 2*654 in crjstals, Beud. ; 2'66Q cryst., Herkimer, Pfd. ; eryptocrystalline forms somewhat lower (to 2*60) if pure, but impure massive forms (e.g. jasper) higher. Luster vitreous, sometimes greasy ; splendent to nearly dull. Colorless when pure; often various shades of yellow, red, brown, green, blue,, bladk. Streak white, of pure varieties; if impure, often the same as the color, but much paler. Transparent to opaque. Optically -{-. Double refraction weak. Polarization circular; axial figure hence having' a colored center. Rotation sometimes right-handed, also left-handed, the optical character corresponding to right- and left-handed character of crystals, as defined above; in twins (law 2) both right and left forms sometimes united, sections then often showing Airy's spirals in the polariscope; cf. figs. 23, 24, also 2.5. 23. 24. Figs. 23, 24, Basal sections in polarized light, show ing interpenetration of right- and left-handed portions, Dx. 25, Same, showing also secondary lamellae (at a, b), alternately right- and left-handed, Judd. Rotatory, power proportional to thickness of plate. Refractive indices 5 for the Fraunhofer lines; also rotatory power 6 for sections of l miri - thickness: A = 1 '5391 3 ^ 1-54805 1267 B 1-54090 1-54990 15-75 I, for D, a = 21 *736, D E F G 1-5418.1 1-54418 1 54711 1-54965 1-55425 1*55085 1-55328 1-55631 1*55894 3 -56365 17 -32 21 *71 27'54 32 : 77 42" -60 Pyro-electric 7 ; also electric by pressure or piezo-electric. By change of tem- perature a simple crystal is divided into + and electrical zones parallel to the alternate prismatic edges; ill right-handed crystals the right edges below r, and in left-handed the corresponding left edges (f. '7, 8), become negative on cooling, the alternate edges positive. In twins (1) two adjacent edges may have the same character; in twins (2, Brazil law) all the prismatic edges may have the same sign. Cross-sections J_ ^ are divided into sectors, and the irregular penetration is well exhibited by this method. A non-conductor for electricity, acting, in the form pf fine threads, as an insulator in a remarkable degree even in a moist QUARTZ. 187 atmosphere. Comparable as a conductor, in the direction of the vertical axis, to glass at high, temperatures, but not conducting normal to this direction 8 . Etching figures 11 , developed by the action of hydrofluoric acid or alkaline carbonates, exhibit the right- and left-hand character of the crystals (Leydolt, Penfield, Molengraaff) as shown in figs. 26, 27. A sphere from a simple right- handed crystal subjected by Penfield to the action of acid was attacked rapidly in the direction of the vertical axis, but not at all at the + extremities of the axes. Cf. figs. 28, 29. Figs. 26-29, Crystals etched by hydrofluoric acid, Peutield. 26, right-handed* 27* left-handed, Crystal. 28, 29. sphere cut from Simple right-handed crystal after being etched by acid for 7 weeks: 28, basal view; 29, front view; circle shows original form of sphere, dotted hexagon the position of axes. Comp. Silica, or silicon dioxide, Si0 2 = Oxygen 53*3, silicon 46-7 = 100. In massive varieties often mixed with a little opal-silica. Impure varieties contain iron oxide, calcium carbonate, clay, sand, and various minerals as inclusions. Var. 1. PHENOCKYSTALLINE: Crystallized, vitreous in luster. 2. CRYPTOCRYSTALLINE: Flint-like, massive. The first division includes all ordinary vitreous quartz, whether having crystalline faces or BOI. 'The varieties under the second are in general acted upon somewhat more by attrition, and "by chemical agents, as hydrofluoric acid, than those of the first. In all kinds made up of layers, as agate, successive layers are unequally eroded. A PHENOCRYSTALLINE OR VITREOUS VARIETIES. 1. Ordinary Crystallized; Rock Crystal. Colorless quartz, or nearly so, whether in distinct crystals or not. Ordinary as above described. Here belong the Bristol diamonds, Lake George, diamonds, Brazilian pebbles, etc. Some variations from the common type are: (a) cavernous crystals, having deep cavities parallel to the faces occasioned by the interference of impurities during their formation; (b) cap-quartz (Kappftn-quarz Germ.), itoade up of separable layers or caps, due to the deposit of a little clayey material at intervals in the progress of the crystal; below, also crocidolite p. 400). 2. Asleriated; Star-quartz (Stern-quarz Germ.). Containing within the crystal whitish or colored radiations along the diametral planes. Occasionally exhibits asterism somewhat like that of the asteriated sapphire. 3. Amethystine; Amethyst, AjueQvoror, Theophr., etc, Clear purple, or bluish violet. The color has been supposed to be due to manganese. 4. Rose. Rose-red or pink, but becoming paler on exposure. Common massive, and then usually much cracked. Luster sometimes a little greasy. Fuchs states that the color is due to titanium; he found 1 to l P- C- in specimens ffom Rabeustein. near Bodenmais. It may come in part from manganese. a Yellow; False Topaz or Citrine, Yellow and pellucid, or nearly so; resembling somewhat yellow topaz, but very different in crystallization and in absence of cleavage 6. Smoky; Cairngorm Stone Mormorion Plin., 37, 63, 'Morion. (Rauch-quarz Germ.) Smoky-yellow to smoky-brown, and ofteq transparent; but varying to brownish black, and then nearly opaque in thick crystals. The color is probably due to some organic carbon .nitrogen compound (Forster). Called criirngorms from the locality at Cairngorm, S. "W. of Banff,, ia Scotland. The name morion is given to some dark colored, nearly black, varieties. 188 OXIDES. 7. Milky. Milk-white and nearly opaque. Luster often greasy, and then called greasy quartz. 8. Siderite, or Sapphire-quartz. Of indigo or Berlin-blue color; a variety occurring in an impure limestone at Golling in Salzburg, 9. Sagenitic. Containing within acicular crystals of rutile (a), often in reticulated net- like forms; the mineral called from such specimens sagenite (fr. arayrjvri, a net} by de Saussure (see RUTILE). Other included minerals in acicular forms are: (6) black tourmaline; (c) gothite; (d) stibuite; (e)asbestus; (/) actiuolite; (g) hornblende; (h) epidote. CdCs-Eye (Katzenauge Germ., OEii de Chat Fr.) Exhibiting opalescence, but without pris- matic colors, especially when cut en caboc?ion, an effect sometimes due to fibers of asbestus. Also finely present in the siliceous pseudomorphs, after crpcidolite, 6alled tiger-eye (see crocido, lite, p. 401). The highly-prized Oriental cat's-eye is a variety of chrysoberyl. 11. Aventurine. Spangled with scales of mica, hematite, or other mineral. 12. Impure from tfie presence of distinct minerals distributed densely through the mass. The more common kinds are those in which the impurities are: (a) ferruginous (Eiseukiesel Germ.), either red or yellow, from anhydrous or hydrous iron sesquioxide; (b) chloritic, from some kind of chlorite; (c) actinolitic; (d) micaceous,; (e) arenaceous, or sand. Sinopel is a red ferruginous quartz from Schemnitz, Hungary. Quartz crystals also occur penetrated by various minerals, as topaz, corundum, chrysoberyl, garnet, different species of the amphibole and pyroxene groups^ cyanite, zeolites, calcite, and other carbonates, rutile, stibnite, hematite, gothite, magnetite, fluorite, gold, silver, anthra^ cite, etc. 13. Containing liquids in cavities. "These liquids are seen to move with the change of posi- tion of the crystal, provided an air-bubble be present in the cavity; they may be detected also by the refraction of light. The liquid usually is either- water (pure, or a mineral solution), or some petroleum-like or other compound. Quartz, especially smoky quartz, also often contains- inclusions of both liquid and gaseous carbon dioxide. The water-cavities also occasionally con- tain minute cubes of sodium chloride. Cf . Hartley, Hawes 12 . Wright has shown the presence of the gases CO a , N, H a S, SO a , H 8 N and F in the smoky quartz of Branchville, Conn. B. CRYPTOCRYSTALLINE VAKIETIES. 1. Chalcedony. Murrhina Plin., 37, 7. lacmi^ pt. Theophr. laspis pt. Plin., 37, 37. Murrhina, Germ. Chalcedonius, Agric., 466, 1546. Chalcedon, Achates vix pellucida, nebulosa, colore griseo mixta, Wall.., 83, 1747. Chalcedon Germ. Calcedoine Fr. Having the luster nearly of wax, and either transparent or translucent. G. = 2'6-2'64. Color white, grayish, pale brown to dark brown, black; tendon-color common; sometimes delicate blue. Also of other shades, and then having other names. Often mammillary, botryoidal, stalactitic, and occurring lining or filling cavities in rocks. It often contains some disseminated opal-silica. The name Enhydros is given to nodules of chalcedony containing water, sometimes in large amount. Embraced under the general name chalcedony is the crystalline form of silica which forma concretionary masses with radial-fibrous and concentric structure, and which, as shown by Rosenbusch (IVlikr. Phys. Min., 345, 1882),- is optically negative, unlike true quartz. It has n r = 1-537 ; G. = 2'59-2'64. Often in spherulites, showing the spherulitic interference-figure. Becker proposes to distinguish it under the name chalcedonite (U. S. G. Surv., Mon., 13, 390; 1888). Cf. lussatite of Mallard, p. 197, which has a like structure, but is optically -j- and has the specific gravity and refractive index of opal. 2. Carnelian. 2ap8iov Theophr. Sarda Plin., 37, 23, id. = Germ. Carneol, Ayric., 468,, 1546. Carneol, Agates fere pellucida, , colore rubescente, Wall. , 82, 1747. Sard. Cornaline Fr. A clear red chalcedony, pale to deep in shade; also brownish red to brown, the latter kind (Sardoine Fr.) reddish brown by transmitted light. 3. Chrysopraso (not Chrysoprasus antiq.). An apple-green chalcedony, the color due to the presence of nickel oxide. Klaproth found in that of Silesia 1'Op. c. NiO; and Rammelsberg, in the same, 0'41 p. c. NiO 4. Prase. Translucent and dull leek-green; so named from itpacror, a leek. Always regarded as a stone of little value. The name is also given to crystalline quartz of the same color. " Vilioris est turbae Prasius" says Pliny. 5 Plasma. laspis pt. Plin., 37, 37. Rather bright green to leek-green, and also sometimes nearly emerald -green, and subtranslucent or feebly translucent; sometimes dotted with white. Heliotrope, or Blood-stone, is the same stone essentially, with small spots of red jasper, look> ing like drops of blood. The laspis, or jasper of the ancients, was a semitransparent or translucent stone, and in- eluded in Pliny's time all bright-colored chalcedony excepting the carnelian (sard). He gives special prominence to sky-blue and green, and mentions also a shade of purple (the color of the best, he says), a rose-color, the color of the morning sky in autumn, sea-green, terebenthine color (yellow like turpentine, as interpreted by King), smoke-color (his capnias), etc. ; but in general there is a tinge of blue, whatever the shade. The green kinds may have been ch.ry80 prase or plasma; or perhaps a variety of jade, a. stone known in Europe since the Stone a^e. QVAETZ. 189 The green, with a line running through it (Monogrammos), may have been plasma, or jade, with a narrow seam of white quartz. Pliny's Prasius, spotted with red, was our heliotrope; his Heliotrope {37, 60) was a leek- greenstone (prase or plasma) veined with blood-red (jasper); and the jasper was so abundant a part as to give a general red reflection to the whole when it was put in water in the face of the sun, whence the name from ^Azo$, 'sun, and rpeiteiv, to turn. 6. Agate. ' A^dr^ [fr. Sicily] Theophr. -Achates pt. Plin., 37, 54. Onyx pt. Plin., ib., 24. A variegated chalcedony. The colors are either (a) banded; or (b) in clouds; or (c) due to visible imp irities. (a) Banded. The bands are delicate parallel lines, of white, tendon-like, wax-like, pale and dark brown, and black colors, and sometimes bluish and other shades. They follow courses, sometimes straight, more often waving or zigzag, and occasionally concentric circular, as in the eye-agate (Leucophthalmus Plin., 37, 62, and Triophthalmus ib., 71). The fine translucent agates graduate into coarse and opaque kinds. The bands are the edges of layers of deposition, the agate having been formed by a deposit of silica from solutions intermittently supplied, in irregular cavities in rocks, and deriving their concentric waving courses from the irregularities of the walls of the cavity. As the cavity cannot contain enough of the solution to fill it with silica, an open hole has been supposed to be retained on one side to permit the continued supply; but it is more probable that it passes through the outer layers by osmosis, the denser solution outside thus supplying silica as fast as it is deposited within. The colors are due 'to traces of organic matter/ x>r of oxides of iron, manganese, or titanium, and largely to differences in rate of deposition. The layers differ in porosity, and therefore in the rate at which they are etched by hydrofluoric acid; and consequently the etching process brings out the different layers, and makes engravings that will print exact pictures of the agate. Owiilg also*to the unequal porosity, agates may be varied in color by artificial means, and this is done now to a large extent with the agates cut for ornament. (b) Irregularly clouded. The colors various, as in banded agate. A whitish clouded variety is probably the LeucacJiates Pliu. (fr. A.et> KO$, white); a wax- colored, his Cerachates (fr. cera, wax), a name that may have been applied also to ordinary wax- colored chalcedony, as the stone was one in little repute; (c) a reddish, his Sardachates, or carnelian-agate. The last probably included also banded kinds. HemacJtates (fr. <\'iucc y blood) was probably a true light-colored agate, blotched with red jasper, "blushing with spots of blood," as says Solinus (King, p. 207), of which there are very beautiful kinds, and not simple red jasper. laspacJiates must have been an agate in which bluish and greenish shades (laspis) predominated. These names are given by Pliny without accompanying descriptions. Ruin- agate or Fortification-agate is a variety with light to dark brown shades, showing, when polished, .curious markings well described by the name. (c) Colors due to visible impurities, (a) Moss-agate^ or Mocha-stone, filled with brown moss-like or dendritic forms, as of manganese oxide, distributed through the mass. , (6) Dendritic Agate , containing brown or black dendritic markings. These two are the Dendrachates Plin. (fr, devdpov, a tree). There is also Agatized wood: woo4 petrified with clouded agate. 7. Onyx. *Qvviov Theophr. Onyx pt. [rest agate, or stalagmite, p. 268] Plin., 37, 24. Onice Ital. Like agate in consisting of layers of different colors, but the layers are in even planes, and the banding therefore straight, and hence its use for cameos, the head being cut in one color, and another serving for the background. The colors of the best are perfectly well defined, and either white and black, or white, brown, and black alternate ; also white and red. Omcolbltal. (dimin.) is a name given to a kind of onyx in which a thin layer of white over black gives a bluish tinge. 8. Sardonyx Pirn.! 37, 23. Like onyx in structure, but includes layers of carnelian (sard) along with others of white or whitish, and brown, and sometimes black colors. 9. Agate-Jasper An agate consisting of jasper with veinings and cloudings of chalcedony. 10. Siliceous sinter. Irregularly cellular quartz, formed by deposition from waters contain- ing silica or soluble silicates in solution. See also under opal, p. 195. 11. Flint. Silex pt. Plin., Feuerstein Germ. Somewhat allied to chalcedony, but more opaque, and of dull colors, usually gray, smoky-brown, and brownish black. The exterior is often whitish, from mixture with lime or chalk, in which it is embedded. Luster barely glistening, subvitreous. Breaks with a deeply conchoid al fracture, and a sharp cutting edge. The flint of the chalk formation consists largely of the remains of diatoms, sponges, and other marine productions. The silica of flint, according to Fuchs, is partly soluble silica. There is usually a small amount of alumina and iron sesquioxide, with some water. The coloring matter of the common kinds is mostly carbonaceous matter. Flint implements play an impor- tant part among the relics of early man. .12. Hornstone. Silex pt., Plin. (Hornstein Germ.} Resembles flint, but more brittle, the fracture more splintery. Chert is & term of ten applied to hornstone, and to any impure flinty rock, including the jaspers. 13. Basanite; Lydian Stone, or Touchstone. Lapis Lydius Plin., 33, 43? Basanites id., 36, 11, Lydite. A -velvet-black siliceous stone or flinty jasper, used on account of its hardness and black color for trying the purity of the -precious metals. The color left on the stone after rubbing the metal across it indicates to the experienced 'eye the amount of alloy. It is not splintery like hornstone. It passes into a compact, fissile, siliceous, or flinty rock, of grayish and 190 OXIDES. other colors, called siliceous slate, and also Phthanyte; and then resembles ordinary jasper of grayish and other shades, especially the banded jaspers. 14. Jasper. Impure opaque colored quartz, (a) Red (Hoematitis Plin., 37, c. 60, not hia Haematites), iron sesquioxide being the coloring matter. (b) Brownish, or ocher yellow, colored by hydrous iron sesquioxide, and becoming red when so heated as to drive off the water, (c) Dark green and brownish green, (d) Grayish blue, (e) Blackish or brownish black. (/) Striped or riband jasper (Bandjuspis Germ.*), having the colors in broad stripes, (g) Egyptian jasper, io. nodules which are zoned in brown and yellowish colors. (/*) Jasponyx. (i\ Jasperized wood. Porcelain jasper is nothing but baked clay, and differs from true jasper iq being B.B. fusible on the edges. Red porphyry, or its base, resembles jasper, but is also fusible on the edges, being asually an impure feldspar. C, Besides the above there are also: 1. Granular Quartz, Quartz-rock, or Quartzyte.A. rock consisting of quartz grains very firmly compacted; the grains often hardly distinct. 2. Quartzose Sandstone. 3. Quartz- conglomerate. A rock made of pebbles of quartz with sand. The pebbles sometimes are jasper and chalcedony, and make a beautiful stone when polished. 4.. Itacolumyte , or Flexible Sand- stone. A friable sand-rock, consisting mainly of quartz-sand, but containing a little mica, and possessing a degree of flexibility when in thin laminae. 5. Balirstone, or Burrstone. A cellular, flinty rock, having the nature in part of coarse chalcedony. 6. Pseudomoi^phous Quartz. Quartz appears also under the forms of many of the mineral species, which it has taken through either the alteration or replacement of crystals of those species. The most common quartz pseudornorphs are those 'of calcite, barite., fluorite, and siderite. (a) Tabular quartz consists of intersecting plates of quartz, and is probably a result ,of the quartz being deposited among intersecting plates of other minerals, as barite. (b) Haytorite of C. Tripe (Phi). Mag., 1, 40, 1827) is a pseudomorph after datolite. (c) Babet-quartz is quartz which has, on the under surface, "impressions of cubes of fluorite, arising from its having been deposited over the crystals; from Beer-Alston, Devonshire, (d) Silicified shells are proper pseudoinorphs in quartz; they occur through many rock strata, including limestones, (e) Siiici- fied wood is quartz pseudomorph after wood. The texture of the original wood is usually well retained, it having been formed .by the deposit of silica from 'its solution in the cells of the wood, and finally taking the place of the walls of the cells as the wood itself disappeared. Beekite (Becldte Dhfr.) is a chalceclonic chert formed by the replacement of limestone fragments in the New Red conglomerate of South Devon, England; it often takes the form of calcareous shells or other fossils., Named after Dr. Beek, Dean of Bristol. See Hughes for occurrence, literature, etc., Min. Mag;;, 8, 265, 1889. Pyr., etc. B.B. unaltered; with borax dissolves slowly to a clear glass; with soda dissolves with effervescence; unacted upon by salt of phosphorus. Insoluble in hydrochloric acid, and only slightly acted upon by solutions of fixed caustic alkalies, the cryptocrystalline s varieties to the greater extent. Soluble Only in hydrofluoric acid. When fused and cooled it becomes amorphous silica, having G. = 2 -2. ,Obs. Quartz occurs as one of the essential constituents of granite, syenite, gneiss, mica schist, and many related rocks; as the principal constituent of quartz-rock and many sand- stones; as an unessential ingredient in some trachyte (liparyte), , porphyry, etc.; as the vein- stone in various rocks, and for a large part of mineral veins; as a foreign mineral in the cavities of basalt, and related rocks, some limestones, etc.,- making geocles of crystals, or of chalcedony, agate, carnelian, etc. ; as embedded nodules or masses in various 'limestones, constituting the flint of the chalk formation, the horustone of other limestones these nodules sometimes becoming continuous layers; as masses of jasper occasionally in limestone. It is the principal material of the pebbles of gravel-beds, and of the sands of the sea-shore, and sand-beds every- wjiere. In graphic granite (pegmatyte) the quartz is arranged in parallel position in feldspar. The Quartz crystals occasionally occur of enormous size. A group in the museum of the university at Naples weighs nearly half a ton. A crystal belonging to Sig. Rafelli, of Milan, measures 3 ft. in length and 5 in circumference, and its weight is estimated at 870 Ibs,; another in Paris is 3 ft. in diameter and weighs 8 cwt. About a century since a drusy cavity was opened at Zinken, which afforded 1,000 cwt. of rock crystal, and at that early period brought $300,000. One crystal weighed 800 Ibs. A single cavity in a vein of quartz near the Tiefen Glacier, in Switzerland, discovered in 1867, afforded smoky quartz crystals weighing in, the aggregate about 20,000 pounds; a considerable number of the single crystals having a weight of 200 to 250 pounds, or even more. A group from Moose Mountain, New Hampshire; at Dart- mouth College, weighs 147 Ibs., and contains 48 crystals; four of them are from 5 to 5| inches in diameter, ten from 4 to 4 inches. A crystal from Waterbury, Vt., 2 ft. long and 18 inches through, weighs 175 Ibs. Switzerland, Dauphine, Piedmont, the Carrara quarries, and numerous other foreign localities, afford fine specimens of rock crystal; also Japan, whence the beautiful crystal spheres, in rare cases up to 6 inches in diameter. Smoky quartz crystals of great beauty, and often highly complex in form, occur at many points in the central Alps, also at Cairngorm, Scotland. The most beautiful amethysts are brought from Iiulia. Ceylon, and Persia, also from Brazil; inferior QUARTZ. 391 specimens occur in Transylvania, in large Crystalline groups; in the vicinity of Cork, and on Achill Is., Co. Mayo, Ireland. The false topaz is met with in Brazil. Rose quartz occurs iu a vein of manganese, traversing the granite of liabcnstein, near Zwiesel in Bavaria. Pfase is found in the iron mines of Breiteijbrmm. near Sell warzen berg iu Saxony; and in Brittany, near Nantes and Rennes. The amygdaloids of Iceland and the Fkroer Islands afford magnificent specimens of chalcedony; also 11 linen berg and Leobeu in Carinthia, etc. A -smalt-blue variety, iu cubical crystals (pseudomorphs of tiuorite), occurs at Trcsz'yan iu Transylvania. The finest carnelians and agates are found in Arabia, India, Brazil, Surinam, also formerly at Obersteiu and Saxony: Scotland affords smaller but handsome specimens (Scotch pebbles). -Chrysoprase, a't Kosemtitz in Silesia. Aventarine quartz, at Cape de Gata in Spain. Cat's-eye, in Ceylon, the 'coast of Malabar, and also in the Harz and Bavaria. Plasma, in India and China, whence it is usually brought in the form of beads. Heliotrope, in Bucharia, Tartary, Siberia, and the island of Rum, iu the Hebrides. Float stone, in the chalk formation of Meuil Montant, near Paris, and in some of the Cornish mines. The banks of the Nile afford the Egyptian jasper; the striped jasper is met with in Siberia, Saxony, and Devonshire. A yellow jasper is found at Vourla. bay of Smyrna, associated with opal, chrysopraso, and horns^one. The plains of Argos are streAyri with pebbles of red jasper. In New York, quartz crystals are abundant in Herkimer Co., at Middleville, Little Falls, Salisbury, and Newport, loose in cavities in the Calciferous/ sand-rock, or embedded in loose earth, and sometimes, according to Beck, in powdered anthracite. Fine quartzoids, at the Ibeds of hematite in Fowler, Herman, and Edwards, St. Lawrence Co!, also at Antwerp, Jefferson Co. In Gouyerueur, crystals, with tourmaline, etc., in limestone, which have rounded angles as if they had been partially fused. On the banks of Laidlaw lake. Hossie, large im- planted crystals. At Palatine, Montgomery Co., crystals, having one end terminated with the usual pyramid, while the other is rounded and smooth, At Ellen ville lead mine, Ulster Co., in. ne groups. At Diamond island and Diamond Point,. Lake George, quartz crystals; as in Herkimer Co. In Mass., crystals with unus.ua! modifications, sparingly at the Somerville syenite quarry, Pelham aud Chesterfield, Mass., Paris and Perry, Me., Bentou, ]$T. H.. Sharon, Vt., and Meadow Mount, Md., are other localities of quartz crystals. At Chesterfield, Mass., small unpolished rhombohedrons, in granite. At Paris, 3([e., handsome crystals of brown or smoky quartz. In large crystals, often perfect aiad< weighing several pounds, at Minnesota mine, Lake Superior, occasionally enveloped in metallic copper, as if cast.around the crystals. Drusy quartz, of brown, apple-green and other tints, at Newfane, Vt. Beautiful colorless crystals occur at Hot Springs. Arkansas. Alexander Co., N. C., has afforded great numbers of highly complex crystals, with rare modifications. Cf. Rath, 1. c., Hidden, Am. J. Sc., 1881, 1883. Pine crystals of smoky quartz come from the granite of the Pike's Peak region, Colorado. Geodes of quartz crystals, also enclosing calcite, sphalerite, etc., are common in theKeokuk lime- stone of the west. For other localities, see the catalogue of localities in the latter part of this volume. Rose quartz, at Albany, and Paris, Me., Acworth, N. H., Williamsburg, Mass., BOuthbury, Conn., and Port Henry, Essex Co., N. Y.; smoky quartz, at Goshen, Mass., Richmond Co., N.Y., tc.; amethyst, in trap, at Keweenaw Point, Pic bay, .and Gargontwa, on Lake Superior; with fossilized wood at Specimen Mt., Yellowstone Park; at Bristol, Rhode Island, and sparingly throughout the trap region of Massachusetts and Connecticut; in Surry, New Hampshire; in Pennsylvania, in East Bradford, Aston, Chester, and Providence (one fine crystal over 7 Ibs. in weight), in Chester Co.; very handsome at the Prince vein, Lake Superior, but now hardly ob- tainable, as the mine is not worked; also very large fine crystals, near Greensboro, N, C. Crys- tallized green quartz, in talc, at Providence, Delaware Co., Penn.; at Ellen ville, N. Y., with, chlorite. Chalcedony and agates-of moderate beauty, in the same trap region; more abundantly about Lake Superior, the Mississippi, and the streams to the west; at Natural Bridge, Jefferson Co., N. Y, ; about the Willamette, Columbia, and other rivers in Oregon; abundant arid beautiful on N. W. shore of Lake Superior. Belmont's lead mine, St. Laxvrcnce Co., N. Y., has afforded good chalcedony and chrysoprase, associated with calcite. Red jasper is found on Sugar Loaf Mt., Maine; in pebbles on the banks of the Hudson at Troy; yellow, with chalcedony, at Chester, Mass.; red and yellow, near Murphy's, Calaveras Co., Cal. Heliotrope occupies veins in slate at Blooming Grove, Orange Co., N! Y. Smoky quartz in large crystals, some over 100 Ibs., have been. found on Paradise I*.. Bova Scotia. Agatized and jasperized wood of great beauty and variety of color is obtained from the petrified forest called Chalcedony Park, near Carrizo, Apache Co.. .Arizona; also from the Yellowstone Park; near Florissant and elsewhere in Colorado; Amethyst Mt., Utah; Napa Co., Cali'ornia. Moss agates from Humboldt Co., Nevada, and many other points. On Hie occur- rence of the ornamental varieties of quartz, see Kunz, Gems and Precious Stones of N. America, 1890. The word quartz is of German provincial origin. Agate is from tlie name of the river Achates, in Sicily, whence specimens were brought, as stated by Theophrastus. Alt. Pseudomorphs of pyrite, cassiterite, magnetite, hematite, voltzite, after quartz, have been described. Quartz pseudomorphs after nuorite, barite, and other species are not uncommon. Artif. Repeatedly produced, both in well-formed crystals and in chalcedonic Varieties;, thus (Senarmont) from gelatinous silica in a closed .tube with excess of water at a high 192 OXIDES. temperature; also (Daubree) by the prolonged action of water vapor upon glass under pressure; again (Hautefeuille) by fusing a mixture of alkaline phosphates and fluorides with silica and alumina, orthoclase was obtained at the same time. By the fusion of silica and lithium chloride at a low red heat quartz crystals were obtained (Hautefeuille and Margottet); at a bright red, crystals of tridymite. Cf. Fouque-Levy, Synth. Min., 81, 1882; Bourgeois, Reprod. Min., 79, 1884. Ref._ i Preisschrift, p. 61, 1825; cf. Kk. Min. Russl., 8, 129, 1878; Dbr obtained rt = 46 16' 4" 8, Pogg., 103, 107, 1858. On the crystallization of quartz see: Rose, A-bh. Ak. Berlin, 217-274, 1844, a monograph of the first importance; he gives also the earlier bibliography (Weiss, Haid., Wackernagel, etc.),; Dx , Mem. Ac. Sc., 15, 404, 1858, a second equally important memoir, an* abstract in Ann. Ch. Phys., 45, 129, 1855; also later Min., 1, 7, 1862. Sella, Ac. Sc. Torino, 17, 1858 (Min. Sarda). E. Weiss, Abb. Ges. Halle, 51, 51, 1860. Also papers by Websky, Pogg., 99, 296, 1856; Zs. G. Ges., 17, 348, 1865; Jb. Min., 1871, 1874. Hbg. Min. Not., 1, 11, 2, 3, etc. Rath, Zs. G Ges., 22, 619, 1870; Zs. Kr., 5, 1, 490, 1881, 10, 156, 475, 1885. Cassel Festschrift, 1886, et al. Scharff, Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges., 1874. Artiiii, Val Malenco, Mem. Ace. Line., 5. April, 1888. * Cf. Rose, E. Weiss, Dx., and later Gdt., Index, 3,' 1, 1888. 3 On twins, laws (1) and (2), also fourlings, see Groth, Zs. Kr.. 1, 297, 1877. Twins with inclined axes (? tw. pl.).Rath, Pogg., 155, 57, 1875, he also gives earlier literature. A variety of supposed twins with inclined axes have been described by Jenzsch, Pogg., 130, 597, 1867, 134, 540, 1808. Cf. also 4 Cleavage: Mid., Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 61, 1890. Secondary lamellar structuie Judd, Min. Mag., 3, 1, 1888. On refractive indices 5 : For A by. Van der Willigen (ref. p. 271), others Rudberg, Pogg , 14, 45., 1828- also, ultra-violet, Sarasin, C. R , 85, 1230, 1878. 6 Rotatory power: Soret and Sarasin, C. R., 81. 610, 1875, 83, 818; 1876, 84, 1362, 1877. Also earlier, Biot, Mem. Acad., 20, 221, 1849; on effect of temperature to increase the rotation, Lang, Ber. Ak. Wien, 71 (2), 1875;; Joub'ert C. R , 87, 497, 1879. 7 On pyro-electricity, etc.: Hankel, Abh, Sachs, Ges., 12, 1881, et al ; Wied. Ann.. 10, 618, 1880, Kuudt, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 16. 1883; Wied. Ann., 20, 592,. 1883; Koleuko, Zs. Kr., 9, 1, 1884; Jacques and P. Curie, C. R., 91, 294,384, 1880; Friedel and- J. Curie, Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 282, 1882; Rontgen, Ber. Oberhess. Ges , 22, 1882. On elasticity: Voigt, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd , 5, 90, 1887. 8 Elasticity of fine threads, Boys, Phil. Mag., 30, 99, 1890. Dilatation. Fizeau, later Le Chatelier, Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 112,. 1890 9 Hoys, Nature, May 1$, 1889. 10 Tegetmeier & Warburg, Wied., 32, 442, 1887. Om magnetism: Koenig, Wied. Ann., 31, 273. 1873. On etching-figures: Leydolt, Beiv Ak Wien 15, 59, 1855, Baumh., Wied. Ann., 1, 157. 1877; Pfd-, Conn. Acad., 8, 158, 1889;.' Molengraaff, Zs. Kr., 14, 173, 1888, 17, 137. 1889. 12 Inclusions: Hartley, J. Ch. Soc., 29, 137; 1876; Hawes, Am. J. Sc., 21, 203, 1881; A. W Wright, ib., 21, 209, 1881. COTTERITE Harkness, Min. Mag. t 2, 82, 1878. A variety of quartz, having a "peculiar metallic pearly luster," and forming a coating on ordinary quartz crystals, from Rockforest, Ireland. 211. TRIDYMITE. G. win Bath,. Pogg., 135, 437, 1868. Hexagonal or pseudo-hexagonal. Axis 6 = 1-65304; 0001 A 1011 = 62 21' Rath 1 Forms 1 : c,(0001, 0), m (1010, .7), a (1120, i-2\ I (4590, e-f ), i (3250, a-f), o (1013. i)% #> {1011, 1). Also q (1016, ), and r .(3034, f ) as tw. planes. An cq = 17 ml = 10* 53f, mi= 13 54', mp = *27 39', -cr = 55 4', cp = 62 21'. Crystals usually minute, thin tabular || c l 3. = 52 co = 32 28V Figs. 1-8, Pachuca, Mexico, Rath. Twins very common: (1) tw. pi. 2(1016) f. 2; often in trillings (f. 3), both contact- and penetra- tion-twins. The twinning angle? cc = 35 18% while in trillings it is 70 36', approximating closely to the regular octahedron ; hence pseudoTisometric forms occur among the compound crystals. (2) r (3034), often combined with twins (1), cc = 69 52', also near the octahedral angle. Also united with polysynthetic twinning in fan-shaped groups and spherical rosettes. Cleavage: prismatic, not dis- tinct; parting || c, sometimes ob served. Fracture .conchoidal. TRIDYMITE. 193 Brittle. H. = 7. G. = 2*28-2-33. Luster vitreous, on c pearly. Colorless to white. Transparent. Optically -f- Double refraction weak. Mean refractive index = 1*476 for D, Mid. Often exhibits anomalous refraction phenomena. A basal section often exhibits a series of differently orientated doubly refracting and biaxial bands, whose existence has been explained 3 by the assumption of a complex twinning of monoclinic or triclinic individuals with a prismatic plane* (60) as twinning-plane. These may be secondary, however, since at a moderately elevated temperature the sections become isotropic and uniaxial 4 . Comp. Pure silica, Si0 2 , like quartz. Pyr., etc. Like quartz, but soluble in boiling sodium carbonate. Obs. Occurs chiefly in acidic volcanic rocks,- trachyte, andesyte, liparyte, less often in 1 doleryte; usually in cavities, often associated with sanidine, also hornblende, augite, hematite; sometimes in opal. First observed in crevices and druses in an augite-andesyte from the Cerrc- San Cristobal, near Pachuca, Mexico; later proved to be rather generally distributed. Thus in trachyte of the Drachenfels and Perlenhardt of the Siebengebirge; of Euganean Hills in N. Italy; Puy Capucin (Mont-Dor) in Central France, and Alleret, Haute Loire, in porphyryte of Waldbocelheiin; in augite-andesyte of Gerenczes in Transylvania. In the ejected masses from Vesuvius consisting chiefly of sanidine. In the andesyte of Krakatau (Zs. Kr., 10, 174, 18S5); at Lyttleton Harbor, near Christchurch, New Zealand, in: compound crystals approximating to isometric forms (cf. above, and, Rath, Ber nied. Ges.,. July 7, 1886). With quartz, feldspar, fayalite in lithophyses of Obsidian cliff, Yellowstone- Park. In the andesyte of Mt. Rainier, Washington. In the opal of Zimapan and elsewhere, a. in the cacholong of Iceland and Huttenberg, Carinthia. Named from TptSvuoS, three-fold, in allusion to the common occurrence in trillings. Alt. The tridymite of the Euganean Hills (pseudo-tridymite, Mid.) has the common forms of the species, but, as shown by Mallard, its specific gravity is very near that of quartz, with, 'which it also agrees in optical characters; it is then to be regarded as a paramorph. Bull, SocJ Min., 13, 162, 1890. Artif. First formed by Rose by dissolving a silicate in a salt of phosphorus bead, thel skeleton of silica, consisting of tridymite; later also by Hautefeuille. Again by Friedel and Surasiu by heating gelatinous silica at a red neat with an alkaline solution in a closed tube. Cf. p. 192; also Fouque-Levy, Synth Min.. 85, 1882; Bourgeois, Reprod. Hin., 81, 1884. As a recent for- mation at Plombieres (Daubree). Observed in the vitrified walls of the muffles of a zinc furnace with gahnite and willemite. Ref. i Pogg., 152, 1, 1874. * Mallard oh pseudo-tridymite (see above), Bull. Soc. Min.. 13, 162, 1890. 3 Schuster, Min. Mitth., 1, 71, 1878; Lsx., Zs. Kr., 2, 253, 1878. 4 Merian, Jb. Min., 1, 193, 1884. ASMANITE Maskelyne, Phil. Trans., 161, p 361. 1871. Bath, Pogg., Erg Bd., 6, S82, 1873. Winkler, Nov. Act. Leopold, Car. Akad., 40, 339, 1878. A form of silica found in the meteoric iron of Breitenbach, in very minute grains, generally much rounded and stained with iron on the surface. It is mixed with bronzite (after the re-; moval of the iron, troilite, and chromite), and constitutes about one-third of the mixed siliceous minerals. Also (in irregular particles) in the Rittersgriin iron, making up about one-fourth of the non-metallic portion, with troilite and bronzite, which together form'about one-half of the whole. Described as orthorhombic, with a : b : c = 1-7437 : 1 : 3-3120. Observed forms: 100, 001, 110, 013, 012, 023, Oil, 043, 116. 112, 223. Angles (ealc.,Mask.): 110 A 110 = 59 40', OOlAOll = 62 14', 001 A 112 = 62 21' (mm' = 60, cp = 62 21' tridymite). Cleavage: c good, with vitreous luster; m difficult. Very brittle H. = 5'5. G. = 2'245, Breitenbach. Luster generally resinous, resembling opal. Colorless. Transparent. .Optically biaxial, negative Ax. pi. || a. Bx_L&. 2E = 107-107i. Dispersion p >v. Composition, nearly pure silica. Analyses: 1, 2, Maskelyne, 1 on 3114 gr., 2 oh 0'2653 gr. 3, Winkler, 1. c* p. 358. SiO 3 Fe 2 O 3 CaO MgO 1 Breiteabach 97-43 1*12 0'58 1-51 = 100-64 2. " 99-21 0-79 etc. = 100 3. Rittersgriin 97 '84 165 tr. ign. 1*01 == 100'SO It has been pretty conclusively proved that asmanite is identical with tridymite, as suggested by Lasaulx (Zs. Kr., 2, 274, 1878), Weisbach (cf. Winkler, 1. c.), and Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien. 88 (1), 348, 1883. Groth regards tridymite as orthorhombic and isomorphous with brook'ite (TiO 9 ). CRISTOBALITE G. wm Rath, Jb. Min., 1, 198, 1887. Christobalite. In regular octahedrons up to 2 mm., in part spinel twins. Angle oo' = 70 21' Mid. The forms sometimes skeleton-like with depressed faces. No cleavage. H. = 6-7. G. = 2*27 Rath; 2'34 Mid. Luster dull. Color white. Translucent. Shows abnormal double refraction, hence pseudo-isometric Mid. Mean refractive index = 1'432. a? = 0*00053 Mid. Heated to 175 C. the double refraction disappears suddenly, reappearing on cooling. J94 OXIDES. Composition, pure silica, SiO 2 . Analysis, Rath, on 0'08 gram, containing some e;anU0 (Fe 2 3 , etc.): SiO a 91-0, Fe 2 O 3> Al 2 O 3 6-2 = 97'2. B.B. infusible. Occurs with tridyrnite in cavities in the andesyt^ of the Cerro S. Cristobal near Pachuca, Mexico. The similarity between the pseudo-isometric twinned forms of triclymite and the octahe- drons of cristobalite was pointed out by Rath; and the relation between the two forms of silica is .minutely discussed by Mallard, Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 172, 1890. GRANULINE, Granulina A. ScaccM, Rend. Ace. Napoli,,21, 176, October 1882. A form of silica, probably identical with tridymite, occurring as a white pulverulent incrustation on "Vesuviau lava. Very hygroscopic, regaining in the air the water (17'4 p. c.) lost on ignition. Cr. = 1'73, after ignition 2'20. Readily soluble in sodium carbonate. White pearly hexagonal plates of tridymite occur with it which consist also of silica and water, losing 12'5 p. c. by ignition. MELANOPHLOGITE A. v. Lasaulx, Jb. Min., 250, 627, 1876; 513, 1879. Melanoflogite G. Spezia, Mem. Ace. Line., 15, 300, 1883. In minute cubes and spherical aggregates. The cubes have an isotropic crust, while the in- terior has aggregate polarization like chalcedony. H. = 6-5-7. G 2'04. Luster vitreous. Color light brown or colorless. Transparent. The double refraction is sometimes after the analogy of pseudo-isometric species. Ilallard (Bull. Soc. Min.. 13, 180, 1890) shows that the crystals are made up of the fibrous melanophlogite turning black upon ignition, with G. 2'04, with enclosed particles of quartz with G. = 2'65, both probably present by alteration from gome earlier mineral. Analyses. 1, Lasaulx, 1. c. 2, Spezia, 1. c. 3, Pisani, Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 298, 1888. SiO 2 SO 3 H 2 O C Fe 2 O 3 1. 86-29 7-20 2-86 0'70 grO 2-80 = 99'8i 2. 89-46 5-60 2'42 1'33 0"25 = 99 06 3. G. = 2-02 91-12 5-30 1 52 043 (A1 2 O 3 ) = 98'37 The carbon is present in minute yellow grains whose composition is undetermined; separated "by use of hydrofluoric acid and heated on. platinum foil they turn black and disappear. The mineral turns black superficially when heated B,B. (hence name from /weAcrs, black, ami , to be burned) in consequence of the presence of this enclosed carbon. Occurs with calcite and celestite implanted upon an incrustation of opaline silica over the sulphur crystals of Girgenti, Sicily. This anomalous substance can hardly be regarded as other than of pseud omorphous origin. SULFUIIICIN Guyard, Bull. Soc. Chim., 22, 61, 1874. Brezina, Min. Mitth., 243, 1876. ;A white porous silica, having a sour taste and impregnated with sulphur. From Greece. An analysis gave Guyard: SiO, 80*88, SO 3 6'80, S 4'10, H 2 O 6'10, A1 2 O 3 043, Fe 2 O 3 0'57 (in orig. 8-57), MgO 0;37, CaO 1-2.5 = 100. Cf. melanophlogitc; "VESTAN Jenzsch, Pogg., 105, 320, 1878. A supposed tricliuic forrri of silica from the fnelaphyre of Saxony and the Thuringer Wald. Cf. 5th Ed,, p. 198. JENZSCHITE Dana, Min., 5th Ed., p. 201. A name proposed for certain kinds of opal silica,. described by Jenzsch (Pogg., 126. 497. 1865), having the specific gravity of quartz but soluble fin a hot solution of caustic potash. The kinds here referred to are a white cacholong from Huttenberg in Carinthia, G, = 2'591; from Hutberg, near Weissig, in amygdaloid. G. = 2'633- 2-647; from the porphyry of Regensberg, G. = 2 620; from Brazil, 6. = 2*596. They are generally associated with chalcedony, and Jenzsch regards them as a result of its alteration. PASSYITE E. Marchand, Ann. Ch. Phys., 1, 392, 1874. An impure variety of silica occurring in white earthy masses at Contremotilins, Caux, France. 212. OPAL. Opalus, Paederos, Pirn., 37, 21, 22. Quartz resinite H., Tr., 2, 1801. Amorphous. Massive; sometimes small reniform, stalactitic, or large tuberose. JUso earthy.. H.' = 5-5-l6'5 v . f GL = 1-9-2-3; when pure 2-1-2-2. Luster vitreous, frequently BtibTitreous; often inclining to resinous, and sometimes to pearly. Color white, yellow, red, brown, green, gray, blue, generally pale; dark colors arise from foreign admixtures; sometimes a rich play of colors, or different colors by refracted and .reflected light. Streak white. Transparent to nearly opaque. Refractive indices, Dx. u r = 1 '4374, 1 -4555 hyalite 1 -450 fire-opal- 1 -442, 1 "446 precious opal n, = 1-406 white hydrophane 1-446 same, with absorbed water .Often shows double refraction similar to that observed in colloidal substances due to tension. 5*ae tnammillary form, hyalite, often yields the uniaxial interference cross of a negative substance OPAL. 195 in parallel polarized light; this is referred to tension by Schultze, Ber. nied. Ges., 69, 186L The. cause of the play of color in the precious opal was investigated by Brewster (Ed. Phil. J.^ 38, 385, 1845), who ascribed it to the presence of microscopic cavities. Behrends, however, has given a monograph on the subject, Ber. Ak. Wien, 64 (1), 1871, and has shown that this explanation is incorrect ; he refers the colors to thin curved lamellae of opal whose refractive* power may differ by O'l from that of the mass. These are conceived to have been originally- formed in parallel position, but have been changed, bent, and finally cracked and broken in. the solidification of the ground mass. Comp. Silica, like quartz, with a varying amount of water, SiO^wH^O, The water is sometimes regarded as non-essential. The opal condition is one of lower degrees of hardness and specific gravity, and, as generally believed, of 'incapability of crystallization. The water present varies from 2 to 13 p. c or more,. but mostly from 3 to 9 p. c. A hyalite gave 3 p. c, H 2 O; milk-opal 4*3 p c. , fire-opal 6-8 p. c.; precious opal from Hungary gave 10 p. c. ; geyserite 9-13 p. c. Small quantities of ferric oxide* alumina, hine, magnesia, and alkalies are usually present as impurities. Quartz is often mixed with the opal. For analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 198, also Rg., Min. Ch., pp. 164-168, 1875. Var. 1. Precious Opal. Exhibits a play of delicate colors, or, as Pliny says, presents various refulgent tints in succession, reflecting now one hue and now another. Seldom larger than a hazel-nut; a mass in the Vienna museum has the size of a man's fist and weighs 17 oz., but has numerous fissures, and is not wholly free from the matrix. Harlequin opal is a kind presenting a variegated play of colors in a reddish ground, resembling the fire-opal. 2. Fire-opal. Feueropal, fr. Mexico, Humboldt, Karsten, Klapr. Beitr , 4, 156, 1807. Hyacinth-red to honey-yellow colors, with fire-like reflections, somewhat irised on turning. 3. OirasoL Bluish white, translucenjt, with reddish reflections in a bright light, 4. Common Opal. In part translucent; (a) milk-opal, milk-white to greenish, yellowish, bluish; (5) Resin-opal (Wachsopal, Pechopal. Germ.), Wax-, honey- to ocher-yellow, with a resinous luster; (c) dull olive-green and mountain-green; (d) brick-red. Includes Semiopal, Halbopal Wern.; als (e} Hydrophane, which is translucent, whitish, or light-colored, adheres to the tongue, and becomes more translucent or transparent in water (to which the name, from vdaop, water, and Pt. n, pp. 65,448, analyses (and by Eeffmann) on p. 411, also (Iceland, New Zealand, quoted) p. -413. Leffmann's analyses are also given in Ch. News, 43, 124. 1881. On the essential part played by vegetable growth in the deposition of siliceous sinter, see Weed, Am. J. Sc., 37, 351, 1889, with analyses by Whitfield; also U. 6. G. Surv. , 9 Ann. Rep , pp. 61 9-676. 1.2. v 'Float-stone. Quartz neclique, H., Tr , 2, 1801; Schwimmstein Germ. In light concre- tionary or tuberose masses. w)iite or grayish, sometimes cavernous, rough in fracture. So light, bwing to its spongy texture, as to float on water. The concretions sometimes have a flint-like gmcleus; 13. TnpoUie, Tripel, Terra Tripolitana '(fr. Tripoli, in part), Wall, 32, 1747. Infusorial Dearth; Bergmehl, Kieselmehl, Kieselguhr, Germ. Farina fossilis. Raudanite Salvetat, Ann. Ch. Phys., 24, 348, 1848. Formed from the siliceous shells of Diatoms (hence called diatomite) p,nd other microscopic species, as first made known by Ehreuberg, and occurring in deposits, often many miles in area, either uncompacted^or moderately hard, (a) Infusorial Earth, or JSarthy Tripolite, a very fine-grained earth looking often like an earthy chalk_or a clay, but harsh Q (032, |4) e (092, |4) t (O'16'l, 164) a; (1-20'15. f 20) It (210. i-2) e (101, 14) g (0'15'8, TT^'" = 14 51' II' = 37 11' rr' - 106 46' wf = 52 44' ///^'" = 22 74' w" = 45 37' ss' = 121 44' m>'" = 40 39' mm" = 42 41' 99' = 67 52' uu'" - 80 44' xx 1 = 48 15' ee' = 81 25' If = 76 154' 200 OXIDES. Commonly prismatic either || 6 (m) or a (i, g, q, r, or s); also tabular || b; often rounded by striations || m/m r and || i/i' . Crystals often aggregated in fan-shaped or stellar groups, in bundles and druses and as aggregations of thin plates. Also massive; structure lamellar, columnar, granular. Cleavage: b perfect; also m. H. = 2*5-3. G. = 5*566. Luster adamantine, Ib often pearly; shining. Color snow-white, occasionally peach-blossom red, and ash-gray to brownish. Streak white. Translucent to subtransparent. Ax. pi. || c for red rays, J_ c for blue, for yellow nearly uniaxial; dispersion p > v strong (Braunsdorf); also m other crystals (Pibram, Algeria), the axes for red are sensibly united, those for other colors lie J_ c, and p > v. Bx always J_ a; axial angles small. Heated to 75 C. the axes || c unite slightly, those J_ c open (slightly, Dx 3 . 1. Braunsdorf, Lasp, P f ibraui, Id, Constantine, Id. Comp. Antimony trioxide, Sb 2 3 = Oxygen 16*7, antimony 83*3 = 100. Pyr., etc. Same as for seuarmontite. Obs. Occurs with other antimonial ores, and results from their alteration. Found at Pri- foram in Bohemia, iu veins traversing metamorphic rocks; at Felsobanya in Hungary, with Btibnite and arsenopyrite; Malaczkaiu Hungary; Braunsdorf near Freiberg in Saxony; Allemont in Dauphine; Sempsa, Province of Constantine, Algiers. Also at the antimony mine of South Ham, Wolfe Co., Quebec; with native antimony at the Prince William mine, York Co., N. B. The pris-matic form of SbaOa is obtained from solutions at a temperature above 100 C. Named after Basil Valentine, an alchemist of the 15th century, who discovered the proper- dies of antimony. Alt. Observed as a paramorph after senarmontite. Ref. ' Mean of results for Braunsdorf crystals, Zs. Kr., 9, 162, 1884; cf. also Groth, Pogg., 137, 429, 1869; Tab. Ueb., 84, 1874; and Brezina, Ann. Mus. Wien, 1, 145, "1886; the last suggests i as Oil, but without very distinct advantage. 2 See Brz. for critical summary of results Of earlier authors, also Lasp., who adds many new planes. 3 K. R., 58, 1867, also Groth, 1. c. Antimonophyllite of Breithaupt, of unknown locality, occurring in thin angular six-sided prisms, is probably valentinite. 217. BISMITE. ^Bismuth trioxide, Bismuth Ocher pt. Wismuthoxyd, Wismuthocker, Germ. Bismuth oxyde Fr. Bismutocra Hal. Bismite Dana. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0*8166 : 1 : 1*0649 Nordenskiold 1 . Forms- (artif.) re. (001, 0); 'm (110, /); q (034, f-), r (Oil, 1-?), s (032, f-i), t (031, 3-?). Angles: mm".' = *78 28', rr' = 93 36!, edge m/m' A r/m = *129 31' Habit of artif. cryst. prismatic. Natural mineral not crystallized; occurs massive and disseminated, pulverulent, earthy; alsp passing into foliated. Fracture conchoidal to earthy. G. = 4'361 Biisson. Luster adamantine to dull, earthy. Color greenish yellow, strawryellow, grayish white. Comp. Bismuth trioxide, Bi 2 3 = Oxvgeti 10 4, bismuth 89*6 = 100. Iron a,nd other impurities often present. Pyr. etc. In the closed tube most specimens give off water B.B. on charcoal fuses, -and Is easily 'reduced to metallic bismuth, which in O.F gives a yellow coating of oxide. Soluble 'in. nitric acid. Obs. Occurs pulverulent at Schneeberg in Saxony, at Joacbiinsthal in Bohemia; with Dative, gold at Berezov in Siberia; in Cornwall, at St. Roach, and near Lostwithiel. TELLURITE GROUP TELLURITE. MOLYBDITE GROUP MOLYBDITE. $01 Dr Jackson reports an oxide of bismuth not carbonated, as occurring with the tetradymite of Virginia. See further, BISMUTITE, p. 307, which includes some bismuth ocher. Ref. ' Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 17, 447, 1860, and Pogg., 114, 622, 1861. KARELINITE Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 75, 448, 1858. Massive. Structure, crystalline. Cleavage in one direction rather distinct. H. =2. G. = 6'60. Luster strongly metallic within. Color lead-gray. Analysis, Hermann: O [5'21], S 3'53, Bi 91-26 = 100. From the Savodinski mine in the Altai, with hessite. The mineral is not homogeneous, containing along with the metallic substance a gray, earthy mass of bismutite. By treating the powdered mass with hydrochloric acid, a metallic powder remains, free from any native bismuth, which is the supposed mineral karelinite. Named after Mr. Karelin, the discoverer. VANADIC OCHER. Vanadic acid Teschemacher, Am. J. Sc., 11, 233, 1851. A yellow pulver- ulent substance, encrusting masses of native copper, along with quartz, at the Cliff mine, Lake Superior, according to Teschemacher The color before the blowpipe changed to black; also the powder, boiled in nitric acid, afforded an apple-green solution, from which, on partial evaporation, after standing some weeks, red crystalline globules formed on the surface, which, as they enlarged, fell to the bottom; by means of these crystalline masses the vanadatesof silver and lead were made. As no metal was found in the first solution, the yellow mineral was inferred to be probably vanadic oxide. TANTALTC OCHER. Tantalochra A. E. Nordenskiold, Finl. Min., 27, 1855. A tantalic ocher of brownish color occurring on crystals of tantalite at Pennikoja in Somero, Finland. 3. Tellurite Group. E0 3 . Orthorhombic. 218. TELLURITE. Tellurige Saure Petz.Pogg., 57, 478, 1842. Tellurite Nicol, Min. 429, 1849. Tellurocker^., Min. Ch., 175, 1875. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0*45656 : 1 : 0-46927 Brezina 1 . 100 A HO = 24 32J', 001 A 101 = 45 47', 001 A Oil = 25* 8 J*. Forms': b (010, i-i), m (110, T), r (120, 2), s (140, i-4), p (111, 1). Angles: mm'" = 49 5', rr' = 95 12', ss' = 57 18', pp' = 85 53', pp" = *96 58'8'. pp'" = 36 14', bp = *71 52-8 . In slender prismatic crystals, tabular || b, and often striated vertically; also grouped in fufts; in spherical masses with radiated structure. Cleavage : b perfect. Flexible. H. 2. G. = 5-90. Luster subadamantine. Color white, yellowish white, honey- or straw-yellow. Transparent to translucent. Optically -. Ax. pi. || from the decomposition of chalcostibite. 3d Appendix Miu. Chili, 1871. III. Oxides of the Metals. A. Anhydrous. B. Hydrous. A. Anhydrous Oxides. I. Protoxides, R 2 and RO II* Sesquioxides, R 2 3 ii in III. Intermediate, RR 2 4 or RO.R a 9 , etc., IV. Dioxides, R0 3 . 1. Protoxides, R,0 and BO. 223. Water, Ice H 2 Hexagonal == T4026 224. Cuprite Cu a O Isometric WATER ICE. 205 Periclase Group. RO. Isometric, 225. Periclase MgO 226. Manganosite MnO 227. Bunsenite NiO 828. Zincite ZnO Hexagonal 1-6219 a : I : b 229. Massicot PbO Orthorhombic 0-6706 : 1 : 0'9764 (artif.) a : 1 : 6 ft 230. Tenorite CuO Monoclinic 1-4902 : 1 : 1*3604 80 28' Melaconite 223. WATER. Wasser Germ, Vatten Swed. Eau Fr. Acqua Ital. Agua Span. Water exists in three states: (1) a solid, ICE, at or below C. ; (2) a liquid, WATER proper, between and 100; (3) a gas, STEAM and AQUEOUS VAPOR, the former at 100 C. under -a pressure of 76(Tmm., or at higher or lower temperatures with requisite increase or decrease of pressure, the latter in the atmosphere at all temperatures. ICE. Eis Germ. Is Swed. Glace Fr. GhiSccio Ital. Hexagonal; probably hemimorphic. Axis d = 1-4026 approx. ; 0001 A 1011 c= 58 18V Nordenskiold. Forms' : c (0001, 0), m (1010, 1); r (1012, *), 8 (1011, 1), t (4041, 4). Angles: cr = *39, cs = 58 18f, ct = 81 13', rr' = 36 41', ss' = 50 2iy, tt' = 59 14'. Distinct faces rare. Usually, as snow crystals, in compound six-rayed stellate forms of great variety and delicacy; occasionally as hail 3 , with hexagonal crystals projecting from a solid nucleus, or rarely in distinct quartzoids. Also granular and compact massive. Briuie at low temperatures, but somewhat less so near the melting-point. H. = 1-5. G. = 0*9167 Bunsen 2 . Fracture conchoidal. Luster -vitreous. Color- less to white when pure, but in thick layers pale blue. Transparent. Optically uniaxial, positive. Refractive indices, Reusch 4 : G? r = 1-30598 e r = 1-30734 co^ .= 1-3120 e^ = 1-3136 & v = 1-317 e v = 1-321 Also Meyer 5 : 4 i (4265, | 3 ) 9 (3254, i 6 ) p (2-8-10-9, - f *) 1, Ceylon. 2, Burma, Mallet. 3, Zanskar, Id. 4, 5, Ceylon, Haid. 6, Ilmen Mts., Kk. of = 23 25' TW/ = 6 35' cy = 17 28' cd = 27 41' cd = 38 12' cs = 72 22V c6 = 79 43' en = 61 11' c? = 64 45' cw = 69 51' ck = 72 33' Cfl cz c*. cB cv coo = 74 37' = 79 36' = 81 4' = 82 10' = 84 45i f = 85 30' * Cl eg cp = 59 1' = 59 45' = 58 2' yy> dd' = 30 8i' = 47 27' dd' = 64 46' rr' = *93 56' **' . = 111 15' W =116 53' rrf = 49 56' nn = 55' = ww' = kk = 51 58' 53 46' 55 59V 56 58V 57 38V = 58 55' AA' 59 12' 60' - 59 23' vv' = 59 43V GOGO' =. 59 48' ii' 68 17' U Y 46 46' 99' = 61 59' ffff r ^ 40 9' = 79 47' PP' 18 27' ar = 43 2' as = 34 22V Twins: tw. pi. r; sometimes penetration-twins; often polysynthetic, and thus producing a laminated structure. Crystals often rough and rounded, especially if large. Planes in zone ca deeply striated horizontally; c striated || edge c/r, or divided into 'sectors by lines radiat- ing from center normal to edges c/a. Also massive, with nearly rectangular parting or pseudo-cleavage; granular, coarse or fine. Parting: c, sometimes perfect, but interrupted; also r due to twinning, often prominent. Fracture uneven to conchoidal. Brittle, when compact very tough. H. = 9. G. = 3-95-4-10. Luster adamantine to vitreous; on c sometimes pearly. Occasionally showing asterism. Color blue, red, yellow, brown, gray, and nearly white; streak uncolored. Pleocbroic in deeply colored varieties. Trans- parent to translucent. Normally uniaxial, negative; sapphire oo r = 1-7676 to 1*7682 and e r = 1-7594 Ilmen Mts., Kk. 212 OXIDES. to 1-7598; ruby & 1-7675, e = 1-7592, Dx. 7 Often abnormally biaxial 8 . Phos- phorescent with a rich red color, and yielding a double crimson line (at A = 6937, 6942) in the spectroscope (Crookes). Var. There are three subdivisions of the species prominently recognized in the arts, a-nd until early in this century regarded as distinct species; but which actually differ only in purity and state of crystallization or structure. Haily first (in 1805) formally united them under the name here accepted for the species, though the fact that adamantine spar and sapphire were alike in crystallization did not escape the early crystallographer Rome de Lisle, and led him to suggest their identity. VAR. 1. SAPPHIRE, RUBY. Includes the purer kinds of fine colors, transparent to translu- cent, useful as gems. Stones are named according to their colors: Sapphire blue; true Ruby, or Oriental Ruby, red; 0. Topas, yellow; 0. Emerald, green; 0. Amethyst, purple. A variety Laving a stellate opalescence when viewed in the direction of the vertical axis of the crystal, is the Asteriated SappMre or Star Sapphire (Asteria of Pliny). The ruby sapphire was probably included under the ai/Qpac, of Theophrastus, and the Carbunculus and Lychnis of Pliuy. The blue sapphire (Ceylon) was called Salamstein by Werner. Barklyite is a more or less opaque magenta-colored ruby from Victoria, cf. Liversidge, Min. N. S. W., 198, 1888. Ghlorsapphir is a deep green variety occurring in bombs of a "sanidiner gneiss " enclosed in an ancient trachytic tufa at Kouigswinter on the Rhine, cf. Polig, Ber. uied. Ges., May 7, 1888. 2. CORUNDUM. Includes the kinds of dark or dull colors and not transparent, colors light blue to gray, brown, and black. The original adamantine spar from India has a dark grayish smoky-brown tint, but greenish or bluish by transmitted light, when translucent, and either in distinct crystals, often large, or cleavable-massive. It is ground and used as a polishing material, and being purer, is superior in this respect to emery. It was thus employed in ancient times, both in India and Europe. The ''Armenian stone " is supposed by King to have been corundum rather than emery. 3. EMERY. Schmirgel Germ. Includes granular corundum, of black or grayish black color, and contains magnetite or hematite intimately mixed. Sometimes associated with iron spinel or hercyuite. Feels and looks much like a black fine-grained iron ore, which it was long considered to be. There are gradations from the evenly fine grained emery to kinds in which the corundum is in distinct crystals. This last is the case with part of that at Chester, Massachusetts. The specific gravity varies rather widely, G. = 3'75-4'31 Smith. Comp. Alumina, A1 2 3 = Oxygen 47*1, aluminium 52*9 100. The crystal- lized varieties are essentially pure; analyses of emery show more or less impurity, chiefly magnetite. For analyses, etc., see J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 10, 354, 1850, 11, 53, 1851, 42, 83, 1866, and 5th Ed., p. 139. Pyr., etc. B.B. unaltered; slowly dissolved in borax and salt of phosphorus to a clear glass, which is colorless when free from iron; not acted upon by soda. The finely pulverized mineral, after long heating with cobalt solution, gives a beautiful blue color. Not acted upon by acids, but converted into a soluble compound by fusion with potassium bisulphate. Obs. Usually occurs in crystalline rocks, as granular limestone or dolomite, gneiss, granite, mica slate, chlorite slate. The associated minerals often include some species of the chlorite group, as prochlorite, corundophilite, margarite, also tourmaline, spinel, cyanite, diaspore, and a series of aluminous minerals, in part produced from its alteration. Occasionally found in ejected masses enclosed in younger volcanic rocks, as at Konigswinter, Niedermendig, etc. Rarely observed as a contact-mineral. The fine sapphires are usually obtained from the beds of rivers, either in modified hexagonal prisms or in rolled masses, accompanied by grains of magnetite, and several kinds of gems, as spinel, etc. The emery of Asia Minor, Dr. Smith states, occurs in granular limestone. The best rubies come from the mines in Upper Burma, north of Mandalay, in an area cover- ing 25 to 30 square miles, of which Mogok is the center. . Also found in the marble hills of Sagyin, 16 miles north of Mandalay. The rubies occur in situ in crystalline limestone, also in the soil of the hillsides and in gem-bearing gravel. All the crystallized varieties of the species occur here; the spinel ruby is a common associate. A ruby weighing 304 carats is said to have been found here in 1890. Rubies and sapphires have also been reported from other localities, and the massive varieties are common especially in the crystalline rocks of southern India. Ruby mines have also been worked at Jagdalak, 32 miles east of Kabul, Afghanistan. Some fine sapphires were obtained in 1882 from the Zanskar range of the Kashmir Himalayas near the village Machel in Padar, and since then mining has been carried on there with some success (Mallet, Min. India; La Touche, Rec. G. Surv. India, 23, 59, 1890). Blue sapphires are brought from Ceylon, often as rolled pebbles, but also as well-preserved crystals. Corundum occurs in the Carnatic on the Malabar coast, on the Chantibun hills in Siam, and elsewhere in the East Indies; also near Canton, China. At St. Gothard, it occurs of a red or blue tinge in dolomite, and near Mozzo in Piedmont, in white compact feldspar. Adamantine spar is met with in large coarse, hexagonal pyramids in Gellivara, Sweden. Emery is found in large boulders at Naxos, Nicaria, and Samos of the Grecian islands; also HEMATITE GROUP HEMATITE. 213 in Asia Minor, 12 m. E. of Ephesus, near Gumuch-dagh, where it was discovered in situ by Dr. J. Lawrence Smith, associated with margarite, chloritoid, pyrite, calcite, etc.; and also at Kulah, Adula, and Manser, the last 24 m. N. of Smyrna; also with the nacrite (?) of Cumberland, Eng- land. Other localities are in Bohemia, near Petschau; in the Ural, near Ekaterinburg; and in the Ilmen mountains, not far from Miask; in the gold-washings northeast of Zlatoust as small crystals (called soimonite after Senator Soimonov) in barsovite (Kk. Min. Russl., 1, 30, 2, 80). Corundum, sapphires, and less often rubies occur in rolled pebbles in the diamond gravels on the Cudgegong river, at Mudgee and other points in New South Wales. InN. America, in Maine, at Greenwood, in cryst. in njica schist, with beryl, zircon, lepidolite, rare. In Massachusetts, at Chester, corundum and emery in a large vein, consisting mainly of emery and magnetite, associated with diaspore, ripidolite, margarite, etc.; the corundum occa- sionally in blue pyramidal crystals. In Connecticut, at W. Farms, near Litchtield, in pale blue crystals; at Norwich, with sillimanite, rare. In New York, at Warwick, bluish and pink, with spinel, and often in its cavities; Amity, wtiite, blue, reddish crystals, with spinel and rutile in gran, limestone. Emery with magnetite and green spinel (hercynite) in Westchester Co. in Cortlandt township, near Cruger's Station, and elsewhere (Am. J.*Sc., 33, 194, 1887). In New Jersey, at Newton, blue crystals in gran, limestone, with grass-green hornblende, mica, tour- maline, rare; at Vernou, near State line, red crystals, often several inches long. In Pennsyl- vania, in Delaware Co., in Aston, near Village Green, in large crystals; at Mineral Hill, in loose cryst.; in Chester Co., at Unionville, abundant in crystals, some masses weighing 4,000 Ibs., and crystals occasionally 4 in. long, with tourmaline, margarite, and albite; in large crystals loose in the soil at Shimersville, Lehigh Co. In Virginia, in the mica schists of Bull Mt., Patrick Co. Common at many points along a belt extending from Virginia across western North and South Carolina and Georgia to Dudleyville, Alabama; especially in Madison, Buncombe, Hay- wood, Jackson, Macon, Clay, and Gaston counties in North Carolina. The localities at which most work has been done are the Culsagee mine, Corundum hill, near Franklin, Macon Co., N.C., and 26 miles S. E. of this, at Laurel Creek, Ga. The corundum occurs in beds in chrysolite (and serpentine) and hornblendic gneiss, associated with a species of the chlorite group, also spinel, etc., and here as elsewhere with many minerals resulting from its alteration. (Cf. Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 4, 109, 175, 1872; also Genth, 1. c.) Fine pink crystals of corundum occur at Hiawassee, Towns Co. , Georgia. In Colwado, in small blue crystals in mica schist near Salida, Chaffee Co. ^ Gem sapphires are found near Helena, Montana, in gold-washings and in bars in the Missouri river, especially the Eldorado bar. In California, in Los Angeles Co. , in the drift of San Francisqueto Pass. In Canada, at Burgess, Ontario, red and blue crystals. Alt. Corundum undergoes extensive alteration, a series of aluminous minerals being the result. The commonest change is to the potash mica damourite, also to spinel, cyauite, fibrolite, zoisite, margarite, and other species. Cf. Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 13, 361, 1873; ibid., 20, 381, 1882: Am. J. Sc., 39, 47, 1890. Artif. Formed by decomposing potash alum by charcoal (Gaudin); in crystals by exposing to a high heat 4 pts. of borax and 1 of alumina (Ebelinen); by subjecting in a carbon vessel aluminium to the action of boric acid, the process yielding large rhombohedral plates (Deville & Carou); by addition to the last of chromium fluoride in varying amounts, affording the red sapphire or blue sapphire, or a fine green kind; by action of aluminium chloride on lime (Daubree). Again by the fusion of alumina and minium in siliceous earthen crucibles, yielding a fusible lead aluininate which was subsequently decomposed by the silica, setting free the alumina in hexagonal crystals of considerable size (Frerny and Feil); under varying conditions rubies, sapphires, etc., being obtained. Also by the decomposition of aluminium chloride by magnesium and water vapor at a high temperature in a sealed tube (Meunier). Cf. Fouque-Levy, Synth. Min., 218-224, 1882; Bourgeois. Reprod. Min., 62, 1884. Ref. ' Min., p. 242, 1852. 2 Cf. Mir., 1. c., and Svr., Att. Ace. Torino, 7, 377, 1871. 3 Klein, Ceylon, Jb. Min., 486, 1871. 4 Kk., Ceylon, Min. Russl., 6, 223, 1874. 5 Busz, Ceylon, Zs. Kr., 15, 622. 1889. 6 Bruhns, ibid., 17, 554, 1890. 7 Dx., Propr. Opt., 2, 18, 1858. Cf. Mid., Ann. Mines, 10, 150, 1876, who makes the species orthorhombic; also Btd., Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 95, 1878; Tschermak, Min. Mitth., 1, 362, 1878, who regards it as monoclinic; Lsx., Zs. Kr., 10, 346, 1885. 232. HEMATITE. 'Aifj-arir^ [= Blood-stone] 'pt, TJieophr., 325 B.C.; Dioscor., 5, 143, A.D. 40. Haematites pt. Plin., 36, 28, 38, A.D. 77. (1) Galenae genus tertium omnis metalli inanissimum, Germ. Eisenglanz, (2) Haematites pt. = Germ. Blutstein, Glaskopf, Agric., Interpr., 4(55, 468, 1546. (1) Speglande Jernmalm, Mineraferri specularis, (2) Haematites ruber, (3) Ochra rubra, Wall., 259-266, 1747. Rotheisenstein. (1) Jarnmalm tritura rubra, Speglande Eisen- glimmer, (2) Haematites ruber, (3) Ochra pt., Cronst., 178-185, 1758. Specular Iron ; Red Hematite, Red Ocher. Specularite. Fer speculaire, (2) Hematite rouge, Sanguine, Fr. (1) Eisenglanz, (2) Roth Eisenstein, Rother Glaskopf, Rother Eisenrahm, Wern., Bergm. J., 1789. Iron Glance, Red Iron Ore, Red Oxide of Iron, Micaceous Iron Ore. (1) Fer oligiste, (2) Fer oxyde rouge, H., Tr.. 1801. Hamatit Hausm., Haid. Handb., 552, 1845, Hausm. Handb., 232, 1847. Jem- glans. Rod Jernmalm, Blodsten, Rodmalm, Swed. Ematite rossa, Oligisto, Ferro specolare ItaL Hematita rojo, Hierro oligisto Span. 214 OXIDES. Rhombohedral. Forms 2 : c (0001, 0) m (1010, 7) a (1120, 2) h (4150, ^-f) d (2130, i-D A (1-0-1 -16, T V) O (1019, *) t* (1014. i) r (3-0-3-10, T 8 5 ) 3 e (2025,' |) d (1012, i) fl (4047, f ) ^ (3035, f) Bucking adds : v (0992, - f ), W (0771 #(24-630-5, J (14-8-22-38, T V*); M (7-14-21-18, - | 3 ), scalenohedrons. ral. Axis b = 1-36557; 0001 A-lOll = 57 37' 4" (p (5058, |) $ (0665, - f )* t (29-4-33-31, 1^*) r (1011, R) _ZV"(0554, 5.) Q ( I (5052, f ) a (0332,' - |) ^(5161, 4*) C ( m (4041, 4) s (0221, - 2) q (8-2-10-9, f 3 ) 8 ( - j ^? (0551, - 5) (7298, f 1 ) ( y (0118, - i) n (0-2-2-13,- 2 (1126, *-2) ) TT (-1123, f-2) e (3-1-4-32, T V) / (6281, 4 2 ) ^ ( il> ( ^ (0115, - *) T(2245, |-2) 0(5276, }*) ^( -: o (0114, - i) n (2243, f2) t> (15-7-22-2, 4 V ) $> \ ^ (0227, - f ) X(4483, f-2) t (2134, i 8 ) X ( /? / e (0112, - i) F(3362, 3-2) f (4265, f 3 ) P ( p (0557, - f) x (5-5 10-3, Jy - -2) k (2131, I 3 ) GO ( A (0445, - f) z (2241,4-2) g (3254, i 5 ) K( ? (0111, - 1) o- (6-4-10-5, | 5 ) s: (9-5-14-0, i- V-); Ji(5054,f), (2021, 2); (0559, - t), Koksharov 1 . (3475, _ 47) (6-8-14-13, - T V) (2355, - *) IT (4-6-10-7, - f 5 ) S (2352, - i 5 ) (1238, - i 3 ) (1235, - 3 ) P (2467, - f 3 ) $ (7-14-21-20, - ^) (1232, - i 3 ) (2461, - 2 3 ) R (1-10-11-3, - 3) 7); K (M-2'10, -2), Q (3365, f-2); r (721-73'73, (15'8-23'22, ^\ ^(9- $*), (8'15'23-19, - * T 4 /), (0-8'8'H, - T \), , B (26'6 32'7, - 8 / 1 ), ^(H-7-18'22, T 3 T f ), (10-20'30'27, - ^ 3 ), (1-15-16-4, f). Scacchi mentions several doubtful pyramids and rr' = *94 0' cju = 17 30' cV 76 17' ffT = 48 15' 11 = 49 = 9 57' 45' cA cs. =-- 51 = 67 36' 5' ex cz 77 79 37' 87*' CC' CC" -44 3' = 60 40' *x = 37 = 55 = 64 *> 2' 2' 51' 31 cs cp yy' = 72 = 82 = 19 24' 46' 17' nn' ww' ww* = 51 101 17 59' 12' 47' CC' CC; = 44 58' = 57 38' = 54 1' mm' = 7o = 114 = 117 10' 36' ee' AA = 30 = 64 '= 85 12' 51' 29' ee' ff' = 14 4 91 29' 39' 45' 'zz ZZ" = 69 49' = 17 25' = 35 14' cA = 5 38' aa' = 105 49' ff" _ 27 41' iplfj = 24 13' cu = 21 31' t ss' = 111 17' U' _ 56 24' 7~> 7~/ = 49 36' ce el 7 cm cy = 32 = 38 = 43 = 75 = 80 = 11 15' 25' 46' PP' cq CTt cT en cX = 118 = 24 = 42 = 47 = 61 = 74 26*' 28*' 19' 32' 13' 39' tP ii 1 kk' gg' =3 27 68 32 79 37 62 20' 20' 37' 5' 7' 1' PP ppr ftp GOGO' = 29 3' = 60 12' = 37 56' = 81 5' = 27 24' = 72 37' Twins: tw. pi. (1) c, penetration-twins; also comp. face often _J_ c as in f. 5. (2) r, less common, usually as poly synthetic twinning lamellae 5 , producing a fine striation on e, and giving rise to a distinct parting or pseudo-cleavage || r. Crys- tals often thick to thin tabular || c, and grouped in parallel position or in rosettes ; c faces striated || edge c'/d and other forms due to oscillatory combination; also in cube-like rhombohedrons; rhombohe- dral faces u horizontally striated and often rounded over in convex forms. Also columnar to granular, botryoidal, and stalactitic shapes; also lamellar, laminae joined parallel to c, and variously bent, thick or thin; also granular, friable or compact. Parting: c, due to lamellar structure; also r, caused by twinning. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle in compact forms; elastic in thin laminae; soft and unctuous in some loosely adherent scaly varieties. H. = 5'5-6*5. G. = 4-9-5-3; of crystals mostly 5'20-5*25; of some com- pact varieties, as low as 4-2. Luster metallic and occa- Ural, Kk. HEM A TITE GRO UP HEM A TITE. gionally splendent; sometimes dull. Color dark steel-gray or iron-black; in very thin particles blood-red by transmitted light; when earthy, red. Streak cherry-red or reddish brown. Opaque, except when in very thin laminae. Optically negative, artif. cryst., Michel. Sometimes feebly magnetic, and occasionally magnetipolar. Electrical conductivity | c nearly double that J_ c, the conductivity for both electricity and heat conforming to the crystalline symmetry, Backstrom 6 . Var. 1. Specular. Luster metallic, and crystals often spier lent, whence the name specular iron (Glanzeiseiierz Germ.}, (b) When the structure is foliated or micaceous, the ore is called micaceous hematite (Eisenglimmer Germ.); some of the micaceous varieties are soft and unctuous (Eiseurahm Germ.). 2. Compact columnar; or fibrous. The masses often long radiating; luster submetallic to metallic; color brownish red to iron-black. Sometimes called red hematite, the name hematite among the older mineralogists including the fibrous, stalactitic, and other solid massive varieties of this species, also limonite and turgite. Often in reniform masses'with smooth fracture, called kidney ore (rother Glaskopf, Blutstein, Eisenniere, Germ.). 3. Red Ocherous. Reddle or Ruddle (Rothel Germ.). Red and earthy. Often specimens of the preceding are red ocherous on some parts. Reddle and red chalk are red ocher, mixed with more or less clay. 1. 1-4, Simple forms. 5, Vesuvius, Sbk. 6, Binnenthal, Calderon. 7, 8, Elba. 9, St. Gothard. 4. Clay Iron-stone; Argillaceous hematite. Hard, brownish black to reddish brown, often in part deep red; of submetallic to unmetallic luster; and affording, like all the preceding, a red streak. It consists of oxide of iron with clay or sand, and sometimes other impurities. (b) When reddish 'in color and jasper-like in texture, often called jaspery clay iron-stone. (c) When consisting of minute flattened concretions, it is the lenticular iron ore; also called fos- sil ore. Foerste has shown that this oolitic ore in the Clinton group consists largely of the frag- mental remains of bryozoan corals. Itabiryte is a schist resembling mica-schist, but containing much specular ore in grains or scales, or in the micaceous form. Comp. Iron sesquioxide, Fe 2 3 = Oxygen 30, iron 70 = 100. Sometimes contains titanium and magnesium, and passing into ilmenite, wh. see. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible; on charcoal in R.F. becomes magnetic; with borax gives the iron reactions. With soda on charcoal in R.F. is reduced to a gray magnetic metallic powder. Soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid. Obs. This ore occurs in rocks of all ages. The specular variety is mostly confined to crys- talline or metamorphic rocks, but is also a result of igneous action about some volcanoes, as at Vesuvius. Many of the geological formations contain the argillaceous variety or clay iron-stone, which is mostly a marsh-formation, or a deposit over the bottom of shallow, stagnant water but this kind of clay iron-stone (that giving a red powder) is less common than the corresponding variety of limonite. The beds that occur in metamorphic rocks are sometimes of very great thickness, and, like those of magnetite in the same situation, have resulted from the alteration 216 OXIDES. of stratified beds of ore, originally of marsh origin, which were formed at the same time with the enclosing rocks, and underwent inetarnorphism, or a change to the crystalline condition, at the same time. Beautiful crystallizations of this species are brought from the island of Elba, which has afforded it from a very remote period, and is described by Ovid as " Insula iuexhaustis chalyb- dum generosametallis." The surfaces of the crystals often present an irised tarnish and brilliant luster. St. Gothard affords beautiful specimens, composed of crystallized tables grouped in the form of rosettes (Eisenrosen), and accompanying crystals of adularia. Near Limoges, France, it occurs in large crystals. Fine crystals are the result of volcanic action at Etna and Vesuvius, and particularly in Fossa Caucharone/o'n Monte Somma, where it incrusts the ejected lavas; also formed in most recent eruptions abput the fumaroles; in that of 1855, in fine crystallizations about the fumaroles, some so thin as to be blood-red by transmitted light (Scacchi) ; Areudal in Norway, Langbau and Nordmark in Sweden, Framont in Lorraine, Dauphine, Biunenthal and Tavetsch, Switzerland, also Cleator Moor in Cumberland, afford splendid specimens. Red hematite occurs in r.eniform masses of a fibrous concentric structure, near Ulver- stoue in Lancashire, in Saxony, Bohemia, and the Harz. In Westphalia it occurs as pseudo- morphs after calcite. In Brazil it is associated with quartz. In Spain, also Chili, there are immense beds. In N. America, widely distributed, and sometimes in beds of vast thickness in rocks of the Archaean age, as in the upper peninsula of Michigan, in theMarquette district, also in Menominee county and west of Lake Agogebic in Gogebic county; further through northern Wisconsin, Florence, Ashland and Dodge Cos., and in Minnesota near Vermilion lake, St. Louis Co.; in Missouri, at the Pilot Knob and the Iron Mtn. ; the former 650 feet high, consisting mainly of an Archaean quartz rock, and having specular iron in the upper part, the iron ore in heavy beds interlaminated with quartz; the latter 200 feet high, and consisting at surface of massive hema- tite in loose blocks, many 10 to 20 tons in weight. In New York, in Oneida, Herkimer, Madison, Wayne Cos., a lenticular argillaceous var. (fos- sil ore), constituting one or two beds in the Clinton group of the Upper Silurian; the same in Pennsylvania, and as far south as Alabama; and in Canada, and Wisconsin to the west; in Ala- bama, there are extensive beds along each border of the anticlinal valleys, through Jackson, Marshall, Blount, Cherokee, Etowah, Jefferson, Tuscaloosa counties (Min. Res. U. S., 1887); prominent mines are near Birmingham. Besides these regions of enormous beds, there are numerous others of workable value, either crystallized or argillaceous. Some of these localities, interesting for their specimens, are in northern New York, at Gouverneur, Antwerp, Hermon, Edwards, Fowler, Canton, etc.; Woodstock and Aroostook, Me.; at Hawley, Mass., a micaceous variety; at Piermont, N. H., id.; in North and South Carolina a micaceous variety in schistose rocks, constituting the so-called specular schist, or itabiryte. Named hematite from a'ifj.a, blood, it seeming, says Theophrastus, as if formed of concreted blood. This old Greek author speaks afterwards of a second kind of hematites ('A jju ar IT rj $ ,avQrf], which was of a yellowish white color, probably a yellow ocher, an impure form of limonite, the species long called brown hematite. Alt. By deoxidatiou through organic matter forms magnetite or protoxides; and from the latter comes siderite by combination with carbonic acid; or by further deoxidation through sulphureted hydrogen forms pyrite. By combination with water forms limonite. Limonite, magnetite, and pyrite constitute occurring pseudomorphs after hematite. Artif. Formed in crystals by the action of steam on ferric chloride, regarded as the probable method^ of origin of the hematite of lavas; also by the action of ferric chloride on lime (Daubree); by the action of a stream of hydrochloric acid gas on Fe 2 O 3 , the application being made very slowly, lest it be all converted to chloride, etc. On the formation of hematite by sublimation, see Arzruni, Zs. Kr., 18, 44, 1890, who also gives literature. Ref. Vesuvius, Min. Russl., 1, 3, 1853; Mohs gives 94 2'; Levy, Mir., 93 50'. 8 Cf. Mir., Mm., 236, 1852; also earlier, Hbg., Min. Not., 5, 43, 1863, 6, et seq., 1864 (list of planes on p. 6), 8, 33, 41, 9, 52, 1870; Rath, Pogg., 128, 420, 1866; Svr., Att. Ace. Torino, 7, 377, 1872; Sec., Contr. Min., n, 1 (Att. Ace. Napoli, 6, 1873). Also Bkg., Zs. Kr., 1, 562, 1877, 2, 416, 1878. 3 Flink, Pajsberg, also the following rhornbohedrons not all above doubt: l'Oi'10, 2-0-2'lS, 1017, 1016, 1015, O'l-l-ll, 0117, 0116, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 13 (2), 7, 25, 1888. 4 Id., Nord- mark, ibid., p. 32. 5 Bauer, Zs. G. Ges., 26, 186, 1874; Mgg., Jb. Min., 1, 216, 1884, 2, 35. 1886. This seems to have been observed by Mohs as noted by Strilver, Rend. Accad Line., 4, 347 1888. 6 Back- str5m, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 45, 533, 1888; also thermo electric behavior, ibid., p. 553. MARTITE. Martit Breith., Char., 233, 1832. Martite is iron sesquioxide under an isometric form, occurring in octahedrons or dodecahedrons like magnetite, and believed 1o be pseudomor- phous after magnetite; perhaps in part also after pyrite. Parting octahedral like magnetite. Fracture conchoidal. H. = 6-7. G. = 4'809-4'832, Brazil, Breith.; 4'65, Puy-de Dome; 4'35, Frassem, Dewalque: 515, Brazil, Rg. ; 5'194-5'205, Brazil, Lex.; 5'33, Monroe, N. Y , Hunt. Luster submetallic. Color iron-black, sometimes with a bronzed tarnish. Streak reddish brown or purplish brown. Not magnetic, or only feebly so. The crystals are sometimes embedded in HEMATITE GROUP ILMEJSITE. 217 the massive sesquioxide. They are distinguished from magnetite by the red streak, and very feeble, if any, action on the magnetic needle. Found at the localities mentioned; also in Vermont at Chittenden; in the Marquette iron region south of Lake Superior, where crystals are common in the ore, as if all of it, or the greater part, were martite; Bass lake, Ontario; at Monroe, N. Y.; in a rock containing quartz, feldspar, and hornblende, and embedded in each of these minerals in Digby county, Nova Scotia; at the Cerro de Mercado, Duraugo, Mexico, in large octahedrons (Silliman, Am. J. Sc., 24, 375, 1882); in the schists of Minas Geraes, Brazil; at the Rother Adler mine near Rittersgrun, Saxony; in Moravia, near Schonberg, in granite. The martite of Monroe contains some FeO, Brush. The octahedral crystals from Chittenden, Vt., according to D. Olrnstead, are part true magnetite, with a black powder; part give a slightly reddish streak, with little FeO; and part give a red powder and contain no FeO. Whether the crystals of martite are original crystals or pseudomorphs after either magnetite or pyrite, or both, is still questioned (cf. Lex., Bull. Soc. Mm., 12, 49, 1889); but the latter seems to be much the most probable view. Rammelsberg found 1'83-2'30 p. c. FeO in the Brazil crys- tals. The octahedrons from the fumaroles of Vesuvius afforded him (Min. Ch., 159, 1860) Fe. 2 O3 92-91, FeO 6'17, MgO 0'82 = 99'90; G. = 5'235. The crystals from Frassem, France, contain 0'2 p. c. of sulphur, which suggests that these may be pseudomorphs after pyrite. The Brazilian crystals are pure Fe 2 O 3 , as found by Lacroix. RAPHISIDERITE. Rafisiderite A. Scacchi, Att. Accad. Napoli, Mem., 3, read Dec. 1, 1888. A form of iron sesquioxide occurring in the tufa of Piaiiura and Fiano in the Campania; it appears in minute acicular crystals for which an orthorhombic form is suggested. 233. ILMENITE or MENACCANITE. Specular Iron pt., Eisensand pt., of last cent. Menachanite (fr. Cornwall) Wm. McGregor, J. de Phys., 72, 152, 1791, Crell's Ann., 1791, and Kirwan's Min., 1796 (making it to consist of iron and an oxide of a probably new metal). Eisenhaltige Titanerz, Menakanit (from Cornwall) Klapr., Beitr., 2, 226; (fr. Aschaffenberg) ib., 232, 235, 1797. Titaue oxyde ferrifere H., Tr., 1801. Manaken Karat., Tab., 74, 1808. Titaneisenstein, Titaneisen, Germ. Titanic or Titaniferous Iron. Crichtoiiite (spelled Craitonite) Bourn., Cat,, 430, 1813. Axotomes Eisenerz (fr. Gastein) Mohs, Grundr., 2, 462, 1824, = Kib- delophan Kbl , Schweig. J., 64, 1832. Ilmenit (fr. L. Ilmen) A. T. Kupffer, Kastn. Arch., 10, 1, 1827. Mohsite (fr. Dauphine) Levy, Phil. Mag., 1, 221, 1827. Hystatisches Eisenerz, Hys- tatite (fr. Arendal), Breith., Uib., 64, 1830, Char., 236, 1832. Haplotypite Breith. Basanomelan (fr. St. Gothard, = Eisenrose) KU., Grundr., 318, 1838. Washingtonite (fr. Conn.) S7iep., Am. J. Sc. 43, 364, 1842. Titanioferrite Cliapm., Min., 1843. Paracolumbite (fr. Taunton) SJiep., ib., 12, 209, 1851. Parailmenite, ib., 20, 56, 1880. Titanjern, Titanjernmalni Swed. Rhombohedral; tetartohedral. Axis 6 = 1-38458; 0001 A 1011 = *57 58' 30" Koksharov 1 . Forms 2 : u (1014, ) I (5052, f ) p (0551, - 5) n, (2423, f-2 1) c (0001, 0) C (2025, |) "38 224 OXIDES G. A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 ZnO FeO MnO MgO 8. Brazil 4'52-4'56 59 41 33-82 6'17 ign. 0'14 = 99'54 9. Howe, Mass. 4'53 f 54'83 3 00 36'92 3'37 tr, 1'93 SiO a 0'53 = 100'58 10. Sterling, N.J.,ZtysZ. 4'551 30 '49 41 '93 16 -80 7'60 SiO 2 2-97, H 2 O 0'40 [= 100-19 11. Calabria 63'64 21 28 4'53 12 34 Sb 2 O 3 0'35 = 10214 12a. Bodenmais, Kreitt. 44-66 16'63 24*00 1-30 3'05 insol 10 = 99 64 13&. 49-73 8-70 26'72 8'04 3'41 1-45 = 98*05 Pyr., etc. Gives a coating of zinc pxide when treated with a mixture of borax and soda on charcoal; otherwise like spinel. Obs. Occurs in talcose schist at Falun, Sweden (automolite); at Tiriolo, Calabria; at Boden- mais, Bavaria (kreittonite); Minas Geraes, Brazil. In the U. ., at Franklin Furnace, N. J., with franklinite and willemite; also at Sterling Hill, N. J. (dysluite); with pyrite at Rowe, Mass.; at a feldspar quarry in Delaware Co., Penn.; sparingly at the Deake mica mine, Mitchell Co., N. C.; at the Canton Mine, Georgia; witli galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite at the Cotopaxi mine, Chafl'ee Co., Col., in part altered to a chloritic mineral (cf. Geuth, 1. c.). Named after the Swedish chemist Gahn. The name Automotive, of Ekeberg, is from avrojuokoS, a deserter, alluding to the fact of the zinc occurring in an unexpected place. Von Moll objected to such an idea in nature, and named the species the next year after J. G. Gahn, the discoverer (1745-1818). His name is here applied to the whole group of zinc spinels, and automolite retained for the special variety so named. Artif. Observed with tridymite in a zinc furnace from the alteration of the distillation vessels, Jb. Min., 1, 120, 1881; also in a fayalite slag at the Freiberg furnaces, ibid., 1, 170, 1882. 237. MAGNETITE. 'Hpaxheta XiQoS (fr. Heraclea, in Lydia) Gr. [AiQoS] (TiSrjpov ayovcra Theophr. Not n W/l /Oft O OS5 o ^QOI ^ 3"\ 71 /"1^'tl'Q 18 1 8\7 (510, i-5? (553, |) 2 p (511, 5-5) 7 w ^ n ' T^ * ^^ d "^ U Al y> "^" TT) (310, i-3) 5 p (221, 2) Twins: tw.-pl. o, sometimes as polysynthetic twinning lamellae 9 , producing striations on an octahedral face and often a pseudo-cleavage (f . 1). Most commonly in octahedrons, also in dodecahedrons with faces striated || edge d/o from oscillatory combination (f . 2) ; in dendrites between plates of mica; crystals some- times highly modified; cubic forms rare. Massive with laminated structure ; granular, coarse or fine; impalpable. Cleavage not distinct ; parting octahedral, often highly developed 9 . Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. = 5*5-6-5. G. = 5168-5 -180 crystals. Luster metal- lic and splendent to submetallic and rather dull. Color iron-black. Streak black. Opaque, but in thin dendrites in mica nearly transparent and pale brown to black. Port Henry Kemp. Strongly magnetic, sometimes possessing polarity. Etching-figures developed by acids on an octahedral face are inverted triangular pits, often with truncated edges; on a cubic ^face, quadrilateral elevations formed by dodecahedral planes or planes nearly coinciding with them; the chief etching-zone, in which the planes forming the figures lie SPINEL GROUP MAGNETITE. 225 (e.g., 443, 223, 337, etc.), is that of the trigonal trisoctahedrons; a secondary zone is mat of the tetragonal trisoctahedrons. ii m Comp., Tar. FeFe 2 4 or FeO.Fe 2 3 = Iron sesquioxide 69'0, iron protoxide 31-0=100; or, Oxygen 27'6, iron 72'4 100. The ferrous iron sometimes re- placed by magnesium, and rarely, nickel ; also sometimes titaniferous. Var. 1. Ordinary, (a) In crystals, (b) Massive, with pseudo-cleavage, also granular, coarse or fine, (c) As loose sand. The property of polarity which distinguishes the lodestone (less properly written loadstone) is exceptional. The Scalotta crystals gave Calhrem : Fe 2 O 3 68'51, A1 2 O 3 110, O 2 O 3 0'55, FeO 27'70, MnO 0-42, MgO 2'09 = 100'37, Zs. Kr., 12. 37, 1886. 2. Magnesian. Talk-eisenerz, Breith. Schw. J., 68, 287, 1833. (Fe,Mg)O.Fe 2 O 3 . G. = 4 41-4'42; luster submetallic; weak magnetic: in crystals from Sparta, N. J. An ore from the Mourne Mts., Ireland, contains 6'45 p.c. MgO (Andrews), and an octahedron from Eisenach gave 1 20 p.c. MgO (Rg.). A New Zealand magnetite with G. = 4'67 has 7'15 MgO and 4-63 Mn s O 4 (Chester, M'in. Mag., 8, 125, 1889). 3. Niccoliferous. Petersen obtained in a magnetite from Pregratten in the Tyrolese Alps: Fe 2 O 3 68-92, FeO 29 -32, NiO 1'76, Mn 2 O 3 ,Cr 2 O 3 ,TiO 2 tr. = 100. It occurred in a schistose serpentine in dodecahedral crystals; G. = 5'167. Jb. Min., 836, 1867. 2, Nordmark, Flink. 3, Scalotta, Cathrein. 4, Oberhollersbachthal, Pinzgau, Bnignatelli. 4. Titaniferous. Knop found 24 - 95 p. c. TiO 2 in octahedrons from Meiches, Vogelsberg, Lieb. Ann., 123, 348, 1862; also 4'08 TiO 2 with 6'85 A1 2 O 3 , 4'57 MgO in a magnetite from Oberbergen, Kaiserstuhl. Nordstrom gives 6'01 TiO 2 , Kristianstad, G. For. Forh., 1, 14, 1872; Koenig gives 3-25 TiO 2 for a variety from Magnet Cove, Ark., Proc. Ac. Philad., 293, 1877. It is to be noted, however, that rutile, titanite, etc., have been observed in microscopic form intimately associated with magnetite. Of. Cathrein, Zs. Kr., 8, 321, 1883. 5. Manganesian, Manganmagnetite. A variety from Vester Silfberg, Sweden, gave Weibull 3'80 p. c. MnO; another gave 6'27 p. c. G. = 5'064. Min. Mitth., 7, 109, 1886. See also jacobsite. Cf. also results of Chester quoted under 2. 6. Ocherous. Eisenmulm Germ. A black, earthy variety as that from Siegen. Eisenmohr is in magnetic scales, regarded as pseudomorph after micaceous hematite, as at Johann- georgenstadt. A variety containing vanadium and chromium in minute amounts is mentioned by Claassen. Pyr., etc. B.B. very difficultly fusible. In O.F. loses its influence on the magnet. With the fluxes reacts like hematite. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. Obs. Magnetite is mostly confined to crystalline rocks, and is most abundant in meta- morphic rocks, though found also in grains in eruptive rocks. In the Archasan rocks the beds are of immense extent, and occur under the same conditions as those of hematite. It is an ingredient in most of the massive variety of corundum called emery. The earthy magnetite is found in bogs like bog-iron ore. Occurs in meteorites, and forms the crust of meteoric irons. Present in dendrite-like forms in the mica of many localities following the direction of the lines of the percussion-figure, and perhaps of secondary origin. A common alteration- product of minerals containing iron protoxide, e.g., present in veins in the serpentine result- ing from altered chrysolite. The beds of ore at Arendal, Norway, and nearly all the celebrated iron mines of Sweden, consist of massive magnetite; Dannemora and the Taberg in Smaland are entirely formed of it. Still larger mountains of it exist at Kurunavara and Gelivara. in Lapland. Falun, in Sweden, and Corsica, aiford octahedral crystals, embedded in chlorite slate. Splendid 226 OXIDES. dodecahedral crystals occur at Nordmark in Wermland. The most powerful native magnets are found in Siberia, and in the Harz; they are also obtained on the island of Elba. Other localities for the crystallized mineral are Traversella in Piedmont; Achmatovsk in the Ural; Scalotta near Predazzo in Tyrol, also Rothenkopf and Wildkreuzjoch; the Binnenthal; a cubic variety occurs in serpentine near Kraubat in Styria. In N. America, it constitutes vast beds (some scores of feet thick) in the Archaean, in the Adirondack region, Warren, Essex, and Clinton Cos., in Northern N. York, while in St. Law- rence Co. the iron ore is mainly hematite; line crystals and masses showing broad parting sur- faces and yielding large pseudo-crystals are obtained at Port Henry, Essex Co.; similarly in New Jersey; in Canada, in Hull, Greuville, Madoc. etc.; at Cornwall 'in Pennsylvania, and Magnet Cove, Arkansas. It occurs also in N. York, in Saratoga, Herkimer. Orange, and Putnam Cos.; at O'Neil mine, Oraug3 Co., in crystals; at the Pine Swamp mine, Greenwood, in masses with dis- tinct parting; at the Tilly Foster iron mine, Brewster, Putnam Co., in crystals and massive accompanied by chondrodite, etc. In Maine, Raymond, Davis's Hill, in an epidotic rock; at Marshall's island, masses strongly magnetic. In N. Hampshire, at Franconia, in epidote and quartz; at Swan ey near Keeue, and Unity. In Vermont, at Marlboro', Rochester, Bethel, and Bridgewater, in crystals in chlorite slate. In Conn., at Haddam, in crystals, etc. In 2f. Jersey, at Hamburg, near Franklin Furnace and elsewhere. In Penn., at Gosh en, Chester Co., and at the French Creek mines; at Webb's mine. Columbia Co.; in dendritic delineations forming hexagonal figures, in mica at Pennsbury and New Providence. In Maryland, at Deer Creek. Good lodestones are obtained at Magnet Cove, Arkansas. In California, in Sierra Co., abundant, massive, and in crystals; in Plumas Co.; Mariposa Co., east of the Mariposa estate, on the trail to the Yosemite; Placer Co.. Utt's ranch; Los Angeles Co., at Canada de las Uvas; El Dorado Co., near the Boston copper mine, in oct., and at the El Dorado Excelsior copper mine. In Washington, in large deposits. Named from the loc. Magnesia, bordering on Macedonia. But Pliny favors Nicauder's derivation from Magnes, who first discovered it, as the fable runs, by finding, on taking his herds to pasture, that the nails of his shoes and the iron ferrule of his staff adhered to the ground. Alt. By deoxidation through organic matter changed to protoxide, which may become a carbonate or siderite. By oxidation becomes iron sesquioxide pr hematite. Artif. Formed in crystals by the action of hydrochloric acid on the sesquioxide heated, producing a partial deoxidation (Deville); by decomposition of the sesquioxide with boracic acid (Deville and Caron); by the action of iron upon alkaline sulphates (Gorgeu, Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 174, 1887); also by a variety of other methods. Dimagnetite of Shepard (Am. J. Sc., 13, 392, 1852) appears to be a magnetite pseudornorph, perhaps after ilvaite. See 5th Ed., p. 151. From Monroe, Orange Co., N. Y. Ref. ! Mir., Min., p. 259; z, y by Breithaupt. A summary with authorities is given by Brugnatelli, Zs. Kr., 14, 237, 1888. Scheibe notes 511, lt'9'7 U'7'0, but gives no measure- ments, Zs. G. Ges., 38, 469, 1886; also Brogger (861 8-f)? from the Brevik region, Zs. Kr., 16. 59, 1890. 3 Scacchi, Vesuvius, Accad. Napoli, 1842. 3 Sbk., Pitorsky, Achmatovsk, Zs. G. Ges., 21, 489, 1869; w also earlier by Kk. Min. Russl., 3, 51, 1858. 4 Erofeyev, Min. Russl., 8, 226. 5 Svr., Zs. Kr., 1, 230, 1877. 6 Cathrein, Scalotta, Zs. Kr., 8, 219, 9, 365, 1884. 7 Brugna- telli, Alps, 1. c. 8 Flink, Nordmark, Ak. H. Stockh., Bill., 13 (2), 7, 39, 1888; he earlier men- tions the vicinal planes 46'9'0, 55'9'9, and 92 9'9, ib., 12 (2), 2, 14. 9 Cathrein, Zs. Kr., 12, 47, 1886, Min. Mitth., 10, 53, 1888; Mgg., Jb. Min., 1, 244, 1889; Kemp, Am. J. Sc., 40, 62, 1890. 10 Becke, Min. Mitth., 7, 200, 1885; 9,1, 1887. NICKEL OXIDE. The occurrence of a niccoliferous sand in the gold-washings of the Fraser river, British Columbia, is noted by James Blake (Proc Cal. Acad., 5, 200, 1874). It occurs with magnetic-iron sand, from which it i distinguished by its yellow color, resembling pyrite. It is inferred to have the composition Ni 3 O 4 or NiO.Ni 2 O 3 , analogous to magnetite. This compound has been formed artificially by Baubigny in regular octahedrons of a gray color, non-magnetic. C. R., 87, 1082, 1878. 238. MAGNESIOFERRITE. Magnoferrit Rammelsberg, Pogg., 107, 451, 1859. Magne* ferrit Kenng., Ueb. J., 98, 1859, 96, 1860. Isometric. In octahedrons, and octahedrons with truncated edges. H. = 6-6-5. G. = 4-568-4-654. Luster, color, and streak as in magnetite. Strongly magnetic. Comp. MgFe0 4 or MgO.Fe 2 3 = Magnesia 20, iron sesquioxide 80 = 100. Analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 152. Pyr., etc. B.B. like hematite Difficultly soluble in hydrochloric acid. Obs. Formed about the f umaroles of Vesuvius, and especially those of the eruption of 1855, as observed by Scacchi, who particularly described the crystals and their associations. The laminae of hematite intersecting the octahedrons have rhombohedral planes on their edges. Crystals of hematite occur at the same fumaroles. These crystals have been also described by Rath, Jb. Min., 386, 1876. Rammelsberg first detected the magnesian nature of the crystals, and, in allusion to it, named SPINEL GRO UFFRANKLINITEJA COBSITE. 227 the species magnoferrite. But magno has its own different signification in Latin; and the word should be mag nesiofer rite. Artif. Formed in crystals by heating together Fe 2 O 3 and MgO, and subjecting to the action of hydrochloric acid vapor (Deville). 239. FRANKLINITE. Francklinite Earthier, Ann. Mines, 4, 489, 1819. Isometric. Observed forms: a (100, W); d (110, *); o (111, 1); p (221, 2); w (311, 3-3). Habit octahedral; edges often rounded, and crystals passing into rounded grains. Massive, granular, coarse or fine to compact. Pseudo-cleavage, or parting, octahedral, as in magnetite. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. = 5*5-6*5. G. = 5*07-5*22. Luster metallic, sometimes dull. Color iron-black. Streak reddish brown or black. Opaque. Slightly magnetic. Comp. (Fe,Zn,Mn)0.(Fe,Mn) 2 3 , but varying rather widely in the relative quantities of the different metals pres- ent, while conforming to the general formula of the spinel group. Anal.l, 2, Seyms, Am. J. Sc., 12, 210, 1876. 3-6, Stone, Sch. Also 5th Ed., p. 152. Mines Q., 8, 150, 1887. 1. Mine Hill, N. J. 2. Sterling Hill, N. J. 3. Mine Hill 4. " 5. Sterling Hill 6. Fe 2 O 3 Mn 2 O 3 ZuO MnO FeO G. = G. = G. = G. = 5-187 5-136 5-215 5-074 f 63-40 f 67-42 60-52 56*57 67-38 66-34 4-44 6-79 10-52 23-12 6-78 19-44 15-91 1628 20-26 10-46 953 12-81 16-37 16-38 12-31 = 101 "42 15'65 A1 2 O 3 0'65 = 100 04 = 99 56 = 99'37 = 100-04 = 98*91 Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible* With borax in O.F. gives a reddish amethystine bead (manga- nese), and in R.F. this becomes bottle-green (iron). With soda gives a bluish green manganate, and on charcoal a faint coating of zinc oxide, which is much more marked when a mixture with borax and soda is used. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, sometimes with evolution of a small amount of chlorine. Obs. Occurs in cubic crystals near Eibach in Nassau; in amorphous masses at Altenberg, near Aix-la-Chapelle. Abundant at Mine Hill, Franklin Furnace, N. J., with willemite and zincite in granular limestone; also at Sterling Hill, two miles distant, where it is associated with willemite, in a large vein, in which cavities occasionally contain crystals from one to four inches in diameter. Artif. Formed in crystals by action of ferric chloride and zinc chloride on lime, with heat (Daubiree). 240. JACOBSITE. Damour, C. R., 69, 168, 1869. Jakobsit. Manganomagnetit Flink, Ak. H, Stockh. Bihang. 12 (2), 2, 20, 1886. Isometric; in distorted octahedrons. Also in cleavage forms bounded by planes which seem to correspond to the hexoctahedron (60*50*3, 20-f) J . H. =6. G. = 4*75. Luster metallic, brilliant. Color deep black. Streak blackish brown. Magnetic. Comp. (Mn,Mg)0.(Fe,Mn) 2 3 . Anal. 1, Damour, I.e., and Kg., Min. Ch., 132, 1875. 2, Lindstrom, G. For. Forh., 3, 384, 1877. 3, Flink, 1. c. 4, Igelstrom, G. For. Forh., 12, 137, 1890. 1. Jakobsberg G. = 4'75 2. Langban 3. G. = 4-761 4. Glakarn Fe 2 O 3 Mn 2 O 3 MnO 68-25 4-03 20-72 58-39 696 29"93 43-85 54-80 57-55 36-74* MgO 6 41 = 99-41 1-68 CaOO-40, PbO 1'22, P 2 O 6 0'06, insol. 0-94 Si0 2 74, CaO 0'41 = 100'74 0-72 insol. 6 02 = 101*03 [2-17 = 100*81 > 2 6 0*1 With some Mn 2 O 3 . 228 OXIDKS. Pyr. B.B. infusible. It does not lose weight when ignited. With the fluxes reacts for Iron and manganese. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, with a slight evolution of chlorine. Obs. From Jakpbsberg, in Nordmark, Wermland, Sweden, where it occurs associated with white mica and native copper in a crystalline limestone; .also at Laugban, Wermland, with tephroite and calcite; at the Sjo and also the Glakarn mine, Orebro. Ref. l Flink, 1. c., anal. 3. 241. CHROMITE. Fer chromdte alumine (fr. Var) Vauq., Bull. Soc. Philom. 55, 57, 1800. Eisenchrom (fr. \]TSL\) Meder, Crell's Ann., 1, 500, 1798; Karst., Tab., 56, 79, 1800, 74, 1808, Fer chromate H., Tr., 4, 1801. Chromate of Iron, Chromic Iron. Chromsaures Eisen, Chroni- eisenstein Germ., Eiseuchrome Beud., 1832. Siderochrome Huot. , 1, 287, 1841. Chromoferrite Chapm., Min., 1843. Chromit Haid., Handb., 550, 1845. Chromjernmalm Swed. Fer chrome, Fer chromate, Fr. Siderocromo, Cromite, Cromoferrite, Ferro cromato, Ital. Hierro cromado Span. Isometric. In octahedrons; also with d (110, i), m (311, 3-3). Commonly massive; fine granular to compact. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 5'5. G. = 4*32-4-57. Luster submetallic to metallic. Color iron-black to brownish black, sometimes yellowish red in thin sections. Streak brown. Translucent to opaque. Sometimes feebly magnetic. Comp FeCr 2 4 or FeO,Cr Q 3 Chromium sesquioxide 68'0, iron protoxide 32-0 = 100. The iron may be replaced by magnesium as in magnochromite (magnesiochromite) below; also the chromium by aluminium and ferric iron. The varieties containing but little chromium (up to 10 p. c.) are hardly more than varieties of spinel and are classed under picotite. Analyses: see 5th Ed., p. 153; Kg., Min. Ch., 141-144, 1885, etc. For an exhaustive table of the analyses which have been published, see Wadsworth, Lithological Studies, 1884, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 11, Pt. 1. Pyr., etc. B.B. in O.F. infusible; in R.F. slightly rounded on the edges, and becomes magnetic. With borax and salt of phosphorus gives beads which, while hot, show only a reac- tion for iron, but on cooling become chrome-green; the green color is heightened by fusion on charcoal with metallic tin. Not acted upon by acids, but decomposed by fusion with potassium or sodium bisiilphate. Obs. Occurs in serpentine, forming veins, or in embedded masses. It assists in giving the variegated color to verde-antique marble. Not uncommon in meteoric irons, sometimes in nodules as in the Coahuila iron, less often in crystals (Lodran). Occurs in the Gulsen mountains, near Kraubat in Styria; in crystals in the islands of Unst and Fetlar, in Shetland; in the province of Trondhjem in Norway; 'in the Department du Var in France; in Silesia and Bohemia; abundant in Asia Minor (Am. J. Sc., 7, 285, 1849); in the Eastern and Western Urals; in New Caledonia, affording ore for commerce. At Baltimore, Md., in the Bare Hills, in large quantities in veins or masses in serpentine; also in Montgomery Co., 6 in. north of the Potomac; at Cooptown, Harford Co., and in the north part of Cecil Co. , Md. In Pennsylvania, in W. Goshen (crystals), Nottingham, Mineral Hill, and elsewhere; Chester Co., near Unionville, abundant; at Wood's Mine, near Texas, Lan- caster Co., very abundant. Massive and in crystals at Hobokeu, N. J.. in serpentine and dolo- mite; in the south-western part of the town of New Fane, and in Jay, Troy, and Westfield, Vt.; Chester and Blanford, Mass. In Califopnia, in Monterey Co.; also Santa Clara Co., near the N. Aimaden mine. On I. a Vache, near San Domingo; at Boltou and Hani, Quebec, Canada. The two folio wing are properly varieties of chromite: CHROMPICOTITE T. Petersen, J. pr. Ch., 106, 137, 1869. From the dunyte of Dun Mt., New Zealand. H.=8. G.=4'115. Color black. Analysis, Petersen and Senfter: Cr 2 O 3 56 "54 A1 2 3 12-13, FeO 18'01, MgO 14-08, MnO 0'46. CoO, NiO tr. = 101 -22. MAGNOCHROMITE Bock [Inaug. Diss., Breslau 1868], Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 25, 394, 1873. Alumisches Eisenerz Breith., Char., 234, 1832. A magnesian variety of chromite from Grochau, Silesia. Analysis. Bock, after deducting assumed impurities: Cr 2 3 40 '78, A1 2 O 3 29 92, FeO 15-30, MgO 14'00 = 100. IRITE flmra., J. pr. Ch., 23, 276, 1841. Described by Hermann as occurring in the Urals in black shining octahedrons, with G. 6'506, and as consisting of: Indium 56'04, osmium 9'53, iron 9'72, chromium 9 40, traces of manganese, with a loss of 15'25, which he reckoned as oxygen. But Glaus has shown that the mineral is only a mixture of iridosmine, chromite, etc. (ib., 80, 285. 1860). 'PLUMBOFERRITE L. J. Igelstrdm, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 38. No. 8, 27, 1881. In cleavable masses. H. = 5. Color nearly black. Streak red, like hematite. Acts very feebly on the magnet. Analysis, deducting 8 p. c. CaCO a : Fe 3 O 8 60-38 PbO 23'12 FeO 10 68 MnO 220 MgO 1'95 CaO 1'67 = 100 CHRI 'SOBER TL. 229 For this the composition SFeO.FeaOs.PbO.FeaOs is suggested. Dissolves readily in hydro- chloric acid with evolution of chlorine and formation of lead chloride. Found at the Jakobsberg manganese mine, Nordrnark, Wermland, Sweden; it occurs in narrow veins in a granular limestone, associated with jacobsite. 242. CHRYSOBERYL. [Not Chrysoberyl (= var. Beryl) of the Ancients.} Krisoberil Wern., Bergm. J., 373, 387, 1789; 84, 1790. Chrysoberyll Karsten, Lenz, etc. Oymophane H. , J. Mines, 4, 5, 1798. Alexandrite Nordenskiold, Schr. Min. Ges., St. Petersb., 1842. Alaunerde-f Kieselerde Klap., Beitr., 1, 97, 1795; Arfvedson, Ak. H. Stockh., 1822. Aluminate of Glucina, mainly, Seybert, Am. J. Sc., 8, 105, 1824; Bergemann, De Chrys., G6tt.,1826. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0-47006 : 1 : 0-58002 Kaidinger 1 . 100 A HO = 25 10$', 001 A 101 = 50 58f ', 001 A Oil = 30 6*'. Forms' 2 : a (100, i-i) b (010, i-i) c(001, Of m (110, 7) u (230, |) * (120, i-2) r (130, -) t (270, H) d (160, 6) 3 y (102, H) z (203, f-i) a; (101, l-l) mm'" = 50 21' uu' = 109 87f ss' = 93 32' rr' = *70 41' dd' = 39 2' yy' = 63 21' zz = 78 53' xx' = 101 57' ii' = 60 14' kk' = 98 28V pp' = 120 14' oo' = *93 44' 00" = 107 29' oo'" ww (Oil, 14) v> (211, k (021, 24) 3 v> (122, p (031, 3-i) tw. pi. n (121, o (HI, 1) e (Ml. = 40 7' nn' = 77- 43' = 129 48' nn" = 118 53' = 136 57' nn'" - 72 17' = 24 35' bo = 69 56 = 56 11' bn = 53 51 = ;80 31' be = 24 32 = 52 C 3? 6-6) 1. 4. o" x' o' til k' 1, Norway, Me. 2, Alexandrite, Cathrein. 3, do., Kk. 4, 5, Haddam: 6, Alexandrite, after Klein. Twins: tw. pi. p (031), both contact- and penetration-twins; often repeated and forming pseudo-hexagonal crystals with or without re-entrant angles 4 . Crystals generally tabular J a. Face a striated vertically, in twins a feather-like striation, cf. f. 3-5. 230 OXIDES. Cleavage: i (Oil) quite distinct; b imperfect, <7 more so. Fracture uneven to conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 8-5. G. = 3'5-3'84. Luster vitreous. Color asparagus-green, grass-green, emerald-green, greenish white, and yellowish green; greenish brown; yellow; sometimes raspberry- or columbine-red by transmitted light. Streak uncolored. Transparent to translucent. Sometimes _a bluish opalescence or chatoyancy, and asteriated. Pleochroic, vibrations || b (= b) orange yellow, t (= 6} emerald-green, fl'(= a) columbine-red, cf. Haid., 1. c. Optically -f-. Ax. pi. || b. Bx J_ c. Indices: a = 1-7470 ft = 1-7484 y 1-7565 . . 2 V 45 20' 2E = 84 43' The measured axial angles vary widely because of want of homogeneity. Ele- vation of temperature causes the axes to unite and open again in a plane || c, Dx. 5 Var. 1. Ordinary. Color pale-green, being colored by iron; also yellow and transparent and then used as a gem. G. = 3-597, Haddam; 3*734, Brazil; 3'689, Ural, Hose; 3 835, Oren- burg, Kk. 2. Alexandrite. Color emerald-green, but columbine red by transmitted light; valued as a gem. G. = 3'644, mean of results, Kk' Supposed to be colored by chromium. Crystals often very large, and in twins, like fig. 3, either six-sided or six-rayed. 3. Vat's Eye. Color greenish and exhibiting a fine chatoyant effect; from Ceylon. Coiiip. Beryllium aluminate, BeAl 2 O 4 or BeO.Al 2 3 = Alumina 80^, glucina 19-8 = 100. Analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 156. Pyr., etc. B.B. alone unaltered; with soda, the surface is merely rendered dull. With borax or salt of phosphorus fuses with great difficulty. With cobalt solution, the powdered mineral gives a bluish color. Not attacked by acids. Obs. In Minas Geraes, Brazil, and also in Ceylon, in rolled pebbles, in the alluvial deposits of rivers; at Marschendorf in Moravia; in the Ural, 85 versts from Ekaterinburg, in mica slate with beryl and pheuacite, the variety Alexandrite, of emerald-green color, columbine-red by transmitted light; in the Orenburg district, S. Ural, yellow; in the Mourne Mts., Ireland. In the U. S., at Haddam, Ct., in granite traversing gneiss, with tourmaline, garnet, beryl, automolite, and columbite; in the same rock at Greenfield, near Saratoga, N. Y., with tour- maline, garnet, and apatite; Orange Summit, 1ST. H., in granite at the deep cut of the Northern railroad; Norway, Me., in granite with garnet, also at Stoneham, with fibrolite, at Canton, Peru, and Stowe Chrysoberyl is from j/at?cro5, golden, fiypv'XXot,, beryl. Cymophane, from Kv/j,a, wave, and :6'= 0*87776 : 1 : 0*88475 Schmidt 1 . 100 A HO = *41 16i', 001 A 101 = 45 13f, 001 A Oil = 41 30'. Forms : a (100, *-*) b (010, i-i) c (001, 0) m (110, 7) e (130, a-3) n (102, f S) I (101, 1-5) fi (201, 2-1) y (Oil, i-i) p (133, 1 3) q (132, |-3) p. Axial angle: 2H = 84 30' Lattermann 5 . Comp Probably Fe 4 (Ti0 4 ) 3 or 2Fe 2 3 .3Ti0 2 = Titanium dioxide 42*9, iron sesquioxide 57'1 = 100, Cederstrom. Anal. 1, Koch, on O'l gr., Min. Mitth., 1, 344, 1878. 2, Latter- 3, Cederstrom, Zs. Kr., 17, 133, 1889. 1. Aranyer Berg G. = 4 '98 2. Katzenbuckel 3. Bamle G. = 4'39 * A1 2 O 3 tr. TiO 2 Fe 2 O 3 52-74 42-29* 46-79 4864 4426 56-42 b Also CaO. MgO [4-28 b ] ign. 0-69 4-53 = 99-96 = 100-68 = 100 Pyr. B.B. nearly infusible, with the fluxes reacts for iron and titanium. Decomposed partly by boiling hydrochloric acid, wholly by sulphuric acid. Obs. Found with hypersthene (the so-called szaboite) in cavities of the andesyte of Aranyer Berg, Transylvania; with hypersthene and tridymite in the trachyte of Riveau Grand, Mt. pore, Puy-de-D6me; in the nephelinyte of the Katzeubuckel in the Odenwald; with the apatite from Jumilla, Spain; in andesyte from Beriiigs Is.; on recent lava (1872) from Vesuvius. In large crystals several inches long, prismatic || 5, at Havredal. Bamle, Norway, embedded in kjerulfine (wagnerite) altered to apatite, also associated with quartz, feldspar, titanic iron (Bgr., G. For. Forh., 10, 21, 1888, Cederstrom, 1. c.). Ref. i Aranyer Berg [Term. Filz., 4, No. 4, 1880], Zs. Kr., 6, 100. The position taken is that originally proposed by Groth. showing relation to brookite, ibid., 3, 306, 1879; with Koch, Groth, 1889, and others, the axes b and c as here taken are interchanged. The angles vary rather widely, see Koch, 1. c., and Zs. Kr., 3, 306; Lewis, Jumilla, Spain, ib., 7, 181, 1882; Oebbeke, Mt. Dore, ib., 11, 370, 1886. 9 Koch, Groth, 1. c. 3 Schmidt, 1. c. 4 Oebbeke, 1. c. 5 Lattermann, 1. c. 247. BRAUNITE. Brachytypous Manganese-Ore, Braunite, Raid., Ed. J. Sc., 4, 48, 1826, Trans. R. Soc., 11, 137, 1827. Hartbrauustein Hausm., Handb., 222. 1847. Marceline Beud., 2, 188, 1832. Heteroklin Breith., Pogg., 49, 204, 1840 (in art. by Evreinov), Handb., 3, 801, 1847. Leptonematite, Pesillite Adam, Tabl. Min., 75, 1869. BRA UNITE. 233 Tetragonal. Axis 6 = 0-9850; 001 A 101 = 44 34' Haidinger 1 . Forms 1 : c (001, 0); a (100, i-i)\ m (110, /) 3 , e (101, I-*) 8 as tw. pi., p (111, 1), (221, 2) y (423, f 2) 4 , a; (421, 4-2). Angles: cp = 54 19f, cs = 70 15', A a'' ^^7713',^"-*108 39',^'=70 3 7', ' = 83 27', xx' = 35 56', / I \ /^ T ^X^ = 51 43'. Twins: tw. pi. e. Commonly in octanedrons, nearly isometric in angle. Faces c faintly stri- ated || edge c/p'y s uneven and striated || edge p/s; x smooth, even. Also massive. Cleavage: p perfect. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. Brit- H. = 6-6-5. G. = 4-75- 1, 2, Langban, Flink. tie. 4-82; 4-752, Elgersburg, Rg. ; 4-818, ib., Haid.; 4-77, St. Marcel, Dmr. Luster submetallic. Color dark brownish black to steel-gray. Streak same. Comp. 3Mn a O,.MnSi0 8 (Eg.) = Silica lO'O, manganese protoxide 11-7, man- ganese sesquioxide 78-3 = 100. Anal. 1, Rg., Min. Ch., 160, 1875; Pogg., 124, 515, 1865. 2, Dmr., as given by Rg., 1. c. 3, Igelstrom, Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 421, 1885. 1. Elgersburg 2. St. Marcel 3. Jakobsberg SiO 3 8-63 7-70 8-67 MnO 80-94 81-42 80-23 O 8-08 [8-14] 8-17 CaO 091 1-25 0-95* BaOO-44, H a 01-00 = 100 Fe 2 O 3 1-49 = 100 PbO 0-65, FeO 1-33 = 100 Including MgO. Marceline (heterocline) from St. Marcel, Piedmont, is impure braunite. Cf. Dmr., Ann. Mines, 1, 400, 1842. Fyr., etc. B.B. infusible. With borax and salt of phosphorus gives an amethystine bead in O.F., becoming colorless in R.F. With soda gives a bluish green bead. Dissolves in hydrochloric acid evolving chlorine, and leaving a residue of gelatinous or flocculent silica (Rg.). Marceline gelatinizes with acids. Obs. Occurs both crystallized and massive, in veins traversing porphyry, at Oehrenstock, near Ilmenau; at Elgersburg in Thuringia; near Ilefeld in the Harz; at St. Marcel in Piedmont; at Elba; at Botnedal, Upper Tellemark, in Norway; at the manganese mines of Jakobsberg, Sweden, also at Langban, and at the Sjo mine, Grythyttan, and Glakarn, Orebro. At Vizianagram, Bimlipatam and elsewhere in India in large quantity (Mallet, Min. India, 55. 1887). In the Wellington district and elsewhere in New South Wales (Liversidge, Min. N. S. W., 110, 1888). Named after Mr. Braun of Gotha. Ref. l Ed. J. Sc., 4, 48, 1826, or Pogg., 7, 234, 1826. Schuster has attempted to show that the Jakobsberg crystals belong to the rhombohedral system with tetartohedral development, but his conclusions seem very doubtful, Min. Mitth., 7, 443, 1884. 2 Rath, Pralorgnan mine, St. Marcel, Piedmont, Ber. nied. Ges., Dec. 4, 1882; he gives pp' = 70 8' and 70 13'. 3 Schmidt, Maderanerthal, Zs. Kr., 11, 603, 1886. 4 Flink, Langban, Ak. H. Stockh., Bib,, 32 (2), No. 7, 38, 1888; he gives pp' = 70 19'. See also p. 1029. IV. Dioxides, RO,. 248. Cassiterite 249. Polianite 250. Rutile 251. Plattner ite Rutile Group. SnO, MnO a Ti0 3 PbO, Tetragonal. 6 0-6723 0-6647 0-6442 0-6764 234 OXIDES. With the Rutile group is also sometimes included: Zircon ZrO a .SiO a c = 0-6404. In this work, however, Zircon is classed among the silicates, with the allied species, Thorite, ThO a .SiO 9 , c = 0'6402. See p. 482. A tetragonal form, approximating closely to that of the species of the Rutile Group, belongs also to a number of other species, as Sellaite, MgF 2 ; Tapiolite, Fe(Ta,ISb) 2 O6; Xenotime, YPO 4 , etc. 252. Octahedrite Ti0 2 253. Brookite Ti0 2 254. Pyrolusite Mn0 2 Tetragonal Ortliorhombic Orthorhombic ? c = 11771 a : b : 6 = 0-8416 ; 1 : G'9444 Rutile Group. 248. CASSITERITE. Ore of the KaacrirepoS of tJie Greeks (Herod., etc.), and of the Plumbum album of Plm., 34, 47, etc.; not of the Stannum [= a pewter-like alloy] of Plin. Zinusten, Staunum ferro et arsenico miu., Wall., Min., 303, 1747. Miue d'Etain, Fr. Trl. Wall,, 1753. Tin Ore, Tin Stone. Zinnstein, Ziunerz Germ. Stannum calciforme (Oxide of Tin) Bergm., Opusc.. 2, 436, 1780; Klapr., Beitr., 2, 245, 1797. Etain oxyde Fr. Cassiterite Beud., 2, 618, 1832. Kassiterit Germ. Terminal m Swed. Stagno ossidato Ital. Tetragonal. Axis 6 = 0-67232; 001 A 101 = 33 54' Becke 1 . Forms 2 : c (001, 0) a (100, i-i) w(110, /) A (210. *-2) r (320, -f ) P (750, *-|) 5 ?-! (430, z-l) /ff (870, t-4) A; (14- 13-0, e (101, 1-0 to (501, 5-0 * (114, i) y (335, f) -8 (223, |) * (111, 1) (902, f-O" w (501, 5-0 8 Alexander Co., N. C., W. 9 a (227, f) 9 2, i) 9 5 (223, f) 9 s (111, 1), M (998, I) /o (221, 2) a (441, 4) 6 77 (518, f-5) 5 n (515, 1-5) 5 < (313, 1-3) v (525, 1-f) 7 g (212, 1-2) 4 C (531, 5-f ) / (323, 1-f) 2 (321, 3-|) T (651, 6-f) 6 y (989, l-f) ai = 7 7V au = 8 8' ax = 14 2' al = 18 26' ah = 26 34' aQ = 30 58' ar = 33 41' ee' =45 2' w' = 77 48' ww' = 84 57' dd" = 43 511' ee" = *65. 34' 32" w" = 125 17' ww" = 145 30' *' = 56 52f pp' = 76 37' ss" = 84 40' uu" = 91 24' pp" = 122 29' ca = 14 35' c/J = 24 29' cd = 31 16' cs = 42 20' cp ^61 14' co- = 74 39' ct 10 = 34 = 35 c/ = 37 45' cz = 66 42' nn' = 35 28' U' ff' mz 11 = 12 22' = 29 6' = 20 28' = 21 18' 1 = 30 18' = 13 47' = 39 42' = 20 45' = 61 16' = 36 23' - 25 454 Twins 10 : tw. pL (V\ e, often geniculated; also contact-twins of very varied habit, sometimes sixlings and eightlings. (2) v (301) rare, contact-twins (f. 9); rarely both methods observed in the same crystal; sometimes shows tw. lamellae 11 || e, also 11 || 902. Crystals commonly prismatic, vertically striated or furrowed; often slender acicular. Occasionally compact, massive. Cleavage: a and m distinct; s in traces. Parting due to twinning || 902". Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. = 6-6'5. G. = 4'18-4'25; also to 5-2. Luster metallic-adamantine. Color reddish brown, passing into red; sometimes yellowish, bluish, violet, black, rarely grass-green ; by transmitted light deep red, Streak pale brown. Transparent to opaque. Optically -{-. Double refraction strong. Refractive indices high: co y = 2-6158, e y = 2-9029 for Na, Barwald 18 . Sometimes abnormally biaxial, cf. Mid 13 . Comp., Tar. Titanium dioxide, Ti0 2 = Oxygen 40'0, titanium 60'0 = 100. A little iron is usually present, sometimes up to 10 p. c. Var. 1. Ordinary. Brownish red and other shades, not black. G. = 4'18-4'25. Trans- parent quartz is sometimes penetrated thickly with acicular or capillary crystals, and this variety is the Sagenite (fr. crayrjvrj, a net), also named Crispite. Dark smoky quartz penetrated with the acicular rutile is apparently the Veneris crinis of Pliny (Filches d'amour Fr., or Venus hair- stone). Acicular crystals often implanted in parallel position on tabular crystals of hematite; also somewhat similarly on magnetite. 238 OXIDES 3. (I. c.) was supposed to be an independent orthorhombic form of TiO 2 , though approximating closely in angle to rutile ("un mineral qni parait offrir une forme dimorphe du rutile," Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 184, 1886). There can be no doubt, however, that it is similar to the forms from the Ural and from Soar urn (f . 2), described by Miigge 11 , peculiar in showing a parting | (902), 00 iv (902 A 902) = 38 4'. Found very sparingly in the gold washings of Polk Co., N. C. Named after the inventor, Thomas 'A. Edison. 2. Ferriferous, (a) Nigrine. Color black, whence the name. Contains 2 to 3 p. c. of Fe 2 O 3 . But as ordinary rutile has 1 to 2 p. c., the distinction is very small. G. = 4-249, Olahpiaii; 4'242 Freiberg. A jet- black rutile from St. Peter's Dome, Colorado, with 3-77 p. c. FeO (Eakins), and G. = 4'288, belongs here, cf.W. B. Smith, Proc. Col. Soc., 2, 175, 1887. Another black rutile from Colorado closely resembles common twins of cassiterite. (5) Ilmenorutile. A black variety from the Ilmeri Mts., containing up to 10 p. c. or more of Fe 2 O 3 , and having G. = 5 -074-5-133. Cf. Erem. 3 , also Kk., Min. Russl., 5, 193. A black rutile occurring in the granite of the Black Hills, Dakota, is in twin crystals, prismatic and orthorhombic in habit by extension of two pyramidal faces (*); it has G. = 5'29- 5-31, and contains 8'01 p. c. FeO and 1-35 SnO 2 according to W. P. Headden (Am. J. Sc., 41, 249, 1891). A similar form has been described by Miklucho-Maclay, Jb. Mm., 2, 88, 1885. 2, Form with parting || 902, Mgg. 3, Pseudomorph after hematite, Bin- nenthal, Rath. 8. 9. 10. Figs. 4, 5, Common forms. 6, Magnet Cove, Rath. 7, 8, Graves Mt., Rose. 9, Alexander Co., N. C., Rath. 10, Geniculated twin. 3. Chromvferous. Titane oxyde chromifere H. A grass-green variety, containing chrome, which gives the color. Cf. below, also Arzruui, Zs. Kr., 8, 334, 1883. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible. With salt of phosphorus gives a colorless bead, which in R.F. assumes a violet-color on cooling. Most varieties contain iron, and give a brownish yellow 01 red bead in R.F., the violet only appearing after treatment of the bead with metallic tin on charcoal. Insoluble in acids; made soluble by fusion with an alkali or alkaline carbonate The solution containing an excess of acid, with the addition of tin-foil, gives a beautiful violet- color when concentrated. RUTLLE GROUP-RUTILE, PLATTNMRITE. 239 Obs. Rutile occurs in granite, gneiss, mica slate, and syenitic rocks, and sometimes in granular limestone and dolomite; common, as a secondary product, in the form of microlites in many slates. It is generally found in embedded crystals, often in masses of quartz or feldspar, and frequently in acicular crystals penetrating quartz; also in pblogopite (wh. see), and has been observed in diamond. It has also been met with in hematite and ilmenite, rarely in chromite. It is common in grains or fragments in many auriferous sands. Prominent localities are: at Arendal and Kragero in Norway; Horrsjoberg, Sweden, with lazuliteand cyanite; Saualpe, Carinthia; in the Urals; in Tyrol; at St. Gothard; Binnenthal-, at Yrieux, near Limoges in France; Krummhennersdorf, near Freiberg; in Castile, in geuiculated crystals, often large; at Ohlapian in Transylvania, nigrine in pebbles; in large crystals in Perthshire, Scotland; at Crianlarich, at Craig Calleach near Killin, and on Benygloe; in Donegal Co., Ireland. A variety from Karingsbr icka in Sweden contains, according to Ekeberg (Ak. H., Stockh., 46, 1803), 3 p. c. of chrome, and is the titane oxyde chromifere of Hally; grass-green needles, supposed to be chromiferous, have been found in the Swiss Alps. The llmenorutile is from the phenacite and topaz mine of the Ilmen Mts., in the Ural. In Maine, at Warren, along with tremolite and chalcopyrite. In N. Hamp., sparingly at Lyme, with tourmaline; near Hanover, acicular crystals in quartz, only in loose masses. In Vermont, at Waterbury, Bristol, Dummerston, and Putney; also in loose bowlders in middle and northern Vermont, acicular, some specimens of great beauty in transparent quartz. In Mass., at Barre, in gneiss, crystals occasionally an inch and a half in diameter; at Windsor, in feldspar veins intersecting chlorite slate; at Shelburne, in fine crystals in mica slate; at Leyden, with scapolite; at Con way, with gray epidote. In Conn., at North Guilford; at Lane's mine, Monroe, and in the adjoining town of Huntington. In IT. York, in Orange Co., 1 m. E. of Edcnville, with pargasite in limestone bowlders; 2 m. E. of Warwick, in granite with zircon; 1 m. E. of Amity, in quartz with brown tourmaline, and 2 in. W., with spinel and corundum, and also 2 m. S. W"., with red spinel and chondrodite; near Warwick, in slender prisms penetrating quartz; in N. York Co., at Kingsbridge, in veins of quartz, feldspar, and mica traversing granular lime- stone; in the limestone of Essex Co. In Penn., in fine long crystals, at Sadsbury, Chester Co., and the adjoining district in Lancaster Co.; at Parksburg, Concord, West Bradford, andNewlin, Chester Co.; at the Poor House quarry, Chester Co., in delicate crystals, sometimes iridescent, on dolomite. In .2V. Jersey, at Newton, with spinel. In N. Car., at Crowder's Mountain; bt Stony Point, Alexander Co., in splendent crystals of varied habit with dolomite, muscovlte, hiddenite, emerald, etc. In Georgia, in Habersham Co.; in Lincoln Co., at Graves' Mountain, with lazulite in large and splendent crystals, some 3^ by 2f in. In Arkansas, at Magnet Cove, commonly in twins with brookite and perovskite, also as paramorphs after brookite. In Colorado and Dakota, as noted above. In Canada, small crystals, with hematite at Sutton, Quebec; in the ilmenite of Bay St. Paul, orange translucent grains, pure TiO 2 , and probably rutile or brookite. Artif. Formed in crystals by heating together to redness titanic acid and protoxide of tin, and then heating the mass with silica to a cherry -red heat (Deville); by the action of steam on fluoride or chloride of titanium (Daubree, Hautefeuiile). Hautefeuille observes that in this process crystals of rutile are formed when the heat used is red heat; of brookite, when it is between that required for volatilizing cadmium and zinc; and of octahedrite, when the heat is a little below that required for the volatilization of cadmium. Has been observed in crystals as a furnace product by Scheerer. Alt. Observed as a paramorph after brookite, also pseudomorph after hematite. Cf. Rath, Jb. Min., 397, 1876, Zs. Kr., 1. 13, 1877. Also altered to ilmenite, Lsx., Zs. Kr., 8, 55, 1883 Ref. J Phil. Mag., 17, 268, 1840; the measurements of Koksharov agree very closely, viz.: ce = 32 47' 20", c = 0-64418, Min. Russl., 1, 50. Zeph. obtained ce = 32 47', c = 0-64404, Zs. Kr., 6, 238, 1881. Washington obtained from fine N. Carolina crystals ce = 32 47' 30", c = 0'64425, Am. J. Sc., 33, 501, 1887. These angles show great constancy for the species. 2 See Kk., 1. c. Dx., Ann. Ch. Phys., 13, 436, 1845. Haid., Ber. Ak. Wien, 39, 5, 1860. Hbg., Min. Not., 1, 30, 2, 11, 1858, 5, 25, 1863. Arzruni (list of planes, literature, etc.), Zs. Kr., 8, 336, 1883. 8 Erem., ilmenorutile, Vh. Min. Ges., 4, 201, 1869, 6, 376, 1871; Bull. Ac. St. Pet., 24, 534, 187c. 4 Zeph., Stillup Thai, 1. c. 5 Arzruni, 1. c. 6 Schrauf, Brazil, Zs. Kr., 9, 461, 1884. " Rinne, Binnenthal, Jb. Min., 2, 20, 1885. 8 Rath, Alexander Co., N..C., Ber. nied Ges., May 3, 1886. 9 Hidden and Washington, Stony Pt., N. C., 1. c. 10 Dx., 1. c.; also the valuable paper by Rose, Pogg., 115, 643, 1862: Rath,l. c., and Magnet Cove, Zs. Kr., 1, 13, 1877; Dx., Min., 2, 197, 1874. 1! Mgg., Jb. Min., 1, 221, 1884, 1, 147, 1886, 1, 231, 1889. la Zs. Kr., 7, 167, 1882. 13 Ann. Mines, 10, 134, 1876; cf. also Lsx., Zs. Kr., 8, 67, 1883. ISERITE Janovsky, Ber. Ak. Wien, 80 (1), 34, 1886. Found among the black grains of the so-called "iserin" of the Iserwiese, Bohemia. Distinguished from the true iserin by the absence of conchoidal fracture and the brown color. In thin fragments honey-yellow. Crystal- line form like rutile, occasionally in twins; cleavage imperfect. G. = 4'52. Analysis. TiO 2 69-51 (f), FeO 28-67 (f), MnO 1'41, MgO 0'32, Nb 2 O 5 , SiO a 0'44 = 100'45. This corre- spends to the formula: FeTi 2 O 5 . 251. PLATTNERITE. Schwerbleierz RreitJi., J. pr. Ch., 10, 508, 1837. Plattuerit Haid., Handb., 504, 1845. Brauubleioxyd Hausm., Handb., 202, 1847. 240 OZWES. Tetragonal. Axis b = 0-67643; 001 A 101 = 34 S- 2. Forms: c (001, a; (332, |). Angles: _ *i< 4i' Ayres 1 . ); = *127 0); a (100, i-i); e (101, !-'), (301, 8-*); ee' = 46 41', w' = 78 44', e" = 68 9', = 55 8', vx = 39 22'. Figs. 1, 2, Idaho, Ayres. Rarely in crystals, habit prismatic; usually massive; sometimes in globular or mammillary forms. Cleavage not observed. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven'. Brittle. H. = 5-5 '5. G. = 8'5. Luster sub- metallic. Color iron-black. Streak chestnut-brown. Translucent to nearly opaque. Optically negative 2 . Comp. Lead dioxide, Pb0 2 = Oxygen 13*4, lead 86-6 = 100. Anal. 1, E. Kiuch, Min. Mag., 7, 63, 1886. 2, W. S. Yeates, priv. contr. Also H. A. Wheeler (G. = 9'41), Am. J. Sc., 38, 79, 1889, and J. D. & E. N. Hawkins (G. -- 7-25), ib., p. 165. Pb O 1. Leadhills G. = 8-54 86-01 12-85 H 2 O,CO 2 ,Fe 2 O 3 ,CaO tr. 2. Idaho G. = 8*56 83'20 12-93 (Fe,Al) 2 O 8 1-71, Cu (H4, Ag tr., insol. 0'82 = 98'80. Pyr. B.B. fuses at 2. giving off oxygen; yields metallic lead on charcoal. Soluble in acids. Obs. Described by Plattner (G. = 9 '39-9 -45) on specimens probably from Lead bills, Scot- land, apparently pseudomorphous after pyromorphite. Later identified from Leadhills with cerussiteand pyromorphite, and from Wanlockhead (G. = 9'27, Heddle). Also recently obtained, massive, rarely in crystals (figs. 1. 2), at the " As You Like" mine, ivi^ilau, Coeur d'Alene Mts., Idaho, with pyromorphite. limonite, and quartz. Named for the mineralogist, K. Fr. Plattner (1800-1858). Ref. ' E. F. Ayres, priv. contr. 2 Michel, artif. cryst., Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 56, 1890. 252. OCTAHEDRITE. Schorl bleu indigo (fr. Oisaus) Bourn., de Lisle's Crist., 2, 406, 1783; Schorl octaedre rectangulaire id., J. Phys., 30, 386, 1787. Octaedrite Sauss., Alpes, 1901 1796. Oktaedrit Wern., 1803, Ludwig's Wern., 2, 218, 1804. Oisanite Delameth., T. T., 2, 269, 1797; H., J. Mines, 5, 273, 1799. Anatase H., Tr., 3, 1801. Dauphinit. Tetragonal. Axis 6 = 1-7771; 001 A 101 *60 38' Miller 1 . l. 7. Figs 1, 2 Bourg d'Oisans. 3, 4, Binnenthal, Klein. 5, Brazil, Dx. 6, Binnenthal, Zeph. 7, Binnenthal, Klein. OCTAHEDRITE. 241 Forms * c (00: L, 0) r (902 (701 ', 7-0 9 * (116, i) r (115, |) 4 (335, f) 3 r? (223, f) 3 t (5-1-19,^-5) ^ (513, |-5) H a m (100, (110, (107, i-i) 2) E P '(801, 8-) 5 (1-1-40, V) n (1-1-28, A) 11 ' n-1-14 ju /i (5-5-19, ? n (227, f) ? 2 (113, i) * P (111,1) MI (15-15-8, Y-) /> (221, 2) S (331, 3) 6 (31-13 (319, i r (313, 1 /^ (526, f -3? -3) 3 -*)? u Ui X e 2 (105, H) (5-0-19, T V)' (103, H) 78 (101, 1-0 (201, 2-0 (301, 3-*) I a it \*- -* **i if/ (M-10,^) (119, i) 3 (118, i) 3 (117, |) (3-3-20, -&) 9 ^ (225, f ) y (5 5-12, X (337, f ) k (112. i) X (5-5-11, A)< t (21-1-3, 7-21) 7 Z) (11-1-4, -V-ll) 10 oo (39-4-6, ^-^) 8 ' 9 J? (17-3-2, -V-V) s (5-1-20, i-5)? y (9-4-12, ff) 11 ? cr (2-1-10, i-2) 11 C (5 3-20, H)? ^ (532, f-|) 3 00' = 20 2V ee" = 121 16' P' = 82 9' rjrf" = 118 20' uu' = XX' = 27 42 24' 15' gq" = dd' = 148 34' 158 45' w '!, - 3930 : " = 136 = 157 36' 30' ee' f =s 76 Ofro 5' U' = 19 51' w" = 45 27' 5 e (122, 1-2) 2 / (3-10-2, 5-ia) 1 w (272, H) 3 A (142, 2-4> 9 (326, H) 4 7i (121, 2-2) 3 h (151, 5-5) 3 s (322, H)' The symbol of the plane 6 (S'14-18) has been established by several observers. Dx. 8 adds the vicinal planes near e, A. (9'22'30 or 6-15-20) and 8 (S'14'18 or 5'13-16). Schrauf 6 , who makes the species monoclinic, gives e (940, e-f), a (320, *-f); r (089, |4); p (9'4'IS, ^-|), Q (949, l-f); p (7-5-14, - H); * ( 349 ' H). i ( 343 > H); ^ (256, + H)> ^ (4-io-i 3 + |H); D (4-11-14, - H-V-); ^ (1-22-12, -t- -V-22). **" = 23 46' cz = 36 15' & = 76 27' ee'" *78 57' mm'" = 45 = *80 = 61 88*' 10' 26' CO cr = 55 = 71 = 28 43' 10*' 47' nn' AA' QQ' = 55 = 29 = 49 24' 25' 12' ': = 102 1' 63 24^' 117 29' , 010 901' ce = 47 41' ee' = 25 47' oo'" -g 64 17' yy xx' dd' dd' U' ol = 58 = 50 = 86 = 103 = 124 86*' 33' 12' en zz' oo' rr' XX' = 65 = 53 '"'Si = 92 = 28 = 44 81*' 48' 25' 48' 28' 23' XX'" ee'" ss'" vv'" zz'" = 48 = 68 = 51 = 30 = 44 54' 35' 30' 42' 46' nn'" ww'" M'" me mt = 102 581' 131 6' 144 41' 45 42' 55 19' 1. m 5. 3. 7. m a I Figs. 1-4, Magnet Cove, Arkansite. 5, Elleuville. 6, Tremadoc, Rath. 7, Miask, after Kk. BROOKITE PYROL USITE. 243 Only in crystals. Habit varied, often tabular || a ; faces a, and prisiratic faces striated vertically. Also prismatic (in), sometimes simulating rutile (f. 1); faces z, x often striated || their intersection-edge. Sometimes in forms with e and m, nearly hexagonal (f. 4) ; since me = ee' nearly, also mm'" and ee'". Cleavage: m indistinct; c still more so. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. = 5-5-6. G. = 3'87-4'01 Tremadoc; 3-96, 4-07 Magnet Cove, Kath; 4-084 Magnet Cove, Pfd. Luster metallic-adamantine to submetallic. Color hair- brown, yellowish, reddish, reddish brown, and translucent; also brown to iron-black, opaque. Streak uncolored to grayish or yellowish. Optically +. Bx J_ a. Ax. pi. for red and yellow II c\ for green and blue || #; for yellow-green uniaxial. Rarely ax. pi. for all colors | c with p > v. A section, || a shows four sets of hyperbolic bands. On heating the axes || b approach and those || c open, but temporarily only, unless this is carried carefully to a bright red heat, when the change becomes permanent, Dx. 14 Ax. angles somewhat variable for different localities; as obtained by Zepharovich and Lippich 15 : 2E a = 55 2' red, Li 30 16' yellow, Na yw. -green 33 48' green, Tl Var. 1. Ordinary. Thin tabular crystals often highly modified, brilliant luster. 2. Arkansite. Stout crystals brown to iron-black; often dull, and on the surface altered by paramorphism to rutile. Comp. Titanium dioxide, Ti0 2 = Oxygen 40*0, titanium 60-0 = 100. Fyr. Same as for rulile. Obs. Brookite occurs at Bourg d'Oisans in Dauphine; at St. Gothard, with albite and quartz; Maderauer Thai, Switzerland; in the Ural, district of Zlatoust, near Miask, and in the gold-washings in the Sanarka river and elsewhere; near Markirch in the Vosges, in pseudomorphs after titanite; rarely at Val del Bove, Etna, with rutile; in the gneiss of Beura; at Fronolen near Tremadoc, Wales. In relatively large crystals from the Tyrol, 44 X 39 mm. (Zeph.,1. c.) 11 . In the U. S., in thick black crystals (arkansite) at Magnet Cove, Ozark Mts., Arkansas, with elaeolite, black garnet, schorlomite, rutile, etc.; in small crystals from the gold-washings of North Carolina; at the lead mine of Elleuville, Ulster Co., N. Y., on quartz (f. 5), with chalco- pyrite and galena; at Paris, Maine. Named after the English crystallographer and mineralogist, H, J. Brooke (1771-1857). Jurinite is from the naturalist L. Jurin (1751-1819) of Geneva; Arkaneite from the locality. Alt. Pararnorphs of rutile after brookite are not uncommon at Magnet Cove. Ref. ! From the Ural, Vh. Min. Ges., 1848-49, 2, an.} Min. Russl., 1, 61, 1853; 2, 273. "With some authors e is made 111. * Levy, Ann. Phil., 9, 140, 1824. 3 Brooke, Snowdon, credited by Mir. 4 Mir., Min., 226, 1852. 5 Leuchtenberg, Ural, Vh. Min. Ges., 7, 82, 1872 6 Schrauf, Atlas, Tf. xxxix, 1873, and Ber. 'Ak. Wien, 74 (1), 535, 1876, see also, Zs. Kr., 1, 306, 1877, 9, 444, 1884. ' Mgc., cf. Dx. Dx., Min., 2, 203, 1874. Rath, Atliansk, Pogg., 158, 405, 1876; also ib., 113. 435, 1861. 10 Groth-Bkg., Maderanerthal, Min. Samml. Strass- burg, p. 110, 1878. " Zeph., Tyrol Zs. Kr., 8, 577, 1884. 12 E. S. D., Magnet Cove, Am. J. Sc., 32, 314, 1886; also Pfd., ib., 31, 387, 1886. 13 G. H. Williams, Magnet Cove, priv. contr. 14 Erein., gold-washings, Ural, Zs. Kr., 15, 542, 1889; also Vh. Min. Ges., 23, 322, 1887. 15 Dx., 1. c., Zeph., 1. c. Cf. other observations by Zeph.; also by Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 9, 444, 1884, who gives 2H a . r = 26-29. . Dx. found the axial plane || c with p > v, for Snowdon crystals. In addition to the several forms in which the oxide of titanium appears in nature, viz. rutile, octahedrite, brookite, also with iron oxide, ilmenite and pseudobrookite, Riggs has noted a rhombohedral form in thin iron-black scales as inclusions in the tourmaline of Hamburg and De Kalb. It seems to belong to ilmenite, but apparently contains very little iron, not becoming magnetic on heating. Am. J. Sc., 35. 51, 1888. EUMANITE Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 12, 211, 1851. Minute crystals occurring with rubellite and microlite in the albite vein of Chesterfield, Mass., suspected to be related to brookite. On the crystalline form, see J. D. D., ib., 12, 211, 397; 13, 117, and Syst. Min., 5th Ed., p. 165. 254. PYROLUSITE. Lapis manganensis pt. Ccesalp., Metall., 1596. Brunsten = Mag- nesia pt. Wall . 268, 1747; Manganese pt. Fr. Trl. Wall., 1, 483, 1753. Manganaise grise pt. Forst., Cat., 1772. Molybdsenum magnesii Linnaeus. Grau Braunstein pt. Wern., Bergm. J., 386, 1789; id., Hausm., Handb., 288, 1813. Gray Oxyd of Manganese pt.; Anhydrous Binoxyd of Manganese. Mangan Hyperoxyd Leonh., Handb., 240, 1826. Pyrolusite, Prismatic Manganese-Ore, Raid., Trans. R. Soc. Ed., 11, 136, 1827. Weichbraunstein, Weichmangan, Germ. Peroxide of manganese. Manganese dioxide. Orthorhombic, but perhaps only pseudomorphous (cf. below). Commonly columnar, often divergent; also granular massive, and frequently in reniform coats. 244 OXIDES. 1. Salisbury G. = 4'785 2. " G. = 4-732 , 3. Negaunee G. = 4 '858 4. Augusta Co., Va. G. = 4'69 Soft, often soiling the fingers. H. = 2-2-5. G. = 4-82 Turner; 4-73-4-86 Pfd. Luster metallic. Color iron-black, dark steel-gray, sometimes bluish. Streak black or bluish black, sometimes submetallic. Opaque. Comp. Manganese dioxide, Mn0 2 , like polianite. Commonly contains a little water, it having had usually a pseudomorphous origin (after manganite). Anal. 1-3, Penfield, priv. contr, 4, Jarman, Am. Ch. J., 11, 39, 1889. Also 5th Ed., p. 166. MnO O H 2 O 79-14 17-27 2-33* CaO 0'25, SiO 2 0'55, L c 0'49 = 100-03 78-84 17-04 2-68* CaO 0'26, SiO 2 0-48, L 0-59 = 99'89 79-46 17-48 1-94- CaO 0'56 b , SiO 2 0'18,L 0'31 = 99-93 78-77 17-61 2-08 X d 1'91 = 99'87 a Incl. loss at 100, 0-18, 0'15, 0'17. b Incl. 0'38 BaO. c L = Limonite d X = CaO, NiO, CoO, K 2 O, Na a O, Fe 2 O 3 , insol. It is uncertain whether pyrolusite is an independent species, with a crystalline form of its own, or only a secondary mineral derived chiefly from the dehydration of manganite; also from polianite (Breith.). Pseudomorphous crystals having distinctly the form of mauganite are common (f. 1). Forms have been attributed to pyrolusite in part with prismatic angles of mauganite (mm'" = 80), in part with mm'" = 86 20' Haid. Crystals from Salisbury, Conn., have the form of fig. 2, with mm'" = 84 30', and another prism, n, with nn'" = 73 20 ; often in skeleton forms, f. 3. Cf. also Kochlin, Min. Mitth., 9, 34, 1887; and earlier, Haid., 1. c. Pyr., etc. Like polianite, but most varieties yield some water in the closed tube. Obs. This ore is extensively worked at Elgersberg near IJmenau, and other places in Thuringia ; at Vorderehreusdorf near Maurisu-Tru- bau, in Moravia, which place annually a m 3. 1, Pseudomorph after manganite, Nova Scotia. 2, 3, Pyrolusite, Salisbury, Conn. affords many hundred tons of the ore; at Flatten in Bohemia, and elsewhere; near Johann georgenstadt; at Hirschberg in Westphalia; Matzka, Transylvania; also found sparingly in Cornwall; in Timor; in Australia; in India. Occurs in the United States with psilomelane, abundantly in Vermont, at Brandon, Irasburg, Bennington, Monkton, Chittenden, etc., both crystallized and massive; at Conway, Mass., in a vein of quartz; at Plainfield and West Stockbridge, Mass.; at Winchester, N. H.; at Salisbury and Kent, Conn., forming velvet-like coatings on limonite; Crimera and Old Dominion mines, Augusta Co., and elsewhere in Virginia; Pope, Pulaski, Montgomery Cos., Arkansas. In California, on Red island, bay of San Francisco. In New Brunswick, 7 m. fr. Bathurst, in fine cryst.; in Shepody Mtn. and elsewhere; near Upham in King's Co. In Nova Scotia, at Teny cape, cryst. and massive; also at Walton, abundant; near Kentville; Pictou; Amherst; Musquodobit. The name is from Ttvp, fire, and hoveiv, to wash, because used to discharge the brown and green (FeO) tints of glass; and for the same reason it is whimsically entitled by the French le sawn de verriers. 255. Turgite B. Hydrous Oxides. 2Fe 2 3 .H 2 Diaspore Group. RO(OH) or K 2 3 .H Q Orthorhombic. a : I : 6 256. Diaspore A1 3 3 .H 2 a 0-9372 : 1 : 0-6039 or 0-6443 TURQITE. 245 257. Gothite Fe 2 3 .H 2 0-9185 : 1 : 0-6068 or 0*6606 258. Manganite Mn 2 3 .H a O 0-8441 : 1 : 0-5448 or 0-6463 259. Limonite 2Fe,0 3 .3H 2 260. Xanthosiderite Fe 2 3 .2H 2 261. Bauxite Al a 3 .2H 2 Brucite Group. R(OH) 2 or RO.H 2 0. EhombohedraL 262. Jirucite MgO.H 2 rr' = 97 37 J' 6 = 1'5208 Manganbracite (Mg.Mn)O.H 3 &63. Pyrochroite MnO.H 2 rr' = 94 52' 6 = 1-3999 a:t>:6 ft 264. Gibbsite A1(OH) 3 or A1 2 3 .3H 2 Monoclinic 1-7089: 1: 1-9184 85 29' 265. Sassolite B(OH) 3 or B 2 3 .3H 2 Triclinic &: 5:^ = 0-5771:1 : 0-5283 a = 104 17' ft = 92 33' y = 89 43' 266. Hydrotalcite 6MgO.Al 2 3 .15H 2 Hexagonal 267. Pyroaurite 6MgO.Fe 2 3 .15H 2 6 268. Chalcophanite (Mn,Zn)0.2Mn0 2 .2H 2 Khombohedral 3-5267 269. Psilomelane MnO, BaO, Mn0 3 , H 2 WAD : Bog manganese, asbolite, lampadite. 255. TURGITE. Hematite pt. Red Ocher pt. Turgit Rerm., Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, 1, 252, 1845. Hydrohgematit Breith., Handb., 846, 1847. Turjit. Compact fibrous and divergent, to massive ; often botryoidal and stalactitic like limoirite. Also earthy, as red ocher. H. = 5-6. G. = 4-2"9-4-49, Hof, Breith.; 4-681, Horhauseu, Bergemann; 4'14, Salisbury, Brush. Luster submetallic and somewhat satin-like in the direction of the fibrous structure; also dull, earthy. Color reddish black to dark red, bright red when earthy; botryoidal surface often lustrous, like much limonite. Streak red. ' Opaque. Comp. Fe 4 H 2 7 or 2Fe 2 3 .H 2 = Oxygen 28-5, iron 66*2, water 5-3 = 100, or Iron sesquioxide 94*7, water 5-3 = 100. For analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 168. Heddle (Min. Mag.. 5, 3, 1882) has analyzed cubic crys- tals, pseudomorphs after pyrite, from the clay slate of the island of Kerrera. Argyllshire, which had the composition of turgite, with G. = 3'534. Turgite is sometimes regarded as an inter- mediate stage in the alteration of limonite to hematite by loss of water. Pyr., etc. Heated in a closed tube, flies to pieces in a remarkable manner, and in this is dis- tinct from hematite and limonite; yields water. Otherwise like hematite. Obs. A common ore of iron, often taken for limonite, with which it is frequently asso- ciated, and which it resembles, except in its superior hardness, streak, and decrepitation. It also looks very much like fibrous hematite. Hermann's mineral was from the Turginsk copper mine near Bogoslovsk, in the Ural, and from the Kolyvan district, in the Altai; that of Breithaupt, from near Hof in Bavaria, and Siegen in Prussia; found also with limonite at Dilsseldorf in Prussia; at the Louisa mine, Horhausen. In the United States it occurs abun- dantly, in large botryoidal masses, at the limonite ore bed of Salisbury, Ct. (Brush), usually con- stituting the exterior layer of the limonite, sometimes an inch or more thick. The line of demarcation between it and the limonite is very distinct, and separation along it is often easy. 246 OXIDES. 256. DIASPORE. Diaspore Hauy, Tr., 4, 1801. Blilttricher Hydrargillit Hausm., Handb., 442,-, 1813. Empholite Igektrom, Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 40, 1883- A E Nordenskiold G. For. Forh., 9, 30, 1887. Orthorhombic. Axes: a : I : c = 0-93722 : 1 : 0-60387 Koksharov 1 . 100 A HO = 43 8' 38", 001 A 101 = 32 47' 40", 001 A Oil = 31 7' 35". rms 2 : >, i-i) 7i (210, i-2) (130, n (15$ *-3) e (Oil, \4 M (098, |-4 ) ) * (212, t (211, 1-2) v (122, x (133, 1-3) >, i-i) k (230, i\) to (101', i-iy p (111, 1) 9 (232, H) 4 (292, H) , 0) I (120, e-2) / (012J i-) r (10-1-4, i hio) ^(344, i-f) 4 IJi = *64 53V tow' = 65 35' gg' = 51 2' pp'" = 53 50' hh'" = 50 13' /" = 33 36' -ww' = 44 57' rr"' = 9 ' 6' mm" = 86 17*' ee' = 62 15' " = 30 50' 88'" = 28 29' kk W nri = 70 51' = 56 9i' = 39 9|' = 24 5J' #.: 88' = 57 115 63 95 45' 45' 20' 37' aw' = pp" = sr= 20 82 96 *75 50' 54' 3' it'" = 99" = uu'" = 40 74 57 59 38' 34' 4' 47' hh Figs. 1, 2, Ural, Kk. 3, Newlin, Penn. 4, Chester, Mass. Crystals prismatic; usually thin, flattened fl &; sometimes acicular; faces often rounded, in prismatic zone vertically striated, also in zone ae, || edge p/e. Also foliated massive and in thin scales; sometimes stalactitic. Cleavage: b eminent; li less perfect. Fracture conchoidal, very brittle. H. = 6-5-7. G. = 3-3-3-5; 3-432 Haiiy; 3-452 Dufr.; 3-30-3-34, fr. Schemnitz. Luster brilliant; pearly on cleavage-face, elsewhere vitreous. Color whitish, frayish white, greenish gray, hair-brown, yellowish, to colorless; sometimes violet- lue in one direction, reddish plum-blue* in another, and pale asparagus-green in a third (cf. Haid., 1. c.). Transparent to subtranslucent. Optically -(-. Double refraction strong. Ax. pi. || b. Bx J_ a. Dispersion p < v, feeble. Axi-al angles, Dx. 6 : 2H ar = 103 34' 2H ay = 103 53' 2H a . bl = 104 38' 2H . r = 121 59' #. = 1-719 /? y = 1-722 fin = 1-729 2H . y = 121 32' /. 2F r = 84 8' .-. 2F y = 84 20' .-. 2F bl = 85 8' 2H . bl = 120 48' Comp AIO(OH) or A1 2 3 .H 2 = Alumina 85'0, water 15-0 = 100. Some varieties yield a little P 2 O 5 (Hermann, Shepard), probably from impurity. Analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 169. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates strongly, separating into white pearly scales, and at a high temperature yields water. The variety from Schemnitz does not decrepitate. In- fusible; with cobalt solution gives a deep blue color. Some varieties react for iron with the fluxes. Not attacked by acids, but after ignition soluble in sulphuric acid. DIA8PORE GROUP GOTHITE. 247 C*bs. Commonly found with corundum or emery in dolomite, chlorite schist, and other crystalline rocks, invests, or as implanted crystals on corundum and other minerals. Occurs near Xossoibrod, district of Ekaterinburg in the Ural, in granular limestone 7 with emery; at Schemnitz, Hungary, in veins between dolomite and limestone; in a gneissoid rock near Bournac in the Haute-Loire; at Broddbo near Falun; at the Horrsjoberg, Werinland, Sweden (empholite) embedded in pyrophyllite and damourite with tourmaline, rutile, and cyanite; sparingly in the nephelite-syeuite veins of southern Norway, sometimes as an inclusion in some secondary min- erals, as the " spreustein " (Scheerer, cf. Bgr., Zs. Kr , 16, 50, 1890); with corundum in dolomite at Campolongo, near Dazio Grande, in the canton of Tessiu in Switzerland; Greiner in the Zillerthal; at Gumuch-dagh and Manser, Asia Minor, and the Grecian islands Naxos, Samos, and Nicaria, with emery, as detected by J. L. Smith. In the U. S. with topaz and margarodite at Trumbull, Ct. , but rare; with corundum and margarite at Newlin, near Union ville, Chester Co., Pa.; at the emery mines of Chester, Mass., in large plates aud crystals; in cavities in massive corundum at the Culsagee mine, neai Iranklin, Macou Co., N. Carolina. Named by Hauy from diaaTteipeiv, to scatter, alluding to the usual decrepitation before the blowpipe. Le Lievre, as Hauy states, first made known the species, having found it at a mineral-dealer's in Paris, and given it to Vauquelin for analysis. Its original locality is supposed to have been the Ural. Ref. ! Min. Russl., 3, 169, 1858. 2 See Kenng., Ber. Ak. Wien, 9, 595, 1852; earlier, Haid., Pogg., 61, 309, 1844; Marignac, Bibl. Univ., 6, 296, 1847; Kk., 1. c. 3 Rath, Campolongo, Pogg., 122, 400, 1864. 4 E. S. D., u v, Chester, Mass., q, Newlin, Am. J. Sc., 32, 388, 1886. Catkrein, Greiner, Min. Mitth., 10, 62, 1888. 6 Dx., N. R., 55, 1867. 257. GOTHITE. Dilnnschuppiger, linsenfOrmiger, rubinrother, etc. Eisenglimmer (fr. Siegen), Becker, Min. Beschr. O.-Nass. Lande, 401, 1789. Kryst. fasriger Brauneisenstein Mohs, Null Min. Kab., 3, 403, 1804. Gothit (fr. Eiserfeld near Siegen) J. G. Lenz, Tabell. ges. Mineral- reich, 46, Jena, 1806, fol., Moll's Efem., 4, 505, 1808, Ullmann's Ueb., 304, 1814. Pyrrhosiderit [not Pyrosiderit] Ullmann, Hausm. Handb., 268, 1813, Ullmann's Ueb., 144, 299, 304, 1814 [but given many years before to his class], Schuppig-fasriger Brauneisenstein (fr. Hollerter Zug) = Lepidokrokit Ullmann, Hausm. ib., 269, 1813, Ullmann's Ueb., 148, 316, 1814. Haarformiger Brauneisenstein Hausm. ib., 270, 1813 Nadeleisenerz Breith., Char., 1823. Brown Iron-stone pt., Brown Iron-ore pt., Brown Hematite pt., of Jameson, Phillips, etc. Sammteisenerz, Sam- metblende pt. = Przibramit in Glock. Handb., 549, 1831. Hierro pardo Span. Goethite. Chileit Breith., J. pr. Ch., 19, 103, 1840. Onegit (fr. L. Onega) Andre (of Briinn), Tageblatt, No. 18, 1802, Moll's Efem., 2, 109, 112, 1806 - Ore of Titanium various auth. for 25 years = Gothite later auth. Orthorliombic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0*9185 : 1 : 0-6068 Phillips 1 . 100 A HO = 42 34', 001 A 101 = 33 27', 001 A Oil = 31 15'. Forms': d (210, i-2) u (101, l-l) i (052, f-?) 4 * (212, 1-2) a (100, i-l) m (110, J) e (Oil, \-l) p (111, 1) z (252, H) b (010, i-i) I (120, 2-2) g (021, 2-1)* r (311, 3-3) dd" = *49 20' ee' = *62 30' ds = 36 1' rr'" = 30 34f mm'" = 85 8' gg' = 101 3' rr' 118 54' **'" = 28 25' U' = 57 7f ,00 w 98' = 64 36' pp'" = 53 42' uu' = 66 54' mp = S %' & = |I g! ""' = 103 23 ' In prisms vertically striated, and often flattened into scales or tables J I. Also fibrous; foliated or in scales; massive, reniform and stalactitic, with concentric and radiated structure. Cleavage : b very perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 5- 5'5. G. = 4*0-4*4; 4*37, cryst., Lostwithiel, Yorke. Luster im- perfect adamantine. Color yellowish, reddish, and blackish brown. Often blood-red by transmitted light. Streak brownish yellow to ocher-yellow. Optically +(?) Ax. pi. || c. Bx J_ b. Dispersion strong, p < v; for red nearly uniaxial; for green and blue, 2E = 50 approx.; cf. Palla, 1. c. Var. 1. In thin scale-like or tabular crystals, usually attached by one edge. Such is the original Gothite (Pyrrhosiderite or Rubinglimmer} of Siegen. 2. In acicular or capillary (not flexible) crystals, or slender prisms, often radiately grouped: the Needle- Ironstone (Nadeleisenstein). It passes into a variety with a velvety surface: the Przibramite (Sammetblende) of Pfibram is of this kind. 248 OXIDES. Onegite is acicular gothite penetrating quartz, like rutile, from an island in L. Onega, Russia, where it was found in loose stones, in 1800, by Mr. Armstrong, an Englishman. It has also been called Fullonite, after Mr. Fullon, a brother-in-law of Mr. A., who also possessed specimens. 3. Columnar or fibrous. 4. Scaly-fibrous, or feathery columnar, the lines consisting of more or less distinct scales, somewhat like plumose mica: the Lepidocrocite (fr. AeTrz'S, scale, and KpoKiS, fiber). 5. Also compact massive, with a flat conchoidal fracture, liver-brown to blackish brown and rust-brown color; sometimes reniforin or stalactitic with radiated structure. 6. Disseminated microscopic crystals of gothite are one source of the frequent aventurine and opalescent character of specimens of different feldspars, and of some other species. Comp. FeO(OH) or Fe 2 3 .H 2 Oxygen 27'0, iron 62'9, water 10-1 = 100, or Iron sesquioxide 89-9, water 10*1 = 100. Analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 170. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives off water and is converted into red iron sesquioxide. With the fluxes like hematite; most varieties give a manganese reaction, and some, treated in the forceps in O.F., after moistening in sulphuric acid, impart a bluish green color to the flame (phosphoric acid). Soluble in hydrochloric acid. Obs. Found with the other oxides of iron, especially hematite or limonite. Occurs at Eiserfeld near Siegeu, in Nassau, in lamelliform and foliated crystallizations of a hyacinth-red color, with lirnouite; at Zwickau in Saxony; Oberkirchen in Westerwald, etc., near Clifton in Gloucestershire, near Bristol, England; in Cornwall, near Botallack and Lost- ithiel, some of the crystals 1| to 2 in. long and f in. across; in Somersetshire, at the Provi " nee iron mines. In the U. States, at the Jackson Iron mine, Negaunee, near Marquette, L. Superior, in lamelliform crystals; also in beautiful stalactitic forms with velvety surface and delicate radiated structure, often encrusting hematite; in Conn., at Salisbury; in Penn., near Easton, the var. lepidocrocite with limonite; with calcite in clay-ironstone concretions, Adair county, Mo.; in the Pike's Peak region, Colorado; in California, at Burns Creek, Mariposa Co., in quartz; in Oregon, 16 m. from Portland. Named Gothite (Goethite) after the poet-philosopher Goethe (1749-1832); and Pyrrhosiderite from TtvppoS, fire-red, and cridrjpoS, iron. The name Onegite has priority, but it was given without a proper description, and for 25 years the nature of the mineral was unknown. Artif. By submitting solutions of FeCl 3 (30 to 85 pts. in 100) to the action of heat in closed tubes, Rousseau has obtained acicular crystals having the composition of gothite and like it orthorhombic, but, according to Fouque, differing from it in optical characters. It does not seem certain, however, that there is any essential difference. C. R., 110, 1032, 1890. Ref. ! Min., p. 226, 1823; Palla has discussed the vicinal planes and suggested amonoclinic axial ratio, Zs. Kr., 11, 23, 1885. * Ph., 1. c., and Mir., Min., 273, 1852. 3 Groth, Min.-Samml., 91> 1878. 4 Busz, St. Just, Zs. Kr., 17, 553, 1890. 258. MANGANITE. Manganaise cristallise de Lisle, Crist., 330, 1772, 3, 101, 1783. Manganese oxyde metalloide H., Tr., 4, 1801 (with figs.). Grau-Braunsteinerz pt. Wern., 1789; Karsten, Tab , 1800. Graumanganerz pt. Karsten, Tab., 1808. Grau-Braunstcin pt. Hausm., Handb., 288, 1813, 390, 1847. Gray Oxide of Manganese pt. Prismatoidisches Mangan-Erz Mohs Grundr 488, 1824. Manganite Raid., Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 11, 122, 1827. Acerdese Beud , Tr. 2, 678, 1832. Newkirkite Thorn., Min., 1, 509, 1836. 1. P\ Id 1, L. Superior. 2, 3, Ilefeld, Groth. 4, Ilefeld, Sbk. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0-84407 : 1 : 0-54484 Haidinger 1 . 100 A HO = 40 10', 001 A 101 = 32 50*', 001 A Oil = 28 35'. DIASPORE GROUP MANGASITE. 249 Forms 2 : a (100, '-*) & (010, i-l) c (oor 0) a (30-1-0, *30> ft (16-1-0, i-16) 8 ^ (12-1-0, e-12) 8 /u, (10-1-0, i-10) 8 ,u (610, i-6) 3 A (410, i4) A (310, z-3) 3 w (520, -|) 3 tf (210, z-2) (430, -|) 5 (650, * |) 3 j (10-9-0, -^ m (110, /) x- (12-13-0, i k (230, t-f) 2 (350, *-|) 3 I (120, i-2) e (Oil, 14) X (414, l-4> t (250, *-f) / (021, 24)3 (313, 1-3) y (130, ^3) P (HI, 1) G- (525, l-l) 3 r (150, a-5) 3 0^(443, f) 3 * (212, 1-2) t (1-0-15, T Vi) 3 (221, 2) Y (323, 1-f) 3 (2-0-15, T yi) 3 7; (105, H) 3 e (205, f -i) 3 w(201, 2-i) 1 (20-1-20, 1-2~0) 3 o (lo-i-io, i-io) 3 T (616, 1-6) 3 p (515, 1-5) 3 v (17-30-30, C (32-60-45, x (365,4-2) 72. (121, 2-2) (177, 1-7) 8 M'" A/I'" = 23 31 37 50' 26' 19' 7777' = 4 = 9 = 14 56' 50' 43' 88' = 65 64 63 12' 51' 50' dd" 45 46' ee' = 28 57' PP' 59 5f mm'" *80 20' uu' = 65 41' w' 82 14' kk' = 76 36' ww' = 104 29' XX' = 35 55' . = 61 50 Q 17' 43' 61 ee ff' = *57 = 94 10' 55' nri pp" t I 47 80 9*' 22V yy' rr = 26 40' cp CD = 40 = 59 11' 23' = 96 118 48' 46' 88" = 70 .2' nn" = 103 23' oo'" = 5 14i' XX'" = 13 3' = 25 47' PP'" = 49 11V w'" = 67 26' ffd" = 17 21' o-o-'" = 20 45' nn'" = 84 57' 5. 5, Ilefeld, after Groth. Twins: tw. pi. e, both contact- and cruciform-twins; often repeated and with comp.-face either parallel or inclined, analogous to rutile. Crystals long prismatic and terminated (1) by c, or (2) by zone of macropyramids p, s, p, etc.; planes in this zone striated parallel to their mutual intersections. Also short prismatic (3) terminated by c and numerous macrodomes; or (4) highly modified with macropyramids predominating; the last two types generally as twins. The prismatic faces deeply striated vertically. Crystals often grouped in bun- dles.. Also columnar; seldom granular; stalactitic. Cleavage: b very perfect; m perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. =4. G. = 4 -2-4 '4; 4'315 cryst., Xegaunee, Pfd. Luster submetallic. Color dark steel-gray to iron-black. Streak reddish brown, sometimes nearly black. Opaque; minute splinters, sometimes brown by transmitted light. Comp. MnO(OH) or Mn 2 3 .H 2 = Oxygen 27 -3, manganese 62 -4, water 10-3 = 100, or Manganese sesquioxide 89-7, water 10'3 = 100. Anal. Blomstrand, G. For. Forh., 2, 183, 1874. Also 5th Ed., p. 171. Langban Mn 2 O 3 88'51 Fe 2 O 3 0'23 MgO 1-51 CaO 0'62 H 2 O 9'83 = 100-70 Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water; otherwise like braunite, p. 232. Obs. Occurs in veins traversing porphyry, associated with calcite and barite, at Ilefeld in the Harz; Ilmenau and Oehrenstock in Thuringia; Undenaes and Langban in Sweden; Chris- tiansand in Norway; Cornwall, at various places, occurring crystallized at Botallack mine, St. Just; Callington and at the Royal iron mines; also in Cumberland, Devonshire, Somerset; Aberdeeushire, Scotland; near Ross and elsewhere in Ireland. In the L. Superior mining region at the Jackson mine, Negaunee, Michigan. Devil's Head, Douglas Co., Colorado. In Nova Scotia, at Cheverie, Hants Co., and Walton; also 10 m. W. of Walton, where it forms a bed of conglomerate, along with quartz pebbles. In New Brunswick, at Shepody mountain, Albert Co.; Tattagouche R., Gloucester Co.; Upham, King's Co. ; and Dalhousie, Restigouche Co. Newkirkite of Thomson, from Neukirchen in Alsace, according to Lettsom, is nothing but mauganite. Named acerdese by Bendant from dKep8?'fi, unprofitable, because of little value for bleach- ing purposes (cf. pyrolusite). Alt. By loss of water changes to pyrolusite, hausmannite, or braunite; pseudomorphs of pyrolusite (see p. 244) are very common. Cf. Breith., Pogg., 61, 187, 1844. Ref. ! Ed. J. Sc., 4, 41, 1826, or Pogg., 7, 225, 1826; Groth obtained similar results, also the author for L. Superior crystals. Hemihedrism has been suggested (Haid.) but seems 250 OXIDES. improbable; cf. Kochlin, Min. Mitth., 9, 24, 1887; Busz mentions crystals from Grettenich, Saarbrilcken, witb n (121) hemibedrally developed, Zs. Kr., 15, 624, 1889. 2 See Grotb, Min.- Samml., Strassburg, 79, 1878, also some otber doubtful forms. Brauns adds (17'0'20), Jb. Min., 1, 252, 1886; also Kochlin ou pseudomorpbous crystals 2 (10'5'1), 1. c. 3 Grotb, 1. c. 259. LIMONITE. ^tcrrds Azflos (fr. Iberia) Diosc. Schistus, Haematites, Plin., 36, 37, 38. Haematites pt, , Blodsten, pt. [rest red hematite], Wall., 260, 1747, Cronst., 178, 1758. Hematite pt., Fr. TrL Wall., 469, 1753. Brauu-Eiseu stein (incl. Eisenrabm, Brauner Glaskopf) Wern., Bergm. J., 383, 1789. Brauneiseustein pt. [rest Gothite] Hauwn., Handb., 268, 1813. Braun- Tiisenstein, Stilpuosiderit, Ullmann, Ueb., 146, 305, 148, 313, 1814. Brown Iron Stone pt., Brown Hematite, Brown Ocber, Jameson, Min., 253, 261, 1816. Limonite pt. [rest Gotbite, Bog Ore] Beud., Tr., 2, 702, 1832 [not Limonit Hausm., 1813 (= Bog Ore only)]. Brun, Gul Jernmalm, Myrmalm, Sjoinalm Swed. Hierro arcilloso, globoso, palustre, etc., Span. fliXpa [yellow and brown] Theophr. ?Sil Plin., 33, 56. Ocbra nativa, Germ. Berggeel, Agric., 466, 1546. O. nativa, Sil, Berggelb, Ockergelb, Oesner, Foss., 8, 1565. Ocbriger Brauneisensteiu Wern., Karat. Brown Ocber pt. , Yellow Ocber pt. Minera Ferri subaquosa, Min. F. lacustris, v. palustris, Sjpmalm, Myrmalm, Wall., 263, 1747. Mine de fer limoneuse Fr. TrL Wall., 1753. Ferrum limosum, etc., Wall., 2, 256, 1775. Raseneisenstein (incl. Morasterz, Surnpferz, Wiesenerz) Wern., Bergm. J., 383, 1789. Marsh Ore, Bog Ore, Meadow Ore pt., Kirwan, Jameson, etc. Limonit (= Raseneisenstein or Bog Ore) Hausm., Handb., 283. 1813 [not Limonite of Beud., wh. incl. all hydrous oxides of iron] Limnit Glock., Syn., 62, 1847. Not crystallized. Usually in stalactitic and botryoidal or mammillary forms, having a fibrous or subfibrous structure; also concretionary, massive; and occasion- ally earthy. H. = 5-5-5. G. = 3-6-4-0. Luster silky, often submetallic; sometimes dull and earthy. Color of surface of fracture various shades of brown, commonly dark, and none bright; sometimes with a nearly black varnish-like exterior; when earthy, brownish yellow, ocher-yellow. Streak, yellowish brown. Opaque. Var. (1) Compact. Submetallic to silky in luster; often stalactitic, botryoidal, etc. (incl. brauner Glaskopf Germ.) (2) Ocherous or earthy, brownish yellow to ocher-yellow, often im- pure from the presence of clay, sand, etc. (3) Bog ore. The ore from marshy places, generally loose or porous in texture, often petrifying leaves, wood, nuts, etc. (4) Brown clay -ironstone, in compact masses, often in concretionary nodules (including Adlerstein, Klappenstein Germ.), having a brownish yellow streak, and thus distinguishable from the clay-ironstone of the species hematite and siderite; it is sometimes (a) pisolitic, or an aggregation of concretions of the size of small peas (Bohnerz Germ.; bean ore); or (&) oolitic. Part of the stalactitic iron ore, brown or yellow ocber, bog ore, and clay-ironstone contains more water than true limonite, and hence belongs to the species xanthosiderite (or limnite). Kaliphite of Ivanov is a mixture of limonite, manganese oxide, silicate of zinc and lime, from Hungary. Comp. 2Fe 2 3 .3H 2 = Oxygen 25-7, iron 59-8, water 14-5 = 100, or Iron sesquioxide 85-5, water 14*5 = 100. In the bog ores and ochers, sand, clay, phos- phates, oxides of manganese, and humic or other acids of organic origin are very common impurities. Analyses, see 5th Ed. , p. 172. Analyses are chiefly interesting from the technical side as showing the amount of impurity (SiO 2 , P 2 O 6 , etc.) present. Pyr., etc. Like gothite. Some varieties leave a siliceous skeleton in the salt of phosphorus bead, and a siliceous residue when dissolved in acids. Obs. In all cases a result of the alteration of other ores, or minerals containing iron, through exposure to moisture, air, and carbonic or organic acids; derived largely from the change of pyrite, magnetite, siderite, ferriferous dolomite, etc. ; also various species (as mica, pyroxene, horn- blende, etc.), which contain iron in the ferrous state (FeO). It consequently occupies, as a bog ore, marshy places, into which it has been borne by streamlets from the hills around; also found at the bottom of lakes as in Sweden (Sjomalm Swed., Seeerz Germ.); and in the more compact form it occurs in stalactites as well as in tuberose and other concretionary forms, frequently making beds in the rocks which contain the minerals that have been altered into it. In moist places where a sluggish streamlet flows into a marsh or pool, a rust-yellow or brownish yellow deposit often cover? the bottom, and an iridescent film the surface of the water: the deposit is a growing bed of bog ore. The iron is transported in solution as ferrous carbonate in carbonated waters, a sulphate, or as a salt of an organic acid. It is often associatedwith manganese. ores. Limonite is a common ore in Bavaria, the Harz, Luxembourg, Scotland. Sweden, etc. Abundant in the United States. A few localities only are here mentioned; reference may be made to the various geological reports for complete lists. Extensive beds exist at Salisbury and Kent, Conn., also in the neighboring towns of Beekman, Fishkill, Dover, and Amenia, N. XAXTHOSIDERITEBA UXITE. 251 Y., and in a similar situation north; at Richmond, West Stockbridge and elsewhere in Berk- shire Co., Mass.; in Vermont, at Benningtou, Monktou, Pittsford, Putney, and Ripton; in Pennsylvania widely distributed especially in the south-eastern part of the state; also in Tennes- see, Alabama, Ohio, etc. Named Limonite from \emoov, meadow. Ullmann's name, Stilpnosiderite, from crrzATTvo?, shining, has priority; but the ore is characteristically not a shining ore, although sometimes with a lustrous, varnish-like exterior. The name ttmentitowas first appropriated especially to the bog ores by Hausmann in 1813. But most bog ores are of the above species, and Beudant, recognizing this, in 1832 used limonite for the bog as well as other limonite. Alt. By deoxidation through organic matter, if carbonic acid is present, may form siderite. By losing water becomes hematite, which occurs as pseudomorphs after limonite. This species also forms numerous pseudomorphs after other species. 260. XANTHOSIDERITE. Gelbeisenstein Hausm., Handb., 279, 1813. Xanthosiderit E. E. Schmid, Pogg., 84, 495, 1851. Yellow Ocher pt. Bog Ore pt. In fine needles or fibers, stellate and concentric. Also as an ocher. H. = 2*5, iri needles. Luster silky or greasy ; pitch-like; also earthy. Color in needles golden yellowish, brown to brownish red; as an ocher, yellow of different shades, more or less brown, sometimes reddish. Streak ocher-yellow. Comp. Fe 2 3 .2H 2 = Oxygen 24 '5, iron 57*1, water 18*4 = 100, or Iron sesquioxide 81'6, water 18'4 = 100. Analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 174. Pyr., etc. Like those of limonite. Obs. Associated with manganese ores at Ilmenau, in silky needles, etc. ; as an ocher near Goslar, Bruchberg, Elbingerode in the Harz; as a pitchy ore at Kilbride, Wicklow Co., Ireland, along with limouite and psilomelane. Artif. This hydrate is formed when oxide of iron is precipitated from hot solutions of its salts; and, according to Gmelin, also from cold solutions. LIMNITE Dana, Min., 178, 18(58. Quellerz Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 27, 53, 1842. Raseneisen- erz, Sumpferz, Wiesenerz Germ. A hydrated iron oxide, for the most part bog ore, recent in origin and containing organic acids with quartz sand, phosphoric acid, etc. The composition Fe(OH) 3 or Fe 2 O 3 .3H 2 O, has been attributed to it. Cf. Rg., Min. Ch., 187. 1865. 261. BAUXITE. Alumlne nyciratee de Beaux 1 Berthier, Ann. Mines, 6, 531. 1821. Beauxite Dufr. , Min. (2, 347), 3, 799, 1847. Bauxite Deville, Ann. Ch. Phys., 61, 309, 1861. Wocheinite^l. Flechner, Zs. G. Ges., 18, 181, 1866, Jb. G. Reichs., 1866. Cliachite Adam, Tabl. Min., 73, 1869. In round concretionary disseminated grains. Also massive, oolitic; and earthy, clay-like. GL 2-55, fr. Wochein, v. Lill. Color whitish, grayish, to ocher-yellow, brown, and red. Var. 1. In concretionary grains, or oolitic; bauxite. 2. Clay-like, wocheinite; the purer kind grayish, clay-like, containing very little iron oxide; also red from the iron oxide present. Comp. Essentially A1 2 3 .2H 2 = Alumina 73'9, water 26*1 = 100; some analyses, however, give A1 2 3 . H 2 like diaspore. Iron sesquioxide is usually present, sometimes in large amount (up to 50 p. c. Henatsch), in part replacing alumina, in part only an impurity. Silica, phosphoric acid, carbonic acid, lime, magnesia are common impurities. Analyses, see 5th Ed., pp. 174, 175; also Coquand, Bull. Soc. G. FT., 28, 98, 1871; Auge, ibid., 16, 345, 1888; John, Vh. G. Reichs., 389, 1874; Lang, Ber. Ch. Ges., 17, 2892. 1884; Henatsch, Inaug. Diss., Breslau, 1879. The analyses are interesting chiefly on the technical side, as showing the amount of impurity present; thus Heuatsch gives 9 to 24 p. c. SiO 2 , 0'8 to 2'5 p. c. P 2 O 5 , etc. Obs. From Baux (or Beaux), near Aries, France, disseminated in grains in compact lime- stone, and also oolitic; also at Revest, near Toulon, brown to dark red, and massive, regarded as an iron ore; at Allauch, Dept. of Var, France, massive, oolitic, with a base of like nature, cemented by some calcium carbonate, the most common variety; at Hilgel, in the Commune of Baux, a hard and firm variety; at Calabre, massive; also in Nassau; in French Guiana. Wocheinite occurs in Carniola. between Feistritz and Lake Wochein, in a deposit 12 feet thick, the junction of the Trias and Jurassic formations, part of it red from iron sesquioxide. The purest bauxite is used for the manufacture of aluminium, and is called aluminium ore. In the U. S., bauxite occurs in Saline and Pulaski Cos., Arkansas. Auge, 1. c., regards bauxite as a hydro-thermal deposit; he calls attention to the occurrence of hydrated alumina in the Yellowstone region. 252 OXIDES. Brucite Group. K(OH) 2 . Khombohedral. 262. BRUCITE. Native Magnesia (fr. N. Jersey) A. Bruce, Bruce's Min. J., 1, 26, 1814 (with anal.). Hydrate of Magnesia A. Aikin, Min., 236, 1815, Cleaveland, Min., 429, 1822. F. Hall, Cat. Min., 28, 1824, 8. Robinson, Cat. Amer. Min., 166, 1825. Brucite, ou Hydrate de maguesie, Beud., Tr., 838 (Index), 1824. Talk-Hydrat, Magnesiu-Hydrat. Germ. Monoklino- edrisches Magnesiahydrat oder Texalith (fr. Texas, Pa.) Herm., J. pr. Ch , 82, 368, 1861. Amian- thus (fr. Hoboken) J. Pierce, Km. J. Sc., 1, 54, 1818 = Amianthoid Magnesite, Nemalite, T. Nuttall, ib., 4, 18, 1821 = Brucite (Talk-hydrat, " hierher zu gehoren scheint "), LeonJi., Handb., 245, 1826; J. D. Whitney, J. Soc. N. H., Boston, 36, 1849 (with anal.). Manganbrucit Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 39, No. 2, 83, 1882. ' Khombohedral. Axis 6 = 1'52078; 0001 A 1011 = 60 20' 26" Hessenberg 1 . Forms 2 : c (0001, 0), a (1120, *-2), r (1011, R), p (2021, 2); z (0113, - ), e (0112, - $), h (0775, - |), t (0441, - 4). cp = 74 6i' cz = 30 20i' ce = 41 17' 1. cA = 67 52' ct = 81 54' TT' = 97 37V pp' = 112 48' zz' = 51 53' ee' = 69 42' hh' = 106 ' = 118 rs'" = *89 41' 3' 19' Fig. 1, Low's Mine, Texas, Penn. Figs. 2, 3, Wood's Mine, Texas. Crystals usually broad tabular. Also commonly foliated massive; fibrous, fibers separable and elastic. H. = 2-5. G. = 2-38-2-4; 2*388 Ural, Losch. Cleavage: c eminent. Folia separable and flexible, nearly as in gypsum. Sectile. Luster || c pearly, elsewhere waxy to vitreous. Color white, inclining to gray, blue or green. Transparent to translucent. Optically -J-: Indices : oo r = 1-559, e r 1*5795 Bauer 3 . Pyro- electric, on cooling the extremities of 6 , the edges -}-, Hankel 4 . Com p., Var. Magnesium hydrate, Mg(OH), or MgO.H Q = Magnesia 69'0, water 31*0 = 100. Iron and manganese protoxide are sometimes present. Var. 1. Ordinary. In plates, white to pale greenish in color; strong pearly luster on the cleavage surface. 2. NemaliU. A fibrous variety containing 4 to 5 p. c. iron protoxide, with G. 2'44 Nuttall. 3. Manganbrucite. Granular, massive. Color honey-yellow to brownish red; perhaps originally colorless; contains manganese in considerable amount, anal. 7; cf. also anal. 3. Anal. 1, E. F. Smith, Am. Ch. J.. 5, 281, 1883. 2, 3, F. A. Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 23, 40, 1885. 4, Smith, 1. c. 5, Rosenblad, G. For. Forh., 7, 733, 1885. 6, T. Blyth, Mallet, Min. India, 161, 1887. 7, Igelstrom, 1. c.; small amounts of SiO 2 and CaCO 3 have been deducted. Also 5th Ed., p. 176. MgO 1. Fritz Island 66'78 2. " 67-64 3. " G. = 2-382 65-38 4. Sinking Spring 66'19 5. Ural G. = 2 388 69-02 6. Afghanistan, J$nms 60-95 7. Jakobsberg, manganbrucite 57 '81 FeO 0'44 0-82* 0-30* 1-24* 0-61 11-14 14-16 MnO 0-63 4-04 H 2 32-52 = 99-74 30-92 = 100-01 29-70 = 99-42 31-05 CaO 1-68 = 100-16 30-23 CO 2 09 = 99-95 29-32 insol. 0-38 = 101-79 28-00 = 99-97 Fe 2 O 3 . Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives off water, becoming opaque and friable, sometimes turning gray to brown; the mangauesian variety becomes dark brown. B.B. infusible, glows BRUCITE GROUP PYROCHROITE. 253 with a bright light, and the ignited mineral reacts alkaline to test-paper. Witli cobalt solution gives the pale pink color of magnesia. The pure mineral is soluble in acids without effervescence. Obs. Accompanies other magnesian minerals in serpentine, and has also been found in limestone. Occurs in considerable veins traversing serpentine, at Swinaness in Unst, one of the Shetland Isles, where it is sometimes found in crystals; at Pyshminsk in the Urals; at Goujot in France; at the iron mine of Cogne, valley of Aosta, Italy; near Filipstadt in Wermland, in Sweden, in roundish masses in limestone. At Hoboken, N. J., in serpentine; at the Tilly Foster iron mine, Brewster, N. Y., well crys- tallized, also pseudomorph after dolomite and altered to serpentine; in Richmond Co., N. Y. ; on the peninsula east of New Rochelle, Westchester Co., N. Y.; at Wood's mine, Texas, Pa., in large plates or masses, and often crystallizations several inches across; at Low's mine, with hydromagnesite; at Fritz Island, near Reading, and near Sinking Spring, Spring Township. Nemalite, the fibrous variety, occurs at Hobokeu, and Xettes in the Vosges. Mangaribrucite occurs with hausmannite and other manganese minerals in the granular limestone of Jakobsberg, Nordmafk, Sweden. Named after A. Bruce (1777-1818), an early American mineralogist, who first described the species. Alt. Becomes white, pulverulent, and carbonated on exposure, and also crystallized, con- stituting then the mineral hydromagnesite; the latter is sometimes in pseudomorphous crystals after brucite. Also altered to serpentine (see above). Artif. Has been noticed in crystalline plates as a deposit in a steam-boiler (Luedecke, Zs. Kr., 7, 502, 1883). Also obtained by de Schulten from a solution of magnesium chloride precipitated by an excess of caustic potash and heated to 200; the crystals of brucite separate out on cooling. Ref. i Texas, Penn., Min. Not., 4, 40, 1861. 2 Cf. Hbg.; also Mir., Min., 269, 1852, Rose, Zs. G. Ges., 12, 178, 1860; Schrauf, Atlas, Tf. XL; Erem., Vh. Min. Ges., 16, 310, 1881. 3 Ber. Ak. Berlin, 958, 1881. 4 Wied. Ann., 6, 53, 1879. On the percussion-figure, Mgg., Jb. Min., 1, 57, 1884. EISENBRUCIT Sandberger, Jb. Min., 2, 288, 1880. A product of partially decomposed brucite from Siebenlehn near Freiberg. An anal, gave Petersen : MgO 38'92, FeO 18'73, CO 2 7 38, H 2 O 30*46, SiO 2 4'15, Al 2 O 3 ,CaO tr. 99'64. After deducting the SiO 2 as quartz, and 24-49 p. c. hydromagnesite believed to be present, the result is : MgO 39 '89, FeO 24*92, H 2 O 35-19 = 100. 263. PYROCHROITE. Pyrochroit L. J.. Igelstrom, Pogg., 122, 181, 1864, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 21, 205, 1864. Rhombohedrai. Axis c = T3999; cr = *58 15|', rr' = 94 52' Flink 1 . In hexagonal tabular crystals. Usually foliated, like brucite. H. = 2-5. G. = 3'258 artif., de Schulten. Luster pearly. Color white; but changing on exposure to bronze, and then to black. In thin pieces trans- parent, and having a flesh-red color by transmitted candle-light. Optically uniaxial, negative. Comp. Manganese hydrate, Mn(OH) 2 or MnO.H 2 = Manganese protoxide 79 -7i water 20-3 = 100. Anal. 1, 2, L. Stahre, G. For. Forh., 4, 163, 1878. MnO FeO CaO MgO H 2 O CO 2 1. Cryst. 76-56 0'47 0'29 2'39 18 -57 1'99 = 100'27 2. Massive 77'67 0'20 tr. 1-33 20'00 1'07 = 100-27 Pyr., etc. In the closed tube a small piece becomes at surface verdigris-green, then dirty green, and finally brownish black. Yields water. B.B. reactions for manganese. In hydro- chloric acid forms easily a clear colorless solution. Obs. Occurs in veins 1 to 2 lines broad in magnetite at Pajsberg, Filipstadt, Sweden; at the Moss mine at Nordmark in Wermland; at the Sjo mine, Grythyttan, Orebro. It is commonly associated with hausmannite. Identified by Roepper at Franklin Furnace, N. J. Named from TtOp, fire, xpoa. color, because of the change of color upon ignition. Artif. Obtained by de Schulten in hexagonal crystals, Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 326, 1887. Ref. ] Flink, Nordmark, Ak. Handl. Stockh., Bihang, 12 (2), No. 2, 12. 1886. Kenngott refers here (Jb. Min., 440, 1866) a mineral which Wiser had announced as a hydrous carbonate of manganese, and which Haidinger (Handb., 493, 1845) named Wiserite. It is described as yellowish white to gray in color, pearly to silky in luster, fibrous in structure, and as coming from Gonzen near Sarganz, the Canton of St. Gall, in Switzerland, where it is found in seams in a granulitic hausmannite, with rhodochrosite. 254 OXIDES. 264. GIBBSITE. Wavellite (fr. Richmond) C. Dewey, Am. J. Sc., 2, 249, 1820; = Watei and Alumina, id., ib., 3. 239. 1821. Gibbsite J. Torrey, N. Y. Med. Phys. J., 1, No. 1, 68, April, 1822. Hydrargillite, Gibbsite of Torrey, CleaveL, 224, 782, 1822. Hydrargillite (f r. Ural) G. Rose, Pogg., 48, 564, 1839. Monoclinic. Axes a : I : c = 1-70890 : 1 : 1-91843; ft = 85 29 J-' =* 001 A 100 Brogger 1 . 100 A HO = 59 35J', 001 A 101 = *50 50', 001 A Oil = 62 23}'. Forms: e(001, 0) k (310, 3)? n (870, *-?) s (312, f-3) a (100, i-l) t (920, *-|) - v (520, i-\ )? m (110, /) u (623, 2-3) b (010, 1) Z (410, i-l) }JL (210, i-2) d (101, 14) (211, 2-2)? Angles : U'" = 41 28', II'" - 46 8', ju/u'" = 80 51' nri" = 112 17' wm'" = *119 lOf , *7w = *87 43'. Twins: tw. pi. (1) m with cc = 4 34', rare. (2) a with cc = 9 2', not common. (3) c, common, usually combined with one of the other laws. (4) tw. pi. J_ c and intersecting c in a line inclined 119 49|' to the edge c/a, and, 31J-' to the edge c/m] very common, the faces c and c falling together, while the zone ca of one crystal coincides with the zone cm of the other; method of grouping very varied, in part analogous to the pericline twins of the triclinic feldspars. Also rare and somewhat uncertain, (5) tw. pi. (3*1*54, ^5-8?). Crystals tabular || c, the forms cam most common ; hence hexagonal in aspect. Occasionally in lamello-radiate spheroidal concretions. Also stalactitic, or small mammillary and incrusting, with smooth surface, and often a faint fibrous structure within. Cleavage: c eminent. Tough. Percussion-figure 2 similar to that of mica, with rays normal to the hexagonal edges. H. = 2*5-3-5. G. = 2*3-2*4; 2*385, Eichmond, B. Silliman, Jr.; 2*287, Ural, Hermann; 2-420, Norway, Bgr. Color white, grayish, greenish, or reddish white; also reddish yellow when impure. Luster of c pearly; of other faces vitreous; of surface of stalactites faint. Trans- lucent; sometimes transparent in crystals. A strong argillaceous odor when breathed on. Optically -f-. For Uralian crystals (Dx. ), ax. pi. usually J_ 1), and inclined 41 26' to a normal to c for red, dispersion strong p > v, horizontal inappreciable; increase of temperature causes a gradual change in the axial plane until at 56-5 and above the ax. pi. becomes || b, the angles increasing with p > v up to 171 C.;.in all cases the bisectrix lies in the plane of symmetry; at 26 *5 nearly uniaxial for blue. In another section, ax. pi. || b at ordinary temperature, and axes inclined respectively 50 12' and 35 9J' (red) to a normal to c. Brazilian crystals (Dx.) similar to those from the Ural. The Norwegian crystals (Bgr.) are sensibly uniaxial with Bx A c = 21. Refractive indices: a = fl = 1*53471 Y = 1*55769 Var. 1. In crystals; the original Hydrargillite. 2. Stalactitic; gibbsite. Comp. Aluminium hydrate, A1(OH) 3 or A1 2 3 .3H 2 = Alumina 65*4, water 34*6 = 100. Analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 177. Also Eustis, Brazil, Ch. News, 48, 98, 1883; da Costa Sena, id., Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 220, 1884; Jannettaz, French Guiana, ibid., 1, 70, 1878. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube becomes white and opaque, and yields water. B.B. infusible, whitens, and does not impart a green color to the flame. With cobalt solution gives a deep blue color. Soluble in concentrated sulphuric acid. Obs. The crystallized gibbsite (hydrargillite) was discovered by Lissenko in the Shishimsk mountains near Zlatoust in the Ural; it occurs, according to Koksharov, in cavities in a schist containing much magnetite. The larger crystals were 1 to 2 inches long. Also in crystals lilling cavities in natrolite on the small islands, Lille- Aro and Eikaholm. in the Langesundfiord , Norway. With corundum at Gumuch-dagh, Asia Minor. In French Guiana. Ouro Preto and Marianna, Minas Geraes, Brazil. In the U. S. on corundum at Unionville, Pa.(?); in stalactitic form at Richmond, Mass., in a bed of limonite; also at Lenox, Mass.; at the Clove Mine, Union Vale, Dutchess Co., N. T., on limonite; in Orange Co., N. Y. . Named after Col. George Gibbs, the original owner (after extensive foreign travel) SASSOLITE. 255 of the large Gibbs cabinet acquired by Yale College early in the century. Cleaveland calls the Richmond mineral hydrargiUite on p. 224 of his mineralogy, but on p. 782 adopts Torrey's name Ref. ! Norway, Zs. Kr.. 16, 16, 1890. Earlier regarded as rhombohedral, Kk., Min. Russl., 4, 88, 1862, but proved by Dx. to be monoclinic, ibid., p. 398, and N. R., 138, 1867. It is shown by Bgr. that the orthopinacoid of Dx. is in fact the prism m. ' 2 Jb. Min., 1, 56, 1884. RICHMONDITE. The substance labelled gibbsite from Richmond, Mass., in which Hermann states he found 37 p. c. P 2 O 5 (see his analysis under gibbsite, 5th Ed., p. 178), has been named Richmondiie by Kenngott (Vierteljahrschr. nat. Ges. Zurich, 11, 225). ZIRLITE Pichler, Jb. Miu., 57, 1871, 51, 1875. An amorphous aluminium hydrate resem- bling allophane from near Zirl, Tyrol, also f rom Nassereit ; it occurs in yellowish white incrusta- tions in a sandy marl. Easily soluble in acids. 265. SA83OLITE. Sale sedativo naturale U. F. Hoefer, Memoria, Firenze, 1778; Mascagni, Mem. Soc. Ital., 8, 487. Native Sedative Salt. Acidum boracis, vulgo Sal sedativum, Bergm., Sciagr., 1782. Native Boracic Acid Kirw., 1796. Sassolin Karst., Tab., 40, 75, 1800. Acide boracique Fr. Boric Acid. Triclinic. Axes: & : b : c = 0-57711 : 1 : 0-52824; a = 104 174'; ft = 92 33J'; Y = 89 41 f Miller 1 . 100 A 010 = 89 39f, 001 A 100 = 87 26J', 001 A 010 = 75 42'. Forms 1 : m (110, /') y (Oil, 14') v (111, 1') u (ill, l y ) b (010, i-i) M(llQ, '/) x (Oil, '14) s (111, ,1) r (111, '!) c (001, 0) If the axes a and b are interchanged, and at the same time the axis c doubled, the axial ratio becomes: a : b : c 1*7328 : 1 : 1'8306, which brings i* into correspondence with gibbsite (hydrargiUite). bm = *59 cv = 41 6' cr = 48 26' b'r = 78 24' VM = 59 30' cm = *80 33' cM = *95 3' bs = 59 4f mM = *61 30' cu = 50 53' Mr = *46 37' b'u = 77 26' cy = 24 21' cs = 43 14' bv = 59 51' ys - 36 18' ex = 36 27' Twins: tw. axis 6', cc = 29 2' (Mir.). Crystals tabular || c, the plane angles of the basal plane nearly 120. Usually small scales; sometimes grouped in stalactitic forms. Cleavage : c very perfect. H.=l. G. = 1'48. Luster pearly. Color white, except when tinged yellow by sulphur ; sometimes gray. Feel smooth and unctuous. Taste acidulous, and slightly saline and bitter. Ax. pi. nearly coincident with axis b and J_ c. Bx J_ c. 2E = 8 Mir. 2E = 10 to 12 and unchanged by beat (to 75 C.) Dx. Dispersion zero. Comp. Boric acid, B(OH) 3 or B 2 3 .3H 2 = Boron trioxide 56'4, water 43'6 = 100. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives water. B.B. on platinum wire fuses toa clear glass and tinges the flame yellowish green. Some specimens react for sulphur or ammonia in the closed tube. Soluble in water and alcohol. Dissolves in 2'97 parts of water at 100 C., and 10'7 parts at 50 C. Obs. This long known compound, the Sal sedativum Hombergu, wns first detected in nature by Hoefer in the waters of the Tuscan lagoons of Monte Rotondo and Castelnuovo, and after- ward in the solid state at Sasso by Mascagni. The hot vapors of the lagoons consist largely of boric acid. To collect it the vapors are made to pass through water, which absorbs the boric acid; the waters are then evaporated by means of the steam from the springs. Have yielded seven to eight thousand pounds troy per day. These lagoons spread over a surface of about 30 miles; and in the distance, clouds of vapor are seen rising in large volumes among the mountains. Exists also in other natural waters, as at Wiesbaden; Aachen; Krankenheil near Folz; Clear Lake, in Lake Co., California; has been detected in the waters of the ocean. Occurs also abundantly in the crater of Vulcano, one of the Lipari isles, forming a layer on sulphur, and about the fumaroles, where it was discovered by Dr. Holland in 1813. Ref. i Trans Phil. Soc. Cambr., 3, 365, 1830, Pogg. Ann., 23, 558, 1831, Min., p. 281. Kenngott made the artificial crystals monoclinic, Ber. Ak. Wien, 12, 26, 1854. Cf. also Dx., Min., 2, 1, 1874, and Haushofer, Zs. Kr., 9, 77, 1884, who gives new measurements. 256 OXIDES 266. HYDROTALCITE. Hydrotalkit Hochstetter, J. pr. Ch., 27, 376, 1842. Volknerite S0rm.,'J. pr. Ch.,'40, 11, 1847, 46, 257, 1849. Hexagonal. Also lamellar-massive, or foliated, and somewhat fibrous. Cleavage: basal, eminent; lateral, distinct. H. 2. Gr. = 2'04-2'09; 2'091 Rg. Color white. Luster pearly. Translucent, or in thin folia transparent. Feel greasy. Cornp. Perhaps Al(OH) 3 .3Mg(OH) 3 .3H 2 or Al 2 3 .6Mg0.15H 2 = Alumina 16-7, magnesia 39*2, water 44'1 =; 100. Analyses (Hermann, Rg., see 5th Ed., p. 179) show the presence of a carbonate in consider- able amount (2'6 to 7'3 p. c. CO 2 , Kg.), so that the true nature of the mineral is not above doubt. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields much water. B.B. infusible, but exfoliates somewhat, and gives out light. A pale rose-red with cobalt solution. With the fluxes intumesces and affords a clear colorless glass. The Snarum mineral reacts for iron. Obs. Occurs at the mines of Shishimsk, district of Zlatoust, Ural, implanted on schist (wlknerite); at Snarum, Norway, in serpentine (hydrotalcite}. Named hydrotalcite in allusion to its resembling talc, but containing much more water; vdlknerite, after Captain Volkner. HOUGHITE Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 12, 210, 1851. A hydrotalcite derived from the alteration of spinel. From near Oxbow, and near Somerville in Rossie, St. Lawrence Co. , New York. Color white; luster faint, pearly. The crystals are in all conditions, from the pure spinel to octahedrons with rounded edges and pitted or irregular surfaces, and it also occurs in flattened nodules. The surfaces are sometimes soft and altered, when the edges or angles have the hardness of spinel. Analysis, see S. W. Johnson, ibid., p. 361, or 5th Ed., p. 179. Associated with dolomite, spinel, phlogopite, graphite, and serpentine. Named for Franklin B. Hough of Somerville. 267. PYROAURITE. Pyroaurit Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 22, 608, 1865. Igelstrom- ite Heddle Min. Mag., 2, 107, 1878. Hexagonal. In six-sided tables. Also with obscure fibrous structure. Luster pearly. Color gold-like or silvery white. Subtranslucent. Comp. Perhaps Fe(OH) 3 .3Mg(OH) 2 .3H 2 or Fe 2 3 .6Mg0.15H a O = Iron sesquioxide 23'9, magnesia 35*8, water 40'3 = 100. Anal. 1, Igelstrom, 1. c. 2, Heddle, 1. c.; also other analyses with some CO 2 . Fe 2 O 3 MgO H 2 O CO a 1. Langban 23'92 34'04 34'56 7 '24 = 99 "76 2. Scotland, Igelstromite 23'63 36'85 40'02 = 100-50 Pyr., etc. Yields water. B.B. infusible, turns brown and becomes magnetic. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. Obs. From the Langban iron-mine in Wermland, Sweden, in gold-like subnietallic scales (pyroaurite). In thin seams of a silvery white color in serpentine in the island Haaf-Grunay, Scotland (igelstromite). 268. CHALCOPHANITE. G. E. Moore, Amer. Chemist, July, 1875. Rhombohedral. Axis 6 = 3-5267; 0001 A 1011 = 76 12' Moore. In druses of minute tabular crystals, with small rhombohedral faces. Angles: rr' = 114 30', rr nt = *65 30'. Also in foliated aggregates; in stalactitic and plumose forms. Cleavage: basal, perfect. Flexible in thin laminae. H. = 2*5. G. = 3'907 Luster metallic, brilliant. Color bluish black to iron-black. Streak chocolate- brown, dull. Opaque. Comp. (Mn,Zn)0.2Mn0 2 .2H 2 = Manganese dioxide 60 -3, manganese pro- toxide 6-1, zinc protoxide 21-1, water 12'5 = 100; here MnO:ZnO = 1:3. Anal. 1, 2, Moore: 1, cryst.; 2, stalactitic, deducting 1'27 p. c. limonite. Mn0 2 MnO ZnO Fe 2 O s H 2 O 1. 59-94 6-58 21'70f 0'25 11 '58 = 100*05 2. \ 61-57 4-41 20-80 12 '66 = 99 -44 Pyr. In the closed tube gives off water and oxygen, exfoliates slowly, and changes to a golden bronze color. B.B. becomes yellowish bronze to copper- red in color, and fuses slightly PSILOMELANE. 257 on the edges. With borax a manganese bead; on charcoal with soda a zinc coating. Dissolves in hydrochloric acid with the evolution of chlorine. Obs. Occurs at the calamiue deposits of Sterling Hill, near Ogdensburg, Sussex Co., N. J. It is a product of the decomposition of frauklinite. Named from ^aA.x'oS, brass, and (pairea&ai, to appear, in allusion to the change of color on ignition. 269. FSILOMELANE. Derb Brunsten pt. Wall., Min., 268, 1747. Magnesia indurata pt. Cronst., Min., 106, 1758. Schwarz Braunsteinerz pt. Wern.. Bergm. J., 386, 1789. Ver- hartetes Schwarz-Braunsteinerz pt. Emmerling, Min., 4, 532, Karsten, Tab., 54, 1800. Verh. Schwarz-Manganerz pt. Karst., Tab., 72, 1808. Schwarz-Eisenstein pt. Wern., v. Leonh., etc. Black Hematite, Black Iron Ore, Compact Black Manganese Ore. Hartmauganerz. Psilomelaue Haid , Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 11, 129, 1827. Schwarzer Glaskopf Germ. Calvonigrit Laspeyres, J. pr. Ch., 13, 226, 1876. Massive and botryoidal; reniform; stalactitic. H. = 5-6. Gr. = 3'7-4'7. Luster submetallic ; dull. Streak brownish black, shining. Color iron-black, passing into dark steel-gray. Opaque. Comp. A hydrous manganese manganate in which part of the manganese is often replaced by barium or potassium, perhaps conforming to H 4 Mn0 6 (Laspeyres). The material analyzed is generally very impure, and the composition hence doubtful. Anal. 1, 2, Laspeyres. J. pr. Ch., 13, 1, 215, 1876. 3, 4, Langhans, Inaug. Diss., Jena, 1885. 5, 6, Gorgeu, Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 21, 1890. Also 5th Ed., p. 180; Rg., Min. Ch., 189-191, 1875; Heddle, Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 30, 427, 1882. MnO 2 MnO O BaO CaO MgO Na 2 O K 2 O Li 2 O H 2 O 1. Salm Chateau G. = 4'328 f 75'74 14-66 0-26 08 0'84 3-38 0-48 3*76 [SiO 2 0-13, CuO 0-08, CoO 0'12, Fe 2 O 3 0'17, A1 2 O 3 2'53 = 102-28 2. Kalteborn 67'87 13'66 0'20 0-10 0'20 0'39 0'38 0'21 6'42 [SiO 2 0-36, CuO 1-15, CoO 0'47, Fe 2 O 3 3'77, A1 2 O 3 6'32 = 101 '50 3. Voile Rose 74'97 15*06 0'61 1-18 0*52 0'18 2'59 3*06 [PbO 0-06, Fe 2 O 3 0'37, A1 2 O 3 M6, insol. 0'21 = 99'97 4. Heinrichgluck 69'76 13*93 6'50 0'52 0'66 0'76 2-17 3-90 [Fe 2 O 3 0-49, A1 2 O 3 0'87, SiO 2 2'74, insol. 0'24 = 102'54 67'J 5. Eisenbach 67'29 12-19 6'43 1'33 0'21 0'69 1'89 tr. 3'10 [CuO 0-50, A1 2 3 1-10, Fe 2 3 0'50, SiO 2 312, insol. 2'47 = 100'83 6. Romaneche 69'2 8'5 16'8 0'4 0'2 O'l 4'8 [= 100 7. Thuringia 71*6 8-2 8'5 1-1 0-7 I'O 8'9 [= 1(X? 8. Lorca 83 '6 8'2 1-0 0'2 0'2 1-4 5'4 [= 100 The psilomelane from Kalteborn, Siegen (anal. 2), is called calwnigrite by Laspeyres (1. c., p. 226). Pyr., etc. In the closed tube most varieties yield water, and all lose oxygen on ignition; with the fluxes reacts for manganese. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, with evolution of chlorine. Obs. This is a common ore of manganese. It is frequently in alternating layers with pyrolusite. It occurs in botryoidal and stalactitic shapes, in Devonshire and Cornwall; at Ilefeld in the Harz; also at Johanngeorgenstadt, Schneeberg, Ilmenau, Siegen, etc.; at Elgers- burg and Oehrenstock, Thuriugia, and Nadabula, Hungary. In the Orkneys. It forms mammillary masses at Chittenden, Irasburg, and Brandon, Vt. In Independence Co., and elsewhere in Arkansas. With pyrolusite at Douglas, Hants Co., Nova Scotia. Named from ^zAd?, smooth or naked, and jueA.a's, black. LITHIOPHORITE Frenzel, J. pr. Ch., 2, 203, 1870; 4, 353, 1871; Jb. Min., 55, 1879. Lithion- psilomelaa Laspeyres, J. pr. Ch., 13, 2, 1876. A hydrated manganese ore containing (Winkler) 10 to 15 p. c. A1 2 O 3 , 1-2-1-4 p. c. Li a O, and 12-6-15-4 p. c. H 2 O. Occurs in fine scales, also compact, botryoidal. H. =3. G. = 3 - 14- 3-36 Frenzel. Luster dull to metallic. Color bluish black. Streak blackish gray. Analyses, see Winkler, J. pr. Ch., 4. 353, 1871, or 5th Ed., App. i, p. 9. Found associated with quartz in many localities in the Schneeberg mining district, also occurs at Sayn, and near Siegen. WAD. (A) BOG MANGANESE. Magnesia friabilis terriformis Cronst., Min., 105, 1758. Earthy Ocher of Mang., Black Wad pt., Kirwan, Min., 1784. 1796. Schwarz Braunsteinerz Manganschaurn, Karst.,- Tab., 1808. Brauner Eisenrahm Wern. Bog Manganese. Ouatite Huot., Min., 241. 1841. Groroilite Berth., Ann. Ch. Phys., 51, 19, 1832. Reissacherit Haid., Jb. G. Reichs., 7, 609, 1856. Wackenrodite Adam, Tabl. Min., 76, 1869. Vod Hal. (B) ASBOLITE. ?Cobaltum nigrum Agric., Bermann, 459, 1529. Svart Kobolt-Jord, Min. 258 OXIDES. Cob. terrea fuliginea, Wall., Mm., 235, 1747. Kobalt-Mulm, Ochra Cob. nigra, Cronst., Min., 211, 1758. Kobolt-Erde, Schwarzer Erdkobalt, Russkobalt, Kobaltmanganerz, Germ. Earthy Cobalt, Black Cobalt Ocber. Cobalt oxyde noir H., Tr., 4, 1801. Kakochlor (fr. Lausitz) Breith., Cbar., 240, 1832. Handb., 896, 1847. Asbolan (fr. Kamsdorf, etc.) Breith , Haiidb 332 1847. Aitbalite Adam, Tabl. Miu., 78, 1869. (C) LAMPADITE. Kupfermaugan Lampadms, Neue Erfahr. im Gebiete der Ch., etc.. 2, 70. Kupfermanganerz Breith., in Hoitm. Min., 4, b, 201, 1818. Cupreous Manganese. Kuper- schwarze Germ., pt. Pelokonit G. F. Richter, Pogg., 21, 591, 1831. Lampadite Huot., Min. 238, 1841. Lepidophait Weisbach, Jb. Min., 2, 109, 1880; Schaumiges Wad. In amorphous and reniform masses, eitber earthy or compact; also incrustiug or as stains. Usually very soft, soiling the lingers; less often hard to H. = 6. G. = 3 0-4 26; often loosely aggregated, and feeling very light to the hand. Color dull black, bluish or brownish black. The mineral substances here included are mixtures of various oxides, chiefly of manganese (MnO 2 , also MnO), cobalt, copper, with also iron, and from 10 to 20 p. c. water. They can hardly be regarded as representing distinct mineral species. The following are the chief varieties; some other closely related substances are described in the pages 259, 260. A. BOG MANGANESE. Consists mainly of oxide of manganese and water, with some oxide of iron, and often silica, alumina, baryta. The Derbyshire wad sometimes gives the angle Of barite, with which mineral it is in part impregnated. The wad of Leadhills is pseudomorphous after calcite. Ororoilite occurs in roundish masses of a brownish black color, and reddish brown streak; with H. sometimes 6-6*5; it is from Groroi in Mayenne, Vicdessos, and Cautern, in France. Reissacherite is an ore analyzed by Hornig which is remarkable for containing a large amount of water. Wackenrodite is a wad from Baden containing 12 p. c. Pb (5th Ed., anal. 6, p. 182). The name wad is of English origin. Huot's name ouatite is from the French spelling of wad. The wad of the Cumberland miners is graphite, a wrong use of the word, says Mawe in his Mineralogy of Derbyshire. B. ASBOLITE. or Earthy Cobalt. Wad containing oxide of cobalt, which sometimes amounts to 32 p. c. Named from dorfiokr], soot (or Asbolan from do-fiokaivco, to soil like soot). Breithaupt's kakochlor includes the ore from Rengersdorf in Lausitz, having H. = 2-2 '5, G. = 3-15-3-29. C. LAMPADITE, or Cupreous Manganese. A wad containing 4 to 18 p. c. of oxide of copper, and often oxide of cobalt also. It graduates into black copper (Melaconite or Kup- ferschwarze). G. = 3'l-3"2. Peloconite is a brownish black variety, having a liver-brown streak; H. = 3; G. 2 508-2 '567; from Remolinos in Chili; cf. also Freuzel. Jb. Min., 801, 1873. Lepidophmte is a kind from Kamsdorf, Thuringia. Structure fine fibrous and scaly. Very soft, soiling the fingers. G. = 2'89-3-04. Luster silky, dull. Color and streak reddish brown, the latter shining. Analysis, Jenkins : MnO 2 58 77, MuO 9 59, CuO 11 '48, H 2 O 21*05 = 100-89. Analyses of the various kinds of wad vary very widely, see. 5th Ed., pp. 181, 182. Also the following : A. Gorgeu, Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 27, 1890; impurities in small amount have been deducted. MnO 2 MnO BaO CaO MgO CoO ZnO CuO PbO K 2 O Na 2 O H 2 O 1. Loc. unknown 66'2 7'9 5'0 2-0 1'6 02 tr. 1-8 [15-3] = 100 2. RoinanSche 681 7-6 16'2 1-7 tr. tr. tr. 0'3 0'8 5'3 =100 3. Giessen 83'1 7'1 0'26 0'5 0'5 4'05 I'O 3'49=100 The above ores are results of the decomposition of other ores partly of oxides and sulphides, partly of manganesian carbonates. They occur at Clausthal, llmenau, Siegen, and many other places. Bog manganese is abundant in the counties of Columbia and Dutchess. N. Y., at Austerlitz, Canaan Centre, and elsewhere, where it occurs as a marsh deposit, and, according to Mather, has proceeded from the alteration of brown spar; also in the south-west part of Martinsburg. Lewis Co., in a swamp. There are large deposits of bog manganese at Blue Hill Bay, Dover, and other places in Maine. Asbolite occurs at Riechelsdorf in Hesse; Saalfeld in Thuringia; at Nerchinsk in Siberia; at Alderley Edge in Cheshire ; New Caledonia. An earthy cobalt occurs at Mine la Motte, Missouri, which contains 10 or 11 p. c. of oxide of nickel, besides oxide of cobalt and copper, with iron, lead, and sulphur; also near Silver Bluff, South Carolina, affording 24 p. c. of oxide of cobalt to 76 of oxide of manganese. Lampadite is found at Schlackenwald, and at Kamsdorf near Saalfeld; at Lauterberg in the Harz. Peloconite is from Remolinos, Chili, where it occurs with chrysocolla, or malachite. VARVICITE Phillips, Phil. Mag., 6, 281, 1829. 7, 284, 1830. Varvacite. An altered manganite, approaching wad in composition; from Warwickshire. Some similar substances are noted in 5th Ed., p. 182; another, from Austin ville, Wythe Co., Va., has been analyzed by P. H. Walker (Am. Ch. J., 10, 41, 1888): G, = 3-27 MnO 2 68'86 MnO 7'51 BaO 14'42 H 2 O 5'08 SiO 2 1-98 Fe 2 3 ,Al 2 O 3 2-23 = 100 08 OXIDES. 259 Appendix to Oxides. BERNONITE Adam, Tabl. Min., 73, 1869. Contains: Al 2 O 3 ,CaO,H,O. DELAFOSSITE (J. Friedel, C. R., 77, 211, 1873. In small crystalline plates, cleavable into thin opaque laminae. H. = 2'5. G. = 5*07. Color dark gray like graphite, with a more decided metallic luster. Streak blackish gray. Analysis, Friedel: CuO 47-45 Fe 2 3 47'99 A1 2 O 3 3'52 = 98'96 B.B. fusible with difficulty, coloring the flame green. Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid, even in the cold. Found on yellowish white lithomarge from the region of Ekaterinburg, Siberia, perhaps also from Bohemia. Named for the mineralogist G. Delafosse. HET.EROLITE G. E. Moore, Am. J. Sc., 14, 423, 1877. Hetairite Naumann-Zirkel, Min., llth Ed., p. 371, 1881. In botryoidal coatings with columnar-radiate structure. Brittle. H. =5. G. = 4-933. Luster metallic to submetallic. Color black. Streak brownish black. Opaque. Contains zinc and manganese, and stated to be a zinc hausmannite, but no analyses published. Occurs intimately associated with chalcophanite (whence name from ercn/joS, companion} at the Passaic zinc mine, Sterling Hill, near Ogdensburg, Sussex Co., New Jersey. HETEROGENITE Frenzel, J. pr. Ch., 5, 404, 1872. Amorphous, massive in globular, reni- form masses, with little luster. H. =3. G. = 3'44. Color black, or blackish to reddish brown; streak dark brown. Composition, essentially, CoO.2Co 2 O 3 -f- 6H 2 O (Frenzel). Analysis (after deduction of foreign constituents, Cu, Bi, etc.): | CoO 72 O 5-98 H 2 O 21'33 = 99'31 Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, with evolution of chlorine, leaving a residue. Occurs sparsely with calcite and pharrnacolite in cobalt and nickel veins at Schneeberg; also at the St. Anton mine, Heubach, near Wittichen, Baden. It is a decomposition-product of smaltiie. HEUBACHITE. Kobaltnickeloxydhydrat F. Sandberger, Ber. Ak. Munchen, 238. 1876; Erzgange, 413, 1885. In thin soot-like incrustations; in dendritic or small spherical aggregates. H. = 2*5. G. = 3-75. Color deep black. Streak submetallic. Composition perhaps 8(Co,Ni,Fe) 2 3 4- 4H 2 O. Analysis, Zeitschel. 1. c.: Co 2 O 3 65-50 Ni 2 O 3 14'50 Fe 2 O 3 5'13 Mn 2 O 3 1'50 H 2 O 12'59 = 99'22 Soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid, with evolution of chlorine; the solution is deep bluish green, but on diluting with water becomes rose-red. Occurs as a secondary product coating barite at the St. Anton mine, in the Heubachthal, near Wittichen, Baden; also at the mine Eberhard, near Alpirsbach, Wurteinberg. HYDRATED TITANIC OXIDE. Oxyde de titane hydrate Gorceix, Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 179, 1884. In small flattened discs, like small beans. H. 6. G. = 3 '96. Color yellow, reddish, with brilliant luster, compact; also grayish with earthy fracture. They contain besides TiO 3 also P 2 O 5 , V 2 O 6 , A1 2 O 3 , and small quantities of iron, lime, cerium, didyraium, and yttrium. B.B. decrepitate violently and yield acid water in the closed tube. Common in the diamond gravels of the valley of the Jequitinhonha near Diamantina, Brazil. They are called favas by the local miners. The existence of the same substance in the diamantiferous gravels was noted by Damour (Bull. Soc. G. Fr., 13, 552, 1856). HYDHOFRANKLINITE W. T. Roepper. Stated to be a new hydrous oxide of zinc, manganese, and iron. Occurs in small, very brilliant iron-black regular octahedrons; with highly perfect octahedral cleavage. H. 4-4'5. G. = 4 06-4*09. From Sterling Hill, near Ogdensburg, Sussex Co., New Jersey. Not yet analyzed. HYDROPLUMBITE Heddle, Min. Mag. , 8, 201, 1889. In minute crystalline scales (hexagonal?), forming thin white flakes with pearly luster. Soluble in nitric acid, the solution showing the presence of lead alone. B.B. yields water. Inferred (but on very insufficient grounds) to be 3PbO.H 2 O. Observed with cerussite and pyromorphite upon galena. Locality doubtful, or perhaps from Cumberland or Leadhills. NAMAQUALITE A. H. Church, J. Ch. Soc., 23, 1, 1870. In silky fibers and thin layers. H. = 2'5. G. = 2'49. Luster silky. Color pale blue. Transparent to translucent. Analysis, Church: A1 2 O 3 15-29 CuO 44-74 MgO 3'42 CaO 2'01 SiO 2 2'2o H e O 32'38 - 100'09 From Namaqualand, S. Africa. Approximates to A1(OH). 2Cu(OH) 2 . 2H 2 O. PELAGITE A. H. Church, Min. Mag., 1. 50, 1876. A name given by Church to the manga- nese nodules obtained by the Challenger Expedition from the bottom of the Pacific, between Japan and the Sandwich Is., at a depth of 2740 fathoms. Characters, as follows: Fracture con- choidal; fragile. H. = 3'5. Color brownish black. Powder between blackish brown and clove brown. The nodules have a concretionary structure, consisting of concentric layers with a core of indurated red clay, and, in one case, of pumice. Anal., Church: 260 OXIDES. SiO 2 MnO a A1 2 3 Fe 2 3 H 3 O 10-37 30-22 3-30 20'02 34'55 Cl 0'71, MgO, CaO, CuO, Na 2 O, 01, P 2 O 5 , etc., 0'83 = 100 a At a red heat lO'O p. c. Other analyses by Schwager (quoted by Giimbel, Ber. Ak. Miinchen, 189, 1878) also by Dittmar (Rep. Chall. Ex.), by J. Y. Buchanan (Proc. Roy. Soc. Ed., 9, 287, 1877; Ch. News, 44, 253, 1881), of specimens from different localities, show a wide variation in composition. These nodules obviously do not represent a mineral species. Cf. also Report Challenger Exped., 1, 1885. RABDIONITE F. von Kobell, Ber. Ak. Munchen, 46, 1870. Stalactitic, in columnar or rod-like forms. Very soft, soiling the fingers. G. = 2 -80. Luster dull, after rubbing is greasy to sub- metallic. Color black. Streak dark brown. Analysis: Fe 2 3 45-00 Mn 2 3 13'00 A1 2 3 1-40 CuO 14-00 MnO 7-61 CoO 5-10 H 2 13-50 = 99*61 B.B. fuses at 3 to a steel-gray, magnetic globule. Soluble in hydrochloric acid with evolu- tion of chlorine, giving an emerald-green solution. From Nizhni Tagilsk in the Ural. Near asbolite. Named from pdfidiov, a little rod. TRANSVAALITE T. B. McGhie and John Clark, Eng. Mng. J., 50, 96, 1890. An oxidation- product of cobalt arsenide occurring in black nodular masses forming veins in quartzyte. H. =4. G. = 3-846. Analysis: Co 2 O 3 CoO NiO H 2 O Fe 2 O 3 A1 2 O 3 CaO MgO SiO 2 As 2 5 65-80 3-82 0-15 12*19 2*41 2'68 0'40 0'30 6'35 5'79 = 99*89 Dissolves readily in hydrochloric acid with evolution of chlorine. Occurs at the cobalt mine, 30 miles north of Middleburg, Transvaal, South Africa. Cf. heterogenite and heubachite, above; also winklerite. WINKLERITE Breithdupt, Jb. Min., 816, 1872. Amorphous, massive. Fracture conchoi- dal. H. =3. G. = 3'432. Luster dull. Color bluish black to violet-black. Streak dark brown. A mixture regarded as containing a hydrated oxide of cobalt and nickel. Analyses. 1, Winkler, after deducting iron sesquioxide and silica. 2, Iwaya, Jb. Min., 2, 256, 1882; the material analyzed consisted nearly one-half of a copper-calcium arsenate, deducting which the results in 2a are obtained, for which the formula (Co,Ni) 2 O 3 -{- 2H 2 O is calculated. As 2 6 CuO Co 2 O 3 CoO NiO CaO CO 2 H a O 1. 10-83 13-89 10-86 33'10* 5'62 10'90 14-80 = 100 [= 100-49 2. G. =3-72 20-50 15'01 23'80 12-98 9'27 12-12 Bi 2 O 3 1'70, O 14-11 2a. 46-2 25-2 20*6 O 8'0 = 100 Co : Ni = 11 : 1. B.B. infusible, coloring the flame green. With the fluxes gives reaction for cobalt. Effer- vesces with hydrochloric acid, and the solution thus obtained upon heating evolves chlorine. Found at Oria near Almeria in the Sierra Alhamilla, Spain, occurring with galapectite, also with erythrite and malachite. Formed (Breith.) by the gradual decomposition of erythrite. Named after Dr. Clemens Winkler. VI. Oxygen-salts. 1. CARBONATES. A. Anhydrous Carbonates. B. Acid, Basic and Hydrous Carbonates. A. Anhydrous Carbonates. 1. Calcite Group. RC0 8 . Ehombohedral. 270. Calcite 271. Dolomite Normal Dolomite 271A. Ankerite 272. Magnesite Breunnerite 272A. Mesitite Pistomesite 273. Siderite 274. Bhodochrosite Manganosiderite Manganocalcite pt. 275. Smithsonite Monheimite 276. Sphserocobaltite CaC0 3 (Ca,Mg)C0 3 CaC0 3 .MgCO s CaC0 3 .(Mg,Fe)CO s MgCO s (Mg,Fe)CO s 2MgC0 3 .FeCO s MgC0 3 .FeCO, FeC0 3 (Fe,Mn)C0 9 MnC0 3 (Mn,Fe)CO, (Mn,Ca)C0 3 ZnCO, (Zn,Fe)CO, CoC0 8 Tetartohedral rr' (J 74 55' 0-8543 73 45' 0-8322 73 48' 0-8332 72 36' 0-8112 72 46' 0-8141 72 42' 0-8129 73 0' 0-8184 73 0' 0-8184 72 20' 0-8063 2. Aragonite Group. RCO,. Orthorhombic. a : I : 6 277. Aragonite CaC0 3 0-6224 : 1 : 0-7206 278. Bromlite (Ca,Ba)C0 8 279. Witherite BaCO, 0-6032 : 1 : 0-7302 280. Strontianite SrCO, 0-6090 : 1 : 0-7239 281. Cerussite PbCO, 0-6100 : 1 : 0-7230 261 262 282. Barytocalcite CARBONATES. 3. Barytocalcite Group. Monoclinic. CaC0 3 .BaC0 3 d:b:6 /3 0-7717 : 1 : 0-6255 73 52' 283, Bismutosphaerite Bi 2 C0 6 284. Farisite Kischtimite 285. Bastnsesite [(Ce,La,Di)F]C0 3 Weibyeite 4. Parisite Group. Fluocarbonates. (CaF)(CeF)Ce(C0 3 ) 3 ? Hexagonal 6 = 3-2891 5. Phosgenite Group. Chlorocarbonate. 286. Phosgenite (PbCl) 3 G0 3 Tetragonal 6 = 1-0876 1. Calcite Group. KC0 3 . Rhombohedral. 270. CALCITE. Marmor (Marble) pt. Plin. Lapis calcarius. Saxum calcis (Calx in Latin meaning burnt lime), Kalchstein Agric., De Nat. Foss., 820, Interpr., 468, 1546. Kalksten Wall., Min., 1747. Spatig Kalksten, Kalkspat, Cronst., Min., 13, 1758. Kalk, Kalkspath, Kalkstein, Germ. Calx aerata Bergm., 1774, and Opusc., 1, 24, 1780. Calc Spar; Calcareous Spar; Limestone; Carbonate of Lime; Calcium carbonate. Chaux carbonatee Fr. Calcit Haid., Handb., 498, 1845. Caliza, Espato caliza, Span. Rhombohedral. Wollaston 1 . Axis 6 = 0-85430; 0001 A 1011 = 44 36' 34" Mai us, Forms, pt. 2 : . v (130-13- 1, 13) V' (0331, -3) 5 (4371, I 7 ) W (7-4-11 -15, 4 c (0001, 0) P (16-0-16- 1, 16) Jt (0772, -1) /* (5491, I 9 ) ^(4265, f 3 ) m (1010, /) GO (28-0-28-: I, 28) Tf (0441, - 4) a ,(6-5-11 1, I 11 ) ^(4261. 2 3 ) a (1120, i-2) e (0112, - i) S (0551, - 5) W (13-11 24-2, I 12 ) Q (8-16-24-5, | 3 C (3140, *'-!) D (0335, - f) d (0881, -8) x (7-6 13-1, I 13 ) F (3584, A 4 ) n (1123, a (4483, 1-2) 1-2) Z I (0223, - (0445, - 1) 1) $ (0-14'14-l', - "So Zone (6178, re I 1 ) A (2352^ - |) 2 (1235, - p) (2241, 4-2) 5 (3361, 6-2) Y (8-8-16-3, -^-2 u (1014, ) ? (1011, /ft e L ) i A (0111, - (0887, - (0665, - (0554, - (0443, - 1) f) f) f) V (T A Zone (6175, (5164, (3142, ra I 2 ) V E w V (5167, (4156, (3145, (6281, \ } f) 4' 2 ) ;p (4-8-12-5, - & (1231, - I 3 ) ft (2461, - 2 ;! ) a (1341, - 20 k (5052, -/ t) n (0775, - 1) n (4153, A o (5279, |lj B (2 -8 To -3, - 5 Jf(4041, 4) h (0332, - I) V (2131, i 3 ) t (2134, P) K (1453, - I 3 ) r (7071, 7) f (0221, - 2) T (5382, i 4 ) N (4-16-20-3, - e (10-0-10-1, 10) 9 (0552, - I) y (3251, ij H (3;&}4, ; R (2573, - I 5 ) I 3 ) 2 : <) CALCriE GROUP CALCITE. 3. 5. 8. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 264 CARBONATES. cu 13 5' AT 44 364' ck 67 56 cM 75 47' cr 81 45i/ cv =: 85 324/ cp 86 224,' CGO = 87 55V ce 26 15' cD = 30 37' cZ 33 20' cl 38 17' ci 49 48|' C(f> 50 57f ch 55 57' tf 63 7' c* 71 20' <>X 73 51' C8 78 32' cd 82 47' c2 84 44' c$ = 85 51f en ca. cd = rr kk' MM XT' vv' PP t GOGO ee' DD' ZZ IV u ' hh' ff XX = 29 40' 66 18' 73 41' 78 58' 23 56' *74 55' 106 45' 114 10' 117 59' 119 24' = 119 52' = 45 3' = 52 21' = 56 50' = 64 534/ = 82 50' = 84 324/ = 91 42' = 101 9' = 110 16' 112 344. 88' dd' = 116 = 118 = 119 9 27' 10' FF FF* U' $$' = 119 29' tf vv* AA' = 12 77 24 0' 49' 10' HH- YY FF' nri 78 5' (EX nn* 18 7' XX* nn vi = 96' 8' an vv' 75 22' (X) as wo* ss 35 36' (Y) ay vv* 1 ss 47 If (Z) av 2~2"i 41 46 an yy' 70 59' aa yy v r= 45 32' av yy* 5 29 16' aG* 55' = 68 21' aE* 55 V = 49 50' aw* BE* = 13 M at" 91 3' 27 31' 41 55' 20 364' 33 5(X 27 21' 37 30' 26 44' 87 51' = 49 23' = 16 0' an* mv A full table of angles is given in Irby's memoir (1. c.) and copied inZs. Kr., 3, 610-623, 18791 24. 24, Derbyshire. 25, Rossie. 26, Canary Is., Hbg. (fl = \). 27, Port Henry, N. Y., Kemp showing oscillatory combination of r with several scalenohedrons. 28, Basal projection of f. 24. Habit of crystals very varied : from obtuse to acute rhombohedral (f. 1-9, 14) ; from thin tabular to long prismatic (f. 10-13); and scalenohedral of many types (f. 15-20) ; sometimes of wonderful complexity (cf. f. 26). The basal plane c often rough and sometimes exhibiting a pearly luster; the rhombohedron r not very common CALCITE GROUP CALCITE. 265 except in Iceland Spar; e (0112), / (0221), M (4041), all common; (0554) is the cuboid of Haiiy (f. 4); the scalenohedron v (2131) very common both alone and in combination, also y (3151). Faces in the zone rr' over e (f. 28) often striated || edge r/r' t also e when alone rounded over in this direction ; striations in other zones common. Crystals grouped in parallel position, large scalenohedral crystals thus built up of minute rhombohedrons ; also in rosettes and other forms. 29. 30. 31. 32. 29, 30, Rossie, Pfd. 33-35, Guanajuato, Pirsson the forms (also f. 36, 37) distorted by the extension of certain of the scalenohedral faces. 36, 37, England, Haid. 38, Sbk. Twins 3 : (1) tw. pi. c, common, the crystals having the same vertical axis (f. 29 -31). (2) tw. pi. e (0112), very common, the vertical axes inclined 127 29^' and 52 30 J' (f. 32-35); often producing twinning lamellae as in Iceland Spar, which are, in many cases, of secondary origin as in granular limestones. These twins can be readily formed artificially by the pressure of a dull-edged knife on the obtuse cleavage edge as at a (f. 39), the result being to cause the reversal of a portion, this taking place without loss of transparency and giving a re-entrant angle between ced and ceg; the corresponding twinning lamellae can also be produced artificially. These twinning lamellae are often con- nected with minute hollow channels (hohle Canale of Rose) within, which produce a kind of asterism when a candle-flame is viewed through a cleavage mass. (3) Tw. pi. r, not common; the crystals have their vertical axes inclined 90 46' and 89 14', and have one cleavage face in 39. 266 CARBONATES. common (f. 36,37). (4) tw. pl./(0221), rare (138); the axes intersect at angles of 53 46' and 126 14'. Also fibrous/ both coarse and fine; sometimes lamellar; often granular; from coarse to impalpable, and compact to earthy. Also stalactitic, tuberose, nodular, and other imitative forms. Cleavage: r highly perfect. Parting! e (0112) due to twinning, also || a less common, Mgg. Fracture conchoidal, obtained with difficulty. H. = 3, but vary- ing with the direction on the cleavage face; earthy kinds softer. G. 2*713 Gdt., 2'714 Malus, 2'723 Beud., in pure .crystals, but varying somewhat widely in impure forms, as in those containing iron, manganese, etc. (cf. p. 269 et seq.). Luster vitreous to subvitreous to earthy. Color white or colorless; also various pale shades of gray, red, green, blue, violet, yellow; also brown and black when impure. Streak white or grayish. Transparent to opaque. Optically . Double refraction strong; hence the wide separation of the two rays into which the incident ray is divided, thus giving a double image of a spot or line seen though a cleavage fragment. Refractive indices for the Fraunhofer Eir*es, Ditscheiner (Schrauf) : B C D E F G H < = 165305 1-65454 1 "65849 1-66362 l'6i'812 1*67642 1-68338 e = 1-48378 1-48446 1 '48625 1 '48856 1-49066 1 '49458 1 "49770 Also &r = 1-65382 Li e r = 1 '48418 Li Thalen cogr = 1-66285 Tl e gr = 1 '48834 Tl ForD 2 GO =1-658389 e = 1 '486452 Hastings Comp Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 = Carbon dioxide 44*0, lime 56'0 = 100. Small quantities of magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, and lead may be present re- placing the calcium. Var. The varieties are very numerous, and diverse in appearance. They depend mainly on the following points: differences in crystallization and structural condition, presence of im- purities, etc., the extremes being perfect crystals and earthy massive forms; also on composition as affected by isomorphous replacement. A. Varieties based chiefly upon crystallization and accidental impurities. 1. Ordinary. In crysta'is and cleavable masses, the crystals varying very widely in habit as already noted. Dog-tooth Spar is an acute scalenohedral form; Nail-Jiead Spar, a composite variety having the form suggested by the name. The transparent variety from Iceland, used for polarizing prisms, etc., is called Iceland Spar or Doubly-refracting Spar (Doppelspath, Germ.}. The names Kanonenspath and Papierspath (Germ.) are given to crystallized varieties, the first to long prisms, the second to very thin tables. Brunnerite Esmark, from amygdaloid in FarOe, is calcite in cuboid crystals and massive, smalt-blue to violet in color, brownish-yellow by transmitted light, subtransparent to translucent, and chalcedonic in aspect. R&ich'te Breith., B. H. Ztg., 24, 311, is a pure calcite from Alston Moor in Cumberland, white in color, with rr' = 74 40', according to Breithaupt's measurements, and G. 2'666 -2-677; this needs confirmation. As regards color calcite varies from the kinds which are perfectly clear and colorless through yellow, pink, purple, blue, to brown and black. The color is usually pale except as caused by impurities. These impurities may be pyrite, native copper, malachite, sand, etc. ; they are some- times arranged in symmetrical form, as depending upon the growth of the crystals and hence produce many varieties. Fontainebleau limestone, Lassonne, Mem. Ac. Paris, 1775, Chaux carbonatee quartzifere H., 1801. Crystals from Fontaiiiebleau and Nemours, France, which contain a large amount of sand, some 50 to 63 p. c. according to Delesse, with G. = 2 '53-2 84, the latter from one containing 57 p. c. of sand. Similar forms occur at other localities, the rhombohedron/ (0221, 2) being the one commonly observed. A kind from Gersthof near Vienna consists of calcite and quartz grains in the ratio of 2 : 3 (Berwerth, Ann. Mus. Wien, 1, 31 not., 1886). The well-known crystals from Heidelberg have lost their calcite and are pseudomorphs of red sandstone after scalenohedral calcite: similar forms occur in the Vosges. Hislopiie Haughton, Phil. Mag., 17, 16, 1859. A grass- green cleavable calcite from Central India, containing about 17 p. c. of a siliceous material like glaucouite, to which the color is owing. 2. Fibrous and lamellar kinds. Satin Spar (Faserkalk, Atlasspath Germ.}. Fine fibrous, with a silky luster. Resembles fibrous gypsum, which is also called satin spar, but is much harder than gypsum and effervesces witli acids. CALCITE GROUP-CALCITE. 267 Argentine Kirwan, Min., 1, 104, 1794; Schieferspath Hofmann, Bergm., J., 188, 1789; S'jate Spar. A pearly lamellar calcite, the lamellae more or less undulating; color white, grayish, yellowish, or reddish. Aphrite, in its harder and more sparry variety (Schaumspath Freieslebeu), is a foliated white pearly calcite, near argentine; in its softer kinds (Schaumerde W., Silvery Chalk Kirwau, Ecume de Torre H.) it approaches chalk, though lighter, pearly in luster, silvery white or yellowish in color, soft and greasy to the touch, and more or less scaly in structure. 3. Granular massive to cryptocrystalline kinds: Limestone, Marble, Chalk. Granular limestone or Saccharotdal limestone, so named because like loaf sugar in fracture. The texture varies from quite coarse to very tine granular, and the latter passes by imperceptible shades into compact limestone. The colors are various, as white, yellow, reddish, green, and usually they are clouded and give a handsome effect when the material is polished. When such limestones are tit for polishing, or for architectural or ornamental use, they are called marbles, (a) Statuary marble is pure white, tine grained, and firm in texture. The Parian marble from the island of Paros (the Lychnites of the ancients). Pentelican from the quarries near Athens, Lani marbles of the coast of Tuscany, and the Carrara of Modeua, Italy, are among the best of statuary marbles. Architectural marble includes both white and colored, (b) The Cipolin of Italy is white, with pale greenish shadings from green talc; it does not stand the weather well. (c) Giallo antico of Italy is ocher-yellow to cream yellow, with some whitish spots, (d) The Siena, or Brocatello de Siena, is yellow, veined or clouded with bluish red, having sometimes a tinge of purple, (e) The Mandelato is a light red with yellowish white spots. A red kind from Tiree (or Tyree), one of the inner Hebrides, Scotland, has different shades of red, as carnelian, rose red, flesh-red, reddish white: one from Tennessee is clouded with brownish and purplish red. (/) The Bardiglio is gray with crowded dark well defined cloudings, consisting partly of serpentine, from Corsica, (g) Turquois-blue marble, from the quarries of Seravezza near Carrara, has a fine grayish blue color, veined with white. (K) Verd-Anlique is clouded green, the color, owing to the presence of serpentine, yellowish green to bluish green (see also serpen- tine). Hard compact limestone. Varies from nearly pure white, through grayish, drab, buff, yellowish, and reddish shades, to bluish gray, dark brownish gray, and black, and sometimes variously veined. The colors dull, excepting ocher-yellow and ocher-red varieties. Many kinds make beautiful marble when polished. (a) Black, (b) yellow, (c) red and (d) fetid kinds are common. Red oxide of iron produces different shades of red, from flesh-red or paler to opaque blood-red and brownish red, according to the proportions present; the latter Hausmanu names H&matoconite (from atjua, blood, and Kovit,, powder, Handb., 1304, 1847), as in the marble Rosso antico of Italy. The hydrated oxide causes yellowish to opaque ocher-yello^ and yellowish brown; the deeper. Sideroconite of Hausmann (ib. , 1306). Shades of green are due to iron protoxide, chromium oxide, iron silicate. The black marbles colored by carbonaceous matter are named Anthraconite (from avBpa^, coal), by v. Moll, Lucullan by John, and Lucullite by Jameson; they include the Marmor Luculleum of Pliny. The Nero Antico of the Italians belongs here. The bituminous or fetid limestones are also called anthraconite when black; and also, from the odor, Swinestone (syn. Slinkstone; Stinkstine, Saustein, Stinkkalk, Germ.), some being light gray in color. The Portor (d), called sometimes Egyptian marble, is of black color, handsomely veined with yellow dolomite, and comes from Porto-Venere, near Spezia; the rock is of the lower Lias. (e) Panno-di-Morte (Death's Robe) of Italy is black with some white fossil shells. (/) Marble of Languedoc is fine deep red or brownish red, with some white and gray due to fossils, and is from St. Beaume in France, (g) Griotle, from the Dept. of Herault, France, has a reddish brown base, with somewhat regularly arranged spots of clear red, and some whitish round spots due to goniatit.es. (h) Sarencolin marble, from the Pyrenees, is deep red mixed with gray and yellow. (*) Bird's-eye marble is gray, with whitish crystalline points, and is from central New York. (k) Shell-marble includes kinds consisting largely of fossil shells; (I) Madreporic marble, those containing corals; (m) Encrinal, those containing encrinal (crinoidal) remains, (n) Luma chelle or fire-marble is a dark brown shell-marble, with brilliant fire -like or chatoyant internal re- flections'proceeding from the shells, from Bleiberg in Carinthia; and another kind, with the shells yellow, comes from Astrachan. (0) Euin-marble is a kind of a yellow to brown color, showing, when polished, figures bear- ing some resemblance to fortifications, temples, etc., in ruins, due to infiltration of iron oxide: from Florence, Italy. (p) Lithographic stone is a very even-grained compact limestone, usually of buff or drab color; as that of Solenhofen. (q) Breccia marble is made of fragments of limestone cemented together, and is often very beautiful when the fragments are of different colors, or are embedded in a base that contrasts well. The colors are very various. (r) Pudding stone marble consists of pebbles or rounded stones cemented. It is often called improperly breccia marble. (s) Hydraulic limestone is an impure limestone which after ignition sets, i.e., takes a solid form under water, due to the formation of a silicate. The French varieties contain 2 or 3 p. c. of magnesia, and 10 to 20 of silica and alumina (or clay). The varieties in the United States contain 20 to 40 p. c. of magnesia, and 12 to 30 p. c. of silica and alumina. A variety worked 268 CARBONATES. extensively at Rondout, N. Y., afforded Professor Beck (Min. N. Y., 78): CO 2 84'20, CaO 25'50, MgO 12-35, SiO 2 15-37, A1 2 O 3 9'13, Fe 2 O 3 2'25. Iron is rather prejudicial to it than otherwise. Vicat observes that in the best French there are 20 to 30 p. c. of clay, and in that only moderately good 10 to 12 p. c. An impure limestone of France, which needs no sand for making the cement, it containing calcite 54 p. c., clay 31, iron oxide 15 100, is called plaster -cement (Dufr. Min.). Soft compact limestone, (a) Chalk is white, grayish white, or yellowish, and soft enough to leave a trace on a board. The consolidation into a rock of such softness may be owing to the fact that the material is largely the hollow shells of rhizopods. The creta of the Romans (usually translated chalk} was mostly a white clay, true chalk being little known to the ancients. The kind described by Pliny as the most inferior kind of creta- ceous earth, and as used for marking the feet of slaves, was probably true chalk. (b) Calcareous marl (Mergelkalk Germ.) is a soft earthy deposit, often hardly at all consoli- dated, with or without distinct fragments of shells; it generally contains much clay, and graduates into a calcareous clay. Concretionary massive, (a) Oolite (Rogenstein Germ.) is a granular limestone, but its grains are minute rounded concretions, looking somewhat like the roe of fish, the name coming from * I) 11 a (1120, t-2) ft (14-0-14-17, tf J (0335, - |) 7 )8 i (0445,^- |) 5 . d (16 -8 -8 -3, -y^-2 I) 8 t (6331, 6-2 I) 8 - 12 (4592, - * 1) (2130, *-f r)* r (lOll, 1) 6>, (3120, a-f 1)* * (3031, 3)< w (1014 'V ^(4041,4) 94MMP <2(16'0-16-1,16) h (0332, - |) 4 f (0221, - 2) d (0881, - 8) 5 12 ZT(4489, f-2 r) 9 E (4265, f 3 r) 10 (2131, 13 r) k (8-4-12-1, 4 3 r) 13 (6151, 4 f I) 10 * (5-8- 13 -3, -l^ 3 !)? 1 ' (f> (8-12-20-5, - f 5 1) 1 ' q (2461, - 2 3 I)? 13 t (8-16-24-1, - 8 3 1) 1 r(12-16-4-l s - 8 2 r) Of doubtful position 1 (9'1 10-2, 4^, y (3251, I 5 ) 3 , z (5382, I 4 ) 4 . 1. 3. ^ 4. Figs. 1, Hoboken. 2, Saddle-shaped crystal, Tschermak. 3, Rezbanya, Becke. 4, Bex, Kk, eu =13 30 f c# = 28 46' cz = 35 47' cp = 37 33' cO = 70 52' cM = 75 25' ce = 25 40' cZ = 37 33' ch = 55 15' cf = 62 31' cd = 82 35' cZ? = 36 29V uu' = 23 20V GG' = 49 16' = 60 51' = 63 43' = *73 45' = 109 49' MM'- 113 53' zz PP 1 rr' ee II' hh' ff' = 44 3i' = 63 43' = 90 43f = 100 24' dd' = 118 22' Twins 14 : tw. pi. (1) c, the vertical axes in common; (2) m, which is also a plane of symmetry for the twin ; (3) a, complementary twins, with rhombohedral symmetry; also double twins by the combination of two of these laws; (4) r, analogous to calcite. Habit rhombohedral, usually r or M; the presence of tetartohedral forms, rhombohedrons of the second or third series, very characteristic. The r faces often striated horizontally, also commonly curved (cf. f. 2, p. 276) or made up of sub- individuals, and thus passing into saddle-shaped forms (f. 2). Also in imitative shapes; amorphous, granular, coarse or fine, and grains often slightly coherent. Cleavage : r perfect. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. = 3'5-4. G. =2*8 2*9; 2*883 Dfnr. ; 2'83 A. Sella. Luster vitreous, inclining to pearly in some varieties. Color white, reddish, or greenish white; also rose-red, green, brown, gray, and black. Transparent to translucent. Etching figures 14 correspond in shape to the tetartohedral form. Optically . Eefractive indices: co y = 1-68174 Na e y = 1-50256 Na, Fizeau (Dx.) Comp. Carbonate of calcium and magnesium (Ca,Mg)C0 3 ; for normal dolomite CaMgC 2 6 or CaC0 3 .MgCO s = Carbon dioxide 47-8, lime 30-4, magnesia 21-7 = 100, or Calcium carbonate 54-35, magnesium carbonate 45 '65 = 100. Varieties occur in which the r-atio of the two carbonates varies from 1 : 1. The carbonates of iron and manganese also sometimes enter; rarely cobalt and zinc carbonates. Var. 1. Structural, including: (a) Crystallized. Pearl spar includes rhombohedral crystallizations with curved faces having & pearly luster. (b) Columnar ; also fibrous or pisolitic. CALCITE GROUP DOLOMITE. 273 Miernite, from Miemo, Tuscany, is either in crystals, columnar, or granular, and pale asparagus-green in color. (c) Granular, or saccharoidal, constitutes many of the kinds of white statuary marble, and white and colored architectural marbles, names of some of which have been mentioned under calcite. (d) Compact massive, like ordinary limestone. Many of the limestone strata of the globe are here included, and much hydraulic limestone, noticed under calcite. (e) Compact porcellanous, Q urhofian or gurhofite; snow-white and subtranslucent, with a con- choidal fracture, sometimes a little opal-like; from Gurhof, in lower Austria. Also depending on Composition. 2. Normal dolomite is Ca : Mg = 1:1; most common especially in crystals. Cf. anals. 1- 20, 5th Ed., p. 683, also Haushofer, Ber. Ak. Munchen, 220, 1881. The dolomite from the Gebroulaz glacier gave A. Sella (1. c.): CO 2 47 '67, CaO 31'37, MgO 21 '23 = 100'27; G. = 2'83. The ratio may also be 3 : 2, 2 : 1 (includes gurhofian), 3 : 1, etc., but in some cases the variation is due to mechanical admixture, and much so-called dolomite is merely a magnesian cal- cite; this is especially true of the massive forms. Cf. 5th Ed., p. 683. In conite the ratio is 1 : 3. 3. Ferriferous; Brown spar, in part. Contains ferrous carbonate, and as the proportion increases it graduates into ankerite (q.v.). The color is white to brown, and becomes brownish on exposure through the oxidation of the iron. A columnar kind, from Traversella, containing 10 p. c. of FeCO 3 , has been called Brossite; G. = 2'915. Tharandite, from Tharand, near Dresden, is crystallized, and contains 4 p. c. of FeCO 3 . 4. Manganiferous. Colorless to flesh-red. A variety from Freiberg, with 5*2 p. c. MuCO 3 , had rr' = 73 37', G. = 2*83 Ettling, Lieb. Ann., 99, 204, 1856. One from Kapnik with 5'4 p. c. MnCOg had rr' = 73 44', G. = 2'89 Ott, Haid. Ber., 2, 403, 1847. 6. Cobaltiferous. Colored reddish. A kind from Pfibram gave 7*4 p. c. CoCO 3 , G. =2 921 Gibbs, Pogg., 71, 564, 1847. 6. Zinciferous. Altenberg, with 1-4 ZnCO 3 , Monheim. Also Bleiberg, with 2'4 ZnCO 3 , G. = 2-87, rr' = 73 32', Gintl, Zeph., Lotos, 1877. Pyr., etc. B B. acts like calcite, but does not give a clear mass when fused with soda on platinum foil. Fragments thrown into cold acid, unlike calcite, are only very slowly acted upon, if at all, while in powder in warm acid the mineral is readily dissolved with effervescence. The ferriferous dolomites become brown on exposure. Obs. Massive dolomite constitutes extensive strata, called limestone 1 strata, in various regions, as in the dolomite region of the southern Tyrol. Crystalline and compact varieties are often associated with serpentine and other magnesian rocks, and with ordinary limestones. Some of the prominent localities are: Leogang in Salzburg; Schemnitz and Kapnik in Hungary; Freiberg in Saxony. In Switzerland, at Bex, in crystals; also in the Binnenthal mas- sive and in colorless crystals; Traversella in Piedmont ; Campolongo ; Gebroulaz glacier in Savoy with sellaite (see p. 164); the lead mines at Alston in Cumberland, etc. Guanajuato, Mexico. In the U. States, in Vermont, at Roxbury, large, yellow, transparent crystals of the rhomb- spar variety, in talc. In Rhode Island, at Smithfield, a coarse cleavable variety, occasionally presenting perfect crystals, with white talc in calcite. In N. Jersey, at Hoboken, white hexagonal crystals, and in rhombohedrous. In N. York, at Lockport, Niagara Falls, and Rochester, with calcite. celestite, and gypsum; also at Glenn's Falls; in Richmond Co., at the quarantine, crys- tallized dolomite, in rhombohedrons, and at the Parish ore bed, St. Lawrence Co.; on Hustis's farm in Phillipstown, a variety resembling gurhofite, with a semi-opaline appearance and a frac- ture nearly like porcelain; at the Tilly Foster iron mine, Brewster, Putnam Co., with magnetite, chondrodite. In saddle-shaped crystals with the sphalerite of Jopliu, Missouri. In N. Car., at Stony Point, Alexander Co., in tine rhotnbohedral crystals (r with c) having nearly plane faces. Named after Dolomieu (1750-1801), who announced some of the marked characteristics of the rock in 1791 its not effervescing with acids, while burning like limestone, and solubility after heating in acids. He observes in his paper that, as early as 1786, he had found the white marble of many of the ancient statues and monuments of Italy to consist of this peculiar rock; and eighteen months before the date of his paper he discovered ' ' immense quantities of similar limestones " in the Tyrol. Alt. Dolomite occurs altered to siderite, calamine, steatite, limonite, hematite, gothite, pyrolusite, and quartz. Ref. ' Wollaston, Mohs, Fizeau, Biot, Dx. ; this angle is somewhat, variable. The tetarto- hedral character was first established by Tscherinak, Min. Mitth., 4, 102, 1881. 2 Mir., Min., 581, 1852. Cf. also Dx., Min., 2, 127, 1874; Kk., Min. Russl., 7, 5, 1875; Gdt., Index. 1, 513, 1886; Becke. who identifies the r, 1 forms, Min. Mitth., 10, 142, 1888, 11, 224, 1890. The list here given is essentially that of Becke (1890); he discusses several other doubtful forms (Dx., etc.), but overlooks A. Sejla, Kk. calculates angles for several forms but not as observed planes, viz.: 5051, 6061, and 7071, etc., breunnerite, ib., p. 181: these are included by Gdt. 3 J. D. D., Hoboken, Min., 441, 1854. 4 Q. Sella, Traversella, Mm. Sarda, 13 et seq., 1856. 6 Hbg., Binnenthal, Min. Not., 3, 13, 1860; also ib., 7, 41, where }% (= |, cf. Hintze u ).is mis- printed Y and thence taken by Kk. 6 Rath, Binnenthal, Pogg., 122, 399, 1864. ' Kenng., Binnenthal, Min. Schweiz, 301, 1866. 8 Dx., 1. c. 9 Groth, Min.-Samml. Strassb., 127,1878. 10 Tsch., 1. c. n Hintze, Binnenthal, Zs. Kr., 7, 438, 1883. 12 A. Sella, Gebroulaz, Mem. Ace. Line., 4, Nov. 13, 1887. 13 Becke, 1. c. 14 Cf. Tsch., Becke, 1. c. Experiments on Elasticity, Voigt, Wied. Ann., 40, 642, 1890. 274 CARBONATES. 271 A. Ankerite. Dolomite pt. Brown Spar and Pearl Spar pt. Paralomes Kalk-Haloid Mohs, Grundr., 1, 536, 1822., 2, 116, 1824. llobwand, Wandstein, Styrian Miners. Ankerit Said., Min. Mobs, 1, 100, 1825. Tautoklin Breith., Char., 70, 1832, Uib 20 1830 Parankerit Boricky, Miu. Mittb., 47, 1876. Rhombohedral; rr' = 73 48' Styria, Mohs. In rhombohedral crystals; also crystalline massive, coarse or fine granular, and compact. Cleavage: r perfect. H. = 3;5~4. G. = 2-95-3-1. Luster vitreous to pearly. Color white, gray, reddish. Translucent to subtranslucent. Comp. A sub-species intermediate between calcite, magnesite, and siderite; that is, containing the carbonates of calcium, magnesium, iron, r,nd in small quantities manganese. Formula CaC0 3 .(Mg,Fe,Mn)C0 3 . Normal ankerite is 2CaCO 3 .MgCO 3 .FeCO 3 = Calcium carbonate 50-0, magnesium carbon- ate 21*0, iron carbonate 29'0 = 100. Boricky writes the formula CaFeC 2 O 6 -f fl(CaMgC 2 O 6 ) with n varying from | to 10; those varieties with n = 2 or more, he calls parankerite. Normal ankerite would then be CaFeC 2 O 8 4- CaMgCaO., and normal parankerite CaFeCjO, -f 2CaMgC 2 O 6 (or 3CaCO 3 .2MgCO 3 .FeCO 3 ). For analyses see 5th Ed., p. 685, also Rg., Min. Cb., 229, 1875. Boricky, 1. c The ankerite from Antwerp, Jefferson Co., N. Y., gave D. N. Harper, priv. contr.: CaCO 3 55-98 MgCO 3 28'57 FeCO 3 14'66 MnCO 3 1-66 = 100-87 Others from Nova Scotia gave Louis, Proc. N. S. Inst,, 5, 47, 1878-79: G. = 2 998 CaCO 3 53'75 MgCO 3 22'75 FeCO 3 22 70 MnCO 3 0'80 = 100 7123 9-34 16-41 2'65 insol. 0'53 = 100-16 Tauiodin Breith. is a grayish white variety, containing about 15 p. c. FeCO 3 , and having rr' = 73 44'; also G. = 2 9til, Ettling; from Bescbertgluck, near Freiberg in Saxony. Pyr., etc. B.B. like dolomite, but darkens in color, and on charcoal becomes black and magnetic; with the fluxes reacts for iron and manganese. Soluble with effervescence in the acids. Obs. Occurs with siderite at the Styrian mines; also at Lobeustein, Freiberg, Schneeberg, Siegen, etc. With the hematite of northern New York (sometimes called siderite). In Nova Scotia near Londonderry, Colchester Co. Named after Prof. Anker of Styria. Ma 272. MAGNESITE. Kohlensaurer Talkerde Mitchell & Lampadius (first anal.), Samml. Ch. Abb., 3, 241. Reine Talkerde, Talcum carbonatum, Wern., Ludwig, 2, 154, 1803. agnesite pt. Brongn., Min., 1, 489, 1807. Magnesit Karst., Tabell., 48, 92, 1808. Carbonate of Magnesia. Magnesie carbouatee FT. Kohlensaure Talkerde, Talkspath, Germ. Baudisserite DelametJi, Min., 2, 1812. Giobertite Beud.,Tr., 410, 1824. Breunnerite Haid., Min. Mohs, 1, 411, 1825. Breunerite. Walmstedtite Leonh., Handb., 297, 1826. Brown Spar pt. Rhombohedral; tetartohedra! 4 (?). Axis: 6 = 0-81123; 0001 A 1011 = 43 7f ', rr' = *72 36i' Koksharov 1 . Forms 2 : c (0001. G}, m (1010, 7), a (1120, i-2), r (1011, R), f (0221, - 2) 3 , v (2131, I 3 ) 3 ; also an undetermined negative scalenohedron 4 . Crystals rare, usually rhombohedral,. also prismatic. Commonly massive; granular cleavable to very compact; earthy. Cleavage: r perfect. Fracture flat conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 3*5-4*5. G. = 3-0-3-12, cryst; 3*083, Scaleglia, Becke; 3-3*2, ferriferous. Luster vitreous ; fibrous varieties sometimes silky. Color white, yellowish, or grayish white, brown. Transparent to opaque. Optically . Double refraction strong. Comp. Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 = Carbon dioxide 52*4, magnesia 47-6 = 100. Iron carbonate is often present. Var. \.0rdinary. (a) Crystallized, r are, (b) Lamellar, cleavable. (c) Compact, fine gran- ular, (d) Compact, and like unglazed porcelain in fracture, (e) Earthy; being mixed with hvdrated silicate of magnesia or sepiolite (meerschaum); including the Baudisserite, from Bau- dissero, near Turin, which has some resemblance to chalk, and adheres to the tongue. Even the purer varieties of compact magnesite usually contain more or less of the silicate. Pisolite Rumpf (Min. Mitth., 265, 1873) is a rock consisting largely of milk-white maguesite crystals with clay slate filling the spaces between them, from Wald in Styria, from the Sem- mering, etc. 2.*" Ferriferous, Breunnerite; containing several p. c. of FeO; G. = 3-3'2; white, yellow- ish, brownish, rarely black and bituminous; often becoming brown on exposure, and hence called Brown Spar. CALCITE GROUP MAGNESITE. 275 The name Breunnerite was originally given by Haidinger (after M. Breunner) to the variety analyzed by Stronieyer containing 5 to 10 p. c. iron protoxide (or 8 to 17 p. c. of carbonate); and Walmstedite to an included kind from the Harz, differing only in containing a little more manga- nese protoxide than usual (2 p. c.). The breunuerite from Hall, Tyrol, gave Foullou: MgCO 3 79-13, FeCO 3 19'14, MnCO 3 2'04 = 100'31, Jb. G. Reichs., 38, 2, 1888. For analyses see 5th Ed., pp. 686, 687. Pyr., etc. B.B. resembles calcite and dolomite, and like the latter is but slightly acted upon by cold acids; in powder is readily dissolved with effervescence in warm hydrochloric acid. Obs. Found in talcose schist, serpentine and other magnesian rocks, also gypsum; as veins in serpentine, or mixed with it so as to form a variety of verd-antique marble (magnesitic ophiolite of Hunt); also, in Canada, as a rock, more or less pure, associated with steatite, serpentine, and dolomite. The breunnerite variety has been found in a meteorite from Orgueil, Dx. Occurs at Hrubschutz in Moravia, where it was first discovered by Mitchell; at Kraubat and Tragossthal, Styria; Maria-Zell in Styria; Flachau in Salzburg; Greiner in the Zillerthal, Tyrol; Gross-Reifling in the Ennsthal in prismatic crystals in gypsum; at Frankenstein in Silesia; Snarum, Norway; Baudissero and Castellamonte in Piedmont; at other localities men- tioned above. In America, at Bolton, Mass., in indistinctly fibrous masses, traversing white limestone; at Lyunfield, Cavendish, and Roxbury, Mass., mixed with or veining serpentine; at Barehills, near Baltimore, Md.; in Penn., in crystals at West Goshen, Chester Co.; near Texas, Lancaster Co. ; in Tulare, Alaraeda,Mariposa, and Tuolumne Cos. , Calif oruia. A white saccharoidal magne- site resembling statuary marble has been found as loose blocks on an island in the St. Lawrence River, near the Thousand Island Park. Also occurs with serpentine, dolomite, steatite, in Brome Co., Quebec. In Canton Upata. Venezuela, near Mission Pastora> looking like porcelain in the fracture, as observed by N. S. Manross. Delainetherie, in his Theorie de la Terre, 2, 93, 1795, uses the name magnesite for the carbonate of magnesia, sulphate, nitrate, and muriate, and the carbonate is placed first in the series. Brongniart, in his Mineralogy, 3, 489, 1807, applies the name to a group, including (1) the carbonate called MitcheWs magnesite, (2) meerschaum, (3) the Piedmont magnesite, and (4) other siliceous varieties. As both Brongniart and Delametherie gave the first place to the carbonate, the name magnesite would rightly fall to it in ca*e of the division of the group. Karsten, in his Tabellen, 1808, recognized this division of the species, and formally gave to the carbonate the name magnesite. The German mineralogists have followed Karsten, as should have been done by all. But in France, Beudant, in 1824, gave the name giobertite to the car- bonate, leaving magnesite for the silicate, and most of the French mineralogists have followed Beudant. Giobert analyzed only the siliceous variety from Baudissero, the true composition of the mineral having been ascertained by Lampadius, somewhat earlier, from specimens brought by Mitchell from Moravia. The name Breunnerite is spelled also Breunerite. Haidinger gives the former. Ref. i Tyrol, G. = 3'118, Min. Russl., 7, 181, 1875. This angle varies for different locali- ties, e.g., Pfitsch, 72 37|' Mitsch.; Snarum 72 32' Breith.; Greiner, Tyrol, 72 37V, G = 3'17, Zeph.; Maria-Zell, 72 81' Rumpf; Gross-Reifling, Ennsthal, 72 441' Foullon, Vh. G. Reichs., 334, 1884; Scaleglia, 72 33'6' Becke. Min. Mitth., 11, 250, 1890. 2 Rumpf, Maria-Zell, Min. Mitth. , 263, 1873. * A. Sella. Gebroulaz, the crystals, hexagonal prisms (a) in anhydrite, were identified as magnesite by angles (cr 43 16'), not analyzed, Mem. Ace. Line., 4, Nov. 13, 1887. 4 Becke, Scaleglia, 1. c. 272A. Mesitite. Mesitinspath pt. Breith., Pogg., 11, 170, 1827. Mesitin Breith., Pogg., 70, 148, 1847. PISTOMESITE. Mesitin pt. Breith., Pogg., 11, 170, 1827. Pistomesit Breith., Pogg., 70, 146, 1847. Rhombohedral; rr' 72 42' to 72 46' Breith. In rhombohedral crystals; also coarse granular. Cleavage: r perfect. H. = 3'5-4. G. = 3-33-3*42. Luster vitreous, inclin- ing to pearly. Color yellowish white, yellowish gray, yellowish brown. Streak nearly white or colorless. Transparent to subtranslucent. Comp., Yar. A sub-species intermediate between the ferruginous variety of magnesite, breunnerite, and siderite. 1. MESITITE 2MgCO 3 .FeCO 3 = Magnesium carbonate 59'2, iron carbonate 40'8 = 100. uall rr' = 72 46'. G. = 3'35-3'36 Br. Usually in flat rhombohedrons (e,0112) with rounded faces. 2. PISTOMESITE MgCO 3 .FeCO 3 = Magnesium carbonate 42'0, iron ca rr' = 72 42'. G. = 3 "42 Br. Anal. 1, AV. Gibbs, Pogg., 71, 566, 1847. 2, Fritsche, ib., 70, 147, 184 Ber., 2, 296, 1847. 4, Fritsche, 1. c. 5, Ettling, Lieb. Ann., 99, 203, 1853. 276 CARBONATES. MESITITE. G. CO a FeO MgO CaO 1. Traversella 46'05 26'61 27-12 0'22 = 100 2. " 3-35 45-76 24'18 28'12 1'30 = 99'36 3. Werfen rr' = 72 40' 3'33 45"84 27-37 26'76 = 99'97 PlSTOMESITE. 4. Thurnberg 3'42 43'62 33'92 21-72 = 99-26 5. 3-437 44-57 33'15 22'29 = lOO'Ol Pyr., etc. B.B. blackens and becomes magnetic. But slightly acted upon in mass by acids; readily dissolved with effervescence when in powder by hot hydrochloric acid. Obs. Mesitite is from Traversella, Piedmont; Werfen, with lazulite. Pistomesite is from Thurnberg, near Flachau, in Salzburg; also at Traversella in Piedmont. Mesitite is named from neairrfS, a go-between, it being intermediate between magnesite and siderite; pistomesite is from jr/orJ? and jueo-irr/s, named by Breithaupt after he had already used mesitine, and because pistomesite is nearer the middle between siderite and magnesite. 273. SIDERITE. ?Vena ferri jecoris colore optima, Germ. Stahelreich Eisen, Oesner, Foss., 90, 1565. Spatformig Jernmalm, Minera ferri alba spathiformis, Wall., 256, 1747. Jarn med Kalkjord forenadt, Germ. Stahlsteiu, Cronst., 29, 1758. Ferrum cum magnesio et terra calcarea acido aereo miueralisatum Bergm., Opusc., 2, 184, 1780. Spathiger Eisen, Spatheisen- stein, Germ. Fer spatique de Lisle, 3, 281, 1783. Calcareous or Sparry Iron Ore Kirwan. Spathic Iron, Spathose Iron. Brown Spar pt. Steel Ore. Carbonate of Iron. Fer carbonate, Mine d'acier, Fr. Kohlensaures Eisen, Eisenkalk, Germ. Eisenspath Ifausm., Haudb., 951, 952, 1813. Spherosiderit Hausm., ib., 1070, 1813. 1847, 1353. Siderose Beud., 2, 346, 1832. Junckerite Dufr., Ann. Ch. Phys., 56, 198, 1834; Breith., Pogg., 58, 278, 1843. Siderit Haid., Handb., 499. 1845. Chalybit Glock., Syn., 241, 1847. Oligonspath Breith., Handb., 2, 235, 1841 = Oligouit Hausm., Handb., 1362, 1847. Thomait Meyer, Jb. Min., 200, 1845. Siderodot Breith., Haid. Ber., 1, 6, 1847. Sideroplesit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 17, 54, 1858. Pelosiderit N.-Z., Min., 457, 1885. Thoneisenstein = Clay Iron Ore pt. Rhombohedral. Axis 6 = 0-81841; 0001 A 1011 = 43 22' 51" Wollaston 1 . Forms* : c (0001, 0) m (1010, /) a (1120, i-2) r (1011, R) M (4041, 4) e (0112, - i) / (0221, - 2) GO (0773, - |) 3 s (0551, - 5) d (0881, - 8) 3 $ (4486, f-2) a (4483, |-2)? v (2131, i 3 ) fi (2461, - 2 3 ) 4 cM = 75 11' co ~ 25 17| cf = 62 7' CGO = 65 36' cd = 82 28' cs = 78 3' c$ = 47 30' ca = 65 23' rr' = *73 0' MM' = 113 42' ee' = 43 26' ff' = 99 54' GOOD dd' aa' = 104 8' 118 18V 115 50' 43 16' 54 4' tw' = 74 52' vv v = 35 23' >vi _ 48 30' fi/3 1 = 37 26f ftp = 79 52|' 2. Fig. 1, Curved form, Haid. 2, 3, Cornwall. Twins: tw. pi. e\ often with inclosed twinning lamellae. Crystals commonly rhombohedral r or e, the faces often curved and built up of sub-individuals, (jl'ten cleavable massive to coarse or fine granular. Also in botryoidal and globular forms, subfibrous within, occasionally silky fibrous; compact and earthy. CALCITB GROUP SIDERITE. 277 Cleavage : r perfect. Fracture uneven or subconchoidal. Brittle H. = 3-5 -4. G. = 3-83-3-88 Dmr. Luster vitreous, inclining to pearly. Color ash-gray, yellowish gray, greenish gray, also brown and brownish red, rarely green; and sometimes white. Straak white. Translucent to subtranslucent. Optically . Double refraction strong. Etching-figures in part symmetric, in part asymmetric, Tschermak. Comp. Iron protocarbonate, FeC0 3 = Carbon dioxide 37'9, iron protoxide 62-1 = 100 (Fe = 48'2p.c.). Manganese maybe present, also magnesium and calcium. Var. 1. Ordinary, (a) Crystallized, (b) Concretionary = Spherosiderite; in globular con- cretions, either solid or concentric scaly, with usually a fibrous structure, (c) Granular to com- pact massive, (d) Oolitic, like oolitic limestone in structure, (e) Earthy, or stony, impure from mixture with clay or sand, constituting a large part of the clay iron-stone of the Coal formation and ether stratified deposits; H. = 3-7, the last from the silica present; G. = 3'0-3'8, or mostly 3-15-3-65. The varieties based on composition include, besides the nearly pure iron carbonate, also 2. Manganiferous. Containing several per cent of manganese carbonate. The oligonspar of Breithaupt, or oligonite, has 25 p. c. MnO, rr' = 72 56'; G. 3'714-3'745; color yellowish to between flesh- and iron-red; streak yellowish white; remarkably phosphorescent when heated. 3. Magnesian. Containing magnesium carbonate, and but little manganese. The sideroplesite, Breith., from Pohl, has 12 p. c. MgCO 3 , with rr' = 72 54' Breith.; G. = 3'616- 3'660. Here belong some varieties from Londonderry, Nova Scotia, analyzed by Louis, Trans. N. S. Inst., 5, 50, 1878-79. Zepharovich obtained from a cleavage rhombohedron from Salz- burg 10-5 p. c. MgO, rr = 72 54f, and G. = 3*699. 4. Calciferous. Containing 20 p. c. of calcium carbonate and looking like some calamine, the color green; from Altenberg. The siderodot of Breithaupt is a calciferous siderite from Radstadt in Salzburg, having G. = 3'41. For analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 690. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates, gives off CO 2 , blackens and becomes magnetic- B.B. blackens and fuses at 4'5. With the fluxes reacts for iron, and with soda and niter on platinum foil generally gives a manganese reaction. Only slowly acted upon by cold acid, but dissolves with brisk effervescence in hot hydrochloric acid. Exposure to the atmosphere dark- ens its color, rendering it often of a blackish brown or brownish red color. Obs. Occurs in many of the rock strata, in gneiss, mica slate, clay slate, and as clay iron- stone in connection with the Coal formation and many other stratified deposits. It is often associated with metallic ores. At Freiberg it occurs in silver mines. In Cornwall it accompanies tin. It is also found accompanying copper and iron pyrites, galena, chalcocite, tetrahedrite. Occasionally it is to be met with in trap rocks as spherosiderite. In the region in and about Styria and Carinthia this ore forms extensive tracts in gneiss, which extend along the chain of the Alps, on one side into Austria, and on the other into Salz- burg. At Harzgerode in the Harz, it occurs in fine crystals in gray-wacke; also in Cornwall of varied habit at many localities; at Alston-Moor, and Tavistock, Devonshire. Fine cleavage masses occur with cryolite in Greenland. The Spherosiderite occurs in dolerite at Steinheim near Hanau and Dransfeld near Gottingen and Dransberg, and many other places. Clay iron-stone, which is a siliceous or argillaceous carbonate of iron, occurs in coal beds near Glasgow; also at Mouillar, Magescote, etc., in France, etc. In the United States, in Vermont, at Plymouth. In Mass., at Sterling. In Conn., at Rpx- bury, an extensive vein in quartz, traversing gneiss; at Monroe, Lane's mine, in small quantities. In J\T. York, a series of important basins occur in Columbia Co., near Burden, they belong to the Hudson River Epoch of the Lower Silurian; at the Rossie iron mines, St. Lawrence Co. In 2f. Carolina, at Fentress and Harlem mines. The argillaceous carbonate, in nodules and beds (clay iron-stone), is abundant in the coal regions of Penn. , Ohio, and many parts of the country. In a clay-bed under the Tertiary along the west side of Chesapeake Bay for 50 m. A magnesian variety (like sideroplesite) occurs at Londonderry, Colchester Co., Nova Scotia. Named Spherosiderite by Hausmann in 1813, from the concretionary variety, and retained by him for the whole. Haidinger reduced the name to Siderite, the prefix sphero being appli- cable only to an unimportant variety. Beudant's name Siderose has an unallowable termination. Chalybite, Glocker, should yield to Haidinger's earlier name siderite, as recognized by v. Kobell and Kenngott. Alt. Siderite becomes brown or brownish black on exposure, owing to the oxidation of the iron and its passing to limonite; and by a subsequent loss of water, it may pass to hematite or to magnetite, the last at times a result of deoxidation of the FeaO 3 by organic substances. It also changes by substitution, or through the action of alkaline silicates, to quartz. Ref. J Phil. Trans , 159, 1812. * See Levy, Heuland, 3, 162, 1837: Breith., Lobenstein, Pogg., 58, 279, 1843; Mir., Min., 586, 1852. Kenng. describes crystals from Tavistock with a negative scalenohedron ( 4' 2 ) but gives no measurements, Pogg., 97, 99, 1856. Gdt., Index, 1, 539, 1886. 3 Dx., Min., 2, 142, 1872. 4 Klein, Jb. Min., 1, 256, 1884. 278 CARBONATES. THOMAITE Mayer, Jb. Min., 200, 1845. An iron carbonate, occurring in pyramidal crys- tallizations which are said to be orthorhombic ; also massive. G. = 3'10. Luster pearly. From the Bleis-Bach, in the Siebengebirge. Named after Prof. Thoma of Wiesbaden. Junckerite of Dufrenoy (1. c.) was described as having the same characters, but proved to be only common siderite; and the same fate may befall thomaite. Named after M. Juncker, director of mines at Poullaouen. 274. RHODOCHROSITE. Magnesium acido aereo mineralisatum Bergm., Sciagr., 1782 (without descr. or loc.). . Rother Braunsteiuerz [= Ked Manganese Ore], Rothspath, Magnesium ochraceum rubrum, Oxide de manganese couleur de rose, pt., of later part of 18th cent, (it being confounded with the silicate analyzed by Ruprecht in 1782, and Bergmanu's announcement being doubted). Luftsaures Braunsteinerz (or Carbonate, after Bergm.) pt. Lenz, Min., 2, 1794 I with mention of druses of small crystals in "Rhomben," others in " Pyramiden," but with cit. df Ruprecht's anal.). Manganese oxyde carbonate (after Bergm.) H., Tabl. comp., Ill, 1809. IMchter Rothstein pt. Hausm., Handb., 302, 1813. Rhodochrosit, ?Kohlensaures Magnesium txydul (fr. Lampadius's anal, of a Kapnik sp'n, in his Pr. Ch. Abb.., 3, 239. 1800), Hausm., ib., 1081, 1813. Carbonate of Manganese. Manganspath Wern. Dialogite Jasche, Germar, Schw. JT., 26, 119 = Blattrige Rothmanganerz Jasche, Kl. Min. Schrift., 4, 1817. Diallogite (wrong orthogr.). Rosenspath, Himbeerspath, Breith., Handb., 228, 229, 1841 (Char., 67, 68, 1832). Manganosiderit Bayer, Vh. Ver. Brunn, 12, May 10, 1873. Manganocalcit JBreith., Pogg., 69, 429, 1846. Rodocrosite Ital. Rhombohedral. Axis 6 = 0-81840; 0001 A 1011 = 43 22' 50" Sansoni 1 . Forms 2 : a (1120, 2) e (0112, - |) x (0772, - |) 4 ? v (2131, I 3 ) 8 c <0001, 0) r (1011, It) /(0221, - 2) 3 t (2134, 3 ) s ? y (3251, 1 s )* cr = 43 23' rr' = 73 0' vri = *74 52' yy' - 70 47f ce = 25 17V &*' = 43 26' w v = 35 23' yy" = 45 26' cf = 62 7' ff' = 99 54' w vi = 48 30' yy* = 30 15' Distinct crystals not common; usually the rhombohedron r ; also e, with rounded fcfriated faces. Cleavable, massive to granular massive and compact. Also globular and botryoidal, with columnar structure, sometimes indistinct; incrusting. Cleavage : r perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 3 -5-4-5. Gr. = 3'45- if*60 and higher. Luster vitreous inclining to pearly. Color shades of rose-red; yellowish gray, fawn-colored, dark red, brown. Streak white. Translucent to iiubtranslucent. Optically . Double refraction strong. Comp. Manganese protocarbonate, MnC0 3 = Carbon dioxide 38-3, manganese protoxide 61'7 100. Iron carbonate is usually present, and sometimes the car- bonates of calcium, magnesium, zinc and rarely cobalt. Var. 1. Ordinary. Pure MnCO 3 or nearly so, in crystals, but more commonly cleavable massive to indistinctly crystalline. Cf. remarks below, Ref. l . 2. Ferriferous. Containing several per cent up to nearly 40 p. c. of FeCO 3 . A cleavable variety from Branchville, Ct., gave Penfield 16'8 p. c. FeCO 3 , rr = 73 11', G. = 3'76, Am. J. Sc., 18, 50, 1879. Manganosiderite is a Hungarian variety, resembling sphserosiderite, with 38-8 FeCO,. 3. Calciferous. Manganocalcite. Contains calcium carbonate. The original from Schem- nitz was flesh-red columnar. G. = 3'037Br.; an early analysis gave: -MnCO 3 67-48, FeCO 3 3'22, DaCO 3 18-81, MgCO 3 9*97 = 99'48, Rg., Pogg., 68, 511, 1846; a later examination, however, showed it to be a mixture of a carbonate and silicate, Rg., Min. Ch. Erg., 157, 1886; and this is confirmed by Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 72, 1884. It was supposed to be isomorphous with aragonite, but Krenner proves it to be rhoinbohedral, cf. Nat. Ber. aus Ungarn, 1, 201, 2, 355, 1884, and Zs. Kr., 8, 242, 1883, 9, 288, 1884. A variety from Wester Silfberg belongs here, G. = 3-09; analysis: CO 2 40'59, MnO 24-60, FeO 6'95, CaO 26'71, insol. 1'15 = 100, Weibull, Min. Mitth., 7, 110, 1885. See also p. 269. A cleavable kind from Franklin Furnace, N. J., gave Roepper MnCO 3 43 '54, FeCO 3 0'76, CaCO 3 50-40, MgCO 3 5*69 = 100-39. G. = 3'052. Am. J. Sc., 50, 37, 1870; it was called roepperite by Kenngott, Jb. Min., 188, 1872. 4. Zinciferous. Contains zinc carbonate. A specimen from the Trotter mine, Mine Hill, Franklin Furnace, N. J., gave P. E. Browning : MnCO 3 73'78, ZnCO 3 2'28, CaCO 3 20'37, MgCO 3 3-74, FeCO 3 0'35, Fe 2 O 3 0'16 = 100'68. G. = 3'47, Am. J. Sc., 40, 375, 1890. Pyr., etc. B.B. changes to gray, brown, and black, and decrepitates strongly, but is infusible. With salt of phosphorus and borax in O.F. gives an amethystine-colored bead, in R.F. becomes colorless. With soda on platinum foil a bluish green manganate. Dissolves with effervescence in warm hydrochloric acid. On exposure to the air changes to brown, and some bright rose-red varieties become paler. CALCITE GROUP SMITHSONITE. 279 Obs. Occurs commonly iu veins along with ores of silver, lead, and copper, and with other ores of manganese. Found at Schemuitz and Kapnik in Hungary; Nagyag in Transylvania; near Elbingerode in the Harz; at Freiberg in Saxony; at Diez near Oberueisen in Nassau; at Daaden, Rhein- provinz; at Moet-Fontaine in the Ardennes, Belgium; at Glendree in the County of Clare, Ireland, where it forms a layer 2 inches thick below a bog, and has a yellowish gray color; botryoidal at Hartshill in Warwickshire. It has been observed in a pulverulent form, coating triplite, at Washington, Conn., on the land of Joel Camp; at Branchville with nianganesian phosphates in a vein of albitic granite; in New Jersey, with frauklinite at Mine Hill, Franklin Furnace. In Colorado, at the John Reed mine, Alicante, Lake Co., in beautiful clear rhombohedrons (r) up to - inch across; also at the Oulay mine, near Lake City, in flat rhombohedrons (e). In Montana, at Butte City, in rhombohedrons. Abundant at the silver mines of Austin, Nevada. At Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, in slates, fawn-colored and brown. Named rJiodochrosite from podov, a rose, and ^/a&JcrzS, color; and dialogite, from diaXoyrj doubt. The latter name is attributed to Jasche by Germar (1. c.). Alt. Quartz pseudomorphs occur near Klein- Voigtsberg. Ref. ' Horhausen, nearly pure MnCO 3 , with 1*14 FeO; another variety gave 72 44', Zs. Kr., 5, 250,1880. The Lake Co., Colorado, variety in transparent rose-red rhombohedrons with fault- less surface gave rr' = 73 4' 30", E. S. D.; Mackintosh found in it 3'62 p. c. FeO, G. = 3'69. cf. Kunz, Am. J. Sc., 34, 477, 1887. 2 See Mir., Min., 588, 1852. 3 Peters, Kapnik, Jb. Min., 458, 1861, no angles. 4 Sandb., Oberneisen, Pogg., 88, 491, 1853. 5 Weiss, Daaden, Zs. G. Ges., 31, 801, 1879, also Sansoni, 1. c. 275. SMITHSONITE. Calamine pt. Galmei pt. Zincum acido ae"ro mineralisatum Bergm., Sciagr., 144, 1782, Opusc., 2, 209, 1780 (from his own anal.). Zinkspath, Kohlen- galmei, Germ. Carbonate of Zinc. Smithsonite Beud., Tr., 2, 354, 1832. Zinkspath, Kapnit (or Capnit), Breith., Handb., 241, 236, 1841. Dry-bone Miners. Smitsonite Ital. Bhombohedral. Axis 6 = 0-80633; 0001 A 1011 = 42 57' 20" Wollaston 1 . Forms 2 : a (1120, i-2) M (4041, 4) /(0221, - 2) s (0551, - 5) c (0001, 0) r (1011, R) e (0112, - ) x (0772, - ) v (2131, I 3 ) cM - 74 58' cs - 77 52-fc ff' = 99 27' ae = 68 34' ce = 24 58' rr' = *72 20' xx' = 111 46' m>' = 74 41' cf - 61 46' MM' = 113 31V **' = 115 42' w = 35 19' cjc = 72 56i' ee = 42 53' ar = 53 50' w* 1 = 49 If Rarely well crystallized; faces r generally curved and rough. Also reniform, botryoidal, or stalactitic, and in crystalline incrustations; also granular, and some- times impalpable, occasionally earthy and friable. Cleavable: r perfect. Fracture uneven to imperfectly conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 5. G. = 4-30-4-45; 4-45 Levy; 4-42 Haid. Luster vitreous, inclining to pearly. Streak white. Color white, often grayish, greenish, brownish white, sometimes green, blue and brown. Subtransparent to translucent. Optically . Comp. Zinc carbonate, ZnC0 3 = Carbon dioxide 35-2, zinc protoxide 64'8 = 100. Iron and manganese carbonates are often present, also calcium and magnesium carbonates in traces; rarely cadmium. Indium has also been detected (Tennessee), by Tanner, Ch. News., 30, 141, 1874. For analyses see 5th Ed., pp. 692, 693. A bright yellow variety from Marion Co., Arkansas, gave H. N. Stokes (priv. contr.): C0 2 34-68 ZnO 64-12 dO 0'63 FeO 014 CaO 0'38 Cu tr Cdg 0'25 SiO 3 ciated with calamine, and sometimes with limonite. It is often produced by the action upO* zinc sulphide of carbonated waters. Found at Nerchinsk in Siberia, one-variety of a dark brown color, containing cadmium, another of a beautiful bright green; at Doguaczka in Hungary; Bleiberg and liaibel in Oarinthia; Wiesloch in Baden, in Triassic limestone; Moresnet in Belgium; Alteuberg, near Aix la Chapelle (Aachen), in concentric botryoidal groups. In the province of Santander, Spain, between the Bay of Biscay and the continuation of the Pyrenees range, at Puente Viesgo, the mountains being only four leagues from the coast; the smithsonite here occurs in Mountain limestone; in other places it is found in dolomite, probably Muschelkalk; it is in vertical lodes, found frequently in scaleuohedrous as a pseudomorph after calcite. At Ciguenza, 5 miles E. of Santander, the lode varies in width from 1 to 2 meters to 1 inch; the mineral is drusy, caverQ- ous; sphalerite is abundant, and changes into pure white smithsonite; the latter also occurs like chalcedony, in reuiform and botryoidal masses; it sometimes contains galena and ccmssite. In England, at Roughten Gill, Alston Moor, near Matlock, in the Mendip Hills, and elsewhere; in Scotland, at Leadhills; in Ireland, at Donegal. At Laurion, Greece, in great variety. In the U. States, in Conn., at Brookfield in very small quantities. In N. Jersey, at Mine Hill, near the Franklin Furnace, only pulverulent from decomposition of zincite. In Penn., at Lancaster abundant, and often in fine druses of crystals, also sometimes pseudomorphous after dolomite; at the Perkiomen lead mine; at the Ueberroth mine, near Bethlehem, in scaleno- hedrons, also an earthy variety abundant as an ore. In Wisconsin, at Mineral Point, Shulls- burg, etc., constituting pseudomorphs after sphalerite and calcite. In Minnesota, at Ewiug'a diggings, N.W. o* Dubuque, etc. In south-western Missouri associated with sphalerite and calamine in St. Fran9ois, Jefferson, Newton, Jasper counties; also with the lead ores in the central part of the state. In Arkansas, at Calamine, Lawrence Co.; in Marion Co., sometimes colored bright orange-yellow by greenockite (CdS) and then locally known as "turkey-fat ore." Named after James Smithson (1754-1829), who founded the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. The name calamine is frequently used in England, cf. calamine, p. 549. Alt. Smithsonite changes through the action of alkaline silicates to the silicate calamine, or becomes incrusted with silica and forms quartz pseudomorphs. It is also sometimes replaced by limonite or gothite. The concretionary variety from Spain has a nucleus of calamiue. Ref. ! Cf. Breith., 72 214', Handb., 1, 241, 1841; Levy also gives 72 20', Ann. Mines, 4, 507, 1843. 2 See Levy and Breith.; also Dx., Min., 2, 150, 1874. ORTHORHOMBIC ZINC CARBONATE(?) Griffiths & Dreyfus, Ch. News, 54, 67, Aug. 6, 1886. From southwestern Siberia, associated with galena and barite in limestone. Described as oc- curring in right rhombic prisms, often showing twinning. H. = 5-6. G. = 4'629. Analysis of crystals: CO 2 35-21 ZnO 50'03 FeO 2*77 CdO 0'92 MnO 0'12 SiO 2 5'62 H a O 5*33 = 100 It is called by the author isodimorphous with calcite and aragonite, but needs confirmation. (Pseudomorphous ?) 276. SFHJEROCOBALTITE. Weisbach, Jb. Berg.-Htitt., 1877. Kobaltspath Germ. Rhombohedral. In small spherical masses, with crystalline surface and con- centric and radiated structure. H. = 4. G. = 4-02-4-13. Luster vitreous. Color rose-red, altering super- ficially to velvet-black. Streak peachblossom-red. Comp. Cobalt protocarbonate, CoC0 3 = Carbon dioxide 37*1, cobalt protox- ide 62-9 = 100. Anal. Winkler, 1. c. CO, 34-65 CoO 58-86 CaO 1'80 Fe 2 O 3 3'41 H 2 O 1-22 = 99'94 Pyr., etc. B.B. in closed tube becomes black. Attacked slowly by cold acid; rapidly with effervescence when warmed. Reacts for cobalt with the fluxes. Obs. Occurs sparingly with roselite at Schueeberg, Saxony. Artif. An artificial rhombohedral cobalt carbonate is mentioned by Seuarmont, Ann. Ch, Phys., 30, 137, 1850. ARAGONITE GROUP ARAGONITE. 281 2. Aragoiiite Group. KC0 3 . Orthorhombic. 277. ARAGONITE. Spath calcaire crist. en prismes hexagones dont les deux bouts sont stries du centre a la circonference, id. dont les deux bouts sort lisses (fr. Spain), Damla, Cat. Cab., 2, 50, 52, 1767. Arragonischer Apatit Wern., Bergm. J., 1, 95, 1788; Klapr., ib., 1, 299, Crell's Ann., 1, 387, 1788 (making it carbonate of lime). Arragonischer Kalkspath Wern., Bergm. J., 2, 74, 1790 (after Klapr. anal.). Arragon Spar (var. of Calc Spar) Kirwan, Miu., 1, 87, 1794. Arragouit Wern., Estner's Min., 2, 1039, 1796. Exceutrischer Kalkstein Karsten, Tabell., 34, 74, 1800. Arragonite (first made distinct from Calc Spar through cryst.) Hauy, Tr., 2, 1801, and Broch. Min., 1, 576, 1800. Iglit (fr. Iglo, Transylvania) Esmark, Bergm. J., 3, 99, 1798; Igloit. Nadel stein Lenz. Erbsenstein pt., Faserkalk pt., Schallenkalkpt., Sprudelstein, Germ. Chimborazite E. D. Clarke, Ann. Phil., 2, 57, 147, 1821. Taruovizit Breith., Handb., 252, 1841; Taruovicit Raid., Handb., 1845. Mossottite Luca, N. Cimento, 7, 453, 1858. Oserskit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 17, 54, 1858. Stalactites Flos Ferri, Marmoreus ramulosus, Linn., Syst., 183, 1768. Stalagmites coralloides Wall., 2, 388, 1778. Coralloidal Aragonite. Chaux carbonate coralloides H., Tr., 2, 1801. Eisenbliithe pt. Wern. Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : b = 0*622444 : 1 : 0-720560 Koksharov 1 . 100 A HO = 31 54', 001 A 101 = 49 10' 42", 001 A Oil = 35 46' 30". Forms 2 : & (Oil, 14) e (0-13-1, 134) o- (991, 9) A (12-17-5, - a (100, i'l) x- (043, f i) # (0-14-1, 144) 6 (10-10-1, 10) I (126, f2) b (010, i-l) I (032, f 4) V (0-16-1, 164) d (14-14-1, 14) ^ (125, f-2) c (001, 0} i (021, 24) p (O-20'l, 204) ^(20-20-1, 20) 8 r (124, i-2) w(110, 7) (031, 34) 77 (0-24-1, 244) it (24-24-1, 24) r (123, f-2) d (102, |-4) (304, f-'l) w (101, 14) / (201, 2-1) e (051, 54) q (061, 64) /? (0-13-2, A4) * (071, 7-0 T/ (081, 84) o (112, ) P (HI, 1) C (441, 4) * (661, 6) GO (13'13'2, 18 ) y (215, f-2)

Credited by Zippe and by Hausmann. Stroutianite is hemimorphic according to Beckeukamp, cf. aragonite. 8 Cf. Mir., Min., 569, 1852. 3 Hbg., Clausthal, Min. Not., 9, 41, 1870. 4 Lasp., Hamm, Westphalia, Vh. Ver. Rheinl., 23, 308, 1876. 5 Cathrein, Brixlegg, calciostrontianUe, 1. c. 6 Vrba, Altahlen, Zs. Kr., 15, 449, 1889. 281. CERUSSITE. Wipvftiov TJieophr., etc., Cerussa Plin., etc., Agrie., but only the artificial. Cerussa nativa ex agro Viceutino Gesner, Foss., 85, 1565. Blyspath ( Bleispath Germ.), Minera Plumbi spathacea, Wall., Min., 295, 1747. Plomb spathique Fr. Trl. Wall. Min., 1, 536, 1753. Bly-Spat, Spatum Plumbi (the hard); Bly-Ochra. Cerussa nativa (the pulverulent), Cronst., Min., 1758. Plumbum acido aereo mineralisatum Bergm., Opusc., 2, 426, 1780, Weissbleierz Wern.; Plombe blanched.; White Lead Ore. Kohlensaures Blei Germ. Carbonate of Lead. Plomb carbonate Fr. Ceruse Beud., Tr., 2, 363, 1832. Cerussit Haid., Handb., 503, 1845. Iglesiasite (Zinc-Bleispath Kersten) Huot, Min., 618, 1841. Cerusite. Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : c = 0-609968 : 1 : 0*723002 Koksharov 1 . 100 A HO = 31 22' 55", 001 A 101 = 49 50' 49", 001 A Oil = 35 52' 1". ARAOONITE GROUP CERUSSITE. 287 Forms 9 : * (102, |4) R (052, |4) j9 (HI, D a (100, i-l) (101, 14) V (031, 34) T (221, 2) b (010, i-l) n (302, H) z (041, 4-1) (331, 3) c (001, 0) I (201, 24) n (051, 54) b (14-14-1, 14) 4 f (530, i-l) * , (016, t (061, 64) e (313, 1-3) m (110, I) r (013. 14) (071, 74) ^ (311, 3-3) 7 (350, fc-f) # (012, M) C (081, 8-?) IX, 1 (211, 2-2) * (120, i-2) 3 (? (023, |4) n (091, 94) 4 V (324, H) r (130, fl) A; (Oil, 3 / 14) I (0-10 1, 104) 4 tl (323, 1-1) r (iso, -8) 5 e (087, H) 4 D (0-14 1, 144) 4 V (322, a (105, 4) 4 t (076, H) 4 ^ (114, i) H 3-1, 1 3-j # (104, i-*) 8 iS (032, H) 8 p (113, i) d (562, 3-f) d (103, H) i (021, 24) (112, i) P (342, 2-f) rj (352, l-f ) K (351, 5-|) 8 a (122, 1-2) * (121, 2-2) A (377, 1-|) ^ (134/f-3) ft (133, 1-3) 6 (394, f-3) (131, 3-3) a? (154, f-5> or (173, 3. \ Figs. 1, 2, Phenixville. 3, Rezbanya, Schrauf. 4, PelsOcz-Ardo, Schmidt. 5. 8, Berezov Kk 6, Central City, Col., Brown. 7, Schrauf. 9, 10, Transbaikal, Kk.' 288 CARBONATES. ff'" - 40 12' u' = 110 40' cr = 70 !!' /3ft' = 35 30 mm'" - *62 45' 50' wo' =-130 30' ce = 76 30' 00' = 52 47' rr' = 57 19' zz' = 141 51' CM =68 2' , - i' ^ ,00 7 , nri = 149 4*' cor = 43 4' gL g d Jj <*f, ' =154 2' c* -61 52' ", 2J ! 2? - 99 42' uu> = 157 39 ' ^ = 39 29 ' Z/" = fr IS c y 4-4 P.., / fit ' ^^ * 23 _ _ II' = 134 15' ~ aa" = 63 46' 81' oo = 58 16' pp"' = 67 50' * 50 ' #?' = 87 43/ *'" = 85 59 ' , 46' 88' = 67 58|' 00"' = 108 53' = 71 44' cp = 54 Twins 6 : tw. pi. m, very common, contact- and penetration-twins, often repeated yielding six-rayed stellate groups; also less common tw. pi. r (130). Simple crystals often tabular || b, prismatic || d', also pyramidal. Bracliydome faces and b usually horizontally striated, also jt? often striated || edge m/p or i/p. Crystals grouped in clusters, and aggregates. Earely fibrous, often granular massive and compact; earthy. Sometimes stalactitic. Cleavage : m and i (021) distinct; b and x (012) in traces. Fracture conchoidal. Very brittle. H. = 3-3-5. G-. = 6-46-6-574 Dmr. Luster adamantine, inclin- ing to vitreous, resinous, or pearly; sometimes submetallic, if the colors are dark, from a superficial change. Color white, gray, grayish black, sometimes tinged blue or green by some of the salts of "copper; streak uncolored. Transparent to sub- translucent. Optically . Ax. pi. || b. Bx J_ c. Dispersion p > v large. In- dices and axial angles, Schrauf 9 : a ft y 2V 2E Line B 1-79148 2*05954 2-06131 .-. 8 22' 17 16^' " D 1-80368 2-07628 2-07803 .'. 8 14' 17 8' " E 1-81641 2-09194 2-09344 .-. 7 35' 15 55' Also 2E r = 18 22' at 12 C., 20 20' at 71/5 C., 22 2' at 95'5 C., Dx 9 . Comp. Lead carbonate, PbC0 3 = Carbon dioxide 16-5, lead oxide 83-5 = 100. Kersten obtained for the iglesiasite (Schw. J., 65, 365, 1832): PbCO 3 92'10, ZnCO 3 7'02 = 99-12. G. = 59. Pyr., etc. = In the closed tube decrepitates, loses carbon dioxide, turns first yellow, and at a higher temperature dark red, but becomes again yellow on cooling. B.B. on charcoal fuses very easily, and in R.F. yields metallic lead. Soluble in dilute nitric acid with effervescence. Obs. Occurs in connection with other lead minerals, and is formed from galena, which, as it passes to a sulphate, may be changed to carbonate by means of solutions of calcium bicarbon- ate. It is found at Johanngeorgenstadt in beautiful crystals; at Berezov in Siberia; in the Altai ; at Nerchinsk an din fine crystals in the Transbaikal at the Kadainsk, Taininsk, and other mines; Monte Poni, Sardinia; Pajsberg, Sweden; near Bonn on the Rhine; Friedrichssegen near Braubach, Nassau; Baden weiler, Baden; at Clausthal in the Harz, and at Andreasberg (Bleiglimmer); at Bleiberg in Cariuthia; at Mies and Pfibram in Bohemia; at Rezbanya and Telekes, Hungary; Laurion, Greece; in England, in Cornwall, in the mine of St. Miuvers; delicate crystals 10 in. long were formerly found near St. Austell and elsewhere; at E. Tamar mine, Devonshire; near Matlock and Wirksworth, Derbyshire; in Cardiganshire, Wales; at Leadhills and Wanlockhead, Scotland, formerly in fine crystals; in Wicklow, Ireland, magnifi- cent, sometimes in heart-shaped twins. In pseudomorphs after anglesite and leadhillite, at Leadhills. Found in Mass., sparingly at the Southampton lead mine. In Penn., at Phenixville, in fine crystals, often large; also at Perkiomen. In N. York, at the Rossie lead mine, rare. In Frederick Co., Maryland, with anglesite at a lead mine, 2| miles S. W. of Union Bridge. In Virginia, good crystals at Austin's mines, Wythe Co. In N. Carolina, in King's mine, Davidson Co. At Valle's diggings, Mo., but seldom crystallized ; in good crystals at Franklin Furnace, Washington Co. ; in Wisconsin and other lead mines of the northwestern States, rarely in crystals; at Hazelgreen, crystals coating galena; near the Blue Mounds, Wis., at Brigham's diggings, in stalactites. In Colorado, at Leadville, and elsewhere. In Utah, at the Flagstaff mine in very thin delicate tables. In Arizona, at the Flux mine, Pima Co., in large crystalline masses up to 60 Ibs. in weight; in crystals at the Red Cloud mine, Yuma Co. Bleierde occurs in opaque earthy nodules at Tarnowitz, Kail in the Eifel, and elsewhere. Bleischwdrze. a black carbonaceous lead carbonate, occars at Tarnowitz, Mies. Baden weiler, etc. BARTTOCALCITE ORO UPBARTTOCALCITE. 289 Alt. Cerussite occurs altered to pyromorphite, galena, minium. Pseudomorphs after galena, phosgenite, auglesite, leadhillite, linarite, etc., have been noted. Artif. Of. Riban, C. R., 93, 1026, 1881. Observed as a recent formation at Pompeii; also similarly at Laurium, Greece. Ref. i Min. Russl., 6, 100, 1870. 8 For lists of planes, authorities, etc., cf. Mir., Min., 565, 1852- Lang, Vh. Min. Ges., 9, 152, 1874; Dx., Min., 2, 153,1874; Schrauf, Atlas, XLI-XLII, 1877; Schmidt, Zs. Kr., 6, 546, 1881; Gdt., Index, 1, 401, 1886. Cf. also Zeph., Ber. Ak. Wien, 62 (1), 439, 1870, Lotos, 1874, 1878; Kk., 1. c.; Schrauf, Min. Mitth., 203, 1873; Slg., Vh. Ver. Rheinl., 33, 244, 1876, Jb. Min., 1, 137, 1880; Miers, La Croix, Zs. Kr., 6, 598, 1882; Artini, Sardinia, Mem. Ace. Line., 5, read Dec. 2, 1888. Dannenberg gives a pyramid (4'86'45), Zs. Kr., 18, 64, 1890. 3 Schmidt, 1. c. 4 Milgge, Spain, Jb. Min., 2, 39, 1882. 5 Liweh, Badenweiler, Zs. Kr., 9, 512, 1884. 6 Cf. Kk. and Schrauf, Slg., 1. c. ' Negri, Auronza, Riv. Min. Ital., 4, 41, 1889. Artini, Sardinia, 1. c. 9 Ber. Ak. Wien, 42, 120, 1860. N. R., 49, 1867. 3. Barytocalcite Group. Monoclinic. 282. BARYTOOALCITE. Brooke, Ann. Phil., 8, 114, 1824. Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0-77171 : 1 : 0-62545; ft = 73 52' = 001 A 100 Brooke 1 . 100 A HO = 36 33', 001 A 101 = *32 26', 001 A Oil = 30 59f '. Forms 1 : c (001. 0) g (120, i-2} x (121, 2-2) p (161, 6-6) a (100, i-i) m (110, /) o (101, = 1-i) y (151, 5-5) mm'" = *73 6' 99' = 68 0' ao = 41 26' a'x = 70 54' ex = 61 35' cm = *77 6' xx' = 95 8 yy' = 139 50' pp = 146 7' Crystals prismatic by extension of x, y. Faces a vertically striated ; also x, y, p \ each other. Also massive. Cleavage : m perfect ; c less so. Fracture uneven to sub- conchoidal. Brittle. H. =4. G. = 3'64-3'66. Luster vitreous, inclining to resinous. Color white, grayish, green- ish, or yellowish. Streak white. Transparent to translucent. Optically -. Ax. pi. and Bx J_ b. Bx a A 6 = + 64 22'. Dispersion p > v. small; horizontal nearly zero. Axial angles for two sections Dx. : also 2E, = 23 15', 3E bl = 22 47'; 2E r = 24 53' at 17 and 25 38' at 170'8 C. Comp. Carbonate of barium and calcium, BaC0 3 .CaC0 3 = Barium carbonate 66 '3, calcium carbonate 33*7 = 100, or Carbon dioxide 29 '6, baryta 51'5, lime 18-9 = 100. Cf. bromlite, p. 283. Anal. 1-3 Becker, Zs. Kr., 12, 222, 1886. Also 5th Ed., p. 702. C0 3 | 29-52 4- 29-44 29-39 BaO CaO MnO 50-09 19-77 0-35 = 99'73 50-36 19-22 0-25 insol. 0'30 = a9'57 51-59 18-61 0-35 insol. 0'28 = 100-22 Pyr., etc. B.B. colors the flame yellowish green, and at a high temperature fuses on the thin edges and assumes a pale green color (barium manganate, Plattner); the assay reacts alkaline after ignition. With the fluxes reacts for manganese. With soda on charcoal the lime is separated as an infusible mass, while the remainder is absorbed by the coal. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid. Obs. Occurs at Alston-Moor in Cumberland, in attached crystals and massive, In the Sub- carboniferous or Mountain limestone with barite and fluorite. Crystals 2 in. long have been obtained. Ref. 1 L. c. Cf. also Haid., Pogg., 5, 160, 1825. Dx., Ann. Ch. Phys., 13 425, 1845: also Min.. 2, 80, 1874. With Mir. (Min., 574, 1852), x = 110, m = 111 (*). o = 001. 290 CARBONATES. 283. BISMUTOSPHARITE. Arsenikwismuth Werner, Min. Syst, 56, 1817. Luftsaures Wismuth Beyer, 1805. Bisinutospharit Weisbach, Jb. Berg.-Hiitt., 1877. In spherical forms with concentric and fine fibrous, radiated structure; also pseudomorphous after stibnite. H. = 3-3-5. G. = 7-30 Weisb.; 7'42 Wells. Color bright yellow to dark gray or blackish brown. Comp Bi 2 CO B or Bi 2 (C0 3 ) 3 .2Bi 2 3 = Carbon dioxide 8-7, bismuth trioxide 91'3 = 100. Anal. 1, Winkler (quoted by Weisb.) 1. c. 2, Id., Jb. Min., 2, 254, 1882 (cf. Frenzel, ib., 801. 1873). 3, H. L. Wells, Am. J. Sc., 34, 271, 1887. 4, 5, E. S. Sperry, ibid. 6, Wells, 1. c. 1. Schneeberg G. = 7'30 2. Guanajuato G. = 7'64 3. Willimautic G. = 7'42 4. " 5. " 6. Portland C0 2 Bi 2 8 8'97 88'58 quartz 28, loss 2'17 = 100 8'29 91-68 SiO 2 ,Fe 2 O 3 tr. = 99'97 8'03 91-64 H 2 O 0'47, SO 3 0-34, insol. 0'08, Fe 2 O 3 tr. = 100'56 8-01 92-07 H 2 O 90 = 100-98 7-92 92-05 H 2 O 0'54 = 100*51 7'54 89'03 H 2 O 0'94, Fe 2 O 3 , CuO, insol. 2'79 = 100-30 Pyr. Gives no water, or only a minute amount, in the closed tube, fusing easily. Bismuth coating on charcoal. Dissolves entirely with effervescence in nitric acid. Obs. At Schneeberg, Saxony (Werner's arsenikwismuih, Weisb.) with quartz on brown spar, which last carries native bismuth and smaltite. At Guanajuato, Mexico, pseudomorphous. Also sparingly at Willimantic and Portland, Conn., as a result of the alteration of bismuthinite in a feldspar vein in gneiss. It retains the structure of the original mineral, but in cavities minute crystals in scales are noted which are probably the same mineral. 4. Parisite Group. Hexagonal. 284. PARISITE. Musite Medici-Spada, 1835. Parisit Medici-Spada, Bunsen, Lieb. Ann., 53, 147, 1845. Hexagonal. Axis 6 = 3-2891; 0001 A 1011 = 75 15' Des Cloizeaux 1 . Forms 1 : c (0001, 0) m (1010, /) g (1012, 1) r (2023, |) P (1011, 1) o (2021, 2) d (1128, f 2) e (1126, |-2) / (1124, i-2) 9 (H23, |-2) h (1122, 1-2) k (2243, |-2) s (1121, 2-2) x (6395, H) cq = 62 14' cr = 68 27' co = *82 30' cd = 39 26' ce = 47 38' cf = 58 42' eg = 65 29' eh = 73 5' ek = 77 9' cs = 81 21' qq' = 52 81' rr' 55 25f pp' = 57 50' oo' = 59 26' dd' = 37 2' ff' = 50 35' M' = 57 C 9i kk' = 58 21' as' = 59 15' xx' = 21 29' aw* 1 = 37 41' ex = 80 35' Crystals usually acute double hexagonal pyramids terminated by c; m rare. Faces c slightly uneven; planes in zone cs horizontally striated, of zone cp horizontally channeled. Cleavage: c very perfect. Fracture small conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 4-5. G. = 4-358 Dmr.; 4 -364 Vrba. Luster vitreous; on c pearly or resinous. Color brownish yellow; streak yellowish white. Translucent; transparent in thin sections. Optically -f. Double refraction strong. Indices: GO = 1-569, e 1-670, Sen." Comp. A fluocarbonate of the cerium metals, composition per haps (CaF)(CeF)Ce(C0 3 ) 3 Groth, with the cerium replaced in pai/* by didymium and lanthanum. Anal. Dam our & Deville, C. R., 59, 270, 1864 (as given by Rg., Min. Ch. f 251, 1875). Also Bunseu, see 5th Ed., p. 703. Muso, Vrba 1 . G. = 4-358 CO, 2348 Ce 37-75 La 6-86 Di 8-21 Ca 7-22 F 555 O [10-93] PARISiTE GROUP BASTNASITE. 291 Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields no water, but gives off carbon dioxide and becomes lighter in color. B.B. glows and is infusible. With fused salt of phosphorus in the open tube gives B.B. the reaction for fluorine. With borax and salt of phosphorus in the platinum loop gives a glass, yellow while hot and colorless on cooling. Dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid with effervescence. Obs. From the emerald mines of the Muso valley, U. S. Colombia, where it was discovered by J. J. Paris, the proprietor of the mine, after whom it was named, and from which place it was sent in 1835 to Medici-Spada, of Rome, by Col. Acosta. The earlier name Musite (some- times written Hussite, the name of the valley being written both Muso and Musso, as well as Muzo) is objectionable, because of the use- of the name Mussite for a variety of pyroxene. A mineral is probably to be referred here (Brogger, Zs. Kr., 16, 650, 1890), which occurs very sparingly in hexagonal tabular crystals, sometimes in rosettes, with weibyelte at the eudidymite locality on 6ber-Aro, Langesundflord, Norway. Ref. ' Min., 2, 162, 1874. Vrba gives, ch = 73 26' 50" and c = 3'3646, Ber. Rohm. Ges., 647, 1886, and Zs. Kr., 15, 210, 1888. * Quoted by Dx. KISCHTIMITE. Kischtim-Parisit T. Karavayev, Bull. Ac. St. Pet., 4, 401, 1861, J. pr. Ch.,85, 442. 1862. Kk., Min. Russl., 4, 40, 1862. Kischthnite G. J. Brush, Am. J. Sc., 35, 427, 1863. Kyshtyrno-parisite. ' Massive. H. = 4'5. G. = 4'784. Luster between greasy and vitreous. Color dark brownish yellow. Streak much lighter than color. In small pieces translucent. A fluocarbonate of the cerium metals near parisite. Analysis: Karavayev: CO 2 La Ce F O H 2 O f 17-19 36-56 27-81 6 "35 [989] 2 -20 = 100 From the gold washings of the Barsovka river, in the district of Kyshtymsk, Ural. 285. BASTNASITE. Basiskfluorcerium Hisinger, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 189, 1838. Bast- nftsite ffuot, Min., 1, 296, 1841. Hamartite A. E. Nordenskiold, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 25, 399, 1868. Basisk flussspatssyradt Cerium Berz., Afh., 6, 64, 1818. Basisches Fluorcerium. Basic fluocerine. Basicerine Beud. Fluocerine Hausm., 1847. Hydrofluocerite. Massive, and in hexagonal prisms 1 , pseudomorphous after tysonite. H. = 4-4/5. G. = 4'93 Nd. ; 5-19 Allen. Luster vitreous to greasy. Color wax-yellow to reddish brown. Streak light yellowish gray. Comp. A fluocarbonate of the cerium metals (RF)C0 3 or (Ce,La,Di) 2 C 3 9 .(Ce, La,Di)F,. Anal. 1, Nd., 1. c.; he also lecalculates Hisinger's results and shows that they correspond to his, allowing for the CO, which was overlooked. 2, Allen and Comstock, Am. J. Sc., 19, 390, 1880. CO 2 Ce 2 O 3 (La,Di) 2 O 3 F 1. G. = 4 93 19-50 28-49 45'77 [5-231 H 2 O I'Ol = 100 (2a. G. = 5-19 | 20-15 41 -04 34'76 CO 2 (Ce,La,Di) 2 O 3 (Ce,La,Di) [26*. 20-15 50-13 . 21-82 [7'90] = 100 * Calculated from 2a; joint atomic weight 140 '2 Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible. Slightly attacked by hydrochloric acid. Dissolves in strong sulphuric acid with effervescence (CO 2 ) and evolution of hydrofluoric acid. Obs. Found in small masses embedded between allanite crystals at the Bastna's mine, Riddarhyttan, Sweden. Also as an alteration product of tysonite (p. 166) in the granite of the Pike's Peak region in Colorado. The basic fluocerine was from Finbo, Sweden. Hamartite is from d/uapreir, to go astray, but bastnasite, from the locality, has the priority. Ref. J The hamartite of Nordenskiold is described as occurring in hexagonal prisms (cf. also Dx. , Min., 2, 163, 1874), but it seems very probable that, like the mineral from Colorado, they are only pseudomorphs after an original fluoride like tysonite. WEIBYEITE W. C. Brogger, Zs. Kr., 16, 650, 1890. In minute pyramidal orthorhombic crystals with p (1 11), also subordinate ra (110), a prism (IO'9'O) or (540), and a dome (201) or (021). Angles pp" = 95 59 , pp'" = 56 44' or near zircon. Optically biaxial, negative. Bx J_ 100 or 010. 2E = 110 approx. Colorless within but covered with a thin yellow ocher-like crust, and penetrated to some extent by the same substance. Analysis, G. Forsberg: CO a Ce 2 O 3 La 2 O 3 ,Di 2 O, CaO SrO F 19 16 35-38 31-58* 3-42 0*97 5-04 X b 0'23 = 95'78 Di 2 O 3 9 p. c. approx.; at. weight = 139-140. b X = O in excess. 292 CARBONATES. Deducting O (= F) 2' 12 the sum is 93*66, leaving H 2 O (and loss) 6 '34. The mineral analyzed was mixed with the ocher-like substance mentioned, also with parisite or an allied mineral, and the interpretation of the analysis is otherwise doubtful, but a composition analogous to that of bastnasite is suggested. Found as a later formation on eudidyinite, also with analcite and natrolite, on the island called Ovre-Aro, in the Langesundtiord, Norway. Named for the Norwegian mineralogist, P. C. Weibye. 5. Phosgenite Group. Chlorocarbonate. Tetragonal. 286. PHOSGENITE. Hornblei Karat., Tab., 78, 1800. Salzsaures Bleierze Klapr., Beitr., 3, 141, 1802. Corneous Lead Jameson. Bleihornerz, Chlorbleispath, Germ. Plomb carbonate muriatifere, Plomb chloro-carbonate, Plomb corne, Fr. Phosgen-spath Breith., Char., 61, 1832. Kerasine Beud., Tr., 2, 502, 1832. Phosgenit Breith., Haudb., 2, 183, 1841. Galenoceratite, Bleikerat, Olocker, Syn., 248, 1847. Cromfordite Greg & Lettsom, Min., 421, 1858. Tetragonal. Axis 6 = 1-08758; 001 A 101 = 47 24' 6" Koksharov 1 . Forms 2 : m (110, 1) h (210, t-2) o (201, 2-*) t> (311, 3-3) a c (001, 0) I (310, *-3) 3 p (203, f-&) 3 x (111, 1) (211, 2-2) a (100, i-i) On pseudomorphs, also uncertain acute pyramids (f. 3), an octagonal prism 4 , etc. co = 65 19' cs = 67 39' xx' = 72 43' ss = 48 52' ex = 56 58' oo' = 79 57' **' = 34 1' xs = 19 27' Figs. 1, 2, Monte Poni, Kk. 3, Silesia (pseudomorph), Kr. v. Nidda 4 . Crystals prismatic; sometimes tabular || c. Cleavage: m, a distinct; also c. Rather sectile. H. = 2'75-3. G. = 6*0-6'09, Lovisato; 6*305 Rg. Luster adamantine. Color white, gray, and yellow. Streak white. Transparent to translucent. Optically-}-. Indices: G? = 2*114, e = 2'140 orange rays, Sella (Dx.). Comp Chlorocarbonate of lead, (PbCl) 2 C0 3 or PbC0 3 .PbCl a = Carbon dioxide 8'1, chlorine 13 -0, lead oxide 81'9 = 103 ; or Lead carbonate 49*0, lead chloride 5 1-0 = 100. Analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 703. Pyr., etc. B.B. melts readily to a yellow globule, which on cooling becomes white and crystalline. On charcoal in R.F. gives metallic lead, with a white coating of lead chloride. With a salt of phosphorus bead previously saturated with copper oxide gives the chlorine reaction. Dissolves with effervescence iii dilute nitric acid. Obs. At Cromford near Matlock in Derbyshire, in crystals sometimes 2 or 3 inches long; very rare in Cornwall; in minute crystals at a lead mine near Elgin in Scotland; in large crystals at Gibbas, Monte Poni and Montevecchio in Sardinia; near Bobrek in Upper Silesia. A recent formation at Bourbonne-les-Bains; also at Laurion, Greece, where it is the result of the action of the sea-water upon ancient lead slags, in the cavities of which it occurs with laurionite (wh. see, p. 171). CARBONATES. 293 Alt. Occurs at the Elisabeth zinc mine, Upper Silesia, altered to lead carbonate, the crys- tals are acute tetragonal pyramids (f. 3), sometimes with a zirconoid or an octagonal prism; they are embedded in clay. Cf. thinolite, p. 271. Artif. Of. Friedel & Sarasin, Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 175, 1881. Ref. 1 Mte. Poni, Min. Russl., 8, 118, 1881; cf. Hansel, Zs. Kr., 2, 291, 1878. * Cf. Mir. Min,, 622, 1852. 3 Rath, Laurium, Ber. nied. Ges., 102, 1887. 4 Krug v. Nidda, Zs. G. Ges.. 2, 126, 1850. B. Acid, Basic, and Hydrous Carbonates 287. Teschemacherite HNH 4 C0 8 Orthorhombic 288. Malachite Cu 2 (OH) 2 C0 3 Monoclinic 0-8809 : 1 : 0-4012 61 50' 289. Azurite Cu 3 (OH) 2 (C0 3 ), " 0-8501 : 1 : 0-8805 87 30' 290. Aurichalcite (Zn,Cu) 5 (OH) 8 (C0 3 ) a 291. Hydrozincite Zn s (OH) 4 C0 8 ? 292. Hydrocerussite Pb 3 (OH) 2 (C0 3 ) 2 ? Hexagonal 293. Dawsonite Na(Al(OH)JC0 3 Monoclinic? 294. Thermonatrite Na,C0 3 +H,0 295. Nesquehonite MgC0 3 +3H 2 Orthorhombic 0-8268 : 1 : 0'8089 0-6445:1:0-4568 296. Natron NaC0 3 +10H 9 Monoclinic 1-4828: 1 : 1-4001 58 52' 297. Gay-Lussite Na 2 C0 3 .CaC0 3 +5H 2 Monoclinic 1-4897 : 1 : 1-4442 78 27' a:t>:6 298. Lanthanite La 2 (C0 3 ) 3 +9H 2 Orthorhombic 0-9528:1:0-9023 ft 299. Trona HNaC0 3 .Na 2 C0 3 +2H 2 Monoclinic 2-8460:1:2-9697 77 23' a:i:6 ft 300. HydromagnesiteMg 4 (OH) 2 (C0 3 ) 3 -|-3H 2 Monoclinic ? 1-0379:1: 0-4652 90 301. Hydrogiobertite Mg 2 (OH) 2 C0 3 +2H 2 302. Lansfordite Mg 4 (OH) 2 (C0 3 ) 3 +21H 3 Triclinic 0-5493 : 1 : 0-5655 or=95 22', =100 15', y=92 28' 303. Zaratite Ni 3 (OH) 4 C0 3 +4H 2 294 CARBONATES. 304. Remingtonite Hydrous cobalt carbonate 305. Tengerite Hydrous yttrium carbonate 306. Bismutite Hydrous bismuth carbonate 307. Uranothallite Ca 2 U(C0 3 ) 4 +10H ij O 308. Liebigite Hydrous carbonate of uranium and calcium 309. Voglite Hydrous carbonate of uranium, calcium, and copper 287. TESCHEMACHERITE. Bicarbonate of Ammonia E. F. Teschemacher, Phil Mag 28, 548, 1846. Teschemacherite Dana, Min., 705, 1868. Orthorhombic. In crystals with prismatic cleavages at 68. H. = 1*5. G. = 1-45. Yellowish to white. Comp Acid ammonium carbonate, HNH 4 CO, or (NH 4 ) 2 C0 3 .H 2 CO S = Carbon dioxide 55'7, ammonia 32*9, water 11*4 = 100. Analysis. Phipson, J. Ch. Soc., 16, 74, 1863. C0 2 (NH 4 ) a O H 2 O CaO Chincha Islands 51-53 29'76 ll'OO 6'02 P 2 O 6 0'60, MgO, SO 3 , Cl tr., alk. and uric [acid 1-09 = 100 The material analyzed by Phipson was white, compact, crystalline, and fragile, and had a strong odor of ammonia, from which he infers the presence either of free ammonia or of sesqui- carbonate. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube for the most part volatilized, giving the odor of ammonia, a white sublimate of ammonium carbonate, while an abundance of water condenses on the tube. Soluble in water, and heated with a fixed alkali gives a strong odor of ammonia. Effervesces with acids. Reacts alkaline to test paper. Obs. From guano deposits on the coast of Africa and Patagonia, and the Chincha Islands. Forms a bed several inches thick in the lowest parts of the guano deposits of Patagonia, as an- nounced by Teschemacher; similarly at the Chincha Islands, according to Phipson. On the form, etc., of the artificial ammonium carbonate, see Rose, Pogg., 46, 400, 1839; also Rg., Kr. Ch., 1, 545. 1881. KALICINE Pisani, C. R., 60, 918, 1865. Potassium bicarbonate. Announced as found under a dead tree at Chypis in Valais, as a result of recent decomposition. Pisani obtained for its composition: CO 2 42'20, K 2 O 42*60, H 2 O 7'76, CaCO 3 2'50, MgCO 8 1'34, sand, etc. 3'60 = 100. 288. MALACHITE!. XpycroKoXXa pt. TheopTir., Dioscor., etc. Wev #77$ [False Emerald of Copper Mines] pt., Theophr. Chrysocolla, Molochites, pt.,. Plin., Agric. Berggrun. Germ. 1 Molochit, Agric., Interpr., 1546. ^Erugo nativa, Viride montanum pt., Koppargron, Barggront pt.. Malachit, Wall.. Min., 278, 279, 1747. Cuivre carbonate vert L'Abbe Fontana, J. dePhys.. 2, 509, 1778, proving the existence of a green carbonate. Green Carbonate of Copper; Green Malachite; Mountain Green pt Berggrun pt. Germ. Atlaserz [fib. var.] Germ. Rame carbonato verde, Verde di moute Ital. Malaquita Span. Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0*88093 : 1 : 0-40118; (3 = *61 50' = 001 A 100 Hbg.-Lang. 1 100 A HO = 37 50', 001 A 101 = 27 5', 001 A Oil = 19 28f. Forms : m (110, /) w (403, f -i) e (623, 2-3) /3 (534, f -|) a (100, i-l) rM 8 - y (302, f -) a (524, f-{) d (323, 1-1) b (010, ) ioi ' J { e (Joi, 24)? Y (423, |-2) C (321, 3-f) c ( 01 ' > , (5-04, M mm'" = *75 40' a'w = *81 17' crj = 42 49' ft ft' = 33 18' ax = 91 5' cy 41 88' rjrj' = 22 4|' yy' = 29 37' cv - 34 28' cz = 54 37V aa' = 22 33' dd' = 29 56' cw 36 53' cm = 68 7' MALACHITE AZURITE. 295 Twins: tw. pi. a very common; often as penetration-twins. Crystals, usually slender, acicular prisms, grouped in tufts and rosettes. Form seldom distinct; faces uneven; a, m, b vertically striated; v, a, ft striated || -edge v/ex. Commonly massive or incrusting, with surface tuberose, botryoidal, or stalactitic, and structure divergent; often delicately compact fibrous, and banded in color; frequently granular or earthy. Cleavage: c perfect; b less so. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Brittle. H. = 3'5-4. G. = 3'9-4'03. Luster of crystals adaman- tine, inclining to vitreous; of fibrous varieties more or less silky; often dull and earthy. Color bright green. Streak paler green. Translucent to subtranslucent to opaque. Optically -. Ax. pi. | b. Bx a A 6 = 23 29' red, 23 31' N yellow. Dispersion p < v in the air, p > v within, rather large; inclined feeble. Axial angles, Dx. : 2E r = 89 14', 2E y = 89 18'; fi r = 1-87, ft? = T88 .-. 2V r = 44 7', 2V y = 43 54' Comp. = Basic cupric carbonate, CuC0 3 .Cu(OH) 2 or 2CuO.C0 2 .H 2 = Carbon dioxide 19'9, cupric oxide 71-9, water 8-2 100. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube blackens and yields water. B.B. fuses at 2, coloring the flame emerald-green; on charcoal is reduced to metallic copper; with the fluxes reacts like cuprite, p. 206. Soluble in acids with effervescence. Obs. Common with other ores of copper and as a product of their alteration ; thus as a pseudomorph after cuprite and azurite. Occurs abundantly in the Ural; at Chessy in France; massive at Schwatz in Tyrol; in Cornwall and in Cumberland, England; Sandlodge copper mine, Shetland, Scotland; Limerick, Waterford, and elsewhere, Ireland; at Saalfeld; Rheinbreit- bach; Dillenburg, Nassau; Betzdorf near Siegen. At the copper mines of Nizhni Tagilsk a bed of malachite was opened which yielded many tons of malachite; one mass measured at top 9 by 18ft.; and the portion uncovered contained at least half a million pounds of pure malachite. Also in handsome masses at Bembe, on the west coast of Africa; with the copper ores of Cuba; Chili; at the Cobar mines and elsewhere in New South Wales; South Australia. Occurs in Conn., sparingly at Cheshire. In JV. Jersey, at Schuyler's mines, and still better at New Brunswick. In Pennsylvania, in the Blue Ridge, near Nicholson's Gap: near Morgan- town, Berks County; at Cornwall, Lebanon Co., in good specimens; at the Perkiomen and Phenixville lead-mines. In Maryland, between Taneytown and Newmarket, E. of the Monocacy ; in the Catoctin Mts. In Wisconsin, at the copper mines of Mineral Point, and elsewhere. In California, at Hughes's mine, in Calaveras Co. Abundantly in fine masses and acicular crystals, with calcite at the Copper Queen mine, Bisbee, Cochise Co., Arizona; also in Graham Co., especially at the Humming Bird mine, Morenci (6 m. from Clifton), where beautiful stalactitic forms of malachite and azurite in concentric bands are obtained. At the Santa Rita mines, Grant Co., and elsewhere in New Mexico. Tintlc district, Utah. Named from uaXax?}, mallows, in allusion to the green color. Artif. Obtained by de Schulten in acicular crystals, C. R., 110, 202, 1890. Ref. * The fundamental angles taken by Dx. (Miu., 2, p. 185) are accepted here, viz.: ac, mm'" Hbg., Rheinbreitbach (Mm. Not., 6, 9, 7. 32), a'w Lang, Nizhni Tagilsk; with Lang x = 001, 'Phil. Mag., 25, 432, 1863, 28, 502, 1864. See also Zeph., Ber. Ak. Wien, 51 (1), 112, 1865.' LIME-MALACHITE. Kalk-malachit Zincken. B. H. Ztg., 1, 1842. Calco-malachite. Massive, reniform, botryoidal; structure fibrous and foliated. H. 2 "5. Luster silky. Color verdigris- green. From Zincken's trials it is a hydrous carbonate of copper, with some carbonate and sulphate of calcium and iron. The original from Lauterberg in the Harz; a similar substance elsewhere, as in Arizona. Probably simply malachite impure with gypsum or calcite.. ci in some cases both. MYSORIN Thomson, Min., 1, 601, 1836. An impure malachite according to F. R. Mallet, Rec. Geol. Survey India, 12, 166, 1879, and Min. India, 156, 1887. From Mysore, India. 289. AZURITE. Caeruleum, Lapis armenius pt., Plin., 33, 57. Caeruleum, Germ. Lasur, Berglasur pt., Agric., 217, etc. Koppar-Lazur, Cuprum lazureurn, Caeruleum montanum, Wall., Min., 280, 1747. Bleu de rnontagne, Cuivre azure, FT. Trl., Wall., 1, 506, 1753. Kupferlasur Wern. Bergblau Germ. Abbe Fontana, J. de Phys., 2, 1778 (with anal, making it a carbonate). Blue Carbonate of Copper, Blue malachite. Chessy Copper. Azure Copper Ore. Cuivre car- bonate bleu Fr. Azurite Beud., Tr., 417, 1824. Lasur Haid., Handb., 508, 1845. Chessylite B. & M., Min., 594, 1852. Lasurit v. Kobell, Tafeln, 32, 1853. Azzurrite, Rame carbonate azzurro, Bleu di Monte Ital. Azurita, Cobre azul Span. 296 CARBONATES. Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : 6 = 0'85012 : 1 : 0-88054; ft 87 36'= 001 A 100 Schrauf 1 . 100 A HO = 40 20' 37", 001 A 101 = 44 45' 56", 001 A Oil = 41 20' 25". Forms* : a (100, i-i) b (010, *-i) c (001, 0) AT (104, -i-i) C (102, -ft) r (108, i-i) M (105, H) Z> (104, J-i) ^ (207, f ) (201, 2-i) ^ (301, 3-i) S(014, fi) 3 00'" = 46 1' u'" = 59 24' mm'" = 80 41' ww = 60 58 cC = 26 514' = 42 50 f = 62 18' ao- C(f> en cQ crj CIO ??F = 27 C = 47 15 r = 58 564' = 66 Hi' f pp' cs ch cm coo ex ck cd q (025, |-i) x (111,1) I (023, f-i) k (221, 2) / (Oil, 1-1) it (441, 4) p (021, 2-i) 4 (321, - 3-D Q (223, - |) 2 ' 4 z (411, 4-4) * (111, -1) y (211,2-2) h (221, - 2) (321, 3-D 4 t (225, f ) K (12-10-5, V- : T (112, 4.) <5 (243, - |-2) JV(447, |) 4 y (121, - 2-2) * (223, |) < (241, - 4-2) IT (4-10-7, --V 38 46*' co = 77 23f 60 47' 82 41' = 51 Of ^Q" PiQ' 120 47' = Da = 33 16' 52 28' a'x = 53 15' 68 12' a' a = 63 50' 88 10' a'& = 44 55' 75 6' a'o = 60 59' 54 51' M = 91 20' 71 25' 54 29' 8X = 75 44 M' ><* *' J (132, - 14) r (683, |-|) 2(233,H) " (353, f-f ) 6 (245, f 2) ^ (243, |-2) a (121, 2-2) /? (362, 32) o (241, 4-2) P (134, f-3) ^/ (2-10-3, Y-S; A (2-18-3, 6-9) = 61 49' = 73 56' = 112 48|' = 63 57' = 102 37' = 42 30' = 75 45' = 114 32' Figs. 1, 2, Chessy. 3, Nizhni Tagilsk. 4, Chessy. 5, Banat. 1-6, after Schrauf (Rose, Zippe). Twins: tw. pi. (1) v (201) Dx.; 2, (101) Groth 6 ; not common. Crystals varied in habit and highly modified; often tabular || c, or v consid- erable; horizontal distinct. Axial angles for rays between green and blue: 7. 2H = 82 5' and 2E = 151, Dx. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13 14. 7-14, Arizona, Farrington. Comp. Basic cupric carbonate, 2CuC0 3 .Cu(OH) 2 or 3Cu0.2C0 2 H 2 = Carbon dioxide 25'6, cupric oxide 69 '2, water 5'2 = 100. For analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 716; they agree closely with the requirements of the formula. Pyr., etc. Same as in malachite. Obs. Occurs in splendid crystallizations at Chessy, near Lyons, whence it derived the name Chessy Copper or chessylite. Also in fine crystals in Siberia; at Moldawa in the Banat; at Wheal Buller, near Redruth in Cornwall; also in Devonshire and Derbyshire, England; in small' quantities at Alston-Moor and Wanlockhead, etc.; at Puerto Cabello, S. A.; Cobar mines and elsewhere in New South Wales; South Australia. Occurs in Penn., at the Perkiornen lead mine, in indifferent specimens, associated with galena, sphalerite, and cerussite; at Phenixville, in crystals; at Cornwall, iu crystals on red shale; near Nicholson's Gap, in the Blue Ridge. In N. York, near Sing Sing. In N. Jersey, near New Brunswick. In Wisconsin, at the old copper diggings near Mineral Point, in good crystals; also at the Bracken mine, in small but fine crystals. In Arizona, at the Longfellow mine, also other mines in Graham Co. ; also with malachite in beautiful crystals at the Copper Queen mine, Bisbee; at the Clifton mines, Graham Co. In Grant Co., New Mexico. At the Mammoth mine in the Tintic district, Utah, with various copper arsenates. In California, Calaveras Co. , at Hughes's mine, in crystals. Alt. Azurite is often altered to malachite through the loss of carbon dioxide and addition of water; also to native copper, as at Grant Co., New Mexico, Yeates, Am. J. Sc., 38, 405, 1889. Artif. Formed artificially by Debray, Becquerel, Michel; cf. Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 139, Ref. ' Ber. Ak. Wien, 64 (1), 123, 1871 and Atlas, xxvi-xxix, 1872. This is the position of Haidinger (Min. Mohs, 2, 167, 1825); Zippe. Pogg., 22, 393, 1831; Miller (Min., p. 594, 1852); with Rose (Reis. Ural, 1, 315, 541, 1837), Levy (Heuland, 3, 64, 1837). With Schrauf (1. c.) the vertical axis has double the length, i.e. h = 111, etc. Schrauf points to a similarity of form between azurite and epidote. 298 CARBONATES. 2 See Schrauf for review and correction of earlier authorities, also Dx., Min., 2, 190, 1874. A note in Zs. Kr., 8, 582, credits Kreuner and Franzenau with having observed on crystals from Utah also (507), and (223), no angles given. Of. also Gdt., Index, 2, 2(59, 1888, who gives some planes not included here. 3 H. S. Washington, Arizona, priv. coutr. 4 Farrington, Arizona, Am. J. Sc., 41, 300, 1891. 5 Min.-Samml., Strassb., 139, 1878. ATLASITE Breith., B. H. Ztg , 24, 310, 1865. A carbonate of copper containing chlorine from Chanarcillo, Chili. It resembles atacamite, and may be a mixture of this species and aztirite. See further 5th Ed., p. 716. ZINKAZURITE Breith., B. H. Ztg., XI, 101, 1852. A blue mineral in small crystals, having G. = 3'49, from the Sierra Almagrera in Spain. Heated, it affords a little water, with the reactions of copper and zinc. According to Plattner, it consists of zinc sulphate, copper carbonate, and some water. 290. AURICHALCITE. Calamine verdalre (containing "une bonne quantite de cuivre"), Mine de Laiton [= Brass-ore], Patrin, Aper9u d. Mines en Siberie, in J. de Phys., 33, 81. 1788. Mine de Laiton de Pise en Toscane. Aurichalchum of the ancients?, Sage, J. de Phys., 38, 155, 1791. Messingbiilthe Germ. Kupferzinkbliithe. Aurichalcit Bottger, Fogg., 48, 495, 1839. Buratite Delesse, Ann. Ch. Phys., 18, 478, 1846. Orichalcit Glocker, Syn., 230, 1847. Messing, bluthe Risse, Ver. Rheinl., Corr.-Bl., 22, 95, 1865. Risseite, Messingite Adam., Tabl. Min., 26, 1869. Monoclinic 1 ?. In acicular crystals forming drusy incrustations; also columnar, divergent; plumose; granular; also laminated. H. 2. G. = 3-54 3 -64. Luster pearly. Color pale green, verdigris-green ; sometimes sky-blue. Streak pale greenish or bluish. Translucent. Comp. A basic carbonate of zinc and copper, 2(Zn,Cu)C0 3 .3(Zn,Cu)(OH) 2 , Penfield. If Zn : Cu = 5 : 2, this requires: Carbon dioxide 16*1, zinc oxide 53'2, cupric oxide 20*8, water 9*9 = 100. Buratite gave 8*62 p. c. CaO but probably from admixed calcite, it has G. = 3'32 Delesse; Tschermak found no lime in the Banat mineral, and this is confirmed by Belar. Anal. 1, Pisani, Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 43, 1885. 2-5, A. Belar, Zs. Kr., 17, 113, 1889. 6, 7, Penfield, after deducting 1'53, 0'64 p. c., CaCO 3 , Am. J. Sc,, 41, 106, 1891. CO a H 2 O ZuO CuO 1. Laurium 1545 14-75 50'45 18-07 insol. 0'50 = 99'22 2. Morawitza 11 '38 13-53 54'70 20'39 = 100 3. " 2678 53-57 21'43 = 101-78 4. CampiglJa 26-50 55'51 20'20 = 102-21 5. Sardinia 22*97 58'72 15'58 Fe 2 O 3 2'17 = 100'44 G.Utah G. = 3-54 16-07 10-06 5299 21 -21 =10033 7. " G. = 3-64 16-04 9'99 54-36 20'00 = 100'39 Pyr., etc. In the closed tube blackens, and yields water. B.B. infusible; colors the flame deep green. With soda on charcoal gives a coating of zinc oxide; the fused mass removed from the coal and triturated in a mortar affords minute globules of copper. With the fluxes reacts for copper. Soluble in acids with effervescence. Obs. Aurichalcite occurs at Loktevski, at a copper mine in the Altai, where it is asso- ciated with calcite and limonite, sometimes forming a drusy covering upon these minerals; at Morawitza in the Banat; Chessy, near Lyons; Rezbanya, in Hungary; Campiglia in Tuscany; at Matlock in Derbyshire, of a pale green color, laminated structure, and pearly luster; at Roughten-Gill, in Cumberland; Leadhills, Scotland; zinc mines of the province of Santander, Spain; at the zinc mines of Laurium, Greece. In the U. S., at Lancaster, Pa.; from the Santa Caterina Mts., Arizona, in fine specimens, reported also from the Copper Queen mine, Bisbee. At the Kesler mine, Big Cotton wood, and the Cave mine in Beaver Co., Utah. The mineral aurichalcite was first described as a greenish variety of calamine by Patrin, in 1788 (1. c.), and called Brass ore (Mine de Laiton), "because," as he says, " the compound of copper and zinc is here made by nature." Among the brass or copper ores of the ancients, aurichalcum was reputed the best (Pliny, 33, 2); and Sage was thence led to suggest (1. c. , 1791) that the cupriferous calamine (which afforded, as he showed by experiment, the best of brass, without the addition of either copper or zinc) might be the ancient aurichalcum. As the ore is a scarce one, this is not at all probable. But the idea explains the use of the word for the species. In addition, it is to be said that brass (or an alloy related to it) was called aurichalcum by Virgil and Horace, and also in the middle ages. The Latin word aurichalcum is regarded by some good authorities as derived from ' opeixaknoS (= mountain brass); and, in fact, the Latin poets just mentioned wrote it orichalcum. But others regard it as a hybrid word (from the Latin aurum, gold, and S, bi'asg or bronze), and the o of the poets as an example of the admissible change in HYDROZINCITEHYDROCER VSSITEDA WSONITE. 299 Latin of au to o. Glocker, in view of the first of these derivations, changes aurichalcite to orichalcite; but, whatever the derivation, as the use of aurichalcum dates from before Pliny's time, we moderns may as well let it stand without correction. Buratite is named from M. Burat, who is stated to have discovered the mineral in Italy. Artif. Of. Delesse, 1. c. ; also Belar, who throws doubt upon the observations of Delesse. Ref. ! For observations on the form see Belar, 1. c. 291. HYDROZINCITE. Calamine Smithson, Phil. Trans , 12, 1803. Zinkbl tithe Karst., Tabell., 70, 99, 1808. Hydro-carbonate of Zinc. Earthy calamine. Zinconise Beud., Tr., 2, 357,1832. Zinc Bloom. Hydrozinkit Kenng., Min., 1853. Marionite Elderhorst, G. Rep. Arkansas, 153, 1858. Cegamit Weisbach, Synops. Min., 36, 1875. Massive, fibrous, earthy or compact. As incrustations, the crusts sometimes concentric and agate-like. At times reniform, pisolitic, stalactitic. H. = 2-2-5. G. = 3-58-3-8. Luster dull. Color pure white, grayish or yellowish. Streak shining. Usually earthy or chalk-like. Comp.^A basic zinc carbonate, exact composition uncertain, perhaps ZnCO,.2Zn(OH) 2 or 3ZnO.C0 2 .2H 2 = Carbon dioxide 13-6, zinc oxide 75 -3, water 11*1 = 100. Analyses vary somewhat widely probably, in consequence of want of homogeneity in the material examined: 1, Cossa, Att. Soc. Tor., 6, 189,- 1870. 2, V. v. Zotta, Zs. Kr., 13, 143, 1887. Also 5th Ed., p. 711. C0 2 ZnO H 2 O 1. Auronzo 14 "55 7321 11 '83 = 99'59 2. Bleiberg 17'05 70'76 10'30 PbO 1'26, Fe 2 O 3 0'42, SiO 2 0'36 = 100-15 Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water; in other respects resembles smithsonite. Obs. Occurs at most mines of zinc, and is a result of the alteration of the other ores of this metal. Found in great quantities at the Dolores mine, Udias valley, province of Santander, in Spain, along with calamiue, smithsouite, and sphalerite, covering the floor of an extensive cavern to a depth of a yard and a half, and hanging in dazzling white branching stalactites from the roof; part is concretionary, pisolitic, nodular; it is intimately mixed with zinc silicate, and is pseudomorphous after it; and opal-like masses of silicate and hydrous carbonate are common, formed by the falling of drops of water holding the silicate in solution. Also occurs in the neighboring province of Guipuzcoa, Spain, near La Nestosa, at the mines of Las Nieves and La Augustina; at Bleiberg and Raibel in Cariuthia; near Reims- beck, in Westphalia; in Hollenthal, on the Zugspitze in Bavaria; at Taft in the province of Jesd in Persia. In the U. S., at Friedensville, Pa.; at Linden, in Wisconsin, as a concretionary fibrous white crust on smithsonite; in Marion Co., Arkansas (marioniie), in concentric and contorted laminae and botryoidal crusts; with sphalerite, etc., at Joplin, Mo. Beudant's name zinconise, from zinc and KOVI^, 'powder, has priority, but is too badly formed to be retained. Artif. Deposited when hot solutions of zinc salts in water are decomposed by carbonates of the alkalies. The white substance formed on zinc, when moistened and exposed to the air, is a related compound. Belar (Zs. Kr , 17, 123, 1889) describes an artificial hydrous zinc carbonate, ZnCO 3 -j- H 2 O, in crystals resembling hydromagnesite in habit. 292. HYDROCERUSSITE. A. E. Nordenskiold, G. F5r. F6rh., 3, 381, 1877. Hydro- cerusite. Plumbonacrite Heddle, Min. Mag., 8, 201, 1889. In thin hexagonal planes, optically uniaxial, negative Lex. 1 Soft. G. = 6'14, artif. cryst. Colorless. Luster pearly. Comp. A basic lead carbonate, probably 2PbC0 3 .Pb(OH) 2 or 3Pb0.2C0 2 .H 2 = Carbon dioxide 11-4, lead oxide 86-3. water. 2 -3 = 100. Fyr., etc. Yields lead on charcoal. Soluble in acid with evolution of carbon dioxide. Obs. Occurs sparingly as a coating on native lead, at Langban, Wermland, Sweden. Also in cavities in galena at Wanlockhead, Scotland. Artif. An artificial basic lead carbonate with the above composition is described by Bourgeois, Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 221, 1888. Ref. 1 Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 35, 1885. 293. DAWSONITE. B. J. Harrington, Can. Nat., 7, 305, 1874. Monoclinic ?. In thin incrustations of radiating bladed crystals. 300 CARBONATES. Cleavage: longitudinal easy. H. = 3. G. = 2-40. Luster vitreous. Color white. Transparent to translucent. Double refraction strong. Ax. pi. transverse to needles and nearly J_ to the cleavage; axial angle large, Dx. 1 Comp. A basic"carbonate of aluminium and sodium, Na 3 Al(C0 3 ) 3 .2Al(OH) 3 or Na 2 O.Al 2 3 .2C0 2 .2H 2 = Carbon dioxide 30'6, alumina 35-4, soda 21-5, water 12-5 = 100. Anal. 1, 2, Harrington, 1. c. 3, Id., ibid., 10, 84, 1881 after deducting calcite. 4, Friedel, Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 28, 1881. CO 2 A1 2 O 3 Na 2 O H 2 O 1. Montreal 29'88 32'84 20'58* 11-91 MgO tr., CaO 5'95 = 101 "16 2. " 30-72 32-68 20'17 [10'33] MgO 0'45, CaO 5'65 = 100 3. " 27-78 36-12 22'86 13'24 = 100 4. Tuscany 29'09 35'89 19'13 , 12-00 MgO 1-39, CaO 0'42 = 97'92 Incl. K 2 O 0-38. Pyr. B.B. swells up, colors the flame deep yellow, and after ignition yields an alkaline reaction; gives a fine blue with cobalt nitrate; in the closed tube yields water and carbon dioxide. Soluble in acids with effervescence. Obs. Found as a crystalline coating, resembling tremolite, on the jointed surfaces of a feldspathic dike cutting the Trenton limestone near McGill College, Montreal; it is associated with calcite, dolomite, pyrite, etc. Also from the province of Siena, Pian Castagnaio, Tuscany, in a quartzose rock, impregnated with dolomite, in part argillaceous; associated with calcite, dolomite, pyrite, fluorite, and cinnabar. Ref. Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 8, 1878. HOVITE. Native Carbonate of Alumina and Lime, J. H. & G. Gladstone, Phil. Mag., 23, 461, 1862. A soft white earthy substance from fissures in flint at an old quarry in the Upper Chalk, at Hove near Brighton." Analyses show silica, carbon dioxide, alumina, lime and water; it may be a carbonate of alumina and lime, but very impure and of doubtful nature. See 5th Ed., p. 709. 294. THERMONATRITE. Nirpov and Nitrum pt. Vet. Natron, Alkali orientals impurum terrestre, Jordblandadt Alkaliskt-salt, Wall., Min., 174, 1747. Natilrliches mineral- isches Alkali Wern. Prismatisches Natronsalz Mohs. Thermonatrit Haid., Handb. 487, 1845. Therinonitrit Hausm., Handb., 1411, 1847. Soude carbonatee prismatique Dufr. Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0-8268 : 1 : 0*8089 Marignac 1 . 100 A 110 = 39 35', 001 A 101 = 44 22', 001 A Oil = 38 58-j-'. Forms (artif. cryst.): b (010, i-i) m (110, /) u (101, 1-i) p (122, 1-2) a (100, i-i) c (001, 0) g (102, -B) e (021, 2-1) mm'" = *79 10' go' = 52 8' ee' = 116 33V pp" = 86 47' ag = *63 56' uu 1 = 88 45' pp' = 41 39' pp'" = 72 Of Often in flattened crystals || c or a, also prismatic c. Usually as an efflorescence. Cleavage : I difficult. Somewhat sectile. H. = 1-1-5. Gr. = 1-5-1-6. Luster vitreous. White, grayish, yellowish. Taste alkaline. Comp. Hydrous "sodium carbonate, Na 2 C0 3 + H 2 = Carbon dioxide 35-5, soda 50-0, water 14-5 = 100. Obs. Occurs in various lakes, and as an efflorescence over the soil in many dry regions of the globe; also about some mines and volca-noes. It results from the efflorescence of natron. Ref. 1 Ann. Mines, 12, 55, 1857; cf. the somewhat different results of Haid., Ed. J.-Sc., 2, 327, 1825 or Pogg., 5, 369, 1825. 295. NESQUEHONITB. F. A. GentTi and 8. L. Penjkld, Am. J. Sc., 39, 121, 1890. Orthorhombic. Axes a : 1 : 6 = 0-64446 : 1 : 0-45678 Penfield. 100 A HO = 32 48', 001 A 101 = 35 19f ', 001 A Oil = 24 33'. Forms : b (010, i-i), c (001, 0), m (110, /), d (Oil, l-i). Angles (approx.): mm'" = *65 36', dd' = *49 6'. NATRON GA T-L USSITE. 301 In prismatic crystals, usually united in radiating groups; prismatic faces deeply striated vertically. Cleavage: m perfect; c less so. Fracture splintery j| m. H.=2-5. G. = 1'83- 1*85. Luster vitreous or slightly greasy. Colorless to white. Transparent to translucent. Optically . Ax. pi. || c. Bx J_ 100. Dispersion small, p < v. Axial angles, Pfd.: 2E r = 83 55' Li 2E y = 84 15' E Also (artif. cryst.) /? y = 1-501 y 7 = 1-526 Comp. Hydrous magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 -f- 3H,0 = Carbon dioxide 31-4, magnesia 29'0, water 39-1 = 100. Anal. 1, 2, Genth, I.e. : 1, original crystals; 2, material pseudomorphous after lansfordite. 2E gr = 84 22' Tl 2V y = 53 5' and a = 1-495. 1. C0 2 30-22 28-85 MgO 29-22 28-23 H 2 O 40-32 = 99-76 42-92 = 100 m Oba. From an anthracite coal mine at Nesquehoning, 4 miles from Lansford, Schuylkill Co., Penn.; when found it formed the base of stalac- tites and incrustations, the remainder of which consisted of lansfordite, out of which it had been formed; later the entire stalactites became altered into a white chalky substance with fibrous structure which was also nesque- honite (cf. lansfordite, p. 305). Artif. Deposited in crystals from a solution of MgCO 3 in water containing carbon dioxide; they are identical with the natural crystals. Cf. Pfd., 1. c., also Mitsch., Mem. Soc. Geneve, 14, 252, 1855. 77? 296. NATRON. Nirpor, Nitrum, of ihe Ancients. Hemiprismatisches Natronsalz MoTia. Natrit Weisbach, Synops. Min., p. 7, 1875. Soda. Carbonate of Soda. Sodium Carbonate. Soude carbonatee. Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : 6 = 1-4828 : 1 : 1-4001; ft = *58 52' = 001 A 100 Haidinger 1 . 100 A HO = 51 46', 001 A 101 = 57 39', 001 A Oil = 50 9' Forms (artif. cryst.) 1 : a (100, t'-i), b (010, a), c (001, 0); m (110, /); * (101, 14); e (Oil, 1-1), P (112, i). Angles: mm'" = *103 32', as = 63 29', ee' = *100 19', cm = 71 20', cp = 43 43', pp' = 69 55'. Twins: tw. pi. c. Crystals tabular || b. Cleavage: c distinct; b imperfect; m in traces. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 1-1-5. G. = 1-42-1-46. Vitreous to earthy. White, sometimes gray or yellow, owing to impurities. Taste alkaline. Opti- cally. Ax. pi. and Bx a _]_ b. Bx A t = + 41 8'. Dispersion p > v small. Axial angles : 2E r = 112 48' 2E y = 112 42' Dx. Comp Hydrous sodium carbonate, Na 2 C0 3 + 10H 2 = Carbon dioxide = 15-4, soda 21'7, water 62'9 = 100. Obs. -Occurs in nature only in solution, as in the soda lakes of Egypt and else- where, or mixed with the other sodium carbonates. See Trona and Thermonatrite. Ref. Ed j'. Sc., 2, 326, 1825, or Pogg., 5, 369, 1825. Cf. also Dx., Min., 2, 168, 1874; Rg., Kr. Ch., 549, 1881. 297. GAY-LUSSITE Boussingault, Ann. Ch. Phys., 31, 270, 1826. Gaylussite. Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 = 1-4897 : 1 : 1-4442; ft = 78 26 J' = 001 A 100 Phillips 1 . 100 A HO = 55 35', 001 A 101 = 49 41 J', 001 A Oil = 54 45'. SOB CARBONATES. Forms 1 : a (100, i-l\ b (010, i), c (001, 0); w (110, 7); s (101, 1-i); e (Oil, 14); r (112, mm = *iir a's = 51' 10' 52' ee' = *109 30' cr = 43 20' cm ^ *83 30' ?T' = 69 29' me = 42 21 r = 27 44' 3. 1, South America. 2, 3, Ragtown, Nevada. Crystals often elongated || a\ also flattened wedge-shaped: surfaces usually un- even, e striated || edge e/r. Cleavage: m perfect; c rather difficult. Fracture conchoidal. Very brittle. H. =2-3. G. = 1*93 1*95. Luster vitreous. Color white, yellowish white. Streak uncolored to grayish. Translucent. Optically . Ax. pi. and Bx a J_ b. Bx A t = 14 48' red, 13 8' blue. Dispersion p < v, and crossed large. Axial angles: At 17 C. 2E r = 51 38' 2E bl = 52 53' At 71-5 2E r = 53 32' Dx. Comp. Hydrous carbonate of calcium and sodium, CaC0 3 .Na 2 C0 3 -}- 5H 2 = Calcium carbonate 33*8, sodium carbonate 35 '8, water 30*4 = 100. Pyr., etc. Heated in a closed tube decrepitates and becomes opaque. B.B. fuses easily to a white enamel, and colors the flame intensely yellow. Dissolves in acids with a brisk effer- vescence; partly soluble in water, and reddens turmeric paper. Obs. Abundant at Lagunilla, near Merida, in Venezuela, where its crystals are disseminated at the bottom of a small lake, in a bed of clay, covering urao; the natives call them claws or nails, in allusion to their crystalline form. Also abundant in Little Salt Lake, or Soda Lake, in the Carson desert near Ragtown, Nevada. The lake is in a crater-shaped basin, and its waters are dense and strongly saline; the gay-lussite is deposited upon the evaporation of the water; it also occurs in another smaller Soda lake in the same neighborhood. Named after Gay Lussac, the French chemist (1778-1850). Artif. Obtained by various methods, also in connection with soda manufacture. Cf. Arzruni, 1. c., and authors quoted by him; also Rg., J. pr. Ch., 35, 106, 1887. Alt. On the supposed pseudomorphs (natrocalcite) after gay-lussite from Sangerhausen ("Gerstenkorner ") and elsewhere, see p. 907 and p. 271. Ref.- 1 Accepted by Dx., Miu., 2, 171, 1874; earlier, Ann. Ch. Phys., 7, 489, 1843. Cf. also Cordier, Ann. Ch. Phys., 31, 276, 1826; Ph., Phil. Mag.. 1, 263, 1827; Mir., 597, 1852. On Nevada crystals, Blake, Am. J. Sc., 42, 221, 1866. On the form and optical properties of artificial crystals, cf. Arzruni, Zs. K.r., 6, 24, 1882, who gives general literature. 298. LANTHANITE. Kohlensaures Cereroxydul Berz., Zs. f. Min., 2, 209, 1825; Kohl. Ceroxydul Hisinger, Afh. Min. Geog. Schwed., 144, 1826. Carbonate of Cerium. Carbocerine Bead.. Tr., 2, 354, 1832. Lanthanit Haid., Haudb., 500, 1845. Hydrolanthanit Glocker, Synops., 248, 1847. Orthorhombic. Axes: a : b : 6 = 0-9528 : 1 : 0-9023 Lang 1 . 100 A 110-= *43 37', 001 A 101 = 43 26J', 001 A Oil = 42 3J'. Forms: a (100, i-l), c (001, 0); m (110, J); o (111, 1). Angles: mm'" = 87 14', oo' = 70 13', oo" 105 12', oo'" = 66 28', od" = *74 48'. In thin four-sided plates or minute tables || c, with beveled edges. Also fine granular or earthy. Cleavage: micaceous || c. H. = 2'5-3. G. = 2'605 Genth; 2'666 (?) Blake. Luster pearly or dull. Color grayish white, delicate pink, or yellowish. Optically . Ax. pi. || a. Bx J_ c. Dispersion p < v small. Axial angles: TRONA. 303 2E r = 108 1' 2E bl = 108 39' Dx. a Comp. Hydrous lanthanum carbonate, La 2 (C0 3 ) 3 -j- 9H a O = Carbon dioxide 21*4, lanthanum trioxide 52'4, water 26'2 = 100. Analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 710. Didymium is present with the lanthanum. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water. B.B. infusible; but whitens and becomes opaque, silvery, and brownish; with borax, a glass, slightly bluish, reddish, or amethystine, on cooling; with salt of phosphorus a glass, bluish amethystine while hot, red when cold, the bead becoming opaque when but slightly heated, and retaining a pink color. Effervesces in acids. Obs. Found coating cerite at Bastnas, Sweden; also in Silurian limestone with the zinc ores of the Saucon valley, Lehigh Co., Pa., in masses consisting of aggregated minute tables, very rare; at the Sandford iron-ore bed, Moriah, Essex Co., N. Y., in delicate scales, and a thin scaly crust, in fissures in the ore, and on crystals of allanite. Ref. ' Phil. Mag., 25, 43, 1863; cf. also Blake, Am. J. Sc., 16, 228, 1853. Min., 2, 177, 1874. HYDROCONITE. Hydroconit Hausm., Handb., 2, 1405, 1847. A hydrous calcium carbonate, CaCO 3 4- 5H 2 O. It was formed artificially by Pelouze (Ann. Ch. Phys., 48, 301, 1831), and noted as a recent formation in a water pipe by Salm-Horstmar (Pogg., 35, 515, 1835), and as a deposit from a brook near Christiania, Norway, by Scheerer (ib., 68, 381, 1846) It is described as occurring in acute colorless rhombohedrons with G. = 1*75; prismatic crystals obtained by Becquerel (Ann. Ch. Phys., 47, 5, 1831) are also mentioned, and dimorphism suggested. 299. TRONA. Trona Bagge, Ak. H. Stockh., 35, 140, 1773. Katrum von Tripole, Stralige Natrum, Klaprolh, Beitr., 3, 83, 1802. Urao Boussingault, Ann. Mines, 12, 278, 1826. Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : 6 = 2'8460 : 1 : 2-9697; /3 = *77 23' = 001 A 100 Zepharovich. 100 A HO = 70 llf, 001 A 101 = 39 40', 001 A Oil = 70 57J'. Forms 1 : p (304, - f-I) /3 (1'0'18, T V*) * (302, f 4) r (211, - 2-2) 2 a (100, i-l) e (101, - 14) 2 y (2-0-13, T \4) P (HI, - I) 2 o (111, 1) c (001, 0) 3. Figs. 1, 2, Zepharovich. 3, Ayres. cp = 33 7' ce = 39 40' ca = IT 23' cs = 66 41' cp = 68 12*' co = 75 53|' cr = 67 39' pp' = 122 20' rr' = 98 21' oo' = 132 24f = *47 35|' oo ar = 52 59' ap = 67 34i' a'o = *74 54' Crystals elongated \\ axis I, also flattened \\ c. Faces in the or- thodome zone striated horizontally. Often fibrous or columnar massive. Cleavage: a perfect; o, c in traces. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. H. 2*5-3. G. 2*ll-2 - 14. Luster vitreous, glistening. Color gray or yellowish white. Translucent. Taste alkaline. Not altered by exposure to a dry atmosphere. Opti- cally . Ax. pi. and Bx a _L b', Bx A t = 83 6' Zeph. Disper- sion p < v small. Axial angles: 2H a . r = 78 43' 2H a .bi = 79 1' 2H . r = 107 2H .bi = 106 50' 2E r = 136 46' 2E bl = 140 12' 2II a .y = 73 25' 2H . y = 99 17f 2E y = 137' 2V y = 76 C /? r = 1-oOODx. 1 fin= 1-514 Dx. 16' /5_ = 1-50 304 CARBONATES. Comp. Na 2 C0 3 .HNaC0 3 + 2H 2 or 3Na 2 0. 4C0 2 .5II 2 Q = Carbon dioxide 38-9, soda 41-2, water 19-9 = 100, Chatard. Anal. 1, Boussingault, 1. c. 2, Reinitzer, Zs. Kr., 13, 138, 1887. 3, T. M. Chaiard, Am. J. Sc., 38, 59, 1889, also other anals. on salts obtained by the evaporation of the water of Owen's Lake, and on artif . compounds. 1. Urao 2. Trona 3. Owen's Lake G. = 2-147 CO, Na 2 O H 2 O 39-00- 41-22 18-80 = 99'02 38-93 40-77 19'96 Na a SO 4 0'20 - 99'86 38-13 41-00 20-07 Cl 0'19, SO 3 70, insol. 02 = 100-11. Chatard establishes the above composition for urao, and shows that trona, sometimes called "sesquicarbonate of soda," is an impure form of the same compound; he also shows the variation which may come from the admixture of other carbonates (cf . 1. c. , and Natural Soda, its occurrence and utilization, Bull. 60, U. S. G. Surv., 1887-88). Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water and carbon dioxide. B.B. imparts an intensely yellow color to the flame. Soluble in water, and effervesces with acids. Reacts alkaline with moistened test paper. Obs. Found in the province of Fezzan, Africa, forming thin superficial crusts at numerous points especially in connection with certain salt lakes. Urao is found at the bottom of a lake at Lagunilla, Venezuela, S. A., a day's journey from Merida. Also near soda lakes at other localities. Efflorescences of trona occur near the Sweetwater river, Rocky Mountains, mixed with sodium sulphate and common salt. An extensive bed in Churchill Co., Nevada. In fine crys- tals at Borax lake, San Bernardino Co., California, with hanksite, glauberite, thenardite, etc.; also formed by the spontaneous evaporation of the saline waters of Owen's Lake, Inyo Co., Cal. (Cf. Chatard, 1. c.). Ref. ' On artif. cryst., Zs. Kr., 13, 135, 1887; for earlier measurements cf. Haid., Ed. J. Sc., 2, 325, 1825, or Pogg., 5, 367, 1825. Dx., who makes o = m (110), etc., adds two domes perhaps 407, 209 (Z.), N. R., 182, 1867, Min., 2, 169, 1874. 2 E. F. Ayres, Am. J. Sc., 38, 65, 1889. 300. HYDROMAGNESITE. T. Wachtmeister, Ak. H. Stockh., 18, 1827. Hydromag- nesit 1). Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 4, 80, 1835. Hydrocarbonate of Magnesia. Lancasterite pt. Silliman, Jr., Am. J. Sc., 9, 216, 1850. Magnesia alba'PAarra. Monoclinic ?. Axes a : I : 6 = 1-0379 : 1 : 0-4652; ft = 90 Dana 1 . 100 A HO = 46 4', 001 A 101 = 24 8fc', 001 A Oil = 24 56f. Forms: a (100, i-l), m (110, /), y (121, 2-2). Angles: mm'" = *92 8', yy' - *36 20', = 91 51' yy"' = 80 40', ay = *71 50'. Crystals small, usually acicular or bladed, and tufted. Also amorphous; as chalky or mealy crusts. Brittle. H. = 3-5 cryst. G. = 2-145-2-18 S. & B. Luster vitreous to silky or subpearly; also earthy. Color and streak white. Comp. Basic magnesium carbonate, 3MgC0 3 .Mg(OH) 2 -f 4Mg0.3C0 2 .4H 2 = Carbon dioxide 36-3, magnesia 43-9, 3H 9 water or 19-8 = 100. Anal. 1, Wachtmeister, 1. c. 2, v. Kobell, 1. c. 3, 4, Smith & Brush, of crystalline varieties, Am. J. Sc., 15, 214, 1853. 5, Tschermak, Min. Mitth., 113, 1871. 1. Hoboken 2. Negroponte 3. Texas, Pa. 4. 5. Kraubat G. = 2-16 CO 2 MgO H 2 O 36-82 42-41 18-53 SiO 2 0'57, Fe 2 O 3 0-27, earthy matter 36-00 43-96 19'68 SiO 2 0'36 = 100 [1'39 = 99'99 36-69 43-20 19-83 Fe and Mn tr. = 99'72 36-74 35-71 42-30 44-02 20-10 Fe and Mn tr. = 99 '14 19-74 insol. 0'99 = 100'46 Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives off water and carbon dioxide. B.B. infusible, but whitens, and the assay reacts alkaline to turmeric paper. Soluble in acids; the crystalline compact varieties are but slowly acted upon by cold acid, but dissolve with effervescence in hot acid. Obs. Occurs at Hrubschitz, in Moravia, in serpentine; also in acicular crystals in serpen-. tine at Kraubat, Styria; in Negroponte, near Kumi; at Kaiserstuhl, in Baden, impure. In the HYDROGIOBER TITELANSFORDITE. 305 (J. S., crystallized, with serpentine and brucite, near Texas, Lancaster Co., Penn., at Wood's And Low's mines; also in a similar way at Hoboken, N. J., in acicular crystals, and in earthy crusts. The brucite of Hoboken sometimes changes on exposure to an earthy hydromagnesite. The lancasterite of Siiliman (1. c.) is shown by Smith and Brush to be a mixture of brucite and hydromagnesite. Pseudomorphs after brucite occur at Wood's mine. Ref. J Made monoclinic by J. D. D. (Am. J. Sc., 17, 84, 1854), but the author's measure- ments make the variation from the orthorhoinbic type at least very small; this confirms Tschermak's optical results (1. c.). 301. HYDROGIOBERTITE. Idrogiobertite E. Scacchi, Rend. Accad. Sc., Napoli, Dec. 12, 1885. In spherical forms, 2 to 15 mm. in diameter; compact. G. = 2'149-2'174. Color light gray. Comp. MgC0 3 .Mg(OH) 2 -f 2H 2 or 2MgO.C0 2 .3H 2 = Carbon dioxide 24-7, magnesia 44-9, H 2 30'4 = 100. AnaL 1, 2, E. Scacchi, both calculated to 100 after deducting impurities. 1. C0 2 25-16 2529 MgO 44-91 44-28 H 2 O 29-93 = 100 30-43 = 100 Obs. Found in an augitophyre from the neighborhood of Pollena, Italy; magnetite is often embedded in the mineral. 302. LANSFORDITE. 1. A. Genth, Zs. Kr., 14, 255, 1888. F. A. Genth and 8. L. Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 39, 121, 1890. Triclinic. Axes a : b : 6 = 0-5493 : 1 : 0'5655 ; a = 95 21f '; ft = 100 15', y = 92 27' Penfield. 100 A 010 = 86 31', 100 A 001 = 79 27 f, 010 A 001 = *84 6'. Forms : 5 (010, i-i) c (001, 0) m (110, /') h (150, *-') A (310, 'i-3) Jf (110, '/) Z (170, '-7) / (201, ,2-i,) d (021, 2-*') e (021, '2-1) P (111, 1') y (in, ,i) 2 (312, ,f-3) x (132, ,|-8) to (5-15-1, ,15-3) o (112, ^) w (ill, 1,) p (131, 3-3 ) p (111,' '!) ' j (312, 'f-3) T (10-12-11, ' r (132, '!-a) (172, '1-7) Angles: cm = 78 12', cM' = *96 35', mM' = *56 57', bM' = *64 e 13', bd = *39 16'. cd = 44 50', cp = 44 59', ap = 42 40*'. For other angles, see Pfd. In stalactitic forms, bounded at the free extremity with crystalline faces. Cleavage: distinct, probably || c. H. = 2 5. G. = 1*54 Staclrhonse ; 1*692 Keeley. Luster on original crystalline faces vitreous. White and translucent, resembling paraffin, when unaltered, but speedily becoming dull white and opaque. 306 CARBONATES. Comp. 3MgC0 3 .Mg(OH) 2 + 21H 2 Carbon dioxide 19'2, magnesia 2.3 2, water 57 '6 = 100. Anal. F. J. Keeley, Zs. Kr., 14, 255, 1888. CO a 18-90 MgO 23-18 H 2 O 57'79 = 99'87 Of the water 26'33 p. c. are lost over H 2 SO 4 , 12'31 p. c. at 110 C., 9'76 at 185 C., 9'39 at a red heat. Stackhouse (ib.) obtained: CO 2 + H 2 O [76 40], MgO 23'60 = 100. Obs. When first found, formed sinall stalactites (up to 20 mm. in length) attached to the carbonaceous shale forming the roof of a gallery in the anthracite mine at Nesquehouing near Lansford, Schuylkill Co., Penn. These were in part changed to nesquehonite (p. 300), and later when exposed to the exterior air the change became complete and they were converted into a white chalky mass showing dull crystalline planes at the extremity. HYDRODOLOMITE. Hydromagnesit V. Kobett,.3. pr. Ch., 36, 304, 1845. Kalkmagnesit Hausm., Haudb., 1404, 1847. Hydromangauocalcit Hartmann, Nachr., 299. Hydromagno calcit pt. Hydrodolomit Rg. Hydronickelmagnesite Shep., Am. J. Sc., 6, 250, 1848. Peunitt Herm., J. pr. Oh., 47, 13, 1849. This includes the hydrodolomite of Vesuvius, which is stalactitic and in globular forms; G. = 2 "495; white or yellowish white. Also pennite of Hermann, from Texas, Pa., which occurs in apple-green to whitish crusts, having a surface of minute spherules, on serpentine and chromite; the color is due to nickel; a substance called penuite also occurs at Swinaness and Haroldswick, Unst, Shetland. Analyses (see 5th Ed., p. 708) show hydrodolomite to be a hydrated carbonate of calcium and magnesium, but probably a mixture of hydromagnesite and calcite. Geuth states that peunite is dolomite in minute hexagonal prisms, generally coated with deweylite, etc., so that the crys- tals can rarely be recognized. HIBBERTITE Heddle, Min. Mag., 2, 24, 1878. A pulverulent, lemon-yellow substance occurring with chromite on the island of Unst. It is a hydrous carbonate of magnesium and calcium, probably a mixture like the above. See 5th Ed., App. HI, p. 58. Named after the discoverer of chromite on Unst. 303. ZARATITE. Hydrate of Nickel (fr. Texas, Pa.) Silliman, Jr., Am. J. Sc., 3, 407, 1847; Emerald Nickel Id., ib., 6, 248, 1848. Nickel Suiaragd Germ. Texasit Kenng.,M.m., 1853. Carbouato hidratado de Niquel (fr. Spain) A. Casares, A. M. Alcibar in Min. Revista of Madrid, 304, 1850; Zaratita Casares, ib., 176, March, 1851. Zamtit wrong orthogr. Incrusting; often small stalactitic or minute nmmmillary; sometimes appear- ing prismatic with rounded summits. Also massive, compact. Brittle. H. = 3-3 -25. G. =.2 *57-2 -69. Luster vitreous. Color emerald- green. Streak paler. Transparent to translucent. Comp. A hydrated basic nickel carbonate, NiC0 3 .2]Sii(OH) 2 -j- 4H 2 or 3NiO.CO a .6H,0 = Carbon dioxide 11-7, nickel protoxide 59-6, water 28-7 = 100. Analyses, 5th Ed., p. 711. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water and carbon dioxide, and leaves a grayish black magnetic residue. B.B. infusible. With borax reacts for nickel. Dissolves easily with effervescence in heated dilute hydrochloric acid. Obs. Occurs on chromite at Texas, Lancaster Co., Pa., associated with serpentine; also at Swinaness, Unst, Shetland. Also in Spain, near Cape Hortegal in Galicia, where it occurs as an incrustation on a magnetite in which there is some nickel sulphide; it is in clear emerald-green, vitreous crusts, sometimes transparent, and also in stalactites. From the mines of Rapi, San Miguel, Peru. In a chromite mine with millerite in peridotyte from the Sommergraben near Kraubat, Styria. Named after Sen. Zarate of Spain. Casares's name antedates that of Kenngott. 304. REMINGTONITE. J. C. Booth, Am. J. Sc., 14, 48, 1852. A rose-colored incrustation, soft and earthy; opaque. Streak pale rose- colored. Comp. A hydrous cobalt carbonate, but precise composition not ascertained. Pyr., etc. Dissolves in hydrochloric acid with a slight effervescence, making a green solution, the color due to iron. Cobalt reaction with brax. Obs. Occurs as a coating on thin veins of serpentine, which traverse hornblende and epidote, at a copper mine near Finksburg, Carroll Co., Maryland. Named for Edward Kem- ington, superintendent of the mine at which it was found. 305. TENGERITE. Kolsyrad Ytterjord A. F. Svanberg and C. Tenger, Arsb., 16, 206, 1838. Teneerite Dana. Carbonvttriue Adam, Tabl. Min., 24, 1869. BISHUTITE URANOTHALLITE. 307 Pulverulent. In thin coatings. Sometimes an appearance of radiated crystallization. Luster dull, or like that of chalk. Color white. Comp. Stated to be an yttrium carbonate, but no analysis has been published. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields a considerable amount of water (Brush). Effervesces with acids. Obs. Occurs as a thin coating on gadolinite at Ytterby, and is evidently a result of its alteration. A similar mineral, sometimes in crystals, is associated with the gadolinite of Llano Co., Texas, but it has not been positively identified. 306. BISMUTITE. Bismutit Breith., Pogg., 53, 627, 1841. Kohlensaures Wismuthoxyd, Wismuthspath, Germ. Bismuthite. Carbonate of Bismuth. Incrusting, or earthy and pulverulent; amorphous. H. = 4-4-5. G. = 6-86-6-9 Breith.; 7-67 Eg. Luster vitreous when pure; sometimes dull. Color white, mountain-green,, and dirty siskin-green; occasionally straw-yellow and yellowish gray. Streak greenish gray to colorless. Subtranslucent to opaque. Comp. A basic bismuth carbonate, exact composition doubtful, perhaps Bi 2 3 .C0 2 .H 2 (Louis, anal. 4). Of. bismutospharite, p. 290. Anal. 1, Rg., Pogg., 76, 564, 1849. 2, 3, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 23, 426, 1857. 4, Louis, Min. Mag., 7, 139, 1887. CO 3 Bi 2 3 H 2 1. Chesterfield Distr. G. = 7'67 6'56 90'00 3'44 = 100 2. " " 7-04 89-05 3-91 = 100 3. " " 7-30 87-67 5'03 = 100 4. Transvaal 8'04 88'95 3'00 = 100 The material in most cases is very impure; from the above analyses iron oxide, silica, etc., have been deducted, e.g., in 1, 7 p. c.; in 4, 10'5 p. c., G. = 6*86 of the impure material. Carnot obtained in bismuth carbonates from Meymac, Correze, France, with G. = 6'9-7'6: 86-9-89-7 p. c. Bi,0 3 , 3-14-6-43 CO 2 , 1-94-4-86 H 2 O, C.K., 79, 304, 1874. Cf. also analyses by Frenzel, Liversidge, Winkler, 5th Ed., App. in, p. 16. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates and gives off water. B.B. fuses readily, and on charcoal is reduced to bismuth, and coats the coal with yellow bismuth oxide. Dissolves in nitric acid, with slight effervescence. Dissolves in hydrochloric acid, affording a deep yellow solution. Obs. Bismutite occurs at Schneeberg and Johanngeorgenstadt, with native bismuth, and near Hirschberg in Russian Voigtland, with brown iron ore, native bismuth, and bismuthinite; at Joachimsthal; Neustadtel, Saxony; near Baden. At Meymac, Correze, France; with auriferous quartz in the Lydenburg district of the Transvaal. In New South Wales, at Pond's Creek with stream tin. In the IT. S., in So. Carolina, at Brewer's mine, in porous yellowish masses, sometimes reddish from iron oxide; surface of fracture white and vitreous, resembling somewhat calamine; in Gaston Co., N. C., in yellowish white concretions. In California, in gold placers on Big Pine Creek, Inyo Co. ; also from Phoenix, Arizona. WALTHERITE Adam, Tabl. Min. , 27, 1869. A bismuth carbonate occurring with the bismutite of Joachimsthal in thin longish crystals, vitreous, siskin-green to clove-brown, translucent. It contains, according to Lindacker (Yogi's Min. Joach., 168), bismuth oxide, carbon dioxide, water, silica; effervesces with acids, and B.B. gives bismuth reactions. Cf. Btd., Bull. Soc. Min., 4 58. 1881. AGNESITE. Carbonate of Bismuth W. Macgregor, Sowerby's English Min., Beud., Tr., 2, 375, 1832; Agnesite B. & M, Min., 591, 1852. Gregorite Adam, Tabl. Min., 27, 1869. An earthy steatite-like mineral from St. Agnes in Cornwall, made by Macgregor a bismuth carbonate, but his results have been shown to be totally erroneous. See further 5th Ed., p. 793. 307. URANOTHALLITE. Kalk-Uran-carbonat Vogl, Jb. G. Reichs., 4, 221, 1853. Flutherite Weisbach, Synops. Min., 48, 1875. Uranothallit Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 6, 410, 1882. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0-601 : 1 : 0-358 (approx.) Schrauf 1 . Forms : b (010, Measured angl< Forms: b (010, i-i), m (110, /), n (130, e-3), u (201. 2-1), o (221, 2), (263, 2-3). red angles: mm!" = 60-63, urn = 47-49, m

= 30 53|' ca = 89 37' ex - 80 23' bm = *43 10' co = *38 37' ce = 53 58' xx' = 129 32' gg' = 50 15' cz == 62 33' cm = 74 52' mo = 53 14' The form of petalite approximates to that of the monoclinie pyroxenes, especially to spodumene; in composition also these two species are related, but in specific gravity they diverge widely. Crystals rare, commonly tabular | or elongated || a; the faces c, a, o smooth, the others often striated or rough. Usually massive, foliated cleavable. Cleavage: o perfect; o (201) easy, z (905) difficult and imperfect. Fracture imperfectly conchoidal. Brittle. H. =6-6-5. G. = 2-39-2-46. Luster vitreous, 312 SILICATES. on c pearly. Colorless, white, gray, occasionally reddish or greenish white. Streak uncolored. Transparent to translucent. Optically +. Double refraction strong. Ax. pi. and Bx a J_ 6; the ax. pi. in- clined - 87 30' to c for red, hence Bx . r A t = - 75 4' ; also Bx . hl A 6 = - 74 30'. Dispersion p < v small; crossed, weak. Axial angles, castorite, Dx. 2 2Ha. r = 86 27i' 2H a . y = 86 30f 2H a .bi = 86 42' /J r = 1-5078 /J y = 1-5096 /J bl = 1-5180 .-. 2V r = 83 30' 2V y = 83 34' 2V bl = 83 52' Also, petalite: 2H a .r - 86 24' 2Ha. y = 86 28' 2H a .bi = 86 43' = 1-54533 a gr = 1-54763 p r 1-54479 P 7 = 1-54568 r = 1-54799 1*54971 1-55085 1-55336 2V r = 30 44' 2V = 29 55' 28 52' Also measured axial angles: 2H a .r = 30 C 2Ha.y = 29 2Ha.gr = 28< 48' 43' 54' 2H or = 155 45' 2H oy = 157 5' 2H ogr = 158 40' 2V r = 30 234 2V y = 29 19 f 2V gr = 28 30' 314 SILICATES. Comp. HNaBeSi 3 8 or H 2 O.Na 2 0.2Be0.6Si0 2 = Silica 73-4, glucina 10-2. soda 12-7, water 3'7 = 100. Anal. 1, G. Flink, Nyt Mag., 1. c., as corrected by A. E. Nd., 1. c. 2, A. E Norden- skiold, G. For. Forh., 9, 434, 1887. SiO 2 72-19 73-11 BeO Na 2 O H 2 O 11-15 12-66 3-84 = 99'84 10-62 12-24 3-79 MgO tr. = 99 76 Pyr. B.B. fuses easily to a colorless glass. Dissolves with difficulty and incompletely in acids. The water goes off completely only at a high temperature. Obs. Occurs very sparingly in zircon-syenite on the island Ovre-Aro, in the Langesund- fiord, with segirite, elaeolite, brevicite, apophyllite, natrolite, etc. ; it was formed at the same time with the zeolites with which it is associated. Named from ev, well, didvjuoS, twin, in allusion to its occurrence in twin crystals. It is interesting to note that a considerable number of the minerals containing beryllium ag an essential constituent (e.g. beryl, phenacite) are hexagonal, like the element itself "(BrSgger & Flink, Zs. Kr., 9, 228, 1884), or approximate to this in angle and method of twinning (e.g. eudidymite, chrysoberyl, beryllonite, bertrandite, etc.). 313. Orthoclase Soda-Orthoclase 314. Hyalophane Feldspar Group. a. Monoclinic Section. a: 1: 6 ft' KAlSi,0 8 0-6585:1:0-5554 116 3' (K,Na)AlSi 3 8 (K 2 ,Ba)Al 2 Si 4 12 0-6584 : 1 : 0*5512 115 35' 315. Micro cline Soda-microcline 31 5 A. Anorthoclase fi. Triclinic Section. KAlSi 3 8 (K,Na)AlSi 3 8 (Na,K)AlSi 3 8 Albite-anorthite Series. 316. Albite NaAlSi.0. 0-6335 0-6321 317. Oligoclase -\ 010 lY NtfAlSLO.\ A OKW 318. Andesme M m OaAl 2 Si 2 oJ' 6357 319. LabradoriteJ 0-6377 320. Anorthite CaAl 2 Si 2 8 0-6347 1:6 ft y 1 : 0-5577 94 3' 116 29' 88 1 : 0-5524 93 4' 116 23' 90 9' 5' 1 : 0-5521 93 23' 116 29' 89 59' 1 : 0-5547 93 31' 116 3' 89 54$' 1 : 0-5501 93 13' 115 55' 91 12' The general characters of the species belonging in the FELDSPAR GEOUP are as follows: 1, Crystallization in the monoclinic or triclinic systems, the crystals of the different species resembling each other closely in angle, in general habit, and in methods of twinning. 2, Cleavage in two similar directions inclined at an angle of 90 or nearly 90. 3, Hardness between 6 and 6'5. 4, Specific Gravity varying between 2*5 and 2*9, and mostly between 2-55 and 2*75. 5, Colors white or pale shades of yellow, red or green, less commonly dark. 6, In composition sili- cates of aluminium with either potassium, sodium, or calcium, and rarely barium, FELDSPAR GROUP ORTHOCLASE. 315 while magnesium and iron are always absent. Furthermore, besides the several distinct species there are many intermediate compounds having a certain inde- pendence of character and yet connected with each other by insensible gradations; all the members of the series showing a close relationship not only in composition but also in crystalline form and optical characters. The feldspars furnish a striking example how a species, or group of species, may approx- imate in angle to a system of higher symmetry, while diverging widely from it in actual form. Thus of the commonly occurring planes of .orthoctose: n (021), y (201) correspond in angle to cubic planes; q (203) to an octahedral \ l m,\, c, o (111) to dodecahedral, and 2(130). x (101) to trapezohedral. See further 5th Ed., p. 337, where this subject is developed and a relation to the isometric species leucite is shown. The species of the Feldspar Group are classified, first as regards form, and second with reference to composition. The monocHnic species include (see above) : ORTHOCLASE, potassium feldspar and SODA-ORTHOCLASE, potassium-sodium feld- spar; also HYALOPHANE, barium feldspar. The triclinic species include : MICROCLINE and AXORTHOCLASE, potassium- sodium feldspars; ALBITE, sodium feldspar; ANORTHITE, calcium feldspar. Also intermediate between albite and anorthite the isomorphous sub-species, sodium-calcium or calcium-sodium feldspars : OLIGOCLASE, ANDESINE, LABRADOR- ITE. a. MonocHnic Section. 313. ORTHOCLASE. Silex ex eo ictu ferri facile ignis elicitur ex cubis aliisque figuris iutersectis constans, Agric., Foss., 314, 1546. Felt-Spat, Sputum pyrimachum (VAR. album, cinereum, rubrum), Wall., Min., 65, 1747. Faltspat, Spatum scintillans, Cronst., 60, 1758. Feldspath Germ., FT. Feldspar Engl. Felspar bad orthogr. dating from Kirwan. Feldstein Hausin., Handb., 528, 1813, Orthose H., Tr., 4, 1801, in Index alone, p. 394, 4to edition. Adular Breith., Char., 35, 1820. [In the preceding, the whole group of feldspars is included in the one species.] Feldspath (Albite excluded) Berz., 1815, N. Syst. Min. 1819. Feldspath (Albite, Labrador- ite, and Auorthite excl.) G. Rose, Gilb. Ann., 73, 173, 1823. Orthoklas (id. excl.) Breith., Char., 1823; (id. -f Oligoklas excl.) Breith., Pogg., 8, 79, 1826. Potash- feldspar. Kalifeld- spath Germ. VAR. introd. as sp. Adulaire Pini, Mem. Feldsp., Milan, 1783; Adular Germ.; Adularia Engl.; Feldspath nacre H. ; Mondstein var. Feldspath, Wern., Ueb. Cronst., 1780; id. = Adu- laria Wern., Bergm. J., 375, 1789; Moonstone. Sanidiu Nose, Noggerath Min. Stud. Geb. Niederrhein, 1808; Glasiger Feldspath Klapr., Beitr.. 1, 15, 1795, and others. Necronite Hayden, Am. J. Sc., 1, 306, 1819. Pegmatolith Breith.. Char., 1823, 1832. Murchisonite W. Phillips, Phil. Mag., 1,448, 1827. Ryakolith G. Rose, Pogg., 15, 193, 1829, 28, 143, 1833; Khyacolite. Valencianit, Mikroklin Breith., Schw. J., 60, 322, 324. 1830. Erythrite, Perthite, Thorn., Phil. Mag., 22, 188, 189, 1843. Loxoklas Breith. , Pogg., 67, 419; Loxoclase. Chester- lite Seal, Dana Min., 678, 18oO. Felsit von Marienberg Breith., Pogg., -67, 421, Handb., 527, 1847 = Paradoxit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 25, 35, 1866. Felsit von Mulda id., Handb., 528 Muldau id., ib., 39, Cottait id., ib. Weissigit Jenzsch, Jahrb. Min., 396, 1853. Lasur-Feldspath N. Nd., Bull. Soc., Moscow, 30, 225, 1857. Halleflinta, Petrosilex, Lapis Corneus, pt., Cronst., Min., 57, 1758. Felsite. Leelite (fr. Westmannlaud) Clarke, Ann. Phil., 1818. Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0-65851 : 1 : 0-55538; (3 = 63 56' 46" = 001 A 100 Koksharov. 1 100 A 110 = 30 36' 30", 001 A 101 = 50 16' 34", 001 A Oil = 26 ^31' 0". Forms 2 : p (190, i-9? I (706, H) * (061, 6-i) 77 (10 8'1, 10-) 5 a (100, a, k) t (201. _ 2-iY M (04, H) 5 e (111. - 1) B (12-10-1, 12-f) b (010, i-l, M) A (501, - 6-i) f (403, |-i) g (Jl2 ^ d (241 _ 4 _ 3) c (001, 0, P) q ( 203, H) V (201, 2-1) o (ill> 1} , ^ ^ C (210, )w (7(506. |-i) oo (017, fl) u (221, 2) * (131, 3-3) w(110, /,T) x (101, l-l) h (028, f -1) ^(101-9, J^-IO) 6 E : (261, 6-3) 7 L (120, i-2) e (10-0-9, -V^) s - 9 n (021, 2-1) / (56-7'48, f 8) v; also horizontal, strongly marked, or inclined, according to position of ax. pi. Axial angles variable. Indices and axial angles at 18 C., Dx. : Adularia: No. 1 ay = 1-5190 p 7 = 1-5237 y? = 1-5260 .-. 2V y = 69 43' 2E y = 121* 6, Also measured 2E r = 120 22', 2E y = 120 12', 2E W = 118 37' No. 2 ac = 1-5181 = 1-5223 = 1'5243 2V y = 69' 1' 2E y = 1-19" It Measured 2Er r = 120 42', 2E y = 129 46', 2E b i = 118 18' 318 SILICATES. Sanidine, Wehr, ax. pi. j_ b for red rays: a r = 1-5170 fir =1-5239 y r = 1-5240 .'. 2V r = 13 34' 2Er = 20 4S Same, ax. pi. || b for blue rays: a w = 1-5265 #,1 = 1-5355 y*\ = 1'5356 .-. 2Vbi = 11 51' 2E b i = 18 14' Increase of temperature diminishes the axial angle when the ax. pi. is 1 b, but increases it when | b. In the former case the angles for the different colors successively become and the ax. pi. changes to the second position. If the temperature is maintained as high as 600 to 1000 the change becomes permanent. Cf v PX., Weiss. 16 Pressure produces a like change. Comp., Var. A silicate of aluminium and potassium. KAlSi s 8 or K 2 O.Al 2 3 .6Si0 2 = Silica 64-7, alumina 18-4, potash 16'9 100. ' Sodium is often also present, replacing part of the potassium. The prominent varieties depend upon crystalline habit and method of occurrence more than upon difference of composition. 1. Adularia. The pure or nearly pure potassium silicate. Usually in crystals, like f. 7, 8 in habit; often with vicinal planes, especially on the Baveno twins, which are very common with this variety. G. = 2'565 Tsch. Transparent or nearly so. Often with a pearly opalescent re- flection or schiller || a or A\ sometimes with a delicate play of colors; some moonstone (Hecatolite Delameth., T. T., 2, 201, from eKdr-y, the moon) is here included, but the remainder belongs to albite or other of the triclinic feldspars. The original adularia (Adular^ is from the St. Gothard region in Switzerland. The name is derived from the Adular Mts., which term as used by Strabo embraced the Central High Alps, including the Gothard region and the Adular Mts., etc. In the latter, in the present restricted sense, the adularia is not found (Keuugott). The name is extended also to similar varieties from other points in the Alps and elsewhere. Valencianite, from the silver mine of Valencia, Mexico, is adularia. 2. Sanidine or glassy feldspar. Occurs in crystals, often transparent and glassy, embedded in lava, trachyte, phouolyte, etc. Habit often tabular | b (hence named from travtS, a tablet, or board); also in square prisms (b, c); Carlsbad twins very common. Most varieties contain sodium as a prominent constituent. Cf. anal. 5-10. Rhyacolile. Eisspath Werner. Occurs in glassy crystals at Monte Somma; named from pvac,, stream (lava stream), and Az'QoS, stone; anal. 11. 3. Ordinary. In crystals (f. 1-6, and f. 10) Carlsbad and other twins common; also massive or cleavable, varying in color from white to pale yellow, red, or green, translucent; sometimes aventurine. Here belongs the common feldspar of granitoid rocks or granite veins. Usually contains a greater or less percentage of soda (soda-orthoclase, Natronorthoklas Germ. , cf . anal. 22, 23). Compact crypto-crystalliue orthoclase makes up the mass of much felsite, but to a greater or less degree admixed with quartz; it occurs of various colors, from white and brown to deep red. There are two kinds: (a) the jasper-like, with a subvitreous luster; and (b) the ceratoid or wax-like, with a waxy luster. Some red kinds look closely like red jasper, but are easily distinguished by the fusibility. Leelite, named after J. F. Lee, is a deep flesh-red variety, of waxy luster, from Grythyttau, Sweden. Other felsites contain soda and approximate to albite or oligoclase in composition. Much of what has been called orthoclase, or common potash feldspar, has proved to belong to the related triclinic species, microcliue. Cf. p. 323 on the relations of the two species. Chesterlite and Amazonite or Amazon stone, are microcline; also most aventurine orthoclase. The following names belong to more or less distinctly characterized varieties of common orthoclase: Loxoclase. Contains sodium in considerable amount (anal. 21). In grayish white or yellow- ish crystals (f. 6). a little pearly or greasy in luster, feebly shining, often large, lengthened usually in the direction of the cliuodiagonal. From Hammond, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. Named from Ao6s, transverse, and /olacrzS, fracture, under the idea that the crystals are peculiar in having cleavage parallel to the orthodiagonal section. Paradoxite Breith. is a flesh-red feldspar from the tin mines near Marienberg. Cottaite Breith. is a grayish white feldspar in twins from Carlsbad, Bohemia. Muldan is from Mulda near Freiberg. Peginatolite Breith. is common feldspar. Wythrite Thomson. A flesh-red variety from near Kilpatrick. Necronite. A cleavable feldspar, fetid in odor when struck. The original was found by Hayden near the York and Lancaster road, 21 ra. from Baltimore, in granular limestone, and was whitish or bluish in color. Named from refCpoS, a corpse. Lazurfeldspar (Lasurfeldspath Germ.}. A feldspar having H. = 6, and G. = 2*597, has the cleavage of orthoclase, found near Lake Baikal with lapis lazuli. Perthite. A flesh-red aventurine feldspar, consisting of interlaminated albite and orthoclase. From Perth, Quebec. See further p. 321. MurcMsonite. A flesh-red feldspar similar to perthite, with gold-yellow reflections in a di- rection i b and inclined 73 13' to c (Dx.), hence nearly parallel to 701 or 801 (see cryptoperthite, p. 321). Stated to have also an unusual cleavage direction besides the two observed. From Dawlish and Exeter, England. Named after its discoverer, Murchison the geologist. FELD8PAE GROUP ORTHOCLASE. 319 Weissigite Jenzsch. In small whitish or reddish white twin crystals, from the cavities of amygdaloid at Weissig near Dresden; G. = 2'538-2-546. I. Lea has named (Proc. Ac. Philad., May, 1866) a greenish orthoclase from Lenui, Delaware Co., Pa., " almost without cleavage," lennUite; other specimens of the same locality, pearly and distinctly cleavable, delawarite; and a dull bluish-green subtransparent kind, of an aventurine character, from Blue Hill, 2 m. N. of Media, Pa., cassinite (see p. 322). Anal. 1, Abich, Pogg., 51, 528, 1840. 2, Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 50(1), 577, 1865. 3, Abich, 1. c. 4, Plattner, Pogg., 46, 299, 1839. 5, Lewinstein, J. pr. Ch., 68, 98, 1856. 6, Rg. ; Min. Ch., 1003, 1860. 7, Lewinstein, 1. c. 8, 9, Rath, Pogg., 135, 561, 564, 1868. 10, O. H. Drake, priv. contr. 11. Tschermak, 1. c. 12, Redner, Zs. G. Ges., 18, 394, 1866. 13, Kloos, Jb. Min., 2, 106, 1884, after deducting apatite 0'26 p. c., and ignition. 14, Id., ibid., p. 109. 15, Rath. Zs. G. Ges., 22, 652, 1870. 16-19, Id., Pogg., 144, 376-382, 1871. 20, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 23, 43, 1885. 21, Ludwig, quoted by Tschermak, 1. c. 22, 23, Foerstner, Zs. Kr., 8, 128, 1883. 1. St. Gothard, Adularia 2. Pntsch, 3. Baveno 4. Mexico, Valencianite 5. Perlenhardt, Sanidine G. 2-576 2-573 2-555 6. Drachenfels, " 2-60 7. Pappelsberg, " 2-616 8. Laach, cryst., " 2-467 9. " " 2-575 10. Yellowstone 2'57-2'59 11. Mt. Somma, Rhyacolite 2-562 12. Carlsbad twins 2-573 13. Bodenmais 2-588 14. 15. San Piero, Elba 16. Pargas 2-576 17. Laurvik 2-619 18. Monzoni 2-565 19. Boltou, Mass. 2-586 20. French Creek, Penn. 2-528 21. Hammond, N. Y., Loxoclase 2-616 22. Pantelleria, Bagno d'acqua 2-59 23. Cala Porticello 2 '58 SiO a A1 2 3 CaO K 2 Na 2 65-69 17-97 1-34 13-99 1-01 Fe 2 O 3 tr. = 100 64-5 18-4 0-3 14-8 1-3 = 99-3 65-72 18-57 0-34 14-02 1-25 Fe 2 O 3 tr. = 99-90 66-82 17-58 14-80 Fe 2 O 3 0'09 = 99-29 65-26 17-62 1-05 11-79 2-49 Fe 2 O 3 0-91, MgO 0-35 = 99-47 65-87 18-53 0-95 10-82 3-42 MgO 0-39, ign. 0-44 QQ-QO 66-03 17-87 0-47 8-86 6-08 Fe 2 O 3 0-52, &O OH MgO 0-19 = 100-02 64-59 18-78 0-50 11-70 4-29 BaO 0-41, ign. O'll = 100-38 66-92 19-86 6-48 6-94 ign. 0-07 = 100-27 65-96 19-68 0-63 8-31 4-99 ign. 0-20 = 99-77 65-2 19-1 0-4 14-0 1-6 = 100-3 [= 100 63-02 18-28 15-67 2-41 BaO 0-48, MffO 0-14 64-59 19-60 0-82 11-80 2-90 BaO 0-29 = 100 64-17 19-27 0-66 1204 1-98 BaO 0-10, ign. 0-44 64-64 19-40 11-95 3-40 = 99-39 [= 98-66 64-96 19-40 0-49 12-80 2-32 MffO 0-25 =^100-22 62-81 23-21 2-60 4-23 7 54 MgO 0-07 = 100-46 63-36 21-18 1-66 [8-89] 4-91 = 100 65-23 19-26 0-42 11-80 2-98 = 99-69 [= 100-62 62-68 20-90 0-15 15-99 Fe 2 O 3 0-23, ign. 0-67 66-28 20-26 0-99 4-57 7-56 MgO 0-22 = = 99-88 66-06 19-24 1-11 5-45 7-63 FeO 0-54, MgO 0-11 = 100-14 66-03 19-37 0-73 5-40 7-57 Fe 2 O 3 1-53, MgO 0-02 = 100-65 Pyr-, etc. B.B. fuses at 5; varieties containing much soda are more fusible. Loxoclase fuses at 4. Not acted upon by acids. Obs. Orthoclase in its several varieties belongs especially to the crystalline rocks, occurring as an essential constituent of granite, gneiss, syenite, also porphyry, further (var., sanidine) trachyte, phonolyte, etc. In the massive granitoid rocks it is seldom in distinct, well formed, separable crystals, except in veins and cavities; such crystals are more common, however, in volcanic rocks like trachyte. Adularia occurs in the crystalline rocks of the central and eastern Alps, associated with smoky quartz and albite, also titanite, apatite, etc. ; the crystals are often coated with chlorite. Thus in the St. Gothard region, especially on Mt. Fibia; also the Maderanerthal in Uri, Kreuzlithal and Tavetschthal, Lukmanier in Grisons, Guttanen in the Bernese Oberland (cf. JvetiDg., Min. Schweiz, pp. 45-75). Further in the Eastern Alps, as at Schwarzenstein in the Zillerthal. Also in crevices in trachyte at FelsObanya. On Elba. Fine crystals of orthoclase, often twins, are obtained from Baveno, Lago Maggiore; the Fleimsthal, a red variety; Val- lioriana; Bodenmais, Carlsbad and Elbogen in Bohemia; Striegau, Hirschberg, and Lomnitz in Silesia. Also Ekaterinburg in the Ural; Albaschka near Mursinka; Arendal in Norway, and near Shaitansk in the Ural; Land's End and St. Agnes in Cornwall; at Rubislaw in Aber- deenshire, Scotland. The Mourne Mts., Ireland, with beryl and topaz. Tamagama Yama, Japan, with topaz and smoky quartz. Moonstone is brought from Ceylon. Typical sanidine is prominent in the trachyte of the Drachenfels on the Rhine; at the Laacher See. Rhyacolite occurs in blocks on Mt. Somma and in the Albani Mts. ; in Latium near Rome; in the lavas of Ischia; near Naples. In the U. States, orthoclase in crystals occurs in Maine, on the island Mt. Desert, fine green; 320 SILICATES. at the tourmaline locality, Paris; at Buckfield. In N, ffamp., at the Acworth beryl locality. In Mass., at South Royalston and Barre, often large crystals; at Three Rivers, in Palmer. In Conn., at the gneiss quarries of Haddam and the feldspar quarries of Middletown, crystals a foot long, and 6 or 8 in. thick; near Bradleysville, in the western part of Litchfield, crystals 2-3 in. long, abundant; at Willimantic. In N. York, in St. Lawrence Co., at Rossie, 2 m. N. of Oxbow, the crystals are white or bluish white, and sometimes an inch across; also 8 m. from Potsdam, on the road to Pierrepont, where crystals a foot through are said to have been found; and near DeLong's mills in the town of Hammond, with apatite and zircon, where the loxoclase is obtained; in Lewis Co., orthoclase occurs both crystallized and massive in white limestone near Natural Bridge, with scapolite and titanite; in Orange Co., crystals near West Point; more abundant and interesting forms are found at Rocky Hill, in Warwick, with tourmaline and zircon; and at Amity and Edenville; in Saratoga Co., at the Greenfield chrysoberyl locality, white translucent crystals, usually coated with silvery mica. In Penn., in crystals at Leiper- ville, Mineral Hill, Delaware Co. ; sunstone in Kennett Township; French Creek, a peculiar variety with divergent columnar structure of a reddish color (anal. 20). In N. Car., at Wash- ington Mine, Davidson Co., in white and yellowish crystals. At the Superior mine, Ontonagon, Lake Superior, in small reddish crystals, as a secondary product, in cavities in amygdaloid with epidote. In Colorado, at the summit of Mt. Antero, Chaff ee Co., in fine crystals, often Carlsbad and Baveno twins, with beryl, phenacite, bertrandite. etc.; at Gunnispn; Black Hawk; Kokoma, Summit Co., also at other points. Also similarly in Nevada and California. Orthoclase as a secondary mineral in cavities in a basaltic rock, with calcite and phillipsite at Eulenberg, Bohemia, was described by Zepharovich, Ber. Ak. Wien, 91 (1), 158, 1885. GrSnzer has further studied the same occurrence, and finds the mineral to deviate somewhat (but probably not essentially) from normal orthoclase; thus the composition (H,K)AlSi s O 8 is assigned to it, with H : K = 1 : 8, Min. Mitth., 11, 277, 1890. Alt. Feldspar may be altered through infiltrating waters carrying more or less carbon dioxide in solution (Forchhammer, Fournet, Bischof); also through the action of waters rendered acid by the decomposition of sulphides (Mitscherlich); also by ordinary waters holding traces of alkaline and other ingredients in solution (Bischof). The presence of iron sulphide, or a mineral containing iron protoxide, as some mica, garnet, etc., is often the first occasion of the change. The decomposition of the mineral with the attendant oxidation of the iron distributes ferruginous waters through the rock (or ferrous sulphate from the altered sulphide), and thus, by a decomposing action, prepares the way for other agencies. When the infiltrating waters contain traces of carbon dioxide, the feldspar acted on first loses its lime, if a lime feldspar, by a combination of the lime with this acid; next, its alkalies are carried off as carbonates, if the supply of carbonic acid continues, or otherwise as silicates in solution. The change thus going on ends in forming kaolin or some other aluminous silicate. The carbonate of soda or potash, or the silicate of these bases, set free, may go to the formation of other minerals the production of pseudomorphic or metarnorphic changes and the supplying fresh and marine waters with their saline ingredients. When the change is not carried on to the exclusion of the protoxide bases, certain zeolites may result, especially, as Bischof states, when labradorite is the feldspar undergoing alteration, which species he describes as giving origin to the species mesolite. Massive nephelite or elaBolite is a still more common source of zeolites. When the waters contain traces of a magnesian salt a bicarbonate or silicate the magnesia may replace the lime or soda, and so lead to a steatitic change, or to a talc when the alumina is excluded; and when augite or hornblende is present, it may give origin to chlorite. The action of sulphurous acid from volcanic fumaroles produces often a complete destruction of the feld- spar and other minerals present, giving rise to deposits or incrustations of silica, in some of its various forms, and also halloysite, kaolin, etc. Steatite, talc, chlorite, kaolin, lithomarge, mica, laumontite, occur as pseudomorphs after orthoclase or albite; and cassiterite and calcite often replace these feldspars by some process of solution and substitution. Labradorite more rarely forms kaolin. The triclinic lime-soda feldspars are sometimes altered to saussurite (wh. see); also to scapolite, cf. Judd, Min. Mag., 8, 186, 1889. On pseudomorphs of orthoclase after leucite, see E. Scacchi, Rend. Ace. Napoli, Dec. 1884. Sauer, Zs. G. Ges., 37, 456, 1885. Artif. Artificial feldspar has been observed in crystals in furnace scoria at Mansfeld, San- gerhausen, near Laimbach and near Stolberg. Obtained by Hautefeuille in distinct crystals with tridymite by heating at a temperature of 900 to 1000 a mixture of tungstic acid with an alkaline silico- aluminate of potash; also with quartz at a lower temperature after the addition of an alkaline fluoride, C. R., 85, 952, 1877, 90, 830, 1880. Again by Friedel and Sarasin in the wet way by the reaction of the silicates of alumina and potash and water under pressure, Bull. Soc. Min.. 2, 158, 1879, 4, 171, 1881. Cf. also Fouque and Levy, C. R., 87. 700, 830, 1878, and Synth. Min., p. 132, 1882. Ref. 'Min. Russl., 5, 115, 1866; cf. measurements by Rath onsanidine audadularia, Pogg., 135, 454, 1868, and later Striiver on sanidine, Zs. Kr., 1, 243, 1877. A comparison of results is given by Kk., Min. Russl., 5, 329, also 9, 252, 1886. 8 Cf. Mir., Min., 364. 1852; Dx., Min., 1, 328. 1862, 2, xxxv, 1874; Kk., 1. c.; Gdt , Index, 2,11.1888. See also the following: Weiss, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 231, 1816-17, 145, 1820-21. Rose, Gilb. Ann., 73, 181, 1823, Pogg., 15, 193, 1829. Kupffer (early measurements), Pogg., FELDSPAR GROUP HYALOPHANE. 321 13, 209, 1828. Hbg., Min. Not., 2, 6, 1858. Rath, Pogg., 113, 425, 1861, 135, 454, 1868, 158, 400, 1876. 3 Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 15, 677, 1863. 4 Becker, Inaug. Diss., Breslau, 1868. 5 Achiardi. Elba, Nnovo Cimeuto, 3, Feb., 1870. 6 Dx., also ft (29'27'1), 1. c., and Zs. Kr., 11, 605, 1886. 1 Cathrein, Vulfloriana, Zs. Kr., 9, 368, 1884. 8 Id., St. Gothard, Elba, Zs. Kr., 11, 113, 1885. 9 Id., Schwarzenstein, he gives also e (950), ? (850), A (750), j (280*0-1). a (63'7-60), Zs. Kr., 13, -332, 1887. 10 Id., Schwarzenstein, also K (90 38), Min. Mitth., 10, 59, 1888. I 1 Solly, Elba, Zs. Kr., 10, 524. 12 Hamberg, adular, new forms and corrosion phenomena, v (15'0'13), o- (11-4-9), r (18-2-19), Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 13 (2), No. 4, 1888. 13 Ber. Ak. Wien, 98 (1), 404, 1889. 14 On twins, see the following: Weiss, Carlsbad twins, Schweigg. J., 10, 223, 1814. Naumann, law 5, Kryst., 2, 343, 1830. Breith., law 9, B. & H. Ztg., 17, 1858. Blum, who names the Manebach twins, Jb. Min., 343, 1863. Lasp., laws 4, 8, 10, Zs. Kr., 1, 204, 1877. Haushofer, law 6, Zs. Kr., 3, 601, 1879: also 11 ib., 9, 93, Ber. Ak. Miluchen, 641, 1882. Klobkmann, law 7, Zs. Kr., 6, 318, 493, 1882. Gonuard, Four-la- Brouque twins (= Manebach), Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 265, 1883, 8, 307, 1885. Tschermak describes a group, which if not accidental has the normal to the edge c/m as tw. axis, Min. Mitth., 8, 414, 1887. 15 On the schiller, or pearly opalescence observed in many varieties, see Reusch, Pogg., 116. 392, 1862, 118, 256, 1863, 120, 95, 1863; Dx., Min., 1, 1862; Rath, Pogg., 135, 480, 1868; Cross, Am. J. Sc., 27, 94, 1884. See further Iddings under anorthoclase (p. 324) and Brogger under cryptoperthite, below. 16 Refractive indices and optical phenomena: Heusser, Pogg., 91, 514, 1854; Dx., Min., 1, 332, 1862, N. R., 152, 1867, also references under microcline; Ch. E. Weiss, Beitr. z. Kenntniss d. Feldspathbildung, Haarlem, 1866. TJiermal expansion, Beckenkamp, Zs. Kr., 5, 452, 1881. Pyroelectricity, Hankel, Wied., 1, 280, 1877. PERTHITE Thomson, Phil. Mag., 22, 189, 1843. A flesh-red aventurine feldspar from Perth, Quebec, Canada, called a soda-orthoclase, but shown by Gerhard (Zs. G. Ges., 14, 151, 1862) to consist of interlaminated orthoclase and albite. Many similar occurrences have since been noted, as also those in which microcline and albite are similarly interlaminated, then called microclijie-perthite, or microcliue-albite-perthite; this is true in part of the original perthite. When the structure is discernible only with the help of the. microscope it is called microperthite. See Mann, Jb. Min., 389, 1879; also Kloos, ib., 2, 89, 1884; Woitschach, Zs. Kr., 7, 82, 1883. Brogger has investigated not only the microperthites of Norway (Orthoklasmikroperthit, Mikroklinmikroperthit) but also other feldspars characterized by a marked s_chiller; he assumes the existence of an extremely tine interlamination of albite and orthoclase || 801. not dis- cernible by the microscope (cryptoperthite, Kryptoperthit) and connected with secondary planes of parting || 100 or || 801, which is probably to be explained as due to incipient alteration. See further Zs. Kr., 16, 524, 1890. KRABLITE ForcJihammer , 1842. Baulite. Kraflit Flink, Ofv. Ak. Stockh, Bihang., 12(2), No. 2, 64, 1886. Described as a kind of feldspar, very high in silica, but shown by Brogger and Flink to be a liparyte, containing well formed crystals of orthocjase enclosing a plagioclase kernel, also quartz, etc. Flink calculates for the orthoclase: d : b : c = 0'64374 ; 1 : (X'55079; ft = 63 52'. From Krabla (Krafla), Iceland. See 5th Ed., pp. 359, 360. 314. HYALOPHANE. 8. wn Walter shausen, Pogg. Ann., 94, 134, 1855; 100, 547, 1857. Monoclinic. Axes a : I : b = 0-6584 : 1 : 0-5512 ; /? = 64 25}' = 001 A 100 Obermayer 1 . 100 A HO = 30 42J', 001 A 101 = 49 47', 001 A Oil = 26 26-J-'. Forms' 2 : a (100, i-l}*, b (010, i-l), c (001, 0); m (110, 7), z (130, e-3) 1 ; x (101, 1-i), GO (302, |4) 4 ; p (111, 1)M ; ^ (141, 4-4) 4 . Also probable, Rinne 4 : d (103), (102), A (605), z (113, \\ p (113, |), a (112), e (775, |); and Kenng. 3 : q (203), y (201). mm'" = *61 24V coo = 67 59V c^ 73 17V ##' = !27 7' zz' = 58 37' cp = 54 46' a'p = 68 31' m'x = *69 21V ex = 49 47' cm' = *111 47V PP' = 53 23' Binnenthal, In crystals, like adularia in habit. Also massive. Obermayer. Cleavage: c perfect; b somewhat less so. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 6-6*5. G. = 2*805. Luster vitreous. Colorless to white; also flesh-red. Transpii ent to translucent. Optically * .-. Ax. pi. and Bx J_ b. Bx a /\ 6 = 69 25', i.e. extinction on 322 SILICATES. I inclined about -f 5 or 6 to edge b/c. Dispersion horizontal, distinct. Axial angles, Rinne: 2H a .r = 83 2Ha.y = 83 2H a . g r = 83 C 50' 25' 2' 2H .r 2Ho.y 2H .gr = 107 C = 107 C = 107 C 17' 30' 52' 2Vr = 79 2Vy = 79 2Vgr = 78< 21' 3' 42' /J r = 1*5388 Li ft y = 1-5392 Na /? = 1-5416 Tl Comp. A silicate of aluminium, barium, and potassium, (K 2 ,Ba)Al a Si<0 19 or K 2 O.Ba0.2Al Q 3 .8Si0 2 . This is usually written BaAl a Si a 8 .2KAlSi,0 8 , or a barium silicate analogous to anorthite with orthoclase. This requires: Silica 51*6, alumina 21-9, baryta 16-4, potash lO'l = 100. Anal. 1, Stockar-Escher, Kenng. Ueb., 107, 1856-57; also Uhrlaub, Pogg., 100, 548, 1857. 2, Peterson, Jb. Min., 102, 1867. 3, Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 24, 15, 1867. 4, Id., Bull. 8oc. JVliu., 6, 139, 1883. 1. Binnentbal 2. 3. Jakobsberg G. = 2-801 SiO 2 52-67 51-84 51-14 5353 A1 2 O 3 21-12 22-08 22-86 23-33 BaO 15-05 14-82 9-56 7-30 CaO K 2 O Na 2 O 0-46 7-82 2-14 0-65 [10-03] 4-28 [9-06] 11-71 ign. 0-58 0-48 MgO 0-04 = 99-88 0-10 = 100 3-10 = 100 3-23 = 99-10 Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses with difficulty to a blebby glass. Unacted upon by acids. Obs. Occurs in a granular dolomite, along with white barite, greenish tourmaline, mica, realgar, dufrenoysite, and sphalerite, near Imfeld, in the Biunenthal in the Valais, in crystals 2 or 3 lines long, and rarely larger; also at the manganese mine of Jakobsberg iti Wermland, Sweden, in limestone with a manganiferous epidote, in part looking much like common flesh-red orthoclase, also in bluish green varieties. A massive feldspar accompanies it, containing only 3-50 p. c. BaO, Igelstrom. Ref.-'Zs. Kr., 7, 64, 1882. 2 Cf. Waltershausen, 1. c. s Min. Schweiz, p. 86, 1866. 4 Rinne, Jb. Min., 1, 207, 1884. The following are analyses of other BARIUM FELDSPARS, more or less fully investigated: 1, Knop, Jb. Min., 687, 1865; a mouocliuic feldspar in the nephelite-doleryte of Meiches in the Vogelsberg. 2, Pisani, Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 84, 1878; a feldspar of unknown source; optically it lies between oligoclase and albite, cleavage angle be 86 37', Dx. 3, Genth, Proc. Ac. Philad., p. 110, 1866, Rep. Min., Penn., 224, 1876. 4, Speny, Am. J. Sc., 36, 326, 1888; cassinite of Lea from Blue Hill, Delaware Co., Penn.; shown by Penn'eld to be a monoclinic feldspar (extinc- tion on b = -f 6) with albite running through it rn thin tapering plates parallel to the ortho- piuacoid. The analysis corresponds to 35 p. c. albite, 51 p. c. orthoclase, and 13 p. c. of BaAl 2 Si 4 O 12 . 5, 6,.lgelstrom, G. For. Forh., 10, 416, 1888; a cleavable feldspar from the Sj5 mine, Grythyttan, Orebro, Sweden. Mitscherlich also mentions finding 0'45 p. c. BaO in adularia, and small amounts (to 2'23) in other feldspars, J. pr. Ch., 81, 113, 1860; cf. anals. 8, 12, 13, 14, under orthoclase. 1. Vogelsberg G. 2-835 2692 SiO 2 A1 2 3 BaO CaO K 2 O Na 2 O 3. Cassinite 4. 5. Sj6 mine, red 6. " " white 59-69 55-10 62-60 62-95 61-90 54-15 21-04 23-20 19-97 19-82 15-80 29-60 2-27 7-30 3'71 3-95 9-58 1-26 0-95 1-83 0-19 0-25 0-40 1-00 8-61 0-83 8-95 8-57 [6-02] [12-47] 6-55 SrO 0-36, FeO 2'27 = 101-74 7-45 MgO 0-56, Fe 2 O 3 0'45, ign. 3-72 [= 100-44 4-31 Fe 2 O 3 0-12, ign. 0"19 = 100-04 4-01 Fe 2 O 3 0-17, igu. 11 = 99'83 FeO.MnO 5'00, MgO 1'30 = 100 MgO 1-52 = 100 /?. Triclinic Section. 315. MICROOLINE. Mikroklin Ereiih. Schweigg. J., 60, 324, 1830. Des Cloizeaux, Ann. Ch. Phys., 9, 433, 1876. Triclinic. Near orthoclase in angles and habit, but the angle be = about 89 30'. Forms 1 : m (110, /', 1) z (130, 7-3) y (201, ; 24,) (10'0'9, ,-VH) p (111, y l) o (!ll, 1 ; ) c (001, 0, P) For amazonite, Dx. (1. c.) gives, be = 89 44', b'M = 60 58', cM = 66 22'. For the white microcline from Leverett, Mass., VM = 60 49', cm = 67 43', cM = 68 43', -.Jf = 61 29'. FELDSPAR GROUP M1CROCLINE. 323 Klockmann 1 gives be = 89 53', ex = 50 45', cy = 80 33'. Also Schuster (N.-Z. Min., 690, 1885), be = 89 25' to 89 30'; Sauer aud Ussing*, be = 89 30', cM = 67 32' 3 VM= 61. Twins: like orthoclase, according to the Carlsbad, Baveno and Manebach laws. Also polysynthetic twinning according to the albite and pericline laws (p. 326) rarely absent; fine striations due to the former often observable on the basal face; the two methods together giving a double series of fine lamellae nearly at right angles to each other, hence the peculiar and very characteristic grating-structure of a basal section viewed in polarized light. This structure may be in part secondary 3 . Crystals usually like ordinary orthoclase in habit. Simple crystals without twinning very rare. Also massive cleavable to granular compact. Cleavage: c perfect; b somewhat less so; M sometimes distinct; m also some- times distinct, but less easy. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 6-6*5. G-. = 2-54 2*57. Luster vitreous, on c sometimes pearly. Color white to pale cream-yellow, also red, green. Transparent to translucent. Optically . Ax. pi. nearly perpendicular (82-83) to b. Bx inclined 15 26'* to a normal to b. Dispersion p < v about Bx . Extinction-angle on c H- 15 30', on b + 5 to 6 (cf. f. 3, p. 326). Axial angles, Dx. : 2H = 88 to 89 2H = to 104 For the simple crystals from the peginatyte of Gasern, Sauer and Ussing give: be = 89 30'; (Na) on c -f- extinction-angle with the basal cleavage lines 13 48'. also extinction -angle (Na) on c -f- 15 80 2H a .y = 87 30' .-. 2V = 83 2H 41' on b -f- 5 15'; also for a section j_ cleavages c, b, Axial angles, etc.: y = 101 7' y-P = 0'0032 fi-a = 0'0040 cr = 1-5224 J = 1-5264 = 1-5296 Also to fix the position of the planes of the axes of elasticity: fie A 001 = 83 6c A 010 = 106 31' at A 001 = 12 8' 1' ac A 010 = 97 34' afc A 001 = 79 48' afc A 010 = 17 48' The essential identity of orthoclase and microcline has been urged by Mallard 4 and Michel- Levy 4 on the ground that the properties of the former would belong to an aggregate of sub- microscopic twinning lamellae of the latter, according to the albite aud pericliue laws. Comp., Yar. Like orthoclase, KAlSi 3 8 or K 2 O.Al 2 3 .6Si0 2 Silica 64'7, alumina 18'4, potash 16-9 = 100. Sodium is usually present in small amount. Var. 1. Ordinary. In crystals and cleavable masses chiefly in granitic veins, in external aspect not often to be distinguished from orthoclase. Much so-called aventurine feldspar belongs here, and this variety often encloses lamellae of albite, as is true to a greater or less extent of most forms. 2. Amnzonstone or amazonite. Bright verdigris-green. Often coated with albite crystals in parallel position. 3. Ghesterlite. In white crystals, smooth, but feebly lustrous, implanted on dolomite in Chester Co., Penn. It contains but little soda. Anal. 1-4, 6, 7, 10-12, Pisani, quoted by Dx. 5, Smith and Brush, Am. J. Sc., 16, 42, 1853. 8,9 Dmr., quoted by Dx. 13, Scharizer, Jb. G. Reichs., 30, 593, 1880. 14, Oebbeke, Zs. Kr., 11. 256, 1885. 15. 16, Beutell, Zs. Kr., 8, 363, 1883. 17, Kloos, Jb. Min., 2, 9, 1884. 18, Peufield, Am. J. Sc., 20, 273, 1880. 19, F. J. Wiik, Zs. Kr., 7, 76, 1882. Also Sauer and Ussiug, 1. c. ; et al. ign. 035Fe 2 O 3 074 = 101-17 0-20 = 100 0-20 = 99-66 0-20 = 101-65 0-65 Fe 2 O 3 0-50, CaO 61, [MgO 0-27 == 100-36 = 101-41 0-81 MgO 0-32 = 101-55 0-30 = 99-21 9. Sunganarsnk 2'584 65'43 19'58 12'45 2'31 Fe 2 O 3 0'35 = 100'12 10. Areudal 2'543 65'40 18'63 11 -75 3'25 Fe 2 O 3 1-09 = 100-12 11. Sedlovatoi Is 2'58 64'70 19'50 12 90 3'40 = 100'50 0-20 Fe 2 3 0-28 = 101-20 0-88 Fe 2 O 3 0-97, Ca 0'92 [= 100-02 2-57 65-12 19-56 1296 2'16 0'32 FeO 0'16. CaO 0'26, [MgO 0-09 = 100-63 1. Magnet Cove, Ark. 2. Ural, Amazonite 3. Ilinen Mis., Amazonite 4. Ural 5. Chester, Penu., Chesterlite\ Mu r s i n k a , A mazo n ite Leverett, Mass. Brove, i5aone-et-Loire 12. Mineral Hill, Penn. 13. Freistadt 14. Forst, Tyrol G. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 K 2 Na 2 O 2-54 64-30 1970 15-60 0-48 2-55 64-08 20-70 13-75 1-27 2-562 64-80 1960 13-50 1-56 2-54 65-75 20-90 13-20 1 60 6497 17-65 14-02 1-69 2-576 65-55 20-30 13-90 1-66 2-47 64-97 21-47 12-20 1-78 2-548 64-80 19-90 12-11 2-10 2-584 65-43 19-58 12-45 2-31 2-543 65-40 18-63 11-75 3-25 2-58 64-70 19-50 1290 3-40 2-57 64-90 20-92 10-95 3-95 2-549 63-46 18-12 10-57 5-10 324 SILICATES. G. 15. Striegau, cryst. SiO 2 64-73 A1 2 3 18-60 K 2 14-00 Na 2 1-92 ign. 0-20 Fe 2 3 0-21, 16. 17. L. Baikal 18. Branchvillep pseud. 19. Pargas, " Ersbyite, " pseud. CaO 0-18 \= 99-84 | 65-28 18-71 10-82 3'82 0'25 Fe 2 O 3 0'19. CaO 0'30, [MgOO-64 = 100-01 2-616 64-83 22-04 7'21 4'03 0'31 CaO T38 = 99'80 | 64-55 19-70 15-62 0'58 0'12 = 100 57 2-57 66-18 19-52 13'03 0-91 CaO 0'36 = 100 Obs. Much of the potash feldspar formerly called orthoclase belongs here; in general only an optical examination serves to establish the difference. It hence occurs under the same conditions as common orthoclase. Some localities are mentioned with the list of analyses; that from Magnet Cove, Arkansas, is nearly pure microcline. The beautiful amazonstone from the Ural, also in fine groups of large crystals of deep color in the granite of Pike's Peak, Colorado, is microcliue. CkesterUte from Poorhouse quarry, Chester Co., Penn., and the aveniurine feldspar of Mineral Hill, Penn., belong here. Microcline, pseudomorph after spodumene (anal. 18), has been described by Brush and Dana from Branchville, where the species also occurs in very large cleavage masses and crystallized in a pegmatyte vein. Simple crystals occur in pegmatyte of the Gasernthal near Meissen, Saxony. The name mikroklin was given by Breithaupt to a feldspar occurring chiefly in cleavable masses in the zircon-syenite of Fredriksvarn, also Laurvik and Brevik, Norway. Breithaupt made the angle between the two cleavage planes 90 22'-90 23', instead of 90; and hence derived the name, from juzKpoS, little, and KXiveiv, to incline. Breithaupt referred to microcline the feldspar of Arendal, which afforded him the same angle, also feldspars from a number of other localities. The species, however, was first established by Des Cloizeaux. He shows moreover that the FredriksvSrn feldspar is true orthoclase (cf. remarks by Bgr., cryptoperthite, p. 321). Ref._ i Cf. Dx., 1. c.; also Klockmann, Zs. G. Ges., 34, 410, 1882; Zs. Kr., 8, 317, 1883; Beutell, Zs. Kr., 8, 352, 1883; Kloos, Jb. Min., 2, 87, 1884. 2 Sauer and Ussing, Zs. Kr., 18, 192, 1890. Rinne, Jb. Min., 2, 66, 1890. 4 Mid., Ann. Mines, 10, 10, 1876; Michel-Levy, Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 135, 1879. 315 A. Anorthoclase. Anorthoklas RoseribuscTi, Mikr. Phys., 550, 1885. Anorthose FT. Natrouorthoklas pt. Natronmikroklin F&r&tn&r. Mikroklinalbit. Mikroklas F. J. Wiik. A triclinic feldspar with a cleavage-angle, ~bc, varying but little from 90. Form like that of the ordinary feldspars. Twinning in accordance with the Carls- bad, Baveno, and Manebach laws; also polysynthetic according to the albite and pericline laws; but in many cases the twinning laminae very narrow and hence not distinct. Rhombic section inclined on b, 4 to 6 to edge b/c. G. = 2 -57-2 '60. Cleavage, hardness, luster, and color as with other members of the group. Optically -. Extinction-angle one, + 5 45' to + 2; on b, 6 to 9 -8. Bx a nearly _[_ y. Dispersion p > v\ horizontal distinct. Axial angles (Forstner). 2E y = 71 40' Khagiar 88 27' Rakhall ft 7 = 1-5040 to 1-5810. Axial angle variable with temperature, becoming in part monoclinic in optical symmetry between 86 and 264 C., but again triclinic on cooling; this is true of those containing little calcium. Comp Chiefly a soda-potash feldspar, NaAlSi 8 H and KAlSi 3 8 , the sodium silicate usually in larger proportion (2 : 1, 3 : 1, etc.), calcium (CaAl 2 Si 2 8 ) present in relatively very small amount. Anal. 1-9, Forstner, Zs. Kr., 8, 193, 1883. 10, J. Vogt, quoted by Bgr., 1. c., p. 261. 11, Jannasch, quoted by Klein, 1. c. 12, Kjerulf, Bgr,, 1. c., p. 295. 13, Fischer, Mgg., 1. c., p. 119, also other anals. 14, F. J. Wiik, Zs. Kr., 8, 203, 1883. 15, Fletcher, Min. Mag., 7, 131, 1887. 16-. Hyland, Min. Mitth., 10, 256, 1888. 17, Penfield, U. S. G. Surv., 7 Ann. Rep., p. 269, 1885-86 (1888). G. SiO 2 A1 2 3 CaO K 2 O Na 2 t 7-99 Fe 2 O 3 I'Ol, MgO 51 = 99'83 7-42 Fe 2 O 3 3'27, MgO 30 = lOO'Ol 6-93 Fe 2 O 3 0'56, MgO 013 = 99'74 8 07 Fe 2 O 3 0-96, MgO 0-04 = 100-50 713 Fe 2 O 3 0-95, MgO 0'09 = 99'48 7-10 Fe 2 O 3 0-31 = 99'86 7-45 Fe 2 3 1-03, MgO 0-17= 99'61 7-34 Fe 2 O 3 0'91, MgO 013 = 100-28 7-31 Fe 2 3 0-72, MgOO'30= 99'96 6-59 MgO 0-04 = 99-98 6-99 Fe 2 O 3 0'45, MgO 013 = 100-89 2-97 Fe 2 3 4-58, MgO 0'71, H 2 O 0'96 [= 99-07 G. Si0 2 A1 2 3 CaO K 2 1. 2. Montagna Grande Mte. Gibele 2-595 2-605 68-23 6341 18-30 20-32 1-26 2-76 2-53 2-53 3. Khania 2-592 66-67 19-74 1-37 4-34 4. Khagiar 2-574 66-34 19-05 1-08 4-96 5. Zichidi 2-584 64-81 20-65 2-01 3-84 6. Sidori 2-578 66-74 19-98 1-25* 4-48 7. RakhalS 2-566 66-20 19-86 0-80 410 8. S. Marco 2-577 66-79 19-36 0-80 4-95 9. Cuddia Mida 256 66-63 19-76 0-38 4-86 10. Svenor 61-35 22-37 4 1 66 4-97 11. Hohe Hagen 64-33 21-97 2-07 4-95 12. Lille Frogner 58-18 22-89 4-61 4-17 FELDSPAR GROUP ALBITE-ANORTHITE SERIES. 325 G. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 CaO K 2 O Na 2 O 13. Tyveholmen 14. St. Gothard, mik~ Toklas 15. Kilima-ujaro 16. 17. Obsidian Cliff Extinction on c " b Extinction on c ' b 2-651 5951 22-69 5'05 2'50 2-567 263 [66-40] 16-23 60-78 23-00 61-30 23-10 67-53 17-99 11-90 2-84 4-50 3-02 5-34 0-09 5-08 a Incl. some BaO. 6-38 Fe 2 O 3 2"47, MgO 0'42, H 2 O1'34 [= 100-36 5-47 = 100 6-65 H 2 0-21, Fe 2 3 2'32 = 100'30 7-11 H 2 0-09 = 99-96 8-36 Fe 2 O 3 0'60, ign. 0'30 = 99'95 8 3 -50 9 -50 1 5 -75 6 -04 9 2 -10 9 -80 2 3 4 4 59 6 -43 4 -63 6 -50 4 -37 6 -88 11 12 3 5 6 -40 to 3 - 5 to - 8 5}' 5 3 -60 7 -37 6 7 3 -14 3 -80 8-75 8-75 13 14 to 2 l30'to 5 12' 5} to 6* 6 to 10 Obs. These triclinic soda-potash feldspars are chiefly known from the andesytic lavas of Pantelleria. Most of these feldspars come from a rock, called by Forstner pantellerite, vhich is characterized by the presence of cossyrite; a similar feldspar (anal. 11) resembling saui- dine occurs in the basalt of the Hohe Hagen near Gottingen. Also from the augite-syeuite of southern Norway and from the " Rhomben-porphyr " near Christiania. The feldspar of Kilima-njuro investigated by Hyland belongs here; probably also other feldspars from Teneriffe; Frejus in Esterel. An abnormal feldspar from Quatro Ribeiras is mentioned under albite. A feldspar in crystals of unusual habit, tabular | c, and twinned according to the Manebach and less often Baveno laws occurs in the lithophyses of the rhyolyte of Obsidian Cliff, Yellowstone Park. It shows the blue opalescence in a direction parallel with a steep orthodome (cf. p. 317). Ref. Forstner, Zs Kr., 8, 125, 1883, and on the effect of heat upon the optical character, Zs. Kr., 9, 333, 1884; also earlier Zs. Kr., 1, 547, 1877, in which the feldspars examined were all referred to orthoclase. See also Klein, Nachr. Ges. Gott, No. 14, 1878, Jb. Min., 518, 1879, who proves the triclinic character of the Pantelleria feldspar. On the feldspars from the " Rhom- ben-porphyr " of the Christiania region, as of Tyveholmen (2'5 p. c. K 2 O) and elsewhere, see Milgge, Jb. Min., 2, 107, 1881, Bgr., die Silur.Etagen, etc., im Kristiania-Gebiete, etc., pp. 252- 307, 1882. Albite- Anorthite Series * Between the isomorphous species ALBITE NaAlSi 3 8 Ab ANOKTHITE CaAl 2 Si 2 8 An there are a number of intermediate subspecies, regarded as isomorphous mixtures of these molecules, and defined according to the ratio in which they enter; their composition is expressed in general by the formula Ab n An m . They are: Al^An, Ab } An 3 to to to to Ab.An, Ab 1 An 1 At^An, Ab,An. OLIGOCLASE AKDESINE LABKADORITE and Bytownite From albite through the successive intermediate compounds to anorthite with the progressive change in composition (and specific gravity), there is also a corre- sponding change in crystallographic form, and as developed by Schuster in certain fundamental optical properties. The relations of the triclinic feldspars, albite, anorthite, and the intermediate compounds in which both sodium and calcium enter, have been discussed by many writers, and various authors, as von Waltershausen, Rammelsberg, Scheerer,and later Delesse and Hunt have made important contributions to the subject. The establishment of the view now accepted, however, is chiefly due to Tschermak 1 . Crystalline form. The axial ratios and angles given on p. 314 show that these triclinic feldspars approach orthoclase closely in form, the most obvious difference being in the cleavage-angle be, which is 90 in orthoclase, 86 24' in albite, and 85 * The triclinic feldspars of this series, in which the two cleavages b and c are oblique to each other, are often called in general plagioclase (from ithdyioS, oblique), a name first introduced by Breithaupt, Min., 3, 492, 1847. 326 SILICATES. 50' in anorthite. The transition in form from albite to anorthite is distinctly shown in tne change in this angle,, be. Thus be Albite 86 24' Rose Oligoclase (sunstone) 86 8' Mgc. Andesine 86 14' Rath Labradorite 86 4' Tsch. Anorthite 85 50' Mgc. A series of similar measurements is.given by Wiik, Zs. Er,, 11, 312, 1885. There is also a change in the axial angle y, which is 88 in albite, about 90 in oligoclase and andesine, and 91 in anorthite. This transition appears still more strikingly in the position of the "rhombic section," by which the twins according to the pericline law are united as explained below. Twinning. The plagioclase feldspars are often twinned in accordance with the Carlsbad, Baveno, and' Manebach laws common with orthoclase (p. 316). Twinning is also almost universal according to the albite law twinning plane the brachypinacoid; this is usually polysynthetic, i.e. repeated in the form of thin lamellae, giving rise to fine striations on the basal cleavage surface. Twinning is also ^common according to the pericline law twinning axis the macrodiagoual axis I', when polysynthefcic this gives another series of fine striations seen on the brachypinacoid. The composition-face in this pericline twinning is a plane passing through the crystal in such a direction that its intersections with the prismatic faces and the brachypinacoid make equal plane angles with each other. The position of this rhombic section ("rhombische Schnitt") and the consequent direction of the stria- tions on the brachypinacoid change rapidly with a small change in the angle y. In general it may 'be said to be approximately parallel to the base, but in albite it is inclined backward (-)-, f. 1, cf. also f. 3) and in anorthite to the front ( , f. 2); for the intermediate species its position varies progressively with the composition (Rath, Wiik, et al.). Thus for the angle between the trace of this plane on the brachypinacoid and the edge b/c, we have Albite Oligoclase- Albite Oligoclase Andesine Labradorite Bytownite Anorthite Ab Ab 6 An x Ab 3 An! Ab 3 An 2 Ab 4 Au 3 AbiAu 3 AbiAn 6 An 4- 22 to 4- 20 4- 20 to -f- 10 -f 9 to 4- 3 + 1 - I 3 to - 2 - 9 to - 10 - 15 to - 17 For special observations see under the individual species beyond. 1. 2. 1, Rhombic section in albite. 2, Same in anorthite; 1, 2, after Rath. 3, Typical form showing directions of light-extinction on c and b. FELDSPAR GROUP ALBITE. 327 Optical characters. There is also a progressive change in the position of the axes of light-elasticity and the optic axial plane in passing from albite to anorthite, as has been shown by Schuster. This is most 4. simply exhibited by the position of the planes of light-vibration, as observed in sections parallel to the two cleavages, basal c and clinopinacoidal b, in other words the extinction-angle formed on each face with the edge b/c (cf. f . 3). The approximate position of the axes of elas- ticity for the different feldspars is shown in figure 4 (from Schuster). The axis of least elasticity (c) does not vary very much from the zone be, but the axis of greatest elasticity (a) varies widely, and hence the axial plane has an entirely different position in al- bite from what it has in anorthite. Furthermore albite is optically positive, that is c = Bx, while anorthite is negative or a = Bx; for certain an de- sines the axial angle is sensibly 90. The following table gives the percentage composition of the various molecular compounds of albite and anorthite, with the calculated specific gravity (Tschermak), and also certain of the optical characters connected with them by the researches of Schuster and Mallard. These latter values are calculated by Schuster from an equation deduced by Mallard, in which certain observed values are assumed as fun- damental. Observed angles for many cases are given in the pages which follow. Ratio of Albite to Anorthite AbnAnw n m G. Albite 1 2-624 Oligoclase- albite ' 12 8 6 1 ' 2-635 1 2-640 1 2-645 4 1 2-652 Oligoclasc o 1 2-659 2 1 2-671 3 2 2-680 Andesine 4 3 2-684 I \. 1 1 2-694 . [3 4 2-703 Labradorite - 2 1 3 2-708 2 2-716 1 3 2-728 | 1 4 2-735 Bytownite 1 6 2-742 8 2-747 Anorthite 1 2-758 Percentage Composition 27-1 28-3 29-6 30-1 31-2 32-6 33-4 34-4 34-9 Extinction-angle with edge c/b on c on b 19 4-4 30' + 3 38' to 2 45' + 15 35' to 11 59' 63-3 62-0 59-9 58-1 57-4 55-6 53-7 53-0 51-4 49-3 48-0 46-6 45-9 43-2 + 155' +8 17' to - 35' to - 2 15' - 2 12' - 7 58' to 5 10' to 16 - 7 53' - 20 52' to - 17 40' to - 29 28' -21 5' -31 10' to - 28 4' to - 33 40' -37 C - 36 Careful determinations of the specific gravity of these feldspars have been made by Gold- schmidt, see Jb. Min., Beil. Bd., 1, 203, 1881. Ref._ i Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 50 (1), 566-613, 1865 (read Dec. 15, 1864). Cf. also Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 18, 200, 1866; Streng, Jb. Min., 411, 1865, 598, 1871; Rath, Pogg., 144, 219, 1871. 2 Schuster, Min. Mitth., 3, 117, 1881, 5, 189, 1882. Dx., Min., 1, 1862, N. R., 1867; also Ann. Ch. Phys., 4, 1875, 9, 433, 1876; Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 89, 1883, etc. Wiik, Ofv. Finsk. Soc., 19, 60, 1876-77, Zs. Kr., 8, 203, 1883, 11, 312, 1885. Mallard, Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 96, 1881. Michel-Levy, Min. Micr., 1879, Ann. Mines, 12, 440, 1877. Thoulet, Ann. Mines, 14, 115. 1878. 3 Position of the rhombic section, Rath, Jb. Min., 689, 1876; Wiik, Zs. Kr., 2, 498, 1878: Schuster, 1. c., p. 240; Pfd., Am. J Sc., 34, 390, 1887. Gdt., Ueb. Proj., 64, 1887. 316. ALBITE. Feltspat hvit pt. Wall., 65, 1747. Feldspath pt., Schorl blanc pt. , de Lisle, Crist., 2, 409, PI. v., f. 15, 16, 1783. Krummblatteriger Feldspath Hedenberg, Afh., 1, 118, 1806. Albit Gahn & Berz., Afh., 4, 180, 1815. Tetartin Breith., Char., 1823. Soda Feldspar. 328 SILICATES. VAR. introd. as species. Cleavelandite (fr. Chesterfield) Brooke, Ann. Phil., 5, 381, 1823. Periklin Breith., Char., 1823; Pericline. Hyposklerit (fr. Arendal) Breith., Schw. J., 3, 316, 1830. Peristerite (fr. Perth, Can.) Thorn., Phil. Mag., 22, 189, 1843. Olafh Breith., B. H. Ztg., 25, 88 = Oligoklas-Albit Scheerer, Pogg., 89, 17. Adiuole (fr. Sala) Beud., Tr., 2, 126, 1832. i., Pogg., 59, 441, 1846. Tschermakit Fr. wnKobell, J. pr. Ch., 8, 411, 1873. Triclinic. Axes d:b:c= 0-63347 : 1 : 0-55771; a = 94 3', /3 = 116 28f ', : 88 8f Dx. and Mgc. 1 100 A 010 = 90 3|', 100 A 001 = 63 34J', 010 A 001 = 86 24'. (552, 'f) 3 Klockmann 6 adds a number of doubtful planes: ft (430), a (270), d (530), e (430), 77 (120), (140), (150), K (1-20-0), 0(085), A (114), ^ (IS'16'1), p (1 201), a (181), r (414). Forms 2 : C (150, *-5') 3 b (010, *4, M) M (110, 'J, T) c (001, 0, P) v (450, 7 *4) 4 ? ra (iio, r, i) 2 (130, Y-3) H (450, *-') 4 ? x (101, ,14,) / (130, 3') 7- (403, ,f 4,) y (201, ,24,) // (443, ,f) ra 60 26' cy = 82 7' cA = 67 33' op 53 15' d's mM ' = 30 24' 19 23f 60 20i' 30 22' 59 14' ce en = 43 *46 *46 89 10' 46' 50' 56' Cff c6 CO CO" cu = 81 = 30 = 57 = 70 = 85 33' 11' 49' 21' 10' by b'S me mp = 70 41V 78 12i' 51 18' 94 59' fa' ex = 119 13' 52 16' cm cM= 65 *69 OQ 17' W ftp bx = 60 = 86 26i' 20' 5 Mo = 45 42V *51 36' 98 33' cr = 65 28V C p = &*J 55 53' b'o = 66 18' M'y = *42 27' 1. 6. 7. Figs. 1, 2, Schneeberg, Passeir, Rumpf. 3, Pfitsch, Schrauf. 4, Zillerthal, Id. 5, Middletown. 6, Carlsbad twiu; 7, Albite and Carlsbad twins combined, Schrauf. Twins': similar to the (1) Carlsbad, (2) Baveno and (3) Manebach twins of orthoclase (p. 316); (4) tw. pi. b, albite law (p. 326), usually contact-twins, and polysynthetic, consisting of thin lamellae and with consequent fine striations on c; this twinning is rarely absent in embedded masses and may be sometimes of secondary origin. (5) tw. axis b, pericline law, in contact-twins whose composition- FELDSPA R GRO UPALBITE. face is the so-called rhombic section (cf. f. 1 p. 326); also often polysynthetic and then showing fine striations which on b are inclined backward + 22 to the edge b/c. (6) Tw. axis a, not common. (7) Tw. axis a line in 010 normal to 6. Crystals often tabular || #; also elongated || axis b, as in the variety pericline. Also massive, either lamellar or granular; the laminae often curved, sometimes divergent; granular varieties occasionally quite fine to impalpable. Cleavage: c perfect; b somewhat less so; m imperfect. Fracture uneven to conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 6-6-5. G. = 2 62-2-65. Luster vitreous; on a cleavage surface often pearly. Color white ; also occasionally bluish, gray, reddish, treenish, and green ; sometimes having a bluish opalescence or play of colors on c. treak uncolored. Transparent to subtranslucent. 10. 11. 9. 8, 9, Pericline, Schrauf. 10, 11, Roc Tourne, Savoy, Rose. Optically +. Plane (S) J_ to Bx a inclined 10*0 to 102 to c on acute edge b/c. Extinction-angle with edge b/c = + 4 30' to 2 on c, and = + 20 to 15 on b. Dispersion for Bx a , p < v, also incline^, horizontal; for Bx , p> t>; inclined, crossed, Dx. Change of axial angle on elevation of temperature small, 2 30' from 21-5 C. to 170-8 Dx. Axial angles: 2H a . r = 80 to 84 2H . r = 106 to 109 The following table gives the extinction-angles on b and c- the angle formed by the trace of the rhombic section on b with the edge b/c; also so far as possible the lime percentage and spe- cific gravity. The authors quoted are Schuster, Rath, Beutell, Cathrein, Krenner, Wiik, Pen- field; for references see p. 327 and analyses below. G. CaO Kasbek 2-618 Fusch, Pinzgau Schmirn, Pericline Schwarzbach 0'47 Striegau (V45 Reichenbach T05 Brixlegg 2'630 0'72 Andreasberg, Zygadite 0*30 Kragero 0'35 Somero 2 -622 Branchville 2'610 M8 HitterS 2 "632 1'46 Haddam 2*633 1'80 Mineral Hill 2-627 1-85 Daubury 2 "628 195 Extinction on c on b + 4 12' + 18 44' 3 47' 17 35' 3 54' to 3 40' 17 54' to 17 35' 4 5' 16 30' 4 50' 19 30' 3 20' 20 40'? 4 18 4 36' 17 12' 20 15 15 16 12 15 Rhombic section. 22 20 12 14 13 12 10 The following table, from Des Cloizeaux, gives the extinction-angles, also the acute axial angle, about the -{- Bx and the real angle between the plane normal to Bx (S) and the plane c; 330 SILICATES. further the specific gravities and lime percentage, the last from analyses by Pisani, Damour. Dirvell (cf. Dx.): Extinction Axial Angle CaO on c on b 2H a cS Roc Tourne + 3 to 4 +18 34' to 20 46' 80 to 82 101 to 102 Dauphiny Middletown 3 52' to 5 2 to 3 50 16 20 30' to 20 90 84 20' to 87 to 91 12' 101 105 to 102 Noeskiln 0-19 2 to 3 18 to 21 Ural 0-50 3 58' .', 16 30' to 21 83 10' to 83 54' 102 30 ' Bathurst, Canada, Peristerite 3 30' to 3 50'- 14 to 15 89 to 91 95 to 98 20' Burgess, Canada, Peristerite 1 30' to 3 15 to 16 88 30' to 91 10' 95 to 97 25' Irigny, Rhone 0-88 1 30' to 5 11 to 14 10' 90 36' to 91 36' 96 to 97 Kararfvet 1-32 2 to 2 36' 15 to 18 87 26' to 93 97 to 100 C '55' Bamle, Tschermakite 1-40 2 to 3 30' 15 to 17 30' 86 16' to 87 42' 100 to 101 Snarum, olafite 1-56? 4 8' to 4 21' 19 16' to 21 81 54' to 83 26' 101 50 ' St. Vincent, Styria 1-56 1 40' to 2 45' 13 30' to 14 30' 88 C 30' to 91 95 to 94 25' Mineral Hill, Pa., Moonstone 2-5 2 to 4 15 to 17 88' 3 4' to 91 29' 93 to 94 16' An abnormal albite from Quatre Ribeiras, on Terceira, Azores (anal. 24), has been investi- gated by Fouque. Its extinction-angles on c and b are 1 30' and 9 to 9 30' respectively; it is optically with Bx a nearly _L y and Bx nearly JL b. Comp. A silicate of aluminium and sodium, NaAlSi 3 8 or Na 2 O.Al 2 3 .6SiO, = Silica 68*7, alumina 19*5, soda 11*8 = 100. Calcium is usually present in small amount, as anorthite (CaAl 2 Si 2 8 ), and as this increases it graduates through oligo- clase-albite to oligoclase (cf. p. 332). Var. Ordinary. In crystals and massive. The crystals often tabular || b. The massive forms are usually nearly pure white, and often show wavy or curved laminae. Peristerite is a whitish adularia-like albite, slightly iridescent, having G. = 2'626; named from Trepiorepd, pigeon, the colors resembling somewhat those of the neck of a pigeon. Aventurine and moonstone varieties also occur as under oligoclase. Pericline from the chloride schists of the Alps is in rather large opaque white crystals, with characteristic elongation in the direction of the b axis, as shown in figs. 8, 9, and commonly twinned with this as the twinning axis (pericline law, see above). Hyposclerite is blackish green from Arendal; H. = 55; G. = 2 '63-2 -66; it contains, accord- ing to Rammelsberg, 5 p. c. of pyroxene. Nam,ed from VTTO, under, (rtftypoS, hard, with refer- ence to the inferior hardness. Cleavelandite is a white lamellar kind found at Chesterfield, Mass., and similarly elsewhere, and named after Dr. P. Cleaveland (1780 1858), the mineralogist. Olafite, called also oligoclase-albite by Scheerer, is an albite from Snarum, Norway. Zygadite occurs in thin tabular twin crystals. Translucent or milky. Color yellowish white to reddish. G. = 2-511-2-512, Breith. Found with milky quartz, stilbite, and sphalerite, in fissures in argillyte, at Andreasberg in the Harz. It was named from ^vyddrjv, in pairs, or twinned. The identity with albite was made probable by Des Cloizeaux (Min., 1, 326), and further proved by Krennerand Loczka, cf. anal. 13. Tschermakite, Fr. von Kobell. Described as a magnesian oligoclase, but on the basis of an analysis of impure material; later shown to belong with oligoclase-albite. Cf. Hawes, anal. 14, also Pisani and Dx.. 1. c. From Kjorrestad near Bamle, Norway, where it occurs with quartz aud wagnerite (kjerulfine). Named for Prof. G. Tschermak of Vienna. Anal. 1, Barwald, Zs. Kr., 8, 48, 1883, cf. Schuster, Min. Mitth., 7, 373, 1886. 2, Rath, Jb. Min., 699, 1876. 3, G. Rose, Gilb. Ann., 73, 173, 1823. 4, Thaulow, Pogg., 42, 571, 183?. 5, C. Hidegh, Tsch., Ber. Ak. Wien, 50 (1), 587, 1865. 6, Ludwig, after deducting 2 '24 Fe 2 O 3 from pyrrhotite, Min. Mitth., 100, 1874. 7, Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 50 (1), 578, 1865. 8, Beutell, Zs. Kr., 8, 360, 1883. 9, Id., ib., p. 369. 10, Id., ib., p. 376. 11, Cathrein, Zs. Kr., 7, 239, 1882. 12, Rath, Pogg., Jbl. Bd., 547, 1874. 13, Loczka, Zs. Kr., 11, 260, 1885. 14, Hawes, Am. J. Sc., 7, 579, 1874. 15, Musgrave, Ch. News, 46, 204, 1882. 16, Leeds. Am. J. Sc., 6, 25, 1873. 17, Brush, Am. J. Sc., 8, 390, 1849. 18, Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 50 (1), 587, 1865. 19-23, F. L. Sperry, Am. J. Sc., 34, 392, 1877. 24, Fouque, Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 197, 1883. See also 5th Ed., p. 351. G. 1. Kasbek 2'618 2. KragerS 2 '600 3. Arendal 2'616 4. St. Gollinrd, pericline 5. Pfitsch, Tyrol, " 2'620 SiO 2 68-75 66-30 6846 69-00 68'- 75 A.1 2 O 3 19-73 20-90 19-30 19-43 19-53 CaO Na 2 O K 2 O ign. 12-29 - 100-77 0-35 [12-10] 0-35 = 100 0-68 11-27 Fe 2 O 3 0-28 = 99-99 020 11-47 = 100-10 0-32 11-04 MgO 03 = 99 67 FELDSPAR GROUP ALBITE. 333 SiO 2 A1.0, CaO Na^O K 2 ign. 66-93 21 18 65 11-23 100 68-8 19-3 4 11-1 o- 5 Fe 2 3 0-1 = 100-2 f 6725 19 67 47 11-57 0-51 Fe 2 O a 0-26 = 99-73 67-51 1 ( J 97 45 11-50 0'12 99-55 66-17 20 72 1 05 10-56 ]_ 15 0-56 10021 67-49 20 35 72 11-27 0' 29 100-12 66-65 20 15 0-74 [12-46] 100 68-81 19 41 30 11-05 41 tr. 99-98 6604 20-33 1'29 lO'Ol 6844 19-35 11 '67 0-21 0-95 Fe 2 O 3 0'29,MgO I'll 0-43 = 99-89 = 100-23 67-70 66-65 19 20 98 79 1 47 05 8-86 9-36 1- 36 0-08 MgO O'll = 99-56 MgO 0'52 = 99-37 669 208 2-00 10-2 06 100-5 66'58 21 26 1 18 10-26 76 0-16 Fe 2 O 3 0-07 = 100-27 66-83 20 88 1 46 10-36 70 0-27 Fe 2 O 3 0-25 = 100-75 66-06 21 57 1 80 9-57 1 01 Fe 2 3 0-18 = 100-19 66-34 20 72 1 85 9-44 98 038 9971 6573 21 33 1-95 9-66 95 019 Fe 2 O 3 0-12 = 9992 68-73 19 76 1 12 9-45 1 37 100-43 G. 6. Schneeberg, Passeir 2*61 7. Wiudisch Matrei 2'624 8. Schwarzbach 9. Striegau 10. Reichenbach 11. Brixlegg 2 '630 12. Langenberg 2 '573 13. Antfreasberg, Zygadite 14. Bamle, " Tschermak tie" 2-67 15. Amelia Co., Va. 2'605 16. Media, Penn., moon- stone 2-59 17. Uuionville, Penn. 18 Laacher See 2 636 19 Branchville, Ct. 2'610 20. Hittero 2 '632 21. Haddam, Ct. 2'633 22. Mineral Hill, Penn. 2'627 23. Danbury, Ct. 2 638 24. Quatre Ribeiras 2*593 Pyr., etc. B B. fuses at 4 to a colorless or white glass, imparting an intense yellow to the flame. Not acted upon by acids. Obs. Albite is a constituent of many crystalline rocks. With hornblende it constitutes dioryte. It occurs with orthoclase (or microcline) in much granite, and in such cases is usually distinguishable by its greater whiteness. In perthite (p. 321) it is interlaminated with orthoclase or microcline, and similar aggregations, often on a microscopic scale, are common in many rocks. Albite is common also in gneiss, and sometimes in the crystalline schists. Veins of albitic granite are often repositories of the rarer minerals and of fine crystallizations of gems, including beryl, tourmaline, allanite, columbite, etc. It occurs also in some volcanic rocks, especially in the andesytes, as with allanite at Langenberg, near Heisterbach in the Siebengebirge; similarly at Felsobauya, Hungary. It is found in disseminated crystals in granular limestone; thus in the limestone (Jura and Trias) of the Col du Bouhoinme, near Modane in Savoy; also in microscopic crystals with quartz and orthoclase in limestone at Meylan near Grenoble; in minute crystals in fossil Radiolarians in limestone near Roveguo. Province of Pavia. Italy, also in the limestone itself; in limestone at Bedous, Basses Pyrenees, at the contact with diabase. Some of the most prominent European localities are in cavities and veins in the granite or granitoid rocks of the Swiss and Austrian Alps, associated with adularia, smoky quartz, chlo- rite, titauite, apatite, and many rarer species; it is often implanted in parallel position upon the orthoclase. Thus in the St. Gothard region; Roc Tourne near Modaue, Savoy; on Mt. Skopi (pericliue); Tavetschthal; Schmirn, Tyrol; also Pfitsch, Kauris, the Zillerthal, Krirnl, Schnee- berg in Passeir in simple crystals. Also in Dauphine in similar association; on Elba. ^Also Hirschberg in Silesia; Penig in Saxony; with topaz at Mursinka in the Ural and nearMiaskin the Ilmen Mts. At the foot of Kasbek in the Caucasus in cavities in granite, the crystals often sim- ple. Cornwall, England; Mourne Mts. in Ireland. In the United States, in Maine, at Paris, with red and blue tourmalines. In Mass., at Chesterfield, with the same minerals, in lamellar masses (cleavelandite), slightly bluish, also fine granular, and rarely in small crystals; at Goshen. In New Ramp., at Acworth and Alstead; at the slide on Tripyramid Mt., White Mts., in small crystals implanted in parallel position upon orthoclase. In Conn., at Haddam, with chrysoberyl, beryl, columbite, and black tourmaline; at the Middletown feldspar quarry, in fine transparent or translucent crystals (fig. 5); at Monroe, a fine granular variety containing beryl; at Branchville, in fine crystals and massive with microcline, and many rare species. In JV. York, at Granville, Washington Co., white transparent crystals; at Moriah, Essex Co., of a greenish color, with smoky quartz, and resem- bling green diallage. In Penn., at Unionville, Chester Co., a granular variety is the matrix of the corundum, having the hardness of quartz; it had been taken for indianite. In Virginia, at the mica mines near Amelia Court-House in splendid crystallizations. In Colorado, in the Pike's Peak region with smoky quartz and amazon stone coating the crystals, also in composite' rosettes forming their base. In California', Calaveras Co., with native gold and auriferous pyrites. In Canada, in fine crystals, at the Suffield silver mine, near L. Massawippi, N.E.of L. Mem- phremagog; at the Lakes of Three Mountains, Clyde, Ottawa Co., Quebec. Peristerite occurs in the township of Bathurst, Lanark Co., also on Stoney Lake, Burleigh, Peterborough Co., Ontario. The name Albite is derived from albus, white, in allusion to its color, and was given the species by Gahn and Berzelius in 1814. Alt. Cf . remarks under orthoclase, p. 320. Occurs as a pseudomorph after spodumene at Branchrille, Ct. (cf . p. 368). Artif. Obtained by Hautefeuille and also by Friedel and Sarasin by methods similar to those 332 SILICATES. employed with orthoclase; by Fouque and M. -Levy direct from the fusion of the constituents. Further, the last-mentioned authors have obtained a series of feldspars intermediate between, albite and auorthite, as well as these species themselves; also further certain feldspar-like com- pounds containing barium, strontium, and lead. For a summary of their results and those of others, see Fouque-Levy, Synth. Min., pp. 128-150, 1882. Ref._i Dx., Min., 1, 317, 1862, cf. Rose, Gilb. Ann., 73, 186, 1823, Pogg., 125, 457, 1865; Neumann, Abb. Ak. Berlin, 189, 1830; Rath, Pogg. Erg., 5, 425, 1870; Brz., Min. Mitth., 19, 1873; Barwald, Kasbek, Zs. Kr., 8, 48, 1883, and Schuster, Min. Mitth., 7, 373, 1886. 2 Cf. Levy, Min. Heuland, 2, 189, 1837; Mlr,,JVlin., 370, 1852, Dx., 1. c.; Schrauf, Atlas, n-iv, 1864. 3 Rumpf, Mm. Mitth., 97, 1874. 4 Rath, Mt. Skopi, Zs. Kr., 5, 27, 1880. 6 Klockmann, Hirsch- berg, Zs. G. Ges., 34, 416, 1882, Zs. Kr./8, 318, 1883. 6 On twins: Neumann, Abb. Ak. Berlin, 189, 1830; Kayser, Pogg., 34, 109, 301, 1835; Dx., 1. c.; Rose, 1. c., also Pogg., 125, 457, 1865; Streng, Jb. Min., 613, 1871; Rath, Jb. Min., 689, 1876 (Ber. Ak. Berlin, 147, 1876), also Pogg., Erg. 5, 425, 1870; Sbk., Ang. Kryst., 145, 1876; van Werweke, Jb. Min., 2, 97, 1883. On pyro-electricity, see Hankel, Wied. Ann., 1, 283, 1877. 317. Oligoclase. Natron-spodumen Berz., Arsb., 160, 1824 = Soda-spodumene. Oligoklas Breith., Pogg., 8, 79, 1826. Triclinic. Axes: & : 1 : 6 = 0-63206 : 1 : 0'55239; a = 93 4', ft = 116 , y = 90 4J' Kath 1 . 100 A 010 = 88 23', 100 A 001 = 63 34f, 010 A 001 = *86 32'. Forms 9 : a (100, i-l, k) b (010, f-, M) c (001, 0, P) m (110, 1') f (130, ^-3') C (150, -') M (110, '/) z (130, '*-) L (150, 7-5) * (101, ,1-i,) r (403, -1,) y (201, ,24,) e (021, 24') n (021, '24) *l (112, i') m (111, 1') P (Hi, ,1) 9 (221, ,2) o (111, ij u (221, 2,) GO (112, 'i) bm = 59 14' If = 30 2' mM= 59 6' zz - 119 7' b'M = *61 40' b'z = 30 51 ex = 51 57' cy =81 52' ce = 42 59' be = 43 33' en 46 25' an = 72 11' en = 89 25' cm = 33 7' cm = 65 404' cM = *68 48' cp = 55 18$' ca = 81 17' c. Walt.. Vulk. Gest., 292, 1853. Anorthott Wiik, Zs. Kr., 8, 205, 1883. Lindsayit or Linseit Nl Nd., Vh. Mm. Ges., J12, 1843 338 SILICATES. Triclinic. Axes a : 1 = 91 llf ' Marignac 1 . 6 = 0-63473 : 1 : 0*55007; a = 93 131', fi =5 11555i' t 100 A 010 = 83* 54', 100 A 001 = 63 57', 010 A 001 == 85 50'. Forms 2 : (100, i-l, b) (010, i-l, M) (001, 0, P) (110. /') (120, t-2') (130,1-3') , (120, s (130, '*-) I (207, 'f-1') = 38 16' Va = 76 32' Twins 5 : (1) ^^t^ law, tw. pi. and comp.-face J, often polysynthetic. (2) Pericline law, tw. axis #, composition-face the rhombic section, whose trace on I makes an angle of - 14 to - 18 with the edge b/c (12, p. 326). (3) Carlsbad law, tw. axis 6, the individuals also usually twinned according to law 1. (4) tw* axis 6 _L 6 in b (010). Crystals usually prismatic | 6, less often elongated \ I, like pericline (f. 3). Also massive, cleavable, with granular or coarse lamellar structure. Cleavage: c perfect; b somewhat less so. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. = 6-6-5. Q-. = 2-74-2-76. Color white, grayish, reddish. Streak uncolored. Transparent to translucent. Optically . Ax. pi. nearly J_ e, and its trace inclined 60 g to the. edge c/e FELDSPAR GROUP- ANORTHITE. 339 from left above behind to right in front below (Schuster). Extinction-angles on c, - 34 to 42 with edge b/c; on b, 35 to 43. Dispersion P < v, also inclined. Axial angles: 2H a . r = 84 50', 2Ha.gr = 85 24', = 85 59'. The following table gives the extinction-angles and the position of the rhombic section, with CaO percentage (see anals. below), as observed by Schuster, 1. c., Lsx., 1. c.* and Kikuchi, J. Coll. Sc. Japan, 2, i, 31, 1888. G. Na a O Vesuvius 2-763 0'47 Pesineda l'Otol'8 Lojo, Lepolite 2'7-2'8 1'50 K 2 Etna, Cyclopite 2-682 2'32 JVHkaje, Japan 2 "761 0'23 Extinction angles Rhombic on c on b section -36 37' to 37 22' -38 to 39 44' - 16 2' -37 30' - -38 24' - 17 54' -35 to 40 -14 to 15* -38 to 40 -35 to 36 --38 to 40 -40 c to41 -15 to 17* Comp. A silicate of aluminium and calcium, CaAl 2 Si a O s or CaO.Al 2 8 .2Si0 2 = Silica 43-2, alumina 36*7, lime 20-1 = 100. Soda (as NaAlSi 3 ? ) is usually present in small amount, and as it increases there is a gradual transition through bytownite to labradorite. Var. AnortMte was described from the glassy .crystals of Somma; and christianite and Incline are the same mineral. Thiorsauite is the same from Iceland. Indianite is a white, grayish, or reddish granular auorthite from India, where it occurs as. the gangue of corundum, first described in 1802 by Count Bournon. Amphodelite is a reddish gray or dingy peach -blossom-red variety, partly in rather -large crystals, from Lojo, Finland, and Tunabcrg, Sweden Lepolite of Breithaupt (or, as he says, of von Jossa,who sent it to him) comes from Lojo and Orijarvi in Finland, and is the same variety; some of the crystals are 2 inches lojug. It has been studied cry stall ographically by Koksharov (Min. Russl., 4 234). who finds the Crystals highly complex and near Vesuvian auorthite in angle. Lindsayite (Linseit, Liudseii) from Orijarvi. Finland, is a somewhat altered variety of lepolite, cf. Wiik, Zs. Kr., 8, 205, 1883. Latrobitc from Amitok Island on the coast of Labrador, is pale rose-red, and closely resembles amphoric) He. Cyclopite occurs in small, transparent, and glassy crystals, tabular \ b, coating cavities in the doleryte of the Cyclopean Islands and near Trezza on Etna. Its identity with anorthite'was established by Lasaulx, Zs. Kr., 5, 326, 1881. Anortho'ite agrees in angles with auorthite but is different in habit, being prismatic || a with n and e prominent; it shows extinction || a and in a direction normal it appears optically uniaxiaL G. = 2-76. A partial analysis gave: SiO 2 37 to 38, A1 2 O 3 32'2, CaO 13. The suggestion is'made that it may be an anorthite partly altered to scapolite. The single crystal found was embedded in red limestone at the SillbQle iron mine in Finland. Cf. F. J. Wiik, Zs. Kr, 8. 205, 1883. Tankite occurs in cleavable masses, with be = 86 20', of a gray or slightly pinkish color. The original crystals, examined by Dx., are stated to have been brought from Arendal in 1825 by Mr. Tank of Friedrikshold (Dx.). It is (Dx.) a hydrated anorlhite, cf. anal. 6. Anal. i, Damour, Bull. G. Fr., 7, 88, 1850. 2, Deville, Ann. Ch. Phys., 40, 286, 1854. 3. Pisani; Ann. Ch. Phys., 9, 492, 1876. 4, Hermann, J. pr. Ch.. 46, 387, 1849 5, Walters* hausen, Vulk. Gest., 2D2, 1853. 6, Pisaui, Dx., N. R, 199, 1867. 7, 8, Gam per, Vh G. Reichs., 134, J877. 9, Y. Kitamura, -J. Coll. Sc. Japan, 2, i, 43, 1888. 10, Abich, Pogg., 51, 519, 1840. Also 5th Ed., p. 339 igu. Fe 2 3 1-12, gangue [0 69 = 100-1$ MgO 0-9 = 100-4 1-62 MgO 0-73 = 100-81 1-56 Fe a O, 1-50, MgO 2 '27 [= 99-69- 1-91 Fe 3 O 3 2-20, MgO 0'66 r= 100-92 4-80 Fe 2 O 3 0-74, MgO 0'80 (= 101 -oa 4 79 = 101-90 4-13 = 99 66 0-12 MgO 020= 100-67 Fe 2 O 3 -0-63, MgO, 0-45 f- 100-19 1. Thiorsa, Iceland 2. St. Eustache 3. Hammerfest 4. Lojo, Lepolite 5. Etna, Cyclopite 6. Arendal, Tankite G. 2-75 2-682 2-897 7. Pesmeda Alp, red 8. " " white 9. Miyake, Japan 2 '761 10. Mt. Somma 2'763 SiO 2 45-97 33-28 CaO 17-21 Na 2 O K 2 O 1-85 45-8 46-80 42-80 35-0 35-20 35-12 17-7 14-70 14-94 1-0 1- 1*50 76 41-45 29-83 20-83 2-32 1-72 42-49 84-70 15-82 1-60" 0-63 41-08 42-79 44-03 43-96 36-04 34-78 36-80 35-30 17-91 15-98 1929 18-98 1-03 1-36 0-23 0-47 1-05 0-62 0-40 Inch Li 2 O. 340 SILICATES. Ryr., etc. B.B. fuses at 5 to a colorless glass. Anorthite from Mte. Somma, and iudiauite from the Carnatic, are decomposed by hydrochloric acid, with separation of gelatinous silica. Obs. Occurs in some diorytes; occasionally in connection with gabbro and serpentine rocks; in some cases along with corundum; in many volcanic rocks, andesytes. basalts, etc. ; as a coru stituent of some meteorites (Juvenas, Stannern). Anorthite (christianite and biotine) occurs at Mount Vesuvius in isolated blocks amorig^the old lavas in the ravines of Monte Somma, associated with sanidiue, augite, mica, und vesuviauite; in the Albaui Mts. ; on the island of Procida near the entrance to the bay of Naples; on the Pesmeda Alp. Monzoni, Tyrol, as a contact mineral; Aranyer Berg, Transylvania/m andesyte; in the Furoer; on Iceland, on the plain of Thiors&, Hekla, and elsewhere; near Bogoslovsk in. the Ural. In the lava of the island of Mlyake, Japan, and also scattered on the lava field in well- defined separate crystals evidently ejected by the volcano; further in the anorthite : basalt of Pusiyama and elsewhere in Japan. The localities of the special varieties of anorthite have already been mentioned. Anorthite was named in 1823 by Rose from avopQoS, oblique, the crystallization being tri- clinic. Bournon's name, Indianite, derived from the locality in India, was first published in his Catalogue of the Royal Mineralogical Collection, in the year 1817. The species had been described by him as early as 1802 (I.e.), and his description is remarkably complete for the time, at including, besides physical characters, a chemical analysis by Cheuevix, agreeing nearly in essential points with the later by Rose, and quite as well as his, with the true or normal composi- tion of the mineral. Bournon supposed that the grains might be rhombohedral in crystallization; but Brooke, in Phillips' Mineralogy (3d ed.), published in 1823, the year of Rose's publication, announced that there were two cleavages, inclined to one another 84 45' and 95 15', differing ;not widely from the same angle as ascertained by Rose. Justice seems to require that Bournon's name should be restored to the species. Beudant, in the first edition of his mineralogy, pub- lished in 1824, described indiauite in full and called it lime-feldspar, mentioning anorthite only in his index. Christianite was named by Monticelli and Covelli after the prince Christian Frederick of Denmark, who explored Vesuvius with them; Amphodelite from aucpi, double, and 6deh6? t spear, the crystals being often twinned parallel to 010; Latrobite, after C. F. Latrobe, the dis- coverer of the variety. Alt. Lindsayite already mentioned is a partially altered anorthite; the same is probably true of sundvikite of A. E. Nordenskiold, Beskr. Finl. Min., 113, 1855; see 5th Ed, p. 340. Rosite and polyargite of Svauberg, Ak. H. Stockh., 1840, are piuite-like pseudomorphs; rosite is from Aker in Sftdermanland, and polyargite from Tunaberg, Sweden. See 5th Ed., p. 480. Crystals of anorthite altered to a saussurite-like substance from Franklin Furnace, N". J., have been described by Roepper (Am. J. Sc., 16, 364, 1878). Artif. Sec albite, p. 331. Ref.- 1 Kk., Min. Russl., 4. 200, 1832, Of. also Rose, Gilb. Ann., 73,197, 1823. 9 Mir., Min., 376 1852. Hbg., Min. Not., 1, 6, 1856. Dx., Min., 1, 294, 1862. Kk., 1. c. Bchrauf, Atlas. Tf. xvi, xvn, 1871 Gdt., Index, 2, 24, 1888. Rath, Pogg., 147,22,1872; Pesmeda Alp, Ber. nied. Ges., July 2, 1877. 8 Dx., tankite, N. R., 195, 1867. 4 Rath, Aranyer Berg, Zs. Kr., 6, 23, 1881. * Twins, Rath, Pogg., 138. 449, 1869, 147, 36, 1872; Jb. Min., 689, 1876. BARSOWITE G. Rose, Pogg., 48, 567, 1839. Massive; coarse to fine granular. Cleavage in two directions at 90, extinction parallel to the cleavage. Orthorhpinbic (or monoclinic). H.= 55-6. G. = 2'584 Bauer. Luster more or less pearly. Color white. Optically biaxial. Composition probably like anorthite, CaAl 8 8i 2 O 8 or CaO: Al 3 O 3 .2SiO,. Analyses: 1, Varren- trapp, Pogg., 48, 568. 2, Friederici, Jb. Min., 2, 71, 1880, after deducting the corundum pjresent, SiO a A1 2 O 3 CaO MgO Alk. 1. | 48-74 23-90 15-29 1'54 = 99'44 2. | 41-54 36-59 1982 2'05 = 100 B.B. fuses on the edges to a vesicular glass. Gelatinizes readily with hydrochloric acid, especially on heating. Occurs in boulders in the auriferous sand of Barsovski near Kyshtymsk south of Ekaterin- burg in the Ural as the gangue of the blue corundum; the occurrence is similar to that of the indianite which is the gaugue of the corundum of the Carnatic. It is often intimately mixed with granular calcite, and incloses also corundum, spinel, and occasionally scales of a yellow mica. Bauer shows that it is chemically identical with anorthite, though apparently different optically and in specific gravity; it may yet prove to be that species, perhaps somewhat altered. HURONITE Thomson, Min., 1. 384. 1836. An impure feldspar approaching anorthite. Occurs in spherical masses in diabase boulders on Drummond Id. in Lake Huron. Structure partly in imperfect folia, and partly granulat-. H. = 3-3'5; G. 3'86; luster waxy to pearly< color light yellowish green; subtranslucent. Harrington has examined this mineral and con* firmed its relation to auorthHe. He gives; H, ;= 5'5; G, = 2'814; fusibility about 5. An, Bnalysis by N. N. Evans gave: PIO 3 47*07 AUQa 32-49 Fe,O 3 0^7 CaO 13'30 MgO 0-22 K 8 O 2'88 Ka 3 2*03 ign 2'72 [== 101'68 LEUCITE GROUP. 341 A mineral similar to huronite occurs in place near Sudbury, Ontario; see Harrington, Trans. R. Soc. Canada, 4 (3), 82. 1886. MIKROTIN G. Tscheimak, Ber. Ak. Wien> 50(1), 606, 1865. A name proposed for glassy- kinds of the plagioclase feldspars, corresponding to the variety sanidine of orthoclase; it is derived from ///K"/cor?/5, littleness, in allusion to the small form in which they commonly appear, as, for example, embedded in volcanic rocks. SIGTEKITE C. F. Rammelsberg, Jb. Min., 2, 71, 1890. Massive, granular. Cleavage easy, giving a surface with pearly luster; also in traces in a second direeiion, these regarded as corresponding in position to c (001) and m (110) of orthoclase. G. = 2*600-2 -622. Luster vitreous to pearly. Color gray. Translucent. Sections parallel to the first direction of cleavage and normal to the second show polysynthetic twinning lamellae. For the former the angle between the directions of extinction is 7-9. i.e.. the angle with the edge regarded as corresponding to c/b is 3 to 4|. Sections parallel to the second cleavage show no twinning structure and give an extinction-angle for the edge c/b of -f- 16. The axial plane is nearly normal to a direction corresponding to 5 and is inclined to c in the positive direction (Tenne). Cornp. (Na,K) 2 Al 2 Si 3 O 10 or (Na,K) 2 O.Al 2 O 3 .3SiO a . With Na : K = 5 : 1, this requires: Silica 51-5, alumina 29'2, soda 14'8, potash 4'5 = 100. Anal. 1, Raschig. 2, Rg. Also 3, 4, the same as 1, 2, after deducting, respectively, 3'84 and 6'03 p. c. augite. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Na 2 O K 2 O 1. 49-71 29-54 13'31 5'00 FeO 1'34, CaO 0'66, ign. 0'42 = 99'98 2. 50-16 28-64 13-63 3 '96 FeO 1'97, CaO 98, MgO 016, ign. 0'42 = 99 93 8. 50-01 30 86 13-90 5'23 = 100 4. 50-54 30-64 14 '58 4'24 = 100 Occurs intimately associated with white albite and eudialyte at Sigteso, in the Langesund- fiord, southern Norway.* II, Metasilicates. ESi0 3 . Salts of Metasilicic Acid, H 2 Si0 3 ; characterized by an oxygen ratio of 2 : 1 for silicon to bases. The following include all the well-marked groups among the METASILICATES. The Division closes with a number of species, in part of somewhat doubtful com- position, forming a transition to the Orthosilicates. 1. Leucite Group. 2. Pyroxene Group. 3. Amphibole Group. 4. Beryl Group. &. K ud i uly te Group. 6. Melanocerite Group. 1. lieucite Group. Isometric. In several respects leucite is allied to the species of the feldspar group, which immediately precede. 321. Leucite KAl(Si0 3 ), Isometric at 500 Pseudo-isometric at ordinary temperatures. 322. Pollucite H 2 Cs 2 Al 2 (SiO s ) 6 Isometric * A later optical investigation by Tenne (Jb. Min., 2, 206, 1891) has shown that the above supposed new species of feldspar is merely an intimate mixture of albite and elaeolite. This conclusion finds confirmation in the composition obtained, and is accepted by Rammelsberg. BrSgger states further (priv. contr.) that the locality is SigtesO, not Sigter5. 342 SILICA TES. 321. LEUCITE. Weisse Granaten, Weisse granat-formige Schorl-Crystallen (fr. Vesuvius). J. J. Ferber, Briefe aus Wa'lschland, 165, 176, etc., 1773. Basakes albus polyedrus granati- formis, etc., v. Born, Lithoph., 2, 73. 1775. Schorl blanc Fr Trl. of Ferber. Grenats blancs calcines (fr. Vesuvius, where called Occhio di Pernice, Rome, etc.) de Saussure, ,}. Phys., 7, 21, 1776. CEil de Perdrix, Grenats blancs, alteres par une vapeur acide qui ayant dissout le fer a laisse les greuats dans un etat de blancheur, Sage, Min., 1, 317, 1777; de Lisle, 2, 830. 1783. Weisse Granaten Hoffm., Bergm. J., 454, 474, 1789. White Garnet Leucit Wern., Bergm. J., 1, 489, 1791, Hopfner's Mag. N. Helvet., 4, 241. Leucite H., J. Mines, 5, 260, 1799. Amphigeue H., Tr.,'2, 1801, Isometric at 500 C.; pseudo-isometric under ordinary conditions (see below). Commonly in crystals varying in angle but little from the tetragonal trisoctahedron n (211, 2-2), with a (100, i-i), and d (110, i) sometimes present as subordinate forms. Faces often showing fine striations due to twinning. Also in disseminated grains ; rarely massive granular. Cleavage: a (110) very imperfect. Fracture .conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 5*5-6. G. = 2*45-2-50. Luster vitreous. Color white, ash-gray or smoke-gray. Streak uncolored. Translucent to opaque. Refractive index: JI T = 1-507 Dx. (1862). Usually shows very feeble double refraction : &> = 1*508, e = 1*509 Dx..(1874). The anomalous double refraction 1 of leucite was early noted (Brewster. Biot, Dx.) find variously explained. In 1873, Rath, on the basis of careful measurements, referred the seemingly isometric crystals to the tetragonal system; the trapezohedral face 112 being taken as 111, and 211, 121 as 421, $41 respectively ; also 101, Oil as 201, .021. Later Weisbach (1880), on the same ground, made them orthorhombic; Mallard, however, referred them (1876), chiefly on optical grounds, to the monoclinic system, and Fouque and Levy (1879) to the triclinic. The true sym- metry; corresponding to the**nolecular structure which they possess or tend to possess at ordi- nary temperatures, is in doubt, but it has been shown (Klein, Pfd.)that at 500 to 600 sections become isotropic; and further (Rosenbusch) that the twinning striations disappear on heating, to reappear again in new position on cooling. Sections ordinarily show twinning lamellaB | d (110); in some cases a bisectrix (-}-) is normal to what corresponds to a cubic face, the axial angle being very small. The structure corresponds in general (Klein) to the iuterpenetration of three crys- tals, in twinning position | d, which may be equally or unequally developed; or there may be one fundamental individual with inclosed twinning lamellae (cf . figs. 2-4). 1. 2. 3. 4. i. Common form.with twinning striations. Rath. 2-4, Sections, showing twinning lamellae, as seen in polarized light, Klein: 2, section || 001, showing fine tw. lamella? || 110, also others less numerous and sharp, parallel to two other dodecahedral faces; 3, section |j 111, with tw. lamellae; 4, | cubic face, composite crystal, of three individuals, cf. f. 2. Comp. A metasilicate of aluminium and potassium, KAl(Si0 3 ) 2 or KLO.Al 2 O a .- 4SiO, = Silica 55'0, alumina 23 -5, potash 21'5 = 100. Soda is present only in small quantities, unless as introduced by alteration; traces of lithium, also of rubidium and caesium, have been detected. . Anal. 1, Rg., Min. Ch., Erg., 151, 1886. 2. Rath, Fogg., 147, 272, 1872;. 3, Id., ibid.. Erg., 6, 209, 1873. 4. Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges.. 28, 537, 1876. 5, E. Scacchi, Rg., 1. c , 151, 1886, 6, Befwerth. Min. Mitth., 66, 1876. 7, Schulze, Jb. Min.. 2, 114, 1880. Also 5th Ed., p. 334, 1. Vesuvius, erupt. 1845 2. 3. 4. 5. Rocca Monfina 6. Acquacetosa 7. Albani Mts G. = 2-468, .~ 2-479 G. = 2-479 Si0 3 55-28 55-58 55-21 5604 55-16 J5-18 54-91 A1 2 3 94-08 23-38 23-70 23-38 22*15 23-65 K 2 O 20-79 19-58 19-83 1890 21 08 19-40 32-85* 21-48 Na 2 O CaO 0-60 = 100-75 1-50 Q-26 = 100-25 1-21 0-43 = 100-38 1-41 0-20 H 2 O 0-32 = 100 25 0-33 H 2 O 1-04 = 99-76 0-32 0-83 FeO.MgO tr. = 99- 0-41 =9965 Fe 3 O 3 . tr. LEUCITE GROUP-LEUCITE-POLLUCITE. 343 Potash, regarded long as an alkali exclusively of the vegetable kingdom, was first- found $moug minerals in this species by Klaprotb, whose earliest analysis was made in 1796. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible; with cobalt solution gives a blue color (aluminium). Decom- posed by hydrochloric acid without gelatinization. Obs. Leucite belongs peculiarly to the more recent volcanic rocks; thus it occurs in embedded crystals, grains or aggregates of grains, with nephelite in leucite basalts and leucitytes (leucitophyr or amphigenyte); with nephelite and sauidine in phouoly te, and with plagioclase in leucite-tephry tes. The crystals usually show twinning lamella? in polarized, light, and further are bften characterized by the symmetrical arrangement of inclu- sions (f . 5) of glass, or of microlites of augite, magnetite, etc. Clear glassy crystals occur in ejected volcanic masses or in crevices in lava, as at Mte. Somma. The prominent localities are, first of all, Vesuvius and Mte. Somma, where it is thickly disseminated through the lava in grains, and in large perfect crystals; also in ejected masses. It occurs also near Rome, at Borghetta to the north, and Albauo and Fras- cati to the south; some of the older lavas appear to be almost entirely composed of it. Prominent localities are Capo di Bove, Eocca Monrina, etc. The leucitic lava of the neighborhood of Rome has been used for the last two thousand years, at least, in the formation of mill-stones. Mill-stones or this rock have been Section with symmetrical in- discovered in the excavations at Pompeii. Further in leucite- elusions, Zirkel. tephryte at Proceno near Lake Bolsena in central Italy. Outside of Italy, it is found about the Laacher See and at several points in the Eifel, as at Olbrilck in phpuolyte; at Rieden near Anderuach; at Meiches in the Vogelsgebirge; in the Kaiserstuhlgebirge; in altered form at several points (see below)^ Occurs in Brazil, at Pinhalzinho. At Byrock, near Bqurke, and at El Capitan, near Cobar, New South Wales. In basalt on the island Bawean near Java. In leucite-basanyte on the south- east of Alt. Kibo, Kilima-njaro, Equatorial Africa. From the Cerro de las Virgines, Lower California. In the United States it forms a rock in the Green River Basin at the Leucite Hills, Wyoming (Zirkel): also in the Absaroka range, in northwestern Wyoming (Hague, Am. J.Sc. 33, 43, 1689). See also p. 1041. Named by Werner ffom^Aevx-d?; white, in allusion to its color. Hatty's name, Amphigene* is of later date, and is from aju3), ( Ca(Mg,Fe)(Si0 3 ) 3 Malacolite, Salite, Diallage, etc. HEDENBERGITE CaFe(Si0 3 ) 2 Manganhedenbergite Ca(Fe,Mn) (Si0 3 ) 9 SCHEFFEBITE (Ca,Mg)(Fe,Mn)(Si0 3 ) 3 Jeffersonite (Ca,Mg)(Fe,Mn,Zn)(Si0 3 ) a AUGITE i Ca(Mff,Fe)(Si0 3 ) 2 1 with fMg,Fe)(Al,Fe) 2 Si0 6 Leucaugite, Fassaite, Augite. Also some Diallage. PYROXENE GROUP. 345 326. Acmite NaFe(Si0 3 ) a Aegirite 327. Spodumene LiAl(Si0 3 ) a 328. Jadeite NaAl(SiO,) 8 Triclinic? a:l:6 /3 1-0996 : 1 : 0-6012 73 11' M238 : 1 : 0-6355 69 40' 329. Wollastonite 330. Pectolite 331. Pvosenbuschite CaSiO, HNaCa 2 (Si0 3 ) 3 Na 2 Ca 3 ((Si,Zr,Ti)0 3 ) 4 1-0531 ; 1 : 0-9676 84 30" 1-1140 : 1 : 0-9864 84 40' 11687 : 1 : 0-9572 78 13' 332. Lavenite (Na 4 ,Ca 2 ,Mn 2 ,Zr)((Si,Zr)0 3 ) 2 1'0964 : 1 : 0-7152 69 42' 333. Wohlerite 12(Na 2 ,Ca)(Si,Zr)0 3 .RNb 2 6 1-0549 : 1 : 0-7091 70 45' In lavenite and wohlerite fluorine also enters, and lavenite like wohlerite also contains niobium but in smaller amount, and both contain titanium; see further under these species. y. Triclinic Section. a : 1 : 6 a ft y 334. Hiortdahlite (Na 2 ,Ca)Fe((Si,Zr)0 3 ) 2 0-9984:1:0-3512 8922' 9037' 906' a : b : 6 a ft y or (p. 377) cf. wohlerite 1-0583: 1 : 07048 9029' 108 49' 908' Hiortdahlite v also contains fluorine and titanium in small amount. d : T> : 6 a ft y 335. Rhodonite MnSi0 3 1-0729:1:0-6213 10318' 10344' 8139' Pajsbergite, Bustamite (Mn,Ca)Si0 3 (Mn,Fe)Si0 3 Fowlerite (Mu,Zn,Fe,Ca)Si0 8 d:b:6 336. Babingtonite (Ca,Fe,Mn)Si0 3 .Fe,(Si0 3 ) 3 1-0691 : 0-6308 a = 104 21i' ft = 108 31' y = 83 34' The PYROXENE GROUP embraces a number of species which, while falling in different systems orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic are yet closely related in form. Thus all have a fundamental prism with an angle of-93 b and 87, parallel to which there is more or less distinct cleavage. Further, the angles in other zones show a greater or less degree of similarity as exhibited in the descriptions which follow. In composition the metasilicates of calcium, magnesium, and ferrous iron n in i are most prominent, while compounds of the form R(Al,Fe) 2 Si0 6 , RAl(Si0 8 ) 8 are also important (Tschermak). The species of the pyroxene group are closely related in composition to the corresponding species of the amphibole group, which also embraces members in the orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic systems. In a number of cases the same chemical compound appears in each group; -furthermore, a change by paramorphism of pyroxene to amphibole is often observed. In form also the two groups are related. Thus we have respectively for the typical monoclinic species? Pyroxene a : 1 : 6 = 1-0921 : 1 : 0-5893 ft = 74 10' Amphibole a : \l : d = 1'1022 : 1 : 0-5875 ft = 73 58' 346 SILICATES. The relation is further shown in the parallel growth of crystals of monoclinic amphibole upon or about those of pyroxene. This and other related points are illustrated in the pages which follow. The relation of the prominent members of the Pyroxene Group optically, especially as regards the connection between the position of the axes of light- elasticity and the crystallographic axes is exemplified in the following figures (from. u. m. IV. V. VL I, Enstatite, etc. II, Spodumene. Ill, Diopside, etc. IV, Hedenbergite, Augite. V, Augite. VI, ^Egiriie (p. 866). Cross, Am. J. Sc., 39, 359, 1890). A corresponding exhibition of the prominent amphiboles is given under that group. a. Orthorhombic Section. 323. ENSTATITE. Diallage metalloide pt. H., Tr., 1801. Bronzit Karst., Klapr., Gehlen's J., 4, 151, 1807; Karst., Tab., 40, 91, 1808; Klapr., Beitr., 5, 34, 1810. Blattriger Anthopbyllit Wern., 1808, Hausm. Entw., 1809. Bronzite. Broncit. Chladnite Shep., Am. J. Sc.,2,881. 1846; Shepardite Rose, Beschr. Meteor., 29, 1864. Enstatit Kenng., Ber Ak. Wien, 16, 162, 1855. Protobastit A. Streng., Zs. G. Ges., 13, 71, 1861. Victorite Meunier, Beiv Ak. Wien, 61 (2), 26, 1870. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0-97020 : 1 : 0'57097 Lang 1 . 100 A HO = *44 8', 001 A 101 = 30 28f, 001 A Oil = 29 43}'. Forms 1 : a (100, i-V) b (010, i-i) c (001, 0) fi (810, t-8) 6 (520, f) e (210, t-2) m (110, I) d (350, *-f ) n (120, i-2) A (250, f ) / (140, i-4) r (201, 2-4) 9 '(502, |4) (016, H) h (014, H) r (027, f 4)* A; (012, \-l) Zs. Kr., 3, 288, 1879; Krenner, ib., 9, 255, 1884. Orthorhombic. Axes a : 1 : 6 = 0-97133 : 1 : 0-57037 Rath 1 . 100 A HO = *44 10', 001 A 101 = 30 25J_', 001 A Oil = 29 42'. Forms 1 : a (100, i-l) b (010, i-l) c (001, Q) z (210, i-2) m (110, 2) n (120, i-2) h (014, f *) Tc (012, -H) X (045, f -*) 2 (Oil. !-$) d (021, 2-i) o (111, 1) (412. 2-4) e (212, 1-2) * (211, 2-2) y (432, 2-f) u (232, f f) PYROXENE GROUP HYPERSTHENE. 349 '" = 51 48V 11' = 59 24' mm'" nri = 88 20' = 54 28V co - 39 18' ce = 33 8' hh 1 = 16 14' c* = 52 3S' kk' = 31 50' * = 46 3V oo' = 54 3' ee' = 58 54V M' ='91 8V uu' = 48 5*' ee'" ii'" uu" = 52' 23' = 27 38' = 40 35' = 72 50' = *74 18' 1. Figs. 1, Amblystegite, Laach, Rath. 2, Malnas, Schmidt. 3, 4, Capucin, Mt. Dore, Rath. Crystals rare, habit prismatic, often tabular || a, less often || b. Usually foliated lAassive; sometimes in embedded spherical forms. Twins, see enstatite, p. 346. Cleavage: b perfect; m and a distinct but interrupted. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 5-6. G. = t 3'40-3'50. Luster somewhat pearly on a cleavage-sur- face, and sometimes metalloidal. Color dark brownish green, grayish* . black, greenish black, pinchbeck-brown. Streak grayish, brownish gray. Translucent to nearly opaque. Pleochroism often strong, especially in the kinds with high iron percentage ; thus || a or a brownish red, b or b reddish yellow, c or 6 green. Optically . Ax. pi. || b. Bx J_ a. Dispersion p > v. Axial angle rather large and variable, diminishing with increase of iron, cf. enstatite, p. 347, and the following from Dx. 4 : Farsund Finland 98 22' 92 10' 15-14 2H a .r Fe(Mn)O Further, Dx.: Labrador 2H a . r = 85 39' Mt. Dore Labrador Mt. Dore 87 38' 85 39' 77 29' 69 59' 59 20' 22-59 33-6 = 1-69 .'. 2V r = 72 16' 2E r = 170 27' 2E r = 101 47' 2Ey = 101* 7' Bodenmais, Becke: 2H a .r = 86 36 2H a .y = 85 48' Labrador, Levy-Lex.: a = 1-692 fi - 1-702 y = 1-705 = 100 58 2H ft . g r = J34 30' 2V = 50 r2H a .y= 84 9' ' Hyperstheue often encloses minute tabular scales, usually of a brown color, arranged mostly parallel to the basal plane, also less frequently vertical or inclined 30 to c; they may be brookite (gothite, hematite), but their true nature Is doubtful (cf . Eosmann 3 ). They are the cause of the peculiar mefalloidal luster or schiller, and are often of secondary origin, being developed along the so-called " solution-planes " of Judd. Comp., Yar. (Fe,Mg)Si0 3 with Fe : Mg = 1 : 3 (FeO = 16-7 p. c.), 1 : 2 (FeO = 21*7 p. c.) to nearly 1 : 1 (FeO = 31/0 p. c.). Alumina is sometimes present (up to 10 p. c.) and the composition then approximates to the aluminous pyroxenes. Of the orthorhombic magnesium-iron metasilicates those with FeO > 12 to 15 p. c. are usually to be classed with hypersthene. which is further characterized by being optically negative and having dispersion p > V. Var. Ordinary. In lamellar masses, usually exhibiting the characteristic schiller (see above); less often in distinct crystals. 350 SILICATES. Amblystegite from the Laacher See, first described as an independent species, was shown by Rath to be identical with hypersthene after the form of the latter had been determined by Lang. Judd has proposed to retain the name for those kinds which lack the characters of the original typical hypersthene (Geol. Mag., 2, 173, 1885). Szaboite occurs in thin tabular crystals (|| b); it was first described as triclinic and a relation to babingtonite suggested, but its identity with hypersthene was later fixed by Lasaulx (I.e.) and Fr. Koch, Zs. Kr., 10, 100, 1884. It is somewhat altered and hence the relatively large amount of Fe a O, in some analyses; thus: MgO 22 '82, FeO 8 '46, Fe a O 3 12 '69 Fr. Koch, but of fresh material FeO l'9'70. AnaL 1, Remele, Ber. Ch. Ges., 1, 30, 1868. 2, Id., ib., p. 145. 3, Pisani, C. R., 86, 1419, 1878. 4, Id., Dx., N. R., 66, 1867. . 5, Heddle, Min. Mag., 5, 10, 1882. 6, Becke, Min. Mitth., 3, 60, 1881. 7, Farsky, Vh. G. Reichs., 206. 1876. 8, 10, Hiortdahl, Nyt Mag., 24, 138, 1879, 9, Meinich, ib., p. 133. 11, Leeds, Am. Ch., March, 1877. 12, Drnr., Ann. Mines, 5, 157, 1844. 13-15, Merian, Jb. Min., Beil., 3, 296 et seg., 1885. 16, Fouque, Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 47, 1878. 17, Rath, 1. c. 18, Laurent, Dx., Min., 2, xxxv, 1874. 19, Hague and Iddings, Am. J. Sc., 26, 230, 1883. See also analyses under Enstatite, pp. 347, 348; further, 5th Ed., pp. 209, 210. Hypersthene, etc. 1. Farsund 2. St. Paul Is. 3. Arvieu 4. Farsund 5. Bauffshire G. Si0 9 Al,0, Fe a 3 FeO MnO MgO 3-386 47-81 10-47 3-94 10-04 tr. 25-31 3-402 49-85 6-47 2-25 14-11 067 24-27 3-33 51-00 5-65 13-60 28-20 3-351 48-40 911 15-14 25-79 3-32 51-46 4-02 12-67 0-69 24-23 3-439 6. Bodenmais 7. Kosakow 8. Romsas 3'37 9. ' 3-145 10. " 11. Mt. Marcy 3'459 12. Labrador 3'392 13. Campo Maior 3'500 14. Singnlang, Sumatra 3'487 15. Waldheinx 3'531 16. Santorin 3'485 17. Laach, Ambtystegite 3 '454 18. Mt. Do re 19. Mt. Shasta 51-23 2-02 5-04 13-02 5-58 22-08 53-29 2-77 1543 27-01 53-14 1-02 17-84 038 24-85 54-24 3-32 17-40 0-40 23-15 51-76 2-99 ' 19-73 23 --24 50-33 336 1-03 19-40 0-71 21-40 51-36 0-37 _ 21-27 1-32 21-31 52-37 2-74 2-34 17-08 22-15 52-23 1-08 0-56 19-84 2237 50-57 2-97 0-83 26-93 1393 49-8 2-3 0-8 25-0 11 2 49-8 5-05 25-6 17'7 [48-2] 28-4 5-2 16-7 50-33 0-97 2200 064 23'29 CaO 2-12 = 99-69 2-37 = 99'99 H a O 0-20 = 98-65 1-90 igul 0-60 = 10094 5-30 Na 2 O 0-74, K 2 O [0-25, H 2 O 0-52=99 8 1 03 = 100 1-19 H 2 O 0-35 = 100-04 2-69 = 99-92 0-82 ign. 0-36 = 99'69 2-35 = 100-07 2-77 TiO 2 007.H 2 1-14 3-09 = 98-72 [= 100-21 4-04 TiO 2 0-35= 101'07 !-90TiO a O 37= 9835 3-14 TiO 2 0-38, Na 2 O [0-62, K 2 O 0-57=99-94 10-8 Na 2 O 0-05 = 1(KH 0-15 = 98-30 1-5 = 100 1-88 = 99-11 Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses to a black enamel, and on charcoal yields a magnetic mass; fuses more easily with increasing amount of iron. Partially decomposed by hydrochloric acid. Obs. Hypersthene, associated .with a triclinic feldspar (labradorite), is common jn certain granular eruptive rocks, as noryte, hyperyte, gabbro, also in some andesytes (hypersthene* andesyte) a rock recently shown to occur rather extensively in widely separated regions. It occurs at Isle St. Paul, Labrador; at Chateau Richer and. St. Adele. Mille Isles, Canada, grayish black and brown, with the laminae curved; at the Isle of Skye; in Greenland; at Far- sund and elsewhere in Norway; Elfdalen in Sweden; at Romsas in spherical form in the " Kugelgabbro;" Penig in Saxony; Ronsberg in Bohemia; the Tyrol; Neurode in Silesia; in Thuriugia; the Fichtelgebirge; Voigtland; Bodenmais, Bavaria (Becke). In the trachyte of Demavend, Persia (Blaas). Amblystegite is from the Laacher See. Szaboite occurs with pseudobrookite and tridymite, in cavities in the andesyte of the Aranyer Berg, Transylvania; also on Mte. Calvario (Etna), near Biancaville, Sicily; also Riveau-Grand, Monte Dore, Puy-de-D6me. Named after Prof. J. Szabo, of Budapest. Ficinite of Kenngott (not the original ficinite) is hypersthene from Bodenmais (Becke). In the norytes of the Cortlandt region on the Hudson River, N. Y. (G. H. Williams. Am. J. Sc., 33, 137, 1887). Also common with labradorite in the Adirondack Archaean region of northern New York and northward in Canada. In the hypersthene-andesytes of Mt. Shasta, California ; Butt'alo Peaks, Colorado, and other points. Germarite Breithaupt is a slightly altered hypersthene, Dx., N. R.. 61, 1867. Hypersthene is named from v-Ttep and crOeVoS, very strong, or tough. Amblystegite is named from anfiXvS, blunt, arreyrj, roof, in allusion to the form of the crystals (f. 1). Ref. * From Laach, amblystegite, Pogg., 138, 529. 1869, 152, 27, 1874. Crystals from the Capucin rocks, Mont Dore, gave similar results, Dx., Min.. 2, xv, 1874. ' ; Bec^e, Bodenmais, Min. Mitth., 3, 60, 1880. Cf. also Blaas, Persia. Min. Mitth., 3, 479, 1881; Oebbeke. Mt. Dore. PYROXENE GEOUP PYROXENE. 351 Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 50, 1385; Schmidt, Malnas, Zs. Kr., 10, 210, 1885, and Mt. Pokhausz, near Schemnitz, Hungary, ib., 12, 97, 188(5; Busz, Mt. Dore, Zs. Kr., 17, 554, 1890. Of. also enstatite (p. 346), since the two species can hardly be sharply separated. 3 Kosmann, Jb. Min., 532, 1869, 501, 1871. 4 Dx , N. R., 63, 1867; Min., 2, xv, 1874. The following are alteration products of enstatite- hypersthene. DIACLASITE. Gelber Schillerspath Freiesleben. Schill. Foss. Baste, 13, i794. Talkartiger Hornblende, Hamrn.. Nordd. Beitr. B. H., 1, 15, 1806. Diaklas Breith., Char., 58, 1823. Diaklasit Hausm.. Handb . 49$, 1847. A. partially altered enstatite (bronzite) in which the optic axial plane has become fl a instead of H b; it contains several per cent of water. Form and cleavage like enstatite. H. = 3'5-4. G. = 2'8; 3'054 Kohler. Luster pearly and metalloidal on a cleavage-face. Color brass- yellow, greenish gray. Streak greenish gray or nearly uucolored. Transparent in thin laminae, translucent. Feel somewhat greasy. Analyses. 1, Kohler, Pogg., 13, 101, 1828. 2, A. Strene, B. H. Ztg., 23, 54, 1864, a. Sander, Kg., Min. Ch., 385, 1875. SiO 2 A1 2 3 FeO MnO MgO CaO H 2 1. Baste G. == 3-034 53'74 1'34 11-51 0'23 25-09 4'73 3'76 = 100'40 [=101-73 2. Harzburg 53'31 7'49 8-14 25'37 3-56 1'55 alk. 0'58, Cr 2 O 3 >29 3. Wurlitz 52-81 1-54 12'63 27-41 1-07 4'44-99'90 In crystals exfoliated masses embedded in serpentine ' rock at Baste near Harzburg. also from the gneiss mountains of Guadarrama, Spain. BASTITE, or SCHILLER SPAR. Talkart v. Trebra, -Erfahr. Inn. Gebirge, 97, 1785. 'Schil- lerspath (fr. Baste) Ileyer, Crell's Ann,, 1786, 1. 335, 2, 147. Schillerstein Wern., 1800, Ludw., 50, 1803. Diallage pi, H., Tr., 1801. Metalloidal diallage pt. Bastit Haid., Handb., 523, 1845. An altered enstatite (or bronzite) having approximately the composition of serpentine. ,It occurs in foliated form in certain granular eruptive rocks and is characterized by a brorfze-like metalloidal luster or schiller on the chief cleavage-face (b), which " schillerization " (Judd, cf. 0. J G. Soa, 41 408. 1865, and Min. Mag., 7,81, 1886) is undoubtedly of secondary origin. H. = 3'5-4. G.-"= 2'5-2'7. Color leek-green to olive- and pistachio-green, and pinchbeck-brown. Pleochroism not marked. Optically. Double refraction, weak. Ax. pi. | a (hence normal to that of enstatite). Bx JL b. Dispersion p > v. The original bastite was from Baste near Harzburg in the Harz; also from Todtmoos in the Schwarzwald. Anal. 1, 2, Kohler, Pogg.. 11, 192, 1827, 3, W. Hetzer C. E. Weiss, Pogg., 119, 446. 1863. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 FeO MnO MgO CaO H 2 O 1. Baste, crysC. f 43 90 1'50 13-16* 0-55 26'00 2'70 12'43 = 100'24 2. " -massive 42'36 2-18 13'27 b 0'85 28'90 0'63 12-07 = 100-26 [10040. S. Todtmoos | 43 77 6'10 7'14 - 30'92 117 8'51 1'67 CO 2 , 112 org. subst =s a With 2-37 Cr a O 3 b With some .Cr a O 8 . In the closed tube affords water. B,B. becomes "brown and is slightly rounded on the thiiot edges. With borax reactions of iron. Imperfectly decomposed by hydrochloric acid, com- pletely so by sulphuric acid. A mineral resembling schiller spar occurs in serpentine in Middle- town, Delaware Co., Pa. Some altered monoclinic pyroxene may be included in what is called .schiller spar.. PRISTINE. Phastin Breith., Char., 29, 180, 1823, 115, 1832. Resembles somewhat schiller *par, and, according to Breithaupt, is altered bronzite. It is foliated, but the cleavage is not very easy; H. = 1-1$; G. = 2'825; luster pearly; color yellowish gray; feel greasy, talc-like. It is from Kupferberg in the Fichtelgebirge, .and occurs distributed through serpentine. PECKHAMITE /. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 19. 462, 20, 136, 1880. Occurs in rounded nodules. Cleavage distinct. G. = 3'23. Luster -greasy, opalescent. Color light greenish yellow. Composition, 2(Mg,Fe)SiO s .(Mg,Fe)SiO 4 . Anal. 1, on 01 gr, 2, on 0'35gr. SiO a FeO MgO 1 49-50 15-88 33 01 = 98 '39 2. 49-59 17-01 33-51 = 99-11 From the meteonie of Estherville, Emmet Co., Iowa, which fell May 10 1879. Also from the Logrono and. Sierra de Chaco meteorites (Meunier). Named after Prof. S. F. Peckham.. Whether pcckhamite is to be regarded ns an in dependent .species, or the result of a mixture of enstatite and chrysolite as has been urged, i uncertain. 352 SILICATES. /?. Monoclinic Section. 325. PYROXENE. Corneus pt. Wall., 138, 1847. Basaltes.pt. Cronst.,68, 1758. Schort noirde Lisle, Crist., 265, 1772; Schorl noir en prisme a buitpans terminepar urie pyreuiide dtedre, etc. (fr. vole. Vivarais) Faujas, Vole. Viv., 89, tig. D, 1778. Schorl oct. obliquangle tronque [made a distinct species] Demeste, Lett., 1, 382, 1779. Schorl opaque rhomboidal pt., Schorl opaque qui paroissent deriver d'uu octacdre rhomboidal (fr. vole Auvergne, Vesuv., Viv., Etna), de Lisle, Crist., 2, 396, 407, 415, tigs. 12, 13, 14 (twin), 17, 18, pi. v, 1783. Augit (fr. vole.) Wern., Freieslebeu in Bergm. J., 243, 1792. Volcanite Delameth., Sciagr., 2, 401, 1792. Pyroxene (fr Etna, Avendal, etc.) //., J -Mines, 5, 269, 1799; Tr., 3, 1801. Peutaklasit Hausm., Handb., 687, 1813. Pirosseno, Piroxena, Ital. Diopside. Malacolit Abildgaard, Ann.^Ch., 32, 1800, Delameth., J. Phys., 51. 249, 1800.. Alalite, Mussite Bonwisin, ib , 409, May, f806. Diopside H., J. Mines, 20, 65, 1806. Traver- se! lit Scheerer, Pogg., 93, 109, 1854. Lavrovite. Lawrowit, Vanadin-Augit, Koksliarov, Bull. Ac. St. Pet., 11. 78, 1866. Eav- roffite. SALITE. Sahlit d'Andrada, Scherer's J . 4, 31, 1800; J. Phys., 51, 241, 1800. Sablite. Bfficalit Renovanz, Crell's Ann., 2, 21, 1793; Baikalit Karst., Tab 34, 74, 1800. Funkite, Dufr., Min., 3, 761, 1847. Violau Breithaupt, J. pr. Ch., 15,321, 1838. Authocoite L. J. Igelstrom, Jb. Min., 2, 36, 1889. Coccolit d'Andrada, Scherer's J., 4, 1800. Protheite Ure. Cauaanite^ Alger, Min., 89, 1844. DIALLAGE H., Tr , 89, 1801. Hudsonite Beck, Min. N. Y., 405,1842. Omphacite. Om- phazit Wern., Hoffm. Min., 2, 2, 302, 1812; Breithaupt, ib., 4 r 2, 125, 1817. Hedenbergite. Hedenbergit Berz., Nouv Syst. Min , 206, 269, 1819, Hedenberg, Afh., 2, 169. Lotalite Sewrgin, before 1814. Bolopherit Breith., Handb., 582, 1847. Kalkeisenaugit Germ. Mauganhedeubergite Weibull, G. For. Forb... 6, 505, 1883. Asteroite L. J Igelstrom, B. H. Ztg ., Min , 29, 8, 1870. Schefferite. Schefterit /. A. Michaelson. J. pr. Ch., 90, 107, 1863. Eisenschefferit Flink. Zs. Kr., 11, 495, 501, 1886. JEFFERSONITE Keating & Vanuxem, J. Ac. Philad., 2, 194, 1822. Augite. Leucaugite, Dana, 216, 1868. FASSAITE, Fassait Wern., Hoffm., Min., 4, 2, 110, 1817. AUGITE. Basaltische Hornblende pt. Wern., Bergm. J., 1792, Basaltine Kirw., Min., 1, 219, 1794. Maclureite Nuttnll, Am. J. Sc., 5, 246, 1822 = Amphibole H. Seybert, J Ac. Philad., 2. 139, 1821 Pyrgoin Breith., Char,, 140, 1832. Monoclinic and hemihedral. Axes a : I : 6 = 1-09213 : 1 : C'58932; ft 14? 10' 9"= 001 A 100 Rath 1 . 100 A 110 =46 24' 59", 001 A 101 = 24 20' 53", 001 A Oil = 29 33' 6". Forms' : jjf (401, - 44) o (221, 2) r (311, - 3-3) JV (132, - |-3) a (100, i-l) ^ (501, - 54) r (552, - f ) E (10*4-1, - 10-f) 3 1 (241, - 4-2) b (010, i-i) n (102, 4) to (331, - 3) S (732, - |-|) 5 cf (131, - 3-3) c (001, 0) P (101,14) h (441, -4) 4 (211, -2-2) 3 (152, - |-5) X (510, -5) H (403, f -I) 4 (113, |) 2 rj '(421, 4-2) e (347, f |) 5 W (920, t-|) 77 (302, I-i) 1 r (112, ) A (433, - |-f) 5 Df (687, f-|) & / (310, a-3) G (201, 24) 5 (335,|) # (414, 1-4) 1 & (235, |-|) 6 9 (210, i-2) q (301. 34) * (223, f) 2 (313, 1-3) a (465, H) s m (110, /) ^X" (015, 4)4 * (111, 1) k (312,|-3) C (354, f-|) 5 n, (350, -f) 6 G) (120, -2) * (130, e-3) /7 (150, *-5) 4 L (170, 7) 4 y (101, -14) .F (201,-- 24) 4 e (Oil, 14)* g (021, 24) / Tt (041, 44) d (061, 64) 5 (119, -^)* T (117, - ) 2 P (332. f) ft (885, 1) o (221,2) A (331, 3) /< (711, - 7-7) D (922, - |-I) 3 B (411, - 4-4) 3 A (311, 3-3) z (211, 2-2) a; (461, - 6-|) (351, -5-|) 2 (243, - i-2)* /u (121, - 2-2) Q (136, - f 3) 5 S (1-3 10, f2) T TT(122, 1-2), tw.pl (121, 2-2) C (483,1-2) J? (132, f-3)* O (142, 2-4) 27(152, |-5) s J (70S, - f I) 5 w (111', - 1) a (312, - f-3) P (134, - 1-3) 5 X ( . - ) 5 (301, - 34) Also, reported by GOtz 8 from Ala, 15i4'0, 15-0'4, 15 4'4. PYROXENE GROUP PYROXENE. 353 99 mm' 'UU' '.ii' cy C5 ci!> en cp a'p cG eg 2344' 38 36' 55 26' 92 50' 50 54' 35 12f 24 21' 47 13' 56 13f 15 39' 31 20' *74 30' 55 48' 70 16 zz xx' 88' ca cu cv cw cm cO CT CS CO cA 59 6' 97 11' 132 25' 147 14' 19 42' 33 49 49 54' 57 79 15 5' 22 32' 42 2' 65 21' 76 23' cd cW cA ck au av a's a'o o'A. ae az a'k a'A 57 lOV 33 57' 71 23' 46 46' 53 58' 47 43V 76 34' 61 32' 55 264' 76 16' 79 36' 61 51' 39 50' a'W= 90 9" uu' = 48 29' mf = 68 42' 77 25' '29 35 59 11' 84 11' 91 35' 28 52' 37 50' *79 23' 106 58' 59 29' ww ps 88' oo' XK kk AA 1 . m'v 7. Fig$ 1, 2, Russell. N. Y. 3, Pierrepont, N. Y. 4, Gonverneur, N. Y. 5, 7. Diopside, N. Y, 6, Rossie, N. Y. 1-7, Pfd. 8, Monroe, N. Y. 9, Warwick, N. Y. 5, 7. Diopside, De Kalb* Twins 10 : tw.pl. (1) a, contact-twins, common (fig. 18), sometimes polysynthetic* (2) c, as twinning lamellae producing striations and pseudo- cleavage or parting || c; very common, often of unquestioned secondary origin; also capable of being produced artificially. (3) y (101) cruciform-twins, not common, f. 20. (4) W (122) contact-twins or penetration- and cruciform-twins, the verti- cal axes crossing at angles of nearly 60 (b W = 59 29', and since a' W = 90 9', the faces a and a_ fall nearly in a plane; sometimes repeated as a six-rayed star (f. 21), Crystals usually prismatic in habit, often short and "thick, and either a square prism (, b prominent), or nearly square (93, 87) with m predominating; sometimes a nearly sym- metrical 8-sided prism with a, b, m. Often coarsely lamellar, | c or . Also granular, coarse or fine; rarely fibrous or columnar, 354 SILICATES Occasionally heminedral, only the planes at an extremity of the vertical axis toeing present, and the habit then apparently hemimorphic as in f. 22 and f. 19. the latter a twin. Of. G-. H. Williams 9 11, Ala, after Gotz. 12, Nordmark. 13, 14, Schefferite, Langban, Flihk. 15, Fassatte, 16-18. Augite. 19, Orange Co., N. Y., G. H. Williams. 20, Schonhof, Zeph. 31, Sasbnch. Cleavage: m sometimes rather perfect, but interrupted, often only observed m thin sections J_ ^. Parting || .0, due to twinning, often very prominent, especially in large crystals and lamellat masses; also |[ a less distinct and not so common. Fracture uneven to conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 5-6. G. = 3-2 -3'6, varying with the composition., Luster vitreous inclining to resinous; often dull; sometimes pearly || /; in kinds showing parting. Color usually green of various dull ^shades, varying from nearly color- Jess, white, or grayish white to brown and black ; rarely bright green, as in kinds containing chromium. Streak white to gray and grayish green. Transparent to opaque. PI eochroism usually- weak, oven in dark colored varieties; sometimes marked, especially in violet-brown kinds containing titanium. Pyro-electrically -[- on a (cooling), and on b for Ala crystals, but on a and -j- Canaftn, Conn. on b for Tyrol ; an indistinct opposite polarity between the extremities of the vertical axis was noted in one case, Hankel. PYROXENE GROUP PYROXENE. 355 Optically -f. Double refraction strong. Ax. pi. || b. Bx a A t = C A t = J- 36 to -4- 52, or ct = 20 to 36, the angle in general increasing with amount of iron (see below). Axial angles for diopside from Ala, Dx. : 2E y = 111 34' 2E bl = 110 51' of y = 1-6727 /? y = 1-6798 y y = 1-7026 . . 2V y = 58 59' Measured, 2E r = 111 40' 2E y = 111 20' Refractive indices, Heusser: T =. 1-67'810 /? y = 1-68135 See also beyond under diopside, etc. The connection between the position of the axes of elasticity and the composition (see further analyses beyond) is exhibited in the following tables, chiefly from Doelter, also Wiik. = 1-68567 fa = 1-69372 Ala Zillerthal, light dark L. Baikal Achmatovsk Arendal Lojo Vesuvius, green Greenwood Furnace Aguas Caldeiras P. Molar S. Vincent Vesuvius, black Vesuvius, yellow Bufaure Pesmeda Sarza Cuglieri Siderao Areiidal R. d. Patas Pico da Cruz FeO Bx a A c FeO Bxa A 2-91 + 36 5' Tavastpy 5'52 41 3-29 36 15' Taberg 2 '94" - 41 24" 3-09 36 50' Stansvik 10'38 42 30' 3-49 37 10' Nordmark 17'34 46 45' 3-81 37 10' Stansvik 20-44 46 4-5 39 10: Lojo, blk. 27 '50 48 4-97 39' 30' Tunaberg, Hedenb. 26 '29 47 50' b Also Fe 2 O 3 88. Also Fe 8 U, 0-89, FeO 3-16 2-55 481 5-43 5-20 4-09 6-78 7-74 2-09 5-43 505 914 1559 5-95 2 23 FeO + Fe a O 8 6-67 7-6 8-32 11-61 10-45 8 56 7-87 11-51 7-10 10 38 11-37 18-43 . 16-19 13-44 17-60 FeO 4- Fe a O 3 -f- Al a O, Bx ft A 11-51 12-69 16-21 17-28 18-60 18-31 13-94 16-60 17 2 20-04 19-98 31-51 8336 2808 34 57 42 2(X 43 35' 45 45' 46 45' 46 45' 46 57' 47 47 10' 47 55' 48 50 50 85* 51 52 Comp., Tar. For the most part a normal metasilicate, RSi0 3 , of various biva- lent or less frequently univalent metals, chiefly calcium and magnesium, also iron, less often manganese and zinc. The alkali metals potassium and sodium present rarely, except in very small amount. Also in certain varieties containing the? trivalent metals aluminium, Jerric iron, and manganese. These varieties may be most simply considered as molecular compounds of Ca(Mg,Fe)Si 2 O a and (Mg,Fe)(Al,Fe) 2 Si0 6 , as suggested by Tschermak. Chromium is sometimes present in small amount; also titanium replacing silicon. The name Pyroxene is from nvp,fire, and eVo, stranger, and records Hatty's idea that the mineral was, as he expresses it, "a stranger in the domain of tire," whereas, in fact, it is, next to the feldspars, the most universal constituent of igneous rocks. This error, however, was more than counterbalanced by Hatty's discovery of the true crystallographic distinction of the species, which led him to bring together, under this one name, what Werner and others had regarded as distinct species. The name, therefore, is properly the name of the species as a whole, while Augite is only entitled to be used for one of its varieties. The varieties are numerous and depend upon variations in composition chiefly; the more prominent of the varieties properly rank as sub-species. I. Containing little or no Aluminium. DIOPSIDE. Malacolite, Alalite. Calcium-magnesium pyroxene. Formulst CaMg(Si0 3 ), = Silica 55'6, lime 25'9, magnesia 18'5 = 100. Color white, yellow* 356 SILICATES. 5sh, grayish white to pale green, and finally to dark green and nearly black; some- limes transparent and colorless. In prismatic crystals, often slender; also granular and columnar to lamellar massive. (3. = 3-2-3-38. Bx a /\ c -\- 36 and up- wards. Iron is present usually in small amount as noted below, and the amount increases as it graduates toward true hedenbergite, see further below. Flink gives for the five varieties of diopside from Nordmark the following optical con- stants; see analyses 10-15 beyond, and for the axial ratios see Ref. 1 . Bx a A c '2V r 2V y ' 2V gr r /3 y /3 gr 4-38 3f 59 9' 58 52' 58 40 1'68978 1-69359 1-69869 38 45' 59 9' 58 57' 58 46 1 "69133 1*69593 1-69781 39 1' 59 6f 58 56' 58 47 1-68889 1-69588 1-70029 41* 41' 59 18' 59 11' 59 '6 1 '70055 1 ,'70467 1-71062 44 38| 60 44V 60 36' 60 29 1*71655 1-72428 1-72983 The following belong here : Chrome- diopside, a variety containing chromium in small amount, often of a bright green; from the localities mentioned under analyses 33-40. Malacolite, as originally used, included a bluish gray, grayish green, and whitish translucent Variety from Sal a, Sweden. Alalite occurs in broad right-angled prisms, colorless to faint greenish or clear green, usually fetriated longitudinally, and came originally from the Mussa Alp in the Ala valley, Piedmont. Mussite is white, grayish white, and apple-green (according to Bonvoisin's original description), and occurs in prismatic implanted crystals, and also in masses made up of aggregated crystals. Named from the same locality, the Mussa Alp. Traversellite, from Traversella, is in similar long glassy crystals, usually rectangular (a, b), much striated longitudinally, often clear green at one end and colorless at the other; prismatic cleavage perfect. Canaanite is a grayish white or bluish white pyroxene rock occurring with dolomite at .Canaan. Conn.; it has been referred to scapolite. Pyroxene in large white crystals is common *jn the region (f. 22); their composition, according to an analysis by M. D. Mumi (priv. contr.) is: | SiO 2 55-05, CaO 31'35,, MgO 12-53. Al 2 3 ,Fe 2 O 3 1'07 = 100; G. = 3 33. Of 5th Ed., p. 803. Lavromte is a pyroxene, colored green by vanadium, from the neighborhood of Lake Baikal 4n eastern Siberia. In coarse granular masses with quartz, and also in small imperfect crystals. Cleavage affords the prism 87 7'; and there is the usual lamination from compound structure parallel to c. The color is fine emerald-green. Cf. anal.JSO, and Kk.. Min. Rnssl., 6, 206. Diopside is named from di$, twice or double, and ctyzS, appearance. Malacolite. is from ", soft, because softer than feldspar, with which it was associated. HEDENBERGITE. Calcium-iron pyroxene. Formula CaFe(Si0 3 ) 3 = Silica 48*4, iron protoxide 29'4, lime 22'2 = 100. Color black. In crystals., and also lamellar massive. G. = 3'5-3'58. Bx a A & = + 48. Manganese is present in manganhedenbergite to 6'5 p. c., see anal. 45, below. Color grayish green. G. = 3*55. Named after the Swedish chemist, Ludwig Hedenberg, who first analyzed and described the mineral. Between the two extremes, diopside and hedenbergite, there are numerous transitions conforming to the formula Ca(Mg,Fe)Si 2 6 . As the amount of iron increases the color changes from light to dark green to nearly black, the specific gravity increases from 3*2 to 3'6, and the angle Bx a A c also from 36 to 48. The following are varieties, coming under these two sub-species, based in part upon structure, in part on peculiarities of composition. SALITE. Sahlite. Color grayish green to deep green and black; sometimes grayish and yellowish white. In crystals; also cleavable and granular massive. G. = 3'25-3'4. Named from Sala in Sweden, one of its localities, where the mineral occurs in masses of a grayish green color, having a perfect parting \\ c. Bnikalite is a dark dingy green variety, in crystals, with parting like the preceding. Named from Lake Baikal, in Siberia, near which it occurs. Protheite is somber-green, in crystals, and approaches fassaite; from the Zillerthal in Tyrol. FunJcite is dark olive-green coccolite from Boksater in Gothland, having a larger percentage of Fe than Mg. Lotalite from Lotala, Finland, in black lamellar masses, is near hedenbergite. VIOLAN Breithaupt, J. pr. Ch. , 15. 321 , 1838. Occasionally in prismatic crystals, affording (Dx , Min.. 1, 66, 1862, N. K., 183, 1867) the angles and the planes (in the prismatic zone) of pyroxene, also the prismatic cleavage. Usually lamellar massive, sometimes fibrous. H. = 6. G. - 3'233. PYROXENE GROUP PYROXENE. 357 Luster waxy. Color dark violet-blue. Translucent, but in thin plates transparent. Opticajly -f, and Bx inclined to a as in diopside. Anal. 1. Dainour, Dx., Min., 1, 66, 1862 (impure material?). 2, Pisani, Dx., N. R., 184, 1867. 3, Schluttig, Inaug. Diss., Leipzig, Groitzscb. 37, 1884, as recalc. by Grunhut, Zs. Kr., 13, 74, 1887. Si0 2 A1,O 3 FeO MnO G. = 3-233 56 11 9'04 2'46 2'54 G. = 3-21 50-30 2-31 4"15 0'76 G. = 3-231 | 52-02 2-60 M9- 2'87 lucl. (Ni,Co)O 0-39. CaO MgO Na 2 O 13-62 10 40 5 63 = 99'80 22-35 14-80 5-03 H 2 O 0'30 = 100 22-94 15-18 5'69 b = 102*49 b Incl. K S O 0-75. Occurs in small seams with white quartz, white fibrous tremolite spotted violet with manganese, greeuovite and manganesiau epidote, in the braunite of St. Marcel, in the valley of Aosta, Piedmont. Named from its color, ANTHOCHROITE L. J. Igelstrom, Jb. Min., 2, 36, 1889. Probably identical with violaii. Occurs in grains embedded in limestone and in thin veins. H. = 5-6. Color rose-red to pale violet. Analysis gave: SiO 2 51'6, MnO 3 '4, MgO 13'5, CaO 23'3, Al 2 3 ,Fe 2 O 3 1'4, alk. [6'8] =. 1UO. Occurs associated with braunite, manganesian garnet, epidote, vesuviauite at Jakobs- berg, Wermlciud. Sweden. Named from av&o$, flower, and xpoa, color. Asteroite L. J. Igelstrom, B. H. Ztg., 29, 8, 1870, is a stellate radiated pyroxene, from Nord- mark, in Sweden. Color ash-gray to white; luster silky; opaque, becoming bronze color on exposure. Anal. SiO 2 48'48, FeO 22'24, MnO 4'12, CaO 17'00, MgO 4'18, ign. 2'83 = 98 85. COCCOLITE. A granular variety, sometimes as indistinct crystals embedded in calcite, also forming loosely coherent to compact granular aggregates. Color varying from white to pale green to dark green, and then containing considerable iron; the latter the original coccolite Named from KOKKOS, a grain. DIALLAGE. Lamellar or thin-foliated pyroxene, characterized by a fine lamellar structure and parting \ a, with also parting \ b, and less often \\ c. Also a fibrous structure \\ c. Twinning | a, often polysynthelic; interlamination with an orthorhombic pyroxene common. Color gray- ish green to bright grass-green, and deep green; also brown. Luster of surface a often pearly, sometimes metaHoidal or exhibiting schiller and resembling bronzite, front the presence of microscopic inclusions of secondary origin (cf. Judd, ref. gee bastite. p. 351). Bx a /\c -f- 39 to 40 H =4; G. = 3'2-3'35. In composition near diopside, bul often containing alumina and sometimes in considerable amount, then properly to be classed with the augites (cf. anal. 51-65). Often" changed to ainphibole; see smaragdite, p. 389, and uralite, p. 390. Named from diaX\ayi'j, difference, in allusion to the dissimilar cleavages or planes of fracture. This is the characteristic pyroxene of gabbro. and other related rocks. Hudsonite is a lamellar massive kind, color black, often with a bronze tarnish. G. = 3'5, Beck; 3 -43-3 '46, Brewer. Contains lime and ferrous iron, with but little magnesia.' Named from the Hudson river, in the vicinity of which it occurs, in Cornwall, Orange Co., N. Y. OMPHACITE. Omplmzit [fr. Baireuth] Wern.. Hoffm. Min., 2, 2, 302, 1812; Bretih..'ib., 4. 2, 125, 1817, Handb., 612, 1841, B. H. Ztg., 24, 365, 397, 1865. The granular to foliated pyrox- enic constituent of the garnet-rock called eclogyte. often interlaminated with amphibole (smaragdite); cleavage as with pyroxene. H. = 5-6. G. = 3 2-3 '3. Luster vitreous to silky. Color grass green. Anal. 1-5, J. Fikenscher, B. H. Ztg., 24, 397, 1865. 6, Luedecke, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 259, 1876. G. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 FeO MgO CaO Na,0 K 2 O ign. 1. 2. 8. 4. 5. 6. Ober-Pferdt Wustuben Silberbach Stumbach Pacher, Styria Syra 3-263 3270 3-243 3-201 52-57 52-35 52-77 52-16 50-29 52-53 9-12 9-69 9-19 8-71 6-67 4-60 5-32 4-08 4-81 11-63 3-26 11-80 13-75 12-85 13-60 10-77 1522 16-10 17 18 18 14 21 12 41 05 11 16 50 80 1-11 1-73 1-22 0-87 0-88 0-28 032 0-14 0-88 0-32 = 99 98 0-62 = 99-69 0-41 =100-11 0-50 = 99-94 0-45 Cr 2 O 3 2-07 = 1-69 = 99-52[100-64 Occurs near Hof in Bavaria; at Pacher in Styria. Also a similar mineral (diallage) in the glaucoplaue schists of the island Syra (Luedecke). Schrauf gives the name to the-'chrom- diopsitf " of anal. 36, beyond. The name Omphacite is from QUtpaS, an unripe grape, alluding to the color; .it is among the names of green stones mentioned by Pliny. SCHEFFERITE. A manganese pyroxene, sometimes also - containing much iron (iron-schefferite, Eisenschefferit PlinHs). Flink gives the composition of the Langban mineral (anal. 46) as corresponding to 6CaMgSi 2 6 .MgFeSi 2 6 .Mn,Si 2 O 6 . In crystals, sometimes tabulaij c (f. 13), also with p (101) prominent, more, of ten elongated in the direction of the zone b : p (101), as in f. 14; very rarely prismatic, J d. Twins, with a as tw. pi., very common. Axial ratio as given beyond. Kef .' Also crystalline, massive. Cleav- 358 SILICATES. age prismatic, very distinct. Color yellowish brown to reddish brown. Optically -4-. Bx a A = t A c 44 25f. 2Vy = 65 3'. Named after the Swedish chemist (1710-1759). The iron-schefferite from Pajsberg (anal. 47) is black in color and has the axial ratio given, beyond, c A c -}- 49 to 59 for different zones in the same crystal. ' The brown iron-schefferite from Laugban (anal. 48) has c A c = 69 3'. It resembles garnet in appearance. JEFFERSONITE. A manganese-zinc pyroxene (see anal. 49). In coarse crystals sometimes very large; they are like ordinary pyroxene in habit. Edges rounded and faces uneven and apparently corroded. G. = 3'63. Color greenish black, on the exposed surface chocolate-brown Bx & A <> = 53 32'-. 2 H a .y = 84 32' Dx., Min., 2, xix, 1874. Named after Mr. Jefferson. According to the view of R. Fritz Gaertner the zinc shown in the analysis is to be explained as due to enclosed zincite and the manganese to franklinite, but this needs confirmation; Pisani's analysis (49) was made on the crystals examined optically by Dx. II. Aluminous. AUGITE. Aluminous pyroxene. Composition chiefly CaMgSi 2 0, with (Mg,Fe)(Al,Fe) 2 Si0 6 , and occasionally also containing alkalies. Here belong: a. LEUCAUGITE. Color white or grayish. Contains alumina, with lime and magnesia, and. little or no iron. Looks like diopside. H. = 6*5; G. = 3'19, Hunt. Named from A evKo<=>, white. b. FASSAITE, or Pyrgom. Includes the pale to dark, sometimes deep-green crystals, or pistachio- green and then resembling epidote. The aluminous kinds of diallage also belong here. Named from the locality in the Fassathal, Tyrol. Pyrgom is from nvpycojua, a tower. c. AUGITE. Includes the greenish or brownish black and black kinds, occurring mostly in eruptive rocks. It is usually in short prismatic crystals, thick and stout, or tabular j a; often twins. Ferric iron is here present, in relatively large amount, and the angle Bx a A c becomes 4- 50 to 52. Named from dvyq, luster. The Augite of Werner (and volcanite Delamqth.) included only the black mineral of igneous rocks the volcanic schorl of earlier authors. Titaniferous augite. Containing 0*5 to 4'5 p. c. titanium dioxide; cf. anals. 103 to 121. ALKALI-AUGITE. Here belong varieties of augite characterized by the presence of alkalies, especially soda; cf. anals., 103 to 121; they hence approximate to acmite and aegirite. They are known chiefly from rocks rich in alkalies, as elaBolite-syenite, phonolyte, leucityte, etc. A pyroxene intermediate between diopside and aegirite has been described by Brogger from the elaeolite-syenite of southern Norway, which hast A c = 4-52, Zs. Kr., 16, 655, 1890. Cf. also Cross, Am. J. Sc., 39, 359, 1890 Anal. The following are analyses, chiefly recent, of the typical varieties; for other analyses see 5th Ed., pp. 217 to 219; also Rg., Min. Ch., pp. 386-392, 1875, and Erg., 20-31, 1886, further Heddle, Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh, 28, 1878, and many papers on pyroxene in rocks iu Jb. Min., and elsewhere. 1-7, Doelter, Min. Mitth., 288. 1877, Min. Mitth., 1, 49, 1878. 8, E. S. Sperry, priv. contr. 9, A. E. Nordenskiold, G. For. Forh., 12, 353, 1890. 10-13, Flink, Zs. Kr., 11, 449, 1886. 14, Doelter, 1. c. 15, Sjogren, G. For. Forh., 4, 378, 1879. 16-21, quoted by Wiik, Finsk. Vet,- Soc. Forh., 24, 1882; 16, Moberg; 17, Castren; 18, Hjelmman; 19, Hjelt; *20, 21, Castren. 22, Maskelyne, Phil. Trans., 160, 202, 1870. 23, Strong, Jb. Min., 1, 238, 1885. 24, Bam- berger, Min. Mitth., 23, 1877. 25, Nauckhoff, G. For. Forh., 1, 167, 1873. 26, Haushofer, J. pr. Ch., 102, 35, 1867. 27, Freda [Gazz. Ch. Ital., 13, 498], JB. Ch., p. 1889, 1883. 28, Suchs- dorff, Zs. Kr., 2, 498, 1878. 20, Renqvist, ibid. 30, Rath, Pogg., 144, 387, 1871. 31, Lepez, quoted by Zepharovich, Lotos, 1885. 32, Hawes, Am. J. Sc., 16, 397, 1878. 33, Pisani, Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 281, 1882. 34, A. Knop, Jr., Jb. Min., 2, 97 ref., 1890. 35, Scharizer, Jb. G..Reichs., 707, 1884. 36, Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 6, 329, 1882. 37, Knop, Jb. Min., 698, 1877. 38, Oebbeke. ib., p. 845. 39, Dmr., Bull. G. Soc. Tr., 19, 414, 1862. 40, Rg., Pogg., 141, 516, 1870. 41. Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 65 (1), 123, 1872. 42, Loczka, Zs. Kr., 11. 262. 1885. 43, Hidegh, ib., 8, 534, 1883. 44. Doelter, Min. Mitth., 1, 62, 1878. 45, Weibull, G. For. F6rh. t 6, 506, 1883. 46-48, Flink, Zs. Kr., 11, 487 et seq., 1886. 49, Pisani, C. R, 76, 237, 1873. 50, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 1, 444, 1870. 51, Rath, Pogg., 144, 250, 1871. 52, Traube, Diss. Greifswald, p. 6, 1884. 53. Heddle, Min. Mag., 2, 31, 1876. 54. Hilger. Jb. Min.. 129, 1879. 55, Petersen, ib., 1,264, 1881. 56, Cossa, Trans. Ace. Line., 4, 43, 1879. 57-59, Cathrein, Zs. Kr., 7, 249, 1882. 60, Luedecke, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 260, 1876. 61. Leeds, Am. Ch., March, 1877. 62, Hummel, G. For. Forh., 7, 812, 1885. 63, H. von Post, ibid., 811. 64, 65, Oberg, ibid. 66, Leeds, Am. J. Sc., 6, 24, 1873. 68, Harrington, Rep. G. Canada, 1874-75- cf. also anal 3, 4, p. 390. 67, Rath, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 538, 1875. 68, Id., Pogij Erg., 6, 229, 1873. 69 Id ' Zs. G. Ges., 27, 362, 1875. 70, Reyer, Min. Mitth., 258, 1872." 71, 72, Sommerlad, Jb. Min Beil., 2, 177, 1883. 73, Ricciardi [Gazz. Chim. Ital., 11, 143], Rg., Min. Ch., Erg 26 1886 74, Page, Ch. News, 42, 194, 1880. 75, Kbrushchov, Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 89, 1885 76-83* Doelter, Miu..Mitth., 279, 1877. 84-86, Id., ibid., p. 65. 87, Id., Min. Mitth., 1, 63 1878 88-100, Doeller, Vulk. Gest., Cap. Verd, 1882. 101, 102, Kertscher, ibid. 103-110, Knop, Zs. Kr., 10, 58, 1884, except 106, by Cathrein, quoted by Kuop. 111-117, Merian Jb Min ' Beil., 3,252, 1885. 118-121, Mann. Jb. Min., 2, 172, 1884. PYROXENE GROUP -PYROXENE. 359 DlOPSIDB. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Val d'Ala, colorless " dark green Achmatovsk, light green Zillerthal, colorless " dark green L. Baikal, Baikalite 3 3 3 G 169 192 242 SiO a A1 2 O 3 1 54-28 0-51 | 54-74 54-45 0-99 54-85 0-25 54-23 1-22 | 53-95 78 ^e a O s 0-98 0-55 0-15 0-89 ! 97 FeO 1-91 2-91 3-81 3-29 3-09 3-49 MnO MgO 17-30 17-02 15-65 16-02 16-38 16-40 CaO 25-04 26-03 24-89 24-99 24-69 25-14 = 100-02 = 100-70 = 100-34 = 99-55 = 100-50 = 100-73 6. Arendal 3-242 53-28 1-37 1-08 4-50 15-63 24-29 = 100-15 7. New York State 3 201 52-79 1-45 0-62 5-02 16-09 24-91 = 100-88 8. De Kalb, N. Y. 3 28? 55-12 0-40 1-12 1815 25-04 Na a O 0-45, [K a O 0-02 ign. 0-17 = 100-47 9. Taberg 53-71 0-40 0-88 2-94 0-20 15-67 25-09 ign. 0-30 = 10. Nordmark, white 54-59 _ 0-11 2-49 0-14 17-42 25-70 [99-19 = 100-45 11. yellow-green 54-09 0-28 0-19 3-36 0-26 17-12 25-41 = 100-71 12. grass-green 54-26 0-33 0-48 3-51 0-45 16-04 2482 = 99-89 13. dark green 53-03 0-75 0-32 7-34 1-13 13-65 22-98 = 99-20 14. black 3 50-91 0-17 0-76 17-34 0-21 7-21 2293 = 9953 15. black 3-367 51-05 1-10 095 17-31 0-60 5-92 2244 = 9937. 16. Karis Lojo, gray -green 52-49 2-17 2-68 0-63 17-20 24-34 = 99-51 17. Itnis, green 50-31 6-46 __ 4-81 14-48 24-87 = 100-93 18. Palkane, green 52-6 4:8 4-0 14-2 25-8 = 101-4 19. Hermala Lojo, green 5303 4-97 0-22 15-88 25-48 = 99-58 20. Stansvik, green 52-76 10-38 1-34 9-95 2390 ign. 0-27 = 21. Ojama, Lojo, dark green 46-37 415 _ 27-50 014 3-00 20-58 [98-60 = 101-74 22. Busti Meteorite 55-49 0-55 23-33 19-98 Na 2 O 0-55 = roo-QQ 23. Zermatt 3 11 54-22 1-84 1825 24-80 [yy oo ign. 0-41 = [99-52 24. Albrechtsberg 3 167 5560 016 0-56 18-34 26-77 = 101-43 25. Nordmarksberg 53-20 0-08 2-33 020 16-89 24-06 Na 2 O 0-34, [ign . 1-26 - 98-36 26. Gefrees 3-285 54-00 062 3-78 0-27 15-31 25-46 = 9944 27. Mt. Somma 8 19 42-73 1-06 4-22 0-94 17-80 24-18 = 100-93 28. Wainpula, Finl. 51-88 1-19 4'-32 0-89 17-09 23-88 = 99-25 29. Tavastby, 3-045 52-80 6-10 5-52 18-31 1908 = 101-81 30. Valpellina 3 329 5402 0-20 8-07 13-52 24-88 = 100-69 31. Kriml 3 381 52-08 1 36 2-56 8-93 0-49 10-61 21-59 Na a O 2 06 = [99-68 32. Edenville 51-05 2-03 1-30 12-28 012 10-02 22-07 ign. 0-84 = CuO [9910 Chrone-diopside. \. Diamond Fields, S. A., G. green 3'26 34. (Jagerfontein) 35. JanMayen 3'313 36. Kfemze 3'259 37. Kaiserstuhl 38. Schw. Stein, Nassau 3-202 39. Lherz 3-28 40. Dreiser Weiher 3'28 SiO 3 Al 2 O 3 Cr a O 3 FeO 52-4 0-6 2-8 6-5 54-97 1-50 2-08 4-71 51-86 1-56 0-73 3'46 53-67 2-45 1-49 3'84 51-89 4-76 1-09 4'40 50-44 510 1-40 9-70 53-63 4-07 1-30 8'52 49-71 7-42 2-01 503 MnO MgO CaO [99-8 15-5 20-5 H 2 1-5 = 14-30 21-52 = 99-08 tr. 17-40 22-15 Fe 2 O 3 2'44, [ign. 0-12 = 99-72 tr. 13-57 20-34 Fe 2 O 3 3-07, [K 2 O 1-48, Na 2 1 29 = 100'20 0-54 15-47 19 73 insol. 2'30 = [100-18 17-42 14-63 = 98-69 12-48 20-37 = 100-37 17-84 17-39 = 100-0 HEDENBERGITE, also above. G. SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MnO MgO CaO 41. Shergotty Meteorite 42. Dognacska 43. 44. Tunaberg 45. Vester Silfberg 3-466 52 34 0-25 23-19 14-29 10 4.9 = 100-56 3-557 48 38 068 3-23 15-88 7 94 2-22 22 10 alk. 0-28 = [100-71 3-588 49 00 0-91 2-85 17-24 8 52 1 34 21 30 = 101-16 3-492 47 62 1-88 o-io 26-29 2-76 21 53 = 100-18 3-55 48 29 24-01 6 47 2-83 17 69 alk. 0-22 = 199 51 360 SILICATES. SCHEFFERITE. 46. Langban 47. Pajsberg 48. Langbau, Msensckefferit, brn. G. SiO a A1,O, Fe a O 3 FeO MnO MgO 52-28 3-83 8'32 15'17 50-88 1-97 17-48 6'67 9'08 62-19 0-88 14-98 6-2Q 10-93 14-57 = 99\7 CaO 19 62 = 99-22 12-72 = Jeffersonite. 49. Franklin Furnace, N. J. .8*63 60. 'Lavromte 3'U4 45-96 0-85 53'65 2-25 8-91 10-20 3-48 3-61 21-55 ZnO 10-15; [ign. 0-35 = 101-57 16-00 23-05 V a O 3 2-57 [= 100 DvMage* 51. Le Prese, Veltfin 62. Buchberg, Silesia 63. Balta Is., Scotland 54. Dun Mt., N. Zealand 55. Ehrsberg 56. Elba 57: WildschOnau 58. 69. .Ehrsberg 60. Syra 61. Mt, Marcy 62. Gaddbo 63. AkerQ 64. Kyrkjd 65. AUGITE. 66. Amity, Leucaugite 6(ta. Grenville, Q. 67. Vesuvius, yellow 68. " green 69. Monzoni 70. Vogelsgebirge 71. Kircheip 72. Naurod 73. Etna 74. Ainherst Co., Va. 75. Rossberg 76. Vesuvius, black 77. " dark green 78. ' yellow 79. Lipari 80. Cuglieri, Sardinia 81. Greenwood Furnace 82. Mt. Bufaure, Tyrol Fdssaite. 83. Fassathal, Fassaite 2 979 84. Toal dejla Foja, cryst. 85. " gran.-cryst. 2'965 86. Mai 'Inferno, cryst. green S7. Arendal 3 291 G, SiO a A1 2 3 Fe a O 3 FeO MnO 3-271 51-46 1-31 15-94 51-23 1-21 1157 1-26 2-965 50-23 5-85 5-22 52 23 4-71 __ 3-48 _ 3-178 51-27 6-24 5-60 3-135 49-60 5-05 6-73 3-337 50-41 4-05 0-11 6 ; 57 __ [Cr 2 3 0-60, > 3-343 49-25 5-60 45 ' 7-15 [Cr 2 3 0-20, 3-178 5134 5-35 0-48 4-42 [Cr 2 O 3 0-43, 52-53 4-60 11-80 3-386 46-28 7-38 2 21 14-80 50-20 6-53 4 04 4-35 47-10 4-55 15-20 0-17 3-010 44-12 11-90 6 45 4-04 0-26 3-162 43-22 12-98 5 21 7-92 0'36 H 2 O =99-98 1 31 = 99'76 4-17 K a Ol-20; MgO CaO 10-13 21-14 16-11 17-07 21-59 11-23 [Na 2 OO'58 = 100 : 07 16-85 20-15 2-53 = 99'95 14-18 21-08 0-65 = 99'02 16-49 20-34 1-49 Cr 2 O 8 [0-55 = 100-25 15-33 2134 0'37Ti0 2 088, a 2 O 1-55, K 2 O 0-42 = 101-63 14-41 21-31 0-30Ti0 2 0-70, a 2 O 1-86, K 2 O 0-82 - 102/05 14-08 21-12 0-70TiO 2 058, tfa 2 O 0-84, K 2 O 0'15 = 99'49 16-10 12-80 1 69 = 99-52 8-91 18-78 11-75 19-04 1865 11-33 2034 8-73 9-70 1-12 TiO 2 0-59 [=100-07 1-26 alk., [1-05 = 98-22 1-33 insol. [0-84 = 98-67 4-72 = 3 98 = 100-56 99-54 CaO 25-63 H 2 O 1-66=9954 25-27/Vlk076ign;l'63 [=100-49 23-4 ign.0'2 = 99'9 22-9 igu.O-26=100-36 21-86 = 99-86 21-43 = 100-62 21-44= 99-51 20-57 = 101-15 19-08 ign. 0-17=99-35 22-67 = 99-38 20-30 Ka 2 O l'B9, K 2 O TiO 2 ,MnO tr. = 100'89 19 02 = 100-32 20-80 = 99 90 22-75 = 100-02 20-30 = 100-29 21'09 = 100-82 20 62 = 99-32 20-01 = 100-17 44-76 10-10 5*01 2'09 13-65 24*90 = 100 51 43-81 9-97 7-01 152 12-51 25'10 H 2 Q 051 = f 100 -43 44-0610-43 5'91 1-67 13'10 25'20 H 2 O 015 = f 100-53 41-971063 7-36 0-55 10-29" 26 60 H 2 O 2-70 =: rioo 10 45-50 7-17 0'60 15'59 8'45 22 25 = 99 56 G. SiO 2 A1 2 3 Fe. 2 O 3 FeO MgO 3-26 50-05 7-16 0-56 14-48 3-35 51-27 4-00 o-io - 17-46 3233 53-2 1-5 _ 23 19-3 3-252 48-4 5-6 9-5 137 3-317 49-60 416 982 14-42 50-12 6-25 4-95 3-46 14-41 3-347 48-07 6-65 8-60 4-28 10-47 3-379 48-49 6-91 920 4-17 11-81 2935 48-48 7-02 1352 11-08 3-420 42-50 15-39 11-32 7-50 3434 49-18 2-15 496 904 13-07 [0-30, 3-275 46-95 9-75 4-47 4-09 16-04 3203 51-01 4-84 351 3 16 1658 3-298 50-41 6-07 1 09 6-78 12-92 3-225 48-45 6-68 3-57 6-94 14-35 3-299 45-65 861 6-32 5-05 13-60 3295 49-18 5-09 5-05 2-55 16-83 3-299 49-01 5-09 3-77 7-74 14-55 PYROXENE GROUP PYROXENE. 361 89. 90. Augite. Rib. das Patas Pico da Cruz Garza valley 91. Aguas das Caldeira 92; St. Vincent 93. Siderao 94. 95. Praya, large cryst. 96. " small cryst. 97. Pico da Cruz 98. Picos valley 99. St. Vincent 100. " 101. Pedra Molar 102. St. Vincent SiO 2 A1 2 3 Fe 3 3 FeO MgO CaO 40-81 14-24 7-89 5-95 14-35 16-01 36-79 16-97 15-37 223 8-99 18-90 4411 9-66 4-95 5-43 14-06 21-92 45-79 789 3-51 4-81 14-81 21-60 45-14 8-15 525 5-20 14-76 19-57 38-22 13-08 929 9-14 11-73 1480 41-76 1781 2-01 7-47 8-01 19-47 43-99 14-01 2-09 8-84 10-88 1942 38-15 25-96 11-08 6-17 1-99 4-53 37-20 16-93 15-07 3-55 6-89 14-81 42-15 21-51 3-79 9-43 7-55 12-28 41-08 9-11 17-18 15-99 2-29 6-09 47-99 13-30 11-32 10-39 6-16 514 46-94 5-67 6-18 5-43 14-18 17-83 45-14 8-15 5-25 5-20 14-76 19-57 Na 2 0-61 = 0-60 TiO tr. = 99'85 tr. = 100-13 1-55 = 99-96 1-46 = 99-53 4-32 = 100-58 3-72 = 100-25 1-09 MnO 030 = 100 '62 7-91 MnO 4-97 = 100'76 5 06 = 99-51 2-98 = 99-69 8-70 = 100-44 6-60 = 100-90 1-83 = 98-06 1-46 = 99-53 SiO 2 TiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO CaO 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 109. 110. Sasbach 44-15 4'57 6'90 6 02 3'49 12-28 22'79 = 100-20 Burkheim 45'83 3'57 7 47 4"90 4'11 10-92 22'83 = 99'63 Horberig 46'54 2'85 820 372 4'32 13'19 21'29 = 100'H Amoltern 47'20 2'70 5'80 3'17 4'76 12*79 23'02 = 99'44 f= 99'24 Oberschaffhausen 49'75 1-45 053 13 "23 9'66 4-55 16-72 MnO 1-09, Na a O2'26 Liitzelberg 51 '37 0'94 2'43 4'14 4'46 1355 22'72 Na,O 0'44, K 2 O 0-61 [= 100-66 Badloch 52*09 095 1-18 1'59 1-57 18-10 38/06 tfaO 0*48, K 2 O 0"48 [=100 G. SiO 2 TiO 2 A1^O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO CaO Na 2 O K 2 O 111. Laveline, Vosges 3-372 50-63 0-79 0-87 3-33 8-39 13-01 21-30 1-02 0-50 = 99.84 112. Laurvik 3-401 50-33 0-66 0-30 12-37 10-98 22-01 2-14 0-94 = 99-73 113. Serra Monchique 3-473 42-27 0-92 8-67 13-93 6-24 10-95 12-32 3-66 2-12 =101-08 114. Rieden 3-489 45-80 052 2-80 11-11 7'68 b 6-63 20-06 2-88 1-00 = 98-48 115. Lobau 3-425 45-18 0-79 8-48 6-21 5-75 a 11-63 23-26 1-20 tr. =102-50 116. Sasbach 3-411 44-65 2-93 6-62 5-02 3 - 87 a 14-76 20-32 1-29 0-49 = 99-95 117. Halleberg 3-448 50-25 0-45 1-25 5-86 47-40" 15-72 8-73 0-82 0-47 =100-95 118. Hohentwiel 3-359 42-15 tr. 5-17 16-86 8-54 3-56 10-39 10-69 2-64 =100 119. Elfdalen 3-465 f 49-32 1 25 4-88 16-28 5-65 4-28 9-39 8-68 0-68 =100-41 120. Rieden 3-456 | 46-47 0-73 4-28 5-95 12-17 7-24 19-23 2-61 0-74 = 99-42 121. Melfi 3-416 | 44-55 1-36 7-27 6-06 5-91 10-44 22-83 1-47 052 =100-41 Incl. some MnO. \ Incl. 27 MnO. Pyr., etc. Varying widely, owing to the wide variations in composition in the different Tarieties, and often by insensible gradations. Fusibility, 3*75 in diopside; 3'5 in salite, baikalite, and omphacite; 3 in jeffersonite and augite; 2*5 in hedenbergite. Varieties rich in iron afford a magnetic globule when fused on charcoal, and in general their fusibility varies with the amount of iron. Jeffersonite gives with soda on charcoal a reaction for zinc, and in O.F. on platinum Tvire for manganese ; many others also give with the fluxes reactions for manganese. Most varieties are unacted upon by acids. Obs. Pyroxene is a common mineral in crystalline limestone and dolomite, in serpentine and in volcanic rocks; and occurs also, but less abundantly, in connection with granitic rocks and metamorphic schists; sometimes forms large beds or veins, especially in Archaean rocks. It occurs also in meteorites. The pyroxene of limestone is mostly white and light green or gray in color, falling under diopside (including malacolite, salite, coccolite); that of most other 'metamorphic rocks is sometimes white or colorless, but usually green of different shades, from pale green to greenish black, and occasionally black; that of serpentine is sometimes in tino crystals, but often of the foliated green kind called diallage; that of eruptive rocks is usually the black to greenish black augite In limestone the associations are often amphibole, scapolite, vesuvianite, garnet, orthoclase, titauite, apatite, phlogopite, and sometimes brown tourmaline, chlorite, talc, zircon, spinel, rutile, etc.; and in other metamorphic rocks mostly the same. In eruptive rocks it may be in distinct embedded crystals, or in grains without external crystalline form; it often occurs with similarly disseminated chrysolite (olivine). crystals of orthoclase, sanidine, labradorite, leucite, etc. ; also with a rhombic pyroxene, amphibole, etc. Pyroxene, as an essential rock-making mineral, is especially common in basic eruptive Tocks. Thus, as augite, with a triclinic feldspar (usually labradorite), magnetite, often chrysolite, in basalt and basaltic lavas, diabase ; in andesyte; also in trachyte; in peridotyte and Jpikryte; with nephelite in phonolyte. Further with elaeolite, orthoclase, etc., in elaeolite- Syenite and augite-syenite, also as diallage ir> gabbro. in "many peridotytes and the serpentines 362 SILICATES. formed from them; as diopside (malacolite) in crystalline schists. In limburgyte, augityte, and pyroxenyte, pyroxene is present as the most .prominent constituent, while feldspar is absent; it may also form rock masses alone nearly free from associated minerals. Some of the more prominent foreign localities of pyroxene in its various forms are the following; many others have been noted in connection with the descriptions 'of varieties and analyses already given: Diopside (alalite, mussite) occurs in fine crystals on the Mussa alp in the Ala valley in Pied- mont, associated with garnets (hessonite) and talc in veins traversing serpentine; in tine crystals also at Truversella; at Zermatt in Switzerland; Schwarzensteiu in the Zillerthal; Ober-Sulzbach- thal and elsewhere in Tyrol and the Salzburg Alps; Reichenstein; Rezbanya, Hungary; Achma- tovsk in the Ural with almandite, clinochlore; L. Baikal {baikalite} iu eastern Sibenaj Pargas, Or jiirvi, and elsewhere in Finland. At Nordmark, Sweden, in fine crystals of. varied type of fo> ii (cf. Flink, 1. c.), but often with* a, b, c, p prominent, nnd varying in composition from a d.opside nearly free from iron to one containing iron in, large amount, approximating to heden- bergite. Hedenbergite was originally described from Tuuaberg, Sweden ; also f rom Arendal. Mangan- hedenbergite is from Vester Silfberg. Schefferite is from Langban. Wt-rmland, Sweden, where it occurs embedded in calcite, also enclosing hematite and richterite; rhodonite and hedyphane occur in the neighborhood. Also from the Harstig mine at Pajsberg, with crystallized rhodonite (pajsbergite). Augite (incl. fassaite) on the Pesmeda alp. Ml. Monzoni. and elsewhere in the Fassathal, as a contact formation; Traversella, Piedmont; the Laacher See and the Eifel; Sasbach in the Kaiserstruhl; Vesuvius, white rare, green, brown, yellow to black; Frascati; Etna; the Azores and Cape Verde Islands; the Sandwich Islands, as at the base of the cruder cones at the summit of Haleakala on Maui, where deposits of perfect crystals are found with chrysolite grains and glassy crystals of labradorite. Also in Japan, as on Bonin island (cf. Y. Kikuchi, J. Coll. Sc., Japan, 3, 67, 1889, for an account of some forms). In N. America, occurs in Maine, at Raymond and Rumford, diopside, salite, etc. ; at Deer Isle, diallage in serpentine. In Vermont, at Thetford, black augite. with chrysolite, in boulders of basalt. In Mass., in Berkshire, white crystals abundant; at the Bolton quarries, same, good; Westfield and Blanford, diallage in serpentine. In Conn., at- Canaan, white cryst. 2-3 in. long by 1-2 in. broad, often externally changed by uralitization to tremolite, in dolomite; also the pyroxenic rock, called canaanite; in Trumbull, large green cryst. in limestone; in Reading, on the turnpike near the line of Danbury, small transp. cryst., and granular; at Watertown.'near the Naugatuck, white diopside. In N. York, in N. Y. Co., white cryst. in dolomite; at War- wick, fine cryst.; in Westchester Co., white, at the Sing-Sing quarries; in Orange Co., in Mon- roe, at Two Ponds, cryst., often large, with scapolite, titanite, etc., in limestone; 3 in. S.E. of Greenwood furnace, salite with coccolite; m. E. of same, in cryst. with mica in limestone; 1 m. W. of Coffee's Hotel in Monroe, black coccolite; 2- rn. N. of Edenville, gray cryst.; 1 m. N.W. of Edenville, black cryst. in limestone; in Cornwall, the var. hudsonite; near Amity and Fort Montgomery, good; in Forest-of-Dean, lamellar, green, and bronze-colored, with black coccolite; in Putnam Co., near Patterson, grayish white cryst., abundant; at Rogers' Rock, L. George, massive and granular (coccolite), gray, green, brown; near Oxbow, on Vroornan Lake; in Lewis Co., at Diana, white and black cryst.; in St. Lawrence Co., at Fine, in large cryst.; at De Kalb, fine diopside; also at Gouverneur, Rossie. Russell. Pitcairn; in Essex Co., near Long Pond, cryst., also beautiful green coccolite; at Willsboro', green coccolite with titanite and wollastonite; at Moriah, coccolite, in limestone mostly changed to serpentine forming a useful marble. In N. Jersey, Franklin Furnace. Sussex Co., good cryst., also jeffersonite. In Penn., near Attleboro'. cryst. and granular; in Pennsbury, at Burnett's quarry, diopside; at the French Creek mines. Chester Co., chiefly altered to fibrous amphibole; at Bailey's quarry, East Marl- borough. In Maryland, Harford Co., at Cooptowu, diallage. In Delaware, at Wilmington, a hypersthene-like variety, Kuttal's Maclureite. In Tennessee, at the Dticktown mines. In Canada, at Calumet I., grayish green cryst. in limestone with phlogopite; at the High Falls of the Madawaska, large crystals, having cryst. of hornblende attached; in Kildau as a rock; in Bathurst, colorless or white cryst. ; near Ottawa, in large subtrp. cryst., in limestone; at Grenville, dark green cryst., and granular; at Montreal, Rougemont and Montarvelli Mts., hlack in doleryte ; Burgess, Lanark Co. ; Renfrew Co., with apatite, titanite, etc., Orford, Sherbrooke Co., white crystals, also of a chrome-green color with chrome garnet; at Hull and Wakefield, white crystals with nearly colorless garnets, honey-yellow vesuvianite, etc. At many other points in the Archaean of Quebec and Ontario, especially IE connection with the apatite deposits. Alt. Pyroxene undergoes alteration in different ways. A change of molecular constitution without essential change of composition, i.e., by paramorphism (using the word rather broadly), may result in the formation of some variety of amphibole. Thus, the white pyroxene crystals of Canaan, Conn., are often changed on the exterior to tremolite; similarly with other varieties at many localities. See URALITE, p. 390. Further there may be alteration with chemical change in many ways, as has been explained by Bischof, and many species have been instituted on the material in different stages of change. In the simplest, there is only a taking up of water, producing a " hydrous augite." The water often found in analyses may be from this source. In many cases a loss of silica appears to PYROXENE GROUP PYROXENE, 363 attend this hyd ration; and often, also, a loss of one or more of the bases (of 'which the lime and iron are the first to go), through the dissolving agency of waters holding carbon dioxide, or carbonates, in solution. A complete removal of the lime and iron produces steatite or talc, a common material of pseudomorphs. Rensselaerite is a variety of steatite, having sometimes the cleavage of pyroxene. Pyrallolite is also in part talc or steatite. Saponite and serpentine are other results of the same kind of alteration, the latter, especially, very common. Hortonite is a steatitic pseudomorph of pyroxene, found in Orange Co., N. Y., with ehondrodite. See further under TALC, SERPENTINE. Epidote is another mineral resulting from the change involving oxidation of the iron. In the case of the aluminous pyroxene, when all the bases except thi) alumina are removed and water taken up, there may result cimolite, a whitish clay- like earth, which has been observed constituting ppeudoinorphs of augite at Bilin in Bohemia. Under the action of alkaline waters, alkalies may be introduced. , Thus the hydrous mineral glauconite or green earth may result as a constituent of some augite pseudomorphs; or mica, which has been observed by Kjerulf as a pseudomorph after augite, in the Eifel. Some of the substances formed Jby alteration are further mentioned below. Artif. Diopside has been observed as a furnace product at the iron-works of Philipsburg, N. Jersey (G. J. Brush. Am. J. Sc., 39, 132. 1865); and dark-colored pyroxene at Gaspenberg; in an old furnace near Hackenburg; a copper furnace near Dillenburg; at Falun and Oldbury; a manganese augite at Magdesprung. Augite in small yellow crystals has been found in old fumaroles at Eiterkopfe, near Andernach (Rath). Formed in crystals, as diopside, artificially by the action of silicon chloride on magnesia (Daubree); also, a grayish-white var., by mixing the constituents and exposing to a high heat (Berthier); also, a variety of compounds (Lechartier) by fusing the constituents at a bright red lieat with an excess of calcium chloride in a carbon crucible enveloped in one of earthenware. See further, Fouque & Levy, Synth Min., 103-110, 1882. Synthetic experiments have been also made by Doelter, Jb. Min.. 2, 51, 1884; also on the results of fusion, as in reforming pyroxene from the fused mass, by Becker. Zs. G. Ges., 37, 10, 1885. See also Vogt, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang. 9, No. 1., 1884 ; Arch. Math. Nat., Christ,, 30, 34, et seq., 1889, who describes various pyroxenic minerals formed from fusion in slags, etc., including augite, a monoclinic (or triclinic) MgSiO 3 , a similarly crystallized FeSiO 3 , also enstatite, rhodonite, an "hexagonal CaSiO 8 ,etc. xier. 1 Vesuvian augite, yellow variety, G. = 3*277, anal. 67, 1. c. It is noteworthy that the angles vary but little even for a wide variation in composition. For a discussion of the change in form with varying amount of FeO and (Al,Fe) 2 O 3 , see Rath, Pogg., 6, 345, 1873; Blink, Zs. Kr., 11, 486, 1886. The following will serve for comparison, the axes being accepted as calculated by Kk., Rath, La Valle, Flink. etc., cf. anals. preceding and ref. below: d : b c ft Russian and other pyroxenes, mean value (Kk.) 1-09312 : 1 0-58946 74 11V Diopside, Val d'Ala (cf. anal. 1, 2) 1-09126 : 1 0-58949 74 8f " Nordmark ( 10) 1-09197 : 1 0-58694 74 12|. f tt 11) 1-09220 : 1 0-58689 74 13' ii fo> C, but the former has a light brown with tinge of green, 'b greenish yellow with tinge of brown, c brownish yellow; the latter lias a deep grass-green, tl lighter grass green, c yellowish brown to yellowish. Optically . Ax. pi. || b. Bx a A c = a A 6 = -f 2| to 6; for acmite -f 5J to 6, for segirite + 2 J to 3 . Axial angles large. For aegirite, Bgr. : Na 2E = 134 27' 2H a = 63 41' 2H = 117 6 18' .'. 2V. = 63 28' /5 = 1'753 Also. Laven, fi y = 1-8084 Na/Sanger (Rosenbusch). 1, Acmite; 2, Norway, Brogger. Comp., Var. Essentially NaFe(Si0 3 ), or ]STa 2 O.Fe 2 3 .4SiO a = Silica 52*0, iron sesquioxide 34-6, soda 13*4 = 100. Ferrous iron is also present. The analysis of Doelter as interpreted by him gives, with 89 p. c. of the characteristic NaFe(SiO 3 ) 2 , also 6 p. c. of FeFe 2 SiO 6 , 37 p. c. of FeAlSiO 6 and l'3p. c. of CaMn(SiO 3 ) 2 . Brogger, however, is inclined to assume the presence, with 85 p. c. of Na 2 Fe 2 (SiO 3 ) 4 , of 15 p. c. of FeFe 2 (SiO 3 ) 4 . The essential identity of acmite and aegirite was shown by Tschermak, Min. Mitth., 33, 1871; it had been earlier suggested by Rose. Kryst. Ch., 76, 1852. Brogger regards the interior green, highly pleochroic, portion of the acmite crystals (noted above) as identical with the characteristic segirite, while to the acmite proper belongs the feebly pleochroic brown exterior with greater angle of extinction (to "' *^)). Acmite is characterized oy the prevalence of twins, the acute terminations, the commo. .(occurrence of $(311), etc. With cegirite simple crystals are the rule and twins rare; the crystal's are more often bluntly terminated, with A (592) prominent; also of quite distinct habit, prismatic | 111. The color and higher angle of extinction of the acmite indicates greater iron percentage. Anal. 1, Rg., Pogg., 103, 300, 1858. 2, Doelter, Min. Mitth., 1, 379, 1878. 3, Id., ib., p. 374. 4, 5, Id., ib., Zs. Kr., 4, 34, 1879. That these analyses are of aegirite and not arfvedsonite seems to be sufficiently shown by Rg., Min. Ch., IL^., 24> 1886, cf. Lorenzen. 6, Lorenzen, Min. Mag., 5, 55, 1882. 7, Forsberg, quoted by Ramsay, Fennia, 3, No 7, 1890 (Geol. Beolh Halbinsel Kola.) 8, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sg,, 10, 60, 1875. Acmite. I. Run demy r 2. 3, Brevik 4. Kaagerdluarsuk 5. 6. 7. Kola Peninsula G. SiO-r A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MnO CaO MgO Ka 2 O K 2 O 3-53 51% 28-28 5'23 0'69 12-46 0-43 1T0 2 Ml, [ign. 0-39 = 100-25 ^520 51-35 1-59 3211 2'59 0'37 tr. 1139 tr. = 99-40 3-501 | 51-74 0-47 26-17 3'48 0-46 5 -07 1 -79 11-020-34 = 100-54 3-63 3-51 52-22 f 49-91 49-04 51-82 0-64 1-24 1-80 0-60 28-15 5-35 22-83 13-95 29-54 482 21-02 8-14 0-54 0-42 tr. 1-00 2-19 /1-45 1-72/0-21 2-70 tr. 3-01 1-47 8. Hot Springs, Ark. 3-53 51-41 1'82 2330 9'45 203031 10-11 0-34 = 100-99 9-49 0-32 = 100-09 13-31 tr. = 101-21 11-87 0-85 ign. 0'50 [=100-28 11-88 tr. Ti0 2 0'13 [.= 100-33 366 SILICATES. Brevik 3. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses at 2 to a lustrous black magnetic globule, coloring the flame deep yellow; with the fluxes reacts for iron and sometimes manganese. Slightly acted upon by acids. Obs. The original acmite occurs at Run demy r, east of the little lake called Rokebergskjern, in the parish of Eker, near Kongsberg, Norway, in a pegmatyte vein; it is in slender crystals, sometimes a foot long, embedded in feldspar and quartz; the crystals are often bent or fractured and recemented, and are quite fragile. jEgirite (and acmite) occurs with leucophanite, cancrinite, elaeolite, etc., in the elaeolite- syenite and augite-syenite of southern Norway, especially along -the Langesuud fiord in the * RroTMb " region; also near Laurvik, Sanxle fiord, and Fredriksvaru. Also at Kangerdluarsuk, West Greenland, in a spdalite-syenite with eudialyte, arfvedsonite, etc.; also at Ditro, Transylvania (acmite ?), and similarly associated elsewhere; in the acid lavas of San Miguel, one of the Azores. In theU. S., in minute crystals in a dike of elgeolite-syenite in northwestern New Jersey. At the Hot Springs, Magnet Cove, Arkansas, in fine prismatic crystals, up to 8 inches or more in length, often bent and twisted arid with tapering terminations. In Canada, at Montreal and Belocil in claeolite-syenile. A green pyroxene occurring as an alteration product of a blue umphibole allied to arfvedsonite or riebeckite (see p 400. is referred to aegirite by Cross; it occurs in certain rocks forming dikes in Archaean gneisses in Custcr Co , Colo- rado Am. J. Sc., 39, 359, 1890. BrSgger (l-.c., p. 330) is inclined to regard the crocidolite of Stavern, Norway, und perhaps also that of S. Africa as a variety of aegiiite (cegirin-asbest} ; but see crocidolite, p. 400) Acmite is from ax^r), a point, in allusion to the pointed extremities of the crystals. JEgirite is from ^Egir. the Icelandic god of the sea. Alt. Occurs altered to analcite in Norway (Bgr ). Williams suggests that manganpectolite at Magnet Cove may have been derived from the aegirite. Ref. . Zs. Kr., 16, 295, 1890; he describes in detail the ncmite and segirite of the islands in the ]Langesund fiord, Norway, gives the earlier literature for the species, etc. For early observations, see Mitscherlich, Ed. Phil. J., 9, 55, 1823; Ph., Min. t 151, 1837; Rath, Pogg., Ill, 254, I860; Schrauf, Atlas, Tf. n, 1864. Note also that the s (111) of Brogger is s (Oil, T) of Rath, p = c (001), 8 (311) = (211, m), (661) = o (561), P(261) = z (361); cf. f. 3. This change of position, which better exhibits the relation of form to pyroxene, is probably the reason why most authors have given Bx a A c = 3*, while Br5gger makes the same angle positive, that is with him the bisectrix (a) falls in f he front obtuse axial angle, instead of in the* acute angle. 327. SPODUMENE. D'Andrada, Scherer's J., 4, 30, 1800; J. Phys., 51, 240, 1800. Triphaue Hauy, Tr., 4, 1801. Hiddenite /. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 21, 128, 1881. Monoclinic. Axes: a : b : 6 = 1-1238 ; 1 : 0-6355; ft = *69 40' = 001 A 100 J. D. Dana 1 . 100 A HO = 46 30', 001 A 101 = 33 25', 001 A Oil = 30 47^'. Schrauf. Forms': k ( -\- 6t p (hi, 1) (131, - 3-S)* y (561, 6 a (100, i-l) u (12o, ^Y ?(332, f)3 z (261, - 6-) 3 v (341, 4 b (010, i-if n OPO.T-3) r (221, 2) ( g 10 3 _g )4 x (231, 3 c (001, 0) (150, *-5) 4 *(441, 4) 3 / (21l', 2-2) w (243, | I (320, *-f) F(Qn, I-*) 4 9 (681, - 8-f) 8 D (42l! 4-2)* m (110, 7) d (021, 2-i) e (241, - 4-2) 3 w (321, 3-|) 4 Also in etching-figures 6 , Brazil, v (101, - 1-i), w (201, 24). 11" = 70 11' cd = *50 0' mg = 10 18' a'f = 54 48i mm'" = *93 0' m'p = 59 3' me = 21 46' pp' = 63 31' fin' = 50 46' m'q - 44 21' mp = 75 9 34' rr' = 88 34' nri = 35 6i' m'r = 84 40' a'p = 78 54' 88' = 96 23' FF' = 61 35' m'i^ 17 40f a'r = 62 40^ ee' = 107 24' dd' = 100 0' Twins: tw. pi. a. Crystals prismatic, often flattened || a; the vertical planes striated and furrowed ; crystals sometimes very large. Also massive, cleavable. Cleavage: m perfect. A lamellar structure || a sometimes very prominent, a crystal then separating into thin plates. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. Brittle. EL = 6-5-7. G. = 3 13-3-20. Luster vitreous, on cleavage surfaces somewhat pearly. Color greenish white, grayish white, yellowish green, emerald- green, yellow, amethystine purple. Streak white. Transparent to translucent. PYROXENE GROUP SPODUMENE. 367 Pleochroism strong in deep green varieties. Optically -j~- Ax. pi. || b. Bx a A ^ = -f 26 Dx., = 24^ to 25f* Greim. Dispersion p > v. horizontal. Refractive indices and axial angles: N. Carolina, Brazil, red, JSa Brazil a = 1'651 a = 1-660 2Ha.r = 64 47 ft = 1'669 /3 = 1'666 = 64 y - 1'677 Brazil ft, = l'< ^ = 1'676 Levy -Lex. 1 2Ha,t>i = 65 4* Greim 6 . Dx.' Var. 1 Ordinary. Color white or nearly white, yellowish, rarely amethystine; commonly in flattened prismatic crystals, often very large, up to 4 feet or more in length and 12 inches across. 2. Hiddemte. Color yellow-green to emerald-green, the latter used as a gem, resembling the emerald but showing more variety of color because of its pleochroism. In small (| in. to 2 inches long) slender prismatic crystals, surfaces often etched as the result of the action of some natural solvent. 1. 2. Fig. 1, Norwich, Mass. 2-4, Hiddenite, Alexander Co., N. C. crystals, W. E. Hidden. 3, 4, Sketches of natural Comp, LiAl(Si0 3 ), or Li 3 O.Al 2 3 .4SiO Q = Silica 64-5, alumina 27-4, lithia 8*4 = 100. Generally contains a little sodium; the variety hiddenite also chro- mium, to which the color may be due. Anal. 1, 2, Rg., Pogg. Anp., 85, 546, 1852. 3, Thomson, Min., 1, 302. 1836. 4, Pisani, tJ. R., 84, 1509, 1877. 5, 6, Doelter, Min. Mi^th., 1, 523, 526, 1878. 7, Jannasch, Jb. Min., 1, 196, 1888 8, 9, Julien, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sc., 1, 322* 1879. 10, Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 20, 259, 1880. 11, J. L. Smith, ib., 21, 128, 1881. 12, Genth, ib.. 23. 68, 1882. G. SiO a A1 2 3 FeO CaO MgO Li 2 O K 2 O Na 2 O ign. 1. UtO 3-133 65-02 29-14 tr. 0-50 0-15 5-47 014 0-46 - = 100-88 2. Tyrol 3-137 65-53 29-04 1-42 0-97 0-07 4-49 0-07 0-07 = 101-06 3. Killiney 63-81 28-51 0-83 0-73 5-60 36 = 99-84 4. Brazil 3-16 63-80 27-93 1-17* 0-46 6-75' 0-89 = 101-00 5. Huntington 63-79 27-03 0-39 0-73 0-21 7-04 012 MO - = 101-41 6. Brazil 63-34 27-66 1-15 0-69 7-09 0-98 = 100-91 7. 3-174 64-32 27-79 0-67 0-17 7-45 0-55 H2 = 101-07 8. Goshen 3-19 63-27 23-73 1-1 7 b 0-11 2-02 6-89 1-45 0-99 0-36 MnOO-fi4 [= 100 63 9. Chesterfield 3196 61-86 23-43 2-73 b 0-79 1-55 6-99 1-33 050 0'46MnOl-04 [= 100-6$ 10. Branchville 3-193 | 64-25 27-20 0-20" _ _ 7-62 tr. 0-39 24 = 99 90 11. Alex. Co., Hiddenite 3-170 64-35 28-10 0-25" 7-05 0-50 0-15 = 100-40 12 " " 3-166 63-95 26-58 1-11 _ _ 6-82 0-07 1-54 Cr 2 O s O 18 [= 100 45 - Incl. MnOO-12 *> Fe 2 O 3 . The formula, as given above, was first correctly established by Doelter. Pyr., etc. B.B. becomes white and opaque, swells up, imparts a purple-red color (litnia)

Arendal, quoted by Tschermak. The angles as given by -Koksharov are the same aa for meionite; the variation is in any case small. 2 Cf. Mir., Min., 382, 1852. 388. MIZZONITE. A. Scacchi, Pogg., Erg., 3, 478, 1852. DIPYRE. Schorl blauchatre de Mauleon (Pyrenees) (discovered by Gillet-Laumont in 1786), Leucolite, Delameth., Sciagr., 1,289, 2, 401, 1792. Dipyre H. t Tr., 3, 1801. Schmelzstein Wern., Steff. Orykt., 1, 411, 1811. Couseranite Charpentier, Ann. Ch. Phys., 39, 280, 1828. Couzeranite. PrehnitoM Blomstrand, 6fv. Ak. Stockh., 11, 297, 1854. Riponite Tscliermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 88 (1), 1142, 1883. Tetragonal. Asis 6 = 0-44235; 001 A 101 = 23 a 51J', Scacchi-Koksharov*. Forms: c (001, 0), a (100, i-i\ m (110, /), h (210, i-2), e (101, 1-i), r (111, 1). Angles: ee' 33 15', ee" = 47 43f , rr' = *44 3', cr = 32 2', ar - 67 58|'. In small prismatic crystals, with, m prominent. Prismatic faces vertically striated. Sometimes acicnlar. Cleavage a, m. H. = 5*5-6. Gk = 2'623 Rath. Luster vitreous. Colorless to white. Transparent to translucent. Refractive indices (see also p. 466) : Pouzac, Dipyre . t r = 1-558 e r = 1-543 Dx. cy = 1-5673 e y == 1-5416 Lattermann. *Vvx.Mizzonite occurs in clear crystals in ejected masses on Mte. Somma. Dipyre occurs in elongated square prisms, often slender, sometimes large and coarse, in limestone and crystalline schists, chiefly from the Pyrenees. Couseranite is the same mineral and from the same region, but as originally analyzed in a more or less altered form, see* anal, below. Prehnitoid, named from its resemblance to prehnite, is from Sweden. Comp. Intermediate between meionite and marialite and corresponding to a molecular combination varying from* Me : Ma = 1 : 2 to Me : Ma == 1 ijfc For percentage composition, see p. 469. Anal. 1, Rath, Pogg., 119, 254, 1863. 2, Adams, Am. J. Sc., 17, 315. 1879. 3, Damour,. L'Institut, 16, 1862. 4, Schulze, quoted by Gdt., Jb. Min., Beil., 1, 226. 1881. 5. Delesse, C. R , 18, 944, 1844, 6, Pisani, Dx.,Min., 1, 227, 1862. 7, Blomstrand, 1. c. 8, Michel-Levy, Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 43. 1878 also Lcx.,ib., 12, 253, 1889. 9, E. S. Sperry, priv. contr. 10, Jannettaz, Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 445, 1889. 472 SILICATES. G Si0 2 A1 2 3 FeO CaO MgO Na 2 O K 2 1. Som m a, MizzoniU i 2-623 54-70 23-80 8-77 0-22 983 214 2. Ripon, Riponite 263 | 54-86 22-45 0-49* 9-09 tr. 8-36 1-13 3. Pouzac, Dipyre 2-65 56-22 23-05 9-44 tr. 7-68 0-90 4. n . 2-613 | 53-97 23-68 8-76 1-40 3-55 6-43 5. Libarens, " 2-646 55-5 24-8 9-6 9-4 0-7 6. t< it 2-62 56-69 22-68 0-30 6-85 0-49 8-65 0-78 7. Prehnitoid 2-50 56-00 22-45 1-19 7-79 0-36 10-07 0-46 8. Bam ic 2-63 59-66 22-65 7-32 2-60 8-13 tr. 9. Macoinb, N. Y. 2-601 5759 21-27 0-27 5-59 0-29 10-48 0-40 10. Chili 26 57-4 19-6 3-4* 6-2 04 8-8 tr. a Fe 2 3 . bO-72 hygroscopic. MnO. Cl 2-41 H 2 0-13 = 99-59 0-86 b SO 3 0-80 [= 100-45 2-4l d = 99-70 0-98 = 98-77 =100 4-55 d = 10l-08 1-04 = 99-36 =100-36 0-76CO a l'06 [= 100-73 3-41 d CuO tr. 3-02 - *Ign. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses easily, but with less intumescence than meionite. Only slightly acted upon by hydrochloric acid. Olos.Mizzonite occurs in trachytic bombs on Mte. Somma; the rock is gray and consists chiefly of sanidine and dark green augite; the mizzonite occurs in cavities; sometimes with calcite. Named from ^ei^oov, greater, the axis of the prism being a little longer than in meionite. Dipyre and couseranite are from various points, chiefly in the Hautes-Pyrenees, in granulai; limestone; at, Pouzac, near Bagneres-de-Bigorre, with a white uniaxial mica; near Libarens, about a mile and a half from Maul eon, with mica or talc; at the baths of Aulus in the Dept. of Ariege; in a black schist on the right bank of the Les^ near Luzenac, Arie'ge; in the vicinity of Loutrin, near Angoumer, in blocks of granular limestone, with pyrite, titanite (see more par- ticularly, Frossard, Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 321, 1890); -also at Biarritz and elsewhere in the Basses- Pyrenees. The prehnitoid is from a locality between Kongsberg and Solberg in Sweden, with coarsely crystallized hornblende; its hardness is. stated by Blomstrand to be 7, and G. = 2 50. The scapolite associated with amphibole in the "geflecter Gabbro"or scapolite-dioryte of the apatite deposits near Bamle, Norway, is near dipyre in composition (see anal. 8 and p. 467) A scapolite belonging here occurs at the Llanca mine, district La Higuera, Coquimbo, Chili. Ac- cording to Arzruni, dipyre (rr'" = 63 49') occurs in saccharoidal limestone at Canaan, Ct. Riponite (anal. 2) is from the township of Ripon, Ottawa Co., Quebec, Canada. The name dipyre, from di$, twice, and Ttvp, fire, alludes to the two effects of heat, fusion and phosphorescence. Prehnitoid refers to a resemblance to pj'ehnite. Alt. Dipyre undergoes very easy alteration, much easier than wernerite, and this it probably owes to the large percentage of soda. At all the localities the mineral occurs to a large extent in a crumbling state. Some of it appears to be changed to a greenish chlorite., Couseranite is an altered form of dipyre. It oqcurs in the same region, and the dipyre may be seen passing into couseranite. Its square prisms are usually rough or rounded externally, and bluish black or grayish black to deep black in color, but sometimes whitish and blackish on the same specimen. It is often soft, and fragile; Charpentier's mineral came from the department of AriSge (formerly Couserans). Analyses: 1, Dufrenoy, Ann. Mines, 4, 327, 1828. 2, Pisani Dx. f Min., i, 884, .1862. G.= SiO a A1 2 3 52-37 24-02 58-33 20-20 FeO MgO 1-40 1-90 7-20 CaO 11-85 0-99 Na 2 O K 2 O 396 5-52 0-76 8-82 H 2 O = 99-12 2-35 = 100-55. Pisani's analysis was made on large square prisms from Pouzac. It has the composition of agalmatolite. Both of the analyses indicate the alteration by the amount of potash present. Itef. 1 On mizzonite, Somma, Sec. rr' = 44 4', Kk. rr' = 44 2', Min. Russl., 2, 108, 1854; on dipyi-e from Pouzac, rr' = 44 17', er = 22 10', Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 9, 1889. 389. MARIALITB. Rath, Zs. G. Ges., 18, 635, 1866. [Not Mariulite of Ryllo.] Tetragonal. In crystals with c (001), a (100), m (110), h (210), e (101), r (111); angles near mizzonite,'. rr' = 44. H. = 5-5-6, G. = 2-566. Luster vitreous. Colorless, or white. Trans- parent to translucent. Comp. Approximating to the pure marialite of Tschermak, Na 4 Al 3 Si 9 54 Cl = Silica 63-9, alumina 18-1, soda 14*7,, chlorine 4-2 = 100-9, deduct (0 = 201) 0'9 = 100. The marialite of Kath corresponds closely, to Me : Ma = 1 : 4. Anal. 1, Rath, 1. c., after deducting 4-5 p. c. magnetite: the specific gravity of the material analyzed was 2*626, or 2'566 correcting for admixed magnetite (G. = 5'18), 2, Rg., Min. Ch., Erg., 216, 1886. SCAPOLITE GROUP-MARIALITE 473 SiO a A1 2 0, CaO Na 2 K 2 O Cl 1. 62-72 21-82 4'63 9'37 1'15 MgO 0'31 = 100 2. 61-40 1963 4-10 undet. 4 '00 Pyr., etc. Like those of mizzonite. Obs. From a volcanic rock called piperno, occurring at Pianura, near Naples. Altered Scapolites. The following are the characters of different altered scapolites. Analyses are given helow and on pp. 322, 323, 5th Ed. ATHERIASTITE Weibye, Pogg , 79, 302, 1850. Like scapolite in form; color greenish; opaque. From Arendal, with black garnet and keilhauite Contains 7 p. c. water. STROGANOVITE Herm , J. pr. Ch., 34, 178, 1845. Has the form of scapolite (Kk., Min. Russl.. 3, 95). Color yellowish to light oil-green; luster greasy; translucent; H =55, G.=2-79. B.B. fuses easily with intumescence. From the R. Sliudiauka near L. Baikal in Eastern Siberia. The analysis afforded 6*4 p. c. CO 2 , corresponding to 11 '4 p. c. of CaCO 3 . ALGERITE Hunt, Am. J. Sc., 8, 103, 1849. Occurs in slender square prisms, sometimes 2 or 3 in. long, embedded in calcite. Yellowish to gray and usually dull. Brittle. H. = 3-3'5: some crystals more altered, 2'5. G. = 2'697--2 712 Hunt; 2'78 Crossley. From Franklin,' Sussex Co , N. J. The varying results of analyses, and the presence of calcium carbonate, of magnesia, and the relations* to known examples of altered scapolite, confirm the view derived from the form and appearances, that algerite is an altered scapolite, and related to pinite. WILSONITE Hunt, Logan's Rep. Can., 1853. 1863, Am. J. Sc., 19, 428, 1855. A massive min- eral from Batlmrst, Canada, affording square prisms by cleavage, and having H. = 35, G. = % 765-2-776; luster vitreous, a little pearly on cleavage surfaces; color reddish white, rose-red, .and peach-blossom red. According to Chapman (Am. J. Sc., 20, 269, 1855) its crystallization And other characters are essentially those of scapolite. It is associated with apatite, calcite, and pyroxene. Hunt in Rep. G. Can , 1863, makes it a variety of gieseckite. Occurs also in northern N. York. Anal. 1, Weibye & Berlin. Poff. 79, 302, 1850. 2, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 34, 177, 1845; nal. as given by Rg., Min. Ch., 718, 1860, after deducting CaCO 3 (6 '40 CO a ). 3, Crossley, Dana .Min., 680, 1850. 4. Hunt, Rep. G. Canada, p. 483, 1863. SiO 2 Al a O s FeO CaO MgO Na 2 O K 2 O H 2 O 1. Atheriastite 38'00 24'10 5 60 a 22'64 2'80 6'95 = 100'09 2 Stroganomte 43'35 30'52 0'95 b 21 '59 3'74 = 100-15 -3. Algerite 49'96 24'41 l'-8 b 5'18 9'97 5'06 CaCO 3 [4-21 = 100-27 4.Wilsomte |47'60 31-20 0'95 419 0'88 9'30 5'43 = 99'55 * Incl. 0-78 MnO. b Fe 2 O 3 TERENITE Emmon, Rep. G. N. Y. , 152, 1837. Has the form of scapolite, with H. = 2; G. = 2'53; luster a little pearly; color yellowish white or greenish; and is from a small vein in limestone at Antwerp, N. Y. It has not been analyzed, but is probably near algerite or wilson- ite. The PINITARTIGER SCAPOLLT of Schumacher (Verz., 98, 1801), from Arendal, is probably similar to the algerite and other pinite pseudomorphs. It is described as occurring in crystals and massive, of a white, greenish, and other shades, and B.B. fusing easily. His Talkartigw Scapolit^ from Arendal, appears to have been a steatitic pseudomorph, it being B.B. infusible. Mica from Arendal, Norway (Micarelle of Abildgaard). The mica* occurs embedded in quartz, and has, according to Rath, the form of 8-sided crystals of scapolite, 6 in. long. The crystals are covered with mica externally, and within consist throughout of an aggregation of the same mica. Of. Wichmann, Zs. G. Ges., 26, 701,. 1874. GABBRONITS Schumacher, Verzeichu., 1801; Gabrouite. Referred here by Ssemann, who ob- serves that there are, in the Ecole des Mines at Paris, crystals of it of the form of scapolite; Schumacher describes it as bluish gray, inclining to leek-green; also grayish mountain-green, luster feeble; fracture smooth like that of flint; G. = 2'947; having some resemblance togabbro. The bluish gray variety from the Kenlig mine near Arendal, with black hornblende and calcite, and the Other from Fredriksvarn, Norway, in syenite. Brosrerer refers the mineral to elaeolite (p. 425). PSEUDO- SCAPOLITE K Nordenskwld, Bidrag Finl. Min., 66, 1820. Wernerite altered to pyroxene.. The crystals are large and contain crystals of pyroxene, which are most abundant 1o ward the exterior; from Simonsby, near Pargas. PARALOGITE JV. Nordensk., Bull. Soc. Moscow, 30, 221, 1857. Has the form and angles of scapolite (Kk., Min. Russl., 3, 187), and is probably altered wernerite. Colors white, bluish, reddish blue; G. = 2*665. The crystals, after action of acids, are full of worm-like holes, owing to the separation of the calcium carbonate present. From the lapis-lazuli locality in the .L. Baikal region. Steatitic pseudomorphs occur at Newton, N. J., and Arendal in Norway. A siliceous scap- olile^of Pargns, of a gray color, in limestone, contains 92'71 p. c. of silica. AlMte is announced by Tscherumk as occurring pseudomorphous after scapolite. The passauite is the source, by its alteration, of a large bed of porcelain earth or kaolin. Part of the kaolin has the prismatic form of the passauite. Opal occurs ill the Jkaolin as one result_o_f_the .alteration 474 SILICATES. 390. SARCOLITE. Sareolite Dr. TJwmpson (of Naples), 1 807. [Not Sarcolite du Vicentin (= Gmelinite) Faujas, Vauq.\ Ann. Mus., 9, 249, 1807, 11, 42.] Analcime raruea Mont. & Cov. t Min. Vesuv., 1825. Tetragonal; with pyramidal hemihedrism. Axis 6 = 0-88737; 001 A 101 = 41 35' Brooke 1 . Forms 2 : c (001, 0); a (100, i-i), m (110, z (331, 3) 3 ; o (313, 1-3), s (311, 3-3). ce = 41 35' ct = 22 42' cr = *51 27' cs = 75 7V cv = 43 5' c* = 70 23' h (210, 2); 6 (101, 1-t); t (113, $), r.(lll, 1) ee' = 83 10' rr' = 67 9' as = 26 40' ar = 56 26' av = 77 31| ss' = 49 0' In small crystals, resembling the cu bo-octahedron of the isometric system; often highly modified and sometimes hemihedral in the. planes v, s. Fracture conchoidal. Very brit- tle H. = 6. G. = 2-545 Brooke; 2-932 Rg. Luster vitreous. Color flesh-red to rose-red, reddish white. Transparent to subtransparent. Optically -f-. Double refraction 1, 2, Mte. Somma. 1, Hbg. 3 ; 2, Rath 4 . strong. Comp. An orthosilicate of alu- minium, calcium, and sodium, R 3 Al 2 Si 3 12 or 3RO.Al 2 3 .3Si0 2 , with R = Ca : Na a = 9:1, hence: Silica 39 9, alumina 22-6, .lime 33-4, soda 4-1 = 100.' "The- formula is analogous to that of the Garnet Group. Anal. Rg., Pogg., 109, 570, 1860; earlier Scacchi, 5th Ed., p. 318. SiO 2 f 40-51 21-54 CaO3236 Na 2 O.-3'30 K a O 1'20 ='98'91 Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses to a -white enamel. With, acids gelatinizes. Obs. Of rare occurrence in the ejected masses on Monte Somrria, Vesuvius. Named from o-dp, flesh, and Az'Qo?, stone, in allusion .to the color. Ref. l Made cubic by Haily, and early confounded with Jinalcite. but shown to be tetrag- onal by Brooke, Phil., Mag., 1O, 189, 1831. Of. also Mir., -Min., 381, 1852; Kk., who gives ce = 41 30f , Min. Russl.-, 2, 109, 1854; Rg.,-ce = 41 33', 1. c. * See Mir:, 1. c. 3 Hbg.,; Mini Not., 1, 14, 1856. 4 Ber. nied. Ges., p. 134, June 6, 1887. 391. Melilite Akermanite (artif.) 392. Gehlenite 8. Melilite Group. Tetragonal. Na 2 (Ca,Mg) u (Al,Fe) 4 (Si0 4 ) 9 Ca 4 3 (A10) 2 (Si0 4 ) a 6 = 0-4548 (J == 0-45' approx. ch= 0-40IQI 391. MELILITB. Melilite D.elameth., T. T., 2. 273, 1796; Fl: 'Bellevue (it^.disdov; in 1790), J. Phys., 51, 456, 1800. Humboldtilite Mont. & Cov., Prodr., 375, -1822 Somervillite Brooke, Ed. J. Sc., 1, 185, 1824. Zurlite Ramondini, BreislaK Inst. GeoU 3S, 2104818, .Mellilite. Tetragonal. Axis 6 = 0-45483; 001 A 101 = 24 5J7^Des Cloizeaux 1 . Forms 1 : c (001, 0); a (100, i-i), .yn (110,, /) h (310, >3); r (111, 1). Angles: A. = 48 26', rr' = 44 59\ rr'< = *65.30 ar = : 67 30i'-, cr = 82* 45 MBLILITE GROUP MELILITE. 475 Cruciform twins rare, the vertical axes only slightly inclined or cross- ing nearly at right angles. Usually in short square prisms (a) or octagonal prisms (a, m), also in tetragonal tables. Cleavage: c distinct; a indistinct. Fracture con- -choidal to uneven. Brittle. H. =5. G. = 2'9-B'lO. Luster vitreous, inclining to resinous on a surface of frac- ture. Color white or pale yellow, honey-yellow, greenish yellow reddish brown, brown. Translucent and in thin \aminae transparent; also opaque. Pleochroism distinct in yellow varieties. Sometimes exhibits optical anomalies. Optically ; also, in. part, apparently isotropic or + tion weak. Indices: (Vogt). Double refrac- Humboldtitite oo r = 1-6313 GO, 5= 1-6339 y = 1-6291 Henniger*. __ p. Perhaps E J ,R 4 St B 16 ijr'Nq,(Oa,Mg) J1 (Al,Fe) 4 Si 9 O ti for melilite (%), but uncertain since the analyses fail to agree. If Ca : Mg = 8:3, and Al : Fe = Comp.- uncertain since the analyses fail to agree. L \j, alumina 26'2, lime 42*9 = 100. Some ferric iron, replacing the aluminium, is present and some magnesium replacing the calcium. The formula may be written (Groth) as a basic orthosilicate, Ca 3 (AlO) 2 (Si0 4 ) 2 . Anal. 1, Rg , Min. Ch., 732, 1860. 2, Dmr., Ann. Ch. Phys., 10, 66, 1844. 3, Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 24, 248, 1872. 4, 5, Kuhu, Lieb. Ann., 59, 371, 1846. 6, 7, Janovsky, Ber. Ak Wien, 69 (1), 28, 1874. The material of anal. 6 contained some vesuviauite. Monzoni, Dx. Monzoni olive dark grn. 6. Orawitza dark 7. light G. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO CaO MgO ign. 3-01 3-01 29-78 22-02 3-22 1-63 37-90 3-88 [1 38] MnO 0'19 = 100 31-60 1980 597 38-11 2-20 1 53 Ka 2 OO-33 = 99-54 30-01 21-33 3-56 36-74 3-77 4 72 = 100-13 30-47 17-79 7-30 36-97 299 3 62 = 99-14 29-52 19-00 725 36-55 1-41 5 55 = 99-28 30-73 22-24 0-41 3-01 37-93 6-10 37 = 100-79 32-39 18-53 1-25 3-61 37-65 6-69 51 = 100-63 Pyr., etc. B.B. thin splinters fuse with difficulty (F. = 5-7, Kbl.) to a gray glass. With borax fuses slowly to a glass colored by iron. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid, yielding a solution containing both protoxide and sesquioxide of iron. Obs. Gehlenite is found at Mount Monzoni, in the Fassathal, in isolated or aggregated crys- tals, invested by calcite, formed as a contact mineral in limestone; also in the Fleimstlml; in rolled pebbles at Orawitza in the Bauat inclosing grains of vesuviauite, Zeph., Ber. Ak. Wien, 69 (1), 26, 1874. Named by Fuchs after his colleague, Gehlen. Alt. Gehlenite occurs altered to steatite, also to fassaite, and to grossular garnet (see below). A pseudomorph from Monzoni gave Lemberg (1. c.): Si0 8 28 7 75 A1 2 3 17'83 Fe 2 O 3 3'41 MgO 29'60 CaO 4-76 ign 15'93 = 100;28 An alteration product, inclosing the Orawitza gehlenite, of a red to brown color, H. = 3 -5 amorphous, gave Janovsky: G. = 1-87 Vrba SiO 2 29-12 A1 2 O, 31-46 Fe 2 3 8'86 H 2 O 30'56 = 100 VESUVIANITE GROUP VESUVIANITE. 477 Pseudomorphs after gehlenite from Monzoni have been described by Cathrein, consisting (1) of fassaite, and (2) of grossularite, Min. Mitth., 8, 408, 412, 1887. Anal. Cathrein: SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO CaO MgO ign. 1. Fassaite 44 "22 12'37 3'83 1-14 27-31 11 "26 0'73 = 100'86 2. Grossularite 39'64 16'47 4'62 1-13 31-52 5'72 1'04 = 100'14 Artif. Not uufrequent among furnace scoria, in thin square tables, or 8-sided prisms, with cleavage parallel to the lateral planes of a square prism. Has been observed at Dawes' furnace, Oldbury in England, and at Holzhausen in Hesse. Also similarly at McVille, Armstrong, Penn. Diller, Am. J. Sc., 37, 220, 1889. See also Vogt, ref. under akermanite, p. 476. Obtained by. Bourgeois from fusion, in minute square prisms optically unaxial and negative, compounds of various composition were obtained, but especially the pure Ca 3 Al 2 Si 2 O]o, Ann. Oh. Phys., 29, 448, 1883; Reprod. Min., 122, 1884. Ref. 1 Min., 1, p. 214, 1862. CACOCLASITE H. C. Lewis, Prpc. Acad. Philad., Nov. 26, 1883, Amer. Nat., 18, 416, 1884. A pseudomorphous mineral occurring with spinel, pyroxene, graphite, pyrrhotite, embedded in a blue calcite at Wakefield, Ottawa Co., Quebec. In square prisms or resembling cubo-octahedrons, with forms: c (001), a (100), m (110), I (201), q (221), u (211), *(621); apparently hemihedral in the zirconoid planes, but forms and angles somewhat uncertain. Approximate angle eg = 50|, which gives c 0'429. No cleavage. H. = 5-6. G. = 3 '053. Luster vitreous to resinous; surface of crystals shining and glazed as if vitrified. Color white or grayish white. Under the microscope is resolved into an amorphous ground-mass, a colorless mineral (tetragonal ?), and grains of calcite. Anal. 1, R. Haines (deducting calcite), quoted by Lewis. 2, 3, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 38, 200, 1889. G. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 CaO MgO Na 2 O K 2 O H 2 O P 2 O 5 CO 2 1. 3-057 36-74 19 79 1'33 38-16 0'77 0'32 0-17 0'23 249 - = 100 2. 3-337 31-52 17'34 0'51 40'95 tr. tr. tr. 1'04 2'19 6'73 = 100'28 3. 3-222 32 67 19'63 0'39 36'38 0'49 0'31 0'20 2'28 3'36 4'25 = 99'96 Genth concludes that the material of anal. 2 contains: quartz 23'04 p. c., apatite 5*05, calcite 15-20; of anal. 3, quartz 11 '63, apatite 7'74, calcite 9'66. B.B. fuses with intumescence at 3. Hardly soluble in acids, but gelatinizes after fusion. Named from KaKoS, bad, K\dcn$, fracture, in allusion to the want of cleavage, which, however, m a pseudomorph is not significant. The similarity to gehlenite in occurrence is worth noting, \nd the apparent relation to sarcolite in forms and in angle is also to be noted. 9. Vesuvianite Group. Tetragonal. 393. Vesuvianite H 4 Ca 13 (Al,Fe) 6 Si 10 43 ? 6 = 0-5372 393. VESUVIANITE. Hyacinthus dictus octodecahedricus Cappeler, Prodr. Crist., 30, pi. 3 (fig. 261), 1723. Hyacinte pt., Hyacinte du Vesuve de Lisle, Crist., 234, 1772, pi. iv.; 2, 291, pi. iv. 1783. Hyaciute volcanique Demeste, Lettr., 1, 413. Hyacinth-Krystalle (fr. Wilui R.) Pallas, N. Nord., Beytr., St. Pet., 5, 282, 1793; Wiluite pt, Vulkanischer Schorl Widenmann, Handb., 290, 1794. Hyacinthine Delameth., Sciagr., 1, 268, 1792, T. T., 2, 323. 1796. Vesuvian Wern.; in Klapr. Beitr., 1, 34, 1795, ib. (fr. Vesuv. and Siberia), 2, 27, 33, 1797. Idocrase H., J. Mines, 5, 260, 1799; Tr., 2, 1801. Gahnit (fr. Gokum) Lobo da Silveira, Afh., 3, 276, 1810, anal, by Murray, Afh., 2, 173, 1807; Loboit Berz. Frtigardit N. Nordenskwld, Bidrag, 1, 80, 1820; Frugardite. Egeran (fr. Eger, Bohemia) Wern., Min. Syst,, 3, 34, 1817. Cyprine (fr. Tellemark) Berz., Lothr., 1821. Xanthite Thomson, Ann. Lye. N. Y., 3, 44, 1828. Gokumite (fr. Gokum) Thorns., ib., 61, 1828. Hetero- merit (fr. Zlatoust) Herm., Vh. Min. Ges., 205, 1845-46. Jewreinowit N. Nd. t Verz. Finl. Min., 1852: Koksharov, Min. Russl., 1, 116, 1853. Mangauidokras Lsx., Zs. Kr., 4, 171, 1879. Maugan-vesuvian. Tetragonal. Axis 6 0-537195; 001 A 101 = 28 14' 40" Kupffer 1 . 478 SILICATES. Forms 2 : c (001, 0) a (100, *-0 m (110, /) h (310, -3) / (210, t-2) $ (740, t-J) (530, i-l )? r (102, H) /i(203,fO o?, yellow; heteromerite from erepoS and//epo5 in allusion to a supposed variation from the normal composition. VESUVIANITE GROUP VESUVIANITE. 481 ^ x=v *O5OOC5OO5OSOSGOOSrHOSOTHOaO T ~ t OOSOO?OOO5OOSrHOO-r-lrHOOO nOS O O OS O OS OS OS OS OS O OS O O O OS esO OS O ~ ~ ~. OS O OS O O O O O O O O THQQ rHrH rH rH rH rH rH QrH rH O O O rH ,-, ,-, TH rH rH ,-. TH T-t llpqpq II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II pa II II Hooo I! II II II II II II II II II II P^ I I I II I II I I I I I 1 I I? I I!?? I I I I THO $ TH iHTH T i CO o o fej O O O O ?S 0^*0 O OO OOrHOrHrHrHTHOO rHlbwcOTHlMOT^COCOCOCOCOCOC* OlOlOlC'*'*CDCCOOOlOO?b6--rt<-^OOb'' 1 1 1 1 1 lj*f TH 9rH OS . lOOSrHOOCO , .CO . rH OS O SO i i I I i i t* T" 1 , CO CO CO OS CO i> *> 00 TH r-l p^ qocp-rHCOt- co gscpipgs | | ip co | oppc OD os o' rH co* co' -*' ic ^ .- *' os' o -H oi oo ^ JO e c^ go os o' TH co' eo ^' 10 < 482 SILICATES. Alt. Alteration nearly as in garnet, with a far greater tendency to become hydrated. Crystals from Maine often have the exterior, though still brilliant and glassy, separating easily from the part below, and equally so, parallel to all the smaller as well as larger faces, so that a pealed crystal has as brilliant and eveu planes as before. Pseudornorphs include steatite, mica, clinochlore, diopside, and garnet. Artif. Not certainly obtained by artificial methods as yet, though claimed by Mitscherlich and later Daubree. From the fusion of vesuvianite, Doelter and Hussak have obtained a mix- ture containing meionite, melilite, anorthite, and a calcium-chrysolite; see Doelter and Hussak Jb. Min., 1, 173, 1884, also Doelter, Min. Mitth., 10, 86, 1888. Ref. l Piedmont, Preisschrift, 96, 1835, confirmed by Kk. Mohs-Haid. give pp' = 50 31'; Zeph. shows that crystals from different localities vary somewhat widely, cf. also Kk., Mm. Russl., 1, 92, 1853, 9, 156, 1884; Svr. Zs. Kr., 1, 251, 1877; Mem. Ace. Line., 4, 101, 1887, 5, 305, 1888; or Jb. Mia., 2, 35, 1888; ibid., 1, 1, 1891. The variation of angle as bearing upon the crys talline system has been particularly studied by Doelter, Zs. Kr., 5, 289, 1881. 8 Zeph., monograph, Ber. Ak. Wien, 49 (1), 6, 1864, 69 (1), 29, 1874. Cf. Gdt., Index, 2 193, 1888. 3 Erem., Vh. Min. Ges., 7, 366, 1872. 4 Groth and Bucking, Min.-Samml. Strassb., 199, 1878. 6 Tarasov, Ural, Vh. Min. Ges., 14, 139, 1879. 6 Korn, Kedabek, Caucasus, Zs. Kr., 7, 371, 1882. 7 Zeph., Orawitza, Ber. Ak. Wien, 69 (1), 29, 1874. 8 Optical anomalies, Mid., Ann. Mines, 10, 133, 1876; Brezina, Min. Mitth., 98. 1877; Doel- ter, 1. c.; Klocke, Jb. Min., 1, 204, and 2, 260, 1881; Prendel, 1. c. et al. 9 Indices, Dx., Min., 1, 280,1862; Osann quoted by Rosenb., Mikr. Phys., 320, 1886. Pyro-electricity, Hankel, Pogg., 157 162, 1876; also Prendel, 1. c. 10. Zircon Group. RSi0 4 . Tetragonal. 394. Zircon ZrSi0 4 6 = 0-6404 395, Thorite ThSi0 4 6 = 0-6402 By some authors, Zircon and Thorite are treated as oxides and included in the RUTILB GROUP (p. 233), to which they approximate closely in form. For example, Groth doubles the formula of Rutile and writes it TiTiO 4 , which may then be regarded as corresponding to the ZrSiOj of Zircon. A similar form belongs also to the tantalate, Tapiolite, and to the phosphate, Xenotime; further, compound groups consisting of crystals of Xenotime and Zircon in parallel position are not uncommon. 394. ZIRCON. Avyxvpiov (= Lyncurium)? Theophr. [Pliny knew of no stone of the name Lyncurium, 36, 13.] Chrysolithos? pt., PUn., 37, 42; Melichrysos? ib., 45; Crateritis? ib., 56. Not Chrysolithos (Gemmarii hodie etiam Hyacinthum vocant) Germ. Jacinth, Agric., Foss., 295, Interpr., 464, 1546. Not Hyacinthus Wall., 121, 1747. Jargon (in note acknowledging ignorance of it) Crpnst., 42, 1758. Jargon, Topazius pt. (clarus hyalinus, var./), Wall., 240, 1772. Grenat a prisme quadrilatere, etc., Hyacinte (fr. Expailly) Faujas, Viv., 187, and Errata, 1772. Hyacinte pt. (var. 1; angles and figs, given) [rest Vesuvianite, Meionite, Harmotome] de Lisle, Crist., 1772, 2, 1783; Diamant brut, ou Jargon de Ceylan, ib., 2, 229, 1783. Zircon (fr. Ceylon) Wern., 1783; Karsten, Lempe Mag., 4, 99. 1787. Zircon (a silicate of zirconia) Klapr., Schrift. !Nat, Fr. Berl., 9, 1789, Beitr., 1, 203. Zirconite. Ostranit Breitfi., Uib., 1830, Char., 1832. Calyptolite Shep., Am. J. Sc., 12, 210, 1851. Engelhardit E. v. Hofmann, Kk., Min. Russl., 3, 150, 1858. Circone Ital., Sec. Turmali Ceylonese Jewellers, Prinsep, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1, 357, 1832, and Mallet, Min. India, p 111, 1887. Azorite. New mineral from the Azores, J. E. Tesclwmacher, Am. J. Sc., 3, 32, 1847. Azorite Dana, Min., 396, 681, 1850. Tetragonal. Axis 6 = 0-640373; 001 A 101 = 32 38' 4" Kupfler 1 . Forms': m (110, J) /3 (112; |) (774, ) q (55.1, 5) 4 y (411 , 4-4) c (001, 0) e (101, 1-0 p (111, 1) * (221, 2) e (511, 5-5) x (311, 3-3) a (100, t-0 (113, i) 3 d (553, f) 4 u (331, 3) ZIRCON GROUP ZIRCON. 483 ee' = 44 50' ee" = 65 16' CC' = 23 35' pp' = *56 40' 26' tr = 76 29' 83 9' 33 36' 66" = 48 44' pp" = 84 20' w" 122 12' tm" = 139 35' 22' = 64 4' 22 vii _ 21 o 3r yy' = 57 31' 3. xx' xx az ay = 26 13' = 47 17' = 32 57' = 20 21' = 24 52' =31 43' Figs. 1-5, Common forms. 7. 8. p =61 40' o" X e' Y -a' X- p> e P X up x v " ^f- X X \ \ h Ceylon Miask 1-9239 = 1-9313 e y = 1-9682 = 1-9931 Sanger 7 Saualpe, after Haidinger. Var. 1. Ordinary. In square prisms, long or short, occa- sionally very large. Habit and color somewhat variable, see figs, above. Fig. 12 shows the Russian engelkardite. Church (Geol. Mag., 2, 322, 1875) gives the following determinations of the specific gravity, the numbers in parentheses being the results after prolonged ignition. AD the stones were flawless except 2 (transparent but flawed) and 3 (opaque); 1 was slightly opalescent. 1. Dark green, dull 2. Fredriksvarn, hair-brown 3. Henderson Co., N. C., pale brown 4. Ceylon, greenish 5. Yellow G. 4-02 4-489 (4-633) 4-54 (4-667) 4-579 (4-625) 460 6. Brownish yellow 7. Brownish yellow 8. Ceylon, pale green 9 Brown 10 Mudgee, K S. W., deep red 11. Expdlly, Jacinth G. 4-62 4-679 4-691 4-696 4-705 (4-70) 4-863 (4 863) Other determinations are as follows: Ceylon, G. = 4*183 (after ignition 4*534) Damour; Stockholm, 4*072-4*222 Svauberg; Renfrew Co., 4 552 Fletcher; Ilmen Mts., 4'599, 4*610 Svan- berg; Ceylon, 4'68t id., 4*721 Cowry; Fredriksvarn, 4*2 Berlin; Madison Co., N. C., 4'607 Chandler; Litchfield, Me., 5*7 Gibbs; Grenville, Canada, 4 625-4*602 T. S. Hunt; Templeton, Canada, 4'482, 4*612 Harrington; Reading, Pa., 4*595 Wetherill; Lonedo, Italy, 4*673 Grattarola- Cheyenne Mt., Col., 4'709 Hillebrand. Further for hyacinth-red gems from New South Wales, Liversidge gives: G. 4*697, 4 719, 4*782 for cut gems; also G. = 4 684 one uncut, weighing 2 - 46 grains. Azorite, whose true nature has long been in question (see 5th Ed , p. 761, where its possible identity with zircon is suggested), has been proved to be zircon by Osann, who separated material enough for a quantitative analysis, see Jb. Min., 1, 115, 1887. 1, 126, 1888. It is in minute tetragonal pyramids, with m (110), p (110), u (331,, colorless or of a pale greenish color. Observed in the sanidine-trachyte of Sao Miguel, one of the Azores; it is implanted in part upon sanidine, in part upon hornblende, and is associated with the still doubtful pyrrhite (see p. 728). Osann shows that the hardness is over 7 (not near fluorite, Teschemacher, nor 5. Schrauf), the specific gravity above 3*6. Osann's determination is confirmed by Ben-Saude (Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 201, 1888), who gives c 0*6417; Hubbard earlier argued for the same conclusion, Ber. nied. Ges., June 7, 1886. 2. Gem variety. Hyacinth: the orange, reddish and brownish transparent kinds. The color is often lost on exposure to the light. For specific gravity determinations see above. Jargon. The colorless and yellowish or smoky zircons of Ceylon, named in allusion to the fact that while resembling the diamond in luster, they were comparatively worthless; and thence came the name zircon. Comp ZrSi0 4 or Zr0 2 .SiO, = Silica 32-8, zirconla 67*2 = 100. A little iron (Fe 2 3 ) is usually present. Anal. 1-7, Cochran, Ch. News, 25, 305, 1872. 8, Nylander, [Act. Univ. Lund., 2] Jb Min., 488, 1870. 9, Corsi, Boll. Com. Geol., 12, 125, 1881. 10, Helms, quoted by Liversidge Min. N. S. W., 200, 1888. 11, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 40, 116, 1890. 12, Koenig, Proc. Ac Philad., 11, 1877. Also 5th Ed., p. 274. 1. Ceylon, colorless, Jargon 2. 3. 4. ' ' transparent 5. " yellowish, Hyacinth SiO 2 ZrO 2 33*90 64-80 33*05 66*71 33*86 64*25 33-81 66*32 3287 64*25 Fe 2 O s = tr. = 1*08 = tr. = 204 = 98*70 99'76 99'19 100*13 99*16 ZIRCON GROUP ZIRCON. 485 G. SiO 2 ZrO a Fe a O s fl. Norway, dark brownish yellow 32-53 64-05 285= 99-43 7 " * 33-61 64-40 0'90 = 98'91 8 Expailly 33'23 66'03 0'62 = 99'88 9. Tuscany 4'655 33'11 66'82 0'35 ign. 0'43 CaO,MgO tr. = 100'71 10. New South Wales 4*675 32*99 66'22 0'43 CaO 0*14 = 100-18 11 Madison Co , N. C. 4'507 31 '83 63'42 3'23 ign. 1-20 = 99'68 12. El Paso Co., Col. 4'538 29'70 60'98 9'20 JVlgO 30 = 100-18 An altered zircon from the pegmatyte of the Schwalbenberg has been analyzed by Woitr schach (Zs. Kr., 7, 87, 1882), as follows; cf. cyrtolite below. SiO a Zr0 2 Th0 2 CeO a SnO 2 Y 2 O 3 Fe a O 3 CaO MgO H a O 29-16 55-28 2'06 tr. 0'57 347 2'96 2-14 0'34 5'02 = 10110 Spezia shows that the color of zircon is due to the state of oxidation of the iron, varying in O.F. aud R.F., but this is not the cause of the change of density sometimes noted in ignition (see above). Att. Soc. Tosc., 12, 37, 1876. Sorby assumed the presence of a new element, "Jargonium," which is not confirmed by Cochrau (1. c.) and others, cf. Ch. News, 20, 7, 1869; also Proc. Roy. Soc., 17, 511, 1869, 18, 197, 1870. Traces of a number of elements have been spectrally identified by Linnemann, Ber. Ak. Wien, 91 (2), 1019 and 92 (2), 427, 1885 (in Ch. News, 52, 220, etc., 18fe5); also the absorption lines of erbium (and didymium). The name ' ' polykrasilitli " (nokv'i, many, Kpacri 1 -, mixture) is suggested as appropriate in view of the presence, as believed by the author, of the elements, Sn, Pb, Cu, Bi, Zr, Al, Fe, Co, Mn, Zn, Mg, U, Er, Ca, K, Na, Li. Pyr., etc. Infusible; the colorless varieties are unaltered, the red become colorless, while dark colored varieties are made white; some varieties glow and increase in density by ignition. Not perceptibly acted upon by salt of phosphorus. In powder is decomposed when fused with soda on the platinum wire, and if the product is dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid it gives the orange color characteristic of zirconia when tested with turmeric paper. Not acted upon by acids except in fine powder with concentrated sulphuric acid. Decomposed by fusion with alkaline carbonates and bisulphates. Obs. Occurs in crystalline rocks, especially granular limestone, chloritic and other schists; gneiss, syenite; also in granite; sometimes in iron-ore beds. Zircon syenite is a coarse syenitic rock, containing crystals of zircon, with aegirite, elseolite, etc. Crystals are common in most auriferous sands. Sometimes found in volcanic rocks, prob- ably in part as inclusions derived from older rocks. Microscopic examination shows it to be a not, uncommon constituent of many crystalline rocks. Cf. Rosenb., Mikr. Phys., 310, 1886. Found in alluvial sands in Ceylon; in the gold regions of the Ural, near Miask, Berezov, Nevyansk, etc.; at Laurvik and Hakedal in Norway; at Arendal, in the iron mines; at Hitterp; at Fredriksvarn, in zircon-syenite; in veins in the augite-syenite of the Langesund fiord; atBilin in Bohemia; Sebnitz in Saxony; Pfitschthal in Tyrol; in lava at Niedermendig in the Eifel, in red crystals; at Expailly, near Le Puy in France; in Auvergne, in volcanic tufa; at Vesuvius with rhyacolite; with corundum, etc., at Lonedo. northern Italy; in Scotland, at Scalpay, Isle of Harris; at Strontian in Argyleshire; in the auriferous sands of the Croghan Kinshela Mtn., Ireland; in Greenland: at Santa Rosa in Antioquia, U. S. Colombia; in the gold regions of Australia, as at Mudgee, New South Wales, and many other points, especially in the auriferous gravels; also with topaz, and with cassiterite. In N. America, in Maine, at Litchtield; at Mt. Mica in Paris; Greenwood; Hebron. In Vermont, at Middiebury. In Conn., at Norwich, with sillimanite, rare; at Hadclam (calyptolite) in minute crystals. In N. York, at Hall's mine in Moriah, Essex Co., cinnamon-red, in a vein of quartz; near the outlet of Two Ponds, Orange Co., with scapolite. pyroxene, and titanite, in crystals sometimes 1 :n. in length; on Deer Hill, 1m. S.E. of Canterbury, Orange Co., crys- tals abundant of a deep brownish red or black color, and occasionally 1 in. in length; at War- wick, at the southern base of Mount Eve, chocolate-brown crystals in limestone and scapolite; near Amity, and also in Monroe and Cornwall, at several localities, of while, reddish brown, clove-brown, and black colors; at Diana in Lewis Co., in large brown crystals sometimes 2 in. long, with titanite and scapolite, rare; in St. Lawrence Co., with apatite, at Robinson's in the town of Hammond, near de Long's Mills, some of the crystals 1| in. long and | in. wide, and occasionally containing a nucleus of carbonate of lime; also at Rossie; at Fine, in large prismatic crystals, of a greenish color; also at Pitcairn (f. 6); at Johnsburg, in Warren Co. In N. Jersey, at Franklin; at Trenton in gneiss. In Penn., near Reading, in large crystals in magneiic iron ore; at Easton, in mica slate. In N. Car., in the gold sands of Burke, McDowell, Polk, Rutherford, and other counties; especially abundant in Henderson Co., on the south side of the Blue Ridge near Green river, at the Freeman mine, where it occurs in a disintegrated granitic or gneissoid rock so abundantly that it has been mined in large quantities for technical purposes; up to 1889 this and the Jones mine are said to have yielded 30 tons of zircons (Hidden): in magnetite beds of the Uuaka Mts.; also at other points. In Colorado, with astrophyllite, etc . 486 SILICATES. in the' Pike's Peak region in El Paso Co.; at Cheyenne Mt., brilliant reddish brown to pink or green crystals (f. 11) in quartz often surrounded with kaolinite. In California, in the auriferous gravel of the north fork of the American river, and elsewhere, as at Spring valley, Cherokee, Butte Co.; Eagle Gulch and Rock Island Hill, PluinasCo.; Picayune Flat, Fresno Co.; Navarro R., Anderson valley, Mendocino Co. In Canada, at Grenville, Argenteuil Co., in crystalline limestone, with wollastonite, titanite, graphite; St. Jerome on the North River in Terreboune Co.; Mille Isles; abundant and some- times in very large crystals, with gigantic titanites. in the apatite deposits in Templeton and adjoining townships in Ottawa Co., Quebec; fine crystals, sometimes twins, in the Sebastopol township, Renfrew Co.; very large crystals in Brudenell township, Renfrew Co. ; further in North Burgess, Lanark Co.; in syenite on -Pic Island, L. Superior. The Renfrew crystals are sometimes upwards of 6 inches in length with a thickness of 2 inches or more. The name Hyacinth was applied by the ancients to a bluish violet stone, regarded as our sapphire, and was derived from a flower (lily) so called of this color. [In modern mineralogy a hyacinth-coloi' is reddish orange with a tinge of brown.] Intagli of zircon are common among ancient gems, and the fact that the lyncurium of Theophrastus was, as he says, used for engraved signets, while at the same time electric on friction, and often amber-colored, are the principal evidence that it was our zircon. Alt. Zircon is one of the least alterable of minerals, as it contains no protoxides, and only the most insoluble of dioxides. It, however, passes to a hydrous state, becoming isotropic and amorphous, and this is attended ultimately with a loss of silica and the addition of iron oxide and other impurities derived from infiltrating waters. Auerbachite, malacon, cerstedite, tachy- aphaltite, calyptolite, cyrtolite (see beyond), are probably altered zircon. Artif. Formed in crystals by action of silicon chloride on zircouia (Daubree); by action of silicon fluoride on zirconia, or of zirconium fluoride on quartz, beautiful transparent octahedrons resulting (Device and Caron). Ref. ' Proisschrift, p. 72, 1825. Kk., Min. Russl., 3, 139, 1858, gives pp' = 56 39' 39". Also Dbr., for Miask, pp' = 56 39' 42"; Pfitschthal, 56 39' 14"; Fredriksvarn, 56 39' 27"; Cey- lon, 56 40' 10' , Pogg., 107, 257, 1859. * Cf. Haid,, Min. Mohs., 2, 368, 1825; also Gdt., Index, 3, 353, 1891. Gehmacher has noted vicinal planes on the Pfitschthal zircons, Zs. Kr., 12, 50, 1886. Cross and Hillebraud (Colorado, Am. J. Sc., 24, 284, 1882) note a pyramid 00, with poo = 15 14', whence GO = 559 probably, cop = 15 27'; they suggest the less probable symbol 14'14'25. 3 Hidden, Burgess, ib., 29, 250, 1885. 4 Brogger, Norway, Zs. Kr., 16, 103, 1890. 5 Hidden, Am. J. Sc., 21, 507, 1881, Fletcher, Phil. Mag., 12, 26, 1881. 6 Ann. Mines, 10, 143, 1876. Cf. beccarite below and Madelung, Zs. Kr., 9, 46, 1884. 7 Quoted by Rosenbusch, Mikr. Phys., 311, 1886. BECCARITE Grattarola, Att. Soc. Tosc., 4, 177, 1879, 7, Proc. Verb., 82, 1890. A variety of zircon from Ceylon. Color olive-green. Optically biaxial, with apparent twinned structure; a basal section is divided into four sectors in polarized light. Form and other characters like Bircon. G. = 6'54, 6'74. Analysis: SiO 2 30'30, ZrO 2 62*16, A1 2 O 3 2 52, CaO 3"62, ign. 0'32 = 08-92. Named for Dr. O. Beccari. Altered Zircon. The following tetragonal zircon-like minerals are in part, at least, altered zircon. They afford more or less water on ignition. MALACON. Malakon Sctieerer, Pogg., 62, 436, 1844. pp' = 55 3' to 55 20'. H. = 6'5. U. = 3'90-3'91. Luster vitreous to subvitreous. Color brown, powder reddish brown or un- colored. From Hittero in Norway; and Chanteloube, Haute Vienne, occurring in thin plates, over 3 to 4 mm. thick, and occasionally with crystals on their surface. Named from ^laXaKoS, soft. Anal. 1-8 below. A mineral found with columbite at Rosendal near Bjorkboda, Finland, has been referred to adelpholite of Nordenskiold (p. 731), but an analysis by A. E. Nordenskiold (anal. 7) shows that it is an al^r-iid zircon, near malacon or cyrtolite (Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 20, 452, 1863, Pogg., 122, 615, 1864). TACHYAPHALTITE Weibye, Pogg., 88, 160, 1853. Crystals like those of zircon, with forms m (110), a (100) and two octahedrons. H. = 5'5. G. = 3'6. Luster submetallic to vitreous. Color tiark reddish brown. Streak dirty yellow. Subtranslucent. From granite veins in acneiss near Kragero in Norway with titanite. Named from ror^tiS, quick, and a0crA.ro?, the mineral flying readily from the gangue when struck. CERSTEDITE Forchhammer, Pogg., 35, 630, 1835. pp' = 56 43'. H. = 5 '5. G. = 3 '629. Luster splendent, adamantine. Color reddish brown. From Arendal in Norway, and commonly on crystals of pyroxene. Named after H. Ch. (Ersted (1777-1851). AUERBACHITE Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 73, 209, 1858. pp' = 57 17' and pp iv = 94 39' Kk. H. = 6'5. G. = 4'06. Luster greasy to vitreous, weak. Color brownish gray. From a siliceous schist, District of Alexandrovsk, Russia. Named after Dr. Auerbach, by whom the crystals were first studied. Anal. 1, Scheerer, 1. c. 2, Damour, Ann. Ch. Phys., 24, 87, 1848. 3, Hermann, J. pr. Chem., 53, 32, 1851. 4, J. P. Cooke, 1. c. 5, 6, Knowlton, 1. c. 7, A. E. Nordenskiold, 1. c. 8, Berlin, Pogg., 88, 161, 1853. 9, Forchhammer, 1. c. 10, Hermann, 1. c. ZIRCON GROUP ZIRCON. 487 1. Malacon, Hittero 2. " Chanteloube SiO 2 ZrO 2 Fe 2 O 3 U 2 O 3 FeO T 2 O 3 MgO H 2 31-31 63-40 0-41 30-87 61-17 3-67 0'34 O'll 3. " Ilmen Mts. 31-87 5982 3-11 _^_ 4 . Cyrtolite, Rockport 27-90 66-93 2-57 e 5 ji 26-38 60-78 1-59 3-63 2-07 d tr. (5 " " 26-18 64-60* 1*40 l-40 d tr. 7 . AdelpJiolite? Finland 24-33 57-42 3-47 3 -93 d 8 . Tachyaphalt., Norway 34-58 38-96 3-72 12-32"? 9 . (Erstedite, Arendal 19-71 68-96 b 1-14 2-05 10. Auerbachite, Russia 42-91 55-18 0-93 a With some FeO. b With some TiO 2 . c With trace of manganese d 3'03 CaO 39 = 98'99 3'09 CaO 0-08, MnO [0-14 = 99-02 4 00 MnO 1-20 = 100 2-19 = 99-59 4-56 Sn0 2 0-47 = 99*48 - SnO 2 0-41 = 98-97 9-53 SnO 2 0-61 = 99 29 8'49A1 2 3 1-85 = 99-92 5-53 CaO 2-61 = 100 0-95 = 99-97 d Cerium oxides. e ThO 2 . CYRTOLITE. Malacon, Altered Zircon, J. P. Cooke, Am. J. Sc., 43, 228, 1867; Cyrtolite W. J. Knowlton, ib., 44, 284. Form a combination of m (110) and e (101), and resembling a rhombic dodecahedron, the pyramidal faces e strongly curved. H. = 5-5'5; after ignition 7-7 '5 Cooke. G. = 8*98-4*04 Cooke; 3'85-3'97 Knowlton. Luster somewhat adamantine. Color brownish red; powder the same. From Rockport, Mass., in granite, with danalite and cryo- phyllite. Named from KvproS, bent. See analyses 4-6 above. A mineral regarded as related to cyrtolite by Nordenskiold (G. For. Forh., 3, 229, 1876) has the following characters: In tetragonal crystals, m (110) and e (101), resembling a rhombic dodecahedron. Color yellow to yellowish brown. Translucent. H. = 5'5-6. G. = 3*29. Analysis: SiO 2 ZrO 2 Er 2 O 3 ,Y 2 O 3 Ce a O, CaO MgO H 2 O A1 2 O 3 FeO 2766 41-78 849 3'98 5-06 MO 12-07 tr. tr. = 10014 Occurs with fergusonite. arrhenite, xenotime, at Ytterby, Sweden. An analysis by Blomstraud (Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 12 (2), No. 10, 1886) of the same mineral from Ytterby gave: SiO 2 ZrO a Y a Os a FeO CaO MgO CuO Na,O 23-93 41-17 10-93 1'51 5"85 tr. 0'17 0'89 Y 2 O 3 = Yttrium earths. H 2 12-55 Cerium earths tr. = 100 The name anderbergite is proposed for the mineral, but as noted' by Backstrom (Zs. Kr., 15, 83, 1888) it is undoubtedly only a pseudomorph, and belongs with the uncertain minerals called cyrtolite. A mineral having the external aspect of cyrtolite occurs rather abundantly in crystal- line aggregates and massive, at Branchville, Conn.; also in Mitchell and Henderson counties, N. Carolina; further similarly and in large quantities in Llano Co., Texas (G. 3'652) with gadolinite and other rare species. It has not been analyzed, and while probably altered and hyd rated it seems probable that the original mineral may have been a more complex species than ordinary zircon. Cf. alvite below; also anal, by Woitschach, quoted on p. 485. A mineral from the feldspar quarries at Alve near Arendal gave Lindstrom: SiO 2 X ZrO 2 PbO Fe 2 O 3 Y 2 O 3 b Ce,O 3 c BeO d MnO 26-10 2-78 32-48 0'45 5'51 1-03 3'27 14-73 0'27 Metallic acids. b Yttrium earths. c Cerium oxides. CaO MgO ign. 2-44 1-05 8-84 UO, tr. = 98 '95 d Incl. A1 2 O 3 in small amount. This is called alvite by Nordenskiold, who quotes the above analysis (G. For. FOrh., 9, 28, 1887). He regards the anderbergite of Blomstrand as taking the place in the pegmatyte veins of southern Norway of the alvite of the Arendal region. The original alvite was described as follows: ALVTTE D. Forbes & T. Dahll, Nyt Mag., 8, 228, 1855. Tetragonal. Crystals like those of zircon. H.=5'5. G. =3 601 Alve; 3'46 Helle. Luster greasy. Color reddish brown, becoming grayish brown by alteration. Subtranslucent to opaque. A very small portion, somewhat altered, afforded: SiO 2 ThO 2 ? ZrO a Y 2 O, Ce 2 O 3 Al 2 O 3 ,BeO Fe 2 O 3 CaO 20-33 15-13 3-92 22'01 0'27 14-11 9 66 0'40 H 2 O SnO 2 ,CuO 9-32 tr. = 95-15 In- Yields water B.B., but is infusible; with the fluxes reacts for iron but not for titanium, soluble in acids. From Helle and Naresto in Norway, with feldspar and black mica. A mineral from the granite of Devil's Head Mt., Douglas Co., Colorado, in the Pike's Peak region has been analyzed by Hillebrand (Proc. Soc. Col., 3, 44, 1888). Occurs in tapering in- distinctly crystalline forms. Color brown. G. = 3 60 (1), 3 70 (2). 3'64 (3). It is spoken of as ' an ill-defined zirconium-mineral," allied to cyrtolite. Sections show the presence of limonile as impurity. 488 SILICATES. SiO a ZrO a Ce 2 O 3 b Er 2 O 3 Y a O 3 Fe 2 O 3 MnO CaO K 2 O Na 2 O H 2 O P 2 O 5 F 1. 20-64 48-55 1'20 4'76 2'48 5'97 0'57 2'04 C O'lO 0'50 12-00 1'75 0-42=100'9S 2. 20-06 47-99 1-41 4'77 2'27 5'53 0'47 2 12 d 0'20 0'46 12-87 1'64 0'25=100'04 3. 19-21 51-00 0-60 4'55 313 4'86 0'33 2'15 0'17 0'42 1297 0'93 0-42=100'74 Incl. SnO 2 ,Ta 2 O 5 : in 1, 0'03 SnO 3 , 0'71 Ta 2 O 6 . b Inel. ThO 2 and (Di.La) 2 O 3 : in 2, M6 ThO 2 , 0'06 Ce a O a , y Nilson, 6fv. Ak. Stockh., 39, No. 7, 3,1887. Investigation of absorption-lines, didymium chiefly, also erbium, samarium, thulium, etc., Krilss and Nilsou, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 44, 364, 1887. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water; the orange variety becomes dull brown, and, on cooling, orange again. B.B. on charcoal infusible, the edges only being slightly glazed; with borax a yellowish pearl, becoming colorless on cooling; with salt of phosphorus a colorless glass, which becomes rnilky and greenish on cooling; with borax an orange glass when hot, which be- comes grayish on cooling. A little niter being added, the orange color remains after cooling. ZIRCON GROUP THORITE. 489 With hydrochloric acid easily forms a jelly before, but not after, calcination. The black thorite becomes pale brownish red when heated; and on charcoal forms a yellowish brown slag. Obs. Found by Esmark in the augite-syeuite on the island Lovo, opposite Brevik in Norway; also at other points on the Langesund fiord, as Barkevik, on Ha6, Sigteso, Aro. Masses of orangite weighing several ounces have been obtained. In large black crystals at Garta, Bjellan, the island Laudbo, and other points near Arendal, from whence it has been obtained in large quantities. At Linland on the Lenes fiord near Lindesnas with alvite and magnetite, both the black thorite and orangite; also at Svenor, the reddish brown variety. A mass of a dark red-brown color (uranothorite) has been found in the Cham plain iron region in northern New York; exact locality unknown. Ref. i SeeZschau, Am. J. Sc., 26, 359, 1858; B. H. Ztg., 25, 114, 1866; Nd., Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 27, 554, 1870. G. For. Forh., 3, 226, 1876. On the optical structure of the more or less altered forms, see Bgr. , Zs. Kr., 16, 116, 1890. CALCIOTHORITE W. C. Brogger, G. For. Forh., 9, 258, 1887; Zs. Kr., 16, 127, 1890. Massive. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 4*5. G. = 4-114 Cleve. Luster vitreous. Color deep red, resembling almandite garnet. Translucent. Optically isotropic, amorphous. Composition: 5ThSiO 4 .2Ca 2 SiO 4 -j-10H 2 O. Anal. Cleve: SiO* ThO 2 Ce 2 O 3 Y 2 O 3 A1 2 O 3 Mn 2 O 3 CaO MgO Na 2 O ign. 21-09 59-35 0-39 23 1'02 0'73 6'93 0'04 0'67 9'39 = 99'84 B.B. becomes white but does not fuse. Gives off water. Gelatinizes with acid. Found in reniform masses, as large as walcuts, embedded in analcite (derived from elaeolite) and in feldspar on the islands Laven and Aro irr the Langesund fiord, Norway. EUCRASITE. Eukrasit 8. R. Paijkull, G. For. Forh., 3, 350, 1877. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 4'5-5. G. = 4'39. Luster greasy. Color blackish brown. Streak brown. Slightly translucent in thin splinters. Optically isotropic, amorphous (Bgr., Zs., 16, 129, 1890). Analysis: SiO 2 ThO 2 TiO 2 SnO 2 ? ZrO 2 MnO a CeO 3 Ce,O 3 Y 2 O 3 Er 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 CaO Na 2 O H 2 O 16-20 3596 127 1-15 060 2'34 5'48 855*4-33 1'62 6'02 b 4'95 C 2 5W 915 = 100'21 * Incl. 2 42 (La.Di) 2 3 . b Incl. A1 ? O 3 1 77. c MgO 0'95. d K 2 O O'll. B.B. fusible (at 4) on the edges. The borax bead in the R. F. is violet, in the O. F. yellow. In hydrochloric acid partially soluble, with the evolution of chlorine. Coinpletely^soluble in sulphuric acid. Occurs near Barkevik, Langesuud fiord, Norway. Named from eu, well, and Kpaa-iS, mixture, because so complex in composition. FREYALITE Esmark; Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 33, 1878. Resembles some brown thorite. Scratches glass slightly. G. = 4 06-4-17. Color brown. Streak yellowish gray. Translucent in thin splinters. Luster resinous. An approximate analysis by Damour gave: SiO 2 ThO 2 Ce 3 O 4 (La,Di) 2 O 3 Al 2 O 3 (ZrO 2 ?) Fe,O 3 Mu 3 O 4 Alk. H 2 O ign. 20-02 28 39 28'80 2'47 6'31 2'47 1'78 2'33 7'40 0'82 = 100'79 B.B. swells up but does not fuse. In the closed tube decrepitates, gives off water, and becomes white. With salt of phosphorus in R. F. dissolves, forming an opal-like glass, which in O. F. becomes brown, and on cooling is colorless and translucent. With borax in O. F. gives a transparent brown bead, becoming almost colorless on cooling, and showing in the spectroscope an absorption band on the bord T of the red and orange (Di). Dissolves readily in acid, giving gelatinous silica. With hydrochloric acid chlorine is given off. From the neighborhood of Brevik (Barkevik), Norway. Named for the Scandinavian god- dess, Freya. AUERLITE W. E. Hidden and /. B. Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 36, 461, 1888. Tetragonal. Form a square prism with pyramid, resembling zircon in habit and angles. H. -2-5-3. G. = 4-42-4-77. Luster resinous. Color dull yellowish white to dark orange-red. Translucent to opaque. Analysis: Si0 2 P 2 5 ThO 2 H 2 O,CO 2 Fe 2 O 3 CaO MgO Al 2 O 3 (ThO 2 *r.) 7-64 7-46 70-13 11-21 1'38 0'49 0'29 110 = 99*70 Other trials gave: SiO 2 9'25, 8'25, P 2 O 6 7'59, ThO 2 69'23, Fe 2 O 3 1-42, H 2 O 10'7, 9'88, CO 2 1-00. This is interpreted as corresponding to a silico-phosphate of thorium, ThO 2 .(SiO 2 .|P 2 O 5 )-f- 2H 2 O. It cannot be regarded as certain, however, that the phosphoric acid belongs to the original mineral, which as found is certainly more or less altered. It is to be noted, in this con- nection, that parallel intergrowths of zircon and auerlite are described, and others of zircon and 490 SILICATES. the phosphate, xenotime, are not uncommon; also further, that silica is commonly present in the phosphate, monazite, and sometimes in small amount in xenotime. That it really belongs to the constitution of the mineral in these cases has been seriously questioned. B.B. infusible; becomes brown on ignition, but turns orange again on cooling. Occurs in disintegrated granite or gneiss, in Henderson Co., N. C. ; the localities are the Free- man mine, Green River, and on Price land 3 miles southwest ; it is associated with zircon, and sometimes implanted upon it in parallel position. Named for Dr. Carl Auer von Welsbach. 11. Danburite-Topaz Group. Orthorhombic. 396, Danbnrite 397, Topaz 398, Andalusite RR 2 (Si0 4 ) 2 or (RO)RSi0 4 . CaB 2 (Si0 4 ) a (Al(0,F t ) )AlSi0 4 (A10)AlSi0 4 & : I : 6 = 0-5444 : 1 : 0-4807 & : b : 6 = 0-5285 : 1 : 0-4770 | I : a :| -6 = 0-5070 : 1 : 0-4749 or d:l\6= 0-9861 : 1 : 0-7025 d : I = 0-970 : 1 399. SiUimanite Al 2 Si0 5 Orthorhombic 400. Cyanite Al 2 Si0 5 Triclinic & : I : 6 = 0-8994 : 1 : 0'7090; a = 90 5', ft = 101 2', y = 105 The close resemblance in angle and habit between Danburite and Topaz, and further the relation in form between Topaz and Andalusite (though less close), make it probable that Groth 's formulas for the two last mentioned species, given above, should be accepted, and that they should be included with Danburite in a single group of orthosilicates. To SiUimanite the same formula as that of Andalusite probably belongs (Groth, Clarke). while Cyanite is uncertain; Groth regards it as a basic metasilicate (AlO) 2 SiO 3 instead of a basic orthosilicate. 396. DANBURITE. Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 35, 137, 1839. Orthorhombic. Axes d : b : 6 = 0-544444 : 1 : 0-480739 E. S. Dana 1 . 100 A HO ='28 33' 57", 001 A 101 = 41 26' 39", 001 A Oil = 25 40' 32". C (203, |4) 3 p (081, 84) v (122, 1-2) d (101, 14) i (0-10-1, 104) 4 r (121, 2-2) x (301, 34) h (0-11-1, 114) 4 A (142, 2-4) t (021, 24) q (O-16'l, 164) 8 (141, 4-4) w (041, 44) (111, 1) ft (9-4-10, T V!)_? a (092, |4; 5 e (221, 2) V (13'4'14, tf~V) 2? / (061, 64) 2 s (321, 3-|) ff ( 572 , H) 3 flr (071, 74) 2 % (124, i-2) Schuster 4 adds many vicinal planes, including the following in the prismatic zone: IO'19'O, 7-15-0, 5-11-0, 5-12-0, 7-18-0, 5-14-0, 7-20-0, 5 16'0. Forms 1 : r (590, f) 4 a (100, i-l) I (120, a-2) b (010, i-i) p (370, *-f ) 4 c (001, 0) t; (250, a-f ) 4 k (320, t-|) I (130, *-3) 4 m (110, /) T (3-10-0, J // (560, e-f) 4 n (140, 1-4) M (230, -|) z (103, |4) **'" = 39 54' mm"' = *57 7' 54' MM' = 101 31V II' = 85 8' nri = 49 20' 00' = 32 48' CC' = 60 58' dd 1 = *82 53' 18' xx' = 138 38' ti = 87 45' ww' = 125 3' ff' = 141 46' pp = 150 51' qq' = 165 11' co = 45 9' ce = 63 33V 4*' cu = 18 cv = 33" cr - 52 33' nX = 43 23' oo = 77 2' rr' = 64 57' AA' = 35 18V 88' = 44 20' oo'" = 39 38' ss'" = 37 31' m'" = 47 29' rr'" = 71 34' AA'" = 82 40' md = 54 27' mw = 64 54' DANBURITE-TOPAZ GROUP DANBURITE. 491 Habit prismatic, resembling topaz. Also in indistinct embedded crystals, and disseminated masses. Cleavage: c very indistinct. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. Brittle. H. = 7-7"25. G. = 2-97-3-02. Color pale wine-yellow to colorless, yellowish white, dark wine-yellow, yellowish brown. Luster vitreous to greasy, on crystal surfaces brilliant. Transparent to translucent. Streak white. 1. 3. 5. Figs. 1-3, 5-7, Russell, N. Y. 4, Switzerland, after Hintze. Ax. pi. || c. Optically , and Bx a J_ b for red, yellow, green; optically +, and Bx a J_ a for blue. Ax. angles for Russell, E. S. D. 1 ; for Danbury, Dx. 6 ; for Switzer- land, Hintze 2 . 2H = 106 35' 2H .y = 105 36' 2H a .bi = 102 13' Russell: For Li 2H a . r = 100 33' Na 2H a . y = 101' 30' CuSO 4 2H .bi = 104 C 36' Danbury: 2H r = 99 U 16-100 Switzerland: For Li 2H a . r = 101 1 2H . r = 105 56' Na 2H a . y = 101 46' 2H . y = 105 38' Tl 2Ha.gr = 102 48' 2H .gr = 104 44' CuSO 4 2H .bi = 104 18' 2Ha. b i = 103 15' 2V a . r = 87 37' /5 r = 1-634 2V a . y =88 23' /3 y = 1-637 2V .bi = 90 56' A>i = 1-646 2H y = 100 20-101 2' 2H b i = 101 42-102 16' 2V a .r = 88 4' /5 T = 1-6283 2V a .y = 88 29' /3 y = 1-6342 2Va.gr = 89 14' /3gr = 1'6383 2V .bi = 90 24 Also measured calculated A- - y r = 1-6331 a r = 1-6258 fa = 1-6337 Yj = 1-6363 a = 1-6317 r = 1-6366 r = 1-6393 r = 1-6356 Comp CaB,Si 9 8 or CaO.B 2 3 .2Si0 2 = Silica 48'8, boron trioxide lime 22-8 = 100. 492 SILICATES. Anal. 1, Smith and Brush, Am. J. Sc., 16, 365, 1853. 2, Comstock, ib., 20, 117, 1880 3, Whitfield, ib., 34, 285, 1887. 4, Bodewig, Zs. Kr., 8, 217, 1883. 5, Id., ib., 7, 391, 1882 6, Ludwig, Ber. Ak. Wien, 86 (1), 270, 1882. G. SiO 2 B 2 O 3 CaO ign. 1. Danbury f 48 15 27'44 22'37 0'50 Al 2 O 3 ,Fe 2 O 3 ,Mn 2 O 3 0'86, MgO 0'40 = 99'72 2. Russell 3-003 f 48'23 26'93 23'24 0'63 Al 2 O 3 ,Fe 2 O 3 0'47 = 99 50 3 " 49-70 25-80 23'26 0'20 Al 2 O 3> Fe a O 8 1'02 = 99'98 4 " f 48-57 2861 23 03 - Al,O 8 ,Fe,0, 84 = ICO'55 5. Skopi 2-986 f 48 -66 28 '09 22-90 A1 2 O 3 0'08, Fe 2 O 3 0'23 = 99 96 6. " 2985 48-52 28'77 23-03' MgO 030 = 100 '62 The boron, overlooked by Shepard, was first detected by Erni, see 5th Ed., p. 239. The doubtful barsowite, CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 (see p. 340), is regarded by some authors as related to danburite. Fyr., etc. B.B. fuses at 3'5 to a colorless glass, and imparts a green color to the O. F. (boron). Not decomposed by hydrochloric acid, but sufficiently attacked for the solution to give the reaction of boric acid with turmeric paper. When previously ignited gelatinizes with hydro- chloric acid. Phosphoresces on heating, giving a reddish light. Obs. Occurs at Danbury, Connecticut (the original locality), embedded with microcline and oligoclase in dolomite. At Russell, N. Y., abundant in fine crystals, often large (to 4 in. in length), also massive; the crystals line cavities or seams filled with calcite in the massive mineral or the enclosing granitic rock, associated with pyroxene, titanite, tourmaline, mica, quartz, pyrite. On the Piz Valatscha, the northern spur of Mt. Sopi south of Dissentis in eastern Swit- zerland, in slender prismatic crystals, transparent and nearly colorless, often covered with or enclosing fine scaly chlorite, also enclosing needles of tourmaline; these crystals early passed under the name bementite among collectors (after C. S. Bement of Philadelphia). Ref. 1 Russell, N. Y., Am. J. Sc., 20, 111, 1880, planes not otherwise noted first observed on Russell crystals. 2 Hintze, Piz Valatscha, Zs. Kr., 7, 296, 1882. 3 Id., ibid., p. 591. 1883. 4 Schuster, Min. Mitth., 5, 397, 1888, 6, 301, 1884. 5 Gotz, Mitth. Univ. Greifswald, 1886. Danbury, Bull. Soc. Min., 3, 195, 1880. 397. TOPAZ. Not Toied&oS, Topazius, Or., Plin., or Agric. [= Chrysolite pt.]. Chryso- lithos pt. Plin., 37, 42. Topasius vulgaris = Chrysolithos veterum de Boot, Gemm., 1636. Chrysolithus de Laet, De Gemm. et Lap., 1647. Topazius vera Saxonia, Henckel, Act. Ac. N. Cur., 4, 316. Topas Wall., 117, 1747. Topas pt. [rest Beryl, etc.] Cronst., 43. 1758. Chrysolithus (fr. Saxony) Linn., Syst, 1768. Topaze du Bresil, T. de Saxe, de Lisle, Crist., 1772, 1783, with figs. Si,Al, and Fluorine Klapr., Mem. read before Ac. Wiss. Berlin, 1804, Beitr., 4, 160. 1807; Vauq., J. Mines, 16, 469, 1804 (with ref. to Klapr.). Pyrophysalite His. & Berz., Afh., 1, 111, 1806, Gehl. J., 3, 124, 1807 = Physalith Wern., Hoffm. Min., 4. b, 114. 1817. PYCNITE. Weisser Stangenschorl Germ.; Wern., Ueb. Cronst., 169, 1780. Schoi-1 uianc en prismes striees (fr. Al ten berg) Sage, Min., 1, 204, 1777; de Lisle, Crist., 2, 420, 1783. Schorlartiger Beryl [var. of Beryl] Wern., Bergm. J., 1, 374, 388, 1789. Stangenstein [species] Karst., Mus. Lesk., 1789; Tab., 20, 69, 1800. Schorl blauchatre Delameth., Sciagr., 1, 289; Leucolite pt. id , T. T., 2, 275, 1797. Schorlite Klapr., Crell's Ann., 1, 395, 1788. Shorlite Kirwan, Min., 1, 286, 1794. Pycnite H., Tr., 3, 1801. Si + Al -f F, Bmholz, Schw. J., 1, 385, 1803. Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 = 0-528542 : 1 : 0-476976 Koksharov 1 . 100 A 110 = 27 51' 30", 001 A 101 = 42 3' 52", 001 A Oil = 25 30' 0". Forms 2 : it (5'H'O, P?) -2T (043, fi) w (111, 1) I (lO'S'O, -V~?) a (100, i-l) jf (250, *.f) J (053, f 4) S (665, f) 77 (463, 2-|) b (010, i-i) g (130, i-) F (0 12-7, ^-i) Z (332, f) iff (122, 1-2) c (001, 0) n (140' i-l) f (021, 2-1) Q (553, f) x (243, f-2) N (2W i2} u < 15 . *-5) y (0 ' 16 ' 7 ' '*> & (16-16-9, V) E < 364 ' ^ mo' n CT(160, d) 0(052,1-*) o (221,2) (121,2-2) n /Jin ,4 k (031,34) i (16-16-7, V-) * CM4'4, |-2) GO (102, fi) fe (010-3, -*) e (441, 4) r (241, 4-2) SA *I h (203 ' **> y ( 41 *-*) 7 (14-14-1, 14) * (133, 1-3) f 7 10-0 '!) S ' (405j ^ w ( 81 ' 8 '^ (W ft) * (265 ' *'?) ' u ' ^ r) p (101, 14) T (61 *' Tr O (132 |-3) Jf (280,4) F (302,|4) lr (2-2-18, A) X (213, f-2) ^1, 6-3 I (580, 4) d (301 y e (229, f ) a (212, 1-2) ( ^ 4 A (470,4)^ 401)4 _, * (112, i) q (423, f 2) \ ' ^ r (7-13-0, ^) p (?01 ^ D (335, |) F (211, 2-2) ^ ^ Z (8-15-0, <^) .' (223, |) 2 (14-8-15, ffj) v n a* I o i (180, *3) JT(028,*-) f (445,4) r (10'8'7, -V-|) y3 (Oil, 14) DANBURITE-TOPAZ GROUP TOPAZ. 493 Grttnhut* adds the following vicinal planes (in addition to some included in the tabulated list above), all in the prismatic zone: m (50'53-Q), n (25'28-0), (25 36'0), p (25'41'0), q (25'43'0), I (2549-0), b (4-21-0). Cf. also Feist, Zs. Kr., 12, 434, 1886. The following forms, mostly rare or doubtful, have been noted on Mexican topaz 3 . That all the apparent planes observed on the curiously modified edges of these crystals deserve crys- tallographic symbols seems to the author very improbable; it is to be noted that in many cases all the pyramidal edges of a crystal show similar replacements, sometimes single, often double. 610, 410; 605 805, 905; 025, 045, 065, 085; 052; IS'18'5, 15'15'H; 12'2'7, 823, 26'12'19?, 412, 311, 623, 10-4-3, 645, 641, 13'9'13, 432?, 10-8'5, 13-11-6?; 8'10'5, 341, 10'14-7, 573, 7'12-1, 8-12-5, 352, 8-14-7, 16-2811, 18'34'1, 483, 8'20'7, 4'10 5, 4'10'3, 8-201, 263, 131, 4121, 416'5, 281, 4-18-7, 2-10-5, 152, 151, 2'10-3, 4'20'3, S'52'9?, 172, 216'3?, 110'2, 1'14'3?. 1. 3. \ v I u 5. 7. Fig. 1, Alabashka, Ural. 2, Brazil. 3, Durango, Bkg. 4, Utah, J. Stanley-Brown. 5, Schneckensteiu. 6, Japan. 7, Ural, Rose. mm U' OJOJ = hh' = PP' = dd' = PC' = XX' = *55 43' 86 49' 64 29' 50 38' 48 34' 62 4' 84 8' 122 1' 148 21' 51" 0' 64 55' *43 e 39' & A/A/ yy' ww' = 87 110 124 150 18' 6' 41' 38' C ci cu cZ CO ce = 27 34 45 56 63 76 2' 14' 35' 51' 54' 14' cx ca = 31 43 54' 2 Clj> ex cE cr cs ct it' uu' 00' ee' = 51 61 33 41 44 69 29 34 59 78 105 118 13' $' 12' 34' 9' 25' 5' 39' 20' 7' 21' xx' _ 53 50' vv' . 66 17' rr' 79 55' 88' 30 23' it' =S 34 47| if" _ 30 29' uu'" = 39 0' 00'" 49 374 99'" = 22 59' xx'" 15 31' rr'" 16 8' Crystals commonly prismatic, m predominating; or I (120) and the form then a flearly square prism resembling andalusite. Faces in the prismatic zone often ver- tically striated, and often showing vicinal planes. Sometimes apparently hemi- morphic. Also firm columnar ; granular, coarse, or fine. Cleavage: c highly perfect; also very imperfect || d (201) and/ (021) as shown by the percussion figures (Mgg. 4 ). Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. 494 . SILICATES. H. = 8. G. = 3*4-3*65. Luster vitreous. Color straw-yellow, wine-yellow, white, grayish, greenish, bluish, reddish. Streak uncolored. Transparent to subtrans- lucent. Optically -J-. Ax. pi. || b. Bx J_ c. Axial angles very variable in crystals from different localities and even in plates from the same crystal. Of. Dx. and Mid. 6 ; the latter regards topaz as pseudo-orthorhombic and monoclinic. Refractive indices and axial angles 5 : Brazil, Dx.: a_ = 1-6120 0. = 1-6150 y, ='1-6224 .-. 2V T = 65 14' 2E_ = 121 1' a ff = 1-6149 ft v = 1-6174 r & = 1'6236 .'. 2V gr = 65 3' 2Ep. = 120 49' Also measured (1) 2E_ = 120 40' (2) 2E r = 113 50' 2E bl = 112 27' 2Ey = 72, 81 30', 90. Again, Feussner: a y = 1-61559 p, = 1-61808 r, = 1-62510 .*. 2V y = 61 47' 2E y = 112 20' Schneckeusteiu, Dx.: a t = 1-61400 /J r = 1 61644 y t = 1-62320 .*. 2V r = 62 12' 2E r = 113 14' a p = 1-61835 ft v = 1-62071 y v = 1*62740 .-. 2V gr = 61 37' 2E gr = 112 12' Measured 2E r = 114 13' 2E r = 113 38' Nerchinsk, Muhlheims: a ft y 2V (calc.) For B 1-61000 1*61273 1 61926 . 65 58^' GK KQi C 1-61091 1-61365 1-62019 D 1-61327 1-61597 1*62252 E 1-61615 1-61882 1-62542 F 1-61870 1-62134 1 '62792 65 58' 65 C 41' 65 64 Schneckenstein : For D 1-61549 1-61809 1*62500 .*. 63 19' 62 33' Also Brazil: For D 1-62936 1*63077 1-63747 .*. 49 31'-3 49' 37' Var. 1. Ordinary. In prismatic crystals usually colorless or pale yellow, less often pale blue, pink, etc. Sometimes apparently hemimorphic, though not so in fact. The color of some deep wine-yellow Russian crystals fades out on exposure to the daylight; the yellow of the Brazilian crystals is changed by heating to a pale rose-pink. Church obtained for white flawless Brazilian crystals: G. = 8*571, 3'572, 3'585, 3*595, 3*597; wine-yellow G. = 3'539, and after ignition 3*533; sky-blue G. = 3-541. Pliysalite, or pyrophysalite, is a coarse nearly opaque variety, in yellowish -white large crystals fromFinbo; it intumesceswhen heated, and hence its name from (pvcraXiS, bubble, and itvp, fire. 2. Pycnite. Structure columnar, but very compact. Has been considered a distinct species on the ground of composition and crystallization (made monoclinic by Forchhammer). But Rose made out that the cleavage was the same, and the form probably the same; and Des Cloizeaux showed that the optical characters were those of topaz. Finally Rammelsberg's analysis (11) gives the same composition. Named from nvxroS, thick. Comp. (Al(0,P,))AlSi0 4 Groth. The ratio of : 2F = 5 : 1, whence the empirical formula Al 12 Si 6 25 F 10 = Silicon 15*5, aluminium 29*9, fluorine 17*6, oxygen 36*9 = 100, or Silica 33*3, alumina 56*5, fluorine 17-6 = 107*4, deduct (0 = 2F) 7*4 = 100. Anal. 1-5, Rg., J. pr. Oh., 96, 7, 1865. 6, 7, Klemm, Inaug. Diss., Jena, 1873. 8. Sommer- lad, Zs. G. Ges., 36, 647, 1884. 9, Whitfleld, Am. J. Sc., 29, 378, 1885 (also Genth, Am. Phii. Soc., Oct. 2, 1885). 10, Hillebrand, U. S. G. Surv. Bull., 20, p. 71, 1885. 11, Rg., 1. c. 12, Klemm, 1. c. Also 5th Ed., p. 378. G. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 F 1. Brazil 3-561 f 33'73 57'39 16*12 = 107'24 2. Schnecken stein f 33'53 56 -54 18-62 = 108 '69 8. Schlackenwald 3-520 f 83*37 56 28 18 54 = 108*19 4. Trumbull 3*514 32'38 55*32 16*12 = 103'82 5. Adun Chalon 3-563 33'56 56 28 18*30 = 108*14 6. Altenberg, cryst. 3 -523 f 33*32 56*35 17*45 = 107*12 7. Minsk 3*521 33*47 56 53 17*17 = 107*17 8. Mt. Bischoff. Tasmania, mass. 3-456 33'24 57'02 17*64 OaO 0*83 = 108-73 DANBURITE-TOPAZ GROUP TOPAZ. 495 G. Si0 2 A1 2 3 F 9. Stoneham, Me. 3-51 31'92 57'38 16 99 Na.O 1'33, K 2 O015, H a OO'20 10. Pike's Peak, Col. 3*578 33-15 57'01 16 04 = 106-20 [= 107-97 11. Altenberg, Pycnite 3'533 33'28 55-86 18-28 = 107-42 12. Fiubo, Pyrophysalite 3-49 f 33'64 56'21 17'11 = 106'96 The oxygen equivalent of the fluorine (= 6 to 7 p. c.) is to be deducted. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible. Fused in the closed tube, with previously fused and pulverized salt of phosphorus, etches the glass, giving off silicon fluoride which forms a ring of SiO 2 above. With cobalt solution the pulverized mineral gives a tine blue on heating. Only partially attacked by sulphuric acid. A variety of topaz from Brazil, when heated, assumes a pink or red hue, resembling the Balas ruby. Obs. Topaz usually occurs in gneiss or granite, with tourmaline, mica, and beryl, occasion- ally with apatite, fluorite, and cassiterite; also in talcose rock, as in Brazil, with euclase, etc., or in mica slate. With quartz, tourmaline, and lithomarge, forms the topaz rock of Werner (topazo- seme, Haiiy). Less frequently it occurs in cavities in rhyolyte and similar volcanic rocks. Topaz often contains inclusions of liquid carbon dioxide. Minute crystals of three or four different kinds, and two or three kinds of liquids, were detected by Brewster in crystals of topaz, Edinb. Trans., 10, and later Ediub. N. Phil. J., 16, 130, Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., 4. 548, 5, 95. For later observations see Hartley, J. Ch. Soc., 31, 241, 1877; Erhard and Stelzner, Min. Mitth., 1, 450, 1878; also Nd., Jb. Min., 1, 242, 1886. Crystals from San Luis Potosi are sometines red with enclosed rutile. Fine topaz comes from the Urals, from Alabashka, not far from Mursinka in the region of Ekaterinburg; from Miask in the Ilrnen Mts. ; also the gold-washings on the R. Sauarka, in Govt. Orenburg; in Nerchinsk, beyond L. Baikal, in the Adun-Chalon Mts., etc., one crystal from near the river Urulga, now in the imperial cabinet at St. Petersburg, being llf in. long, 6j in. broad, weighing 22| Ibs. av., and magnificent also in its perfect transparency and wine- yello\v color. Found also in Kamshatka, of yellow, green, and blue colors; in the province of Minas Geraes, Brazil, at Ouro Preto and Villa Rica, of deep yellow color, either in veins or nests in lithomarge, or in loose crystals or pebbles; at the tin mines of Schlackenwald, Ziunwald, and Ehrenfriedersdorf, and smaller crystals at Schneckenstein and Alteuberg; sky-blue crystals in Cairngorm, Aberdeenshire; the Mourne mountains, Ireland, small limpid crystals with beryl, albite and mica, in drusy cavities in granite; and St. Michael's Mount, Cornwall; on the island of Elba, in cavities in the granite of San Piero. Physalite occurs in crystals of great size, at Fossum, Norway; Finbp, Sweden, in a granite quarry, and at Broddbo in a boulder; one crystal from this last locality, at Stockholm, weighed eighty pounds. Pycnite is from the tin mine of Altenberg in Saxony; also those of Schlackenwald, Ziunwald in Bohemia, and Kongsberg in Norway. Topaz occurs also in the Mercado Mtn., in Durango, Mexico, along with cassiterite, magne- tite, and durangite; at La Paz, province of Guanajuato; at San Luis Potosi in rhyolyte, sometimes euclosing^rutile. At Hauneib in Damaraland in Southwest Africa (Hintze, Zs. Kr., 15, 505, 1889). At Mt. Bischoff, Tasmania, with tin ores; also similarly in New South Wales. In Japan in peg- matyte from Otani-yama, Province of Omi, near Kioto: at Nakatsu-gawa, Province of Mino. In the United States, in Maine, at Stoneham, in albitic-grauite in fine clear crystals, also in coarse crystals of great size ; it is associated with beryl, columbite, fluorite, triplite, etc. In Conn., at Trumbull, with fluorite and diaspore in small yellow or clear white crystals, also in others large and coarse; at Middletown rare; at Willimantic, with columbite. In N. Car., at Crowder's Mountain. In Colorado, in fine crystals colorless or pale blue from the Pike's Peak region, sometimes implanted with phenacite upon amazonstone, also with zircon, smoky quartz, etc. ; at Nathrop, Chaffee Co., in wine colored crystals with spessartite in lithophyses in rhyolyte; also similarly in minute crystals in the rhyolyte of Chalk Mt. In Utah, in fine transparent color- less crystals with quartz and sanidine in the rhyolyte of the Thomas Range, 40 miles north of Sevier Lake. The name topaz is from rondcio 1 -,, an island in the Red Sea, as stated by Pliny. But the topaz of Pliny was not the true topaz, as it " yielded to the file." Topaz was included by Pliny and earlier writers, as well as by many later, under the name chrysolite. Alt. Topaz is found altered both to steatite, and kaolin or lithomarge. Alteration, espe- cially of large opaque crystals, is not uncommon; thus in Saxony and Bohemia, at Kararfvet, Falun, Sweden, also at Trumbull and Stoneham. The usual result is the change to damourite. Cf. Clarke and Diller, Am. J. Sc., 29, 378, 1885. The pure Stoneham topaz gave anal. 9, above; a surrounding greenish layer (1) below, and an outside purple zone (2), Whitfield, ibid.; the final product is damourite, anal. 3; Chatard, ib., 28, 22, 1884. Cf. also Atterberg. G. For. Forh., 2, 402, 1875. G. SiO a A1 2 O 3 F CaO MgO K 2 O Na 2 O H 2 O 1. Green zone 3*42 3515 5318 1288 1'32 0-17 1'52 1*28 0-90 106-40 2. Purple zone 2'82 44'52 46'19 0'40 0'30 014 2'30 2'82 3'74 MnO 0'21 = 100'62 3. Damourite 4519 33*32 tr. 0'36 11'06 1'57 4'48 FeO 4'25, MnO 0'58 T= 100-81 496 SILICATES. Artif. Obtained by Friedel and Sarasin by the action of hydrofluosilicic acid on silica and alumina in the presence of water at 500". Ref. l Ural, Min. Kussl., 2, 198, 1854. Note that c of Kk. and many authors = 2c Dana, and earlier of Mohs, Nauinanu, etc.; Grunhut proposed a new position to show relation to andalusite, which, however, is not to be recommended. The axial ratio varies somewhat widely for crystals from different localities, cf. Breith., Haudb., 3, 725 et seq., 1847; Groth, Zs. G. Ges., 22, 381, 1870; Grunhut, Zs. Kr., 9, 124, 1884. 2 See Grunhut, 1. c., for list with authorities, also original observations. A recent critical summary, with literature, etc., is given by Gdt., Index, 3, 223, 1891; cf. earlier, Rose, Keis, Ural, 2, 80, 1842 et aL; Kk., 1. c., also 3, 195, 378. 1858; Mir. Min., 353, 1852; Dx., Miu., 1, 470, 1862, Groth, Altenberg, Schlackenwald, 1. c.; Btd., Framont, Zs. Kr., 1, 297, 1877; Lasp., Saxony, Bohemia, ib., p. 347; Rath, Mt. Bischoff, ib., 4, 428, 1880; Corsi, Elba, ib., 5, 604, 1881; Kk., 1. c., 9, 97, 299; Hidden and Washington, Zacatecas, Am. J. Sc., 33, 507, 1887; Erem., llmen Mts., Vh. Miu. Ges., 24, 463, 1888. 3 On crystals from Mexico see Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 13o, 1886; N. v. Koksharov, Jr., Vh. Min. Ges., 23, 49, 1887, and Min. RussL, 9, 97; Bkg., Zs. Kr., 12, 424, 451, 1886. 4 Percussion figures, Mugge, Jb. Min., 1, 60, 1884. 5 Refractive indices: Dx., Miu., 1, 475, 1862, N. R., 102, 1867; he shows that the indices obtained by Rudberg (Pogg., 17, 22, 1829) are in error at least as regards the values for the lines B, C, D. See further Feussuer, Zs. Kr., 7, 507, 1883; Muhlheims, Zs. Kr., 14, 225, 226, 1888. Measurement of indices of refraction and axial angles from various localities are given by Groth, 1. c. Etching-figures, Bauunhauer, Jb. Min., 5, 1876; also natural on crystals from San Luis Potosi, Pelikau, Miu. Mitth., 11, 331, 1890. 6 Abnormal optical character, Mid., Ann. Mines, 10, 155, 1876; Mack., Wied. Ann., 28, 153, 1886; Mgg., Jb. Min., 1, 60, 1884. Pyro-electricity, Riess and Rose, Pogg., 59, 384, 1843; Hankel, Abb. Sachs. Ges., 9, 1870; Friedel, Bull. Soc. Miu., 2, 31, 1879; Friedel and Curie, ibid., 8, 16, 1885; Mack. Wied. Ann., 28, 153, 1886. Elasticity, Voigt, Nachr. Ges. Gottingen, 561, 1887. 398. ANDALUSITE. Spath adamantin d'un rouge violet (fr. Forez) Bourn., J. Phys., 34, 453, 1789. Feldspath du Forez Ouyton, Ann. Ch., 1, 190, 1789. Andalousite (fr. Spain and Forez) DelametJi., J. Phys., 46, 386, 1798. Andalusite. Feldspath apyre H., Tr., 4, 1801. Micaphilit, Micafilit (fr. Lahmerwinkel) Brunner, Moll's Ann. B. H., 3, 294, 1804, Efem., 1, 51, 1805; Micaphyllit, bad orihogr. Stanzait (fr. Bavaria at Stanzen near Bodenmais and Herzogau) Flurl, Gebirgs-Form. Churpfalzbaierischen Staaten, 5, 1806. Hartspat Wern. Made hyaline Cordier. Silex niger cum cruce Candida: darinn ein weiss Kreutz, Oesner, Foss., 45, 1565. Lapis crucifer (fr. Compostella) quern Hispani vocat cruciatum, Mercati, Metallotheca Vaticana, 237, 1617. Pierres de Macles (fr. id.) Robien, N. idees sur la Format, d. Foss., 108, 1751 (with fig.). Spanish Shirl, Cross-Stone, Hill, Foss., 152, 1771. Pierre de Croix, Made basaltique, Schorl en prismes dont les angles obtus sout de 95, de Lisle. Crist., 1772, 2, 440, 1783. Crucite Delameth, T. T., 2, 292, 1797. Chiastolith Karst., Tab., 28, 73, 1800. Chiastolite. Made H., Tr., 3, 1801. Hohlspath Wern., 1803, Ludwig's Wern., 210, 1804. Chiast. ident. with Andal. Bern- hardi, Moll's Efem., 3, 32, 1807, Beud., Tr., 363, 1824. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0-98613 : 1 : 0-70245 Des Cloizeaux 1 . 100 A HO = 44 36', 001 A 101 = 35 27', 001 A Oil - 35 5'. Forms': c (001, O) m (110, 7) r (101, l-i) o (111, 1) a (100, -i) k (2W .^ g (120, tf-g) s (Oil, 14) (121, 2-2) b (010, i-l) t (031, 3-S) 3 kk'" = 52 30' ss 1 = 70 10' oo'" = 59 33' mz = 36 49' mm'" = *89 12' co = 45 1' zz' = 44 53' mr = *65 36' gg' = 53 46' cz = 57 35^ zz'" = 97 42' ms = 66 12' rr' = 70 56' oo' = 60 28^' Usually in coarse prismatic forms, the prisms nearly square in form. Massive, imperfectly columnar; sometimes radiated and granular. Cleavage: m distinct, sometimes perfect (Brazil); a less perfect; b in traces. Fracture uneven, subconchoidal. Brittle. H. = 7*5. Gr. = 3*16-3'20. Luster vitreous; often weak. Color whitish, rose -red, flesh-red, violet, pearl-gray, reddish- brown, olive-green. Streak uncolored. Transparent to opaque, usually subtrans- lucent. Pleochroism strong in some colored varieties: jr (= ft) olive-green, b (= b) olive-green, a (= 6) blood-red to rose-red. Absorption strong, a > b > c. Sections DANS URITE- TOPAZ GEO UP AS DAL USITE. 497 normal to an optic axis are idioplianous 4 or show the polarization brushes distinctly. Optically . Ax. pi. || b. Bx J_ c. Axial angles: Brazil a r = 1-632 /3 r = 1*638 y r = 1'643 .-. 2V r = 84 30' Dx. 2H a . r = 96 30' 2Ho. r = 113 . . 2 V r = 83 37 Dx 2H a = 96 33 Btd. Figs. 1, 2, Common forms. 3, 4, Upper Providence, Delaware Co., Penii. Var. 1. Ordinary. H. = 7'5 on the basal face, if not elsewhere. Crystals coarse, squar* prismatic in form, often soft on the surface from incipient alteration. 2. Ghiastolite or Made. Stout crystals having the axis and angles of a different color from the rest, owing to a regular arrangement of carbonaceous impuriiies through the interior, and hence exhibiting a colored cross, or a tesselated appearance in a transverse section. H. = 3-7"5, vary- ing much with the degree of impurity. The following figures show sections of some crystals. Fig. 5, by C. T. Jackson in J. Soc. N. Hist,, Bost., 1, 55; figs, a and b are from opposite extremities of the same crystals; so also c and d; e and/. 9 Fig. 6 shows the successive parts of a single crystal, as dissected by B. Horsford of SprL field, Mass. The forms of the white and black portions vary much. Bernhardi showed in 1( (1. c.) that the central column sometimes widened from the middle toward each end. Comp. Al 2 Si0 5 = (A10)AlSi0 4 or Al 2 3 .Si0 2 = Silica 36'8, alumina 63'2 = 100. A little iron is usually present; analyses see 5th Ed., p. 372. Damour obtained for the Brazilian mineral: SiO 2 37'24, A1 2 O 3 62'07, Fe 2 O 3 0'61 = 99-92, Dx., Min., 1, 336, 1862. Pyr., etc. B B. infusible. With cobalt solution gives a blue color after ignition. Not decomposed by acids. Decomposed on fusion with caustic alkalies and alkaline carbonates. See also sillimanite, p. 499. Obs. Most common in argillaceous schist, or other schists imperfectly crystalline; also in gneiss, mica schist, and related rocks; rarely in connection with serpentine. The variety chiastolite is commonly a contact mineral in clay-slates, e.g., adjoining granitic dikes. Some- times associated with sillimanite with parallel axes. Found in Spain, in Andalusia; in the Tyrol, LisensAlp, in large cry st. with cyanite; in Saxony, at Braunsdorf, Robschiltz, Munzig, Penig; in Moravia, at Goldenstein; Bavaria, at Wunsiedel, Lahmerwinkel. Rabenstein, etc.; Austria, at Felling, near Krems, in serpentine; France, Dept. of Var. near Hyeres; Bareges in the Pyrenees; Russia, Yushakova near Mursinka in the Ural; Mankova, etc., in Nerchinsk (chiantolite). In Ireland at Killiney Bay, in mica schist; near Balahulish in Argyleshire : Cumberland, England. In Brazil, province of MinasGeraes.in fine crystals and as rolled pebbles. 498 SILICATES. In N. America, in Maine, at Mt. Abraham, Bangor, Searsmont, Camden, S. Berwick; also in fine pink crystals in quartz with pyrrhotite at Standish. N. Hamp., at White Mtn. Notch; Boar's Head, near Rye; at Charleston. Vermont, near Bellows Falls. Mass., at Westford, abundant in cryst., sometimes rose-colored; Lancaster, both varieties; Sterling, chiastolite. Conn., at Litchfield and Washington, good cryst. Penn., in Delaware Co., near Leiperville, large cryst.; at Marple, Upper Providence, and Springfield, good cryst.; one weighing 7| Ibs., and a group of crystals, free from thegangue, of about 60 Ibs. California, along the Churchillas rivers, San Joaquin val., at crossing of road to Ft. Miller. In Canada, at L. St. Francis, in reddish cryst., in mica schist, both var. In JV. Scotia, at Cape Canseau. Named from Audalusia, the first locality noted. The name made is from the Latin macula, a spot, and, as Robien observes, it alludes to the use of the "mascle" in heraldry, in which the word signifies a voided lozenge, or a rhomb with open centre (1. c., 1751, in de Lisle, Crist.). Chiastolite is from ^/a'crroS, arranged diagonally, and hence from chi, the Greek name for the letter X. Alt. Andalusite occurs altered to kaolin; sometimes to muscovite (and pinite); also to cyanite. Ref. l Miu., p. 173, 1862. Haid. gave 89 10', Pogg., 61, 295, 1844; Mir. 89 16', Min., p. 284; Grunhut 89 15', Zs. Kr., 9, 120. 1884. 2 Cf. Haid., Mir., 1. c., and Keung., Ber. Ak. Wien, 14, 269, 1854; Levy, Dx., also Grunhut, note some doubtful planes. See also E. S. D., Am. J. Sc., 4, 473, 1872. 3 Erem., Vh. Min. Ges., 135, 1863; Id., ibid., 24, 451, 1888. 4 Cf. Haid., 1. c.; Mid., Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 77, 1879; Bertin, ibid., p. 54, Ann. Ch. Phys., 15, 405, 1878, audZs. Kr.,3, 454, 1879. 399. SILLIMANITE or FIBBOLITE. Faserkiesel (fr. Bohemia) Lindacker, Mayer's Samml. 5. Aufs., 2, 277, 1792; Bergm. J.. 2, 65, 1792. Fibrolite (fr. the Carnatic) Bournon, Phil. >ans., 289, 335, 1802; = Bournonite Lucas, Tabl., 2, 216. 1813. Bucholzit (f r. Tyrol) Brandes, Schw. J., 25, 125, 1819. Sillimanite (fr. Conn.) Bowen, Am. J. Sc., 8, 113, 1824. Worthite Hess, Pogg., 21, 73, 1830. Xenolit Nordensk., Act. Soc. Sc. Fenn., 1, 371, Pogg., 56, 643, 1842. Bamlit Erdmann, Ak. H. Stockh., 19, 1842. Monrolite (fr. Monroe, N. Y.) Sttliman, Am. J. Sc., 8, 385, 1849. Orthorhombic. Axes a : b = 0-970 : 1. Forms : a (100 i-i), b (010, /-), m (110, /), h (230, i-f). Angles 1 mm'" = 88 15', hh' *69. Prismatic faces striated and rounded. Commonly in long slender crystals not distinctly terminated; often in close parallel groups, passing into fibrous and columnar massive forms; sometimes radiating. Cleavage: b very perfect. Fracture uneven. H. = 6-7. G. = 3'23-3'24. Luster vitreous, approaching subadamantine. Color hair-brown, grayish brown, grayish white, grayish green, pale olive-green. Streak uncolored. Transparent to translucent. Pleochroism sometimes distinct: c dark clove-brown, b light brownish, Eosenbusch. Optically -J-. Double refraction strong. Ax. pi. || b. Bx J_ c. Dispersion p > v. 2E r = 44 2E gr = 42-43 2E V = 37-38. A- = 1'660, Dx. a = 1-659 ft = 1-661 y = 1-680, Lex. 2 Var. 1. Sillimanite. In long, slender crystals, passing into fibrous forms, with the fibers separable. G. = 3'238, Norwich, Ct., Dana; 3'232, id., Brush; 3'239, Yorktown, Norton. Also densely compact, and in this form used for utensils and implements by prehistoric man in western Europe, and sometimes called "jade." See Damour (C. R., 61, 318, 1865), who gives for a specimen from Haute Loire, with G. = 3 209: SiO 2 37-18, A1 2 O 3 61 '17, Fe 2 O 3 0'70, ign. 1-06 = 100-11. Also F. W. Clarke (Proc. U. S. Mus., 11, 128, 1888), who gives fora specimen from Brittany, with G. 3'147 : SiO 2 34'66, A1 2 O 3 63'24, Fe 2 O 3 tr., MgO 0'37, ign. 1-31 = 99'58. On Spanish fibrolite implements (iade), see Quiroga, abstr. in Zs. Kr., 6, 270, 1881. 2. Fibrolite. Fibrous or fine columnar, firm and compact, sometimes radiated; grayish white to pale brown, and pale olive-green or greenish gray. Bucholzile and monrolite are here included; the latter is radiated columnar, and of the greenish color mentioned. G. = 3'24, fibrolite, Bournon; 3-19-3-21, id., Dmr.; 3'239, bucholzite, Chester, Pa., Erdmann; 3'04-3'1, monrolite, B. Silliman; 3'075, id., Brush, Bamlite, from Bamle, Norway, resembles the monrolite, being columnar subplumose, silky; G. = 2 '984. and color greenish white or bluish-green. The analysis of Erdmann gave a large excess of silica (56 '90 p. c.); but L. Saemann observes that there are minute prisms of quartz among the fibers of bamlite. A bamlite from the gneiss of Larangeiras, Brazil, with G. = 3'18, gave Dom Pedro Augusto von Sachsen-Coburg: SiO, 57'50, AlA 41'50 = 99'00; this is prob- ably also impure from the presence of quartz, Min. Mitth., 10, 460, 1889. DANBURITE-TOPAZ GROUP SILLIMANITE. 499 Xenolite also resembles fibrolite closely, excepting iu the high specific gravity, 3*58, which suggests an identity rather with cyanite. But the prisms are stated to have the angle 89, which is the angle of andalusite; and Des Cloizeaux states that it is optically like fibrolite, and not like cyanite. " In rolled pebbles from Peterhof, Finland, and near St. Petersburg. Named from Zeros, stranger. Komonen (1. c.) obtained: SiO 2 47 '44, A1 2 O 3 52;54 = 99'98. Worthite is hydrous, and is probably a somewhat altered and impure form. H. = 7 '25, color white, translucent. Optically like the above. An analysis gave Hess (1. c.) : SiO 2 40*58, A1 2 O 3 53-50, MgO I'OO, H 2 O 4'63 = 99'71. From Peterhof with xenolite. Cf. Fischer, Vh. Ges. Freiburg, 5, 29; Lex. 2 , 1. c., p. 154. Named for Von Worth, a secretary of the Russian Mineral ogical Society. Comp. Al 2 SiO s or Al 2 3 .SiO a = Silica 36'8, alumina 63-2 = 100; the rational formula probably (A10)AlSi0 4 like andalusite (Groth). Analyses (5th Ed., p. 374 and above) in general agree closely, but Wiik gives (Zs. Kr., 2, 496, 1878) for silliraamte from St. Michel: SiO 2 47'33, Al 2 O 3 (Fe 2 O 3 tr.) 52'21 = 99'54, yielding the orthosilicate formula Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 , like xenolite above; cf. also anal. 5, 6, 5th Ed., p. 374. Obs. Occurs in gneiss, mica schist, and related crystalline rocks, usually in slender prisms aggregated in liues, sometimes associated in parallel position with andalusite (Lex.*); iolite is also a common associate; rarely as a contact mineral. Observed iu many localities, thus near Moldau and Schuttenhofen in Bohemia (faserkiesel); at Fassa in Tyrol (bucholzite); in the Carnaticwith corundum (fibrolite); at Bodenmais in Bavaria; Tillenberg near Eger in Bohemia; Marschendorf in Moravia; Freiberg, Saxony; in France, in the vicinity of Issoire in boulders, and also in the canton of Paulhaguet; near Pontgibaud and other points in Auvergue; in the Dept. Basse-Loire near Nantes and elsewhere. In gneiss in Aberdeenshire, Scotland; Sievenberg, Heteroland, South Africa. Greenish gray sillimanite in quartz forms rolled masses in the diamantiferous sands of Diamantina, Minas Geraes, Brazil. In the United States, in Massachusetts, at Worcester. In Connecticut, at the falls of the Y antic, near Norwich, with zircon, monazite, and corundum; at Willimantic; at Chester, near Say brook (siUimanite); at Humphreysville. In JV". York, at Yorktown, Westchester Co., 10m. N.E. of Sing Sing; near the road leading from Pine's Bridge to Yorktown P. Office, in distinct crystals, with inonazite, tremolite, and magnetite, the crystals often running through the magnetite; in Monroe, Orange Co. (monrolite), with mica, garnet, magnetite, etc. In Penn., at Chester on the Delaware, near Queeusbury forge; in Delaware Co., in Birmingham, Middle- town, Concord, Aston, Darby ; sometimes, as at Mineral Hill, associated with corundum and derived from its alteration (Genth). In Delaware, at Brandywine Springs. With corundum at the Culsagee mine, Macon Co., N. Carolina, and from Laurens, S. Carolina. Named fibrolite from the fibrous massive variety (Germ., Faserkiesel) ; bucltiolzite, after the German chemist Bucholz ; sillimanite, after Prof. Benjamin Silliman of New Haven (1779-1864). Artif. A compound near sillimanite was early (1858) formed by St. Claire Deville andCaron by reaction at a high temperature of silica on aluminium fluoride, or of aluminium on silicon fluoride. Similar results have been obtained by Fremy and Feil (1877) and later more definitely by Vernadsky, who further shows that cyanite is transformed at 1320-1380 into sillimanite, and the same is true of andalusite, both with the disengagement of heat. A similar trans- formation seems to take place in the case of dumortierite and topaz. See Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 447, 1889, 13, 256. 1890, also further under cyanite. Ref. * Dx., Min., 1, 178, 1862; Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 258, 1881. 2 Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 150, 1888. The position here taken brings sillimanite into relation with andalusite; with Dx. the 69 prism is taken as the unit. GLANCESPAR. Glanzspath wn Dechen, Geogn. Filhrer Siebengebirge, 154, 1861; Rath, Pogg., 147, 272, 1872. Occurs in small prismatic fragments in the basalt of the Siebengebirge. Form a rhombic prism having an acute angle of 881. Cleavage pinacoidal distinct, with pearly luster. H. = 6'5. G. = 3-150. Analysis. Rath: SiO 2 36 7 A1 2 O 3 57-9 Fe 2 O 3 4-4 MgO 0'7 CaO 0-8 = 100'5 Composition deducting impurities like sillimanite. Cf. Vernadsky, Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 455, 1889. WESTANITE (7. W. Blomstrand, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 25, 208, 1868. In radiated crystalline masses, sometimes in prismatic crystals. H. = 2*5. Color brick red. An analysis gave: SiO* [42-53] A1 2 O 3 51-14 P 2 O 5 1-15 Fe 2 O 3 I'Ol HaO 4'17 = 100 This composition is near wSrthite, a hydrous fibrolite, but it differs from that mineral in inferior hardness. It may be an altered audalusite as suggested by Groth (Tab. Ueb., 106, 1889). B.B. swells up; infusible and turns white. Not acted upon by acids. Associated with pyrophyl- lite at Westana, Sweden. 500 SILICATES. 400. CYANITE. Talc bleu Sage, Descr. Cab. de 1'Ecole des Mines, 154, 1784. Sappare Saussure fits, J. Pbys., 34, 213, 1789. Beril feuillete Sage, J. Phys., 31, 39, 1789. Cyanit (fr. Greiner) Wem., Hoifm., Bergm. J., 377, 393, 1789; Wern., ib., 164, 1790; Kyanite. Distbene H., Tr., 3, 101. Riiaetizit (fr. Ptitschthal, or ancient Rhsetia) Wern., Hoffm Min. 2 b 318 1815, 4, b, 128, 1817. Triclinic. Axes a : I : 6 0*89938 : 1 : 0-70896; a 90 51', ft ^101 2}-', y = 105 44i' Eath 1 . 100 A 010 = 73 56', 100 A -001 = *78 30', 010 A 001 = 86 45'. Forms 1 : a (100, i-l, M) b (010, t'-X, T) t (001, 0, P) (310, t-3') 6 (210, i-2') m (110, /') (120, a-2') J/ (110, '7) * (120, Y-2) h (203, ,f-*,) k (304, ,f-i,) a; (101, ,1-i,) ? (OH, 14') (Oil, 14) / (021, '2-i) d (221, 2') w (211, ,2-2) (123, ,1) o (111, ,1) -M (221, ,2) 2/ (121, ',2-2) r (111, 1 ; ) (312, f-3,) 1. 3. Figs. 1, 2, 4, Greiner, Rath ; 1 drawn in inverted position. 3, Bauer. ae = am = 20 *34 42' 17' cv tf = *36 = 57 58' 33' cM = cr = 82 56 27' 48 aM = 48 18' cd = 59 56' aq = 71 37' mM = 82 35' cm = *80 28' a'w = 44 9' ch = 30 59' CO = 46 25' a'o = 70 45*' ex = 43 48' cu = 67 44' a'z = 89 BT cq = 34 44' ' av = *90 2' a'r = 55 40' by = 41 57' bo = to = b'r = 64 15' 98 26' 52 6' A Twins: tw. ax. (1) a normal to a, comp.-face a, often polysynthetic; (2) the normal to the edge a/b in ; (3) the edge a/c; (4) a normal to c, as penetration- 4 twins, often repeated and as a result of pressure; also a " staurolite-like cruciform-twins crossing at 60. Usually in long bladed crystals, rarely terminated. Face a often striated | edge a/c (f. 3). Also coarsely bladed columnar to subfibrous. Cleavage : a very perfect ; b less perfect ; also parting || c which is a gliding-plane, parallel to which twinning is produced by pressure 2 . H. = 5-7-25; the least, 4-5, on a \\ 6; 6-7 on a || edge a/c; 7 on b. G. = 3-56-3-67; 3-559, white; 3'675, blue;. 3-661, Tyrol, Erdmann. Lus- ter vitreous to pearly. Color blue, white ; blue along the center of the blades or crystals with white margins; also gray, green, black. Streak uncolored. Trans- Ax. pi. nearly J_ a on b. Axial angle lucent to transparent. Pleochroism distinct in colored varieties. Optically . and inclined to edge a/b on a about 30 (f. 3), and about 7 large, 2V = 82-83. Index ft r = T720 Dx. 8 Also Korn 3 : Pfitschthal 2H a . r =99 18' Li 2H a . y =98 55' Litchfield 2H a .r=100 501' 2H a . y =100 411' Comp. Empirical formula Al 2 Si0 6 or Al 2 3 .Si0 2 , like andalusite and silliman- ite. Perhaps (Groth) a basic metasilicate (A10) 2 SiO s . DATOLITE GROUP. 501 Analyses, 5th Ed., p. 376. A pale green variety from Clip, Arizona, associated with dumortierite, gave Hillebraud (priv. contr.): G. = 3'656, SiO a 36'30, Al a O,(TiO a ) 62'51, Fe a O, 0-70, CuO tr., ign. 0'40 = 99'91. Pyr., etc. Same as for andalusite. At a high temperature (1320-1380) cyanite is transformed into sillimanite; the hardness becomes uniformly 6-7 instead of 5 to 7; the specific gravity falls to 315-3-23; the extinction becomes parallel and the optical character -f-. Cf. Vernadsky, Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 447, 1889, 13, 256, 1890. Obs. Occurs principally in gneiss and mica schist (both the ordinary variety with muscovite and also that with paragonite) often accompanied by garnet and sometimes by staurolite; also in eclogyte. It is often associated with corundum. Found in transparent crystals at Monte Campione in the St. Gothard region in Switzerland in paragouite schist ; on Mt. Greiuer, Zillerthal, and in the Pfitschthal (rhcetizite, a white variety) m Tyrol; also near Admont in Styria; in eclogyte of the Saualpe, Carinthia; Petschau, Bohemia; Henljoki, Finland; Horrsjoberg in Werniland, Sweden, forming beds enclosing damourite, in qunrtzyte; on the R. Sauarka, Gov't Orenburg, Russia, in the gold-washings, accompanying euclase and topaz; at Poutivy, France; Villa Rica, Brazil, S. America; in Scotland, at Botriphinie iu Banff shire, at Bauchory in Abtrdeenshire, and near Glen Tilt; in the Shetlands at Hillswick- ness; in Ireland, at Donegal and Mayo. In N. Hamp., at Jaffrey, on the Monadnock Mtn. In Mass., at Chesterfield, with garnet in mica schist; at Worthingtou and Blanford in good specimens; at Westfield and Lancaster. In Conn., at Litchfield and Washington in large rolled masses, with corundum and massive apatite; at Oxford, near Humphreysville, in mica schist. InVermont, at Thetford and Salisbury; at Bel- lows Falls in short disseminated crystals. In Penn., in fine specimens near Philadelphia, on the Schuylkill road near the Darby bridge; near the Schuylkill, on the Ridge road, back of Robin Hood tavern; at East and West Brauford, Chester Co.; at Darby and Haverford, Delaware Co. In Maryland, eighteen miles north of Baltimore, at Scott's mill; in Delaware near Wilmington. In Virginia, at Willis's Mt., Buckingham Co., and two miles north of Chancellorville, Spotsyl- vania Co. In N. Carolina, with rutile, lazulite, etc., at Crowder's Mt., Gaston Co., sometimes black; of fine deep blue color near Bakersville near the summit of Yellow Mt. on the road to Marion Co. (Kunz). In Gaston and Rutherford counties associated with corundum, damourite; also at Swannauoa Gap, Buncombe Co., and elsewhere; in these and similar cases according to Genth derived from the corundum. In British Columbia on the North Thompson River in quartz. Named from KV aroS, blue. The name sappare arose from a mistake by Saussure, Jr., in reading a label of this mineral on which it was called sapphire; a copy of this label is given in J. Phys., 34, 213; the specimen thus labelled was from Botriphinie iu Scotland, and was sent by the Duke of Gordon to Saussure the father. DistJiene is from di?, twice, or of two kinds, and o-tjevos, strong, alluding to the unequal hardness and electric properties in two different directions. Alt. Cyanite occurs altered to talc and steatite. An analysis of an alteration product from Pregratten gave B5hm, Min. Mitth., 2, 522, 1880: SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 FeO CaO MgO Na 2 O K 2 O H 2 O 36-62 46-39 0'90 7'35 0'58 1'93 2'75 4-51 = 101'03 Ref. ' Greiuer, Zs. Kr., 5, 17, 1880, alsoib., 3, 1, 87, 1878. See also Bauer on crystals from Monte Campioni, Zs. G. Ges., 30, 283, 1878, 31, 244, 1879, 32, 717, 1880. 2 Gliding planes, Bauer, Zs. G. Ges., 30, 320, 1878; Miigge, Jb. Min., 2, 13, 1888. . 3 Dx., Mm., 1, 186, 1862; Bauer, 1. c.; Korn, Zs. Kr., 7, 595, 1883. Axial figures in twin crystals, Kbl., Ber. Ak. Munchen, 1, 272, 1867. 12, Datolite Group. Monoclinic. Basic Orthosilicates. HRRSi0 5 or R 3 K 2 (Si0 5 ) 2 . Oxygen ratio for R : Si = 3 : 2. ii m R = Ca,Be,Fe, chiefly; R = Boron, the yttrium (and cerium) metals, etc. a : I : c ft 401. Datolite 0-6345 : 1 : 1-2657 89 51' HCaBSiO, or Ca(BOH)Si0 4 402. Homilite 0'6249 : 1 : 1-2824 89 21' Ca 2 FeB 2 Si 2 JO or Ca 2 Fe(BO) 2 (Si0 4 ) a 502 SILICATES. 2a : b : 6 403. Euclase 0-6474 :. 1 : 1-3330 HBeAlSiO, or Be(A10H)Si0 4 d 404. Gadolinite 0-6273 : 1 : 1-3215 Be 2 FeY 2 Si 2 lt> or Be 2 Fe(YO) 2 (Si0 4 ) 2 79 44; 89 405. Yttrialite Y'0 3 ,Tli0 2 , etc., Si0 2 Massive Silicate of thorium, yttrium earths, etc. Oxygen ratio for Si : R 4 : 3. The formulas of the species of the Datolite Group are written as basic orthosilicates in the form suggested by Groth. The crystallographic and chemical relation between datolite aud euclase was shown by J. D. Dana in 1854 (Am. J. Sc., 17, 215, 1854, 49, 400, 1870, and Min., 4th Ed., p. 204, 5th Ed., pp. 362, 363) and later by Rammelsberg (Zs. G. Ges., 21, 807, 1869), who also proved the isomorphism of datolite and gadolinite. The latter author shows that the axial ratio and obliquity of euclase may be made to correspond to them, and he calculates: d : b : c 0'6303 : 1 : 0'6318, ft = 88 18'. The complex- character of the symbols resulting from this change shows, however, that the position is an unnatural one. Yttrialite, associated with the Gadolinite of Texas and like it chiefly a silicate of the rare metals of the yttrium group, is conveniently introduced here, although a more highly acid compound and hence of different formula. 401. DATOLITE. Datolith (fr. Arendal) Esmark (undescr.); Karsten & Klapr., Gehlen's J 6 1806, Klapr. Beitr., 4, 354, 1807; Karst., Tab., 52, 1808. Datholit Wern., 1808, Datholite Brongn , Min., 2, 397, 1807. Chaux boratee siliceuse H., Tabl., 17, 1809. Esmarkit Hausm., Handb '862, 1818. Datolite Aikin, Min., 1815; Jameson, 2, 257, 1816. Borate of lime; Boro- silicate of lime. Humboldtite Levy, Ann. Phil., 5, 130, 1823. Botriolit Hausm., v. Moll's Efem., 4, 393, 1808. Botryolith Karst., Tab., 52, 1808. Chaux boratee siliceuse var. concretionnee-mammelonnee H., Tabl., 17, 145, 1809. Faser-datolith Leonh., Handb., 590, 1821. Botryolite. = 0-63446 : 1 : 1-26574; /3 = 89 51' = 001 A Monoclinic. Axes a : 100 Dauber 1 . 100 A HO = 32 23' 36", 001 A 101 = 63 15' 43", 001 A Oil = 51 41' 22". Forms 2 : a (100, i-l) b (010, i-l) c (001, 0) r, (410, z-4) A (210, i-2) e (320, *-D m (110,7) r (230, /-|) (120, iS) 1 (130, *-&) p (106, - H) u (104, - f i) (103, - H) x (102, - H) f (304, - f-i) (101, - 14) (302, - H) if> (201, - 2-1) a (104, 4) (102, B) B (304, f-i) n (ioi, i-i) 2 (302, f 4) 2 (201, 2-1) (1 (018, i-i) or (014, 4) < (013, -1) (012,^4) A (038, H) x (Oil, 14) S (021, 2-1) Z (116, - 1) 1 (115, - t) W (114, - i) X (113, - i) ^ (112, - i) n (111, - 1) 5 (221, - 2) oo (116, ) * (115, J) // (114, i) A (113, i) e (112, i) P (559, f ) * (223,f) r (111, 1) T (314, - |-3) q (312, - |-3) % (212, - 1-2) X (534, - f-f ) w (324, - |-1) ^ (216, - i-2) to (215, - f-2) b (213, - f-2) N(322, - |-|) C (621, 6-3) T (214, f 2) i (212, 1-2) f (344, - 1-1) (232, -H)? ft (126, - f2) y (124, - i-2) #-(123, - f-2) Q (122, - 1-2) (121, - 2-2) #(241, -4-2) D(133, - 1-^) y (144, - 1-4) r (8-4-18, f-|)? JT (231, 3-|) G (125, f-2) a (124, i-2) e (123, f-2) B (121, 2-2) j^ (138, |-3) F (5-15-24, f-3) (269, f-3) V (132,f3) / (261,' 6-3) Q (1-4-14, f-4)? F(141, 4-4) K (158, f -5) X (164, |-6) G^ (1-9-16, T V9) 1. DATOLITE GROUP DATOLITE. 2. 503 Figs. 1, 2, Bergen Hill. 3, Isle Royale, L. S. 4, Bergen Hill. 5, De Kalb, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., J. Stanley- Brown. 6, Bergen Hill. 7, Andreasberg. 8, Toggiana. 9, Arendal. Tf-n'" = 18 If cz - 76 4' eg = 71 46' $3' ^z 31 38' AA'" = 35 13' 1(1' = 17 59' C = 64 21' nn' ^n 59 4| ee'" = 45 51' crcr' = 35 7' cT = 46 22' iSuEj' S; 80 434 mm'" = 64 47' a = 45 45' c/3 = 72 41' ftft, : 97 9' rr' = 93 50' 99' = 64 39V CTt = 79 49' ww' 31 35' oo' 11' cp cu cv ex tf = 76 - 55 - 18 = 26 = 33 = 44 = 56 39' 36' 33' 39' 35 51' 9' hh' cZ cW cL en = 80 '= 103 = 136 = 21 30 = 38 = 66 19' 23' 53' 29' 32' lOf 57' aq a$ ay ag an aQ am x = 21 = 30 = 67 = 89 = 38 = 58 = 89 34' 39' 3' 53' 55' 12' 55' rr' rr' BB 1 EH' VV TT == 59 0' 31 42 59 10' 97 16' 119 10' 132 28' 25 17' 48 1Q 1 = 63 16' cS = 77 56' a/3 = 53 43f ~ rrO J *7i3 QQ 451 C8 = 71 23f cm = 89 53' a'T = 46 31' AA ~ OO rtOj Clf> = 75 48' CGO = 21 304' a'jj. = 64 41' ' , 31" 39' ax = 45 0' CK = 25 19' a's = 49 57' "A* 59 6' Ctl = 36 33' C/J, = 30 36' a'v = 39 0' OiOC 97 ii' 4ifi in = 45 = 63 0' 39 f eA ce = 38 = 49 16' 49' W* |7/"TJ/ = 22 / t(\ 40' *# = 85 27' c2 = 71 39' cr = 67 10' 5r br ID a 504 SILICATES. 10. Crystals varied in habit; usually short prismatic with either m or w? x pre- dominating; also of other types, and often highly modified. Faces often wavy and rarely giving good measurements; x (102) commonly dull. Also botry- oidal and globular, having a columnar structure; di- vergent and radiating; sometimes massive, granular to compact and cryptocrystalline. ' Cleavage not observed. Fracture concho'dal tc uneven. Brittle. H. = 5-5*5. G. 2*9-30. Luster vitreous, rarely subresinous on a surface of frac- ture. Color white ; sometimes grayish, pale green, yellow, red, or amethystine, rarely dirty olive-green Bergen Hill. or honey-yellow. Streak white. Transparent to trans- lucent; rarely opaque white. Optically -. Ax. pi. || b. a (= Bx a ) nearly J_ . Bx A 6 = + 1 Na, Bx a A 6 = - 89 S. d. Zanchetti ; Bx . y A 6 = + 2 27' Na, Bergen Hill. Refractive indices, etc., Brugnatelli 3 : For Li Na a r = 1-6214 a y = 1-6246 /3 r = 1-6492 0y = 1-6527 2V r = 74 8' Also measured, where n r = 1*6474, n y = 1-6578: 2Ha. r = 74 44' Li 2H a . y = 74 6' Na 2Ha,gr = 73 27' Tl y = 7421' Luedecke obtained for Andreasberg: Bx A c = + 3 6 Li 3 8' Na 3 12' Tl; also 2Ha. y = 79 26 2H .y = 114 55 .-. 2V y = 74 19' and /3 y = 1-6494. Var. 1. Ordinary. In glassy crystals of varied habit, usually with a greenish tinge. ' The angles in _the prismatic and clinodome zones vary but little, e.g., 110 A 110 = 64 47', while Oil A Oil = 66 37', etc. Hence the position here taken exhibits the crystallographic relation to the following species as well as that of Rammelsberg and Groth, and the optical relations better, since in datolite (optically ), homilite (+), and gadoliuite (-f) the axis c is nearly | c. Moreover, it is shown to be more natural by the habit of the crystals and the symbols of the chief forms. This similarity in the angles of zones named makes it easy to blunder in the orientation of crystals; several authors have added " new forms" based upon such an error. 2. Compact massive. White opaque cream-colored, pink; breaking with the surface of porcelain or Wedgewood ware. G. = 2*911, Hayes; 2'983, Chandler. From the L. Superior region (anal. 12). 3. Botryoidal; Botryolite. Radiated columnar, having a botryoidal surface, and containing more water than the crystals, but optically identical, Lex., Bull., 8, 434, 1533. The original locality of both the crystallized and botryoidal was Arendal, Norway. Comp. A basic orthosilicate of boron and calcium ; empirically HCaBSiO, or H 2 0.2CaO.B 2 3 .2Si0 2 ; this may be written (Groth) Ca(BOH)Si0 4 = Silica 37-6, boron trioxide 21-8, lime 35-0, water 5-6 = 100. Anal. 1, 2, Rg., Pogg., 47, 175, 1839. 3, Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 24, 250, 1872. 4, Preis, ib., 4. 360, 1880 (after deducting 3'5 CaCO 3 ). 5, Bechi, quoted by Issel, Boll. Com. Geol., 10, 536, 1879. 6, Molinari, Zs. Kr., 11, 408, 1886. 7. Liweh, 1. c. 8, Brugnatelli, 1. c. 9, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 8, 435, 1874. 10, Bodewig, Zs. Kr., 8, 217, 1883. 11. Whitfield, Am. J. Sc., 34, 285, 1887. 12, Chandler, ib., 28, 13, 1859. 13, Rg., 1. c. Also 5th Ed., p. 382. 1. Arendal, cryst. 2. Andreasberg 3. cryst. 4. Kuchelbad, Bohemia 5. Casarza, Ital. 6. Baveno 7. Serra dei Zanchetli 8. " " " 9. San Carlos, Cal. 10. Bergen Hill, N. J. 11. 12. L. Superior, wh. compact 13. Arendal, Botryolite G. 2-894 2-898 2-997 2-988 2-983 Si0 2 37-65 38-48 36-95 38-40 37-61 36-21 37-20 37-89 38-02 37-48 3574 37-41 36-08 B 2 3 21-24 20-31 [21-59 20-89 20-84 22-21 21-74] 21-23] 21-62 21-14 2260 [21-40] 19-34 CaO H 2 O 35-41 5-70 = 100 35-64 5-57 = 100 35-42 6 04 = 100 34-62 6-09 = 100 35-52 [5-88] A1 3 O 8 0-07, MgO 0'08 = 100 35-14 5-81 = 99-37 35-29 5-77 = 100 35-04 5-84 = 100 33-87 5-61 - 99-12 35-42 5-71 Fe 2 O 3 0*12 = 99'87 35-14 6-14 FeO 0-31 = 99'93 35-11 5-73 Al s O,,Fe a O. 0'35 = 100 35-22 8-63 = 99'27 DATOLITE GROUP HOMILITE. 505 Pyr., etc. la the closed tube gives off much water. B.B. fuses at 2 with intumescence to a clear glass, coloring the flume bright green. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. Obs. Datolite is found chiefly as a secondary mineral in veins and cavities in basic eruptive rocks, often associated with calcite, prehnite, aud various zeolites; sometimes associated with dauburite; also in gneiss, dioryte, and serpentine; in metallic veins; sometimes also in beds of iron ore. Found in Scotland, in trap, at the Kilpatrick Hills, Glen Farg in Perthshire, and in Salisbury Craigs; in a bed of magnetite at Arendal in Norway, and Uto in Sweden; at An- dreasberg in diabase and in veins of silver-ores; at Niederkirchen and Sonthofen in Rhenish Bavaria (the hurnboldtite); at the Seisser Alp, Tyrol, and also at Theiss, near Claussen, in geodes in amygdaloid; in dioryte on the Rosskopf, near Freiburg in Baden; at Kuchelbad near Prague iu Bohemia; Schueidemiillerskopf in the Ilmthal, Thuringia; Markirch in Alsace; in granite at Bivenonear LagoMaggiore; at Toggiana in Modena, in serpentine; iu highly complex crystals in the contact zone between the euphotide and the serpentine of the Serra dei Zanchetti; Fossa della Castellina near Porretta; Casarza in Liguria; Monte Catiui in Tuscany, in chalcopyrite, also in cavities and veins in a red gabbro. In the U. S. not uncommon with the diabase of Connecticut and Massachusetts. Thus at the Rocky Hill quarry, Hartford, Conn.; in the northeast part of Southington, in amygdaloid; also in Bjrliu, near Kensington; filling small cavities in amygdaloid at Meriden, usually of a deep yellow green, also in crystals; at Middletield Falls, Conn.; in fine specimens at Roaring Brook, 14 miles from New Haven; at Tariffville in large crystals; Deerfield, Mass. Rare with diopside at De Kalb in St. Lawrence Co., New York ; also with the danburite of Russell, but rare. In N". Jersey, at Bergen Hill, in splendid crystals; at Paterson, Passaic Co. In trappean rocks, both crystals and the opaque compact variety, in the Lake Superior region, at the Minne- sota, Quincy, Marquette, Ash-bed, and other mines; at the Superior mine near Ontonagon, and on Isle Royale. With grossular garnet, vesuvianite at San Carlos, Inyo Co., Cal. Named from frerr#z nor Haidinger, Aikin, Jameson, and others. Levy gave the name humboldtite to crystals which he found to be monoclinic, datolite having been made orthorhotnbic by Haily. Wollaston proved their identity with datolite. Alt. Haytorite is datolite altered to chalcedony, from the Hay tor iron-mines in Devonshire, England. Rsf. Andreasberg-Toggiana, Pogg., 103, 116, 1858; cf. SchrOder, ibid., 94, 235, 1855, 98, 34, 1856; also Luedecke, Ueber Datolith, Halle, 1889. The form was early regarded as orthorhombic and hemihedral. Some authors make m K the unit prism, following Dbr. f *or g with Rg., and Groth, but the above position gives the simplest symbols, and also exhibits well the re- lation to the other species of the group; here c = 4c Dana, 1868, 1872-4. '-' Cf. Mir., Min. 408, 1852; Sdr., 1. c.; Dbr., 1. c.; Dx., Miu., 1, 167, 1862; E. S. D,. Min. Mitth., 1. 1874; Gdt., Index, 1, 485, 1886, and Luedecke, 1. c. Luedecke reviews with great minuteness the results of earlier observers, and adds many original observations with new forms, measurements of angles, and optical constants, etc., based upon the study of crystals from many localities; note, however, the criticism of Gdt. (Zs. Kr., 18,280, 1890), who shows that 17 of Luedecke's 30 new forms were probably determined on crystals of anglesite, and are hence to be rejected. The other 13 planes (not all above question, Gdt.) added by Luedecke are as follows: 811-0; 504; 01318, 041; 421, 544, 763, 10'9'9; 10'714; 148: 127, 1-215, 132. The literature of the subject includes the following leading articles: Schroder, Dauber, and other authors already referred to; also E. S. D., Bergen Hill, Am. J. Sc., 4, 16, 1872; Toggiaua, Andreasberg, etc., Min. Mitth., 1, 1874; Bombicci, Fosse della Castellina, Mem. Ace. Bologna, 8, 311, 1877; also Serra dei Zanchetti, ib., 7, 100, 1886; Vrba, Kuchelbad, Zs. Kr., 4, 358, i860, Theiss, 5, 425, 1881; Lehmann, Niederkirchen, Zs. Kr., 5, 529, 1881; Brugnatelli, Serra dei Zanchetti, Zs. Kr., 13, 150, 1887; Negri, Casarza, Riv. Min., 1, 45. 1887; Sansoni. Monte Catini, Att. Ace. Torino. 23, 198, 1888; Franzenau, Seisser Alp, Zs. Kr.. 14, 390, 1889: Luedecke, 1. c. 3 L. c.; cf. earlier Bode wig, Pogg., 158, 230, 1876, also Dx., Min., 1, 170, 1862, N. R., 129, 1867. On thermal properties cf. Bodewig and Luedecke. On pyroelectricity, Hankel, Wied. Ann., 6, 57, 1879. 402. HOMILITE. 8. R Paijkull, G. For. Forh., 3, 229, 1876. Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : 6 = 0-6249 : 1 : 1 '2824; ft = 89 21 \' = 001 A 100 Des Cloizeaux 1 . 100 A 110 = *32 0', 001 A 101 = 63 30|', 001 A Oil = 52 3'. Forms 2 : m (110, 7) e (013, H) 3 a > t. Optically -f. Ax. pi. J_ b. a (= Bxo) nearly _1_ a like datolite; Bx a almost || b. Dispersion horizontal, distinct. Also isotropic and amorphous by alteration. 2H ar = 97 2H a .r == 93 5' to 98 22', Dx. 8' 2H .r = 125 33' 2V r = 79 59' 2H a .bi = 91 12' Bgr. Des Cloizeaux shows that some crystals of homilite are throughout doubly refracting, others are composed of a green doubly refracting kernel surrounded by a yellowish crust of singly refracting material, while still others are entirely isotropic. Brogger describes a zonal structure in the crystals with varying position of the bisectrix, a few degrees (+ or ) on either side of the axis c; moreover, sections || c show a division into fields of hour-glass form. The zonal structure is in part original, in part a consequence of incipient alteration, which last also explains the variation in the position of the bisectrix, which takes place most rapidly in a direction || c. The final result of the alteration is the amorphous material before noted. It is to be noted that the change from a crystalline anise-tropic to the amorphous isotropic condition is common in certain of the minerals of the " Brevik" region in Norway (also elsewhere); cf. gadolinite, allan- ite, etc. Comp. (Ca,Fe),B a Si a O IO or (Ca,Fe),(BO) 2 (Si0 4 ) 2 . If Ca : Fe = 2 : 1, this is equivalent to 2CaO.FeO.B 3 .2Si0 3 = Silica 32'1, boron trioxide 18'7, iron protox- ide 19-3, lime 29 -9 = 100." Anal. 1, Paijkull, 1. c. 2, Damour, 1. c. 3, G. V. Petersson, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 45, 185, 1888. 1. 2. 3. SiO 2 B 3 O 3 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO G. = 3-28 31-87 [18-08 1-50 2'15 16-25 G. = 3-34 33-00 [15-21 19'92 b 31-83 [16-51 2-72 0'88 16'74 Incl. K 2 O 0-41. CaO MgO Na 2 O ign. 27-28 0-52 1-50" 0'85 = 100 [=100 27-00 1-01 2-30 Ce 2 O 8 , etc., 2-56 29-54 0-75 0-79 Ce 2 O 3 0'24=100 " With MnO 0'74. DATOLITE GROUP HOMILITE. 507 Fyr., etc. B.B. homilite fuses very readily to a black glass; reacts for iron and boric acid. Completely decomposed by hydrochloric acid with gelatiuizatiou. Obs. Fouud oil the island Stoko aud the neighboring islands, Store- Aro and Ovre-Aro in the Langesund fiord, Norway, in veins in augite-syeuite, with meliphauite and erdmannite; also titanite, zircon, segirite, lolliugite; further, as accessory associated species, astrophyllite, melano- cerite, nordenskioldiue, wohlerite, hiortdahlite, molybdenite, etc. The largest well developed crystal of homilite found had a length of about 2 inches in the direction of the orthodiagonal axis; another imperfect crystal had a weight of 50 grams. Named from o/uAez>, to occur together, in allusion to its association with uieliphanite and erdmauuite. Alt. As noted above, changes to an isotropic and amorphous material, analogous to gadolinite, allauite, etc. See also erdmanuite below. Ref. l Ann. Ch. Phys., 12, 405, 1877, and G. F5r. Forh., 3, 85, 1877. Brogger, on the basis of numerous measurements, has calculated the axial ratio: a : b : c = 0'62426 : 1 : 1'30126, ft = 89 50', for which, however, he does not claim great accuracy. He proposes to accept the following: a : b : c = 0'6245 : 1 : 1-2835, ft = 89 38', Zs. Kr., 16, 134, 1890. * Dx., 1. c. 3 Bgr., G. For. Fprh., 9, 247,. 1887, and 1. c. Brogger argues that the negative side of the homilite crystals may properly correspond to the positive side of gadolinite in other words, the angle ft = 89 21' of homilite may correspond to 90 33 -V of gadolinite, and he finds confirmation for this view in the position of the acute bisec- trix. Brogger also calls attention to an apparent relation in form, as inferred by him, between homilite and zircon. ERDMANNITE Esmark. Berlin, Pogg., 88, 162, 1853. Michaelsonite Dana, Min. p. 289, 1868. A name originally given to a mineral supposed to be allied to allanite occurring in the " Brevik region " in southern Norway. As described by Berlin, it occurred on the island Stoko in granular or lamellar masses, embedded in feldspar, not in distinct crystals. G. = 3'01. Luster vitreous. Color dark brown. Translucent in thin splinters. The following incomplete analysis was made by Blomstrand. (This was quoted in 5th Ed., p. 414, as an independent species, and again on p. 288 as a variety of allanite.) SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Ce-oxides Y 2 O 3 FeO MnO CaO H 2 O 31-85 11-71 34-89 1-43 8'52 0'86 6*46 [4'28] = 100 An analysis was later (1862) made by Michaelson (also another incomplete by Nobel, ibid.), Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 19, 512, 1862. The mineral was from Aro, and was supposed to be the same as that investigated by Berlin, and was also referred to allanite. H. = 4'5. G. = 3'44. Michael- sou's analysis is as follows: SiO 2 ZrO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 Y,O 3 Ce 2 O 3 (La,Di) 2 O 3 BeO MgO CaO Na 2 O H a O 29-21 5-44 2-81 6'42 1-63 9'79 15'60 4'27 0'45 14'93 2'45 5'50=98'50 Brogger concludes after a study of this, the typical erdmannite, that although a resemblance to allanite is at first noted, this is apparent only, and that the material analyzed, which micro- scopic examination proves to be heterogenous, consists of a mineral of the rnelanocerite group (p. 413) appearing in the sections brown and isotropic, intermixed with a doubly refracting mineral, which is probably homilite or a closely allied species. Also, besides this, there is another mineral, which has been called erdmannite, analyzed by Engstroin and Damour, below, which is probably a somewhat altered form of a kind of homilite peculiar in containing a considerable amount of the cerium metals, and for which, consequently, Brogger uses the name Cerhomilite. Engstrom's mineral was leek-green in color, with G. = 3 '388. Damour's was brown, with H. = 4-5, G. 3*03. Optically isotropic, amorphous. Anal. 1, Engstrom, Inaug. Diss., Upsala, p. 28, 1877. 2, Damour, Ann. Ch. Phys., 12, 411, 1877. SiO 2 ZrO 2 ThO a B 2 O S Fe 2 O 3 Ce 2 O 3 (Di,La) 2 O 3 Y 3 O 3 Er 2 O 3 FeO CaO BeO K 2 O H 9 O 1. 25-15 2-14 9-93 8'18 3'01 9'00 8'66 1'64 0'50 3'16 1878 3'16 l'44 d 525=100 2. 28-01 3-47 0'45 [5'54] 3'31 b 19'28 8'09 6'77 C ll'OO 1'98 12'10 = 100 Sn0 2 . b A1 2 O 3 . c Incl. 1'35 MnO Incl. 1'02 Na a O. Engstrom calculates the formula R 2 O 3 .SiO 2 -f 3RO.SiO 2 + 1|H 2 O and remarks upon its similarity in formula to datolite and gadolinite, a conclusion to which Brogger also arrives in a somewhat different way. Brogger mentions also that much so-called erdmannite is only zircon usually much altered; cf. Zs- Kr., 16, 109, 1890, also Krantz, Pogg., 82, 586, 1851. 508 SILICATES. 403. EUCLASE T., 2, 254, 1797 Germ. LSE. Ha'iiy; Delameth., J. Phys., 41, 155, 1792 (without credit to Haiiy); T. (with credit to Huiiy); Haiiy, J. Mines, 5, 258, 1799, Tr., 2, 1801. Euklas Monoclinic. Axes a : b .: 6 = 0*32369 : 1 : 0-33324; ft = 79 44' 4" = 001 A 100 Schabus 1 . 100 A HO = 17 40' 2", 001 A 101 = 51 7' 48", 001 A Oil = 18 9' 1' n (011,1-1) (O.'ir6, -V-l) o (021, 2-1) F (011-4, --i) q (031, 3-1) R (041, 44) .ff (061, 6-1) r (111, - 1) U (332, - |)4 a (112, V) d (111, 1) Forms 3 : ra (110. /) a (100, i-l) # (9 10-0, i- b (010, i) y (670, -|) c (001, 0) rare I (340, f) $ (20-1-0. -20) 3 y^ (230, *-|) 2 71 (16-1-0. -16) a (590, t-|) C (910, a-9) 5 (120, i-2) e (410, z-4) L (130, -3) 5 (320. t-f) z (104, H) 5 (430, t-|) (102, f i) A (650, i-f) P (101, 1-i) K (221, 2) 5 m (593, 3-|) (323, - 1-|) & (121, 2-2) A (12-3-1, 12-4) 4 / (131, 3-3) // (211, 2-2> fc (142, 2-4) D (162, 3-6; J. (124, - i-2) 4 C (152, 1-5) w (121, - 2-2) p (2-13-5, -V- i (141, - 4-4) k (2'13-4, A cr (155, - 1-5) 4 A (151, - 5-5) 5 e (231, 34) y (6-10-1, 10-1)? w (173, |-7) x (182, 4-8) IP" (197, f-9) 4 Figs. 1, 2, 4, Brazil, Schabus. 3, Alps, Becke. Hintze (Min., 2, 186, 1890) quotes the following forms as having been observed by Arznini on euclase from the Sanarka region in the Ural. 18-1-0, 25-2-0, 23-2-0, ll'f'O, 810, 710, 510, 310, 210, IO'7'O, 530, 540, 870, 980, 20 19'0, 780, 670, 570, 350, IO'19'O, 490, 4'H'O, 170, 3'28'0, 3'35'0; 047, 0-10'7, 0'13'6, 0'13"5, p-30'11,. 0-25-9?, 0-33 -_1; 24'25 24, 12'13-12, IMO'll, 454, 13'17-13, 14'25-14, 22'25'22, 757, 656, 29'50'29, 3-10-3, 171, 1-38-1. Also others by Miers: IS'l'O?, 610?, 560, 580, ll'18'O? '" W hh'" mm' II ftfl' 88' a'z '= 9 6' = 23 58|' = 29 44' = 35 20' = 133 D 59' = 128 55V = 115 0' = 85 24' ag aP nn' oo cr mr = 71 7' = 49 8' = 36 18V = 66 31' = 89 3V = 105 21' = 41 59' = 38 15' cm - 80 13V m'd = 47 15V cd = 52 31' su - 35 48' cu =45 33V cB = 55 55' rr' = 23 46' uu it' aa' dd' ff ee' = 45 40' = 80 11 V = 17 55' = 28 17' = 53 30' = 74 11' = 49 44' Only in crystals; habit prismatic with faces in zone ab vertically striated, and yielding an almost indefinite scries of forms (see above). Cleavage: b highly perfect; ft, c rather difficult. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 7-5. G. = 3-103 Kk.; 3-051, Sanarka, Erem; 3-089, 3-097 Brazil, Dx. Luster vitreous, somewhat pearly on the cleavage-face. Colorless, pale mountain- green, passing into blue and white. Streak uncolored. Transparent; occasionally subtransparent. Pleochroism distinct. Optically -f . Ax. pi. || b. B* nearly || P, Dx. Bx a A 6 = + 42 16' Becke. Indices, Dx. DATOLITE GROUP GADOLIXITE. 509 Fortfa r y = l-6520 /ff y =l-6553 y y =r6710 ' 2V y =49 37' 2E y =8759' Measured 2E r = 88 47' 2E bl = 88 7' At 176 2E increased 2 18' Electrified by friction. Comp. HBeAlSiO. = Be(A10H)Si0 4 or H 2 0.2BeO.Al 2 3 .2SiO a = Silica 41-3, alumina 35'2, glucina 17'3, water 6'2 = 100. Anal. Damour, C. R., 40, 942, 1855. Also Berzelius, Mallet, 5th Ed., p. 380. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 BeO H 2 O Fe 2 O 3 CaO Sn0 2 F Brazil 41*63 34'07 16-97 6'04 1'03 0'14 0'34 0'38 = 100'60 Pyr., etc. In the closed tube, when strongly ignited, gives off water. B.B. in the forceps cracks and whitens, throws out points, and fuses at 5 '5 to a white enamel. Not acted upon by acids. Obs. Occurs in Brazil, in the province of Minas Geiaes, mining district of Villa Rica, with topaz in chloritic schist; in the auriferous sands of the Orenburg district, southern Ural, near the river Sanarka, with topaz, corundum, cyanite, etc. One Ural crystal measured 3 in. by f in. In the Glossglockner region of the Austrian Alps on the Gamsgrube, with pericliue, rudle, quartz on mica schist; also from the Mollthal with pericline. Named by Haily from ev, easily, and KA.do'iS, fracture, in allusion to the easy cleavage. Haily states that his name, Euclase, was published by Daubenton in an early issue of his Tableau meth. de Mineraux; but the particular edition of the Tableau (of which several were issued) the author has not been able to learn. Delametherie, after publishing, in 1792, the name and description, without crediting either to Haiiy, in his Theorie de la Terre, in 1797, gives Hatiy full credit. First brought to Europe from S. America by Dombey, in 1785. Ref. ' Ber. Ak. Wien, 8, 507, 1852 (abstr. in Pogg., 88, 608, 1853), also Denkschr., Ak. Wien, 6, 57, 1854. *-Sbs., 1. c. Cf. also Kk. Min. Russl., 3, 97,1858; Dx., Min., 1, 480, 1862; Kk., ib., 10, 104, 1889; Gdt., Index, 1, 583, 1886. 3 Becke, Alps, Min. Mitth.. 4, 147, 1881. 4 Dx., Brazil, Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 317, 1882. 5 Kochlin, Austr. Alps, Ann. Mus. Wien, 1, 237, 1886, also doubtful GO (10-6-5), 1-41-31; still more so M2'0, l'10'O, 190, 270, 12'1'0, 231-0, 494, 131, 643. 6 Erem., Sanarka, Vh. Min. Ges., 24, 244, 1888, Zs. Kr., 15, 548, 1889. 404. GADOLINITE. Schwarzer Zeolith (fr. Ytterby) Geyer, Crell's Ann., 1788. Ytterbit (Silicate of Alumina, ox. Iron, and a new earth) Gadolin, Ak. H. Stockh,, 1794; Ekeberg, ib., 1797 (naming the earth YTTRIA). Gadolinit Klapr. (Ak. Berlin, 1800), Beitr., 3, 52, 1802. Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : c = 0-62726 : 1 : 1-32150; fi = *89 26'=001 A 100 Eichstadt 1 . 100 A HO = 32 5f, 001 A 101 = 64 9-J-', 001 A Oil = *52 53'. Forms' : t (102, - \-i) ( 13 . H) P (HI, - 1) V (212, 1-2) a (100, i-l) u (104, i-l) x (023, f 4) 3 a. (221, - 2) C (232, - f-|) b (010, t4) v (5-0-12, -fz-l) q (Oil, 14) y (112, f) g (231, - 3-|) 3 c (001, 0) s (102, i-I) y (021, 24) o (111, 1) z (243, - f 2) m (110, J) r ( I01 > *-*> * (1-1-10, - T V) 4 S ^ 21 ' 2 > * I (120, i-2) e (014, i4) 3 K (113, - I) 4 e (212, - 1-2) ^ i (013, 4) 3 A (225, - f) 4 h (321, - 3-f) 3 ' ^ 121 ' *$ Also as given by Eichstadt, but of somewhat uncertain position, p (115), it (114), cr (225), T (334): doubtful, 8'10'5. Further Sjogren gives ft (112), d (121), which are questioned by Eichsttadt. ' = 47 33' cy = 51 29' 0/3' = 48 43' mm' = *115 48' 20" ww = 66 54f co = 68 30' pp' = 58 53|' U' = 77 7' qq' = 105 46' cd = 79 5' aa' = 62 41' ct = 46 12' yy = 138 33' en = 59 38|' yy' = 49 8' cu = 27 54' eft = 50 54' cf = 73 50' oo' = 59 16' C6 = 46 47 cp = 67 41' ap = 38 3f dd' 62 54' cr = 65 4' ca = 78 11' po = 103 87|' nju' = 84 52' ar = 25 29f cm = 89 32' do = 38 19' jf = 97 22' ee' = 36 34' CTC = 32 0' 510 SILICATES. Crystals rough and coarse ; commonly prismatic and terminated by c ; some- times acutely terminated by certain of the pyramids, as p (111), a (221), o (111), or # (221). Twinning lamellae sometimes observed after ignition, Ytterby, Peterssou. Also in masses. Cleavage none. Fracture conchoidal or splintery. Brittle. H. = 6-5-7. 'G. = 4'0-4'5; normally 4'36-4'47 of anisotropic; 4'24-4-29 isotropic, Petersson; after heating Somewhat increased (see below). Luster vitreous to greasy.- Color black, greenish black, also brown; in thin splinters nearly transparent, and usually grass-green to olive-green. Streak greenish gray. Normally doubly refracting and crystalline in structure, but usually isotropic and amorphous. Pleochroism feeble in green varieties; distinct in brown. Op- tically +. Double refraction normally strong, but variable. Ax. pi. || b. a (= Bx ) nearly J_ a like datolite and homilite; Bx a . y A k + 4 Dx. Bx a A k = -f- 7j to 9 in green varieties, 12 to 13 in brown (see below) Eichstadt. Axial angles: 2H a . r = 106 6' 2H a .y = 105 2H a .y = 107 18' 2H . y = 118 20' 2H a .bi = 109 27' , 2V y = 85 28' Dx. Eichstadt. Var. In part crystalline in molecular structure, as well as in form, doubly refracting, with optical characters as noted above; color green in thin splinters. Here belongs the normal gadolinite from Hittero and from Stora Skedevi in Dalarne, Sweden. More commonly completely amorphous and isotropic, both in the massive form and also in crystals; also both kinds in the same specimen, and again, as seen in a thin section, with brown spots in an isotropic ground-mass. This change in optical structure is due to alteration involving a molecular rearrangement simply, i.e., by paramorphism, for both varieties have the same com- position (anal. 1, 2 Petersson). By heating, the amorphous mineral is transformed into theaniso tropic and crystalline, and this is accompanied by strong phosphorescence (evolution of light and heat, see below), at the same time there is an increase in the specific gravity and the green coloi is changed in the thin section to colorless or reddish, and the mineral no longer gelatinizes with acid. The anisotropic mineral is also changed by heating, for while there is no striking phos- phorescence, the specific gravity becomes greater, there is an increase in the strength of the double refraction, the color is paler, and gelatinizatiou no longer takes place (Petersson). 5 Both the anisotropic and isotropic forms become brown by alteration, involving oxidation oi the iron and assumption of water. For the former the brown mineral so formed is pleochrok with a larger angle of extinction; for the latter it is still isotropic. The following are specific gravity determinations: 1, 2, 3, Ytterby; 4, Hittero; see also th Includes a little Al a O 3 in some cases, viz.: in 2, 0'58 p. c.; 8, 0'79; 11, 0'12; 17, 0'14; 18, 0'28; 19, 0'31; 21, 2*34; 22, 0-54; 23, 2'82; 24, 3'05. "Includes MnO: in 1, 0'19 p. c.; 2, 0'25; 4, 0'09; 5, 0'41; 7, 0'16 ; 8, 0'32; 9,0-12; 10, 0'16; 11,0-12; 17, 0'19; 18, 0-22; 19, 0'18; 22, O'll. * Includes MgO: in 1, 0'22 p. c.; 3,0-12; 6, O'lO; 8, 0'06; 9, 0'18; 10, 0'07; 11, 0'07; 15, 0'23; 18, 0'07; 19, Oil; 21, 0-14; 22,0-16; 23, 0'33; 24, O'll. Be 2 O 9 . f Incl. K 2 O: in 18, 0'15; 19, 0'12; 21, 0*18; 22, 0'20. Incl. ThO 8 . h Ign. Pyr., etc. The glassy isotropic variety is unchanged in the closed tube, but if heated B.B. the assay gives for a moment a bright light, as if it had taken tire, swells up, cracks open, and becomes grayish green in color without fusing; it has then become anisotropic. The normal anisotropic variety swells into cauliflower-like ramifications and becomes white, rarely glowing (see above, p. 510); the isotropic form, if the alteration has gone too far, also fails to glow. With borax gives an iron reaction. Only slightly acted upon by salt of phosphorus. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid with gelatinization, but not after it has been heated and exhibited the accom- panying phosphorescence. Obs. Occurs principally in pegmatyte veins, often associated with allanite and other miner- als containing rare elements, also fluorine compounds. Found at the quarries of Kararfvet, Broddbo, and Finbo, near Falun in Sweden; also at Ytterby, near Stockholm; chiefly in rounded masses, which are often encircled with a yellow crust, and embedded in coarse-grained granite. At Kararfvet crystals have been obtained 4 in. long; also in the Torsaker parish, Gestrikland; Karlberg in the Stora Tuna parish, and at St. Skedevi, Dalarne, Sweden. On the island Hittero in the Flecke fiord, southern Norway, crystals sometimes 4 in. across; on Malo, southeast of Grimstad, Norway. Sparingly in granite veins of the Radauthal in the Harz, associated with allanite (orthite): Schreiberhau in the Riesengebirge, Silesia; Baveno, Italy, in granite; Newcastle, Mourne Mts., Ireland. It is also stated to have been obtained at * First announced as from Burnet Co., Texas, but later shown to have come from Llano Co. 512 SILICATES. Disko in Greenland; in trap near Galway, Ireland; embedded in granite in Ceylon; but these need confirmation. In Llano Co., Texas, 5 miles south of Bluffton on the west bank of the Colorado River. It occurs in nodular masses and rough crystals, sometimes up to 40 or 60 pounds in weight, but averaging half a pound, and usually with a reddish or yellow altered exterior.. It is embedded in a quartzose pegmatyte, and is associated with allauite, yttrialite, uivenite, fergusonite, cyrtolite, gummite, fiuorite, molybdenite, magnetite, feldspar, quartz, mica, etc. The crystals are elongated in the direction of the vertical axis (in one case 10 inches long) and are character- ized by the presence of the pyramids 2> (ill)*' (I 11 ) au( * a (221), the basal plane being nearly or Saite wanting; cf. Hidden & Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 38, 474, 1889. At Devil's Head Mt., ouglas Co., Colorado. According to Petersson the only anisotropic gadolinite is that from Hittero, Norway, and Stora Skedevi, Dalarne, Sweden; that of the other localities noted is isotropic. Named after the Swedish chemist, J. Gadoliu (1760-1852). Alt. As noted above, the original crystalline anisotropic gadoliuite is for the most part changed molecularly to an amorphous isotropic form. This does not necessarily involve a chemical change, which, however, is involved in the change (p. 510) from the green to the brown variety. Further, the mineral is often altered on the exterior to a brownish red color with waxy luster and further to a yellowish or yellowish brown earthy ocher-like or powdery substance. The altered gadolinite from Llano Co., Texas, has been examined by Geuth (Am. J. Sc., 38, 198, 1889) with the following results: G. = 3'592. SiO 2 Y 2 O 3 ,Ce 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 BeO MnO CaO ign. quartz 2211 39-20 14-53 6'03 0'22 5'58 9'30 T03 = 98 00. E. Goldsmith has given (J. Analyt. Ch., 4, 22, 1890) the name metagadolinite to a similar alteration product, red in color, with G. = 3*494 and for which he obtained: SiO 2 18-15 CesO* 20'66 Fe 2 O 3 26 ; 03 YO 21-85 CaO 3'64 MgO 21 H 2 O 9'76 = 100 30 Ref. ' Hittero, Ak. H. Stockh., Bih., 10(2), No. 18, 1885; the form was first proved to be monoclinic by Dx., Ann. Ch. Phys., 18, 305, 1869, Min., 2, xi, 1874. Some early authors made it mouoclinic, others orthorhombic. Dx. also early called attention to the isotropic and anisotropic varieties. See Dx., 1. c., and Min., 2, p. xi, 1874. Cf. also Waage, Jb. Min., 696, 1867; Rath, Radauthal, Pogg., 144, 576, 1871; Gdt,, Index, 1, 65, 1887. a H. Sj., Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 39, No. 7, 47, 1882. 4 Eichstadt, 1. c. 5 G. For. Fork., 12, 275-347, 1890. 405. YTTRIALITE. W. E. Hidden and J. B. Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 38, 477, 1889. Massive. Amorphous. No cleavage. Fracture conchoidal and splintery. Brittle. H. = 5-5-5. G. = 4-575. Luster vitreous to greasy. Color on the fresh fracture olive-green, tending to drab; this changes on the exterior by alteration to orange-yellow. Translucent, made partially opaque by the presence of minute ragged lines pene- trating the mass in all directions. Comp. A silicate of thorium and the yttrium metals chiefly; oxygen ratio of silicon to hases = 4:3, hence equivalent to K 2 3 .2SiO a . Anal. SiO 2 ThO 2 Y 2 (V Ce 2 O 3 (La,Di) 2 O 3 UO 3 A1 2 3 FeO CaO ign. 29-17 12-00 46-50 1'86 2'94 b 0'83 0'55 3'66 C 0'60 0'79 PbO 0'85 = 99'75 * Yttrium earths including: A, 22-67 p. c.. at. wght, 110-3; B, 5'30, at. wght. 110'53; C, 4'50, at. wght. 114'9; D, 14'03, at. wght. 120. b At. weight 162. c Incl. 0'77 MnO. Pyr. Decrepitates violently in the Bunsen burner; falls to powder when strongly ignited, becoming snuff-brown, infusible and insoluble. Before heating the mineral is soluble in hydro- chloric acid. Obs. Occurs associated with and often implanted upon the gadolinite of Llano Co., Texas (see above). It is sometimes in masses of considerable size (up to 10 pounds); these are orange- yellow on the surface by alteration; this serves to distinguish it from the similar masses of gadolinite associated with it, which are brick-red on the surface. A white crystalline mineral, perhaps tensrerite, is observed in the cracks. Named in allusion to the composition from yttrium and A.iQo$, stone, the yttrium earths being the chief bases. YTTRIUM SILICATE Damour, L'Institut, 78, 1853. H. = 5-6; scratches glass. G. = 4-391. Color brown. Probably a silicate of yttrium, but composition not determined. B.B. whitens, but infusible. Not soluble in salt of phosphorus. Sulphuric acid heated to 300 C. decomposes it, leaving a siliceous residue. From the diamond sands of Bahia, Brazil. EPIDOTE GROUP ZOISITE. 513 13. Epidote Group. Orthorhombic and Monoclinic. n m n ra in Basic Orthosilicates, HR a R 3 Si 3 13 or R,(ROH)R 2 (Si0 4 ) s n n m mm R = Ca,Fe; R = Al,Fe,Mn,Ce, etc. a. Orthorhombic Section. 406, Zoisite 407. Epidote 408. Piedmontite 409. Allanite a Ca a (A10H)Al 2 (Si0 4 ) 3 0'6196 ft. Monoclinic Section. j mCa 2 (A10H)Al 2 (Si0 4 ) 3 a \ wCa 2 (FeOH)Fe 2 (Si0 4 ) 3 1'5787 Ca 2 ( A10H) ( Al,Mn) 2 (Si0 4 ) 3 1-6100 (Ca,Fe) 2 (A10H)(Al,Ce,Fe) 2 (Si0 4 ) 3 1'5509 c 0-3429 6 1-8036 1-8326 1-7691 ft 64 37' 64 39' 64 59' Although Zoisite and Epidote belong to different crystalline systems, they are near each other in angle as well as composition, and are to be regarded as essentially isomorphous, similarly .to the monoclinic and triclinic feldspars; see further p. 517. 406. ZOISITE. Saualpit (fr. the Saualpe in Carinthia) v. Zois, and Carinthian Mineral ogists, before 1806, Klapr., Beitr., 4, 179, 1807. Zoisite (fr. Carinthia) Wern., 1805. Var. of Epidote H., J. Mines, 19, 365, 1806, Bernhardi, Moll's Efem., 3, 24, 1807. Illuderit Leonh., Syst. Tab., p. iv, 1806. Lime-Epidote. Zoisite, sp. distinct from Epidote, Brooke, Ann. Phil., 5, 382, 1823. Thulite Brooke, Cryst., 494, 1823. Unionite Silliman, Am. J. Sc. 8, 384, 1849. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0-61963 : 1 : 0-34295 Tschermakand Sipocz 1 . 100 A 110 = 31 47', 001 A 101 = 28 57', 001 A Oil = 18 55' . Forms 2 : a (100, i-l) "> ( 53 <>, *D l ( 140 > *' 4 ) * ( 41 > 4 '*) (121, 2-2) b (010, i-l) m (110, /) d (10 i, 14) e (061, 64) p (131, 3-3) k (310, i-3) f (120, *-?) / (Oil, 14) o (111, 1) * (161, 6-6)? q (210, i-2) * (130, 8) u (021, 24) On the relation in form of zoisite to epidote, see under epidote, p. 517 = 23 20' II = 43 57' ee' = 128 10' = 34 26' dd' = 57 56' = 63 34' ff' = 37 52' = 77 48' uu' = 68 54' oo'" = 33" 24' pp = 56 33' xx 1 = 107 49' kk'" qq'" mm rr' tt' oo oo' oo' = 55 16' = 66 8' = 33 24' PP' w'" = 49 4' = 42 11' = 61 56' = 83 59' Crystals prismatic, deeply striated or furrowed vertically, and seldom distinctly terminated. A want of symmetry in the development of the pyramidal planes common. Also massive ; columnar to compact. Cleavage: b very perfect. Fracture uneven to sub- conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 6-6-5. G. = 3'25-3'37. Luster vitreous; on the cleavage face, 1), pearly. Color grayish white, gray, yellowish brown, greenish gray, apple- green; also peach-blossom-red to ros^-red. Streak un- colored. Transparent to subtranslucent. Pleochroism strong in pink varieties, see below. Op- tically +. Ax. pi. usually || &; also || c. Bx J_ a. Dis- persion strong, p < v ; also p > v. Axial angle variable even in the same crystal, also increasing rapidly with rise of temperature. Tennessee. 514 SILICATES. Bavaria U. S. ' Carinthia 2E r = 42 to 44 2E_ = 50 to 52 2E = 94 59' at 2U C. 100 12' a = 1-696 2E bl = 65 to 70 = l-70 Dx. 3 ft = 1'696 V-l-*bI W W fV /*Sf J. \/ JL^A. 104 38' at 146r 107 28' at 195 -8 Dx. Y = 1-702 Levy-Lex. The variation in optical characters is probably to be explained (Tschermak) by the existence of twinning lamellae with (031) as tw. pi. (c /\ 031 45 49'), hence having the axis a in common but the b axes inclined about 90 to each other; the lamellae, however, have wor (140) as face of contact. Another system of tw. lamellae with (905) as tw. pi. may also be present. Var. 1. Ordinary. Colors gray to' white and brown; also green. Usually in indistinct prismatic or columnar forms; also in fibrous aggregates. For zoisite of Kauris, G. = 3 -226 Breith.; Saualpe. 3-345 Id.; Moravia, 3'336Id.; Faltigl, 3'381 Id.; Titiribi, 3'381 Id. Unionite is a very pure zoisite. anal. 4. 2. Rose-red, or Thulite. G. = 3124; fragile; pleochroism strong: c (= a) yellow, t) (= V\ deep rose, a (= c) light rose, Lex. 3 3. Compact, massive. Includes the essential part of most saussurite, which has arisen from the alteration of feldspar. See p. 515. Comp. HCa 2 Al 3 Si 3 13 or 4Ca0.3Al 2 3 .6Si0 2 .H 2 = Silica 39-7, alumina 33'7, lime 24'6, water 2'0 = 100. The alumina is sometimes replaced by iron, thus graduating toward epidote, which has the same general formula. Anal. 1, 2, Sipocz, Ber. Ak. Wien, 82(1), 141, 1880. 3, Koenig, Proc. Ac. Philad., 83, 1878. 4, Brush, Am. J. Sc., 26, 69, 1858. 5, Luedecke, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 258, 1876. 6-11, Rg., Pogg , 100, 133, 1857, and Min. Ch., 591, 1875. 12, Heddle, Min. Mag., 5, 11, 1882. 13, Gmelin, quoted by Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 43, 84. 1848 14, Pisani. C. R., 62, 100, 1866. Also Cullakenee, Clay Co., N. C., Koenig and Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 13, 374, 1873; California, Becker, Mon. 13, p. 79, U. S. G. Surv. Further 5th Ed., p. 291. G. SiO 2 A1 2 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO CaO MgO H 2 1. Ducktown 3-367 | 39-61 3289 0-91 0-71 24-50 0-14 2-12 = 100-88 2. Pregratten 3-338 | 39-75 31-45 085 1-83 24-05 0-13 2-61 = 100-67 3. Leiperville, Pa. 3-642 40-70 33-30 2-40 0-70 19-70 015 2-40 MnO 0-43 [99 78 4. Union ville, Pa., Unionite 3 299 40-61 33-44 0-49 24-13 tr. 2-22 = 100 89 5. Syra f 42-85 32-60 tr. 21-37 0-21 2-55 = 99-58 6. Saualpe 3-353 40-64 28 39 3-89 24-26 057 2-09 = 99-84 7. Goshen, Mass. 3-341 40-06 30-67 2-45 23-91 0-49 225 = 99-83 8. Gefrees 3-361 40-32 29-77 2-77 2435 0-24 2-08 = 9953 9. Sterziug 3352 40-00 30-34 2-06 24-15 0-23 2-04 = 98-82 10. Fnschthal 3-251 41-92 2709 2 94 22-73 1-21 3-67 = 99-56 11. Saasthal 3-280 42-35 28-30 3-08 21-60 0-56 3-18 K 2 91 = 12. GlenUrquhart 3'014 39'60 31'08 2'07 13. Tellemark, Thulite 4281 3114 2'29 14. Traversella, compact 3'02 41 '79 31'00 1'95 19-68 23-34 [Na 2 O 18-73 [99-98 tr. 2-41 MnO 0'08, 1 06, KsOO-56 = 100-20 1-63 0-64 Na 2 O 1'89 = [99-13 2-43 3-70 = 100-55 Pyr., etc. B.B. swells up and fuses at 3-3'5 to a white blebby mass. Not decomposed by acids; when previously ignited gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. Gives off water when strongly ignited. Obs. Occurs chiefly in crystalline schists, especially those characterized by the presence of some one of the amphiboles (actinolite, smaragdite, glaucophane, etc.); thus in amphibolyte, glaucophane schist, eclogyte; also less often in granite. The original zoisite is that of the eclogyte of the Saualpe in Carinthia (saualpite); occurs also with biotite in beds of pyrrhotite at Lamprechtsberg, Cariuthia. Other localities are: Kauris in Salzburg; Eibiswald in Styria; Sterzing, Pregratten, Passeyr, Pritschthal in Tyrol; the Fich- telgebirge in Bavaria, as at Gefrees and Weissenstein; the Saxon Erzgebirge; Marschendorf in Moravia; Zermatt and Saasthal in Switzerland; the island of Syra, one of the Cyclades, in glauco- phane schist. From Glen Urquhart, Gran town, Inverness-shire; Loch Garve, Ross shire, in Scotland. TJiulite occurs at Kleppan in the parish of Souland in Tellernarken. Norway, with bluish vesuvianite (cyprine), yellowish white garnet, epidote, and fmorite; also at the iron mine of Klodeberg near Arendal; and at Traversella in Piedmont, forming small veins with talc and actinolite in granite. The red color of the porfido rosso antico is in part due to thulite produced by alteration of the feldspar (Rosenbusch). In the United States, found in Vermont, at Willsborough. in column arm asses; at Montpelier, bluish gray along with calcite, in mica schist, In Mass., at Chester, in mica schist; at Goshen, Chesterfield, Hinsdale, Heath, Leyden, Williamsburg. Windsor. In Conn., at Milford. IP Penn., in W. Bradford and W. Goshen, Chester Co.; in Kennet township and E. Marlboro: Leiperville, Delaware Co.; at Unionville, white (unionite) with corundum and euphyllite. In EPIDOTE GROUP ZOISITE. 515 N. Carolina, at the Cullakenee mine iu Clay Co., with corundum; also rose-red crystals at the Flat Rock mine, Mitchell Co. Iu Tenn., at the Ducktown copper mines. Iu California, abun- dant in the inetamorphic rocks, often intimately associated, as at Sulphur Bank, with glauco- phane (Becker, 1. c.). This species was instituted by Werner in 1805, first united to epidote by Hatly and Bernhardi independently in 1806, and separated again from epidote on crystallographic grounds by Brooke in 18~3. Des Cloizeaux has confirmed Brooke's conclusion by optical examinations, and further has shown that the crystallization is orthometric, instead of clinometric. Thulite is referred to the species by Des Cloizeaux, together with the calciuin-epidote from most of the localities men- tioned in connection with the analyses. Zoisite was so named after Baron von Zois, from whom Werner received his first specimens; and Thulite after Thule, an ancient name of Norway. Ref._ i Ducktown, Tenn., Ber. Ak. Wien, 82 (1), 141, 1880; cf. Bgr., Zs. Kr., 3, 471, 1879; Lewis, ib., 7, 183, 1882. 2 Cf. Mir., Min., 306, 1852; Dx., Ann. Mines, 16, 219, 1859, Min., 1, 238, 1862; also ! above. 3 Optical characters: Dx., 1. c. and N. R., 106, 1867, Min. 2, p. xxx, 1874; Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 77, 1886; Levy-Lex., Min. Roches, 183, 1888. SAUSSTJRITE. Jade (fr. near L. Geneva) H. B. de Saussure, Yoy. Alpes, 1, 112, 1780. Bitterstein, Schweizerische Jade, Hopfner, Mag. Helvet., 1, 291, Bergm. J.,448, 1788. Nephrite pt. Wern. Lehmanite Delameth., T. T., 2, 354. Jade tenace, Jade de Saussure, H., Tr., 4, 1801. Saussurite T. de Saussure, J. Mines, 19, 205, 1806. Var. of Zoisite T. S. Hunt, Am. J. Sc., 25, 437, 1858, 27, 336, 1859. A tough compact mineral substance with splintery fracture; H. = 6'5-7; G. 3'0-3'4; color varying from white or nearly so to gray, greenish gray, bluish green; translucent to nearly opaque. For the most part derived from the alteration of a feldspar by a process of ' ' saussuriti- zation," and rarely, if ever, a homogeneous mineral. In composition it often approaches zoisite, as shown by Hunt (1. c.), of which it has been regarded as a soda-bearing variety. It has been proved by Cathrein and others 1 , however, that while zoisite is often a prominent constituent, there is usually present a plagioclase feldspar, often near albite and probably of secondary origin; also rarely orthoclase in varying amount, and garnet, with trernoliie, chlorite, etc., as accessories. In many cases the saussurite is of so fine- grained texture that it is only with difficulty resolved by the microscope. The place of the zoisite is sometimes taken by epidote, when sufficient iron for the latter mineral is present. Further some so-called saussurite contains no zoisite, the name having been given, for example, to some compact labradorite; also to some substances which have proved to have the composition of garnet. Cf. Michael, Jb. Min., 1, 39, 1888. Cathreiu also describes the change of garnet to saussurite, Zs. Kr., 10, 444, 1885. Roepper has described a calcium-potash pseudomorph after anorthite from Franklin, N. J., with G. = 3'06-3-10, Am. J. Sc., 16, 364, 1878. The original saussurite was from the vicinity of Lake Geneva. G. = 3'261 de Saussure; 3'365-3'385, Hunt; H. = 6'5-7; color pale bluish green, greenish gray, to white or nearly so; very tough. Not attacked by acids. It was named after the elder H. B. de Saussure (1740-1799) by his son, Th. de Saussure (1767-1845). Hiitlin and Pfaffius have described a saussurite which occurs with serpentine in the Schwarzwald. It forms with smaragdite the euphotide of the Alps, a rock which, as a result of glacier action, is widely distributed in boulders over the valley of the Rhone, and the country about Lake Geneva: the boulders, as ascertained by Prof. Guyot, were derived from the chain of the Saasgrat, through the valley of the Saas, and are distributed to a distance of 150 miles from this place of origin. Also present in saussurite-gabbro and related rocks of Corsica, Piedmont, the Fichtelgebirge, Scandinavia, the Lizard; in the green- stones of the Lake Superior region (G. H. Williams, Bull. 62, U. S. G. Surv.). The following are typical analyses. Anal. 1, 2, Boulanger, Ann. Mines. 8, 159, 1835. 3, 4, T. S. Hunt, Am. J. Sc , 27, 345, 1859 5, Finkenscher, J. pr. Ch., 89, 456, 1863. 6. Htitlin & Pfaffius, Vh. Ges. Freib., 2, 1861. 7, Hudleston, quoted by Bonney, Min. Mag., 2, 6, 1878. 8, Delesse. Bull. Soc. G.. 6, 547, 1849. 9. Id., Ann. Mines, 17, 116, 1850. 10, Damour, C. R., 63, 1044, 1866. 11, Rath, Pogg., 95, 555, 1855 12, Chandler, Inaug. Diss., Gott., 1856, and JB. Ch., 858, 1856. 13, 14, Heddle, Min. Mag., 2, 29, 1878. 15, Id., ibid., 5, 6, 1882. 16, Hjortdnhl, Nyt Mag., 23, 228, 1877. 17, Fellenberg, Vh. Schw. Ges , Interlaken, 1870. 18, 19, F. W. Clarke, Proc. U. S. Mus., 11, 128, 1888. 20, Id., Am. J. Sc., 28, 21, 1884. 21, Michael, Jb. Min., 1, 38, 1888. 22-24, Cathrein, Zs. Kr., 7, 234etseq., 1882. G. Si0 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO CaO MgO Na 2 O K 2 O igu. 1. Mt. Genevre 44'6 30'4 15'5 2'5 7'5 =100'5 2. Orezza, Corsica 3'18 43'6 32'0 21-0 2'4 1'6 - =100-6 3. L. Geneva, U. wh. 3'365 43'59 27'72 2'61 19'71 2'98 3'08 0-35=100-04 4. " 3-385 4810 25'34 3'30 12-60 6'76 a 3'55 0-66=100-31 5. " 45-34 30-28 1'37 13'87 3'88 4'23 0'71= 99*68 6. Schwarzwald 42'64 31 '00 2'40 8'21 5'73 3'50 3-83= 97'31 7. Mt. Colon 45-70 23 00 0'50 19-30 4'75 [1'95] 4'80=100 8. Mt Genevre 49'73 29'65 0'85 11-18 0'56 4'04 024 3'75=100 9. Durance 56'12 17'40 7'79 8'74 3'41 3'72 0'24 1'93= 99 35 10. Neuchatel 50-69 25'65 2'50 10'61 5'76 4 64 0'30=100'15 * The specimen analyzed contained some talc. 516 SILICATES. 11. Neurode 12. Zopten 13. Unst 14. " 15. Ayrshire 16. Bergen 17. Bieler L. 18. Swiss L. Dwellings 3-403 19. Saasthal, mass. 20. Shasta "Co., Cal. 21. Wojaleite 22. Wildschonau 23. 24. G. Si0 2 Al a O 8 Fe 2 O 3 FeO CaO MgO Na 2 O K 2 O ign. 2-991 | 50-84 26-00 273 14-95 0-22 4-68 0-61 1-21 = 101-24 51-76 2682 1-77 12-96 0-35 4-61 0-62 0-68= 99 57 2-95 52-21 29-64 0-48 12-43 0-26 4-00 0-44 0-11= 99-57 2-954 53-14 29-99 0'25 12-29 0-21 3-86 0-47 0-21=100-42 3-088 39-92 27 51 1-92 17-13 1-66 4-63 1-40 6-12=100-29 3-19 42-91 31-98 0-19 20-94 0-81 2-31 0-18 = 99-32 3-407 48-86 29-27 1-67 11-74 5-43 3-58 0-50=101-05 3-403 46-90 29 76 2-52 11-77 5-80 3-21 tr. 0-30=100-26 48-29 27 -35 1 45 12-95 5-36 3-57 tr. 0-54= 99 81 3-148 42-79 29-43 3-65 18-13 1-40 2-51 2-42=100 33 38-15 32-63 2-92 25-10 0-40 tr. _ 2-41 = 101-61 2-659 65-23 21-22 0-80 1-80 0-61 10-24 0-61 =100-41 2-988 50-49 25-27 3-36 11-07 2-70 4-93 1-30 2-11=101-23 3-011 48-30 29-98 0-65 1236 1-31 4-49 1-57 2-33=100-99 Ref._ i Cathrein, Zs. Kr., 7, 234-249, 1882. Traube, Inaug. Diss., Greifswald, 1884. G. H. Williams, Bull. 62, U. S. G. Surv., 1891. 407. EPIDOTE. Schorl vert du Dauphin e de Lisle, Crist,, 2, 401, 1783. Strahlstein pt. Wern., 1788-1*00. Thallite (fr. Dauphine) Delameth., Sciagr., 2, 401, 1792, T. T., 2, 319, 1796; H., J. Mines, 5, 270, 1799. Delphinite (ib.) Saussure, Voy. Alpes, 1918, 1796 (= Oisauite pt.). Akanticone (fr. Arendal) d'Andrada, J. Phys., 51, 240, 1800, Scherer's J., 4, 1800; = Arendalite Karst. (and Lectures of Blumenbach, earlier), Tab., 34, 74, 1800. Skorza Wallachian Mm. , Karst., Tab., 28, 72. 1800. Klapr., Beitr., 3, 282, 1802. Epidote H., Tr., 3, 1801. Pistazit Wwn., 1803, Ludw. Min., Wern., 2, 209, 1804. Withamite (fr. Glencoe) Brewst.. Ed. J. Sc., 2, 218, 1825. Puschkinit Wagner, Bull. Soc. Moscow, 1841. Achmatit Herm., Vh. Min. Ges., 202, 1845-46. Escherit (fr. St. Gothard) Scheerer, Pogg., 95, 507, 1855. Beustit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 24, 364, 1865. Monoclinic. Axes a : b : 6 = 1-57874 : 1 : 1-80362; ft = *64 36' 50" = 001 A 100 N. von Koksbarov, Jr. 1 100 A 110 = 54 59' 54", 001 A 101 = 34 42' 52", 001 A Oil = 58 27' 45". Forms, pt. 2 : a (100, i-l, T) b (010, i-l, P) c (001, 0, M) u (210, -2) t (320, -f ) m (110, /, z) *} (120, i-2) p (150, -5) n (105, - H) uu ti" mm' cfl cm ce ae ch 9 CGO C c > a ; but sometimes c > b > a in the variety ^f epidote common in rocks. Often exhibits idiophanous figures 4 , best in sections lormal to an optic axis, but often to be observed in natural crystals (Sulzbach), Specially if flattened || r (101). The directions of maximum absorption and the axes of elasticity do not coincide except as regards the axis t which is | b, the crystallographic axis of symmetry; nor are the first men- *?.oned directions (axes of absorption) at right angles to each other. Exhaustive investigations of rfeese phenomena have been given Pulfrich, Ramsay, et al. 4 Optically . Double, refraction very strong. Ax. pi. || #. Bx ar /\ 6 = - 2 56' = ta. Bx a . gr A 6 = - 2 26' Klein. Hence c J_ a (100) nearly. Dis- lersion inclined, strongly marked; of the axes feeble, p > v. One optic axis tearly J_ r (101), the other slightly inclined to c (001). Axial angles, Klein 3 : Also ' 2H a . r 2H .r 2Va.r = 91 26' 144 56' 73 48' 1-75405 1-76766 2H a . y = 91 20' . 2H . y = 145 .38' 2V y = 73 39' j3 y = 1-75702 ^ r = 1-73053 2H a . gr = 2H . gr = 2V gr = /? gr = 91 12' 146 36' 73 26' 1-76213 Var. Epidote has ordinarily a peculiar yellowish green (pistachio) jr minerals. But this color passes into dark and light shades black color, seldom found in on one side, and brown on the other; red, yellow, and colorless varieties also occur. Var. 1. Ordinary. Color green of some shade, as described, the pistachio tint rarely absent. (a) In crystals, (b) Fibrous, (c) Granular massive, (d) Scorza is epidote sand, of the usual green color, with quartz from the gold washings of the river Aranyos, near Muska in Transylvania. The Arendal epidote (ArendaUte] i is mostly in dark green crystals; that of Dauphine (Thallite, Delpliinite, Oisanite) in yellowish green crystals, sometimes transparent; found near Bourg d'Oisans. Puschkinite includes crystals from the auriferous sands of Ekaterinburg, Ural; G. = 3'066; named after Pushkin, a Russian senator. Achmatile is ordinary epidote, in crys- tals, from Achmatovsk, Ural. Escherite is a brownish yellow, somewhat greenish epidote, from St. Gothard. A variety from Garda, Hoste Is., Terra del Fuego, has been described which is colorless and resembles zoisite (anal. 17). 2. The so-called Bucklandite from Achmatovsk, described by Hermann, is black with a tinge of green, and differs from ordinary epidote in having the crystals nearly symmetrical (f. 11), and not, like other epidote, lengthened in the direction of the orthodiagonal. G. = 3'51. Hermann's Bagrationite, from Achmatovsk, appears to be essentially the same mineral, agreeing with it EPID OTE GRO UP EPID TE. 519 in angles, according to Hermann (Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, 35, 248, 1862), and having G. = 3'46, while the original bagnttionite of Koksharov is a variety of allanite (p. 523). It Sitters from bucklandite in containing u little cerium. 3. Withamite. Carmine- red to straw-yellow; strongly pleochroic; deep crimson and straw- yellow; H. = 6-6'5; G. = 3'137; in small radiated groups. From Glencoe, in Argyleshire, Scotland. Named after Dr. Henry Witham of Glencoe. It is stated to contain manganese, and sometimes referred to piedmoutite, but an analysis by Heddle (anal. 15) gives only 014 MnO, Min. Mag., 5, 15, 1882. Of. Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 75, 1886. Beuslite is a grayish white to ash-gray mineral. From near Predazzo in the Tyrol. G. 2-859-2 877, Breith. Its identity with epidbte has not certainly been proved. Comp. HCa a (Al,Fe),Si a 11 or H t 0.4Ca0.3(Al,Fe) a O,.6SiO s , the ratio of aluminium to iron varies commonly from 6 : 1 to 3 : 2. Percentage composition: Al:Fe 1 :0 5: 1 4:1 3: 1 2: 1 0: 1 SiO 2 Al a O, Fe a Oj CaO H,O 39-67 38-44 38-20 37-87 37-29 33-30 33-71 27-23 25-98 24-13 21 13 8-53 10-18 12-60 16-55 4435 24-64 23-88 2373 23-51 23-16 20-68 1-98 1-92 1-91 1-89 1-87 1-67 100 100 100 100 100 100 Most early analysts failed to recognize the presence of the water, and when found it was usually referred to alteration. The correct formula was first established by Tscherinak, who (Min., 1883) makes it a basic orthosilicate containing (CaOH), while Groth assumes the presence of (A1OH). Anal. 1, Ludwig, Miu. Mitth., 189, 1872. 2, Id., Zs. Kr., 6, 180, 1881. 3, Drasche, Jb. Min., 120, 1872. 4, Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 24, 649, 1872. 5, Lasp., Zs. Kr., 3, 561, 1879. 6, Mauthner, Min. Mitth., 259, 1872. 7, Doelter, Min. Mitth., 175, 1875. 8, 9, Lasp., 1. c., p. 562. 10, Luedecke, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 262, 876. 11, Renard, Bull. Ac. Belg., 50, 170, 1880. 12, Schlemmer, Min. Mitth., 258, 1872. 13, Nanke, Jb. Min., 2, 81, 1880. 14, Heddle, Miu. Mag., 2, 34, 1878. 15, Id., ibid., 5, 15, 1882. 16, A. G. Dana, Am. J. Sc., 29, 455, 1885. 17, Wiik, Fiusk. Vet.-Soc. Forh., 27, 1885. 18, Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 150, 1887. 19,Genth, Bull. 74, p. 40, U. S. G. Surv. For earlier analyses see 5th Ed., p. 283; also cf. Ludwig, who selects those among them which deserve confidence. 1. Untersulzbach 2. " 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Allochetthal 8. Zillerthal 9. Bourg d'Oisans 10. Syra 11. Quenast 12. Zoptau, blk. green 18. " light green 14. Uust Is. 15. Glencoe. Withamite, 16. Howe, Mass. 17. Pargas 18. Is. Garda, colorless 19. Macon Co., K C. G. Si0 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MnO CaO MgO H 2 O 3-466 f 37-83 37-83 2263 2343 14-02 13-31 093 0-48 tr. tr. 23-27 23-47 tr. tr. 2-05 = 100-73 2-06 = 100-58 3-5 38-37 22-09 13-77 0-88 tr. 17-94 4-08 2-11 Na 2 O tr. [= 99-24 37-11 21-90 16-00 23-19 2-03 = 100-23 36-57 24-14 12-29 0-71 0-06 23-33 l-99insoU-13 [= 100-22 3452 38-60 37-70 23-08 24-61 12-34 14-23 095 0-45 24-17 20-99 1-88 =101-08 2-23 = 100-21 38-46 28-59 5-76 0-53 24-60 . 1-92 insol. 0-42 f= 100 28 36-49 22-45 14-27 0-61 0-03 23-52 1-91 in sol. 068 38-15 25-30 9-30 25-10 0-24 [=99-96 1-80 = 99-89 3-421 f 38-26 24-75 11-07 0-56 tr. 2363 tr. 2-26 = 100-53 38-51 1888 17 25 23-32 2-98 = 100-94 39-18 2652 8-21 23-89 2-20 = 100 38-75 26-99 7-90 1-81 0-50 20-38 0-79 2-38 Alk. 0-46 [ 99-96 43-23 23-09 6-68 1-13 0-14 20-00 0-88 2-40Alk.2-15 1 38-20 24-62 12-20 __ 0-57 21-59 [insol. 0-35 = 99-70 0-13 2-16 Alk. 037 3-3 37-92 27-90 9-10 22-81 2-02 = 99-75 3'21 37-95 30-38 7-83 20-34 0-93 2-64 = 100-07 3-269 36-95 25-82 9-97 1-84 0-56 21-86 056 3-02 - 100-08 a Incl. Ka 2 O 0-94, K 2 0-96 i, Li 2 0-25. f Q ^7 etc :~J\ tne closed tube gives water on strong ignition. B.B. fuses with intumescence at *4tj to a dark brown or black mass which is generally magnetic. Reacts for iron and some- times for manganese with the fluxes. Partially decomposed by hydrochloric acid, but whet previously ignited, gelatinizes with acid. Decomposed on fusion with alkaline carbonates. t*. of Arendal epidote changes on ignition, from 3-409 to 2'984 520 SILICATES. Obs. Epidote is common in many crystalline rocks, as syenite, gneiss, mica schist, horn- blendic schist, serpentine, and especially those that contain the ferriferous varieties of amphibole. It often accompanies beds of magnetite or hematite in such rocks. It is sometimes found in geodes in trap; and also in sandstone adjoining trap dikes as a result of contact metamorphism. It also occurs at times in nodules in different quartz-rocks or altered sandstones. It is a con- stituent of much so-called saussurite formed from plagioclase feldspar (p. 515). It is associated often with quartz, pyroxene, feldspar, axinite, chlorite, etc. It sometimes forms with quartz an epidote rock, called epidosyte. A similar rock exists at Melbourne in Canada. A gueissoid rock 'consisting of flesh-colored orthoclase, quartz, and epidote from the Uuaka Mts. (N. C. and Teun.) has been called unakyte. Beauti*".:! crystallizations come from Bourg d'Oisans, Dauphin e; the Ala valley and Traver sella, in Piedmont; Elba; Zermatt in the Valais; near Guttannen in the Haslithal; at Kaverdiras and Baduz in the valley of Tavetsch (the latter sometimes referred to zoisite, but optically epidote, Dx.); Mouzoui in the Fassathal, Zillerthal in Tyrol, sometimes in rose-red and greenish crystals of small size, resembling thulite; the Saualpe in Cariuthia. The Knuppenwand in the Uutersulzbachthal, Pinzgau, has since 1866 furnished large quantities of crystals beautiful in size, complexity of form, luster and transparency; they occur in crevices in an epidotic schist associated with asbestus, adularia, fine crystals of apatite, also tltanite, scheelite; also well crys- tallized from the Krimler-Achenthal, near Kriml; the Habachthal and Hollersbach in Tyrol; Striegau, Silesia; Zoptau, Moravia; Arendal in Norway; Nordmark, Wermland, Sweden; the Achmatovsk mine near Zlatoust, Ural; from the Ilmeu Mts.; Ekaterinburg. In Brazil with the green tourmaline of Minas Geraes. In N. America, occurs in N. Hamp., at Franconia, crystallized and granular, with magnet- ite; Warren with quartz and pyrite. In Mass., at Hadlyme and Chester, in crystals in gneiss; at Athol, in syenitic gneiss, in fine crystals, 2 m. S.W. of the center of the town; Newbury. in limestone; at Somerville with prehnite; at Nahaut, poor, in trap; at Howe, at the pyrite mine with gahnite. In Rhode Island, at Cumberland, in a kind of trap. In Conn., at Haddam, in large splendid crystals; on Hosmer Mt., | mile S.W. of Willimantic. In N. York, 2 m. S.E. of Amity, in quartz; 2 m. S. of Carmel, Putnam Co., with hornblende and garnet; 2 m. S. of Coffee's, Monroe, Orange Co.; 6 m. W. of Warwick, pale yellowish green, with titanite and pyroxene; on New York island on the East river, near 38th St. In N. Jersey, at Franklin, massive; at Roseville in Byram township, Sussex Co., in good crystals. In Penn., at E. Bradford; on John Balderson's farm, Kennett township, Chester Co. In Maryland, at Webb's mine, Cumberland. In N. Carolina, from the gold-washings of Rutherford Co.; fine crystals at Hampton's, Yancey Co.; White's mill, Gaston Co.; Franklin, Macon Co.; in crystals and crystalline masses in quartz at White Plains, Alexander Co. In Michigan, in the Lake Superior region, at many of the mines; at the Norwich mine, beautifully radiated with quartz and native copper. In Colorado, in the Pike's Peak region (fig. 10); also in calcite at the Calumet mine, Calumet, Chaffee Co. In Canada, at St. Joseph, Beauce Co., Quebec, in a concretionary argillaceous rock. Epidote is one of Haiiy'scrystallographic names, derived from the Greek eTtidoaiS, increase, and translated by him, " qui a re9U un accroissemeut," the base of the prism (rhomboidal prism) having one side longer than the other. In its introduction Haiiy set aside three older names. Thallite (from 6aAAo'?, color of young twigs, alluding to the green color) was rejected because it was based on a varying character, color; DelpMnite and Arendalite, because derived from localities. But the name Epidote is now so involved in geological as well as mineral ogical literature that the law of priority cannot well do the justice demanded of it. Werner's name Pistacite, from TtiardKia, the pistachio-nut (referring to the color), was not proposed as early as thallite or epidote. Alt. Epidote is less liable to alteration than most of the silicates, partly because the iron it contains is mostly, when not wholly, in the state of sesquioxide. Artif. Epidote has not, as yet. been found among the crystallizations of furnace slags, or formed in the laboratory of the chemist, although it has been a frequent result of the action of heat and steam on ferruginous sandstones accompanying the ejection of doleryte and other eruptive rocks. Ref. * Vh. Min. Ges., 15, 31, 1880, and Miu. Russl., 8, 44; from measurements of crystals from Untersulzbach; the agreement of measured and calculated angles shows that these elements are probably more precise than those of Koksharov, Sr., (Min. Russl., 3, 268, 1858,) generally accepted hitherto, viz., 1-58073 : 1 : 1 '80574, /? = 64 36'. The position here taken is that of Marignac and now adopted by most authors; with Mohs and Naumauu (also Dana, earlier Eds.) a (T) - 101, c (M) = 100, z = 111, I = 001, etc. * See Bkg. (Zs. Kr., 2, 321, 1878) for a list of planes with early authorities, etc.; he enumer- ates 220 planes, including 147 determined by him, but many are doubtful, especially those (about 100 in number) in the striated orthodome zone. Cf. also Gdt., Index, 1, 557, 1886, and lecently Flink, Artini (see below), and Hintze, Min., 2, 210 et seq., 1890. The list here given includes all the common planes and some others. For important memoirs on epidote see: Haid., Ed. Phil. J., 10, 305, 1824; Levy, Min. Heuland, 2, 115, 1837; Mgc., Bibl. Univ., Suppl., 4, 148. 1847; Hbg., Min. Not., 1, 23-25,1856, 2, 10, 1858; Kk., 1. c.; Zeph., Ber Ak. Wien, 34, 480, 1859, 45, 381, 1862; Dx., Min., 1, 243, 1862; Rath. Pogg., 115, 472, 1862, Erg., 6. 368. 1873; Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, 64 (1), 159. 1871; Brz., Min. Mitth., 49, 1871; Klein, Jb. Min., 113, 1872; Bkg., 1. c., Bgr. Zs. Kr., 16, 91, 1890. EPIDOTE GROUP PIEDHONTITE. 521 Recent papers are by: Flink, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 12 (2), p. 2, 46, 52, 1886; Artiiii, Mem. Ace. Line., 4, 380, 1887; Giiinzer, Min. Mitth., 9, 361, 1887; Brugnatelli, Zs. Kr., 17, 529, 1890. 3 Optical constants, Dx., Min., 1, 218, 219, 1862, N. R., 131, 1867; Kleiu, Untersulzbach, Jb. Min., p. 1, 1874; also Artini, 1. c., et al. 4 Absorption phenomena, Berlin, ref. under iolite, p. 421; Klein, 1. c.; Laspeyres, Zs. Kr. , 4, 444, 1880; Pulfricb, Zs. Kr., 6, 142, 158, 1881; Ramsay, ib., 13, 97, 1887. Absorption spectra, Becquerel, C. R, 108, 282, 891, 1889. PICROEPIDOTE Damour and Des Cloizeaux, Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 23, 1883. In white or slightly yellowish translucent crystals, having the habit (prismatic J b) and approximately the angles of epidote; also similar optically. Scratches glass; B.B. infusible. Contains essentially silica, alumina, magnesia, and traces of lime; presumably a magnesium-epidote. Observed with diopside, pyrite, calcite in the lapis lazuli from Lake Baikal, Siberia. 408. PIEDMONTITE. Rod Magnesia (fr. Piedmont) Cronst., Min., 106, 1758. Manganese rouge (id.) Napione, Mem. Ace. Turin, 4, 1790. Manganese oxyde violet silicifere (id.) H., Tr., 4, 1801. Epidote rnanganesifere (id.) L. Cordier, J. Mines, 13, 135, 1803; H., Tabl., 1809. Piemoutischer Braunstein Wern. , Hoffm. Min., 4, a, 152, 1817. Mauganepidot Germ. Piemoutit Kenng.. Min., 75, 1853. Monoclinic. Axes a : I : c = 1-6100 : 1 : 1-8326; ft = *64 39' = 001 A 100 Laspeyres 1 . 100 A 100 = 55 30', 001 A 101 = 63 30*', 001 A Oil = 58 52|'. Forms 1 : a (100, i-l), b (010, i-i), c (001, 0\ m (110, I); e (101, - l-l), i (102, f l\ r (101, l-i); n (ill, 1). Angles: mm'" = 111 , ci 34 13', ex = 63 30f, a'i = 81 8', en = 75 16', a'n 69 22f , nri 110 29'. Twins: tw. pi. #, often polysynthetic; also c very rare. Crystals prismatic I 1) like ordinary epidote, but distinct forms rare and faces usually dull. Also massive. Cleavage: c perfect; a less so. Fracture, uneven. Fragile. H. = 6'5. G. = 3 "404 Breith. Luster vitreous; slightly pearly on other faces. Color reddish brown and reddish black; in very thin splinters columbine-red. Streak reddish. Opaque to subtranslucent. Pleochroism strong: c red, b amethyst to pink, a orange to citron-yellow. Absorption a > b > C. Optically +. Ax. pi. \\ b. Bx ar A c = -4- 82 34', Bx a . y = 83 19', or Bx . r A c = 7 26', Bx . y - - 6 41'; hence c. as in epidote, nearly J_ a, Lasp.% St. Marcel. For Japanese piedmontite, extinction- angle = a A c Bx A k 3 Koto. . Dispersion inclined, strong. Axial angles, Dx.: 2H a = 82-90 2H = 121-126 Comp. HOa,(Al,Mn,Fe),Si I 1I or H 2 0.4Ca0.3R 2 0,.6Si0 2 . If Al : Mri : Fe = 3:2:1, the percentage composition is: Silica 33'6, alumina 14*3, iron sesqui- oxide 14*9, manganese sesquioxide 14*7, lime 20*9, water 1*7 = 100. Anal. 1, Kammelsberg, Min. Ch., 595, 1875, also Lasp., 1. c. Most earlier analyses (5th Ed., p. 285) neglect the water. 2, Takayama, J. Coll. Sc., Japan, 1, 303, 1887. 3, Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 24, 11, 1867. 4, Flink, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 13 (2), No. 7, 52, 1888; also Svensson and Tamm, quoted by Flink. 1. St. Marcel G. = 3'518 2. Japan 3. Jakobsberg 4. MnO. SiO a 38'64 36-16 f 33'81 36-44 A1 2 O 3 Mn 2 O 3 15'03 15'00 22 52 18-58 24 65 6 "43 4'85 a 4'52 Fe 2 O 3 CaO MgO H 2 O 8'38 2219 1'78 = 101 '02 9'33 22'05 0'40 3'20 Na 2 O 0'44 = 100'53 12'57 26'46 3-04 = 99'31 12'44 19'52 3'19 = IOQ'76 b Ignition, separately determined, 0*94. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses with intumescence at 3 to a black lustrous glass. Gives strong reao> lions for manganese with the fluxes, and also for iron. Not decomposed by acids, but when previously ignited gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. Decomposed on fusion with alkaline carbonates. 522 SILICATES. Obs. Occurs at St. Marcel, in the valley of Aosta, in Piedmont, in braunite with quartz, greenovite, violan, and tremolite. Common in the crystalline schists of Japan at numerous points, with quartz in piedmontite-schist, also as an accessory in glaucophane-schist, and in general in the chlorite-sericite gneiss of the Archaean. It sometimes occurs as a nucleus surrounded by ordinary epidote. Also in the mica schists, of the He de Groix, Brittany, and in England. A manganesian epidote (anal. 3, 4) occurs in crystalline limestone at Jakobsberg, Nordrnark, Sweden 1 . Ref. ! Zs. Kr., 4, 435, 1880. Fliuk observed on the manganepidote (anal. 4) of Jakobs- berg (cf. epidote) a (100), c (001), m (110), '77 (120), m (102), (102), r (101), o (Oil), n (111) with a : b : c = 1-5807 : 1 : 1'8057, ft = 64 3fr. Optically -. a A c = Bx ar A c = - 4 34', Bx a .y A c = - 5 20', 2H a .r = 86 52', 2H .r = 89 26', .-. 2V r = 88 40V . In composition and optical characters it lies between ordinary epidote and piedmontite. 2 Absorption phenomena, etc., cf. Lasp., 1. c.; Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 25, 1883. 409. ALLANITE, or ORTHITE. Crystallized Gadolinite? (fr. Greenland) T. Allan, Tr. R. Soc. Edinb., 6, 345 (read Nov. 1808) = Allanite Thomson, ib., 371 (read Nov. 1810); Phil. Mag., 36, 278, 1811. Ceriu (fr. Riddarhyttan) Hisinger, Afh., 4, 327, 1815. Orthit (fr. Finbo) Berz., Afh., 5, 32, 1818. Pyrorthit (fr. Kararfvet) Berz., Afh., 5, 52, 1818. Bucklandit (fr. Arendal), Levy, Ann. Phil., 7, 134, 1824. Tautolit (fr. L. Laach) Breith., Schw. J., 50, 321, 1826. Ural- orthit Herm., J. pr. Ch., 23, 273, 1841. Bagrationit (fr. Achmatovsk) Kk., Russisches Berg. J., 1, 434, 1847; Pogg., 73, 182, 1848 [not Bagrationite Herm., = Epidote]. Xanthorthit (fr. Erikberg) Herm., J. pr. Ch., 43, 112, 1848. Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 = 1-55090 : 1 : 1-76908; fi = *64 59' = 001* A 100 Rath 1 . 100 A HO = *54 34', 001 A 101 = 63 24', 001 A Oil = 58 2f '. Forms 2 : a (100, a, T) c (001, 0, M) it (10-1-0, a-10) 1 p (610, i-6) 5 u (210, i-2) w(110, J, z) m (102, - -B) e (101, - 1-i) 3 h (201, - 2-i) 5 cr (103, fi) ' (102, i-i) * (203, H) * (012, r (101, l-I) (Oil, J (201, ff (703, / (301, A (501, F(115, 2, o ( 113 > Js d (111 ' (112, 2. z A c /> V fr n r a ' >l \ / / 3. a' A r 1 ^ r \ ^i c 1 o/ w xs r^fm n (111, 1) q (221, 2) w (211, - 2-2) y (211, 2-2) 3 p (124, i-2) Figs. 1, Moriah, N. Y., i nat. size. 2, UralortMte, II men Mts., Kk. 3, Bucklandite, Laacher See, Rath. 4, Bagrationite, Kk. uu"' = 70 7/m"' = 109 cm ce ch CO" ci cs cr 1 8' = 22 36V = 34 53' = 46 27V = 22 19' = 34 15V = 45 27' = 63 24' a'r = *51 37' cl = 89 1' = 98 12' K = 77 26' oo' = 116 5' cv = cd = 37 32' 52 9' cm = 75 48*' ex = 51 29f en = 74 49' eg = 89 28' av = 50 37' ad = 49 40' ao = 76 45 a'x = 83 3' a'n = 68 42' a'q = 60 51' aw = 34 15' do = dn = 27 5i 61 38' 61 36' 83 9' 82 15' dd' = xx' = nn' - 108 24V qq 1 = 114 22' w' = 58 41' W' = 75 84f EFWOTE GBOUPALLANITE. 523 Twins: tw. pi. a\ also c rare. Crystals often flat tabular || ; also long and slender to acicular prismatic by elongation || axis I Also massive and in embedded ingular or rounded grains. Cleavage: a and c in traces; also m sometimes observed. Fracture uneven or iubconchoidal. Brittle. H. = 5'5-6. G. = 3'5-4'2 Luster submetallic, pitchy, Dr resinous occasionally vitreous. Color pitch-brown to black, either brownish, oreenish, grayish, or yellowish. Streak gray, sometimes slightly greenish or brownish. Subtranslucent to opaque. In part normally anisotropic and biaxial with strong pleochroism : c brownish yellow, b reddish brown, a greenish brown. Optically . Double refraction weak and variable. Ax. pi. || b. Bx a A c = 32 approx. ft = 1-682 Lex. According to Brogger, optically . Ax. pi. J_ b and inclined to c 37 J Sognsvand. Also for other occurrences, Arendal, Hittero extinction-angle 34-37, 40-41. Also isotropic and amorphous by alteration analogous to gadolinite 8 and horn i lite. Var. This species, while closely like epidote in crystallization, varies much in the results of analyses, and also in external appearance. The more prominent ways of variation are the following: (1) The crystals are sometimes broad tabular, and sometimes very long acicular. (2) The crystals, when well-formed, often manifest no double refraction, as Des Cloizeaux observed, and as has been more closely studied by Brogger. (3) The amount of water present varies from 2 p. c. to 17 p. c., and the hardness and specific gravity correspondingly, the kinds containing the most water being lowest; and, in some, G. not exceeding 2*53. (4) There is also much diversity in pyrognostic and other chemical characters, as explained beyond. The varieties that have been distinguished are as follows: 1. Allanite. In tabular crystals or plates, the crystals sometimes 8 to 10 in. long, 5 to 6 wide, and an inch or so thick. Color black or brownish black. G. = 3-50-3'95. Named after T. Allan, the discoverer of the mineral, and found among specimens from East Greenland, brought to Scotland by Giesecke early in the century. Cerine is the same thing, named by Hisinger, having H. = 6; G. = 3'77-3'8; luster weak, greasy; and being subtranslucent in thin splinters. Bucklandite is anhydrous allanite in small black crystals from a magnetite mine near Aren- dal, Norway. It was referred here by v. Rath on the ground of the angles and physical characters (Pogg., 113, 281, 1861). That of the Laacher See is also shown to have the angles of allanite by Rath (1. c.); the angles are those cited above as the angles of the species. Tautolite Breith. is also from the trachyte of the Laacher See and is probably the same species. 2. Uralwthite is allanite in large prismatic crystals from the Ilmen Mts., near Miask. H. = 6; G. = 3-41-3-60 Herm.; 3'647 Rg. It is pitch-black, gives a gray powder, and is nearly anhydrous. 3. Bagrationite. Occurs, according to Koksharov, in black crystals, which are nearly sym- metrical like the bucklandite of Achuiatovsk, and not lengthened, like uralorthite, in the direction of the orthodiagonal. Angles the same with those of uralorthite. H. = 6'5. G. = 3'84 Kk. Streak dark brown. B.B. intumesces and forms a black, shining, magnetic pearl. In powder not attacked by hot hydrochloric acid or by boiling nitric acid. Named after the discoverer, P. R. Bagration. From Achmatovsk, Ural. Hermann has described and analyzed what he calls bagrationite. from Achmatovsk, which he states has the angles of the buck- landite of Achmatovsk, and which, therefore, is true epidote (q.v.). The analyses by Hermann sustain this reference. 4. Ortldte included, in its original use, the slender or acicular prismatic crystals, often a foot long, containing some water. But these graduate into massive forms, and some orthites are anhydrous, or as nearly so as much of the allanite. The name is from opQoS, straight. The tendency to alteration and hydration may be due to the slenderness of the crystals, and the con- sequent great exposure to the action of moisture and the atmosphere. Luster vitreous to greasy. Some authors use orthite as the comprehensive name of the species. 5. Xanthorthite, of Hermann, is yellowish and contains much water, and is apparently an altered variety; G. = 2 78-2 '9. Named from ZavBoS, yellow, and orthite. 6. Pyrorthite of Berzelius is an impure altered orthite-like mineral, in long prisms of rather loose texture, containing as its principal impurity some carbonaceous material (over 30 p. c.), and showing this in its burning before the blowpipe. Named from nvp, fire, and orthite. From Kararfvet, near Falun, Sweden. H in n Comp. Like epidote HRR 3 Si 3 13 or H 2 0.4R0.3R 2 3 .6SiO, with R = Ca and in Fe, and R Al,Fe, the cerium metals Ce,Di,La, and in smaller amount those of the yttrium group. Some varieties contain considerable water, but probably by alteration. On the composition of allanite, see Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 24, 60, 1872. 524 SILICATES. C50DO5O5O5O5bo5b- 'ociOosososooosTHOsooiobooT i oj b 00 os i^- O5 b O5 oo b b o GS C5O5O5O5O5O5OO5OOOO5OO5O5O5O5OSOO5OO5OOOS w M OO5O5O5O5O'-^OiO5OOOOS II II I! II II I! II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II llSS II II II II II lice II II II II II II 1 005 T-H ' T-fTHCOlOOi^COOOCOOiTHlOCOTHOSOJ^T-iOJ M i i 1 1 i??i 1 1 i?i i ili??i 1 1 1 1?? ? 00*>OO5i>lOOOO3 , 1O ^ CO T* t-- O CO OS CO 00 rH03THi>03CplpTH | [otJOOi | 03 TH Tt< 03 p CO 0* .' 1 I* b O TH I CO ^f T T -rf^f I TH TH I |T-HCpTHt^Tt l C'O-'jTHt-O3COOOO5O5t^>OT- 03 OD TH b j cb OTH cb cb b 10 4t< ^ ^ C^ol^^g^lo^^' 005 ^^ 020500 - 50 ^^ ^ '^^ 5 ^ * I I 'I? 5 I I'P? 3 ^^ S^f= | I I | I I I I I I SO5''~ | OTHTHgTHTH OO Tj*COOOOOOiO' T * l OtOOOJ v --^ l CO coqopcaot-copt-pppp^i op I r i l^r^ I o ; i O 00"** '(^T-HrH 'TH** CO To(?5cO( cb -^5 10 cd t^ oo' ' O3 O3 O3 O* O3 O3 Ol O3 O3 O5 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO i p ^< EPIDOTE GROUP ALLANITE. 525 strom Anal 1-13 Enffstrom, Akad. Afhaudling, Upsala, 1877. 14-27, Cleve, quoted by Eng- in. 28, Paij'kuli; Akad. Afbandl., Upsala, 1875, p. 17. 29, Rath, Fogg., 119, 269, 1863. X 1111 OUU. ** J ') ^v/wj j.i__;>w. ut , ji-i.. A . j-*-\^iJ.-'A , ** J. Sc., 40, 118, 1890. 40, Eakius, Proc. Colorado Sc. Soc., 2, 32, 1885. Also 5th Ed., pp. 287, 288. For analyses see the preceding page. Pyr etc. Some varieties give much water in the closed tube and all kinds yield a small amount on strong ignition. B.B. fuses easily and swells up (F. = 2' 5) to a dark, blebby, mag- netic glass. With the fluxes reacts for iron. Most varieties gelatinize with hydrochloric acid, but if^previously ignited are not decomposed by acid. Obs. Occurs in albitic and common f eld spathic granite, gneiss, syenite, zircon-syenite, por- phyry Also in white limestone, and often in mines of magnetic iron. Rather common as an accessory constituent in many rocks, as in audesyte, dioryte, dacyte, rhyolyte, toualyte of Mt. Adamello (Rath), the scapolite rocks of Odegaarden. Norway (Lex.), etc. Cf. Iddings and Cross, Am J. Sc., 30, 108, 1885; Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 210, 1889. Sometimes inclosed as a nucleus in crystals of the isomorphous species, epidote; as at Sill bole, Finland and other points (Nor- denskiold, F. J. Wiik, Miu-Saml. Helsingfors, fig. 7, 1887, Lex., 1. c., et al; similarly at Ilchester, Md., Hobbs 9 ). Allanite enclosed within epidote, Ilchester, Md., Hobbs 9 . Allanite occurs in Greenland, in granite; at Criffel, in Scotland, in small crystals; at Jotun Fjeld in Norway, in a kind of porphyry, and at Snarum, in albite, along with rutile and apatite; at the Plaueusche Grund, near Dresden; in granite at the Schwarze Krux near Schmiedefeld and elsewhere in the Thiiringer Wald; in the granite of Striegau, Silesia. At Vesuvius in ejected masses with sanidiue, sodallte, nephelite, hornblende, etc. Similarly in trachytic ejected masses at the Laacher See (bucklandite) with sanidine, mica, hornblende, etc. In granular lime- stone at Auerbach on the Bergstrasse, but rare. Cerine occurs at the Bastnas mine, in Westman land, Sweden, with cerite, hornblende and chalcopyrite. Orthite occurs in acicular crystals sometimes a foot long at Finbo near Falun in Sweden; at Ytterby and Skeppsholm near Stockholm, in black vitreous masses disseminated through gneiss; also at Kragero, Hittero, and Fille Fjeld in Norway; at Sillbole; also at Stansvik, parish of Helsinge, in Finland, forming the nucleus of epidote crystals; uralorthiie occurs with small crystals of zircon in flesh-red feldspar at Miask in the Ural; bagrationite at the Achma- tovsk mine near Zlatoust. In Mass., at the Bolton quarry; afS. Royalston, in boulders; in Athol, on the road to Westminster, in gneiss; at Swampscot, near Marblehead. In Conn., at Allen's vein, at the gneiss quarries, Haddam. In JV. York, near West Point, in tabular cryst. ; Moriah, Essex Co., with magnetite and apatite, some cryst. 8-10 in. long, 6-8 broad, and 1-2 thick; at Monroe, Orange Co. In N. Jersey, at Franklin with feldspar and magnetite. In Penn.. at S. Mountain, near Bethlehem, in large crystals; at E. Bradford in Chester Co. (called orthite, G. = 3-5); at Easton, Northampton Co.(?); Pricetpwn, near Reading, Berks Co., abundant. In Virginia, in large masses in Amherst Co.; also in Bedford, Nelson, and Amelia counties. In N. Carolina, in crystals at the hiddenite mine in Alexander Co., with emerald, etc.; also in Mitchell Co.. at the Wiseman mica mine; at Balsam Gap, Buncombe Co.; massive in large quantities neai Bethany Church, Iredell Co.; also Democrat P. O., Madison Co.; at Brindletown, and at the zircon mines in Henderson Co. At the Devil's Head Mt., Douglas Co., Colorado. As an accessory rock constituent it has been identified in many localities (cf above). In Canada, at Bay St. Paul, Charlevoix Co., Quebec; in a rock composed of labradorite and hypersthene from Lake St. John, Chicoutiuii Co., Quebec; at Hollow lake, head-waters of the S. Muskoka, Ontario. 526 SILICATES. Alt. The hydrous varieties of allanite or orthite (see several of the analyses given on p. 524, also vasite below) are properly altered forms of the species. They often contain carbon dioxide. It is probable that the carbonates of lanthanum and of cerium proceed at times from the alteration of allanite. The alteration product of the allanite of Amherst Co., Va., which forms an earthy pulverulent crust about the original mineral (anal. 1, J. A. Cabul, Ch. News, 30 8 141, 1872), has been analyzed by J. R. Santos (ibid., 38, 95, 1878), anal. 2, 3: G. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO Ce 2 O 3 (La,Di) a O 3 Yr 2 O, CaO MgO BeO H 2 O 1. Amherst Co., Va., Allanite 3 '83 31 '23 16 "45 3 V 49 13*67 11 '24 9*90 1*65 8*69 22 0*24 2 -28 [= 99-06 2. Crust, inner, blk. rd. 8*05 16-83 37-14 713 0-942955 [= 99-64 3. " outer, white 21'37 20*6612*24 21 '90 - 19521-37 [= 99-49 Ref. * Laacher See, Pogg., 113, 281, 1861. 2 See Kk., Min. Russl., 3, 344, 1858, 4, 37, 1862; also earlier Haid., Min. Mohs, 3, 68, 1825, Pogg., 5, 157, 1825; Rose, Reis. Ural, 1, 432, 1837; Credner, Pogg., 79, 144, 1850; A. E. Nordenskiold, Laurinkari, ib., 101, 635, 1857; cerine, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 27, 551, 1870; Rath, bucklandite, Laacher See, ib., 113, 281, 1861; Gdt., Index, 2, 438, 1890. Gdt. includes also 104, 302. s Rath, Vesuvius, Pogg., 138, 492, 1869. 4 Id., Radauthal, ibid., 144, 579, 1871. 5 Bauer, Schwarze Krux, Schmiedefeld, Zs. G. Ges., 24, 385, 1872. 6 Rath, Auerbach, Ber. nied. Ges., L25, Jan. 3, 1881. 7 Luedecke, Schwarze Krux, and other localities in the Thilringer Wald, . Kr.,10, 187, 1885. 8 On the optical structure, etc., see Dx. & Dmr., Ann. Ch. Phys., 59, 357, 1860; Dx., Min., 1, 259etseq., 1862; Sjogren, G. For. Forh., 3, 258, 1877; Bgr., Zs. Kr., 16, 97, 1890; Lex.. Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 66, 1888. 9 On the association of allanite and epidote, see Hobbs, Am. J. Sc., 38, 223, 1889, who gives in detail the earlier literature. WASITE J. F. Bahr, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 19, 415, 1862, and Pogg., 119, 572, 1863. Vasite. A much altered allanite, of a brownish black color, but yellowish brown in thin splinters and powder; with traces of cleavage in one direction. Bahr supposed it to contain the oxide of a new metal he named wasium (after the royal 'family of Wasa, Sweden). In a later paper (Lieb. Ann., 132, 227, 1864) Bahr makes this oxide thoria. Nickles had suggested previously that it might be impure cerium. From Ronsholm, an island near Stockholm. Analyses by Engstrorn are (ref., p. 525) as follows: SiO 2 ThO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 Y 2 3 Er 2 O 3 Ce 2 O 3 Di 2 O 3 La 2 O 3 CaO H 2 O Blk.-brown 32'75 0'98 11'45 17'21 3'77 2'22 3-64 3'46 4'64 7'95 11 -95 = 100'02 Red 38-40 0'94 15*65 19'97 3'52 1'93 4'19 4'42 3'50 3'60 13'97 = 101'09 MTJROMONTITE Kerndt, J. pr. Ch., 43, 228, 1848. In grains. H. = 7. G. =4'263. Luster vitreous or slightly greasy. Color black or greenish black. Apparently related to allanite, but containing much of the yttrium metals, also beryllium and but little aluminium or cerium. Analysis Kerndt : SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Y 2 O 3 a Ce 2 O 3 La 2 O 3 BeO FeO MnO CaO MgO Na 2 O K 2 O H 2 O&loss 81-09 2'23 3714 5-54 3'54 5'52 11-23 0'91 0'71 0-42 0-65 0'17 0*85 = 100 a Yttrium earths. From Mauersberg, near Marienberg, in the Saxon Erzgebirge. Named from a Latin ren- dering of Mauersberg. BODENTTE Bretlh., Pogg., 62, 273, 1844, Kersten, ib., 63, 135, Kerndt., J. pr. Ch., 43, 219, 1848. Related to muromoutite in composition, and in containing more yttrium than cerium, but has a larger percentage of alumina and lime, and no glucina, and is hydrous. Composition according to Kerndt. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Y 2 O 3 a Ce 2 O 3 La 2 O 3 FeO MnO CaO MgO Na 2 O 3 K 2 O H 2 O 8612 10-34 17-43 10*46 7'57 12'05 1'62 6*32 2*34 0'84 1'21 3'02 loss 0'68 = 100 a Yttrium earths. m Boden, near Marienberff, with muromontite. AXINITE GEOUPAXINITE. 527 14. Axinite Group. Triclinic. 430. AXINITE. Espece de Schorl (fr.'Oisans) Schreiber, 1781, de Lisle's Crist., 2, 353, 1783. Schorl violet, Schorl transparent lenticulaire (fr. Oisans), de Lisle, ib., and J. Phys., 26, 86, 1785. Thumerstein (fr. Thuin) Wern., Bergrn. J., 54, 261, 1788. Glasschorl Blumenb., Nat., 1791. Schorl violet, Yauolite, Delameth., Sciagr., 1, 287, 1792. Axinite H., J. Mines, 5, 264, 1799, Tr., 3, 1801. Thumite. Triclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 = 0-49211 : 1 : 0*47970; a = 82 54' 13", ft 91 51' 43", y = 131 32' 19" Rath 1 . 100 A 010 = 48 21' 8", 100 A 001 = 93 48' 56", 010 A 001 = 97 50' 8". Forms 2 : Jf (110, '/, P) 3 x (111, I') 2 q (151, ,5-5) 4 r (8-10-3, '- 1 /- a (100, K I) 3 w (130, Y-3) 4 y (131, 3-3') 11 | (683, 'f-f) 8 b (010, i-l, v) 4 c (001, 0, m) 8 * (201, '24') 2 e (111, ; 1) 3 o- (241, ,4 2) 8 i (311, '3-3) 9 g (112, 'i) 2 e (352, '|-|)io d (241, '4-2) 7 /J (510, t-5') g (023, |4') 7 ^> (371, ; 7-|) 8 Z (445, r |) 3 5 (132, 'f-3) 7 # (310, i-3') 8 ' 6 a (210, '2") 7 # (11-7-0, ^') 3 .* m (110, /', u) 2 / (Oil, 14') 6 y (021, 24') 4 X (021, '24)' yt/ (041, '44) 9 ^ (133, ,l-3) 8 o (132, J-3) 2 r (131, ,3-3)* C (155, ,l-5) 7 ? ^ (556, 'f ) r (111, I) 2 it (221, '2) (331, '3) k (261,' '6-3) 7 t (371, '7-|) 7 6 (172, '-7) 7 ? ft (310, Y-3) 7 W (312, f-3') 18 1. Figs. 1, Bourg d'Oisans. 2, Poloma, Schrauf. 3, Bethlehem, Penn., Frazier. 4, Botallack ; Rath. 5, Bonrg d'Oisans, Rath. 6, Poloma, Schrauf. 528 SILICATES. aH = 6 21' aa = 9 2' am = 15 34' bm = 32 47' ah = 7 54' aM = 28 55' w3f = 44 29' aw = 89 23' cs = 72 12' as =21 37' <# = 24 11' cf = 34 49' cy = 56 58' cX = 47 13' cu = 62 0' IV ex = 65 era = 95 mx = *30 33' ce = cz = cr = C7T = cJlf = Mr = 44 45' 27 19' 44 40i 63 8* 89 55 45 15' 18 21' 89 25V 45 53' 93 21' 40 46' 45 19V 24 84' 33 18' 49 25' My = 79 12' MY= 115 24' sy = 45 54' re = re = lx = b'r = xr = M'e = Mi = Ms - MX = sx = *i6* r xy = 29 47' ^# = 54 38' ms = *27 57' mr - 64 22' mX= 132 46- r* 36 25' my = 49 40' mo = *85 38' ox = *61 51' &? = 97 42' so = 76 43' 7. Crystals usually broad and acute-edged, but varied in habit; usually with M (110) and r (111) prominent, rarely x (111) ; also rarely prismatic || 6 (f. 3). Faces in zone maM, also Msx, often striated J their respective intersection-edges; also r usually striated || edge r/M. Also massive, lamellar, lamellae often curved ; sometimes granular. Cleavage: b distinct; also c, w; r interrupted ; M, y in traces (Dx.). Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 6-5-7. G. = 3-271 Haid.; 3-294 but after fusion 2 '8 12 Eg. Luster highly glassy. Color clove-brown, plum-blue, and pearl-gray; also honey-yellow, greenish yellow. Streak uncolored. Transparent to subtranslucent. Pleochroism strong: J_ r pale olive-green, giving with dichroscope olive-green and violet- blue; J_ edge r/M and || r cinnamon-brown, giving cinnamon-brown and violet-blue. Exhibits idiophanous figures. Optically . Ax. pi. and Bx a ap- proximately J_ x (111). The trace of the ax. pi. inclined 40 to edge x/M, and 24 40' to edge x/r. Dispersion p < v\ inclined and horizontal, very prominent. Axial angles somewhat variable, even in sections from same crystal, Dx. 7, Franklin, N. J., Pfd. 8, Guadalcazar, Id. 2Ha.r = 87 30' 2Ha.r = 86 33' = 1-678 Also for sections I, very thin; II, rather thick. j 2V r = 74 17' } 2V r = 73 32' 2H a . b i = 87 47' 2H a . bl = 86 43' , . 6q1 . j 2V b ,= 74 39' ~ (1 \ 2V b i= 73 49' I. 2H a . r = 84 7' 2E r = 157 51' II. 2H a .r = 82 15' 2E r = 148 53' Indices Red Blue 1-6720 1-6850 a 1-6779 1-6918 7 1-6810 1-6954 2V 71 38' 71 49' 158 13' 165 38' Pyroelectric, when heated to 120 or 130, the analogous pole (Riess & Rose) at the solid angle rxM'\ the antilogous pole at the angle mr' M' near plane n. Hankel finds on cooling the acute edges r/m positive; the faces M and the obtuse edges r/m negative. Comp. A boro-silicate of aluminium and calcium with varying amounts of iron and manganese. Exact composition doubtful; the formulas obtained by Rammels- berg and Whitfield are : Eg., HE,BAl,(Si0 4 ) 4 ; Whitfield, H 2 R 4 (BO)Al 3 (Si0 4 ) B . R = Calcium chiefly, sometimes in large excess (anal. 4). again in smaller amount and manganese prom- inent (anal. 5-7); iron is present in small quantity, also magnesium and basic hydrogen. Anal. 1, Rg.. Zs G. Ges.. 21, 689, 1869. 2, 3, Whitfield, Am. J. Sc., 34, 286. 1887. 4, Baumert, quoted by Luedecke, Zs. Nat. Halle, 42, 1, 1889. 5-7, F. A. Genth, Am. J. Sc., 41, 394, 396, 1891. AXINITE GROUP AXINITE. 529 1. Bourg d'Oisans 3. Cornwall 4. Radauthal 5. Franklin, cryst. 6. " lam. Guadalcazar 7. G. 3-358 3-306 3-299 ZnO, including 0'12 CuO. Si0 2 43-46 41-53 42-10 40-76 42-77 42-47 42-85 lO. B a O, 561 4-62 4-64 4-76 5-10 5-05 5-17 b A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO 16-33 2-80 6-78 17-90 3-90 4-02 17-40 3.06 5-84 12-47 2-17 3-60 16-73 1-03 l'60 a 16-85 1-16 1 73 b 16-96 500 0-19 C ZnO, including 0'09 MuO 262 3-79 4-63 2-84 13-69 13-14 9-59 PbO, CaO MgO 20-19 1-73 2166 0-74 20-53 0-66 30-21 2-00 18-25 0-23 18-35 0-26 18-49 0-87 0-11 CuO. ign. 1-45 K 2 0-11 [= 101-08 2-16 = 100-32 1-80 = 100-66 1-22 = 100-03 0-76 = 100-16 0-40 = 99-41 075= 99-87 'CuO. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses readily with intumescence, imparts a pale green color to the O.F., and fuses at 2 to a dark green to black" glass; with borax in O.F. gives an amethystine bead (man- ganese), which in R.F. becomes yellow (iron). Fused with a mixture of bisulphate of potash and fluor on the platinum loop colors the flame green (boric acid). Not decomposed by acids, but when previously ignited, gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. Obs. Axinite occurs in implanted glassy clove-brown crystals, at St. Cristophe, near Bourg d'Oisaus in Dauphine, with albite, prelmite. and quartz. In the Harz at Andreasberg, Trese- burg, also in the Radautlml; in granite at Striegau. Silesia; on Mt. Monzoni, in Tyrol, with brown garnet and calcite forming a vein in diabase; Piz Valatscha, the northern spur of Mt. Skopi south of Dissentis in Eastern Switzerland; Poloma, Hungary; Baveno, Italy; Elba; at the silver mines of Kongsberg, Norway, in small crystals; with hornblende or magnetic* iron in Nordmark, Sweden; L. Onega, Russia, and near Miask in the Ural; in Cornwall, of a dark color, at the Botallack mine near St. Just* where it also occurs massive, forming a peculiar kind of rock with garnet and tourmaline; at Trewellard, at Carn Silver near Lamorran creek, and at Bosc-iwen Cliffs in St. Burien; in Devonshire, at Brent Tor, 4 m. north of Tavistock; at Thum near Ehrenfriedersdorf in Saxony. It occurs with gray cobalt near Coquimbo, Chili, at the mine La Buitro. At Guadalcazar, Mexico, in minute brownish or greenish crystals embedded in feldspar, which is in part changed to kaoliuite. In theU. S., at Phippsburg, Maine, with yellow garnet and vesuvianite; at Wales, Maine; at Cold Spring, N. Y. ; Franklin Furnace, N. J., in honey-yellow crystals and laminated forms with rhodonite, polyadelphite, baiite; at Bethlehem, Pa. , with amphibole. Rare in Northumber- land Co., Nova Scotia, on McKay's brook, a branch of N.E. Mirimichi river. Named from d&vrj, an axe.'m allusion to the form of the crystals. The name yanolite is of earlier date; but it means violet-stone, and violet is not a characteristic color of the mineral. Alt. Crystals altered to chlorite occur on Dartmoor in Devonshire, England. Ref. l Pogg., 128, 20, 227, 1866 (Rath's axes calculated for Naumann's position are entirely wrong). The position taken is that of Naumann; see Frazier (Am. J. Sc., 24, 442, 1882) for a table giving the symbols of the planes in the positions of Neumann and Miller, Rath, Des Cloizeaux, Schrauf, and Frazier; the last two chosen to show relation to titanite and datolite respectively. See also Gdt., Index. 1, 271. 1886. who gives transformation-equations; Solly, Min. Mag., 6, 203, 1886; Hintze, Min., 2, 487, 1891. * Haiiy, Min., 2, 559, 1822. 3 Phillips, Min., p. 43, 1823, identified by Dx. (1. c.). 4 Neu- mann, Pogg., 4, 63, 1825. * Dx., Min., 1, p. 515. 1862. 6 Mgc., credited by Dx. ' Rath, 1. c.; he adds two doubtful planes 77 and A. 8 Schrauf. Ber. Ak. Wien, 62 (2), 7i2, 1870; 65 (1), 241, 1872; Atlas, xxv, 1870. 9 Hbg., Min. Not., 5, 28. 1863, 11, 30, 1873. 10 Websky, Min. Mitth., 1, 1872. Schmidt, Zs. Kr., 6, 98, 1882. Pfd., Franklin Furnace, N. J., Am. J. Sc., 41, 394, 1891. On pyro-electricity, Riess & Rose, Pogg., 59, 375, 1843; Hankel, Wied. Ann., 6, 57, 1879. Heat expansion, Beckenkamp, Zs. Kr., 5, 451, 1881. Orthosilicates not included in foregoing Groups. a:l:6 411. Prehnite H 2 Ca 2 Al 2 (Si0 4 ) 3 Orthorhombic 0-8401 : 1 : 0-5549 412. Harstigite H 7 (Ca,Mn) ia Al,(Si0 4 ) 10 Orthorhombic 0-7148 : 1 : T0150 413. Cuspidine Ca 2 Si(0,F 2 ) 4 ? Monoclinic a : I : 6 = 0-7243 : 1 : 1-9342: ft - 89 22' 530 SILICATES. 411. PREHNITE. Chrysolite Sage, Min.. 1, 232, 1777. Chrysolite du Cap (a kind of Schorl) de Lisle, 2, 275, 1783. Zeolithe verdatre ID. Born, Cat. de Raab, 1, 203, 1790. Prelmit Wern., Bergm. J., 1, 110, 1790; anal, by Klapr., Schrift Ges. Dat. Berlin, 8, 217, 1788. Koupholite (fr. Bareges), Picot de la Peyrouse, Delametk., T. T., 2, 547, 1797. ^Edelite (Edelite) Walmstedt, Brz. JB., 5, 217, 1825. Jacksonite Whitney, J. Nat. H. Soc. Boston, 5, 487, 1847. Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 = 0-84009 : 1 : 0-55494 Streng 1 . 100 A HO = *40 2', 001 A 101 = 33 26f, 001 A Oil = 29 If. Forms 2 : a (100, i-i) b (010, i-i) c (001, 0) m (110, /) p (130, e-3) 3 t?.(304, n (302, o (061, 6-2) r (221, 2) s (661, 6) ? (261, 6-3) 8 1. w Fig. 1, Harzburg, Streng. 2, Farmington, Dx. 3, Ratschinges, Tyrol, Haid. 4, Jordansmiihl, Beutell. mm'" = 80 4' pp' = 43 17' w' = 52 42' ?m' = 89 28' 00' = 146 34' oo"' = *33 26' cr = 59 54' cs = 79 4' 7T' = 82^ 58' rr'" = 67 38' ss' = 97 29' ss" = 78 20' Distinct individual crystals rare; usually tabular || c; sometimes prismatic; again acute pyramidal. Faces c striated || edge a/c; b rough and uneven; m smooth and brilliant, also striated || edge m/c. Commonly in groups of tabular crystals, united by c, making broken forms, often barrel-shaped. Reniform, globular, and stalactitic with a crystalline surface. Structure imperfectly columnar or lamellar, strongly coherent; also compact granular or impalpable. Cleavage: c distinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 6-6'5. G. = . 2'80- 2'95. Luster vitreous; c weak pearly. Color light green, oil-green, passing into white and gray; often fading on exposure. Subtransparent to translucent. Streak uncolored. Pyroelectric, with polarity central, the analogous poles at the center of the base and the antilogous at the extremities of the brachydiagonaP. Optically +. Double refraction strong. Ax. pi. usually || 5, dispersion p > v or p < v, weak; sometimes (Farmington) || a, dispersion strong p > v. Bx J_ c. Index fi y = 1-626. Axial angles variable, Dx. : Daupliine Pyrenees 2H r = 74 29' to 76 7' 2H r = 75 22' to 75 52' 2H r = 73 43' to 74 42' 2E r = 124 54' to 129 9' 2E. = 127 9' to 128 28' 2B r = 122 59' to 125 27" Also for homogeneous crystals, Beutell: 2H a . r = 77 41' 2H a . y = 77 44' 2H a . bl = 77 53' .-. 2E y = 135 26' 2V y = 69 23' Ratschinges a y = 1-616 fi r - 1'626 r r = 1'649 Levy-Lex. The grouping in the common aggregated forms is often highly complex with consequent PREHNITE. 531 5, wide variation in the optical characters (cf. Dx., Mid., Emerson, Beutell) 5 ; crossed dispersion, otherwise characteristic of the monocliuic system is often observed. For example, a section || c (f. 5) of a variety from Farurington was divided (Mid.) into two parts: (1) a central wedge-shaped portion with lamellae chiefly || a, also a, with parallel extinction; optically -J-; ax. pi. usually | a, also JL; angle variable but usually small and becoming 0. (2) Also lateral sectors (see tig. )_ with lamellae chiefly || m and less prominent nearly j_ m (110 and 110), the angle included being 82-83; these lamellae show no definite extinction; the axial figure is distorted, crossed dispersion is visible; ax. pi. inclined about 48 to the normal to a for red and about 58 for blue. The peculiarities of the wedge-shaped portion are explained by the presence of two systems of thin layers superimposed normal respectively to the + and bisectrix; in the lateral sectors there is an intergrowth of systems of lamellae having a common base but whose axes of elasticity are inclined 60 to each other, thus producing rotatory polarization, analogous to that produced by mica laminae crossed at angles of 60. Var. Usual in firm and hard incrusting masses, externally globular or mammillary, the surface made up often of grouped crystals more or less imperfect, but sometimes smooth. Coupholite is in cavernous masses, made of small, thin, fragile laminae or scales; the original was from the peak of Ereslids, near Bareges, in the Pyrenees; also reported from the Col du Bonhomine, at the foot of Mt. Blanc. Named from KovQoS, lender. Edelite, or ^fidelite, is prehnite from ^Edelfors, Sweden. Jacksonite, or ''anhydrous prehnite," of Whitney is ordinary prehnite, from Keweenaw Pt. and Isle Roy ale; it contains 4 to 5 p. c. water (Jackson and Brush); that examined by Whitney may have been from a specimen previously calcined with associated ores. Comp. An acid orthosilicate, H 3 Ca 3 Al 2 Si 3 12 = Silica 43 -7, alumina 24 '8, lime 27-1, water 4*4 = 100. Prehnite is sometimes classed with the zeolites, with which it is often associated; the water here, however, has been shown to go off only at a red heat (Rg.), and hence plays a different part. Doelter (Jb. Min., 2, 137, 1890) calls attention to a similarity in composition to friedelite, p. 465. Anal. 1, Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 20, 79, 1868. 2-5, Corsi, Boll. Com. Geol., 54, 1878; cf. also 155, 1879. 6, Schubert, Inaug. Diss. Brieg, 1880. 7, Beutell, Jb. Min., 1, 89, 1887, also Traube, ib. 8, Schalch, Jb. Min., Beil., 4, 182, 1886. 9, Hersch, Inaug. Diss., p. 27, Zurich, 1887. 10, Young, Ch. News, 27, 56, 1873. 11, P. T. Cleve, Ak. H. Stockh., 9, No. 12, 1871. 12, Darapsky. Jb. Min., 1, 66, 1888. 13, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 20, 401, 1882. 14, Harring- ton, Geol. Canada, 1868. G. 1. Ratschinges, Tyrol 2. Impruneta, Tuscany 2 '91 3. Figliue " 2'93 4. Monte Catini " 5. Elba 6. Jordan smiihl 7. Striegau 8. Globenstein 9. Harzburg 2-907 10. Bowling 2-885 11. Tortola 2 '98 12. Rodaito, Chili 13. Cornwall, Penn. 3 '042 14. Templeton 2'791 Si0 2 A1 2 3 Fe 2 O 3 CaO 43-40 24-53 27-37 42-35 24-67 0-92 25-77 42-36 24-14 1-10 26-87 42-86 24-20 0-99 27-03 44-03 23-20 2-05 26-24 44-12 26-00 0-61 25-26 43-12 25-62 tr. 26-69 43-57 24-76 tr. 26-80 43-23 23-41 1-68 27-41 43-41 24-77 27-13 44-06 22-94 1-98 26-62 43-57 24-27 4-44 21-74 42-40 20-88 5-54 27-02 42-82 23-86 1-42 27-64 H 2 O 4-48 = 99-78 4-81 MgO 0-45 = 98-97 4-85 MgO 030 = 99-62 4-96 = 100-04 4-90 = 100-42 4-91 = 100 90 4-92 = 100-35 4 59 = 99-72 4-42 = 100-15 4-20 Na 2 0-27 = 99'78 4-44 = 100-04 5-28 Na 2 O 0-96 = 100'26 4-01 = 99-85 4-82 MnO O'lO, MgO 0'09=100'75 Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water. B.B. fuses at 2 with intumescence to a blebby enamel-like glass. Decomposed slowly by hydrochloric acid without gelatinizing; after fusion dissolves readily with gelatinization. Coupholite, which often contains organic matter, blackens and emits a burnt odor. Obs. Occurs chiefly in basic eruptive rocks, basalt, diabase, etc., as a secondary mineral in veins and cavities, often associated with some of the zeolites, also datolite, pectolite, calcite, but commonly one of the first formed of the series; also less often in granite, gneiss, syenite, and then frequently associated with epidote; sometimes associated with native copper, as in the L. Superior region. At St. Christophe and l'Armenti6res, near Bourg d'Oisans in Dauphine, associated with axinite and epidote; at Ratschinges in Tyrol, in the Fassathal, and near Campitello; in Salzburg; the Ala valley in Piedmont; the Saualpe'in Carinthia: Joachimsthal in Bohemia; in Nassau, at Oberscheld and Uckersdorf; near Freiburg in Baden on the Rosskopf; Schwarzenberg in Saxony, in the Harz, near Andreasberg, with datolite, and near Harzburg in the Radauthal; in granite at 532 SILICATES. Striegau, Silesia, also at Jordansmuhl ; Arendal, Norway; ^Edelfors in Sweden (edelite); Upsala, Sweden, in rifts in horublendic granite, the decompositiou of the hornblende having afforded the lime, and of the mica, the alumina (Paijkull); at Friskie Hall and Campsie in Dumbartonshire, and at Hartfield Moss, in Renfrewshire, in veins traversing trap, associated with analcite and thomsouite; also at Corstorphiue Hill, the Castle and Salisbury Craig, near Edinburgh; Mourne 3tts., Ireland. Handsome polished slabs of this mineral have been cut from masses from China. In the United States, finely crystallized at Farmington, Woodbury, and Middletown, Conn., West Springfield, Mass., and Paterson and Bergen Hill, N. J.; in small quantities in gneiss, at Bellows Falls, Vt.; in syenite, at Somerville, Mass.; Milk Row quarry, Somerville, often in minute tabular crystals, with chabazite, ajso with epidote; also at Palmer (Three Rivers) and Turner's Falls, Mass., on the Connecticut, in trap, and at Perry, above Loriug's Cove, Maine; at Westport, Essex Co., N. Y. (chiltonile Emmons), on a quartzose rock; on north shore of Lake Superior, between Pigeon Bay and Fond du Lac; in large veins in the Lake Superior copper region, often occurring as the veinstone of the native copper, sometimes including strings or leaves of copper; and at times in radiated nodules disseminated through the copper. Alt. Prehuite occurs altered to green earth and feldspar. Named by Werner in 1790 after Col. Prehn, who first found the mineral at the Cape of Good Hope. Sage had called it (1777) chrysolite, and Rome de Lisle had referred it (1783) to the group of schorl. Ref. ! Harzburg, Jb. Miu., 314, 1870. 2 See Mir., Min., p. 415, 1752; Dx., Min., 1, 430, 1862. a Beutell, Jordansmuhl, 1. c.; cf also Schubert, 1. c., who, however, gives neither axes nor angles. 4 Riess and Rose, Pogg., 59, 382, 1843. See also Hankel, Wied. Ann., 6, 55, 1879. 6 On the methods of grouping and consequent optical anomalies, cf. Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 58, 125, 1882; Mid., ib., p. 195; Wyrouboff, ib., p. 272; Emerson, Am. J. Sc., 24, 270. 1882. UIGITE Heddle, Ed. N. Phil. J., 4. 162, 1856, Min. Mag., 5, 2G, 1882. In radiated sheafy readily and quietly to an opaque enamel, which is not frothy. It appears to be near prehnite in structure, and needs further investigation. PREHNITOID. Prenitoide Bechi, Boll. Com. Geol., 66, 1870; Ace. Line. Trans., 3, 114, 1879. An impure massive prehnite filling crevices in the gabbro of Monte Catini, Tuscany. An analysis of a crystalline variety gave: SiO 2 42'30, CO 2 2'85, B 2 O 3 0'33, A1 2 O 3 22'06, Fe 2 O 3 0-70, CaO 28 86, MgO tr., H 2 O 2'98, N 0'19 = 100'27. Cf. Corsi, 1. c. This name belongs properly to a kind of scapolite, p. 471. 412. HARSTIGITE. Harstigit Q. Flink, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 12 (2), No. 2, 59, 1886. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0-71479 : 1 : 1-01495 Flink 1 . 100 A 110 = 35 33J', 001 A 101 = 54 50}', 001 A Oil = 45 25}'. Forms: a (100, i-l\ b (010, -); n (210, i-2\ m (110, /); p (Oil, 14); * (122, 1-2). Angles, an = *19 40', nri = 39 20', mm'" = 71 7', pp' = *90 51', ss' - 52 58', " = 102 10', ss'" = 79 14'. In small crystals, prismatic || 6, with ~b prominent and terminated by the dome p (Oil), with s (122) small. Cleavage not observed. Fracture small conchoidal to splintery. Brittle. II. 5-5. G. = 3-049. Luster vitreous. Colorless. Optically +. Ax. pi. || b. Bx J_ a. Axial angles, Flink: 2H a .r = 57 50' 2H a .y = 57 56' 2Ha.gr = 58 8' 2V y = 90 27' Also a y = 1-6782 y y = 1 '68308 Na Ramsay 2 . Comp. An acid orthosilicate of manganese and calcium chiefly, formula probably H 7 (Ca,Mn) 12 Al 3 Si 10 40 = Silica 39-2, alumina 10-0, manganese protoxide 13-9, lime 32'8, water 4-1 = 100. Here Mn : Ca = 3 : 1. Magnesium replaces part of the calcium. Anal. Flink, 1. c.: SiO 2 A1 2 3 MnO CaO MgO -K a O Na 2 O H 2 O 38-94 10-61 12-81* 29'23 3'27 0'35 0-71 3'97 = 99'8d FeO tr. CUSPIDINE. 533 Pyr., etc. Reacts for manganese with the fluxes. Gives off water on strong ignition and turns black. The ignited powder dissolves easily in hydrochloric acid with evolution of chlorine. Obs. Occurs with yellowish red or brown garnets, in rhombic dodecahedrons, and crystals of pale red rhodonite at the Harstig mine, near Pajsberg, in Wermland, Sweden. These associated species occur lining the sides of a narrow vein which was filled in with calcite as a later deposit. Ref. 1 1. c. Zs. Kr., 12, 220, 1886. 413. CUSPIDINE. Scacchi, Rendiconto R. Accad. Napoli, October 14,1876; Zs. Kr., 1, 308, 1877. Monoclinic. Axes a : I : c = 0-7243 : 1 : 1-9342. ft = 89 22' = 001 A 100 Rath 1 . 100 A 110 = 35 54f, 001 A 101 = *68 55', 001 A Oil = 62 39J'. Forms 1 : b (010, *-i) c (001, 0) m (110, /) h (103, - H) e (101, - l-l) f (101, 1-i) k (014, i-i) 9 (012, H) d (Oil, 14) P (H3, - t) n (111, - 1) it (113, *) v (111, 1) t (211, - 2-2) M (432, 2-f) q (233, -,1-J) * (121, 2-2) r (872, - 4-f )? mm'" = 71 50' ch =41 23i' <7/ = 88 5' dd' = 125 19' cf = 70 If cp = 47 25' kk' = 51 36*' en = 72 39 CTT = 47 59' ex = 73 36' pp' = 51 11' nri = 68 6' en = *34 3' 7T7T' = 51 40 vv' = 68 29' w' = 107 24' In minute spear-shaped crystals, aparently orthorhombic, but proved to be usually contact-twins with tw. pi. a, giving cc = *1 16'. Cleavage: c very distinct. Fracture * 2 ' uneven. Brittle. H. = 5-6. G. = 2'853- 2*860. Luster vitreous. Color pale rose- red. Ax. pi. || b. Bx a . y A t = - 5 30'. 2E y = 110. Dispersion of the axis, also inclined very marked. Groth. Comp. Contains silica, lime, fluorine, and from alteration carbon dioxide. Formula doubtful. A partial analysis by E. Fisher gave: CaO 59 8 (again 59'9), Fe 2 O 3 1'IS, CO a 12; also F 9 to 10 p. c. Zs. Kr., 8, 39, 1883. Perhaps Ca 2 SiO 4 with CaF 2 . Pyr. B.B. fusible with difficulty. Readily soluble in nitric acid. Obs. From Vesuvius, in ejected masses from the tufa of Monte Somma. It occurs only very sparingly; in part in cavities with augite, hornblende, biotite, calcite, also a brown garnet and crystals of davyne; in part also embedded in a granular rock-like mass. The crystals are usually more or less altered on the surface, becoming covered with a shell of calcium carbonate. Scacchi suggested as the probable composition Ca 2 SiO 4 with about one-third of the lime replaced by CaF 2 and Fischer's trials, so far 'as they are conclusive, confirm this. The deter- mination of the exact composition requires a more complete analysis, however, and it may prove not to belong to the orthosilicates with which it is provisionally placed. Named from cuspis, a spear, in allusion to the characteristic form of the crystals. Ref. 1 Zs. Kr., 8, 38, 1883, Ber. nied. Ges., 122. 1882; Groth, Zs. Kr., 8, 43, 1883. Monte Somma, Rath. 534 SILICATES. IV. Subsilicates. The species here included are basic salts, for the most part to oe referred either to the metasilicates or orthosilicates, like many basic compounds already included in the preceding pages. Until their constitution is definitely settled, however, they are more conveniently grouped by themselves as SUBSILICATES. It may be noted that those species having an oxygen ratio of silicon to bases of 2:3, like .topaz, andalusite, sillimanite, datolite, etc. (pp. 492-502 et seq.}, also calamine, carpholite, and perhaps tourmaline, are sometimes regarded as salts of the hypothetical parasilicic acid, H 6 SiO 5 : Division I. Oxygen Katio for Si : R = 4 : 5. Formula K 6 Si 2 9 . Humite Group. 414. Humite 415. Chondrodite Orthorhombic a : b : 6=0-9258 i 1 : 4*0764 or bi di 6=1-0802 : 1 : 4-4033 .H.(Mg,Pe) 1 .Si i 14 F 4 ? Monoclinic d : I : fel-0863 : 1 : 3-1447 ft = 90 .- nv , Monoclinic di b : C > b Levy-Lex. Optically + Ax. pi. and Bx a J_ b. Bx A 6 = a A t = + 25 52' Brewster, E. S. D.; 28* 56' Kafveltorp, Sj.; 30 approx. Mte. Somma, Dx. Dispersion crossed. Axial angles: Brewster 2H a . r = 88 48' E. S. D. Kafveltorp 2H a . r = 86 27' 2Ha.w = 86 38' Dx. Kafveltorp, brown 2H ar = 85 53' to 86 43' 2H a bi = 85 41' to 86 33' Si. 2H a .r = 89 8' to 89 20' 2H a . bl = 89 14' to 88 28' Sj. a = 1607 fl = 1-619 ^ = 1'639 Levy-Lex. 538 SILICATES. Comp., Pyr., Obs., etc. See pp. 539, 540. Ref. ] Brewster, N. Y., 1. c. (see p. 536), a revision of earlier results upon additional material has proved to the author that ft cannot vary as much as 1' from 90. Dx. makes e t = 100, A = 001, r 2 = 111, etc. Axial ratios deduced are: Mte. Somma i< i < Kafveltorp d 1-0796 1-0828 1-0853 b 3-1404 3-1457 3-1454 A. Sec. Rath H. Sj. Cf. also on Pargas chondrodite, A. tfd., Pogg., 96, 118, 1855; Kk., Min. Russl., 6, o 73, 1870, Kafveltorp (Nya Kopparberg), Rath, Pogg., 144, 563, 1871; H. Sjogren, Luuds Univ. Arsskrift. 17 (3), No. 2, 1880, Zs. Kr., 7, 121, 1882. 2 A. Sec., 1. c. 3 Rath, Mte. Somma, Pogg. Erg., 5, 338, 1870. 4 E. S. D., Brewster, N. Y., 1. c.; numerous vicinal planes are also added; H. Sj. also adds vicinal planes for Swedish chon- drodite. 5 E. Sec., Vesuvius, 1. c. 6 Cf. Rath for description of twins. 416. CLINOHUMITE. Des Cloizeaux, Phil. Mag., 2, 286, 1876. Humite, Type III. A. Scacchi, Accad. Sc. Napoli, 6, 1850. Klinohumit Germ. Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 = 1-08028 : 1 : 5*65884; ft = 90 = 001 A 100 Kath 1 . 100 A HO = 47 12' 36", 001 A 101 = 79 11' 32", 001 A Oil = 79 58' 43. (1-0-21, Forms 2 : a (100, i-l, B) 6 (010, i-l, C) *y (1-0-12, T c (001, 0, A) (109, f i) cm IF -(}<>J.H) . a( 120,.2 )6 Jgjtj e* (101, l-l) n a (113, |) r 4 (129, f-2) i, (016, H) n 4 (111, 1) r, (125, -2) 8 (014, -i) Mi (329, f I) r 8 (121, 2-2) *> (012, i-i) ma (323, 1-f) 3 n (1-2-15, T V2) n a (119, $) m 2 (321, 3-1) r 3 (1-2-11, T 2 T -2) n, (117, t) * (236, H) 4 r 5 (127, f-2) n, (115, t) fi (1 . 2 . 13j A ^ } r, (123, |-2) Also E. Sec. 5 : 2? (563), t (1'6'21), < 2 (1-615). For most of the orthodomes, ei (107), etc., also the unit pyramids, n, (117), etc., the cor- responding forms in the negative quadrants occur, that is, e\ (107), ni (117), etc. 2. Fig. 1, Brewster. 2, Mte. Somma, Rath. ww" ' = 94 49 25' 40' C cn\ - 47 57 46' 2V C CT\ - 76 43 28V 49' nn' = 104 38' 123 56' ces = 30 12' cn 3 = 68 44V cr t = *54 11' r 4 ?Y = 94 46' C^! = 36 48V C7&4 = 82 37' cr 6 = 68 9' r 6 r 6 ' = 114 46V ce 2 r= *46 20' cnii = 65 4V CTs ^ = 85 25' TeTs' = 129 82' eg 3 = 60 12' CltTa = 81 12' 65 49V e*Tt = 63 5' C 4 79 11 V CtW 2 = 87 2V n^n-i = 70 1' e& 3 = 86 25' a grain, alluding to the granular structure. Brucite was given by Col. Gibbs after Dr. Bruce (1777-1818), editor of the American Mineralogical Journal; Maclureite by Seybert, after Wm. Maclure (1763-1840). Humite is from Sir Abraham Hume. Alt. Chondrodite altered to serpentine occurs at Sparta, N. J., with spinel and mica; also at Brewster, N. Y., where it is extensively altered , yielding serpentine in large quantities, see J. D. D., Am. J. Sc., 8, 371, 1874. 417. ILVAITE. Yenite (fr. Elba) Lelievre, J. Mines, 21, 65, 1807. Ilvait Stiffens, Orykt., I, 356, 1811. Lievrit Wern., Hoffm. Min., 2, a. 376, 1812. Wehrlit Kbl, Grundz, 313, 1838. Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : c = 0*6665 : 1 : 0*4427 Des Cloizeaux 1 . 100 A HO = 33 41', 001 A 101 = 33 35J', 001 A Oil = 23 52f '. Forms 2 : a (100, i-l) b (010, i-l) c (001, 0) h (210, z-2) (530. z-f) 5 H (540, i-f) 8 m (110, /) r (340, i-f) 8 p (230, i-f ) 3 s a 20, i-2) t (130, i-3) d (140, t-4) K (106, |-1) 7 r (101, \-l) w (301, 3-i) n (012, H) (Oil, 14) 8 e (021, 24) o (111, 1) k (411, 4-4> y (311, 3-3) 3 x (211, 2-2) I (421, 4-2> i (121, 2-2) 3 u (131, 3-3) 3 Lorenzen 6 gives the following vicinal forms on Greenland crystals: lO'l. O'12'l, O'190'l, 280-840-3. Bauer 8 also the following on the ilvaite from Herboruseelbach : d (13-17'0), (7'H'O), v (4 ll'O), GO (28'25-28), /3 (32'31'32), r (18-19'19). hh'" mm" 88' it' rr' = 36 52' == 67 22' = 73 45' = 53 9' = 67 11' iew' = 126 42' nri = 24 58' 00' = 47 454 ee' = 83 3' oo' = *62 33' xx = 101 5' if = 52 C 53' uu' = 43 33 oo" - *77 12' oo"' = 40 29' yy' ' = 22 28' if" = 72" 49' uu'" = 95 47' Commonly in prisms, with prismatic faces vertically striated ; also faces o r striated || edge b/o. Columnar or com- pact massive. Cleavage: #, c rather distinct; a in- distinct; m, r imperfect (Mir.). Frac- ture uneven. Brittle. H. = 5*5-6. G. = 3*99-4*05. Luster submetallic. Color iron-black, or dark grayish black. Streak black, inclining to green or brown. Opaque. u in Comp. HCaFe 2 FeSi 2 9 or H 2 O.CaO. 4FeO.Fe,0 3 .4Si0 2 = Silica 29*3, iron sesquioxide 19*6, iron protoxide 35*2, iime 13*7, water 2*2 = 100. Manganese may replace part of the ferrous iron. The formula may be written (Groth) as a basic ortkosilicate CaFe 2 (FeOH)(SiO 4 )a. i, 2, Elba; 2, Rath. 542 SILICATES. Anal. 1, Stadeler, J. pr. Ch., 99, 70, 1866. 2, Sipocz, Min. Mitth., 72, 1875. 3, Lorenzen Min. Mag., 5, 63, 1882. 4, Early, Proc. Irish Ac., 3, 52, 1877. 5, Tobler, Lieb. Ann., 99, 122, 1866. 6, Seger, Rg., Min. Ch., 661, 1875. In former analyses (as in 4) the water was mostly overlooked or regarded as unessential, 5th Ed. p. 296. The correct formula was first given by Stadeler, and confirmed by Sipocz and Lorenzen. G. 1. Elba 4-023 2. " 4-037 3 Greenland 4'05 4. Elba 5. Nassau 6. " Si0 2 Fe 2 3 FeO MnO CaO H 2 O 29-20 20-74 34-13 1-02 12'90 2'36 = 100-35 29-67 21-26 33'09 0'74 13'33 2'32 = 100-41 29-30 20-30 33-50' 1-97 13'71 1-90 = 100'68 29-93 20-16 31 83, 3'02 13'71 0'42 A1 2 O 3 0'36, MgO 0'30, alk. 0'49 33-30 22-57 24-02 678 11'68 1-12 = 99-47 [=100-22 27-53 26-18 22'70 8'66 13'24 0'34 = 98'65 Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses quietly at 2 -5 to a black magnetic bead. With the fluxes reacts for iron. Some varieties give also a reaction for manganese. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. Obs. First found on the Rio la Marina, and at Capo Calamita, on Elba, by M. Lelieivre, in 1802, where it occurs in large solitary crystals, and aggregated crystallizations in dolomite with pyroxene, etc. Also found near Andreasberg in the Harz; betweenHerborn and Herbornseelbach in Nassau; Kupferberg, Silesia; at the mine of Temperino in Tuscany, granular, in limestone with actinolite; on Mt. Mulatto near Predazzo, Tyrol, in granite; at Schneeberg in Saxony; Fossum near Skeen in Norway; Thyrill, Iceland; in the sodalite-syenite of the Kangerdluarsuk fiord in South Greenland (cf. Lorenzen, Min. Mag., 5, 70, 1882). Reported as formerly found at Cumberland, R. I., in slender black or brownish black crystals, traversing quartz along with magnetite and hornblende; also at Milk Row quarry, Somerville, Mass. Named Ilvaite from the Latin name of the island (Elba) on which it was found; Lievrite after its discoverer; Yenite (should have been Jeuite) in commemoration of the battle of Jena, in 1806. The Germans, and later the French, have rightly rejected the name yenite, on the ground that commemorations of political hostility or triumph are opposed to the spirit of science. Des Cloi- zeaux adopts Ilvaite. Wehrlite of Kobell has been referred to lievrite, as suggeste d by Zipser. It is massive granular. H. = 6-6'5. G. = 3'90. Analysis by Wehrle, SiO 2 34*60, Fe 2 O 3 42'38, Mn 2 O 3 0*28, A1 2 O 3 0-12, FeO 15'78, CaO 5 84, H 2 O I'OO = 100. B.B. fuses with difficulty on the edges. Imperfectly soluble in hydrochloric acid. From Szurrasko, Hungary. Some of the specimens so called have proved to be highly heterogeneous, cf. Szabo, Zeph., Min. Lex. Oest., 2 343. 1873. Ref. ' Ann. Mines, 8, 402, 1855, Min., 1, 217, 1862. Other axial ratios; deduced by Lorenzen and. by Flink (ref. below) are: Greenland Iceland a : b : c = 0'67437 : 1 : 0'44845 Lorenzen a : b : c = 0-66195 : 1 : '43897 Flink On the relation in form and composition between ilvaite and humite, see Websky, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 201, 1876. 2 Cf. Mir., Min., 324, 1852. 3 Dx., 1. c. 4 Hbg., Min. Not., 3, 1, 1860; see also Rath, Zs. G. Ges., 22, 710, 1870. 5 Achiardi, Nuovo Cimento, 3, Feb., 1870. 6 Lorenzen, Greenland, Zs. Kr., 7, 243, 1884. 7 Flink, Thyrill, Iceland, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 12 (2), No. 2, 44, 1887. 8 Bauer, Herbornseelbach, Jb. Min., 1, 31, 1890. 418. ARDENNTTE. Mangandisthen Lasaulx. Lasaulx and Bettendorff, Ber. nied. Ges., 29, 189, Nov. 24, 1872; Pogg., 149, 241, 1873. Dewalquite Pisani, C. R., 75, 1542, Dec. 2, 1872; 77, 329, 1873. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0-4663 : 1 : 0-3135 Rath 1 . 100 A HO = 25 0', 001 A 101 = 33 54f, 001 A Oil = 17 24J'. Forms 1 : a (100, i-l), b (010, i-ty n (320, *-f), m (110, 2), I (120, -2); e (101, 1-i); o (111, 1); u (323, 1-f). nri" = 34 32' mm'" = 50 0' mb = *65 0' II' = 94 0' ee' = 67 50' oo' = 65 22' oo" = 73 8' oo'" = *29 10' uu' = 66 42' uu" = 70 18- uu'" = 19 41' ao = 57 19' au = 56 39' bo = 75 25' bu = 80 9 In prismatic crystals resembling ilvaite; prismatic faces strongly striated j pyramidal faces smooth; distinct crystals rare. LANGBAN1TE. 543 Cleavage: b perfect; m very distinct; parting || c, with horizontal striations similar to cyanite. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. = 6-7. G. = 3-620; 3-577 Pisani. Color yellow to yellowish brown; in thin splinters translucent, red. Pleochroism strong. Optically +. Ax. pi. || a. Bx J_ #. Axial angles variable- 2E r =68 36-69 52' 2E_=65 45-67 29' 2E_=62 - 2E r =76 7-79 9' SEy=TO 55-74 26' 2E gr =68 36'- -62 56' Pisani 70 59' Dx. Levy-Lex, give: Ax. pi. | b. Bx j_e. ti gold-yellow, a deep brownish yellow. Pleochroism: c pale yellow, Ardennite, Lasaulx. Comp. A vanadio-silicate of aluminium and manganese, composition uncertain; probable empirical formula H 5 Mn 4 Al 4 VSi 4 23 or 5H 2 0.8Mn0.4Al 2 3 .V 2 6 .8Si0 2 = Silica 27-8, vanadium pentoxide 10 -6, alumina 23-6, manganese protoxide 32-8, water 5 -2 = 100. Arsenic replaces the vanadium in varying amounts, but probably from alteration (Lsx.); magnesium and calcium replace part of the manganese, also ferric iron the aluminium in small amount. Anal. 1, Lasaulx and Bettendorff, Pogg., 149, 245, 1873. 2, 3, Bettendorff, ib., 160, 126, 1877. 4, Pisani, C. R, 77, 329, 1873, also an earlier one, ib., 75, 1542, 1872, giving 8'71 p. c. VaO 5 and no As a O 5 . G. Si0 2 A1 2 3 Fe 2 3 MnO MgO CaO V 2 O 5 As 2 O 6 H 2 O I. Dark brown 3'620 f 29 74 23'50 1-95 25'95 3-42 2'05 9'14 4'04 CuO,P 2 O. [tr. = 99-79 27-84 24-22 26'70 3-01 2-17 9 20 2'76 5'01 = 100-91 27-50 22-76 1-15 30-61 1-38 T83 0'53 9'33 5'13 CuO 0'17= [100-39 28-40 24-80 1-31 25-70 4'07 2-98 3'12 6'35 5'20 b CuOO'22= [102-15 Probably contains free quartz. b Ign. 2. Brown, transp. 3 '643 3. Yellow, opaque 3 -656 4. Yellow-brown Other arsenic determinations gave Bettendorff: 1*83, 2*31, 253, 2'98, 6-64As a O 5 ; the color grows lighter with the increase in arsenic. Pyr., etc. B.B. easily fusible with intumescence to a black glass. With borax gives a manganese bead. The water can only be driven off at a strong red heat. Not attacked by hydrochloric and nitric acids, and only feebly attacked by sulphuric acid. Obs. Found at Salm Chateau near Ottrez in the Ardennes, Belgium, in quartz veins in the Ardennes schists. It is usually embedded in the quartz (containing particles of pyrolusite) and associated with a reddish white crystalline aggregate of albite. Lasaulx first noticed this mineral under the name of mangandistTien, in consequence of a supposed resemblance to cyanite. This, as Pisani urges, is on several accounts an objectionable name, and is naturally superseded by the name ardennite, which too has the right of priority over dewalquite. The name ardennite refers to the locality; dewalquite was given for the Belgian geologist, Prof. G. Dewalque. Ref. ! Pogg., 147, 247, 1873. 419. LANGBANITB. G. Flink, Zs. Kr., 13, 1, 1887, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., Bihang, 13 (2). No. 7, 91, 1888. Longbanite. Hexagonal. Axis 6 = 1-6437; 0001 A 1011 = *62 13' Flink 1 . Forms : (0001, 0) m (1010, /) a (1120, I (4150, P (1012, i o (1011, 1) d (2021, 2) e (1126, f 2) / (1123, f-2) g (2243, |-2) h (2131, 3-|) i (4156, H) 544 SILICATES. cp = 43 30' co = *62 13' cd = 75 144' ee = 28 43' cf = 47 37' = 65 28i' = 78 44' eg eh pp' = 40 16' |.:illiUc nucleus. This inineial, produced I i i .in Ihr ll\ ill oil s < MI I n MI. i!r \t\ I hr :n 'linn of silica led \\alcis. on 1 1 111 MM f I oil I I? I,. '.',() per (Till . of /.me otrbonnte; 0, = S'SS-S'iiii 8, Ari/i/fm-fiinit A Mother calamine from Sp:i in . ;IM;I ly /rd ly Seh. >n i lien ( I ',. II Xtg., 22, HW), Contains !3() to 'JO p, C. of alumina, \\ilh :il 5 D* "' HICK, 'Jl io ^H'5 p < <>| /inr <>\io!r, Mild IH \\nlri. mid IM uppnrrMl.ly rnluiiiino mixed \\illi l:i\ It OCCIIIM inn:.: ivr; color 111 In I ' \\lnir. rluiii^ing ill Ihr inr l,o violcl. lirnwn, Mini limdly lil:i'-k. In I .-...npy n ili- /i ( li\ | Ottnying Tftrying HinoiliilH of /inc. Hiliciildiirr ........... n in ili- /iiu- irj-iiiiis of soulli- lcrn MiMMourl, mid orrurulso ill Viixhdu. Tliosrof MiMsonri inrlndr: (l)Mirtrd. nil lirr tough nnd luirsh " joint. rliiyM " mid ('J) Mir " tnllow rhiyM " \vil It gMQlJ l !. \i-ll..\vi :.li. :i:li,"i;iy, or lno\\ n colors iil'lrr drying. Thr hillcr occur in hiyci'M ol srvrrul inchcM in Iliickm". up to i\\o or Mirer Iri'l <(> HIM. or inoie The ' ' lnllo\v chi \ M " MIC \ciy line griilurd, pliistir, and on drying shrink :md crumble into Ninall 1'ni.gHMMils. The MIUOUM! ol /.inc oxide prcMcnl. viirien rhielh ltd \\ecn :!0 nnd II) p. c. Seel'uilher \V. II. SCMIMOII. AIM. .I.S< % ., 39, JiH, IHIM). A llthomarfft-like rlny from the llntli;. /inc iiilno, Puluskl Co.. V ' II He i " p o ZnO, ' II Heyward, di. NCWH, 44, 307, IHMl. romp. II HivSiO, or I !.,( )."/..( ).Si(), J Silien, ".,-(), /ine oxide (i7 . r >, \v;ilcr 7'5 = KM). The \v;ilcr is hnsi.- ninoo (I^M-K) il ^O(H >IT only :il :i red heal., blin niiiKM'ul bointf unolituigod ul. :!()" (I. The lonuuhi in junlcildy ('/nOHJ or a hiiHU' nudasilie.il c. l-'or Mn.'dyscM see Mil I'ld . p -IOS. Also 1. (icMtl... Am. IM.il. Soc.. 23. -Hi. IHSC,. 'J, num. Am. .l.'Sr., 37, 501, 1889. Sin, 1. PuliiskiCo.. VH. 25-01 67-42 8'8a r- 100 '75 2. Friede.iHvillr iir:w 65'05 7'8tt FoO, 8'18 = 99'15 Pyr., to. In the eloHcd lube decrepitates, whitens, and gives olT water. B.B. almoM in fusible (F. 0); molMleiio! with cobtill .solution givivs a blue eolor \\hcn lulled. ( )u rliiirroul da with soda glvoH a coating wldrh isycllow \\hil. h,.i. MIU! \\hile on coolin<>. IMoislencd u ilh col>all. Holution. and heii.-d in O.K., this eoating asHiunes a briglit green ..l..i ( ; ( l-itini/rs \viih acids even when previously ignited. Decomposed by acetic acid with gelatini/alion. Soluble in u strong solution of caustic potash. ObN. OnlitnllH) ail(l Hinithsonile ar- usually l''iind associated in \rins or lioh; in strati lied calcareous rocks accompany ing sulphides of y.lne, iron, and lead. Thus at Aix la (Miapelle. Kaibel and lileilx^rg, in Oarinthii'i. in the upper Ti i:i si,-. Mrcsnet in r,eliuin. |'reiburj-. in Uaden, Iserlohn. Tarnowit/. Olkuc/,. IMied/.ana-.oia. K'e/l.an\a. Se.hcmidt/.. At Koiighlcn (Jill, in Cumberland, in acicular crystals and mannniliaiy crusts, :.ky l>lue and tine green; at Alston Moor, white; at the Itulland mine, near Mallock. in I )ei l>\ shire, in brilliant eiyMals. mid grayish \\lmc and yellow, and mammillary; at Castlelon. in ( rystals. on the Memlip Hills, mostly brownish yelfow, and in part stalactuie; in l''linlshiie, etc.. \\alcs. I.eadhills, Seotland. l,ai"i- cisslals have been found at Nerchinsk, in I'lastern Sib< -\ ia In the I'niled Stales oecui.; at Stcrlinj;- Hill, near Ogdcnsbiirg. N..I.. in Inie ch-ar crystalline masses. In Pennsylvania, at Ihc I'crkiomen and I'henixville lead mines, m a lower Silurian rock two miles from I'" I hlehcm. at l ( 'riedcnsville. in Saucon valley, almndanl and e\lensi\cl> woilvol. on the Susqiiehaiina. opposite Srlins"rove Aliiindant in \' ir-'inia. at A ust in's mines in \V\lhe <'o A pale yellou. lu sil.lr i ncil'ei OUM clay occuis in considerable abundance with -al.-immc at the l ! eben.>lh mine. l''i icden . v ille. \Vilh the /inc deposits ol southwestern Mis- Noliri, e.petially aliout (lranb^. both as ci \ .lalli/ed and massive calamine. and mixed with an aluminous silicate loiiuin;- the "tallow clays" above described Accord inc. to .Scamoiid c.) (li, calamine has been ladually ci yslal li/.oi out of llic /.mcilei OHM clays, these havmv. been lirst IOHM..I M the I nima mine] Cottotiwood Cafion, Utah, in grounish blue niammillary forma will) wullcnitc and cerussile The name I'.i ,',iini>i<' (\\ ilh tinhnfi of the ( Jci mans) is commonly supposed to be a corruption of <\nl>nin . The <;nlnii,i ol I'liiiN and of ol hci an.icnl an I hoi s im hided both Ihc native silicate and cai bouate. and the oxide from the chimneys ol lui naces icadmia fornacum). The two native orcn onlinucd to be confounded under the name ///>/.<. <-,ii'nin \ Smithson in ISOit. Isarlier anahses had made out chemical dillcrcnccN, and mime iiiithors, before I 71)0, had rightly suv rested :i di\r-i found '.'N p e r.-irlioii dioxide in :i llolvwell ipeeimen (.1 Uind front I'Yeilmir in Hieis'-an. whieh had hern culled /...-li wit 1 1 aeidx .''*! p e ilieu, \\ il 1 1 : -Hi /.ine oxide. MI id l\' walei (.1 ill allot liei . '-indlai I \ "elat iii i/.in." . (id /.ine oxide :ind '.'>'' 'ili IlUlke U now n the I rue eoi m 10- i I ion. :ind eleai a u a \ a II d on Ills. l)iil\ dlltlDguishod, hut mlneralogieally ruuneil. I nlorl nnaleU . Urooke A Miller, in IS.')'.'. revers'd lieiidant ';; ire ol Ihesc nanu's. \\illi rid good ruiMoti; and in 1858, K enn-'oii, on account of the confusion of names, at he nayM, introduced lor the >ilii ale Hie new name / /<'iiii//i<>r/i///(c, and so added to the e. >n I usioii. Tlie e iniiovat ions .should ha\e QO fa 01 Ref. ' Ber. Ak. Wicn, 38 (1), 789, 1850. See Bchrauf, 1. c. ( f>. .a,l\ authorlticH (Molm, etc,); alsoQdt, index. a, si27, IHO, and limMsruiid itram.s. .!. i..i..\\. K..S,-. AI.I.. ,\u I'.e.i.,,. 70, IM-I:I, I',.,.-., b9. MIW. iH(i:r ' Di,,-., I'o-^., 92, 21:.. ISM. 111,-.. Mi,, Noi.. 2, -JO, IH:,H. - s. inaiii. I. <-. ' |)x., Min., 1, p. 117, 1H03. * Slg., Zs. Kr., 1, 1M'2, 1H77. Oesilro, Bull, Boo. Mm . 9, 242, 1880. "' S.-lml/.r. MiMh. VT. Ne.,v,,rpo.n..M'n. u. KU^'n, Wl, 18H(Millh. I nil (Jreifswald) " Biiiicr an, I BraiiiiH, .M. Miu., 1, 1, 18HW. " LarK, Bur. Ak. VVIcn, 37, JJ7U, 1H5U. 1:1 Kie :, and K,-;r. Al.lt Ak. Bi-rlin, 70, !M4:t; BUIICI and Bmuii-s, !.<:. M..IM MUM: AV.s.sr. Vlt. Vor. Uhciiil., C.-IJI.,UH, 1H05. A inltH-nil finn. Alu-nlmrg, mwir Aachen, occurring with fjikinino. Two varlcitloH an- found, one) dark to Iwk-gnnm and opaque; the Other light emerald gre, n 1 1 .,n parent, The latter is the purest; It, has II. iiT>, eonelioidal fracture, streak white. It afforded on analyst* HiO, 80-81, Al.O, 18-08, FO 0-27, Nioi n, ZnO 48-41, MgO tr. t OaO tr., H,O 11-87 = 10018. Difficultly Holuble in acid*. VANI'XKMITK ('. U M< t /,,inl. Conlrih. Mlii., 1H7(I. A pn.d.i, i .,| ih< de, Miiiposiiion of /itu- om HI Strrling Hill, N. .1. OceurH in irregular whlt ptitcluiH In a (Inn oc.hury aggregate). Q. SB 2*5, Does not adlu re to the tongue, hill omitH a slivhl < la\< \ odoi on liein;-; breathed upon. A., analyst! gave: SiO 85-64, A1,O, 11'70, ZnO 8a-48-aO'0 ( 11,0 H-80-10'88. Obviounly n niixltire (.1 while elay with /ine silieale. 424. OARPHOLZTB. Karpholith Wern., Letztes Min. flyst., 10, 48, 1817. 8trohtein Germ. St.rawstone. Monoolinio. Prismatic angle 68 33'. In radiated and stellated tufts, and groups of aoioular crystals. Twinn: i u. ( d. a (10()). Very brittle. II. = 5-5*5. G. = 2*935. Lustor silky, glistcming. Color Sure slniw \cll<\v to \v:ix-v'll mpo i) r (1011, It) k (7074, ) d (5052, f ) y (4041, 4) (10-0 10-1, 10) .Q (0-11-H-l, - 11) fi (2461, - 2 3 ) H (1123, |-2) ^i (2352, - i) ^ mfifl it\ r(4592, -i) Z (7186, 1) , 9 (3142, I 9 ) 41 ' t (2131, I 3 ) (3251, I 5 ) M (4-3-7-10, T V) ^> (15-1429-1,1 e (0112, - i) z (0111, - 1) or (0554, - f) o (0221, - 2) C (0772, - 1) (0992, - |) K (0551, - 5) X (2-10-12 -7, - f') d (1783, - 2*) 2'5, -2*) (1-26-2714, - Some of the forms given for the prismatic zone must be regarded as doubtful because of its rounded and striated character. 1. Figs. 1, 4, Common forms. 2, 3, 5, 6, Pierrepont, N. Y. ; 3, basal section of 3, J. Stanley Brown. 552 SILICATES. 7. 12. e c 13. Antilogous Pole. Analogous Pole. Pig, 7, Common form. 8, 9, 10, Gouverneur, N. Y., Farrington; the antilogous end above. 11, 12, Gouverneur, N. Y., Rose. 13, Unionville, Pa. ay aw ah aa cf cr ck cd cy C ce ca CO 26 48' 26 2' 23 25' 19 64 10 53 7 22' 14 291 27 20' 42 8' 52 16' 64 llf 79 3 14 29.V 27 20' 32 52' 45 57' cC = 61 4' oo' _ 77 0' cW = 62 43' qq 1 ~ 58 51' eft CK 66 68 44' 51' KK' = 107 18 6 44|' 51' C/2 =3 80 H' it' = 63 48' ff', = 12 25 45' 2' cu 30 66 38f 4' TT' kk dd yy' ee' = 71 86 102 116 52' 2' 27 ? 29' uu' xx' XX* 66 42 21 43 35 75 1" 36' 18' 22' 48V 53' ee' - 25 2' AA 34 35V zz' 46 52' A A* = 52 57' ad 56 4' rr 46 50' = 59 35' TO' = 24 26' w* = 78 50' au - 24 46' at =37 34' aq = 49 5' ar = 66 34' av = 32 C 9' ad 43 19' ao ~ 51 30' ro = 38 30' mu = 33 0' mo = 68 56' Crystals usually prismatic in habit, often slender to acicular; rarely flattened, the prism nearly wanting. Prismatic faces strongly striated vertically, and the crystals hence often much rounded to barrel-shaped. The triangular prism m (1010) frequently predominating, the complementary form in t (0110) then absent or subordinate; also the hexagonal prism a (1120) present alone; or, again, m with ; the cross-section of the prism then, respectively, three-sided, six-sided, or nine-sided. Crystals commonly hemimorphic (cf. figures) ;_ the rhombohedron r (1011) occurring on the edges of the trigonal prism m (lOlO) at the antilogous end (see below); also the rhombohedron o (0221) and scalenohedron u prominent at the antilogous end (Pierrepont, Gouverneur, Pfd., cf. f. 5, 6, 9, 10). Penetration- TOURMALINE. 553 twins with parallel axes not common; also rare, a cruciform-twin with r as tw. pl. s Crystals sometimes isolated but more commonly in parallel and radiating groups. Sometimes massive compact; also columnar, coarse or fine, parallel or divergent. Cleavage: , r difficult. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle and often rather friable. H. = 7-7*5. G. = 2*98-3'20. Luster vitreous to resinous. Color black, brownish black, bluish black, most common; blue, green, red, and sometimes of rich shades; rarely white or colorless; some specimens red internally and green externally; and others red at one extremity, and green, blue, or black at the other. Streak uncolored. Transparent to opaque. Strongly dichroic, especially in deep colored varieties; axial colors varying' widely. 8 Absorption for the ordinary ray GO (vibrations J_c) much stronger than for the extraordinary ray e (vibrations || ^); thus sections || 6 transmit sensibly the extraordinary ray only, and hence their use (e.g., in the tourmaline tongs) for giving polarized light. Exhibits idiophanous figures. 8 Optically . Double re- fraction strong. Sometimes abnormally biaxial. 7 Refractive indices 4 : Colorless gr= 1-6870 " e y = 1-63733 Na gr=l -64075 Tl Erofeyev (1. c.) shows that the refractive indices vary somewhat widely with the color and even in successive layers of the same crystal. Becomes electric by friction; also strongly pyroelectric as early investigated by Hose, and later by others. 5 The end terminated by the rhombohedron r (1011) and the corresponding unit prism m (1010) is, as above noted, with few exceptions the antilogous pole, becoming + electrified with decrease and electrified with in- crease of temperature. Cf. also figs. 11, 12 from Rose. Var. Ordinary. In crystals as above described; black much the most common. (a)Rubel- lite; the red, sometimes transparent: the Siberian is mostly violet-red (siberite), the Brazilian rose- red; that of Chesterfield and Goshen, Mass., pale rose-red and opaque; that of Paris, Me., fine ruby-red and transparent, (b) Indicolite, or indigolite; the blue, either pale or bluish black; named from the indigo-blue color, (c) Brazilian Sapphire fin jewelry); Berlin-blue and trans- parent; (d) Brazilian Emerald, Chrysolite (or Peridot) of Brazil; green and transparent, (e) Peridot of Ceylon; honey-yellow. (/) Achroite; colorless tourmaline, from Elba, (g) Aphrizite; black tourmaline, from Kragero, Norway, (h) Columnar and black; coarse columnar. Resembles somewhat common hornblende, but has a more resinous fracture, and is without distinct cleav- age or anything like a fibrous appearance in the texture; it often has the appearance on abroken surface of some kinds of soft coal. Dravite of Tschermak is the brown, greenish black or brownish black magnesium tourmaline from Unterdrauburg in the Drave district in Carinthia. The varieties based upon composition fall into three prominent groups, between which there are many gradations: 1. ALKALI TOURMALINE. Contains sodium or lithium, or both; also potassium. G. = 3'0-3"1. Color red to green; also colorless. 2. IRON TOURMALINE. G. = 3'l-3'2. Color usually deep black. 3. MAGNESIUM TOURMALINE. G. = 3-0-3-09. Usually yellow-brown to brownish black; also colorless (anal. 54). A chromium tourmaline has also been described (anal. 71, 72). G. 3'120. Color dark green. Comp. A complex silicate of boron and aluminium, with also either magnesium, iron, or the alkali metals, prominent. Formula uncertain. According to early investigations of Rammelsberg, recently reviewed and extended, the oxygen ratio of Si : E is in general 2 : 3 and the formula may hence be written: R 6 Si0 5 = R 3 Si0 5 = R 2 Si0 5 . Here R = Na,Li,K; R = Mg,Fe,Ca; R = Al,B,Cr,Fe. 064 SILICATES. * O TH 1C 1O TH lC^DiOC5OJ>J> OOOOSt-O oo co 04 10 TH co -^ p j> qo os qo p * ot-cviTHTHt- SSSgS8S888 ' I! II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II O ft 1O Oi ^ TH O CQ T-I CO O TH -* O5 CO TH CT CO GO O 00 00 OO CD - t- GO t> &t J> r-i -rJH rj* - CO TH O (N 00 CQ O5 O t* O O " W CO | | |-|-..|- S I 1 I I I I I I I I I || M I I I I I I I |?S . CO Tt< O COO5 CO t- CO TH CQ TH TH ^-1 TH TH O TH , . , , . o^ oo ^"* THTHOOTHO 666 6 6 66 I ^ 1 COCOCOCOCOCOW^^^Tt asas 6 oo 6 o os s os Q 1 n* is r feg! -g -go : i : 1" s 11, w> >*J t^ ^E w ^^ s ,j s ^ a SJS g cTS OB."" J = 31 1 ell j TOURMALINE. 555 8 $ II II II II \\ II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II \\fcSi \\& II II || oo^'Mcoco^eo*-. i 50 i .i>. i - ev :ocO|00i>coTHi>ooo . co - o o o fe b^b 7 |bbbb ll b lll b l - b>Ss bb l bbbb l boTH |l b l bb bb S ?????? ??-P^? 4s Is ^"^" I I I I I I I I? 5 ? I?? I I I I ^ b iJrHTH THr-.THO'-'OO THOTHTH ' CO ^r0030^0rt^^THOOTH ^^ ^^ CO Oi ^^ CO CO CQ OS ^^ COCOCO COCO COCOCO CO CO CO CO CO W CO CO CO COCOCO 03CO CO s I ^ < s 1 I * =T^ 1 i ^' liilll 1. 1 i i : . 55 i| :^ | f i- i - -^ - *? -'H ^^ ef if O o a .rf ff - ^ CQ & ** O ri. - . Ss Q "oO P xp-od S3P"4 apatite, and scapolite in granular limestone, at Canton; in simple prisms in the same TOURMALINE. 557 rock near Port Henry, Essex Co., sometimes as a shell inclosing feldspar; at Schroon, -with chondrodite and scapolite; at Newcomb, Essex Co., in brown cr3 T stals; at 'Crown Point, fine brown crystals; at the chrysoberyl locality near Saratoga, N. Y., black; at Alexandria, Jefferson Co.; at Kingsbridge, brown, yellowish or reddish brown crystals in dolomite; near Eden ville, gray or bluish gray and green in three-sided prisms occur; short black crystals in the same vicinity, and at Rocky Hill, sometimes 5 inches in diameter; a mile southwest of Amity, yellow and cinnamon-colored crystals with spinel in calcite; also near the same village a clove-brown variety with hornblende and rutile in granular limestone; in splendent black crystals at Pierre- pont, St. Lawrence Co.; colorless and glassy at De Kalb; dark brown at McCoinb. In N. Jersey, at Franklin, Hamburg, and Newton, black and brown crystals in limestone, with spinel; also grass-green crystals in crystalline limestone near Franklin. In Penn., at Newlin, Chester Co. ; at London Grove and near Unionville, of a light yellow or brownish yellow, in limestone, and rarely white; at Parksburg, Chester Co.; in Delaware Co., at Aston; at Chester, fine black; Middletown, black; Marple, of a green color in talc; in New Garden township, Chester Co., in limestone, light brown to yellow and sometimes transparent; near New Hope on the Delaware, large black crystals, in which the prismatic faces are sometimes almost wanting. A chrome- var. from the chromite beds in Montgomery Co., Maryland. In. N. Car., Alexander Co., in fine black crystals with emerald and hiddenite; green at Silver Creek, Burke Co. In S. Car., in Cheowee va'lley. In Georgia, Habersham Co. In California, black crystals, 6-8 in. in diameter, in feldspar veins, in the mountains between San Diego and the Colorado desert, bordering the elevated valley of San Felipe. In Canada, in the province of Quebec, superb greenish yellow or yellowish brown crystals, 1 inch through, in limestone at Calumet Falls, Litchfield, Pontiac Co. ; transparent and brown at Hunterstown, with vesuvianite and garnet; fine brown crystals at Clarendon, Pontiac Co.; black at Grenville and Argenteuil, Argenteuil Co.; St. Jerome, Terrebonne Co. In Ontario^ in fine crystals at North Elmsley, N. Burgess and Baihurst, Lanark Co.; Blythfield, Renfrew Co.; Galway and Stoney L. in Dummer, Peterborough Co.; Charleston L. in Leeds Co. The name turmalin from "Buramali in Cingalese (applied to zircon by jewelers of Ceylon) was introduced into Holland in 170-3, with a lot of gems from Ceylon. The property of attract- ing the ashes of burnt peat, after friction, led to its being very soon named in Holland Aschen- trecker, or ash-drawer. In 1717. Lemery, in his Memoir in the Hist, de 1'Acad. des Sc. , France, referred the attraction to magnetism; and in 1756 to 1762, appeared the several Memoirs of ^]piuus (published in the Mem. Acad. Berlin, vol. 12, and at St. Petersburg) on the electrical properties of tourmaline. The name tourmaline was slow of introduction into mineralogical treatises. The first specimens from Ceylon were cut gems, so that the common charucterfsticg of tourmaline and schorl were not apparent. Linnaeus, in his Syst. Nat., 1768, suggests the relation between them, but de Lisle was the first to describe Ceylon crystals, and bring the two minerals into one species. On the name schorl, see Introductfon, p. xliv. Long after the'union of tourmaline and schorl, the species continued to bear the latter of these names; and even in 1816, Jameson, in his System of Mineralogy, retains schorl as the name of the species, with common schorl and tourmaline or precious schorl as two subspecies. Alt. Tourmaline occurs altered to mica, chlorite, cookeite, steatite. The mica is lepidolite, a species which is related in composition to some tourmaline, and is a frequent associate of the red and green varieties. It appears to take place through the addition of alkalies. Some rubellites and green tourmalines at Chesterfield are hollow, evidently from decomposition and removal of the interior; and in th6 cavities are occasionally observed small crystals of yellow uranite (Teschemacher). ZEUXITE, of Thomson, Min., 1. 320, 1836, was found in 1814 in acicnlar interwoven pris- matic crystals at Huel Unity, Cornwall; color brown, slightly greenish in some lightp; G. = 3051; H. = 4'25. Greg shows that the mineral is a ferriferous tourmaline (Phil. Mag., 10, 118, 1855); this is confirmed by Dx. (Min., 2, xliv, 1874). Ref. ] Preisschrift, p. 112, 1825; Kupffer deduces from his measurements rr' = 46 47' black, = 46 52' green, = 46 58' red. The angle 46 52'. which is about the mean of these, has been accepted by Miller, Dx. , et al. It is, however, rather variable. Erofeyev gives 46 54', Vh. Min. Ges , 6, 81-108. 1871. In the 5th Ed,, the rhombohedron with a terminal angle of 77 was taken as the fundamental form because it showed a certain relation to calcite (see Am. J. Sc., 17, 216, 1854). The probable tetartohedral character was first noted, though with some question, by Erofeyev (1. c.) and confirmed by Ramsay, Vet. Ak. Handl Bib. , 12 (2), No. 1, 1886: cf. also Solly, Min. Mag., 6, 80, 1884. 3 For lists of forms, with authorities, critical remarks as to doubtful forms, original observations, etc., see Erofeyev, 1. c.; Slg., Zs. Kr., 6, 217, 1881; Gdt., Index, 3, 243, 1891. For earlier lists, original observations, etc., see Rose, Pogg., 42, 580, 1837: Mir., Min., 341, 1852; Dana, Min., 270, 1854, Am. J. Sc., 18, 419, 1854; Dx., Min., 1, 504, 1862; D'Achiardi, Elba, Nuovo Cimento, Feb., 1870 (and Zs. G. Ges., 22, 663, 1870); Cossa and Arzmni, chrome-tourmaline, Zs. Kr., 7, 1, 1882; Hidden, N. Carolina, who gives the rhombohedrons f , 6, Am. J. Sc:, 32, 205, 1886; Ramsay, 1. c. 3 Bauer, Jb. Min., 1, 10. 1890. 4 Refractive indices, Dx., Min, 1. c. (also Senarmont) ; Miklucho-Maclay, Rosenb , Mikr. Phys., 364, 1887; Schwebel, Zs. Kr., 7, 158, 1882; Arzruni, ibid., p 11. 5 On pyroelectricity, Rose, Pogg., 39, 291, 1836, 42, 580, 1837; Rose and Riess, ibid., 59, 357, 1843, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 65, 1843; Gaugain, Ann. Cli. Phys., 57, 5, 1859; Schedtler (inves- 558 SILICATES. tigated by the Kundt method), Jb. Miu. Beil., 4, 519, 1886; Voigt, Nachr. Ges GSttingen, Dec. 30, 1885. Piezoelectricity, J. and P. Curie, C. R., 92, 186, 1881; Riecke, Wied., 28, 43, 1886. 31, 889, 1887; Nachr. Ges. Gottingen, 188, 1890. Elasticity, Brazil, Voigt, Wied., 41, 712, 1890. 6 Light- absorption, Pulfrich, Zs. Kr., 6, 151, 1881, Schwebel, ib., 7, 153 1882. On dichro- ism, see Rg., Pogg., 81, 36, 1850. * Optical^ anomalies, Mid., Aun. Mines, 10, 150, 1876; Madelung, Zs. Kr., 7, 75, 1882.' Change in optical characters by pressure, Bucking, ib., p. 565, 1883 8 Exhibits idiophanous figures, Btd., Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 67, 1879. Conductivity, heat and electricity, S. P. Thompson and Lodge, Phil. Mag., 8, 18, 1879, 12, 112, 1881; Fitzgerald, So. Proc. Dubl. Soc., 1, 370, 1880; Stenger, Wied., 22,522, 1884. Specific heat, Joly, Proc. R. Soc., 41, 268, 1887. A boro silicate of uranium described by W. G. Waring (Eng. Mng. J., 49, 356, 1890) from Piina Co., Arizona, has been shown by -Kurtz to be only black tourmaline. 427. PUMORTIERITE. Gonnard, Bull. Soc. - Min., 4, 2, 1881; Bertrand, ib., 3, 171, 1882; and 4, 9, 1881. Orthorhombic. Prismatic angle approximately 60; 56 Diller 1 . Rarely in distinct crystals with a (100) and in (110). Usually in fibrous to columnar aggregates. Twins: tw. pi. m (110), repeated, forming trillings Lex. Cleavage: a distinct; also prismatic, imperfect. H. = 7. G. = 3-265 Diller; 3-36 Dmr. Luster vitreous. Color bright smalt-blue to greenish blue. Trans- parent to translucent". Pleochroism very strong: r colorless, b reddish violet, adeepultramariue-blue. Exhibits idiophanous figures, analogous to andalusite. Optically . Ax. pi. || b. Bx J_ c. Dispersion p < v Btd. ; p > v Levy-Lex. Comp. Essentially a basic alurninium silicate. Perhaps Al B Si 3 18 or 4Al 2 3 .3SiO, = Silica 30*6, alumina 69'4 = 100. Part of the aluminium seems to be replaced by boron. Anal. 1, Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 6, 1881. 2-4, J. E. Whitfield, Am. J. 8c.,<37, 216, 1889. Si0 2 A1 3 O 3 Fe 2 O, B 2 3 MgO ign. 1. Beaunan 29 '85 66'02 I'Ol 0'45 2 '25 = 99 '58 2. Harlem, N. Y. 31 '44 68*91 tr. = 100*35 3. Clip, Arizona 27'99 64-49 4'94 tr. 1'72 P 3 6 6 0'20 = 9934 4. " " 31'52 6366 2'62 0'52 1'34 Alk. 0'48 =; 100'14 An earlier analysis by Riggs of the Harlem mineral (Am. J. Sc., 34, 406, 1887) showed 4'07 B 2 O 3 , but probably from tourmaline which is intimately associated with it. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible, loses color on strong ignition; with cobalt solution a beautiful blue, characteristic of aluminium. With salt of phosphorus gives a slightly bluish opaline bead. Obs. Found in fibrous forms embedded in feldspar in blocks of gneiss at Chaponost, near Lyons, France, the original locality being near Beaunan; also at Brignais. Also reported from Wolfshau, near Schmiedeberg, Silesia in the iolite of the gneiss of Tvedestrand, Norway. In the U. S., it occurs near Harlem, New York Island, in the pegmatoid portion of a biotite-gneiss; in a quartzose rock at Clip, Yuma Co., Arizona. Named for the palaeontologist, M. Eugene Dumortier. Ref.-' Cf. Btd., 1. c.; Diller, Am. J. Sc., 37, 216, 1889. 428. STAUROLITE. Pierres de croix de Robien, N. idees sur la format, d. Foss., 109, 1751 (with figs.). Basaltes crystallisatus pt. Cronst. (the specimen a cross of two brown 6-sided crystals, worn as an amulet at baptisms in Basel, and called Lapis crucifer, and Easier Tavf stein), Min., 70, 1758. Schorl cruciforme pt., Pierres de croix, de Lisle. Crist., 1772, 1783 (with figs.). Staurolite Delameth., Sciagr., 1, 298, 1792. Grenatite (fr. St. Gothard), Saussure, Voy. Alpes, 1900, 1796. Granatite. Staurolith Karst., Tab., 22, 1800 Staurotide H. t Tr., 3, 1801. Nordmarkite Dana, Min., 389, 1868. Xantholite Heddle, Min. Mag., 3. 59, 1879. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0-4734 : 1 : 0-6828 Phillips 1 . 100 A 110 = 25 20', 001 A 101 = 55 16', 001 A Oil = 34 19'. Forms : b (010, i-i), c (001, 0); m (110, /); r (101, 1-i); also only as tw. planes, y (230, $), *(032, |4), 2(232, Angles: mm'" = *50 40', yy'" - 70 45*', rr' = 110* 32', mr = *42 2', ex = 45 41', ' tt = 60 81'. 8TA UROLITE. 559 Twins cruciform: (1) tw. pi. x (032), the two crystals crossing nearly at right angles, since ex = 45 41'. (2) tw. pi. z (232), crossing at an angle of 60 approx- imately, since cz = -60 31'. (3) tw. pi. 1 jy (rare), here bb = 70 45'. Crystals commonly prismatic, and often flattened \'o* 9 often with rough surfaces. 1. m m 5. 7. 8. Figs. 1, 2, Simple forms. 3-5, Common twins. 6-8, Fannin Co., Ga, Cleavage: b distinct, but interrupted; win traces. Fracture subconchoidaL Brittle. H. = 7-7*5. G. = 3 65-3 -75. Subvitreous, inclining to resinous. Color dark reddish brown to brown islublack, and yellowish brown. Streak uncolored to grayish. Translucent to nearly or quite opaque. Pleochroism distinct: c (= ^) hyacinth-red to blood-red, ft, b yellowish red, Bosenbusch ; or c gold-yellow, a, b light yellow to colorless. Optically -J-. Ax. pi. || a. Bx J_ c* Axial angles : 2H a .i = 113 10' 2H . r = 117 52' a = 1-736 /? r = 1-749 .-. 2Va.r 2V .r = 91 39' Dx. /3 = 1-741. = 88* 46' Lfevy-Lcx. /?. t= 1-7526. Mir. y = 1 : 746 Levy. Lex. Comp.,Tar. Formula doubtful, perhaps H 4 (Fe,Mg) > (Al,Fe) 34 Si n O e . or ^H 2 0.6(Fe,Mg)0.12Al 2 3 .llSi0 2 Friedl. Coloriano gives HaFeaAliaSisOgi; Groth suggests the simpler form HFeAl 6 Si 2 O, 3 . Impurities are usually present, especially in the form of inclosed silica, sometimes up to 30 to 40 p. c. ; also garnet, mica, and perhaps magneite, brookite, cf. Rg., Lsx., Friedl, 1. c. See,also analyses, 5th Ed., p. 389, which give SiO 2 varying from 27 '0 to 51 -3. Nordmarkiie is a manganesian variety from Nordmavk, Sweden, anal. 10. Xantholite is a variety of somewhat anomalous composition, according to the analysis, which is probably to be explained by the presence of impurities (cf. Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 9. 78, 1886). Anal. 1, Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 25, 53, 1873. 2, Friedl, Zs. Kr., 10, 366, 1885. 3, Lsx.. Min. Mitth , 173, 1S72. 4, Coloriano, Bull. Soc. Ch., 44, 427, 1885. 5, Friedl, 1. c. 6, 7, Kg., 1. c. 8, Peters and Maly, Ber. Ak. Wien, 57 (1), 646, 1868. 9, Geuth, Am. Phil. Soc., 13, 383, 1S73, 10. Paijkull, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 23, 85, 1866. 11. Heddle. 1. c. 560 G. Si0 3 SILICATE, A.1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O, FeO 1. St. Gothard 3-706 29-46 52-29 13-42 2. | 28-15 52-17 1-70 13-84 3. " 3-71 29-81 48-26 5-31 12-03 4. 27-38 54-20 6-83 9-13 5. Tramnitz 3-74 f 28-19 52-15 1-59 14-12 6. Pitkaranta 29-23 52-85 14-65 7. Brittany 3-70 80-23 51-16 14-66 8. St. Radegrund 3-474 30-42 54-06 10-09 9. Franklin, N. C. 3-711 27-91 52-92 6-87 7-80 10. Nordmarkite 3-54 36-05 35-18 13-73 11-61] 11. Milltown, Xantholite 27-04 45-86 8-67 6-90 MgO H 2 O 2-29 1-42 TiO 2 0-56= 9944 2-54 1-63 = 100-03 3-25 0-86 = 99-52 1-43 = 98-97 2-42 1-59 = 10006 2-41 undet.TiO? 0'18 = 99-32 2-73 1-26 TiO 2 0-29 = 100-33 2-01 !-67CaO,MnO075 = 99'(30 3-28 159 CaO, MnO tr. = 100'37 ll-61Mn 2 O 3 2-51 = 99'08 [F 0'09=rlOO 18 4-32 2-88 MnO 0*56, CaO 81. In Vermont, at Cabot. A staurolite from Canton, Ga., with G. = 3'79 gave Genth 7'13 ZnO. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible, excepting the manganesian variety, which fuses easily to a black magnetic glass. With the fluxes gives reactions for iron, and sometimes for manganese. Imper- fectly decomposed by sulphuric acid. Obs. Usually found in crystalline schists, as mica schist, argillaceous schist, and gneiss, as a result of regional or contact metamorphism; often associated with garnet, sillimanite, cyanite, and tourmaline. Occurs with cyanite in paragonite schist, at Mt. Campione, Switzerland, in polished, brown, translucent crystals; at Mt. Greiner, in the Zillerthal, Tyrol, in simple crystals associated with cyanite, and sometimes appearing as a continuation of its crystals, parallel with them; also near Innsbruck; near Lake Como; at Goldenstein in Moravia, brown and translucent; Aschaffenburg, Bavaria; Oberwolz and St. Radegrund in Styria; in large twin crystals in the mica schists of Brittany; at Tornduff and near Killiney in Ireland; near Milltown, Loch Ness, Scotland (xantholite); at Oporto, St. Jagp de Compostella. In the province of Minas Geraes, Brazil, at various points both in mica schists and in the river gravels. Abundant throughout the mica s :hists of New England. In Maine, at Windham, near the bridge, the mica slate is filled with l^rge crystals: also atMt. Abraham, Hartwell, and Winthrop. In N. Uamp., brown and large cryst. at Franconia; at Lisbon, abundant in mica slate; on the shores of Mink Pond, loose in the soil; at Grantham, 2 m. from Meriden, of a gray color. In MUM., at Chesterfield, in fine crystals. In Conn., at Bolton, Vernon, Litchfield, Stafford, and Tolland; also Southbury with garnets; at Litch- field, black crystals. In New Yoi'k, small crystals at the Foss ore bed in Dover. Dutchess Co. ; also three and a half miles from New York City, on the Hudson; as a fesult of contact metamorphism in the mica schist near Peekskill, N. Y. (cf. Williams, Am. J. Sc., 36, 254, 1888). In Penn., reddish brown cryst, abundant on the Wissahickon, 8 m. from Philadelphia. In N. Carolina, at the Culsagee corundum mine near Franklin, MaconCo.; large coarse crystals at the Parker mine.Cherokee Co.; also in Madison and Clay counties. In Georgia, at the lead mine, Canton, in quartzose mica schist, the gangue of the lead ore; also in Fanuin Co., loose in the soil in fine crystals. Dr. C. T. Jackson has described a variety of staurolite in tessellated crystals like chiastolite, from Charlestown, N. H., as represented in the accompanying figure. Named from crravpos, a cress. Hauy's change of staurolite to slaurotide was neither necessary nor reasonable. Alt. Occurs altered to steatite. Ref. ' Min., 75. 1837. In some respects it would be more natural to take the twinning planes (see below) as fundamental, Oil, 111, 110, when the symbols of the prism would become 320. and the axes 0-7101 : 1 : 1'0242. 8 E. S. D., Am. J. Sc., 11, 384, 1876; this twinning can be explained as having either 230 or 130 as tw. pi.; the first gives bb = 70 45^' and 109' 14|', the second 109 42' and 70 18'; the measured angle 70 30' hardly decides between these, but the former is the more probable as it corresponds to the two Dther more common laws. 429. KORNERUFINE* Kornerupin J. Loreneen, Medd, GrQnl., 7, 19, 1884. Prismatin A. Bauer, Zs. G. Ges., 38, 704, 1886. Orthorhpmbic. Axes a : b = 0*854 : 1. In fibrous to columnar aggregates, resembling sillimanite, showing in the prismatic zones the forms m (110), a (100), and I (010) with mm 9 " *81 kornerupine, = 81 31' prismatiiie. Cleavage: prismatic, rather perfect. H. = 6*5. G. = 3-273 kornerupine; 3*341 prismatine, Ussing. Luster vitreous. White to colorless (K.), yellow- brown (Pr ) Optically -. Ax. pi. || 100, Bx a _L 001. Axial angle 2E = SS Prumatine a, = 1 -6691 tf y = 16805 y y = 16818 .-. 2V y = 37 7 for Na = 65 30' and from ft = 1*6805 .'. 2V y = 37 34*. SAPPHIRINE. 561 Comp. MgAl a Si0 6 or MgO.Al 2 8 .Si0 3 = Silica 29-7, alumina 50'5, magnesia 19-8 = 100. Anal. 1, Lorenzeu, 1. c. 2, Sauer, 1. c. G. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO ign. 1. Kornerupine 3*23 30-90 46'79 2'02 19-46 1 '30 = 100 '47 2.\ Prismatine 3341 30*89 43'06 6'28 15-08 1'36 Na a O 2-04, K 2 O 0'79 =r 9950 Pyr. 6.B. does not fuse; becomes bright blue if moistened with cobalt solution and ignited. Insoluble iu acids. Obs. Kornerupine occurs at Fiskernas on the west coast of Greenland with green amphibole,. sapphirine and a light brown magnesia mica; also gedrite and occasionally iolite. It is intimately- associated with the iolite, aud sometimes appears in a micropegmatitic form with it. Named after the Danish geologist, Kornerup. Prismatine is from Waldheim, Saxony, where it forms layers in granulyte with albite, also garnet, tourmaline. Ussing calls attention to the similarity of these two independently described minerals, and it can hardly be doubted that they are identical. KRYPTOTIL Sauer, Zs. G. Ges., 38, 705, 1886. An alteration product of prismatine, occurring- in fine fibrous forms of light greenish color. Composition: HAlSiO 4 = H 2 O.Al a Oi.SiOi = Silica 50'0, alumina 42'5, water 7*5 = 100.- Anal. Sauer; SiO, 48-43 A1 2 3 41 "63 MgO 2-13 H 2 O 7-70 = 99'89. 430. SAPPHIRINE. Sapphirin (fr. Greenland) Giesecke, Stromeyer's TJnters., 1, 391, 1821. Sapphirine. Sapphirin pt. [rest blue Spinel] Hausm., Handb., 427, 1847. 'Saphirine. Monoclinic. In indistinct crystals, tabular || b; rarely showing prismatic planes on the edges, brn = 57 27', mm'" = 65 6'; also other prisms inclined 23 34' and 31 36' to b, and a clinodome giving b A Oil = 47; ft = 79 ; angles variable, Ussing 1 . Usually in disseminated grains, or aggregations of grains. Cleavage not distinct. Fracture subconchoidal. H. = 7'5. G. = 3*42-3-48; 3-486 Ussing. Luster vitreous. Color pale blue or green. Translucent* Pleochroic: b = i blue, a colorless. .Optically . Ax. pi. J b. Bx a A b = 71 or c A 001 = 4- 8, Axial angles, Ussing 1 : 2K a . y = 68 50' 2K .y = 111 13' 2Va. y = 68 C 49' /J, = 1-712 a r = 1-7055 fl r = 1-7088 v r = 1-7112 Also, Dx., 2H a .r =.77 50' 2Ha. b i = 79 0' a r = 1*705 /3 r = 1-70& y r = 1-711 2Ha. r = 83 29' 2Ha. y = 83 55' 2H a .gr = 84 34' Comp. Mg 5 Al 12 Si a O a7 or 5Mg0.6Al a 3 .2Si0 3 = Silica 12-9, alumina 65-7, magnesia 21 '4 = 100. Anal. 1, Damqur, Bull. G. Soc., 6. 315, 1849. 2, Lorenzen. Medd. GrOnl., 7, 1884 3, Ussing, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 46, 17, 1889. Also Schluttig, Inaug. Diss., Leipzig, 22, 1884 cf. Zs. Kr., 13, 74. SiO a A1 2 O 3 FeO MgO 1. G. = 3-473 | 14-86 63-25 2'00 19-28 = 99'39 2. G. = 3-46 | 12-95 64*44 1-66 19'83 ign. 0'34 = 99'22 3. G. = 3-486 12-83 65-29 0'65 21 -40 Fe 2 O 3 0'93 = lOO'lO Pyr., etc. B B. alone and with borax infusible, unaltered. Obs. Associated with mica, anthophyllite, and amphibole at Fiskernas in south-western Greenland. The name alludes to the sapphire color. Ref. i Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 46, 17, 1889, and Zs. Kr., 15, 598, 1889. Dx., Min., 1, 462. 1862, 2, xlii, 1874. 562 SILICATES. APPENDIX TO ANHYDROUS SILICATES. BARYLITE C. W. Blomstrand, G. For. Forh., 3, 128, 1876. Barylitb. In groups of prismatic crystals, more or less tabular iri habit. Two distinct cleavages forming au augle of about 84. H. 7. G. = 4 -03. Luster greasy. Colorless. Semi- traiisparent. Composition. Ba4Al 4 Si 7 O 24 or 4BaO.Al 2 O 3 .7SiO 2 = Silica 34*0, alumina 16'5 baryta 49'5 = 100. Analysis: SiO 2 A1 2 O, Fe 2 O 3 BaO PbO CaO MgO CuO Bi 2 O, ign. f 34-36 16-02 0-98 46'23 0'93 0'68 27 0'09 0*19 0'15 = 99-90 B.B. infusible; not attacked by acid. Named from ftapv 1 -,, heavy, and Az'OoS, stone. Occurs with hedyphane iu crystalline limestone at Langban, in Wermland, Sweden. HYPOCHLORITE. Sogenaunter Gruneisenerde von Schneeberg, Hypochlorit, Schuler, Schw. J., 66, 41, 1832, Dissert, de Ferro ochr., etc., Jena, 1832. Bisniutoferrite Frenzel, J. pr. Ch., 4, 355, 1871, Jb. Min., 516, 1872. HYPOCHLORITE was described as minute crystalline; also earthy. Fracture even to flat con- choidal. Brittle. H. = 6. Luster vitreous, feeble. Color green. Streak light green. Analysis. Schuler: Si0 2 50-24 AUO 3 14^65 Bi 2 O 3 13'03 FeO 10-54 P 2 O 6 9'62 Mn tr. In minute crystals and grains, or massiv^e and earthy, with native bismuth and cobalt ores, at Schneeberg, Johanngeorgenstadl, and Br^unsdorf, iu Saxony. Also reported from Ullers- xeuth. Voigtland, in a bed of limonite. Named from uTrd^Aajpos on account of its green chlorite-like color. Beyond doubt a mixture. BISMUTOFERRITE of Frenzel ie a supposed bismuth-iron silicate in part mixed with the Jiypochlorite (' wismuth-hypochlorit ") of Schneeberg. G. = 4-47. Two analyses gave: SiO* 23-08 Bi 2 O 3 43-26 Fe 2 O 3 33'33 - 99'67 24-05 42-83 33'12 = 100 An " antimony-hypochlorite " is also said to occur at Schneeberg. MONZONITE F. v. Kobell, Ber. Ak. Munchen, 1, 162, 1871. Compact. Fracture spliatery to subconchoidal. H. 6. G. = 3. Color light grayish gree.n. Translucent on tliin edges. Resembles green horustone. Analysis', Kobell, J.-c.: SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 FeO MgO CaO Na 2 O K 2 O H 2 O 52-60 17-10 900 2-10 965 6'60 1'90 1-50 = 100-45 B.B. fuses at 3 to a lustrous grayish green glass. Not decomposed by acids before or after fusion. Found on Mt. Monzoiii in the Fassathal, Tyrol. NEOCIANO A. Scacchi, Rend. Accad. Napoli, Jan., 1881. Neocyanite. In very minute monoclinic crystals, tabular \\ 010; these are terminated by two orthodomes m and n. making angles of 71 and 53 with a (100), front and back respectively. Color blue. Supposed to be an anhydrous copper silicate. B.B. fuses to a black glass. Easily decomposed by acids, with the separation of pulverulent dlica. From fumaroles at Vesuvius, formed by sublimation, together with three other substances. One of these forms a white granular mass, O. = 2-287, probably silica. A second is a white asbestus-like material, containing lime; difficultly fusible, and decomposed only in boiling acid. The other forms yellowish brown crystals in six sided rhombic plates; insoluble Jn acid. RAMOSITE .A 7 ". W. Perry, Eng. Mng. J. , 37, 140, Feb. 23, 1884; Trans. Am. Inst. Mining ng., 12, 628, 1884. In pebbles in alluvium; .compact. Fracture conchoidal. H. = 8^-9. G. = 3'83. Color deep black. Opaque, translucent on thin edges. Luster vitreous. Analysis: SiO 2 46-32 Fe 3 O 3 13-00 A1 2 O S 1919 CaO 17-74 MgO 13'13 MnO a tr. = 99'38, From Ramos, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. The description obviously needs revision; it may |>rove to be simply a kind of garnet. SPHENOCLASE. Sphenoklas F. von Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 91, 348, 1864. Massive, with faint indications of a foliated structure. Fracture splintery. H. = 5'5-6 G. = 3 2. Luster feeble. Color pale grayish yellow. Subtranslucent. Comp. Perhaps 6RO.Al 2 O 3 .6SiO 2 Rg., but needs confirmation. Analysis. KbI.: SiO 2 46-08 A1 2 O 8 13'04 FeO 4'77 MnO 3'23 MgO 6 25 CaO 26 50 = 99 87 B.B. fuses at 3 to a greenish glass. Slightly attacked by acids; but after heating, easily Decomposed with gelatinization by hydrochloric acid. From Gjellebak in Norway, with wollastonite and the so-called edeiforsite, forming thit* layers of varying thickness in a bluish granular limestone. Named from cr the others inclined approximately OKENITE. 565 60 and hence not || edge c/m. H. = 4-4'5. G. = 2*84 Luster vitreous, brill- iant. Color brown. L Pleochroism distinct in sections || d: c (= 1} and b (= a) colorless, a (= c) yellow-brown. Optically . Ax. pi. J_ b. Bx a JL c\ hence a cleavage fragment gives the axial figures. Axial angles: 2E r = 41 19 Li & = 1-7250 .-. 2V r = 23 36 2E y = 41 53 N fa = 1-7287 . 2V y = 23 52 Also ^r = 1-7264 yy = 1-7287 .'. (with 2E) a r = l'694l a 7 = 1-7046 Comp. 6H 0,7MnO.Al 2 3 .8Si0 9 = Silica 40-5, alumina 8*6, manganese pro- toxide 41-8, water 9-1 = 100. Anal. Hamberg, 1. c. SiO 2 A1 2 3 Fe 2 O a MuO CaO MgO K 2 Na 2 O H 2 O 39-67 7-95 0*90 35-15 I'll 0'20 2'70 218 9'79 Li 2 O tr., PbO?0'20 = 99 85 Most of the water goes off at 100 in a vacuum, if sufficient time is allowed, but with diminishing rapidity J it is largely reabsorbed in moist air. Hence it is somewhat analogous iu behavior to the zeolites, so that the author calls it a mangan-zeolite. Physically it has some resemblance to the micas. Pyr. Reacts for manganese with the fluxes. Dissolves readily in strong acids, but becomes nearly insoluble after ignition Obs. Occurs at the Harstig mine near Pajsberg. Wermland, Sweden, embedded in calcite, also implanted upon rhodonite and sometimes covered with caryophilite, barite, and native lead; again associated with garnet, manganophyllite, and pyrophanite. Named from yaws, luster, 0i/AAor, leaf, in allusion to the high luster on the cleavage laminae. 433. OKENITE. Okenit . Kobell, Kastner's Arch., 14, 333, 1828. Dysclasite Connel, Ed Phil. J., 17, 198, 1834 Bordite Adam, Dufr Min., 4, 697, 1859. Orthorhombic? Prismatic angle 57 41' Breith. Composed of a congeries of minute interlacing acicular crystals. Commonly fibrous, also compact. Cleavage in traces. H. = 4-5-5. G. = 2'28, okenite, Ebl.; 2-362, dysclasite, Connel. Luster subpearly. Color white, with a shade of yellow or blue; often yellow by reflected light, and blue by transmitted. Frequently opalescent. Sub- transparent to subtranslucent. Optically Ax. pi. || b (010), the needles being elongated || 6. Bx J_ a (100). Axial angle large, y a = 0-091 Lex. 1 Comp. H 2 CaSi 3 6 + H or 2H 3 O.Ca0.2SiO a = Silica 56'6,lime 26-4, water 17-0 = 100. Anal. 1, von Kobell, 1 c* 2, Hauer, Jb. G. Reichs., 5, 190, 1854. 3. Conoel. 1. c. 4, Adam, 1. c. 5, Haughton, J. G. Soc. Ireland, 2, 114, 1868. 6, Darapsky, Vh. Ver. Santiago, No. 6. p. 248,4888 (read May 18, 1886). SiO 2 CaO H 2 O 1. Disco 55-64 26 59 17 00 Al 2 O 3 ,Fe 2 O 8 0'53, K 2 O tr. = 99-76 2. " | 54 81 27-23 18 04 = 100'08 [Na 2 O 0'44 = 100'44 3. Stromo, Dysclasite G. = 2'362 57'69 26-83 14-71 Fe 2 O 3 0'32, Mn 2 O 3 0'22, K 2 O 0'23, 4. Bordo, Bordite G. = 2'33 56'92 25 14 14 19 A1 2 O 3 0'67, Na 2 O 1 04 = 97 5)6 5. Poona 54-24 27-44 17 04 Na->O 0'07 = 98'79 6. Rio Putagan, Chili 64'60 '29'52 15 03 MgO tr., Na 2 O 1'06 = 100'2l Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water. B.B. alone becomes opaque and white, and fuses to a glass. Effervesces with soda, and fuses to a subtransparent glass, which is milk-white on cooling; with borax forms a transparent colorless glass. Gelatinizes readily in hydrochloric acid Obs. Occurs in basalt or related eruptive rocks. Found at the FarOer (bordite); in Iceland; on the island of Disco. Greenland; in amygdaloidal basalt at Poona, near Bombay, India. Oo lava of Rio Putagan, Chili. Artif. A crystallized silicate near okenite, but containing some alkalies (Na 2 O 3'3,K 2 O2'2) replacing the lime, has been obtained by A. de Sclmlten, Bull. Soc. Min.. 5, 92, 1882. Cf. also Doelter (Jb Miu , 1, 123, 1890), who obtained okenite by recrystallizatiou in carbonated water In a sealed tube Ref. Bull. Soc. Miu., 8, 341, 1885; 10, 152. 1887. 666 SILICATES. 434. GYROLITE. Gurolite Anderson, Phil. Mag., 1, 111, 1851. In concretions, lamellar-radiate in structure. H. = 3-4. G. not given. Luster vitreous to pearly. Color white. Trans- lucent, becoming opaque. Optically uniaxial, negative. Double refraction rather strong, Dx. 1 Comp. H 3 Ca a Si 3 9 -f H 8 or 3H 8 0.2Ca0.3Si0 3 = Silica 52-1, lime 32-3, water 15-6 = 100. Anal. 1, Anderson, 1. c. 2, How, Am. J. Sc., 32, 13, 1861. 3. Clarke, ib .. 38, 128. 1889. Na 2 O H 2 O 14 18 = 99-78 15-05 = 99 85 0-27 14-60 F 65 = 100'30 1. Skye 2. N Scotia 3. N. Almaden SiO a 50-70 51-90 52-54 A1 3 0, 1-48 1-27 0-71 CaO 33-24 29-95 29-97 a Incl. MgO 018 0-08 Fe 8 O 3 . K a O 1-60 1-56 B.B. Pyr., etc. In a closed tube yields water, intumesces, and separates into thin scales, swells up and fuses with difficulty to an opaque enamel Obs. From the Isle of Skye, with stilbite, laumontite, etc. In India from the railway cuttings between Bombay and roona; also from the Treshinish Islands (Heddle, but cf. oken ite, anal. 5). Reported also from the Fiiroer and from Greenland. With the apophyllite of New Almaden, California, in fibrous layers between the wall of the vein and the apophyllite. Also N. Scotia, 25 m. S.W. of C. Blomidon, between Margaret villa aud Port George, on apophyllite. According to How, gyrolite is formed from apophyllite, with which it often occurs. Ref. ' Dx., N. R., 13, 1867 Min., 2, xxi, 1874. Heddle obtained thin six-sided plates, resembling heulandite, with plane angles 128 45' and 128 55 , and he infers a similar form. Min. Mag.,- 8, 272. 1889. 435. APOPHYLLITE. Zeolith von Hellesta C. Rinman, Ak. H. Stockh , 82, 1784 Zeolithus lamellaris major Mutter, De Zeolitbis Suecicis, 32, 1791. Ichthyophthalmite (fr Uto{ d'Ancbrada, Scheerer's J., 4, 32, 1800 J. Phys ,51, 242, 1800. Mesotype epointee (fr Ireland; H., .Jr.. 3, ,1801. Apophyllite H., Notes pour servir u Cours de Min. de Fan XIII (1805), Lucas Tabl , 1, 266, 1806 Fischaugenstein Wern., 1808. Ichthyophthalmit, Albin, Wern., LetzesMin Syst 1817. Fish-eye Stone Tesselite (fr FarOer) Brewster, Ed. Phil. J., 1, 5, 1819. Oxhaverite (fr Iceland) Brewsier, Ed J. Sc., 7, 115, 1827 Xylochlor (fr. Sicily) v. Walt., Vulk. Gest , 1853. Leucocyclite fferschel, Trans. Cambridge Phil. Soc., 1, 21 (read May 1, 1820); Dx. Min., 1, 126, 1862. Apofillite Ital. Tetragonal. Axis 6 = 1-251.5; 001 A 103 = 51 22J' Miller 1 . Forms' j fl (001, 0) a (100, ) m (110, /) y (310, T (210, e-2) v (105, f 9 (108, ft (621, 6-3)* a (311, 3-3)* o- (211, 2-2) (533, Pigs. 1-3, Common forms. 4, L. Superior. 57. Utb, Sweden, after So auf APOPHYLLITE. 567 On the apophyllite from the Seisser Alp, Tyrol, Ploner 7 has determined tlie following forms, many of which, however, are merely vicinal planes. Of these several had been earlier given by Rumpf, viz., 9-9 10, 24-24'25, 51 '51 '50, 108, 106. 1-0-60, 1-0-40, 1-0 30, 1-0-24, TO'20, I'O'IS, I'O'U, 1'013, 1'0'lfc, I'O'll, 2'0-21, 1*010, 2-019, 109, 108, 3 022, 107, 2'0 13, 3'0-19, 106, 3-017, 2-0-11, 3-016, 4'0'21, 3'0'14, 209, 104, 3-0"10, 103, 807, 504, 302. 1-1-54, 1-1-45, 1-1-86, 1-1-27, M'18, 119, 335, 445, 556, 667, 778, 889, 9'9'10, 10-10 ll. 11-11 12, 13-13-14, 17-17-18, 24 24 -25, 50'50'51, 51 -51-50, 25-25^24, 443, 332, 553, 221, 441, 551. 13-4-4. 311, 20-7-7, 522, 12'5'5, 744, 855, 322, 755, 433, 544, 655, 766. 21-7-3, 15 5-3, 12-4-3, 628, 313. ay = 18 26' dd' =f 27 18* e/' = 61* 5' aa = 23 6' vo' = 19 46' 22'. =42 7' xx" = 99 26' avA.Xov, a leaf. Its whitish pearly aspect, resembling the eye of a fish after boiling, gave rise to the earlier name Ichthyophthalmite, from zfjrQu'?,./^, 6QaXn6s, eye. Alt. Occurs altered to pectolite near Tiexno on Monte Baldo, along with unchanged crys- tals. Altered apophyllite from Table Mt., near Golden, Colorado, has been analyzed by Hille- "brand (1. c.); it is pearly-white in color with a finely foliated structure and forms the exterior of crystals which within are often perfectly fresh. The material (which lost water over sulphuric acid) after drying at 100 gave: Si0 3 67-96 A1 2 0, 8-48 Fe 2 O 3 1-04 CaO 5-47 MgO 0-53 Na,0 [074] 123 H 2 14-55 = 100 APOPHYLLITE. 569 Artif. Crystals have been obtained by Wohler from heated waters, and he inferred that a temperature of 180 was necessary to the result, He stated that when heated in 'water to this temperature under a pressure of 10 to 12 atmospheres, it forms a solution which crystallizes on cooling. Pearly radiated crystals were formed by Becquerel through^the action of a solution of potassium silicate on plates of calcium sulphate (gypsum). Daubree has detected crystals of apophyllite in the Roman works at the hot springs of Plombieres. Also obtained by Doelter (1. c.) by recrystallization, the powdered mineral being digested for 3 weeks in a closed tube at 150-160 with water containing carbon dioxide; minute tetrago- nal crystals were the result. Again from okenite by heating with potassium silicate and car- bonated water at 200 for 30 days. By the fusion of apophyllite and slow crystallization the hexagonal CaSiO 3 (p. 373) Wa3 obtained. Ref. 2 Mm.T436. 1852; also accepted by Dx., Min., 1, 125, 1862. 2 Cf . Levy, Min. Heti- land, 2, 271, 1837; Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wieu, 62 (1), 700, 1870, Atlas xxi; Seligmaun, Jb. Min., 1, 140, 1880. Rumpf, who makes the species monoclinic, adds several forms mostly vicinal, Min. Mitth., 2, 369, 1879; Ploner (ref. below) also adds many forms, chiefly vicinal ; all of these are given above^ Bgr. notes on the apophyllite from the islands of the Langesund fiord the proba- ble forms: 1-012, &03, 326, 321, Zs. Kr., 1.6, 644, 1890. 3 Dx., 1. c. 4 J. D. D., L. Superior, Min., 4th Ed.. 304, 1854; cf. also Slg., Uto, Sweden, 1. c.; Cesaro, Bull. Soc. Miu., 12, 62, 1889. 5 Slg., Uto, 1. c. 6 Schrauf, I.e. ' Ploner, Seisser Alp, Zs. Kr.. 18, 337, 1890. * Luedecke, Anclreasberg, Zs. Kr., 4, 626, 1880. 9 Optical anomalies, see Mid.. Ann. Mines, 10, 121, 1876, also Klocke, Jb. Min., 2, 11 ref., 1880; Klein, ib., 1. 253, 1884; Doelter, ib., 1, 123, 1890; also Rumpf, 1. c. On percussion- figures, Mgg.. Jb. Min., 1, 59, 1884. Etching, Rinne, ib., 2, 19, 1885. Pyroelectricity, Hankel, Pogg., 157," 163, 1876. The following are imperfectly defined hydrous calcium silicates, several of them approximat- ing to okenite and gyrolite. CENTRALLASSITE How, Ed. N. Phil: J., 10, 84, 1859; Phil. Mag., 1, 128, 1876. Radiated massive, the fibers or columns lamellar and separable. Brittle. H. = 3*5; G. = 2'45-2'46. Luster pearly. Color white or yellowish white; thin laminae transparent; graduating into an opaque white variety, subresinous in luster. The mineral was found in a nodule from amygda- loid, near Black Rock, Bay of Fundy, and constituted the portion between a thin outer layer, " cerinite," and an inner bluish mass, called "cyanolite." How obtained: 1. | SiO a 58-86 A1 3 O 3 114 CaO 27'91 MgO 016 K 2 O 0-59 H 2 O 11-41 = 100'07 2. 54-72 2-19 31 "53 0'76 11'58 - 100'78 B.B. fuses easily, with spirting, to an opaque glass. It is near okenite in composition. Two analyses of the so called cyanoltte gave: Si0 2 A1 2 O 3 CaO MgO K 2 O H 2 G. = 2-495 74-15 .0'84 17'52 tr. 0'53 7'39 = 100-43 72-52 1-24 18-19 tr. 0'61 6'91 = 99-47 Probably the same mineral with centrallassite, impure with much more silica; or it is chal- cedony, impure with centrallassite. The name alludes to the color. Cerinite gave SiO 2 5813. A1 2 O 3 12-21, Fe 2 O 3 I'Ol, CaO 9'49, MgO 1'83, K 2 O 0'37. H 2 O 15'96 = 99-00 XONOTLITE. Xonaltit Rammelsberg, Zs. G. Ges., 18, 33, 1866. Xonotlit Min. Ch., 380, 1875. Massive. Fracture splintery. Very hard. G. = 2-71-2-718. Color white to bluish gray; pink. Tough. Optically like okenite, Lex. Comp. Perhaps 4CaSiO 3 + H 2 O = Silica 49'8, lime 46-4, water'3'8 = 100. Anal. 1. 2, Rg., 1. c. 3, Heddle, Mm. Mag., 5, 4, 1882. G. Si0 2 FeO MnO CaO MgO H 2 O I.Mexico, white 2-710 49'58 1-31 1'79 43'56 3'70 = 99'94 2. " gray 2'718 50'25 2'28 43'92 0'19 4'07 = 100-71 fO'22 = 100'?6 3. Scotland 2-605 48-91 2-97 2-27 40-39 56" 417 A1 2 O S Oil, K 2 O 116, Na 2 O Yields water> Decomposed by hydrochloric acid with separation of pulverulent silica. irs at Tetela de Xonotla, Mexii Described by Heddle (1 c ) as >site Oronsay, and on the nortl is closely associated with gyrolite. Occurs at Tetela de Xonotla, Mexico, in concentric layers, with apophyllite and bustamite. Described by Heddle (1 c ) as occurring near Kiltinuichan, Loch Screden, Mull; at Gribon, opposite Oronsay, and on the north shore of Loch na Keal. It resembles a pink chalcedony and 570 SILICATES. TOBERMORITE Heddle, Mm. Mag., 4, 119, 1880. Massive, fine granular. G. = 2'423. Color pale pinkish white. Translucent. Anal. 1, Tobermory; 2, north of Tobermory, toward Bloody Bay. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO CaO MgO K 2 O Na 2 O H,O 1. 46-51 2-40 1-14 1-85 33'40 0'47 1'45 0'36 12-61 = 100-19 2. G. = 2-423 46-62 3'90 0'66 1'08 33'98 0'57 0'89 12'11 = 99'81 Occurs filling cavities in the rocks near Tobermory, Island of Mull. Near gyrolite. CHALCOMORPHITE. Chalkomorphit Rath, Pogg. Erg., 6, 376, 1873. Hexagonal. Axis c= 1*9091, c/> = *65 36'. In minute acicular prisms with c, m, p; pp f = 54 10^'. Cleavage: c distinct, H. = 5. G. = 2'54. Luster vitreous. Color white. Anal. Rath, on 0'26 gr. SiO 2 25-4 A1 2 3 4-0 CaO 447 H 2 0(& C0 2 ) 16'4 loss (incl. Na 2 0) 9'5 = 100 Gives water in the closed tube, becoming white and lusterless. B.B. fuses with difficulty on the edges, curling up like scolecite. Soluble in hydrochloric acid with the separation of gelatinous silica. From the Laacher See, also from Niedermendig in the Eifel, occurring in cavities in limestone inclusions in the lava. PLOMBIERITE Daubree, C. R., 46, 1088, 1858, Ann. Mines, 13, 244, 1858. A gelatinous substance which hardens in the open air, formed from the thermal waters of Plombieres. It becomes, on hardening, opaque snow-white. It afforded after drying at 100 C. : SiO 2 40'6, A1 2 O 3 1-3, CaO 34-1, H 2 O 23'2 = 99'2, corresponding to the hydrated calcium silicate: CaSiO 3 -f- 2H 2 O = Silica 39'5, lime 36'8, water 237 = 100. Chabazite and apophyllite in fine crystals are other results of the action of the waters of Plombieres on the brick and mortar of an old Roman aqueduct, besides hyallite, aragonite, and perhaps scolecite and harmotome. LOUISITE Honeymann, Proc. Nova Scotia Inst. Nat. Sc., 5, 15, 1878. A transparent, glassy, leek-green mineral; streak white; fracture splintery. H. = 6'5. G. = 2*41. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. An analysis by H. Louis gave: SiO 2 6374, A1 2 O 3 0'57, FeO T25, MnO tr., CaO 17-27, MgO 0'38, K 2 O 3'38, Na 2 O 0'08, H 2 O 12-96 = 99'63. This corresponds, but only approximately, to CaO.3SiO 2 .2H 2 O, which requires Silica 66'2, lime 20'6, water 13'2=100. It needs further examination, especially by the microscope, with reference to the possibility of admixed silica. Named for H. Louis, Esq., of Londonderry, N. S. 2. Zeolites. The ZEOLITES form a family of well-defined hydrous silicates, closely related in composition, in conditions of formation, and hence in method of occurrence. They are often with right spoken of as analogous to the Feldspars, like which they are all silicates of aluminium with sodium and calcium chiefly, also rarely barium and strontium; magnesium, iron, etc., are absent or present only through impurity or alteration. Further, the composition in a number of cases corresponds to that of a hydrated feldspar; while fusion and slow recrystallization result in the forma- tion from some of them of anorthite (CaAl^Si^Os) or a calcium-albite (CaA^SieOie) as shown by Doelter. The Zeolites do not, however, form a single group of species related in crystallization, like the Feldspars, but include a number of independent groups widely diverse in form and distinct in composition. A transition in com- position between certain end compounds has been more or less well established in certain cases, but unlike the Feldspars, with these species calcium and sodium seem to replace one another and an increase in alkali does not go with an increase in silica. Like other hydrous silicates they are characterized by inferior hardness, chiefly from 3'5 to 5*5, and the specific gravity is also lower than with corresponding an- hydrous species, chiefly 2'0 to 2'4. Corresponding to these characters, they are rather readily decomposed by acids, many of them with gelatinization. The intumescence, B.B., which gives the name to the family (from ^eiv } to boil, and Az'$o, stone) is characteristic of a large part of the species. The Zeolites are all secondary minerals, occurring most commonly in cavities and veins in basic igneous rocks, as basalt, amygdaloid, diabase, etc. ; less frequently ZEOLITES. 571 in granite, gneiss, etc. In these cases the lime, and in part the soda, has been chiefly yielded by the feldspar, the soda also by elasolite, sodaljte, etc., potash bjr Jencite, etc. The different species of the family are often associated together, and v, when J_ c; also crossed very strong; the ax. planes for red and blue in- clined from 7 to 12. Axial angle variable, from to 92; usually 2E r = 52, 2E bl = 53 Dx 4 . Also, Artini 4 : Montecchio Maggiore Also 2E = 92 46' Indices: a = 1-498 2E y = 81 14' 2E 7 = 94 27' 2E 7 = 89 54' and at 150 2E = 103 50' in white light. = 1-499 y = 1-505 Levy-Lex. 4 Rinne found for crystals from Andreasberg the inclination of the ax. pi. to a = -f- 34* (i.e. in obtuse angle of d and c); hence Bx A c = -j- 57^; for others from Viesch, these angles were 6 and 85V respectively; for Berufiord -f- 8 and 83V; Fassathal 32 and 59f . Levy-Lex, give Bx A c = -\- 85 30'. For Turkestan crystals, the ax. pi. is inclined 30' to c (001) Erem., and 2E r = 52 30', 2E bl = 53 20'. For crystals from the Serra de Botucatii. Brazil, the *-pL makes an angle of 19 35' with c (or dV sections I b show tw. lamellae || c, Hussafc, i. c. HEULANDITE GROUP HEULANDITE. 575 For Montecchio Maggiore, Negri found the ax. pi. inclined about -f- 34 to d, and hence nearly normal to t (201) or Bx /\ c = -\- 57^; Artini made this angle, for the same locality, 34, and the ax. pi. nearly normal to s (201), but obviously by error (cf . Negri). Sections f b are described by Mid. as having a division into four sectors for all of which Bx a J_ b, but the ax. pi. and the ax. angle are variable. In crease of temperature to 150 changes these, but they return to the original condition upon the reassuinption of the water. Heated to 180 the sections become opaque'aud the change is permanent 5 . This subject has been later studied by W. Klein and particularly by Rinne; the latter describes the presence of five sectors, more or less sharply defined in polarized light, in sections | b, bounded externally by the usually occurring planes, that bounded by s (201) having an hour- glass form. These sectors show a rather wide variation in the position of the ax. plane. Increase of temperature (Rinue) causes the axial angle to diminish and at 150 the division into sectors no longer exists; further we have ax. pi. | b, and a c (001); the structure then is that of an orthorhombic crystal. If the heating is carried on till the crystal loses its transparency, further change goes on, the sectors reappear, the ax. pi. is JL b and c becomes JL (201). If strongly heated, the orientation remains the same but the division into sectors dis- appears and the double refraction before strong becomes weak, and the bright polarization- colors are changed to a bluish gray. Finally by ignition on a platinum foil the double refraction almost entirely disappears. The changes are obviously connected with the loss of the water, two molecules of which go off at 150 and a third at 180, all being water of crystallization; this water is reabsorbed in moist air. Comp. H 4 CaAl 2 Si 6 18 + 3H 2 or 5H a O.CaO.Al 2 3 .6Si0 2 = Silica 59-2, alumina 16-8, lime 9'2, water 14'8 100. Strontium is usually present, sometimes up to 3 '6 p. c. as shown by Jannasch. Anal. 1, 2, Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 558, 1876. 3, Jannasch, Jb. Min., 2, 275, 1882. 4, 5, Id., ibid., 2, 39, 1887, and Ber. Ch. Ges., 20, 346, 1887. 6, Biltz, ibid., p. 44. 7, Igelstrom, ib., 361, 1871. 8, Hersch, Inaug. Diss., 20, Zilrich,1887. 9, Cohen, ib., 116, 1875. 10, Sansoni, Att. Soc. Tosc., 4, 175, 1879. 11, L. Gonzaga de Campos, quoted by Hussak, Bol. Comm. Geol. 5. Paulo, No. 7, 1890. 12, Knerr & Schoenfeld, Am. Ch. J., 6, 413, 1884. Also 5th Ed., p. 445. G. 1. Fassathal 2. Berufiord 3. " 2-20 4. Andreasberg 2 '247 5. Fassathal 2 '196 6. Teigarhorn 7. Lunddorrsfjall 8. Djupivogur 2'207 9. Orange Free State 10. S. Piero, Elba 11. Botucatu 12. Adainstown, Pa. 2 -2 a Incl. Fe 2 O 3 . The red color of the Fassa crystals is due, according to Kenngott, to minute crystalline grains of another mineral, probably iron oxide. According to Damour, the Faroer mineral loses part of its water in dry air, which it retakes in ordinary air; the loss of the mineral is 2-1 p. c. at 100 C., and 8*7 p. c. between 100 and 150" C.; and this is restored again after 24 hours in the air. At 190 the loss is 12*3 p. c. ; and by the end of two mouths all is regained but 2'1 p. c. Januasch found for Berufiord heulandite. Jb. Min., 2, 269, 1884, also later, ibid., 2, 39, 1887: Si0 2 A1 2 O 3 CaO Na 2 O K 2 H 2 O 60-24 15-53* 6-39 1-91 0-39 15-54 = 100 56-65 17-39 8-03 1-36 0-50 16-07 = 100 [100 40 57-71 16-42 6-96 1-50 0-35 16-86 SrO 55, Li 2 O 0-05 56-10 17-65 4-26 3-32 0-27 16-28 SrO 3-64, L] iaOtfr. =101 02 60-07 15'37 b 4-89 2-36 0-44 15-89 SrO 1-60 = 100-62 58-43 16-44 7-00 1-40 0-21 16-45 SrO 0-35 = 100-28 57-00 1625 8-90 17-40 = 99-55 58-18 16-35 7-21 2-07 16-34 = 100-15 59-53 16-82 6-95 1-42 0-32 15-30 = 100-34 57-15 17-72 953 tr. tr. 16-80 = 101-20 58-10 16-67 5-90 0-61 3-26 16-16 = 100-70 57-68 17-05 6-78 tr. 1-13 16-61 MgO 0-69 = 99-94 >3. " Incl. , 0-62 p. c. Fe 2 O 3 . Temp. H 2 O 100-110 150-160 200 250 300 340-350 3-33 5 97 8-05 8'89 12'66 13'45 a Over the blast-lamp. '82 p. c. Hersch obtained the following results (see anal. 8) after two hours' heating at each temper- ature. Temp. H 3 100 2-64 145 6-14 195 7-47 250 10-97 290' 12-06 red ht. 16-34 p. c. Pyr. As with stilbite, p. 584. Obs. Heulandite occurs principally in basaltic rocks, associated with chabazite, stilbite, and other zeolites; also in gneiss, and occasionally in metalliferous veins. 576 SILICATES. The finest specimens of this species come from Berufiord, and elsewhere in Iceland; thi Fiiroer; in British India, near Bombay, on the islands of Elephanta and Caranja; also in rail- road cuttings in the Bhor and TTral Ghuts, and at other points. It also occurs in the Kilpatrick Hills, near Glasgow; on the I. of Skye; in the Passat nal, Tyrol; Andreasberg, Harz; near Semil and Rodisfort, Bohemia; Poremba, Poland; Marscheudorf, Moravia; Neudorfel, near Zwickau, Saxony; Siberia, at Nerchinsk, etc.; in the amygdaloid of Abyssinia; in augite porphyrite of Serra de Botucatii, Brazil. Red varieties occur at Cnmpsie in Stirlingshire, with red stilbite; also in Fassathal, Tyrol; also on the southern slope of the Ak Burchan Mts., Turkestan; brown in ore beds at Arendal. In the United States, with stilbite and chabazite on gneiss, at Hadlyme, Ct., and Chestei Mass.; with these minerals and datolite, apophyllite, etc., in amygdaloid at Bergen Hill, Ne\* Jersey; sparingly at Kipp's Bay, New York Island, on gneiss, along with stilbite; atMcKinuey'a quarry, Rittenhouse Lane, near Philadelphia, sparingly; on north shore of Lake Superior, between Pigeon Bay and Fond du Lac; in minute crystals, seldom over half a line long, with haydenite, at Jones's Falls, near Baltimore, on a syenitic schist (Levy's beaumontite, which is crystallographically and optically identical with heulandite). At Peter's Point, Nova Scotia, it occurs in amygdaloid, presenting white and flesh-red colors, and associated with laumontite, apophyllite, thornsonite, etc.; also at Cape Blomidon, in crystals an inch and a half in length; at Martial's Qove, Isle Haute, Partridge Island, Swan's Creek, Two Islands, Hall's Harbor, Long Point. Named after the English mineralogical collector, H. Heuland, whose cabinet was the basis of the classical work (1837) of Levy. Artif. Obtained by Doelter by recrystallization after digesting the powdered mineral for 11 days in water containing carbon dioxide at 170 in a closed tube. The crystals were of char- acteristic form. An analysis gave Unterweissacher: SiO 2 58 90, A1 2 O 3 14'02, CaO 8'53, Na 2 O 3 '36, H 2 O 15'19 = 100. Also by digesting pulverized auorthite with fresh precipitated silica in carbonated water for 14 days at 200. Jb. Min., 1, 128, 1890. Lemberg shows that by digestion in a potassium or sodium chloride solution for a week these alkali metals may be made to replace the calcium, forming a potash- or soda-heulandite (Kalistilbit, Natron stil bit). Zs. G. Ges., 28, 558, 1876. Ref. l Min., p. 425, 1862; the results of Ererneyev agree closely, Vh. Min. Ges., 13, 389, 1878. The vertical axis has here (as with Mir.) half the length assumed by Dx. and some authors, with whom t = 101, s = 101, u = 112, etc. With N. Z., = 101, t = 100, c = 001, etc. Cf. also Rinne, Jb. Min., 2, 25, 1887. Breithaupt made it triclinic, Min., 3, 449, 1847; cf . Rath, Jb. Min., 517, 1874. 8 Cf. Mir., Min., p. 438, 1852; Greg, Min., 166, 1858; Dx., 1. c., who gives 'Greg's plane, z, the symbol 097, or in the position here taken, 0-18-7. 3 Erem., Turkestan, 1. c. 4 Dx., 1. c.; Rinne, 1. c.; Levy-Lex., Min. Roches, 310, 1888; Artini, Rend. Ace. Line., 4, 536, 1888; Negri, Riv. Min. Ital., 7, 90, 1890. 5 On the effect of heat, Dx., 1. c., and N. R., 136, 1867; Mid., Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 255, 1882; W. Klein, Zs. Kr., 9, 54, 1884; Rinne, 1. c., and Ber. Ak. Berlin, p. 1183, 1890. ORYZITE. Orizite Grattarola, Att. Soc. Tosc., 4, 226, 1879. In monoclinic crystals, somewhat resembling rice-grains. Habit prismatic, with m (110), g (Oil), and rarely b (010). Measured angles (approx.): mm'" = 40 30', gg 1 = 22 30', mg = 81" 10'. H. =6. G. = 2 -245. Luster vitreous to pearly. Color white. A triclinic form was earlier suggested. Composition, like heulandite. Analyses, Grattarola, 1. c. G. = 2-245 Si0 2 59 -54 Al a O 3 16-79** CaO 8'67 Alk. tr. H 2 O 14-84 = 99-84 59-20 15 71 10-31 tr. 14-38 = 99'60 a With some CaO. Obvserved in granite blocks from Fonte del Prete, Elba. Named from opv^a, rice. It was made dimorphous with heulandite, but it maybe identical with it (cf. Groth, Zs. Kr., 4, 641, 1880). 439. BREWSTERITE. Brooke, Ed. Phil. J., 6, 112, 1822. Diagonit Bretth., Char., 118, 1832. Monoclinic. Axes d : I : 6 == 0-40486 : 1 : 0-42042; ft = *80 20' = 001 A 100 Brooke 1 . 100 A HO = 22 0', 001 A 101 = 44 29f ', 001 A Oil = 22 45J'. Forms: a (100, i-l), b (010, i-l\ c (001, 0); m (110, J), t (120, -2); e (016, $-1). Angles: mm'" = *44 0', ' = 102 7', ee' = *8 0', cm = 86 36'. Crystals prismatic, flattened || #; faces m, t vertically striated. Cleavage: b perfect; a in traces. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 5- EPISTILBITE. 577 G. = 2'45 Drar. Luster vitreous; on ~b pearly. Color white, inclining to yellow and gray. Transparent to translucent. Optically -f- . Ax. pi. and Bx a J_ b. Extinction-angle or Bx or A t = H- 22. Dispersion p > v weak; crossed dis- tinct, the ax. planes inclined 1 to 2 for red and blue. Axial angles : 2E, = 94, 2E bl = 93. Again 2E = 102-103 for white light, Dx.* The axial angle increases somewhat on heating, from 2E r = 93 43' at 8 -8 to 95 26' at 105 "5. Further the axial plane for red is turned through an angle of 4 54 between 21 '5 and 146 "5. Sections | b show a division into three sectors: a central wedge-shaped portion whose sides make angles of 17 and 13, respectively, with the front and back prismatic edges; this has also an extinction-angle of -j- 22. Further, two triangular lateral sectors in which this angle is 40, Dx. 2 Comp H 4 (Sr,Ba,Ca)Al 2 Si 6 18 + 3H 2 or (Sr,Ba,Ca)O.Al 2 3 .6Si0 2 .5H 2 0. If Sr : Ba : Ca = 4 : 2 : 1, this requires: Silica 54*3, alumina 15 '4, strontia 8'9, baryta 6-6, lime 1-2, water 13'6 = 100. Anal. 1, Connel, Ed. N. Phil. J., 10, 35, 1830. 2, Thomson, Min., 1, 348, 1836. 3, J. W. Mallet, Phil. Mag., 18, 218, 1859. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 BaO SrO CaO H 2 1. Strontian 53'67 17-49 6'75 8'32 1-35 12'58 Fe 2 O 3 0'29 = 100'45 2. " 53-04 16-54 6'05 9'01 0'80 14-74 = 100*28 3. " | 54-42 15-25 6'80 8'99 1'19 13'22 = 99'87 According to Damour, loses water in uuheated dried air, experiencing a loss of weight of 1-65 p. c. in the course of a month. At 100 C., after 2 hours, the loss is 0'2 p. c., but at 130 C. 7-7 p. c., when the mineral while still hot is electric, the crystals mutually attracting; they have become opaque and pearly; by 48 hours' exposure to ordinary air, the loss is reduced to 2*7 p. c. At 190 C., the loss is 8'2 p. c.; this is reduced to zero after 48 hours' exposure; and at 270, the loss is lO'l p. c., which is reduced to 1*2 p. c. after 8 days' exposure. At a dull red heat the loss is 12'8 p. c., and at a bright red, 13 - 3 p. c. Pyr., etc. B.B. swells up and fuses at 3 to a white enamel. Decomposed by acids without gelatinizing. Obs. First observed at Strontian in Argyleshire, with calcite. Occurs also at the Giant's Causeway, coating the cavities of amygdaloid; in the lead mines of St. Turpet; near Freiburg in Breisgau; at the Col du Bonhomme, S.W. of Mont Blanc, on a quartz rock; near Bareges, in the Pyrenees, in a calcareous schist; and it has been reported from the department of the Isere in France. Named after Sir David Brewster (1781-1868). Ref. J Ed. Phil. J., 6, 112, 1822. Cf. Haid, Min. Mohs, 3, 80, 1825 ; Pogg., 5, 161, 1825. The angle fi = 86 56' of most recent authors is based upon what is apparently a misprint in Dx., Min., 1, p. 421, 1862. * Dx., 1. c., also N. R., 124, 1867. 440. EPISTILBITE. Epistilbit G. Ease, Pogg., 6, 183, 1826. Monophan Breith., Char., 279, 1823. Parastilbite 8. von Waltershausen, Vulk. Gest., 251, 1853. Reissite K. v. Fritzsch, Hbg., Min Not., 9, 22, 1870. Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 = 0-50430 : 1 : 0-58006; /? = 54 53' = 001 A 100 Kose-Tenne 1 . 100 A HO = 22 25', 001 A 101 = 29 31J', 001 'A Oil = 25 23'. Forms 2 : a (100, i-l) as tw. pi., b (010, i-i), c (001, 0); m (110, 7); e (101, 1-1); u (Oil, 14); * (112, i), p (111, 1). mm" = *44 50' cs = 38 13' pp' = 50 46'? mu = 49 55' uu = *50 46' cp - 72 12' ss' = 32 21' cc = *70 14' ce = 70 13' cm' = 122 7V bs = 73 49' Crystals uniformly twins; habit prismatic: (1) tw. pi. a, common; also (2) tw. pi. m. The crystals sometimes cruciform penetration-twins. Faces s rounded, b brilliant. In radiated spherical aggregations; also granular 578 SILICATES. Cleavage: b very perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. G. = 2*25. Colorless to white, yellowish. Luster vitreous. || b. Bx a A c = -f 8i to 9. Axial angles, Teniie: 2E r = 73 30' Li Also, Klein : 2E r = 69 12' 2E y = 75 35' Na 2E y = 70 45' H. = 4-4-5, on b 3-5. Optically . Ax. pi. = 76 40' Tl = 71 55' Rinne shows that with increase of temperature the axes c (= Bx a ) in the twinned crystals approach each other and finally unite, whfen the twinning disappears and the crystals are ortho- rhombic with a = to, b = a, c C. Exposed to the air the water expelled is slowly reabsorbed and the original optical and crystallographic characters reassumed: the orthorhombic characters, however, are retained if the crystals are embedded in Canada balsam. Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1181, 1890. 1. 2. 5H Fig. 1, Reissite, Luedecke. 2, Iceland, Hintze. 3, 4, Trechinaun. Comp. Probably like heulandite, H 4 CaAl 2 Si 6 18 + 3H 2 or CaO.Al 2 3 .6Si0 2 . 2 = Silica 59 -2, alumina 16'8, lime 9'2, water 14-8 = 100. A little sodium replaces part of the calcium. Anal. 1, G. Rose, I.e. 2, Hersch, Inaug. Diss., p. 20, Zurich, 1887. 3,4, Jannasch, Henniges, Jb. Min., 2, 262, 274, 1882. Also ib., 1, 50, 1880. The formula is also written (Groth) H,CaAU8iO,)i, + 7H 2 which requires: Silica 571, alumina 17 '6, lime 9'7, water 15'6 = 100. 1. Berufiord 2. Djupivogur 3. Berufiord 4. Loc. unknown G. 2-250 2-207 2-250 2-247 Si0 3 58-59 58-18 57-63 56-65 A1 2 3 17-52 16-35 17-43 18-68 CaO Na 2 O H 2 O 7-56 1-78 14-48 = 99'93 7-21 2-07 16-34 = 100-15 8-08 1-57 15-32 K 2 O,Li 2 O 05 = 100'OS 8-68 1-47 15-60 = 101 '08 A zeolite, probably epislilbite, from Lunddorrsf jail gave Igelstrom: SiO 2 58'35, Al a O 3 16'67, CaO 10 63, H 2 O 13;76 = 99-41. Jb. Min., 361, 1871. Jannasch obtained further (anal. 4): Temp. H 2 O 100-105 C 1-76 150-160 fl 3-58 200 4-48 260-280 10-22 300-350 12-13 Rd. ht. 15-52 Cf. also Jannasch, Jb. Min., 2, 206, 1884; Bodewig, Zs. Kr., 8, 611, 1884, 10, 276, 1885.^ Pyr., etc. B.B. intumesces and forms a vesicular enamel. Soluble with difficulty or im- perfectly in concentrated hydrochloric acid without gelatinizing. Obs. Occurs with scolecite at the Berufiord in Iceland; the Faroer; at Poona in India; in small flesh-colored crystals at Skye; in small reddish crystals, nearly or quite opaque, with stil- bite, at Margaretville, N Scotia, 7 m. E. of Port George. Reported as occurring with stilbite, apophyllite, etc., at Bergen Hill, N. J. With heulandite, stilbite, etc., at Viesch in the Valais, Switzerland. Parastilbite (cf. Tenne. 1. c.) is from the Borgarfiord, Iceland. Reissite (cf . Luedecke, 1. c.) is from Santorin. Ref. * Pogg., 6, 183, 1826, Jb. Min., 1, 43, 1880; the angles are quite uncertain as shown later by Trechmann, ib., 2, 260, 1882, who gives a comparative table for epistilbite, reissite, parastilbite. The monoclinic character was also recognized by Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 161, 1879; it had earlier been regarded as orthorhombic. 3 Cf. authors noted above. Also on reissite, Hbg., Min. Not., 9, 22. 1870; Luedecke, Jb. Min., 1, 162, 1881. On parastilbite, Teune, Jb. Min., 2, 195, 1881. Also Hintze, Zs. Kr., 8, 605, 1884. PHILLIPSITE GEOUPPHILLIPSITE. 579 441. Phillipsite. Phillipsite Group. Monoclinic. 442. Harmotome. 443. Stilbite. These three species have not only nearly the same axial ratios (p. 571), but they are also closely related in habit and method of twinning, as explained under the description of each. The relation is particularly close between phillipsite and harmotome. Fresenius has shown that the species of this group may be regarded as forming a series, in ii m which the ratio of R : R 2 is constant (= 1 : 1), while the silica and water both vary between certain limits. The end compounds assumed are: RA1 2 SU0 16 R a Al 4 Si 4 O 16 6H 2 O 6H 2 O Here R = Ca chiefly, in phillipsite and stilbite, and Ba in harmotome; also in smaller amounts Na 2 ,K 2 . The first of the above compounds may be regarded as a hydrated calcium albite, the second as a hydrated anorthite. The subject, however, requires further study; the formulas given on p. 571 and beyond are those corresponding to reliable analyses of certain typical occurrences. 441. PHILLIPSITE. Levy, Ann. Phil., 10,362,1825. Lime-Harmotome. Kalk-Harmo- U>m Germ. Kalk-Harmotom, Normalin, Breith., Schw. J., 50, 327, 1827, Uib., 32, 1830, Char., 126, 1832. Christianite Dx., Ann. Mines, 12, 373, 1847. Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0-70949 : 1 : 1-2563; /3 = *55 37' = 001 A 100 Strong 1 , 100 A HO = 30 21', 001 A 101 = *90 0', 001 A Oil = 46 2'. Forms : a (100, i-i), b (010, t-i), c (001, 0}\ m (110, I), n (120, t-2); d (501, - 5-1), / (101, 1-i); e (Oil, 14). Angles: mm'" = *60 42', nri = 80 59*', af =34 23', cd = 50 86*', cm = 60 50', 1. Figs. 1, 2, Sirgwitz, Trippke. 3, 4, After Kohler. Crystals uniformly penetration-twins, but often simulating orthorhombic or tetragonal forms. Twins sometimes, but rarely, simple (1) with t\v. pi. c, and then cruciform so that diagonal parts on I (f. 1) belong together, hence a four- fold striation, | edge b/m, may be often observed on b. (2) Double twins, the simple twins just noted united with e (Oil) as tw. pi., and, since ee' varies but little from 90, the result is a nearly square prism, terminated by what appear to be pyramidal faces each with a double series of striations away from the medial line (cf. f. 2). These twins may have the prism formed either by I with its char- acteristic striations, with or without the reentrant angle; or the external faces may belong to c (f. 2) when b appears in the reentrant angle only (if this is shown) ; or still again the reentrant angle may be absent and the crystals interpenetrate 580 SILICATES. each other irregularly, so that an external face is formed in part by b, in part by c. Barely 2 this double twin, showing a square prism formed by the faces b, b, may be terminated by the unusual form a (100) with four reentrant angles of about 47j. Finally (3), three double twins of the ordinary type may be united to a single complex form with m as tw. pi. (f. 3, 4). This last may yield forms appearing like a rhombic dodecahedron, with or without a depression at the extremity of the octahedral axes; each rhombic face may then be divided into four fields by striations diverging from the center and parallel to the position that would be occupied by a plane on the octahedral solid angle of the dodecahedron (cf. f. 3). Faces b often finely striated as just noted, but striations sometimes absent and in general not so distinct as with harmotome; also m striated || edge b/m\ further, #, c, and d (501) more or less distinctly || edge a/c. Crystals either isolated, or grouped in tufts or spheres that are radiated within and bristled with angles at surface. Cleavage: c, b, rather distinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 4-4-5. Gr. = 2'2. Luster vitreous. Color white, sometimes reddish. Streak uncolored. Translucent to opaque. Optically +. Ax. pi. and Bx _[_ b. The ax. pL lies in the obtuse angle of a 6, and is usually inclined to c (that is, to a) about 15 to 20, or 75 to 70 to the normal to c. The position, however, is variable, as also the axial angles. Dx. ob- tained : Richmond Dyref. Oberwinter C. d. Bove Soinrna Marburg Annerd. tc - H- 60 11' 71 36' 72 73 15' 73 21' 74 51f 75 0' Bx a A c = - 85 26' - 74 1' - 73 37' - 72 26' - 72 17' - 70 45f - 70 37' Richmond 2H a .r = 84 8' 2H .r = 103 21' 2H ay = 84 54f 2H oy = 103 5' Mte. Somma 2H a .r - 69 55' 2H . r = 112 33' Marburg 2H a .r = 70 50' 2H .r = 129 15' Dyrefiord 2H . r = 98 13' Fresenms found for Nidda crystals the axial angle inclined about 10 to c (hence a c = 80 and Bx a A c 65 37'); for yellow this angle is about 1 greater than for red. According to Langemann 3 the individuals which form the complex twins of phillipsite are strictly trjcliiiic since, for example, sections |/(101) show a deviation of the planes of vibration from the b axis, amounting in the Nidda phillipsite to 12^; further, sections | c show a division into sectors with in one case a deviation for adjacent sectors of some 18. Rinne 3 finds that heating (cf. p. 571) does not change this triclinic character and the twinning structure is also retained; the ax. pi., however, approaches c (001) by some 10 and the double refraction loses in strength. Comp. In some cases (Rg.) the formula is (K..,Ca)Al 2 Si 4 12 -f- 4iH 2 = Silica 48-8, alumina 20'7, lime 7'6, potash 6*4, water 16-5 = 100. Here Ca : K 2 = 2 : 1. Anal. 1, Ricciardi [Gaz. Ch. Ital., 11, 369] Rg., Min. Ch.,Erg., 179, 1886. 2-6, Fresenius, Zs. Kr., 3, 42, 1878. 7, Schafarzik, Zs. Kr., 17, 522, 1890. 8, Pittman, Ulrich, Contr. Min. Victoria, 1870. G. SiO Q A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 CaO BaO MgO Na 2 O K 2 O H 2 O 99-55 10019 99-97 100-20 100-33 99-97 99-96 100-95 According to Damour, the Kaiserstuhl crystals (mixed with a little fau jasite) lose 8 p. c. after a month in dried air, and regain all again in ordinary air in 24 hours. Heated to 50 C. for an hour, the mineral loses 12'3 p. c., and recovers nearly all in 24 hours' exposure to ordinary air, but becomes a powder and opaque (the faujasite remaining transparent). Heated to 150 C., the loss is 16 p. c., and only 0'8 p. c. after exposure again to the air for 4 days. At 250 C., the loss is 18*5 p. c., part of which is due to the fau jasite; "it is reduced to 9 p. c. in the free air. Fresenius found that phillipsite began to be opaque at 150 and to fair to pieces; the amount of water gradually diminishes with rise in temperature and increases as it falls, each temperature corresponding to a definite amount. G. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 3 CaO BaO MgO Na 2 O K 2 O H 2 O 1. Aci Castello 48-16 23-92 tr. 2-81 0-95 2-03 4-50 17-18 2. < 2-140 | 46-89 21-38 0-15 3-62 tr. 0-07 7-14 2-66 18-28 8. Nidda 2-160 | 47-65 21-26 0-15 8-05 tr. 0-64 5-41 16-81 4. Annerod 2-152 51-72 18-95 0-53 5-19 1-34 0-11 0-96 4-41 16-99 5. " 51-79 19-00 0-24 7-03 0-03 0-15 0-52 3-94 17-63 6. Limburg 2-150 f 51-68 18-17 0-24 5-37 0-39 0-30 0-94 4-67 18-21 7. Somosko 2-201 49-65 21-88 6-99 tr. 5-28 16-16 8. Kyueton, Victoria 46-62 2360 4-48 5-10 6-39 14-76 PHILLIPSITE GROUP HARMOTOME. 581 Pyr., etc. B.B. crumbles and fuses at 3 to a white enamel. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. Obs. In translucent crystals in basalt, at the Giant's Causeway, Ireland; in small colorless crystals, and in spheroidal groups, in leucitophyre, at Capo di Bove, near Rome; in crystals and radiating masses at Aci Castello and elsewhere in Sicily; among the lavas of Mte. Somma; at Stempel, near Marburg; Habichtswald, near Cassel; Auuerod, near Giessen; near Eisenach, in Saxe Weimar; Petersberg, in the Siebengebirge; Nidda in Hesse; Laubach; in the basalt of the Limbacher Kopf near Asbach; in the Kaiserstuhl, with faujasite; at Hiirtlingen, Nassau; Salesl, Bohemia, on the right bank of the Elbe; in the ancient lavas of the Puy-de-D6me at Cap de Prudelles near Roy at, and other points; also at Verrieres, Loire; on the west coast of Iceland, the shores of Dyren'ord. Very small transparent crystals, of recent formation, in the masonry at the hot baths of Plombieres, France, observed by Daubree; also at Bourbonne-les-Bains and elsewhere. Found in minute crystalline aggregates and irregular spherical groups bristling with crystals in the deep-sea dredging by the ' ' Challenger " from the bottom of the central Pacific Ocean, south of the Sandwich Islands. They are embedded in a red clay with ferro-manganesian nodules (cf. p. 259), chondrules of enstatite, etc. ; they are believed to have been formed at the ocean bottom by the decomposition of an augitic lava. An analysis by Renard gave: SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 MnO CaO MgO K 2 O Na 2 O H 2 O(125) ign. 48-70 17-58 6-17 tr. 1'70 1'02 4'83 3'75 7'95 9'47 = 10117 The iron is due to impurity. See Rep. Challenger Ex. , vol. 1, 774, 815, 816, 1885 ; John Murray in Encycl. Brit., 18, 125, 1885; for the description of the forms, etc., Renard, Bull. Ac. Belg., 19, 88, 182, 1890; a general account is given in Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., 12, 474, 1884. Named after the English mineralogist, W. Phillips (d. 1828). The name christianite was given by Des Cloizeaux (after Christian VIII. of Denmark) to the Marburg harmotome and crys- tals from Iceland; and in his Min., 1862, he places all of phillipsite under his name christianite. Ref. J Jb. Min., 585, 1875. The monoclinic character of the species was first assumed bv Groth and definitely proved by Streng. Cf. Kohler, Pogg., 37, 560, 1836; Strens:, Jb. Min.", 561, 1874; Groth, Tab. Ueb., pp. 62, 104, 1874; also Trippke, Jb. Min., 681, 1878; Fresenius, Zs. Kr., 3, 42. 1879; Zeph., Zs. Kr., 5, 96, 1880; Stadtlander, Jb. Min., 2, 122, 1885; Lange- mann, ib., 2, 110, 1886. 2 Rath, Ber. nied. Ges., p. 234, Nov. 7, 1887. Optical characters, see Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 305, 1883, 7, 138, 1884; also Trippke, Fresenius, Langemann, 1. c. SPANGITE P. Mantovani. Separate publication dated Rome, April 10, 1872. An imperfectly described zeolite, stated to be a variety of phillipsite from the lava of Capo di Bove near Rome. An analysis of Postempski gave: Si0 2 49-00 A1 2 O 3 19-50 CaO 4-85 MgO 3'70 K 2 O 6'33 H 2 O 16*75 = 100-13 Named after Mr. Norman Spang of Pittsburg. 442. HARMOTOME. Spatum calcarium cryst. dodecaedrum album, opacum, et lamellis quatuor erectis, etc. (fr. Zellerfeld), v. Born, Lithoph., 2, 81, Tab. I, f. 1; figura hyacinthica, etc.: hae crystal)! non sunt calcarese, sed siliceae, Bergm., Opusc., 2, 7, 1780. Hyacinte blanche Demeste, Lett. 417, var. 5, 1779. Hyacinte blanche cruciforme de Lisle, Crist., 2, 299, pi. iv, f. 119, 1783. Kreuzkristalle Heyer, v. Trebra's Erfahrungen, etc., 89; dell's Ann., 1, 212, 1789. Kreuzstein Wern, Karsten, Lempe's Mag., 2, 58. 59, 1786. Andreasbergolite Delametherie, Sciagr., 1. 267, 1792. Andreolite Delameth., T. T., 2, 285, 1797. Staurolite Kirwan, 1, 282, 1794. Ercinite Napione, Elem. Min., 239, 1797. Harmotome Hauy, Tr., 3, 1801. Pierre cruci- forme Brochant, 1, 311, 1808. Morvenite Thorn., Min., 1, 351, 1836. Baryt- Harmotome. Baryt- kreuzstein Germ. Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 = G'70315 : 1 : 1-2310; ft = *55 10' = 001 A 100 Des Cloizeaux 1 . . 100 A HO = 29 59J', 001 A 101 = 35 41$', 001 A Oil = 45 17|-'. Forms ! : a (100, i-l) c (001, 0) w (520, *-f) t (101, - 1-*) /(101, 1-i) b (010, i-l) v (410, 4} m (110, /) (702, - -i) e (Oil, 14) as tw. pi. mm'" = *59 59' vow" = 26 0' ce = 48 11' cm = 60 21' w'" = 16 25' at = 19 28' cf = *90 0' ee' = 90 36' Crystals uniformly cruciform penetration-twins with c as tw. pi. ; either (1) simple twins (f. 1) or (2) united as fourlings with tw. pi. e. These double 582 SILICATES. twins often have the aspect of a square prism with diagonal pyramid, the latter with characteristic feather-like striations from the medial line. Also (3) in more complex groups of three double twins, with m as tw. pi. (cf. f. 4, p. 579); see further under phillipsite, where the forms are more fully described. Cleavage: b easy, c less so. Fracture uneven to subcon- choidal. Brittle. H. = 4-5. G-. = 2-44-2-50. Luster vitreous. Color white; passing into gray, yellow, red, or brown. Streak white. Subtransparent to translucent. Optically -f-. Ax. pi. and Bx a _[_ b. Ax. pi. in obtuse angle a 6 and inclined about 65 to a and 60 to 6} more exactly (Dx.), Bx or A & = + 60 32', Bx . bl A o = + 59 55'. Axial angle 2H a . r = 87 2', Dx. In- dices: a = 1-503 y - 1>508 Levy-Lex. ft = 1-516 Dx. 2 According to Langemann 1 *, barmotome in a manner similar to phillipsite deviates optically from the requirements of the mouoclinic system, as shown in sections j_ b and c. Rinne 2 shows that by heating (see p. 571) these optical characters, which refer the simple crystals of harmo- tome strictly to the triclinic system, are not changed, but the ax. pi. has approached c (001) by some 50, while the double refraction has increased in strength. Comp.-In part H 2 (K 2 ,Ba)Al 2 Si & 1B + 4H 2 or (K 2 ,Ba)O.Al 2 3 .5Si0 2 .5H 2 = Silica 47-1, alumina 16-0, baryta 20-6, potash 2-1, water 14-1 = 100. Anal. 1, 3, Kg., Pogg., 110, 624, 1860. 2, Hersch, Inaug. Diss., 18, Zurich, 1887. 4, Reynolds, Q. J. G. Soc., 27, 374, 1871. 5, Fresenius, Zs. Kr., 3, 42, 1878. 6, Dmr., Ann. Mines, 9, 345, 1846. G. SiO a A1 2 O 3 BaO Na 2 O K 2 O H 2 O 1. Andreasberg 48'49 16'35 20'08 tr. 2'07 13 '00 = 99'99 2. " 45-72 16-79 22'34 15-18 = 100'03 3. Strontian 2'354 47-52 16-94 20 25 1-09 I'OO 13-45 = 100*25 4. " 48-02 17-42 20'17 0'62 13-77 = 100 5. Oberstein 2'402 47'42 15-89* 18'98 1-71 0'48 15-14 MgO 013 = 99'75 6. Strontiau, Morvenite 2'498 47 60 17'04 b 20-86 0-74 81 14-16 = 101 '21 * Incl. 0-09 Fe a O 8 . b Inch 0'65 Fe 2 O 3 . According to Damour, the Scotch harmotome loses 4-3 p. c. by 6 months' exposure to dried air. Heated to 100' C. it loses 1-8 p. c. ; between 100 and 150, 99 p. c. ; between 100 and 190*, 13-5 p. c. ; and after 24 h. exposure to the ordinary air, what is lost is restored. At a dull red heat the loss is 14 '65 p. c., and the mineral is disaggregated; the total loss at a bright red heat is 14-70 p. c. Hersch (ref. p. 571) obtained for the loss of water, after two hours' heating in each case: Temp. 100 150 203 252 295 red ht. H 2 2-74 5-74 9'23 10-67 12-42 15-29 p. c. Pyr., etc. B.B. whitens, then crumbles and fuses without intumescence at 3' 5 to a white translucent glass. Some varieties phosphoresce when heated. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid without gelatinizing. Obs. Harmotome occurs in basalt and similar eruptive rocks, also phonolyte, trachyte; not infrequently on gneiss, and in some metalliferous veins. Occurs at Stroutian, in Scotland, in fine crystals, some an inch through; in a metalliferous vein at Andreasberg in the Harz; at Rudelstadt in Silesia; at Oberstein, implanted on agate in siliceous geodes; at Kongsberg in Norway; in quartz syenite of Tonsenas near Christiania; with analcite in the amygdaloid of Dumbartonshire. In the U. 8., in small brown crystals with stilbite on the gneiss of New York island (4th Av. tunnel excavations). From a mine near Rabbit Mt., 22 miles W.S.W. of Port Arthur or the north shore of L. Superior, Ontario. The crystals are chiefly implanted upon calcite, which is associated with amethyst, fluorite, etc. Named from dpJLidt, joint, and re/uretr, to cut, alluding to the fact that the pyramid (made by the prismatic planes in twinning position) divides parallel to the plane that passes through the terminal edges. The name Andreolite of Delame"therie (derived from the locality at Andreasberg) has the priority , and also Ereinite of Napione; but Haiiy substituted liarmolome, of no better significa- tion, and all subsequent mineralogists have followed him. PHILLIPSITE GROUP STILBITE. 583 Ref. ' Ann. Mines, 9. 339, 1846; lie unites morvenite and barraotome; alsoMin., 1, 412, 1862, Aim. Ch. Phys., 13, 417, 1868; Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 20, 589, 1868; Kloos, Jb. Min., 2, 212, 1885. Also earlier Kohler, Pogg., 37, 561, 1836. 2 On the optical characters see Dx., 1. c. ; Mid., Ann. Mines, 10, 153, 1876; Baumhauer, Zs. Kr., 2, 113, 1878; Freseuius, 1. c.; Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 94, 1885; Langemann, Jb. Min., 2, 83, 1886; Rinne, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 1179, 1890. 443. STILBITE. Zeolit pt. Cronst., Ak. H. Stockh., 1756; Zeolites cryst, crystalii ad centrum tendentes (fr. Gustafsberg, etc.), Cronst., 102, 1758. Z. facie Selenitica lamellaris, Blattricher Zeolit pt.. Wall., Min., 1, 313, 1772. Strahliger Zeolith Wern., Ueb. Cronst., 242, 1780. Strahl-Zeolith (var. of Z.) Wern., 1800, Ludwig., 1, 49, 1803. Radiated Zeolite. Zeolite uacree, Stilbite, Delameth., TT., 2, 305, 1797. Stilbite (Heulaudite iucl.) H., J Mines, 3, 6i>, 1798, Tr., 3, 1801, 1822; = Strahl-Zeolith Hoffm., Min., 2, 237, 1812. Desmiue [= Stilbite with Heul. excl.] Breith., Hoffra. Min., 4. b, 40, 1818; = Stilbite Brooke, Ed. Phil. J., 6, 112. 1822. Sphoerostilbite Beud., Tr., 2, 120, 1832. Syhedrite Sliep., Am. J. Sc., 40, 110, 1865. Syhadrite. Puflerit Bukeisen, Ber. Ak. Wien, 24, 286, 1857; Hypostilbite Dana, Min., p. 441, 1868. Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : c = 0-76227 : 1 : 1-19401; ft = 50 49' = 001 A 100 Lasaulx 1 . 100 A HO = 30 344', 001 A 101 = 89 30', 001 A Oil = 42 47^'. Forms 1 : a (100, i-i), b (010, i-i), c (001, 0); m (110, /); r (250, e-f) 3 ? t (130, t- f (101, l-l); e (Oil, 1-i). Angles: a'f = 39 40', mm"' = *61 9f, TT' = 68 11', it' = 58 51', cm = *57 ee <= 85 35'. 1. 2. 3. (, Sheaf-like crystal. 2-4, Lasaulx: 2, ideal simple crystal; 4, section | b in polarized light. Crystals uniformly cruciform penetration-twins with tw. pi. c, analogous to ehillipsite and harmotome. The apparent form a rhombic pyramid (f. 2) whose laces are in fact formed by the planes m and m* the vertical faces being then the pinacoids b and c. Usually thin tabular || b. These compound crystals are often grouped in nearly parallel position, forming sheaf-like aggregates (f. 1) with the side plane (b), showing its characteristic pearly luster, often deeply depressed. Also divergent or radiated; sometimes globular and thin lamellar-columnar. Cleavage: b perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 3-5-4. Gr. = 2-094- 2-205; 2-161 Haid. Luster vitreous; of b pearly. Color white; occasionally .yellow, brown, or red, to brick-red. Streak uncolored. Transparent to trans- lucent. Optically . Ax. pi. || b. Bx a inclined 5 to axis a in obtuse angle a c\ hence Bx a A 6 55 50'. Ax. angle approx. 52 to 53 (blue glass) Lsx. Indices: Kilpatrick a = 1-494 ft = 1-498 y = 1*500 Levy- Lex. 4 Langemann 4 shows that strictly considered Stilbite must be regarded as composed of triclinic individuals. Sections || 101 show sectors with the extinction inclined 5 to the edge formed with the plane b; sections | b (f. 4, Lsx.) show four sectors, whose extinction- directions are inclined to one another 10, separated by radiating portions of variable extinction; sections | c show a 584 SILICATES. central portion with parallel extinction and strips at the side in which it is inclined 2| to the b edge. Riune 4 found that in sections || b, which showed four sectors with the extinction inclined 10* to each other (the axis a coinciding with the direction of elongation), after being strongly healed and made transparent in oil (p. 571), the axes c and fc became respectively || and JL to edge c (001). The effect of increase of temperature had been to give it the molecular structure of an orthorhombic crystal, the ax. pi. becoming || c and Bx a (= c) coinciding with the axis a. Comp For most varieties H 4 (Na 2 ,Ca)Al 2 Si 6 18 .+ 4H 2 or (Na 2 ,Ca)O.Al 2 3 . 6Si0 2 .6H 2 = Silica 57'4, alumina 16-3, lime 7'7, soda 1-4, water 17-2 = 100. Here Ca : Na a = 6 : 1. Some kinds show a lower percentage of silica, and these have been called hypostilbite, Dana. Min., p. 441, 1868; cf. anals. 22-25. Anal. 1, 2, E. E. Schmid, Pogg., 142, 115, 1871. 3, Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges.. 28, 559, 1876. 4, Heddle, Min. Mag., 1, 91, 1877. 5, Hersch, Inaug. Diss., p. 21, Zurich, 1887. 6, Petersen, Ber. Offenb. Ver., 14, 102, 1873. 7, Rg., Min. Ch. Erg., 181, 1886. 8, Cossa, Ace. Line. Trans., 5, 86, 1881. 9, Brun, Zs. Kr., 7, 389, 1882. 10, Haughtou, Phil. Mag., 13, 510, 1857. 11. Id ib 32, 224, 1866. 12, Id., J. G. Soc. Ireland, 2, 113, 1868. 13, Sansoni, Att. Ace. Tosc., 4, 173, 1879. 14. Hussak, Bol. Comm. S. Paulo, No. 7, 7, 1890. 15, Young, Ch. News, 27 56 1873 16, How, Phil. Mag., 1,134, 1876. 17, Fiebelkorn, Cleve's Geol. W. I. Is., 30, 1873. 18 Hille- brand, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 20, 23, 1885. 19. Davidson, Am. Ch. J., 6, 414, 1884. 20, Hos- kinson & Brunner, ibid. 21, Eyerman, N. Y. Acad., Jan. 14, 1889. 22, Haughton Phil Mag., 13, 510, 1837. 23, Id., ibid., 32, 224, 1866. 24, Bukeisen, 1. c. 25, Darapsky Vh. Ver. Santiago, No. 6, 247, 1888. G. 1. Farder, StromO 2*16 2. " Vaag5 3. " 4. " Bordo 2-103 5. Helgustadir 2'155 6. Seisser Alp 2'167 7. Striegau 8. Miage Glacier 9. Viesch Glacier 10. Narbada 11. Poona 12. Bhor Ghat 13. Elba 14. Brotas, Brazil 2 '24 15. Long Craig 2'167 16. Annapolis Co., N. C. 17. St. Mary's Pt., St. John, W.I. 18. Table Mt, Col. 19. Rautenbush, Pa. 20. Fegley's mine, Pa. 21. French Creek, Pa. 22. Skye 23. Bombay 24. Puflerite 2-21 25. Curico Fe 2 3 tr. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 CaO Na 2 O K 2 H 2 O 56-88 16-70 7-69 1-39 17-24 MgO 0-03 = 99-93 56-30 17-63 7-50 2-09 17-36 MgO 0-05 = 10093 55-26 17-36 7-55 1 93 18-62 = 100-72 58-79 14-61 9-53 032 0-23 17-30 Fe 2 O 3 047 = : 101-25 56-91 15-59 7-47 1-14 18-73 = 99-84 55-61 15-62 7-33 2-01 0-47 1819 = 99-23 56-12 16-83 7-55 1-34 17-57 = 99-41 56-47 17-09 7-74 tr. 18-26 = 99-56 57-44 15-43 8-71 18-03 = 99-61 56-59 15-35 5-88 1-45 0-89 17-48 MgO 0-82 = 98-46 58-20 15-60 8-07 0-49 0-92 18-00 = 101-28 57-00 17-10 7-95 32 18-03 = 100-40 52-34 16-94 9'22 1- 80 19-23 MgO 0-41 = 99-94 60-82 16-67 4-25 1 73 18-12 = 101-59 57-82 15-30* 8-12 0-83 17-85 = 99-92 57-32 17-28 7-57 2-10 16-52 = 100-79 56-02 17-23 5-68 2-15 __ 1942 = 100-50 54-67 16-78 7-98 1-47 19-16 = 100-06 58-08 13-11 9-48 b tr. 0-42 18-53 = 99-62 57-54 12-67 7-85 tr. 1-09 18-97 MgO 1-72 =* 99-84 58-00 13-40 7-80 tr. 1-03 18-30 MgO 1-40 =2 9993 52-40 17-98 9-97 1-40 0-03 17-83 MgO 0-36 == 99-97 52-80 17-12 7-89 2-35 0-07 18-52 = 98-75 52-84 16-30 11-79 17-16 = 98-09 52-67 19-80 11-25 16-29 = 100-01 b lncl. MgO 1-38 p. c. According to Damour, loses 1-8 p. c. at 100 C.; 13 p. c. between 100 and 150 C.; regain- ing all lost but 31 p. c. after 5 days' exposure to the ordinary air; at 170 C. the loss is 16^2 p. c., which is reduced to 9*2 p. c. after 15 days' exposure. Hersch (1. c.) obtained for the loss of water, after two hours' heating in each case : Temp. H a O 104 3-84 150 8-71 210 12-16 250 13-60 290 C 14-78 red ht. 18-63 p. c. Pyr., etc. B.B. exfoliates, swells up, curves into fan-like or vermicular forms, and fuses to a white enamel. F. = 2-2 -5. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid, without gelatinizing. The sphmrostilbite gelatinizes, but Heddle says this is owing to a mixture of mesolite with the stilbite. Obs. Stilbite occurs mostly in cavities in amygdaloidal, basalt, and similar rocks. It is also found in some metalliferous veins, and in granite and gneiss. Abundant on the Fiiroer Islands, in Iceland, and on the Isle of Skye, in amygdaloid} also PHILLIPSITE GROl'P STILBITE. 585 found on the Isle of Arrau, Scotland; in Dumbartonshire, at Long Craig and at Kilpatrick, Scotland, in red crystals: at Kincardine, Kilmalcolin, Campsie, Scotland; at the Giant's Causeway and in the Mourne Mts., etc., Ireland; at Andreasberg in the Harz, and Kongsberg and Areudal in Norway, with iron ore; on the Seisser Alp in Tyrol and at the Purler-loch (pufler- ite); on the granite of Striegau, Silesia; a brown variety on granite, at the copper mines of GustJifsberg, near Falun in Sweden. A common mineral in the Deccan trap area of British India, often in large beautiful sheaf-like forms of a salmon-pink color associated with apophyllite; fine crystals come from the Bhor and Thul Ghats, also Pooua, the island Elephanta, Bombay harbor, etc. (Mallet, Min. India, p. 123, 1887). In augite-porphyrite in the Serra de Brotas, northeast of Botucatii, Brazil. In North America, sparingly in small crystals at Chester and the Somerville syenite quarries, Mass.; at the gneiss quarry, Thachersville, Conn., in crystals lining cavities in coarse granite; at Hadlyme, in radiated forms on gneiss, associated with epidote, garnet and apatite; at Phillipstown, N. Y., in crystals or fan-like groups; opposite West Point, in a vein of decom- posing bluish feldspar, intersecting gneiss, in honey-yellow crystals; in the greenstone of Pier- niont, in minute crystals; in scopiform crystals of a dull yellow color, near Peekskill, N. Y.; and at Bergen Hill, New Jersey, in small but bright crystals; also at the Michipicoteu Islands, Lake Superior. At Partridge Island, Nova Scotia, forming a perpendicular vein from 3 to 4 inches thick, and from 30 to 50 feet long, intersecting amygdaloid, its colors white and flesh-red; also at Isle Haute, Digby Neck, Gulliver's Hole, Black Rock, Cape Blomidon, Hall's Harbor, Long Point. The name stilbite is from crriA./3j?, luster; and desmine from decrju^, a bundle. The species stilbite, as adopted by Haiiy, included Strahlzeolith Wern. (radiated zeolite, or the above), and Blatterzeolith Wern. (foliated zeolite, or the species heulandite, p. 574). The former was the typical part of the species, and is the first mentioned in the description; and the latter (made the variety stilbite anamorphique] he added to the species, as he observes, with much hesitation. In 1817 Breithaupt separated the two zeolites, and called the former desmine and the latter euzeolite, thus throwing aside entirely, contrary to rule and propriety, Hatty's name stilbite. which should have been accepted by him in place of desmine, it being the typical part of his species. In 1822 Brooke (apparently unaware of what Breithaupt had done) used stilbite for the first, and named the other heulandite. In this he has been followed by the French and English mineral- ogists, while the Germans have unfortunately followed Breithaupt. Alt. Stilbite has been observed changed to quartz. Artif., etc. Lemberg shows that by digestion with potassium chloride for 13 days, stilbite is transformed into a corresponding potassium compound (Kalidesmin), while by a calcium chloride it is transformed back again, or with sodium chloride into a corresponding sodium compound (Natrondesmin). Zs. G. Ges., 28, 559, 1876. Doelter remarks that, like heulandite, stilbite fused and slowly cooled yields clusters of needles of a pyroxenic mineral, also often anorthite with amorphous ground-mass. Jb. Min., 1, 132, 1890. Ref. ' Zs. Kr., 2 576, 1878; cf. also Langemann, Jb. Min., 2, 132, 1886. 2 Heddle, meas. bt - 27-30, calc. 29 25', Min. Mag., 4, 44, 1880. 3 Mallet, Min. India, 125, 1887. 4 On the optical characters, Dx., Miu., 1, 416, 1862; Lsx.,-1. c. ; Langemann, Jb. Min., 2, 126, 1886; Rinne, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 1175, 1890. FORESITE Rath, Pogg., 152, 31, 1874. In form and habit like stilbite. -In crystalline crusts on tourmaline or lining cavities. Cleavage: b distinct, with pearly luster. G. = 2'405. Like stilbite in the position of the ax. pi. and bisectrix (Dx., Jb. Min., 640, 1876). Anal. 1, Rath, 1. c. 2, Bechi, D'Achiardi, Min. Tosc., 2, 236, 1873. 3, Pulle & Capacci, quoted by D'Achiardi, Boll. Com. G., 5, 311, 1874. 4, Sansoni, Att. Soc. Tosc., 4, 317, 1879. 1. 2. 3. 4. D'Achiardi calls the mineral analyzed by Bechi cookeite (cuccheite). B.B. expands and melts. With difficulty decomposed by hydrochloric acid, even after igni- tion. The water goes off in part at 100 to 110 C., after continued heating at 800 the mineral loses 5 to 53- p. c., and to drive off the whole amount present (15'06 p. c. and 15*09 in two trials) a strong red heat was required. Found at San Piero in Campo, Island of Elba, in cavities in the granite, with tourmaline, lepidolite, quartz, feldspar. It occurs, as a secondary product, along with heulandite and stil- bite, covering these minerals. Named after G. F. Forresi of Porto Ferrajo in Elba. SiO 2 A1 2 3 MnO CaO MgO Na 2 O Ka 2 BeO H 2 49-96 27-40 5-47 0-40 1-38 0-77 15-07 = 100-45 44-60 36-00 1-02 5-50 0-02 2-33 0-72 0-71 9-18 = 100-08 44-60 38-00 1-02 5-50 0-20 3-33 0-72 0-71 6-00 = 100-08 49-97 24-12 8-33 tr. 0-46 17 06 = 99-94 586 SILICATES. 444. GISMONDITE. Zeagonite Gismondi, Osserv. Min. di Roma, 1816, Tascli. Min., 11, 164, 1817. Gismondin Leonh., ib., 168. Gismondine. Abrazite Breislak, Instit. Geol., 3, 198 Aricite. Monocliiiic; pseudo-tetragonal by twinning 1 Apparent form a square octa- hedron with a terminal angle of 61 30' and an angle over the basal edge of 87 30' Mgc.; 61 4' and 88 8' Rath. Crystals twinned somewhat analogous to phillipsite. As explained by Rhine, the pyramid is formed by two sets of clino- dornes e (Oil), twinned parallel to a prism of nearly 90, each set being separately twinned parallel to the basal plane o (001). The edge of the pyramid corresponds in position, consequently, to the clino-'diagonal axis. Faces rough and composite, often formed of many subindividuals. < Fracture subconchoidal. H. = 4-5. G. = 2'265. Luster vitreous. Color- less or white, bluish white, grayish, reddish. Transparent to translucent. Optically . Bx a _L b (010) and Bx<> sensibly J_ a (100). Sections || base of pyramid show four sectors, divided by diagonal lines, of which the two opposite have like extinction, while for the two adjacent the extinction-directions are in- clined 5. Sections || -pyramidal edge show parts J_ to both Bx a and Bx . Axial angles, Rinne: 2H a .r = 86 58' Li 2H 0>r = 104 11' .-. 2V r = 82 11' /J r = 1-5348 2H a . y = 87 34' Na 2H . y = 103 38' .'. 2V y = 82 43' /5 y = 1-5385 2Ha.gr = 88 10' Tl 2Ho.gr = 102 54' /. 2V gr = 83 19' /? gr = 1-5409 The form was made orthorhombic by Credner; also by Lang, who regarded the crystals as made up of 110 and Oil, with 110 A 110 = 89 10', Oil A Oil = 93 41', 110 A Oil = 65 18'. Irregularities of angle led Schrauf, and of optical character Lasaulx, to assume a twinning of triclinic individuals. Des Cloi/eaux, however, while proving the forms to be penetration -twins, shows that the directions of extinction vary somewhat widely, probably as caused by the irregular grouping but not so as to confirm Lasaulx's assumption of triclinic individuals. The later observations of Rinne are given above. Rinne finds that on increase of temperature the variations in the extinction disappear and the crystals become orthorhombic in structure; further the ax. pi. becomes parallel to a diagonal and the bisectrix coincides withe. Also 2H a .gr 24 57'. Optically ; double refraction weak. Comp. Uncertain; corresponds nearly to CaAl 2 Si 4 12 + 4H 2 = Silica 34'3, alumina 29*1, lime 16*0, water 20*6 = 100. Potash replaces some of the lime. Anal. 1, Marignac, Ann. Ch. Phys., 14, 46, 1845. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 CaO K 2 O H 2 O 1. CapodiBove G. = 2'265 35'88 27-23 13-12 2'85 2110 = 100-18 The following analyses 2, 3, are referred to phillipsite by Dx. ; they have been regarded as mixtures of gismondite and phillipsite, while by some authors they are called zeagonite and as- signed the formula (K 2 ,Ca)Al 2 Si 3 O 10 .4H 2 O = Silica '42-6, alumina 24-1, lime 88, potash 7'4, water 17'0 = 100. The mineral of anal. 4 is stated positively to be gismondite. Anal. 2, 3, Mgc., 1. c., p. 41. 4, Kbl., J. pr. Ch., 18, 105, 1839. Si0 2 A1 2 O 3 CaO K 2 O H 2 O 2. Local 43-25 24-69 7'45 9'78 15'25 = 100'42 3. Vesuvius 43'95 24'34 5'31 11 '09 15'31 = IGO'OO 4. Capo di Bove 42'72 25'77 7'60 6'80 a 17'66 = 100-55 a A single determination. Pyr., etc. At 100 C. yields one-third of its water, and becomes opaque. B.B. whitens, intumesces much, and melts to a milky glass. Easily dissolves in acids and gelatinizes, Obs. Occurs in the leucitophyre or leucitic lava, of the region of Mt. Albano, south-east of Home, at Capo di Bove, and elsewhere, associated with pyroxene, magnetite, mellilite, phillips- ite, wollastonite, etc. ; on the Gorner glacier, near Zermatt (Kenngott), in cavities in a coarse, frauular, reddish brown garnet-rock, with epidote, calcite, chlorite, and genthite; also in the al di Noto, Sicily (Scacchi), in white mammillary concretions, fibrous within. Other localities are: the Frauenberg near Fulda; Schiffenberg near Giessen in basalt in part altered to a clay- like substance; on the Hohenberg (Hamberg) near Buhne in Westphalia, in a nephelite-basalt in octahedral crystals of relatively large size (f cm. on the edge); Schlauroth near Gorlitz in Silesia; Salesl, Bohemia. LA UMONTITE. 587 A mineral near gismondite in form and like it in its complex grouping occurs with other zeolites on Fritz Island in the Schuylkill river, Penn. Zeagonite is from eiv, to boil, and ayovoS, barren; and abrazite, from a, privative, and fipa^elv . to boil, has about the same meaning. Ref. ' On the form, etc., see Mgc., 1. c.; Rath, Pogg., 132, 549, 1867; Lang, Phil. Mag., 28, 505, 1864; Streng, Jb. Min., 578, 1874; Slg., Zs. Kr., 1, 336, 1877; Schrauf, ibid., 596; Lsx., ib.. 4, 172, 1879; Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 301, 1883, ib., 7, 135, 1884; Rinne, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1027, 1890. 445. LAUMONTITE. Zeolithe efflorescente H., Tr., 4, 1801. Laumonite H., Tabl. Comp., 1808. Lomonit Wern., Karst., Tab., 1808. Schneiderite Meneghini, Am. J. Sc., 14, (54, 1852. Leonhardite Blum, Pogg., 59, 336, 1843. Caporcianite Sam, Mem. cost. fis. Toscana, 2, 53. Monoclinic. Axes a : 2 : c = 1-1451 : 1 : 0*5906; ft = 68 46' = 001 A 100 Miller 1 . 100 A HO = 46 52', 001 A 101 = 22 3', 001 A Oil = 28 50'. Forms 2 : b (010, t-i) m (110, /) e (201, 24) r (111, - 1) a (100, i-i) c (001, 0) d (201, - 2-i) 3 /(601, 6-i) 3 u (111, 1) ram"' = *93 44' cf = 92 23f br = 66 44' ww' = 60 28' cd - 35 0' cr = 31 38' bu = 59 46' md = 55 22' ce = 56 55' cm = *75 40' rr' = 46 32' m'e = 66 30' a'e = *54 19' cu = 41 57' The form of laumontite approximates somewhat closely to that of the pyroxenes. Twins: tw. pi. a. Common form the prism m with oblique termination e. Also columnar, radiating, and divergent. Cleavage: b and m very perfect; a imperfect. Fracture uneven. Not very brittle. H. = 3-5-4. G. = 2-25-2-36. Luster vitreous, inclining to pearly upon the faces of cleavage. Color white, passing into yellow or gray, sometimes red. Streak uncolored. Transparent to translucent; becoming opaque and usually pulverulent on exposure. Optically -. Ax. pi. || b. Bx a A c = + 65 to 70. Dis- persion large, p < v; inclined slight. Axial angles, Dx. : Huelgoet 2E r = 52 24' 2E bl = 56 15' Huelgoet, Dx. Comp., Tar. H 4 CaAl 2 Si 4 ]4 + 2H 2 = 4H 2 O.CaO.Al 2 3 .4Si0 2 = Silica 51-1, alumina 21-?, lime 11'9, water 15-3 = 100. Leonhardite is a laumontite which has lost part of its water (to one molecule), and the same is probably true of caporcianite. The former occurs in white or yellowish crystals like ordinary laumontite, also columnar and granular; caporcianite in pearly flesh-red monoclinic crystals. Schneiderite is laumontite from the serpentine of Monte Catini. Italy, which has undergone alteration through the action of magnesian solutions. It occurs with sloanite in the gabbro rosso of Tuscany. Named after Sign. Schneider, director of the mine of Monte Catini. The ^Edel- forsite of Retzius, or the Red Zeolite of ^Edelfors, is referred here by N. J. Berlin, who considers it impure from mixed quartz. Bischof has analyzed a pseudomorph of laumontite after ortho- clase. Anal. 1, Sjogren, Pogg., 78, 415, 1849. 2, Traube, Jb. Min., 2, 67, 1887. 3, 4, Gericke, Lieb. Ann., 99, 110, 1856, Rg., Min. Ch., 808, 1860. 5, Mallet, Am. J. Sc., 22, 179, 1856. 6, How, ib., 26, 34, 1858. 7, Bechi, Trans. Ace. Line., 3, 114, 1879. 8, Liversidge, Min. Mag., 1, 54, 1876. 9, 10, Hillebrand, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 20, 16, 1885. 11, Delffs, Pogg., 59, 339, 1843. 12, Barnes, Am. J. Sc., 15, 440, 1853. 13, Smita, Min. Mitth., 268, 1877 (material dried over H 2 SO 4 ). 14, Bechi, Am. J. Sc., 14, 62, 1852. G. SiO, A1 2 O 3 CaO H 2 O 1. Upsala, red 51 "61 19-06 12-53 14'02 Fe 2 O 3 2-96 = 100-18 2 Striegau, wh. 2'28 51-09 21'36 11 76 15-35 = 99'56 8. Sarnthal 2'28 | 51 58 20'63 ll'SO 15'10 Fe 2 O 3 0'26, Na,O 1'57 = 100'64 4. Plauen Grund 2'310 53'16 22'76 9'33 11 '90 Fe a O 3 0'15, Na 2 O 3'32 = 100'62 588 SILICATES. 5. Skye, red 6. Port George, N. S. 7. Moute Catini 8. Cox R., N. S. W. 9. Table Mt., Col. 10. " " " 11. Schemuitz, Leonliardite 2 12. Copper Falls, 13. Floitenthal. G. 2'252 14. Caporcianite 2'374 2 '47 Si0 2 53-95 51-43 5378 53-27 51 43 5207 56-13 55-50 52-92 52-02 A1 2 O 2 20-13 21-64 19-28 22-83 21-52 21-30 22-98 21-69 22-44 22-83 Cao 12-86 1207 8-34 11-00 11-88 11-24 9-25 10-57 12-23 9-68 H 2 12-42 K 2 O,Na 2 0'87, MgO tr. = 15-26 = 100-40 [100-23 15-00 FeaOs 3-13, MgO 52 = 100 05 12 65 MgO 0-48 = 100'23 [= 100'12 13-81 Fe a O 8 0-94, Na 2 O 0-19, K 2 O 035 14-58 Na 2 O 0'48, K 2 O 0'42 = 100'09 [11-64]= 100 11-93= 99-69 12-38 = 99-97 [= 100-17 13-17 MgO 1-11, Na 2 O 025, K 2 O I'll Laumoutite loses its water of crystallization very readily and hence is often found with less than the normal amount. Malaguti and Dufocher (ref., p. 571) give the following: Temp. 100 200 300 red ht. Also in vac. H 2 SO 4 H 2 O 3-17 p. c. 6-08 7-28 remainder 2-26 p. c. 3'85 Leonhardite loses over sulphuric acid l'7-l-9 p. c. water, and has then the composition of laumontite dried at 100, Smita, 1. c. Doelter finds that laumontite, when fused and cooled very slowly, forms a semi-crystalline mass in which anorthite is prominent, also a pyroxenic mineral in acicular forms with an amor- phous ground-mass. Jb. Min. x 1, 130, 1890. Pyr., etc. B.B. swells up and fuses at 2 '5-3 to a white enamel. Gelatinizes with hydro- chloric acid. Obs. Occurs in the cavities of basalt and similar eruptive rocks: also in porphyry aud syenite, and occasionally in veins traversing clay slate with calcite. It was first observed in 1785, in the lead mines of Huelgoet in Brittany, by Gillet Laumont, after whom it is named. Its principal localities are the Faroer Islands; Disco in Greenland; in Bohemia, at Eule in clay slate; St. Gothard in Switzerland; the Fassathal, in large masses with radiated structure; Saruthal, near Botzen, Tyrol; the Plauenscher Grund, near Dresden; Hartfield Moss in Renfrew- shire, accompanying analcite; the amygdaloidal rocks in the Kilpatrick hills, near Glasgow; the basaltic rocks of the Hebrides, aud the north of Ireland. In India, in the Deccan trap area, at Poona and in the Western Ghats. Peter's Point, Nova Scotia, affords fine specimens of this species. It is there associated with apophyllite, thomspuite, and other species of this family; also at Port George, N. S., in veins sometimes 3 in. thick, and at Margaretville, colored green by copper; also at Digby Neck and Long Point. Also found in good specimens at Phippsburg, Maine; also sparingly at Bradleysville, Litchfield Co., Conn., near a paper-mill in narrow seams in gneiss; and at South- bury, Conn., a little east of the village, on the land of Mr. Stiles; also sparingly at West Rock, New Haven. Abundant in many places in the copper veins of Lake Superior in trap, and on I. Royale; on north shore of Lake Superior, between Pigeon Bay and Fond du Lac. Found also at Bergen Hill, N. J., in diabase, with datolite, apophyllite, etc.; sparingly at Phillipstown, N. Y., in feldspar with stilbite; at the Tilly Foster iron mine, Brewster, N. Y.; at Columbia bridge, near Philadelphia. Leonhardite occurs in a trachytic rock at Schemuitz in Hungary; at Pfitsch in an earthy chlorite, and near Predazzo in the Fleimsthal, Tyrol, in a melaphyre; in the Floitenthal. Also at Copper Falls, Lake Superior region, a variety which alters but little on exposure. Capor- cianite occurs in geodes with calcite in the gabbro rosso of Monte de Caporciano at PImpruneta, and other places in Tuscany. It is sometimes accompanied by native copper. Ref. 1 Mir., Min., p. 452, 1852; he made x = 102, u = Oil, r = 111. The position here taken is that of Dx. (Min., 1, p. 492, 1862), but the vertical axis has half the length assumed by him. * Cf. Mir. , Dx. 1. c. 3 J. D. D., on schneiderite from Mte. Catini, Min., p. 400, and f. 381, p. 399, 1868. 446. LAUBANITE. H. Traube, Jb. Min., 2, 64, 1887. In fine fibrous, sometimes spherical, bundles with eccentric radiated structure; resembles stilbite. H. = 4-5-5. G. = 2-23. Luster dull. Color snow-white, superficially pale yellow with iron oxide. Transparent to translucent. Comp. Ca 2 Al 2 Si 5 16 + 6H 2 or 2CaO.Al a 3 .5SiO a + 6H 3 = Silica 48'2, alumina 16-4, lime 18'0, water 17'4 = 100. Anal. Traube, 1. c. SiO 2 Al a O 8 CaO MgO H 2 f 47-84 16-74 1617 1'35 17'08 FeO 0'56 = 99'74 Pyr. B.B. fuses to a blebby glass. Decomposed by warm concentrated hydrochloric acid with separation of gelatinous silica. Obs. Occurs implanted upon phillipsite crystals in basalt at Lauban, Silesia. CHABAZITE GROUP CHABAZITE. 589 447. Chabazite. Chabazite Group. Ehombohedral. 448. Gmelinite. 449. Levynite. The fundamental rhombohedrons of the species of the Chabazite Group have different angles, but, as shown in the axial ratios on p. 572, they are closely related, since, taking the rhombohedron of Chabazite as the basis, that of Gmelinite has the symbol f (2023) and of Levynite f (3034). The variation in composition often observed in the first two species has led to the rather plausible hypothesis that they are to be viewed as isomorphous mixtures of the feldspar-like compounds (Ca,!N"a 2 )Al 2 Si 2 O 8 + 4H 2 O (Ca,Na 2 )Al 2 Si 6 O 16 + 8H 2 O 447. CHABAZITE. Zeolithus albus cubicus Islandise 0. Born, Lithoph., 1, 46, 1772. Zeolite en cubes Faujas, Vole. Viv., 126, 1778; de Lisle, Crist., 2, 40, 1783. Chabazie (fr. Ober- stein) Bosc d' Antic, J. d'Hist. N., 2, 181, 1788. Wurfelzeolith pt. (rest analcite) Wern., Emmer- ling, Min., 1, 205, 1793. Chabasie (rhombohedral form recognized) H., Tr., 3, 1801. Chabasiu Karst., Tab., 30, 1808. Schabasit Wern., Hoffm. Kuboizit Weiss, Hoffm. Min., 4, b, 41, 1818, Mag. Ges. N. Fr., Berlin, 7, 181, 1816. Adipite Renevier, Bull. Soc. Vaud., 16, 15, 1879. Cabasite Ital. PhakolitBreith; Tamnau, Jahrb. Min., 653, 657. 1836. Haydenite Cleaveland, Min., 478, 1822. Acadialite Alger & Jackson (without publication) = "No Chabasie" E. Hoffmann, Am. J. Sc., 30, 366, 1836; = Acadiolite Thomson, Phil. Mag., 22, 192, 1843; Hayes. Am. J. Sc., 1, 122, 1846. Herschelite Levy, Ann. Phil., 10, 361, 1825. Seebachite Bauer, Zs. G. Ges., 24, 391, 1872. Rhombohedral. Axis^ = 1-0860; 0001 A 1011 = 51 25}' Phillips 1 . Forms 2 : c (0001, 0) rare; a (1120, t-2); r (1011, E); e (0112, i), s (0221, - 2); t (1123, f-2); o(2134, i 3 ); t'(12'l-13-14, H") ? - On phacolite also p (0223, f) which corresponds in angle to the fundamental rhombo- hedron of gmelinite. 1. Figs. 1, 2, Common forms; 2. penetration -twin. 3, Faroer, Tamnau. 4, Bohemia, Sbk. 5, 6, Phacoliie, Richmond, Victoria, Rath. cr = 51 26' ce = 32 5' tp = 39 54' cs = 68 16' ct = 35 54' ee' = 54 47' rr' = *85 14' er = 42 37' pp = 67 20' s*' = 107 7' it' = 34 6' M> = 5 55' 590 SILICATES. Twins: (1) tw. axis ^penetration-twins (f. 2, 3, 4) very common. (2) Tw. pi. r, contact-twins, rare. Form commonly the simple rhombohedron varying little in angle from a cube; also r and e. Faces r, i, e striated || intersection-edges; also a || edge a/r. Also amorphous. Cleavage : r rather distinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H.=4-5. G. = 2'08 -2*16. Luster vitreous. Color white, flesh-red; streak uncolored. Transparent to translucent. Optically ; also -f- (Andreasberg, also haydenite). Double re- fraction weak. The interference-figure usually confused ; sometimes distinctly biaxial; basal sections then divided into sharply defined sectors with different optical orientation. These anomalous optical characters probably secondary and chiefly conditioned by the variation in. the amount of water present. Mean refrac- tive index 1*5, Levy-Lex. The optical characters of chabazite have led Becke 3 to a hypothesis of a twinning of triclinic individuals. On this view the chabazite rhombohedron is formed of six or more individuals, each cleavable in three directions, corresponding to the rhoinboliedral planes, but to be taken as the piuacoids of a triclinic crystal, 100, 010, 001. The angles a, ft, y formed on each of these faces, respectively, between the diagonal and the extinction-directions vary for the diiferent localities, but in a typical example (Faroer) were as follows: a = 22 '8, ft = 5 '8, y 12 '3. The following angles were also obtained on the cleavage form: 100 A 010 = 83 42', 100 A 001 = 85; 31 f, 010 A 001 = 85 5'. These six or more individuals are regarded as united into double twins according to two twinning laws, the tw. planes, 110 and 110 (corresponding to faces of the prism of the second series), inclined 118'5 to each other. Three types are distinguished, according as to whether the faces taken as 100, 010, or 001 form the exterior of the pseudo-rhombohedral crystal. These three types are recognized by the angle formed by the extinction-directions in the two halves of a rhombohedral face on either side of the diagonal line. In the first type this angle is about 46; in the second small, about 11; in the third about 24. A basal section shows six sectors with an arrangement of the extinctions in the different parts corresponding to these types, of which, however, the second is rare and not positively identified. The herschelite of Sicily and seebachite of Richmond differ from chabazite in showing a small axial angle through the terminal plane; moreover, the individuals here are referred to the monoclinic system, twinned in a manner more or less closely analogous to that characterizing the chabazite proper. Klein has described phacolitefrom Annerod, a basal section (| c) of which showed in parallel polarized light an optical division into six sectors; while, further, each sector was divided into two parts with extinction (|| c) inclined in each symmetrically 6 to 7 to the 6-axis between them. This direction was further the ax. plane with Bx a (= a) J_ c the plane of the section; hence op- tically ; 2E = 75-80 approx. These last semi-sectors were more or less sharply separated by a feather-like area between them. Different crystals and different parts of the same crystal showed wide variation in the arrangement and in the strength of the double refraction, and it is inferred that these differences are connected with a loss of the water of crystallization. This is confirmed by the behavior of a section on being heated : the heating serves to increase the strength of the double refraction, calls out the optical areas where they did not exist before or develops them in extent and distinctness. There is, however, no return to the original condition on cooling. Rinne has investigated the effect of heat further and concludes that the optically positive chabazites, by heating and consequent loss of water, gain the optical characters of the negative varieties. Further heating changes both kinds to those with strong positive double refraction. The distinction between the optically + and kinds in nature is hence probably connected with amount of water present. Var. 1. Ordinary. The most common form is the fundamental rhombohedron, in which the angle is so near 90 that the crystals were at first mistaken for cubes. Acadialite, from Nova Scotia (Acadia, of the French of last century), is only a reddish chabazite; sometimes nearly colorless. In some specimens the coloring matter is arranged in a tessellated manner, or in layers, with the angles almost colorless. For chabazite from Oberstein G. = 2 -092, from Aussig 2-093 Streng. Haydenite is a yellowish variety in small crystals from Jones's Falls, near Baltimore, Md.; the crystals are often twinned parallel to R. A gelatinous substance (adipite) having the composition of chabazite (anal. 12) has been noted by Renevier filling cavities between calcite crystals in veins in the molasse at Cre"t- Meilloret near Lausanne. 2. PJiacolite is a colorless variety occurring in twins of mostly a hexagonal form, and often much modified so as to be lenticular in shape (whence the name, from 0o-K"oS, a bean); the original was from Leipa in Bohemia. Here belongs also herschelite (seebachite) from Richmond, Victoria; the composite twins of great variety and beauty. Probably also the original herscbelite from Sicily made orthorhombic by v. Lang (pseudo-hexagonal by twinning). It" occurs in flat, almost tabular, hexagonal prisms with rounded terminations divided into six sectors. CEABAZITE GROUP CHABAZITE. 591 Comp. Somewhat uncertain, since a rather wide variation is. often noted even among specimens from the same locality. The ratio of (Ca,Na. 2 ,K 2 ) : Al is nearly constant (= i : 1), but of Al a : Si varies from 1 : 3 to 1 : 5; the water also increases with the increase in silica. The composition usually corresponds to (Ca,Na a )Al a -Si 4 JQ -f- 6H 2 which, if calcium alone is present, requires: Silica 47 '4, alumina 20-2, lime ll'-l, water 21-3 = 100. If Ca : Na, = 1:1, the percentage composition 1st Silica 47*2, alumina 20*0, lime 5*5, soda 6*1, water 21*2 = 100. Potassium is also present iu small amount, and the Oberstein mineral contains both -barium and strontium (0'48 BaO, 0'32 SrO Schroder). Streng (Ber. Oberhegs. Ges., 16, 74, 1877) explains the supposed facts most satisfactorily by the hypothesis that the members of the group are iso- morplious mixtures, analogous to the feldspars of m(Ca,Na 2 )Al 2 Si 2 O 8 -f-4H 2 O ft(Ca,Na 2 )Al 2 Si 6 O 16 -j-8H 2 O If m : n = 1 : 1, this is equivalent to the formula above given. Anal. 1-3, Burkhardt and Hammerschlag (Streng, 1. c.). 4, Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 556. 1876. 5. 6, Rg., Min. Ch. Erg., pp. 57, 61, 1886. 7, 8, Hersch, Inaug. Diss., Zurich, 1887. 9. Mean of three closely agreeing analyses by Holmquist. Steenberg, Ferre, quoted by Widman, G. For. Forh., 12, 25, 1890. 10, Sausoni, Att. Soc. Tosc.. 4, 316, 1879. 11, Koch, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 304, 1876. 12, Bischoff, quoted by Renevier, 1, c. 13, Hayes, Am. J Sc., 1, 122, 1846 14, Hillebraml, U S. G Surv., Bull. 20, 23, 1885. 15, Sadtler, Am. Ch. J., 4, 356, 1882 16, Morse and Bayley, ib., 6, 24, 1884. 17, Rg. Pogg., 62, 149, 1844. 18, Burkhardt and Hammerschlag, 1. c 19, Kerl, Zs. G. Ges., 24, 393, 1872. 20, Lepsius, ib., 25, 351, 1873. 21-23, Pittman, Ulrich, Contr. Miu. Victoria, 65, 1870. 24, Rath, Pogg., 158, 397, 1876. 25, Hersch, 1. c. 26, Dmr., Ann. Ch. Phys., 14, 97, 1845. 27, Walt,, Vulk. Gesteine, 261, 1853. 28, Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges , 28, 547, 1876. 29, Lsx., Zs. Kr., 5, 341, 1881. 30, Helms, Liversidge Miu. N. S. W., 189, 1888. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Niddft Anuerod Alteubuseck Aussig Obersteia Faroer Elba Csodiberg Lausanne, Adipite N. Scotia, Acadialite Table Mt,, Coi Fritz Is., Pa. Baltimore, Haydenite Leipa, Phacolite Annerod ' ' Richmond, SeebacMte G. SiO 2 A1 2 3 CaO Na 2 O K 2 O 2-133 46-35 20-52 10-83 0-21 f 48 93 18-19 6-64 0-92 2-06 | 50-75 16-06 6-65 1-38 2-27 47-50 20-00 10-20 0-23 1-24 f 48 32 18-81 10-24 1-92 50-10 16-45 8-69 0-30 1-06 2-081 49-28 18-52 9-36 0-72 2058 f 47-36 20-13 8-09 1-99 2-092 | 45-85 19-83 8-86 2-35 0-63 2119 49-49 20-35 7-50 tr. tr. 2-05C <9-% 18-53 7-80 1 96 2-09 48 89 20-49 3-57 2-79 5? 02 17-88 4-24 4-07 3-03 | i? 52 19-48 10'06 b 0-52 0-36 2-8 C28 17-83 696 2-43 2-40 49-24 18-07 5-16 3-00 2-116 | 46-31 21 '87 10-40 0-95 1-29 f. 46-82 19-29 10-29 0-70 0-40 43-7 21-8 8-5 3-5 tr. 44-77 22-10 7-51 8-18 45-33 22-22 7-11 5-54 0-97 46-05 22-07 7-06 5-48 0-72 46-26 23-04 7-02 5-96 0-09 46-08 21-09 5-75 4-52 1-77 4384 20-99 5-89 5-78 1-83 | 47-39 20-90 0-38 8-33 4-39 47-03 20-21 4-66 4-82 2-03 2-135 2-162 Aci Castello, Herschelite 2-06 46-46 20-24 1:03 47-15 21-42 5-34 Invernell, N. S. W. 210 f 47'70 19-31 10'85 * In desiccator 3-64 (= 1 H 2 O), at red heat 18'62 p, 8-95 3-87 [669] 0-39 1-18 c. H 2 22-09 = 100 22-04 Fe 2 3 1'22 = 100 21-46 Fe 2 3 1'43 = 100 21-40 = 100-57 21-48 = 100-77 2 1-07 BaO 1 89 = 99-56 22-02 BaO, SrO ^.=99-90 22-54 = 100-11 22-26*= 99-78 2062= 97-96 20-77- 99-02 21-62 MgO 3-14 = 100 18 30 s 99-54 22-11 = 100-05 20-21 MgO 0-22 = 100 -33 21 -31 BaO 1 -47, FeO 2 O 8 [084, MgO 0-86 = 99-95 [19-16]= 100 22-36 Fe 2 3 0--14 = 100 22-2 = 99-7 22-07 = 99-63 18-67 = 99-84 19-25 = 100-63 18-52 = 100-89 21-08 = 100-29 21 97 = 100 '30 17 84 = 99-23 17-86 Fe 2 3 1'14, MgO [0-50 = 98-25 19-45 = 100 19-40 = 100 20 -67 MgO 0-43 = 100 -53 b Inch SrO 0-43. Richmond phacolite loses 2 molecules H 2 O over calcium chloride after a week, Hiutze Zs Kr., 10, .276, 1885. According to Damour, crystals from Dyrefiord, Iceland, and Riibendorfel, Bohemia, lost 7'2 p. c. after 5 mouths in dried air: after some mouths in the free air. again regained this, and also an excess of 015 p. c Heated for 1 hour to 100 C., the loss was 2'75 p. c.; to 180, 14 592 SILICATES. p. c.; to 230, 17 p. c.; to 300, 19 p. c.; this loss was reduced to zero in 3 days; at a dull red heat, the loss was 21 p. c., and the mineral was no linger hygroscopic; at a bright red, it lost 22 '4 p. c., intumesced, and was partially fused. Phacolite lost 7 p. c. after 7 months in dried air; and 4 months after, in an atmosphere saturated with moisture, it had an excess of 12'5 p. c., which it lost very nearly again in ordinary air. Heated to 100 C., the loss was 3'7 p. c.; to 210, 15*7 p. c.; to 290-360, 18 p. c.; and after 48 hours' exposure to the free air, the amount lost was restored. At a dull red heat, the and the material was fused to a blebby enamel. by Burkhafdt and Hammerschlag (ruoted by Streng, 1. c.) are: 100 200 300 ign. strong ign. 4-73 9-53 14-55 21-03 2239 3-99 10-90 14-93 20'13 21-78 4-06 11-31 15-02 21-24 22'50 4-69 11-82 15-16 ' 21-14 22'62 Hersch's results after 2 hours' heating in each case are as follows : For Chabazite: Temp. 102 125 155 195 240 260 290 red ht. HaO 5-77 6-51 9-22 11-29 13'55 14'44 14'81 2247 p. c. For Phacolite: Temp. 100 150 195 240 285 320 red ht. H 2 O 6-21 9-81 13-78 17-61 18'78 18'91 21 -97 p. c. Pyr., etc. B.B. intumesces .and fuses to a blebby glass, nearly opaque. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid, with separation of slimy silica. Obs. Chabazite occurs mostly in basaltic rocks, and occasionally in gneiss, syenite, mica schist, hornblendic schist. Occurs at the Faroer Islands, Greenland, and Iceland, associated with chlorite and stilbite; at Aussig in .Bohemia, in a kind of greenstone (the graustein of Werner); at Obersteiu, with uarmotome; "at Annerpd, near Giessen; at the Giant's Causeway, Antrim, Kilmalcolm, Renfrewshire (some an inch across); Isle of Skye, etc.; Poona, near Bombay, India, but rare. Phacolite occurs at Leipa in Bohemia; also at Salesl and Wannow, in Bohemia; in Antrim, Ireland, at Giant's Causeway. Herschelite accompanies phillipsite in a lava at Aci Castello, near Aci Reale, Sicily; also at Cyclops, Catania; in basalt near Richmond, Victoria, Australia (seebachite), the crystals in mode of twinning and in optical properties like the Sicilian. Both massive and incrusted at the Paugatuck stone-quarry, Stonington, Conn., with scapolite, titanite, and apatite; also yellowish red in North Killingwortb, on the Essex turnpike; at Hadlyme, Conn., on gneiss; sparingly at Branchville in a pegmatyte vein with chlorite, etc.; in syenite at Somerville, Mass., also at Chester, Mass., in amygdaloid; at Bergen Hill, N. J., in small crystals; in the same rock at Piermont, N. Y. ; in fissures in hornblendic gneiss at Jones's Falls, near Baltimore (haydenite), with heulaudite. Phacolite has been reported from New York Island. In Nova Scotia, wine-yellow or flesh-red (the last the acadialite), associated with heulaudite, analcite, and calcite, at Five Islands, Swan's Creek, Digby Neck, Mink Cove, William's Brook. At Husavic, Iceland, fossil clam shells (Venus) occur in a recent deposit, lined within with small rhombohedrons of chabazite. Daubree states that crystals occur at the warm springs of Luxeuil, Dept. of Haute Saone, France, as well as at those of Plombieres, under conditions which indicate that they were formed through the agency of the warm waters; the temperature at Luxeull is 115 F., and at Plombieres 163 F. Also a recent formation at Bourboune-les-Baius and at Oran, Algiers. The name Chabazite is from xafi Ann. Mus., 9, 249, 1807, 11, 42. Hydrolithe Leman. Cat. Min. de Dree, 18, 1811. Gmelinite Brooke, Ed. J. Sc., 2, 262, 1825. Ledererite C. T. Jack- son, Am. J. Sc., 25, 78, 1834. Natronchabazit Germ. Pthoinbohedral. Axis 6 = 0-7345; 0001 A 1011 = 40 18^' Pirsson 7 . Fornls 2 : a (1120, *-2) r (1011, K) q (3032, f ) 4 tw. pi. X (5166, |i) c (0001, G) mre I (5270, ^-|) 4 p(0111, - 1) (1122, 1-2) (4377, f/ w (1010, /) 1. 5. Figs. 1, 2, Cape Blomidon, N. Scotia. 3-6, Pinnacle Is., N. Scotia, Pirsson; these are drawn with p (0111) in front. cr = 40 18' mr - 49 42' c = 36 18' c^ = 38 6' c0 = 36 23 rr 1 = *68 8' rp = 37 44' 41' = 34 26' XX" = H 2' 00 v = 29 2-li' r(p = 16 4i' P

y = 1-48031 e y = 1-47852 Negri. 8 Comp. In part (Na 2 ,Ca)Al 2 Si 4 12 + 6H 2 0. If sodium alone is present this requires: Silica 46'9, alumina 19'9, soda 121, water 21-1 = 100. The above corresponds to anal. 1 (in which some lime ic also present); other analyses show more silica which has been ascribed to the presence of free silica, but, as Pirssou shows, is ex- plained by Streng's hypothesis (p. 591), the albite-like compound being present in relatively large amount. Anal. 1. Rg.. Pogg., 49, 211, 1840. 2, Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 547, 1876. 3-5, Howe, Am. J. .Sc., 12, 270 > 1876. 6, 7, Pirsson, ibid., 42, 62. 1891. O. SiO 2 A1 2 3 CaO Na 2 O K 2 H 2 O 1. Glenarm 4648 20-64 378 719 1'74 20*41 = 100'24 2. " 4790 2047 0'83 lO'OO 1-87 18-87 = 100 3. Two Islands. N. S. f 51 '36 1781 5-68 3'92 0'23 20'96 Fe 2 O 3 0'15 = 100'lJ 4. Five Islands, N. S. f 50'45 18'27 1'12 9'79 0'20 20'71 Fe 2 O 3 0'17 = 100'7l 5. Bergen Hill, N. J. 4867 18'73 2'60 9'14 tr. 21 "35 Fc.Os O'lO = 100'58 6. Five Islands, outer shell 2'037 50'35 18'33 I'Ol 9'76 0'15 20'23 Fe 2 O 2 0'26 = 100'09 7. " " nucleus 2'037 50-67 18'50 1'05 9'88 0-16 20-15 Fe 2 3 0'15 = 100-56 A.cording to Damour, the Cyprus gmelinite loses 6 p. c. in dried air; at 100 C. loss 13 p. c., and the amount is regained rapidly in free air; at 230 C. loss 20 p. c. ; at a bright red heat 21 '5 p. c., and the grains become soldered together. The Irish crystals lose 7'25 p. c. in dried air, -which in six months increases to 9'3 p. c. ; -the loss is reduced to 1-5 p. c. after a few days of exposure. In the closed tube crumbles, giving off much water Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses easily (F. = 2'5-r3) to a white enamel. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid with separation of silica. Obs. Occurs in flesh-ied crystals in amygdaloidal rocks at Montecchio Maggiore (sarcolite of Vauquelin) and at Castel, in the Vicentine; at Andreasberg, in argillaceous schist, with analcite aud heulandite; in Transylvania; at Glenarm and Port-rush in Antrim, Ireland; the island of Magee, some crystals % in. across; near Larne, flesh-colored; at Talisker in Skye, in large colorless crystals; on the I. of Cyprus, near Pyrgo, of a pale reddish color, and G. = 2-07. In the United States in fine white crystals at Bergen Hill, N. J. At Cape Blomidon in Nova Scotia (ledererite) on the north coast, at a point nearly opposite Cape Sharp, in geodes, with analcite and quartz, often implanted on the latter mineral; also at Two Islands and Pive Islands., Named Q-melinile after Prof. Ch. Grnelin of Tubingen (1792-1860); Hydrolite from the water present; Ledererite after Baron Lederer, Austrian Consul at New York (d. 1842). The name hydrolite has the priority, but is objectionable because the mineral is not so eminently hydrous as to make it deserving of the appellation. Ref. ! Pirsson, Nova Scotia, Am. J. Sc., 42, 57, 1891. Des Cloizeaux gives for crystals from Audreasberg mr = 50 3', rr ~ 67 34', Min., 1, p. 396, 1862. Streng (1. c.) shows .that the forms may be referred to the_ chabazite rhombohedron (rr' = 85 16'), since c (chabazite) =; | V (131, 3-3) / (391, 9-3> Also the following vicinal planes: //(31-300) 5 ; GO (12'12'5) 5 ; cr (31-31 '30) B ; r (44'40'43) 5 ; (54-50-54) 5 ; x (lllO'll); C (21-20-21); 77(34'36'1). 3. 1 Figs. 1, 2, Common forms. 3, "Brevik," Lang-Bgr. II'" 88' mm'" nn' DD' uu' 18 32' 36 8 7 88 45V 54 C 8' 39 44' 94 e 37' 130 29' 38 57' 93 23' 63 11' 44 41' 33 24' 21 35' oo' =-*37 37J' hh' = mo = mq = mz = mit = dd' == 61 5' zef = 73 16' yy> = 27 51' ff' = 36 0' at = 30 25' as = 44 22 ao = 71 11' oo" 53 39' ay oo'" dd'" zz'" 88'" = 76 4| = *36 47i = 59 39' _ rj-jo 2? , = 26 58' = 89 52' = 130 16' NATROLITE GROUP NATROLITE. 601 Also iu part monoclinic with the axial ratio a : b : c 1'0165: 1:0'S5991; ft = 89 54f Brogger 1 . Forms: a (100, i-l), b (010, i-l), n (210, i-2), m (HO; /), e (101, 14), D (Oil, I -I), o (111, -1), o' (111, 1), d (221, 2), z (331, 3), y (311, 3-3), (131, 3-3), * (151. 5-5), 77(36-34-1, 86-fif). ^ The crystals are regarded as monoclinic twins with a as tw. plane; the axes d and b corre- spond respectively to b and a of the orthorhombic type. The optical orientation is sensibly the same for both types. SttxdUander 3 has described complex natrolite crystals from Marburg whose grouping may be explained by assuming a twinning with the prism as tw. pi. and c as comp. face, the horizontal axes thus crossing at angles of nearly 90. Further a twinuing about the front piuacoid is also suggested, but with some question. Luedecke* notes a variation in extinction of 5-7 with the prismatic edge in natrolite of Aussig and Salesl. Twins: tw. pi. 3 u (301), cruciform twins, rare; the crystals crossing nearly at right angles this may per- haps have been an accidental association. Crystals prismatic, usually very slender to acicular and termi- nated by the pyramid o (111), then closely resembling tetragonal forms; often with more or less distinct vici- nal planes; the faces in the prismatic zone vertically striated. Crystals frequently interlacing, divergent, or in stellate group. Also fibrous, radiating, massive, granular, or compact. Cleavage: m perfect; imperfect, perhaps only a plane of parting Fracture uneven. H. = 5-5-5. G. = 2-20-2-25; 2-249, Bergen Hill, Brusl Luster vitreous, sometimes inclining to pearly, especially in fibrous varieties. Color white, or colorless; to grayish, yellowish, reddish to red. Transparent to trans- lucent. Optically -f- . Ax. pi. || b. Bx _L c. Indices and axial angles: Monte Baldo, after Artini. Auvergne Also Bombiano Samte Stoko /? r = 1-4797 2E r = 93 2 2H a . y 2H a .y 2H a .r 2H a .y = 62< = 62' 32' 44' 2H 2H = 62 31' = 62 44' 2Ha.gr = 63 Of a r = 1-47287 tt y = 1-47543 a gr = 1-47801 ^o.y 2H . r 2H .y 2Hr> or = 1-4887 .-. 2V r =59 29' 2E r = 94 27' Dx. 2E b i = 95 41' .-. 2V y = 62 0' Artini .-. 2V y = 62 6' = 119 28' = 119 38' = 119 35V = 119' 4' = 118 37' fir = 1-47631 (3 7 = 1-47897 /U = 1-48172 . 2V r = 61 56' . 2V y = 62 15' . 2V gr = 62 34' y r = 1-48534 y 7 = 1-48866 * = 1-49161 Bgr. (calc.) Also calc. (a, fi, 2V r = 61 3' 2V y = 62 10' 2Vgr = 62 19' Sections of crystals, regarded as monoclinic, gave: 2H . P = 121 1' 2H .y = 120 47' 2Ho.gr = 120 24' 2H a .r = 61' 2H a .y = 61' 2H a .g r = 61' 37' 46' 2V r = 60 51' 2Vy = 61 0*' 2Vgr = 61 13*' Bgr. Dispersion horizontal, probably shown iu sections Bx a (Bx a g 'c approx.); but crossed dis- persion not observed in sections JL Bx . Other determinations of indices and axial angles are given-by BrOgger, quoted from Lorenzen; further the latter found: 2E = 98 58' at 15 d , 97 6' at 108, 96 13' at 150% 93 21' at 229|% 90 55' at 308. 'Cf. also Dx., N. R., 74, 1867. Rinne(cf. p. 571) shows that with increase of temperature and the accompanying loss of water natrolite is converted into a monoclinic substance, called by him metanatrolite. >, A section B c with extinction parallel the diagonals (a | <~t and t | 6) showed, .after heating, fields with the extinction (a) inclined to each other 15 in adjacent parts about the lateral axis; furlhei\.to cor- respond with the new molecular structure, the former vertical axis must be made the axis of 602 SILICATES. symmetry, and the prismatic faces orthodomes 101 and 101, with twinning about 100 (or 001)* No change in geometrical form accompanied the change in molecular structure. Var. Ordinary. Commonly either (a) in groups of slender colorless prismatic crystals, varying but little in angle from square prisms, often acicular, or (b) in fibrous divergent or radiated masses, vitreous in luster, or but slightly pearly (these radiated forms often resemble ithose of thomsonite and pectolite); often also (c) solid amygdules, usually radiated fibrous, and somewhat silky in luster within; (d) rarely compact massive. Oalactite is ordinary natrolite, occurring in colorless acicular crystallizations in southern, Scotland, instituted as a species on an erroneous analysis. It may contain a few per cent of lime and hence is intermediate between pure natrolite and mesolite (p. 605). Fargite is a red natrolite from Glen Farg, containing, like galactite, about 4 p. c. of lime. Radiolite, bergmannite, spreustein, brevicite, palceo-natrolite, are James which have been given to the natrolite from the augite-syeuite of southern Norway, on the Langesund fiord, in the "Brevik" region, where it occurs fibrous, massive, and in long prismatic crystallizations, andl from white to red in color. Radiolite as originally described occurred in radiated masses, and compact fibrous nodules, of a grayish color; the name, however, is often used to include also the well crystallized forms from the same region. Bergmannite or Spreustein is a secondary mineral in the augite syenite. Various views in regard to its origin have been expressed; for example Scheerer regarded it as a paramorph after an original mineral which he called palceo-natrolite; other authors have suggested elasolite, cancrinite, a feldspar, etc., -as the parent mineral. Brogger, however, shows that, in the first place, it is more or less lacking in homogeneity and, further, includes kinds which have the com- position of natrolite (Natrolith-spreustein, Bgr.) and others of hydronephelite (Hydronephelit- spreusteiu, Bgr.). The natrolite spreusteiu has arisen chiefly from the alteration of sodalite, also in less extent from cancrinite. A similar change of sodalite to uatrolite (spreustein) has also been noted in connection with the sodalite-syeniteof Kangerdluarsuk, Greenland. Breoicite is the same as spreustein, though the name has also been used as synonymous with radiolite. The original analysis (anal. 27), showing nearly 7 p. c. CaO, was probably not made on homogeneous material, cf. anals. 19, 28. Crocalite, from the Ural, is a red zeolite, like the bergmanuite of Laurvik; occurs in small amygdules, and is fibrous or compact. Savite, according to Sella (N. Cimento, 1858) is natrolite, occurringin slender colorless prisms. It comes from a serpentine rock at Mte. Caporciano, Italy, and specimens are ordinarily not pure from serpentine. Its identity with natrolite has been confirmed by Dx. (N. R., 75, 1807); also more fully by Artiiii*. Cf. anal. 5. Iron-natrolite (Ehenu&trotith Bergm., Jerunatrolith Siced) is a dark green opaque variety, either crystalline or amorphous, from the Brevik region; probably from the islands Lovft and Sigteso. It was supposed to have the alumina to a considerable extent replaced by iron sesqui- oxide, cf. anal. 31. BrOgger shows, however, that the iron is due to the presence of inclusions of a mineral probably related to stilpuomelaue. Comp. Na..Al 2 Si 3 10 -f 2H 8 or Na 2 0. Al 2 8 .3SiO, + 2H 2 = Silica 47'4: alumina 26'8, Na 2 16-3, water 9'5 = 100. Groth writes the formula as a basic metasilicate, Na 2 (AlO)Al(SiO 3 ) 3 -f- 2H Q O. Anal. 1, Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 550, 1876. 2, Hersch, Inang. Diss., p. 13, Zurich, 1887. 3. Kleppert, Jb. Min., 88, 1875. 4, Fuchs, Schw. J.. 18, 8, 1816, also other anals. 5.. Mattirolo, Att. Ace. Torino, 21, 848, 1886. 6, Luzzatto, Riv. Min. Ital., 4, 54, 1889. 7-10, Necri, ibid., 7, 16, 1890. 11, G. J. Brush, Am. J. Sc., 31, 365, 1861. 12, O. C. Marsh, Dana Min. 428, 1878. 13, Genth, priv. coutr. 14, Young, Ch. News, 27, 56, 1873. 15, 17. Ileddle. Phil. Mag.. 11. 272, 1856. 16, Hylaud. Sc. Proc. R. Dublin Soc., 411, 1890 (read Feb. 10). 18, Eckenbrecher. Min. Mitth., 3, 30, 1880. 19, G. LindstrOm, G. For F<3rh.,- 9. 436, 1887. 20-22. Paijkull, Inaug. Diss., Upsala, 1877. 23-26, Quoted by Bgr., Zs. Kr., 16, 619, 1890 (Fn A. v. Hall, E. Wickstrom, E. Knutsen, etc.). 27, Sonden, Berzelius, Jahrcsb., 14, 17(5, 1834, Pogg., 33, 112, 1834. 28, Paijkull, quoted by Bgr., 1. c., p. 640. 29. 30, Lorcnzen. Medct Gronl., 7, p. 11 (sep.), 1884. 31, Bergemanu, 1. c. 1. Hohenlwiel 2. Jakuben 3. Stempel 4. Fassathal 5. Monte Catini, Samte 6. Mte. Baldo 7. Salcedo 8. Montecchio Magglore 9. Lugo 10. Alta Villa 11. Bergen Hill G. Si0 3 47-61 2-283 | 46-12 47-59 48-63 48-07 47-16 (47-21 46-97 47-23 47-71 2'249 47-31 A1 Z 8 27-31 28-22 25-23 24-82 27-05 26-76 27-01 27-12 27-21 27-89 26-77 CaO 0-26 0-28 0'4i Na a O 15-88 15-87 13-87 15-69 16-56 16-18 15-99 15-95 14-80 16-99 15-44 K 2 H 2 9'96 9-91 1-12 10-50 [MgOO 9-60 9-62 9-57 9-5& 0-40 9-42 0-41 9-70 9-69 0'35 9-84 = 100 76 = 100-12 Fe 2 3 039, 24 = 99-20 Fe 2 O 3 21 {= 98-95 = 101-30 = 99-95 = 99-76 = 99-86 = 99-35 = 102-28 = 100-13 NATROLITE GROUP NATROLITZ. 603 G. 12. C. Blomidon 13. Magnet Cove 2'243 14. Loch Thorn 15 Bisuoptou, Oalactite, white 16. Kenbane Head, " 2'26 17. Glen Farg, Fargite, red 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. Brevik, Spreustein 2 1 ! " Brevicite Bergmannite Lamansskar, light red, radiated Stoko, white L. Aro, Radiolite, monoclinic ii < <> " " orthorhombic Ovr Ar5 " Brevicite Kangerdluarsuk, pseud., redrad. " " cry st. rad. SiO a A1 2 3 CaO Na 3 K 2 H 2 O 45-74 28' 38 027 14-23 1-16 10-11 = 99-89 47-97 26 51 1598 9-81 = 100-27 46-29 27' 10 0-72 15-37 10-43 = 99-91 47-60 26 60 0-16 15-86 9-56 = 9978 | 46-50 27-55 259 13-28 10-10 = 100-02 47-84 27' 11 4-31 11-30 10-24 = 100-80 46-81 27 33 tr. 15-69 __ 10-20 = 100-03 47-92 26 80 16-25 0-26 9-51 = 100-74 47-34 26 92 1-19 14-41 10-48 Fe,O 3 0-62 [= 100-96 48-34 25 27 tr. [16-48] 8-89 Fe 2 O 3 0-75, [MgO 0-27 = 100 | 47 16 26 84 0-04 15-41 , 9-48 Fe 2 O 3 0-10 [= 99-03 47-29 27 00 0-18 15-39 0-90 9-44 = 100-20 47-33 26 82 015 15-41 1-17 9-43 = 100-31 47-60 27 12 . 15-68 9'50 = 9990 47-92 26-80 1625 0-26 9-51 = 100 74 43-88 28 39 6-88 10-32 9-63 MgO 0-21 [=i 99-31 46-72 26 59 ir 16-82 9-73 = 9986 46-54 27 16 0-89 15-52 _ 965 FeO 1-17, fCl. tr. = 100-93 47-07 27 02 0-11 16-05 # 9'56 FeO 0-58 = [100-39 G. 81. Eisennatrolith 2 -353 SiO 2 A1 2 3 46-54 18-94 Fe 2 3 FeO MnO Na 2 O H 2 7-49 2-40 0-55 14-04 9'37 = 99'33 The Auvergne natrolite undergoes, according to Damour (ref., p. 571), no loss in dried air. At 240 C. it loses nearly all its water and becomes milky and opaque; and if afterward exposed to the free air, it regains all it had lost, excepting its transparency and firm texture; if again heated, it loses its water at about 90 C. Hersch (1. c.) obtained, after heating two hours at each temperature: Temp. H 2 105 0-14 130'- 0-17 160 0-19 195 027 225 0-37 240 3 0-64 265 0-77 290 2-51 red. ht. 9-81 p. c. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube whitens and becomes opaque. B.R fuses quietly at 2 to a colorless glass. Fusible in the flame of an ordinary stearine or wax candle. Gelatinizes with acids. Obs. Occurs in cavities in amygdaloidal basalt, and other related igneous rocks; sometimes in seams in granite, gneiss, and syenite. It is found in the graustein of Aussig and Teplitz in Bohemia; in fine crystals at Puy de Marman and Puy de la Piquette in Auvergne; at Alpstein, near Sontra in Hesse; Fassathal, Tyrol; Monte Baldo on Lago di Garda, Montecchio Maggiore, and other points in Venetian Italy; Kapnik in Hungary; Dellys in Algeria; Hogauin Wilrteraberg (the Faserzeolith W.), in yellowish radiated masses; etc. In red amygdules (crocalite) in amygdaloid of Ireland, Scotland, and Tyrol; the amygdaloid of Bishopton (galactite), acicular crystals, several inches long; at Glen Farg in Fifeshire; in Dumbartonshire; at Glenarm in the county of Antrim; at Portrush; and at Magee Island, near Larne, Ireland. Common in the augite syenite of the Langesuud fiord, near BreVik, southern Norway, in tine crystallizations, also in radiated forms and as the secondary spreusteiu (see further above). In North America, natrolite occurs in the trap of Nova Scotia, at Gates's mountain, Cape d'Or, Swan's Creek, Cape Blomidon, Two Islands. At Bergen Hill.N. J. ; sparingly at Chester, Ct. ; at Copper Falls, Lake Superior, in crystals, sometimes on native copper; also on New York Island; at Magnet Cove, Arkansas (anal. 13). Named Mesotype by Haily, from ue&oS, middle, and rvrtoS. type, because the form of the -crystal in his view a square prisni was intermediate between the forms of stilbite and analcite. Natrolite, of Klaproth, is from natron, soda; it alludes to the presence of soda, whence also the name soda-mesotype, in contrast with scolecite, or lime-mesotype. Schumacher's n&me jbergmannite. after Bergman n (1735-1784), dates from the same year ,(1801) with Hauy's mesotype. Artif. Obtained by Doelter by recrystallizatiori of the powdered mineral in water contain- ing carbon dioxide in a closed tube at 160. Further by digesting nephelite in a closed tube'at 200 with alkaline carbonates and carbonated water, analcite was obtained in distinct crystals, and also prismatic crystals which were inferred to tie natrolite. Jb. Min., 1, 134, 1890. Lemberg shows that the slow (5 mouths) action of potassium carbonate on natrolite causes an exchange of potassium for sodium, which action is reversed by sodium carbonate. The 604 SILICATES. action of calcium chloride brought about a partial change toward scolecite in. natural natrolite, but complete in the artificial substance. Zs. G. Ges., 28, 551, 1876. Ref. ' Aro, Langesund fiord (?), Zs. Kr. 3, 478, 1879, also 1 below; cf. Luedecke, Jb. Min., 2, 7, 1881. Artini and Brogger also obtained the axial ratios: & I h Mte. Baldo 0*97962 : 1 : 0-34991 Artini. Norway 0'98194 : 1 : 0'35345 Bgr. 9 See Seligmann, Zs. Kr., 1, 338, 1877, for early authorities, list of forms, etc. 3 Lang, Phil. Mag., 25, 43, 1863. 4 Bgr., 1. c., 1877. 6 Pal la. Salesl, Zs. Kr., 9, 386, 1884; some of these are very doubtful. 6 Artini, Rend. Ace. Line., Mte. Baldo, 36, 245, 1887. Also sarnie Bombiano, 4a, 51, 1888, Bombiano, 5a, 37,, 1889. ''Bgr.. G. For. Forh., 9, 266, 1887, Zs. Kr., 16, 596 et seq., 1890. 8 Stadtlander, Jb. Min., 2, 113, 1885; Luedecke, ib., 2, 7, 1881. ELLAGITE A. Nordenskiold, Beskrifn., etc., 118, 1855. H. = 25-30. Occurs in yellow, brownish, or reddish yellow crystalline masses, cleavable in two directions with the intersections near 90; subtranslucent to opaque; luster pearly on a cleavage surface. Igelstrom, 1. c., obtained: SiO 2 47'73, A1 2 O 3 25'20, FeO 5 92, CuO 8'72, H 2 O 12'81 = 100'38. B.L. fuses and forms a white enamel. Occurs with fine crystals of epidote at Aland, Finland. 454. SCOLECITE. Skolezit Qehlen & Fucks, Schw. J., 8, 361, 1813. Mesotype pt. Fibrous Zeolite pt. Lime-Mesotypo. Poonahlite Brooke, Phil. Mag., 10, 110, 1881. Punahlit Germ. Monoclinic, Axes a: 1 : 6 = 0-97636 : 1 : 0-34338; fi = 89 18' = C01 A 100 Flink 1 . 100 A HO = 44 18f ', 001 A 101 = 19 18', 001 A Oil = 18 57'. t (531, - 5-|) 3 u (1811-1, - 13-}?) 3 p (131, - 3-3) g (474, - H) 4 U'" = 52 2' mv = 33 59' a'e = 72 12' ri = 26 25' mm'" = *88 37' m'e = 64 14' oo' = *35 46' pp' - 88 8 V kk' = 54 14' oe' = 52 21' w' = 70 19' ee' = 36 If mo = 63 25' ao = 71? 20' It is shown by Luedecke that part of the scolecite deviates optically from the requirements of the monoclinic system; here belongs the mineral from the Schattige Wichel, etc. Crystals slender prismatic, twins with a as tw. pi., showing a feather-like striation on Z>, diverging upward at 15-22 Zeph. (24-26 Dx.); a ^ so as penetration-twins. Faces m often delicately striated hori- zontally. Crystals in divergent groups. Also massive, fibrous and radiated, and in nodules. Cleavage: m nearly perfect. H. = 5-5'5. G. = 2'16-2'4. Luster vitreous, or silky when fibrous. Transparent to subtrans- lucent. Pyroelectric : on heating, the end with oc -f-? also a -f-, * Forms 2 : I (210, i-2) (331, - 3) * (441, - 4)* - (311, - 3-3) 8 m. prsms Opticallv . Double refraction weak. Ax. pi. and Bx~J_ b. Bx a A t = 15-16. Axial angles, Schmidt 5 : Iceland 2H ar =.32 26' Li 2H or = 124 1' .-. 2V a r=3522' Iceland, Flink. 2H a y = 33 48' Na 2H oy = 123 0' .% 2V ay = 36 26' 2Ha.gr = 34 10' Tl SHo.gr = 121 26' . '. 2V a . Rr = 37 14' Also measured E y = 55 44' .-. /S = .1-4952 Comp. CaAl 2 Si 3 IO + 3H 2 or CaO.Al 3 3 .3SiO,.3H,0 = Silica 45-9, alumina 26-0, lime 14 -3, water 13-8 = 100. Anal. 1, IgelstrSm, Jb. Min., 361, 1871. 2, Hersch, Inaug. Diss., p. 12, Zurich, 1887. 3. Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 551, 1876. 4, Petersen, Jb. Min., 852, 1873. 5, E. E. Schmid, NATROLITE GROUP MESOLITE. 605 3er. Ges. Jena, 14, p. 62, June 9, 1880. 6, Luedecke, Jb. Miu., 2, 19, 1882. 7, Bechi, Boll. Com. G., 541 1879. 8, Hillebrand, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 20, 36, 1885. 9, J. T. Donald, Eng. Mug. J., 51, 474. April, 1891. 10, Darapsky, Jb. Min., 1, 66, 1888. 11, Hussak, Bol. Comm. Geol., S. Paulo, No. 7, p. 8, 180. 1. Lunddorrsfjall 2. Bulaudstindr 3. Iceland 4. Poonahlile 5. Etzlithal 6. Fellinenalp 7. Casarza 8. Table Mt., Col. 9. Black L., Quebec 10. Chili 11. TuberSo G. 2-256 2-296 2-27 2-27 2-15 SiO, 46-56 46-12 46-27 46-91 4570 46-43 46-65 46-03 46-24 47-69 45-96 A1 2 3 25-75 26-25 26-16 26-03 27-46 25-89 25-82 25-28 2603 2545 26-03 CaO 1500 14-37 13-70 13-33 14-29 14-07 14-44 12-77 14-09 14-05 1353 Ka 3 O 0-43 022 0-11 0-49 1-04 H 2 O 13-30 = 100-61 13-89 = 100 63 13-89 = 100-45 13 83 K 2 O 0-08 = 100-40 13-45 FeiO 3 0-:[6,MgOO-06=101 13-24 = 100-13 13 00 MgO 0-11 = 100-02 [14-48]K 2 O 0-13, Fe 2 O 8 0-27= 100 13-88 = 100-24 13-25 MgO tr. = 100'44 13-67 - 99 19 23 According to Damour, Iceland columnar masses lost nothing in dried air; nothing until the heat applied exceeded 100 C.; at 300 it had lost 5 p. c., which it regained in moist air; at a dull red heat the loss was 12 p. c., and it was no longer hygroscopic; at a bright red it lost 13*9 p. c., and became after intumescence a white enamel. Hersch (1. c.) has obtained the following results, after two hours' heating in each case: Temp. H,0 p. c. 105" 130 0-14 160 1 13 195 e 3-98 225 4-39 290 478 red ht. 13-86 p. c. Pyr., etc. B.B. sometimes curls up like a worm (whence the name from o-KooA.^, aworm, which gives scolecite, and not scolesite or scolezite); other varieties iutumesce but slightly, and all fuse at 2-2-2 to a white blebby enamel. Gelatinizes with acids like natrolite. Obs. Occurs in the Berufiord, Iceland, where fcfae crystals often exceed two inches in length, and are occasionally a quarter of an inch thick. It has also been met with in amygdaloid at Staffa; in the Isle of Mull; in Skye, at Talisker; near Eisenach in Saxony; near the Viesch Glacier, Valais; common in fine crystallizations in the Deccan trap area, in British India, near Poona, and from railroad tunnels and cuttings in the Bhor Ghat; in Greenland; at Pargas, Finland; iuAuvergne; the valley of Cachayual, in Chili; the Serra de Tuberao, Santa Catharina, Brazil. In the United States, in Colorado at Table Mountain near Golden in cavities in basalt. In Canada, at Black Lake, Megantic Co., Quebec, in a granite dike in the serpentine region. Artif. Obtained by Doelter in a manner analogous to other zeolites by recrystallization in a closed tube at 150. See Jb. Min., 1, 135, 1890. Lemberg shows that scolecite may be con- verted into natrolite (and mesolite) by the slow action of soda solutions, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 551, 1876. Ref. ' Ak. H. Stockh. Bihang. 13 (2), No. 8, 1887; cf. also Zeph., Zs. Kr., 8, 588, 1884; and earlier, Rose, Pogg , 28, 427. 1833; Luedecke, Jb. Min., 2, 1, 1881; the latter gives the early .literature. Further, Luedecke, Zs. Nat. Halle, 63, 42, 1890. 2 Cf. Dx., Min., 1, 386, 1862, Luedecke, 1. c. 3 Zeph., Iceland, 1. c. Flink, 1. c., also several doubtful planes. 5 Schmidt, Zs. Kr., 11, 587, 1886; cf. Dx., Luedecke, Flink, 1. c., also Wyrouboff, Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 266, 1886. On pyroelectricily, Rose and Riess, Pogg., 59, 368, 1843; Han-kel, Abh. Sachs. Akad., 12, 35, 1878, and Wied. Ann., 6, 56, 1879; Friedel and Gramont, Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 75, 1885. 455. MESOLITE. Fuchs & Gelilen, Schw. J., 8, 353, 1813, 18, 16, 1816. Mesotype pt. Fibrous Zeolite pt. Me'hl-Zeolith pt. Lime-and-Soda Mesotype. Antrimolite Thorn., Min., 1, 326, 1836. Harringtonite Thorn., ibid., 328. Monoclinic and triclinic 1 In prismatic crystals near scolecite in form and angles, and twinned like them. Prismatic angle about 88. Lateral planes often vertically striated. In more or less divergent groups or tufts, often very delicate. Also massive; nodules or masses usually silky fibrous or columnar; often bristled with capillary crystals; sometimes consisting of interlaced fibres; rarely stalactitic, radiated fibrous within; occasionally cryptocrystalline, porcelain-like. Des Cloizeaux describes crystals which are twins and show variations in extinction-directions which throw them into the triclinic system, Min., 1 388. 1862. Brazilian crystals, examined by Hussak, are also complex twins and apparently triclinic. Cleavage: prismatic, perfect. Brittle, but tough when cryptocrystalline. H. =5. G. = 2'2-2'4; 2'39, Iceland. Luster of crystals vitreous; of fibrous masses more or less silky, Color white or colorless, grayish, yellowish. Trans- parent to translucent; opaque, when amorphous. 606 SILICATES. Var. Besides (a) the ordinary acicular and capillary crystallizations, divergent tufts (less delicate commonly than those of natrolite, but sometimes downy), and fibrous nodules or masses, mesolite occurs (b) in fibrous stalactites, with the fibers radiating from the center the variety called Antrimolite by Thomson, from Antrim, Ireland, having H. = 35-4, G. = 2'096; also (c) amorphous, chalk- white, like an almond in luster, opaque and tough, with H. = 5-5*5, and G. = 2-21, the variety named Harringtonite by Thomson, also from Antrim; G. = 2174, Haughton. Galaclite\\>. 602) is intermediate between natrolite and ordinary mesolite. Com p. Intermediate between natrolite and scolecite and corresponding to aAl Si 3HO ^^ e ra ^ io ^ etweeu t ^ iese two compounds varies somewhat. If, sts'dften, Na a -. Oa = 1 : 2, the percentage composition is: Silica 46*4, alumina 26-3, lime 9'6, soda 5 -3, water 12 -4 = 100. Anal. 1-3, Schmid, Pogg., 142, 121, 1871. 4, Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 552, 1876, 5. Luedecke, Jb. Min. f 2, 33, 1881. 6, Pisani, C. R., 73, 1448, 1871. 7, O. C. Marsh, Dana Min., 431, 1868. 8, Hillebrand, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 20, 35, 1885. 9, Sadtler, Am. Ch. J., 4, 357, 1883. 10, Hussak, Bol. Comm. G., S. Paulo, No. 7, 5, 1890. 11, 12, Darapsky, Jb. Mm., 1, 66, 1888. 13, Heddle, Phil. Mag., 13, 148, 1857. 14, C. v. HSuer, Ber. Ak. Wien, 12, 294, 1854. 15, Haughton, Phil. Mag., 32, 225, 1866. 1. Stroma 2. Iceland 3. 4. 5. Pflasterkaute 6. Gignat 7. 0. Blomidon, N. S. 8. Table Mt., Col. 9. Fritz Is., Pa. 10. Botucatu 11. Atacama 12. Coquimbo 13. Ireland, Antrimolite 14. " Harringtonite 15. Bombay, " G. 2-16 2-18 2-18 2-232 2-174 SiO a A1 2 3 CaO Na 2 O H 2 47-40 27-05 9-16 4-69 1335 MgO 0-06 = 101-71 47-13 26-52 10-37 450 13-19 MgO 0-03 = 101-74 46-58 27-57 Q-ll 3-64 12-94 MgO 0-08 = 99-92 45-96 26-69 9-47 5-99 12-78 = 99-99 43-83 29-04 7-84 7-80 11-75 = 100-26 42-3 28-1 100 67 14-1 K 2 tr. = 101-2 4589 2755 9-13 5-09 12-79 K 2 0-48 = 100-98 46-17 26-88 8-77 619 12-16 = 100-17 4329 25-02 12-15 3-40 16-01 = 99-87 47-61 26-80 7-08 7-80 12-11 = 101-40 46-74 25-99 9-11 5-23 12-41 = U9-48 45-15 26-53 11-86 2-24 1381 K 2 O 45 = 100-04 45-98 26-18 10-78 4-54 13-00 = 100-45 45-07 26-21 11-32 3-75 14-34 *= 100-69 45-60 27-30 12-12 2-76 12-99 K 2 O 0-63, MgO tr. =101 -40 At 100 1-41 p. c. Pyr., etc. Yields water in the closed tube. B.B. becomes opaque, swells up into vermicular forms, but not in so marked a manner as scolecite, fusing easily to a blebby enamel. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid (Fuchs). Obs. Occurs in amygdaloid and related rocks. The fibrous kinds, especially the coarser, are usually a little less smoothly or neatly fibrous than those of uatrolite. On Skye, in delicate interlacing crystals called cotton-stone, and in feathery tufts, and in solid masses consisting of radiating crystals; in downy tufts and other forms at NaalsO, Faroer; also with chabazite in Eigg; near Edinburgh and Kinross, and at Hartfield Moss, in Scotland; in Antrim, at the Giant's Causeway, in acicuhir crystallizations; also at Ballintoy in Antrim, stalactitic (antrimolite), investing yellow calcite, or chabazite; in Antrim, in veins of amorphous mesolite (harringtonite), at Port rush and at the Skerries; and at Magee Island, and Agnew's Hill, 5 m. W. of Larne. In cavities in the basalt of the Pflasterkaute, near Eisenach (Credner, Jb. Min., 59, I860, Luedecke, 1. c.) with Ihorasonite, gismondite, phillipsite, etc. In augite-porphyryte in the Serra de Botucatu, Brazil; also at other localities, as stated above. In the United States with other zeolites on Fritz island in the Schuylkill R., Penn.; in the basalt of Table Mt. near Golden, Colorado, with other zeolites. In the North Mountain of King's Co., and Gates's Mountain, of Annapolis Co., N. Scotia, with far5elite, in masses, sometimes large (one reported as large as a man's head), usually within fine fibrous, radiated, and somewhat plumose; also at Cape Blomidou. Ref. J Made triclinic by Dx. on optical grounds (Min., 1, p. 388), the crystals being pene- tration-twins and a section | c being divided into four sectors with extinction-directions inclined 11* to 15* in those adjacent, but alike for those opposite. Luedecke (Jb. Min., 2, 28, 1881; Zs. Nat. IlaHe, 63, 42, 1890) has attempted to establish an orthorhombic, a monoclinic, and a triclinic variety; the first being galactite from Bishoptown (which, however, is more naturally placed under natrolite); the second the inesolite from Iceland and Pflasterkaute; the third the crystals from an unknown locality described by Des Cloizeaux. Schmidt (Zs. Kr., 11, 594, 1886), however, argues that it is probably monoclinic like scolecite. THOMSONITE GROUP THOMSONITE. 607 456. Thomsonite 457. Hydronephelite Ranite. Thomsonite Group. Orthorhombic Hexagonal 456. THOMSONITE. Mesotype pt. H., Tr., 1801. Thomsonite (fr. Scotland) Brooke. Ann Phil 16, 193, 1820. Comptonite (fr. Somma) Brewster, Ed. Phil. J., 4, 181, Ib21. Mesole Berz., Ed. Phil. J , 7, 6, 1822. Triploklas Breith., Char., 1832. Chalilite T. Thomson, Min., 1, 324, 1836. Scoulerite R. D. Thomson, Phil. Mag., 17, 408, 1840. Ozarkitc (fr. Arkan- sas) Shep., Am. J Sc.. 2, 251. 1846. Karphostilbit . Walt.. Vulk. Gest, , 272, 1853. Faroelile (= Mesole) Heddle, Phil. Mag., 13, 50, 1857, 15, 28, 1858. Tousouite Ital Orthorhombic. Axes d : I : 6 = 0*99324 : 1 : 1-00662 Brogger 1 . 100 A 110 = 44 48f, 001 A 101 =.45 23', 001 A Oil = 45 11'. Forms 2 : a (100, i-l) b (010, ) c (001, 0) ro(110, /) r (101, 14) d (401, .44)? e (801,84)? x (0-1 -48, y (012, p (in. l) i. The axial ratio (as noted by Bgr.) deviates but little from the isometric system; cf. the angles for p below. mm rr' ar dd' = 89 37' = 90 46' = *44 37' = 152 17' = 165 56' = 2 24' = 53 26' = *26 43' pp' = 71 4f pp" = 110 Of pp'" = 70 31' v strong. Axial angles, Dx. : Dumbarton 2 r = 82-82 18' 2E bl = 84 ll'-84 -94 B.B. fuses to a white enamel, with intumescence. Dissolves in cold acids and gelatinizes. Occurs with caporciauite in the gabbro rosso of Tuscany. The name, from nixpoS, bitter, and thomsonite, alludes to the magnesia present. 457. HTDRONEPHELITE. F. W. Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 31, 265, 1886. Ranite. Raiiit S. R. Paijkull, Inaug. Diss., Ber. Ch.'Ges., 7, 1334, 1874. Rauite wrong orthog. Hydronephelit-spreusteiu Brogger, Zs. Kr., 16, 234, 1890. Probably hexagonal. In massive forms, with radiated structure. H. = 4-5-6. G. = 2-263 Clarke; 2 -4^ Paijkull. Luster vitreous. Color white; also dark gray to grayish black. Translucent to nearly opaque. Optically uniaxial, positive. Comp., Var. For hydronephelite HNa 2 Al 3 Si 3 12 + 3H a O or 2Na 3 0.3Al 3 0, 6Si0 2 .7H 2 Q = Silica 39'3, alumina 33-4, soda 13'5, water 13'8 = 100. Jlanite is (Na 2 ,Ca)Al 2 Si 2 O 8 + 2H 2 O, which is equivalent to, R 3 Al 3 Si 3 O 12 - + 3H a O like hydronephelite. Calcium is present with the sodium. Anal. 1, F. W. Clarke, 1. c, 2, Paijkull, 1. c. G. SiO a A1 2 3 CaO Na 2 O K 2 O H 2 O 1. HydronepheUte 2'263 38'99 33-62 0'07 13'07 1'12 12-98 = 99-85 2. Ranito 2-48 . ,39^1 31'79 5*07 H'55 11-71 Fe 3 O 3 0*57 = 99'90 Other analyses of hydronephelite on material slightly impure gave results similar to those qupted. Pyr., etc Fusible easily to a white enamel. Soluble in hydrochloric acid with, gelatin ization. Obs. Hydronephelite is from Litchfield, Maine, where it occurs intimately mixed with sodalite, from the alteration of which it has been derived. Ranite occurs on the island Laven (also called Lamo) in the Langesund fiord, Norway, where it has been formed from the alteration of elseolite. iSTamed for the old Norse sea-god, Ran. Brogger shows that it includes part of what has passed under the name of spreustein, see also p. 602. 610 SILICATES. APPENDIX TO ZEOLITES. CHLOBASTROLITE C. T. Jackson; J. D. Whitney, J. Nat. Hist. Boston, 5, 488, 1847. Shown by Hawes not to be a homogeneous mineral. An analysis gave: SiO a 37-41, A1 2 3 24-62, Fe 2 3 2-21, FeOl'81, MgO3'46, CaO 22*20, Na 2 O 0'32, H 2 O 7'72 = 99-75, Am. J. Sc., 10, 25, 1875. Referred by Hawes to prehnite, but by Lacroix to thomsonite on optical grounds, Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 147, 1888. It occurs in small rounded pebbles with finely radiated or stellated structure and of a light bluish green color. H. = 5'5. G. 3'180. Found on the shores of Isle Royale, Lake Superior, derived from the trap. Named from ^A&jpd?, green, acrrpor, star, Ai'QoS, stone. ZONOCHLOKITE A. E. Foote, Rep. Amer. Assoc., 65, 1873; App. n, 63. Similar to chlorastrolite. Hawes (Am. J. Sc., 10, 24, 1875) obtained from an analysis of a dark green specimen: SiO 2 35'94, A1 2 O 3 19'41, Fe 2 O 3 6'80, FeO 4'54, MgO 2'48, CaO 22'77, Na 2 O tr., H 2 O 8 40 100-34. Microscopic examination showed the presence of green earthy particles as impurities disseminated through a white mineral. From the amygdaloid of Neepigon Bay, Lake Superior. DOLIANITE EnglisJi collectors; Dx., Min., 1, 435, 1862. A. Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 356, 1885. A doubtful zeolitic mineral, stated to come from Knock Station, Ayrshire, Scotland. Occurs in cone-shaped masses with fan-shaped lamellar structure; cleavage basal, easy; soft; luster pearly; color white. Optically uniaxial, negative. B.B. fuses with some difficulty to a white enamel. Analysis, author unknown: Si0 2 53-24 A1 2 3 35*46 CaO 5'73 MgO 0'02 H,O 4'04 = 98'49 EPISPHARITE A. Knop, Zs. Kr., 18, 668, 1891. An undetermined zeolitic mineral occurring in white spherical forms with radiated fibrous structure on natrolite in the phonolyte of Oberschaft'hauseu, Kaiserstuhl, SASBACHITE (Saspachite) J. ScMll, Jb. Min., 452. 1846, Dx., Min., 1, 420, 1862. A zeolitic mineral from Sasbach in Kaiserstuhl, afforded J. Schill: SiO 2 51'50, A1 2 O 3 16'51, CaO 6 '20, K 2 O 6'82, MgO 1-93, H 2 O 17 00 99'96. Occurs in tufts of fibers and concretions; G. = 1'465; H. = 4-5; white or colorless; luster silky to vitreous. Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid. Occurs in doleryte in cavities, and is often overlaid by faujasite and apophyllite. SLOANITE MenegMni & Bechi, Am. J. Sc., 14, 64, 1852. Orthorhornbic. Cleavage: prismatic (75) very distinct. In radiated masses with transverse fracture. H. 4'5. G. = 2-441. Luster pearly. White. Opaque. Analysis, Bechi, 1. c. : SiO 2 42-19 A1 2 O 3 35-00 CaO 8*12 MgO 2-67 Na 2 O 0'25 K 2 O 0'03 H 2 O 12'50 = 100*76 B.B. fuses without intumescence to a white enamel. Dissolves in acids even in the cold, and gelatinizes. From the gabbro rosso of Tuscany. Named after Mr. Sloaue, proprietor of the Mte. Catini mine. UNKNOWN ZEOLITE 0. Beyer, Min. Mitth., 10, 31, 1888. In spherical forms and crusts, showing minute crystals (hexagonal?). H. = 45. G. = 2'162. Analysis, O. Beyer: SiO 2 57*50 A1 2 O 3 IS'll CaO 4*63 MgO 1*20 K 2 O 6'98 Na 2 O 2'40 H 2 O 10-48 = 101.30 Only slightly attacked by acids. Occurs in amygdaloidal cavities in slag-like inclusions of the basalt of the Grossdehsaer Berg. II. Mica Division. The species embraced under this Division fall into three groups : 1, the MICA GROUP, including the Micas proper; 2, the CLINTONITE GROUP, or the Brittle Micas; 3, the CHLORITE GROUP. Supplementary to these are the Vermiculites, hydrated compounds chiefly results of the alteration of some one of the micas. All of the above species have the characteristic micaceous structure, that is, they have highly perfect basal cleavage and yield easily thin laminae. They belong to the monoclinic system, but the position of the bisectrix in general deviates but little from the normal to the plane of cleavage; all of them show on the basal sec- tion plane angles of 60 or 120, marking the relative position of the chief zones of forms present, and giving them the appearance of hexagonal or rhombohedral symmetry; further, they are more or less closely related among themselves in the jingles of prominent forms. MICA GROUP. 611 The species of this Division all yield water upon ignition, the micas mostly from 4 to 5 p. c., the chlorites from 10 to 13 p. c.; this is probably to be regarded in all cases as water of constitution, and hence they are not strictly hydrous sili- cates. More or less closely related to these species are those of the Serpentine and Talc Division and the Kaolin Division following, many of which show distinctly a mica-like structure and cleavage and also pseudo-hexagonal symmetry. 1. Mica Group. Monoclinic. 458. Muscovite 459. 460. 461. Paragonite Lepidolite Zinnwaldite Potassium Mica H 2 KAl 3 (Si0 4 ) 3 a:i:6 = 0-57735 : 1 : 3-3128 ft = 89 54' Sodium Mica H a NaAl 8 (Si0 4 ); Lithium Mica KLi[Al(OH,F) 2 ]Al(Si0 3 ) 3 pt. Lithium-iron Mica (K,Li) 3 FeAl 3 Si 5 O l6 (OH,F) 2 ? n m Magnesium-iron Mica (H,K) a (Mg,Fe) 2 (Al,Fe) 2 (Si0 4 ) 3 pt. a : I : 6 = 0-57735 : 1 : 3'2743 ft = 90 0' (H,K,(MgF)) 3 Mg 3 Al(Si0 4 ) 3 Magnesium Mica; usually containing fluorine, nearly free from iron. 462B. Lepidomelane Annite Iron Micas. Contain ferric iron in large amount. 462, Biotite 462A. Phlogopite The species of the MICA GROUP crystallize in the monoclinic system 1 , but with a close approximation to either rhombohedral or to orthorhombic symmetry; the plane angles of the base are in all cases 60 or 120. They are all character- ized by highly perfect basal cleavage, yielding very thin, tough, and more or less elastic laminae. The negative bisectrix, a, is very nearly normal to the basal plane, varying at most but a few degrees from this; hence a cleavage plate shows the axial interference-figure, which for the pseudo-rhombohedral kinds is often uni- axial or nearly uniaxial. Of the species named above, biotite has usually a very small axial angle, and is often sensibly uniaxial; the axial angle of phlogopite is also small, usually 10 to 12; for muscovite, paragonite, lepidolite the angle is large, in air commonly from 50 to 70. The Micas may be referred to the same fundamental axial ratio with an angle of obliquity differing but little from 90 ; they show to a considerable extent the same forms, and their isomorphism is further indicated by their not infrequent intercrystallization in parallel position, as biotite with muscovite, lepidolite with muscovite, etc. A blow with a somewhat dull-pointed instrument on a cleavage plate of a mica develops in all the species a six-rayed percussion-figure^ (f. 1), two lines of which are parallel to the prismatic edges, the third, which is the most strongly characterized (Leitstrahl Germ.), is parallel to the clinopinacoid or plane of symmetry. The micas are often divided into two classes, according to the position of the plane of the optic axes. In the first class belong those kinds for which the optic axial plane is normal to b (010), the plane of symmetry (f. 1) ; in the second class the axial plane is parallel to the plane of symmetry. The percussion-figure serves to fix the crystallographic orienta- tion when crystalline faces are wanting. A second series of lines at right angles to those mentioned may be more or less distinctly developed 612 SILICATES. by pressure 3 of a dull point on an elastic surface, forming the so-called pressure- -figure; this is sometimes six-rayed, more often shows three branches only, and sometimes only two are developed. In f. 1 the position of the pressure-figure is indicated by the dotted lines. These lines are connected with gliding-planes inclined some 67 to the plane of cleavage (see beyond). The micas of the first class include: Muscovite, paragonite, lepidolite, also some rare varieties of biotite called anomite. The second class embraces : Zinnwaldite and most biotite, including lepidom- elane and phlogopite. Chemically considered, the micas are silicates, and in most cases orthosilicates, of aluminium with potassium and hydrogen, also often magnesium, ferrous iron, and in certain cases ferric iron, sodium, lithium (rarely rubidium and caesium); further, rarely, barium, manganese, chromium. Fluorine is prominent in some species, and titanium is also sometimes present. Other elements (boron, etc.) may be present in traces. All micas yield water upon ignition in consequence of the hydrogen (or hydroxyl) which they contain. The composition of the micas is still involved to a greater or less degree in uncertainty, and although much light has been thrown upon the subject in recent years, it is impossible to give general formulas, for all the different species, which do not rest to a greater or less extent upon hypothesis 4 . Tschermak explains the composition of the micas by regarding them as isomorphous mixtures of the following fundamental molecules:* K = H 2 KAl 3 Si 3 O 12 M = Mg 6 Si 3 O 12 S = H 4 Si 5 O 12 Of these, K corresponds to ordinary muscovite; M is a hypothetical polymere of chrysolite, and S a hypothetical silicon hydroxide which may also take the form Si 5 F i2 O 4 . In K other ratios may exist between the hydrogen and potassium, e.g., K" = HK 2 Al 3 Si 3 Oi 2 , etc.; also the potassium may be replaced by sodium and lithium; further, the aluminium by ferric iron (and chromium). Also the magnesium in M may be replaced by ferrous iron and manganese. As briefly summarized by the author the composition is as follows: Ordinary Muscovite, as already stated, corresponds to the simple orthosilicate formula, H 2 KAl 3 Si 3 Oi 2 . Some kinds, however, are more acidic and are interpreted as equivalent to 3H 2 KAl 3 Si 3 O l2 -f H 4 Si 5 O 12 . Lepidolite corresponds to 3K 3 Al 3 Si 3 Oi 2 -f- Si&F J2 O. 4 , with the potassium one-half replaced by lithium and the fluorine by hydrogen. Zinnwaldite is (K,Li) 3 Al 3 Si 3 O 12 ,Fe 6 Si 3 O 12 ,Si 5 (F,H) 12 O 4 in the ratio of 10 : 2 : 3. Ordinary Biotite ("Meroxene") is HKAl 2 Si 2 O 8 and Mg 4 Si 2 O 8 in the ratio of 1 : 1, 2 : 1, and intermediate ratios. For the " Auomite" analyzed the composition is assumed HK 2 Al 3 Si 3 Oi 2 ,Mg 6 Si 3 O] 2 , also in the ratios from 1 : 1 to 2 : 1. Lepidomelaue is H 2 KAl 3 Si 3 Oi 2 and Mg 6 Si 3 Oi 2 , with the aluminium largely replaced by ferric iron. Phlogopite is regarded as containing the molecules K 3 Al 3 Si 3 Oi 2 ,Mg 6 Si 3 Oi 2 ,H 4 Si 5 Oi 2 (or Si 4 F, 2 O 4 ), often in the ratio 3:4:1. For the fuller discussion of the subject and the process of calculation by which these sup- posed fundamental molecules are deduced, reference is made to the original memoirs. Rammelsberg 4 regards the micas as containing the three silicates K 2 SiO 3 , R 4 SiO 4 , R 6 SiO 5 in various molecular relations, e.g., Muscovite is R 4 SiO 4 + Al 4 Si 3 Oi 2 ; the more acidic kinds are R 14 Si 4 O l5 = R 2 Si0 3 -{- 3R 4 Si0 4 , which is further written wR 14 Si 4 O 16 + R 7 Si 4 O 15 + pR 14 Si I2 O 45 , in which m : n : p = 5 : 1 : 5, 7 : 1 : 7, 9 : 1 : 9 in different cases. Similarly the other micas are resolved into the same three silicates, and the ratios in which they enter are calculated. That this method of calculation is applicable to any silicate, however complex, is obvious, but it is difficult to believe that the results reached really give the true constitution of the compounds. Clarke 4 proposes to regard all the orthosilicate micas (as indeed other aluminous ortho- silicates) as substitution derivatives of Al 4 (SiO 4 ) 3 , in which the aluminium is more or less com- pletely replaced by other metals, the possible types being: 1. 2. 3. R 3 Al 3 (Si0 4 ) 3 R 6 Al 2 (Si0 4 ) 3 R 9 Al(SiO 4 ), Of these 2 is not essential, since it may be resolved into equal molecules of 1 and 3. Here * As written by Tschermak, these have the double form, K = H 4 K 2 Al 6 Si 6 O 2 4, etc., and similarly beyond. MICA GROUP. 613 R represents a univalent metal, as H,K,Na,Li, or a univalent radical, as MgF,AlF 2 , A1O. Further, i n n n type 1 is obviously equivalent to RRAl s (SiO 4 ) 3 , or again to R 3 AI 6 (SiO 4 ), where R = Mg,Fe,Mn, etc. ; similarly for the others. Under these types may be embraced, then, all the orthosilicate micas, those with fluorine being assumed to contain the group MgF (or A1F 2 ), and those with an excess of oxygen the univalent group AID. For the more acid micas, the assumption is made that, analogous to the feldspars, they contain polysilicic acid, H 4 Si 3 O 8 , which is tetrabasic like orthosilicic acid. For this there would be types similar to these above, so that the composition of a given mica would be expressed: 1. 2. 3. wR 3 Al 3 (Si0 4 ) 3 j R 6 Al a (Si0 4 ), j wR 9 Al(SiO 4 ) 3 etc. wR 3 Al 3 (Si 3 8 ), | wR 6 Al 2 (Si 3 8 ) 3 ( wR 9 Al(Si 3 O 8 ) 3 Or representing SiO 4 and SiO 8 by X, the micas then would fall within the limits of R 3 Al 3 Xi and R 9 A1X 3 . The application to muscovite will explain this: Ordinary muscovite is H 2 KAl 3 (SiO 4 ) 3 con- forming to type 1 above where R 3 = H 2 K; the acidic muscovites (phengite of Tschermak) are regarded as molecular mixtures of H 2 KAl 3 (SiO 4 ) 3 and H 2 KAl 8 (Si 3 O 8 ), Again normal lepidolite is a metasilicate, but (p. 311) metasilicic acid is equivalent to com- bined molecules of ortho- and polysilicic acid: 2H 2 SiO 3 = H 4 SiO 4 + H 4 Si 3 O 8 . Further, since the Li and A1F 2 vary somewhat with the silica and hence seem to be con- nected with Si 3 O 8 , normal lepidolite is resolved into HKLiAl 3 (SiO 4 ) 3 + (AlF 2 ) 3 K 3 Li 3 Al(Si 3 O 8 ) 3 The view of Clarke has the advantage that it assumes only one hypothetical molecule, which, moreover, is analogous to known compounds which play an important part in the Feldspar Group. Artif. The artificial formation of some of the micas has been recently accomplished by several methods. Early statements on the occurrence of mica-like minerals in slags are more or less questionable; more recently Vogt (Ak. H. Stockh., Bih. 9, 1, 39, 1884) describes mica in the slags of Kafveltorp, see also Id., Arch. Math. Nat., 13, 90, 1889. Hautefeuille and St. Giles (0. R., 104, 508, 1887) by fusing the constituents of iron-mica mixed with ^ of fluoride of silicon and potassium obtained on cooling (when some 3 to 4 p. c. of fluorine still remained) a mass of thin hexagonal tables, which were uniaxial, highly pleochroic (pale and deep brown). Similar mica scales of colorless, green, or brown were obtained when a small amount of potassium arsenate was added, and hydrogen allowed to act on the fused mass. Khrushchov in 1888 (Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 173) announced the formation of biotite, margarite, and muscovite(?) by fusing together different substances (as magnesia, baryta, cryolite) with lepidolite or a magma having its com- position with an excess of silica, alumina and alkaline fluorides. Cf. also Min. Mitth. , 9, 55, 1887, in which place the same author earlier describes an artificial magnesium mica. Doelter (Min. Mitth., 10; 67, 1888, Jb. Min., 2, 178, 1888) has also found several of the micas by fusing various natural silicates (hornblende, actinolite, glaucophaue, audalusite, garnet, etc.) with the fluor- ides of sodium and magnesium; micas corresponding to biotite, phlogopite, muscovite, zinn- waldite were obtained. Pliny probably included the mineral mica with the Lapis specularis (36, 45) or Seknite; and the shavings or scales of Lapis specularis strown over the "Circus Maximus," to produce an agreeable whiteness, were probably those of a soft silvery mica schist. His Hammochrysos also (37, 73, named from djujuoS, sand, XP VO "<>$> gold) was probably sand from a yellowish mica schist, which abounds by the roadside in many mica-schist regions. Agricola speaks of the deceptive character of this silvery and golden dust, as cited below. This silvery and golden mica in scales is the Cat-stiver and Cat-gold of mediaeval Europe (Katzengold, Katzensilber,&5rw., Or (Argent) des chats Fr. ). The following is the synonymy of the mineral since the time of Pliny: Mica, Ammochrysos, colore argeuto ita simile sit, ut pueroset rerum metallicarum imperitos decipere possit, Germ. Glimmer, Katzen-Silber, Agric., Foss., 254, 447, Interpr., 466, 1546. Specularis lapis adulterinus flexilis sexangulorum Capeller, Prodr. Cryst., 26, 1723. Mica [Talc not included], Vitrum Muscoviticum. V. Rutheniticum, Skimmer, YAR. alba (Kattsilver), flava (Kattgull), rubra, viridis [Chlorite fr. Sahlberg]. nigra. squamosa. radians, fluctuans, hemi- sphevica, Wall., Min., 129, 131, 1747. Mica pt. [rest "Talc, Chlorite], Verre de Moscovie, etc., Fr. Trl. Wall., 1, 241, 1753. Mica, Glimmer, Vitrum Muscoviticum (in plates), Mica squamosa (in scales) Cronst., Min., 88, 1758. Isinglass (in large plates), Glimmer or Mica (in small scales) pt. (rest Talc, Chlorite) Hill, Foss., 10, 13, 1771. Glimmer [Chlorite and Talc excluded] Wern. t Bergm. J., 37, 1789. The word mica has been said to come from the Latin mica, a crumb or grain, as it was 614 SILICATES. formerly applied especially to the mineral in scales. It is usually derived, however, f^om the Latin micare, signifying (like the German name Glimmer] to shine. Ref. * On the crystallization of the micas, see Tschermak, who first proved them to be all monoclinic, Ber. Ak. Wien, 76 (1), 97, 1877, and Zs. Kr., 2, 14, 1877; also Koksharov, Mem. Ac. St. Pet., 24, 1, 1877, Min. Russl., 7, 167, et seq., 8, 1, etc.; cf. also references under the individual species beyond. * Reusch (" Kornerprobe"), Ber. Ak. Berlin, 428, July 9, 1868, 83, Feb. 4, 1869, 440, May 29, 1873. 3 Bauer, percussion- and pressure-figures, Pogg., 138, 337, 1869; Zs. G. Ges., 26, 137, 1874. See also Reusch, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 530, 1869, on the effect of super- imposed mica plates with axes inclined 60 in producing elliptically polarized light; also Cooke, Mem. Am. Ac. Boston, 35, 1874. Etching-figures, Baumhauer, Zs. Kr., 3, 113, 1878; Wiik, Ofv. Finsk. Soc., 22, 1880. Elasticity investigated, Coromilas, Inaug. Diss., Tubingen, 1877 (Zs. Kr., 1, 411, 1877). 4 On the composition of the group, see Tschermak, 1. c., and Ber. Ak. Wien, 78 (1), 5, 1878, or Zs. Kr., 3, 122, 1878. Also Rainmelsberg, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 616, 1878, 248, 833. 1879; Zs. G. Ges., 31, 676, 1879; Wied. Ann., 7, 136, 1879, 9, 113, 302, 1880; Min. Ch. Erg., 112 et seq., 1886. The analyses of Rarnmelsberg, quoted in the following pages, are in general taken from the last- named source. The whole subject has been more recently reviewed by the same author in Abh. Ak. Berlin, 1889 (read Feb. 14). See also Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 38, 384, 1889. 40, 410, 1890; also earlier papers noted under the several species beyond, as, ibid., 32, 353, 1886, 34, 131, 1887. 458. MUSCOVITE. Common Mica; Potash Mica; Biaxial Mica; Oblique Mica. Glimmer, Kaliglimmer, Zweiaxiger Glimmer, Germ. Muscovite Dana, Min., 356, 1850. Pheugit KbL, Taf., 62, 1853. DAMOURITE. Hydromica. Gilbertite Thomson, Min., 1, 235, 1836. Nacrite (fr. Maine) Thorn., Rec. Gen. Sc., 3, 332, 1836. Talcite (fr. Wicklow) Thomson, Rec. Gen. Sc., 3, 332, 1836 [not Talcite Kirwan = massive scaly talc]. Margarodit Schafhautl, Lieb. Ann., 46, 336, 1843. Damourite Delesse, Ann. Ch. Phys., 15. 248, 1845. Adamsite Shep., Hitchcock's Rep. G. Vt., 1, 484, 1857. Sterliiigite J. P. Cooke, Mem. Am. Ac. Boston, 39, 1874. SericitZ^. Lieb. Ann., 81, 257, 1852. Metasericit Sandberger, Unt. Erzg., 77, 1882. Hydromuscovite A. Johnstone, Q. J. G. Soc., 45, 363, 1889. Onkosin Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 2, 295, 1834. Onkophyllit Sandberger, Ber. Ak. Milnchen, 18, 480, 1888. Didymit (Didrimit) SchajMutl, Lieb. Ann., 46, 330, 1843. Didrimit, Id., J. pr. Ch., 76, 136, 1859. Amphilogite Schafhautl. Lieb. Ann., 46, 330, 1843. Leucophyllite Starkl, Jb. G. Reichs., 33. 653, 1883. Pyknophyllit Starkl, ibid., 649, 1883. Lepidomorphit Sandberger, Unt. Erzg., 344, 1885. Fuchsite, Chromglimmer pt., Schafhautl, Lieb. Ann., 44, 40, 1842. (Ellacherite Dana, Am. J. Sc., 44, 256, 1867. Sandbergerite Heddle, Enc. Brit,, 16, 413, 1883. Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 = G'57735 : 1 : -3-3128; ft = 89 54|' = 001 A 100 Tschermak 1 . 100 A 110 = 30 0', 001 A 101 = 80 12J', 001 A Oil = 73 ' Forms: e (023, fl) g (O'17'l, 17-1) b (010, i-i) r (Oil, 14)? o (112, - ) c (001, 0) y (043, f-i) n (334, - f)? Also p (205, f-i), C (135, - f-3), gliding-planes. M (221, - 2) V (111,1) JV(261, - 6-3) x (131, 3-3) 1. 2. 3. ^^^ c ^* A* _ft *x M M L b M b fell ,M Figs. 1-3, Tschermak: 1, Soboth; 2, Rothenkopf ; 3, Abiihl. cp ce cr cy CO = 66 32' = 65 38' = 73 12' = 77 15' = 73 7*' en = 78 32V cM = *85 36' cp = *81 30' ex - 85 4' cN = 87 27V cC = 66 25' oo' - 57 10' MM 1 = 59 48' fin' = 59 16V xx' - 119 16' NN' = 119 48' K' = 105 4' bx = 30 22' bN = 30 6' bcM = *60 0' Twins common according to the mica-law : tw. plane a plane in the zone cM normal to c, the crystals often united hy c and chiefly left-handed twins (see MICA GROUP MUSCOVITE. 615 further under biotite, and f. 3, 4, p. 628). Crystals rhombic or hexagonal in outline with plane angles of 60 or 120. Habit tabular, passing into tapering forms with planes more or less rough and strongly striated horizontally; vicinal forms common. Folia often very small and aggregated in stellate, plumose, or globular forms; or in scales, aud scaly massive; also crypto-crystalline and compact massive. Cleavage: basal, eminent. Also planes of secondary cleavage || b and several undetermined pyramids in the unit series as shown in the percussion-figure, which is a six-rayed star with rays || m, in' and #, see p. 611. Parting by pressure further developed || the gliding- planes p (205) and C (135) inclined about 66^- to c\ natural plates hence often yield narrow strips or thin fibers || axis b, and less distinct in directions inclined 60 to this; the traces of these planes of parting on c give the pressure-figure (p. 612). Thin laminae flexible and elastic when bent, very tough, harsh to the touch, passing into kinds which are less elastic and have a more or less unctuous or talc-like feel. Etching-figures on c monoclinic in symmetry. H. = 2-2-5. G-. = 2-76-3. Luster vitreous to more or less pearly or silky. Colorless, gray, brown, hair-brown, pale green, and violet, yellow, dark olive-green, rarely rose-red. Streak uncolored. Transparent to translucent. Pleochroism usually feeble; distinct in some deep colored varieties (see beyond). Absorption in the direction normal to the cleavage plane (vibra- tions || b, c) strong, much more so than transversely (vibrations || a); hence a crystal unless thin is nearly or quite opaque in the first direction when translucent through the prism. Optically . Double refraction rather strong. Ax. pi. _[_ b and nearly J_ c. Bx a (= o) inclined about 1 (behind) to a normal to c. Dis- persion p > v. Axial angle variable, usually about 70, but diminishing to 50 in kinds (phengite) relatively high in silica. The axial angle also diminishes somewhat with increase of temperature. Axial angles, Tschermak : Bengal 2E r = 69 12' 2E y = 68 54' 2E gr = 68 30' 2E b i = 67* 54' Abiihl 2E r =63 1' 2E y = 62 46' 2Egr = 62 15' Rothenkopf 2E r = 60 38' 2E y = 60 12' 2E gr = 60 6' Also, Scharizer: Schiittenhofen 2E r = 74 50' 2E y = 73 52' /3 = 1'5135 y = 1'5261 2E r = 70 40' 2E y = 70 4' A large number of measurements of the axial angle are given by Silliman, also others by Grailich, these are quoted in 5th Ed., pp. 312-314. Refractive indices: tt y = 1-5609 Na ft? = 1-5941 y? = 1-5997 Kohlrausch o-r = 1-5566 Li fi r = 1-5899 y r = 1'5943 Pulfrich a y = 1-5601 Na ft y = 1'5936 y y = 1-5977 ttgr= 1-5635 Tl ft gr = 1-5967 y^ = 1-6005 Measurements showing variation of axial angle with temperature, Dx.: N. Hampshire 2E r = 70 29' at 12 68 56' at 95 -5 68 17' at 146 -5 68 5' at 185 '8 Goshen, rose-red 2E = 76 35' at 12 76 7' at 95 -5 75 30' at 146 '5 75 10' at 170 -8 Tschermak found the apparent angle between Bx a (= a) and the normal to c for crys tals from Abiihl, 1 42'; Bengal, 1 40'; East Indies, 31'. Var. 1. Ordinary Muscovite. In crystals as above described, often tabular fl c, also tapering with vertical faces rough and striated: the basal plane often rough unless as developed by cleavage. More commonly in plates without distinct outline, except as developed by pressure (see above); the plates sometimes very large, but passing into fine scales, arranged in plumose or other forms. In normal muscovite the thin laminae spring back with force when bent, the scales are more or less harsh to the touch, unless very small, and a pearly luster is seldom prominent. 2. DAMOURITE. Including margarodite, gilbertite, hydro-muscovite, and most hydro-mica in general. Folia less elastic and luster somewhat pearly or silky and feel unctuous like talc. The scales are usually small and it passes into forms which are fine scaly or fibrous, as sericite, and finally into the compact crypto-crystalline kinds called oncosine, including much piuite. 616 SILICATES. Axial angle for damourite chiefly from 60 to 70; for Pontivy 10-12 Dx. Named after the French chemist, Damour. Often derived by alteration of cyanite, topaz (anal. 21, 22), corundum (anal. 27). Although often spoken of as hydrous micas, it does not appear that damourite and the varieties following necessarily contain more water than ordinary muscovite; they may, however, give it off more readily. Sterlingite, Cooke, is a variety of damourite from Sterling, Mass., associated with spodumene in the vein of a large boulder rock. It differs from the damourite of Poutivy only in having a large axial angle (70), which, however, has proved to be characteristic of most damourite. Margarodile, as named by Schafhautl, was the talc-like mica of Mt. Greiner in the Zillerthal (anal. 86); granular to scaly in structure, luster pearly, color grayish white. By various authors (Greg & Lettsom, Keungott, Dana, 5th Ed., et al.) the name has been used for kinds of musco- vites now more commonly embraced under the head of damourite. Named from juapyapirr/s, a pearl, in allusion to the luster. Tschermak notes that the original margarodite has something of the brittleness of paragonite and margarite; he regards it as a mixture of these micas with muscovite. Gilbertite, as originally described by Thomson, was in whitish, silky forms from the tin mine of Stenna-Gwynn (Stonagwyu), St. Austell, Cornwall, with tiuorite in granite. Named after Davies Gilbert, a President of the Royal Society. Frenzel describes the same mineral from the tin mines of the Erzgebirge (Saxony and Bohemia), Ehreiifriedersdorf , Zinnwald, etc. It has a greenish to yellowish white color; translucent. H. = 1. G. = 2'65-2*72. It occurs massive, with a dense to crystalline structure, filling cavities between the cassiterite and wolframite. A second variety occurs in spherical or stellate forms, and also in groups of six- sided tabular crystals. It is, moreover, found pseudomorph after scheelite and apatite. H. = 3. G. = 2'82. Greg & Lettsom (p. 201) include gilbertite and also Thomson's nacrite and talcite under margarodite. Talcite is from Wicklow, Ireland, where it invests crystals of andalusite; called by Thoirson crystals of nacrite. Aiamsite of Shepard is a greenish black mica, constituting a micaceous schist or rock in Derby, Vt. It contains, according to G. J. Brush (Am. J. Sc., 34, 216, 1862): SiO 2 47*76, Al a O* 8 (Fe a O,) 36-29, CaO 0*24, MgO 1'85, alkalies [8-77], ign. 5 '09 = 100. It has all the ordinary characters of common mica; it is referred by Brush to margarodite. Mgtite T. D. Rand, Proc. Ac. Philad., 142, 1868. In films and seams in massive cryolite from Greenland. Granular, approaching micaceous. H. = 2-2 '5. G. = 2 '05. Color pale yellowish green to yellow. Analysis: Si6 2 36*49, A1 2 O 3 24*09, Fe 2 O 3 7*54, Na 2 O 16*03, F0'75, H 2 O 3-42, loss 11-68 = 100. See Hagemann, Am. J. Sc., 47, 133, 1869, and Min., App. i, p. 7; also Johnstrup, who refers it to gilbertite, Forh. Skand. Nat., 12, 240, 1883. Sericite is a tine scaly muscovite united iu fibrous aggregates and characterized by its silky luster (hence the name from err/pi KO 5, silky}. It was described from the silky-schist (sericite- schist) of the Nerothal near Wiesbaden, and shown to have a somewhat wide distribution in the Taunusaud elsewhere. Its essential identity with muscovite, earlier suggested, has been insisted upon by Laspeyres (Zs. Kr., 4, 244, 1879), and later by others. It is shown that the material analyzed has usually been more or less impure. According to Laspeyres the original sericite was derived from the alteration of feldspar. Metasericite of Saudberger is a greenish white fine scaly substance with a soapy feel. It occurs as an alteration-product of oligoclase in granular gneiss of the Wildschapbach-Thal in Baden. See anal. 45. Lepidomorphite, also of Sandberger, is a fine scaly product of the alteration of oligoclase in the granite of Wittichen, Badeu. It has the high silica of the pheugite varieties of muscovite; anal. 46. Pycnophyllite forms spherical or elongated masses with quartz in mica schist. Feel greasy, talc-like. Color leek-green, apple-green, sea-green. From Kohlgraben (anal. 47), also from Aspaug, in the Klein-Pischingbach-thal in Austria (anal. 48). Leucophyllite forms masses resembling sericite from the Anna-Kapelle, northwest of Wies- math (anal. 49), and from Ofenbach near Frohsdorf on the Leitha, Austria (anal. 50). 3. ONCOSINE. Forms rounded aggregates, compact in structure and of a light green color, embedded iu dolomite of Passeckeu near Tamsweg, Salzburg. It has been referred to pinite and is probably to be taken as a compact form of muscovite (cf. Tschermak). Named from oyKoocriS, a swelling up, in allusion to its intumescence B.B. A compact form of muscovite from South Africa has been described by Cohen, Jb. Min., 1, 123, 1887, and anal. 51, 52. See further p. 621 for other substances referred to pinite, which, so far as they are homogeneous, probably belong here with muscovite. Oncophyllite is a name proposed by Sandberger for the secondary compact tnica, like Oncosine, derived from the alteration of feldspar. Didymite (didrimite, amphilogite) is mica in fine scales of a greenish or grayish white color, occurring in the chlorite schists of the Zillerthal. and supposed to be peculiar in containing cal- cium carbonate; this, however, is probably due to impurity. Named didymite from didv/uoS, twin; amphilogite from au(piA.oyoS, doubt, in allusion to the uncertain composition. The following are peculiar in composition: FUCHSITE. Chromglirnmer Germ. A mica characterized by the presence of chromium sesquioxide. The original was from Schwarzenstein in the Zillerthal (anal. 53); other varieties nave since been noted from other points. Named from the chemist, J. N. v. Fuchs. MICA GROUP MUSCOVITE. 617 A chromium mica from the Ural, examined by Arzruni (anal. 56), gave 2E r = 71 34'. 2E y = 68 35 , 2E gr = 67 17'. A i- /-it I *-*t -fvrkiii \FMM tnrrumit'Ar ( *t\ "\TciTTrla rirl AYSimiiipH "hv A O ^lill ^Qn.l the axial angles: Another from Montgomery Co., Maryland, examined by A. C. Gill (anul. 58), was strongly pleochroic: c bluish chrome-green; fo yellowish green; a robin's-egg blue. Axial angles: 2E r = 71 24 Li, 2E = 68 16' Na. The variety from Ouro Preto, analyzed by Gorceix (anal. 60) gave Des Cloizeaux 2E = 69 to 70 , dispersion p > v. AVALITE Losanitsch, Ber. Chem. Ges., 17, 1774, 1884. Occurs in earthy aggregates of thin crystalline scales in the quartzyte of Mt. Avala near Belgrade. Analysis of material freed by decautation and boiling in aqua regia from impurities, except some sand and chromite: SiO 2 5613 Cr 2 3 14-59 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 14-37 1-10 MgO 0-43 K 2 354 ign. H 2 O 5 38 2-39 chroraite 1'68 = 99 '61 Two other analyses of less pure material gave about the same results. It apparently belongs near the above chromium micas, but the material examined was too impure to allow of a decision in regard to its exact composition. OELLACHERITE including part of the so-called barium mica (other kinds belong to biotite), contains several per cent, of BaO. G. = 2 "884-2 '994. 2E r = 79 21 , 2E b , = 78 45', Dx. The original occurs near Keinmat in the Pfitschthal, Tyrol. Occurs also in the mica schist of the Habachthal, Salzburg, Saudberger, Jb. Min., 624, 1875, 367, 1879. See auals. 61-63. water 4'5 = 100. Some ki they are nally by regarded as molecular mixtures of H 2 KAl 3 (SiO 4 ) 3 and H 2 KAl 3 (Si 3 O 8 ) ? , Iron is usually present in small amount only; barium is rarely present as above noted, also chromium in some cases. Anal. 1, S. Blau, quoted by Tschermak, 1. c. 2, L. Sipocz, ibid. 3, 4, Scharizer, Zs. Kr., 13. 459, 461, 1888. 5, Sch wager. Zs. Kr., 11, 257, 1885. 6, Riggs, Am. J. Sc., 32, 356, 1886. 7, F. W. Clarke, ib., 34. 131, 1887. 8, Rg., Miu. Ch., 514, 1875. 9, A. Becker, Zs. Kr., 17, 131, 1889. 10-12. Rg., Min. Ch., Erg., 113, 1886. 13, 14, Schlaepfer, Jb. Min., 1, 8 ref., 1891. 15 L. Sipocz, 1. c. 16, Lobisch, quoted by Tschermak, 1. c. 17, 18, Willfing, Ber. Ch. Ges., 19, 2433, 1886. 19, Foullon and Goldschmidt, Jb. G. Reichs, 37, 12. 1887. 20, Delesse, 1. c. 21, 22, Chatard, Am. J. Sc., 28, 21, 1884. 23, F. W. Clarke, ib., 32, 354, 1886 24, Schwarz, quctsd by Tschermak, Ber, Ak. Wien. 58 (1), 17, 1868. 25, Sharpies and Koenig, Am Phil. Soc., 13, 384, 1873. 26, Genth, ib. 27, Koeniir, ib. 28, Cooke, Mem. Am. Ac. Boston, 39, 1874. 29, 30, Smith and Brush, Am. J. Sc., 16, 46, 1853. 31, Id., ibid., 15, 210, 1853. 32 Lehunt, quoted by Thomson, Min., 1, 236, 1836. 33-35, Frenzel, Jb. Miu., 794, 1873. 36, Schafhiiutl, 1. c., Lieb. Ann., 46, 325, 1843. 37, Hlasiwetz, Kenng. Ueb., 67, 1858. 38, Laspeyres, Zs. Kr., 4, 249, 1879, after deducting 19 p.c. insol. 39, Groddeck. Jb. Min. ; Beil., 2, 90, 1883. 40, 41, Schwaeer [quoted by Gumbel. G. Beschr. Fichtelgebirge, 126, 1879], Hiutze, Min., 2. 634, 1891. 42, Takayama, quoted by B. Koto, J. Coll. Sc., Japan, 2, 89, 1888. 43, Sennhofer, Min. Mitth., 5, 188, 1883. 44, Schmidt, Jb. Min., Beil., 4, 429, 1886. 45, Sandberger, 1. c., 46, Id , ibid., p. 344. 47-50, Starkl, 1. c 51, 52, Cohen, Jb. Min., 1, 123, 1887. 53, Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 2, 295, 1834. 54, Cossa, quoted by Gastaldi, Att. Ace. Torino, 10, 197, 1874. 55. Schafhiiutl, Lieb. Ann., 44 40, 1842. 56, Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 97, 1882, Zs. Kr., 7, 17, 1882. 57, Cairns, quoted by Chester, Am. J. Sc., 33, 284, 1887. 58, Chatard, quoted by A. C. Gill, Johns Hopkins Univ. Circular, No. 75, 1889. 59, C. Klement, Bull. Mus. Belg., 5, 164, 1888. 60, Gorceix, Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 308, 1882. 61, Oellacher, Kenug. Ueb. Min., 49, 1860. 62, Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 14, 763, 1862. 63, Bergmaun, quoted by Sandberger, Jb. Min., 625, 1875. Muscovite. 1. Bengal 5. Forst, Tyrol 6. Auburn, Me. G. 2-831 2. East Indies 2*830 3. Schuttenhofen 2 "835 2-854 2-93 Incl. Rb,Cs. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO CaO K a O Na 2 O H 2 O F 45-57 3672 0'95 1'28 0-38 0'21 881 0'62 5#5 0'15Li 2 OO-19 [= 99-93 45-71 36-57 1'19 1*07 0'71 0'46 9 22 0'79 4'83 0'12 = 100'67 43-67 36-70 2'10 0'55 8'57" 1'95 5'50 b 0'35 Li 2 O tr. [= 99-39 )-19Li 2 OO'37 44-08 36-84 0'48 0'99 0-20 11 -10 0'21 6'15 0- L= 100-61 45-28 37-59 M8 C 0'17 0'09 10'32 1'20 4'12 = 99'95 44-48 3570 1'09 1'07 tr. O'lO 9'77 2'41 5'50 0'72 Li 2 O tr. [= 100-84 b Below 300' 1-15. c MnO 0'25. 318 SILICATES. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. G. Alex. Co.,N. C. Goshen, pink 2*859 Freiberg S. Royalston 2 '947 Ytterby, white Broddbo, Bamle 2'752 Haddam 2-802 Zillerthal 2'892 Soboth Rhemwaldhorn 2 '867 2-895 Syra, light green i SiO, A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO CaO K 2 O Na 2 O H 2 O 45-40 33-66 2'36 1'86 - 8'33 1-41 5'46 47-0236-83 0'51 l'05 a O-26 9 80 0'30 b 3 90 46-74 32-56 1'55 0'92 1-18 10'37 1'02 3'55 45-97 30-40 5-11 1-05 2 03 9'92 0'59 4'00 45-21 33-40 2 78 2'00 1-58 10-71 0-42 3'95 4713 30-60 481 0'61 1-30 10'26 0'74 4-02 4538 30-16 3-65 0'86 1-20 10-49 1-83 5'99 45-05 3057 M4 1-73 0'97 10-23 2-13 6'19 45'87 30-86 5-70 1'69 1-56 0'23 9'07 0'54 4'60 48 76 29-9i 4'24 0'41 2'63 0'33 6'83 2-31 4'60 47-69 28-30 1 02 3'88 2'72 9'06 1-87 4'07 47-72 25-96 1-76 6-55 2'30 - - 10'18 1'70 3'42 49-34 23-69 6'84 2'97 1'25 10'74 0'78 4'40 * MnO. * Inch Li 2 O. F 0-69 TiO 2 1-10 [= 100-27 0-52 = 100-19 TiO 2 l-52 [ = 99-41 0-74 = 99 81 0-94 = 100-99 0-64 = 100-11 - TiO 2 l-48 [= 10104 1-26 = 99 27 = 100-12 = 100-02 TiOaO-11 [= 98-72 TiO a O-18 [= 99-77 = 100-01 Damourite. Q. Si0 2 A1 2 3 Fe a 3 FeO MgO CaO K a O Na 2 O H,0 20. Pontivy 2'792 f 45-22 37-85 tr. tr. 11-20 5-25 = 99-52 21. Stoueham, Me. 45 :9 3332 4-25 0-36 11-06 1-57 4-48 MnOO-58 [= 100-81 22. i 45-34 u3-9C> 396 o-io 0-22 10-73 1-49 4'78MnOO-51 [= 101-09 23. Hebron, Me. 2*87 43-90 3871 v58 0-25 0-41 0-05 10-92 1-05 4-25 MnOO-04 [= 100-16 24. Salzburg 2 '806 45-48 38-15 h. 0-17 0-76 925 1-12 4-69 = 99-62 25. Uuionville, Pa. 2*851 43-03 39-06 1-48 _ 0-30 tr. 10-05 0-58 5-40 = 99-90 26. Laurens Co., S. C. 45-71 34-12 3-45 _ 0-71 0-48 10-36 0-49 467 = 99-99 27. Culsagee Mine, N.C. 2-867 45-62 35-93 2-93 __ 0-34 tr. 9-40 0-71 4-93 = 99-86 28. Sterling, Mass. 43-87 36-45 336 _ 10-86 5-19 = 99-73 29. Monroe 46-50 33-91 2-69 0-90 7 32 2-70 4-63 F 0-82, TCI 0-31 = 99-78 30. < 45-70 33-76 311 1-15 7-49 2-85 4-90 F 82. [Cl 0-31 = 100-09 31. Litchfield 44-60 36-23 1-34 0-37 0-50 6-20 4-10 5-26 = 100-60 Oilbertite. 32. Cornwall 2 '65 45-15 40-11 2-43 1-90 4-17 4-25 = 98-01 33. Ehrenfriedersdorf 48-96 30-96 2-24 1-97 0-26 8-47 1-65 383F 1-04 34. Pobershau 48-10 32-30 _ 3-30 1-12 0-40 10-02 [= 99-38 4-09 F 0-81 [= 100-14 35. Ehreufriedersdorf 2'82 48-10 31-55 3-10 1-33 1-30 8-62 2-14 3-52 F 0-88 [= 100-54 Margarodite. 36. Zillerthal 47-05 34-90 1-50 1-95 7-96 4-07 1-45 = 98-88 37. Pfitschthal 45-48 3380 6-25 0-48 7-31 6-22 0-36 = 99-90 Sericite. 38. Hallgarten 2 '809 45-36 32-92 2-05 1-76 089 0-50 11-67 0-72 4-13 = 100 39. Werlau 2 "875 45-58 36-76 1-13 0-03* 0-85 9-29 1-36 516= 100-16 40. Fursten stein 54-00 26-23 3-81 083 052 4-41 4-00 4-31TiO 2 l-51 [= 99-62 41. Durrberg 55-80 27-72 3-07 0-53 0-14 562 151 4-03 = 98-42 42. Otakisan 53-01 34-70 tr. 0-50 0-27 6-05 1-01 4-67 =100-21 43. Wiltau 41-35 19-28 17-87 2-06 0-37 8-29 3-48 6-16 C 0-18 [= 99-04 44. Windgalle 51-83 28-77 263 1-91 0-54 0-63 8-63 0-98 3-77 = 99-69 45. Metasericite 2'67 52-58 23-56 5-76 2-43 065 952 5-94 =100-44 46. Lepidom orphite 58-90 25-28 2-30 1-49 065 5.^0 1C 1-37 4-14 = 99-86 47. Pycnophyllite 2'796 48-89 29-37 2-38 0-51 2-67 1-25 6-52 3-34 4 63 = 99-56 48. 50-09 26-48 3'67 3-93 0-45 10 77 4-61 =100 CuO. MICA GROUP MUSCOVITE. 619 49 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. G. Leucopliyllite 2 -723 Griqualand West comp. 2-832 2-856 Oncosine Fenestrelle a Below 300% Si0 2 57-11 52-81 45-39 42-70 52-52 47-96 0-57 p. A1 2 3 19-80 2321 38-72 29-98 30-88 31-03 c. Fe 2 O 3 2-99 3-51 0-61 7-62 FeO MgO CaO K 2 O Na 2 H 2 O 8-85 0-49 3-39 1'42 6'30 =100'35 8*90 0-45 [4-181 6'94 =100 I = 101-00 0-17 0-45 7-51 1-69 5'48*TiOoO-98 tr. 0-37 10-57 1'52 4'96 b = 99'29 382 6-38 - 4-60 = 99 00 3-42 1-07 10-44 4'08 2'41 =100*41 1-57 0-80 Chrome-mica. G. 55. Tyrol, Fuchsite 56. Sysersk, green 2 -88 57 Aird Is. , L. Huron 58. Montgomery Co., Md. 59 Salm Chateau 2 '819 b Below 300, 0-18 p. c. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 Cr 2 O 3 MgO CaO K 2 O Na 2 O H 2 O 47-953445^1-80 395 071 0'59 10'75 46-17 29-71 45-49 31 08 42 21 34-55 45-68 34-17 2-03 tr. 1-03 2-35 60 OuroPreto 2-78 465 37-2 3-51 309 2-03 0-84 09 2-28 3-36 3-13 384 0-51 0-47 0-27 10-40 9-76 9-16 4-47 7-9 0-37 F 0-36 [=100-93 5-42 = 99-52 0-90 5-85 =100-04 0-82 6-77 =100-17 2-23 4-65 Li 2 tr. [= 98 50 1-3 4-7 = 99-3 Oellacherite. G. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 FeO BaO MgO CaO K 2 O Na 3 O H 2 O 61. Pfitschthal 2'894 42'59 30'18 1-74 4'65 4 85 1 03 7-61 1'42 4-43 Fe 2 O 3 [0-91, CuO 0-31, MnO 0'12, SrOO'09 = 99-93 62. Sterzing 42'90 32'40 2'40 5'82 3'10 0'80 7'47 1'73 3'02 = 99'64 63. Habachthal 2'83 49'44 26'05 2'31 a 5'76 3'03 1'81 7'54 4 -24 =100'18 Incl. 0-29 p. c. MnO. The rose-colored mica, of Goshen, Mass, (erroneously called lepidolite), afforded Mallet: K 2 9-08, Na 2 0'99, Li 2 O 0'64, Am. J. Sc., 23, 180, 1857. Cf. also anal. 8. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives water, which with brazil-wood often reacts for fluorine. B.B. whitens and fuses on the thin edges (F. = 5'7, v. Kobell) to a gray or yellow glass. With fluxes gives reactions for iron and sometimes manganese, rarely chromium. Not decomposed by acids Decomposed on fusion with alkaline carbonates. pbs. Muscovite is the most common of the micas. It is one of the essential constituents of granite, gneiss, mica schist, and other related rocks, and is occasionally met with in granular lime- stone; in volcanic rocks it is rare; it occurs also disseminated sparingly in many fragmental rocks. The crystallized forms are most common in cavities in granite, associated with adularia, albite, tourmaline, etc. Coarse lamellar aggregations often form the matrix of topaz, tourmaline, and other mineral species in granitic veins. The varieties with unctuous talc-like feel and pearly or silky luster are characteristic of much mica (" hydro-mica ") schist which has often been erroneously called talcose schist. Muscovite is frequently of secondary origin, being derived from the alteration of other species, e.g., topaz, cyanite (damourite), feldspar (oncosine), etc., cf. also piuite, beyond; muscovite forms with albite the mineral-aggregate called cymatolite, derived from spodumene, cf. p. 368. Muscovite often encloses flattened crystals of garnet, tourmaline, also quartz in thin plates between the sheets; further not infrequently magnetite in dendrite like forms following in part the directions of the percussion-figure, also those of the pressure-figure (f. 1, p. 611). These mark- ings were erroneously referred by Rose to hematite; their true nature was shown by Brush (Am. J. Sc., 48, 361, 1869). Rose's argument against their being magnetite, based upon their want of opacity, has no force, since even the native metals are translucent in sufficiently thin layers. Many localities of muscovite, and of the different varieties, have been given in the preceding pages. Some of the best known localities, more especially those which have furnished well crystallized specimens, are: Abiihl in the Sulzbachthal, with adularia; similar on the Rothen- kopf in the Zillerthal, Tyrol; Soboth, west of Eibiswald in Styria, also St. Radegrund; St. Gothard, Binnenthal, and elsewhere in Switzerland; Mourne Mts., Ireland; Cornwall; Ut6, Fin bo, Falun, Sweden; Skutterud, Norway. In the region of Ekaterinburg, at Alabashka near Mursinka, in cavities in granite and at other points in the Ural, sometimes in large plates; also in the llmen Mts. on the east side of L. Ilmen; San Domingo, Brazil. Also obtained in large plates from Greenland. Exported in large quantities from the East Indies and most of it from the Hazaribagh dis- trict in Bengal; also obtained in large plates in the granite veins of Mysore, and at Wangtu bridge on the Sutlej in the Punjab Himalayas (Mallet, Min. India, 97, 1887). In Maine, at Mount Mica in the town of Paris; at Buckfield, in fine crystals; also at East Woodstock; Rumford; at Unity, of a green color, on the estate of James Neal (Thomson's nacrite, wrongly referred to Brunswick). In N. Hamp., at Acworth, Graf ton and Alstead, in granite, the plates at times a yard across and perfectly transparent; also in Groton (Valencia mine); at Nashua; Hoyt hill in Orange. In Mass., at Chesterfield, with tourmaline and albite, sometimes pink; at Barre and South Royalston, in two localities, with beryl; at Mendou and 620 SILICATES. Brimfield; at Chester, Hampden Co., faint greenish; at Goshen, rose-red (anal. 8, sometimes misnamed lepidolite); prismatic mica, at Russell. In Conn., at Monroe, of a dusky brown color, having internal hexagonal bands of a darker shade; at Glastonbury, with feldspar; at Trumbull, at the topaz vein in coarse radiated aggregations; at Litchfield, with cyanite, colorless and pearly; in brown hexagonal crystal at the Middletown feldspar quarry; at Haddam, pale brownish, with columbite, and also similar at another locality with garnets; at Branchville, with albite, micro- cline, spodumene, etc., both in large sheets and in aggregates with curved concentric structure; New Milford, with feldspar, green and yellow beryl, etc. In .N. York, 6m. S.E. of Warwick, crystals and plates sometimes afoot in diameter, in a vein of feldspar; a mile N.W. of Edenville, in six-sided and rhombic prisms; silvery, near Eden- ville; in St. Lawrence Co., 8 m. from Potsdam, on the road to Pierrepont, in plates 7 in. across; town of Edwards, in large prisms, six-sided or rhombic; Greenfield, near Saratoga, in reddish brown crystals with chrysoberyl ; on the Croton aqueduct, near Yonkers, in rhombic prisms with a transverse parting. In Penn., in line hexagonal crystals of a dark brown color at Peunsbury, near Pennsville, Chester Co.; at Unionville, whitish; Delaware Co., at Middletown, smoky brown with hexagonal internal bands, which are due to magnetite; at Chesnut Hill, near the Wissahickon, a green variety; at Leiperville, Delaware Co., faint greenish. In JV. Jersey', in crystals at Newton and Franklin. In Maryland, at Jones's Falls, a mile and three-quarters from Baltimore; the plates show by transmitted light a series of concentric hexagons, the sides of which are parallel with the sides of a hexagonal prism; it has been mined in Howard and Montgomery Cos. In Vir- ginia, at Amelia Court House, with albite, microlite, beryl, monazite, helvite; also in Grayson, Henry, Patrick, Carroll Cos. In No. Carolina, extensively mined at many places in the western part of the state, and often obtained in very large sheets, at times more than 3 feet in diameter; there are numerous localities in Macon, Jackson, Haywood, Buncombe, Ashe, McDowell, Mitchell, Yancey, Alexander, Cleveland, and other counties; the chief mines are in Mitchell, Yancey, Jackson, and Macon Cos. The mica mines have also afforded many rare species, as columbite, samarskite, hatchettolite, uraninite, etc. A pink-colored muscovite occurs at Ray's mine in Yancey Co., and at the Flat Rock mine, Mitchell Co. Occurs in fine crystals at the spodumene (hiddenite) locality in Alexander Co., the crystals often dusted over with a chloritic coating giving them a bronze appearance; with magnetite at Buckhorn, Chatham Co.; with quartz at Hickory, Catawba Co.; with pyrite in Stokes Co. Compact to fibrous or scaly varieties occur at various points with corundum in Macon Co., and elsewhere; also a kind in yellow or white pearly scales as a result of the alteration of cyanite at Crowder's and Clubbs' mountains; similarly in Yancey Co., and other points. Soft pseudomorphous crystals having the form of staurolite, from Cherokee Co. , are referred to muscovite by Genth. In 8. Carolina, muscovite deposits occur in Anderson, Oconee, and Pickens Cos. ; also in Georgia and Alabama. Mica mines have also been worked to some extent in the Black Hills, in Custer and Penuing- ton Cos. of South Dakota; in Washington, at Rockford, Spokane Co.; in Colorado, at Turkey Creek, 35 miles from Denver; near Pueblo; also from the neighborhood of Fort Collins. In New Mexico, at the Cribbensville mines, Petaca, Rio Arriba Co. In California, at Salmon Mt. Siskiyou Co. ; deposits also occur at Gold Lake, Plumas Co.; El Dorado Co.; Ivanpah distr. , San Bernardino Co. ; Susanville, Lassen Co. ; Kern Co. It is a common mineral at many points in the granite of the western United States. The production of mica in the United States was 70,500 pounds in 1887, valued at $142,250; 2000 tons of mica waste were ground worth $15,000. The amount mined in 1888 was much smaller, while in 1882, 1883, 1884, the amount varied from 100,000 pounds to 147,410 pounds (Mm. Res. U. S.). Muscovite was so named by J. D. Dana in 1850, from Vitrum Muscoviticum or Muscovy- glass, formerly a popular name of the mineral. The derivations of the names of prominent varieties are given in the preceding pages. Alt. Mica at times becomes hyd rated, losing its elasticity and transparency, and often some portion of the potash; and at the same time it may take up magnesia, lime, or soda. These changes may be promoted by waters containing carbonates of these bases. It occurs altered to steatite and serpentine, and cases of alteration to amphibole and stilpnosiderite have been mentioned. It sometimes passes by alteration into a form of " vermiculite. " Cf. p. 664. A mica from Leon Co., Texas, has been examined by G. W. Leighton, which is characterized (J. P. Cooke) as an early stage in this alteration. Opaque; laminae brittle; luster pearly; B.B. swells, the lamina? separate and fuses at 5 to 6. Analysis, Leighton, Am. J. Sc., 32, 317, 1886: Si0 3 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 MgO CaO K 2 O Na 2 O H 2 O 48-95 25-17 9'40 1'69 tr. ll'QS tr. 4'31 = 100'60 Artif. See p. 613. Ref. ! Rothenkopf, Zillerthal, 1. c. (ref. 614). For crystals from Abiihl Tschermak cal- culates 001 A 201 = 84 9'. Cf. also Marignac, Bibl. Univ., 6, 300, 1847; Dx., Min., 1, 485, 1862; Kk., Min. Russl., 2, 121 etseq., 7, 225 et seq. (Mem. Akad. St. Pet., 1877, read May 17), 8, 5, 1878. See also Kk., ibid., 7, 301-344, for valuable abstracts of early papers, literature, etc. On vicinal planes on the muscovite of Abiihl, Rothenkopf, see Tschermak, 1. c. The position here taken is that finally adopted by Tschermak (priv. coutr., May, 1891) as MICA GROUP MUSCOVITE. 621 taost satisfactorily showing the relation to the other micas, the chlorites, etc. Tschermak (1. c., 1877, and Min., 1883) earlier made M = 110, e = Oil, p = 102, C = 133, etc.; for this the fundamental angles on p. 614 give the axial ratio: d : t : c = 0-5775 : 1 : 2'2175 /3 = 84 55'. This position has certain obvious advaatages in simplicity of symbols, etc., to the one adopted. Of. also p. 614. Muscovite was earlier regarded as orthorhornbic with rnonoclinic hemihedrism. On percussion-figure, pressure-figure, etc., see references on p. 614. Etching-figures Baum hauer, Ber. Ak. Miinchen, 245, 1874, 99, 1875; Wiik, Zs. Kr., 7, 187 (ref.), 1882. Elasticity Coromilas, Inaug. Diss., Tubingen, 1877, abstr. in Zs. Kr., 1, 411, 1877. Refractive indices, see Bauer, Ber. Ak. Berlin, p. 693, Nov. 27, 1877; Min. Mitth., 1, 14, 1878; Kohlrausch [Vh. Ges. Wilrzburg, 12, 1877] ; Matthiessen, Zs. Kr., 3, 330 (ref.), 1879- Pulfrich, Wied. Ann., 3O, 499, 1887; Scharizer, Zs. Kr., 12, 8, 1886; Hecht, Jb. Min., Beil., 6, 271, 1889. Axial angles, Tschermak, 1. c.; Sillimau, Am. J. Sc., 10, 372, 1850; Grailich, Ber. Ak. Wien, 11, 46, 1853; Bauer, Pogg., 138, 350, 18G9 et al.; Dx., 1. c., and N. R., 75-81, 1867. Electrical conductivity, inductive power, etc., J. Curie, Ann. Ch. Phys., 17, 385, 1889, 18, 229, 1889; Schultze, Wied. Ann., 36, 655, 1889; Bouty, C. R., 110,846, 1890. Finite. A general term used to include a large number of alteration-products of iolite, spodumene, nephelite, scapolite, feldspar, and other minerals. In composition essentially a hydrous silicate of aluminium and potassium corresponding more or less closely to muscovite, of which it is probably to be regarded as a massive, compact variety, usually very impure from the admixture of clay and other substances. Characters, as follows: Amorphous; granular to cryptocrystalline. Rarely a submicaceous cleavage. H. = 2 5-3'5. G. = 2 6-2 85. Luster feeble, waxy. Color grayish white, grayish green, pea-green, dull green, brownish, reddish. Translucent to opaque. The following are some of the minerals classed as pinite (cf. also p. 616). They are further referred to under the original minerals in the several cases; typical analyses are given below; for others, see 5th Ed., pp. 481, 482. PINITE. Speckstein [fr. the Pini mine at Aue, near Schneeberg] Hoffmann, Bergm. J., 156, 1789; Kieselerde -j- Thonerde, etc., Klapr., ib., 227, 1790. Pinit Karsten, Tab., 28, 73, 1800. The original pinite is in 6- to 12-sided prisms; color brown; occurs in granite, pseudomorphous after iolite. GIGANTOLITE Nordenskwld, Act. Soc. Sc. Fenn., 1, 2, 377, 1540. From gneissoid granite of Tammela, Finland, in large 6- and 12-sided prisms, with basal cleavage; H.= 2'5; G. = 2'862- 2*878; luster somewhat waxy; color greenish to dark steel-gray, sometimes approaching sub- metallic in luster, owing to the alteration of the original iolite and the presence of uncombined oxide of iron. Iberite Svauberg (Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 1, 219, 1844), from Moutalvan, near Toledo, Spain, is the same mineral in characters; H. = 2'5; G. = 2*89. Both are a result of the altera- tion of iolite. GIESECKITE (fr. Greenland, Allan, Ann. Phil., 2, 1813). In 6-sided prisms, pseudomorphous after nephelite. Brought by Giesecke from Akulliardsuk and Kangerdluarsuk, Greenland, where it occurs in compact feldspar. Also from Diana, N. Y. See nephelite, p. 426. LYTHRODES Karsten, Mag. Ges. Fr. Berlin, 4, 78, 1810; John, Ch. Unt., 1, 171; Splittriger Wernerit Hausm., 520, 1813, is from the zircon-syenite of Fredriksviirn and Laurvik. It is regarded as altered nephelite. LIEBENERITE Marignac, Bibl. Univ., 6, 193, 1848, is essentially the same; from a porphy- ritic feldspathic rock of Mt. Viesena, in the Fleimsthal; it occurs in 6-sided prisms. DYSYNTRIBITE Shepard, Proc. Am. Assoc., 311, 1851, Am. J. Sc., 12, 209, 1851. Essentially the same with the gieseckite from Diana and elsewhere, Lewis Co., N. Y. ; it constitutes masses or a rock, sometimes slaty in structure, and somewhat resembles serpentine, though more waxy in aspect; H. = 3-3'5; G. 2'76-2'81; colors often mottled, usually greenish, sometimes reddish or spotted with red. Associated with phlogopite, etc. PAROPHITE T. S. Hunt, Rep. G. Can., 1852, 1863. Similar to dysyntribite, but less pure; it is regarded by Hunt as a rock, and not a simple mineral; the name alludes to a resemblance to serpentine. It constitutes a schistose rock at St. Nicholas and Famine R., Can.; also in Stanstead, on the E. shore of L. Memphremagog, with chloritic schist; and at Pownal, Vermont. ROSITE Svanberg (Ak. H. Stockh., 1840). ' A granular red mineral, occurring in granular limestone at Aker in Sodermanland; H. = 2'6; G. = 2'72. G. Rose and others make it altered anorthite. POLYARGITE Svanberg, 1. c. Occurs in reddish lamellar masses at Tunaberg, Sweden; H. = 4; G. = 2'768; named from noX-uS, much, and dpyo^, sparkle. Cf. Palmgren, G. F6r. Forh., 1, 188, 1873. The name Pyrrholite has been given to a reddish lamellar mineral from Tunaberg, which is very similar to polyargite (Dx., Min., 1, 302, 1862); it has H. = 3-4; and cleavage surfaces inclined together about 87; and is apparently anorthite less altered than in rosite and polyargite. PINITOID A. Knop (Jb. Min., 558, 1859). A rock, like dysyntribite in characters, and a schist called " pinitoid schist" approaches parophite. Pinitoid has H. 2'5; G. = 2'788; color SILICATES. leek-, oil-, and grayish green. Occurs in the region between Freiberg and Chemnitz, Saxony, pseudomorphous after feldspar, in a half-decomposed granitic porphyry, constituting about 25 p. c. of the rock. Also from other localities, cf. Cohen, Zs. Kr., 7, 405, 1882. HYGROPHILITE Laspeyres, Miu. Mitth., 147, 1873. A pinite-like substance, at least in part derived from feldspar. G. = 2 '670. From Halle-an-der-Saale. A similar mineral occurs as the result of the alteration of oligoclase in the gneiss of the Wildschapbach-Thal, Baden (Sandberffer tint. Erz., 59, 1882. WILSONITE T. S. Hunt, Rep. G. Can. , 1853, 1863. A pseudomorph, with the form and cleavage of scapolite; H. = 3 5; G. 2'76-2'78; luster somewhat pearly; color rose-red; frag- ments translucent. It is from Bathurst. Can., where it was first fouud by Dr. Wilson; also St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. See also p. 473. Terenite (p. 473), from Antwerp, St. Lawrence Co., may be the same. KILLINITE Thomson, Min., 1, 330, 1836. From Killiney Bay, Ireland, pseudomorph after spodumene, see p. 368. Grattarola describes a pinite formed from andalusite from San Piero, Elba Boll. Com Geol.,333, 1876. The pinite of Stolpen near Neustadt, called micarel by Freiesleben (p. 473), is according to Wichmann not a pseudomorph after iolite, Zs, G. Ges., 26. 701, 1874. AGALMATOLITE (Agalmatolithus, Bildstein (fr. China), Klapr., Beitr., 2, 184, 1797. Pagodite Napione. J. Phys., 46, 220, 1798). Like ordinary massive pinite in its amorphous compact texture, luster, and other physical characters, but contains more silica, which may be from free quartz or feldspar as impurity. The Chinese has H. = 2-2*5; G. = 2-785-2'815, Klapr. Co-lors same as for piuite, usually grayish, grayish green, brownish, yellowish. A similar mineral in composition comes from Nagyag in Transylvania, and Ochsenkopf near Schwarzeu berg in Saxony. Agalmatoiite was named from ayahjua, an image, and pagodite from pagoda, the Chinese carving the soft stone into miniature pagodas, images etc. Part of the so-called agalmatolite of China is true pinite in composition, another part is compact pyrophyl- lite, and still another steatite (see these species). OOSITE (Oosit Marx, ib., 3, 216, 1834), is near oncosine (p. 616); it is white to reddish or brownish red, and occurs in 6- and 12-sided prisms; it is from the Oos valley, Baden, occurring in what is called piuite- porphyry. Gongylite (Gongylit Thoreld, Act. Soc. Sc. Fenn., 3, 815, A. Nord., Beskrifn. Finl. Min., 146, 1855) is yellowish or yellowish brown, and has cleavage in two directions; with H. = 4-5; G. = 2'7. From a schist called talcose schist at Kimsamo in Finland. Anal. 1, Rg., Min. Ch. 835, 1860. 2, Hauer. Jb. G. Reichs., 5, 76, 1854. 3, Brush, Am. J. Sc., 26, 641, 858. 4, Hauer, 1. c., 147, 1853. 5, Smith and Brush, Am. J. Sc., 16, 50, 1853. 6, T. S. Hunt, Rep. G. Canada, 484, 1863. 7, Laspeyres, 1. c. 8, Killing, quoted by Sandberger, Unt. Erz., 58, 1882. 9, 10, Quoted by Crosby, Tech. Q., 248, 1889. 11, C. L. Reese, Chem. News, 50, 209, 1884. 12, C. H. Slaytor, ibid. SiO 2 A1 2 O 8 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO CaO K 2 O Na 2 O H 2 O 1. Penig, Pinite 47 00 28'36 7 86 2-48 0'79 10'74 1-07 3'83 =102-13 2. Greenland, Oieseckite \ 45'88 26 93 6'30 7'87 4'84 6'82 = 98'64 3. Diana, " f 45'66 31'53 0'27 0'77 3 48 2'20 8'21 88 6'97 = 99'97 4. Fleims, Liebenerite 44 45 38'75 2'26 tr. 1'58 6'45 2'79 [4-75]=101-03 5. Jefferson Co., Dysyntr. 44'80 84'90 3'01 0"30 0'42 0'66 6"87 3'60 5'38 = 99 94 6. St. Nicholas, Parophite 48'46 27'55 5'08 2-02 2'05 5'16 2 35 7'14 = 99'81 7. Halle, Hygrophilite f 48'42 32*06 326 1-72 115 5'67 1'37 9'02 =102'67 8. Wildschapbach 48'60 32'82 2'76 237 084 4'08 132 8-83=101-62 9. E. Massachusetts, Pinite 54'04 36 '83 1'30 0'43 lO'Ol 0'72 4'76 10. " 44-51 34-71 0-56 0'17 7'95 0'16 4'31 11. Madison Co., N. C., " 47'28 36'47 tr. 0'28 11-40 0'74 4-39=100-56 12. " " " " 47-31 38-11 13-37 1-05=99-84 MnO. The finite of anal. 9 is described by Crosby (1. c., also Am. J. Sc., 19, 116, 1880) as common in eastern Massachusetts, especially in the vicinity of Boston, where it occurs as a soft, greenish, unctuous mineral, both in the felsyte and the conglomerate. In the latter it makes up much of the pebbles and the enclosing paste, and is referred for its feldspathic origin to Primordial times. CATASPILITE. Kataspilit Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 24, 14, 1867. Pseudomorphous after folite, and presenting its forms. H. = 2-5. Luster pearly. Color ash-gray. Subtranslucent. Analysis, Igelstr5m (1. c.): SiO a Al a O 3 (Fe 2 O 3 ) MgO CaO Na 2 O K 2 O ign. 40-05 28-95 8'20 7'43 5'25 6'90 [3'22] = 100 From a gray chlorite rock at Langban, in Wermland, Sweden, distributed through it in druses as large as peas. Named from KaTao-itiXri-feiY in allusion to this mode of occurrence. MICA GROUP PARAGONITE. 623 334, 1843. Pregrattit Soda mica. Cossaite 459. PARAGONITE. Paragonit Schafhautl, Lieb. Ann., 46, L. Liebener, Kenng. Ueb., 53, 1861, 1862. Natron glimmer Germ. Gastaldi, Att. Ace. Torino, 10, 189, 1874. Massive, sometimes consisting distinctly of fine scales; also compact. Cleavage: basal, eminent. H. = 2-5-3. G. = 2-78-2-90; 2'78 Schafhautl. Luster strong pearly. Color yellowish, grayish, grayish white, greenish, light apple-green. Translucent; single scales transparent. Optically - Orientation and ax. angle (70) as in muscovite. Dispersion p > v. Tschermak. Comp. A sodium mica, corresponding to muscovite in composition H 2 NaAl 3 Si s 1Q or 2H 2 O.Na 2 0.3Al 2 3 .6Si0 2 = Silica 47*1, alumina 40' 1, soda 8*1, water 47= 100. A little potassium is often present. Anal. 1, Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 14, 761, 1862. 2, (Ellacher, Kenng. Ueb., 1. c. 3, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc.. 13, 390, 1873. 4, Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 107, 167, 1869. 5, 6, Cossa, Att. Ace. Torino, 1. c. 7, Piolti, ibid., 23, 257, 1888. G. 1. Mte. Campione 2. Pregratteu Pr'egrattite 2 '895 3 Ochseukopf 4. Virgenthal 2 "9 SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 | 46-81 40-06 44-65 40-41 45-14 40-91 48-00 38-29 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO CaO tr. 0-65 1-26 0-68 0-91 0-84 0-37 tr. 0-36 0-52 0-58 K 2 O Na 2 O H 2 O tr. 6-40 4-82 = 100 [= 100 70 1-71 7-06 5-04 Cr 2 3 0-10 0-96 6-74 4-99 = 100 1-89 6-70 2-51 = 98-66 Cossaite 5. Borgo franco 6. Mt. Blasier 7. Bousson 2-896 2-890 3075 46-67 39-02 2'01 46-68 39-88 T06 46-49 40-68 2'68 1-36 6-37 4-91 = 100'34 0-84 6-91 5-08 = 100'45 1-34 4-75 4-57 Li 2 O tr. [= 100-51 Pyr., etc. B.B. fusible with difficulty. The pregrattite exfoliates somewhat like vermiculite, and becomes milk-white on the edges. pbs. Paragon ite constitutes the mass of the rock at Monte Campione near Faido in Canton Tessin, Switzerland, containing cyanite and staurolite; called paragonite-schist. The rock also contains garnet and black tourmaline. Also from the Ochsenkopf , Schwarzenberg, Saxony, and the Virgenthal; also forms the compact ground-mass resembling soapstpne enclosing actiuolite in the Pfitschthal and Zillerthal. From the Island of Syra with iolite, staurolite, cyanite. Pregratten in the Pusterthal (Pregrattite), Tyrol. Cossaite is a compact variety, showing but little micaceous structure, first identified in an antique ring or bracelet, dug up in the neighborhood of Turin; also found at the mines of Borgofranco, near Ivrea, and at Mt. Blasier. Named for Professor Cossa, who gave the first description. Also (anal. 7) from the Colle di Bousson, Valle di Susa, in compact form with apple-green color forming layers between limestone layers. Named from Ttapayeiv, to mislead. EUPHYLLITE B. Silliman, Jr., Am. J. Sc., 8, 381, 1849. A sodium-potassium mica appa- rently intermediate between muscovite and paragonite, but more basic. Structure as in mica, but laminae not as easily separable. Laminae rather brittle. H. = 3-5-4-5. G. = 2-963-3 008 Silliman; 2'83 Smith and Brush. Luster of cleavage surface bright pearly, inclining to adamantine. Color white to colorless; sides faint grayish sea-green or whitish. Transparent to translucent; at times opaque or nearly so. Biaxial; axial angle 71|, Silliman. Tschermak identified in a specimen from Union ville, showing euphyllite and tourmaline, scales like paragonite; others with large axial angle referred to margarite, and still others with a very small axial angle. That the original material was similarly heterogeneous is not so clear. Anal. 1-4, Smith and Brush, Am. J. Sc., 15, 209, 1853. 1. Unionville 2. 3. 4. G. 2-83 Si0 2 A1 2 3 Fe 2 O, MgO CaO K 2 O Na 2 O H 2 O 40-29 43-00 1 30 0-62 1-01 5-16 3-94 5-00 100-32 39-64 42-40 1 60 0-70 1-00 5-16 3-94 5-08 99-52 40-21 41-50 1 50 0-78 1-88 4-26 325 5-91 99-29 40-96 41-40 1 30 0-70 1-11 4-26 3-25 6-23 99-21 The specimen for analysis 2 by Smith and Brush was from the original one described by Silliman. Their results show that the earlier analysis of Crooke (Am. J. Sc., 8, 381, 1849) and those of Erni and Garret (Dana Min., 3d Ed., 362, 1850) are erroneous. Erni's and Crooke's specimens were from the same that afforded the material for analysis 2 of Smith and Brush. Occurs associated with tourmaline and corundum at Unionville, Delaware Co. , Pa. The 624 SILICATES. impression of tne crystals of tourmaline on the lateral surface of the euphyllite leaves a very smooth, hard-looking surface. Also in the same vicinity in aggregated laminae, or scales, 01 compact masses. Dr. Smith refers to euphyllite, with a query, a mica found by him with the emery of Asia Minor and the islands of the Grecian Archipelago which afforded him the following results (Am. J. Sc., 11, 62, 1851, 15, 210, 1853): SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O, MgO CaO K 3 O(littleNa 2 O) H 2 O 1. Gumuch-dagh 42'80 40'61 1'30 tr. 3*01 undet. 5-62 2. Kulah 43 62 38'10 3'50 0'25 0'52 7'83 5 51 = 99'33 3. " 42-71 37-52 2'32 tr. 1-41 undet. 5'95 4. Nicaria 42'60 37'45 : 1-70 tr. 0'68 9*76 5'20 = 97*39 An emerald-green mica from Pipra, South Rewah, India, is referred here by Mallet (Min. India, 130, 1887) It is similarly associated with corundum and tourmaline. An analysis by Tween gave: SiO 2 43-53 A1 2 O 3 43'87 Cr 2 O 3 0'91 CaO 1-45 K 2 O 7'80 H a O 4'60 = 102-16 460. LEPIDOLITE. Violetfarbigen Zeolith (fr. Rozena) v. Born, Crell's Ann., 2, 196, 1791. Lilalith (ib.) v. Born. Schuppeustein Germ. Lepidolith Klapr., Schrift. Ges. Berl. 11, 59, 1794, Bergm. J., 2, 80, 1792, Beitr., 1, 21, 279, 1795, 2, 191. Lepidolite Kirw., 1, 208, 1794. Lithionglimmer C. Gmelin, Gilb. Ann., 64, 371, 1820. Lithia Mica. Lithionit KbL, Taf., 54, 1853. Rabenglimmer, Siderischer Fels-Glimmer (fr. Altenberg), Breith., Char., 1823, 1832, Handb., 404, 1841. In aggregates of short prisms, often with rounded terminal faces. Crystals sometimes twins or trillings according to the mica law 1 . Also in cleavable plates, but commonly massive scaly-granular, coarse or fine. Cleavage: basal, highly eminent. H. = 2 '5-4. Gr. = 2*8-2 - 9. Luster pearly. Color rose-red, violet gray or lilac, yellowish, grayish white, white. Translucent. Optically . Ax. pi. usually J_ b\ rarely | b Scharizer. Bx a (a) inclined 1 47' red, and 1 33^' yellow (Na) to normal to c. Axial angle large, from 50-72, Elba, Tschermak. Also Scharizer 1 : Schiittenhofen 2E r = 83 16' Siberia 2E r = 72 42' Wolkenburg 2E r = 57 13' 2E y = 84 r " 2E y = 73 2' " 2E y = 57 10' Indices /J y = 1-5975 y y = 1-6047 Comp. In part a metasilicate R 3 Al(Si0 3 ) 3 or KLi[Al(OH,F)JAl(Si0 3 ) 3 . The ratio of fluorine and hydroxyl is variable. Following in the line of Clarke's suggestion (p. 612), typical lepidolite may be considered as having the formula R 6 Al a (Si0 4 ) 3 + R 6 Al 2 (Si 3 O 8 ) 3 . R = K,Li,(AlF 2 ),(Al(OH) a ), also Rb,Cs. Clarke, however, prefers to consider it as consisting of equal molecules of HKLiAl 3 (SiO 4 ) 3 and K 3 Li 3 (AlF 2 ) 3 Al(Si 3 O 8 ) 3 . See Clarke, 1. c. (p. 613), and U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 42, 1887; also earlier Am. J. Sc., 32, 357, 1886; further, Tschermak, 1. c., and Scharizer, Zs. Kr., 13, 464, 1887. Scharizer regards lepidolites as isomorphous mixtures of muscovite R 3 Al 3 Si 3 Oi 2 and the silicate (" lithionitsilicat ") (OH,F) 3 R4Al 3 Si 6 O 15 . Anal. 1, 2, Berwerth, quoted by Tschermak, 1. c. 3, Rg. Ber. Ak. Berlin, 624, 1878. 4, Scharizer, Zs. Kr., 13, 464, 1888. 5-11. R. B. Riggs, quoted by Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 32, 356, 1886. G. Si0 3 A1 2 O 8 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MnO K 2 O Li 2 O Na 2 O H a O F 1. Paris 2-855 50'39 28'19 12-34 5'08 2'36 5'15 [= 103-51 2. Rozena 2'839 50'98 27'80 0'05 10'78 5'88 0'96 7'88 [P 2 ft 0-05 = 104-38 3. Yushakova 50'26 21 47 5 36* 11-08 4'88 054 0'66 8-71 FC11-16 = 104-12 MICA GROUP LEPIDOLITE. 4. Schiittenhofen 5. Rumford, purple 6. Paris, foliated 7. Hebron, granular 8. Auburn, border 9. " granular 10. Norway, white 11. G. 2-825 SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MnO 49-25 25-27 0'84 0'85 51-52 25-96 0'31 0'20 50-92 24-99 0'30 0'23 tr. 48-80 28-30 0'29 0'09 '08 4962 27-30 0'31 0'07 0'55 51-11 25 26 0-20 0'07 0'17 49-52 28-80 0'40 0'24 0'07 50-17 25-40 0-87 0'45 023 Incl. MgO. e Rb 2 Ol-29, Incl. Rb,Cs. Cs 2 45. c Rb 2 O,Cs 2 O 0-77. Rb 2 O 3-73, Cs 2 O 0'08. K 2 O Li 2 Na 2 H 2 O F 13-85 b 5-38 0-35 1'76 5'68 [Sn0 2 0-06 = 103-29 11-01 4-90 1-06 0-95 5 '80 [CaO,MgO 0-18 = 101-89 11-38 4-20 2-11 1-96 6'29 [= 102-38 12-21 C 4-49 0-74 1'73 4'96 [CaO,MgO 0-17 = 101-86 ll-19 d 4-34 2-17 1-52 5'45 O 102-52 12-25 6 4-98 1-43 0'94 6'57 [CaO.MgO 0-13 = 103-11 12'63 f 3-87 0-13 1'72 5-18 [CaO,MgO 0-15 = 102-71 13-40* 4-03 2-02 5'05 [C&OMgOund. = 101-62 d Rb 2 O 2-44, Cs 2 O 0'72. s Also Na 2 O. Page (Ch. News, 48, 109, 1883) found in a lead-gray lepidolite from the greisen at Pihra, Hazaribagh, Bengal (anal, by Tween, Rec. G. Surv. India, 7, 43, 1874), the alkalies: K 2 O8-60 Li 2 Ol-75 Na 2 O 0'61 Rb 2 0'07 Cs 2 O tr.t Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives water and reaction for fluorine. B.B. fuses with intu- mescence at 2-2 "5 to a white or grayish glass, sometimes magnetic, coloring the flame purplish red at the moment of fusion (lithia). With the fluxes some varieties give reactions for iron and manganese. Attacked but not completely decomposed by acids. After fusion, gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. Obs. Occurs in granite and gneiss, especially in granitic veins, and is associated sometimes with cassiterite, red, green, or black tourmaline, amblygonite, spodumene, etc. It is often associated with muscovite in parallel position (cf. Scharizer). Found near Uto in Sweden; at Altenberg, Chursdorf, and Penig in Saxony; Eulenlohe in the Fichtelgebirge; Yushakova in the Ural; lilac or reddish violet at Rozena (or Rozna) in Moravia; near Chanteloubs, Dept. Haute Vienne, France; at Campo on Elba; brown at St. Michael's Mount in Cornwall; Argyll in Scotland; Tyrone in Ireland. In the granite of Hazari- bagh, Bengal, India, with muscovite. In the United States, common in the western part of Maine, in Hebron, Auburn, Norway, Paris, Rumford; both granular and a broad foliated varieties are found, often associated with rubellite, also with spodumene and amblygonite; at Chesterfield, Mass., with red tourmaline in. the town of Peru; reported from Pownal, Durham, Yarmouth, and Freeport; granular near Middle- town, Conn. The rose mica of Goshen, Mass., is muscovite (anal. 8, p. 618). Lepidolite also occurs with rubellite eight miles from San Diego, California. Lepidolite occurs near Barkevik, Langesund fiord, as a part of the so-called pterolite which has resulted from the alteration of barkevikite (p. 403). Named lepidolite from Xenis, scale, after the earlier German name Schuppemtein, alluding to the scaly structure of the massive variety of Rozena. Ref.- 1 See Scharizer, Zs. Kr., 12, 5, 1886; 13, 22, 464, 1887. OOOKEITE G. J. BrusJi, Am. J. Sc., 41, 246, 1866. In minute scales, and in slender six-sided prisms, sometimes vernacularly bent. Often as a coating. Cleavage, basal, perfect. Scales flexible, inelastic. H, = 2 '5. G. = 2 '70. Luster pearly on plane of cleavage. Color white to yellowish green. In thin scales transparent. Approaches a hydrous lithia mica in composition. Anal. P. Collier, 1. c.: Si0 2 A1 2 3 Li 2 O K 2 H 2 O SiF 4 |34-93 44-91 2'82 2'57 13'41 0'47 H 2 O exp. at 100 0*38 = 99-49 Three determinations of the silica obtained 35 04, 34-05, 35'71 p. c. The alumina contained a little oxide of iron. B.B. exfoliates like vermiculite, and colors the flame intense carmine-red. In the closed tube yields water, which is at first neutral, then becomes acid by decomposing the fluoride of silicon evolved, while a ring of silica is deposited. Tube slightly etched. Fusible on thin edges, and gives blue color with cobalt solution. With phosphorus salt gives skeleton of silica. Par- tially decomposed by sulphuric acid. Occurs with tourmaline and lepidolite at Hebron and Paris, Me. , often as a pearly coating on crystals of rubellite, of which it appears to be a product of alteration. Probably similarly associated at Elba. Also at Padar, Kashmir, with sapphire, green tourmaline, spodumene (La Touche, Rec. G. Surv, Ind., 23, 59, 1890). Named after Prof. J. P. Cooke, of Cambridge. 626 SILICA TES. 1. 461. ZINNWALDITE. Haidinger, Handb., 521, 1845. Lithionit wn Kobell, Taf., 54, 1853. Rabenglimmer BreitJi. Lithionglimmer pt. Lithioneisenglimmer Germ. Cryophyllite /. P. Cooke, Am. J. tic., 43, 217, 1867. Polylithionit Lorenzen, Zs. Kr., 9, 251, 1884. ' Monoclinic. In form near biotite (meroxene). Forms : b (010, i-i), c (001, 0); H (201, - 24), o (112, - i), M (221, - 2), ju (111, 1), a; (131, 3-3). Measured angles: cH= 85", cM = 85, co = 73 19', CJLI = 81 to 82, bx 30 30'. Twins: according to the mica^ law, with c as comp.-face. Faces #, c often bright, the others dull. A fine wrinkling common on the cleavage surfaces normal to the edges of the 1} planes (f. 2, twin). Crystals often in fan-shaped groups; in rosettes. Cleavage : basal perfect. Laminae tough and flexible. H. = 2-5-3. C!. = 2-82-3-20. Luster often pearly. Color pale violet, or yellow to brown and dark gray. Successive layers of different colors. Pleochroism distinct in some kinds: in dark varieties, c and b, Figs, 1, 2, Zinnwald,. Tschermak. dark brown, a yellowish brown or reddish; in light colored kinds, c, b brownish gray, tt nearly colorless. Absorption c > b > a (Rosenbusch). Opti- cally . Ax. pi. || 1. Bx a nearly J_ c. Apparent an^le a c = 1 18' red, 1 4' Na, 57' Tl. Axial angles: Zinnwald Siberia 2E r = 50 36' 2E r = 65 28' 2E y = 50 25' 2E y = 65 19' 2E gr = 50 5' Tl HC = 4 4' and 4 2' Tschermak Var. Ordinary. As described above. Rabenglimmer from Alteuberg is a ferruginous zinnwaldite, Tsch. Color dark gray. Axial angle nearly zero. G. = 315-3-19 Breith. Turner found 19'78 p. c. Fe 2 O 3) 7 "49 K 2 O, 3 06 Li 2 O. Cryophyllite from Rockport, Mass., is naturally referred here, although of rather different composition. Crystals mostly simple. G. = 2 '909. Color emerald-green axially; brownish red laterally (Cooke). Optical characters as with zinnwaldite; 2E y = 56. Strongly pleochroic: C violet, t greenish gray. Polylithionite is a lithium mica from Kangerdluarsuk, Greenland. It is related to zinn- waldite, but contains more silica and alkalies, less alumina, and almost no iron, obtained; Lorenzen 2E r = 67 13' Li a c = 18' 2E y = 67 19' 5' to 8' 2E gr = 67 51' 13' Comp., Tar. Approximates empirically to (K,Li) 3 FeAl 3 Si 5 16 (OH,F) 2 as given by Groth. Clarke calculates H 2 K 4 Li 4 Fe 3 Al 8 F 8 Si ]4 42 . Cf. also p. 612. Analysis 1 gives Li,0 : K 2 : H 2 : FeO : A1 2 3 : Si0 2 : F = 1 : 1-1 : 0-5 : 1 ~ 2-1 Cryophyllite is somewhat different, namely, R 6 (AlF 2 )Al(SiO 3 )5 Clarke. Polylithionite gives the empirical formula (Li,Na,K) 16 F 6 Al 4 Sii 6 O43. Anal. 1, Berwerth, Min. Mitth., 346, 1877. 2, Rg., Min. Ch., 121, 1886. Earlier analyses gave discordant results, 5th Ed., p. 315 (under lepidolite). 3, Cooke, Am'. J. Sc., 48, 217, 1867. 4-6, Riggs, ib., 32, 358, 1886. 7, Lorenzen, Medd. Gronland, 2, 1884, and Min. Mag., 5, 65, 1882. 8, Id., ibid., 7, 1884. Zinnwaldite. G. SiO 2 A1 2 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MnO K 2 Li 2 O Na 2 O H 2 F 1. Ziunwald 45-87 22-50 0-66 11-61 1-75 10-46 3-28 0-42 0-91 7-94 P 2 5 0-08 [= 105-48 2. 46-44 21-84 1-41 10-06 1-89 10-58 336 0-54 7-62 = 103"74 MICA GROUP BIOTITE. 627 G. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Cryopliyllite 3. Cape Ann 2-909 51*49 16*77 Polylithionite 7. Kangerdluarsuk 8. FeO MnO K 2 O Li 2 O Na 2 O H 2 O 7' 1-97 7-98 0-34 a 13-15 4'06 tr. 3'42 b MgOO'76, [Rb 2 tr. = 99-94 51-96 16-89 2-63 6*32 0'24 10'70 4'87 0'87 1*31 t>'78 CaO,MgO [0-15 rr 102*72 51-46 16*22 2-21 7*63 0*06 10*65 4*81 0'89 M2 7'44 MgO 0*17 [= 102-66 52-17 16-39 4-11 5*99 0*32 10-48 4'99 0'63 1'46 7*02 = 103'56 SiO 2 A1 2 3 Fe 2 3 FeO K 2 O Li 2 O Na 2 O H 2 O F 58-93 12-83 1-11 5'37 9'07 7'63 4-99 = 99'93 f 59-25 12-57 0'93 5*37 9*04 7'63 7'32 = 102-11 Mn 2 O 3 . SiF 4 . Pyr., etc. Nearly as -with lepidolite, but more fusible and reacts for iron. Cryopliyllite fuses in the flame of a candle; and B.B., with some intumescence to a grayish enamel (F. = 1*5-2), giving a lithia reaction. In fine powder decomposed by the dilute acids, the silica separating as a powder. The fluorine is not expelled even at a red heat. Obs. Occurs at Zinnwald and Altenberg (Rabenglimmer} in the Erzgebirge in connection with tin deposits; similarly in Cornwall, at St. Just, and elsewhere. In the granite of the Mourne Mts,, Ireland, showing a zonal structure, the center dark green with an axial angle of 44 4'; the border giving 52 6' (Sollas). Also from Siberia, exact locality unknown. Cryophyllile occurs in the granite of Cape Ann, with danalite and aunite. Named from oS, ice, and (061, 6-1) (332, - f) n (223, |) i e (013, (023, H) M) a k (1-1-12, (118, - -TV) i) M f (221, - (331, - 2) 3) z (in, 1) (998, |) /pert A K\ W (Oil, 14) Z (113, - w (119, ) K ry (554, f ) y (043, H) h (225, - t) V (117, \) o (551, 5) 2 (032, f-D (112, - t (116, i) K (2615, - f-5)? ^ (0-12 7, -4) u (7*7*10, ^) 3 (115, i) r ^ (135, - f-3)? a (021, 2-1) V (334, - 1) q (114, i) d (134, - 1-3) ft (052, f-D W (9-9-10, - &) i (558, f ) z (132, - f-3) V (041, 4-1) 628 SILICATES. ccr cp ex cr ce cW / 48' 13' j= 70" = 47 30' = 65 23' = 73 1' = 77 6' = 78 29| = 81 19' 1. ck cZ ch CO cv ce cM tf 83 2' 85 32' 87 5' 39 18' 62 7' 69 6' 73 V 78 29V 84 11' 85 38' 87 , 5' cv = 43 5! ct =47 30' cs = 52 38' cq = 58 35' en = 77 C en = 81 C CK = 83 C 6' 19' 2' cS = 88 15' cC = 66 13' cz = 80 0' M' = 55 42' oo' - 57 8' MM' = 88' = qq' = mi = fJifJL 1 = K' = zz' = bo = bM = bju = bz = 59 48i 46 50'" 50 31' 58 20' 59 14| 104 50' 117 3' 61 26' 60 6' 60 23' 31' bcM = *60 C 3. a Figs. 1-5, Tscbermak: 1, 2, Vwh^ius, simple crystals; 3, 4, twins; 5, Greenwood Furnace, part- ing foMM. with the gliding-planes p (205), C (135). Common forms c, b, o (112), /* (111); c usually brilliant, also the others some- what less so, but o, /*, often striated || c, and c also finely striated || edge b/c. Habit tabular or short prismatic; the pyramidal faces often repeated in oscillatory combi- nation. Vicinal forms not uncommon. Crystals often apparently rhombohedral in symmetry since r'(101) and z (132), z' (132), which are inclined to c at nearly the same angle, often occur together; further, the zones to which these faces belong are inclined 120 to each other, hence the hexagonal outline of basal sections. Twins 3 , according to the mica law, tw. pi. a plane in the prismatic zone J_ c, sometimes contact-twins with the tw. pi. also the comp.-face, and either symmetri- cally or unsymmetrically situated. Also comp.-face c one crystal above the other, Jand either right-handed (f. 3) or left-handed (f. 4). Often in disseminated scales, sometimes in massive aggregations of cleavable scales. Cleavage: basal, highly perfect; planes of separation || b and /* (111) and other less definitely determined pyramids (112, 111, 114) in the unit series, as shown in the percussion-figure, Tsch. Gliding-planes p(205), C (135) shown in the pressure- figure inclined about 66 to c; also cr (104) inclined 55 to c, and perhaps (104). These gliding-planes yield pseudo-crystalline forms (f. 5) which are especially prominent with anomite. Etching-figures in general hexagonal in form. H. 2 -5 -3. G. = 2-7-3*1. Luster splendent, and more or less pearly on a cleavage sur- face, and sometimes submetallic when black ; lateral surfaces vitreous when smooth and shining. Colors usually green to black, often deep black in thick crystals, and sometimes even in thin laminae, unless the laminae are very thin; such thin laminae green, blood-red, or brown by transmitted light; also pale yellow to dark brown; rarely white. Streak uncolored. Transparent to opaque. Pleochroism strong; absorption b = c nearly, for a much stronger. Hence sec- tions || c (001) dark green or brown to opaque; those J_ c lighter and deep brown or green for vibrations || c, pale yellow, green or red for vibrations J_ c. Pleochroic halos often noted, particularly about microscopic inclusions. Optically . Double refrac- tion strong. Ax. pi. usually || b, rarely J_ b. Bx a (= a) nearly coincident with the MICA GROUP BIOTITE. 629 normal to c, but inclined about half a degree, sometimes to the front, sometimes the reverse. Axial angle usually very small, and often sensibly uniaxial; also up to 50. Tschermak obtained on a yellow crystal from Vesuvius (meroxene) for the apparent angle between Bx^ (= a) and the normal to c, 32' red glass (Na same): on a brown crystal -f- 43 red, 43' Na, 42' Tl; again on a black crystal 7' Na, 3' greeu glass. On anomite from Greenwood Furnace the same angle was 35 Na. He also gives the following axial angles (cf. anals. beyond) for meroxene: Morawitza, olive-green 2E r = to 4 [2Egr= 9 24' Vesuvius, yellow 2E r = 6 16' 2E y = 6 24' brown 2E r = 7 59' 2E y = 8 10' deep brown 2E y = 7 51' 2E gr = 8 18' 2E r = 9 e 21' 2E y =10 23' dark green 2E r = 12 22' 2E y =12 48' 2E gr =13 18' also2E y =37 30' Cherbarkul, black 2E y = 20 Albani Mts., black 2E y = 56 Anomite, L. Baikal 2E r = 12 44' and 16. Also 2E gr = 15 42' and 12 20' on different parts of the same specimen. Again, 2E r = 12, 14 12', the axial angle diminishing with increase of iron. Greenwood Furnace 2E r = 12 55' red glass 2E y = 12 40' Na 2E gr = 12 35' green glass Comp., Tar. In most cases an orthosilicate, and as shown by Tschermak chiefly ranging between (H,K) 2 (Mg,Fe) 4 (Al,Fe),Si 4 16 and (H,K),(Mg,Fe) 2 Al 2 Si 3 12 . Of these the second formula may be said to represent typical biotite. The amount of iron varies widely as shown in the analyses which follow. Biotite is divided into two classes by Tschermak: I. MEROXENE. Axial plane | b. II. ANOMITE. Ax.pl. b. Of these, meroxene includes nearly all ordinary biotite, while anomite is, so far as yet observed, of restricted occurrence, the typical localities being Greenwood Furnace, Orange Co., N. Y., and L. Baikal in E. Siberia (see also beyond). An attempt was made by Tschermak to establish a separate composition for anomite, but the observations are too few to establish this, if indeed a uniform difference really goes with the change in optical character, which seems improbable. Meroxene is Breithaupt's name early given to the Vesuvian biotite. Anomite is from arojuoS, contrary to law. Bttrytbiotite, of Knop, is a kind of biotite from Schelingen in the Kaiserstuhl, containing 7'3 p. c. baryta, anal. 28. A chrome magnesia mica (Ghromglimmef) of a green color, from Schwarzenstein, in Ziller- thal, afforded Schafhautl (Lieb. Ann., 46, 325, 1843) over 5 p. c. of oxide of chromium. He obtained: SiO 2 47'68, A1 2 O 3 15'15, Cr 2 O s 5 90, Fe 2 O 3 5'72, MnO 1'05, MgO 11'58, Na 2 O 117, K 3 O 7-27, H 2 O 2-86 = 98'38. Siderophyllite of Lewis is a black mica from the Pike's Peak region, in which the magnesium is chiefly replaced by ferrous iron; cf. anal. 31, which gives the formula 3H 2 O.6(K,Na,Li) a O. 21FeO.10Al 2 O 3 .30SiO a . Haughtoniie is also characterized by the large amount of iron replacing magnesium. G. = 2'96-3-13. Fuses with difficulty to a black magnetic globule. Color dark brown to jet black. Axial angle small. Occurs mostly in granitic and gneissoid rocks, also in dioryte, at various Scottish localities, as from hornblendic gneiss of Roueval; the hill of Capval; Nishibost; from the shore of Loch-na-Muilne; Fionaven in Sutherland; Ben Stack; Rispond; Clach-an-Eoin; Kinnaird's Head, Aberdeenshire; Cove near Aberdeen; Lairg, in Sutherland; Portsoy in Banff- shire. Cf. anal. 30. Named after Dr. Samuel Haughton of Dublin. ManganopJiyllite occurs in crystals, thick tabular | c; also tabular \ b with m and o strongly developed. Forms: b, c, m, e, o, ju, z (p. 627). Angles (meas., Flink): ce = 65 33', co = 72* 45', cju = 81 29', bo = 61 38', bju = 60 23'. In aggregations of thin scales. Color bronze- to copper-red. Streak pale red. Translucent and rose-red in thin scales. Pleochroism strongly marked, but varying with the composition: | c (ft, c) colorless or pale yellowish red; c (a) deep reddish brown. Absorption in some varieties a maximum for rays with vibrations j_ c unlike other micas. In others, which contain most manganese, absorption normal, like biotite, here a red-brown, ft and c dark brown. Certain intermediate kinds show no pleochroism (Hamberg). In composition manganophyllite is a manganesian biotite, but varying widely in the relative amounts of manganese and other elements. Cf. anals. 33-36. Anal. 1, John, Min. Mitth., 242, 1874. 2, Hamm, Min. Mitth., 32, 1873. 3, Smith & Brush. Am. J. Sc., 16, 45, 1853. 4, Rg., Min. Ch., Erg., 118, 1886. 5, Rumpf, Min. Mitth., 177, 1874. 6, 7, Rg., Jb. Min., 2, 227, 1885. 8, Pisani, C. R., 83, 167, 1876. 9, Berwerth, Min. Mitth., 112, 1877. 10, Rg., Min. Ch., Erg., 118, 1886. 11, Zellner. 12-19, Rg., 1. c. 20, Becker, Zs. Kr., 17, 130, 1889. 21, Clarke & Riggs, Am. J. Sc., 34, 135, 1886. 22, Schlaepfer, Recherches sur la comp. d. micas, etc., 1889. 23-28, Knop, Zs. Kr., 12, 604, 1887. 29, Hawes, Am. J. Sc., 11, 431, 1876. 30, Heddle, Min. Mag., 3, 72, 1879; also numerous other analyses, ibid., p. 81, and 4, 221, 1881. 31, Lewis & Genth, Proc. Ac. Philad., Jan. 28, 1878. 32, Clarke & 630 SILICATES. Riggs, Am. J. Sc., 34, 136, 1887. 33, Igelstrom, 1. c. 34, Flink, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 13 (2), 7, 70, 1888. 35, 36, Hamberg, G. For. Forh., 12, 567, 1890. G. Si0 2 A1 2 3 Fe 2 0, FeO MgO CaO K 2 O Na 2 O H 2 O F 1. Lake Baikal 2-870 40-00 17-28 0-72 4-88 23-91 8-57 1-47 1-37 1-57 [= 99 77 2. Greenwood F. 2846 4081 16-47 2-16 5-92 21-08 9-01 1-55 2-19 tr. [= 99-19 3. tt 39-88 14-99 7-68 23-69 9-11 1-12 1-30 0-95 [Cl 0-44 = 99 16 4. Monzoni, drk. grn. 41-70. 16-86 2-23 2-74 24-70 8-93 0-28 1-14 0-53 [= 99-11 5. Morawitza 2-75 40-16 15-79 2-53 4-12 26-15 tr. 7-64 0-37 3-5b [= 100-34 6. Branchville, black 2-898 44-94 31-69 4-75 3-90 8-00 0-59 3-85 0-93 [Li 2 O 0-21 = 98-86 7. n 3-030 38-47 24-27 7-65 11-87 9-64 1-13 2-88 2*43 [Li a 01-38 = 99-72 8. Chester, Mass., [= 100 Euchlorite 2-84 39-55 15-95 7-80 22-25 10-35 4-10 9. Vesuvius 2-86 39-30 16-95 0-48 8-45 21-89 0-82 7-79 0-49 4-02 0'89 [= 101-08 10. Arendal, black 38-89 14-53 4-58 8-92 20-28 10-08 0-40 0-94 1-49 [= 100-11 11. Chebarkul 3-00 38-49 14-43 5-44 14-75 16-34 8-12 0-53 0-89 tr. [= 98 99 12. Miask, black 32-49 12-34 656 25-13 5-29 9-59 0-88 2-42 1'61 [Ti0 2 4 03 = 100-34 13. Filipstad 38-20 15-45 8-63 9-59 16-58 1-50 9-17 0-18 1-94 1-15 [= 102-39 14. Sterzing 39-82 1925 2-62 573 20-00 1-41" 8-33 0-66 1-69 tr. [= 99-51 15. Persberg 37-77 1596 6-63 14-43 12-26 8-23 0-27 2-67 0'44 [TiO a 2-12 = 100-78 16. Renchthal 37-67 18-79 6-48 15-28 9-72 8-93 1-92 2-33 tr. [= 101-12 17. Hittero, green-browi i 39-01 15-44 9-37 13-67 11-30 8-62 0-14 293 1'29 [= 101-77 18. St. Dennis 37-93 24-89 7-85 14-87 0-28 8-64 0-40 1-54 4 -23 19. Brevik, green 32-97 11-88 16-48 24-36* 1-08 __ [= 100-63 8-03 0-30 3-35 1-29 [TiO 2 2-42 = 102-16 20. Freiberg 34-70 17-17 2-11 19-55* 9-52 8-91 1-24 3-56 0*20 [Ti0 2 4-58 = 101-54 21. Auburn, Me. 34-67 30-09 2-42 16-99* 1-98 7-55 1-67 4-64 0'28 [= 100-29 22. Miask 3-084 33-24 14-90 5-92 24-52* 5-15 0-40 7'77 1-45 2-19 [TiO 2 4'73 = 100-27 G. SiO a A1 2 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO CaO K a O Na 2 H 2 TiO, 23. BOstenbach 37-60 19-68 2-29 15-04 13-24 6-18 0-71 3-42 1-67 [Cr 2 3 0-18 = 100-01 24. Freiersbach 32-83 18-40 1-46 19-90 11-56 7-53 2-09 3-05 3'30 f= 100-12 25. Easton, Pa. 34-82 16-91 4-19 15-96 13-98 7-48 2'49 1-79 2'00 [= 99-62 26. Hochberg 36-42 17-92 2-83 7-04 2052 6-54 2-60 2-50 3'99 [= 100-36 27. Klausenalp 37-90 18-83 4-22 15-86 14-20 6-96 0-59 1-23 0-21 [= 100-0 [- 100-21 35-83 18-82 2'63 28-34 7'31 C 6 -27 I'Ol 2-96 | 35-61 20-03 0-13 23'04 5-23 9'69 0'52 1-87 1'46 [F 0-76, Li 2 O 0-93, Cl tr. = 99 -27 [= 100-16 3-03 37-16 15-01 7'69 18'39 8 88 1-13 818 1'60 2-12 [Li 2 O 37 = 99-86 3-1 36-68 20-41 1'55 27'60 1-14 0'81 9'20 1'09 I'Ol 34-21 16 53 20-15 15'08 1'34 0'48 6'50 1'43 4'54 0'08 [= 100-34 a lncl. MnO, in 9, 0-59 p. c.; in 19. 3'64; in 20, 0'50; in 21, 0'85; in 22, 0'95; in 29, M9; in 30, 1-04; in 31, 2'10; in 32, 0'9l. b BaO. e BaO 6'84, SrO 0'47. 28. Schelingen Barytbiotite 29. Middletown, Ct. 30. Roneval, Haughtonite 31. Pike's Peak SideropTiyllite 32. Pike's Peak MICA GROUP BIOTITE. 631 Manganophyttite. 33. Pajsberg 34. Laugbau 35. Pajsberg, red-brn. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 3 MnO CaO MgO K 2 O Na 2 O H 2 O F 38-50 11-00 3-78 a 21 -40 3'20 15'01 5'51 1'60 41-36 16-02 4-66 5'41 13'27 11 "43 2'09 4'62 40-64 9-43 3-66 9-68 22 31 10'50 0'35 4 30 darkbrn. 36'42 12'64 4'50 b 1713 020 14-73 8'78 0'38 4'60 FeO. 0-70 Mn 2 O : =100 0-49= 99-35 0'30Li 2 OO-29 [= 101-46 0'33Li 2 00'40 [= 100 11 Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives a little water. Some varieties give the reaction for fluorine in the open tube; some kinds give little or no reaction for iron with the fluxes, while others give strong reactions for iron. B.B. whitens and fuses on the thin edges. Completely decomposed by sulphuric acid, leaving the silica in thin scales. Mauganophyllite becomes black upon ignition and gives a strong manganese reaction with the fluxes. Soluble in hydrochloric acid with separation of silica. Obs. Biotite is a common constituent of the crystalline rocks, granite, gneiss, mica schist, etc., being often associated with muscovite and sometimes largely taking its place. Also very common, as muscovite is not, in eruptive rocks of all ages, syenite, aiidesyte, trachyte, etc. Further, it occurs as a result of secondary action in certain contact rocks, and as produced by the alteration of a variety of species. It is not infrequently associated in parallel position with muscovite, the latter, for example, forming the outer portions of plates having a nucleus of biotite; sometimes in similar plates the two species are in twinning position with reference to each other (cf. Lex., Jb. Min., 630, 1878). Some of the prominent localities of crystallized biotite are, as follow: first of all, Vesuvius, where it is very common and occurs particularly in ejected limestone masses on Monte Somma, associated with augite, chrysolite, nephelite, humite, etc. The crystals are sometimes nearly colorless or yellow and then usually complex in form; also dark green to black. Occurs also in the Albani Mts. ; Mt. Monzoni in the Fassathal, in green or greenish black crystals; Schwarzen- stein in the Zillerthal and in the Pfitschthal with black tourmaline; Rezbanya and Morawitza in Hungary; Schelingen and other points in the Kaiserstuhl; the Laacher See; on the west side of L. Ilmen near Miask, etc. In the United States ordinary biotite is common in granite, gneiss, etc., but notable localities of distinct crystals are not numerous. It occurs with muscovite (wh. see) as a more or less prominent constituent of the pegmatyte veins in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Con- necticut, Pennsylvania; also similarly in Virginia and North Carolina. Interesting specimens have been obtained at Litchfield, Me.; Acworth, N. H. ; Craftsbury, Vt. (nodular masses of biotite cemented by quartz); Portland, Middletown, Branchville, Conn.; St. Lawrence Co., N. Y.; in N. Carolina, in crystals at the mica mines of Mitchell, Hay wood, Yancey counties, and especially Macon County; in the Pike's Peak region in Colorado, where the variety sidero- phyllite was obtained. The variety anomite, as already noted, is rare. The typical localities are L. Baikal in eastern Siberia, where it occurs with apatite, diopside, etc., in a coarse granular limestone on the river Sliudianka; also at Greenwood Furnace, Orange Co., New York, where it is characterized by the pseudo crystalline forms (f. 5, p. 628), often rhombohedral, showing the gliding-planes p, C- A few other occurrences have been noted, as in gneiss at Steinegg, Lower Austria; the nephelinyte of the Katzenbuckel; kersantyte of Michaelstein near Blankenburg in the Harz; in melilite-basalt of Aluo, Westernorrland, Sweden, etc. Manganophyllite occurs in cavities filled with calcite, with tephroite, rhodonite, richterite, less often hematite, magnetite, garnet, etc., at the Harstig mine at Pajsberg, Wermland, Sweden; also at Langban and probably at Jakobsberg near Nordmark. Named from manganese and (t>uA.A.or, leaf. See further on localities under the varieties above; also phlogopite, lepidomelane, following, which are probably to be regarded as hardly more than well characterized varieties of biotite. Biotite is named after the French physicist, Biot (1774-1862). Alt. Biotite is often altered by the assumption of water and oxidation of the iron and many supposed species have been based upon such products; a loss of transparency, a bronze luster on the surface, etc., are early changes. Cf. below, and also under the vermiculites. Artif. See p. 613. Ref. 'Rath, Vesuvius, Pogg., Erg. Bd., 6, 366, 1873. He showed that the angles cr and cz are sensibly equal; measurement gave: 001 A 101 = 80 0' 001 A 132 = 80 0' 001 A 132 = 80 1' The position of Tschermak is here followed (cf. p. 620). In his original paper Tschermak assumed the fundamental angles (Rath) cr = 80 0', cz 80 0V, oo' = 57 10', which give: a : b : c = 0'5777 : 1 : 3'2772 or, if M = 110 (Tschermak, Min., 1883) a : b : c = 0-5777 1 : 2-1932 = 89 59f ' = 84 58'. 632 SILICATES. If the first axial ratio is accepted the signs of the planes must be changed, that is r = 101, M = 221, etc. It is obvious, however, that the angles are not decisive in showing on which side the obliquity really lies, hence the position here taken, with ft = 90, is to be regarded as con- ventional only. With Koksharov and some other authors the position in this regard is reversed; moreover, the axis c (Kk.) has only half the length heie taken, hence wilh him o = 111, r = 201 (g), z = 131 (d), etc. Laspeyres has proposed another position for biotite to bring it into correspondence with Koksharov's position of clinochlore. Cf.'Zs. Kr., 17, 541, 1890. * Cf. Tschermak, 1. c., also Phillips, Min., 103, 1837; Mgc., Suppl. Bibl. Univ., 6, 301, 1847; Mir. Min., 387, 1852; Kk., Min. Russl., 2, 113, 291, 7, 225, 8, 5, Mem. Akad. St. Pet., 1877 (read May 17); Dx., Min., 1, 484, 1862; Hbg., Min. Not., 7, 15, 1866; Rath, 1. c. Hbg. (1. c.) discusses the earlier results and gives a list of planes, noted by different authors, referred to the rhombohedral form. Some of the forms deduced from early observations must be regarded as doubtful. 3 The mica law is here and elsewhere stated in the form given by Tschermak. prefers to regard the normal to c (001) as the tw. axis and the angle of revolution 120. See Kr., 16, 24-41, 1890, 18, 374, 1890; also Hamberg, G. For. Forh., 12, 585, 1890. The following have probably been derived from biotite; still other alteration products are noted under the vermiculites, to which some of these approximate. RUBELLAN Breith. is considered an altered biotite; it occurs in small hexagonal forms, of a red color, in the basalt of the Laacher See and elsewhere. Of. Hollrung, Min. Mitth., 5, 304, 1882. EUKAMPTITE Kenngott, Ueb., 1853. 58, 1855, described under the name ChloritahnUches Mineral in Ber. Ak. Wien, 11, 609, 1853. A hydrous biotite, probably a result of alteration, from Presburg, Hungary. It is between mica and chlorite in its characters. VOIGTITE Schmid, Pogg., 97, 108, 1856. Probably a hydrated biotite; it occurs in a graphic granite at Ehrenberg near Ilmeuau. See 5th Ed., p. 486. RASTOLYTE Shepard, Min., 1857, Appendix, p. vi; Am. J. Sc., 24, 128, 1857. Similar to voigtite, from Monroe. N. Y. HYDROBIOTITE H. C. Lewis. A hydrated biotite. The name has been similarly but more definitely used by Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 6, 381, 1882. PSEUDOBIOTITE A. Knop. Zs. Kr., 12, 607, 1887. An altered biotite occurring in the granular limestone of the Schelinger Mdtten in the Kaiserstuhl. Analysis, Knop and Wagner: SiO 2 TiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 Mn 2 O 3 MgO K 2 O Na 2 O H 2 O | 35-91 1-15 15-18 10-85 0'89 22 80 2'90 tr. 10-7.7 = 100'45. BASTONITE Dumont, Dx. Min., 1, 498, 1862. A mica in large plicated plates, of a greenish brown color, greasy luster, very small optical angle, easily fusible into a black enamel, discovered by Dumont in a quartzyte from Bastogne, Belgian Luxembourg. The same mica in small pearly scales of a bronze-like color has been investigated by Klement and shown to be a some- what altered iron mica. G. = 2 -928. 2E = 10 45-12 54'. Dispersion p\< v. B.B. exfoliates and fuses finally to a black magnetic glass. Decomposed in hot acid. Analysis, Klement, Bull. Mus. Belg., 1, 40, 1882. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO CaO K 2 O Na 2 O H 2 O Libramont 86'91 20'04 20'01 3-73 7'96 0'95 3'07 0'22 6'98 a = 99'87 a Below 300 1-61 p. c. 462A. Phlogopite. Magnesia-Mica pt. Rhombic Mica. Rhombenglimmer pt. Phlogopit (fr. Antwerp, N. Y.) Breith., Haudb., 398, 1841. Monoclinic. In form and angles near biotite. Forms: b (010, i-l), c (001, 0), M (221, - 2), o (112, - ), ju (111, 1). Measured angles, cM - 85, co = 73, en - 81 30'. Twins as with ordinary biotite (p. 628) united by c (f. 1); also united by a vertical plane and then showing a fine feather-like striation j edge c/b. Crystals often large and coarse. Usually oblong six-sided prisms, more or less tapering, with irregular sides. Cleavage: basal, highly eminent. Thin laminae tough and elastic. Parting \\ a (104) and C (135) as with biotite, p. 628; also \\ 134 inclined about 71 to c; H. = 2 5-3. G. 2 '78-2 -85. Luster pearly, often sub- metallic on cleavage surface. Color yellowish brown to brownish red, with often something of a copper-like reflection; also pale brownish yellow, green, white. colorless. Transparent to translucent in thin folia. Often exhibits asterism in transmitted light, due to regularly arranged inclusions (see below). MICA GROUP BIOTITE. 633 Pleochroism distinct in colored varieties: c brownish red, 6 brownish green, a yellow. Ab- sorption c > ft > a, Burgess. Optically . Ax. pi. || b. Bx a nearly j_ c. Apparent angle ac = 24' red, 9' green, Burgess; also 1 19' Natural Bridge. Axial angle small but variable even in the same specimen, from to 17 25' for red. 2E r = 17 25' Edwards (anal. 4). Disper siou p < v. The axial angle appears to increase with the amount of iron. Cf. Silliman.SthEd., p. 303 and Am. J. Sc., 10, 372, 1850. Comp. A magnesium mica, near biotite, but containing little iron. Potassium is prominent as in all the micas, and in most cases fluorine. Typical phlogopite, according to Clarke, is i i R,Mg 3 Al(8iCM, where R = H,K,MgF. The Burgess phlogopite corresponds very closely to H 2 KMg 3 Al(SiO 4 ) 3 + K(MgF)Mg 2 Al(SiO 4 ) 3 . Clarke and Schneider, Am. J. Sc., 40, 410, 1890. Analysis 8, discussed by Penn'eld and Sperry, conforms to the orthosilicate formula, H,KAtgTAl,(8iO)f. Cf. also Clarke, 1. c. While phlogopite cannot be sharply separated from biotite, its character and method of occurrence are so far constant and peculiar that it is most naturally placed by itself, while per- haps not deserving the full rank of an independent species. Anal. 1, Ludwig, Min. Mitth., 240, 1874. 2, Neminar, ib., p. 241. 3, Poppovits, ib. 4, Berwerth, ib., quoted by Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 78 (1), 31, 1878. 5-7, Rg., Min. Ch., Erg., 117, 1886. 8, E. S. Sperry, Am. J. Sc., 36, 329, 1888. 9, 10, Clarke and Schneider, 40, 410, 1890. 11, 12, Peufield, priv. contr. G. 1. Pargas 2 "867 2. Peuusbury, Pa.? 2'779 3. Ratnapura 2 '742 4. Edwards, N. Y. 5. Pargas 6. Rossie 7. Gouverneur 8. Edwards 2'792 9. 10. Burgess 11. De Kalb, white 2'862 12. Rossie, black 2'950 * Incl. 0-08Li a O. Si0 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO BaO 43-43 13-76 016 1'35 27'20 44-29 12-12 1-40 1'44 27 '86 42-26 15-64 0'23 1'52 27'23 40-64 14-11 2-28 0'69 27 97 2'54 42-55 12-74 1-31 0'49 27'62 43-17 13-43 1-51 27'47 43-00 13-27 1-71 27'70 44-81 10-87 0-31 28'90 45-05 11-25 0-14 29'38 39 66 17-00 0-27 0'20 26'49 0'62 42-06 c 13-21 0-16 O'll 28'16 2'08 40-63 13-04 1-12 7'62 21'47 0'04 b Incl. 0-07 Li 2 O. H 2 O F 0-92 4-21 = 100-39 2-09 1-94 = 100-36 2 91 2-19 = 100-66 3-21 0-82 = 101-58 1-18 4-59 = 100-23 0-40 5-41 Li 2 OO-53 [= 101-04 0-38 5-67 = 102-35 5-42 ignOOO ) [0-96 = 100-13 5-37 = 100 23 2-99 2-24 Ti,O 0-56 [= 100-60 3-10 3-07 = 101-77 2-47 4-00 TiO 2 1-16 [= 102-26 c Incl. 0.38 TiO 2 . K 2 O 8-06 7 "06 8-68 8-16 8-92 8-73 Na 2 O 1-30 216 1-16 0-83 0-39 10-32 8-40 0-30 0-46* 8-52 9-97 0-52 b 0-60 8-78 10-14 1-04 0-57 Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives a little water. Some varieties give the reaction for fluorine in the open tube, while most give little or no reaction for iron with the fluxes. B.B. whitens and fuses on the thin edges. Completely decomposed by sulphuric acid, leaving the silica in thin scales. Obs. Phlogopite is especially characteristic of serpentine, and crystalline limestone or dolomite. It is often associated with pyroxene, amphibole, etc. Prominent localities are: Pargas, Finland, in crystalline limestone with diopside, pargasite; Aker and Sala in Sweden; Campo- longo in Switzerland (Tessiu), in dolomite; Ratnapura, Ceylon, etc. Phlogopite occurs also in New York, at Gouverneur, of a brownish copper-red; at Pope's Mills, St. Lawrence Co.; Natural Bridge, Jefferson Co; colorless at Edwards, N. Y.; Oxbow. Also at Sterling Mine, Morris Co., N. J., rich yellowish brown, inclining to red, in limestone; at Suckasunny mine, N. J., deep olive- brown, inclining to yellow, in limestone; Newton, N. J., yellow, in limestone; Franklin Furnace; Lockwood, Sussex Co., N. J., deep olive-brown, like the mica of Fine, N. Y., in limestone. The crystals at Clarke's Hill, St. Lawrence Co., are very large, sometimes nearly two feet long (f. 2). At North and South Burgess, Ontario, in fine crystals, sometimes very large; also in Grenville, Buckingham, Templeton, and elsewhere in Quebec; in general, common in the crystalline limestones of the Laurentian. Named from (pXoycaTto^, fire-like, in allusion to the color. The asterism of phlogopite, seen when a candle-flame is viewed through a thin sheet, is a common character, particularly prominent in the kinds from northern New York and Canada. It has been shown to be due to minute acicular inclusions arranged chiefly in the direction of the rays of the pressure- figure (f. 1, p. 611), producing a distinct six-rayed star; also parallel to the lines of the percussion-figure, giving a secondary star, usually less prominent than the other. The nature of these inclusions is uncertain, and the same mineral may not always be the cause. Rose suggested cyanite, but later referred them to a imiaxial mica; rutile needles have been noted by Sandberger, and also by Lacroix; further tourmaline by Rosenbusch. Cf. the following authors: 634 SILICATES. G. Rose, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 614, Oct. 30, 1862. Sandberger, Jb. Min., 2, 192, 1882. Lex., Templeton, Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 99, 1885; Ceylon, 12, 341, 1889. Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 76 (1), 125, 1877. llosenbusch, Mikr. Phys., 487, 1885. Lindgren, quoted by Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 40, 411. 1890. Alt. The phlogopites are quite liable to change, losing their elasticity, becoming pearly in luster, with often brownish spots, as if from the hydratiou of the oxide of iron. In some cases an alteration to steatite and serpentine has been observed. A number of different "vermicu- lites " derived from phlogopite have been described, as noted be3^ond. ASPIDOLITE. Aspidolith F, ID. Kobell, Ber. Ak. Miinchen, March 6, 1869. An olive-green mica, brownish yellow in thin leaves, with pearly, submetallic luster. Occurs in aggregations of prismatic crystals. Axial angle 11 55'. Analysis gave: SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 MgO FeO Na 2 O K 2 O H 2 O G. = 2-72 46-44 10-50 26-30 9'00 4'77 2'52 1'33 = 100'86 The composition approaches that of a soda phlogopite, but it needs further examination. B.B. exfoliates like verrniculite, giving water in the closed tube. In the forceps difficultly fusible to a dirty gray-white glass. Entirely decomposed by hydrochloric acid, leaving the silica In pearly scales. Found in the Zillerthal, in Tyrol, associated with chlorite. 462B. Lepidomelane. Hausmann, Gel. Anz. Gott., 945, 1840. Aunite Dana, Min., 1868. In small six-sided tables, or an aggregate of minute scales. Sometimes (Bgr., Zs. Kr., 16, 189, 1890) in distinct crystals with the forms: b (010, a), c (001, 0), TC (201, - 2-1), y (043, f 1), o (112, - $), Jlf (221, - 2), /* (111, 1). Angles (Bgr.): cit = 84 48', cM = 85 29f , en = 81 2f , MM'" - 59 48', /*//' = 59 12'. Cleavage: basal, eminent, as in other micas. Somewhat brittle. H. =3. G. = 3'0-3'2. Luster adamantine, inclining to vitreous, pearly. Color black, with occasionally a leek-green reflection. Streak grayish green. Opaque, or translucent in very thin laminae. Ax. plane | b. Ax. angle small, from to 8. For anal. 6, 5-8. Comp. Chiefly characterized by the large amount of ferric iron. In part an orthosilicate, in part a more basic compound. It can hardly be regarded otherwise than as a variety of biotite. Anal. 6 gives (H,K) 2 Fe 3 (Fe,Al) 4 (SiO 4 ) 6 . Anal. 1, Soltmann, Pogg., 50, 664, 1840. 2, Haughton, Q. J. G. Soc., 15, 129, 1859. r, Jb. 1 8, Scheerer, Zs. G. Ges., 14, 56, 1862. 4, Rube, ibid. 5, Baltzer, Jb. Min., 654, 1872. 6, Rg., Min. Ch., Erg., 119, 1886. 7, Flink, Zs. Kr., 16, 191, 1890; earlier, Scheerer. 8, 9, Biggs, Am. J. Sc., 31, 268, 1886. 10, Id., ibid., 34, 133, 1887. 11, Clarke & Schneider, ib., 40, 410, 1890. 12, Cooke, ibid., 43, 222, 1867. 13, Riggs, ibid., Am. J. Sc., 32, 359, 1886. SiO 2 TiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MnO MgO CaO K 2 O Na 2 O H 2 O 1. Wermland G. = 3.00 37'40 11 '60 27'66 12*43 26 9'20 0'60 [= 99-15 2. Ballyelin 35'55 17'08 23'70 3'55 1'95 3'07 0'61 9'45 0'35 4'30 [= 99-61 3. Freiberg 37"50 3'06 17'87 12'93 9'95 0'20 10'15 0'45 0'83 3"00 3-48 [= 99-42 4. " 36-89 3-16 15'00 16'29 6'95 9'65 1'75 6'06 4-40 [= 100-15 0-03 5. Adamello G. = 3'07 36'43 14*40 16 71 17 '40 tr. 6'87 1'66 5-54 = 99-04 6. "Brevik" 32 '97 2 "42 11 '88 16-4820-72 3'64 1-08 8'03 O r 30 3'35 [Fl-29 = 102-16 7. Langesund fiord 34'37 4'68 6'84 24'89 7'47 2'41 4*05 0'78 9'03 2'13 2'27 [= 98-92 8. Litchfield, Me. 32'09 18-52 19-4914-10 1'42 I'Ol 8'12 1-55 4-62 [= 100-92 9. " " 32-35 17-47 24'22 13'11 1'02 0'89 6'40 a 0'70 4'67 [= 100-83 10. Baltimore 35'78 16'39 14'55 11'02 1-08 8'67 7'76 0'56 4'48 [= 100-29 11. Port Henry 34'52 2'70 13'22 7'80 22'27 0'41 5'82 8*59 0'20 b 4'39 [F 0-34, (Co,Ni)0 0'30 = 100-56 12. Annite G. = 3'169 39'55 16'73 12'07 17'48 0'60 C 0'62 10-66 0'59 d 1-50 [SiF 4 0-62 = 100-42 13. " 31'96 3-42 11-93 8'06 30-35 0-21 0'05 0'23 8 46 1'54 4'25 [= 100-46 a In orig. 6-40 Na a O. b Incl. 0*04 Li 2 O. Mn 3 8 . d Li a O. ROSCOELITE. 635 Pyr., etc. B.B. at a red heat becomes brown and fuses to a black magnetic globule Easily decomposed by hydrochloric acid, depositing silica in scales; this is an important distinguishing character. Obs. A scaly-massive mineral at Persberg in Wermland, Sweden, containing embedded prisms of hornblende, the scales half a line or so across; Langesuud tio'd, Norway; mica-like at Abborforss in Finland; in granite in Ireland, at Bally ellin in Co. Carlow, Leiuster, at Ballygihen in Co. Donegal, and at Canton, mostly in largish crystals or plates (^ inch across and larger). The Donegal and Leinster micas are optically uuiaxial, according to Haughton. Similar iron micas occur at Litchfield, Me., Baltimore, Md., etc. Annite occurs in the Cape Ann granite, with cryophyllite, orthoclase, albite, and zircon (cyrtolite). Lepidomelane is named from A^TTZ'S, scale, and /ze'/ltt?, black. PTEKOLITE Breithaupt, B. H. Ztg., 24, 336. Appears to be an altered lepidomelane, of a pearly luster, and a color between olive-green and liver-brown; scaly massive in texture. It occurs in the Brevik region, Norway, with astrophyllite, wohlerite, aegirite, etc. See further p. 403. ALURGITE Breith., B. H. Ztg., 24, 336, 1865. Massive, consisting of scales, rarely having an hexagonal outline. Cleavage: basal eminent, as in mica. H. = 2*25-3. G. = 2 984-3 Luster pearly to vitreous. Color purple to cochineal-red; in thinnest plates rose red; streak rose- red. Transparent to translucent. Optically uuiaxial. Contains much manganese, but not analyzed. Occurs with manganese ores at St. Marcel in Piedmont. Named from d\.ovpy6$, purple. It may be identical with manganophyllite, p. 629. HELVETAN R. T. Simmler, Kenng. Ueb., 135, 1865, 1868. A micaceous mineral forming part of a schist and quartzyte in the gneiss formation (Alpinyte) of the Alps. H. 3-3'5; G. = 2 77-3 '03; luster pearly or waxy; color gray to whitish, reddish, greenish, violet, and copper-red; streak grayish white to reddish. In the closed tube yields little or no water. Analysis, Simmler, Jb. Min., 348, 1868: SiO 2 6707 A1 2 O 3 13-05 FeO 4*43 CaO 2 -38 MgO 2'18 K 2 O 7'37 Na a O 1-69 H 8 O 1-85=100'02 It may be muscovite, impure with quartz, etc. 463. ROSCOELITE. /. Blake, Am. J. Sc., 12, 31, 1876. Genth, ib., p. 32. In minute scales, often in stellate or fan-shaped groups. Structure micaceous. Cleavage : basal perfect. Soft. G. = 2-92-2-94 Genth. Luster pearly. Color dark clove-brown to greenish brown, dark brownish green. Translucent. Optically biaxial, negative. Bx J_ c. Dispersion p < v Dx. Comp. A vanadium mica; formula doubtful. Genth calculates H 8 K(Mg,Fe) (Al,V) 4 (Si0 3 ) 12 . Anal. 1, Genth (after deducting 0'85 gold, quartz, etc.), Am. Phil. Soc., 17, 119, 1877; also earlier on less pure material, Am. J. Sc., 12, 32, 1876. 2, 3, Roscoe, Proc. Roy. Soc., 25, 109, 1876. G. Si0 2 V 2 O 3 A1 2 O 3 Fe 8 3 Mn 2 O 3 FeO MgO CaO K 2 O Na 2 O Li 2 O H 2 O 1. 47-69 20'56 a 1410 1'67 2'00 7'59 0'19 tr. 4 96= 98'76 2. 2-902 41-25 28'85 14'34 1'04 1'45 1'96 061 8'25 0'72 0'94hygrosc. [water 2-12 = lUl'53 3. 28'36 b 1394 T23 0'85 2'06 0'62 8'87 0'92 l'22hygrosc. [water 2 '42 a In the earlier analyses VeOn was assumed. b V 2 O 6 . Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses easily to a black glass. Gives with salt of phosphorus a dark yellow bead O.F., and an emerald-green bed R.F. Only slightly acted upon by acids. Obs. Occurs intimately mixed with gold in seams ( T V to -^ in. thick) in porphyry, and fill- ing cavities in quartz, at the gold mine at Granite Creek, near Coloma, El Dorado Co., California; also from Big Red Ravine, near Slitter's mill, where gold was first discovered in California (Hanks, Min. Sc. Press, June 25, 1881). Hanks remarks that at the Granite Creek locality some 400 or 500 Ibs. of the mineral have been discovered, which were wasted in the extraction of the gold. Genth also describes (1. c.) a mineral occurring in the Magnolia District, Colorado, as a thin earthy incrustation, of a grayish to olive-green color on calaverite, also inclosed in quartz, and giving it a green color. An analysis of the quartz gave Quartz 79'38, Te T05. Ad-9'03 = 80'46; the balance (19'5 p. c.) is assumed to belong to the green mineral which forms the coloring matter. An analysis of this, after the deduction of the quartz, gave (mean of 5 partial analyses): SiO a 56-74, A1 2 O 3 19'62, V 2 O 3 7'78, FeO 3 84, MgO 2'63, Na 2 O 0'94, K.,O 8'H MnG,Li 2 O tr., HiO tmdet. =99 66. Genth regards this as probably closely related to roscoelite, perhaps a variety. 686 SILICATES. 2. Olintonite Group. Monoclinic. 464. Margarite H 2 CaAl 4 Si 2 la 465. Seybertite H 3 (Mg,Ca)Al 5 Si,0 18 Brand isite 465A. Xanthophyllite H,(Mg,Ca) 14 Al 16 Si 5 62 ? a : I : c = 0-57735 : 1 : 3*2443 /3 = 90 466. Chloritoid H 2 (Fe,Mg)Al 2 Si0 7 Triclinic? 467. Ottrelite H 2 (Fe,Mn)Al 2 Si 2 9 ? The minerals here included are sometimes called the Brittle Micas (Sprod- glimmer Germ.). They are near the micas in cleavage, crystalline form, and optical properties, but are marked physically by the brittleness of the laminae, and chemi- cally by their basic character. " In several respects they form a transition from the micas proper to the chlo- rites. Margarite, or calcium mica, is a basic silicate of aluminium and calcium, while chloritoid is a basic silicate of aluminium and ferrous iron (with magnesium), like the chlorites. Seybertite, brandisite, and xuiithophyllite are near one another, and are regarded by Tschermak and Sipocz as isomorphous mixtures of a silicate and aluminate H 2 CaMg 4 Si 3 O 12 and H a CaMgAl,O 12 . For xanthophyllite the ratio 5 : 8 is given; for brandisite 3 : 4; for seybertite 4 : 5. Ottrelite is sometimes assumed to be identical with chloritoid, but recent analyses give it a much higher percentage of silica. Tschermak also includes sapphirine (p. 561) in this group. Ref. Tschermak & Sipocz, Ber. Ak. Wien, 78 (1), Nov., 1878, or Zs. Kr., 3, 496, 1879. 464. MARGARITE. Perlglimmer (fr. Sterzing) Mohs, Char., 1820, Gruudr., 232, 1824. Margarite Tyrolese mm. dealers. Corundellite (fr. Pa.), Clingmauite (fr. N. C.), B. Silliman, Jr., Am. J. Sc., 8, 380, 383, 1849. Emerylite (fr. Asia Minor) /. L. Smith, ib., 8, 378, 1849, 11, 59, 1851. Kalkglimmer Germ. Monoclinic. Axial ratio near that of biotite. Forms: b (010, i-l), c (001, 0), $ (0-10-9, -VU), fc (116, - )?, o (112, - |), q (114, ), 4(3-310,^), p(337, f). Angles with c (001) measured (Tschermak) and calculated from the biotite axes: 2(0-10-9) ft (116)? v, large, also horizontal. Axial angles large, in air 100 to 118, see below. CLINTONITE GROUP CHLORITOID. 641 1. The original chloritoid (or Chloritspath) from Kosoibrod, near Ekaterinburg in the Ural, is in large curving laminae or plates, grayish to blackish green in color, often spotted with yellow from mixture with limouite; G. = 3'55 Fiedler, 3-557^Breith. 2. The sismondine is from St. Marcel; it occurs also with glaucophane at Zermatt in the Valais, Switzerland, and similarly in the Val de Chisoue, Piedmont. Des Cloizeaux shows that the form is probably tricliuic, since the plane angles measured on c between the cleavage- directions of the 60 pyramid (mj and that of b (010) differ by some 4; thus: St. Marcel 62 30', 58, Zermatt 62 44', 57 27', Chisoue 62, 58. The sum of these angles is sensibly 120. Further the ax. plane is not exactly f b, but makes An angle of 1 to 1 30 with this direction. Axial angles: St. Marcel Zermatt Val de Chisone 2H a .r 2H a . r 2E r 2H a .r 2E r = 64 34' to 74 6' = 67 1' to 71" 17' = 111 50' to 117 48' =. 64 33' = 101 26' 2Ha.gr = 57 to 65 38' 2Ha.gr = 62 39' to 64 37' 2E gr = 108 44' 2H a .gr = 57 54' 2Egr = 91 22' Of the above the angles in air (2E) were measured directly; those in oil (2H) are the sum of the angles wiih the normal to c, viz. : 2H a . r = 29 34' -f 35 = 64 34'; also 35 4' 4- 39 2' = 74 6', etc. 2Ha.gr =' 25 0' -f 32 0' = 57 0' 33 14' + 32 24' = 65 38'. The fact that the dispersion is greater for one axis than for the other confirms the triclinic form. 3. Salmite is a mauganesian variety occurring in irregular masses, having a coarse saccha- roidal structure and grayish color. G. = 3'38. 3. Masynite, from Natk k, R. I., is in very broad plates of a dark grayish green color, but bluish green in very thin laminae parallel to c, and grayish green at right angles to this; G. 3*529 Keungott; c (001) on plane of cleavage = 85. Dx. It is evidently impure, and this must have been true of the material analyzed by Jackson (anal. 15). Named after Mr. Owen Mason. The Canada mineral is in small plates, one-fourth inch wide and half this in thickness, disseminated through a schist, and also in nodules of radiated structure, half an inch through; G. = 3'513 Hunt. That of Gumuch dagh resembles sismondine, is dark green in thick folia and grass-green in very thin; G. = 3 '52 Smith. Comp. Empirical formula for chloritoid H 2 (Fe,Mg)Al 2 Si0 7 . If iron alone is present, this requires : Silica 23*8, alumina 40*5, iron protoxide 28*5, water 7*2 = 100. In salmite manganese is present replacing the ferrous iron. Anal. 1, Bonsdorf, quoted by Rose, 1. c. 2, Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 58, 40, 1853. 3, Sipocz, quoted by Tschermak. 4, Renard. quoted by Barrois, Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 42, 1884. 5, 6, Heddle, Min. Mag., 3, 28, 1879. 7, Prost, 1. c., after deducting 15'06 p. c. quartz (Rg.. Min. Ch., Erg., 71, 1886). 8, Suida, quoted by Tschermak. 9, 10, Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 80, 1884. 11, J. Lawrence Smith, Am. J. Sc., 11, 64, 1851. 12, T. S. Hunt, ibid., 31, 442, 1861, Rep. G. Canada, 194, 1854. 13, Genth. Am. J. Sc., 39, 50, 1890. 14, J. D. Whitney, Proc. Nat. Hist.' Soc., Boston, 3, 100, 1849. 15, C. T. Jackson, Rep. G. Rh. Island, 88, 1840. G, Si0 2 A1 2 3 Fe 2 3 FeO MnO MgO CaO H 2 O 1. Kosoibrod 3-55 27-48 35-57 27-05 0-30 429 6-95 = 101-64 2. 23-01 40-26 27-40 397 6-34 = 100-98 3. Pregratten 3-538 24-90 40-99 0-55 24-28 3-38 7-82 = 101-87 4. He de Groix 24-90 40-36 26-17 2-54 6-23 = 100-20 5. Shetland, clove-b?'own 3-356 25-36 41-74 3-90 13-93 0-92 682 0-90 6-57 = 100-14 6. ' ' dark green 3-39 . 24-47 41-34 0-38 18-52 0-91 6-80 0-30 6-98 = 99-70 7. Vielsalm, Salmite 3-38 22-52 39-60 397 15-35 8-40 2-10 0-35 7-44 CoO 0-05 [= 99-78 8. St. Marcel, Sismondine 3-42 26-03 42-33 4-09 14-32 7-30 0-35 6-56 Alk. tr. f= 100-98 9. it (t 3-49 25-50 38-13 23-58 , 5-19 690 ' 99-30 10. Zermatt 3-36 24-40 42-80 19-17 6-17 6-90 = 9944 11. Asia Minor 3-52 23-91 39-52 28-05 7-08 = 98-56 12. Leeds, Canada 3-513 26-30 37-10 25-92 0-93 3-66 __ 6-10 = 100-01 13. Patrick Co.,Va., blk. grn. 3-614 25-03 39-75 22-92 1-30 332 0-21 6-64 Alk. 0-14 [= 99-31 14. R. Island, Masonite 28-27 32-16 33-72 0-13 5-00 = 99-28 15. ft n 3450 33-20 29-00 25-93 6-00 0-24 4-00 = 98-37 The Kosoibrod chloritoid is associated with mica and cyanite. Sismondine occurs at St. Marcel in a dark green chlorite schist, with garnet, magnetite, and pyrites- ~ 642 SILICATES. Valais; Pregratten, Tyrol; Val de Chisone, Piedmont. Other localities of chloritoid are He le Groix (Morbihan); embedded in large crystals at Vanlup, Shetland; Ardennes (relatively large scales) in schists with true ottrelite; Rhode Island (masonite) in an argillaceous schist; Chester, Mass., in schist, with emery, diaspore, etc. ; at Bull Mt., Patrick Co., Va., with corundum, cyanite, etc.; Canada, at Broine and Suttou, Brome Co., in micaceous schist, and at Leeds, MegauticCo., Quebec, in argillaceous schist; at Gumuch-dagh, Asia Minor, with emery. Fyr., etc. In a matrass yields water. B.B. nearly infusible; becomes darker and magnetic. Completely decomposed by sulphuric acid. The masonite fuses with difficulty to a dark green enamel. Obs. Occurs commonly in metamorphic schists, micaceous or argillaceous (phyllytes) in embedded crystals or scales, often grouped in fan-shaped, sheaf-like forms, also in irregular or rounded grains. Most of what has been called ottrelite probably belongs here, for the two min- erals are closely related, although they cannot at present be united. Named Chloritoid by Rose from the resemblance to chlorite. The name Chloriespath, or in English Chlorite Spar, has the precedence in time, but it is objectionable in form and significa- tion, and has rightly been superseded by chloritoid Sismondite was named for P*-of. Sismonda of Turin. Ref. ' Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 78 (1), Nov., 1878. Becke, Min. Mitth., 1, 269, 1878; Foullon, Jb., G. Reichs., 33, 220, 1883. Dx., Min., 1, 463, 1862; Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 80, 1884. Barrois, ibid., 7. 37; Lex., ibid., 9, 42, 1886. 467. Ottrelite. Des Cloizeaux and Damour, Ann. Mines, 51, 357, 1842. Phyllite Thorn son, Ann. Lye. N. Y., 3; 47, 1828. Newportite Totten, Shepard's Min., 1, 161, 1857. Venas quite Damour, Bull. Soc., Min., 2, 167, 1879. Mouocliuic or triclinic 1 . In hexagonal crystalline scales, showing c(001, 0), 6(010,^), tt(lll), and.; (O'll'S). Measured angles en 79 50'. Cf. chloritoid, p. 640. Twins as with chloritoid; simple crystals also common. Cleavage- basal, rather perfect. H. = 6-7. G. - 3'3. Color blackish gray, greenish irrav black- streak grayish, greenish. Pleochroism not strong as with chloritoid (Dx.). ' Optically +. Double refraction weak. Ax. pi. || b. Bx a inclined to the normal to c (12 Tschermak). Axial angle variable. Dispersion sometimes p < v, also p> v. Comp.--For ottrelite perhaps H 2 (Fe,Mn)Al 2 Si 2 O 9 = Silica 38'5, alumina 32'7, iron protoxide 23-0 water 5'8 = 100 The formula, however, is doubtful, because of the difficulty of obtaining pure material, free from inclusions, for analysis. The formula H6(Fe,Mn) 3 Al 4 Si 6 O 2 4 requires: Silica 43'2, alumina 24'5, iron protoxide 25-8, water 6'5 = 100. For venasquite the formula is given: EUFeAl.SisO,, = Silica 48'4, alumina 27"4 iron nrotoxide 19'3 water 4*9 = 100. It occurs in masses having a lamellar and radiated crystalline structure H.'=5'5. G. = 326. Color grayish black. Streak gray. Optically +. Axial na- ' ' ' ' 1882. 4, Renard, ibid., p. 46. 5, Klement, ibid., p. 47. 6, Damour, 1. c. G. SiO a A1 2 0, Fe 2 O 3 FeO MnO MgO CaO H 2 O Ottrelite 43'34 24'63 16'72 8-18 5'66 = 98'53 3,40 2,6S 17,2 ,96 .- - 4,0 = 100,6 3 ' 266 ^1 SS SS ZS 1% ft Vf [ ^=^,o 6. Kruite .326 44-7929-71 - 2075 0-62 4-93 = 100-80 Fyr etc.-Yields water in the closed tube. Difficultly fusible to a magnetic globule. ^r-Occr o fl b U lo e ng, shining scaies or plates, more or less hexagonal ^ , argiUa eous schist near Ottrez on the borders of Luxembourg, and from the Ardennes. Ot relite also occurs nSS ^Serravezza, Tuscany (D'Achiardi). Ottrelite schists have also been described from SgeTTn Cornwall (Hutchings, Geol. Mag., 6, 214, 1889). Venasquite is from Venasque m in the schist of Sterling, Goshen, Chesterfield Plain , , field etc ^ in Massachusetts and Newport, R. I., and the rock in consequence of it is called by Hitchcock (Rep GM^s., 4to, 594, 1841) Spangled Mica Slate," the phyllite being the mica of the S/ Themineral'm embedded scales, which is characteristH3 of these New England schists is shown however, by Wolff to be in part ilmenite (see Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 16, 159, 1890) PhyHUe may prov; to belong to chloritoid (masonite), although the only analysis given J5?S separate chloritoid and ottrelite widely, and the assumption that this is due to impurity of the material analyzed does not appear justified. At present it is impossible to decide to which species much so-called ottrelite belongs Ref.-' Dx., Min., 1, 372, 1862, Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 85, 1884; Renard and Poussin Ann. Soc G Belg 6, 51, 1879. Rosenbusch, Mikr. Phys., 591, 1885. Lex., Bull. boc. Mm., 9, 42. 1886. CHLORITE GROUP. 643 3. Chlorite Group. Monoclinic. a il :c ft 468. Clinochlore ) 0-57735 : 1 : 2*2772 89 40' H 8 (Mg,Fe) B Al 2 Si 3 18 468 A. Penninite ) Pseudo-rhombohedral 6= 3-4951 469. Prochlorite H^F^Mg^A^Si^O.. Tscb. 470. Corundophilite H 20 (Fe,Mg) M Al 8 Si 6 4B Tsch. Amesite H 4 (Mg,Fe) 2 Al 2 Si0 9 Tsch. 471. Daphnite H 66 Fe 27 Al 20 Si 18 121 472. Cronstedtite H 6 (Fe,Mg) 3 Fe 2 Si 2 13 473. Thuringite H 18 Fe 8 (Al,Fe) 8 Si 6 4l 474. Stilpnomelane 475. Strigovite H 4 (Fe,Mn) 2 (Fe,Al) 2 Si 2 O u 476. Diabantite H l8 (Mg,Fe) 18 Al 4 Si.O 4i 477. Aphrosiderite H 10 (Fe,Mg).Al 4 Si 4 M 478. Delessite H 10 (Mg,Fe) 4 Al 4 Si 4 23 479. Kumpfite H 28 Mg 7 Al l6 Si lo 65 The CHLORITE GROUP takes its name from the fact that a large part of the minerals included in it are characterized by the green color common with silicates in which ferrous iron is prominent. The species are in many respects closely related to the micas. They crystallize in the monoclinic system, but in part with distinct monoclinic symmetry, in part with rhombohedral symmetry, with corre- sponding uniaxial optical character. The plane angles of the base are also 60 or 120, marking the mutual inclinations of the chief zones of forms. The mica-like basal cleavage is prominent in distinctly crystallized forms, but the laminae are tough and comparatively inelastic. Percussion- and pressure-figures may be obtained as with the micas and have the same orientation. The etching-figures are in general monoclinic in symmetry, in part also asymmetric, suggesting a reference to the triclinic system. The group includes a number of species which occur ordinarily in distinct crystals or plates; these are called the ORTHOCHLORITES by Tschermak; also others which are more commonly in fine scales or indistinctly fibrous forms called LEPTO- CHLORITES by Tschermak. Chemically considered the chlorites are silicates of aluminium with ferrous iron and magnesium and chemically combined water. Ferric iron may be present replacing the aluminium in small amount; chromium enters similarly in some forms, which are then usually of a pink instead of the more common green color. Manganese replaces the ferrous iron in a few cases. Calcium and alkalies charac- teristic of all the true micas are conspicuously absent, or present only in small amount. The chlorites often occur as secondary minerals resulting from the alteration of other species, as pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, garnet, vesuvianite, etc. The exact interpretation of the composition of the chlorites is difficult, as is also the assign- ment of strict lines of division between them. The empirical formulas given above are in the first part of the group those of Tschermak; in the second part chiefly those of Groth. The ORTHOCHLORITES, including Penninite, Clinochlore, Prochlorite Corundophilite, form a distinct series characterized by a nearly constant water percentage, while the decrease in silicon and magnesium (incl. ferrous iron) is accompanied by an increase of aluminium. This is explained by Tschermak by the assumption of isomorphous mixtures in varying proportions of a magnesium silicate, H 4 Mg 3 Si 2 O9, having the composition of serpentine, and an aluminous magnesium silicate, H 4 Mgf AltSiO*, which is approximately represented by a little known chlorite near Corundophil- ite, called by Shepard amesite. On this view the species correspond as follows- 641 SILICATES. Penuiuite Sp s At a to SpAt Clinochlore SpAt to Sp a At Prochlorite Sp 3 At s to Sp 3 At7 Corundophilite Sp 3 At 7 to SpAt* Also Amesite SpAt 4 to At To explain the composition of the other chlorites the Leptochlorites two other funda mental molecules are assumed by Tschermak, viz.: Strigovite H4Mg 2 Al 2 Si 2 O,, or (MgOH) 2 .H 2 Al 2 SiO 7 .SiO Chloritoid H 2 MgAl 2 SiO 7 or Mg H a Al a SiO 7 Furthermore, the variations in Amesite corresponding to H 4 Mg 2 Al 2 Si0 9 or (MgOH) a . H a Al a SiO, At H 4 MgAl 2 Si0 8 or H.MgOH.H^AUSiO, At' H 4 Al 2 SiO 7 or H 2 .H 2 Al 2 SiO 7 At" The theory here reaches a degree of complexity which makes the assumptions seen artificial and difficult to accept. Thus of the three divisions made among the Leptochlorites Daphnite is regarded as (At'At) 5 Sp 4 Chamosite (At'At) 3 Sp 4 Metachlorite (StAt 9 ) 2 Sp, Klementite (StAt 2 ) 2 Sp Cronstedtite and Thuringite StAt Euralite St 4 At 3 Strigovite St Diabantite Ct 4 Sp 7 Aphrosiderite (CtAt) 9 Sp 4 to (CtAt 2 ) 8 Sp 4 Delessite (CtAt) 2 Sp 6 to CtSp Rumpfite (CtAt") 4 Sp On the relation of serpentine to the chlorites see further under that species. On the history of the names, the following remarks may be made Werner's name chlorite was shown to include more than one species by von Kobell in 1838, and the name chlorite was thereupon given by him to the St. Gotliard and other chlorites having 25 to 27 p c. silica, and ripidolite to that of Schwarzenstem and Achmatovsk having 30 to 33 p c. of silica. In 1839, G Rose reversed the names of v. Kobell (see paper on chlorite by Varrentrapp, Pogg., 48, 193, 1839) on the ground that v. Kobell's ripidolite was not so characteristically fan- shaped in aggregation as the other species. But the change was unfortunate, as both species are now known to differ but little in this respect, and it has resulted in much confusion in the science Moreover.it violated an older claim of priority; for Werner's bldttriger Chlorit (or Chlorites lamellosus), the first crystallized chlorite recognized by him (in 1800 or earlier, Ludwig's Kin., 1. 118, 1803), was the hexagonal chlorite of St. Gothard, and this should therefore, in the division, have retained the name chlorite. As the term chlorite has become the designation of a family of minerals, it seems necessary that it should have some modified form for this species, and hence the application of prochlorite, from Ttpo, before, and chlorite, in allusion to its being the earliest crystallized kind recognized. Further, in view cf the confusion resulting from the double use of ripidolite, this name, adopted in the 5th edition, is dropped, and the commonly employed clinochlore used in its place. Ref. l Tschermak, Die Chloritgruppe, I. Theil, Ber. Ak. Wien, 99 (1), 174-267, 1890; JI. Theil, 100 (1), 29-107, 1891. Groth, Tab. Ueb., 1889. See also Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 40, 405, 1890, 42, 242. 1891; Clarke proposes to regard the chlorites as mixtures of the orthosilicate molecules R" 3 (SiO 4 ) 2 R' 4 , where R" =; Mg,Fe,Mn and R' = H, MgOH or Al(OH) a , cf. pp. 12, 613. 468. CLINOCHLORE. Chlorite pt. early authors (for Syn., see p. 653). Hexagonal Chlorite pt. Ripidolith (fr. Achmatovsk, Schwarzenstein) Kbl, J.jpr. Ch., 16, 1839. ? Tabergit pt. Clinochlore (fr. West Chester) W. P. Blake, Am. J. Sc., 12, 339, 1851. Klinochlor Germ. Kotschubeit (fr. S. Ural) Koksharov, Bull. Ac. St. Pet., 5, 369, 1861. Ripidolite Dana, Min., 497, 1868. Leuchtenbergit Komonen, Vh. Min. Ges., 64, 1842. Chlorite blanche de Mauleon. Delesse, Ann. Ch. Phys., 9. 396, 1843. Monochnic. Axes: &:t:6 = 0-57735 : 1 : 2-2772; ft = 89 40' = 001 A 100 Koksharov . 100 A 110 = 30 0', 001 A 101 = 75 27' 37", 001 A Oil = 66 17' 30". CHLORITE GROUP CLINOCHLORE. 645 (034, |-i) rj (4-4-17, A) * (267,. - ?-3) p (397, - f-3) (132, - f-3) X (392. - f-3) g (261, - 6-3) 5 (7-21-8, - * (133, 1-3) e (265, f-3) Also the complex forms, in part vicinal: a(320'33), j(31'0'30), p (9 27-20), 0(8-24-17), #(9-27-17), 4(11-33-20). Forms 2 : b (010, *-i) c (001. 0) x (40-11, - T 4 T 4)? a (405, - |-i) h (301, - 3-i) y (205, f-i) a? (305, jj-i) r (500, |-i) Jf (708, |-i) f (101, 1-i) . Bx a inclined somewhat to the normal, to c, forward; for Achmatovsk 2 30'. Dispersion p < v. Axial angles variable, even in the same crystal, sometimes sensibly uniaxial. Tschermak gives: Achmatovsk 2E = 32 (0 = 1-588 Levy-Lex.) .-. 2V = 20 and ct = -f 2 30' Also " 2E = 1, 5, 12 and intermediate values. Texas 2E = 20 to 60 Ala 44 to 65 West Chester 2E = 89 41' [/? = 1-583] .'. 2V = 51 30' tc =5.7 10' Zillerthal 2E = 83 0' .-. 2V = 48 30' tc = 6 45' The angles measured in certain cases, between the optic axes (A, B) and the normal to <% are as follows (Tschermak): West Chester Ac cB 2E ft 58 5' 63 45' 29 40' 31 9' 87 45' 94 54' 1-580 red glass l-593CuSO 4 Ac = 32 30' Ac = 34 16' 18 15' 18 57' 2V r = 50 45' 2V W = 53 13' ct = 7 8' red c t = T 40' blue Indices: a = 1-585 ft = 1-588 y = 1'596 Levy-Lex. Ax. pi. also rarely JL b. Observed in a crystal from Texas and from Pfitsch, the latter with 2E = 48. Bx _|_ c. Other parts of the same crystal gave ax. pi. || b, Bx oblique to c, and 2E = 64. Ax. pi. also sometimes (West Chester) abnormally makes an angle of 90 or of 30 (twin) with its usual position, Bx 1 c and 2E 50 to 60 In some crystals parts with both the normal and this abnormal orientation are present and separated by irregular boundaries. See also below. Var. 1. Ordinary.; green clinochlore, passing into bluish green; (a) in crystals, as described, usually with distinct monoclinic symmetry; (b) foliated; (c) massive. Among the varieties described by Tschermak is a " mimetic clinochlore" from the Zillerthal and Pfitschjocb. This occurs in druses of tabular crystals of distinct rhombohedral habit; often complex twins according lo both the penninite and mica laws; etching-figures hexagonal, 648 SILICATES. corresponding in Symmetry to the rhombohedral form; optically -f-, uniaxial to distinctly biaxial with ax. pi. | b, also abnormally 1 b. The maximum angle observed is 42 D (Ac = 26. cB = 16 C ), hence if ft 1'583 (West Chester), 2V 26, and tc = 3 Color emerald-green to leek-green. It is inferred that the true character is biaxial with a considerable axial angle, while the variations are due to twinning, the successive biaxial layers producing the uniaxial character (cf. p 651). This chlorite hence occupies a place intermediate between ordinary cliuochlore and peuninite, but inclining to the latter. This shows, moreover, that no sharp line can be drawn between them, but they may be considered as different forms of the same species. Its composition is given in anal. 1, under penninite. 2. Leuchtenbergite. A variety containing usually little or no iron, see anals. 14-19. Color white, pale green, yellowish; often resembles talc. Commonly in hexagonal tables; often twins. Optically -f-. Ax. pi. || b. Ax. angle small, sometimes sensibly uniaxial, again 2E = 6, also (F to 15 Ural; 14, again 10 to 29 Amity; 2-12, 22, 42 Nasiamsk (with waluewite); 5-21 Traversella. Named after Duke Maximilian v. Leuchtenberg. 3 Kotschubeile. A variety containing several per cent, of chromium oxide. Crystals rjiombohedral in habit. Color rose-red, often twins, sometimes trillings with six sectors, like f. 9 (California). Pleochroism strong: || c (a fc) dark blue-violet;- j_ c (c) bright carmine red, Ural, Tschermak; || c purplish, J_ c yellowish red, California, Lindgren. Optically -f- Ax. pi. || b (_L b Preudel). Axial angle variable, sometimes apparently uuiaxial and like the "mimetic clinochlore " (see above); also 2E = 28-29 Prendel; 30 Lindgren. Named after the Russian Count P. Kochubei A part of the so-called kammererite from Texas belongs here (Tschermak), being distinctly biaxial; but this is not significant since there is the same transition between the uniaxial and biaxial kinds as between the uniaxial and positive penninite and the biaxial clinochlore. 4. Manganiferous. Manganchlodt Hcmberg, G. For. Forh., 12, 580, 1890. A chlorite from the Harstig mine near Pajsberg, Sweden, is peculiar in containing 2*3 p. c. MnO (anal. 9); it is also like the " mimetic clinochlore " intermediate between clinochlore and penniuite. In aspect resembles manganophyllite, with which it occurs, but has a lighter reddish color. Apparent form a steep rhombohedrou inclined 83 37' to c, which referred to the penuiuite axis has the symbol 5052 (&), calc. 84 20 ; the subordinate forms c (0001) and 0554 ( f) also observed. Optically . Bx almost _L c. Ax. pi. nearly | b (010), but a variation of 8 was noted. Double refraction and pleochroism weak. Examined microscopically, some of the lamellae prove to be .distinctly doubly refracting and biaxial, and the conclusion is reached that the crystals are built up of lamellae, corresponding to cliuochlore, in twinning position (revolved 120) to each other, and strictly asymmetric in optical character. The fact that the etching-figures on elinochlore. are often asymmetric and hence suggest a triclinic form for the species has already been noted. Comp. Normally H 8 Mg 6 Al 2 Si 3 18 = 4H 2 0.5MgO.AL0 3 .3Si0 2 = Silica 32-5, alumina 18*4, magnesia 36*1, water 13*0 = 100. Ferrous iron usually replaces a small part of the magnesia, and the same is trwe of manganese rarely; sometimes chromium replaces the aluminium. On Tschermak's view of the composition of clinochlore, see p. 643. The above formula corresponds to equal parts of EUMgsSiaOg.and H 4 Mg 2 Al 2 SiO9 or SpA. For Sp : At = 2 : 3, lie cal- culates: SiO 2 30-3, A1 2 O 3 22-0, MgO 34'7, H 2 O 13'0 = 100. To this analyses 4, 14, approximate most closely. The variation, however, is in any case small. Clarke and Schneider (Am. J. Sc., 40, 405, 1890) found that on treating clinochlore from West Chester (anat. 13) with dry hydrochloric acid gas at 383 -412 for 19 hours the amounts of the oxides converted in chlorides were as follows: Clinochlore MgO 13'46 R 2 O 3 4'24 SiO 2 0'92 Another determination gave 13'36 p c. of MgO (after 58 hours). This amount is inferred to exist as the group MgOH, the remainder of the hydroxyl combined as A1(OH) 2 , and the conclu : siou is reached that clinochlore is probably a mixture of the molecules Mg2(SiO 4 )2(MgOH) 3 H and Mg 2 (SiO 4 ) 2 (Al(OH) 2 ) 3 H in the ratio of 1 : 1, for which the required composition is calculated: SiO a 31-1, A1 2 O 3 19-8, MgO 36-3, H 2 O 12'8 = 100. Of the water present it was found thai between 250-300, 0'95 p c. was driven off; 383-412, 0'49 p c., at a red heat 11'74; white heat 0' 42. Hence the water is essentially all water of constitution. Anal. 1, A. Ortmann, quoted by Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wieu, 100(1), 4-1, 1891. 2, A. Hammerschlag, ibid. 3, Kbl., J. pr. Ch., 16, 470, 1839. 4, Jannasch, Jb. Min., 1, 92, 1885. 5-7, Heddle, Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 29, 58, 1879. 8, Id., Min. Mag., 3, 26, 1879. 9. A. Ham- berg, G. For. Forh., 12, 580, 1890. 10, Neminar. Min._Mitth., 176. 1874. 11, Burton. Dana, Min , 499, 3868. 12, Breidenbaugh, Am. J. Sc., 6, 208, 1873. 13, Clarke and Schneider, Am. J. Sc.. 40, 405, 1890. 14, Leuchtenberg, Vh. Min. Ges., 1, 33, 1866. 15, Clarke and Schneider, 1. c. 16, Mgc.. Ann. Ch. Phys., 10, 430, 1844. 17, 18, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 40, 13, 1847. 19, Pclesse Ann Ch. Phys.. 9, 396, 1843. 20. L. Sipocz, quoted by Tschermak. 1 c 21. 23, 'Leuchtenberg, Vh. Min. Ges., 3, 289, 1868, and Min. Uussl.. 5, 369. 2,3, 24, 25,' Zinin, ibid. 26, W. H. Melville, quoted by W. Lindgren, Pi-oc. Cal. Acad., 2, Dec. 1887; also U. S. G. Surv., Bull 61, 27, 1890. CHLORITE GROUP CLINOCHLORE. 649 For earlier auals. see 5th Ed., p. 499. Schlaepfer (Recherches comp. Micas and Chlorites, Bale, 1889) gives analyses of clinochlore from West Chester and Brewster, also of penninite; these, unlike other analyses, all show upwards of 2 p. c. alkalies; their accuracy is seriously impugned by Tschermak. 1. Achmatovsk 2. Kariaet 8, Schwarzenstein 4. Mussa Alp 5. Hillswick 6. C. Wrath 7. Blair Athol 8. Shetland G. 2-648 2'555 2-823 9. Pajsberg 10 Chester Co., Pa 2'705 11. Willi mantle 12. Brewster, N. Y. 13. West Chester Leuchtenbergite. 14. Zlatoust 15. 16. " 17. " white 18. " 19. Mauleou, wldte 20. Amity KotscJiubeite. 21. Ufaleisk 22. 23. Lake Itkul 24. ' 25. Shushinsk mine 26. Green Valley, Cal. SiO 2 3131 A1 2 3 18-34 Fe 2 O 3 FeO 2-10 0-77 MnO MgO 34-25 CaO tr. 30-34 1686 1-86 4'53 31-82 0'61 32-68 14-57 5'97 0'28 33'11 - 29-31 21-31 0-07 3 -24 31'28 3255 13-95 0-97 5'28 0'16 32'78 0'79 31-03 14-85 5-7317-42 100 17'42 0'36 30-30 19-40 823 0'37 2910 32-55 13-95 0'97 5'28 0'16 32'78 0'79 33-71 13-80 1-64 228 35 '88 0'33 31-08 18-85 1-55 2-33 33-50 0'81 31-86 15-80 4-77 34'30 1'30 I 32-33 14 56 5 '29 33- 74 1 04 29-87 14-48 5'52 1'93 017 33'06 * NiO.' H 2 O 13-33 Na a O 0'17, [K 2 0-06 = 100-33 12-70 Na 2 O 0-37 [= 99-09 12-10 insol. 1-02 14-58 13-17 12-48 13-07 1317 1311 11-53 12-72 12-02 13-60 Na 2 O 0-43 O 100-22 Alk. 0-54 [= 100-19 = 100-29 = 100-47 Alk. 0-54 f= 100-19 = 100-75 Cr a O, 1-09 1= 100-74 = 100-75 Alk. 1-41 [= 100-39 Cr a O 3 156 [= 100-19 G. Si0 2 Ai a o 3 : Fe 2 3 FeO MgO CaO H 2 2-89 \ \ 30-46 19-74 1-99 34-52 0-11 12-74 = 99 5G 32-27 1605 426 0-28 29-75 6-21 11-47 = 100 29 2672 30-27 19-89 4-42 33-13 12-54 = 100-25 2-603 30-80 17-27 1-37 37-08 12-30 = 98 -.8:3 32-35 18-00 4.37 3229 12-50 = 99 51 32-1 18-5 06 36-7 12-1 = 100 2-680 30-28 22-13 1-08 34-45 12-61 = 100 55 SiO a A1 2 O 3 Fe a 3 Cr 2 O 5 , FeO MgO H 2 O 3273 1343 2'15 4-19 35-40 12-63 = 100-53 3331 12- 60 2-30 404 35-62 12-62 = 100-49 32-55 32-2 32 5 31-74 74 13-3 674 a Incl. NiO 0-49. 19-5 2-3 4-0 11-39 1 * Above 105' 35-83 12-61 = 100-73 36-0 12-6 = 100-3 35-6 12-6 .-= 100-3 35-18 12-68 b H a O 0'36 C , CaO 0*18 [= 99-99 " At 105 Pyr., etc. Yields water. B.B. in the platinum forceps whitens and fuses with difficulty on the edges to a grayish black glass. With borax, a clear glass colored by iron, and sometimes chromium. In sulphuric ncid wholly decomposed. A variety from Willimuntic, Ct., exfoliates in worm-like forms, like vermiculite. Obs. Occurs in connection with chloritic nnd talcose rocks or schists and serpentine; some- times in parallel position with biotite or phlogopite (cf. Tschermak, 1. c., p. 256). Observed as a result of the alteration of vesuviunite from "Zlatoust, Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 49 (1), 348, 1864. Prominent localities are: Achmatovsk in the Ural; Ala in Piedmont; the Zillcrthal; Zer- matt in Switzerland: Marienbcrg in Saxony; massive, granular at Z5ptau, Moravia; coarse to fine granular at Felling in Lower Austria; also chlorite schists from various localities; Markt Leugast, Bavaria. A manganesian variety occurs at Pajsberg. Sweden. In the U. States, at West Chester. Peun., in large crystals and plates; also Unionville and Texas, Penn.; at the magnetic iron mine at Brewster, N. Y., in part changed to serpentine. Leuchtenbergite comes from the Shishimskaya Mts. near Zlatoust in the Ural; it is partly in large crystals, and partly quite small, embedded in steatite; the crystals are mostly opaque and altered externally, and contain in this outer part,, from 9'30 to 10'75 p. c. of water. The mineral 650 SILICATES. contains minute garnets and some other crystals as impurities. A similar variety of cliuochlore occurs with amphibole, phlogopite, liuorite, graphite at Amity, N. Y.; also with the seyberlite of Amity and the xauthophylliteof Nasiamsk, Ural; with fassaite and brandisite from the Fassa- thai; with magnetite at Traversella. The white chlorite from Mauleou also belongs here. Kotschubeite is from the district of Ufaleisk in the southern Ural. Ref. ' Achmutovsk, Miu. Russl., 2, 7 et seq., 1857. The position is that of Tschermak, and the fundamental angles are those taken by him. With Koksharov, ra = 1 10, o = 111, etc., and from the fundamental angles 001 A HO = 66 3', 110 A 110 = 54 23', 001 A 111 = 77* 53^ the axial ratio in this position is calculated, viz.: d : b : c - 0'5773S . 1 . 0-853121; ft = 62 50f Figs. 11-13 show the Achniatovsk cliriochlore in the position referred to. 12. 13. Figs. 11-13, Achniatovsk, Kk. Naumann made m = 111 and o = 110; other positions have been taken by Mallard (cf. Tschermak). Tschermak's position brings out the relation between the micas and chlorites, the lateral axes being the same and the vertical axes for biotite and cliuochlore in the ratio of 10 : 7. 2 Cf. Tschermak, 1. c , also Kk., 1. c., and ibid., 10, 5, 35 (Kotschubeite), 1888. Cf. earlier Dx.. Alps, Min., 1, 442, 1862, N. R., 127, 1867; Hbg., Zillerthal, Min. Not., 7, 28, 1886. J. P. Cooke, Am. J. Sc., 44, 203, 1867; Schrauf, Min. Mitth.. 161, 1874; Mallard, relation to pennin- ite (see beyond), Ann. Mines. 10, 151, 1876; Preudel, Zs. Kr., 15, 81, 1888. On the comparison in form between clinochlore and biotite see Laspeyres, Zs. Kr., 17, 541, 1890. 468A. Penninite. Chlorite pt. Flydrotalc (= Wasserglimmer of Morin) Necker, Min., 1835. Pennine J. Frobel & E. Schweizer, Pogg., 50, 523, 1840. Kammererite Nd,, Act, Soc. Sc. Fenn.. 1, 483, 1841, and Arsberat., 193, 1843. Rhodochrom Fiedler, Rose, Reise Ural, 2, 1842, and Pogg., 59, 1843. Chromchlorit Herm., J. pr.,Ch., 53, 21,1851. Rhodophyllite Qenth, Proc. Ac. Philad.,.118, 121, 1852. Penninite Dana. Rhombohedral in form, but strictly pseudorhombohedral and monoclinic Mallard, Tschermak 1 . Taken as rhombohedral, axis 6 = 3-4951, 0001 A 1011 = *76 5' Cooke 2 : Forms': c (0001, 0) a (1120, f 2) 0(4-0-413,^) Also p (1124, i-2)and y (2025, |) p (5-0-5-12, T 5 S ) M (4047, 4) ^ (9-0-9-10, T^) v (26 -0-26-27, ff) r (1011, E) j (31-0-31-30, f) $ (33-0-33-31, f 3) s (9098, f) e (6065, f) or (5054, f ) ?} (21-0-21-4, q (170-17-6, #) Y (6061, 6) 07(13-0-13-1,18) (1122. 1-2); z (1013, Further, on kammererite, if p = 3031 and cp = *84 35V: c = 3 '0475; 0001 A 1011 = 74* 8V Kk. Forms: c, m, u (3034), x (5054), y (4043), z (3032), p (3031), ra x (4041), s (5051). Referred to the pen^mite axis, p becomes IS'O'iS'S, and the other symbols are correspondingly complex. The penninite forms, as shown by Tschermak (1. c , p. 70), may be referred to the clino- chlore axes. Thus r (1011) corresponds to 101. for which we have: 001 A 101 = 76 5', while 0001 A 1011 = 76 5' penninite; similarly for other forms. Moreover, on peuniuite forms occur in the same zone which in clinochlore belong to three different zones, as is true of the "mimetic clinochlore" from the Zillerthal. Furthermore, as all possible intermediate degiees are observed between the distinctly monoclinic, biaxial clinochlore and the apparently rhoinbo- CHLORITE GROUP CLINOCHLORE. 651 hedral, uniaxial penninite, the conclusion is reached that the two are essentially the same. The form and optical characters of penninite are then due to the twinning of lamellae grouped, according to the mica law, in positions making angles of 60 or 120 with one another. The fact that three sections of a biaxial mica placed one over the other with their axial planes at angles, respectively, of 60 yield a uuiaxial interference-figure is well known of.Reuscb. Cooke, ref. on p. 614); a similar grouping will explain the optical properties of penninite. As the mutter stands at present, therefore, although it is convenient to discuss clinochlore and penninite separately, they must be regarded as essentially the same species. This conclusion was earlier reached by Mallard, but from a somewhat different standpoint. Tschermak argues from the facts stated that in these chlorites there are present two iso- morphous substances, one of which is optically with dispersion p > v, the other -f with dispersion p < v; in the optically peuninite the former predominates. This optically negative substance is regarded as probably serpentine (see further that species). 1. 3. Figs. 1, 2, 4, Texas, Penn., Pirsson. 3, Zermatt, Tschermak. 5, Zillerthal, Id. 6, Kammererite, Kk. c& = 51 9' cy = 58 13^' cp = 59 16' en = 66 33*' cty = 74 36 cr = *76 5' C8 = 77 35' ce = 78 20' co- = 78 47' cw = 85' 17' cy =-. 87 38' coo = 88 cp = 60 1 ex = 74 2' Twins very common, according to the penninite law: tw. pi. c, cf. f. 1-4. Habit rhornbo hedral: sometimes thick tabular with c prominent, again steep fhom- bohedral; also in tapering six-sided pyramids. Khombohedral faces often hori- zontally striated. Crystals often in crested groups. Also massive, consisting of an aggregation of scales; also compact cryptocrystalline. Cleavage: c highly perfect. Laminae flexible. Percussion-figure and pressure- figure as with clinochlore but less easy to obtain; not elastic. Etching-figures hexagonal or triangular; seldom monosymmetric or asymmetric. H. = 2-2'5. G. = 2-G-2-85. Luster of cleavage surface pearly; of lateral plates vitreous, and sometimes brilliant. Color green, emerald-green, apple-green, grass-green, grayish green, leek -green, olive-green; also reddish, violet, rose-red, pink, grayish red; occasionally yellowish and silver-white. Transparent to subtranslucent. Pleuchroism distinct: on olive-green crystals, || c emerald-green; J_c brownish red, brown, or yellow; on leek -green crystals, blue-green and yellow; on kammer- erite, || c violet, J_ c hyacinth-red, Tschermak. Optically +,also ,and sometimes both in adjacent laminae of the same crystal. Usually sensibly uniaxial, bui some- times distinctly biaxial, occasionally 2E = 61. Dispersion, when biaxial, p < v for + crystals," p > v for crystals. Uniaxial and biaxial portions seen in the same section. Axial figure generally wanting in sharpness, and often quite indis- tinct. Sometimes a sharply-outlined kernel which is uniaxial while the border ia biaxial with 2E = 36, the latter probably to be referred to clinochlore. Indices 1-576 and 1-579 Levy-Lex. 652 SILICATES. Var. 1. Penninite. As first named, it included a green crystallized chlorite from the Pennine Alps. Hydrotalc of Necker is penninite from the Binnenthal, in the Valais. Optically positive, Dx. Most of the penninite from Zermatt, and that of the Binneuthal and Tyrol, is optically negative; some crystals of Zermatt, and those of Ala, positive; and some plates from Zermatt consist of positive and negative laminae united, Dx. 2. Kammererite. In hexagonal forms bounded by steep six-sided pyramids, cf. above. Color kermes-red ; peach -blossom- red. Pleochroism distinct. Optically from Bisersk, -f- Texas. Uniaxial or biaxial with axial angle up to 20. Crystals from Texas are often mixed with clino- chlore, and sometimes a crystal is traversed by a band of clinochlore whose optic-axial angle is 60 to 70 Dx. The original kammererite was a reddish violet micaceous mineral from L. Itkul, Bisersk, Perm, Russia, partly in 6-sided prisms. Named after the rniniug director A. Kammerer of St. Petersburg. Rhodophyllite of Genth and chrom- chlorite of Hermann are the same, from Texas, Pa. G. = 2 617-2-62. Rhodochrome is a compact or scaly-granular variety, originally from L. Itkul, Siberia, having a splintery fracture, with G. = 2-66-2'67. Color deep green; but violet, rose or peach-blossom-red in thin splinters, whence the name / . 3. Loganite of Hunt (= Pseudophite of Kenugott)'is near penninite in composition. It comes from Calumet Falls, Canada, and has the form, angles, and cleavage of amphibole (see p. 398); G. = 2-60-2-64; color clove-brown to chocolate-brown; luster dull (anal. 18). Psemhph ite of Kenngolt (Ber. Ak. Wien, 16, 1855) has the composition of loganite. but is co.np ict massive, without cleavage-, and resembles serpentine (whence the name from 7rcret><5d?, false, and ophite or serpentine); H. = 2'5; G. = 2'75-2'77; luster weak; color grayish green, olive-green, pistachio-green; feel unctuous. It forms the gangue of enstatite, Berg Zd jar in Aloisthal, Moravia. In the occurrence of a massive form, penninite is thus like talc, pyropbyl- lite, and other related species. Pseudophite also occurs as a pseudomorph after feldspar (anal. 16, 17). The material of anal. 19 was a light green compact chlorite, easily fusible; it was from the Zoutpans Mts., Griqualand West. Comp. Essentially the same as clinochlore, H 8 (Mg,Fe) 5 Al 2 Si 3 I8 = Silica 32 -5, alumina 18 -4, magnesia 36 '1, water 13 '0 = 100 Tschermak places penninite at the beginning of the series, varying from Sp : At = 3 : 2 to SpAt. The latter corresponds to the empirical formula above; the former requires: SiO 2 34'8, A1 2 3 14 6, MgO 37-5, H 2 O 12-4 = 100. Anal. 1, Lndwig, quoted by Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 100(1), 16, 1891. 2, Rumpf, Min. Mitth., 33, 1873. 3, Hamm, ib., 260, 1872. 4, 5, Fellenberg, Jb. Min., 746, 1868. 6, 7, Hedclle, Trans. R. Soc. Ediub.. 29, 60, 1879. 8, 9, Hermann, J. pr. Ch.. 53, 22, 1853. 10, 11, Smith & Brush, Am. J. Sc., 16, 47, 1853; also Genth, 1. c. 12, 13, Heddle, Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 29. 62, 1879. 14, Hauer, Ber. Ak. Wien, 16, 170, 1855. 15, Van Werweke, Zs. Kr., 1, 510, 1877. 16, Drasche, Min. Mitth., 125, 1873. 17, Gintl, ib., 7, 1874. 18, Hunt, Rep. G. Canada, 491, 1863. 19, Van Riesen, quoted by Cohen, Jb. Miu., 2, 11 ref., 1888. G. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO CaO H 2 O 2678 2693 2-649 3-099 33-83 34-24 33-71 I 33-12 33-97 30-41 12-95 12-62 12-55 1325 11-66 11-58 2-25 1-64 2-74 1-52 2-49 2-34 3-02 3-35 3-40 4-69 1-81 34-94 34-86 34-70 34-04 37-60 30-63 0-30 0-66 1. Zillerthal 2. 3. Zermatt 4. 5. 6. Scalpa 7, GlenLochy 2'895 34'31 13'64 0'36 10 53 b 18-04 897 Kammererite. G. 8. L. Itkul, cryst. 9. Rhodochrome 2 '65 10. Texas 11. " 12. Unst, mass. 13. " cryst. 3-099 1 SiO 2 30-58 34-64 33-28 Al,0, 15-94 10-50 10-60 Fe 2 O s 2-00 Cr 2 O 3 4-99 5-50 4-72 FeO 3-32 1-60 MgO 33-45 35-47 36-00 CaO 32-98 11-11 6-85 1-29 35-22 29-89 1293 5-97 1-96 2993 3-54 32-31 7-50 _ 7-89 2-08 32-15 3-83 13-11 = 100-10 14-14 = 101-15 12-27 = 100-03 12-87 Cr 2 O 3 0-60 = 100'07 13 57 = 101 10 ll-74XaoO 1-3-3 O'Ol [K 2 O = 99-92 12-41 Na 2 OO-13K 2 O 1 36 [= 99-75 H 2 12-05 = 100 33 12-03 = 100-14 12-95 Alk. 0-35 = [99-50 13-12 Alk. 0-38 = [100-95 13 27 Na 2 O 0'97, [K 2 M6. = 99-62 14-25 = 100.01 Incl. 1-19 MnO. 0-23 Mno. CHLORITE GROUP PROCHLORITE. 653 Pseudophite. G. Si0 3 A1 2 O 3 Fe a O 3 .FeO MgO CaO H a O 14. ZdjarMt. | 33'42 15-42 - 2'58 34-04 - 12-68 = 98'14 [100'18 15. Markirch 32'84 17'34 3'29 1-04 30'48 0'75 12-16 hygr. H a O 2'28 = 16. Plaben, pomd. 34'63 17'13 1-61 33'38 13-93=100-68 17. Ckyn " 35'31 18-28 1'26 0'83 31 -61 IB'26 = 100'55 18. Loganite 2'62 33 28 13'30 1'92 35'50 16'00 = 100 19. S. Africa 2'647 32'38 18'75 0'80 2'39 31'64 tr. 14'15 = IQO'15 Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water. B.B. exfoliates somewhat and is difficultly fusible. With the fluxes all varieties give reactions for iron, and many varieties react for chromium. Partially decomposed by hydrochloric and completely by sulphuric acid. Obs. Occurs with serpentine in the region of Zermatt, Valais, near Mt. Rosa, especially in the moraines of the Findelen glacier; crystals from Zermatt are sometimes 2 in. long and lj in. thick; also at the foot of the Simplon; at Ala, Piedmont, with clinochlpre; at Schwarzenstein in. Tyrol; at Taberg in Wermlaud; at Snarum, greenish and foliated, called steatite of Snarum. In the green schists of the Hohenzug which separates the Zillerthal from the Pfitschthal in Tyrol. Kammererite is found at the localities already mentioned; also near Miask in the Ural; at Haroldswick in Unst, Shetland Isles. In large crystals up to 2 cm. in length enclosed in the talc in crevices of the chromite from Kraubat, Styria. Abundant at Texas, Lancaster Co., Pa., along with cliuochlore, some crystals being embedded in clinochlore, or the reverse. Also in N. Carolina, with chromite at Culsagee, Macou Co.; Webster, Jackson Co.; Hampton's, Mining Creek, Yancey Co.; Bakersvilte, Mitchell Co., and other points. Ref. ! Texas, Penn., Am. J. Sc., 44, 201, 1867. Dx. gives for Zermatt peiminite cr = 76 10-20'; Tschermak obtained 76 6 5'. 2 Dx., 1. c.; Cooke, 1. c.; Mallard, Ann. Mines, 10, 151, 1876; Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 99 (1), 240, 18^90; Pirsson, Am. J. Sc., 42, 408, 1891. Cf. also Mid. (ref. p. 650) on the relation of clinochlore and penninite. TABERGITE Scheerer, Pogg., 71, 448, 1847. From Taberg, Wermland (Blue talc of Werner, and called also mica-chloritej; a bluish green or green chlorite near penninite. According to Des Cloizeaux's optical observations, it is in part uniaxial and positive like true penninite. But in other cases uniaxial and biaxial plates are combined and negative and positive also; and the axial divergence of the biaxial plates varies from 1 to 33. Tschermak (Ber. Ak. Wien, 99 (1), 262, 1890) concludes that it represents an intimate mixture of clinochlore or penmuite and phlogopite. Analysis, A. Paltauf, quoted by Tschermak, ib., 10O (1), 45, 1891: G. SiO 3 A1 2 3 Fe 2 3 FeO MgO CaO Na 2 O E 2 O H 2 O F 2-79 38 04 12-63 2 53 2"93 29'45 0'48 2'73 4'17 6'25 0-51 = 99'71 469. PROCHLORITE. Mica pt., Telgsten pt.?, Lapis colubrinus lamellosus (fr. Salberg), Wall., Min., 130, 1747. Talgsten pt., Specksten pt., Cronst , Min., 89, 1758. Chlorite pt. (fr. St. Gothard, Tolfa, Alteuberg), Wern., Bergm. J., 1, 376 and 391, 1789. Blattriger Chlorit (fr. St. Gothard) Wern., 1800, Ludwig Miu., 1, 118, 1803. Chlorite . Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 16, 1839. Hexagonal Chlorite. Ripidolite G. Rose, and Dana, Miu., 1854. Lophoit, Ogkoit, Breith., Handb., 1. 381, 383, 1841. Helminthe G. O.^Volger, Entw. Min., 142, 1854. Grengesite (fr. Dalarue) Hisinger, Suckow's Erz- u. Gesteinlag'er schwed. Geb., 50, 1831 = Strahlige Gruneis- enerde v. Dalarne. Prochlorite Dana, Am. J. Sc., 44, 258, 1867. Facherstein Germ. Monoclinic. In six-sided tables or prisms, the side planes strongly furrowed and dull. Crystals often implanted by their sides, and in divergent groups, fan- shaped, vermicular, or spheroidal. -Also in large folia. Massive, foliated, or granular. H. = 1-2. G. = 2-78-2-96. Translucent to opaque; transparent only in very thin folia. Luster of cleavage surface feebly pearly. Color green, grass-green, olive- green, blackish green; across the axis by transmitted light sometimes red. Streak uncolored or greenish. Laminae flexible, not elastic. Pleochroism distinct: vibrations \\ c yellow-green ; J_ c brownish. Optically -f- in most cases, rarely (Floitenthal). Bx inclined to the normal to c some 2. Axial angle small, often nearly uniaxial; again 2E = 23, 30. Dispersion p < v. Comp. According to Tschermak to be regarded as a molecular mixture of H 4 (Mg,Fe) 3 Si 2 9 and H 4 (Mg,Fe) 2 Al 2 Si0 9 in the ratio of 2 : 3 to 3 : 7; the empirical formula 011 page 643 corresponds to the former ratio. Ferrous iron is usually, but not always, present in large amount. 654 SILICATES. Cf. also Clarke & Schneider, Am. J. Sc., 40, 405, 1890. Anal. 1, Egger, Min. Mitth., 244, 1874. 2, Klement & Ludwig, quoted by Tscbermak. 3, Rg., Min. Ch., 538, 1860. 4, J. Vuylsteke, quoted by Tschermak, 1. c. 5, Fellenberg, Jb. Min., 746, 1868. 6, Jacobs (Tschermak). 7, 8, Merc., Ann. Ch. Phys., 14, 59, 1845, 9-11, Heddle, Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 29, 75, 1879. 13, Smith, Am. J. Sc., 11, 65, 1851. 13, Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 28, 24, 1884. 14, Clarke & Schneider, Am. J. Sc., 40, 406. 1890. 15, M. Bird, Am. Ch. J., 7, 181, 1885. 16, Geuth, Am. J. Sc., 28, 250, 1859. 17, 18, Id., Am. Phil. Soc., 13, 393, 1873. 19, 20, Chatard, quoted by Geuth, 1. c. 1. Zillertfaal 2. 3. St. Gothard 4: Fusch 5. Massaschlucht 6. Ascherskoppe 7. St. Cristophe 8. Mtn. Sept Lacs 9. Girdleuess 10. Portsoy 11. Lude 12. Gumuch-dagh 13. Washington 14. 15. Virginia 16. Montgomery Co., N. C. 17 Culsagee 18. 19. 20. * MnO 0-61 The Jielminihe of Volger occurs in slender vermiform crystallizations like fig. 1 (whence the name), transversely foliated, penetrating quartz and feldspar. 1 The figure is from a New Hamp- shire specimen described by O. P. Hubbard, and may be one of the other species of chlorite. Pyr., etc. Same as for clinochlore. Obg. Like other chlorites in modes of occurrence. Sometimes in implanted crystals, as at St. Gothard, enveloping often adularia, etc.; Mt.'Greiner in the Zillerthal, Tyrol; Rauris in Salz- burg; Traversella in Piedmont; at Mtn. Sept Lacs and St. Cristophe in Dnuphine; in Styria, Bohemia. Also massive in Cornwall, in tin veins (where it is called peach}; at Areudal in Nor- way; Salberg andDannemora, Sweden; Dognacska, Hungary. Occasionally formed from amphi- bole (Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 53 (1), 521, 1866). In Scotland at various points (anal. 9-11); other specimens (1. c.) with but 24 p. c. SiO 2 approximate to corundophilite. In the U. States, near Washington (anal. 13, 14); on Castle Mt., Balesville, Va., a massive form resembling soapstone, color grayish green, feel greasy; Steele's mine, Montgomery Co., N. C ; also with corundum at the Culsagee mine, in broad plates of a dark green color and fine scaly; it differs from ordinary prochlorite in the small amount of ferrous iron. Chloritic alteration-products of pyrope described by Lemberg (Zs. G. Ges., 27, 531, 1875) are referred by Tscherraak (1. c., p. 87) to penninite. Lemberg's analyses are as follows: 1, un- altered pyrope; 2, enclosing chloritic shell; 3-5, complete pseudomorphs : G. SiO 2 A1 2 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO CaO H 2 2-955 2602 20-16 1-07 28-08 15-50 0-44 965 = 100-92 25-84 19-58 2-13 28-05 13-57 11-34 = 100-51 25-12 22-26 1-09 23-11 17-41 10-70 = 99-69 2-923 27-03 20-07 4-72 16-47 18-90 .11-78 Na a O 0-72, [K 2 1- 22 = 100-91 2-946 24-85 20-70 1-00 25-00 15-31 0-60 12-05 TiO 2 0-45= [99-96 2553 20-49 1-68 20-85 18-60 006 12-26 TiOo 0-15, [P 2 5 0-08 , alk. 0'16, organ. 0'04 99 '90 26-88 17-52 29-76 13-84 11-33 = 99-33 27-14 19-19 _^ 24-76 16-78 11-50 = 99-37 3-038 24-77 20-16 1-38 27-98* 13-34 090 12-05 = 100-58 2-792 26-71 20-42 3-47 13-99 23-90 0-73 11-17 = 100-39 2-852 24-66 23-19 0-64 20-87" 17-79 0-40 12-12 = 100-67 27-20 18-62 23-21 17-64 10-61 = 97-28 2-835 25-45 17-88 und. 24-98 15-04 14-43 Na 2 O 0-67 [= 98-45 25-40 22-80 2-86 17-77 1909 12-21 F tr., MnO [0 25 = 100 38 305 2352 22-35 1-92 28-78 1079 0-39 11-28 MnO 0-32 [= 99-35 . C. 24-90 21-77 4-60 24-21 12-78 1059 MnO 1 15 [= 100 27-56 22-75 2-56 5-73* 28-47 . 18-80 = 100-87 29-48 2222 0-70 5'58 b 30-99 11-63 = 100-60 27-28 22-11 2-50 5'84< 28-34 14-50 = 100-57 27 17 22-35 2-71 5-69 d 2773 14-36 = 100-01 b MnO 0-29. c (Ni.Co)O 0-30 p . c. d Do., O'll, MnO 17. e Do., 041. t Do., 0- 26. Si0 2 40-60 33-78 33-82 33-19 33-63 A1 3 O, 22-70 16-76 13-58 15-29 14-17 1-97 Fe 2 O 3 9-34 8-44 5-15 6-04 5-26 MgO 21-47 28-54 32-93 33-13 33-65 Ca 423 0-52 037 H 2 O 1-66 = 100 11-96 = 100 10 42 = 98-24 12 64 = 100-29 13-29 ~ 100 Grengesite from Grangesberg in Dalarne, Sweden, occurs partly in hexagonal crystallizations* more or less rndiately grouped, and probably results, Erdmaun observes (Larobok Min.. 374, 1853), CHLORITE GROUP CORUNDOPHILITE. 655 from the alteration of pyroxene. Erdmann spells the name Qrangesite. Specific gravity 31; color dark green. An analysis by Hisinger gave: SiO 8 27 81 Al a 9 14-31 FeO 25'63 MnO 2-18 MgO 14'31 fl,O 12-55 = 96'79 GROCHAUITE Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 25, 395, 1873. Monocliuic? In small six-sided, tabular crystals, rough and allowing no measurements, the edges being rounded off by irregular planes. Cleavage basal easy, forming thin soft plates. Optically biaxial, axial angle 20 to 30. Double refraction weak, probably positive. In composition near prochlorite, but containing chiefly magnesium instead of ferrous iron. Websky calculates B 3 R,AlSiO,. Cf. anals. 16-19 above. Analysis, Beck, quoted by Websky: SiO* 28 20 A1 3 3 24-56 FeO 5'27 MgO 30'94 HO 12-1.5 = 10M2 Occurs mixed with a chromic spinel (magnochromite (p. 228), also crystallized in cavities in serpentine at Grochau, south of Frankenstein, in Silesia. 470. CORUNDOPHILITE. Shepard (fr. N. Car.), Am. J. Sc., 12, 211, 1852; (fr. Chester, Mass.) id., ib., 44, 112, 1865. Clinochlore (fr. Chester) J. P.. Cooke, Am. J. Sc., 44, 206 } 1867. Amesite G. U. Shepard; Pisani, C. R., 83, 166, 1876. Monoclinic, Dx. In six-sided or twelve-sided, tables or low prisms. Twins, according to the mica law, proved optically. Cleavage: basal, eminent. Laminae somewhat more brittle than those of clinochlore. Percussion- and pressure-figures as with- clinochlore. The former show planes of parting in the zone lc inclined 64 to c (089)?, and in the zone ami inclined at the angles 71 (223), 75 (445), 37 (Il6), 62 (225)1 Etching-figures monosymuetric in form. H. = 2'5. G-. = 2'90j Chester, Brush. Luster of cleavage surface somewhat pearly. Color olive-green, leek-green, grayish green* Transparent to nearly opaque. Laminae flexible, somewhat elastic. Optically -f . Ax. pi. \\ b. Bx somewhat oblique to c. Dispersion p < v. Axial angle rather large. Ac = 56 Be = 24 2E = 80 f/J = 1'583J .-. 2V = 46 40' c c = 8 2(X Also 64 59' and 68 at 200 Dx. 32, 45, 71|, fe| d Cooke Comp. As interpreted by Tschermak, a molecular mixture of H 4 Mg 3 Si 2 9 and H 4 Mg 2 Al 2 Si0 9 in the ratio of 1 : 4 giving the empirical formula H 20 Mg n Al 8 Si 6 45 , which requires: Silica 23*&, alumina 27'1, iron protoxide 17'5, magnesia 19'5, water 12-0 = 100. Here Fe : Mg = 1 : 2. Anal. 1, Eaton, quoted by Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 46, 257, 1868. 2, Pisani, ibid. 3, Ober- mayer, quoted by Tschermak, 1. c. G. SiO 2 Al a O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO H 2 O 3. Chester, Mass. 2'83 24-77 25'52 15-19 21-88 11-98 = 99-34 2. " " 24-0 25-9 J4-8 22-7 11-9 = 99'3 8. " 2-87 23-84 25'22 2'81 17-06 19'83 11-90 = 100-66 Obs. Occurs with corundum, or emery; its low percentage of silica accords with this asso- ciation. The species was instituted on a chlorite found with the corundum of Asheville, N. C., whence the name, from corundum, and 0zAo?:, friend. The above description is from specimens occurring abundantly, and sometimes in large and small crystals, at the emery mine of Chester, Mass., which Shepard has referred to corundophilite; the chlorite occurring with the corundum of North Carolina is higher in silica and is classed with prochlorite (Genth), though containing relatively but liule.irou, cf. anals. 17-20, p. 654. AMESITE C. U. Shepard, Pisani, C. R., 83, 166. 1876. In hexagonal plates, foliated, resembling the green talc from the Tyrol H. = 2-5-3. G. = 2-71. Color apple-green. Luster pearly on cleavage face. Optically -+-, sensibly uniaxial. Composition approximating to H 4 (Mg,Fe) 2 AlaSiO 8 . Anal. Pisani. 1. c. SiO 2 21-4 Al a O 3 32-3 FeO 15'8 MgO 19'9 H a O 10 9 = 100'S Occurs with diaspore at Chester, Mass. 656 SILICATE 8. 471. DAPHNITE. Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 100 (1), 38, 1891. Monoclin-ic. In small spherical or botiyoidal aggregates showing a concentric and at the same time radiate-foliated structure. Cleavage: basal, perfect. Laminae somewhat flexible. Luster pearly. Color dark g*een; though the basal plane olive-green, normal to this direction yellow. Streak green. Optically , nearly uniaxial. Comp. According to Tschermak, EUeFejTAIaoSiiaO^j. Cf. p. 644. Anal. R. Zeynek. G. Si0 3 23-62 22-26 FeO 38-97 JVInO 0-98 MgO 1-09 CaO 0-29 Na 3 O 1-10 K 2 O 0-28 H 2 11-16 = 99-75 Pyr., etc. B.B. becomes black, but does not exfoliate and fuses easily to a steel-gray bead. Easily decomposed by warm hydrochloric acid with the separation of flocculent silica. Obs. Observed on a specimen from Penzance, Cornwall, obtained in 1840; it occurs as an incrustation on quartz and arsenopyrite Named from Daphne, bay tree, in allusion to the form. METACHLORITE. List, Zs. G. Ges., 4, 634, 1852. Foliated columnar, like chlorite, vitreous to pearly in luster, color dull leek-green. H. = 2 - 5. Anal. 1, List, 1. c. 2, Zeynek, quoted by Tschermak. G. 3-173 SiO 3 23-78 24-29 A1 2 3 16-43 17-85 Fe 2 3 4-65 FeO 40-37 37-85 MgO 3-10 4-26 CaO 0-74 0-57 K 2 1-38 0-09 0-08 0-30 H 2 O 13-76 = 99-64 10-19 = 100-04 B.B. fuses on the edges to a dark enamel. Gelatinizes in the cold with hydrochloric acid. Forms small veins in b green rock at Btichenberg near Elbingerode, in the Harz. KLEMENTITE Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 100(1), 40, 1891. In thin scales in quartz veins at Vielsalm in Belgium. Probably mouoclinic. G. = 2'835. Color dark olive-green. Optically -f-. Biaxial, axial angle small, Tschermak. Anal. C. Element, Bull. Mus. Belg., 5, 162, 1888. G. = 2-835 f 27-13 A1 2 3 24-70 Fe 2 O 3 5-84 FeO 972 MnO 1-98 MgO 20-52 11-35 = 101-24 B.B. exfoliates and fuses to a dark glass. In powder partially decomposed by hydrochloric acid with the separation of flocculent silica. Named after Dr. C. Klement of Brussels. *' 472. ORONSTEDTITE. Cronstedtit Steinmann, Schw. J., 32, 69, 18&1. Chloromelan Breith., Char., 33, 184, 1823. Sideroschisolite Wernekink, Pogg., 1, 387, 1824. Rhombohedral; hemimorphic. Axis 6 = 3-2559; 0001 A 1011 = 75 C Zepharovich 1 . Forms: c (0001,0); r (1011, 1), a? (2021, 2); y (3031, 3). Angles: cr = 75 6', ex - 82 25f, cy = *84 56'. Twins: tw. ax. 6, united symmetrically by a prismatic face or interpenetrating and forming a six-rayed base. Occurs m hexagonal pyramids, tapering toward one ex- tremity, or adhering laterally, and vertically striated; also in fibrous diverging groups, cylindroidal and reniform; also amorphous. Cleavage: basal, highly perfect. Not brittle. Thin laminas elastic. H. = 3*5. G. = 3*34-3'35. Luster brilliantly vitreous. Color coal-black to brownish black ; by trans- mitted light in thin scales emerald-green; also on the edges brown or brownish yellow- Streak dark olive-green. Nearly opaque. Optically ; uniaxial. Comp. Perhaps H 8 Fe 4 Fe 4 Si 3 O ao = 4Fe0.2Fe 2 3 .3Si0 2 .4H 2 = Silica 20-9, iron sesquioxide 37'2, iron protoxide 33 '5, water 8*4 = 100. Magnesium may be present in small amount. Pfibram, Zeph. THURINGITE. 657 Kg. gives 3FeO.Fe 2 O 3 .2SiO 2 .3H 3 O = Silica 21 "8, iron sesquioxide 291, iron protoxide 39 3, water 9 '8 = 100. Anal. 1, E. Ludwig. quoted by Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 100 (1), 1891. 2, Janovsky, Ber. Ch. Ges., 8, 939, 1S75. 3, Rosam, Vrba, Ber. Ak. Bohm., p. 13, Jan. 15, 1886. 4, Maskelyne and Flight, Ber. Ch. Ges., 3, 938. 1870. 1. Pfibram 2. 3. Kuttenberg 4. Cornwall G. = 3 351 G. = 3 445 SiO 3 Fe 2 3 FeO MnO MgO H 2 f 22 21 37 49 25 28 1-20 5-23 8 27 9968 21 30 32 34 29 23 1-25 4-51 11 90 100-53 17 34 43 05 30 27 0-16 [9 18] 100 18 55 32 75 38 57 10 13 100 An analysis by Field (Phil. Mag., 5, 52, 1878) of a dark green compact mineral accom- panying the Cornwall cronstedtite gave: SiO 3 31-72 Fe 2 O 3 18-51 FeO 39-46 H 2 O 11-02 = 100-71 Sp. grav. = 3. The formula 3FeO.Fe a O 3 .3SiO,.3H 2 p is deduced. Pyr., etc. B.B. froths and fuses on the edges, yielding in R.F. a magnetic gray or black globule.. With borax gives reactions for iron and manganese. Gelatinizes in concentrated hydrocloric acid. Obs. Accompanies limonite and calcite in veins containing^silver ores at Pfibram in Bohemia, and also at Kuttenberg; also at Wheal Maudlin and in Cornwall, in diverging groups. In Brazil at Conghonas do Campo (sideroschisolite). Named afer tiie Swedish mineralogist and chemist, A. Frl Cronstedt. Hef. 'Brazil, Ber. Ak. Wien, 71 (1), 276, 1875. Maskelyne (J. Ch. Soc., Jan. 1871) gives for Cornwall crystals vy = 85 12'; exact measurements are impossible. Cf. also Vrba, Ber. Bohm. Ges., p. 13, Jan. 15, 1886. The doubtful scalenohedron ^ai'71816) is added by Zepiiarovich. 473. THURINGITB. Thuringit Breith., Char., 95, 1832. Owenite Qenih, Am. J. Sc.i 16, 167, 1853. Massive; an aggregation of minute scales; compact. Cleavage of scales distinct in one direction. Fracture subconchoidal. Very tough. Feel of powder greasy. H. = 2*5. Gr. = 3-15-3 -19; 3*118 Bottcheiv Luster of scales pearly; of mass glistening or dull. Color olive-green to pistachio- green. Streak paler. Optically . Uniaxial to distinctly biaxial. Comp. H 18 Fe 8 (Al,Fe) 8 Si 6 41 = 8Fe0.4(Al,Fe),0 9 .6SiO a .9H 3 = Silica 22*8, alumina 17*2, iron sesquioxide 13*5, iron protoxide 36*3, water 10*2 = 100. Anal. 1, Rg., Min. Ch., 851, 1860. 2, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 18, 376, 1854. 3, Keyser, ibid., p. 411. 4, Gintl, quoted by Zepharovich, Zs. Kr., 1, 372. 1877. 5, Genth, 1. c. 6, 7, Smith, 1. c. 8, F. L. Sperry, Am. J. Sc., 32, 307, 1886. G. 1. Thuringite 2. " 3. " 4. ZirmSee 3177 5. Harper's Ferry 6. 7. Arkansas 8. L. Superior 3191 3184 Si0 2 A1 2 O S Fe 2 3 FeO MgO Na 2 K 8 O H 2 2235 18'39 14'86 34>34 1'25 9'81 = 101 22-05 16-40 17'66 30'78 0'89 0'14 11-44= 99'36 | 23-55 15-63 13 79 34'20 1'47 tr. tr. 10'57 = 99-21 f 22'65 18'92 812 38'49 10-78= 98'96 23'2l 15'59 13'89 34'58 1'26 0'41 0'08 10'59 CaO 0'36 [99-97 23 58 16'85 14'33 33'20 1'52 0'46 tr. 10'45 MnO : 09 = [100-48 23 70 16 54 12'13 33 14 1--85 0'32 10-90 MnO 116 = [99-74 f 22'35 25'i4 34'39 6'41 11-25 = 99'54 Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water. B.B. fuses at 3 to an iron-black magnetic globule. With tire fluxes reacts for iron. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. Obs. Thuriugite is from .Reichmannsdorf and Schmiedeberg, near Saalfeld, in Thuringia (cf. Loretz, Zs. Kr., 13, 52, 1887): at Zirm See in Carinthia(Zeph., 1. c.); Hot Springs, Arkansas, from the metamorphic rocks on the Potomac, near Harper's Ferry (owenite); forms the matrix (anal. 8) enclosing garnet crystals altered to a chlorite near aphrosiderite (p. 660) in the Lake Superior iron region; at French Creek mines, Chester Co., Penn., the chalcopyrite and pyrite crys- tals are embedded in a compact mineral which Penfield suggests is probably allied to thuringite Oicenite was named after the geologist, Dr. D. D. Owen. 658 SILICATES. CHAMOSITE. Mine de fer oxyde en grains agglutines Gueymard, J. Mines, 35, 29, 1814- Chamoisite Berthier, Ann. Mines, 5, 393, 1820. Chamosite. Mineral de fer en grains Berlhier Ann. Ch. Phys., 35, 258, 1827. Berthierine JSeud., Tr., 128, 1832. Bavalite Hurt, Min., 290[ Chamosite, as originally described, occurs compact or oolitic, with H. about 3; G. = 3-3 -4; color greenish gray to black; streak lighter; opaque; feebly attracted by a magnet. Berthierine is similar in structure, has H. 2'5; color bluish gray, blackish, or greenish black; streak dark greenish gray; and strongly attracted by the magnet. Anal. 1, Berthier, 1. c. 2, id., Ann Ch Phys., 35,258, 1827: 1. Chamosite SiO 2 14'3 A1 2 O 3 7'8 FeO 60 5 H 2 O 17'4 = 100 2. Berthierine 12'4. J 7'8 74'7 5*1 = 100 Chamosite fuses easily, and also gelatinizes. Berthierine fuses with difficulty to a black magnetic globule, and gelatinizes. The latter is mixed with 50 p. c. or more of siderile and calcite ; Berthier found 40 '3 of the former in the material he examined. Chamosite forms thick beds of rather limited exteut in a limestone containing ammonites. at Chamoson, near St. Maurice, in the Valais; and a similar substance is reported from Metten- berg in the Bernese Oberlaud; Banwald in the Vosges; in the Windgalle; with iron carbonate and titanic iron at Schmiedefeld in the Thilringerwald; in Bohemia, from the oolitic iron ore of Chrustenic in dark bluish gray elliptical grains. Berthierine constitutes a valuable bed of iron ore at Hayanges, Dept. of Moselle, and also occurs in the ores of Champagne, Bourgogne, .Lorraine. The chloritic mineral associated with the iron ore of* Chamoson has been investigated by Boricky, Loretz, and Schmidt and shown to have a composition approximating to thuringite. Berthier's results above are unreliable as giving the composition of the silicate. Anal. 1, Boricky, as quoted by Schmidt, after deducting 5'5 p. c. Ca.Fe carbonate. 2, C. Schmidt, Zs. Er., 11, 601, 1886, also recalculated. 3. Loretz, Zs. Kr., 13, 52, 1887. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO H 2 O 1. Chamosite 25'60 18-72 42'31 2'13 11*24 = 100 2. 25-23 19-97 37-51 4'39 12'90 = 100 3. Schmiedefeld 27'29 17-13 4'06 39'42 13'10 = 100 An oftlitic mineral, apparently near chamoisite, described by Pouillon Boblaye (Mem. Mus., 15), has been called Bavalite. It has H. about4; G. = 8*99 Delesse; color greenish black, bluish, or grayish; powder greenish gray or black, to reddish brown; and B.B. fusible with difficulty to a black magnetic scoria. Forms beds in old schistose rocks in different parts of Brittany, especially in the forest of Lorges, a locality that supplies furnaces at Pas near Quintin. in the vicinity of St. Brieuc, Dept. Cotes-du-Nord; also at the Chapel St. Oudon, near Segre, Dept. Maine-et-Loire; and elsewhere. Huot and others derive the name bavalite from Bavalon, a locality of it; but Des Cloizeaux says no such place exists in Brittany; but that a* depression in the region where it is explored is called the bas vallonau absurd origin for a name. See 6th Ed., p. 796, for analyses. 474. STILPNOMELANE. G locker, Zs. f. Min., Jan., 1828, Handb., 572, 1831. Chalco- AiteShep., Rep. Am. Assoc., 6, 232, 1851. Foliated plates, sometimes hexagonal, sometimes radiated. Also fibrous, or as a velvety coating even or tufted. Cleavage easy in one direction. H. = 3 -4, when in solid plates. G-. = 2'769 Breith. ; 2-96, chalcodite, Genth. Luster of .cleavage surface between pearly and vitreous, sometimes submetallic or brass-like. Color black, greenish black, yellow- ish bronse, and greenish bronze. Var. 1. Ordinal']/, in plates or massive. Glocker gives G. = 3-3*4. 2. CJtalcodite, in velvety coatings of brass-like or submetallic luster, consisting of minute flexible scales. Comp. Uncertain, perhaps (Brush, Eg.) 2(Fe,Mg)0. (Fe,Al) a O,.5Si0 3 .3H 2 0. Genth calculates for his analysis 8(Fe,Mg)O.(Fe,Al) 2 O 3 .10SiO 2 .6H 2 O. Anal. 1, Rg., Pogg., 43, 127, 1838, Min. Ch., 880, 1860. 2, Siegert, Rg., Min. Ch., 880. 1860. 3, Li J. IgelstrSm, J. pr. Ch., 81, 396, 1860. 4, G. J. Brush, Am. J. Sc., 25, 198, 1858. 5, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 23, 44, 1885. G. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe a O, FeO MgO CaO K 2 O H 2 O 1. Obergnmd 445-96 5'84 35"60 1'78 0'19 0'75 8'63 = 98-75 2. Weilburg 45'07 4-92 37'78 0'94 1'67 8 47 = 98'85 3. Nordmark 45'61 5'00 37'70 3'00 9'14 = 100-45 4. ChakoMte 2'76 | 45-29 3'62 20'47 16'47 4-56 0'28 tr. 9 22 = 99'91 5. " 2-957 44-75 4'36 4'99 30-34 5'47 9'18 = 99'09 8TRIGOVITEDIABANTITE. 659 Brogger refers here the mineral which in the form of inclusions gives the abnormal com position upon which the supposed variety of natrolite from the Brevik region called iron- natrolite (Eisennatrolith) has been based; cf. p. 603. Its composition could not be definitely settled. Zs. Kr., 16,626, 1890. Pyr., etc. Yields much water. B.B. fuses easily to a black, shining, magnetic globule- With the fluxes gives the reactions for iron. Chalcodite is completely decomposed by hydro- chloric acid. Obs. Stilpnomelane occurs at Obergrund and elsewhere in Silesia/with calcite and quartz* sometimes intermixed with pyrite and magnetite. Also in Moravia, near Brokersdorf; near Sternberg. in a bed of Hmonite, in a clay slate, probably of the Devonian age, and often associ- ated with chlorite, magnetite, find calcite; at Frederic mine near Weilburg, Nassau, in a bed of iron ore; at Pen Mine, Nordmark, Sweden, radiated foliated with actinolite, in veins sometimes 4 inches thick. Chalcodite occurs at the Sterling Iron mine, in Antwerp, Jefferson Co., K Y., coating hematite and calcite, and sometimes constituting pseudomorphs (anal. 5), having the form of hollow rectangular tables; the yellow variety resembles in color mosaic gold. Named Stilpnomelane from (rrtXTtvoS, shining, and //eA^c, black; and Chalcodite front brass or bronze. Melanglimmer Germ, includes this species, Cvonstedtite, etc. 475. STRIGOVITE. Becker & Websky, Jb. Min., 236, 1869. Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 2$. 388, 1873.* In minute crystals, showing hexagonal prisms under the microscope; sometimes in balls of aggregated crystals. H. = 1. G. = 3-144. Color dark green (on alteration changing to brown). Streak green, to grayish green. Optically uniaxial or nearly so. Comp. H4Fe 2 (Al,Fe) 2 Si 2 O,, = 2FeO.(Fe,Al) 2 O 3 .2SiO 2 .2H 2 O (at 100), or with 3H 2 O (air- dried). Anal. 1, Becker, 1. c. 2, Websky, 1. c. , 1869. 3, Websky (and Poleck), 1. c., 1873 (at 100), G. Si0 3 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MnO MgO CaO H 2 O 1 3262 16-66 16-04 1674 316 2'02 1237 = 9961 2 2788 3260 14'08 2194 12*47 3'82 1481 = 99'72 3. 3'144 2843 16"60 11-43 26'2l 7'26 0'36 036 931 = 9996 Fyr., etc. Easily decomposed by acid with the separation of silica in powder. In closed tube gives off water. B.B. fuses with difficulty to a black glass without coloring the flame. Obs. Occurs as a fine coating over the minerals in druses or cavities in the granite west and northwest of Striegaujn Silesia; 476. DIABANTITE. Diabantachronnyn,Z&fo, Jb. Min., 1, 1870. Diabantite G. W. Am. J. Sc. f 9, 454, 1875. Monoclinic? Massive, compact, fibrous or with a foliated, radiated, and con* centric structure. Cleavage: basal, perfect. H. = 2-2*5. G-. = 2-79-2-93. Color dark green. to greenish black. Strongly pleochroic. Comp. H I8 (Fe,Mg) 12 Al 4 Si 9 45 or 12(Fe,Mg)0.2Al 2 3 .9Si0 3 .9H 2 = Silica 34.2, alumina 12-9, iron protoxide 27*4, magnesia 15*2, water 10*3 = 100. Anal. 1-5, Liebe, 1. c. 6, 7, Hawes, 1. c. 1. Keinsdorf 2. Landesfreude 3. Hollethal 4. Trilloch 5. Grafenwart, 6. Farmington 7. G. SiO, Al 2 0s Fe 2 3 FeO MuO MgO CaO Na a O E 2 2-83 2-93 2-91 30-27 29-37 29-85 31-25 11-16 1200 9-07 10-03 3-47 26-94 2563 26-60 23-52 21 22 21-01 17-92 19-73 10-20=99-79 11-27=99-28 15-81=99-25 11-37=99-37 31 56 12 08 21-61 22-44 1178=99-47 2-79 I 33 24 11 07 2-26 25-11 0-41 16-51 1-11 0-25 9-91=99-87 1 33 68 10 84 2-86 2433 0-38 16-52 073 0-33 10-02=99-69 . Fuses easily on the edges, forming a dark gray glass somewhat magnetic* Dissolves in hydrochloric acid, leaving a skeleton of silica. Occurs in the diabase of Voigtland and Frankenwald, and contributes to the green color of the rock. It is found in seams and clefts, sometimes in amygdules and lining cavities in the rock. In some occurrences of diabase it forms the chief binding or cementing material, and is apparently a product of the alteration of the augitic constituent of the diabase. A similar mineral occurs filling amygdaloidal cavities in the diabase of the Farm ington. Hills. Conn., and at other points in the same region, as at Turner's Falls, Mass., and elsewhere* 660 SILICATES. The center cavities are often occupied by calcite, and this and the associated prehnite are often impregnated by it; the diabantite was thus the first product of the decomposition of the diabase (Emerson). The diabantite is sometimes altered by hydration and oxidation of the iron, forming masses of a straw-, gold , or bronze-yellow. It then becomes a diabantite-vermiculite, as it is called by Emerson, Am. J. Sc., 24, 198-201, 1882. 477. APHROSIDERITE. Sandberger, Ueb. Geol. Nassau, 97, 1847. Massive; in fine scales, hexagonal in form. Soft. G. = 2'8-30. Color dark oHve : green. Transparent to translucent. Comp. Perhaps (Websky) H 1 oFe 6 (Fe,Al)4Si 4 O 26 . Anal. 1, Sandberger, 1. c. 2, Igelstrom, J. pr. Ch., 84. 480. 1861. 3, Erlenmeyer, JB. Ch., 773, 1860. 4. Hauer, Jb. G. Reichs., 4, 79, 1854. 5, Nies, Jb. Min., 321, 1873,. after de- ducting CaCO 3 . 6, Rg., quoted by Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 31, 212, 1879. 7, Woitschach, Zs. Kr., 7, 82, 1882. 8-10, Pentield & Sperry, Am. J. Sc., 32, 308, 310, 1836. 11, Niedzwiedzki, Min. Mitth., 162, 1872. 1. Weilburg 2. Guistberg 3. Bonscheuer 4. Styria 5. Dillenburg 6. Striegau 7. Konigshain G. SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO CaO 2-8 2-991 26-45 25-0 25-72 26-08 24-63 24-78 21-25 20-6 20-69 20-27 2525 1869 4-01 8-50 6-45 44-24 32-0 27-79 32-91 30-61 36-17 1-06 14-3 11-70 10-00 1-82 4-52 27-06 19 56 11 71 28-91 1-18 38 8. L. Superior, garnet pseud. 321 27-45 19-53 6'26 29-42 604 9 ' c " " 29-08 19-94 3-91 30'68 a 5'56 10. Salida, Col., 11. Saualpe 28-20 22-31 19-11 17'68 2-98 25-19 21-66 9'09 14*22 18-73 Incl. MnO 0-20. H 2 7-74 = 100-74 76 = 99-5 10-05 = 99-96 10-06= 99-32 9-19 = 100 9-09 = 99-70 9-73 = 98-53 7-50 Na 2 00-42, [K 2 O 2-64 = 99 26 0-25 6-53 Na 2 00-29, [K 2 O 3-66 = 99-90 0-48 10-90 Na 2 OO-72, [K 2 O 1-03 = 100-43 11-53=100-42 Analyses 8-10, by Penfield & F. L Sperry, are of a chlorite forming the coating of almandite garnets (anal. 6, 7, p. 441) and derived from their alteration. Color of 8. 9, dark green; 10, light green, optically uniaxial. Anal. 11, by .Niedzwiedzki, is of a similar chlorite, forming a coating about a like garnet from the Saualpe, Carinthia; magnetite may be present in the material analyzed. Obs. Aphrosiderite occurs at Weilburg, Nassau, at the Gelegenheit mine. A similar mineral, but more magnesian, has been found in gneiss at Guistberg in Wermland; in hemaiite at Bonscheuer near Muttershauseu,. Nassau; at Bulcluinstein on the Lahr; and in mica schist -with hematite at several places in Upper Styria, consisting of microscopic scales of a clear green color. 478. DBLESSITE. Chlorite ferrugineuse Delesse. Ann. Mines, 12, 195, 1847, and 16. 520, 1849. Delessite Naum., Min., 1850 Eisenchlorit. Subdelessit Weiss, Zs. G. Ges., 31, 801, 1879 Massive, with a short fibrous or scaly feathery texture, often radiated. H. =-2-5. G. = 2-89. Color olive-green to blackish green. Powder gray or green. Comp. Perhaps (Groth) Hi,(Mg,Fe) t (Al,Fe) 4 Si 4 O M . Anal. 1-3, Delesse, 1. c. 4-8, Heddle, Trans. R. Soc. Ediub , 29, 81, 1879. 9, Weiss, 1. c. H 2 O 11-55 = 9930 12-99 = 100 12-57 = 99-33 15-45"= 100-41 15-46 = 100-64 14'69'MnO 0'38 = 99'82 13-77 ft MnO I'OO, alk. 1'68 13-24 a =100'02 [= 100-11 12-25 TiO 2 0-18, alk. 0'52, G. Si0 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 3 FeO MgO GaO 1. Mielen 31-07 15-47 17-54 4-07 19-14 0-46 2. Oberstein 29-08 42-00 12-23 3-70 3 Zwickau 29-45 18-25 8-17 15-12 1532 0-45 4. Bowling 2-573 32-00 17-33 1-19 12-45 20-42 1-57 5. Dumbuck 2-598 3201 18-87 1-18 12-09 19-64 1-39 6. Long Craig 2-656 30-93 15-32 3-16 15-31 18-65 1-38 7. Elie 2-672 3069 12-83 1-63 18-32 18-60 1-59 8. St. Cyrus 2-652 32-69 13-44 4-40 6-62 28-77 0-86 9. Subdelessite 2-836 28-79 16-74 4-83 18-61* 16-62 0-98 *Loss at 100- 4, 5'70 p. c; 5. 6'30; 6, 4'68; 7, 3'39; 8, 2-77. [P 2 O 3 ,S0 3) CO 2 0-69 = 100-21 " Incl. 0-31 MnO. RUMPFITE. 661 Pyr., etc. In a matrass yields water and becomes brown. B.B. fuses with difficulty on the edges. Easily soluble in acids, affording a deposit of silica. Obs. The original delessite occurs coating or filling the cavities of amygdaloid, or amygda- loidal porphyry, at Oberstein, Zwickau, La Greve near Mielen. Similar minerals occur at various points iu Scotland, auals. 4-8; also in Nova Scotia (How, Phil. Mag., 37, 267, 1869). Named after Delesse, of Paris. Subdelessite (anal. 10) is a blackish green chloritic mineral, filling cavities in eruptive rocks in the Thuriuger Wald. 479. RUMPFITE. G. FirtscJi, Ber. Ak. Wien, 99 (1), 417, 1890. Massive, granular, consisting of very fine scales from 0' 05-0 15 -in diameter and 1 mm. in length. Form of scales hexagonal, united in vermicular shapes resembling some kinds of clino- chlore. Cleavage: basal, perfect. H. s= 1'5. G. = 2*675. Color greenish white. Translucent on the edges. Optically uniaxial or nearly so; sometimes 2E = 10. Comp. A basic silicate of aluminium and magnesium; Firtsch calculates the formula: HMg 7 Al,,Si,oOes or 7Mg0.8Al 2 O 3 .10SiO 2 .14H 2 O. Anal. Firtsch, 1. c. SiO a 30-75 A1 2 O 3 41-66 FeO 1-61 ' MgO 1Z'09 CaO 0'89 H 3 O 13'12 = 100-12 The loss of water was as follows: 150 200-360 red ht. (600) ign. (Bunsen burner.) ign. (blast lamp). f 16 8-73 12-51 12'79 Fyr., etc. B.B. infusible, but becomes brown. Not decomposed by acids, but after ignition the iron compound is dissolved, the rest not decomposed. Obs. Occurs with talc in crevices in the magnesium carbonate rock (pinolite, p. 274) near ichael in Upper Styria. Named for Professor Johann Rurnpf of Graz. SiO, A1 2 3 FeO MnO MgO CaO 1. Traversella 3845 11-75 12-82 28-19 2. 39-81 12-56 11-10 28-41 3. " 41 84 11-42 10-09 29-67 4. Hillswick 39-81 11-43 7-97 0-26 25-65 2-80 The following are other chloritic minerals, more or less imperfectly defined. TALC-CHLORITE OF TRAVERSELLA occurs iu large hexagonal plates regularly grouped, and presents, according to Des Cloizeaux, the optical characters of cliuochlore. The plates are twins, consisting of six triangular sections; at center they are translucent and blackish green, and optically , and exteriorly clear green and transparent, and optically -{- Marignac regards it as between talc and chlorite. He obtained, anal. 1-3, Ann. Ch. Phys., 14, 60, 1845. 4, Hed- dle, Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 29, 78, 1879. H 2 O 8-49 = 99-70 7-79 = 99-67 7-66 = 100 18 7-91 Na 2 O 3 15. KO [1-20-= 100-19-, It may be ripidolite impure from mixture with talc, which view would account for the high percentage of silica. Occurs at Traversella, Piedmont, with magnetite and ripidolite; also (anal. 4) a similar mineral at Hillswick iu Shetland. At Traversella there is still another talc-chlorite, soft and of a silvery-white luster, having a single optical axis, or two very slightly divergent; the hexagonal plates are opaque at center and transparent toward the borders. It affords much water in a matrass, and fuses with difficulty on the edges to a white enamel. This may be identical with the leuchteubergite, noted by Tschermak from Traversella. EPICHLORITE Rammelsberg, Pogg., 77, 237, 1849. Fibrous or columnar, between schiller spar and chlorite in its characters. H. = 2-2'5; G. = 2'76; color dull leek-green; streak white to greenish; luster greasy; in thin columns trans- lucent and of a bottle-green color. Anal. 1, Kg., 1. c. 2, Liebe, Jb. Min., 17, 1870. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO CaO H 2 O 1. 40-88 10-96 8-72 8'96 20'00 0'68 10-18 = 100'38 2. G. =2-79 41-52 8'60 1926 19-78 10-05 = 99-21 B.B. fuses only in thin fibers with difficulty. With the fluxes reaction for silica and iron. Forms veins in a rock resembling serpentine near Harzburg. Named in allusion to its being near chlorite in characters. Ldebe's mineral (anal. 2) is the coloring mineral in the black titanic-iron diabase of the Voigt- 662 SILICATES. land and Frankenwald. He regards it as containing only ferrous iron, and argues the same for the mineral from the Harz. EURALITE F. J. Wtik, .Ib. Min., 357. 1869. A chloritic mineral occurring in scams iu clefts of byperyte in the parish of Eura, Finland. It is apparently amorphous, but breaks under the hammer into prismatic fragments. H. = 2'5. G. = 2'62. Color dark green to .black. B.B fuses easily to a magnetic globule. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. Analysis, -Wiik: SiO 2 33-68 A1 2 O 3 12-15 Fe 2 O 3 6'80 FeO 15 66 MgO 17'92 CaO 1-34 H 2 O 11-49 = 99'04 Apparently related to diabantite, p. 659. EPIPHANITE. Epifanit Igelstrom, Of v. Ak. Stockh., 25, 32, 1868. A chlorite-like mineral from Tyaran in Wermland. Sweden. Analysis, Igelstrom: SiO 2 37-11 A1 2 3 21-13 FeO 20'00 MgO 14-03 H 2 O 7'83 MnO SO 4 . The material of 2 and 3 dried over H 2 SO 4 having lost: 2, 11 '34 p. c. 3, 3*20 p. c. Also 105 550--300' Above 300 2. 11*23 4*55 5*41 3. 3*20 2-52 4-80 Clarke and Schneider conclude that protovermiculite is essentially a trihydrated hydro- phlogopite and hydroclintonite in the ratio of 1 : 1. The Henderson Co. mineral is a biotite about half way transformed into a vermiculite. VAALITE Maskelyne and Flight, Q. J. G. Soc., 30. 409, Nov., 1874. In hexagonal prisms. Axial angle very small. Bx nearly J_ c. Color drab, in spots fine blue. Analysis*. 8iO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 MgO Na 2 O H 2 O a CO 2 Cr 3 O s 40*83 9*80 6-84 31*34 0'67 9*72 tr. tr. = 99 '20 a Lost at a low red heat; also from 125-130, 1*95 p. c. Expands on heating on a platinum foil to six times its original size; in powder no expansion at all. Loses no water at 100 C. Occurs in an altered peridotyte from the diamond-diggings, called Du Toil's Pan, S. Africa (cf. p. 5). Named after the Vaal river. M ACONITE Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 13, 396, 1873. In irregular scales, resembling a variety of jefferisite. Soft, but slightly harder than kerrite. 668 SILICATES. G. = 2-827 Chatard. Color dark brown; luster pearly, inclining to sub-metallic. Anal. Chatard and Genth, 1. c. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO. (Ni,Co)O MgO K 2 O Na 2 O Li 2 O ign. f 34-22 21-53 12-41 0'32 0*12 14-46 5'70 0'51 tr. 11-85 = 101-12 Exfoliates largely on beating, and fuses with difficulty to a brown glass; easily decomposed by hydrochloric acid, with separation of silica in scales. Contains numerous fragments of corundum, and some microscopic reddish brown crystals which may be titanite. Found, as an apparent result of the alteration of chlorite, at the corun- dum locality, Culsagee Mine, near Franklin, Macon Co., N. Carolina. DUDLEYITE Geutti, Am. Phil. Soc., 13', 404, 1873. Has the form of margarite, from tLe- alteration of which it has been made. Color soft bronze, or brownish yellow; luster pearly. Anal. Genth, 1. c. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO Li 2 O Na 2 O K 2 O ign. 32-42 28-42 4'99 1'72 16'87 19 1'52 0*56 13 '43 = 10012 Exfoliates slightly on heating, and fuses with difficulty to a brownish yellow blebby mass. Easily decomposed by hydrochloric acid with separation of silica in scales. Found at the Cullakenee Mine, Clay Co., N. Carolina, and in larger quantity with margarite at Dudley ville, Alabama. PYROSCLERITE. Pyrosklerit v. Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 2, 53, 1834. Cleavage: basal eminent or micaceous; in a transverse direction at right angles to the former, in traces. H. =3. G. = 2*74. Luster of cleavage surface weak pearly. Color apple- to emerald-green. Anal. 1, Kobell, .1. c. 2, Leeds, Am. J. Sc., 6, 22, 1873. G. Si0 2 A1 2 3 Fe 2 3 FeO MgO Alk. H 2 O I.Elba 2-74 37'03 13'50 l'43 a 3'52 31*62 11*00 = 98'10 2. Bare Hills, Md. 2'558 f 35-99 9*52 535 1-08 32*94 0-41 14'60 = 99'89 a Cr 2 O 3 B.B. fuses at 3*8-4 to a grayish glass. With the fluxes reacts for chromium and iron. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid with gelatiuization. Occurs with chouicrite, constituting seams in serpentine, near Porto Ferrajo, Elba. It is probably derived from some form of pyroxene (diallage), the cleavage of which it retains in part. Named from itvp, fire, and cr/cA^po'S, hard (refractory). A related mineral occurs at the " Magnesia mines'" of the Bare Hills, Maryland, in grayish to bronze-yellow folia; optically biaxial. Forms a vertical seam between deweylite on one side and talc on the other. Cf. anal. 2. For analysis also of another related mineral from St. Marie-aux-Mines, Alsace, see Knop, Jb. Mm., 70, 1875. ROSEITE. A much altered mica found by Dr. Rose in East (or West) Nottingham, Chester Co., Penn. Soft, like talc; luster pearly; color nearly pale brownish yellow. Analysis, quoted by A. J. Moses, Sch. Mines Q., 12, 73, 1891. SiO 2 35 38 A1 2 O 3 30*30 MgO 14*66 H a O 19*88 = 100'32 Some other alteration-products of biotite, allied to the vermiculites (voigtite, etc.), are mentioned on p. 632. WILLCOXITE Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 13, 397, 1873. In scales white to greenish or grayish white, with pearly luster, resembling talc. Anal. Koenig, quoted by Genth, 1. c. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O, FeO MgO Li 2 O Na 2 O K 2 O ign. ' 1. Shooting Creek 28*96 37*49 1*26 2*44 17*35 tr. 6*73 2-46 4*00 = 10069 2. Cullakenee M. 29*50 37*56 1*40 2*38 17*20 tr. 6*24 2*42 3*32 = 100'02 B.B. fuses in fine splinters with difficulty to a white enamel, coloring the outer flame yellow. In hydrochloric acid decomposed with difficulty, with separation of silica in scales. Occurs as a coating about a nucleus of corundum, and resulting from its alteration, at Shooting Creek and Cullakeuee Mine, Clay Co., No. Carolina Named after Col. Joseph Willcox. SERPENTINE. 669 III. Serpentine and Talc Division. The leading species belonging here, Serpentine and Talc, are closely related to the Chlorite Group of the Mica Division preceding, as noted beyond. Some other magnesium silicates, in part amorphous, are included with them. 481. Serpentine H 4 Mg 3 Si 2 9 Monoclinic 482. Deweylite H 4 Mg 4 (Si0 4 ) 3 + 4H 3 483. Genthite H 4 Mg 2 Ni 2 (Si0 4 ) 3 + 4H a O Garnierite 484. Talc H 2 Mg 3 (Si0 3 ) 4 Monoclinic 485. Sepiolite H 4 Mg 2 Si 3 1 486. Connarite H 4 Ni 2 Si 3 1 . 487. Spadaite H 8 Mg 6 Si 6 81 19 488. Saponite 489. Celadonite 490. Glauconite 491. Pholidolite H 18 K 2 (Fe,Mg) 12 Al 2 Si 13 M Monoclinic? 481. SERPENTINE. 'O^z'r^s pt. Dioscor., 5, 161. Ophites pt. Vitiiiv., Plin. Ophitse, Serpeutaria, Agric., Foss., 304, 309, 1546. Marmor Serpentinum, M. Zeblicium, Serpenstein Germanice, Lapis Serpentinus, B. de Boot, 1636, pp. 502, 504. Telgsten pt., Ollaris pt., Marmor Serpentinum, M. Zoblizense, Lapis Colubrinus, Wall., 135, 1747. Serpentine Fr. Trl. Wall , 1753. Serpentin, Zoblitzer S., Cromt., 76, 1758. VARIETIES. Retinalite Thomson, Min., 1, 201, 1836. Vorhauserite Kenngott, Min. Forsch., p. 71, 1856-57. Bowenite Dana, Min., 265, 1850; Nephrite Bowen, Am. J. Sc., 5, 346, 1822. Antigorite Schweizer, Pogg., 49, 595, 1840. Williamsite Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 6, 249, 1848. Marinolite Nuttall, Am. J. Sc., 4, 19, 1822; Vanuxem, J. Acad. Sc. Philad., 3, 133, 1823. Thermophyllite A. E. Nordenskiold, Beskr. Fin. Min., 160, 1855; Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 73 213, 1858. Chrysotile Kobell. J. pr. Ch., 2, 297, 1834, 30, 467, 1843; Schillernder Asbest, Amianthus pt. Bostonite. Picrolite Hausmann, Moll's Efem., 4, 401, 1808. Metaxite Breithaupt, Char., 113, 326, 1832. Baltimorite Thomson, Phil. Mag., 22, 191, 1843. Zermattite N. Nordenskiold, At. Ch. Min. Syst., 132, 1848. Monoclinic. In distinct crystals, but only as pseud omorphs. Sometimes foliated, folia rarely separable; also delicately fibrous, the fibers often easily sepa- rable, and either flexible or brittle. Usually massive, but microscopically finely fibrous and felted, also fine granular to impalpable or cryptocrystalline; slaty. Crystalline in structure but often by compensation nearly isotropic; amorphous. Cleavage b (010), sometimes distinct; also prismatic (50) in chrysotile (Brauns). Fracture usually conchoidal or splintery. Feel smooth, sometimes greasy. H. = 2-5-4, rarely 5*5. Gr. = 2'50-2'65; some fibrous varieties 2*2-2-3; retinalite, 2-36-2-55. Luster subresinous to greasy, pearly, earthy; resin-like, or wax-like; usually feeble. Color leek-green, blackish green; oil- and siskin-green; brownish red, brownish yellow; none bright; sometimes nearly white. On exposure, often becoming yellowish gray. Streak white, slightly shining. Translucent to opaque. Pleochroism feeble. Optically , perhaps also + in chrysotile. Double refraction weak. Ax. pi. || a (100). Bx (a) JL b (010) the cleavage surface; c || elon- gation of fibers. Biaxial, angle variable, often large: 2E = 16 to 98 Tschermak. 2V = 20 to 90 Levy-Lex. Dispersion p > v. Antigorite, 2E = 27, /3 = 1 "574 Dx. Chrysotile 2V variable, up to 30 Levy-Lex. Reichenstein 2E = 16 30' Reusch, 24 Hare Amelose 2E = 50 Brauns. Indices: Antigorite a = 1*560 /3 = 1'570 y = 1 571 y - a = O'Oll Levy-Lex. 670 SILICATES. Statements in regard to the optical character, axial angle, etc., are somewhat conflicting, ct Rosenbusch, Lev} r -Lcx. et al. (ref. p. 674). Hussak describes a pale green foliated mineral making up the mass of the serpentine of Sprecbensteiu, Sterziug, Tyrol, which yields folia with basal cleavage; pleochroisni rather strong; optically ; Bx JL cleavage-, axial angle small (20 Tsch.). Tschermak regards this variety as intermediate between normal serpentine and peuriinite; chemically it contains 3*8 p. c. A1 2 O 3 , anal. 32. Var. Many unsustaiued species have been made out of serpentine, differing in structure (massive, slaty, foliated, fibrous), or, as supposed, in chemical composition; and these now, in part, stand as varieties, along with some others based on variations in texture, etc. A. In CRYSTALS PSEUDOMORPHS. The most common have the form of chrysolite. Other kinds are pseudomorphs after pyroxene,, ainphibole, spinel, chondrodite, garnet, phlogopite, titauite, chromite, etc. Thus at the Tilly Foster magnetite mine, Brewster, N. Y., serpentine occurs on a large scale both massive and distinctly pseudomorphous, the latter after enstatite, choudrodite, amphibole, cliuochlore, biotite, brucite; probably also after cal cite, apatite, dolomite; further in forms show- ing a perfect cubic parting (anal. 12, 13), and assumed to be pseudomorphous after an unknown mineral (periclase?, Tschermak). G. Friedel has examined these cubic forms (Bull. Soc. Miu., 14, 120, 1891) and shows that the serpentine is in part crystalline (opt. , biaxial, y a = 0*005), in part amorphous, and argues that the pseudo-cubic structure belongs to the serpentine itself and is not due to some other original mineral. Bastite or Schiller Spar is enstatite (hypersthene) altered more or less completely to serpen- tine. See description on p. 351. B. MASSIVE. 1. Ordinary massive, (a) Precious or Noble Serpentine (Edler Serpentin Germ.) is of a rich oil-green color, of pale or dark shades, and translucent even when in thick pieces; and (b) Common Serpentine, when of dark shades of color, and sub translucent. The former has a hardness of 2*5-3; the latter often of 4 or beyond, owing to impurities. 2. Resinous. Retinalite. Massive, having honey-yellow to light oil-green colors, and waxy or resin-like luster and aspect. H. 3*5; G. = 2-47-2*52, Grenville, Hunt, 2 36-2*38, Calumet Id., Hunt. It much resembles deweylite. It affords, on analysis, 3 p. c. more of water than, ordinary serpentine; and the mineral may be a mixture of serpentine and deweylite. Vorkauserite is similar, though brown to greenish black in color. H. = 3*5; G. = 2'45. From the Fleims- thal, Tyrol. 3. Porcellanous ; Porcellophite. The " meerschaum " of Taberg and Sala is a soft earthy serpentine, resembling meerschaum in external appearance (Berlin, Ak. H. Stockh., 1840). This variety is sometimes very soft when first taken out. A variety resembling compact lithomarge occurs at Middletown, Delaware Co., Pa. It has a smooth, porcelain-like fracture; H. = 3'5; G. = 2-48. 4. Bowenite (Nephrite Bowen). Massive, of very fine granular texture, and much resembles nephrite, and was long so called. It is apple-green or greenish white in color; G. = 2-594-2*787, Bowen; and it has the unusual hardness 55-6. From Smithfield, R. I. A serpentine from New Zealand is referred here by Berwerth (1. c. and anal. 26). It is bright green, translucent; hardness = 5'5-6, on a polished surface; G. = 2'60. Used by the Maoris for objects of ornament and called by them Tangiwai. A similar serpentine is described by C. A. McMahon (Min. Mag., 9, 187, 1890) as used at Bhera, in the Shahpur district of the Punjab, for the manufacture of various small articles; it is called in Persian Sang-i-yashm. H. = 5. G. = 2*59. Color dark greenish gray to pale sea- green mottled with white; also said to be delicate apple-green. Structure finely fibrous, as seen under the microscope and as developed by digestion in sulphuric acid; extinction parallel, the greater axis corresponding with the direction of the fibers (anal. 27). Occurs in place in rock masses in one of the mountain gorges which run from the Safed Koh in the valley of the Kabul river, Afghanistan. C. LAMELLAR. 5. Antigorite. Thin lamellar in structure, easily separating into translucent or subtrans- parent folia; H. = 2'5; G. = 2*622; color brownish green by reflected light, and leek-green by transmitted; feel smooth, but not greasy. Optical characters more distinct than with most other varieties (see above). Named from the locality, Antigorio valley, Piedmont. 6. Williamsite Shepard. A lamellar impure serpentine, of apple-green color, with H. = 4'5 and G. = 2-59-2*64, from Texas, Pa. Graduates into a massive granular variety. C. THIN FOLIATED. 7. Marmolite. Thin foliated; the laminae brittle but easily separable, yet graduating into a variety in which they are not separable. G. = 2*41; luster pearly; colors greenish white, bluish white to pale asparagus-green. From Hoboken, N. J. 8. Thermophyllite occurs in small scaly crystals aggregated into masses, with an amorphous steatite-like base. B.B. crystals exfoliate like vermiculite or pyrophyllite. H. = 2*5; G. = 2-61. Luster of cleavage surface pearly; color light brown to silver- white and yellowish brown. From Hopansuo, Finland. D. FIBROUS. 9. Chrysotile. Delicately fibrous, the fibers usually flexible and easily separating; luster silky, or silky metallic; color greenish white, green, olive-green, yellow, and brownish; SERPENTINE. 671 i G. = 2-219. Often constitutes seams in serpentine. It includes most of the silky amianthus of serpentine rocks and much of what is popularly called asbestus (asbestos). The Canadian chrysotile is often called in the trade Bostomte. The original chrysotile was from Reichenstein. 10. Picrolite. Columnar, but fibers or columns not easily flexible, and often not easily separable, or affording only a long splintery fracture; color dark green to mountain-green, greenish, gray, and brown. The original was from Taberg, Sweden. Metaxite, picrolite, con- sisting of separable but brittle columns, of a greenish white color, and weak pearly luster; H. =2-2-5; G. = 2'52. From Schwarzenberg. Passes into a laminated variety. Baltimoriie is picrolite from Bare Hills, Md., of a grayish green color; silky luster, opaque, or subtranslucent, with H. = 2-5-3. F. SERPENTINE ROCKS. Serpentine often constitutes rock-masses. It frequently occurs mixed with more or less of dolomite, magnesite, or calcile, making a rock of clouded green, sometimes veined with white or pale green, called verd- antique, ophiolite, or ophicalcite. Serpen- tine rock is sometimes mottled with red, or has something of the aspect of a red porphyry; the reddish portions containing an unusual amount of oxide of iron. Any serpentine rock cut into slabs and polished is called serpentine marble. Verde di Prato is a variety from near Florence. Microscopic examination has established the fact that serpentine in rock-masses has been largely produced by the alteration of chrys >lite, and many apparently homogeneous serpentines show more or less of this original mineral. In other cases it has resulted from the alteintion of pyroxene or amphibole. Sections of the serpentine derived from chrysolite often show a peculiar structure, like the meshes of a net; the lines marked by grains of magnetite, following the original cracks and cleavage-directions of the chrysolite. The serpentine from pyroxene and amphibole commonly shows a characteristic grating structure. Comp. A magnesium silicate, H 4 Mg 8 Si a O, or 3Mg0.2Si0 2 .2H 2 = Silica 44 -1, magnesia 43-0, water 12 '9 100. Iron protoxide often replaces a small part of the magnesium; nickel in small amount is sometimes present. The water is chiefly expelled at a red heat and hence must be all chemically combined, see below. The formula has also been written H 2 Mg 3 Si 2 8 + H 2 0, or as a hydrous orthosilicate. Clarke and Schneider obtained on the serpentine of analyses quoted below, for the loss of water 105 250 383-412 498-527 red ht. white ht Anal. IQa 0'96 0'55 0'27 0'23 12-37 0*28 2 1-20 0-55 13-01 " 43 2-04 0-71 0-27 0'56 11 '81 0'25 " 38 1-53 0-44 0-62 10-58 0'04 " 18 2-26 1-01 0-98 0'42 11-32 017 Further the same authors have determined the amount of bases, MgO and R 2 O 3 , removed as chlorides after heating from 41 to 78 hours at 383 to 412, in dry hydrochloric acid gas, thus : MgO 10-14 16-73 9-98 11*38 15-25. Also of R a O, 0'43 0'66 051 It is inferred that the magnesium thus removed is present in the mineral as the group MgOH, and hence the formula is written H(MgOH)Mg(8iO4)i. Am. J. Sc., 40, 308, 1890. Tschermak, however, argues for the presence of two magnesium hydroxyl groups, giving the formula H 2 (MgOH) 2 MgSi 2 O 7 . Serpentine is closely related to the chlorites, both optically (as noted above) and chemically as urged by Wartha, Foldt. Kozl., 16, 79, 1886, Clarke and Schneider, 1. c., and more particu- larly by Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 99 (1), 80, 1890, 100 (1), 32, 1891. Cf. also p. 643 et seq. The following are typical analyses commencing with the massive varieties; many others are given in 5th Ed., pp. 466, 467; see also references below, p. 673. In general the analyses agree remarkably well with the theoretical values considering the pseudomorphous character of the material. Alumina is often present, especially when the original mineral was aluminous; it is possible, as urged by Tschermak in the case of the Sprechenstein mineral, that the aluminous kinds are sometimes intermediate forms between serpentine and penninite, but this is not as yet sufficiently proved. Anal. 1, Petersen, JB. Ch., 931, 1866. 2, Clarke and Schneider Am. J. Sc 40, 308 1890 3, Helland, Pogg., 148, 329, 1873. 4, Hudleston, Q. J. G. Soc., 33, 925. 1877. 5-7, Collins, Q. J. G. Soc., 40, 467, 1884. 8, J. A. Phillips, Phil. Mag, 41, 101, 1871 9 Breidenbaugh Am. J. Sc., 6, 210, 1873. 10, 11, Burt, ibid. 12, Allen, ib., 8, 375, 1874. 13, G. Friedel, Bull Soc. Min., 14, 120, 1891. 14, Hunt, Rep. G. Canada, 483, 1853. 15, 16, Catlett, Proc. U. S. Mus., 109, 1888. 17, B. J. Harrington, Can. Rec. Sc., 4, 93, 1890. 16a, 18, Clarke & Schneider, 1. c. 19, Catlett, quoted by Merrill, Proc. Nat. Mus., 12, 596, 1889. 20, 21, H. F. Keller, quoted by Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 23, 42, 1885. 22-24, Becker. U. S. G. Surv., Min., 13 110, 111, 1888. 25, Smith and Brush, Am. J. Sc., 15,. 212, 1853. 26, Berwerth, Ber. Ak Wien 80(1) 116, 1879. 27, G. T. Prior, quoted by McMahon, Min. Mag., 9, 187, 1890. 28, Burton, Dana, 672 SILICATES. Min., 467. 1868. 29, (Ellacher, Jb. G. Reichs., 7, 360, 1857. 30, Brush, Am. J. Sc., 24, 128, 1857. 31, Kobell, Ber. Ak. Muncben, 4, 166, 1874. 32, Hussak, Min. Mitth., 5, 68, 1882. 33, Smith and Brush, Am. J. Sc., 15, 212, 1853. 34, Garrett, Dana Min., 692, 1850. 35, Northcote, Phil. Mag., 16, 263, 1858. 36, Friederici, Jb. Min., 1, 163, 1882. 37, Rg., Min. Ch., 526. 1860. 38, Clarke and Schneider, 1. c. 39, Melville, quoted by Wadsworth, Bost. Soc. N. H., 20, 287, 1879. 40, Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 2, 297, 1834. 41, Brauns, Jb. Min. Beil., 5, 299,. 1887. 42, Reakirt, Am. J. Sc., 18, 410, 1854. 43, Clarke & Schneider, ibid., 40, 308, 1890. 44, Brush, Dana, Min., 283, 1854. 45, 46, E. G. Smith, ib., 29, 32, 1885. 47, Terreil, C. R., 100, 251, 1885. 48-50, J. T. Donald, Eng. Mng. J., 51, 741, 1891. . G. Si0 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO H 2 1. New bury port, prec. 2-804 41-76 tr. 4-06 41-40 13-40 = 100-62 2. 11 41-47 1- 73 0-09 41-70 1506 = 100-05 3. Snarum 2-53 42-72 0'06 a 2-25 42-52 1339 = 100-94 4. Cadgwith, black 2-587 38-50 1-02 4-66 3-31 36-40 12-35 CaOl-97,NiOO-59, riusol..FeS 2 1-78 = 100'58 5. Porthalla, grass-green 2-65 38-60 o-io 11 55 33-62 12-82 alk. and loss 3'31 6. " oil-green 2-56 37-15 5-60 1-10 8-80 32-80 14-16 [= 100 CaO O'lO, alk. and [loss 0-29 = 100 7. 8. " red-brown Lizard, dark red 2-545 39-50 38-86 5-08 2-95 8-12 1-86 5-04 34-65 34-61 12-55 15-52 alk. [0 10] = 100 Ci-aOs 0-08, NiO [0-28, alk. 1-10 = 100-30 9. Brewster, white 42-28 0-86 2-57 40-29 12-52 CaO 1-35, Na 2 O [0-48 = 100-35 10. green | 41-43 2-10 40-18 13-81 CaO 0-95 = 98-49 11. gray 2-4 39-38 1-56 13-87 32-25 11-90 alk. 0-17 = 99-13 ' 12. cubic pseud. 41-87 2- 30 42-43 13-40 = 100 13. t( U If 2-48 41-98 2-87 41-38 13-78 = 100-01 14.. Calumet Id., Retinalite 41-20 0-80 43-52 15-40 = 100-92 15. Montville, green 40-23 2-18 4-02 tr. 3946 14-24 = 100 13 16. " yellow 42-38 0-07 0-97 0-17 42-14 14-12 = 99-85 16a. " green 42-05 0-30 o-io 42-57 14-66 CaO 0-05 = 99-73 17. Coleraine 2-514 43-13 0-37 42-05 13-88 Ca,Mn,NiO tr. [99-43 18. Corundum Hill, N. C. 41-90 0-71 0-91 und. 40-16 16-16 NiO 0-10 = 99-94 19. Port Henry, N. Y. 42-17 0-30 1-57 0-64 41-33 13-72 = 99-73 20. Berks Co., Pa. 42-14 2-06 41-61 14-20 = 100-01 21. < < 41-46 0-99 44-68 14-07 = 101-20 22. New Idria, Cal. 41-54 2-48 1-37 40-42 14-17 NiO 0-04 = 100-02 23. Sulphur Bank, dark 39-64 l-59 b 7-76 37-13 13-81 NiO 0-33, MnO [0-12 = 100-38 24. " light 41-86 0-93 C 4-15 38-63 14-16 NiO tr., MnO 0'20 , [= 99-93 Bowenite. 25. Smithfield, yellow 2-57 | 42-29 tr. 1-21 42-29 12-96 CaO 0-63 = 99-38 26. New Zealand 2-61 44-77 3-35 39-17 12-94 = 100-23 27. Afghanistan 2-59 44-73 0-32 0-33 42-64 12-21 CaO tr. = 100-23 28. 29. Middletown, Poi'cellopMte Monzoni, Vorhauserite f 44-08 41-21 0-30 1-17 1-72 40-87 39-24 13-70 16-16 CaO 0-37 = 100-49 MnO 0-30, apatite [0-96 = 99-59 30. Antigora, Antigorite 41-58 2-60 7-22 36-80 12-67 Cr 2 3 ,NiO tr. = [100-87 31. Zermatt, " 42-73 1-33 7-20 36-51 11-66 Cr 2 O 3 ,NiO tr. = [99-43 32. Sprechenstein 41-14 3-82 3-01 39-16 11-85 CaO 0-40 = 99-38 33. Williamsite 42-60 tr. 1-62 41-90 12-70 NiO 0-40 = 99-22 34. Hoboken, Marmolite 4232 0-66 1-28 42-23 13-80 = 100 29 35. Finland, Thermophyllite 2-61 | 41-48 5-49 1-59 ' 37-42 10-88 Na 2 O 2-84 '= 99-70 36. Reichenstein, Metaxite 2'549 42-73 tr. 2-79 40-37 12-17 CaO 0-40, alk. 1-52 [= 99-98 Picrolite. 37. Texas, Pa. 2-557 43-79 2-05 41-03 12-47 = 99-34 38. Buck Cr., N. C. 42-94 1-72 3-33 1-88 36-53 13-21 NiO 0-61 = 100-22 39. Florida, Mass. 44-22 0-53 6-61 37-54 ll-62 d = 100-52 a Mn 2 O 3 . b Incl. 0-29 Cr 2 3 . e Incl. 0-24 Cr 2 3 . d At 100, 0-36. SERPENTINE. 673 G. 40. Reicheusteiu 41. Amelose 2 '604 42. Montville, N. J. 43. 44. New Haveu, Ct. 2 -49 45. Shiptoii, Quebec, dk. grn. 2'14 46. " " yellow 2-29 47. Canada 2 '56 48. Broughtou 49. Templeton 50. " Italian" Si0 2 A1,O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO H 2 O 43-50 42-54 42-62 42-42 44-05 41-84 42-04 37-10 40-57 4052 40-30 0-40 3-78 0-38 0-63 tr. 0-90 2-10 2-27 4-75 0-62 2-08 40-00 13-80 = 99'78 5-57 30-48 13-13 = 100-25 0-27 42-67 14-25 = 100-19 und. 41-01 15-64 NiO 0'23 = 100'55 2-53 39-24 13'49 - 99 31 2-23 41-99 14-28 = 100'34 3-66 39-54 14-31 = 99'55 5-73 39-94 16'85 = 99'62 2-81 41-50 13'55 = 99'33 1-97 42-05 13-46 = 100-10 0-87 43-37 13-72 = 100 53 Paijkull mentions a serpentine from Langban containing 7 8 p. c. MnO, G. For. Forh., 3, 351, 1877; Koenig has described a serpentine-like mineral from Franklin Furnace, N. J., with 7-4 MnO, 3-9 ZuO, Proc. Acad. Philad., 350, 1886. A chrysotile embedded in the blocks of a lime-breccia from Medoux near Bagnerres-de- Bigorre gave Goguel 12'3 p. c. CaO and 5 p. c. A1 2 O 3 , but perhaps from impurity. Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 155, 1888. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water. B.B. fuses on the edges with difficulty. F. = 6. Gives usually an iron reaction. Decomposed by hydrochloric and sulphuric acids. From chrysotile the silica is left in tine fibers. Obs. Serpentine, more or less pure, often constitutes mountain masses and in this form is widely distributed. It is a metamorphic rock, resulting from the alteration of other rocks, par- ticularly of peridotyte. Crystals of serpentine, pseudomorphous after monticellite, occur in the Fassathal, Tyrol; near Minsk at Lake Aushkul, Barsovka. Ekaterinburg, and elsewhere; in Nor- way, at Snarum; etc. Fine precious serpentines come from Falun and Gulsj5 in Sweden, the Isle of Man, liie neighborhood of Portsoy in Bsinff shire, the Lizard, Cornwall (anals. 4-8), Corsica, Siberia, Saxony, etc. At Zermatt (schweizerite). The names of many other localities are given above. In N. America, in Maine, at Deer Isle, precious serpentine of a light green color. In Vermont, at New Fane, Caveuduh, Jay, Roxbury, Troy, Westfield. In Mass., tine at Newbury- port ; Blaudford with schiller spar, and the marmolite variety; also at Westfield, Middlefield, Lynnfield, Newburyport, and elsewhere. In R. Island, at Newport; the boweuite at Smithfield. In Conn., near New Haven and Milt'ord, at the verd-antique quarries. In N. York, at Phillips- town in the Highlands; at Port Henry, Essex Co. ; at Antwerp, Jefferson Co., in crystals; at Syracuse, east of Major Burnet's, interesting varieties; in Gouverneur, St. Lawrence Co., in crystals, and also in Rossie, two miles north of Somerville; at Johnsburg in Warren Co.; Daven- port's Neck, Westchester Co., affording fine cabinet specimens; in Cornwall, Monroe, and War- wick, Orange Co., sometimes in large crystals at Warwick; and from Richmond to New Brighton, Richmond Co. In N. Jersey, at Hoboken, with brucite, magnesite, etc . and the marmolite variety; also at Frankfort and Bryan; at Montville, Morris Co., silky fibrous (chrysotile) and retiualite, with common serpentine, produced by the alteration of pyroxene, Merrill, 1. c. In Petin., massive, fibrous, and foliated, of various colors, purple, brown, green, and gray, at Texas, Lancaster Co.: also at Nottingham and West Goshen, Chester Co.; at West Chester, Chester Co., the williamsite; at Mineral Hill, Newtown, Marple, and Middletown, Delaware Co.; a variety looking like meerschaum or lithomarge at [Middletown; at Easton, pseudomor- phous after pyroxene and amphibole. In Maryland, at Bare Hills; at. Cooptown, Harford Co., with diallage; also in the north part of Cecil Co. In California, at various points in the Coast Range (cf. Becker, 1. c.). In Canada, abundant among the metamorphic rocks of the Eastern Townships and Gaspe peninsula, Quebec; at Thetford, Coleraine, Broughton, Orford, S. Ham, Bolton, Shipton, Melbourne, etc. The fibrous variety chrysotile (asbestus, bostonite) often forms seams several inches in thickness in the massive mineral, and is now extensively mined for technical purposes. Massive Laurentian serpentine also occurs in Grenville, Argenteuil Co., Quebec, and North Burgess, Lanark Co., Ontario. In N. Brunswick, at Crow's Nest in Portland. The names Serpentine, Ophite, Lapis colubrinus, allude to the green serpent-like cloudings of the serpentine marble. Retinalite is from perivtj, resin; Picrolite, from niKpoS, bitter, in allu- sion to the magnesia (or Bittererde) present; Thermophyllite. from Gepn??, heat, and 0t>Mov, leaf, on account of the exfoliation when heated; Chrysotile, from xpvo-oS, golden, and r/AoS, fibrous; Metaxite, from jueraca, silk; Marmolite, from ttap/uaipoo, to shine, "in allusion to its pearly and somewhat metallic luster" (Nuttall). Artif. Formed by A. Gages in transparent amorphous mass, by placing a solution of gelat- inous silicate of magnesium in a dilute solution of potash. It is deposited after some months' standing. (Rep. Brit. Assoc., 203, 1863.) 'On the origin and occurrence of serpentine, see the following- Rose, Pogjr., 82, 511, 1851. Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien 56 (1), 261, 283, 1867. Roth, Abh., Ak. Berlin, p. 330, 1869. Drasche, Min. Mitth., 1, 1871. Lember<>- Zs G. Ges 27, 531, 1875. Weigand, Min. Mitth., 183, 1875. Bonney, Lizard, Q. J. G. Soc.. 33, 884. 1877. Heddle, 674 SILICATES. Trans. R. Soc. Ed., 28, 45, 1878. Cossa, Mem. Ace. Line., 2, 933, 1878. Hare, Inaug. Diss. Breslau, 1879. Hussak, Min. Mitth., 5, 61, 1882. T. Sterry Hunt, Geol. Hist. Serpentine, 1883, Origin of Ciyst. Rocks, 1884; Williams, Am. J. Sc., 34, 137, 1887. Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 105, 1888. Becke, U. S. G. Surv., Mon. 13, 108, 1888. For a popular account, see the recent work by R. H. Jones (London, 1890): " Asbestos, its properties, occurrences and uses." On the crystalline structure of serpentine, see the following: Websky, Zs. G. Ges.. 10, 277, 1856. Dx., Mm., 1, IQQetseq., 1862. Reusch, Pogg., 127, 166, 1866. Wiik, Ofv. Finks. Vet. Soc., 17, 8, 1874-75. Hussak, Miu. Mitth., 5, 61, 1883. Roseubusch, Mikr. Phys., 557, 1886. Brauus, Jb. Miu., Beil., 5, 275, 1887. Patton, Miu. Mitth., 9, 85, 1887. Levy-Lex., Min. Roches, 27& 1888. Tscherniak, Ber. Ak. Wieu, 99 (1), 253, 1890, 100 (1), 32, 1891. On the various forms of serpentine (derived from chondrodite) at the Tilly Foster Iron mine, Brewster, N. Y., see J. D. Dana, Am. J. Sc., 8, 375, 1874. On the alteration-products derived directly or indirectly from the chrysolite rocks of Krems (Krenize). Bohemia, especially with reference to the origin and subsequent changes in the serpen- tine, see Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 6, 321, 1882 (see p. 666, also Kelyphite, p. 447). He shows that much serpentine is impregnated with opal-silica, and includes such occurrences under the general term siliciophite. This may be true of aphrodite, p. 675. Enophite is a chloritic serpentine-like alter- ation product; analysis: SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO CaO H 2 O G. = 2-64 38-40 3'71 3'11 4'51 30'46 3*21 17'06 = 100'46 On the alterations connected with the paleopikryte of Amelose near Biedekopf, cf. R. Brauns, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 5, 275, 1887. Webskyite is an alteration-product of the serpentine. Amorphous. H. = 3. G. = 1'771. Color pitch-black with brownish green streak. Analysis. | SiO 2 34-92 Fe 2 O 3 ,Al 2 O 3 9'60 FeO 313 MgO 21'62 H 2 O 31-04 (below 110 21 p. c.)=100'31 Named after Prof. Martin Websky (1824-1886). The following are magnesian silicates allied to serpentine but of somewhat doubtful character: TOTAIGITE Heddle, Trans. R. Soc. Ed., 28, 455, 497, 1878. A serpeutinous mineral appear- ing as a pseudomorphous substance surrounding malacolite and itself often enveloped in serpen- tine. Color pale fawn, sometimes blue-black. Soft. Analysis of a fawn-colored variety: SiO 2 3722 A1 2 3 076 FeO 1 -05 MnO 0'23 MgO 44-97 CaO 5'24 H 2 O 10'64 = lOO'll Occurs in a granular limestone at Totaig, Ross-shire, Scotland. ZOBLITZITE Frenzel, Min. Lex. Sachsen, 351, 1874, Jb. Min., 680, 1875. Massive. Slightly brittle. Pale gray or yellowish white. H. = 3-4. Anal. Melling, Rg., Min. Ch., 503, 1875. 2, 3, Frenzel, Jb. Min., 680, 1875. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 FeO MgO H 2 O 1 ZSblitz 47-13 2-57 2'92 36*13 11-50 = 100-25 2. Hrubschitz 42-57 9'12 1'82 3290 13'19 = 99'60 3. Kandler G. = 2'49 42'44 4'67 0'91 38'49 13-48 = 99'99 Occurs in serpentine at Zoblitz. similarly at Kandler near Limbach; also as an incrustation on cbromite in serpentine at Hrubschitz, also at Lettowitz, both in Moravia. Frenzel finally calls zoblitzite a somewhat impure white serpentine. METAXOITE Arppe, Finsk. Min., Act. Sc. Fenn., 6, 580, 1861, Holmberg, Vh. Min. Ges., 145, 1862. Massive, compact; also radiated or granular crystalline. G. = 2'58-2-61. Color white to greenish blue. Anal. 1, 2, Asp, and 3, Hallsten, Arppe, Finsk. Miu., 1. c. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 Mn 2 O 3 MgO CaO H 2 O 1 Crystals 38 69 9 "68 4 -70 undet. 15-28 undet. 12 '97 2 " 37-90 9-78 6 73 2'05 12'23 18 79 12-76 = 100-24 2. Amorphous 40'63 10'17 6*78 undet. 11'24 16-03 12-88 Found near Lupikko in Finland, some versts south of Pitkaranta,;with serpentine. Named from its nearness to metaxite. HYDROPHITE. Hydrofit Svanberg, Ak. H. Stockh., 186, 1839. Jenkinsite Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 13, 392, 1852. Eisengymnit. Massive; sometimes in fibrous crusts. SERPENTINE. 675 H. = 2-5-35. G. = 2-65, hydropkite; 2'4-2'6, jenkinsite. Luster feeble, subvitreous. Color mountain-green to blackish green. Streak paler. Translucent to opaque. Jenkinsite is apparently an iron serpentine; hydrophite the same with one more molecule of water. Websky regards hydrophite as impure metaxite, Zs. G. Ges., 10, 284, 1858. Anal. 1, Svauberg, 1. c. 2, 3, Smith & Brush, Am. J. Sc., 16, 369, 1853. Si0 2 A1 2 O 3 FeO MnO MgO H 2 O 1. Hydrophite 3619 2'90 22'73 1T7 21-08 16-08 V 2 O 6 O'll = 100'2S 2. Jenkinsite 38'97 0'53 19'30 4'36 22'87 13 36 = 99-39 8. " 37-42 0'98 20'60 4'05 2275 13'48 = 99'28 In the closed tube gives off water. B.B. blackens and fuses at about 3 to a black magnetic globule. With the fluxes gives reactions for iron and manganese. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid. Hydrophite occurs at Taberg in Smaland, Sweden; jenkinsite at O'Neil's mine in Orange Co., N. Y., as a fibrous incrustation on magnetite. Named Hydrophite in allusion to the water present; and Jenkinsite after J. Jenkins of Monroe. APHRODITE. Afrodit Berlin, Ak. H. Stockh., 167, 172. 1840. A soft earthy mineral near sepiolite. G. = 2"21. Color milk-white. Opaque. Perhaps HMg 4 Si 4 Oi5 but of doubtful homogeneity, cf. Fischer, Zs. Kr., 4, 368, 1880; Schrauf, ib., 6, 353, 1882. Anal. Berlin, 1. c.: Si0 2 MgO MnO FeO A1 2 O 3 H 2 O 51-55 33-72 1'62 0'59 0'20 12'32 = 100 From Langban, Sweden. Named from d(pp6s,foam. Another magnesium silicate analyzed by Delesse gave: Si0 2 53 '5, MgO 28'6, A1 2 O 3 0'9 (Fe 2 O 3 tr.), H 2 O 16'4 = 99'4, corresponding to MgO.SiO 2 .H 2 O. Occurs in serpentine, of a white or yellowish color, with a waxy luster, and somewhat trans- lucent. G. = 2-335. Hampshirite is a name applied by Hermann to the steatite of certain steatitic pseudomorphs having mostly the form of quartz described and analyzed by Dewey (Am. J. Sc., 4, 274, 5, 249, 6, 334, 1822, 1823), who obtained: SiO 2 50'60, MgO28'83, A1 2 O 3 0'15, FeO 2*59, MnO I'lO, H 3 O 15-00 = 98-27. Probably not homogeneous. CEROLITE. Kerolith Breithaupt, Char., 145, 254, 1823. Cerolith Glock., 1831. Kerolite. Massive, reniform, compact or lamellar. Fracture conchoidal. Feel greasy. H. = 2-2-5. G. = 2-3-2-4. Luster vitreous or resinous* Color greenish or yellowish white, yellow, reddish. Streak uncolored. Transparent to trans- lucent. Anal. 1, Kuhn's scholars, Lieb. Ann., 59, 368, 1846. 2, Kiihn, 1. c. 3, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 95, 134, 1865, 4, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 33, 203, 1862. SiO 2 FeO MgO H 2 O 1. Frankenstein 47-34 29'84 21-04 = 98'22 2. " 4696 31-26 21 '22 = 99'44 3. L. Itkul, green G. = 2'27 47 06 NiO 2'80 31-81 18'33 = 100 4. Harford Co., Md., bl. wh. 51 '09 0'23 28'28 20'91 = 100'51 B.B. blackens, but does not fuse. From Frankenstein in Silesia, associated with serpentine, and also, according to Kilhn, brucite. Similar minerals occur at L. Itkul and with the serpentine of Harford Co., Maryland. Named from Kijpds, wax, and Az'Qo?. LIMBACHITE Frenzel, Jb. Min., 789, 1873; Min. Lex. Sachsen, 184, 1874. A mineral resembling cerolite occurring in the serpentine of Limbach, Saxony. Massive. G. = 2 '395. Luster greasy. Color grayish to greenish white. Not hard nor brittle. Does not adhere to the tongue. Analyses, Frenzel: Si0 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 MgO H 2 O 41-42 22-09 23-67 12-47 = 99'65 42 03 19-56 1-46 25'61 12'34 = 101 '00 A yellowish apple-green, massive, earthy mineral from Webster, Jackson Co., N. C., gave Dunnington, Ch. News, 25, 270, 1872: G. = 2-30 SiO 2 43-87 A1 2 O 3 22 21 FeO 16 14 Na 2 O 1'05 H 2 O 16 37 = 99'64 The relations of the above are uncertain. 676 SILICATES. 482. DEWEYLITE. Emmons, Man. Miu. and Geol., 1826. Gymnite Thomson, Phil Mag., 22, 191, 1843. Eisengymnit Hatle and Tauss, Vh. G. Reichs., 226, 1887. Amorphous, and having some resemblance to gum arable, or a brownish or yellow resin. Brittle, and often much cracked. H. = 2-3-5. Gr. = 2-0-2-2. Luster greasy. Color whitish, yellowish, wine- yellow, greenish, reddish. Translucent. Comp. A magnesian silicate near serpentine but with more water. Formula perhaps 4Mg0.3Si0 2 .6H 2 = Silica 40'2, magnesia 35 ; 7, water 24-1 = 100. Anal. 1, Brush, Dana Min., 286, 1854. 2, Thomson, 1. c. 3, CEllacher, Zs. G. Ges., 3, 222, 1851. 4, Hatle and Tauss, 1. c. Also, Haushofer, Widtermann, 5th Ed., p. 470. SiO a 'MgO FeO H 2 O Fe 2 O 3 1. Texas, Pa. 43 15 35*95 20'25 A1 2 O 3 tr. = 99*35 2. Bare Hills, Md. G. = 2'22 40*16 36-00 21-60 M6 CaO 0'80, Al a O tr. = 99 72 3. Tyrol, Fleimsthal G. = 2'05 40'40 35*85 2260 '38 apatite 0' 78 = 100 4. Kraubath, Eisengymnite 42'32 30'81 4'89 20'47 = 98'49 Half the water in 4 is lost at 110-120, the remainder only at a red heat. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives off much water. B.B. becomes opaque, and fuses on the edges. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid. Obs. Occurs with serpentine in the Fleimsthal, Tyrol; at Passau in granular limestone; also at Texas, Penii., and the Bare Hills, Md.; at Middlefield, Mass. Named after Prof. Chester Dewey (1784-1867). The gymnite of Thomson, named from yv^voS, naked, in allusion to the locality at Bare Hills, Md. , is the same species. Eisengymnite occurs intermixed with serpentine and gymnite at Kraubath, Styria, of a bright red color. H. =3. G. = 1*986 of material not entirely pure. 483. GENTHITE. Nickel-Gymuite Genth, Kell. & Tiedm. Monatsb., 3, 487, 1851. Genthite Dana, Am. J. Sc., 44, 256, 1867. Amorphous, with a delicately hemispherical or stalactitic surface, incrusting. H. = 3-4; sometimes (as at Michipicoten) so soft as to be polished under the nail, and fall to pieces in water. G. = 2'409. Luster resinous. Color pale apple- green, or yellowish. Streak greenish white. Opaque to translucent. Comp. A gymnite with part of the magnesium replaced by nickel 2Ni0.2Mg0.3Si0 2 .6H 2 = Silica 34-8, nickel protoxide 28 -8, magnesia 15-5, water 20-9 = 100. Anal. 1, Genth, 1. c. 2, Hunt, Rep. G. Canada, 507, 1863. SiO 2 NiO FeO MgO CaO H 2 1. Texas, Pa. 35-36 30'64 0'24 14-60 0*26 19-09 = 100-19 2. Michipicoten Id. 33-60 30-40 2'25 3'55 4'09 17-10 A1 2 O 3 8*40 = 99*39 The so-called genthite from Webster, Jackson Co., N. C., gave Dunnington (Ch. News, 25, 270, 1872): SiO 2 49'89, MgO 22*35, NiO 16-60, FeO 0'06, H 2 O 12-36 = 101'26. Occurs as an apple-green incrustation. G. = 2*48. The same mineral has given Walker results leading to a sepiolite formula (see p. 681). After drying at a temperature above 100 C., Hunt obtained: SiO 2 35*80, NiO 32*20, H 2 12*20. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube blackens and gives off water. B.B. infusible. With borax in O.F. gives a violet bead, becoming gray in R.F. (nickel). Decomposed by hydrochloric acid without gelatinizing. Obs. From Texas, Lancaster Co., Pa., in thin crusts on chromite; on Michipicoten Id., Lake Superior, of a greenish yellow to apple green color. Also reported from near Malaga, Spain, with chromite and talcose schist; and by Wiser, from the Saasthal in the Upper Valais. Rottisite Breith., B. .H. Ztg., 18, 1, 1859, may be essentially the above. It occurs with phos- phate of oickel at Rottis in yoigtland, in amorphous masses and reniform incrustations, apple- green or emerald-green, of little luster, translucent to subtranslucent, but opaque when earthy, with H. = 2-2*25, and G. = 2-358-2*370. 483A. GARNIERITE W. B. Clarke, 1874. Gamier, Bull. Soc. G., 24, 438, 1867. A nevr mineral from Noumea, New Caledonia, A. Liversidge, J. Ch. Soc., 12, 613, July, 1874; Noumeite, Noumeaite, Id., Proc. Roy. Soc., N. S. W., Dec. 9, 1874; Sept. 1, 1880; Min. N. S. W., 275, 1888. Numeite. GENTHITE, 677 Amorphous. Soft and friable. G. = 2'3-2-8. Luster dull. Color bright apple-green, pale green to nearly white. In part unctuous; sometimes adheres to the tongue. An important ore of nickel, consisting essentially of a hydrated silicate of magnesium and nickel, perhaps H 2 (Ni,Mg)SiO 4 -f- aq, but very variable in composition, particularly as regards the mutual replacement of nickel and magnesium, and not always a homogeneous mineral. Liversidge has attempted to distinguish two varieties, one of which is dark green and unctuous, noumeite; the other rarer, pale green and adhesive to the tongue, garnierite (anal. 7). Anal. 1 Danu (?), Ber. uied. Ges., Jan. 7, 1878. 2, Gamier, C. R., 86, 684, 1878. 3 Kiepeuheuer, Ber. uied. Ges., July 14, 1879. 4, 5, Liversidge, 1. c., 1880. 6. Id., 1. c., 1874. 7, Id., Proc. R. Soc. N. S. W., Dec. 9, 1874. 8, Dmr., Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 29, 1878. 9-11, Liver- sidge, 1 c., 1880; also other auals., in part by Leibius. 12, Gamier, white veins in the green mineral, resembling sepiolite, 1. c. 13, 14, Hood, Min. Res. U. S., 1, 404, 1883. 15, F. W. Clarke, Am. J. Sc.,35, 483, 1888. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. N. Caledonia Nakety, dark grn. Kauala, grn. SiO 2 35-45 44-40 37-78 38-35 37'49 b NiO 4515 38-61 33-91 32-52 29-72 MgO 2-47 3-45 10-66 10-61 14-97 H 2 O Al,O,,Fe, 15-55 a 0-50 10 34 1-68 15-83 1-57 17 -97* 0-55 17-60* 0-11 3 = 99-12 FeO 0-43, = 99-75 = 100 = 99-89 CaO 1-07 [= 99-98 6. N. Caledonia G. =2'27 1 47 24 24-01 21-66 5-27 d 1-67 CaO tr. = 99-85 7. < G. = 2-58 47-90 24-00 1251 1273 3-00 CaO tr. = 100-14 8. t < 11 G. = 2-87 42-61 21 91 18-27 15-40 0-89 99-08 9. Ouailon, light grn. 48-25 14-60 16-40 19-77 0-55 99-57 10. ' pale grn. 50-15 10-20 17-43 2165* 0-57 = 100 11. Kanala, 51-94' 2-32 21-35 23-17* 1-36 10014 12. N. Caledonia 41-80 . 37-38 2039 1-26 : 100-83 13. Douglas Co., Oregon 48-21 23^88 19-90 663 1-38 100 14. " 40-55 29-66 21-70 7-00 1 33 100-24 15. " 44-73 27-57 10-56 15-86 e 1-18 = 99-90 * At 100 in (1) 4-05: in (4) 6'44; in (5) 8'65; (9) 10'95 (105); in (10) 11'28; in (11) 14'30. Soluble SiO 2 70. c Do., in (11) 0'13. d First dried at 100. e At 110, 8'87. Occurs in veins traversing a serpentine rock near Noumea, capital of New Caledonia; asso- ciated with chromic iron and steatite; also at numerous other points on the island. The three chief districts are the Kanala-Mere-Kuaua, Thio-Port Bouquet, and Bourindi (cf. Min. Res. U. S., 300, 1885) The supply is very large, and the amount that can be mined in general greater than the market calls for; it is stated that for several years 1000 tons of the ore per annum have been marketed. Meissonier has reported the existence of similar deposits in the province of Malaga, Spain, C. R., 83, 229, 1876. Deposits of a similar ore, perhaps of large extent, occur at Riddle in Douglas County, southern Oregon. Also at Webster, Jackson Co., N. C.; in both cases in connection with a peridotyte. Clarke (1. c.) shows that the former may owe their origin to a nickel-bearing chryso- lite, und the North Carolina mineral probably had the same origin (Biddle, Min. Res., 170, 1886). DE SAULESITE Koenig, Proc. Ac. Philad., 185, 1889 A hydrous silicate of nickel and zinc, associated with chloanthite and a nickel arsennte. It is amorphous, of a yellowish green, apple- or emerald-green color, and occurs as an incrustation or filling cavities in purple tiuorite. Analysis gave. SiO a NiO ZnO FeO CaO MgO H 2 O 31-62 38-22 4'00 2'03 0'70 0'42 16 58 a a At 100" 9-44 p. c.; at 600 7'14. As 2 O 5 4 77 = 98-34 From the Trotter mine at Franklin Furnace, N. J. ; named after the manager, Major A. B. de Saules. The following are other nickel silicates, of doubtful character: PIMELITE. Gruner Chrysopraserde (fr. Kosemiitz) Klapr., Schrift., Ges. N. Berlin, 8, 17, 1788, Beitr., 2, 134, 1797. Pimelit Karst., Tab., 28, 72, 1800. Massive or earthy. H. 2'5. G. = 2'23-2'3; 2'71-2'76, Baer. Luster weak, greasy. Color apple-green. Streak greenish white. Translucent to sub-translucent. Feel greasy. Does not adhere to the tongue. Anal. 1, Klaproth, I.e., and Rg., Min. Ch., 871, 1860. 2, W. Baer, J, pr. Ch., 55, 49, 1852. 1. Chrysoprase earth 2. Hard Pimelite Si0 2 35 CO 35-80 A1 2 3 5-00 23-04 Fe 2 O 3 4-58 2-69 NiO 15-63 2-78 MgO 1-25 14-66 CaO 0-42 H 2 O 38-12 = 100 21-03 = 100 678 SILICATES. Pimelite gives water in the closed tube, is infusible B.B., and with the fluxes reacts foi nickel. Decomposed by acids. From Silesia and elsewhere. Named from m/ueA.??, fatness. ALIPITE. Pimelit Schmidt, Pogg., 61, 388, 1844. Alipit Glock., 1845. Massive; earthy. H. 2 '5. G. = 1-44-1-46, Schmidt. Color apple-green. Not unctuous. Adheres to the tongue. Analysis. Schmidt. SiO 3 54-63 A1 2 3 0'30 MO 32 -66 FeO 1-13 MgO 5'89 CaO 0'16 H 2 O 5 23 = 100 From Silesia. Named from the Greek dXntijs, not greasy. REFDANSKITE Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 102, 405, 1867. An earthy mineral occurring in masses which fall to powder under slight pressure. Adheres to the tongue. Color dirty grayish green. G. = 2-77. From Revdunsk, Urals. Aimly>is: SiO 2 3210 A1 2 O 3 3'25 FeO 12 15 NrO 18'33 MgO 11 '50 H 2 O 9'50 Sand 13'00 = 99'83 Foss. Lapis 89, 75, 1758. Talc. Soapstone, Steatite, Potstone. Craie de Brian con, etc., Fr. Pyrallolite pt! Nordensk., Schw. J., 31, 389, 1820. Kensselaerite Emmons, Rep. G. N. Y., 152, 1837. Agalite. Orthorhombic or monoclinic. Rarety in tabular crystals, hexagonal or rhombic with prismatic angle of 60. Usually foliated massive; sometimes in globular and stellated groups; also granular massive, coarse or fine; fibrous (pseudomorphous); also compact or cryptocrystalline. Cleavage: basal perfect. Sectile. Flexible, in thin laminae, but not elastic. Percussion-figure a six-rayed star, orientated as with the micas. Feel greasy. H. = 1-1-5. G. = 2'7-2'8. Luster pearly on cleavage surface. Color apple-green to white, or silvery- white; also greenish gray and dark green; sometimes bright green perpendicular to cleavage surface, and brown and less translucent at right angles to this direction; brownish to blackish green and reddish when impure. Streak usually white; of dark green varieties lighter than the color. Subtrans- parent to translucent. Optically negative. Ax. pi. || a. Bx J_ c. Axial angle : Rhode Island 2E r = 19 V 2E bl = 17 56' Dx. 1 Agalite 2E = 30-40 p v, Scheibe, Zs. G. Ges., 41, 564, 1889. Steatite when rubbed with gun-cotton or Kienmayer's amalgam or fur becomes negatively electrified. Wied., Beibl., 22, 707, 1889. Var. 1. Foliated, Talc. Consists of folia, usually easily separated, having a greasy feel, and presenting ordinarily light green, greenish white, and white colors. G. = 2'55-2'78. 2. Massive, Steatite or Soapstone (Speckstein Germ.), a. Coarse granular, gray, grayish green, and brownish gray in colors; H. = 1-2*5. Pot stone or Lapis oUaris (Topt'stein, Lavez- stein, Giltstein Germ.} is ordinary soapstone, more or less impure, b. Fine granular or crypto- crystalline, and soft enough to be used as chalk; as the French chalk (Craie de Briancon), which is milk-white with a pearly luster, c. Indurated talc. An impure slaty talc, harder than ordi- nary talc. Talcose slate is a dark, slaty, argillaceous rock, having a somewhat greasy feel, which it owes to the presence of more or less talc. Much of the steatite is pseudomorphous like the following. 3. PseudomorpJious. a. Fibrous, fine to coarse, altered from enstatite. b. Kensselaerite, cryptocrystalline, or wax-like in composition, but often having the form and cleavage of salite or pyroxene, and evidently pseudomorphous; colors whitish, yellowish, grayish, greenish white to very dark, and sometimes pearl-white; H. = 3-4; G. = 2'874Beck; 2*757, fr. Greuville, 2'644, fr. Charleston Lake, in Canada, Hunt; usually translucent in pieces a fourth of an inch thick. Some agalmatolite is here included. Anal. 15 is of a variety of talc produced from chrysolite. Pyrallolite is partly pseudomorphous steatite, after pyroxene, like rensselaerite. It varies exceedingly in composition, as shown by Arppe and others, and as recognized by A. E. Norden- skiOld in his Finland Mineralogy, the silica ranging from 49 to 76 p. c. It includes pyroxene, therefore, in various stages of steatitic alteration. Comp. An acid metasilicate of magnesium, H 2 Mg 3 Si 4 18 or H 2 0.3Mg0.4SiO, = Silica 63-5, magnesia 31*7, water 4*8 = 100. The water goes off only at a red heat. Nickel is sometimes present in small amount. Clarke and Schneider (Am. J. Sc., 40, 306, 1890) have obtained the following water deter- urinations (anal. 17): / 105 250-300 red heat white heat 0-07 0-06 4-43 0'35 TALC. 679 Also when treated with dry hydrochloric-acid gas for 15 hours at 383-412 no appreciable change of weight resulted. Further, upon intense ignition over the blast-lamp and subsequent boiling with sodium carbonate solution 15'36 p. c. SiO 2 was given up according to the reaction: H 4 Mg 3 Si 4 O 12 = 3MgSiO 3 + SiO a + H 2 O. The solution, however, had no effect upon the mineral before ignition. The stability with acids and liberation of silica as noted make it reasonably certain that the formula of an acid metasilicate, as written above, is correct. Anal. 1-12, Scheerer, Pogg., 84, 321 et seq., 1851. 13, Ullik, Ber. Ak. Wien, 57 (1), 946, 1868 14 Cohen, Jb. Min., 1, 119, 1887. 15, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 33, 200, 1862. 16, Adger, Ch. News, 25, 270, 1870. 17, Clarke & Schneider, 1. c. 18-20, Scheerer, 1. c. 21, 22, Hunt, Rep. G. Canada, 470, 1863. 23, E. S. Sperry, priv. coutr. 24, G. A. Graves, priv. contr. 25, Jannettaz, Bull. Soc. Min., 14, 66, 1891. G. 1. Tyrol, green 2 '69 2. " fol. schistose 2 "76 3. St. Gothard, white, foliated 4. " " * radiated 5 " " fibrous 6. Wallis 2-79 7. Mauteru (?) 8. Zoblitz, green 2'80 9. Yttre Sogn, green, foliated 2*70 10. Raubjerg, dark green 2 '79 11. RGraas, green 2'78 12. Falun 13 Greiner 14. Griqualand, Steatite 2'794 15. Webster, N. C. 16. SwayneCo., N. C. 2 '82 17. Fairfax Co., Va. SiO 2 FeO MgO H 2 A1 2 O 3 NiO 62-12 1-58 31-15 4-73 0-24 = 99-82 61-16 1-40 31-17 531 0-46 0-39 = 99-89 60-85 009 32-08 4-95 1-71 CaO tr. = 99-68 62-15 0-38 33-04 3-21 1-01 CaO 0-07 = = 99-86 61 51 0-12 30-93 2-84 0-83 CaO 3 70 = = 99-93 6234 0-61 31-96 4-82 0-35 = 100-08 62-37 065 32-02 4-81 0-32 = 100-17 60-31 2-11 2994 5-87 l-24 0-30 = 99-77 61-69 233 30-62 4-94 0-29 = 9987 61-63 1-20 31-37 5-13 0-16 0-39 = 99-88 6203 1-57 3062 5-04 0-03 0-32 = 99-61 57-10 1-07 30-11 6-07 5-50" = 99-85 61-51. 1-38 30-27 4-88 1-08 1-06' *= 100-18 63-29 4-68 27-13 4-40 1-40 CaO tr. = 100-90 64-44 1-39 33-19 0-34 0-48 0-23 = 100-07 57-72 064 33-76 6-01 2-52 = 100-65 62-27 0-85 30-95 4-91 1-10 1 = 100-08 Fe 2 3 0-45. b Fe 2 O 3 0-81. Pseudomorphous Talc. G. 18. Fenestrelles 2'79 19. Wunsiedel 20. China 2'78 21. Canton, N. Y., Renss. 22. Grenville 23. Edwards, fibrous 2'908 24. 25 - Madagascar, " c Fe 2 O 3 0'16. d Fe 8 O 3 0'95. CaO 0'36, SrO 0'70 Si0 2 62-29 6235 62-30 61-10 61-60 60-59 59-92 623 FeO 1-22 1-34 1-62 1-62 1-53 0-21 0-76" 2-6 MgO 31-55 31-32 31-32 31-63 31-06 34-72 31 37 29-4 H 2 4-83 4-78 4-89 5-60 5-60 3-77 6-25 5-1 0-15 = 100-04 tr. = 99-79 0-06 = 100-19 = 9995 = 99-79 0-13 MnO 1-16 = 100-58 0-50 b CaO 0-57, Na 2 O 0'48 = 99'85 = 99-4 Incl. Fe 2 O 3 . Bachman has described (Am. Ch. J., 10, 45, 1886) a mineral from Webster, Jackson Co., N. C., occurring in minute micaceous scales of a pale yellowish green color; readily crushed to an unctuous powder. Analysis gave: SiO 2 NiO MgO H 2 O A1 2 O 3 FeO G. = 2-31 53 91 15-91 19-39 6'30a 2'65 1'46 = * At 100 0-80. 99-62 This corresponds to a highly nickeliferous hydrated talc. The steatite from GOpfersgrun, in which Klaproth found but 59'5 per cent of silica, along with MgO 30-5, FeO 2'3, H 2 O 5'5(Beitr., 2, 177, 1797), is what has been called hydrosteatite. The Fenestrelles (Piedmont) pseudomorph had the cleavage of amphibole; of those of Wunsiedel (from Gopfersgruu), 19 was a pseudomorph after dolomite. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube B.B., when intensely ignited, most varieties yield water. In the platinum forceps whitens, exfoliates, and fuses with difficulty on the thin edges to a white enamel. Moistened with cobalt solution, assumes on ignition a pale red color. Not decomposed by acids. Rensselaerite is decomposed by concentrated sulphuric acid. Obs. Talc or steatite is a very common mineral, and in the latter form constitutes extensive beds in some regions. It is often associated with serpentine, talcose or chloritic schist, and dolo- mite, and frequently contains crystals of dolomite, breuunerite, also asbestus, actinolite, tourma- Hne, magnetite. 680 SILICATES. Steatite is the material of many pseudomorphs, among which the most common are those after pyroxene, hornblende, mica, scapolite, and spinel. The magnesian minerals are those which commonly afford steatite by alteration ; while those like scapolite and nephelite, which contain soda and no magnesia, most frequently yield piuite-like pseudomorphs. There are also steatitic pseudomorphs after quartz, dolomite, topaz, chiastolite, staurolite, cyauite, garnet, vesuvianite, chrysolite, gehleuile Talc in the fibrous form is pseudomorph after eustatite. On pseudomorphs of talc after quartz, see Weiuschenk, Zs. Kr., 14, 305, 1888. Apple-green talc occurs at Mt. Greiuer in the Zillerthal, Tyrol; in the Valais and St. Gothard in Switzerland; also other places above mentioned; also in Cornwall, near Lizard Point, with serpentine; in Scotland, with serpentine, at Portsoy and elsewhere, on Unst, one of the Shetland islands; at Croky Head, Duuglow, Ireland, etc. A. fibrous talc (pseudomorphous) with pearly luster, slightly greenish color, and greasy v feel, has been described from Madagascar (anal. 25). In N. America, foliated talc occurs in Maine, at Dexter. In Vermont, at Bridgewater, handsome green talc, with dolomite; at Athens or Grafton, Westtield, Marlboro, Newftine. In New Hampshire, at Francestowu, Pelham, Orford, Keene, and Richmond In Mass., at Middle- field, Windsor, Blauford, Andover, and Chester. In R. Island, at Smithfield, delicate green and white in a crystalline limestone. In N. York, at Edwards, St. Lawrence Co., a fine fibrous talc (agalite) associated with pink tremolite; near Amity; on Slaten Island, near the quarantine, common and indurated; four miles distant, in detached masses made up of folia, snow-white. In N. Jersey, at Lock wood, Newton, and Sparta. In Penn., at Texas, Nottingham, Union ville; in South Mountain, ten miles south of Carlisle; at Chestnut Hill, on the Schuylkill, talc nndalso soapstone, the latter quarried extensively. In Maryland, at Cooptowu, of green, blue, and rose colors. In N. Car., at Webster, Jackson Co., a variety supposed by Genth to be altered chryso- lite. In Canada, in the townships Bolton, Sutton, and Potton, Quebec, with steatite in beds of Cambrian age; in the township of Elzevir, Hastings Co., Ontario, an impure grayish var. in Archaean rocks. The so-called rensselaerite occurs in northern New York, in the towns of Antwerp (with the form of pyroxene), Fowler, De Kalb, Edwards (at the iron mine, a white variety, from which ink-stands have been made), Russel, Gouverneur, Canton (in small crystals), Hermon (in large masses, crystalline massive); and in Canada, at Grenville, Charleston Lake, near Brockville, Rawdon, and Ramsay. It is often associated with crystalline limestone, and graduates at times imperceptibly into serpentine; its rock-masses are irregular, and are seldom continuous for more than three or four hundred yards. A white steatite of a silvery-pearly luster was the Magnetis of Theophrastus a stone, accord! ing to this author, of silvery luster, occurring in large masses, and easily cut or wrought. The word is the origin of the modern magnesia. Agrjcola, in his " Interpretatio Rerurn Metallicarum'' appended to his works (1546), gives as a Germa synonym of Magnetis. Talck; and he adds, as other synonyms, Silberweiss and Katzensilber, and also Glimmer, the German now for mica, evi- dently confounding the two minerals. He mentions its resistance to fire, and speaks of it as lapin scissilis. Other later writers derive the word talc from the Arabic talk; and Aldrovandus (1648) states that it is of Moorish introduction, adding, " Hoc nomeu apud Mauritanos stellam significare dici- tur," Stella Terra Star of the Earth being one old name of the mineral, given it because " like a star and with silvery luster it shines." Csesius (" De Mineralibus," 1686) writes the word in Latin, Talchus, but most other writers of that century, Talcum. The word steatitis occurs in Pliny as the name of a stone resembling fat; but no further description is given that can with certainty identify it. Rensselaerite was named after Stephen Van Rensselaer, of Albany, N. Y. Ref. ' Min., 1, 97, 1862, N. R , 99, 1867. TALCOID Naumann is a snow-white, broadly-foliated talc of Pressnitz, described by Scheerer as neutraler kieselsaurer Hydrotalc. Analyses by Scheerer and Richter show 68 p. c. SiO 2 . It may be only common talc with disseminated quartz. 485. SEPIOLITE. Meerschaum Germ., Wern. Bergrn., I., 377, 1788. L'Ecume de mer Fr. Keffekill Kirw., 1, 144, 1794. Magnesite pt. Brongn., Min., 1807, Magnesite id., 1824. Sepiolith Glock., Syn., 190, 1847. Compact, with a smooth feel, and fine earthy texture, or clay-like; also rarely fibrous. H. = 2-2*5. G. = 2. Impressible by the nail. In dry masses floats on water. Color grayish white, white, or with a faint yellowish or reddish tinge, bluish green. Opaque. Comp. H 4 Mg 2 Si 3 ]0 or 2H 2 0.2Mg0.3Si0 2 = Silica GO'S, magnesia 27'1, water 12*1 = 100. Some analyses show more water (2H 2 0), which is probably to be regarded as hygroscopic. Copper and nickel may replace part of the magnesium. Anal. 1-3, Scheerer, Pogg., 84, 361, 362, 1851. 4, 5, Chester, Am. J. Sc., 13, 296, 1877. 6, P. H. Walker, Am. Ch. J., 10, 44, 1888. For other analyses, see 5th Ed , p. 456. CONNARITE. 681 1. Turkey 2. Greece 4. Utah, white, fibrous 5. ' ' bluish green 6. Webster, N. C. G. = 2 '53 * Inch 70 Fe 2 O 3 , 314 Mu 2 O 3 . d At 100' SiO 2 MgO FeO H 2 O . 61-17 2843 0-06 9-83 61-30 28-89 008 9-74 6045 2819 0-09 9-57 CuO 52-97 2250 0-87 9-90 50-15 18-29 6-82 9-30 NiO 55-38 15-62 17-84 10-77 d b Incl. 1 02 Fe 2 O 3 , 2-09 Mn 2 O 3 . 5-18 p. c. ' Fe 2 3 . A1 2 O 3 CO 2 0-67 = 100-16 0-56 = 100-07 0-11 1-74 = 100 15 hygr.H.O 4-70 a 8-80 c = 99-74 5-17 b 10'32 C = 100 05 0-56* = 100-17 c Below 110. 19 to 20 per cent of water were found by Berthier in meerschaum from Madrid and Coulom- miers, and 19'6 p. c. by Kobell in that of Greece, J. pr. Ch., 28, 482, 1843. Dobereiner and Eisenach (J. pr. Ch., 17, 157, 1839) also found two molecules of water (instead of 1) in the meer- schaum of Asia Minor. Chester found that of 18 to 20 p. c. H 2 O about half went off below 110, the remainder only from 200 to a red heat. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields first hygroscopic moisture, and at a higher temperature gives much water and a burnt smell. B.B. some varieties blacken, then burn white, and fuse with difficulty on the thin edges. With cobalt solution a pink color on ignition. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid with gelatinization. Obs. Occurs in Asia Minor, in masses in stratified earthy or alluvial deposits at the plains of Eskihi-sher, where, according to Dr. J. Lawrence Smith, it has proceeded from the decompo- sition of magnesium carbonate, which is embedded in serpentine in the surrounding mountains. He observes that more or less magnesium carbonate is often found in the meerschaum, Am. J. Sc., 7, 268, 1849; also found in Greece; at Hrubschitz in Moravia; in Morocco; at Vallecas in Spain, in extensive beds, affording a light but valuable building stone. The mineral from Morocco, called in French Pierre de sawn de Maroc, is used in place of soap at the Moorish baths in different places in Algeria. A fibrous mineral, having the composition of sepiolite, occurs in a seam two inches wide in "a silver mine in Utah;" auals. 4, 5; one variety is colored green with copper which is regarded as replacing the magnesium. The mineral of anal. 6 occurs in thin (1-3 mm.) layers in serpen- tine at Webster, Jackson Co., N. C. The word meerschaum is German for sea-froth, and alludes to its lightness and color. Sepio- lite. Glocker is from onJTtia, cuttle-fish, the bone of which is light and porous; and being also a production of the sea. " deinde spumam marinam significabat," says Glocker. Brongniart;. in the first edition of his Mineralogy (1807), included under Magnetite (1) the carbonate, which he calls Mitchell's magnesite (see under MAGNESITE); (2) the hydrous silicate or meerschaum; and (3) the siliceous carbonate from Baudissero in Piedmont, he putting "Mitchell's magnesite," the carbonate, Jfrv*. Karsteu, in his "Tabellen," published the next year, separated from meerschaum the carbonate, and adopted for it the name magnesite, and in this he has been followed by all German and most other mineralogists. The application of the name magnesite to the hydrous silicate, done in the later writings of Brongniart and by subse- quent French mineralogists, is hence in violation of the law of priority. 486. CONNARITE. Konarit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 18, 2, 1859. Conarite, Comarite wrong orthog. Hexagonal? In small fragile grains and crystals, with perfect clinodiagonal cleavage, and supposed (Breith. ) to be like vivianite in cry stall ization. H. = 2*5-3. G. = 2*459-2 '619. Color yellowish, pistachio- and siskin-green, olive-green. Streak siskin-green. In thin lamellae translucent. Optically uniaxial, negative with strong double refraction 1 . Corap A hydrous nickel silicate, perhaps H 4 M 2 Si 3 10 = 2H 2 0.2NiO a .3SiO, v= Silica 49-3, nickel protoxide 40*8, water 9'9 = 100. Anal. Wiukler, B. H. Ztg., 24, 335, 1865. Si0 2 436 A1 2 3 4-6 Fe 2 O ; 0-8 NiO 35-8 CoO 0-6 H 2 O 11-1 P 2 6 2-7 As 2 O 5 0-8 S0 3 tr. = 100 Obs. Occurs at the Harms Georg mine, at Rottis, in Saxon Voigtland, with rottisite (p. 676) which, it is suggested, may be an amorphous form of connarite. Named from KowapoS, an evergreen tree; hence connarite is the proper form and not conarite, from KorapoS, well fed, nor comarite, from Ko/napoS, the strawberry-tree (as suggested by Dx., Min., 2, XLVI, 1874). Ref. i Btd., Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 75, 1882. 882 SILICATES. 487. SPADAITE. Fr. v. Kobell, Gel. Auz. Munchen, 17, 945, 1843, J. pr. Ch., 30, 467, 1843. Massive, amorphous. Fracture imperfect conchoidal and splintery. H.=2'5. Luster a little pearly or greasy. Translucent. Color reddish, approaching flesh-red. Comp. Perhaps 5Mg0.6Si0 2 .4H 2 or H 9 Mg Si.0 1B + 3H 2 = Silica 57'0, magnesia 31 "(5, water 11*4 = 100 (Rg). Anal. Kobell: SiO, 56-00 A1 3 O 3 0-66 FeOO-66 MgO 30-67 H 2 O 11"34 = 99 33 Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields'inucli water and becomes gray. B.B. melts to a glassy enamel. Dissolves in concentrated hydrpchloric acid, the silica easily gelatinizing. Obs. From Capo di Bove, near Rome, filling the spaces among crystals of wollastouite, in leucitic lava. ISamed after Sign. Medici Spada. 488. SAPONITE. Terra porcellanea particulis impalpabilibus mollis, pt., Brianzoner Krita pt., Smectis, Engelsk Walklera. a hwit (Laudseud i Cornwall), Cronst., 75, 1758. Seifen- stein (fr. Cornwall) Klapr., Schrift nat. Ges. Berlin, 7, 163, 1787, Beitr., 2, 180, 5, 22. Steatite of Cornwall Kirw., Mm., 1, 152, 1794. Soapstone pt. Mountain Soap pt. Pierre a Savon H. Saponit Svanberg, Ak. H. Stockh., 153, 1840. Piotin Svanberg, Pogg., 54, 267, 1841. Saponite, rosite, Pogg., 57, 165, 1842. Thalite Owen, J. Ac. Philad., 2, 179, 1852. Bowlingite /. B. Hannay, Min. Mag., 1, 154, 1877. Cathkinite /. /. Bobbie, Trans. G. Soc. Glasgow, 7, 166, 1883-5. Massive. In nodules, or filling cavities. Soft, like butter or cheese, but brittle on drying. G. = 2 '24-2 '30. Luster greasy. Color white, yellowish, grayish green, bluish, reddish. Does not adhere to the tongue. Comp. A hydrous silicate of magnesium and aluminium; but the material is amorphous and probably always impure, and hence analyses give no uniform results. Anal. 1, Haughton, Phil. Mag., 10, 25? 1855. 2, Svanberg, 1. c. 3. 4, Smith & Brush, Am. J. Sc., 16, 368, 1853. 5, Harrington, Can. Nat., 7, 179, 1875. 6-17, Heddle, also Trans. R. Soc. Ed., 29, 91 et seq., 1879. 18, J. J. I> ;bbie, 1. c., and Min. Mag., 5, 131, 1883. Also other analyses, 5th Ed., p. 472. G. SiO 2 A1 2 3 Fe 2 s FeO MgO CaO Na s O K 2 H 2 1. Ky nance 42-47 6-65 28-83 19-37 = 97-32 2. Piotine 50-89 9-40 2-06 26-52 0-78 11-06 - 100-71 3. Thalite 45-60 4-87 2-09 24-10 1-07 0-45 20-66 = 98-84 4. " 48-89 7-23 2-46 24-17 0-81 15-66 = 99-22 5. George's Is. 2-25 43-91 6-47 1-23 27-18 0-59 19-64 = 99-02 6. Gapol 2-18 42-13 7-25 6-57 0-32 a 19-33 o-ao 2-09 0-58 21 07 b MnOO-13 [= 100-14 7. Kinneff, green 42-10 5-95 496 0-27 a 20-98 2-15 0-46 0-28 22-93 b = 100-08 8. " red 2-28 42-50 5-88 4-91 0-24* 20-74 2-13 0-46 0-19 22-75 b = 99-80 9. Glen Farg 2-235 36-54 9-40 2-85 5-40a 21-61 2-50 21-68 b = 99-98 10. Tay Bridge 42-84 4-83 6-50 2-56* 21-81 2-16 tr. 20-70 1 ' = 101-40 11. Tayport 2-283 40-11 6-49 5-61 2-37* 21-67 2-01 0-21 0-32 21-60 b = 100-39 12. Cathkin Hills 2-279 41 34 10-53 1-86 3-92 a 21-07 1-21 0-37 0-05 19-48 b = 99-84 13. 2-288 42-22 8-51 2-99 4-95 a 21-23 0-92 19'48 b = 100-30 14. Bowling, Bowlingite 2-308 38-08 6-26 4-36 520 a 21-46 2-97 0-11 0-95 20'48 b = 99-87 15. Storr 2-296 41-41 9-08 2-05 0-ll a 22-80 1-86 23-43 b = 100-74 16. Quiraing 42-50 5-05 0-85 0-22 a 23-95 3-27 0-45 0-17 23'68 b = 100-14 17. 40-33 8-72 1-97 13 a 21-71 2-80 24-34 b = 100 18. Cathkinite 2-214 40-07 661 4-16 8-69 19-24 2-67 tr. 17-16 b C0 2 0-38 [= 98-98 a Incl. MnO, in 6, 0'13; in 7, 0'09; in 8, 0'12; in 9, 15; in 10, 0'20; in 12, 0'09; in 13, 0'07; in 14, 0-23; in 15, (HI; in 16, 0'22; in 17, 0'13. b Loss at 100, in 6, 15*75; in 7, 14*09; in 8, 14'52; in 9, 12*96: in 10. 13 87; in 11, 13'96; in 12, 15-61; in 13, 14-76; in 14, 12-32; in 15, 13'65; in 16, 15'54; in 17, 15'13; in 18, 13*02. Pyr., etc. B.B. gives out water very readily and blackens; thin splinters fuse with difficulty on the edge. Decomposed by sulphuric acid. Obs. Occurs at Lizard Point, Cornwall, in veins in serpentine; at various localities in CELADONITEGLA UCONITE. 683 Scotland, cf. Heddle, 1. c., and anals. 6-17; at Svardsjo in Dalarne (piotine and saponite); in the geodes of datoliteat Roaring Brook, near New Haveu, Ct.; in the trap of the north shore of Lake Superior, between Pigeon Point and Fond du Lac, in amygdaloid (thalite of Owen); George's Is., on north coast of Prince Edward Is. Bowlingite is from Bowliug near Dumbarton on the Clyde; it is shown to be saponite by Heddle; earlier analyses gave very discordant results, cf. App. Ill, p. 17, and Lex., Bull. Soc. Mm.. 8, 97, 1885. Cathkinite is from the Cathkin Hills. Prasilite of Thomson (p. 663) probably belongs here according to Heddle. Sapouite is from sapo, soap; and piotine from 489. CELADONITE. Terre verte de Verone de Lisle, Crist., 2, 502, 1783. Grunerde Hoffm., Bergm. J., 519, 1788. Green Earth pt.; Green Earth of Verona. Seladonit Glock., Syn., 193, 1847. Celadonite Fr. Earthy or in minute scales. Very soft. Color deep olive-green, celandine- green, apple-green. Feel more or less greasy. Comp. A silicate of iron, magnesium, and potassium, formula doubtful. Anal. 1-4, Heddle, Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh, 29, 102, 1879. G. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MnO MgO CaO K 2 O Na 2 O H 2 O 1. Scuir Mohr 2'574 57'72 0'33 17"05 3*73 0'08 3'84 0'60 5'55 0'42 10'78=100'10 2. Tayport 2'590 52'69 5'79 9'75 5'37 0'31 8'54 116 6'21 0'39 10'48= 100-69 3. Tay Bridge 2'598 52'54 5'82 9'71 5'40 0'3l 8'31 1-29 6'50 0'64 10-41 = 100'93 4. Giant's Causeway 2'63 56'41 2'14 14'07 5'10 0'23 5 91 0-60 8'83 6'80=100'09 An early analysis by Klaproth (Beitr., 4, 239, 1807) gave: Mte. Baldo SiO 2 53 Fe 2 O 8 28 MgO 2 K 2 10 H 2 O 6 = 99 According to Klaproth, and also later, von Kobell, not acted on by hydrochloric acid. Obs. From cavities in amygdaloid at Mte. Baldo near Verona. Also a similar mineral from Scotland (anal. 1-4). JSamed in allusion to the ordinary color of the mineral, celadon green, equivalent in French to sea-green (written Seladon in German), for which term the English substituted celandine- green* Celadon is the name of one of the characters in a French romance by d'Urfe, entitled Astree, published in 1610. He was a weak verdant lover of insipid tenderness, and thence the application to the above variety of green. D'Urfe borrowed the name from Ovid; it comes originally from Ke/\.dScoy, burning. 490. GLAUCONITE. Glaukonit Eeferstein, Deutsch. geol. dargest., 5. 510, 1828, Olocker, Handb., 832, 1831. Grlinerde pt. Germ. Green Earth pt. Terre verte pt. Fr. Chlorophanerit Jenzsch, Jahrb. Min., 798, 1855. Amorphous, and resembling earthy chlorite. Either in cavities in rocks, or loosely granular massive. H. = 2. G. = 2*2-2 *4. Luster dull, or glistening. Color olive-green, blackish green, yellowish green, grayish green. Opaque. Comp., Var. Essentially a hydrous silicate of iron and potassium; but the material is mostly, if not always, a mixture, and consequently varies much in com- position. In most of the early analyses the state of oxidation of the iron was not determined, but according to Haushofer it is chiefly ferric iron. The kinds of glauconite are: 1. Green earth of cavities in eruptive rocks; to which the chloropJianerite of G. Jenzsch may perhaps be added. 2. Green grains of sand beds or rocks, as of the green sand of the Chalk formation, rarely found in limestones; called glauconite (in allusion to the grayish green color). H. = 2; G. = 2'29-2'35; color olive-green to yellowish green. Anal. 1-3. A. Kupffer, JB. Ch., 1307, 1870; also other anals. of Russian glauconites. 4, Haushofer, J. pr. Ch., 102, 38, 1866, also ibid., 97, 353, 1866; many other auals. (in 5th Ed., p. 463). 5, Dewalque, Ann. Soc. G. Belg., 2, 3, 1877. G, Bamberger, Min. Mitth., 271, 1877. 7, Heddle, Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 29, 79, 1879. 8, Gumbei, Ber. Ak. Milnchen, Dec. 4, 1886. 9, Kuerr & Schoeufeld, Am. Ch. J., 6, 412, 1884. 10, 11, T. S. Hunt, Rep. G. Canada, 486-488, 1863. Earlier analyses are given in 5th Ed., pp. 462, 463; also a summary by Gumbei, 1. c. * Jameson has seladon-green (from Werner) in his Treatise on the External Characters of Minerals, 1805; and celandine-green in his System of Mineralogy, 1, 466. 1816. 684 SILICATES. G. 1. SvirR., Russia 2. Ontika, 3. Grodno Valley, " 4. Havre 5. Auvers, Belg. 6. Gozzo Is. 3-314 7. Ashgrove 2 '296 8. Agulhas Bank 9. French Creek, Pa. 22 10. New Jersey 11. Red Bird, Miss. Si0 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO CaO K 3 Na 2 H 2 49-42 10-2,3 16-01 3-00 3-78 : 31 7-91 0-26 8-08 insol. [0-80 = 99-80 51-24 12-22 13-44 3-06 3-93 010 7-50 0-31 8-20=100 49-76 8-18 16-00 3-77 3-97 0-41 7-57 0-52 9-82=100 50-62 3-80 21 03 602 0-57 a 0'54 a 7-14 9-14= 99-86 50-42 4-79 1990 5-96 2-28 321 7-87 0-21 5-28 P 2 O 5 tr. [= 99-92 46-91 7-04 23-06 2-64 4-40 2-95 7-31 0-91 4-71= 99-93 49-09 15-21 10-56 3-06 265 0-55 6-05 1-21 11-64=100-02 46-90 4-06 27-09 3-60 0-70 0-20 6 16 1-28 9-25= 99-24 5286 7-J08 7-20 19-48 2-90 tr. 2-23 tr. 8-43=100-18 5070 8-03 22 50 2-16 1-11 580 0-75 8-95=100 46-58 11-45 20-61 1-27 2-49 6-96 0-98 9-66=100 a Carbonates. Pyr., etc. Yields water. Fuses easily to a dark magnetic glass. Some varieties are entirely decomposed by hydrochloric acid, while others are not appreciably attacked. The glauconite grains are most abundant in the " green sand," of the Chalk formation, some- times constituting 75 to 90 p. c. of the whole. They are often casts of the shells of llhizopods. The material has also been found in Silurian rocks, and beds of other geological periods, and even in the shells of recent Rhizopods, and in fragments of coral obtained in deep-sea soundings (Am. J. Sc., 22, 281, 1856). The glauconite of the Silurian, analyzed by Hunt, contains less iron and more alumina than that of the Chalk formation. For a general discussion of the nature and method of formation of glauconite, see Gunibel, Ber. Ak. Miinchen, 417-449, Dec. 4, 1886. A green calcite from Central India contains a skeleton of glauconite separable by acids constituting about 14 p. c. of the whole. Haughton names the rock, which is a mixture of calcite and glauconite, Hislopite (Phil. Mag., 17, 16, 1859). 491. PHOLIDOLITE. Folidolit G. Nordenskiold, G. For. Forh., 12, 348, 1890. In minute crystalline scales distinctly bounded on two sides inclined to each other 60, parallel to which there are two systems of fine cracks each making 30 with the medial line, which is the trace of the twinning plane. Cleavage: basal, perfect. G. = 2'408. Luster resinous to pearly. Color grayish yellow by reflected light; nearly colorless under the microscope. Optically biaxial, negative. Ax. pi. | edges of scales. Ax. angle = 20 approx. Comp. Corresponds approximately to 5H 2 O.K 2 O.12(Fe,Mg)O. Al 2 O 3 .13SiO a Anal. Si0 2 4978 A1 2 8 6-31 FeO 408 MnO 0-12 MgO 27-94 K 2 O 593 H 2 O 5-49 = 99-65. The material analyzed had been dried at 100 and the remaining water goes off only at a red heat; the air-dried mineral gives off 4 - 77 p. c. H 3 O over calcium chloride and 0*80 at 100, or 5 '57 in all, corresponding to another 5H 2 O. Occurs at Taberg in Werrnland, Sweden, with garnet, diopside, etc. Named oXidoS - , scale, etdo$,form in allusion to its micaceous structure. 492. Kaolinite 493. Halloysite 494. Newtonite IV. Kaolin Division. H 4 Al 2 Si,0. Monoclinic a : b : 6 = 0*5748 : 1 : 1-5997 ft = 83 11' H 4 Al 2 Si 2 9 + aq Amorphous H 8 Al 2 Si 2 O n -f aq Khombohedral 495. Cimolite 496. Montmorillonite H 6 Al 4 (Si0 3 ) 9 Amorphous 497. Pyrophyllite H 2 Al s (Si0 3 ) 4 Monoclinic ? KAOLINITE. 685 498. Allophane 499. Collyrite 500. Schrotterite Al a Si0 6 .5H 2 Al 4 Si0 8 .9H 3 Al 16 Si 3 30 .30H 8 Amorphous 492. KAOLINITE. Talkerde von schuppigen Theilen (fr. Sonne Adit, Halsbrucke near Freiberg) Wern., Ueb., 218, 1780. Erdiger Talk Hofmann, Bergm. J., 160, 1789; Karst., Tab., 32, 1800. ?Talc granuleux H., Tr., 3, 1801. Nacrile pt. Brongn., Min., 1, 505, 1807. Schup- piger Thon Karst., Tab., 91. 1808. Nakrit Breith., Char., 94, 318, 1832. Kaolinite 8. W. John- son, Am. J. Sc., 43, 351, 1867. Caolino Ital. Caolina Sp. Medulla Saxi, Germ. Steinmarck, pt., Agric., Interpr., 466, 1546 = Lithomarge pt. Karnat Breith., Handb., 2, 359, 1841 = Steiumark vou Rochlitz Klapr., 6, 285, 1815. Terra Samia, Collyrium, Aster, Plin., 35, 53. Marga porcellana, Leucargilla, pt., Wall., 22, 1747. Terra Porcellauea Cronst., 73, 1758. Porcelain Clay. Kaolin. Porzellanerde, Porzellauthon, Germ. Argiles a pprcelaine Fr. Terre a foulon pt. Fr. = Fuller's Earth. Arcilla Sp. Pholerite Guillemin, Ann. Mines, 11, 489, 1825. Pholerite, Pelitische Felsittuffe von Chemnitz, A. Knop, Jb. Miu., 540, 1859. Aucudit 0. Koch, Inaug. Diss. Jena, 1884. Monoclinic. Axes a\l\b 0-5748 : 1 : 1-5997; ft = 83 11' Miers 1 . 100 A HO = 29 43', 001 A 101 = 76 22', 001 A Oil = 57 48J'. Forma: 6 (010, 4), c (001, 0), m (110, /), n (111, 1). Angles : mm'" 59 26', bm = *60 17', nn' = 58 23', bn = 60 48V (meas 60 44') cm = *84 5', en = *78 8'.' Also several doubtful pyramids. If m be made 221 (= M, biotite) the forms noted for kaolinite approximate to those of biotite (p. 627); thus the measured angles for kaolinite as compared with the angles calculated for biotite are : Kaolinite Biotite 001 A 221 84 5' 85 38' 001 A 78 8' 81 19' 111 221 A 221 59 26' 59 48V 111 A HI 58 23' 59 14 Usually in thin rhombic, rhomboidal, or hexagonal scales or plates with angles of 60 and 120 (f. 1), and sometimes twins, according to the mica law, made up of six sectors analogous to clinochlore. The scales rarely show distinct pyramidal planes and undetermined clinodomes; they are often grouped in fan-shaped forms. Also in crys- tals with pyramidal faces largely developed (f. 2), frequently twins (penninite law) with tw. plane and comp.-face c (001). Usually constituting a clay-like mass, either compact, friable, or mealy. Cleavage: basal, perfect. Flexible, in- elastic. H. = 2-2-5. GL = 2-6-2-63. Luster of plates, pearly; of mass, pearly to dull earthy. Color white, grayish white, yellowish, sometimes brownish, bluish, or reddish. Scales transparent to translucent; usually unctuous aud plastic. Optically biaxial, negative. Bx _L b. Bx a and ax. pi. inclined behind some 20 to normal to c (001) Dick. Axial angle large, approx. 90. Dispersion weak. Var. 1. Kaolinite. In crystalline scales, pure white and with a satin luster in the mass. 2. Ordinary. Common kaolin, in part in crystalline scales but more or less impure and either (a) Argilliform soft, clay-like; (b) Fariniform mealy, hardly coherent; or (c) Indurated; Lithomarge (Steinmark Germ.) firm and compact; H. = 2-2'5. When pulverized, often shows a scaly texture. G. = 2'6, from Cainsdorf, solid var. Tuesite of Thomson is a lithomavge from Scotland, used sometimes for slate pencils; H. = 25; G. = 2 '43-2 56; color milk-white. 3. Ferruginous; Carnat Breith. A firm lithomarge of a reddish white or flesh-red or brown- ish red color; the color owing to the presence of some iron oxide; H. 2-3; G. = 2'543. Streak colorless; smooth to the touch. Myeliii Breith., Talksteinmark Freiesleben is simply kaolin according to Frenzel, J. pr. Ch., Johnson and Blake. 2, Anglesea, Dick. 686 SILICATES. 5, 401, 1872. Ancudtte (Koch) is an impure kaolin from Ancud (S. Carlos) on the island Chiloe", anal. 7. Schlossing (1. c.) finds in certain French clays besides the crystallized kaolinite with the composition given below an argile colloidale which he makes lower in alumina and higher in silica, magnesia, and potash. Comp. 2H 2 O.Al 2 3 .2Si0 2 Silica 46-5, alumina 39-5, water 14-0 = 100. The water goes off at a high temperature, above 330 Hillebrand (also, Dick). Pholerite has been separated on the basis of Guillemin's analyses who gave 15 p. c. water, but there can be little doubt of its identity with kaolinite, cf. de Koninck, 1. c. Anal. 1, Tookey and Dick, Percy's -Metallurgy, Fuel, 1875, and Min. Mag., 8, 15, 1888. 2, Hillebrand, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 20, 97, 1885. 3, Hiortdahl, Jb. Min., 2, 70, 1887. 4-6, L. L. de Koninck, Bull. Ac. Belg., 44, 733, 1877. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 H 2 O Fe 2 O 3 1. Anglesea G. = 2'62 46'53 38'93 13'87 = 99'33 2. Red Mt., Col. G. = 2'611 46'35 39'59 1393 O'll F 0*15 = 100-13 3. " " " 45-57 41-52 13'58 = 100'67 4. Queuast 45'58 36 '80 14-49 3'68 = 100 55 5. St. Gilles 45-97 4012 13'91 tr. = 100 6. L,a Chartreuse 46'72 38-32 13 85 0'77 CaO 60 = 100-26 [99-42 7. Ancudite 44'56 36'92 15'64 122 CaO 0'31, MgO 0'41, CO 2 0'36 = For analyses of kaolins from France (Allier, Bretagne, Bayonne) and China, see Schlossing, C. R., 79, 473, 1874. On the kaolins of the Bunt-Sandstein of Thuringia see Herold, Inaug Diss. Jena, 1875 (E. E. Schmid, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 87, 1876). For analyses of samples of "China clay" see Macadam, Min. Mag., 7, 76, 1886; also Collins, ib., 205, who makes most of his purified clays agree with the formula 3H 2 O.2Al 2 O 3 .4SiO 2 = Silica 48'0, alumina 41 '2, water 10'8 = 100. The correctness of the formula given above for pure kaoliuite is sufficiently established by analyses 1-6. Pyr., etc. Yields water. B.B. infusible. Gives a blue color with cobalt solution. Insol- uble in acids Obs. Ordinary kaolin is a result of the decomposition of aluminous minerals, especially the feldspar of granitic and gneissoid rocks and porphyries. In some regions where these rocks have decomposed on a large scale, the resulting clay remains in vast beds of kaolin, usually more or less mixed with free quartz, and sometimes with oxide of iron from some of the other minerals present. Pure kaolinite in scales often occurs in connection with iron ores of the Coal formation. It sometimes forms extensive beds in the Tertiary formation, as near Richmond, Va. Also met with accompanying diaspore and emery or corundum. Occurs in the coal formation at Cache-Apres in Belgium; at St. Gilles and La Chartreuse near LiUtich and Bagatelle near Vise; Schlan in Bohemia, and at Rohe; in argillaceous schist at Lodve, Dept. of Uerault, France; at the Einigkeit mine at Brand, near Freiberg, and else- where in Saxony: as kaolin at Diendorf (Bodenmais) in Bavaria; at Zeisigwald near Chemnitz; as the gangue of topaz at Schneckensteiu: with emery and margarite at Naxos; as the gangueof diaspore at Schemnitz; as the irraterial of pseudomorphs after prosopite at Alteuberg, showing well the hexagonal scales; with fiuor at Zinnwald, a white powdery substance consisting of hexag. scales; at Rochlitz (carnaf) in a porphyritic rock; as a cementing material in the sand- stone (Bunt Sandstein) of Thuringia; in seams in an argillaceous rock on the Tweed (tuesite), the Latin name of which place is Taesis. In crystalline plates near Alrnwch on the island of Anglesey. At Yrieix, near Limoges, is the best locality of kaolin in Europe (a discovery of 1765); it affords material for the famous Sevres porcelain manufactory. The dark colored clay of Stourbridge, England, is made up in large part of transparent laminae. Large quantities of clay (kaolin) are found in Cornwall and West Devon, England, as described by Collins (1. c.) who gives the name carclazyte to a china-clay rock as at Carclaze, Cornwall, and petuntzyte to a less altered rock containing still fresh feldspar. In the U. States, kaolin occurs at Newcastle and Wilmington, Del.; at various localities in the limonite region of Vermont (at Brandon, etc.), Massachusetts. Pennsylvania; Jacksonville, Ala.; Edgefield, S. C. ; near Augusta, Ga. ; and Johnson and Blake observed transparent hex- agonal scales abundantly in a blue fire-clay from Mt. Savage, Md.; in the white clay of Brandon, Vt., Beekman, N. Y., Perth Amboy, N. J., Reading, and a locality in Chester Co., Pa., Long Island, and in white and colored clays of various other places. Near Richmond, Va., the mealy var. constitutes a bed of considerable extent in the Tertiary formation; at Tamaqua and Summit Hill in Carbon Co., Pa., it occurs in the Coal formation; in a sandstone of the L. Silurian, just below the Chaudiere Falls, filling seams or fissures, often | in. thick, having an unctuous feel, and consisting of minute soft scales. At the National Bell mine, Red Mountain, Silverton, Colorado, in very pure form in cavities of a quartz vein material enclosed in a large eruptive mass; also at Bedwell Basin, Gunnison Co., Col. (anal, by Eakins, see U. S. G. Surv., Bull'. 60, 136, 1890). The kaolin of the Thuringian Bunt-Sandstein is crystalline but contains various foreign substances as the microschorlite and microvermiculite of Schmid. KAOLINITE. 687 The name Kaolin is a corruption of the Chinese Kauling, meaning high-ridge, the name of a hill near Jauchau Fu, where the material is obtained; and the petuntze (peh-tun-tsz) of the Chinese, with which the kaolin is mixed in China for the manufacture of porcelain, is a quartz- ose feldspathic rock, consisting largely of quartz (S. W. Williams). The word porcelain was first given to the china-ware by the Portuguese, from its resemblance to the nacre of the sea-shells Porcellaiui (Cypra3as), they supposing it to be made from egg-shells, fish-glue, and fish scales (S. W. Williams). G. Vogt has investigated the yeou-ko of the Chinese and finds that it is made up of: Quartz 52*9 p. c., muscovite 31*3, sodium feldspar 13"4, calcium carbonate 2*0, hydrated silica I/O = 100-6. C. R, 110, 43, 1890. Ref. ' Min. Mag., 8, 15, 1888, with corrected fundamental angles as later noted by the author, ibid., 9, 4, 1890. Cf. also Johnson and Blake, Am. J. Sc., 43, 35, 1867; R, C. Hills, Am. J. Sc., 27, 472, 1884. Reusch (Jb. Min., 2, 70, 1887) makes the extinction in the scales oblique (12) to an hexagonal edge, perhaps because the scales are often fan-shaped aggregates; the triclinic character does not seem to be confirmed by Dick and Miers; MEEKSCHALUMINITE Ross. Simlaite Schrauf, Vh. G. Reichs., 43, 1870. A kind of pho- lerite from near Simla, India. Au analysis by Maskelyne and Flight (Ch. News, 22, 260, 1870; gave: Si0 2 43-15 A1 2 O 3 41-07 H a O 15'78 = 100. RECTORITE R. N. Brackett and J. F. Williams, Am. J. Sc., 42, 16, 1891. Monoclinic? In leaves or plates resembling mountain leather. Very soft, hardness less than that of talc. Feel soapy. Folia flexible, inelastic, and separating with easy cleavage. Luster pearly. Color pure white, sometimes stained red with iron oxide. Optically biaxial, Bx _L cleavage. 2E == 5 to 15 or 20. Refractive index low. Composition for the mineral dried at 110, HAlSiO 4 or Al 2 O 3 .2SiO 2 .H 2 O = Silica 50 '0, alumina 42'5, water 7'5. Taking the water expelled at 110 as water of crystallization the formula is 2HA18iO 4 -f- a( !> r empirically like kaolinite, from which it differs, however, since the latter mineral contains only water of constitution. Analysis, on material dried at 110: SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 H 2 O Fe 2 O 3 CaO MgO Na 2 O K 2 O 1, 52-72 36-60 7'76 0'25 0'45 51 2'83 0'26 = 101'38 2. 52-88 35-51 7'72 H 2 O at 110 in 1, 8'78 p. c.; in 2, 8'33. B.B. infusible, but loses water and becomes brittle. Found in seams in L. Silurian sandstone in the Blue Mountain mining district, Marble township, Garland Co., Arkansas, about 24 miles north of Hot Springs. Named after Hon. E. W. Rector of Hot Springs. LEVERRIERITE P. Termier, C. R., 108, 1071, 1889; Ann. Mines, 17, 372, 1890; Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 325, 1890. In vermiculate aggregates resembling helminth. Crystals hexagonal prisms, perhaps orthorhombic, with c (001), b (010), m (110), and mm'" = 52 approx. Form and twinning like the micas. Cleavage: basal, perfect. Soft. H. = 1'5. G. 2'3-2'4. Luster vitreous to pearly. Colorless to brown. Optically. Ax. pi. 1 b (010). Bx 1 c. Ax. angle 45-52. /? 1'6, y _ a = 0-0075-0-0082. Comp. A hydrated silicate of aluminium, but formula doubtful, as the material is more or less mixed with clay and analyses fail to agree. The author gives 2Al 2 O 3 .5SiO 2 .5H 2 O = Silica 50-5, alumina 84'3, water 15'2 100. Anal. 1, A. Carnot, 1. c.; C. R., 108. 2, 3, quoted by Termier, 1. c., Ann. Mines. 2, by Meunier. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 MnO CaO MgO K 2 O ign. 1. 49-30 22-60 0'34 0*40 680 066 1'36 17-90 = 99'36 2. 46-4 38-4 tr. 1-2 15*0 P 2 O 5 0'5 = 101*5 3. 46-79 34-47 4'53 13'21 = 99' Common in the black carbonaceous shales of the Departments de la Loire, France; thus at Beaubrun, Rive-de-Gier, Quartier-Gaillard near St. Etienne and other points; also in eruptive rocks (porphyry) of St. Etienne, at La Gagnerette, etc., Dept. du Gard. Named after the mining engineer Le Verrier. 688 SILICATES. 493. HALLOYSITE. Halloysite Berthier, Ann. Ch. Phys., 32, 332, 1826. Galapektit, Gummit, Breith., Char., 99, 1832. Glagerit Breith., Handb., 357, 1841. Smectite Salvetat, Ann. Ch. Pbys., 31, 102, 1851. Steiumark or Lithoinarge pt., Pseudo-Steatite pt., Glossecollite, Step., Min., 1857, App. to Suppl., p. iii. ?Lenzinit John., Chern. Schrift., 5, 193, 1816. ? Severite Beud., Tr., 1824, in Index, and 2, 36, 1832. ? Nertschinskite Razumowki. Bole pt. Milauit Tietze, Jb. G. Reichs., 588, 1870. Indianaite Cox, Rep. Geol. Indiana, 15, 1874, 154, 1878. Massive. Clay-like or earthy. Fracture conchoidal. Hardly plastic. H. 1-2. G. 2*0-2 '20. Luster somewhat pearly, or waxy, to dull. Color white, grayish, greenish, yellowish, bluish, i eddish. Translucent to opaque, sometimes becoming translucent or even transparent in water, with an increase of one-fifth in weight. Var. 1. Ordinary. Earthy or waxy in luster, and opaque massive. Galapectite is halloy- site of Anglar. Pseudosteatite of Thomson & Binney is an impure variety, dark green in color, with H. = 2 25, G. = 2*469. Glagerite, from Berguersreuth in Bavaria, is proved to be halloy- site by Fikenscher; it is white to yellowish white; G. 2'35-2'38; H. = 2-2*5. Indianaite is a white porcelain clay from Lawrence Co., Indiana, where it occurs with allopuane in beds four to ten feet thick. H. = 2-2*5. G. = 2*31-2'53. 2. Smectite of Salvetat is greenish, and in certain states of humidity appears transparent and almost gelatinous; it is from Coude, near Houdau, France. Breithaupt's Gummite (Char., 99, 1832; :.$ a " gum like- halloysite," not adhering to the tongue, from Auglar, though in his Hand- buch, where the same locality is mentioned, he quotes Berthier's analysis of collyrite from the Pyrenees. Glossecollite is milk-white and earthy, but becomes translucent on the edges and a little opaline in water. It forms a seam 1 in. thick in a siliceous Silurian rock in Rising Fawn, Dade Co., Georgia. A yellow gum-like clay from near Budapest is referred to halloysite by Fr. Koch, Zs. Kr., 19, 198, 1891. 3. Lenzinite is earthy, compact, white, translucent, and somewhat opaline, from Kail in the Eifel; and brownish, from rifts in pegmatyte, at La Vilate, near Chanteloube, in Fiance. Leonhard considered it (Handb., 1826) a decomposed semiopal. It is described as not gelatin- izing in acids. Named after the German mineralogist Lenz. Nerchinskite of Razumovski, a whitish or bluish earth from Nerchinsk, has been referred to lenzinite. Severite, or lenzinite of St. Sever, was first noticed in 1818, and analyzed in that year by Pelletier (J. Phys., 86, 251, 1818). It has sometimes the semitransparency of opal, a soft feel, adheres strongly to the tongue, and makes no paste with water; it is from the upper arenaceous stratum in the gypsiferous Tertiary at St. Sever in France. It is not clear whether it belongs here or to kaolinite. 4. Bole, in part, may belong here; that is, those colored, unctuous clays containing more or less iron oxide, which also have about 24 p. c. of water; the iron gives it a brownish, yellowish, or reddish color; but more investigation is needed before it is known that they are not mere mixtures. Oropion of Glocker (Syn., 188, 1847) is a dark brown to black bole; it is the Bergseife ( mountain soap) of Werner (Ueb. Cronst., 189, 1780), having a greasy feel and streak, and H. = 1-2; the color is attributed to bituminous matters present. It is from Olkutsch in Poland. Where it belongs is doubtful. A similar kind from Thuringia has been analyzed by Bucholz (5th Ed., p. 477); but its identity with Werner's Polish Bergseife is not certain. Milanite is from Maidaupek, Servia. Comp. A silicate of aluminium (Al 2 3 .2Si0 2 ) like kaolinite, but amorphous and containing more water; the amount is somewhat uncertain but, as shown by Le Chatelier, the formula is probably to be taken as H 4 Al 2 Si 2 9 + aq, or 2H 2 O.Al 2 3 .2Si0 2 -f aq = Silica 43'5, alumina 36*9, water 19'6 = 100. Analyses by Le Chatelier on material heated to 250 gave the following results corresponding to the kaolinite formula 2H 8 O.AI 2 O3.2SiO2; he finds further that the remaining water goes off only above 400, the earlier amount at 150. Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 210, 1887. Si0 2 A1 2 3 H 2 O H 2 below 250 Angleur 46*3 39'5 14*3 = 100*1 8*5 Huelgoat 47*9 38'0 14*3 = 100*2 5*4 Miglos 46*3 38*7 14*0 = 99'0 6*5 Breteuil 48*3 35*6 14*3 = 982 12'5 Laumede 48*7 36*5 13'6 = 98'8 4'0 Eifel 46*6 39-3 130 = 98*9 3*5 Russia 47-4 38-8 14*0 = 1002 7*0 The following are analyses of indianaite by Pemberton on air-dried material: Stu, A1 2 O 3 H 2 O H 2 O at 100 C. CaO,MgO alkalies 39-00 36*00 14*00 9*50 0*63 0'54 = 99*67 39*35 36*35 22~*90 0*40 = 99*00 38*90 3740 23*60 undet. 99'90 NEWTONITECIMOL1TE. 689 Helmaacker shows that some halloysites contain 4 aq. and others 3 aq. when dried over sulphuric acid. He gives analyses 1-3, by Hofmann, Min. Mitth., 2, 231, 1879. G. = 1-961- 1'962, after exposure to dry air 1'985. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 H 2 O above 100' H 2 O at 100 1. 40-19 34-84 a 15-27 8 '08 CaO 2 '55, MgO tr. = 100'93 2. 36-34 32-34 b 18-29 10'59 CaO 2 31 = 99'87 3. 35-73 33'83 a 17*65 10'96 CaO 2-58, CuO 010 = 100'85 a Fe 2 O 3 ,P 2 O 6 tr. b Fe 2 O 3 0'27 p. c. Other analyses 5th Ed., pp. 476, 477. Compact glagente forming seams in clay at Gusevsk, Ural (Zs. Kr., 17, 628, 1890), gave: Si0 2 45-85 A1 2 3 36'97 Fe 2 O 3 tr. CaO 0'64 MgO 0'25 H 2 O 16'14 = 99'85 Pyr., etc. Yields water. B.B. infusible. A fine blue with cobalt solution. Decomposed by acids. Obs. Occurs often in veins or beds of ore, as a secondary product; also in granite and other rocks, being derived from the decomposition of some aluminous minerals (localities men- tioned above). The Halloysite of Hotisscha is derived from graphic granite. The name halloysite is from Omalius a'Halloy (1707-1789), who first observed it. 494. NEWTONITE. K N. Brackett and /. F. Williams, Am. J. Sc., 42, 11, 1891. Rhombohedral. In soft compact masses, resembling kaolin, the powder resolved under the microscope (X 400 to 500 diam.) into minute rhombs, nearly squares, but giving angles of 88 to 89. Soft. G. = 2-37. Color white. Extinction parallel to the 'diagonals of the rhombs. Comp. H 8 Al 1 Si,0 ll + aq or Al 2 3 .2Si0 3 .5H 2 = Silica 38-5, alumina 32'7 water 28-8 = 100. Anal. 1, 2, Brackett & Williams, 1. c. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 H 2 O a Fe 2 O 3 CaO MgO Na 2 O K 2 O 1. 38-86 35 20 23 '69 0'21 0'31 tr. [1-73] = 100 2. 40-22 35 27 22'89 0'21 54 tr. 0'99 073 = 100'85 a Ignition; at 110-115, 5'53 p. c. H 2 O in 1; 5'44 in 2. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible; gives the alumina reaction with cobalt solution. Only slightly attacked by boiling hydrochloric acid, but almost completely decomposed by boiling concentrated sulphuric acid with separation of silica. Obs. Found on Sneed's Creek in the northern part of Newton Co., Arkansas. Occurs in lumps varying from a few ounces to forty pounds, embedded in a dark gray clay. 495. CIMOLITE. KtnooMa Theophr. Cimolia PKn.\ 35, 57. Cimolit Klapr Beitr 1 291, 1795. Pelikanit Ouchakoff, Bull. Ac. St. Pet., 16, 129, J. pr. Ch., 74, 254, 1858 Huuterite Haughton, Phil. Mag., 17, 18, 1859, 23, 50, 1862. Terra Lemnia Dioscor, Plin., etc. Sphragid Karst., Tab., 28, 88, 1808. Ehrenbergit Noggerath, Vh. Ver. Rheinl., 9, 378, 1852. Anauxite Breith., J. pr. Ch., 15, 325, 1838. Amorphous, clay-like, or chalky. Very soft. G. => 2'18-2'30. Luster of streak greasy. Color white, grayish white, reddish. Opaque. Harsh. Adheres to the tongue. Comp A hydrous silicate of aluminium, 2Al 2 3 .9Si0 2 .6H 2 = Silica 63-4, alumina 23*9, water 12'7 = 100. Perhaps a basic salt. Anal. 1, Klaproth, 1. c. 2, Ilimov [Ann. J. M. Russ., 336, 1841] Rg., Min. Ch 584, 1860. 3, v. Hauer, Jb. G. Reich s., 5, 83, 1854. 4, Haughton, 1. c. 5, Riggs Am J Sc 32 355, 1886. Also F. W. Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 28, 23, 1884; Scharizer, Jb. G. Reichs 32 ' 4SS 491, 1882. 690 SILICATES. G. 1. Argentiera 2. Ekaterinovska 3. Near Bilin, Anauxite 2'376 4. Hunterite 2 '319 5. Norway, Me. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 H 2 O 63-00 23-00 125 12-00 = 99-25 63-52 23-55 12'00 = 99-07 62-30 24-23 12'34 CaO 0'83 = 99'70 65 93 20-97 11-61 MgO 0'45, CaO 0'30 = 99'26 66-86 22-23 0'47 8'26 X a 1-00, alk. 0'93, F 0'06 = 99-81 * X = FeO,MnO,CaO,MgO. The huuterite, according to the analysis, contains a little excess of silica, probably due tc free quartz, as the material was gritty under the pestle. Pyr., etc. Yields water. B.B. becomes gray and finally burns white; infusible. With cobalt solution a blue color. Obs. From the island of Argentiera (Kimolos of the Greeks); Berg Hradischt, near Bilin, Bohemia (pseud, after augite, cf. Scharizer, 1. c.); also from Ekaterinovska, district of Alex- andrpvsk, Russia; Government of Kiev, Russia; Nagpur, Central India, with orthoclase in granite. A related mineral (anal. 6) from Norway, Me., associated with tourmaline. A light porous clay-like mineral of a dull white color, resembling meerschaum, has been investigated by Liversidge, Min. N. S. W., 194, 1888. H. = 2-2'5. Specific gravity after immersion 1-168. Fracture conchoidal. Analysis: SiO 2 51-46* A1 2 3 37-72 Fe 2 3 0-46 CaO 0-34 MgO 1-25 H 2 O 7- a Soluble 0-11 p. c. From Richmond River, New South Wales. C0 a 1-54 = 100-39 b At 100, 3-28 p. c. 496. MONTMORILLONITE. Salvetat, Ann. Ch. Phys., 21, 376, 1847. Confolensite Dufr., Min., 3. 583, 1856. Delanovit Kenng., Jb. G. Reichs., 4, 633, 1853. Delanouite Dufr., Min., 3, 583, 1856. Stolpenit (= Bole of Stolpen) Kenng., Min., 41, 1853. Saponite Nickles, Ann. Ch. Phys., 56, 46, 1859 = Pierre a savon (Germ. Bergseife) de Plombieres. Steargillite Meillet, Dx., Min., 1, 205, 1862. Erinite Thomson, Min., 1, 341, 1836. Massive, clay-like. Very soft and tender. Luster feeble. Color white or grayish to rose-red, and bluish; also pistachio-green. Softens in water, and for the most part does not adhere to the tongue. Unctuous. Var. 1. Montmorillonite is rose-red; from Montmorillon, France. Confolensite is paler rose-red; fr. Confolens, Dept. of Charente, at St. Jean-de-C61e, near Thiviers. Delanouite is similar in color, and is from Millac, near Nontron, France; stated by Kenngott to adhere to the tongue. 2. Stolpenite is a clay from the basalt of Stolpen. Steargillite is white, yellow, and pistachio- green, subtransluceut, insoluble in acids; and is easily cut into cakes looking like soap or wax; fr. near Virolet on the Rochelle railroad, and at the tunnel of Poitiers. Saponite of Nickles is a white, plastic, soap-like clay from the granite from which issues one of the hot springs of Plombieres, France, called Soap Spring; it was named smegmatite by Naumann. Nickles obtained: SiO 2 42'3, A.1 2 O 3 19'2, H 2 O 38"5 = 100. Erinite is a yellowish red clayey mineral from the Giant's Causeway; G. = 2'04; opaque; a little resinous in luster; unctuous; B.B. iufusible, but whitens. Named from Erin (Ireland). Comp. Probably H 2 Al 2 Si 4 12 + n aq. Chatelier,but analyses vary rather widely. Anal. 1, 2, Salvetat & Damour, 1. c. 3, Berthier [Tr. Ess. v. seche 1, 58], 5th Ed., p. 459. 4, Hauer, Jb. G. Reichs., 4, 633, 1853. 5, Salvetat, 1. c. 6, Rg.. Pogg., 47, 180, 1839. 7, Meil- let, 1. c. 8, Thomson, 1. c. 9, Le Chatelier, Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 209, 1887. 10, Helmhacker, Min. Mitth., 2, 251, 1879. 11, H. L. Wells, Am. J. So., 20, 283, 1880. 12, Collins, Min. Mag., 2, 92, 1878. 1. Montmorillon, Mont. 2. " " f 3. Confoleus, Conf. 4. Millac, Delan. 5. St.. J. de Cole, Conf. 6. Stolpenite 7. Steargillite 8. Erinite G. = 2'04 9. St. Jean de Cole 10. Podurusj, rose-red 11. Branchville, Ct., rose-red \ 12. Cornwall MnO. b FeO. Si0 2 49-40 50-04 49-5 50-55 45-55 45-92 45-30 47-04 49-0 58-77 51-20 479 A1 2 3 19-70 20-16 18-0 19-15 22-60 22-15 23-30 18-46 23-1 24-03 22-14 27-1 Fe 2 O 3 0-80 0-68 1-05 1-21*> 6-36 b 2-4 0-52 1-2 MgO 0-27 0-23 2-1 4-40 a 0-30 l-48 a 473 3-72 CaO (Na,K) 2 < 150 1-50 1-46 1-27 2-1 0-63 1-66 0-10 3-90 1-70 1-00 0-5 2-32 0-67 3-53 0-56 - [0-8] At 250, 16-7 p. c. 25-67 = 98 84 26-00 = 99-84 28-0 = 99-7 24-05 = 98-78 26-20 SiO 2 gel. 0'96. qtz. [1-04 = 99-46 25-86 = 97-83 27-00 = 99-99 25-28 NaCl 0'9 = 99*04 23-7 c = 98-7 10-28 d = 101-32 17-08 MuOO-18,P 2 O 5 l-42 23-0 =100 [= 99-83 a At 100, 2-97 p. c. PTROPHTLLITE. 691 The material of anal. 11 contained 2-28 p. c. apatite; that of anal. 10 had G. = 2'172 with 10*54 hygr. H 2 O, and G. = 2 '520 when dried over sulphuric acid. Salvetat observes that sodium carbonate separates a little gelatinous silica, and sulphuric acid some quartz-silica a fact of great interest in connection with the earthy hydrous aluminous silicates generally. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible, excepting the stolpenite, which affords a yellowish enamel, probably owing to the 4 p. c. of lime in the state of silicate present as impurity. Montmorillon- ite loses 6 p. c. of water at 100 C., and delanouite 14 p. c. Severite, according to the analysis of Pelletier (p. 688), would be identical nearly with the mineral from Confolens. Obs. Occurs as an alteration-product at the localities mentioned above. Also in the U. S., at Branchville, Conn., in a soft pink form in a vein of albitic granite, probably due to the alteration of spodumene. RAZOUMOVSKYN. Razoumoffskin John. A greenish white clay-like mineral from Kosemiltz, in Silesia, near montmorillonite, except in the less amount of water. Zellner obtained, Schwgg. J., 18, 340, 1816: SiO a 54-50 A1 2 O S 27'25 FeO 0'25 MgO 0'37 CaO 2'00 H 2 O 14-25 = 98'62 A similar bluish or greenish clay from the old copper mines at Lading, west of Wolfsberg, in Carinthia, has been investigated by Helmhacker, Min. Mitth., 2, 256, 1879. H. = 3. Fract- ure subconchoidal. G. = 2'022 air-dried, 2'285 after losing' 10 12 p. c. hygroscop. water, = 2138 corrected for impurities. Analyses. 1, Helmhacker, 1. c. 2, Hofmann, ibid. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 CuO CaO H 2 O at 100 above 100 1. 43-06 25-26 3'25 0'83 8-44 20'10 = 100'94 2. 41-94 25-55 5'77 1*80 9'35 15'16 = 99'57 The material analyzed contained some calcite and azurite. The formula for 1 is Al 2 O 3 .3SiO 2 -f 6H 2 O, or dried at 100, + 4H 2 O. 497. PYROPHYLLITE. Pyrophyllit Herm., Pogg., 15, 592, 1829. Pyrauxit Breitii., Handb., 397, 1841. Agalmatolite or Pagodite pt. Monoclinic? Not observed in distinct crystals. Foliated, radiated lamellar or somewhat fibrous; also granular to compact or cryptocrystalline; the latter some- times slaty. Cleavage: basal, eminent. Laminae flexible, not elastic. Feel greasy. H. = 1-2. G. = 2*8-2'9. Luster of folia pearly; of massive kinds dull and glistening. Color white, apple-green, grayish and brownish green, yellowish to ochre-yellow, grayish white. Subtransparent to opaque. Optically . Bx J_ cleavage. Ax. angle large, to 108, Dx. Var. (1) Foliated, and often radiated, closely resembling talc in color, feel, luster, and structure; G. = 2*785 Berlin. (2) Compact massive, white, grayish, and' greenish, somewhat resembling compact steatite, or French chalk; G. = 2'81-2'92 Brush; H. = 1-5-3. This compact variety, as Brush has shown, includes part of what has gone under the name of agal- matolite, from China; it is used for slate-pencils, and is sometimes called pencil-stone. Comp. H 2 Al 2 Si 4 12 or H 2 O.Al a 3 .4Si0 3 = Silica 66'7, alumina 28'3, water 5'0 = 100. Anal. 1, Rg., Pogg., 68, 513, 1846. 2, Sjogren, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 5, 110, 1848. 3, Walm- stedt, ib., p., 111. 4, Brush, Am. J. Sc., 26, 68, 1858. 5, Church, Ch. News, 22, 220, 1870. 6, Tyson, Am. J. Sc., 34, 219, 1862. 7, Allen, ib. 8, F. A. Genth, ib., 18, 410, 1854 (also a second anal.). 9, Id., Am. Phil. Soc., 18, 259. 1879. 10, Giimbel, Ber. Ak. Milnchen, 498, 1868. 11, Gorceix, Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 27, 1883. Also Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 25, 38, 1868; Dewalque, Bull. Soc. G. Belg., 6, 150, 151, 1879; Koninck, Bull. Ac. Belg., 26,469, 1868; and 5th Ed., p. 455. G. SiO 2 A1 2 3 Fe 2 3 MgO CaO H 2 O 1. Spa, Belg. 66-14 25 87 1'49 0'39 5-59 = 99'48 2. Westana, Sw. 65*61 26'09 0'70 0'09 0'69 708 MnO 0'09=100'35 3. China, Pagodite 66'38 27'95 006 0'06 0'18 5 '20 = 99'83 4. " " 2-81 65-95 2897 0-22 5'48 alk, 0'25 = 100-87 5. Pagodite 2'8 62'25 31'06 0'82 0'60 4'66 = 99'39 6. Deep R., N. C., mass. 2'92 65'93 29'54 5'40 = 100-87 692 SILICATES. G. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 MgO CaO H 2 O 7. Carbonton 2-82 66'25 27'91 1'08 5 25 = 100'49 8. Chesterfield Dist., S. C.,/0J. 66'01 2852 087 0'18 0'23 5'22 = 101 '03 9. Mahauoy City, Peun. 2'804 66'61 27'63 0'16 O'lO 5-43 99'93 10. Fichtelgebirge 58 -87 34 -87 _ 5-77 99-51 11. OuroPreto 2'76 65'3 280 1-7* 04 5'5 = 100-5 a FeO. Pyr., etc. Yields water, but only at a high temperature. B.B. whitens, and fuses with difficulty on the edges. The radiated varieties exfoliate in fan like forms, swelling up to many times the original volume of the assay. Heated and moistened with cobalt solution gives a deep blue color (alumina). Partially decomposed by sulphuric acid, and completely on fusion with alkaline carbonates. Obs. Compact pyrophyllite is the material or base of some schistose rocks. The foliated variety is often the gangue of cyanite. Pyrophyllite occurs in the Ural, between Pyschminsk and Berezov: at Westana, Sweden; the Horrsjoberg in Elfdalen, with cyanite; near Ottrez in Luxembourg; Ouro Preto, Brazil, in foliated masses of considerable extent. Also in white stellate aggregations in Cottonstone Mtn., Mecklenburg Co., N. C. ; in Chesterfield Dist., S. C., with lazulite and cyanite; in Lincoln Co., Ga., on Graves Mtn.; in Arkansas, at the Kellogg lead mine, near Little Rock. The compact kind, resembling a slaty soapstone in aspect and feel, is found in large beds in Deep River, N. C., greenish to yellowish white in color; similar at Carbonton, Moore Co., N. C. In thin seams and as petrifying material in coal slates of Mahanoy City, Perm. The compact pyrophyllite of Deep River, N. C., is extensively used for making slate pencils and resembles the so-called agalmatolite or pagodite of China, often used for ornamental carv- ings. The term agalmatolite, however, has been loosely used for a variety of minerals; it properly belongs to a kind of piuite (p. 622). GtfMBELiTE F. wn Kobell, Ber. Ak. Munchen, 1, 294, 1870. In thin, short fibrous layers in clay slate. Color light greenish white. Translucent. Luster pearly. Soft and flexible. Analyses. 1, Kobell, 1. c. 2, Giimbel, Min. Mitth., 2, 189, 1879. Si0 2 Al a O, Fe 2 3 MgO K 2 O Na 2 O H 2 O 1. Nordhalben 50'52 31"04 3'00 1'88 3'18 7'00 X a 1-46 = 98'08 2. Tarentaise G. = 2'8 49-71 28'62 2'69 1-60 6'80 2'21 7'38 b TiO 2 1-04 = 100-05 a Undecomposed mineral. b Incl. C. In the closed tube yields water. B.B. exfoliates somewhat like pyrophyllite. Fuses at 4. Not acted upon by acid. Found at Nordhalben near Steben, in Oberfranken. Also (anal. 2) as a petrifying material of coal plants in the Tarentaise. A mineral similarly associated in Pennsylvania was found by Genth to be pyrophyllite (anal. 9, above). Gilmbelite may be an impure pyrophyllite. NEUBOLITE Thomson, Min., 1, 354, 1836. According to T. S. Hunt (Rep. G. Can., 485, 1863) a qimrtzose variety of wood- like agalmatolite. Thomson gave: SiO 2 73'00, A1 2 O 3 17'35, Fe 2 O 3 0-40, CaO 3*25, MgO 1-50, H 2 O 4'30 = 99'80. Hunt's analysis afforded: SiO 2 50-30 A1 2 O 3 32-60 FeO tr. MgO 1 -20 Na 2 O,K 2 O undet. H 2 O 6'50 It occurs at Stanstead, Province of Quebec, forming a belt 150 feet wide; in some places granular and nearly pure, in others schistose and containing quartz. A thin layer has a banded structure, ligneous in appearance, with a shiny satin luster. It is translucent, of a wax- or amber-yellow color; feel unctuous. Named from.veupor, a string or tendon in allusion to the fibrous structure. BIHARITE K. F. Peters, Ber. Ak. Wien, 44 (1), 132, 1861. Massive; fine granular or microcrystalliue. H. = 25. G. = 2'737, yellow var. Luster greasy, inclined to pearly. Color yellowish to gret-n, brownish. Translucent to hardly subtransluceut. Feel a little greasy. Optically doubly refracting. Analysis. Soltesz (1. c.), after removing 4*68 CaCO 3 : SiO a 41-74 A1 3 3 13-47 MgO 28'92 CaO 4'27 K 2 O 4 -86 H a O 4-46 Fe 2 O 3 ,Na 2 O tr. - 97'72 B.B. infusible or nearly so. Occurs embedded in a fine granular limestone in the Biharberg, near Rezbanya in Hungary. ALLOPHANE. 498. ALLOPHANE. Allopban Stromeyer, Gel. Anz. Gott., 1251, 1816. Riemarmit Breith., Hoffm. Min., 4 b, 182, 1817. Elhuyarit Sack, Schw. J., 65, 110, 1832 (announced, not named), Jahrb. Min., 28, 1834 (mentioned, not described). Amorphous. In incrustations, usually thin, with a mammillary surface, and hyalite-like; sometimes stalactitic. Occasionally almost pulverulent. Fracture imperfectly conchoidal and shining, to earthy. Very brittle. H. = 3. G. = 1*85-1*89. Luster vitreous to subresinous; bright and waxy internally. Color pale sky-blue, sometimes greenish to deep green, brown, yellow, or colorless. Streak uncolored. Translucent. Comp. Hydrous aluminium silicate, Al 2 Si0 5 + 5H 2 = Silica 23-8, alumina 4O5, water 35*7 = 100. Some analyses give 6 equivalents of water = Silica 22*2, alumina 3?-8, water 40-0 = 100. Impurities are often present. The coloring matter of the blue variety is due to traces of chrysocolla, and substances intermediate between allophane and chrysocolla (mixtures) are not uncommon, see chrysocolla. The green variety is colored by malachite, and the yellowish and brown by iron. Allophane occurs at Richmond, Mass., mixed intimately with part of the gibbsite of that locality (Sillimau). Anal. 1, Rath, Pogg., 144, 393, 1871. 2, E. F. Smith, Am. Ch. J., 5, 272, 1883. See alsc Gamper, Vh. G. Reiclis., 354, 1876; and for earlier analyses 5th Ed., p. 419. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 CuO CaO H 2 O 1. Dehrn G. = 2'079 23-53 37'73 1-92 36 -86 = 100-04 2. Allentown, Penn. 21'39 35'20 1 96 a 40'86 = 99'41 * (Ca,Mg)CO 3 . Pyr., etc. Yields much water in the closed tube. B.B. crumbles, but is infusible. Give* a blue color with cobalt solution. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. Obs. Allophane is regarded as a result of the decomposition of some aluminous silicate (feldspar, etc.); and it often occurs incrustiug fissures or cavities in mines, especially those of copper and limouite, and even in beds of coal. It lines cavities in a kind of marl at Grafeuthal, near Snalfeld in Thuringia, where it was first observed, in 1809, by Riemann, and hence has been called riemannite. Found also at Schneeberg in Saxony; at Gersbach in the Schwarzwald; Petrow in Moravia, in a bed of limouite; Chotina in Bohemia, at a copper mine in alum slate; at Friesdorf, near Bonn, in lignite (the elhuyarite, of a brownish or honey-yellow color, with G. = 1-6); Vise in Belgium, in the Carboniferous limestone; at the Chessy copper mine, near Lyons, France; in the chalk of Beauvais, France, presenting a honey-yellow color; at New Charltou, near Woolwich, in Kent, England, in old chalk-pits, of amber-yellow, ruby-red, and nearly opaque white colors. In the United States it occurs in a mine of limonite, with gibbsite, at Richmond, Mass., forming a hyaline crust, scaly or compact in structure, and brittle; at the Bristol Copper Mine, Ct.; at Morgautowu, Berks Co., Pa.; at the Friedeusville zinc mines, Pa.; in the copper mine of Polk Co., Tenn v Named from a/lAo?, other, and (paivecrQai, to appear, in allusion to its change of appear- ance under the blowpipe. A yellowish white earthy mineral fromKornwestheim, between Stuttgart and Ludwigsburg, with G. -= \ '794 and 2-098, consists of allophane and aluminite, and has been called Kiesel- aluminite (Siliceous aluminite} by Groniugen and Oppel. In one of their analyses they obtained (JB.Cb., 892, 1852, from Wuittemb. Nat. Jahreshefte, 189, 1851): SiO 2 13 06. SO 3 5'04, A1 2 O 3 42 59, ign. 39'32 = lOO'Ol. The sulfatallophan of Muck (Zs. Berg. -Sal. Weseu, 28. 192, 1880) is similar; it occurs as an earthy, white or pale wine-yellow to greenish yellow substance in the clay of the Schwelm mine. Plumballophane is a variety of allophane in stalactitic forms containing a little lead; from Monte Vecchio, Sardinia, Bombicci [Att. Soc. Itnl. Sc. Nat., 11], Jb. Miu., 750, 1868. CAROLATHINE F. L. Sonnenschein, Zs. G. Ges ., 5, 223, 1853 and J. pr. Ch., 60, 268, 1853. Amorphous, with a mammillary surface, and approaching allophane in the ratio of Si to Al, but contains less water. H. = 2'5; G. = 1-.515; color honey- to wine-yellow; subtranslucent. Analysis by Sonnenschein gave: SiO 2 29'62, A1 2 O 3 47'25, H 2 O 15'10, C 1'33, H 0'74, O 5-96 = 100. B B. ignites without flame., owing to the organic ingredients present. From the coal-bed of the K5nigin-Louise Mine, at Zabrze, in Upper Silesia. Named for Prince von Carolath. SAMOITE Dana, Min., 288, 1850; and Geol. Rep. Expl. Exp.. 324, 1849. Stalactitic, with a lamellar structure. H. = 4-4*5. G. = l'7-l 9. Luster resinous in the fracture. Color white, grayish, or yellowish. Translucent to subtrauslucent, not adhering to the tongue nor plastic, being too hard. Comp. -Perhaps 2Al 2 O 3 .3SiO 2 .10H 2 O = Silica 31 -9, alumina 36'2, water 31 '9 = 100. Analyses. 1, 2, B. Silliinan, 1. c. 3, Janovsky, quoted by Zepharovich, Ber. Ak. Wien, 69(1), 32, 1874. 694 SILICATES. Si0 2 A1 2 3 Fe 2 O 3 H 2 O CaC0 3 1. Samrite G. = 1-69-1-813 31 '25 37-21 30'45 O'Ol MgO 0'06, Na 2 O 0'06 = 99'04 2. " G. = 1-894 35-14 31'95 30-80 121 MgO 1 05 = 100-15 3 Pseud. G. = 1-87 2912 31-46 8'86 30'56 = 100 Gelatinizes in acids, leaving a portion of silica. Forms stalactites and stalagmites; the former low conical; the latter flattened hemispherical in shape, with a width of 3 inches or so, smooth at surface. They consist within of a series of thin plates closely adhering. When fresh they were soft enough to be cut with a knife, but hardened on exposure. They occur in a lava cavern on the south side of the extinct volcanic island of Upolu, of the Navigator or Samoa group; the cavern was a passage some hundreds of yards long, entered about a mile and a half from the sea by a perpendicular descent of 25 feet, and extending toward and beneath the sea, and also up the mountain to an unascertained dis- tance. Its sides and bottom were in places covered with the samoite, which had been formed from the percolating waters. The overlying rock was about 15 feet thick. Samoite of Silliman, Jr. (Daua'sExpl. Exp. Geol. Rep., 732), is a kind of feldspar incorrectly analyzed; probably labradorite. The material of analysis 3 is an alteration-product of gehleuite from Orawitza, cf . Zepharo- vich, I.e. and this Min., p. 476. 499. COLLYRITE. Das man dort Salpeter nannte (fr. Schemnitz) Freiesleben, Lempe's Mag., 10, 99, 1793. Naturliche Alaunerde (fr. Schemnitz) v. Fichtel, Min., 170, 1794; Klapr., Beitr., 1, 257, 1795. Kollyrit Karat., Tab., 30, 73, 1800. A clay-like mineral, white, with a glimmering luster, greasy feel, and adher- ing to the tongue. G. = 2-2*15. H = 1-2. Comp. 2Al 2 3 .Si0 2 .9H 2 ; or 1 of allophane 6H 2 + 1 of gibbsite = Silica 14-1, alumina 47-8, water 38'0. Analysis. J. H. and G. Gladstone, Phil. Mag., 23, 461, 1862 . Hove SiO 2 14-49 A1 2 O 3 47'44 H 2 O [36'39] CaO 0'89 CO 2 0'79 = 100 In other specimens Gladstone obtained from 8 to 3 p. c. of silica, indicating a varying proportion of aluminium hydrate. Early anals., see 5th Ed., p. 420. Fyr., etc. Yields water. B.B. infusible. Gives a blue ^ color when heated with cobalt solution. Gelatinizes with nitric acid. Does not fall to pieces in water, or increase in weight. Obs. From Ezquerra in the Pyrenees; near Schemnitz, Hungary; near Weisseufels, Saxony; at Hove, near Brighton, England, in fissures in the upper chalk, of a pure white color and very soft. The name collyrium (Kokkvpior) was applied by the Greeks to the " Samian earth;" Karsten adopted it because the description of this earth by Dioscorides answers well for the above mineral. DILLNITE Haidinger, Hutzelmann, Pogg., 78, 577, 1849. A related substance; the gangue of the diaspore of Schemnitz, at a place called Dilln. It is probably a mixture of diaspore and kaolinite. See further 5th Ed., p. 421. 500. SCHROTTERITE. Opalin-Allophan Schrotter, Baumg. Ztg., 4, 145, 1837. Schrott- erit Glocker, Grundr., 536, 1839. Opal Allophane, Resembles allophane; sometimes like gum in appearance. H. = 3-3-5. G. = 1-95-2 05. Color pale emerald- to leek-green, greenish white, yellowish, or at times spotted with brown. Translucent to nearly transparent. Comp 8A1 2 O 3 3SiO 2 30H 2 O = Silica 11'7, alumina 53'1, water 35'2 = 100. Anal. 1, Schrotter, J. pr. Ch., 11, 380, 1837. 2, J. W. Mallet, Am. J. Sc., 26, 79, 1858. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe.,O 3 H 2 O CaO CuO 1. Styria 11'95 46'30 2'95 36-20 1-30 0'25 SO 3 0'78 = 99'73 S.Alabama | 10'53 46'48 41 '09 ZnOO'77, FeO,MgO tr., SO 3 0'80=99'67 Obs. From Dollinger mountain, near Freienstein, in Styria, in nests between clay-slate and granular limestone; in Cornwall; at the Falls of Little River, on the Sand Mtn., Cherokee Co., Alabama, as an incrustation over half an inch thick and partly stalactitic, resembling gum arabic when broken, having H. = 3'5, and G. = 1'974. SCAKBROITE Vernon, Phil. Mag., 5, 178, 1829. A white clayey substance, allied to schrotterite in composition (H 2 O = 46'75 Vernon). It is dull, adhesive to moist surfaces and may be polished by the nail. It fills the veinings of a sandstone, which is much marked with oxide of iron, or of its septaria, on the coast of Scarborough, Yorkshire, England. APPENDIX TO CLAYS. 695 APPENDIX TO CLAYS.. The following are other earthy hydrous aluminous silicates, all of doubtful character: SINOPITE Hausm., Handb., 1847; ^ivooTtiSl Theophr.; Rubrica Vitruv.; Sinopis Pliny, Sinopische Erde Klapr., Beitr. , 4, 345, 1807; Bol de Sinopis Beud. A clayey earth of brick-red color dotted with white, adhering to the tongue. The material analyzed by Klaproth was from Anatolia. Asia Minor. The sinopic earth of the ancients was brought from Cappadocia, and used as a red paint, and may have been a red ocher. Theophrastus speaks of two othei kinds of sinopic earth, one whitish, the other between the red and white in color, and called the pure kind because it was used without mixing; besides also an artificial kind made by burning a clay the clay becoming red owing to the hydrated iron oxide present, which was freed from its water by the heat. Anal. 1, below. MELINITE Glocker, Syn., 186, 1847; Gelb-Erde pt. Wern., Hoifm. Min., 2, b, 210; Argile ocreuse jaune pt. H. ; Yellow ocher pt. A yellow clayey material, looking like yellow ocher, more or less lamellar in structure, shining in streak, adhering to the tongue, and soiling the fingers; G. = 2'24. The kind analyzed, and to which the name especially belongs, is that from Amberg in Bavaria. Other reported localities are Miinden and Schouingen in Hanover; Wehrau, Prussia; Robschutz, Saxony; Vierzon (whence sometimes called Vierzonite), Dept. of Cher, and Pourrain, Dept. of Yonne, France. Anal. 2, below. OCHRAN Breith., Char., 100, 1832. A kind of " bole" of a yellow color from Orawitza, a little greasy in feel, with H. = 1-2, and G. 2'4-2'5; streak pale yellow to colorless. PLINTHITE. Plyutbite Thorn.. Min., 1, 323, 1836. A brick-red clay from Antrim, Ireland, having G. = 2-342, and H. = 2'75, and not adhering to the tongue. Also from Quiraing in Skye, Heddle, Min. Mag., 5, 26, 117. Analyses. 1, Klaproth, 1. c. 2, Kilhn, Schw. J., 51, 466, 1827. 3, Kersten, Schw. J., 66, 31, 1832. 4, Thomson, 1. c. 5, Heddle, 1. c. 1. Sinopite 2. Melinite 3. Ochran Si0 2 32-0 33-23 31-8 A1 2 O 3 Fe a O 8 26-5 21-0 14-21 37-76 43-0 1-2 CaO NaCl H 2 O 1-5 17-0 = 98-0 _ _ 13-24 MgO 1-38 = 99-82 21-0 = 97 4. PlintMte 30-88 20-76 \ i6-16 2-60 - - 19-60 = 100 5. Skye 2955 19-03 \ 28-01 2-23 - - 17 39 FeO 3-25, MnO 0-84 = 100-30 These ocherous clays are probably only mixtures. SMECTITE. Fuller's Earth pt.; Terra or Creta Fullouum pt.; Walkthon, Walkerde pt. Germ.; Terre a Foulon pt. Fr. Walker's Clay. Walkerite. Smectit Breith., Handb., 344, 1841. Malthacit Breith., J. pr. Ch., 10, 510, 1837. Massive. Clay-like. Very soft. G. = 1-9-2-1. Luster dull; of streak shining. Color white, gray, and various shades of green to mountain-green and olive-green, or brownish. Streak colorless. Unctuous. Does not adhere to the tongue. Softens in water. Fuller's Earth includes many kinds of unctuous clays, gray to dark-green in color, and is only in part Breithaupt's smectite. Much of it is kaolinite. Malthacite is described as occurring in thin laminae or scales and sometimes massive, with the color white or slightly yellowish, and thin plates translucent: the original is from basalt, at Steiudorfel, in Lausitz; and Berauu in Bohemia is given as another locality, Smectite is a mountain-green, oil-green, and grayish green clay, from Cilly in Lower Styria. The chemical species characteristic of these minerals is probably the same a silicate of aluminium related to cimolite, but containing three or four times as much water. Analyses. 1, Jordan, Pogg., 77, 591, 1849. 2, Klaproth, Beitr., 4, 338, 1807. 3, O. Meiss- ner, 1. c. SiO 2 A1 2 3 Fe 2 3 MgO CaO H 2 O 1. Cilly, Smectite 51-21 12'25 2'07 4'89 213 27'89 = 100'44 2. Reigute, Fuller's E. 53'00 1000 9'75 1'25 0'50 24'00 K 2 O tr., NaCl O'lO = 98 60 3. Steiudorfel, Malth. 50'17 10'66 3'15 0*25 35'83 = 100'06 B.B. malthacite is infusible; but smectite and the Reigate fuller's earth, owing to the impurities present, fuse rather easily. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid. RHODALITE Thomson, Min., 1, 354, 1836, is a soft, earthy rose-red mineral; feel soapy. An impure hydrous silicate of iron and aluminium. From nodules in amygdaloid, in Antrim, northern Ireland. SPHRAGIDITE. Aiinvia yrj Dioscor. 'SQpayiS X^/nvia. Terra lemnia Plin., 36. Sphragid Karst., Tab., 28, 88, 1808. Related in composition to cimolite (p. 689), but contains some alkali. Color yellowish gray, brownish, or yellowish white. Sometimes mottled with rust-like spots; harsh to the touch, adheres feebly to the tongue, and forms a paste with water. 696 SILICATES. Klaproth obtained for its composition, Beitr., 4, 333, 1807: SiO 2 66'00, A1 2 O 3 14*50, Fe a O 3 6-00. MgO 0-25, CaO 0'25, Na,O 3'50, H 2 O 8'50 = 99. From Stalimene, the ancient Lemnos. It was also called Terra sigillata. It was dug for medicinal purposes once a year, cut into spindle-shaped pieces, and stamped with a seal, and hence the name sigillata in Latin, and sphragis in Greek. There was also a Rubrica Lemnia, or Lemnian Reddle, used by painters, which is confounded by Pliny with the true terra lemnia. EHRENBERGIT Ndggerath, Vh. Ver. Rheinl., 9, 378, 1857. Near the preceding in com- position, and, like that, containing alkali. It is almost gelatinous in the fresh state, and becomes fragile, pulverulent, and opaque on drying; color rose-red. Anal. 1, Schnabel, I.e. 2, G. Bischof, 1. c. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 MnO MgO CaO Na 2 O,K 2 O H 2 O 1. 56-77 15-77 1-65 086 1'30 2'76 [3'78] 1711 = 100 2. 64-54 6-04 4'56 4'61 0'41 3'96 [8'llJ 7'77 = 100 Ehrenbergite occurs in clefts in trachyte at the quarries of Steinchen and Wolkenburg, Siebengebirge. PORTITE Meneghini & Bechi, Am. J. Sc., 14, 63, 1852. Orthorhombic. In radiated masses; cleavage very distinct parallel to a rhombic prism of 60 and 120. H. =5. G. = 2'4. Luster vitreous Color white. Opaque. Analysis by Bechi, 1. c.: SiO 2 58'12, A1 2 O 3 27'50, MgO 4 -87, CaO 1-76, Na 2 O 0*16, K 2 O O'lO, H 2 O 7*92 100'43. B.B. intumesces much and affords a milk-white enamel. Dissolves in acids, even in the cold, and gelatinizes. From the gabbrq rosso in Tuscany. Named after Mr. Porte of Tuscany. TERATOLITE Olocker, Grundr., 544, 1839; Terra miraculosa Saxonia? C. Richter, 1732; Sax- onische Wundererde of old Germ, authors; Eisensteinmark Breith., Char., 147, 1823, 301, 1832. A. Knop holds (Jb. Min., 546, 1859) that the teratolite is an impure lithomarge-like pholerite. It is described as having H. = 2-25, and G. 2'49-2-5; color varied with lavender and other shades of blue, and spots of red, and rarely pearl-gray. It is from an amygdaloidal rock over- laid by coal strata at Plauitz near Zwickau in Saxony. It contains much oxide of iron; but, according to Kuop, probably is a mixture of pholerite with some free quartz, pulverized feldspar, hydrate of iron, carbonate of lime, and magnesia. CATLINITE G. T. Jackson, Am. J. Be., 35. 388, 1839; G. Catliu, ib., 38, 138, 1840. The red clay forming beds of considerable extent in Pipestone county in the southwestern part* of Minnesota. It was much used by the Indians for pipes, etc. It is not a definite mineral species. Anal. 1, 2, Peckham, 6th Ann. Rep. Minn., 101, 1877; cf. also ibid., p. 98, and llth Rep., p. 7, 1883. 1. Red SiO 2 57'43 A1 2 O 3 25-94 Fe 2 O 3 8'70 H 2 O 7'44 MgO, CaO tr. = 99'51 2. Light colored 58 25 35 '90 tr. 6 -48 = 100 '63 Named after the writer on the North American Indians, George Catlin (1796-1872). KEFFEKILITE Keifekilith Fischer, Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscou, 1, 60, 1811. A pearl-gray to grayish white Hthomarge, from the Crimea, having a greasy feel, and somewhat adhering to the tongue, with G. 2'40. John. Becomes hard enough to scratch glass by calcination. It is evidently merely a clayey mixture. Keffekil Tartarorum was, according to Cronstedt (Min., 79, 1758), a yellowish white Hthomarge from Tartary, used there as a substitute for soap. It has been referred to sepiolite. ORAVITZITE Breith., Handb., 366, 1841. Massive and in nodules, and resembling halloysite, but heavier. H. = 2-2'5; G. = 2'701; luster waxy; color greenish white; unctuous. It is sup- posed to be a hydrous aluminous silica containing zinc oxide. In the glass tube yields much water. B.B. yields, according to Plattner, with soda and borax on charcoal, a slag which is yellow while hot and white on cooling. The zinc oxide is probably present as a mixture in the clay. From Orawitza, Hungary, with calamine. HVERLERA Forchhammer, Berz. JB., 23, 265, 1844. A white or reddish clny resulting from the action of sulphuric and carbonic acids on the ferriferous clays of Krisuvig, Iceland. Analysis: SiO 2 5o-99, A1 2 O 3 7'39, Fe 2 O 3 21-21, MgO 19-96, TiO 2 0'46 = 100-01. WOLCHONSKOITE Kammerer, Jb. Min., 2, 420, 1831. Volchonskoite. Amorphous. Dull to shining. Color bluish green, passing into grass-green. Streak bluish green and shining. Feel resinous. Polished by the nail. Fracture subconchoidal. Adheres slightly to the tongue. Very fragile. H. = 2-2'5. G. = 2 '2-2 3. A chrome bearing clay. Anal. 1, Kersten, Pogg., 47, 489, 1839. 2, Ivanov, quoted by Kk., Min. Russl., 1, 145. Si 2 O A1 2 3 Cr 2 3 Fe 2 O 3 Mn 2 O 3 MgO H 2 O 1. Okhansk 3701 6'47 17-93 10'43 1'66 1-91 21-84 PbO 1-01, K 2 O tr. = 98 26 2. 3684 3-50 18'85 17 '85 tr. 22'46 CaO 1 '39 = 100'89 In the closed tube yields water. B.B. blackens, but is infusible. With the fluxes gives reactions for chromium and iron. Gelatinizes with hot concentrated hydrochloric acid, in which half the chromium is dissolved, the rest remaining in union with silica. icfi [Laboratory, 1, 237, 1867J Contrib. Min. Victoria, 61. Massive. H.=3'5. Id green. Subtrauslucent. Fracture uneven and splintery. Somewhat HYDROUS SILICATES. 697 From Okhansk in Siberia. Named after the Russian Volchonsky. MILOSCHITE. Miloschin Herder, Pogg., 47, 485, 1839. Serbian Breith., J. pr. Ch., 4 15, 327, 1838. Compact. H. = l'5-2. G. = 2-131, Breith. Color indigo-blue to celandine-green. Approaches a chromiferous allophane with half the water of allophane. Analyses. 1, Kersten, Pogg., 47, 485, 1839. 2, Bechi, Am. J. Sc., 14, 62, 1852. 1. Ruduiak SiO 2 27-50 A1 2 O 3 45'01 Cr 2 O 3 3 61 CaO 0'30 MgO 0'20 H 2 O 23-30 = 99'92 2. Tuscany 28 -36 41 "33 8'11 22-75 = 100'55 In a matrass yields water. B.B. infusible. Partly dissolved in hydrochloric acid. From Rudniuk in Servia, associated with quartz and brown iron ore; Vol terra, Tuscany. Named after Prince Miloschi. SELWYNITE Ulrich G. = 2-53. Emerald brittle. Composition, according to an analysis by Cosmo Newbery : Si0 2 47 15 A1 2 3 33-23 Cr 2 O 3 7'61 MgO 4'56 H 2 O 6'23 = 98'78 B.B. becomes, white and fuses on the edges to a grayish white blebby glass. Only partially soluble in strong acids Found near Heathcote. Victoria (Australia), in the Upper Silurian. Named after A. C. Selwyu, director of the geological survey of Victoria. Chrome Ocher. A clayey material, containing some chromium oxide. Occurs earthy of a bright green shade of color. Anal. 1, Drappiez. 2, Duflos, Schw. J., 64, 251, 1832. 3, Zellner, Isis, 637, 1834. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Cr 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 H 2 O 1. Creuzat, Fr. 64'0 23'0 10 5 CaO and MgO 2'5 = 100 2. Halle 57'0 22'5 5'5 3'5 11-0 = 99'5 3. Silesia 58'5 30'0 20 3'0 6'25 = 99'75 Chrome ocher occurs at the localities above mentioned; also on Unst, one of the Shetlands, Morten berg in Sweden, and elsewhere. The chrome ocher of Halle, analyzed by Wolff (J. pr. Ch., 34, 202, 1845), approaches selwynite in composition, but contains much more water. It afforded: SiO 2 46'11, A1 2 O 3 30'53, Cr 2 O 3 4-28, Fe 2 O 3 3-15, H 2 O 12'53, Na 2 O 0-46, K 2 O 3'44 = 100'50; G. = 2'7, giving rather closely the formula of kaolin, and may be an impure kaolinite. V. Concluding Division. 501. Cenosite H 4 Ca a (Y,Er) 2 CSi 4 17 Orthorhombic (?) 502. Thaumasite CaSi0 3 .CaC0 3 .CaS0 4 .15H 2 503. Uranophane CaU 1 Sr 1 O n .6H 1 Orthorhombic 504. ChrysocoUa CuSi0 3 + 2H 2 505. Chioropal Fe a (Si0 3 ) 3 .5H 2 Amorphous. (Fe,Al) 2 (Si0 3 ) 3 .5H 2 506. Hisingerite Hydrated iron silicate. Amorphous. Gillingite, Jollyte. Melanosiderite. 507. Bementite 2MnSi0 3 .H 2 508. Caryopilite MD 4 Si 3 10 .3H 2 509. Neotocite, Stratopeite 698 SILICATES. 501. CENOSITE. Kainosit A. E. Nordenskiold, G. F5r. Forh., 8, 143, 1886. Orthorhombic or monoclinic; pseudo-hexagonal. Known only as a fragment of a six-sided prismatic crystal. Cleavage: in one direction distinct; in two others, at 90 or nearly 90, indis- tinct. Fracture uneven. H. = 5*5. G. = 3*413. Luster somewhat greasy. Color yellowish brown. Semi-transparent. Optically biaxial. Comp. H 4 Ca 2 (Y,Er) 2 CSi 4 17 , which may be written Ca(Y,Er) 2 (Si0 3 ) 4 .CaC0 3 . 2H 2 = Silica 34-7, carbon dioxide 6-4, yttrium oxides 37*6 (molec. wght = 260'3), lime 16-1, water 5-2 = 100. The true constitution is doubtful; Nprdenskiold calls attention to a possible relation to cancrinite, p. 427. Anal. Nordenskiold, 1. c. : SiO 2 Y 2 O 3 a Ce 2 (La,Di) 2 O 3 CaO MgO FeO Na 2 O C0 2 H 2 O | 34-63 37-67 tr. 15-95 03 0'26 0'40 5'90 5'26 = lOO'lO Incl. Y 2 O 3 ,Er 2 O 3 , etc., molec. weight 260'3. Pyr. Gives off water at a low red heat and CO 2 on strong heating. B.B. fuses with difficulty to a white enamel. Dissolves slowly in cold acids, readily -if heated, with the evolution of carbon dioxide. Obs. From Igeltjern on the island Hittero, Norway; known only in a single specimen, the fragment of a large crystal resembling beryl. Named from KairoS, unusual, in allusion to the composition. SiO a C0 2 S0 3 CaO H 2 O A1 2 3 Na 2 K 2 O Cl 982 6-90 13-12 27-43 42 16 0-17 0-18 0-07 0-13 _ 99-78 9-70 6-81 12-59 27-17 41 80 0-17 0-07 0-07 0-14 98-52 9-78 6-88 13-34 27-24 42 63 0-13 0-07 o-io o-io 100-27 9-54 6-84 13-23 27-38 43 32 100-31 9-54 7-19 13-48 27-12 43 05. 100-38 502. THAUMASITE. A. E. Nordenskiold, C. R, 87,. 31 3, 1878. G. Lindstrom, 6fv. s Ak. Stockh., 35, No. 9, p. 43, 1878. Tetragonal or hexagonal. Massive, compact, crystalline. Cleavage in traces. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. =3*5. GL = 1*877. Luster greasy, dull. Color white. Translucent. Optically uniaxial, negative. Kefractive indices: GO 1-503, e = 1-467 Btd. 1 ; GO = 1-507, e = 1-468 Levy-Lex. 1 Comp. CaSiO,.CaC0 3 .CaS0 4 .15H 1 = Silica 9-6, carbon dioxide 71, sulphur trioxide 12 -9, lime 27'0, water 43'4 = 100. Anal. 1-3, Lindstrom, 1. c. 4, HedstrSm, quoted by Widman, G. For. Forh., 12, 20, 1890. 5, Widman, 1. c. G. 1. Bjelke M. 2. " 1-877 3. 4. Kj511and 1'83 5. On the question of the nature of this remarkable mineral, cf. Tornebohm (quoted by Lind- strom); Btd., Bull. Soc. Mm., 3, 159, 1880, 4, 8, 1881; Nd., G. For. Forh., 5, 270, 1880, ib., 8, 146, 1886; Cohen, Jb. Min., 2, 22 ref., 1881; Lex., G. For. Forh., 9, 35, 1887, Btd., ib., p. 131. Thauinasite is shown to be essentially a homogeneous substance consisting for the most part of a negative uniaxial mineral with some amorphous matter, and small quantities of two minerals optically biaxial (Lex., Btd.). Pyr. B.B. swells up, colors the flame red, but infusible. In salt of phosphorus a skeleton of silica. In the closed tube decrepitates and gives off much water. Obs. Occurs filling cavities and crevices at the Bjelke mine, near Areskuta, Jemtland, Sweden; at first soft, but hardens on exposure to the air. Part of the specimens described by Nordenskiold and Lindstrom were collected by A. Polheimer in 1802-05 (anal. 2), others in 1859 (anal. 1), and 1878 (anal. 3); that analyzed by Widman (5) is stated to have been collected in 1838 by Burman at KjSlland in the Kail parish, Jemtland, some 13 miles from the Bjelke mine. The identity of these several specimens is strong proof that the substance is a homogeneous mineral. Named from ^avjua^eir, to be surprised, in allusion to the remarkable composition, which is without parallel among minerals. A fine fibrous chalk-white mineral occurs with the thaumasite, and is regarded as a decom- position product: H. = l'5-2'5; analysis, Lindstrom: SiO 2 11 '85, CO 2 6'86, SO 2 13'31, CaO 25'74, Al a C 3 (Fe a O 3 ) 2-58. Ref. 1 Cf. references above, also Levy-Lex., Min. Roches, 286, 1888. URANOPHANE CHRYSOCOLLA, 699 503. URANOPHANE. Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 5, 427, 1853, 11, 384, 1859. Uranotil E. Boricky, Ber. Bohin. Ges., 36, 1870. Orthorhotnbic. In minute acicular prisms, in radiated or stellate aggregations. Also massive with fine fibrous structure. H. = 2-3. G. = 3-81-3-90. Luster vitreous, of b pearly. Color honey- yellow, lemon- or straw-yellow. Coinp. A hydrous silicate of uranium and calcium, Ca0.2U0 3 .2Si0 2 + 6H 3 (Genth) = Silica 13'9, uranium trioxide 67'0, lime 6 '5, water 12-6 = 100. Anal. 1, Grundmann, Zs. G. Ges., 11, 390, 1859; recalculated by Websky after deducting impurities (7 p. c.), ib., 22. 92, 1870. 2, Boricky, 1. c. 3, 4, Wiukler, Jb. Min., 2, 111, 1880. 5, Genth, Am. Ch. J., 1, 88, 1879. 6, 7, H. von Foullon, Vh. G. Reichs., 21, 1883. G. SiO 2 U0 3 A1 2 3 Fe 2 3 CaO H 2 O 1. Kupferberg 17'08 53*33 6'10 507 15'11 MgO 1 '46, K 2 O 1 '85=100 2. Wolsendorf 3'96 13'78 66'75 0'51 5'27 12'67 P 2 O 5 0'45 =99'43 ' 3. Neustadtel 13'02 63'93 tr. 3'03 5'13 14'55 = 99'66 4. " 3-856 14-48 62'84 tr. 2'88 5'49 13'79 = 99'48 5. Mitchell Co., KC. 3-834 f 13'72 66'67 tr. tr. 6'67 12-02 PbO 0'60, BaO 0'28, SrO [013, P 2 5 0-29 = 100-38 6. " " " | 13-24 65 87 0'14 7'05 13-11 = 99 41 7. " " " 13-47 64-36 0*47 7'49 13'32 = 99 '11 A related mineral from the Garta feldspar quarry near Arendal, Norway, gave Nordenskiold (approx.): SiO 2 13'0, ThO 2 3'5 (with Ce and Y), UO 3 48 -8, CaO 14'7, PbO 1'7, ign. 18-6=100-3. It is an alteration -product of cleveite, G. For. Forh., 7, 121, 1884. Pyr., etc. B.B. turns dark- and yields water. Soluble in warm hydrochloric acid with separation of flocculeut silica. Obs. Uranophane (anal. 1) is from the granite of Kupferberg, Silesia; a prism of 34 and macrpdome of 90 are mentioned. Uranotil (anal. 2-4) occurs at Wolsendorf, Bavaria, in cavities in quartz on fluorite with uraninite (a prism of 16 is mentioned). Also from the Weisser Hirsch mine at Neustadtel near Schneeberg, Saxony. As an alteration-product of gummite (from uraninite) at the mica mines of Mitchell Co., N. C. (anal. 5-7); it forms an incrustation upon and penetrating the gummite. 504. CHRYSOCOLLA. Chrysocolla pt. Theophr., Diosc., Plin. Chrysocolla pt., Cseruleum pt. Germ. Berggriln, Agric., Foss., 1546. Casruleum moutanum pt. Wall., Miu., 280, 1747; C. monlanum, Viride montanum pt., Cronst., Min., 172, 1758. Mountain Blue and Mountain Green pt. Bleu de Montague, Vert de Montague, Bleu de Cuivre, Vert de Cuivre, Fr. Kupfer- griln Wern., Bergm. J., 382, 1789; Karst., Tab., 46. 1800, 62, 1808. Cuivre carbonate vert, pulverulent,^., Tr., 1801; Tab!., 1809. Kieselkupfer Klapr., Beitr., 4, 36. 1807. Vert de Cuivre, Chrysocolle, Brochant, Miu., 2, 203, 1808. Kieselmalachit Hausm., Handb., 1813. Kieselkupfer Leonh., Haudb., 1821. C. hydrosiliceux H. Cuivre hydrate silicifere, Hydrophane cuivreux, Fr. Somervillite (fr. N. J.) Dufr., Min., 3, 147, 1847. Dilleubvrgite. Kupferpecherz pt. Hoffm. Min., 3, b, 103, 1816; Hepatinerz Breith., Char., 224, 1832; Pechkupfer Hausm., Handb., 372, 1847. Llanca Chilian Miners. Demidovit N. Nd., Bull. Soc. Moscou, 29 (1), 128, 1856. Demidofflte. Asperolite Herm.. ib., 39, 68, 1866. Pilarite Kramberger, Zs. Kr., 5, 260, 1880. Cyanochalcite Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 106, 65, 1869. Cryptocrystalline; often opal-like or enamel-like in texture; earthy. Incrusting or filling seams. Sometimes botryoidal. Fracture conchoidal. Rather sectile; translucent varieties brittle. H. = 2-4. G-. = 2-2*238. Luster vitreous, shining, earthy. Color mountain-green, bluish reen, passing into sky-blue and turquois-blue ; brown to black when impure, treak, when pure, white. Translucent to opaque. Comp. True chrysocolla appears to correspond to CuSi0 3 + 2H 2 = Silica 34-3, copper oxide 45*2, water 20*5 = 100, the water being double that of dioptase. Composition varies much through impurities, as with other amorphous substances, resulting from alteration. As the silica has been derived from the decomposition of other silicates, ^ it is natural that an excess should appear in many analyses. Impure chrysocolla may contain, besides free silica, alumina, black oxide of copper, oxide of iron (or limonite), and oxide of manganese; and consequently vary in color from bluish green to brown and black, the last especially when manganese or copper is present. Other kinds are impure with carbonate or sulphate of copper; and others with lead, antimony, arsenic, etc. A kind from Dillenburg containing carbonate of copper has been called dUlenburgite; anothei 700 SILICATES. containing limouite is the copper pitch-blende, Kupferpecherz or Hepatinerz Germ. These are only mixtures. An aluminous chrysocolla from Chili (anal. 7) has been called pilarite after Professor Pilar of Agraui. Color greenish blue. G. = 2 62. A similar mineral from Utah has been examined by Santos, anal. 9. Demidomte occurs at Tagilsk, Ural, in mammillated crusts of a sky-blue color. N. Norden- skiold found in it 86 p. c. P 2 O 5 (anal. 5). Cyanochalcite of Hermann from Nizhni Tagilsk is similar, containing 6'9 P 2 O 5 Hermann (anal. 6). Massive, compact. H. 4. G. = 2'79. Color azure-blue. Asperolite of Hermann, with 27'25 p. c. H 2 O, is made CuSiO 3 -f- 3H 2 O; from Tagilsk, Russia; named in allusion to its brittleness. Somermllite is made by Berthier CuSiO 3 -f- 4H 2 O, but on insuf- ficient grounds; from Somerville, N. J. See Ann. Ch. Phys., 51, 395, 1832, and 5th Ed., p. 403. Anal. 1, Kobell, Pogg., 18, 254, 1830. 2, Freda [Gazz. Ch. Ital., 14, 339, 1884J, Zs. Kr., 11, 408. 3, Berthier, 1. c. 4, Bowen, Am. J. Sc., 8, 118, 1824. 5, N. Nordeuskiold, 1. c. 6, Hermann, 1. c. 7, Kramberger, 1. c. 8, Eustis, Ch. News, 48, 109, 1883. 9, Santos Ch. News, 36, 167, 1877. 10, Jannettaz, Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 211, 1886. 11, Liversidsre, Yin. N. S. W., 57, 1888. 12, 13, Hutchings, Ch. News, 36, 18, 1877. 14, J. L. Smith, Gillis's Exped., 2, 92, 1854. 15-17, Pellegrini, Zs. Kr., 4, 408, 1880. 18, Robertson, Ch. News, 50, 209, 1884. Also 5th Ed., pp. 403,404. A1 2 3 gangue 2'10 = 99 '84 tr. = 98-56 gangue 1-0 = 100 = 99-42 0-53 MgO 3-15, P 2 O 5 8-60 = 100 P 2 O 5 6-95 = 100 16-9 CaO 2-5 = 98' 7 = 98-95 10 78 = 99-76 CaO 05, CuCl s 0-9 = lOO'l = 99 71 0-55 X b 1-53 = 100-19 3-65 X c 2-13 = 99-85 2-83 = 100-28 96 CaO 3-08 - 97 -26 0-42 FeO 1-82, CaO 2'31 = 96'63 23 CaO 3-99 = 97-22 6'27Mn 2 O 3 2'22 = 9990 * At 120, 11-92. b X = PbO 0-26, ZnO 09. CaO 0'81, MgO 0'37. c X = PbO 0-41, ZnO O'lO, CaO 80, MgO 0-82. Pyx-., etc. In the closed tube blackens and yields water. B.B. decrepitates, colors the flame emerald-green, but is infusible. With the fluxes gives the reactions for copper. With soda and charcoal a globule of metallic copper. Decomposed by acids without gelatinization. Obs. Accompanies other copper ores, occurring especially in the upper part of veins. Found in most copper mines in Cornwall; at Libethen in Hungary; at Falkenstein and Schwatz in the Tyrol; in Siberia; the Bauat; Thuringia; Schueeberg, Saxony; Kupferberg, Bavaria; South Australia; Chili, etc. In bluish green spherical forms in the lava at Monti Rossi, Etna. In Somerville and Schuyler's mines, New Jersey, at Morgantown, Pa., and at Wolcottville, Conn., chrysocolla occurs associated with red copper ore, native copper, and green malachite; in Pennsylvania, near Morgantown, Berks Co.; at Perkiomen; at Cornwall, Lebanon Co.; also with similar associated minerals, and with brown iron ore, in Nova Scotia, at the Basin of Mines; also in Wisconsin and Michigan, mixed with carbonate of copper. In fine specimens, sometimes glassy green, at the Clifton mines, Graham Co., Arizona; also at the Old Globe mine, Gila Co., and at many other points. Emma mine, Utah. Chrysocolla is from pv 6-87 2 80 0-75 56 [= 100 23-36 MnO 0'67, [K 2 O 1-14 = 100 4293 2891 3-19 2-84 o 35 18-32 = 99-54 2- 19 48-59 32- 54 9-09 55 tr. 2-09 7-05 = 99-91 40-30 36 44 tr. 2' 68 20-98 = 100-40 1- 89 39-70 21-94 1092 14 25-41* alk. [1-89] [= 100 1 94 49-66 29 11 051 2 61 17-53 b Na 2 OO-60, 13. LehighMt.,Pen 14. 15. u.,drk.yw. 40' 81 It. yw. 2-033 42-79 yw.grn. 41*16 39-30 39-19 30-79 2-05 0-21 16. 17 18. bi'n. white 41-41 43-54 44-52 35-35 3-04 39-52 11-04 25 95 19. Albemarle Co., Va. 2-06 38-64 22-18 20'05 0'04 tr. 0-44 1-09 [K 2 0-17 = 100-19 19-79 = 99 90 19-09 = 101-07 20-79 K 2 O 4-54 [= 99-54 20-45 = 100-25 17-71 = 100-77 17-65 K 2 0-94 [= 100-10 15-71 = 98-15 Over H 2 SO< 11 '58, at 250 7 '22. b Combined 5 "22. Pyr., etc. Yields water. B.B. infusible, but turns black and becomes magnetic^ With the fluxes gives reactions for iron. Chloropal is partially decomposed by hydrochloric acid; 702 SILICATES. pinguite is completely decomposed, with separation of pulverulent silica, while nontronite gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. Obs. Localities are mentioned above. The locality of chloropal at Meenser Steinberg is near Gottingen; pinguite occurs also at Stern berg in Moravia. The Lehigh Mt., Pa., locality is south of Allentown, near Mountainville, where it occurs in connection with iron deposits. Named from ^Aajpd?, green, and opal. Chloropal also occurs (Church, Ch. News, 2, 71, 1866) in a feldspar quarry, near the old tin mine known as Carclase, not far from St. Austell, in Cornwall, associated with fluorite; it is the variety which has been named graminite. GLASURITE. PROTONONTRONITE A. Knop [Vers. Oberrh. G. Ver. Stuttgart, 13, 1888], Zs. Kr., 18, 668, 1891. Imperfectly characterized silicates occurring in amygdaloidal cavities in the limburgyte of Sasbach in the Kaiserstnhl. Olasurite is a brownish yellow substance mixed with calcium carbonate, etc., appearing in layers as a glazed coating of the cavities. After partial purification the results of analysis 1 were obtained. Protonontronite is a dark leek-green substance which, mixed with calcium carbonate, forms a greenish white fatty mass filling the cavities entirely. Composition of material freed from the carbonate in analysis 2: SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MnO MgO CaO H 2 O 51-20 8-29 19-62 0*25 4'04 16'80 = 100-20 48-52 5-94 600 0'59 24'72 2'79 10'70 = 99'26 ANTHOSIDERITE Hausm. , Gel. Anz. Gott., 281, 1841. In tufts of a fibrous structure, and sometimes collected into feathery flowers. Resembles cacoxene. H. = 6 '5. G. = 3. Luster silky, a little chatoyant on a fresh fracture. Color ^Cher-yellow and yellowish brown, somewhat grayish, rarely white. Powder brown to colorless. Opaque or slightly subtransluceut. Gives sparks with a steel. Tough. Composition, 2Fe 2 O 3 .9SiO 2 .2H 2 O = Silica 60'3, iron sesquioxide 35'7, water 4'0 = 100. Analysis by Schnedermann (1. c., and Pogg., 52, 292, 1841) of the yellow variety: | SiO 2 60-08 Fe 2 O 3 34'99 H 2 O 3'59 = 98*66 B.B. becomes reddish brown, then black, and fuses with difficulty to a black magnetic slag. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid. From Antonio Pereira, in the province Minas Geraes, Brazil, where it is intimately associated with magnetic iron. Named from arQoS, flower, and (ridypoS, iron. 506. HISINGERITE. Hisingerit (fr. Riddarhyttan) Berz., Pogg., 13, 505, 1828. DegerSit Holmberg, Bidr. Finl. Nat., 1, 4, Miu. Ges. St. Pet., 1850, 1851, N. Nordenskiold, Verz. Finl. Min., 1852. Skotiolit Arppe, Finsk. Min., 13, 1857. Mangauhisingerite Weibull, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 41, No. 9, 21, 1884. Amorphous, compact, without cleavage. Fracture conchoidal. H. = 3. G. = 2'5-3O. Luster greasy, inclining to vitreous. Color black to brownish black. Streak yellowish brown. Comp. A hydrated ferric silicate, but of uncertain composition, the material analyzed being in most cases of questionable homogeneity. Var. (1) Hisingerite, (2) Degeroite, G. = 2'54, Holmberg; H. = 2'5; color blackish green to black. (3) Scotiolite; G.= 3'09; H. = 3; color dark green to black (and named from ovrorzoS, dark); contains much magnesia, and less water than hisingerite. Manganhisingerite from Vestra Silfberg, Sweden, anal. i4, is an alteration-product of knebelite, probably not homogeneous. G. = 2'469. Anal. 1-10. Cleve, Oberg, LindstrSm, Nordenskiold, Thoreld, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 23, 169, 1866. 11, Rg., Pogg,, 75, 398, 1848. 12, Thoreld, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 169, 1866. 13, Arppe, 1. c. 14, Weibull, 1. c. 15, Rand, Proc. Ac. Philad., 304, 1872. 16, F. W. Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 34, 133, 1887. 17, Church, J. Ch. Soc., 23, 3, 1870. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 3 FeO MnO MgO CaO H 2 O C H 2 O(100) 1. Riddarhyttan 35-02 1-20 39-46 2'20 080 tr. 10'50 11-20 insol. [0-95=101-33 2. " 35-08 1-38 40 28 223 0'35 0'36 20*78 =100-46 3. Solberg, Norway 35 33 3214 7'08 3'60 10 38 11'66=100-19 4. " " 3755 1-17 30-57 7'00 2'91 1-41 7'21 13'll = 100-93 5. Jordasen 34-90 36-00 9'20 267 9'13 9-83=10123 6 Langban 3571 27"70 7'52 3'02 1-68 1'48 10'64 12'19= 99'94 7. Waldemarsvik 33-66 39*90 2-30 2'95 11'72 9'37= 99-90 8. Orijarvi 36'92 3187 892 206 7'59 13-56=100'92 9. Tunaberg 37'14 1'39 30 24 3'02 0'17 6'06 10'95 10'61= 99'58 HISINGERITE. 703 SiO 2 A1 2 3 Fe 2 3 FeO MnO MgO CaO H 2 O C H,O(100) 10. Langban, Scotiolite 36'73 34*97 3'09 tr. 8'75 3'20 6*30= 99'04 11. Riddarhyttau, His. 33'07 34'78 17'59 0*46 2-56 11 '54 -=100 12. Degero, Degeroite 3415 0'75 38'63 1-08 2'33 2'70 7'94 11-60 insol. |1-64=10082 13. Orijiirvi, Scotiolite 40 97 0'60 18-04 11 '70 15'63 0'38 8 -79 7'63= 98'74 14. Vestra JSilfberg 37'09 1-39 34'34 15'50 a 2*62 192 7 '81 = 100'67 15. Gap Mine, Pa. 35'40 27 46 12-53 9'89 14'80= 99*58 16. Alex. Co., N. C. 3116 8'06 35'86*> 5'43 20'50 =101 '01 17. Lostwithiel 3614 52'94 tr. 10'49 = 99'57 d a Mn 2 O . b Chiefly but not wholly FeO. c Above 100. d Also P 2 O 5 0*82. A mineral from Ducktown.Tenn., pseudomorph after calcite, gave Genth: SiO 2 24-42,Fe 2 O 3 49-02, ZuO 117, MgO 0'41, CaO 1'83, H 2 O 23 70 = 100-55 Am. Phil. Soc., 24, 21, 1887. Pyr., etc. Yields much water. B.B. fuses with difficulty to a black magnetic slag. With the fluxes gives reactions for iron. In hydrochloric acid easily decomposed without gelatinizing. Obs. Found at the various localities mentioned above. At Riddarhyttan it occurs in reni- form masses associated with pyrite in a copper mine, and is a result of alteration ; at DegerO, near Helsingfors, Finland, in a silver mine. Named after the Swedish chemist, W. Hisinger (1766-1852). GILLINGITE. Svart Stenart (fr. Gillinge) Hisinger, Afh., 3, 304, 1810. Gillingit Hisinger, Min. Geogr. Schwed. (Wohler's), 102, 1826. Thraulit (fr. Bodenmais) Kbl, Pogg., 14, 67, 1828. Traulit. Amorphous to compact. H. =3. G. = 3'045, Gilliuge, Hisinger. Luster shining to dull; surface of fracture earthy. Color black or blackish. Anal. 1, Hisinger, Afh., 3, 304. 2, Rg., Pogg., 75, 400, 1848; also Hoglund and Tamm, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 23, 169, 1866. 3, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 46, 238, 1849. 4, Hisinger, Pogg., 13, 505, 1828. 5, Kobell, 1. c. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO CaO H 2 O 1. Gillinge 27'50 5-50 52-27* 11-75 = 97'02 2. " 32-18 30-10 8-63 4-22 5'50 19'37 = 100 3. Orijarvi 29*51 10'74 37'49 7'78 13'00 = 98'52 4. Bodenmais, Thraulite 31 77 49'87 20'00 = 101-64 5. " " 31-28 43-42 5'70 1912 = 99'52 Incl. 0*77 Mn 2 O 3 . Yields much water. B.B. fuses at 5 to a black, slaggy, opaque, magnetic globule. Decom posed by hydrochloric acid. From Gillinge mine, in Sodermanlaud, Sweden, whence the name. Thraulite (named from &pavA.d$, fragile) occurs at Bodenmais, three leagues from Zwiesel, in Bavaria, with vivianile, etc. JOLLYTE Fr. v. Kobell, Ber. Ak. Munchen, 168, 1865. Compact, amorphous. H. = 3. G. = 2 61. Luster weak, greasy. Color dark brown, with greenish powder. Analysis. Kobell. SiO 2 35-55 A1 2 O 3 27'77 FeO 16-67 MgO 6'66 H 2 O 13-18 = 99-83 Occurs at Bodenmais in Bavaria, with pyrite, vivianite, iolite, etc. Resembles a hisingerite in which the iron is replaced by alumina. Named after the physicist, G. Jolly. MEL ANOSIDE RITE /. P. Cooke, Am. Ac. Sc., 10, 451, 1875. Amorphous; compact. H. = 4'5. G. = 8*891. Luster vitreous, inclining to resinous. Color black, with a tinge of red. Streak brownish to brick red. Subtranslucent. If homogeneous, a basic hydrated iron silicate, having the formula Fe 8 SiOi 4 .6H 2 O or 4Fe 2 O 3 .SiO 2 .6H 2 O - SiO 2 7 -4, Fe 2 O 3 79 2, H 2 O 13-4 = 100. Analysis. W. H. Melville, ibid.: | SiO 2 7-42 Fe 2 O 3 75-13 A1 2 O 3 4'34 H 2 O (above 100) 7'68, 100 6'17 = 100'74 In the closed tube decrepitates and gives off water. B.B. fuses at 4i to a magnetic mass. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. Locality, Mineral Hill, Delaware Co., Penn. Named from //e'AorS and _ 7.^ z (2-7-14, _ c (001, 0, y) P (705, f4) Z (720, f-I) e (Oil, 14) U (335, f) y (111, 2-2) o (310, *-3) s (021, 24) U (558, f) G (943, 3-f) ' 5 > m (110, /, r) (083, f-i) t 3 (223, f) * (312, f-3) 1U ' ~ T (130, *-3) C (041, 44) t, (334, |) / (534, f-f ) U (233, 1-f) 8 (205, - fi) a (115, - t ) O (238, - H ) T (5-0-12, - A4)? k (114, - i) * ( - ' j B (232, - f-|) * (102, - M (US! - }) (231 ' 2 > K (124! - I-!) ' F (101, - l-i) (HI, - 1) Z (316, - i-8) ^1 (122, - 1-2) TT (201, - 2-1) 7 (221, - 2) 5 (524, - |-|) ^ (7'15'35, - f -V 5 -)? ( (182, 4-8) Also doubtful forms noted by Busz (cf. Gdt., 1. c., p. 220): (1-1-20), ^(1-1-10), Z 7 (9-9-16), t, (9'9'14), U (7-7'10), ^(772), Z, (7'2'12), J (17 '8 ), 2(1-21-10), S, (465). oo" = 24 39' ft ft' = 126 22' cw = 92 50i r '< = 60 53' mm'" = *66 29' CC' = 142 45*' ce = 33 57' a'l = 85 44f rr' = 53 55' c ^ = 93 20' 22' = 30 16' ax = *39 17' = 38= 16' = | 4 I *' ^ ^ gl ^ c = 21 0' en 49 IV c/<- = 21 19 TW 54 18 rY ^9 19' S QH' x = 43 32' ' = 46 7|' C -* *** 1* CW = 65 30 Kr ,o 1ft ' jj/ cn n/ c* = 42 49' ww = 27 14' c ^ == g 19 = 69 9 cJ: = 51. 51' ^ = 40 34' cM = 59 24 ' = 22 44 ct t = 57 55' oe = 94 15' 7 0: 23' an = 35 3| = 100 713 Fig. 1, Lederite, Diana, N. Y. 2, 5, after Rose. 3, Eisbruckalp, after Busz. 4, Nordunark, Flink. 7, Rotheukopf, Hbg. 8, Fictile, Dx. 9, 10, Norway, Bgr. 11, A. C. Lane. 12, Schwarzenstein, Hbg. Twins: tw. pi. (1) a rather common, both contact-twins and cruciform pene- tration-twins; the former sometimes yielding forms apparently hemimorphic (f. 7). (2) c rather rare. (3) enclosed polysynthetic lamellae 3 , approximately || r) (221), f. 13, sometimes giving rise 13 - to easy parting. Crystals very Varied in habit; often wedge-shaped and flattened || c. Also prismatic by extension of in (110); less often n (111), f. 6; s (021), f. 8; again I (112) and M (13_2), f. 5, this the prismatic zone of Rose. Faces a, I (112) often striated || their intersection with m ; also s || edge p/s. Sometimes massive, compact; rarely lamellar. Cleavage: m rather distinct; a,_l (112) imperfect; in greenovite, n (111) easy, t (111) less so (Dx.). Parting 3 often easy \ rj (221) due to twinning Pitcairn u H. Williams 3 , lamellae. H.= 5-5-5. G.= 3 -4-3-56; 3-541 Chester, Pirsson. Luster adamantine to resinous. Color brown, gray, yellow, green, rose- 714 SILICATES. red and black. Streak white, slightly reddish in greenovite. Transparent to opaque. Pleochroism distinct in deep colored kinds: c red with tinge of yellow; b yellow, often greenish; a nearly colorless, Rosenb. Optically -(-. Ax. pi. || b. Bx nearly J_ x (102), i.e., Bx A k = -h 51. Dispersion p > v very large, and hence the peculiarity of the axial interference-figure in white light. Axial angles and refractive indices for St. Gothard (anal. 4), Busz: Li Na Tl 1-8839 1-8940 1 9041 y 1-9987- 2-0093. 2-0232 2E 57 20|' 52 29f 47 54f 2V 29 30' 27 Oi' 24 37*' a 1-8766 1-8879 1-8989 The axial angles vary widely, as shown in the values quoted below with the analyses (Busz); the connection between them and the composition is not clear. Busz also gives refractive indices for titauite from other localities. Var. 1. Ordinary, (a) Titanite; brown to black, the original being thus colored, also opaque or subtranslucent. (b) Sphene (named from cr0?/K, a wedge); of light shades, as yellow, greenish, etc , and often translucent: the original was yellow. Ligurite was an apple-green sphene; SpintJiere (or Semeline) a greenish; named spinthere from its luster, and semeline from semen lini, flax-seed, alluding to a common form. Lederite, brown, opaque, or subtrausluceut, of the form in f. 1. Titanomorphite is a white mostly granular alteration -product of rutile and ilmenite, not uncommon in certain crystalline rocks; it was made a calcium titanate by Bettendorif (Zs. Kr., 4, 167, 1879), but its true nature was established by Oathreiu (ib., 6, 244, 1881). Here also belongs most leucoxene (see p. 219). 2. Manganesian; Greenovite. Red or rose- colored, owing to the presence of a little manga- nese; from St. Marcel. Delesse found 3'6 p. c. MnO; Mgc. gives 0'76 Mn 2 O 3 . 3. Containing yttrium or cerium. See grothite, alshedite, eucolite-titanite, below. Comp. CaTiSi0 5 or CaO.Ti0 2 .Si0 2 = Silica 30-6, titanium dioxide 40-8, lime 28 '6 = 100. Iron is present in varying amounts, sometimes manganese and also yttrium in some kinds. Anal. 1, H. Rose, Pogg., 62, 261, 1844. 2-7, 9, Busz, Jb. Mm., Beil., 5, 341, 1887. 8, Resales, Pogg., 62, 263, 1844. 10, Harrington, quoted by Busz. 1. c. 11, Schrnoger, Zs. G. Ges., 27, 204, 1875. 12, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 23, 46, 1886. 13, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 41, 398, 1891. 14, F. W. Clarke, Proc. U. S. Mus., 352, 1885. Axial angles (2E) 1. Zillerthal 2. Wildkreuzjoch 3. Eisbruckalp 4. St. Gothard 5. Monroe 6. ValMaggia 7. Laacher See 8. Arendal 9. Renfrew 10. Greuville Li Na Tl 51 3' 45 41' 39 53' 52 36' 47 44' 44 23' 54 52' 50 21' 45 27' 57 21' 52 30' 47 55' 63 52' 60 14' 56 29' 69 2' 63 27' 58 31' 72 10' 68 9' 62 53' 76 28' 71 17' 66 24' SiO a TiO 2 Fe 2 O 3 CaO 90 57' 85 59' 80 18' 11. Waldheim 12. Statesville, N. C. 13. Magnet Cove 14. Georgetown, D. C. 32-29 34-57 30-87 29-12 30-92 30-08 30-10 31-20 30-58 41-58 44-92 42-43 42-09 3444 39-55 38-12 40-92 41-41 1-07 tr. 7-84 1-86 5-63 1-35 94 12' 88 17' 85 29' 32'09 37'06 1-16" 26-61 = 101-55 22 '54 = 102 "03 27 51 = 100-81 27-90 MuO tr. = 99'11 23'93 A1 2 O 3 2'61, MnO [0 32 = 100-06 28"26 MnO 1-72 = 99-61 29 59 = 99'67 22-25 = 100 22'55 A1 2 O 3 2'55, MgO [0-29 = 98-73 28'50 = 98-81 G. = 3-477 G. = 3-457 G. = 3-452 31-37 29-45 30-84 30-10 37-45 3'13 22'38 Y 2 O 3 0-88, A1 2 O 3 [4-79 = 100 38-33 1-61 29*11 MnO, MgO fr., ign. [0 60 = 99 10 39-35 0-73 28 26 MgO tr., ign. 0'57 [= 99 75 4082 tr* 28'08 MgO 0'40, ign.0'54 = 99 94 GROTHITE is a titanite from the Plauen Grund near Dresden, investigated by P. Groth (Jb. Min., 44, 1866). Form and angles like titanite. Cleavage (parting) distinct. H. = 6'5; TITAN1TE. 715 G. = 3 - 52-3'60. Luster vitreous to greasy. Color clove to blackish brown; in thin splinters reddish brown and translucent. The altered mineral is earthy and isabella-yellow to pale yellowish brown. Analysis. Groth: f SiO 2 30-51 TiO 2 31-16 Fe 2 O 3 5'83 A1 2 O 3 -f- Y 2 O 3 2'44 MnO 1 02 CaO 31'34 .- 102'30 ALSHEDITE of Blomstrand occurs in imperfect crystals with parting parallel rj (221), two faces at 54|; also massive. H. = 3*36. G. = 5. Color pale brown to ash-gray. Opaque. B.B. readily fusible to a black bead; soluble in hydrochloric acid. Analyses: SiO 2 TiO 2 SnO, Al a O, Fe 2 O 3 Y 2 O 3 CaO MnO MgO K 2 O,Na 2 O H 2 O 1. 28-26 36-61 0'47 3'41 4'25 2'78 21 '06 0'98 0'48 0'70 1-20 = 100-20 2. 30-61 35-86 0'38 3'47 3'61 2'57 20'51 0'82 0'32 0'58 1 '89 = 100 '62 From Slattkara in Smaland, Sweden; occurs embedded in the quartz of a pegmatyte vein. Eucolite-titanite. A variety of titanite from Norway in crystals prismatic || c, often twins || a; resembling eucolite in color, luster, etc., and shown by Brogger and Lindstrom to be peculiar in containing the metals of the cerium and yttrium groups. Bx A c = -f 57. Disper- sion p > v; strongly marked. Anal. G. LmdstrOm, quoted by Brogger: Si0 2 TiO a ZrO a Ce 2 O 3 Y 2 O 3 CaO FeO MgO Na 2 O K 2 O ign. G. = 3-59 | 30-22 34*78 0-18 2'57* 0'59 b 24'38 3'84 0'50 0'86 0'27 0'31 = 98'50 * Cerium oxides. b Yttrium earths. Occurs with a whitish feldspar, elaeolite, magnetite, spreustein, zircon, etc., on the island Stoko and elsewhere in the Langesund tiord; also from Fredriksvarn. Pyr., etc. B.B. some ^varieties change color, becoming yellow, and fuse at 3 with intu- mescence, to a yellow, brown, or black glass. With borax they afford a clear yellowish green glass. Imperfectly soluble in heated hydrochloric acid; and if the solution be concentrated along with tin, it becomes of a fine violet color. With salt of phosphorus in R.F. gives a violet bead; varieties containing much iron require to be treated with the flux on charcoal with metallic tin. Completely decomposed by sulphuric and hydrofluoric acids. Obs. Titanite occurs in embedded crystals, in granite, gneiss, mica schist, syenite, chlorite schist, and granular limestone; also in beds of iron ore, and volcanic rocks, and often associated with pyroxene, amphibole, chlorite, scapolite, zircon, apatite, etc. Microscopic examination shows it to be a common accessory constituent of many massive igneous rocks. In cavities in gneiss and granite, it often accompanies adularia, smoky quartz, apatite, chlorite, etc.; the crystals are sometimes coated with or penetrated by the chlorite. Occurs in crystals of a pale green color and transparent, at various points in the Grisons, Switzerland, associated with feldspar and chlorite; in tine crystals at Tavetsch; in mica slate in the St. Gothard region; Zermatt in the Valais; Maderanerthal in Uri; also at Mont Blanc, and elsewhere in the Alps; on crystals of calcite at Chalanches and Maromme, in Dauphiue (the spinthere H.); in small reddish crystals in the protogine of Pormenaz and Chamouni (pictile Saus.); in large, broad, yellowish or reddish green crystals, with colorless apatite, in a talcose schist at Ala, Piedmont (liguriteY, in pale yellowish green transparent or translucent crystals, lanceolate in forfn, lining fissures in titanic iron at Arendal, in Norway (aspidelite Weibye); with magnetite at Nordmark, Sweden; at Achmatovsk, Ural; at St. Marcel, in Piedmont, with man- ganesiau epidote and romeine (greenomte Dufr.); at Val Maggia, Piedmont; at Schwarzenstein and Rothenkopf in the Zillerthal, Pfitsch, Pfunders, Tyrol; Felberthal in Pinzgau; with epidote and albite at Zoptau, Moravia, in crystals of varied habit; at Frugard, in Finland, of a brownish black color; in the syenite of Biellese, Italy (containing yttrium). Small crystals occur in syenite at Strontian in Argyleshire, near Criffel in Galloway; at Craig Cailleach in Perthshire; in Inver- ness; near Tavistock; near Tremadoc, in North Wales, withbrookite; at Crow Hill,near Newry, Ireland. Occasionally it is found among volcanic rocks, as at Lake Laach (semeline of F. de Belle vue) ; and at Anderuach on the Rhine. In Maine, in fine crystals at Sandford, also at Thurston. In Mass., good crystals in gneiss, in the east part of Lee; at Bolton with pyroxene and scapolite in limestone; at Pelliam; in honey-yellow crystals (G. = 3'541 Pirsson) with diaspore at Chester. In Conn., at Trumbull. In JV. York, at Roger's Rock on Lake George, abundant in small brown crystals, along with graphite and pyroxene; at Gouverneur, in black crystals in granular limestone with scapolite; in Diana near Natural Bridge, Lewis Co., in large dark brown crystals, among which is the variety lederite (f. 1); at Rossie, Fine, Pitcairn and Pierrepont, St. Lawrence Co., in pale red and brown crystals with apatite, pargasite, and feldspar; in Macomb near Pleasant Lake; in Orange Co., in large crystals abundant in limestone, near Duck-cedar pond, in the town of Monroe; near Eden- ville in light brown crystals in limestone; five miles south of Warwick, in large grayish brown crystals, with zircon, hornblende, and iron ore; also in small crystals a mile south of Amity; in Westchester Co., near Peekskill, in an aggregate of feldspar, quartz, and hornblende; also neaj 716 SILICATES. West Farms, in small reddish brown prisms; at Brewster, at the Tilly Foster iron mine in very fine transparent greenish crystals, sometimes 2 in. long, often twins, with magnetite, apatite, etc.; this occurrence (discovered in 1891) is similar to that at Nordmark, Sweden. In N. Jersey, at Franklin Furnace, of a houey -yellow color. In Penn., Bucks Co., three miles west of Attleboro', associated with wollastouite and graphite; a small number of tine large crystals of a rich greenish brown tinge, in part symmetrical cruciform twins up to 2 inches in length, have been found at Bridgewuter Station, Delaware Co. In N. Carolina, at Statesville, Iredell Co., yellowish white with sunstone; also Buncombe Co., Alexander Co., and other points. Occurs in Canada, in amber-colored crystals, in the granitoid trachytes of Yamaska, Shefford, and Brome Mts.; in clove- or chocolate-brown crystals, often large, at Argeuteuil and Greuville, Argenteuil Co.; also Buckingham, Templeton, Wakefield, Hull, Ottawa Co.; at N. Burgess, of a honey-yellow, and N. ElmsJey, Lanark Co.; near Eganville, Renfrew Co., Ontario, in very large dark brown crystals with apatite, amphibole, zircon; similarly at other points where apatite is abundant. Alt. Titanite occurs of little hardness, dull in luster, and hydrated from alteration. Crystals of this kind, found in a decomposing feldspar, with zircon at Green River, Henderson Co., North Carolina, have been named by C. U. Shepard (Am. J. Sc., 22, 96, 1856) Xanthitane, see below. Titanite (leucoxene, titanomorphite, see above and p. 219) is a not uncommon alteration- product of ilmenite and rutile. On the other hand rutile, octahedrite, and perovskite have been described as derived from the alteration of titanite. Artif. Formed in crystals by heating together 3SiO 2 , 4TiO 2 , and calcium chloride; also the manganesian (greenovite) by adding manganese chloride (Hautefeuille). A stanno-silicate of calcium (CaSnSiO 5 ) corresponding to titanite has been obtained in mono- clinic crystals by Bourgeois, Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 54, 1887. Ref. ' Min., 145, 1862; c here (Dx.) = 2c Dana, Min., 1868; with Naumann, Hbg., etc., = 001, c 101 (y}, m = Oil (r), x = 102, n = 123; also for hkl (Dx.) and pqr (N.) we have: , , . 3 For lists of forms, see Mir., Min., 394, 1852, also Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc., 7, 210, 1842, or Pogg., 55, 626, 1852; Dx., 1. c., and 2, xxm, 1874; Hbg., Miu. Not., 6,23, 1864; Zeph., Ber. Ak. Wien, 60 (1), 815, 1869; Hbg., 1. c., 11, 28, 1873; Busz, Jb. Min., Beil., 5, 370, 1887 (who adds many new forms); Gdt., Index, 3, 215, 1891. Cf. also Rose, Leonh. Taschenbuch, 2, 393, 1821; Hbg., Min. Not., \.c.,etal.; Zeph., Zillerthal, 1. c.; Schrauf, Sulzbach, Ber. Ak. Wieu, 62 (2), 704, 1870; Lewis, Phil. Mag., 3, 455, 1877; Hintze, Zermatt, Zs. Kr., 2, 310, 1878 (cf. Gdt., 1. c., p. 222); Erem., Vh. Min. Ges., 16. 254, 1881; Rath, Zs. Kr., 5, 255, 1880; Flink, Nordmark. Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 12 (2), 2, 69, 1886. See also A. C. Lane, on the common forms of titanite in rocks, Min. Mitth., 9, 207, 1887. 3 On partinar produced by twinning, Eremeyev, Jb. Min., 405, 1872; also 1. c., and Zs. Kr., 5, 500, 1881; G. H. Williams, Am. J. Sc., 29, 486, 1885; Mugge, Jb. Min., 2, 98, 1889. Miigge shows that the parting plane often deviates somewhat widely from 77 (221). Light absorption measured photometrically, Pulfrich, Zs. Kr., 6, 155, 1881. XANTHITANE C. U. Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 22, 96, 1856. L. G. Eakins, ibid., 35, 418, 1888, and U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 60, 135, 1890. An alteration-product of titanite. Color light yellow, friable, mixed with impurities to an undetermined extent. It is called by Eakins a clay containing titanium in .place of silicon. Analysis of material from Green river, Henderson Co., N. C., by Eakins: Si0 2 TiO 2 A1 2 O 8 Fe 2 O 3 CaO MgO P 2 O 6 H 2 O G. =2-941 176 61-54 17'59 4'46 0'90 tr. 4-17 9-92=100-34 Material^ of analysis dried at 100; the air dried mineral loses 6'02 p. c. at 100. PYROMELANE C. U. SJiepard, Am. J. Sc., 22, 96, 1856, Min., 253, 1857. In angular grains from the gold-washings of McDowell Co , N. C. H. = 6'5; G. = 3*87; luster resinous; color reddish to yellowish brown and black; subtranslucent. B.B. infusible, but becomes black and opaque (whence the name); soluble in the fluxes, giving reactions of titanic acid and iron. Stated to be "essentially a titanate of alumina and iron with traces of lime and glucina," and "may contain zirconia also"; but the evidence of such a composition is not given. Probably only a variety of titauite. CASTELLTTE. Castellit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 25, 113, 1866. Monoclinic. In very small and exceedingly thin 8-sided tables, having for the angles of the rhombic prism 62. Cleavage: prismatic? H. = 5'5-6. G. = 3'150. Luster vitreous, somewhat adamantine. Color wine- yellow to wax-yellow; streak colorless. Fragile. According to Plattner it acts B.B. like titanite, giving evidence of the presence of titanic acid, lime, and silica, but with less of the first and more of the last than in titanite. Occurs in the phonolyte of Holenkluk Mtn., near Proboscht, and in that of Sollodiz a rock containing also sanidine, hornblende, augite, ilmenite, and apatite. KEILHA UITE G UARINITE. 717 511. KEILHAUITE. Keilhauit A. Erdmann, Ak. H. Stockh., 355, 1844. Yttrotitanit Bclieerer, Pogg., 63, 459, 1844. Monoclinic. In habit and angles near titanite. Forms: a (100, i-i), c (001, 0); m (110, J), 0(101, 14); n (111, - 1); I (112, ), t (111, 1). Forbes 1 measured: am = 33, av = 55, en = 36 30'. Cf . also angles for titanite, p. 712. Cleavage: n quite distinct. H. = 6*5. G. = 3'52-3'77. Luster vitreous to resinous. Brownish black; in splinters brownish red and translucent; also dull brown and pale grayish brown. Streak-powder grayish brown to pale dirty yellow. I as in titanite. Axial angles, Busz 2 : Norway, Forbes. Optically -f . Ax. plane 2H r = 60 39' Li 2E r = 112 31' 2H y = 58 C 2E y = 108 C 39' Na 2H gr = 57 28' Tl (in Monobromuaphtalin) 34' 2E gr = 106 37' Comp. A titano-silicate of calcium, aluminium, ferric iron, and the yttrium metals. Rammelsberg calculates for his analysis: 15CaSiTiO 5 .(Al,Fe,Y) 2 (Si,Ti)O5. Anal. 1, 2, Rg., Pogg., 106, 296, 1859. 3, Id., Min. Ch., Erg., 269, 1886. Also Erdmann, Forbes, 5th Ed., p. 387. 1. Buo, mass. G. 3-716 2. " cry st. 3 '773 3. Naresto, mass. 3'57 SiO 2 TiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 Y 2 O 3 Ce 2 3 CaO 29-48 26-67 5'45 6'75 8'16 20'29 28-50 27-04 6"24 5'90 1208 17'15 30-81 36-63 1-12 .6'27 a 25 "03 a At. weight 100-3. ign. 0-54 MgO 0-94, K 2 O [0-60 = 98-88 3-59 = 100-50 1-13 = 100-99 Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses with intumescence easily to a black shining glass. Yields an iron- colored glass with borax, which in the inner flame becomes blood-red. With salt of phosphorus gives an iron color and a silica skeleton, and in the inner flaine a violet bead. Reaction for manganese with soda. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid. 6bs. Occurs near Arendal, Norway; on the islands Buo, Askero, Alve, and Naresto, in a feldspathic rock, both in crystal? and massive. Crystals weighing 2 Ibs., and masses of 15 to 20 Ibs., are mentioned by Forbes. 1 dull brown massive kind from Alve gave G. = 3'72; and a pale grayish brown 3'603; a specimen from near NarestO, G. = 3'519. The Alve keilhauite has two cleavages inclined to one another 42. Also from Snarurn, Norway. Named after Prof. Keilhau of Norway. Ref. i Ed. N. Phil. J., 1, 69, 1855; also Forbes and Dahll, Nyt Mag., 8, 223, 1855. * Jb. Min., Beil., 5, 342, 1887. 512. GUARINITE. Guiscardz, Rend. Ace. Napoli, Mem. 2, 408, 1857, Zs. G. Ges., 10, 14, 1858. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : b = 0-9892 : 1 : 0*3712 Lang-Guiscardi 1 . 100 A 110 = 44 41^', 001 A 101 = 20 36J', 001 A Oil = *20 22'. Forms: a (100, i-i), b (010, i4\ c (001, 0); g (310, 1 3), /(210, a-2), m (110, /), d(120, z-2), k (011, 1-i), 0(021, 2-i). Angles: gg'" = 36 30', ff" = 52 38' a/= *26 19', mm'" = 89 23', dd' = 53 38', kk' = 40 44', qq' = 73' 11'. In minute thin tables, flattened || I (010), nearly tetragonal in form. H. = 6. G. = 3'487. Luster of cleavage-face somewhat adamantine. Color sulphur-yellow, honey-yellow, pale or dark. Streak uncolored, or whitish gray. Transparent to translucent. Ax. pi. | c. Axial angle large, Dx. 718 SILICA TESTITANA TES. Comp. CaTiSiO, or CaO.Ti0 2 .Si0 2 , same as for titanite = Silica 30*6, titan- ium dioxide 40'8, lime 28-6 = 100. Anal. Guiscardi, 1. c. SiO 2 33 64 TiO 2 33'92 CaO 28*01 Fe 2 O 3 ,Mn 2 O 3 tr. = 95'57 Pyr., etc. Same as in titanite. Obs. Found in small cavities in a grayish trachyte on Monte Somrna, along with glassy feldspar and uephelite. The mass of the trachyte is rich in glassy feldspar, hornblende, and melanite. In one case in the common rock of Somma, consisting of feldspar and nephelite, and here along with titanite. Ref._i Lang, Min. Mitth., 81, 1871; Guiscardi, 1. c., and Rend. Ace. Napoli, 1876; Brezina, Min. Mitth., 285, 1874; Dx., Min., 2, xxjn, 1874. 513. TSCHEFFKINITE. ? Mineral de Coromaudel Beud., Tr., 2, 652, 1832. Tschew- kinit G. Rose, Reis. Ural, 2, 1842. Massive, amorphous. H. = 5-5-5. G-.= 4-508-4-549 G. Rose. Luster vitreous. Color velvet-black. Streak dark brown. Subtranslucent to opaque. Comp. Related to keilhauite, but uncertain. The mineral, as analyzed, seems to be in all cases an alteration-product, more or less heterogeneous, and the com- position of the original mineral is as yet very uncertain. Hermann makes thoria present in tscheffkinite from the Ural; Damour proved its absence in the Indian mineral. Des Cloizeaux states that the latter consists of a brown material not acting on polarized light, and small colorless grains which are strongly doubly refracting. The mineral has H. = 5'5-6; G. = 4'26; luster vitreous, inclining to resinous; color brownish black, subtraus- lucent. Cross found the mineral analyzed by Eakins to consist mainly of a reddish and yellowish brown transparent amorphous substance, probably the original mineral, traversed by cracks filled with a secondary reddish brown, opaque, ocherous matter; bands of secondary minerals, probably calcite and titanite, were also noted with others not identified. Anal. 1, H. Rose, Pogg., 62, 591, 1844. 2, Hermann, Bull. Soc. Moscou, 39 (1), 57, 1866. 3, Damour, Bull. G. Fr., 19, 550, 1862. 4, R. C. Price, Am. Ch. J., 10, 38, 1888. 5, 6, L. G. Eakins, Am. J. Sc., 42, 36, 1891. G. SiO 2 TiO 2 ThO 2 Y a O 3 CeaO3 (La,Di) 3 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 A1 2 O 3 FeO MnO MgO CaO alk. H a O I.Ural 4'53 | 21-04 20'17 47'29 11'21 0'83 0'22 3'50 - 0'12 O 104-38 2. " 4*55 20-68 16'07 20'91 3'45 22'80 917 0'75 3'25 0'42 [UO 2-50 = 100 3. So. In-lia 19'03 20-86 38'38 7'72 7'96 0'38 0'27 4'40 1*30 [= 100-30 4. Virginia 4'4 23'28 21'16 2'29 a 11'89 20'34 b 5'63 5'56 0'64 5'48 0'32 C 1'90 [BeO 2-15 = 100-64 5. " 4-33 20-21 18-78 0'85 1'82<> 20'05 19'72 1'88 3'60 6'91 0'55 4'05 0'06" 0'94 [Ta 2 5 0'08 = 99-50 6. " 4-38 21-49 18-99 0'75 l'64 e 19'08 17'16 2'89 3'65 5'92 0'48 5'24 0'04 2'06 [Ta 2 O 5 0-08 = 99-47 ZrO 2 . b Incl. 15-38 Di 2 O 3 , 4'96 La 2 O 3 . c Na a O. d Inch Er 2 O 3 , molec. wght. 308. e Do. 312. Pyr., etc. B.B. glows, then intumesces strongly, becomes brown, and fuses to a black glass. Gives with the fluxes reactions for iron, manganese, and titanium. Gelatinizes with hydro- chloric acid. The Indian mineral in a closed tube yields a little water. B.B. fuses with intu- mescence to a black scoria, feebly magnetic. With salt of phosphorus it gives in R.F. a pale brown glass, opaline, which becomes milky in the O.F. With borax it affords a hyacinth- brown glass, transparent in the R.F. and pale brown and opaque in the O.F. Attacked readily by nitric acid, especially if heated, depositing gelatinous silica mixed with titanic oxide and black grams of titanic iron. Obs. From the Ilmen Mountains in the Ural; only a few specimens have been found; the tscheffkinite in collections is mostly uralorlhite (p. 523), which it much resembles. Also from S. India, probably Kanjamalai Hill, Salem distr. (cf. Mallet, Rec. G. Surv. India, 25, 123, 1892). An isolated mass weighing 20 Ibs. has been found on Hat Creek, near Massie's Mills, Nelson Co., Virginia (anal. 4 by Price); also found, south of this point, in Bedford Co., in the same state (anal. 5, 6 by Eakins); at the latter locality it exists in some quantity as reported by H. M. Engle. Named after the Russian general, Tschevkiu (Chevkin). ASTROPH TLL ITE, 719 514. ASTROPHYLLITE. Astropbyilit Sckeerer, B. H. Ztg., 13, 240, 1854. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : c 0*99025 : 1 : 4-7101 Brogger 1 . 100 A 110 = 44 43f , 001 A 101 = 78 7f, 001 A Oil = 78 Of. Forms : b (010, i-i) q (101, l-l) /?(0'1-50, fa- I (111, 1) *) z (616, 1-6) x (212, 1-2) * (434, 1-f) A (767, 1-|) (565, f |) m (110, /) ff (038, f-i) mm'" = 89 26' 11" = 163 OJ' zz" f = 18 22' to = 64 9' qq' = 99 = 156 15' 120 58' IV" ii' = 88 12' = 104 40' XX'" AA"' = 51 42' = 79 26' bi = 53 59|' 50 17' bg = *29 31' ii" = 160 50' nn'" = 98 37' bl = *45 54' U - 89 18' ii"' = 72 1' bz = 80 49' bn = 40 41*' Crystals often elongated in the direction ol 6', or elongated || axis a by develop ment of the brachypinacoid (|| cleavage). Faces strongly striated IJ intersection-edge with ; I horizontally striated. Also lengthened into thin strips or blades; sometimes arranged ki stellate groups. Cleavage: # perfect; c very imperfect. Percussion-figure on a cleavage surface shows two rays crossing at angles of approx. 90 (81 to 85), and nearly || the dome 014. Laminae brittle, not elastic like muscovite. H. = 3. G. = 3-3-3-4; 3-324 Pisani; 3 '375, Colorado, Koenig. Luster submetallic, pearly. Color bronze- yellow to gold-yellow. Powder resembling that of mosaic gold. Translucent in thin leaves. Pleochroism strong: t lemon-yellow, b orange-yellow, a deep orange-red. Absorption a > b > C. Optically -{-. Ax. pi. || c. Bx a _i_ a. Bx J_ cleavage (b} or nearly so, but varying somewhat from secondary causes. Axial angles variable : Norway 2H . r = 122 18' Li 2H . y = 124 52' Bkg. 2H Colorado 2H . r = 121 38' Li 2H . y = 124 14' 2Ho.gr = 125 = 114 37^-123 28' Bgr. 6' Tl Bkg. Indices: a = 1-678 /5 = 1-703 y = 1-733 a = 0-055 Levy-Lex. Comp. Perhaps (Bgr.) an orthosilicate R 4 R 4 Ti(Si0 4 ) 4 with R = H,Na,K and R = Fe,Mn chiefly, including also the Fe 2 3 . This formula is confirmed by Eakins. Anal. 1, Pisani, C. R., 56, 846, 1863. 2, Scheerer, Pogg., 122, 113, 1864. 3. Meinecke, ibid. 4, Sieveking, ibid. 5, Backstroin, Zs. Kr., 16, 509, 1890. 6, Koenig, Am. Phil. Soc., 16, 509, 1877. 7, L. G. Eakins, Am. J. Sc., 42, 34, 1891. G. 1. "Brevik" 3'324 2. 3. 4. 5. Eikaholm 6. Colorado 3 '375 7. SiO 2 TiO 2 ZO, A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na 2 O K 2 O ign. 33-23 7-09 4-97 4'00 3'75 23'58 9*90 1'27 1-13 2'51 5'82 1-86 '[= 99-11 3-02 7-97 21-40 12-63 1'64 211 2'24 3'18 4-41 [= 99-05 3-46 8-05 18-06 12 68 2'72 1-86 4'02 2'94 4'53 [= 99-51 3-47 8-51 25-21 10'59 0'05 0'95 3'69 0'65 4'85 [= 100-44 33-02 11-11 3-65 0-98 2'53 21-76 11 '96 0'92 1'26 2'77 5'78 3-47 [F 97 = 100-18 34-68 13-58 2'20 0'70 6'56 26-10 3'48 0'30 2-54 5'01 3'54 [CuO 0-42, Ta 2 O 5 ? 0'80 = 99 -81 3-73 29-02 5-52 0'13 0'22 3'63 5'42 4'18 [Ta 2 6 0-34 = 100-03 32-21 8-24 32-35 8-84 33-71 8-76 23 11-40 1-21 tr. Pyr., etc. B.B. swells up and fuses easily to a black magnetic enamel. With soda or borax, a strong manganese reaction. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid with separation of silica in scales. 720 SILICA TESTITANA TES. Obs. Occurs on the small islands in the Langesuml fiord, near Brevik, Norway, in zircon- syenite, embedded in lamellar feldspar, also in leucophanite and in natrolite (spreustein), and associated with catapleiite, segirite, large prisms of black mica, and numerous other species. Similarly associated at Kangerdluarsuk, Greenland. With arfvedsonite and zircon at St. Peter's Dome, Pike's Peak, El Paso Co., Colorado. Named from dorpor, star, and (pvA.A.or, leaf, in allusion to the stellate aggregation and foliated micaceous structure. Ref. * Zs. Kr., 16, 200, 1890; the fundamenta. angles are taken as corrected by Brogger (letter of April 30, 1890), further the axes a and b are exchanged as required by the ratio obtained; the domes fi, g cannot be taken as macrodomes unless the calculated ratio of the lateral axes is regarded as of no value. The form was first made ortho rhombic by Nordenskiold (Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 27, 561, 1870) and Des Cloizeaux (Min., 1, 497. 1862), was later made mouoclinic by Bucking, Zs. Kr., 1, 433, 1877, and triclinic by Brogger, ibid., 2, 278, 1878. Brogger finally (1890) shows, however, that the variation in angle and optical character earlier noted is probably without significance, being due to deformation produced by pressure. 515. JOHNSTRUPITE. W. C. Brogger, Zs. Kr., 16, 74, 1890. Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 = 1'6229 : 1 : 1-3911; ft = 86 55J' = 001 A 100 Brogger. 100 A HO = 59 19 J', 001 A 101 = 39 17f, 001 A Oil = 54 15'. Forms : a (100, i-l) b (010, ) t (710, *-7) k (410, -4) rc (310, i-3) I (520, i-l) / (210, i-2) m (110, /) z (120, i-2) d (101, - l-l) x (201, - 2-1) e (301, - 34) d (101, l-l) (201, 2-1) e (301, 3-1) Also, doubtful, li (160), o (103), * (319), p (236). Wd" - 44 6| nri" - 56 45' ff'" = 78 2' af = *39 1' mm'" = 116 39' zz' = 34 18' ad = 47 38' ax = *29 27V ae = 20 49V a'3 = 51 10V a'$ = *31 V a'e = 21 38' Des Cloizeaux pointed out a similarity in form between mpsandrite and zoisite, and BrOgger shows that johnstrupite, mosandrite, and rinkite, very near to each other in composition, are all similar in angle to both zoisite and epidote. He thus compares the prismatic zone of johnstrupite with the orthodomes of epidote and vice versa (cf. also p. 517): Johnstrupite Zoisite Epidote 100 A 210 = 39 1' 010 A 120 = 38 58' 100 A 102 = 42 5' I 100 A 302 = 35 7' f 100 A 101 = 48 15' 100 A 101 = 51 53' 010 A 021 = 55 14' 100 A HO = 55 0' Twins : with tw. pi. a. In crystals prismatic J b and flattened || a (100); the prism/ (210) most prominent. Faces in prismatic zone vertically striated. Cleavage: a distinct. G. = 3 -29. Luster on a vitreous, on fracture surfaces resinous to greasy. Color brownish green. Streak yellowish green. Pleochroism very weak: c bright greenish yellow, b brownish yellow, a bright yellow. Absorption c > b > a. Optically Ax. pi. || b. Bx A t = 2 J3x a nearly J_ a (100). Dispersion p > v, strongly marked; inclined, hardly dis- tinct (0 13' for red and green). Axial angles, Bgr. : Barkevik 2H a . r = 79 J 5V 2Ha.y = 77 42' 2Ha.gr = 75 59V 2H . r = 125 2H . y = 127 40' 40' 2Ho.gr = 131 11' '. 2V r = 71 10V '. 2V y = 69 54' 2E y = 124 40' ft = 1'546 .\ 2Vg r = 68 20'. Comp. A complex silicate of the cerium metals, calcium and sodium chiefly, with titanium and fluorine. MOtiANDRITE. 721 Brogger calculates the following molecular ratio: I III IV R 2 O CaO MgO R 2 O 3 RO 2 SiO 2 F H 8 O 2-61 11-87 0-98 1-45 3'00 12 7'48 1'87 r F g n i n m And the formula is written, analogous to the epidotes, fl 3 (RaKRiaRalSiOAij. LFuJ i n m m iv Here R 2 = 3Na 2 ,lH 2 ; R = 12Ca,lMg; R 2 = l(Ce + Y),1(A1 + Fe); R = Ce; R = fTUZr, also Th and Ce. Further the group in bracket* is regarded as corresponding to the bivalent group (ROH) in epidote. Anal. Backstrom, quoted by Brogger. Si0 2 TiO 2 ZrO a ThO 2 CeO 2 Ce 2 O 3 Y 2 O 3 Al 2 O 3 Fe 3 O, CaO MgO Na,O K 2 O H 2 O F G. = 3-29 30 50 7-57 2'84 0'?9 0'80 12'71 a 111 1'52 0'50 27'76 1'63 6'67 0'12 1'41 598 = 101-91 Incl. La 2 O s ,Di 2 O 3 . Obs. Only known from one of the ledges near Barkevik in the Langesund fiord, Norway; it is associated with wohlerite, rosenbuschite, eucolite, segirite, fluorite, elaeolite, sodalite, etc. Named after Prof. Fr. Jobnstrup of Copenhagen. Ref. Dx., Min., 1, 531, 1862, Weibye, Jb. Min., 774, 1849, Bgr., Zs. Kr., 16, 74, 1890. Crystals earlier described (Bgr., Zs. Kr., 2, 275, 1878) as mosandrite proved to be lavenite (p. 375). 516. MOSANDRITE. Erdmann, Berz. JB., 21, 178, 1841. Crystals long prismatic || c and flattened || , but without terminations so far as observed; vertical faces strongly striated. Forms noted in the prismatic zone, the same as in johnstrupite, and angles nearly the same. Forms : a (100, i-l\ b (010, i-l), t (710, i-l), k (410, e-4), n (310, a-3), I (520, *-f), /(210, i-2), m (110, 2), z (120, i-2}, h (160, z-6). Sections || ~b show tw. lamellae || a. Cleavage: a rather perfect. H. = 4. Gr. = 2*93-3*03. Luster of cleavage- face between vitreous and greasy, of other surfaces resinous. Color reddish brown, but altering 'to dull greenish or yellowish brown. Streak-powder pale yellow or Srayish brown. Thin splinters translucent, bright red by transmitted light. ptical characters as with johnstrupite. Comp. Very near johnstrupite, p. 720. Brogger calculates the molecular ratio as follows : R 2 O RO R 2 O 3 RO 2 SiO 3 F H 2 O 1-04 10-18 1'20 4'19 12 2'57 1025 The formula is written, also analogous to the epidotes, (QH) Here R 2 = 6H 2 ,lNa 2 (K 2 ); R = lOCa (a little Mg,Mn), R = fCe.iY and a little Fe; R = |Ti,|Zr,iCe and a little Th. Anal. 1, Berlin, Pogg., 88, 156, 1853. 2, BackstrOm, quoted by Brogger, Zs. Kr., 16, 80, 1890. SiO, Ti0 2 ZrO 2 ThO 2 CeO 2 Ce 2 O 3 Y 2 O 3 Fe a O 3 MnO CaO MgO Na a K 8 O H 2 O F 1. 29-93 9-90 26 56 b 1'83 19'07 75 2'87 0'52 8'90 = 100'33 2. [30-71 a ] 5'33 7-43 34 6'34 10'45 b 3'52 0'56 0'45 22'53 0'63 2'44 0'38 7'70 2'06 = 100'87 a A direct determination gave 29'61. b Incl. (La,Di) 2 O 3 . Pyr., etc. In the closed tube gives water. B.B. fuses with intumescence at 3 to a brown glass. With salt of phosphorus in R.F. gives a violet bead (titanium), and with borax in O.F. gives an amethystine bead (manganese). Decomposed by hydrochloric acid, with separation 722 SILICA TES TIT AN A TES. of silica and formation of a dark red solution, which, on heating, gives off chlorine and becomes yellow. Obs. Occurs on the small island Laven in the Laugesund fiord, also on the neighboring island Stoko, and on the reefs near Barkevik; it is associated with leucophanite, eucolite, ^laeolite, aegirite, black mica. Readily undergoes alteration. Named after the Swedish chemist G. G. Mosander (1797-1858). 517. RINKITE. Lorenzen, Medd. Gronl., 7, 1884, and Zs. Kr., 9, 248, 1884. Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : 6 = 1'5688 : 1 : 0-2922; ft = 88 47i' = 001 A 100 Lorenzen. 100 A HO = 57 28f, 001 A 101 = 10 30', 001 A Oil = 16 17'. Forms: a (100, i-l), s (320, a-f), m (110, /), h (120, i-2); n (101, -14), u (101, 1-1); o (341, - 4-f). The domes 101, 101 correspond to 105, 105 of johnstrupite. Angles : **'" = 92 33', mm'" = 114 57f , am = *57 28f, hhf - 35 22', an = *78 16f, a'u = 80 37', nu = *21 5f. Crystals flattened || a; with a zonal structure parallel the faces, and with twinning lamellae || a. Cleavage: a distinct. H. 5. Gr. = 3-46. Luster vitreous to greasy. Color yellowish brown to straw-yellow. Pleochroic. Absorption c > b > a. Optically +. Ax. pi. J_ b and inclined 7J to c. Bx a nearly normal to a. Dis- persion horizontal distinct., also p > v. Comp. Near johnstrupite and mosandrite. Brogger suggests [F 8 Ti 4 ]Na 9 Ca n Ce 3 (SiO 4 )i 2 . Anal.! -Lorenzen, mean of five partial analyses: Si0 2 29-08 TiO, 13-36 Ce a (La,Di) 2 O 3 21-25 Y 2 3 0-92 FeO 0-44 CaO 23-26 Na 2 O 8-98 5-82 = 103-11, less O 2'45 = 100'66 Pyr., etc. Fuses B.B. rather easily to a black shining glass with continued intumescence. Dissolves in the borax bead, giving a yellow color in the O.F. ; with salt of phosphorus, in R.F. violet (titanium), in O.F. colorless but with more of the mineral becomes enamel-like. Easily decomposed by dilute acids with separation of silica carrying titanium. Obs. Occurs in sodalite-syenite at Kangerdluarsuk, Greenland, with arfvedsonite, segirite, eudialyte, lithia mica, steenstrupine. Named after Dr. Rink, at one time director of the Danish-Greenland commerce. 518. PEROVSKITE. Perowskit G. Rose, Pogg., 48, 558, 1839, Reis. Ural, 2, 128, 1842. Perofskite. a (100, i-i) d (110,0' o (HI, 1) k (520, i-f ) Isometric or pseudo-isometric. Observed forms A (540, z-f ) e (210, i-2) 9 (320, *-!) A (ii-8-o, O (430, j- P (221, 2) m (311, 3-3) n (211, 2-2)? P (944, H) ft (322, f-f) * (942, H) (10-4-3, r (832, 4-t) F (643, 2-f ) x (432, 3-D* Crystals in general (Ural, Zermatt) cubic in habit and often highly modified, but the planes often irregularly distributed. Cubic faces striated parallel to the edges and apparently penetration-twins, as if of pyritohedral individuals. Again (Tyrol) the cubic faces less developed and the forms m (311), p (944) prominent. Also (Zermatt) in reniform masses showing small cubes. Cleavage: cubic, rather perfect. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. Brittle. H. = 5-5. G. = 4-017 Achmatovsk, Rose, 4-03-4-039 Zermatt, Dmr. Luster adamantine to metallic-adamantine. Color pale yellow, honey-yellow, orange- yellow, reddish brown, grayish black. Streak colorless, grayish. Transparent to opaque. Usually exhibits anomalous double refraction. PEROVSKITE. 723 Geometrically considered, perovskite conforms to the isometric system; optically, however, it is uniformly biaxial and usually positive. The molecular structure (also as developed by etching, Baumhauer) seems to correspond to orthorhoinbic symmetry. (See the authors referred to under *.) Sections (|| a) of cubic crystals from the Ural and Zermatt show tw. lamellae parallel to both sets of cubic edges, with diagonal extinction; the bisectrix is normal to a dodecahedral face, the axial angle variable (up to 90), the character +, also . Similar sections from the Tyrolese crystals, in which the forms m (311) and p (944) often predominate, show fine tw. lamellae parallel the diagonals, while the bisectrix is _|_ a, the optical character -}-., the axial angle small, sometimes sensibly 0. In general the form and optical character are partially explained by the assumption of an orthorhombic form, with a prismatic angle of 90 (corresponding to the two pair of cubic faces), and twinned with p (111) as tw. pi., and also m (110) in some cases. It seems more probable, however, as urged by Klein, especially as the structure differs in specimens from different local- ities, that the form was originally isometric and that the optical anomalies are due to secondary causes, but the subject stilt requires much elucidation. The transformation of the molecular structure to the isotropic condition by increase of temperature has not been accomplished, although this is readily done with boracite, to which perovskite is closely related in structure and optical characters. Comp. Calcium titanate, CaTi0 3 = Titanium dioxide 58*9, lime 41'1 = 100. Iron is present in small amount replacing the calcium. Anal. 1, Brooks, Pogg., 62, 596, 1841. 2. Jacobson, ibid. 3, Brun, Zs. Kr., 7, 389, 1882. 4, Damour, Ann. Mines, 6, 512, 1854. 5, Mauro, quoted by Struver, Trans. Ace. Line., 4, 210, 1880. 6, Sauer, Zs. G. Ges., 37, 445, 1885. Also an approximate analysis, showing a large amount of iron, by Kastle, Am. J. Sc., 34, 141, 1887; further by Eakins, ib., 37, 219, 1889. G. TiO 2 CaO FeO 1. Achmatovsk, brown 59-00 36-76 4'79 MgO,MnO Oil = lOO'O? 2. " black 58-96 39 20 2'06 MgO.MnO tr. = 100'22 3. Zermatt, yellow 3'974 59*39 39 '80 0'91 = 10010 4. " 59-23 39-92 114 = 100'29 5. Val Malenco 3'95 58'66 41-47 = 100-13 6. Oberwiesenthal 58'66 38'35 2'07 = 99-08 Pyr., etc. In the forceps and on charcoal infusible. With salt of phosphorus in O.F. dissolves easily, giving a greenish bead while hot, which becomes colorless on cooling; in R.F. the bead changes to grayish green, and on cooling assumes a violet-blue color. Entirely decom- posed by boiling sulphuric acid. Obs. Occurs in small crystals or druses of crystals, all of dark colors, associated with crys- tallized chlorite, and magnetic iron in chlorite slate, at Achmatovsk, near Zlatoust, in the Ural; at Schelingen in the Kaiserstuhl, in white or yellowish granular limestone, with mica, magnetite, and pyrochlore or koppite (questioned by Knop, Zs. Kr., 1, 284, 1877); in the valley of Zermatt, near the Findelen glacier, where crystalline masses occur, in talcose schist, as large as the fist, and the interior, if not the whole, is of a light yellow color, along with garnet, vesuvianite, titanite, zircon, corundum, rutile, titanic iron, serpentine, etc. ; at Wildkreuzjoch, between Pfitsch and Pfunders in Tyrol, but rare (cf. Hbg., 1. c., and Rath, Pogg., 144, 595, 1871). At Mte. Lagazallo, Val Malenco, Sondrio, northern Italy, with magnetite and amianthus. Rare on the island Laven in the Langesund fiord, associated with leucophanite. Berr., Zs. Kr., 16, 508, 1890. Sometimes noted in microscopic octahedral crystals as a rock constituent; thus in nephelite- and melilite-basalts; as of Wartenberg in Bohemia; Hochbohl near Owen in Wiirtemberg; the Saxon Erzgebirge, basaltic lava of Scharteberg in the Eifel (doubly refracting, Hussak), etc.; also in serpentine (altered peridotyte) at Syracuse, N. Y. (cf. Williams, Am. J. Sc., 34, 137, 1887); in peridotyte of Elliott Co., Ky. (Diller, ib., 37, 219, 1889). Also noted as a result of the alter- ation of titanite (Schneidei, Jb. Min., 1, 99, 1889). Named after von Perovski of St. Petersburg. Artif. Formed in crystals by making lime act at a high temperature on titanium silicate (Ebelmen); also by Hautefeuille (cf. Fouque-Levy, Synth. Min., 176, 1882). The artificial crys- tals show the optical characters of the natural mineral. Ref 1 See Rose, 1. c., also Dx., Ann. Ch. Phys., 13, 338, 1845; Kk., Min. Russl., 1, 199, 1853, 6, 388, 1874, 7, 375, 1878,- 8, 39, 1881; Mir., Min., 461, 1852; Hbg., Wildkreuzjoch, Min. Not., 4, 20, 1861, 10, 38, 1871, 11, 1, 1873. 8 On the optical characters, see Dx., 1. c. and Opt. Propr., 2, 81, 1858; N. R., 84, 1867; Zs. G. Ges., 26, 932, 1874; Jb. Min., 160, 1877, 43, 372, 1878. Also Ben Saude, Preisschrift, Gottingen, 1882; Mallard, Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 233, 1882; Klein, Jb. Min., 1, 245, 1884, and 175 ref. (the latter a notice of Ben Saude). On the results of etching, see Baumhauer, Zs. Kr., 4, 187, 1879. 724 SILICA TESrTITANA TE8. 519. DYSANALYTE. A. Knop, Zs. Kr., 1, 284, 1877. Perovskite of former writers. Isometric; in cubes. Cleavage: cubic. H. = 5-6. G. = 4*13. Luster submetallic. Color iron- black. Opaque. Comp. A titano-niobate of calcium and iron 'approximating (anal 3) to- 6RTi0 3 .RNb 2 6 . Mar calculates for anal. 4 the molecular ratio, TiO a : (Nb,Ta) 2 O 8 : Y 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 CaO = 0-54 : 0-027 : 0'05 : 0'60. Anal. 1, 2, Seneca, Lieb. Ann., 104, 371, 1857. 3a, Knop, 1. c.; 36, same, deducting SiO* 4, F. W. Mar, Am. J. Sc., 40, 403, 1890. G. Ti0 2 Nb 2 O 8 Ta 2 5 Y 2 O 3 * FeO Ce 2 O 3 b CaO Na 2 O 1. Kaiserstuhl 2. 3a. 36. 402 58-95 59-30 4057 22-73 41-47 23-23 5 '42 6'24 d 4. Magnet Cove 418 4412 4'38 5'08 5'66 6 23 35-69 = 100 "87 599 35-94 = 101-23 612 C 5-58 19-36 3'50 SiO 2 2'31, MgO, [K 2 0,A1 2 3 ,F tr. = 100-17 5-72 19-77 3-57 = 100 0-10 33 22 MgO 0-74, SiO 2 [0-08, magnetite 0'73 == 99 '53 * Yttrum earths. b Cerium oxides. c Incl. 0'42 MnO. d 0'43 MnO. e Fe 2 O 3 . Obs. Found in the granular limestone of Vogtsburg, Kuiserstuhlgebirge, Baden. The mineral has previously been called perovskite, but is in fact intermediate between the titanate, perovskite, and the niobates, pyrochlore and koppite. Named, in allusion to the difficulty of the analysis, from dvcraydA.vro'a, hard to undo. A related mineral, which has also long passed as perovskite, occurs with magnetite, brookite, rutile, etc., at Magnet Cove, Arkansas. It is in octahedrons or cubo-octahedrons, black or brownish black in color and submetallic in luster. The amount of niobium (and tantalum) present is much smaller than in the mineral from the Kaiserstuhl and it hence is more closely allied to perovskite. Ben Saude has shown that sections || a (100) and o (111) show twinning lamellae analogous to perovskite. HYDROTITANITE Koenig, Proc. Acad. Philad., 82, 1876. An altered form of the so-called perovskite (dysanalyte) from Magnet Cove, Arkansas. G. = 3*681. Soft. Color yellowish gray. An analysis afforded : Ti0 2 82-82 Fe 2 O 3 7'76 MgO 2'72 CaO 0'80 This does not correspond to any definite formula. H 2 O 5-50 V tr. = 99' Oxygen Salts. 3. NIOBATES, TANTALATES. The Niobates and Tantalates are chiefly salts of metaniobic and metatan tali c acid, RNb 2 6 and RTa 2 6 ; also in part Pyroniobates, R^Nb^O^etc. Titanium is promi- nent in a number of the species, which are hence intermediate between the niobates and titanates. Niobium and tantalum also enter into the composition of a few silicates, as wohlerite, p. 376, lavenite, p. 375, etc. 1. Pyrochlore Group. Isometric. 520. Pyrochlore RNb 2 6 .R(Ti,Th)0 3 .NaF Also R 2 Nb 2 7 .R(Ti,Th)0 3 .XaF, etc. 520A. Koppite R 2 Nb 2 7 .fNaF 521. Hatchettolite 2R(Nb,Ta) 2 6 .R 2 (Nb,Ta) 2 0,.R = U0 a , Ca, Fe, etc. 522. Microlite Ca 2 Ta 2 7 pt. 2. Fergusonite Group. Tetragonal. 523. Fergusonite (Y,Er,Ce)(Nb,Ta)0 4 6 = 1'4643 524. Sipylite, essentially ErNb0 4 1-4767 3. Columbite Group. Orthorhombic. a\l\b 525. Columbite (Fe,Mn)Nb 2 6 (Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta) 2 6 0*8285 : 1 : 0-8898 526. Tantalite FeTa 2 6 Manganocolumbite MnNb 2 6 .MnTa 2 8 Manganotantalite MnTa 2 6 526A. Skogbolite FeTa 2 6 0-8170 : 1 : 0-6511 Ixiolite 527. Tapiolite Fe(Nb,Ta) 2 6 Tetragonal 6 = 0-6464 4. Samarskite Group. Orthorhombic. n in ui n 528, Yttrotantalite R a R 2 (Ta,Nb) 4 16 , R = Y,Er; also R = Ca, Fe, etc. &:b:6 = 0-5411 : 1 : 1-1330 725 726 NIOBATES, TANTALATES. 529. Samarskite 530. Annerodite 531. Hielmite 532. JEschynite 533. Polymignite 534. Euxenite 535. Polycrase R 3 R 2 (Nb,Ta) 6 31 , R = Oa,Pe,UO ; R a : I : 26 Pyroniobate of uranium, yttrium, etc. Y, Ce, etc. 0-5456 : 1 : 1-0356 4R0.3Ta R ? & : b : 6 = 0-8257 : 1 : 0*8943 2d : 1 : 6 = 0-9290 : 1 : 1-0264 5. JEschynite Group. Orthorhombic. R a Nb 4 13 .R 3 (Ti,Th) 6 13 d : I :6 R((Nb,Ta)0 3 ) 9 .5R((Ti,Zr)0 3 ) 3 a : I : 6 or 6 : b\ d R(Nb0 3 ) 8 ,R 2 (Ti0 3 ) 3 .|H 2 d : I : 6 = 0-4866 : 1 : 0-6737 = 0-7121 : 1 : 0-5121 = 0-5121 :1 : 0-7121 0-364 : 1 : 0-303 R(Nb0 3 ) 3 .2R 2 (Ti0 3 ) 3 .3H 2 d:b:6 = 0-3462 : 1 : 0-3124 1. Pyrochlore Group. Isometric. 520. PYROOHLORE. Pyrochlor (fr. Fredriksvarn) Wohler, Pogg., 7, 417, 1826. Hydrochlor, Fluochlor, Herm., J. pr. Ch., 50, 186, 187, 1850. Isometric. Observed forms: a (100, i-i); d (110, i); o (111, 1); m (311, 3-3), n (211, 2-2)? Commonly in octahedrons; also in irregular embedded grains. Cleavage: octahedral, sometimes distinct. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 5-5-5. G. = 4-2-4-36; 4-32, Miask, Rose; 4-203, ib., Hermann; 4*359, ib., Rg. ; 4-203- 4-221, Fredriksvarn, Hayes; 4-228, ib., Rg. Luster vitreous or resinous, the latter on fracture surfaces. Color brown, dark reddish or blackish brown. Streak light brown, Miask, Kk. yellowish brown. Subtranslucent to opaque. Com p. Chiefly a niobate of the cerium metals, calcium and other bases, with also titanium, thorium, fluorine. Probably essentially a metaniobate with a titanate, RNb 2 6 .R(Ti,Th)0 3 ; the part played by the fluorine in this and the following species is doubtful. Rammelsberg (Min. Ch., Erg., 191, 1886) calculates for the pyrochlore from Miask [5KN"b 2 O 6 .4R(Ti,Th)O 3 ] + 4NaF; for that from " Brevik " [5RNb 2 O 6 .2R(Ti,Th)O 3 ] + 4NaF; Fredriksvarn [R 2 Nb 2 O 7 .RTiO 3 ] -f JSTaF. Brogger (Zs. Kr., 16, 511, 1890) suggests that the metaniobate may represent the original composition, the pyroniobate be a result of alteration. Anal. 1-3, Rg., Ber. Ak. Berlin, 183, 1871. Also earlier anals., 5th Ed., p. 513. G. t. Miask 4-359 2. "Brevik" 4-220 3. Fredriksvarn 4'228 Nb 2 O 5 TiO 2 ThO 2 Ce 2 O 8 CaO FeO UO MgO Na 2 O F f 53-19 10-47 7-56 7'00 14'21 1'84 0'22 5'01 58-27 538 496 5'50 1093 ^53 5'31 3'75 [ign. 1-53 = 101-16 47-13 13-52 7-30 15'94 10'03 0'19 3'12 2 90 [ign. 1-39 = 101-52 Pyr., etc. Pyrochlore from Miask gives but traces of water in the closed tube. B.B. infusible, but turns yellow and colors the flame reddish yellow. When ignited it glows momen- tarily as if taking fire, the same phenomenon as observed with gadolinite. With borax and salt of phosphorus in both flames gives a light green bead, becoming colorless on cooling. A saturated bead of borax gives a greenish gray enamel in R.F., while that with salt of phosphorus is reddish gray. Decomposed by concentrated sulphuric acid with evolution of fluorine (G. Rose). Pyrochlore from Norway gives water in the closed tube, and B.B. fuses with PYROCHLORE GRO UP HA TCHETTOLITE. 721 difficulty to a dark brown slaggy mass. With borax in R.F. gives a dark red bead, which by flaming'turns to a grayish blue to pure blue enamel. Dissolves with effervescence in salt of phosphorus, giving in O.F. a yellow bead while hot, becoming grass-green on cooling (uranium). In R.F. the bead is made dark red to violet (titanium). Fused with soda gives a green color (manganese). All varieties are decomposed by fusion with potassium bisulphate. Most speci- mens are sufficiently decomposed by hydrochloric acid to give a blue color when the con- centrated solution is boiled with metallic tin; this color disappears after a time, and almost immediately if diluted with water. Obs. (Dccurs embedded in elaeolite-syenite at Fredriksvarn and Laurvik, Norway, with zircon, polymiguite, amphibole, and xenotime; on the island Lovo, opposite Brevik; on Stoko, Lille Aro, and other points in the Langesund fiord (Bgr., Zs. Kr., 16, 509, 1890); near Minsk in the Ural. Lacroix mentions an octahedial mineral resembling the Norwegian pyrochlore as occurring with astrophyllite and zircon, in the syenite of St. Peter's Dome, Pike's Peak, Colorado (C. R., 109, 39, 1889). Named from Ttvp, fire, and ^AoapdS, green, because B.B. it becomes yellowish green. 520A. Koppite. Knop, Jb. Min., 67, 1875. Isometric; in minute embedded dodecahedrons, G. = 4 '45-4 '56. Color brown. Transparent. Comp. Essentially a pyroniobate of cerium, calcium, etc.; formula as given by Rammels- berg (Min. Ch., Erg., 191), 5R 2 Nb 2 O 7 .2NaF. Anal. 1, Knop, 1. c. and Zs. G. Ges., 23, 656, 1871. 2, G. H. Bailey, J. Ch. Soc., 49, 153, 1886. An earlier analysis by Bromeis is quoted by Knop. Nb 2 O 5 TiO 2 ZrO 2 (Ce,La,Di) 2 O 3 FeO CaO MgO Na 2 O K 2 O F 61-90 10-10 2-20* 16-00 7'52 4'23 1-28 61-64 0-52 3-39 6'89 3'01 16-61 1'62 3'58Na 0-36K tr. * MnO 0-40. Obs. Occurs with apatite in a granular limestone near Schelingen, Kaiserstuhlgebirge, Baden. Named after Prof. Hermann Kopp of Heidelberg. 521. HATCHETTOLITE. /. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 13, 365, 1877. 0. D. Allen, ibid., 14, 128, 1877. Isometric. In octahedrons with also the subordinate forms a (100, i~i) and m (311, 3-3). Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. = 5. G. = 4*77-4-90. Luster resinous. Color yellowish brown. Translucent. Comp. A tantalo-niobate of uranium, near pyrochlore, approximating to R(Nb,Ta) 2 6 -f H 2 with R = U0 2 : Ca = 1-3 and Nb : Ta = 2 : 1. The water present may be due to alteration. Anal. 1, 2, 3, Smith, 1. c. 4, 5, Alien, 1. c. Ta 2 O 5 Nb 2 O 6 TiO 2 WO 3 SnO 2 UO 3 CaO Y 2 O 3 * FeO K 2 O Na 2 H 2 O "" 5'16 Pb tr. = 1. 66-01 0-75 2. 6786 0-60 3. 67-25 0-91 4. 29-83 34-24 1'61 0'30 5. 29-60 35-94 15-20 7-72 2-00 2'08 0'50 15-63 7-09 0-86 2'51 1-21 16-01 7-11 0-64 2-12 undet. 15-50 8-87 2-19 tr. 889 2-33 a With cerium oxide. 4-42 = 100-18 5-02 = 99-06 1-37 4-49 MgO 0-15, [Pb tr. = 98-55 From analysis 4, Allen deduces the formula R 2 (Nb,Ta) 2 O 7 -f- 2R(Nb,Ta) 2 O 6 -f 4H 2 O, with R = UO 2 ,Ca,Fe,Mg,Na 2 . Allen calls attention to the close relation to pyrochlore, and suggests that the original mineral in this case may have been anhydrous and hence analogous to it in composition. It is united with pyrochlore by some authors, which species, however, contains little or no uranium. Pyr. Nearly the same as for pyrochlore. Obs. Occurs associated with samarskite, sometimes implanted upon it in parellel position, in the mica mines of Mitchell Co., North Carolina. Named after the English chemist, Charles Hatchett (1765-1847). 728 NIOBATES, TANTALATES. 522. MICROLITE. Microlite C. U. Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 27, 361, 1835, 32, 338, 183? 43, 116, 1842. Pyrochlore Hayes, ib., 43, 33, 1842, 46, 158, 1844. Isometric. Observed forms 1 : a (100, i-i), d(llQ, ), o (III, I), p (221, 2), m (311, 3-3) n (211, 2-2)? Habit octahedral; crystals often very small. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 5-5. G. =5-485- 5 '562, the last from a large crystal, Shepard; 5 '405, Hayes; .6:13 Virginia, Hidden. Luster resinous. Color pale yellow to brown, rarely hyacinth-red. Streak pale yellowish' or brownish. Transparent to translucent or nearly opaque. Comp. Essentially a calcium pyro-tantalate, Ca./Pa 2 7 , Amelia C.H., Va., but containing also niobium, fluorine, and a variety of after leist. ^^ in smal f an]ounl Dunnington calculates 3Ca 2 Ta 2 O 7 + NbOF 3 . Rammelsberg deduces from the same analysis [R 2 (Ta,Nb) 2 O 7 .2R(Ta,Nb) 2 O 6 ] + 3NaF. Anal. 1, Dunnington, Am. Ch. J., 3, 130, 1881. 2, A. Nordenskiold, G. For. FOrh., 3, 282, 1872. G. Ta 2 O Nb a O 5 WO 3 SnO a CaO MgO BeO UO 3 Y.O 3 (Ce.Di) 2 O 3 Fe a O 3 MnO Na a O F H,O 1. Va. 5-656 68'43 7 74 0'30 1'05 ll'SO I'Ol 034 1'59 0'23 0'17 0'42 a 3'15 C 2'85 1'17 [= 100-25 2. Uto 5-95 77'3 0'8 11'7 1'8 7'^ [= 99-3 Inch 0-13 A1 2 O 3 . b FeO tr. Incl. 0'29 K.,0. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible. In salt of phosphorus difficultly soluble, givine in O.F. a bead yellow while hot, and colorless on cooling. In li.F. after long blowing yields a pale bluish green bead. Not attacked by hydrochloric acid, but decomposed on fusion with potassium bisulphate and the solution of the fused mass remains uucolored when boiled with metallic tin. Slowly decomposed by sulphuric acid. Obs. First found at Chesterfield, Mass., in minute octahedrons in an albite vein, with red and green tourmaline, spodumene, columbite, and a little cassiterite; similarly associated at Branchville, Conn., and at Uto, Sweden. Also in fine crystals up to 1 in. in diameter, and in imperfect crystals (up to 4 Ibs.) at the mica mines at Amelia Court House, Amelia Co., Va., with monazite, columbite, spessartite, beryl, fluorite, etc. (cf. Fontaine, Am. J. Sc., 25, 335, 1883); the crystals, embedded in smoky quartz, are rarely clear, highly polished, and resembling pyrope in color (Hidden, ib., 30, 82, 1885). Also in the granitic veins of Elba (Corsi, Boll. Com. G., 564, 1881). Cf. pyrrhite, below. Named from LiiKpoS, small, alluding to the minute size of the crvstals at the original locality. Ref. See Feist, Zs. Kr., 11, 255, 1885. A mineral related to microlite, from Haddam, Conn., is called haddamite by C. U. Shepard (Am. J. Sc., 50, 93, 1870; Min. Contr., 1877). What its true character is, if it be a distinct species, has not been determined. PYRHHITE G. Hose, Pogg., 48, 562, 1840, Reis. Ural., 2, 1842. Isometric; in octahedrons. Cleavage not observed H. = 6. Luster vitreous. Color orange-yellow. Subtranshicent. In composition probably a niobate, related to pyrochlore, and perhaps identical with microlite. B.B. infusible, but blackens, and colors the flame deep yellow. In fragments difficultly soluble in salt of phosphorus, but in fine powder it is readily taken up by this salt, as well as by borax, forming a clear glass when cold if only a small portion is used, while if saturated it is yellowish green, becoming somewhat more intense in R.F. Fused with soda on charcoal, it spreads out and is absorbed by the coal, giving a slight white coating, somewhat resembling oxide of zinc; it yields no metallic spangles when the surface of the coal is removed and rubbed in the mortar. Insoluble in hydrochloric acid (G. Rose). Pyrrhite was found by von Perovski of St. Petersburg at Alabashka, near Mursinka in the Ural, where it occurs in drusy feldspar cavities, containing also lepidolite, albite, and topaz. The largest crystal was but three lines long. Crystals from San Piero, Elba, referred here by Rath (Zs. G. Ges., 22, 672, 1870) are regarded by Corsi as microlite, which may also be true of the Uralian mineral (ref. above). Cf. also Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, 63 (1), 187, 1871. Named from Ttvppo?, yellowish red or fire-like. To Rose's pyrrhite J. E. Teschemacher refers small orange-red, isometric octahedrons, found with albite on San Miguel, one of the Azores (J. Nat. H. Bost., 4, 499, 1844; Proc. id., 2, 108, 1846), along with tetragonal octahedrons of azorite (p. 484). The crystals are a half to two lines long, and those of minute size are transparent. They are called azor-pyrrhite by Hubbard, who FERG USONITE GRO UPFERG USONITE. 729 mentions a similar mineral (G. = 4'l-4'3) in the sanidiue-bombs of the Laacher See (Ber. nied. Ges.. June 7, 1886) associated with titanite and uoselite. Of. also Osanu (Jb. Min., 1, 115, 1887, 1, 117, 1888), who has further investigated the mineral from the Azores and 'finds the hardness below 6 and by chemical tests identities Nb(Ti?)Ti, Fe, Na, Ca. It is hence, as urged by him, probably near pyrochlore, and may be identical with it; the specific gravity seems to be less than that of the pyrrhite from the Ural and Elba. The chemical and blowpipe trials of A. A. Hayes (Am. J. Sc., 9, 423, 1850, detailed in 5th Ed., p. 763) on specimens by Teschermacher made the crystals consist of niobate of zirco- nium, colored apparently by oxides of iron, uranium, and manganese, but the results are not conclusive. 2. Fergusonite Group. Tetragonal. 523, FERGUSONITE. HaWnger, Ed. Phil. Trans., 10, 274, 1826. Tyrite Forbes, Ed N. Phil. J., 1, 67, 1855; Phil. Mag., 13, 91, 1857. Bragite Forbes and Dahll, Nyt Mag., 8, 227, 1855. Yttrotantalite pt. (yellow). Tetragonal; with pyramidal hemihedrism. Axis 6 = T4643; 001 A 101 = 55 40J' Miller 1 . Forms 2 : c (001, 0); g (320, f); * (111, 1); (321, 3-f). Angles: cs = 64 13^', a*' = *79 6', cz 79 W, zz"' = 88 1'. The form is near that of the scheelite group, p. 985. Crystals pyramidal or prismatic in habit, sometimes with basal plane prominent and often showing the hemihedral form, the pyramid of the third series, z (321). Cleavage: s (111) in traces. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. = 5-5-6. GL = 5-838 Allan; 5-800 Turner; diminishing to 4*3 when largely hydrated. Luster externally dull, on the frac- ture brilliantly vitreous and submetallic. Color brownish black; in thin scales pale liver-brown. Streak pale brown. Subtrans- lucent to opaque. Comp. Essentially a metaniobate (and tantalate) of yttrium with erbium, cerium, uranium, etc., in varying amounts; also iron, in in calcium, etc. General formula K(Nb,Ta)0 4 with R Y,Er,Ce. Haidinger. Water is usually present and sometimes in considerable amount, but probably not an original constituent; the specific gravity falls as the amount increases, cf. anals. 12, 13, and Hidden & Mackintosh, 1. c. Anal. 1-9, Rg.. Ber. Ak. Berlin, 406, 1871, and Min. Ch., 362, 1875; 2-5, of the so-called yellow (or brown) yttrotantalite. 10, W. H. Seamon, Ch. News, 46, 204, 1882. 11, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc.. 13, 367, 1877. 12, 13, Hidden & Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 38, 482, 1889.. Earlier anals., 5th Ed., p. 525. G. Nb 2 O 5 Ta 2 O 5 UO a WO 3 8nO 2 Y 3 O 3 Er,O, Ce a O 3 FeO CaO H 3 O 1. Greenland, Fero 5 577 44'45 6 30 2'58 0'15 0'47 24 '87 9'81 7'63 a 0'74 0'61 1-49 [= 99-10 28 14 27-04 2-13 24'45 8'26 0'72 4-17 5 12 2. Ytterby, yw. 3. " brn 4 5. 6. Heile, Tyrite 4 -77- 4'86 7. 4-774 5-056 4-751 4-650 40-16 8-73 1' 0-91 26 [= 100-03 3'4C 3-09 3*40 4-47 [=r 101-00 39 93 9-53 1-20 0'21 0'28 26'25 11-79 1-79 0'60 3'04 5-20 [= 99-77 49-85 38'01 2-91 3'29 6*19 [= 100-25 45-82 6-21 0-45 18-69 11 '71 94* 1*00 239 4-88 [= 100-91 4560 5-38 0-45 22'3i 13'97 4'54 C 082 205 4'88 [= 100 8. " Bragite 5'267 43'36 2 04 8-16 0*83 22 6tf 13'95 3'33 221 4-18 [= 100-74 730 NIOBATES, TANTALATES. G. Nb 2 O 5 Ta 2 O 5 UO 2 WO 3 SnO 2 Y 2 O 3 Er 2 3 Ce 2 O 3 FeO CaO H 2 O 9. Kararfvet, [= 99'07 Yttr.,gry. 4-306 14-4143-44 1'56 28 '81 1'73 0'47 1-51 7'14 10. Burke Co., N.C. 5-6 43'78 4'08 5-81 0'76 37-21 4'15 d 1'81 0'65 1-62 L= 99-87 11. Kockport, Mass. 5'681 48'75 0'25 46'01 4'23 1'65 [= 100-89 UO 3 ThO 2 12. Llano Co., Tex. 5'67 46'27 1'54 3'38 42'33 e 0'98 f 014 2'02 h [F 0-91, A1 2 O 3 0-09, PbO 1-43, ZnO 24 = 99 33 13. " " 4-42 42 79 , 3'93 3'12 0'83 31'36 k 3'75 f 2'74 8-19* [F 0-50, A1 2 O 3 0-85, PbO 1'94 = 100 a Incl. 5-63 Di 2 O 8 ,La 2 O 3 . b Incl. 3'56 Di,O 3 ,La 2 O 3 . c Incl. 1*51 Di 2 O 3 ,La 2 O 3 . d Incl. 3'49 r>i 2 O 3 ,La 2 O 3 . e Incl. 23 95 of at. wght. 110'55; 18'38, at. wght. 113'3. f Fe 2 O 3 . Incl. 0'04 MgO. h At 110 0-04. i Do. 0-62. VAt. wght. 121-77. On the absorption spectra of the rare earths in fergusonite, see Krtiss and Nilson, Cfv. Ak. Stockh., 44, 373, 1887; on metallic acids, ib., p. 267. Pyr., etc. Fergusonite from Greenland . gives in the closed tube a little water. B.B. infusible; on charcoal its color becomes pale yellow. With borax dissolves with difficulty, giving a yellow bead while hot, the insoluble portion being white; the saturated bead is yellowish red, and is made opaque by flaming. Slowly dissolved by salt of phosphorus, leaving a white insoluble residue; in O.F. the bead is yellow, while in R.F. it is colorless, or, if saturated, slightly reddish, becoming opaque on cooling; treated with tin the bead remains uncolored, while the insoluble residue is made flesh-red. Decomposed by soda without dissolving, leaving a reddish slag; with soda on charcoal affords globules of metallic tin (Berzelius). When evapo- rated with sulphuric acid yields a white residue, which, treated with hydrochloric acid and metallic zinc, gives a bluish green color. Tyrite decrepitates and yields much water in the closed tube (Forbes). Obs. Fergusonite was discovered by Giesecke, near Cape Farewell in Greenland, dissem- inated in quartz, and named after Robert Ferguson of Raith. Also found at Ytterby, Sweden, and Kararfvet. In the granite of K5nigshain, near Gorlitz, Silesia (Woitschach). Tyrite is associated with euxenite at Hampemyr on the island of Tromo, and Helle on the mainland; at Naskul, about ten miles east of Areudal. Bragite of Forbes and Dahll is from Helle, Naresto, Alve, and Askero, Norway. Fergusonite is found in the U. S., at Rockport, Mass., in granite; on the allanite of Amelia Court House, Va. (?, sipylite); in the Brindletown gold district, Burke Co., N. C., in gold - washings, and similarly near Golden P. O., Rutherford Co.; also from near Spruce Pine, Mitchell Co.; with zircon near Storeville, Anderson Co., S. Carolina (Hidden, Am. J. Sc., 41, 440, 1891). At the gadoliuite locality (p. 511) in Llano Co., Texas, it occurs in considerable quantity with cyrtolite, thorogummite, magnetite, etc., in masses sometimes weighing over a pound, also in large rough crystals; the mineral is often hydrated to a greater or-less extent, cf. anals. 12, 13. Ref. ' Min., 465, 1852. Haidinger gives 79 32'. RUTIIERFORDITE G. U. Skepard, Am. Assoc., 4, 312, 1850, Am. J. Sc., 12, 209, 1851. T. 8. Hunt, ib., 14, 344, 1852. In crystals and grains, without cleavage. H. = 5'5. G, = 5*55-5-69. Luster vitreo-resmous. Color blackish brown. Opaque, in thin fragments translucent. Occurs at the gold mines of Rutherford Co., North Carolina, along with rutile, brookite, zircon, and monazite. Shepard later announced (Am. J. Sc., 20, 57, 1880) that rutherfordite was probably identical with fergusonite, and of the correctness of this there seems little doubt. KOCHELITE M. Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 20, 250, 1868. Tetragonal? In columnar incrustations passing into rounded, apparently square octahedrons, occasionally showing prismatic planes. Color brownish isabel la-yellow to honey-yellow. Trans- lucent. Luster dull greasy. H. = 3-3'5. G. = 3'74 (?), An incomplete analysis gave: Nb 2 O 6 ZrO 2 ThO 2 SiO 2 Y 2 O 3 UO 3 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 CaO H 2 O 29-49 1281 1-23 449 17'22 043 1'41 12-48 2'10 6'52 PbO?Na 2 O? loss 11'82 = 100 In the closed tube yields water, and the mineral turns reddish. B.B. in the forceps fuses only on the edges to a black glass, coloring the flame yellow. With salt of phosphorus reacts for iron, but in R.F. fuses to a clear bead, showing only a faint reaction for uranium. With soda on charcoal yields a yellowish white enamel, but no metallic globules. Occurs as an incrustation upon a mixture of titanic iron and crystals of fergusonite in a coarse granite in the Kochelwiese, near Schreiberhau in Silesia. The composition is near that of fergusonite, but further investigation is needed. The density is remarkably low for a mineral containing so large a percentage of metallic acids. SIPYLITE COLUMBITE ; TANTALITE. 731 524. SIPYLITE. J. W. Mallet, Am. J. Sc., 14, 397, 1877; 22, 52, 1881. Tetragonal. Axis 6 = 1-4767; 001 A 101 = 55 53f Mullet. Rarely iii octahedral crystals; pp' = *79 15', pp" = 128 50' (127 meas.). Usually imperfec-tly crystalline, or in irregular masses. Cleavage: p (111), distinct. Fracture small conchoidal and uneven. Brittle. H. 6 nearly. G. = 4'89. Luster resinous and pseudo-metallic. Color brownish black to brownish orange; in splinters red-brown. Streak light cinnamon-brown to pale gray. Translucent. Comp. A niobate of erbium chiefly, also the cerium metals, etc. Anal. W. G. Brown, 1. c. Nb 2 O 5 W0 3 SnO 9 ZrO 2 Er 2 O 3 Ce 2 O 3 La 9 O s Di 2 O 3 UO FeO BeO MgO CaO Na 2 O K 2 O H a O 4-66 a 0-16 0-08 2-09 27'94 b 1'37 3'92<> 4'06 d 3'47 2'04 0'62 0'05 2'61 0'16 0'06 3'19 [MnO,Li 2 O,F tr. = 100'48 a With Ta 2 O 6 about 2 p. c. b With Y 2 O 3 about 1 p. c. c Di 2 O 3 tr. d Ce 2 O 3 tr. Taking together the acid oxides of niobium, tantalum, tungsten, tin, and zirconium as !N"b 2 O 5 , and reducing all the basic elements to the form RO, and neglecting the water, the ratio RO : Nb 2 O 5 = 221 : 100 is obtained, which corresponds to the formula: R 3 Nb 2 O 8 4- 4R 2 Nb 2 O 7 . Mallet prefers to include the water, making the hydrogen basic, and deduces on this supposition the formula: R 3 Nb 2 O 8 . This view is supported by the fact that in form sipylite is very near fergusonite. Fyr. B.B. decrepitates, and glows brilliantly, becomes pale greenish yellow and opaque; infusible. . In the closed tube gives off acid water. With borax in O.F. gives a yellow bead, pale on cooling; in R.F. assumes a greener tint. Boiled in strong HC1 partially dissolves, the solution reacting for zirconium with turmeric paper; when metallic tin is added and the solution diluted, a sapphire-blue color is obtained (niobium). Decomposed completely, though slowly, in boiling concentrated sulphuric acid. Obs. Occurs sparingly, embedded in, or more commonly adherent to, masses of allanite and magnetite, at the northwest slope of Little Friar Mountain, Amherst Co., Virginia. Named from Sipylus, one of the children of Niobe, in allusion to the names niobium and tantalum. Delafontaine(C. R., 87, 933, 1878) states that sipylite contains yttrium, erbium (in small quan- tities), philippium (see samarskite), and also the ytterbium of Madgnac (see gadoliuite, p. 510). ADELPHOLITE. Adelfolit N. Nordenskiold, Beskrifn. Finl. Min., 1855, Jb. Min., 313, 1858; A. E. Nd., Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 20, 452, 1863, Pogg., 122, 615, 1864. Tetragonal. Angles undetermined. H. = 3 5-4' 5. G. = 3'8. Luster greasy. Color brownish yellow to brown and black. Streak white or yellowish white. Subtranslucent. A niobate of iron and manganese, containing 41 '8 p. c. of metallic acids, and9'7 p. c. of water. From Laurinmaki, in Tammela, Finland, with columbite. 3. Columbite Group. Orthorhombic. 525, 526. COLUMBITB TANTALITE. 525. Columbite. Ore of Columbium (fr. Conn.) Hatchett, Phil. Tr., 1802. Columbite Jameson, Min., 2, 582, 1805. Columbate of Iron. Columbeisen Germ. Baierine (fr. Bavaria) Beud., Tr., 2, 655, 1832. Torrelite Thorn., Rec. Gen. Sc., 4, 408, 1836. Niobite Haid., Handb., 549, 1845. Greenlandite Breith., B. H. Ztg., 17, 61, 1858. Dianite Kbl., Ber. Ak. Miinchen, Mar. 10. 1860. Mangantantalite A. E. Nordenskiold, G. For. Forh., 3, 284, 1877. Manganotantalite A. Arzruni, Vh. Min. Ges., 23, 181, 1887. 526. Tantalite. Tantalit Ekeberg, Ak. H. Stockh., 23, 80, 1802. Ferrotantalite Thorn., Rec. Gen. Sc., 4, 416, 1836. Siderotantal Hausm., Handb., 2, 960,1847. Ildefonsit #a^., Handb. 548, 1845; = Harttantelerz Breith., Char., 230, 1832, Handb., 874, 1847. See also below. Orthorhombic. Axes d : I : c = 0-82850 : 1 : 0-88976 E. S. Dana 1 . 100 A 110 = 39 38i', 001 A 101 = 47 2J', 001 A Oil = 41 39j'. Forms 2 : z (530, -f) 2 . 8 / (102, |4) 5 a (113, i) 1 n (121, 2-2) 5 a (100, i-l) m (110, /) h (203, tH) 4 o (111, 1) u (133, 1-3) b (010, i-l) g (130, *-3) 033 , l} tw Dl o- (213, f-2)' * (263, 2-3)* c (001, 0) l n06 , }4 \ Q ' \* ' V x (211, 2-2)' r (391, 9-3)* -, -.,, isa :EJS 732 NIOBATES, TANTALATES. The form of columbite bears a rather close relation to that of wolframite (p. 982) as early pointed out by Rose. 1. 2. 3. Fig. 1, Middletown. 2, Haddam. 3, Black Hills, Pfd. 4, Greenland, after Schrauf (b (010) in front). 5, Standish, Bodenmais. 6, Staudish, Me. dd" = 39 6' yy'" = 45 0' zz" = 52 52' mm'" 79 17' gg'" = *136 10' gg' = 43 50' W = 20 18' kk' = 39 23 ff' = 56 28' hh' 71 12' qq = 61 21' M* = 83 19' ee' = 121 20' = 24 56' = 54 21V = 37 46V = 66 43V = 64 18' = 43 48' = 62 28' = 61 9' aa' = 37 53' o-cr' = 68 56' uu' = 29 57' /?/?' = 56 17' ca CO cor ex CTt cu cs en 00' nn r ss' tt' nit' 00" uu" aa'" uu'" nri" 00"' Ttn'" = 77 19 38 70 55 *108 87 31 79 118 62 100 29' 54' 39' 6' 30' 43' 36' 12' 54' 20' 27V 59' o-o-'" = 27 7' ft/3'" 71 46' 88'" 110 42' XX'" 41 10' 00 51 15V aft = 61 51V au = 75 2' ait ; 62 15' as = 70 40' bo 58 46' bn : 30 50' bu 50 3' r Twins 3 : tw. pi. e common, usually contact-twins, heart-shaped and showing a delicate feather-like striation on a (f. 5), here c.c = 58 40' and bb = 121 20'; also penetration-twins. Further tw. pi. q (023) rare (f. 6), here cc = 118 39', bb = 61 21'. Crystals short prismatic, often rectangular prisms with the pinacoids, abc, prominent; also thin tabular || ; the pyramids often but slightly developed, sometimes, however, acutely terminated by u (133) alone (f. 2). Also in large groups of parallel crystals, and massive. Cleavage: a rather distinct; b ress so. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H.= 6. Gr. 5*3- 7'3, varying with the composition (see below). Luster submetallic, often very brilliant, sub-resinous. Color Standish, Me. iron-black, grayish and brownish black, opaque; rarely reddish brown and translucent; frequently iridescent. Streak dark red to black. COLUMBITE GROUP: COLUMBITE TANTALITE. 733 Comp.,Yar. Kiobate and tantalate of iron and manganese, (Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta) g 6 , passing by insensible gradations from normal COLUMBITE, the nearly pure uiobate, to normal TANTALITE, the nearly pure tantalate. The iron and manganese also vary widely. Tin and wolfram are present in small amount. The percentage composition for FeNb 2 6 = Niobium pentoxide 82'7, iron protoxide 17*3 = 100; for FeTa 2 6 = Tantalum pentoxide 86*1, iron protoxide 13'9 = 100. In some varieties, manganocolumbite or manganotantalite, the iron is largely replaced by manganese. The variety from Branchville, anal. 10, corresponds to MnNb 2 O 6 .MnTa 2 O 6 ; cf. also anal. 33. The maugauotautalite of Sanarka (anal. 13) is essentially MnTa 2 O 6 . The connection between the specific gravity and the percentage of metallic acids is shown in the following table from Marignac, Bibl. Univ., 25, 25, 1866. See also analyses below. Greenland Acworth, N. H. Limoges Bodenmais (Dianite) Haddam G. 5-36 5-65 5-70 5-74 5-85 Ta 2 O 5 3-3 15-8 13-8 13-4 10-0 Bodenmais Haddam Bodenmais Haddam Tantalite G. 5-92 6-05 6-06 6-13 7-03 Ta 2 O 27-1 30-4 35-4 31-5 65-6 CRYST. COLUMBITE and TANTALITE. Anal. 1, Blomstrand, J. pr. Ch., 99, 44, 1866. 2, Genth, Proc. Ac. Philad., 51, 1889. 3, O. D. Allen, Dana Min., App. in, 30, 1882. 4, Cossa, Rend. Ace. Line., 3, 111, 1887. 5, Janovsky, Ber. Ak. Wien, 8O (1), 34, 1879. 6, T. B. Osborne, Am. J. Sc., 30, 336, 1885. 7-9, Blomstrand, 1. c. 10, Comstock, Am. J. Sc., 19, 131, 1880. 11, Dunnington, Am. Ch. J., 4, 138, 1882. 12, Comstock, 1. c. 13, Blomstrand, Vh. Min. Ges., 23, 188, 1887. 1. Greenland G. 5-395 Nb 2 O 5 77-97 Ta 2 O 5 SnO 2 0-73 W0 3 0-13 FeO 17-33 MnO 3-28 CaO MgO 0-23 PbO 0-12, TZrOs 0-13 = 99-92 2 Mineral Hill, Pa. 5-26 76 26 0-83 0-16 trJ 7-65 11-29 0-66 0'07 UO 3 0-18, [Y 2 3 1-78, Ce 2 O a 0-34, Zr0 2 0-67, igu. 0-33 = 100-22 3. Standish, Me. 5-65 68 99 9-22 1 61 16-80 3-65 = 100-27 4. Craveggia 5-68 65 17 13-35 0-23 9-84 8-98 1-17 tr. = 98-74 5. Isergebirge 574 62 64 16-25* 0-41 1-01 13-06 6-11 ZrO 2 0-48, [H 2 34 = 100-30 6 Branchville 5-73 I 60 70 19-20 12-91 7-03 = 99-84 7. Bodenmais 5-75 56-43 22-79 0-58 1-07 15-82 2-39 0-40 ZrO 2 0-28, [H 2 35 = 100-11 8. Haddam 6-15 51 53 28-55 0-34 0-76 13-54 455 0-42 Zr0 2 0-34, [H 2 0- 16 = 100-19 9. Bodenmais 6-26 48 87 30-58 0-91 15-70 2-95 0-14 H 2 O 0-40 = 10. Branchville 6-59 30 16 52-29 _ _ 0-43 15-58 0-37 [99-55 = 98-83 11. Amelia Co., Va. 6-48 31 40 53-41 tr. 5-07 8-05 1-27 0-20 Y 2 3 ? 0-82 [= 100-22 12. Northfield 6-84 f 26 81 56-90 10-05 5-88 = 99-64 13. Sanarka [100-33 Ma nga notan talite 7-301 4 47 79-81 0-67 1-17 13-88 0'17 ign. 0-16 = a Other determinations gave: Nb 2 O 6 62 25, 61-9 8, 62-03; Ta 2 O 6 16 31, 17-12, 16-55, respectively. The following are analyses by W. P. Headden (Am. J. Sc., 41, 89, 1891) chiefly of columbite from the Black Hills, S. Dakota. Anals. 14-21 are all from the Etta mine, and show well the variation in the metallic acids, even in specimens from a single locality (also shown in specimens from Haddam and Bodenmais); further the accompanying variation in specific gravity. 14, Etta Mine, 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Black Hills G. Nb 2 O 5 Ta,O 6 SnO 2 FeO MnO 5-890 6-181 6-245 6-376 6-515 6-612 54-09 47-05 46-59 40-37 39-94 35-11 18-20 34-04 35-14 41-14 42-96 47-11 o-io 0-30 0-18 0-13 tr. 0-35 11-21 11-15 7-44 8-28 8-59 8-37 7-07 CaO 0-21 = 100'88 7-80 = 100-34 10 94 = 100 29 9-09 CaO 0-78, MgO O'lO 8-82 = 100-31 [= 99-89 9-26 = 100 20 6-707 31-31 52-49 0'09 610 10'71 = 100 70 6-750 29-78 53'28 0'13 10-40 = 99'70 734 NIOBATES, TANTALATES. G. 22. Peerless M., Black Hills, 6'373 Nb 2 5 37-29 Ta 2 5 44-87 SnO 2 0-09 FeO 6-87 MnO 11-02 = 10014 23. " 6-445 40-28 42-09 0-19 6-70 11-23 = 100-49 24. Bob Ingersoll M 5-901 57 32 23-43 0-09 6-29 13 55 = 100-68 25. Sarah M., 5-804 61 72 18-93 0-25 11-21 8 67 = 100-79 26. 6-565 40-07 42-92 0-20 9-73 7 24 = 100-16 27. Mai lory Gulch 6-232 41 69 40-19 0-11 9-88 8 70 = 100-57 28. 6-469 37 28 44-48 0-16 9-29 8 68 = 99-89 29. Yolo M., Nigger H 11 Distr. 6-592 24 40 57-60 0-41 14-46 2 55 CaO 0-73 = 100-15* 30. Turkey Creek, Col. 5 '383 73 45 2-74 l-35 a 11-32 9 70 CaO 0-61 = 99-17 31. Haddam, Conn. 5-780 60 52 19-71 0-09 12-64 7 51 = 100-47 32. Mitchell Co., N. C. '70 98 9-27 0-17 12-21 7 30 CaO 0-80 = 100-73 33. Elk Creek, S. D. 6170 47 22 34-27 0-32 1-89 16 25 = 99-95 a Incl. 1-14 WO 3 . M-46 of admixed SnO 2 deducted. For other earlier analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 517; also (incomplete as regards separation of metallic acids) Colorado, G. = 5'15, and Yancey Co., N. C., G. = 5-6, Smith, Am. J. Sc., 13, 359, 1877; San Roque, Argentine Rep., G.= 5'625, Siewert, Min. Mitth., 224, 1873; Middletown, G.= 6-14, Hallock, Am. J. Sc., 21, 412, 1881; Turkey Creek, Jefferson Co., Colorado, G.= 5'48, MnO 11-23, Proc. Col. Sc. Soc., 2, 31, 1886. tfordenskiold (1. c.) obtained for the mangantalite from Uto: G. = 6'3, NbjO 6 ,Ta 2 5 85 '5, FeO 3-6, MnO 9'5, CaO 1'2 = 99'8. MASSIVE TANTALITE. The following are analyses of tantalite, chiefly massive, in part belonging with normal columbite -tantalite above, in part with skogbolite (and ixiolite) below. The analyses of the crystallized skogbolite and ixiolite are also included. Anal. 1, 2, Rg., Ber. Ak. Berlin, 164, 1871. 3, Comstock, Am. J. Sc., 19, 131, 1880. 4, Mgc., Bibl. Univ., 25, 26, 1866. 5, 6, Rg., 1. c. 7, A. Nd., Pogg., 101, 629, 1857. 8-10, W; P. Headden, Am. J. Sc., 41, 98, 1891; also earlier Schaeffer, ibid., 28, 430, 1884. 11, 12, Rg., 1. c. 1. Broddbo? 2. Broddbo 3. Yancey Co., N. C. 4. Broddbo 5. Rosendal, Kimito 6. Harkasaari, Tammela 7. Skogbole, Skogbolite 8. Grizzly-Bear Gulch, S. D. 9. 10. Coosa Co., Ala. 11. Skogbole, Ixiolite 12. G. Nb 2 5 Ta 2 O 6 SnO 2 FeO MnO 6-082 40-21 42-15 0-18 16-00 l-07 a = 99-61 6-311 29-27 4964 2-49 b 13-77 2-88 ign. 0-75 = = 98-80 6-88 | 23-63 59-92 12-86 3-06 MgO 0-34 = 99-81 7-03 10-88 65-60 6-10 8-95 6-61 = 98-14 7-277 13-14 70-53 0-82 14-30 1-20 = 99-99 7-384 7-54 76-34 0-70 13-90 1-42 = 99-90 7-85 84-44 1-26 13-41 096 CuO 0-14, CaO 0-15 7-773 6-23 78-20 0-68 14-00 0'81 = 99-92 [100-36 8-200 3-57 82-23 0-32 12-67 1-33 = 100-12 8-78 71-37 5-38 8-44 5-37 = 99-34 e 7-232 19-24 63-58 1-70 9-19 5-9T ign. 0-23 = = 99-91 7-272 12-26 d 69-97 2-94 14 83 = 100 Incl. CaO. b With trace WO 3 . Ign. 0-20 deducted. d Incl. 1 p. c. TiO 2 . Pyr., etc. For tantalite B.B. unaltered. With borax slowly dissolved, yielding an iron glass, which, at a certain point of saturation, gives, when treated in R.F. and subsequently flamed., a grayish white bead; if completely saturated becomes of itself cloudy on cooling. With salt of phosphorus dissolves slowly, giving an iron glass, which in R.F., if free from tungsten, is pale yellow on cooling; treated with tin on charcoal it becomes green. If tungsten is present the bead is dark red, and is unchanged in color when treated with tin on charcoal. With soda and niter gives a greenish blue manganese reaction. On charcoal, with soda and sufficient borax to dissolve the oxide of iron, gives in R.F. metallic, tin. Decomposed on fusion with potassium bisulphate in the platinum spoon, and gives on treatment with dilute hydrochloric acid a yellow solution and a heavy white powder, which, on addition of metallic zinc, assumes a smalt-blue color; on dilution with water the blue color soon disappears (Kbl.). For columbite nearly as with tantalite. Von Kobell states that when decomposed by fusion with caustic potash, and treated with hydrochloric and sulphuric acids, it gives, on the addition of zinc, a blue color much more lasting than with tantalite; and the variety dianite, when similarly treated, gives, on boiling with tin -foil, and dilution with its volume of water, a sapphire-blue fluid, while, with tantalite and ordinary columbite, the metallic acid remains undissolved. The variety from Haddam, Ct., is partially decomposed when the powdered mineral is evaporated to dryuess with concentrated sulphuric acid, its color is changed to white, light gray, or yellow, and when boiled with hydrochloric acid and metallic zinc it gives a beautiful blue. The remarkably pure and unaltered columbite from Arksut-fiord in Greenland is also partially decomposed by sulphuric acid, and the product gives the reaction test with zinc, as above. COLUMBITE GROUP: COLUMBITE TANTALITE. 735 Obs. Occurs at Rabensteiu, near Zwiesel, and Bodeamais. Bavaria, in granite, with iolite and magnetite; at Tirscbenreuth, Bavaria; at Craveggia, Italy; at Tammela, in Finland; at Cbanteloube, near Limoges, in pegmatyte with tautalite; near Miask, in the llmen Mts., with samarskite; in the gold-washings of the Sauarka region in the Ural; at Hermanska'r, near Bjorskar, in Finland; in Greenland, in cryolite, at Ivigtut (or Evigtok), in brilliant crystals; disseminated through or among the wolframite of Auvergue, and detected by acting with aqua- regia, which dissolves the wolframite and leaves untouched the columbite (Phipsou, Ch. News, 160, 1867); at Montevideo, S. A.; San Roque, Argentine Republic. In the United States, in Maine, at Standish, in splendent crystals in granite; also at Stone- ham with cassiterite, etc. In N. Hampshire, at Plymouth, with beryl; at Acworth, at the mica mine. In Mass., at Chesterfield, some fine crystals, associated with blue and green tour- maline and beryl, in a vein of albitic granite; also Beverly; Northfield, Mass. (anal. 12), with beryl. In Connecticut, at Haddam. 2 in. from the village, in a granite vein, some of the crystals several pounds in weight; also at the chrysoberyl locality, but not now accessible; also at the iolite locality, Haddam; near Middletown, in a feldspar vein in fine crystals, some very large; at Branchville, Fail-field Co., in a vein of albitic granite, in large crystals and aggregates of crystals, sometimes weighing many pounds, also in minute thin tabular crystals translucent (manganccolumbite, anal. 10) implanted upon spodumeue; also at other points in the neigh- borhood of Brauchville in granite veins. In N. York, at Greenfield, with chrysoberyl. In Penn., Mineral Hill, Delaware Co. In Virginia, Amelia Co., in fine splendent crystals with microlite, monazite (p. 728), etc. In JV. Carolina, with samarskite crystals in parallel position at the Wiseman's mica mines of Mitchell Co.; also at the Deake mine and other points; Ray's mine in Yancey Co.; Balsam Gap in Buncombe Co.; near Franklin, Macon Co.; White Plains, Alex- ander Co. In Colorado, on microcline at the Pike's Peak region; Turkey Creek, Jefferson Co. (11*23 MnO). In S. Dakota, in the Black Hills region, common in the granite veins associ- ated with cassiterite, beryl, etc.; the crystals and crystalline groups are often large, one mass is estimated to have weighed 2000 Ibs. ; most abundant at the Etta and Bob Ingersoll mines; also at other points in Penuington Co.; also in Nigger Hill distr., in Lawrence Co., sometimes associated with stream tin. Cf. Headdeu, 1. c., also W. P. Blake, Am. J. Sc., 28, 340, 1884, 41, 403, 1891 (figures and measurements, Pfd.). In California, King's Creek distr., Fresno Co. Mangantantalite of Nordenskiold is from Uto, Sweden, where it occurs with petalite, lepidolite, microlite, etc. Manganotantalite of Arzruni is from the gold-washings in the Sanarka region in the Ural. Massive tantalite occurs in Yancey Co., N. C.; Coosa Co., Ala.; also in the Black Hills, S. Dakota. Also occurs in Finland, in Tammela, at Harkasaari near Torro, associated with gigantolite and rose quartz; in Kimito, at Skogbole, in Somero at Kaidasuo, and in Kuortane at Katiala, with lepidolite, tourmaline, and beryl; in Sweden, near Falun, at Broddbo and Finbo; in France, at Chauteloube near Limoges, in pegmatyte. lldefonsite is from Ildefonso, Spain, and has G. = 7-416, H. = 6-7. The occurrence of columbite in America was first made known by Mr. Hatchett's examina- tion of a specimen sent by Governor Winthrop to Sir Hans Sloane, then President of the Royal Society, which was labeled as found at Neatneague (better Naumeag). Dr. S. L. Mitchill stated (Med. Repos., vol. 8) that it was taken at a spring at New London, Conn. No locality has since been detected at that place. But the rediscovery of it at Haddam, first published by Dr. Torrey (Am. J. Sc., 4, 52, 1822), and since near Middletown, about 7 m. distant, has led to the belief that the original locality was at one of these places, which are about 30 m. N. W. of New London. Mr. J. Hammond Trumbull in a letter to Prof. Brush (July 16, 1882) discussing this subject, remarks: "The name of Namueg or Naumeag, originally given to the plantation at New London, may have been extended as were the bounds of the plantation east of the Thames, to the Mystic, including what is now Grotou. I conjectured that the columbite was found near Winthrop's mill a short distance above the head of Mystic, and there used to be a local tradition to that effect; though it had no definite value." The metal of columbite was named columbium by Hatchett in 1802, from Columbia, a name of America, whence his specimen was received, and thus came the name columbite given by Jameson and Thomson (see further below). Rose, after investigating the metal and its com- pounds, named it anew, calling it niobium, and this gave rise to the name niobite. Baierite is from the German name of Bavaria. Torrelite Thomson, named after Dr. J. Torrey, is the ordinary Middletown columbite; and Greenlandite Breith. is that from Greenland; both names originated partly in erroneous views of the crystals of the minerals. Dianite is the Bodenmais columbite, in which v. Kobell supposed he had discovered the acid of a new metal, which he called dianium. No good reason has been given for substituting niobium for columbium, and it is contrary to the scientific law of priority; but as it is now accepted by most chemists the common usage is here followed. Tantalite was named by Ekeberg, from the mythic Tantalus, in playful allusion to the difficulties (tantalizing) he encountered in his attempts to make a solution of the Finland mineral in acids. The name was afterward extended to the American mineral columbite, and to the same from other localities; while the name columbite, the metal columbium haying been discovered a little prior to tantalum, received a similar extension, so as to include all tantalite. 736 NIOBATES, TANTALATES. The subsequent discovery that tantalum and columbium were distinct elements finally estab- lished them as independent species. Ref. 1 On splendent crystals from Standish, Me., Zs. Kr., 12/266,1886; these results differ but little from those of J. D. D. (1 837) on the Haddam mineral. The form seems to vary but little with change of composition. Analyses 1-13 (also most and probably all of 14-83) belong to min- erals having the columbite habit and angles; even the crystals of manganotantaliie of Arzruni (anal. 13, a manganese tantalate) show the planes a, b, c, I, k, u, n, and affords nearly the same ratio (below, from ck = *19 19', bu = *50 80 J')- It is plain, therefore, that skogbolite and ixiolite cannot be included in this series; their relation to normal columbite-tantalite needs further investigation (cf. below, p. 737). The following axial ratios are interesting for comparison, although it is to be noted that the crystals seldom allow of accurate measurements. The axes of Schrauf, ref. ' below, are based upon angles (only approximate) from crystals of different localities and are hence of no value for comparison. Schrauf made u = 111, g = 110, etc., see list, p. 737. Cf. also Kk., Min. Russl., 10, 261, 1891. Greenland Ilmen Mts. Standish Haddam Sanarka G. 5-39 5-57 5-65 5-95 7-3 Ta 2 O 6 9-2 29? 79-8 d : b c 0-8292 : 1 0-8776 Dx. 0-8302 : 1 0-8822 Kk. 0-8285 : 1 0-8898 E. S. D. 0-8292 : -| 0-8778 J. D. D. 0-8304 : 1 0-8732 Arz. 2 J. D. D., Am. J. Sc., 32, 149, 1837, and Min., p. 370, 1837, and App p. 65- in Min p. 354, 1854, the forms, 530, 740, 035, are added as doubtful. 3 Rose, twins, Bodenmais, Pogg., 64, 171, 1845. 4 Mir., Min., p. 471, 1852. 5 Dx., Green- land, Ann. Mines, 8, 398, 1855. 7 Schrauf, Greenland, Ber. Ak. Wien, 44 (1), 445, 1861. 8 Maskelyne, Montevideo, Phil. Mag., 25, 41, 1863. 9 Pentield, quoted by W. P. Blake Am J. Sc., 41, 408, 1891. 526A. Skogbolite. A. E. Nordenskiold, Beskr. Finl. Min., 30, 1855. Tantalit mit zimmt- braunem Pulver, Berzelius. Tammela-tantalit N. Nordenskiold, Act. Soc. Feiin., 1, 119, read April 25, 1832, Pogg., 50, 656, 1840. Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : c = 0'81696 : 1 : 0'65106. 100 A 110 = 39 14|', 001 A 101 = 38 83f, 001 A Oil = 33 4', N. Nordenskiold. Forms: a (100, i-i), b (010, i-V), r (490, *-), n (016, f2), fi (Oil, 14), q (031, 3-2), j9 (111, 1), 9 (322, |-|), o (211, 2-2). Also * (131, 3-3)? Angles : rr' = 57 6', nri = 12 23', w' = 66 8', qq' = 125 47', pp 1 =.*67 28*' pp" = 91 38|, pp"' = *53 58', 99' = 90 6', oo' = 106 21*'. Measured : pp" = 91 45', rr' = 57 3', bq = 29i (27 ,7' calc.), nn' = 12, 'wf = 90, oo' = 110. 1. Figs. 1, 3, Skogbolite, N. Nd. stated to be only rutile, cf. Gdt., Index, 3, IXIOLITE A. E. Nordenskiold, Pogg. In prismatic crystals (f. 1) the angle of the prism near that of yttrotantalite and samarskite. Cleavage indistinct. Fracture uneven. H. = 6-0-6-5. G. = 7-8-8-0. Luster metallic. Color black. Opaque. Streak blackish brown to cinna- mon-brown. Comp. Essentially FeTa 2 O, a nearly pure iron tantalate. Cf. anal. 7, p. 734. Obs. From Harkasaari in Tammela, Finland, associated with rose quartz and gigantolite, in albitic granite. Also with ixiolite at Skogbole in Kimito. This is the mineral ordinarily called tan- talite, and regarded as isomorphous with, columbite (Rose, Rg. et. al.), but in fact as shown by the author having quite a different though related form. Cf. ref. '. A mineral from Pisek, Bohemia, referred to tantalite by Vrba (Zs. Kr., 15, 201, 1889), is later 185, 1891. 'ogg., 101, 632, 1857. Kimito-tantalit N. Nordenskiold. Ixionolit F. J. Wiik. Kassiterotantal Hausm. Cassitero-tantalite. Orthorhombic. Axes d : b : c - 5508 .1.1 2460 A. E. Nordenskiold. 100 A 110 = 28 50f, 001 A 101 = 66 9f , 001 A Oil = *51 15'. COLUMBITE GROUP: COLUMBITE TANTALITE. 787 Forms: a (100, i-l\ (010, i-i), e (001, 0); m (110, /), * (103, fi)? tw. pi.; n (Oil, l-i), < (031, 8-X), J? (HI, 1). Angles : mm'" = 57 41*', cs = 37 1', /m' = 102 30', ' = 150 3', cp = *68 50', pp' = 109 32', pp'" = 53 28'. Crystals rectangular prisms (a b c), sometimes twins with s (103) as tw. pi. Fracture uneven to subcouchoidal. Brittle. H. = 6-6'5. G. = 7'0-7'1. Luster submetallic. Color blackish gray to steel-gray. Powder brown. In composition a niobo-tantalate of iron and manganese, containing also a small amount of tin (anal. 11, p. 784). An analysis by Nordenskiold gave 13 p. c. tin dioxide, but this is not con- firmed by Kg. (Miu. Ch., 357, 1875). From SkogbOle in Khnito, Finland. Named from Ixion, a mythological person related to Tantalus. Relation of Skogbolite and Ixiolite to Columbite-tantalite. That there is a certain relation between the forms of columbite and the above two kinds of tantalite has been shown by various Authors; it is exhibited in the following axial ratios starting from the axes of each given above: Columbite Skogbolite Ixiolite & : b : c = 0-8285 : 1 : 0'8898 1. a : b : fc = 0'8170 : 1 : 8681 or : a : c - 0-8160 : 1 : 0'7969 : a : c = 0'8069 : 1 : 7541 2. fa : b : fc = 0'8262 : 1 : 8307 In 1 under both skogbSlite and ixiolite the occurring prism (like samarskite in angle) has the symbol (490), in 2 the symbol (320) or' columbite the symbols of the other planes are in general less simple, and the value of this comparison is doubtful. Groth proposes to retain Schrauf's position for columbite, while doubling the a and c axes, giving for columbite (Stan dish) and tantalite-skogbolite: Columbite Tantalite-skogbOlite a : b : b = 0'8047 : 1 : 0'7159 a : b : b = 0'8170 : 1 : 0'6511 The similarity, however, is more apparent than real, for nearly all the prominent planes of each species are wanting on the other, and the habit is very different moreover, true tantalite corresponds exactly with columbite in both habit and angle. The following table shows the planes of tantalite-skogb61ite common to columbite with the symbols in the positions of Dana, Schrauf and Groth; also the prominent planes of each species (those in parentheses not having been observed). a b h (T Also m Dana. 100 010 203 213 233 263 110 130 103 111 133 121 (320) (109) (201) (496) Columbite Schrauf. 010 100 021 163 121 221 130 110 Oil 131 111 231 (290) (013) (061) (342) Groth. 010 100 Oil 133 111 211 120 012 232 212 432 (490) (016) (031) (322) Tantalite-skogbolite N. Nd. 5 010 a 100 ' H Oil p 111 o 211 (230) (120) (012) (232) (213) (432) T ' 490 n 016 q 031 v 322 Ilmenite Brooke, Phil. Mag., 10, 187, 1831. Mengit G. Rose, Reis. Ural, 2, 83, 1842. Occurs in short prisms terminated by a pyramid. The angles are nearly those of columbite and Des Cloizeaux states (priv. contr.) that there can be no doubt that it is really Q that species. The planes are then a, m, g, u\ angles gg' = 43 40', uu' = 78 50', uu'" = 29 28' Brooke 738 XIOBATES, TANTALATES. G. = 5'43. Color black. Occurs in small crystals embedded in the albite of the granite veins in the Ilmen mountains. Named mengite, after Menge, the discoverer of the mineral. The mengite of Brooke is mouazite. HERMANNOLITE C. U. Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 50, 90, 1870; 11, 140, 176. A mineral from Haddani, Conn., probably identical with columbite. Cf. Hermann, who found in it " hypo- tantalic acid," hypoilmenic acid, etc., J. pr. Ch., 13, 386, 1876; further Delafontaine, Am. J. Sc., 13, 390, 1877, also Min., 5th Ed., 3d App., p. 30. FERRO-ILMENITE Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 2, 118, 1870. A kind of columbite from Haddam, Connecticut. 527. TAPIOLITE. Tapiolit A. E. Nordenskwld, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 20, 445, 1863. Tantalite (fr. Sukula) Arppe, Act. Soc. Fenn., 6, 590, 1861. Tetragonal. Axis 6 = 0-6464; 001 A 101 = 32 52f Nordenskiold. Forms: a (100, -*); m (110, /); e (101, 1-1); p (111, 1), c (001, 0) Angles : ee' = 45 9', pp' = 56 59V pp" = *84 52'. The form is very near that of rutile, cassiterite, and zircon. Iii square octahedrons, often monoclinic in appearance by distortion. Cleavage not distinct. H. = 6. G. = 7*36 Nd.; 7'496 Eg. Luster strong adamantine, approaching metallic. Color pure black. Opaque. Comp. A tantalate and niobate of iron, having the same composition as tantalite, Fe(Ta,Nb) 2 6 = (Ta : Nb = 4 : 1), Tantalum pentoxide 73-9, niobium pentoxide ll'l, iron protoxide 15*0 = 100. Anal. Rg., Ber. Ak. Berlin, 181, 1871. For earlier analyses see 5th Ed., p. 519. Ta 2 O 5 Nb 2 O 5 SuO 2 FeO MnO G. = 7-496 73-91 11-22 0'48 14-47 0'81 = 100'89 Pyr., etc. B.B. behaves like tantalite, but gives no reaction for manganese. Obs. Occurs near the Kulmala farm, in the village of Sukula, in the parish of Tammela, Finland, in white pegrnatyte granite, with beryl, tourmaline, and arsenopyrite. Named from an ancient Finnish divinity. 4. Samarskite Group. Orthorhombic. 528. YTTROTANTALITE. Yttrotantal Ekeberg, Ak. H. Stockh., 23, 80, 1802. Tantale oxide yttriffcre H., Tr., 1822. Yttroilmenit Herm., J. pr. Ch., 38, 119, 1846. Schwarzer Yttrotantalit. Orthorhombic. Axes & : I : c = 0-54115 : 1 : 1-1330 A. E. Nbrdenskiold 1 . 100 A HO = 28 25$', 001 A 101 = 64 28$', 001 A Oil = 48 34'. Forms : b (010, i-i), c (001, 0); o (210, 2), m (110, 7), p (120, a-2), q (150, t-6); * (201, 24); ft (Oil, 1-i). Angles: oo'" = 30 17', mm'" = 56 50', pp' = 85 28', bq - *20 17', ss' = 153 8', = 97 8', bft = *41 26'. Crystals prismatic, often six-sided with m, b prominent; also tabular \\ b. Cleavage: b very indistinct. Fracture small conchoidal. PI. = 5-5-5. G. = 5-5-5-9. Luster submetallic to vitreous and greasy. Color black, brown, brownish yellow, straw-yellow. Streak gray to colorless. Opaque to subtranslucent. Comp. Essentially RB,(T^Nb) 4 1B + 4H 2 0, according to n in Rammelsberg, with R = Fe,Ca, E = Y,Er,Ce, etc. The water may be secondary. The so-called yellow yttrotautalite of Ytterby and Kararfvet belongs to fergusonite (p. 729) 98 shown by Rammelsberg. Anal. 1, A. Nd., 1. c. 2, Rg., Min. Ch., 360, 1875, also Pogg., 150, 200, 187a SAMARSKITE GROUP SAMARSKITE. 739 Ta 2 O 5 Nb 2 O 5 1. ~5?56 2. G. =5-425 | 46-25 12-32 WO 3 SnO 2 Y 2 O 3 Er 2 O 3 Ce 2 O 3 UO 2 FeO CaO H 2 O [= 100-66 3-87 19-56 0-82 8'90 4'27 6'68 2-36 1-12 10-52 6-71 2'22 1-61 3'80 5'73 6-31 [= 98-95 Pyr., etc. In the closed tube yields water, turns yellow. On intense ignition both varieties become white. B.B. infusible. With salt of phosphorus dissolves with at first a separation of a white skeleton of tautalic acid, which with a strong heat is also dissolved; gives a glass faintly tinted rose-red from the presence of tungsten. Not decomposed by acids. Decomposed on fusion with potassium bisulphate, and when the product is boiled with hydrochloric acid metallic zinc gives a pale blue color to the solution which soon fades. Obs. Occurs in Sweden at Ytterby, near Vaxholm, in red feldspar; at Finbo and Broddbo, near Falun, embedded in quartz and albite, associated with garnet, mica, and pyrophysalite. The name yttrotantalite alludes to the composition. Tttroilmenite was given to a variety by Hermann upon the discovery in it of his supposed new metal ilmenium. Ref. * Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 17, p. 28, 1860, or Pogg., Ill, 280, 1860. 529. SAMARSKITE. Uranotantal H. Rose, Pogg., 48, 555, 1839. Samarskit (Uranniobit), H. Rose, Pogg., 71, 157, 1847. Yttroilmenit Herm., J. pr. Ch., 42, 129, 1847, 44, 216, 1848. Eytlandite Adam, Tabl. Min., 31, 1869. Orthorhombic. Axes a:b:6 = 0-54565 : 1 : 0-51780 E. S. Dana 1 . 100 A 110 = 28 37$', 001 A 101 = 43 30', 001 A Oil = 27 22|'. Forms: a (100, i-i), b (010, i-i); m (110, /), h (120, e-2); e (101, 1-i); p (111, 1); t> (231, 3-|). Angles: mm'" = 57 14', M = *85, ee' = *87, pp' = 80 14*', pp" = 94 28', pp"' = 41 10', bp = 69 25', m>' = 91 33', bv = 54 5V- Crystals rectangular prisms (a, b), with e (101) prominent, also prismatic \\ b by development of e, sometimes tabular || a or || b. Faces rough and not allowing of exact measurement. Commonly massive, and in flattened embedded grains. Cleavage: b imperfect. Fracture conchoidaL Brittle. H. = 5-6. Gr. = 5'6-5'8. Luster vitreous to resinous, splendent. Color velvet-black. Streak dark reddish brown. Nearly opaque. ii in n Comp. K 3 R 2 (Nb,Ta) 6 21 according to Rg., with R=Fe, Ca, in U0 2 , etc. ; E = cerium and yttrium metals chiefly. Anal. 1, Miss E. H. Swallow, Proc. Nat. Hist. Bost., 17, 424, 1875. Mitchell Co N C 2, O. D. Allen, Am. J. Sc., 14, 130, 1877. 3, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 13, 362, 1877; 4, 5, Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 29, 817, 1877. 6, Hoffmann, Am. J. Sc., 24, 475, 1882. 7, Koenig, quoted by G. H. Williams, Minerals of Baltimore, 1887. G. 1. N. Carolina 5755 2. " 572 5-839 18-20 8. 4. 5. Miask 6. Canada 14-36 5-672 4-95 7. Baltimore 5-96-6-20 YO. Ta a O, Nb a O 6 SnO 2 ,WO, UO 3 Ce 2 O 8 (Di 2 La 2 )O 3 Y 2 O 3 Er 2 O s FeO MnO CaO H 2 O 54-96 0-16 9-91 UO 5'17 CeO 12 84 14'02 0'91 0'52 b 0'66 [insol. fr. cerium oxalate 1'25 = 100-40 37-50 0-08 12-54 4'17 14'48 1075 0-78 0'55 1'12 1= 100-17 55-13 031 10-96 4'24 14'49 1174 l'53 b 072 [= 99-12 41-07 0-16 10-90 2-37 6'10 10'80 14'61 [Ti0 2 0-56 (SiO a ) = 100'93 55-34 022 11-94 4'33 8'80 3'82 14'30 [TiO 2 1-08 = 99-83 55-41 O'lO 10-75 478 14'34 4'83 0'51 5'38 - [MgO 0-11, Na 2 O 0-23, K,O 0'39, H 2 O 2'21 = 99 04 56'40 13-48 UO a 3'85 11'90. 8'98 - 0'30 [Fe a O 3 1-66, A1 2 O 3 2'00 =- 98'5? b MgO. ' Sp. grav. 577. Examination of the earths contained in samarskite from North Carolina: J. L. Smith 740 NIOBATES, TANTALATES. (" mosandrum"), C. R , 87, 146, 148, 831, 1878. Delafontaiue (terbium), Bibl Univ. 61 273 1878; id. (decipium, phillipium), ib., 3, 246, 250, 1880; C. R., 93, 63. 1881. Same subject dis- cussed by Mariguac, Bibl. Univ., 3, 413, 1880; Roscoe, J. Ch. Soc., 41, 277, 1882. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates, glows like gadolinite, cracks open, and turns black, and is of diminished density. B.B. fuses on the edges to a black glass. With borax in O.F. gives a yellowish green to red bead, in R.F. a yellow to greenish black, which on flaming becomes opaque and yellowish brown. With salt of phosphorus in both flames an emerald-green bead. With soda yields a manganese reaction. Decomposed on fusion with potassium bisul- phate, yielding a yellow mass which on treatment with dilute hydrochloric acid separates white tautalic acid, aud on boiling with metallic zinc gives a fine blue color. Samarskite in powder is also sufficiently decomposed on boiling with concentrated sulphuric acid to give the blue reduc- tion test when the acid fluid is treated with metallic zinc or tin. Obs. Occurs in reddish brown feldspar, with crystallized seschynite and columbite (and sometimes in parallel position with the latter) in the Ilmeu mountains, near Miask in the Ural. The largest pieces met with were of the size of hazel-nuts. In the United States, rather abundant and sometimes in large masses, up to 20 Ibs., at the Wiseman mica mine in Mitchell Co., N. Carolina, it is intimately associated with columbite; also at the Grassy Creek mine, Mitchell Co., and in McDowell Co. Sparingly at Middletown, Conn.; also at Jones Falls, Baltimore, Md. ; a related mineral in Colorado (see below). Also in Berthier Co., Quebec, Canada: Named after the Russian, v. Samarsld. Alt. An altered samarskite from Mitchell Co., N. C., called "euxenite" by Smith has yielded the following results: 1, Smith, 1. c. 2, W. H. Seamon, Ch. News, 46, 205, 1882. Nb 2 O 5 SnO 2 ,WO 3 UO 3 Y 2 O, Ce 2 O 3 (Di,La) 2 O 3 CaO FeO MnO H 2 O G. = 4-62 54-12 21 9'53 27lO 5'53 0'31 0'08 5'70 [= 99-58 G. =4-33 47-09 0*40 15'15 13-.46 1'40 4'00 1-53 7'09 955 [= 99-67 Ref. ' No. Carolina, Am. J. Sc., 11, 201, 1876. A mineral related to samarskite has been found in the granitic debris of Devil's Head Mt., Douglas Co.. Colorado. In small fragments up to the size of a chestnut, with faint suggestions of a crystalline form. Fracture subcouchoidal. Very brittle. H. = 5'5-6. G. = 618. Luster vitreous. Color pitch-black, pale brown in thin splinters. Streak dirty brown. Slightly soluble in hydrochloric acid. B.B. becomes dull but does not fuse. Composition given in 1. Another sample (anal. 2) had a salmon-colored streak; a third (3) seemed to be much altered. Analyses, W. F. Hillebraud, Proc. Col. Sc. Soc., 3, 38, 1888. Nb 2 O 6 Ta 2 O 6 WO, SnO, ZrO, UO 2 ThO a Ce 2 O, (Di,La) 2 O 3 Er 2 O, Y 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 X b H 2 O 1. 2777 2703 2'25 0'95 2'29 4'02 3'64 0'54 1'80 10'71 6'41 8'77 2'55 1'58 = 100'31 2. 26-16 28-11 2-08 1'09 2'60 4'22 3 60 0'49 2'12 1070 5 96 872 2 60 1'30 = 9975 3. 27-56 19-34 5 51 0'82 3'10 a 6'20 3'19 0'41 1'44 9'82 5"64 8'90 4'31 3'94 = lOO'lS 11 Incl. some TiO 2 . b UO 3 . In 1, X = FeO 0'32 MnO 078 ZnO 0'05 PbO 072 CaO 0'27 MgO K 2 O 0'17 (Na,Li) 2 O 0'24 2, X = 0-35 75 007 0"80 0'33 13 0'17 3, X= 0-39 077 1-07 1'61 O'll 0^36 NOHLITE A. E. Nordenskiold, G. F6r. Forh., 1, 7, 1872. Massive. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 4 5-5*0. G. = 5'04. Luster vitreous. Color black- brown. Streak brown. Opaque. Analysis: Nb 2 O 6 50-43, ZrO 2 2'96, UO 14'43, Y a (Er a )O 3 14'36, Ce 2 O 3 0-25, FeO 8 -09, CaO 4'67. MnO,MgO 0-28, CuO Oil, H 2 O 4 62 = 100'20. B.B. fuses quietly on the edges to a dull glass. Decrepitates slightly in giving off its water. With borax easily dissolved, giving a bead colored by uranium. Easily decomposed by warm sulphuric acid. Found in a feldspar quarry at Nohl, near Kongelf, Sweden. One fragment, weighing 297 grams, seemed to be a portion of a mass at least 20 times as great. VIETINGHOFITE v. LomoTiosov Damour, Bull. Ac. St. Pet., 23, 463, 1877. Essentially a ferruginous variety of samarskite. Amorphous. H. 5*5-6. G. = 5'53. Color black, dull. Streak brown. Luster submetallic. Easily decomposed by H 2 SO 4 . An analysis by Damour gave: Nb 2 O s 5100, TiO 2 l-84, ZrO 2 0'96, U a O 8 8'85, Y 2 3 6'57, Ce 2 (Di,La) 2 O 3 1'57, FeO 23-00, MnO 2-67, MgO 0'83, igu. 1*80 = 99'09. Locality near Lake Baikal, eastern Siberia. SAMARSKITE GROUP: ANNERODITE HIELMITE. 741 530. ANNERODITE. W. C. Brogger, G. For. Fork., 5, 354, 1881. Aannerddite. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : b 0-82572 : 1 : 0-89434 Brogger. 100 A HO = 39 32f ' , 001 A 101 = 47 17', 001 A Oil = 41 48J'. Forms : c (001, 0) g (130, a- 3) e (021, 24) u (133, l-) (loa H) , (in 1} . (263, 2-3) n (163, 2-6) gg 1 6 22"' = 52 43' kk = 39 42' en = 61 16' . uu'" = 80 8*' mm'" = 79 6' *?' = 121 35' oo' 77 50' ss'" = 110 49' = 43 58' be = *29 12' tw' = 30 7f =51 5' = *21 59' co = 54 33' ss' = 38 49' a/3 =61 42*' - 20 28' c^ = 43 58' 00'" = 62 29' au = 74 56' Twins: tw. pi. z (530) ; also e (021). In prismatic crystals of varied habit, often closely resembling columbite; planes sometimes developed according to monoclinic symmetry. In angles near columbite, also polycrase. Many crystals often grouped in parallel position, thus forming an apparently single crystal of considerable size. Fracture subcouchoidal. Brittle. H. = 6. G. = 5-7 of anhydrous crystals. Luster submetallic to greasy submetallic. Color black. Streak dark blackish brown to brownish or greenish gray. Opaque, or translucent in very thin splinters Comp. Essentially a pyro-niobate of uranium and yttrium; formula doubtful, the water is probably not essential. Anal. C. W. Blomstrand. Cb a O 6 SnO 2 ZrO 2 SiO 2 ThO 2 Ce a O, Y 2 O 3 UO PbO FeO MnO CaO MgO K 2 O Na 2 O Al a O, H a O 48-13 16 1-97 2-51 2'37 2'56 7'10 16'28 2'40 3'38 0'20 3'35 0'15 0'16 0'32 0'28 8'19 = 99'51 Neglecting the silica, the formula calculated by Blomstrand is R 2 Nb 2 O 7 + 2|H 2 O, which makes it nearly identical with samarskite, and also to the less certain nohlite (p. 740), except in the water; Brogger, however, shows that the water is not essential, but is due to a partial altera- tion which is accompanied by a lowering of the hardness (to 4'5) and specific gravity (to 4'28), and a loss of luster. A crystal with G. = 5*7 showed only a trace of water. The mineral is consequently hardly to be separated from samarskite in composition, but it is different in form. Pyr. Fuses B.B. with difficulty. Brogger remarks that annerodite (also euxenite and polycrase) bears much the same relation to columbite that samarskite does to tantalite (skogbolite), the two last being very near in form, as are annerodite and columbite. Obs. From the pegmatyte vein at Annerod, near Moss, Norway, where it is associated with monazite, alvite (p. 487), apatite, magnetite, beryl, topaz, and other minerals. 531. HIELMITE. Hjelmit A. E. Nordenskiold, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 17, 34, 1860, Pogg., Ill, 279, 286, 1860. Orthorhombic. Axes d : I : 6 = 0-4645 : 1 : 1*0264 WeibulP. 100 A HO = 24 54', 001 A 101 = 65 39', 001 A Oil = 4544f' . Forms : m (110, 1 ), p (230, i- \\ r (101, 1-i), q (201, 24). Angles : mm'" = 49 50', pp' = 69 44', rr' = 131 18', qq f = 154 30', qtf" = *25 30'. mq = *27 48'. Crystals usually rough and indistinct. Massive, without apparent cleavage. H. = 5. G. 5-82. Luster metallic. Color pure black. Streak grayish black. Comp. A stanno-tantalate (and niobate) of yttrium, iron, manganese, calcium; formula doubtful. Anal. 3 gives 4RO.3Ta 2 O 5 .2H 2 O, but the material was considerably altered. Anal. 1, Nd., I.e. 2, Rg., Ber. Ch. Ges., 926, 1870. 3, 4, M. Weibull, G. For. F5rh., 9, 371, 1887. 742 NIOBATES, TANTALATES. G. 5-82 5655 Ta 2 5 Nb 2 O 5 W0 3 SnO 2 62-42 6-56 4' 87 54-52 16-35 28 4'60 4'51 72-16 3-63 0-91 1-12 UO 2 Y 2 O 3 Ce 2 O, FeO MnO CaO MgO H 2 O 5-19 1-07 8-06 3-32 4'26 0'26 326 [CuO 010 = 99-37 1-81 0-48 2-41 5-68 4'05 0'45 4'57 2-08 [= 99-71 2-21 6-19 0-60 2-23 75-66 2-12 2'34 1-65 a U0 3 . 0-40 [PbO 0-21 = 98-70 2-55 6'79 0-45 Pyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates and yields water. B.B. infusible, but turns brown in O.F. With salt of phosphorus easily dissolved to a bluish green glass. With borax dissolves to a clear glass, which remains unchanged on llaming. With soda on charcoal gives metallic spangles (Noideuskiold). Obs. From the Kararfvet mine, near Falun, Sweden, along with garnet, pyrophysalite ; gadolinite, asphaltum, in a pegmatyte granite. Named for the Swedish chemist, P. J. Hjelm (1746-1813). Ref. * G. For. Forh., 9, 371, 1887. JEschynite Group. Orthorhombic. 532. JESCHYNITE. ^Eschynit Berz., JR., 9, 195, 1828. Dystomes Melan-Erz Mohs, Min , 459, 1839. Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 = -48665 : 1 : 0-67366 KoksharoV. 100 A HO = 25 57', 001 A 101 54 9f, 001 A Oil = 33 58'.' Forms 1 : c (001, 0) t (350, z-f) 3 n (130, t-3) a (021, 24) b (010, i-i) m (110, 1) r (120, i-2) d (101, 14) 2 o (111, 1) mm!" = *51 54' It' = 101 54$' rr> = 91 33' nri = 68 49' dd" = 108 19' wf = 106 50' bv = *36 35' mo = 33 0' w> = 51 44' oo' = 97 53' 00" = 113 59' 00'" = 43 3V Miask, Kk. Crystals prismatic, vertically striated; also tabular || b with c, n prominent, b striated horizontally. Cleavage: a in traces(P). Fracture small conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 5-6. G. = 4-93 Hittero, Bgr. ; 5-118 Miask, Kk.; 5-168 Rg. Luster submetallic to resinous, nearly dull. Color nearly black, inclining to brownish yellow when translucent. Streak gray or yellowish brown, almost black. Subtranslucent to opaque. Gomp. A niobate and titanate (thorate) of the cerium metals chiefly, also in small amount iron, calcium, etc. Rammelsberg calculates R 2 Nb 4 13 .R 2 (Ti,Th) 5 J3 . Anal. 1, Mgc., Bibl. Univ., 29, 282, 1867. 2, Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 29, 815, 1877, Min. Ch. Erg., 2, 1886. Earlier analyses see 5th Ed., p. 522. Nb 2 O 5 TiO 2 1. G. = 5-23 51-45* 2. G. = 5-168 32-51 21-20 ThO 2 SnO 2 Ce 2 O 3 La 2 (Di 2 )O 3 Y 2 O 3 ,(Er 2 O 3 ) FeO CaO 15-75 0-18 18-49 5'60 1-12 317 2'75 fign. 1-07 = 99-58 17-55 19-41 3-10 3-34 2'50 [= 99-61 a Also | Nb 2 O 5 57-6, TiO 2 42'4 = 100, or Nb 2 O 6 29'64, TiO 2 21 81 = 51*45. Pyr., etc. In the open tube yields water and traces of fluorine. B.B. in the forceps swells up and changes its color from black to a rusty brown. In borax dissolves easily in O.F., giviug a yellow bead while hot, and on cooling becomes colorless; in R.F. with tin gives a blood-red bead. More difficultly soluble in salt of phosphorus; with a small amount of the assay gives a colorless bead, while with a larger quantity there separates a white substance which clouds the be'ad; in R.F. , with tin on charcoal, yields an amethystine glass (Berzelius). Decomposed on fusion with potash; yields reactions similar to those mentioned under euxeuite (Kobell). It is also sufficiently decomposed by sulphuric acid to show the reduction test with zinc. jESCHYNITE GROUP POLYMIGNITE. 743 Obs. From Miask in the Ilmen Mts., in feldspar with mica and zircon; also with euclase In the gold sands of the Orenburg District, Southern Ural. From Hittero, Norway (Bgr., 1. c.) in a pegmatyte vein. In the granite of Konigshain, Silesia. Named from tiia-xvvrf, shame, by Berzelius, in allusion to the inability of chemical science, at the time of its discovery, to separate some of its constituents. Ref. i Min Russl., 3, 384, 1858; see also earlier, Brooke, Phil. Mag., 10, 188, 1831; Rose, Reis. Ural, 2, 70, 1842; Dx., Ann. Mines, 2, 349, 1842; and later, Bgr., Zs. Kr., 3, 481, 1879. Bgr. obtained for Hittero crystals, a : b : c 0'4816 : 1 : 0'6725. Bgr., Hittero, 1. c. 3 Woitschach, Konigshain, Abh. Ges. Gorlitz, 17, 182, 1881. 533. POLYMIGNITE. Berzelius, Ak. H. Stockh., 338, 1824. Ortliorhombic. Axes & : 1 : 6 = 0-71213 : 1 : 0'5120? Brogger 1 . 100 A 110 = 35 27$', 001 A 101 = 35 43f, 001 A Oil = 27 7'. Forms 1 : a (100, *-*) b (010, i-i) c (001, 0) I (210, i-2) m (110, /) s (120, i-2) t (140, i-l) v (232, |-{) o (131, 3-3) The pyramid p (111) corresponds nearly in angle to u (133) of columbite. U'" ._. 39 12' PP" *45 9' wf" 63 54' mm'" _ 70 55' PP'" 82 52^' 00' = 42 50' f 70 9' & = 59 23' oo" = 102 33^ tt? 38 41' vv" 92' 55' 00"' = 118 57' PP' = *65' .14*' Figs. 1, 2, Norway; 1, Rose; 2, Bgr. Crystals slender prisms, vertically striated. Cleavage: a, b in traces. Fracture perfect conchoidal. H. = 6-5. G.= 4*77 -4'85. Luster submetallic, brilliant. Color black. Streak dark brown. Opaque. Comp. A niobate and titanate (zirconate) of the cerium metals, iron, calcium. Brogger calculates 5RTi0 3 .5RZr0 3 .R(Nb,Ta) 2 6 . Anal. Blomstraud, quoted by Brogger: Nb 3 O 6 Ta 2 O 5 11-99 1-35 Zr0 2 29 71 Ti0 3 18-90 Th0 2 SnO 2 (Y,Er) 2 O 3 Ce 2 O 3 (La,Di) 2 O 3 Fe 2 3 FeO CaO H 2 O 3-92 0-15 2-26 5'91 5'13 7'85 a 3'40 b 7'14 e 0'28 [PbOO'39, Alk. 1-36 = 100-91 Incl. 0-19 A1 2 O 3 . b Incl. 1'32 MnO. c Incl. MgO 0'16. An early incomplete analysis was made by Berzelius, Ak. H. Stockh., 339, 1824 (5th Ed., p. 524). Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible, and unchanged in color. With borax dissolves readily, giving an iron bead; with more of the assay becomes brownish yellow on flaming, and opaque on cooling; with tin in R.F. turns reddish yellow. With salt of phosphorus not easily acted upon, gives a reddish tinge in R.F., which is unchanged by tin. With soda shows traces of manganese (Berzelius). The powdered Fredriksvarn mineral, heated with concentrated sulphuric acid, gives a whitish residue, which, treated with hydrochloric acid and tin-foil, gives a beautiful azure-blue color, indicating, as under poly erase, the presence of some other metallic acid in addition to titanic, which of itself gives only a violet color. The dilute acid solution gives with turmeric paper the orange color characteristic of zirconia. Obs. Occurs at Fredriksvarn and on the island of Svenor, in Norway, with feldspar, zircon-elaeolite, pyrochlore, magnetite. Its crystals sometimes exceed an inch in length. Reported from Moravia; also by Shepard as occurring at Beverly, Mass. Ref. 1 Zs. Kr., 16, 387, 1890. Earlier Rose, Pogg., 6, 506, 1826. If the axes a and i are interchanged the axial ratios of polymignite and aeschynite are closely similar, the pyramid p corresponding too; the forms are hence very near and the two may be the same species, as sug- gested by Fraukenheim, Pogg., 91, 372, 1855, and later Rammelsberg. 744 NIOBA TE8, TA NT A LA TES. 534. EUXENITE. Euxenit Scheerer, Pogg., 5O, 149, 1840, 72, 566, 1847. Orthorhombic. Axes d : b: c = 0-364 : 1 : 0-303 Groth 1 . 100 A HO = 20 0', 001 A 101 = 39 46', 001 A Oil = 16 51'. Forms 1 : a (100, i-i), b (010, i-i); m (110, /); d (201, 2-1); p (111, 1). Angles: mm'" = *40 0', M = *118 0', pp' = 77 4', pp'" = 26 12'. Crystals rare. Commonly massive. Cleavage none. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. = 6*5. G. = 4-6.0 Jolster, Scheerer; 4'73-4'76 Tvedestrand, id.; 4-94-4-99, ib., Breith.; 4-89-4-99 Alve, Forbes; 4-96, Chydenius. Luster brilliant, metallic-vitreous, or somewhat greasy. Color brownish black ; in thin splinters a reddish brown translucence lighter than the streak. Streak-powder yellowish to reddish brown. Comp. A niobate and titanate of yttrium, erbium, cerium, m in Groth. and uranium; formula (Rg.) probably R(Nb0 3 ) 3 .R 2 (Ti0 3 ) 3 .fH 2 0. Euxenite contains the rare element germanium in small amount, cf. KrUss, Ber. Ch. Ges., 21, 131, 1888. Anal. 1-3, Kg., Ber. Ak. Berlin, 428, 1871. 4, Jehn, Inaug. Diss., Jena, 1871. G. Nb 2 O 6 TiO 2 Y 2 O 3 Er 2 O 3 Ce 2 O 3 UO 2 FeO CaO H 2 O 1. Alve 5-00 2. Mo/efjar 4'672 3. Eydland 5'103 4. HitterO 35-09 34-59 33'39 21-16 23-49 20-03 27-48 16-63 14-60 3-40 9-06 7-30 3-17 4-78 2-26 8-55 3-50 12-12 1-38 3-49 3-25 f 18-37 34-96 13-20 8-43 7-75* 2'54 1'63 2-63 - 99-09 3-47 = 101-54 2'40K 2 O,Na 2 O 0'83 [= 98-77 2-87AUO 3 5-41,MgO [3-92 - 99-08 On the absorption-spectra of rare earths in euxenite see Krilss and Nilsou, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 44, 378, 1887. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible. Dissolves in borax and salt of phosphorus, giving a yellow bead while hot; with salt of phosphorus shows a yellowish green (uranium reaction) on cooling, if sufficiently saturated (Scheerer). When decomposed by fusion with caustic potash, and subse- quently treated with water, and this solution neutralized with hydrochloric acid, it gives a precipitate, which, boiled with concentrated hydrochloric acid and tin-foil, gives a clear sapphire- blue fluid, which changes to an olive-green, and finally bleaches. If the residue of the fusion after leaching is treated with hydrochloric acid and boiled with tin-foil it yields on dilution a pale rose-red color (Kobell). The mineral is sufficiently attacked, on evaporation with sulphuric acid, to give a whitish residue, which, treated with metallic zinc or tin, affords the characteristic blue reduction test. Obs. Occurs at Jolster in Norway, embedded in feldspar and sometimes in scaly mica, the largest crystals 2 in. long and in. wide, but usually much smaller; also near Tvedestrand; at Alve, Trom5, near Arendal; at Morefjar, near Naskileu; also Hittero. Named by Scheerer from ev^ero 1 ^, friendly to strangers, hospitable, in allusion to the rare elements it contains. Ref. ' Arendal, Min.-Sarnml. Strassburg, 255, 1878; the measurements are approximate only, but, agree fairly well with Breith. and Kjerulf (see Zs. Kr., 3, 483, 1879); not, however, with Dahll (Ed. N. Phil. J., 1, 63, 1855) who gives a prism of 54, a macroclome (?) of 129 (ar 25 30') and a pyramid a, ba = 73. 535. POLYCRASE. Polykras Scheerer, Pogg., 62, 430, 1844. Orthorhombic. Axes d : I : 6 = 0-3462 : 1 : 0-3124 Brogger 1 . 100 A HO = 19 5} ', 001 A 101 = 42 3f, 001 A Oil = 17 21'. Forms' : a (100, i-i) b (010, *-*) c (001, 0) 8 m (110, /) u (101, 14)* d (201, 2-1) q (301, 3-i) 2(011, 1-i) 9 (111, D z (121, 2-2) r(131, 3-3) mm'" = 38 li II ~ 34 42' dd' = 122 1' qq' = 139 27' ss' = *81 29' ss" = 87 2H r ss"' = 26 7' 8 b = *76* 56*' zz' = 74 51' zz" = 95 19 zz'" = 49 46' rr'" = 69 40' jESCHYNITE GROUP POLYCRASE. 745 Crystals thin prismatic, tabular || //. Cleavage none. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. - = 5-6. G. = 4-97-5-04. Luster vitreous to resinous. Color black, brownish in splinters. Streak grayish brown. romp. A niobate and titanate of yttrium, erbium, cerium, uranium, like in euxenite. Formula (Rg.) B(NbO,),. in 2R(Ti0 3 ) 3 .3H 2 0. Hidden and Mackintosh deduce from anal. 4. 5: Nb 2 5 : TiO a : RO : H 2 O = 1:2: 1 f or (uniting H 2 O and RO) 10RO.Nb 2 O 5 .5TiO 2 . 1, Norway, Scheerer. 2, 3, Marietta, H. Scandium is prominent in the spectrum of the American polycrase (Rowland). Anal. 1, 2, Rg., Ber. Ak. Berlin, 425, 1871. 3, Blomstrand, Minuesskrift Sallsk. Lim<\ No. 3, p. 19, 1878. 4, 5, Hidden & Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 41, 423, 1891. Also earlier anals., ib., 39, 302, 1890. G. Nb 2 O 6 Ta 2 O 6 TiO 2 Y 2 O 3 Er 2 O 8 Ce 2 O 3 UO 2 FeO H 2 O 1. Hittero cryst. 2035 4'00 26'59 23'32 7'53 2'61 7'70 2'72 4'02=98'84 2. " mass. 4'972 25'16 29'09 2362 8'84 2'94 5'62 0'45 3'00=98'72 3. Sliittakra 4'98 f 22'82 25'24 13'06 6'45 3'07 8'45 2'76 4-71 ThO 2 [3-51, SnO 2 0-55, X a lO'Ol = 100'63 19-48 _ 29-31 27-55 b 13'77 d 2'87 5-18=98-16 19-37 28-51 21-23 C 19'47 d 2 '47 4'46X e 2'45 [= 97-96 a X = SiO 2 3-33, A1 2 O 3 0'60, MnO 60, PbO 0'92, CaO 3'53. MgO 0*22. K 2 O 0-52, Na 2 O 0-29. b At. wght. 112. c Do.H4-l. d UO 8 . X=PbOO 46, CaO 68, SiO 2 1'Ol, Fe 2 O 3 0-18, insol.0'12. 4. Henderson Co., N. C. 5. Greenville Co., S. C. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates, and gives traces of water. B.B. in the forceps glows, and turns to a light grayish brown color, but is infusible. Soluble in borax, giving in O.F. a clear yellow bead, which in R.F. with tin turns brown. In salt of phosphorus gives a clear yellow glass, which on cooling is greenish; in R.F. the color becomes darker. With soda 110 reaction for manganese, and on charcoal no metallic particles. Decomposed by evaporation with concentrated sulphuric acid; the product, treated with hydrochloric acid, gives on boiling with metallic zinc or tin a deep azure-blue solution which does not fade. The dilute solution gives a deep orange to turmeric paper (zirconia). Obs. From Hittero, Norway, in crystals \ to U in. long, in granite with gadolinite and orthite; at Slattakra, parish of Alsheda, Smaland, Sweden; also near Dresden. In the U. States, occurs in well-formed prismatic crystals (G. = 4'724-4'78) in N. Carolina, in the gold- washings on Davis laud, Henderson Co., with zircon, monazite, xenotime, magnetite; the crystals are altered on the exterior to a yellow substance resembling gummite. Also in S. Carolina, four miles from Marietta in Greenville Co. (G. 4'925-5'038), about twenty miles from the N. Carolina locality. Named from TtoXvS, many, and KpacrtS, mixture. N. B. Moller makes the so-called polycrase of Brevik certainly, and that of HitterO probably, identical with polymignite (J. pr. Ch., 69, 318, 1856). Ref. l Zs. Kr. , 3, 484, 1879, the angles make no great claim to accuracy; Scheerer, 1. c., obtained earlier pp'" 28, mm'" = 40. * Hidden & Mackintosh, Am. J. Be., 39, 302, 1890, and 41, 423, 1891; the crystals described showed some irregularity in the distribution of the planes, suggesting hemimorphism; apparent twins are mentioned with d (201) and I (Oil), also u (101) as twinniug-plaues. APPENDIX TO NIOBATES, TANTALATES. ARRHENITE Nordenskiold; Engstrom, Inaug. Diss., Upsala, 1877. A heterogeneous decomposition-product looking like red feldspar; occurs with fergusonite and cyrtolite at Ytterby, Sweden. G. = 3 68. Analysis: Ta 2 O 5 Nb 2 O 5 SiO 2 ZrO 2 Fe 2 O 3 A1 2 O 3 Ce 2 (Di 2 ,La 2 )O 3 Y 2 O 3 Er a O 8 CaO BeO H 2 O 21-28 2-67 17-65 3'42 1*87 3 -88 2'59 22'06 ll'lO 5'22 0'74 6'87 = 100-35 746 NIOBATES, TANTALATES. BLOMSTRANDITE Lindstrom, G. For. Forh., 2, 162, 1874. Massive. H. = 5 -5. G. = 4-17-4'25. Luster vitreous. Color black. Powder coffee- brown. Opaque, only translucent in very thin splinters. Analyses: Nb 2 Q 6 Ta 2 O 6 TiO 2 UO FeO CaO H 2 O MgO MnO I. 49-76 10-71 23-68 3'33 3'45 7'96 0'16 0'04 A1 2 O 3 Oil, X b 0'12 = 99<32 2. 6077 23-37 3'39 3'04 8'17 a tr. 0'06 X b 0'20 = 99'00 a At 100, 2-78 (in another trial 2'65); above 100, 5'39. b Precip. by H 2 S. The atomic ratio of R : Nb,Ti = 1 : '5, and for Ti : Nb = 1 : 2'75. B.B. fuses with difficulty. Gives off water in the closed tube. With borax in O.F. a reddish yellow, on cooling a yellow bead; in R.F. reddish brown. With salt of phosphorus in O.F. a red brown bead when hot, and yellow when cold; in R.F. reddish yellow hot, and green cold. Found very sparingly with nohlite in a feldspar quarry at Nohl, Sweden. Named for Prof. C. W. Blomstrand of Lund. ROGERSITE J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 13, 367, 1877. Massive. As a thin mammillary crust on samarskite. H. = 3 -5. G. = 3-313. Color white. Analyses (approximate): 1. Nb 2 O 6 18-10 Y 2 3> etc. 60-12 H 2 17-41 = 95'63 2. 20-21 und. 16'34 Considered as a decomposition -product of samarskite, with which, and with hatchettolite, it occurs in Mitchell Co., N. C. Named after Prof. Wm. B. Rogers (1805-1882). Oxygen Salts, 4. PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES, ANTIMONATES. A. Anhydrous Phosphates, etc. B. Acid and Basic Phosphates, etc. C. Hydrous Phosphates, etc. A. Anhydrous Phosphates, Arsenates, Yanadates, Antimonates. 1. Introductory Subdivision. 2. Triphylite Group. Orthorhombic. 3. Apatite Group. Hexagonal. 4. Wagnerite Group. Monoclinic. 5. Amblygonite Group. Monoelinic, Triclinio, 1. Introductory Subdivision. 6 536. Xenotime YP0 4 Tetragonal 0'6187 (Y,Ce,Er)P0 4 &:f>:6 ft 537. Monazite (Ce,La,Di)P0 4 Monoelinic 0-9693 : 1 : 0-9256 76 20' Most varieties contain also thorium and silicon. 538. Berzeliite (Ca,Mg,Mn) 3 As 2 8 Isometric Pseud oberzeliite 539. Monimolite (Pb,Fe,Ca) 3 Sb 2 8 Isometric 540. Caryinite (Pb,Mn,Ca,Mg) 3 As 2 8 ? Monoelinic 541. Carminite Pb 3 Fe 10 (As0 4 ) ia ? Orthorhombic 542. Pucherite BiVO, Orthorhombic 0-5327 : 1 : 2-3357 747 748 PHOSPHATES, AESENATES, ETC. 536. XENOTIME. Phosphorsyrad Ytterjord Berz., Ak. II. Stockh., 2, 334, 1824. Phosphorsaure Yttererde Germ. Phosphate of Yttria. Xeuotime Bead., Tr., 2, 552, 1832. Ytterspath GLocker, Handb., 959, 1831. Castelnaudite Damour, L'Institut, 78, 1853. Tetragonal. Axis 6 = 0-61867; 001 A 101 31 44f Rath-Klein 1 . Forms 2 : c (001, O) 4 ; a (100, i-i\ m (110, J); e (101, l-if, /(201, 2-*) 5 , z (111, 1), u (331, 3) 4 ; r (311, 3-3) 2 . uu - 138 17' rr* lii = 54 9' XT' = 46 56' mr 37 13' rr' = 32 42' ZT = 29 534' ee' = 46 IV ee" = 63 29' ff - 66 44' = 102 r zz* = *55 30' zz" 82 2?,' 33" = 97 38' ' = 82 43' 2. Fig. 1, Clarksville, Ga. 2, Binnenthal, Klein. 3, Alexander Co., N. C., Hidden. 4, Fibia, Klein. 5, Xenotime, enclosing zircon in parallel position, Henderson Co., N. C., Hidden. 6, Hittero, after Flink In crystals, usually pyramidal or prismatic, resembling zircon in habit; some- times compounded with zircon in parallel position, f. 5. In rolled grains. Cleavage: m perrect. Fracture uneven and splintery. Brittle. H. = 4-5. G-. = 4-45-4'56; 4*557 Berz.; 4*54 Georgia, Smith. Luster resinous to vitreous. Color yellowish brown, reddish brown, hair-brown, flesh-red, grayish white, wine- yellow, pale yellow; streak pale brown, yellowish, or reddish. Opaque. Optically +. Comp. Essentially yttrium phosphate YP0 4 or Y 2 3 .P 2 8 = Phosphorus pent- oxide 38 -6, yttria 61'4 = 100. The yttrium metals may include erbium in large amount ; cerium is sometimes present ; also- silicon and thorium as in monazite. Anal. 1, SchiStz, Jb. Min., 306, 1876. 2, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 18, 378, 1854. 3,Wartha, Pogg Ann., 128, 166, 1866 (6'59 p. c. hematite deducted). 4, Gorceix, C. R., 102, 1024 S 1886. 5, 6, Blomstrand, G. Fdr. F6rh., 9, 185, 1887. 7, Id., quoted by Brogger, Zs. Kr., 16, 68, 1890. Y 2 O 3 Ce 2 O 8 Fe Q O 3 54-88 8-24" 2'93 Mn 2 O 3 0'13, FeO 0'87, CaO 013, H 2 O 1'56 54-13 ll'03 b 2-06 = 99'67 [= 100'62 62-49 = 100 63-75" insol. 0'40 = 99'79 G. 1. HitterO 2. Georgia 4*54 3. St. Gothard 4. Minas Geraes 4'6 Inch Al a O. P 2 6 31-88 3245 37-51 3564 b b Inch La 2 O 3 ,Di 2 O 3 . c About, one-sixth Er a Ot. XENOTIME-MONAZITE. 749 G. P a O 5 Y 3 O 8 Er a O s Ce 2 O, UO, SiO a SnO a ZrO a ThO 2 A1 4 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 MnO CaO MgO PbO H 2 O 5 Hvalo 4'49 32'45 38'91 1747 1'22 1'77 0'19 0'76 3'33 0'36 1'88 0'13 0'34 0'21 1'03 [= 100-05 6. Narestc 4-492 29'23 30-23 24'34 0'96 3'48 2'36 0'08 I'll 2'43 0'28 2'01 1'09 0'26 0'68 1'77 [= 100-31 7. Aro 4-62 35'66 62 63 0'32 0'24 O'll 0'49 0'38 b - 0'85 0'23 [= 100-41 Molec. wght. 254-5. b FeO. Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible. When moistened with sulphuric acid colors the flame bluish green. Difficultly soluble in salt of phosphorus. Insoluble in acids. Obs. Occurs as an accessory mineral in granite veins; sometimes in minute embedded crystals generally distributed in granitic and gneissoid rocks. From a granite vein at Hittero, with poly erase, malacon, and orthite, where the crystals are sometimes symmetrically compounded with crystals of zircon (E. Zschau, 1. c.-), the two species being closely hoinceomorphous; also at Moss, Kragero, and from pegmatyte veins at other points in Norway, as Naresto near Arendal; rare in the Langesund fiord region, as on the Aro reefs; at Ytterby, Sweden; the Fibia Berg, S. W. from St. Gothard; the Binuenthal in Upper Valais, Switzerland; from the granite of the Schwalbenberg near Gorlitz, Silesia; Pisek, Bohemia (G. = 4'308, Vrba). Kenngott's wiserine, from the Binuenthal, formerly referred here, is in fact octahedrite (see p. 241). An accessory constituent in considerable quantity of the muscovite granites of Brazil as detected by washing the decomposed or crushed rock; the localities noted are chiefly in the states Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Miuas Geraes (cf. O. A. Derby, Am. J. Sc., 41, 308, 1891). Observed in grayish white or pale yellow crystals in the diamond sands of Diamautinos and of Bahia (castelnaudite). In the United States, in the gold washings of Clarksville, Georgia, associated with zircon, futile, and cyanite; in McDowell Co., N. 0., near Dysortville, sometimes in twisted crystals; at Mill's Gold mine, Burke Co., N. C. (in crystals compounded), also near Green River P. O., Henderson Co., and in Mitchell Co. with zircon (cyrtolite); further in brilliant crystals in Alex- ander Co. with rutile, etc., with tysonite near Pike's Peak, Colorado; rare on New York Island (Hidden, 1. c.). Beudant named the species xenotime (apparently from Z.evoS, stranger to, and rijurf, honor), but in the next line gives the derivation " KevoS, vain, et TI/^TJ, honneur," as if the word were kenotime, and adds afterward that his name is intended to recall the fact that the mineral was erroneously supposed by Berzelius (in 1815) to contain a new metal (the metal which he named thorium, before the later thorium was discovered). There is a sneer at the great Swedish chemist in the name, which should have occasioned its immediate rejection. Fortunately the word was misspelt from the first; and in its accepted form may be regarded as referring to the fact that the crystals are small, rare, not showy, and were long unnoticed. Ref > Rath. Fibia, Pogg., 123, 187, 1864, Klein, Binnenthal, Jb. Min., 536, 1879. Hbg. tbtained b = 0-61631 Tavetsch, Min. Not., 12, 1, 1875; Bgr., 0-62596, Kragero, G. For. Forh., 6, 750, 1883; Washington, c = 0'61943, New York Island, Am. J. Sc., 36, 380, 1888. Cf. Scharizer on vicinal planes, Zs. Kr., 13, 15, 1887. 2 Zschau, Jb. Min., 513, 1855 ; Brezina, Min. Mitth., 15, 1872. 3 Lsx., Konigshain, Jb. Min., 175, 1877. 4 Bgr., Kragero, Hittero, 1. c.; also Flink, Ak. H. Stockh., 12 (2), 2, 41, 1886. * Hidden, Alex. Co., N. C., Am. J. Sc., 36, 381, 1888. 537. MONAZITE. Monazit Breith., Schw. J., 55, 301, 1829. Monacite bad orthogr. Mengite Brooke, Phil. Mag., 10, 139, 1831. Edwardsite Shep., Am. J. Sc., 32, 162, 1837. Eremite Shep., ib., 341, 1837. Monazitoid Herm., J. pr. Ch., 40, 21, 1847. Urdit Forbes & Dahll Nyt. Mag., 8, 227, 1855. Turnerite Levy, Ann. Phil., 5, 241, 1823. Kryptolith Wohler, Gel. Anz. Gott., 19, 1846, Pogg., 67, 424, 1846. Cryptolite. Phospho- cerite H. Watts, J. Ch. Soc., 2, 131, 1849. Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 = (V96933 : 1 : 0*92558; ft = 76 20' 10" = 001 A 100 E. S. Dana 1 . 100 A 110 = *43 17' 10", 001 A 101 = 37 7' 40", 001 A Oil = 41 58' 5". Forms 2 : I (210, i-2) q (701, - 7-i) 4 / (112, - ) 4 e (311, 3-3) a (100, i-i) m (110, J) x (101, l-) r (111, - 1) t (212, 1-2) b (010, t-l) n (120, *-2) , Q12 , , d (112, |) i (211, 2-2)* c (001, 0) rare h ( ^ _ ^ \ ^ ^ - !, D * U.-^) y (310, 3) w (101, - 14) u (021, 2 i) * (121 ' ~ 2 ~ 2) 750 PHOSPHATES, AE8ENATES, ETC. mm nri" ah aw a'x uu cm 34 52' 50 26' 86 34' 124 4' 50 13' *39 12' 30" 53 31' 48 26' 83 56' 121 51' 80* 6' mr = 33 35' m'd = 53 56' m'v = 30 56' cy' = 103 2' = 19 20' = 102 20*' = 27 15' = 83 38' = 24 50' yz cl' li en ns n'o = 27 18' ar = 48 If ae = *79 53' 3" as = au = a'z = a'i = a'v = a'l = ag = 59 47' 83 25' 26 44' 38 21' 61 31' 56 8' 77 rr f = 60 ss' = 98 58' dd' = 48 22*' vtf = 73 19' zz' tt' oo' xz xi = 35 35' = 40 49' = 49 51' = 112 12' = 37 12' = 33 39' 1. Fig. 1, Norwich, Conn. 2, Watertown, Conn. 3, Alexander Co., N. C. 4, 6, Binnenthal, Trechmanu. 5, Turnerite, Rath Trechmann. 7, Watertown. Twins: tw. pi.* a not uncommon, in part cruciform twins. Crystals commonly small,_often flattened || a or elongated || axis b\ sometimes prismatic by extension of v (111), f. 3; also large and coarse. In masses yielding angular fragments; in rolled grains. Cleavage: c sometimes perfect (parting?); also, a distinct; b difficult; some- times showing parting || c, m. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. = 5- 5*5. (Jr. = 4*9-5*3; mostly 5*0 to 52. Luster inclining to resinous. Color hyacinth-red, clove-brown, reddish or yellowish brown. Subtransparent to sub- translucent. Optically -f. Ax. pi. J_ b and nearly || a. Bx a A & = + 1 to 4. Disper- sion p < v weak; horizontal weak. Turnerite Bx a A = + 1 4' 2H a . r = 23 5' 2H a _ = 23 24' .-. 2E r = 34 12' 2E gr = 34 48' Tr. MONAZITE. 751 Monazite, Conn. Bx a A c = -f 3 46' 2E r = 29 4' 2E bl = 28 48' Dx. Siberia 2E r = 31 8|' 2E bl = 31 43f Schuttenhofen Bx m A i =* -f 5 54' 2E r = 25 22' 2E_ = 24 56' 0=1-9465 ^=1-9285 .-. 2V = 12 44' Scharizer 2E r = 29 7' Sr 2E y = 28 25' [/? = 1-9465] 2V r = 14 50 7 Pisek 2V y = 14 29' Vrba. Comp. Phosphate of the cerium metals, essentially (Ce,La,Di)P0 4 . Most analyses show the presence of ThO 2 and SiO a , usually, but not always, in the proper amount to form thorium silicate; that this is mechanically present is not certain but possible (cf Pentield, Blomstrand). Anal. 1, Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 29, 79, 1877. 2, Pisani (on -013 gr.), C. R., 84, 462, 1877. 3, Fontaine, Am. Ch. J., 4, 140, 1882. 4-6, Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 24, 250, 1882. 7, Penfield and Sperry, ibid., 36, 322, 1888. 8, W. A. Dixon, Min. N. S. W., 114, 1888. 9, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 38, 203, 1889. 10-19, Blomstrand, G. For. Forh., 11, 379, 1889, and Lund. Univ. Ars- skrift, 25, 1888-89 (also in J. pr. Ch., 41, 265, 1890). 1. Arendal 2. Turnerite 3. Amelia Co., Va. G. 5-174 P 2 O 6 Ce 2 O 3 La 2 O 3 Di 2 O 3 (Y,Er) 2 O 3 SiO 2 ThO 2 29-92 28-82 40-79 28-4 68-0 2404 16-30 10-30 24'40 5-30 5-22 5-10 5. Portland, Conn. 6. Burke Co., N. C. 7. Alex Co., 8. Gough Co., N. S. W. 5-001 9. Ottawa Co., Q. 5-233 | 26-12 29-89 26'66 | 28-18 33-54 28'33 f 29-28 31-38 30'88 5-203 | 29-32 37 '26 31 '60 25-09 36-64 30-21 26-86 24-80 26-41 = 99-53 = 96-4 1-10 2-70 18-60* Fe 2 O 3 0'90, [A1 2 O 3 0-04 = 98-38 2-85 14-23 ign. 0'67 =* [100-43 1-67 8-25 ign. 0'37 =i. [100-34 1-40 6-49 ign. 0'20 = [99-63 0-32 1-48 ign. 0*17 = [100-15 3-21 1-23 A1 2 O 3 3-11, [MnO,MgO tr. =99'49 4-76 0-91 12-60 Fe 2 O 3 1-07, Not pure. [CaO 1-54, MgO 0'04, H 2 O 0'78 = 99'77 10. Moss 11. " 4-64 12. Dillingso 5'19 13. " 5-18 14. Lonneby 15. " 4-77 16. Arendal 5'15 28-27 28-06 29'60 1'82 27-99 30-98 25'88 2'76 27-55 29-20 26'26 3'82 G. P 2 O 5 Ce 2 O 3 La 2 O 3 Y,O S SnO 2 SiO 2 ThO 2 Fe 2 O 3 A1 2 O 3 MnO CaO MgO H 2 O 4-89 28-62 32-52 29'41 2'04 0'22 1-51 4'54 0'36 0'22 0'84 0'27 [= 100-55 26-37 31-23 24'51 1-83 0'21 210 9'20 1'97 0'28 0'93 0-16 1'53 [= 100-32 29-41 36-63 26'78 1-81 0'09 0'93 381 0'33 012 0'34 18 [= 100-43 27-07 25-82 30'62 2'03 018 a 1'85 9-60 I'Ol 0'15 0'08 0'91 0'03 0'35 [PbO 0-58 = 100-28 1-65 9-34 0-66 016 0'53 0'21 [= 100-30 1-58 9-03 1-25 0-55 0'20 [= 100-22 1-86 9-57 113 0-69 0'52 [= 100-60 1-32 7-14 0-42 018 119 0'09 [PbO 0-33 = 100-18 18. Hvalo 23-85 27-73 2196 2'86 0'66*> 5'95 905 4'63 1'83 1-61 [= 100-13 19. " 5-08 27-28 30'46 24'37 1'58 0'08 2'02 11 -57 110 0'24 1-05 0'38 [PbO 0-26 = 100-39 a Metallic acids. b ZrO a . Pyr., etc. B.B. infusible, turns gray, and when moistened with sulphuric acid colors the flame bluish green. With borax gives a bead yellow while hot and colorless on cooling; a saturated bead becomes enamel-white on flaming. Difficultly soluble in hydrochloric acid. Obs. Monazite is rather abundantly distributed as an accessory constituent of gneissoid rocks in certain regions, thus in North Carolina and Brazil (cf. Derby, Am. J. Sc., 37, 109, 1889. It occurs near Zlatoust in the Ilmen Mts., in granite, along with flesh-red feldspar; also 17. Naresto 5117 28'94 30'58 29-21 0'78 752 . PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, ETC. near the river Sanarka, in the Ural; with zircon in gold sands of Ivalo, Finnish Laprnark. In Norway near Notero (urdite), in crystals sometimes 1 in. across; at various points near Arendal, and in pegmatyte at Annerod near Moss. In granite at Schreiberhau, Silesia, with gadolinite; at Schuttenhofen and Pisek, Bohemia; near the Laacher See. At Nil St. Vincent, Belgium (cf. Franck., Bull. Soc. Belg., 21, 40, 1891). In Cornwall, England. Found also in the gold-washings of Rio Chico, in Autioquia, in the diamond gravels of Minas Geraes, Caravel las, and Bahia, Brazil. In the United States it is fouud in small crystals from y 1 ^ to in. long, with the sillimanite of Norwich, and sparingly with the same mineral at Chester, Ct, A few miuute crystals (eremite of Shepard) were found in a boulder of albitic granite, containing also a few minute zircons and tourmalines, in the northeastern part of Watertown, Ct.; sparingly at Portland, Ct. Good crystals have been obtained with the sillimanite of Yorktowu, Westchester Co., N. Y. In large coarse crystals and masses in albitic granite with microlite, etc. (see p. 728); at Amelia Court House, Virginia. In Alexander Co.. N. Carolina, in splendent crystals at Milholland's Mill; also at Stony Point in large cruciform twins with rutile, hiddenite. etc. In considerable quantities in Madison Co., N. C., yielding angular fragments due to parting | c, m (with twiuniug striations?), probably d and perhaps other planes. Also in Mitchell Co., Yancey Co. In rolled grains in the gold-washings, sometimes abundant, in Burke, Polk, McDowell, and Rutherford counties; large quantities have been mined from this source for technical purposes ; some 15 tons of monazite sand, containing from 60 to 93 p. c. of small crys- tals, have been obtained (Genth, 1891). In the mica veins of Villeneuve, Ottawa Co., Quebec. The original turnerite, whose crystal lographic identity with monazite was established by J. D, Dana in I860, was from Dauphine, probably from Le Puys, near St. Cristophe (not " Mt. Sorel," cf. Miers, Mitt. Mag., 8, 207, 1889); it occurs in small yellow or brown crystals with quartz, albite, octahedrite, crichtonite (ilmeuite); also similarly from Santa Brigritta, Tavetsch, the Binnenthal, Laacher See, etc. Cryptolite occurs in wine-yellow prisms and grains in the green and red apatite of Arendal, Norway, and is discovered on putting the apatite in dilute nitric acid; constitutes 2 or 3 p. c. of the mass; it was found especially in the red apatite, or in reddish points of the green, and asso- ciated with particles of magnetic iron, hornblende, and another cerium ore of a hyacinth-red color, supposed to be monazite. Occurs also in the apatite of the Sliudianka river in Siberia. Phosphocerite, according to Watts and Chapman, may be present in the cobalt ore of Tunaberg. The crystalline forms described as most common in the powder are an octahedron and a square or rectangular prism, terminating in a four-sided pyramid parallel with the lateral planes, resem- bling zircon. Genth has observed a mineral, probably cryptolite, in the Hurdstown apatite. Named from KpvTtroS, concealed. The relations of phosphocerile are uncertain. Mallard has shown that minute crystals inclosed in the apatite from Midbo, near Tvede- straud, are monazite, and it seems probable that all the cryptolite is of the same nature. Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 236, 1887. Monazite is named from fjLovd^eiv, to be solitary, in allusion to its rare occurrence. Turnerite is named after the English chemist, E. H. Turner. Ref. 1 Milholland's Mill, Alexander Co., N. C., Am. J. Sc., 24, 247, 1882; the axial ratios vary rather widely for different localities. Some other values of the axial ratio, in addition to that here adopted, are as follows : a : b c Norwich, Conn. 0'9742 Swiarka 0'9705 Laach 0'9659 Alex. Co., N. C. 0-91)09 Schutteuhofeu 0-9735 Nil St. Vincent 0'9718 9227 76 14' J. D. Dana. 0-9221 76 14' Koksharov. 0-9217 76 32' Rath. 0-9081 76 33f 0-9254 76 23' Scharizer. 9233 76 18' Franck. 2 See J. D. D., monazite, Conn., Am. J. Sc. t 33, 70, 1838; Kk., Ural, Min. Russl., 4, 5, 1862; 6, 387, 1870, 9, 10, 1884. On turnerite Levy, 1. c. and Min. Heuland, 3. 423, 1837; Dx., Min., 1, 533, 1862; Rath. Pogg., 119, 247, 1863; further J. D. D., Am. J. Sc., 42. 420, 1866, who first suggested its identity with monazite, later Rath, Pogg , Erg.-Bd., 5, 413, 1871. 3 Trechmann, Binnenthal, Jb. Min., 593, 1876. 4 Miers, Cornwall, Min. Mag., 6, 164, 1885. 6 Kk., Min Russl., 4. 5; Rath, Jb. Min., 393, 1876; Hidden, Alex. Co., N. C., Am. J. Sc.. 32, 207, 1886; Rath, do., Ber. nied. Ges., May 3, 1886. 6 Dx., N. R , 150, 1867; Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 57, 1881; Trechmann, 1. c.; Scharizer, Zs. Kr., 12, 255, 1886; Vrba, Zs. Kr., 15, 203, 1888. KARARFVEITE. Korarfveite F. Radominski, C. R., 78, p. 764, 1874. Occurs in albite with gadolinite, hielmite, and beryl at Kararfet near Falun, Sweden (there called monazite). In imperfect crystals, or crystalline masses often very large; one cleavage perfect. Luster vitreous. Double refracting. G. = 4'93. Color yellow passing into brown. Translucent. Streak grayish yellow. Analysis upon impure material : P 2 O 6 27-38 (Ce, La, Di) 2 O s 67-40 CaO 1'24 MgO tr. Fe 2 O 3 0'32 F 4'35 H 2 O tr. = 100'69 B.B. infusible. Partially attacked by hydrochloric acid with evolution of chlorine. Blom- strand shows it, to be impure mouazite, G. For. Forh., 11, 379, 1889. BERZELIITE. 753 538. B13RZELIITE. Berzeliit Kithn, Lieb. Ann., 34, 211, 1840. Magnesian Pharmacolite Dana, Min., 239, 1844. Chaux arseniatee anhydre Dufr. Berzelit Haid., Handb., 495, 1845. Kuhnite R. & M., Min., 481, 1852. Pyrrhoarsenile L. J. Igelstrom, Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 218, 1886. Pyrrharseuite. Isometric, rarely in trapezohedrons 1 n (211, 2-2) with also a (100, i-i) 9 d (110, i), and e (210, /-2). Usually massive. Cleavage none. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. = 5. G. = 4-07-4-09 Flink. Luster resinous. Color honey-, sulphur-, and orange-yellow; yellowish red. Streak nearly white to orange-yellow. Transparent to translucent. Optically isotropic. Comp. An orthoarsenate, R 3 As 2 8 with R = Ca, Mg, Mn. The relative amounts of manganese and magnesium vary widely. In pyrrharsenite a little antimony takes the place of part of the arsenic. Anal. 1, Flink, 1. c. 2, Hogbom, G. For. Forh., 9, 397, 1887. 3, Igelstrom, Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 28, 1886. 4, Id., Jb. Min., 1, 48, Langban, Flink. 1889. 5-7, Hogbom, 1. c. Langban Pyrrharsenite straw-yw. G. 4-08 4-01 As 2 O 5 Sb 2 O 5 60-00 5759 58-06 53-23 6-54 50-92 2-60 undet. 53-39 2-90 MnO 8-40 5-68 17-96 10-82 19-18 17-12 14-12 CaO 20-73 19-97 18-68 20-21 18-35 18-50 18-54 MgO 10-10 16-12 3-58 920 3-50 3-55 7-53 Na 2 0-73 insol. 0-49 ign. 085, = 100 C0 2 127, C0 2 1-58, = 99-96 = 9985 insol. 1 insol. 3 insol. 1 .-02 100 96 [99 36 [99 15 78 42 Kiihn's original analyses (5th Ed., p. 544) led to the formula IiioAs 6 O 28 . He gives also G. = 2'52(!). B.B. infusible. His observations, which can hardly be entirely correct, may have been made on pseudoberzeliite. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses easily to a black bead if rich in manganese, less readily to a gray or brown bead in other kinds. With soda on charcoal gives an arsenical odor; with soda on platinum foil fuses with effervescence, and gives a manganese reaction. Soluble in nitric acid. Pyrrharsenite fuses easily to a black bead; with soda on charcoal a strong arsenical odor aud some antimony fumes; with soda also a manganese reaction. Dissolves readily in acids; with sulphuric acid gives a precipitate of calcium sulphate. Obs. Occurs at Langban in Sweden, with iron ore and granular limestone, braunite, haus- mannite; also the Moss mine, Nordmark, with hausmanuite in crystalline limestone. Sometimes encloses a nucleus of caryinite. Named after the Swedish chemist, Berzelius (1799-1848). Pyrrharsenite occurs in deep yellowish red embedded grains, with hausmannite, tephroite, also barite, calcite, at the Sjo manganese mines of Grythytte, Orebro, Sweden. Named from nvppoS, fire, and arsenic, in allusion to its brilliant fire-red color. Ref. ' Flink, Nyt Mag., 29, 300, 1885. Ak. Handl. Stockh. Bihang, 12 (2), No. 2, 27, 1886; see earlier H. Sj., G. For. Forh., 2, 533, 1875. Wichmann, Zs. Kr., 5, 105, 1880. PSEUDOBERZELIITE. Dubbelbrytande Berzeliit W. Lindgren, G. For. Forh., 5, 552, 1881. Pseudoberzeliit Id. , ibid., 7, 291, 1884. Associated with the isometric berzeliite there occurs at Langban also a doubly refracting arsenate similar in appearance and probably also having the composition R 3 As 2 O8. If, as appears probable, it proves to be a distinct species, the above name may be retained for it. Massive; an isotropic. No distinct cleavage. H. = 5. G. = 4'03-4'04. Color dirty yellow- ish white or light sulphur-yellow. Composition R 3 As 2 O 8 . Anal. L. W. McCay, G. For. Forh., 5, 554, 1881. ^ As 2 5 MuO CaO MgO 62-00 4-18 20-00 12-81 PbO,Fe 2 O 3 tr., insol. 0'68 = 99'67 Occurs in a light brown fine granular mixture of calcite and manganiferous mica, often penetrated by hausmannite. Here also seems to belong the berzeliite from the Moss mine, Nordmark, described by Igelstrom, G. For. Forh., 7, 101, 1884. It occurs in veins and rounded grains. Color yellow. Optically biaxial, positive (or thorhombic ?). 2E = 140, p < v Btd. (Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 31, 1884). Comp. probably K,As 9 O H . Analysis, Igelstrom, 1. c.: As 2 O 5 57-80 CaO 25-25 MgO(MnO tr.) 16'95 = 100 754 PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, ETC. 539. MONIMOLITE. Monimolit L. J. Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 22, 227, 1865. Isometric. Observed forms 1 : a (100, i-i), d (110, i), o (111, 1), m (311, 3-3). Usually in octahedrons, also cubic. Also massive and incrusting. Cleavage: octahedral, indistinct. Fracture small conchoidal, splintery. Brittle. H. = 5-6. G. = 6-58; also 7'29 (cf. below). Luster greasy to submetallio. Color yellowish or brownish green, dark brown to black. Streak straw-yellow, cinnamon-brown. Trans- lucent to nearly opaque. Isotropic, or sometimes showing slight double refraction. Comp., Var. An antimonate of lead, iron, and sometimes calcium, in part, R 3 Sb 2 8 , with R = Pb : Fe = 3 : 1, hence: Antimony pentoxicle 36 -6, lead protoxide 57'2, iron protox- ide 6-2 = 100. Manganese is present in small amount. Var. 1. Contains calcium (anal. 1, 2). Octahedral with m (311). H. = 6. G. = 6'579. Luster greasy. Color brownish green; by transmitted light yellow-green. Not attacked by fusion with alkaline carbonates. Anal. 1 gives 4RO.Sb 2 O 5 ; anal. 2, 15RO.4Sb 2 O 6 , with 2 : 5 nearly. Cubic, with o, d. H. = 5. G. = 7'287. Luster submetallic. Color Readily decomposed by fusion with alkaline carbonates. Pajsberg, Flink. R = Pb : Fe : Ca = 5 : 2. Without calcium. dark brown to black, nearly opaque. Agrees with the formula R 3 Sb 2 p 8 given above. These varieties are distinguished by Flink, their relation is uncertain. Anal. 1, Igelstrom, 1. c. 2, 3, Flink, 1. c. 1. Pajsberg 2. 3. G. 5-94 6-58 7-29 Sb 2 O 6 40-29 40-51 38-18 PbO 42-40 42-74 55-33 FeO MnO 6-20 5-38 0-41 5-57 1-16 CaO 7-59 9-70 MgO 3-25 0-56 Na 2 O = 99-73 0-54 = 99-84 = 100-24 Nordenskiold 2 made the species tetragonal, with c = 0'9950, oo' = *70 23'6', oo" 109 12'. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses to a black slag; on charcoal gives a malleable lead-colored globule, which in O.F. gives a white coating of antimony trioxide, and nearer the assay the yellow of lead oxide. Insoluble in strong acids, or with carbonated or caustic alkalies, even on fusion, except var. 2 (cf. above). Reduced by hydrogen gas at a red heat; becomes soluble in acids. Obs. Occurs with tephroite, magnetite, and hedyphane at the Harstig mine, Pajsberg, in Wermland, Sweden. Also at Langban with tephroite and rhodonite. Named from fj.6vitio^ t permanent, stable. Ref. Fliuk, Ak. Stockh., Bihang, 12 (2), No. 2, 35, 1887. 2 Nd., Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 27, 550, 1870. 540. OARYINITE. Koryinit, Karyinit 0. H. Lundstrom, G. For. F5rh., 2, 178, 223,1874. Massive, probably monoclinic. Cleavage in two directions at 90 (at 50 Dx.). Fracture splintery. H. = 3-3'5. G. = 4'25. Luster greasy. Color brown to yellowish brown. Streak yellowish white. Biaxial, 2E = 41 58' to 47. Dispersion p > v, also horizontal, Dx. 1 Comp. Perhaps R 3 As 2 O 8 with R = Pb, Mn, Ca, Mg. Anal. Lundstrom, 1. c. As,0 6 47-17 PbO 10-52 MnO 15-82 FeO 0-54 CaO 16-40 MgO 4-25 CO, 386 Cl 0-07 insol. 0-65 = 99-28 Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses easily to a black slag, giving reactions for arsenic, lead, and man- ganese. Dissolves readily, with slight effervescence in nitric acid. Obs. Occurs intimately mixed with calciteand hausmannite and berzeliite (isotropic, A. Sj., G. Fdr. Fflrh., 2, 533, 1875; cf. Lindgren, ib., 5, 556, 1881) at Langban, Wermland, Sweden. Named from KapviroS, nut-brown. CARMINITE P UCHERITE. 755 541. CARMINITE. Carminspath Sandberger, Pogg., 80, 391, 1859. Karminspath. Carmine Spar. Carminite Dana, Min. , 410, 1854. Orthorhombic. In clusters of fine needles. Also in spheroidal forms with a columnar structure. Cleavage parallel to the faces of a rhombic prism. H. = 2*5. G. = 4*105. Luster vitreous, but cleavage pearly. Color carmine to tile-red ; powder reddish yellow. Translucent. Brittle. Comp. Perhaps Pb 3 As 2 8 .10FeAs0 4 = Arsenic pentoxide 48-5, iron sesqui- oxide 28-1, lead oxide 23-4 = 100. Anal. R. Miiller, on 0'068 gr., Pogg., 103, 345, 1858. As 2 O 5 49-11 Fe 2 O 3 30-29 PbO 24-55 = 103-95 Fyr., etc. B.B. on charcoal fuses easily to a steel-gray globule, giving out arsenical vapors; with soda a globule of lead, and with borax an iron reaction. Heated in a glass tube no change. Soluble in nitric acid. Obs. From the Luise mine at Horhausen, N. of Neuwied on the Rhine, with beudantite and quartz in a mine of limonite. 542. PUCHERITE. A. Frenzel, J. pr. Ch., 4, 227, 361, 1871. Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 = 0-5327 : 1 : 2 -3357 Websky 1 . 100 A HO = 28 2f, 001 A 101 = 77 9', 001 A Oil = 66 Forms 1 : a (100, i-l), c (001, 0); m (110, /); w (012, f I), a (Oil, 1-*); n (112, ); # (544, -); e (122, 1-2). mm"' = 56 5' ww f = 98 51' xtf = 133 39' en = 68 4' ci/> = 80 28' ce = 72 40' nri = 109 55' W = 130 16' eef = 81 35' nri" = 51 e 43' W>'" = 45 29' ee"' = 88 13' Schneeberg, after Websky. Crystals small, usually tabular || c; also acicnlar. Faces e striated J| edge c/e. Cleavage: c perfect. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. = 4. G. = 6*249. Luster vitreous to adamantine. Color reddish brown. Streak yellow. Trans- lucent to opaque. Comp. Bismuth vanadate, BiV0 4 or Bi a O s .V 2 6 = Vanadium pentoxide 28'2, bismuth trioxide 71'8 = 100. Anal. 1, 2, Frenzel, 1. c. 3, Id., Jb. Min., 514, 1872. V 2 6 27-31 27-07 22-19 As 2 O 8 366 P 2 6 1-34 Bi 2 8 73-39 72-93 73-16 100-70 100 100-35 Fyr., etc. In the closed tube decrepitates. B.B. on charcoal fuses and gives a coating of bismuth oxide, with soda yields a globule of metallic bismuth. With salt of phosphorus a chrome-green bead in R.F., becoming light yellow in O.F. (vanadium). Soluble in hydrochloric acid with evolution of chlorine to a deep-red solution, which on dilution becomes green and deposits a yellow basic chloride. Obs. Found at the Pucher Mine, Schneeberg, Saxony, on quartz associated with bismite and asbolite. Also at the Arme Hilfe mine, at Ullersreuth, near Hirschberg, Voigtland, on 756 PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, ETC. ocherous liraonite with bismuthinite, native bismuth, etc.; at the mine Sosaer Gliick, at Sosa, near Eibenstock. Artif. Obtained by Freuzel by the desiccation (over H 2 SO 4 ) of a solution containing bismuth nitrate aud vanadium chloride. Jb. Min., 680, 1875. Ref. ' Min. Mitth., 245, 1872. 2. Triphylite Group. Orthorhombic. Orthophosphates of an alkali metal, lithium or sodium, with iron and manganese. a-.l :6 543. Triphylite Li(Fe,Mn)P0 4 0-4348 : 1 : 0-5265 544. Lithiophilite Li(Mn,Fe)P0 4 545. Natrophilite NaMnPO, 546. Beryllonite 547. Herderite 548. Hamlinite NaBeP0 4 (CaF)BeP0 4 (CaOH)BeP0 4 Khombohedral 0-5724 : 1 : 0-5490 0-6206 : 1 : 0*4235 6 - 1-1353 543, 544. TRIPHYLITE LITHIOPHILITE : 543. Triphylite. Triphylin Packs, J. pr. Ch., 3, 98, 1834, 5, 319, 1835. Tetraphylin Berz., Arsb., 15, 1835. Perowskyu N. Nor dens kiold. 544. Lithiophilite. G. J. Brush and E. S. Dana, Am. J. Sc., 16, 118, 1878; 18, 45, 1879. Orthorhombic. Axes d:b:6 = 0-4348 : 1 : 0*5265 Tschermak 1 . 100 A HO = 23 30', 001 A 101 = 50 2?', 001 A Oil = 27 46'. Forms: b (010, i-i), c (001, 0); m (110, /), I (120, t-2); w (102, fi), e (101, l-i), v (302, f-i); e (021, 2-t), n (031, 34). Angles: mm'" = *47* 0', IP" = 82 V, ww' = 62 23', ee' = 100 54', wf = 122" 20', ' = 92 57J', nri = 115 19J', me - *45 0', me = 73 12'. Crystals rare, usually coarse and faces uneven. Commonly massive, cleavable to compact. Cleavage: c perfect; ~b nearly perfect; m interrupted. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. H. = 4'5-5. G. = 3'42-3'56. Luster vitreous to resinous. Color greenish gray, bluish in triphylite; also salmon-color, honey-yellow, yellowish brown, light clove- brown in lithiopiiilite; often nearly black on the surface. Pleochroism_ distinct, for lithi- ophilite : || a deep pink, || I faint pink, | b pale greenish yellow, E. S. D., 1. c.' Streak un- colored to grayish white. Transparent to translucent. Norwich. Bodenmais. Optically -f. Ax. pi. || c. Bx J_ ~b. 211^ = 74 45', 2H a . bl = 79 30'. Coinp., Tar. A phosphate of iron, manganese, and lithium, Li(Fe,Mn)P0 4 , varying from the bluish gray TRIPHYLITE with little manganese to the salmon-pink or clove-brown LITHIOPHILITE with but little iron. 1. X s* c \ n ( \ * A m m I b m i \ 1 J Typical Triphylite is LiFePO 4 or protoxide 45'5, lithia 9'5 = 100. = Phosphorus pentoxide 45 0, iron TRIPHYLITE GROUP: TRIPHJ LITE LITHIOPHILITE. 757 Typical Lithiophilite is LiMnPO 4 or Li 3 PO 4 .Mn 3 P 2 O8 = Phosphorus pentoxide 45 -3, manga- nese protoxide 451, lithia 9'6 = 100. Anal.-l-4, S. L. Peutield, Ain. J. Sc., 13, 425, 1877, 17, 226, 18, 47, 1879. 5, H. L. Wells, ib., 16, 118, 1878. For earlier analyses see 5th Ed., p. 542. Triphylite. G. 1. Bodenmais, light blue 3 '549 2. Norwich, gr. green 3*534 3. Grafton, light blue 3'52 Lithiophilite. 4. Branchville, clove-brown 3*482 P 2 6 FeO MuO CaO MgO Li 2 O Na 2 O H 2 O X b | 43-18 36-21 8-96 010 0'83 815 0'26 0'87 0'83 [=9939 f 44-76 26-40 17'84 0'24 0'47 9*36 0'35 0'42 [=. 99-84 | 44-03 26-23 18'21 0'94 0'59 8'79 0'44* 1-47 [= 100 70 | 45-22 13-01 32-02 salmon-pink 3 -478 f 44*67 * Incl. K 2 O, 0-32. 9-26 0-29 0-17 0'29 [= 100-26 4-02 40-86 8-63 014 0'82 0'64 [= 99-78 b X = gangue. Pyr., etc. In the closed tube sometimes decrepitates, turns to a dark color, and gives off traces of water. B.B. fuses at 1'5, coloring the flame beautiful lithia-red in streaks, with a pale bluish green on the exterior of the cone of flame. The coloration of the flame is best seen when the pulverized mineral moistened with sulphuric acid is treated on a loop of platinum wire. With the fluxes reacts for iron and manganese, the iron reaction is feeble in pure lithiophilite. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. Obs. Triphylite occurs at Rabenstein, near Zwiesel, in Bavaria; also at Keityo, in Finland (perowskine or tetraphyline); Norwich, Mass. ; also withspodumene at Peru, Me., Grafton, N.H. Named from ro/5, threefold, and (f)vA.y, family, in allusion to its containing three phosphates. LitJiiophilite occurs at Branchville, Fairfield Co., Conn., in a vein of albitic granite, in irregular masses intimately associated with spodumene (and cymatolite, q.v.), also with eosphor- ite, triploidite, rhodochrosite, uraninite; the masses are sometimes very large and occasionally there are rough crystals with the forms; also at Tubbs' Farm. Norway, Me. Named from lithium and r C (032 > * 4 > R (411 4-4) * 310 e-3 (i' 12 ' ' ^ ( 21 ' **> u ffi 'I i (210! d (102, H) * ( ^ ^ r (211, 2-2 ' J (320, * e (101, l-l) I WJ. *-? T (421, 4-2) }' ^ f f201 2^ A (051, 5-*) r (163, 2-bJ L /( A (061, 64) * (888.1-1) . (161, 6-6) *' a (014, i-i) t (231, 3-|) BERTLLONITE. 759 II'" = mm" = IV = nri = oo' = TtTt' = dd' = ff' aa' 16 17' 21 36' 31 57' 59 34V 82 16' 60 26' 47 11' 38 31' 51 14' = 87 36|' = 124 56' = 15 38' cv cs cA cp 20 44' 30 42' 40 12' 57 32' 95 21' 117 28' 131 2' 28 55' *47 51V 65 39' 73 13' 25 55' cw co- ex cQ cy = 55 33' = 43 37' = 62 19' = 50 9' = 67 21' vv' ww' ww'" at ax = 80 6V = 43 14' = 65 42V = 76 47' = 45 8' = 63 32' bu = 78 48' to = 68 23' bw = 51! 36' bx = 40 4' by = 32 15' bz =26 47' boo = 22 49' bt 52 43' bs = 63 br = 75 br = 43 bo- = 53 5' 46' 43' 24' bp = 70 47' 7. m Twins: tw. pi. m, hence aq = 120 25'. Sometimes repeated, rarely in stellate forms. Crystals short prismatic to tabular, highly complex. Prismatic faces near a often united in oscillatory combination, hence showing vertical stria- tions. Faces v also striated || edge v/f. In crystals or broken fragments. Cleavage: c highly perfect; a less so, interrupted; m still less distinct; 1} faintly indicated. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 5-5-6. G. = 2 -845. Luster vitreous, brilliant; sometimes on.c pearly. Colorless to white or pale yellowish. Transparent. Optically . Ax. pi. || a. Bx _L c. Dispersion small p < v. Axial angles: 760 PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, ETC. 2E r = 120 26' Li Also ' 2H m . r = 72 35' 2H.. r = 125 13' 2E r = 121 1' Na 2H . y = 124 C 47' 59' 2E gr = 121 24' Tl 2H a . gr = 73 1' 2H 0-gr = 124 30' 2V y = 67 34' Refractive indices : Red, Li Yellow, Na Green, Tl a 1-5492 1-5520 1-5544 ft 1-5550 1-5579 1-5604 r 1-5604 1-5608 1-5636 Comp. A phosphate of beryllium and sodium, NaBeP0 4 or Na 3 P0 4 .Be 3 P Q 8 = Phosphorus pentoxide 55*9, beryllium oxide, 19 '7, soda 24*4 = 100. Anal. H. L. Wells, 1. c. P 2 6 55-86 BeO 19-84 Na 2 23-64 ign. 0-08 = 99-42 Pyr. Decrepitates somewhat and fuses about 3 to a slightly clouded glass, coloring the flame deep yellow with a green streak on the lower edge. Slowly but completely soluble in hot acids. Obs. Found loose among the disintegrated material of a granitic vein, at Stoneham, Maine; associated with feldspars, smoky quartz, beryl, columbite. The same region has yielded herderite and phenacite. The crystals of beryllonite often show a columnar structure due to the presence of hollow canals and fluid cavities arranged parallel to the vertical axis. Other cavities (with liquid H 2 O,CO 2 ) are present often in great numbers (f. 8). The natural faces are often delicately etched on c, showing minute depressions nearly square in outline. Artif. On the artificial formation of beryllonite, see Ouvrad, C. R., 110, 1334, June 23, 1890. 547. HERDERITE. Herderite Haid., Phil. Mag., 4, 1, 1828. Allogonit BreitJi^ Uib. 23, 1830, Char., 78, 1832. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 = 0-62060 : 1 : 0-42345 E. S. Dana 1 . 100 A HO = 31 49', 001 A 101 = 34 18', 001 A Oil = 22 57'. Forms: m (110, J) c (302, |-*) * (061, 6-?) o (441, 4) 2 a (100, i-l)* Z (120, -2) 3 u (Oil, 14) 3 J? (111 1) (362, 3-^) 3 b (010, i-i) >w (130, a-3) 3 (032,|-) o (332, |) 3 y (181, 3-3) 3 c (001, 0) d (101, 1-i) 4 v (031, 3-) 3 ;/ X^rv'wj ^y n (331, 3) Figs. 1-3, Stoneham. HERDERITE. 761 mm IV dd' " = 63 39' = 77 43 = 56 29' = 68 37' cp = 38 46' cq = 50 18' en = 67 27' co = 72~ J 42$' oo' XX' yy',,, pp = 108 26' = 64 40' = 45 46' = 38 33V ee' = 91 20' ex = 58 29^ qq'" = 47 52' uu' = *45 54' cy =. 55 15V nn'" = 58 17V ti = 64 51' W' = 64 17' oo'" = 60 28'" m' = 103 35' qq' = 81 39' nu = *57 7' ss' = 137 2 nn = 103 24' ,. ... 4, Ehrenfriedersdorf. Crystals sometimes resembling a low hexagonal pyr- amid (f. 4); also short prismatic in direction of axis a. Cleavage: m interrupted. Fracture subconchoidal. H = 5. G. = 2*99- 3-01; 3-012, a perfectly transparent crystal from Stoneham, Penfield. Luster vitreous, inclining to subresinous. Color various shades of yellowish and greenish white. Translucent. Optically -. Ax. pi. || b. Bx _[_ a. Dispersion p > v. Axial angles, Dx. 6 : Maine 2E r =121 44' Li 2H a . r = 72 34 glass 2E r = 120 21' 2E y = 121 22' Na 2H a . y = 72 12' 2E y = 119 45' 2E bl = 120 33' CuSO 4 2Ha.bi= 71 24' 2E bl = 119 11' Also for yellow a = 1-592, ft = 1-612, y = 1-621 Btd. Saxony 2H a . r = 74 18' 2Ha. y = 74 4' 2H . r = 105 11' .-. 2V r = 74 29' 2E r = 124 35 2E y = 124 18' 2H . y = 105 23' .-. 2V y = 74 16' Cornp. A fluo-phosphate of beryllium and calcium, (CaF)BeP0 4 , with the fluorine in part replaced by hydroxyl. If F : OH = 1:1, this requires: Phos- phorus pentoxide 43-8, beryllium oxide 15-4, lime 34'6, fluorine 5*9, water 2'8 = 102-5, deduct 2*5 (0 = 2F) = 100. If fluorine alone were present the amount would be 11 '7 p. c. Groth includes lierderite in the Olivenite Group, cf. Tab. Ueb., pp. 75, 76, 1889 Anal. 1, Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 27, 135, 1884. 2, Gentb, Am. Phil. Soc., 21, 694,1884. 3, Penfield and Harper, Am. J. Sc., 32, 107, 1886. P a 5 BeO CaO F H 2 O 1. Stoneham 44-31 15-76 33 21 11-32 = 104-60 2. " |43-43 15-04 33'65 8'93 0-61? Al 2 O 3 ,Fe a O 3 0-35, MnO 0-11=102-12 3. " 43-74 15-51 33'67 5 27 3'70 = 101-89 Analyses of the lierderite from Ehrenfriedersdorf and from Stoneham by Wiukler, made on minute quantities, have been shown to be untrustworthy; he gave considerable alumina and overlooked the fluorine, Jb. Min., 2, 134, 1884. Pyr., etc. B.B. phosphoresces with an orange-yellow light, fuses with difficulty, becomes white and opaque: takes a blue with cobalt solution ; gives acid water in the closed tube when strongly healed. Dissolves in acids. Obs. The original herderite is known only from a few specimens obtained prior to 1825 at the tin mines of Ehrenfriedersdorf, Saxony; the crystals described by Haidiuger resemble apatite in form (f. 4). pp'" 38 4.3' herderite, xx' = 37 44' apatite. Discovered in 1883 at Stoneham, Maine (see Hidden, Am. J. Sc , 27, 73, 135, 1884>. It occurs in a granitic ledge in isolated crystals and in clusters implanted on quartz crystals, or embedded in them; also on muscovite and associated with albite; found sparingly with tourmaline at Auburn, Me. ; also at, Hebron. Named after Baron von Herder, director of the Saxon mines. The name glucinite was suggested (Hidden, 1. c.) for the Stoneham mineral in the idea that it might prove to differ from the Saxon in containing beryllium (glucinum) in place of aluminium, but the identity of the minerals from the two localities has been thoroughly proved. Ref. ' Stoneham, Am. J. Sc., 27, 229, 1884. Haidinger gives for Ehrenfriedersdorf: pp' = 63 57', pp'" = 38 43'. * Ehrenfriedersdorf only, Haid., 1. c. 3 Stoneham only, E. S. D., 1 c. 4 Stoneham, Hidden, ibid., 32, 209, 1886. 6 Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 130, 1884; Btd., 9, 141, 1886. 762 PHOSPHATES, ANSENATES, ETC. 548. HAMLINITE. W. E. Hidden and 8. L. Pen-field, Am. J. Sc., 39, 511, 1890. Rhombohedral. Axis 6 = 1-1353; 0001 A 1011 = 52 39$' Penfield. Forms: c (0001, 0), r (1011, R), /(0221, - 2). Angles : cr = 52 40', cf = 69 7f, ?T' = *87 2', ff' = 108 2', r/ = 54 1'. In small rhomboliedral crystals with basal plane prominent. Cleavage: basal, perfect. H. 4-5. G. = 3-228. Luster on c pearly; on rhombohedral faces greasy to resinous. Colorless and transparent, or with a slight yellow tint. Optically 4-;- double refraction not strong. Comp. A. phosphate of aluminium or beryllium (or both) with water and fluorine; exact composition undeter- mined. Pyr., etc. B.B. fuses about 4 to a white porcelain -like mass coloring the flame green. In the closed tube gives off water abundantly and fluorine which etches the glass. Slowly soluble in acids, giving a solution which reacts strongly for phosphoric acid. The presence of aluminium (or beryllium) and absence of calcium were proved by qualitative test. Obs. Occurs very sparingly at Stoneham, Me., associated with the beryllium phosphate, herderite, and the beryllium silicate, bertrandite. Only a single specimen has thus far been found. Named after Dr. A. C. Hamlin of Bangor, Me., author of a W9rk on precious stones. 3. Apatite Group. Hexagonal with pyramidal hemihedrism. Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates of calcium and lead, with chlorine or fluorine. General formula R 5 (F,Cl)[(P,As,V)0 4 ] 3 = (R(F,C1) )R 4 [(P,As,V)OJ 3 ; Also written 3R 3 (P, As,V) 2 8 .R(F,Cl) 2 . Here R=Ca or Pb, also Mn. c 549. Apatite (CaF)Ca 4 (P0 4 ) 3 Fluor-apatite 0-7346 or (CaCl)Ca 4 (POJ 3 Chlor-apatite Manganapatite (CaF)Ca 4 (P0 4 ), with (MnF)Mn 4 (P0 4 ) 8 550. Pyromorphite (PbCl)Pb 4 (P0 4 ) 3 0-7362 Polysphserite ( (Pb,Ca)Cl)(Pb,Ca) 4 (P0 4 ) 3 551. Mimetite (PbCl)Pb 4 (As0 4 ) 3 0-7224 Ca^lite {jSgjS;^. 552. Vanadinite (PbCl)Pb 4 (V0 4 ) 3 0-7122 Endlichite 549. APATITE. Crystallized from Spain. Chrysolite ordinaire de Lisle (with figs.), Crist., 1772, 2, 271, 1783; = Spargelgrilne Stein krystalle aus Spanien nahern Apatit Wern., Bergm J., 74, 1790; Spargelstein Wern.; Asparagus Stone; Pierre d'Asperge Fr.; Asparagolithe Abildgaard, Ann. Ch., 32, 195, 1800. Chaux phosphatee Vauq., Ann. Ch., 26, 123, 1798. Phosphate of Lime. 1788, 378, 1789. Phosphorsaurer-Kalk Klapr., ib., 294, 1788. Sachsischer Beryll, Agustit (with announcem. of supposed new earth, Augusterde), Trommsdorf, Trommsd. J. Pharm., 1800. Cry st. fr. Norway, etc. Moroxit (fr. Arendal) Abildgaard, Moll's Jahrb. B. H., 2, 432, 1798. Francolite (fr. Devonshire) B 13' 45 i' CIO = 36 18' cs = 55 45*' cd 71 12' Cp 75 34' CO 56 49' en = 71 54' ci = 48 18' CJJ. 65 59' cq = 79 2' TT' ^ 8 2' (TO J 45 38' & = 19 11' rr = ' = XX' = aa' = 9V = 88' = dd' f = MM, = 22 31' 26 13' 31 8' *37 44' 46 18' 51 2' 55 28' 34 26' 48 50' 56 3av6$, shining, in allusion to its red color and brilliant luster. Hamberg shows that pyrophanite is to be regarded as isomorphous with ilmeuite. Further he suggests the following grouping to show the relation to other allied compounds: Hematite Group. Rhombohedral Ilmenite Group. Rhomb., tetartohedral C n IV C Chromium sesquioxide Cr 2 O 3 T368 Ilmenite FeTiO 3 1'385 Corundum A1 2 O 3 1'363 Pyrophanite MnTiO 3 1'369 Hematite Fe 2 O 3 1'366 Also Catapleiite 1-3605 Titanium sesquioxide Ti 2 O 3 1'316 H 2 SiO 3 .Na 2 SiO 3 .Zr(OH) 2 SiO 3 To the second group he would also add the hexagonal calcium metasilicate, CaSiO 3 , further the artificial compound KBrO 3 . PYROXENE, p. 352. Wlilfing (Habilitationsschrift, Heidelberg, 1891) has made a careful optical examination of a series of pyroxenes ranging from diopside to hedenbergite, and connected the results with the variation in chemical composition as given by the analyses of Doelter, Flink, and others. The optical constants deduced for a pure diopside CaMgSi 2 O 6 are as follows: a (3 y 2V ct For Li 1-6649 1-6719 1-6941 58 53' 37 55' Na 1-6685 1-6755 16980 58 40' 37 50' Tl 1-6722 1-6791 1'7015 58 26' 37 45' 1046 SUPPLEMENT. For the aegirite from the Langesuud-fiord a re-examination of the optical constants was made, with the following results: a Eosin 1-7590 Na 1-7630 Tl 1-7714 ft 1-7929 1-7990 1-8096 r 1-8054 1-8126 r 2V 117 25' 93 30' 117 47' 94 0' 118 16' 94 58' The angles given in the last column. correspond to Bx r A c = + 3 30'; Bx y A c = -f-4 0', Bx gr A c = + 4 58'. On the alteration of pyroxene, or a mineral of the pyroxene group, into amphibole in gabbros and related rocks, see Chester, U. S. Surv., Bull. 59, 1890. On the relation between the gliding-planes and solution-planes with augite, see Judd, Min. Mag., 9, 192, 1890. A chrome diopside from the basalt of Stempel near Marburg, investigated by Bauer (Jb. Min., 2, 187, 1891), has been analyzed by Friedheim, as follows: G. = 3-289 SiO 2 52-95 A1 2 3 5-19 Cr 2 3 2-43 FeO 2-31 CaO 19-11 MgO 18-01 = 100 QUARTZ, rj. 183. Minute crystals (cf. figs. l_-3), characterized by the presence of the rhom- bohedron.; (3032) and the trapezohedrons jy (2132) and L, (3122), are described by-Iddings and Penfield from the hollow spherulites of the rhyolyte of Glade Creek, Wyoming." Am. J. Sc., 42, 39, 1891. 1 23 Friedel has described artificial crystals which seem to be twins with (4489, f-2) as tw. plane, the axes crossing nearly at right angles. Bull. Soc. Min., 11 29, 1888 (and Zs. Kr., 18, 333. On crystals from Sarolay, see Ces^ro, Mem. Soc. G. Belg., 17, 1890. Cathrein has described crystals of amethyst from the Zillerthal, Tyrol, showing the new forms. Zs. Kr., 17, 19, 1889. p (7075, f ), (11-1 -12-12, -f Hf r), (Ml-12-12, - 1-ft 1), (S'l-Q-lO, + T Vt r), (9278, + f-f 1). Lacroix notes the occurrence of cristobalite and tridymite associated with quartz in the basalt of Mayen in the Eifel. Bull. Soc. Min., 14, 185, 1891. Beaulard discusses the effect of pressure upon sections of quartz crystals in producing biaxial phenomena, etc., C. R., 112, 1503, 1891. REALGAR, p. 33. On the realgar, orpiment, and associated minerals of Casa Testi, M. Amiata, Prov. of Grosseto, Tuscany, see Grattarola, Giorn. Min., 1, 232, 1890. The new but uncertain form a (313, 1-3) is noted. Occurs with orpiment as a hot-spriug deposit in the Norris Geyser Basin in the Yellowstone Park, Weed & Pirssou, Am. J. Sc., 42, 403, 1891. RESANITE Clew, Ak. H. Stockh. , 9, No. 12 (Nov. 1870). Geol. West India Islands, p. 28. Massive, olive-green color, uncrystalline. Analysis. Fiebelkorn: SiO 2 35-08, CuO 23'18, Fe 2 O 3 9'91, H 2 O 23'15 (at 100), H 2 O 8'53 (ignition) = 99'85. It is easily decomposed by HC1. Found with malachite and chrysocolla, at Puerto Rico (Luquillo), West Indies, and named from Don Pedro Resano. RHODONITE, p. 378. Crystals from Pajsberg, of very varied habit, have been described by Hamberg. They show the new forms K (221, '!), $ (403, ,$-*,), S (623, ,2-3). Careful measure- ments are given and a new axial ratio calculated, corresponding to a new position proposed. SUPPLEMENT. 1047 G. For. Forh., 13, 545, 1891. New analyses (ibid., p. 572): 1, Fraulein Naima Sablbom; 2-4, Gimnar Paykull. Si0 2 46-49 46-35 46-53 45-86 MnO 43-60 45-25 43-20 45-92 FeO 0-84 0-53 3-03 0-36 CaO 7-18 6-96 650 6-40 MgO 99-42 0-90 A1 2 O 3 0-41 = 0-84 = 99 93 0-72 A1 2 3 0-15 = 100-13 1-65 = 100-19 RIEBECKITE, p. 400. A secondary amphibole, resembling tbat described by Cross (p 402), has been noted by Lane in the rocks of the Lake Superior region. Ain. J. Sc., 42, 508, 1891. On the occurrence in Great Britain, see Teall, Min. Mag., 9, 219, 1891; and Cole, ibid., p. 222. ROWLANDITE W. E. Hidden, Am. J. Sc., 42, 430, 1891. An yttrium silicate occurring in massive form with the gadolinite of Llano Co., Texas (pp. 511, 512). G. = 4-515. Color pale drab-green when pure, transparent in thin splinters. Alters to a waxy brick-red mineral. A partial analysis gave: SiO 2 25-98 Y 2 O 3 61-91* FeO 4-69 UO 3 0'40 CaO 0'19 ign., etc., 2'01 * At. wght. 118. Oxygen ratio of bases to silica = 83-47 : 86'60 or nearly 1 : 1, hence the formula 2Y 2 O 3 .3SiO a . Easily soluble in acids, leaving gelatinous silica. Named after Prof. Henry A. Rowland of Baltimore. RUTILE, p. 237. The peculiar crystals of black rutile from the Black Hills, mentioned on p. 238, have been more fully studied by Headden and Pirsson; the form is shown in the accom- panying figure. Am. J. Sc., 41, 249, 1891. Analyses by Headden: gave : Ti0 2 90-78 90-80 SnO 2 1-32 1-38 FeO 8-10 7-92 MnO tr. = 100-20 tr. = 10010 The paramorphs of rutile after brookite from Magnet Cove, Ar- kansas (pp. 239, 243), have been minutely described by Bauer (Jb. Min., 1, 217, 1891). Also the pseudomorphs of rutile after octahedrite (" captives" Damour) from the gold- washings of Brazil, ibid., p. 232. SANGUINITE H. A. Miers, Min. Mag., 9, 182, 1890. Occurs in fine glittering scales usually curved or crumpled ; crystallization hexagonal or rhombohedral. Fracture conchoidal. Color black by reflected light, but by transmitted light red like proustite only slightly darker ; in very thin scales yellowish red. Streak dark purplish brown. Optically uuiaxial. Determined by qualitative trials to be a sulpharsenite of silver, hence near proustite in composition, with which it occurs on argentite from Chanarcillo. SARAWAKITE Frenzel, Min. Mitth., 300, 1877. Occurs in minute crystals, with many planes and rounded angles, "probably tetragonal." Soft. Luster adamantine. Colorless or wine- yellow to greenish yellow. Transparent. Contains antimony, is anhydrous, and, it is sug- gested, may be an antimony chloride. Found in cavities in the native antimony of Borneo. SCHUCHARDTITE ScJirauf, Zs. Kr., 6, 386, 1882. A name given by Schrauf to the so-called Chrysopraserde (p. 677), from Glaserndorf, Silesia. Cf. Starkl, ib., 8, 239, 1883. SERPENTINE, p. 669. On the serpentine of the Lizard district, Cornwall, see Bonney and McMahon, Q. J. G. Soc., 47, 464, 1891. SHALKITE. Same as piddingtonite, p. 385. SIDERITE p. 276. A crystal from Algeria has been described by Cesiiro which showed the new form (4159, *). Ann. Soc. G. Belg., 18, 1891. SNARUMITE Breifh., B. H. Zlg., 24, 364, 1865. A mica-like cleavage in one direction, and another transverse imperfect. Occurs massive and iu tufts columnar in structure, with H. = 4 5'5, the least on cleavage-surface ; G. =' 2*826 ; luster on cleavage-face pearly, elsewhere 1048 SUPPLEMENT. vitreous ; color mostly reddish white, colorless, grayish white. Comes from the shore of the Snarum-Elf, near Snarurn, in Norway. Analysis by Lichteuberger (Jb. Min., 820, 1872) gave : SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 Mn 2 O 3 CaO Na 2 O Li 2 O ign. 67-42 28-21 0'42 018 0'24 0-93 2 15 0'23 = 99'78 On another suarumite, see p. 384. SORDAVALITE. Sordawalit N. Nordenskwld, Finl. Min., 86, 1820. A grayish or bluish black glassy substance from Sordavala in Finland. Like tachylyte earlier regarded as a mineral, but shown to be only a local vitreous form of diabase ; a dike of this rock cuts through the hornblende schists, and while crystalline in the mass, becomes more compact toward the margin, and finally at the contact there is a vitreous band one to two inches thick of the so-called sordavalite. Of. Lowinson-Lessiug, Min. Mitth., 9, 61, 1887, who also gives the literature and history. SPHALERITE, p. 59. Cesaro has described crystals showing the hemi-hexoctahedron (861, 8-f). Mem. Soc. G. Belg., 17, 1890. SPINEL, p. 220. Formation of various kinds of spinel in slags and recent eruptive rocks, see Vogt, Arch. Math. Nat., 14, 11, 1890. STELLARITE. A name given by How to the so-called "stellar coal " or " oil-coal" which occurs with bituminous coal at the Acadia mines, Picton Co., Nova Scotia. It is regarded by Dawson as essentially an earthy bitumen. STEPHANITE, p. 143. Prior (Min. Mag., 9, 11, 1890) has given the following analyses : G. S Sb Ag 1. Copiapo 6-26 16'02 15'22 68'65 As tr. Cu tr. = 99'89 2. Cornwall 6'24 15'95 15*86 68'21 Fe tr. = 100'02 STIBNITE, p. 36. On the reflection of light from the cleavage (b) surface of stibnite crystals, see Drude, Wied. Ann., 34, 489, 1888. Analysis of specimens from Hungary, see J. Loczka, Ber. aus Uugarn, 8, 99, 1891. STROMEYERITE, p. 56. Occurs at the Silver King mine, Calico distr., San Bernardino Co., California. Analysis, Melville and Lindgren, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 61, 27, 1890. G. = 6-28 S 15-51 Ag 53'96 Cu 28'58 Fe 0'26 gangue 1-55 = 99'86 STRONTIANITE, p. 285. Buchrucker (Zs. Kr., 19, 146, 1891) has described crystals from Leogang, Salzburg, and made the following optical determinations; indices of refraction : a 13 y For Li 1-514 1-515 1'659 " Na 1-515 1-516 1667 " Tl 1-519 1-520 1-670 Also 2E r = 10 30' Li 2E y = 10 36' Na 2E gr = 10 54' Tl From 2E and /?, 2V r = 6 55' 2V y = 62 59' 2V v = 7 10* SULPHUR, p. 8. Crystals from " Bassick in the United States" described by Busz showed the new forms : g (337, f), /(335, f); calculated angles for the axial ratio of p. 8 : eg = 52 17', cf= 61 5'. Zs Kr., 17, 549, 1890. Crystals with the above noted form /(335, f) have also been described by G. H. Williams from the Mountain View mine, Carroll Co., Md. They occur distributed through the decomposed galena, with anglesite, cerussite. Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ., No. 87, April, 1891. Weed and Pirsson have described the occurrence and form of crystals from the Yellowstone Park, Am. J. Sc., 42, 401. 1891. They show the forms (cf tig.), G (001), m (110), h (130), e (101), n (Oil), <(115), s (113), y (112), p (111), x (133), q (131). Crystals occurring with stibnite from Allchar, near Rozsdau in Macedonia have been described by Foullon, Vh. G. Reichs. , No 17, Dec. 1890. On the thermic constants, see Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 12, 321, 1886. On the optical constants at different temperatures, Id., ibid., 18. 113, 1890. A new rhombohedral variety is described by Friedel. obtained by Engel by agitating with chloroform a solution of sodium hyposulphite treated with Yellowstone. concentrated hydrochloric acid. The crystals are prisms terminated by SUPPLEMENT. 1049 rhombohedral faces, with rr' 40 50', and optically uniaxial, negative. G. = 2'135. Trans- parent when first found, but change gradually, with decrease of density into insoluble sulphur. A relation to the rhombohedral form of tellurium is suggested. C. R., 112, 834, 866, 1891. The " black sulphur " of Magnus (p. 10) is regarded by Knapp as not properly a modification of sulphur, but as consisting of such a modification adhering to or condensed with a carboniza- tion-product of the oil itself, containing sulphur. J. pr. Ch., 43, 305, 1891. Also earlier, ibid., 38, 55, 1888. Sychnodymite Laspeyres, Zs. Kr., 19, 17, 1891. Isometric. Observed forms : a (100, i-i), o (111, 1), d (110, ')?, m (811, 3-3), n (211, 2-2). In small octahedral crystals, in part with polysyuthetic twinning, tw. pi. o, analogous to polydymite; also massive. G. = 4*758. Luster metallic. Color steel-gray. Comp. Essentially (Co,Cu) 4 S 5 , like the nickel sulphide, polydymite; a small part of the Cobalt is replaced by nickel. Anal. 1, 2, Laspeyres, 1. c. S Cu Co Ni Fe 1. 40-64 18-98 35-79 3'66 93 = 100 2. 40-33 17-23 35'64 5'74 0'82 = 99'76 Dissolves in nitric acid, giving a red solution. Obs. From the Kohlenbach mine, south-east of Eiserfeld in the Siegen district; associated with quartz, siderite. tetrahedrite, etc. It is near carrollite (p. 76), to which, however, the formula R 3 S4(CuS.Co 2 S s ) has been assigned. Named from crv^y^^ = Tro/lvf, as'a name corresponding to the related species, polydymite. SYLVITE, p. 156. On etching-figures, see Linck, Min. Mitth., 12, 82, 1891. On indices of refraction, see Dufet, Bull. Soc. Min., 14, 143, 1891. On double refraction developed by pressure, Pockels, Wied. Ann., 39, 440, 1890. TACHHYDRITE, p. 178. Artificial rhombohedral crystals have been obtained by A. de Schulteu. They have rr = 101 20', and G. = 1'666. Analysis gave: 0140*40, Ca 7'56, Mg 9-25, H 2 O 42-44 = 99'65 (author gives Ca 9 56 and sum 99'65). C. R., Ill, 930, 1890. TACHYLYTE Breith., Kastn. Arch. Nat., 7 112, 1826. A glassy substance, pitch-black or velvet-black in color, at one time regarded as a homogeneous mineral, but undoubtedly only a basaltic glass. The original was from Sasebiihl, between Dransfeld and Gottingen, but it is not an uncommon occurrence. Named from ra^v'S, quick, and At-roS, dissolved, in allusion to its fusibility. Hyalomelan (Hausm., Handb., 545, 1847) is a similar substance rightly referred by Gmelin to tachylyte from Vogelsberg. Hausmann applied to it the name hyalomelan. Here belongs also the schlackige Augit of Karsten from Guiliana, Sicily. TAMMITE. Tamm analyzed a dark steel-colored crystalline powder, locality unknown, very hard. G. = 12'5. He obtained W 88'05, Fe 5 '60, Mn 015, undetermined 6'20 = 100. The loss he says is not due to oxygen. He calls his unknown substance ferro-tungstine, and proposes, in case the character of the mineral is sustained, to give it the name crookesite. Mr. Crookes justly says that the name tammite should be preferred. Chem. News, 26, 13, July, 1872. It may be only an artificial alloy. TELASPYRINE C. U. Shepard, Contrib. Min., 1877. Pyrite containing tellurium, from Sunshine Camp, Colorado. TELLURITE, p. 201. Vrba has described artificial crystals which are in tetragonal pyramids with the forms : a (100, i-i), p (111, 1), r (221, 2); pp' = 51 42', hence c = 0'5539. Zs. Kr., 19, 1, 1891. TELLURIUM, p. 11. Analyses 1, 2, from Facebaya, Transylvania, by J. Loczka, Ber. aus Ungarn, 8, 104, 1891. The material of anal. 1 contained quartz and pyrite. Te Se Au Fe S Quartz 1. 80-39 033 033 8-55 9'26 1-54 = 100-40 2. G. = 6-083 97-92 tr. 015 0'53 1'56 Cu 0'06 = 100 22 TENNANTITE. p. 137. Penfield (priv. contr.) has investigated the tennantite and polybasite from the Mollie Gibson mine near Aspen, Colorado. The former occurs massive, of steel-gray color and reddish streak. Analysis gave: S As Sb Cu Ag Zn Fe Pb G. = 4 56 2504 17-18 013 13'72 13'65 6'90 0'42 '86 = 99-90 1050 SUPPLEMENT. The ratio of all the metals to As a (Sb), is 4-00 : 0*99, agreeing closely with the formula 4bu 2 .As 2 b 3 . It is remarkable m the high percentage of silver. The potybasite, or "brittle silver" of the local miners, occurs both indistinctly crystallized and massive; it is associated commonly with a pink barite, also siderite, etc. Analyses gave the foil owing results, after the deduction of 28-18 p. c. impurities from 1, and 12-81 p. c. from 2: S As Sb Ag Cu Zn 1. Massive 17*73 6 29 0-18 59*73 12 91 3'16 = 100 2. Crystallized 18*13 7*0.1 0'30 56*90 14-85 2'81 = 100 Both analyses conform to 9Ag 2 S.As 2 S 3 . Tennantite and polybasite appear to be rather common minerals in Colorado. Much of the so-called tetrahedrite or "gray copper " is the related arsenical species; thus it is common in the mines near Central City, at the Freeland lode and Crocett mine near Idaho Springs, and at the Nationnl Bell mine near Red Mountain. Further, in addition to the localities for polybasite, noted on pp. 146 and 1044, it occurs well crystallized in the mines about Georgetown, in the Marshall Basin near Telluride, and probably at a number of mines in the Red Mountain district. TEQUEZQUITE. Corruption of Tequixquitl, a mineral substance formed of mixtures of different salts, especially sodium carbonate and sodium chloride; from Texcoco, Zumpango in ihe Valle de Mexico, and elsewhere in Mexico, chiefly as a surface efflorescence. Naturaleza 3, 239-246, 1875. TETRADYMITE, p. 39. New analyses: 1, from Norongo, near Captain's Flat, New South Wales, J. C. H. Mingaye, Rec. G. Surv. N. S. W., 1. 25. 2, Zsupko, Hungary, J Loczka Ber aus Ungarn, 8, 102, 1891. 3, Rezbanya, Hungary, Id., ibid., p. 107. G. Te S Bi 1. Norongo 7'381 33'16 4'54 59'66 Fe 0'42, SiO 2 0'40 = 98'18 2. Zsupko 7-580 34'75 4'18 59*77 Fe tr., insol. 0'16 = 98'86 3. Rezbauya 7'022 35'69 4'00 57'42 Fe 0'19, Cu 0'03, insol. 2'04 = 99'37 All these analyses correspond to Bi 2 Te 2 S or 2Bi 2 Te3.Bi 2 S 3 , supporting the view of the com- position taken on p. 39. THERMONATKITE, p. 300. Described by E. Scacchi as occurring as an opaque white cavernous incrustation at the Fosso Grande, Vesuvius. Rend. Accad. Napoli, 2, 488, Dec. 1888. THOMSONITE, p. 607. Hahn has described crystals from Mettweiler, near St. Wendel. They are prismatic in habit, with a, b prominent, and show also the brachydome x (0*1*48) and the new pyramid s (334). Measured angles: as = 57 26', bs = 58 37'. Zs. Kr., 19, 171, 1891. THORITE, p. 488. A kind from Landbo, Norway, has a resin-yellow color, G. = 4*322, and contains 9 p. c. UO 3 (11 '97 p. c. H 2 O). Hidden, Am. J. Sc., 41, 440, 1891. THROMBOLITE. Thrombolith Breith., J. pr. Ch., 15, 321, 1838. An amorphous emerald-green mineral, found with malachite in a fine-grained limestone at Rezbanya, Hungary. According to an imperfect analysis by Plattuer it contained chiefly P 2 O 5 , CuO, H 2 O. Schrauf, however, obtained : CuO 39*44, Fe 2 O 3 l*05, H 2 O 16*56, Sb 2 O 5 6*65, Sb 2 O 3 32-52, loss 3*78 = 100. G. = 3*67. Zs. Kr., 4, 28, 1879. Very probably only a mixture. TIEMANNITE, p. 63. Occurs with eucairite in the Sierra de Umango, Argentine Republic. Analysis by F. Klockmann, after deducting 11 -3 p. c. residue, gave : Se 29*0 Hg 56-9 Ag 5*3 Cu 8*8 = 100 The silver and copper belong to admixed eucairite. Zs. Kr., 19, 267, 1891. TOURMALINE, p. 551. Memoir (in Russian) on the crystallographic and optical properties by A. N Karnozhitsky, Vh. Min. Ges., 17, 209, 1891. F. Noetling describes the tourmaline mines near Mainglon, Rec. G. Surv. India, 24, 125. 1891. TRICHITE, BELONITE. The name tricliite (from 6pi, hair) is applied by Zirkel (Zs. G. Ges., 19, 744, 1867) to microscopic capillary forms, often curved,- bent, or zigzag, sometimes stellately aggregated, opaque and black or reddish brown, of undetermined nature, which he detected in some kinds of glassy or semi-glassy volcanic rocks; and Belonite (ib. , 738) to microscopic acicular crystals (whence the name, from fleXovrj, a needle), colorless and transparent. The trichite, he states, is not pyroxene or hornblende; the belonite may be a feldspar. SUPPLEMENT. 3051 TROILITE, p. 72. Artificial crystals, like wurtzite in form and having the composition FeS, have been obtained by Loreuz, by passing dry hydrogen sulphide over a bundle of iron wires in a tube heated in a combustion-furnace. Wurtzite, in well formed hemimorphic crys- tals, was obtained in a similar manner, also millerite and further greenockite; the last in forms like the native mineral and also in monocliuic crystals. Ber. Ch. Ges., June, 1891. TYREEITE Heddle, Min. Mag., 4, 189, 1881. One and a half hundred-weight of the carnelian marble of Tyree, Scotland, dissolved in sixteen gallons of dilute hydrochloric acid left as a residue, thirty pounds salite, a little scapolite and titauite, and some ounces of a red mud. By decantation, 1-91 grams of a powder of deep brick-red color was obtained Of this mud, sulphuric acid dissolved 0'78 gram, leaving 1-18 insoluble. The last was analyzed and decided to be an impure talc. The soluble portion yielded : Fe 2 O 3 38 '22 A1 2 O 3 8 '23 FeO 3 16 MnOO-39, MgO 29'94, CaO 2'21, H 2 O 12'47, P 2 O 5 4'71, SiO 2 1-08 = 100'35. To this last obviously heterogeneous substance the new name is provisionally given. ULLMANNITE, p. 91. Miers describes crystals of ullmjannite, from Sarrabus, Sardinia which, as shown by the striations upon the cubic faces (cf. fig. 1) are 1. 2. twins of tetartohedral and enautio- morphous individuals. The faces of a trigonal trisoctahedron approx- imating to (27'27'1, 27) occur on the cubic edges. Min. Mag., 9, 211, 1891. Crystals from the Landeskrone mine, near Wilusdorf in the Siegen region, have been described by Laspeyres, which show the forms: a (100, i-i), d (110, *), o (111, 1); py. ritohedrous, ?(750, -|),//130,-/-3), e. (120, - i-2), k (322, f-f); diploid, p,(261, - 6-3). Fig. 1, Sardinia, Miers 2, Siegen, Laspeyres. The crystals are pyritohedral in habit (cf . fig. 2) and do not show the tetartohedral character noted above, Zs. Kr., 19, 424, 1891. Umangite F. Klockmann, Zs. Kr., 19, 269, 1891. Massive; in fine granular to compact masses, no cleavage observed. Fracture uneven to small conchoidal. H. =3. G. = 5'620. Luster metallic. Color dark cherry-red with a violet tinge on the fresh fracture, soon tarnishing, the color becoming violet-blue. Streak black. Opaque. Comp. Cu 3 Se 2 or CuSe.Cu 2 Se = Selenium 45'4. copper 54*6 = 100. Anal. 1, 2, F. Klockmann, 1* c.: 1, of a relatively pure fragment; 2, of the portion of another sample insoluble in acetic acid reduced to 100. Se 41-44 45-10 Cu 56-03 54-35 Ag 0-49 0-55 CO 2) H 2 O,0 [2-04] = 100 Obs. Occurs with eucairite and tiemannite at the Sierra de Umango, La Rioja, Argentine Republic. VALAITE W. Helmhacker, Jb. G. Reichs, 17, 210, 1867. Crystallized. Partly in small hexagonal tables, but forms not distinct. Also massive. Fracture uneven. H. below 1-5. Luster shining. Color pitch-black. Streak black. Odor aromatic when rubbed between the fingers. Belongs among the resins, but composition undetermined. B.B. swells to more than 10 times its former bulk, and becomes a light, porous mass, which in a higher heat is reduced to a grayish ash. Occurs in thin crusts on dolomite and calcite, or in druses of small crystals, in the Rossitz-Oslawaner Coal formation, Moravia. It is associated with hatchettite (p. 997) and the same bed affords some mineral oil. VESBINE. A name given by ScaccM to the material forming thin yellow crusts on the lava of 1631, Vesuvius, which is supposed to contain a new element called by him vesbium. Att. Accad. Napoli, Dec. 13, 1879. VESTORIEN. Bleu Egyptien. Bleu de Pouzzoles. Egyptian Blue. An artificial enamel used for ornament by the Romans in the early centuries of the Christian era. It is essentially a silicate of copper and calcium, corresponding approximately, according to Fouque (Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 36, 1889) to the formula CaO.CuO.4SiO 2 . G. = 3'04. Analysis, Fouque: Si0 2 63-7 CuO 21-3 CaO 14-3 Fe 2 3 0-6 = 99-9 1052 SUPPLEMENT. See further Pisani, Bull. Soc. Min., 3, 197, 1880, and Michault, ibid., 4, 31, 1881, who give other analyses, showing a considerable variation in composition, in one case 6*7 p. c. Na 2 O and 2S-3 p. c PbO. WEHRLITE, p. 40. Mingaye has noted the occurrence of a telluride, which he refers to wehrlite, at the Mt. Shamrock gold mine, Queensland. Found in thin folia with brilliant luster and light steel-gray color. G. = 8'05. Proc. R. Soc. N. S. W., 23, 327, 1890. WEHRLITE von Kobell. A doubtful mjmeral substance from Szurrasko, Zemescher Comitat, Hungary, referred to lievrite by Zipser, Jb. Min., 627, 1834. Shown by Fischer to be a mixture. WICHTISITE. Wichtyne Laurent, Ann. Ch. Phys., 59, 107, 1835. Wichtisit Hausmann. Wibtisit. From Wichtis in Finland, probably the same substance as sordavalite, p. 1048. W OLLASTONITE, p. 371. Grosser has given a series of measurements on crystals from Vesuvius. From the measu/ed angles, 001 A HO 86 16', 001 A Oil = 43 51', 100 A HO = 46 20', he calculates, d : b : c = 1 '05235 : 1 : 0*96494; ft = 84 35' 20". Zs. Kr., 19 604, Dec. 4, 1891. Among the contact-minerals occurring in connection with the igneous rock of the Potash Sulphur Springs, near Magnet Cove, Arkansas, J. F. Williams has described (Ann. Rep. G. Ark., 2, 355 et seq., 1891) a calcium silicate near wollastouite, but containing some water, which, however, is in part hygroscopic and in part due to alteration. Analyses by R. N. Brackett (p. 356 et seq.} gave : SiO 2 CaO FeO MnO MgO Na 2 O K 2 O ign. 1. White 51-93 42 '55 2 '03 2'08 0'44 1-23 = 100*26 2. Pink 50-96 36'72 1'69 1'40 0'57 4 -41 0'90 2*74 = 99'39 Both minerals are regarded as altered wollastouite; that of anal. 2 is peculiar in containing sodium and is called natroxonotlite since it approximates to the imperfectly known hydrous calcium silicate, xonotlite (p. 569). ZINCITE, p. 208. Artificial crystals of a pale yellow color, with G. = 5 605, from a furnace at Mostyn, N. Wales, have been described by A. Hutchinson. They are doubly terminated pyramids or quartzoids, showing one form (y} only; also a number of pyramids in the same zone, with the basal plane and a pyramid of the other series r (1011) Hutchinson, = d (1121) of p. 208. Referred to these two positions the forms noted are: p. 208 Hutchinson p. 208 Hutchinson c (0001) = c (0001) n (1012)r = m (1123) d (1121) = r (1011) p (1011) = x (2243) / (1018) = / (1-1-2-12) y (2021) = y (4483) s (1013) = k (2249) m (1010) = a (1120) Of the above,/ is new but uncertain; the author suggests the complex symbol, 4'4'8'51, with which the observed angle (cf = 12 14') agrees more closely. Min. Mag., 9, 5, 1890. ZINC, p. 14, Stated to occur in Transvaal, S. Africa, W. E. Dawson, Min. Mag., 6, xix, 1885. The reported occurrence in Shasta Co., California, referred to on p. 14 has not been positively substantiated (Durdeu). ZIRCARBITE C. U. Shepard, Contrib. Min., 1877. A massive, compact, or cellular, yellowish brown, opaque mineral. H. = 2-2*5. B.B. infusible. Chemical nature unknown. With cyrtolite, at the granite quarries of Rockport, Mass. ADELITE //. Sjogren, G. For. Forh., 13, 781, 1891. A basic arsenate of calcium and mag- nesium from Nordmark and Langban, Sweden. In masses of a gray color. H. = 5. G. = 3"76. Calculated formula : H 2 O.2CaO.2MgO.As 2 O 5 . A relation to the olivenite or wagnerite group is SVABITE H. Sjogren, G. For. Forh., 13, 789, 1891. In hexagonal prisms with the forms: c (0001, 0), m (1010, /), x (1011, 1), v (1121, 2-2); measured angles xx 36 10', mx = *50 29', .-. c p'7143. H. = 5. G. =3-52. Luster vitreous to greasy. Colorless. Also in fibrous crystalline aggregates. Calculated formula: H 2 O.10CaO.3As 2 O 5 ; a relation to the apatite group is suggested. From the Harstig mine at Pajsberg, Sweden, associated with schefferite. CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALI- TIES OF MINERALS. THE following catalogue of American Localities of Minerals is supplementary to the Descriptions of Species. It is intended to give fuller information than was possible in the preceding pages of the occurrence of individual species and their association. It is essentially an historical list, and does not claim to state what minerals may be found at a given place at the present time. Many localities once prolific are now exhausted, and many others will yield specimens only after much time and money have been spent in opening them. Notwithstanding these limitations, however, the catalogue will prove of great aid to the mineralogical collector in selecting his routes and arranging the plan of his journeys. Except in the case of very rare species, only important localities, which have afforded cabinet specimens, are in general included; and the names of tJwse minerals obtained in good specimens are distinguished by italics. When the name is not italicized, the occurrence is not regarded as especially noteworthy. When the specimens procured have been remarkably good, an exclama- tion-mark (!) is added. Localities for coal and oil are not given, and, for the most part, only general statements are made in regard to the occurrence of the peculiarly economic minerals, such as ores of iron, marble, etc." For detailed information in regard to. these points, the reader should turn to the series of volumes on the Mineral Resources of the United States, published since 1882, under the auspices of the U. 8. Geological Survey. The volume for 1887 (pp. 688-812) gives a summary for each state and territory of the localities of useful minerals, both those which are now mined and those which are not. In regard to the occurrence of marble and build: ng stones in general, reference may be made to a recent work by George P. Merrill, Stones for Building and Decoration, New York, 1891. This Catalogue has been carefully revised since it last appeared in print, and in this revision the author has been ably assisted by many gentlemen, whose contributions have done much to give it greater accuracy and completeness. Those who have taken chief part in the revision are as follows: For Arizona and the south-western territories, also notes on Colorado, Mr. George L. English of New York City ; California, Mr. Henry S. Burden of San Francisco ; Colorado, also northern New York, Prof. S. L. Penfleld of New Haven ; Idaho and Montana, Mr. W. H. Melville of Washington ; Maine, Prof. F. C. Robinson of Bowdoin College ; Delaware, Mr. Fred. J. Hilbiber of Wilmington ; Maryland, Prof. G. H. Williams of Baltimore ; Michigan, Prof. A. C. Lane of Houghton ; Minnesota, Prof. C. W. Hall of Minneapolis ; Missouri, Mr. Walter P. Jenney of the U. S. Geol. Survey, and Prof. H. A. Wheeler of St. Louis ; North Carolina (also notes on Pennsylvania), Dr. F. A. Genth of Philadelphia ; Pennsylvania, Dr. F. A. Genth, Dr. T. D. Rand, and Col. Joseph Willcox of Philadelphia ; Texas, also S. Carolina, and notes on N. Carolina, Mr. W. E. Hidden of Newark; Virginia, Profs. W. G. Brown and H. D. Camp- bell of Lexington, also Profs. F. P. Dunnington and W. M. Fontaine of the University of Virginia ; Wisconsin, Prof. Wm. H. Hobbs of Madison ; Canada, Mr. G. Ch. Hoffmann of Ottawa. Also general notes from several of the. gentlemen above named, and from Prof. F W. Clarke, of Washington, Mr. George F. Kunz of New York City, and minor notes from others. 1053 1054 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. INDEX OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. Alabama 1081 Alaska 1098 Arizona 1093 Arkansas 1082 California 1095 Colorado 1089 Columbia, Distr. of 1071 Connecticut 1060 Dakota, South 1088 Delaware 1070 Florida 1081 Georgia 1080 Idaho 1091 Illinois 1085 Indiana 1085 Iowa 1088 Kansas 1088 Kentucky 1084 Louisiana 1082 Maine 1054 Maryland 1070 Massachusetts 1058 Michigan 1085 Minnesota 1087 Also Dominion of Canada. . . PAGE Missouri 1083 Montana 1091 Nevada 1094 New Hampshire. 1056 New Jersey 1065 New Mexico 1093 New York 1061 North Carolina 1073 Ohio 1085 Oregon 1097 Pennsylvania 1066 Rhode Island 1060 South Carolina 1080 South Dakota 1088 Tennessee 1084 Texas 1082 Utah 1092 Vermont 1057 Virginia 1071 Washington 1098 West Virginia 1073 Wisconsin 1087 Wyoming 1091 .p. 1098; Newfoundland .p. 1104. MAINE. General Notes for the New England States. The most interesting localities of Maine, as of the other New England States, are those of the veins of albitic granite, often worked economically for their feldspar, mica, quartz, and frequently affording fine specimens of many rare minerals, chiefly as accessory original constituents of the veins, in part also secondary. Among these species may be mentioned, the lithium minerals, lepidolite, red and green tourmaline, ambly- gonite, spodumene, petalite, triphylite (and lithiophilite); also beryllium minerals, beryl, chryso- beryl, and rarely herderite, phenacite, beryllonite ; further, columbite, cassiterite, uraninite, and many others. In Maine, localities of this class are chiefly in the western part of the state in Oxford Co.; they also occur in New Hampshire, as at Acworth ; in Massachusetts, as conspicuously at Chesterfield and Goshen ; in Connecticut, as at Haddam, Middletown, Portland, Glastonbury, also nt Branchville and vicinity, and elsewhere. Further, similar occurrences are found in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North and South Carolina. The crystalline schists of New England often afford garnet, tourmaline, audalusite, staurolite, sillimanite, cyanite; also occasionally monazite. corundum, iolite, etc. In Massachusetts and Connecticut there are some interesting localities of zeolites and associated species (datolite, prehnite, etc.) connected with the dikes of "trap" rock. In New England, mining for gold, silver, also tin (Maine, New Hampshire), has been attempted at various points on a small scale, but with no success ; copper, however, is obtained in economic quantities (e.g., Vermont), while the iron mines pf western Massachusetts and Con- necticut have been long productive. Other useful minerals sometimes obtained in paying quantities (besides the feldspar, etc., noted above) are steatite, graphite, marble, etc. Albany. Beryl! green and black tourmaline, garnet, feldspar, rose quartz, rutile. Andover. See RUMFORD. Auburn, w. part, near Minot line. Lepidolite, amblygonite, cassiterite, colorless, green, blue, etc., tourmaline! apatite, herderite, triplite, cookeite, allanite, garnet, molybdenite, beryl, albite, orthoclase, quartz, biotite, damourite. Bath. Vesuvianite, garnet, magnetite, graphite. "Beimel. Cinnamon garnet, calcite, titanite, beryl, pyroxene, amphibole, epidote, graphite, talc, pyrite, arsenopyrite, magnetite. Bingham. Massive pyrite, galena, sphalerite, andalusite. Blue Hill Bay. Arsenical iron, molybdenite! galena, apatite ! fluorite! black tourmaline (Long Cove), black oxide of manganese (Osgood's farm), rhodonite, bog manganese, wolframite. At the Blue Hill copper mines, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, cuprite, bornite, tetrahedrite, arsenopyrite, pyrite. Bowdoin. Rose quartz. Bowdoinham. Beryl, molybdenite. Brunswick. Green mica, garnet / black tourmaline ! molybdenite, epidote, calcite, musco* mte, feldspar, beryl, titanite, columbite, pyrite, rutile. Buckfield. Garnet (estates of Waterman and Lowe), muscovite f tourmaline! magnetite. Byard's Point. Arsenopyrite. Camdage Farm. (Near the tide mills), molybdenite, wolframite. Camden. Chiastolite, galena,, epidote, black tourmaline, pyrite, talc, magnetite. MAINE. 1055 Canton. Chrysoberyl, feldspar, mica (mined). Carmel (Penobscot Co.). Stibnite, tetrahedrite, pyrite, chiastolite. Oorinna. Pyrite, arsenopyrite. Deer Isle. Serpentine, verd-antique, asbestus, diallage, magnetite, talc (mined), barite. - Dexter. Galena, pyrite, sphalerite, clialcopyrite, green talc. Dixfield. Native copperas, graphite. East Woodstock. Muscovite, garnet. Farmington. (Norton's Ledge), pyrite, graphite, garnet, staurolite. Franklin Plantation. Beryl. Preeport. Hose quartz, garnet, feldspar, scapolite, graphite, muscovite, amphibole, green mica. Pryeburg. Garnet, beryl. West Gardiner, along the Litchfield border. See LITCHFIELD. Georgetown. (Parker's Island), beryl! black tourmaline, graphite. Gorham. Andalusite. Greenwood. Graphite, black manganese, beryl! chrysoberyl, arsenopyrite, cassiterite, mica, rote quartz, garnet, corundum, albite, zircon, molybdenite, magnetite, melauterite. Hebron, 7 m. s. of Mt. Mica in Paris. Lepidolite, amblygonite (hebronite), rubellite ! indico- lite, green tourmaline, damourite (as altered tourmaline), mica, beryl, apatite, albite, pollucite, childrenite, herderite, cookeite, cassiterite, arseuopyrite, vesuvianite. Katahdin. Mines of limonite, hematite. Linnaeus. Hematite, limonite, pyrite, bog-iron. Litchfield. Soda lite, cancrinite, elceolite, zircon, Jiydronephelite, albite, spodumene, musco- vite, pyrrhotite (from boulders), biotite. Lovell. Beryl. Lubec Lead Mines. Galena, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, bornite. Machiasport. Jasper, epidote, laumontite. Madawaska Settlements. Vivianite. Minot. Beryl, smoky quartz, vesuvianite. Mcmmouth. Actinolite, apatite, elceolite, zircon, staurolite, plumose mica, beryl, rutile. Mt. Abraham. Andalusite, staurolite. Norway. Chrysoberyl ! molybdenite, beryl, rose quartz, orthoclase, green tourmaline, albite, lepidolite, cinnamon garnet, triphylite (lithiophilite), cookeite, cassiterite, amblygonite. Orr's Island. Steatite, garnet, andalusite. Oxford. Garnet, beryl, apatite, wad, zircon, muscovite, orthoclase. Paris, on Mt. Mica. Green! red! black and blue tourmaline! mica! lepidolite! feldspar, albite, quartz crystals ! rose quartz, cassiterite, amblygonite, apatite, columbite, zircon, brookite, beryl, smoky quartz, spodumene, cookeite, lollingite, triphylite. See HEBRON. Parsonsfield. Vesuvianite ! yellow garnet, pargasite, adularia, labradorite (cryst.), scapolite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite. Peru. Crystallized pyrite, columbite, beryl, spodumene, triphylite (cryst.), chrysoberyl, petalite, amblygonite. Phippsburg. Yellow garnet ! manganesian garnet, vesuvianite, pargasite, axinite, laumont- ite! ehabaztte, an ore of cerium ? Poland. Vesuviauite, smoky quartz, cinnamon garnet. Portland. Prehnite, actinolite,' garnet, epidote, amethyst, calcite. Pownal. Black tourmaline, feldspar, scapolite, pyrite, actinolite, apatite, rose quartz. Raymond. Magnetite, scapolite, pyroxene, lepidolite, tremolite, amphibole, epidote, ortho- clase, yellow garnet, pyrite, vesuvianite. Rockland. Hematite, tremolite, quartz, wad, talc, calcite. Rumford. On n. slope of Black Mtn., tourmaline (red), lepidolite, spodumene, cookeite, yellow garnet, vesuvianite, pyroxene, apatite, scapolite, cassiterite, amblygonite, muscovite, albite, graphite. Sanford (York Co.). Vesuvianite! albite, calcite, molybdenite, epidote, black tourmaline, labradorite. Searsmont. Andalusite, tourmaline. South Berwick. Chiastolite. Standish. Columbite! tourmaline, andalusite, pyrrhotite. Stoneham. Columbite, chrysoberyl, herderite, topaz, beryllonite, cassiterite, bertrandite, pheuacite, hamlinite, mica (curved), triplite, beryl, fluorite. Stowe. Chrysoberyl, sillimanite. Streaked Mountain. Beryl! black tourmaline, mica, garnet. Sullivan. At the Sullivan mining district (also in Franklin and Hancock), galena, argent- ite, silver, cerargyrite, pyrargyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, stephanite, sphalerite, also gold, native bismuth. Thomaston. Calcite, tremolite, hornblende, titanite, arsenical iron (Owl's Head), black man- ganese (Dodge's Mountain), thomsonite, talc, sphalerite, pyrite, galena. Topsham. Quartz, allanite, chrysoberyl, garnet, orthoclase, muscovite, albite, black tour* maline, amphibole, apatite, zircon, beryl, galena, sphalerite, pyrite. gahnite, magnetite, bismuthiuite,- chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, tungstite? molybdenite, columbite. Union. Magnetite, bog-iron ore. 1056 CATALOGUE OF AMEEICAL LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. Wales. Axinite in boulder, alum, copperas. Warren. Calcite, dolomite. Waterville. Crystallized pyrite. West Gardiner. lolite, blue sodalite. Whiting. Chalcopyrite, molybdenite. Windham (near the bridge). Staurolite, spodumene, garnet, beryl, amethyst, cyanite tourmaline. Winslow. Cassiterite in thin veins on slate, white beryl. Winthrop. Staurolite, pyrite, amphibole, garnet, beryl, copperas. Woodstock. Graphite, hematite, prehnite, epidote, calcite. York. Beryl, vivianite, oxide of manganese. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Acworth. Beryl! mica! tourmaline, orthoclase, albite, rose quartz, columbite! cyanite, au^uite, biotite, garnet, cyanite. Alexandria. Muscovite. Alstead. Mica ! albite, black tourmaline, molybdenite, andalusite, staurolite. Amherst. Vesuvianite, yellow garnet, pargasite, amethyst, pyroxene, magnetite. Antrim. Graphite. Bartlett. Magnetite, hematite, quartz crystals, danalite, limonite, smoky quartz. Bath. Galena, chalcopyrite, alum. Bedford. Tremolite, epidote, graphite, mica, tourmaline, alum, quartz, graphite. Bellows Falls. Cyanite, staurolite, prehnite, calcite. Benton. Epidote, beryl, magnetite. Berlin. Chalcopyrite, pyrite, magnetite, amphibole. Bristol. Graphite, galena. Campton. Beryl ! Canaan. Gold in quartz veins and alluvium, garnet ; Charlestown. Staurolite, andalusite, prehnite, cyanite. Chatham. Green fluorite. Concord. Sillimanite. Cornish. Rutile in quartz! (rare), staurolite, stibnite. Croydon. lolite! chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite. East Wakefield. Beryl. Enfield. Gold, galena, staurolite, green quartz, ripidolite. Prancestown. Soapstone, arsenopyrite, quartz crystals. Pranconia. Arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite. Gardner Mtn. Chalcopyrite, pyrite, galena, azurite, malachite. Gilmanton. Tremolite, epidote, muscovite, tourmaline, limonite, quartz crystals. Goshen. Graphite, black tourmaline. Grafton. Muscovite (quarried at Glass Hill, 2 m. S. of Orange Summit), albite! blue, green, and yellow beryls ! (1 m. S. of O. Summit), tourmaline, garnet, triphylite, apatite, fluorite, columbite, molybdenite, rhodonite. Grantham. Gray staurolite ! Groton. Arseuopyrite, beryl, muscovite crystals, orthoclase, columbite. Hanover. Garnet, black tourmaline, quartz, cyanite, epidote, anorthite, cyanite, zoisite. Haverhill. Garnet! arsenopyrite, native arsenic, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, magnetite, marcasite, steatite. Hebron. Beryl, andalusite, graphite. Hinsdale. Rhodonite, molybdenite, indicolite, black tourmaline. Jackson. Drusy quartz, cassiterite, arsenopyrite, native arsenic, fluorite, apatite, magnetite, molybdenite, wolframite, chalcopyrite, bornite. Jaffrey (Monadnock Mt.). Cyanite, limonite. Keene. Graphite, soapstone, milky quartz, rose quartz. Landaff. Molybdenite, magnetite, pyrrhotite. Lebanon. Limonite, arsenopyrite, galena, magnetite, pyrite. Lisbon. Staurolite, garnet, magnetite, amphibole, epidote, zoisite, hematite, arsenopyrite, galena, gold, ankerite. Franconia iron-mine, amphibole, epidote, zoisite, hematite, magnetite, garnet, arsenopyrite (danaite), molybdenite, prehnite, cyanite. Littleton. Ankerite, gold, bornite, chalcopyrite, malachite, ilmeuite, chlorite. Lyman. Gold, arsenopyrite, ankerite, dolomite, galena, pyrite, pyrrhotite. Lyme. Cyanite (N. W. part), black tourmaline, rutile, pyrite, chalcopyrite (East part), stib- nite, molybdenite, cassiterite, staurolite. Madison. Galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, limonite. Mar low. Tourmaline. Merrimack. Rutile! (in gneiss nodules in granite vein). Middletown. Rutile, arsenopyrite. Milan. Chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite. Millsfield. Beryl, garnet. NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT. 10/57 Monadnock Mountain. Andalusite, amphibole, garnet, graphite, tourmaline, orthoclase, Billimauite. Nashua. Muscovite , New London. Beryl, molybdenite, muscomte. Newport. Molybdenite, staurolite. North Chatham (Bald Face Mt.). Phenacite, topaz. Orange. Slue beryl! Orange Summit, chrysoberyl, muscwite (W. side of mountain), albite, tourmaline, apatite, galena, limouite. Orford. Brown tourmaline (obtained with difficulty), steatite, rutile, cyanite, ilmeuite, garnet, graphite, molybdenite, pyrrhotite, melaconite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, malachite, galena, ripidolite. Piermont. Micaceous hematite, barite, mica, apatite. Plymouth. Col umbite, beryl. Richmond. lolite, rutile, steatite, pyrite, anthophyllite, talc. Rye. Chiastolite (at Boar's Head, in boulders). Saddleback Mt. Black tourmaline, garnet, spinel. Shelburne. Galena, black sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrolusite. Springfield. Beryl (eight inches in diameter), manganesian garnet! black tourmaline! in mica schist, albite, mica, rose quartz. Sullivan. Tourmaline (black) in quartz, beryl. Surry. Amethyst, galena, tourmaline, cyauite. Sutton. Graphite, beryl. Unity (estate of James Neal). Chalcopyrite, pyrite, chlorophyllite, green mica, actinolite, garnet, magnetite, tourmaline. Wakefield. Orthoclase, mica, columbite; in East Wakefield, beryl. Walpole. Chiastolite, staurolite, mica, graphite. Ware. Graphite. Warren. Chalcopyrite, sphalerite, epidote, quartz, pyrite, tremolite, galena, rutile, talc, molybdenite, cinnamon-stone ! pyroxene, amphibole, beryl, cyanite, tourmaline (massive). Waterville. Labradorite, chrysolite, amethyst. Westmoreland (south part). Molybdenite! apatite ! blue feldspar , bog manganese (north village), quartz, amethyst, fluorite, chalcopyrite, molybdite. White Mts. (Notch near the "Crawford House"). Green fluorite, quartz crystals, black tourmaline, andalusite, amethyst, amazon-stone; also audalusite abundant in the gneiss of Mt. Washington. Whitefi eld. Molybdenite. Winchester. Pyrolusite, rhodonite, rhodochrosite, magnetite, pyrite, spodumene, tourmaline. VERMONT. Athens. Steatite, ankerite, actinolite, garnet. Baltimore. Serpentine, pyrite ! Barnet. Graphite. Belvidere. Steatite, chlorite. Bennington. Pyrolusite, limonite. Berkshire. Epidote, hematite, magnetite. Bethel. Actinolite! talc, chlorite, octahedral iron, rutile, anker ite in steatite. Brandon. Pyrolusite, psilomelane, limonite, lignite, kaolinite, statuary marble; graphite s chalcopyrite, galena. * Brattleborough. Black tourmaline in quartz, mica, zoisite, rutile, actinolite, scapolite, spodumene, roofing slate. Bridgewater. Talc, dolomite, magnetite, steatite, chlorite, gold, native copper, sphalerite, galena, blue spinel, chalcopyrite. Bristol. Rutile, limouite, manganese ores, magnetite. Brookfield. Arsenopyrite, pyrite. Cabot. Garnet, staurolite, amphibole, albite. Cavendish. Garnet, serpentine, talc, steatite, tourmaline, asbestus, tremolite. Chester. Asbestus, feldspar, chlorite, quartz. Chittenden. Psilomelane, pyrolusite, limonite, hematite and magnetite, galena, iolite. Colchester. Limonite, iron-sand, jasper, alum. Corinth. Chalcopyrite (has been mined), pyrrhotite, pyrite, rutile. Coventry. Rhodonite. Craftsbury. Mica in concretions, calcite, rutile. Cuttings ville. Chalcopyrite, pyrite. Derby. Mica (adamsite). Ely. Chalcopyrite, pyrite (copper mines recently reopened). Pair Haven. Roofing slate, pyrite. Farmington. Andalusite. V etcher. Pyrite. magnetite, acicular tourmal' j 1058 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. Grafton. The Graf ton steatite quarry is in Athens; quartz, actinolite. Guilford. Scapolite, rutile. Hartford. Calcite, pyrite! cyanite, quartz, tourmaline. Irasburgh. Rhodonite, psilomelane. Jay. Chromite, serpentine, amianthus, dolomite. Lowell. Amianthus, serpentine, cerolite, talc, chlorite. Manchester. Limonite. Marlboro'. Rhomb spar, steatite, garnet, magnetite, chlorite. Middlesex. Ku tile! (exhausted). Monktown. Pyrolusite, limonite, feldspar. Moretown. Smoky quartz! steatite, talc, wad, rutile, serpentine. Mount Holly. Asbestus, chlorite. New Fane. Glassy and asbestif or m actinolite, steatite, green quartz (called chrysoprase at the locality), chalcedony, drusy quartz, garnet, chromic and titanic iron, ankerite, serpentine, rutile. Norwich. Actinolite, feldspar, brown spar in talc, cyanite, zoisite, chal copy rite, pyrite. Pittsford. Limonite, manganese ores, statuary marble! Plymouth. Siderite, magnetite, hematite, gold, galena, also limonite, kaolin. Putney. Fluorite, limonite, rutile and zoisite in boulders, staurolite. Reading. Glassy actinolite in talc. Readsboro'. Glassy actinolite, steatite, hematite. Rochester. Rutile, hematite cryst., magnetite in chlorite slate. Rockingham (Bellows Falls). Cyanite, indicolite, feldspar, tourmaline, fluorite, calcite, prehnite, staurolite. Roxbury. Dolomite, talc, serpentine, asbestus, quartz. Rutland. Magnesite, white marble, hematite, serpentine. Sharon. Quartz crystals, cyanite. Shoreham. Pyrite, black marble, calcite. Strafford. Magnetite and chalcopyrite (has been worked), native copper, amphibole copperas. Thetford. Sphalerite, galena, cyanite, chrysolite in basalt, pyrrhotite, feldspar, roofing slate, steatite, garnet. Townshend. Actinolite, black mica, talc, steatite, feldspar. Troy. Magnetite, talc, serpentine, amianthus, steatite, ilmenite, chlorite; one mile south-east of village of South Troy, on the farm of Mr. Pierce, east side of Missisco, chromite, zaratite. Vershire. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, native copper, malachite, tourmaline, arsenopyrite, quartz. Wardsboro'. Zoisite, tourmaline, tremolite, hematite. Warren. Actinolite, magnetite, wad, serpentine. Waterbury. Arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, rutile, quartz, serpentine. Waterville. Steatite, actinolite, talc. Weathersfield. Steatite, hematite, pyrite, tremolite. Westfield. Steatite, chromite, serpentine. Westminster. Zoisite in boulders. Windham. Glassy actinolite, steatite, garnet, serpentine. Woodstock. Quartz crystals, garnet, zoisite. MASSACHUSETTS. Athol.Allanite, epidote! babingtonite? mica. Auburn. Masonite (chloritoid). Barre. Rutile! mica, pyrite, beryl, feldspar, garnet. Great Barrington. Tremolite. Bedford. Garnet. Belcherton . Al 1 anite . Bernardston. Magnetite at loc. of crinoidal limestone. Beverly. Columbite, green feldspar, cassiterite. Blandford. Serpentine, anthophyllite, actinolite! chromite, cyanite, rose quartz in boulders. Bolton. Scapolite! petalite, titanite, pyroxene, nuttalite, diopside, boltonite, apatite, magnesite, ankerite, allanite, yttrocerite, spinel. Boxborough. Scapolite, spinel, garnet, augite, actinolite, apatite. Brimfield (road leading to Warren). lolite, andalusite, adularia, molybdenite, mica, garnet. Br ookfield . Limonite, gar n et . Carlisle. Tourmaline, garnet! scapolite, actinolite. Chelmsford. Scapolite -(chelmsf or dite), chondrodite, blue spinel, amianthus! rose quartz. Chester. Amphibole. scapolite, zoisite, spodumene, indicolite, garnet, apatite, magnetite, chromite, stilbite, heulandite, analcite, and chabazite. At the Emery Mine, Chester Factories. Corundum, margarite, diaspore, epidote, corundo- philite, chloritoid, tourmaline, ilmenite, rutile, biotite, cyanite, amesite. Chesterfield. Blue, green, and red tourmaline, cleavelandite (albite), lepidolite, smoky quartz, microlite, spodumene, cyanite, apatite, beryl, garnet, quartz crystals, staurolite, cassiterite, columbite, zoisite, autunite, brookite (eumanite), scheelite, anthophyllite, bornite. MASS A CHUSETTS. 1 059 Conway. Pyrolusite, fluorite, zoisite, rutile! native alum, galena. Cuomington. Rhodonite! cummingtonite (amphibole), marcasite, garnet. Deerfield. Chabazite, heulandite, stilbite, datolite, prehnite, natrolite, analcite, calcite, fluorite, diabaiitite, sapouire, amethyst, carnelian, chalcedony, agate, pyrite, malachite. Fitchburg (Pearl Hill). Beryl, staurolite! garnets, molybdenite, tourmaline. Foxborough. Pyrite, anthracite. Framingham. Garnet. Franklin. Ametbyst. Gloucester. Danalite. Goshen. Mica, albite, spodumene! blue and green tourmaline, beryl, zoisite, smoky quartz, columbite, tin ore, galena, beryl (gosheuite), cymatolite (mixture of albite and muscovite). Greenfield (in sandstone quarry, ^ m. E. of village). Allophane. Hatfield. Barite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, quartz crystals; Hawley. Micaceous hematite, massive pyrite, magnetite, zoisite. Heath. Pyrite, zoisite. Hinsdale. Limonite, apatite, zoisite. Hubbardston. Massive pyrite. Huntington (name changed from Norwich). Apatite! black tourmaline, beryl, spodumene! triphylite (altered), sphalerite, quartz crystals, cassiterite. Lancaster. Cyanite, chiastolile ! apatite, staurolite, pinite. audalusite. Lee. Tremolite, titauite; chondrodite in cryst. limestone in East Lee. Leverett. Barite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite. Ley den. Zoisite, rutile. Maiden. Galena. Marblehead. In zircon-syenyte, sodalite, elseolite. Martha's Vineyard. Limonite, amber, radiated pyrite. Mendon. Mica! chlorite. Middlefield. Glassy actinolite. ankerite, steatite, serpentine, feldspar, drusy quartz, apatite, zoisite, nacrite, chalcedony, talc! deweylite. Milbury. Vermiculite, graphite. Mt. Washington. Garnet, staurolite, albite, ottrelite, ottrelite and ilmenite growths. New Brain tree. Black tourmalins. New Marlboro'. Apatite, tourmaline, garnet (with grauophyre structure), muscovite crystals, bi-pyramidal quartz (in pegmatyte of Tobey Hill); chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, hornblende, magnetite (at Cleaveland "Gold mine "); diopside, tremolite, quartz crystals (in limestone). Newbury. Serpentine, chrysotile, epidote, vesuvianite, siderite. Newburyport. Serpentine, nemalite, autunite. Argentiferous galena, tetrahedrite, chalco- pyrite, pyrargyrite, siderite, etc. Northfield. Columbite, fibrolite, cyanite. Norwich. See HUNTINGTON. Oxford. Arsenopyrite, pyrite. Palmer (Three Rivers). Feldspar, prehnite, calcite. Pelham. Asbestus, serpentine, quartz crystals, beryl, molybdenite, green hornstone, epidote, amethyst, corundum, vermiculite. Piainfield. Cummingtonite, pyrolusite, rhodonite. Richmond. Limonite, gibbsite ! allophane. Rockport (near the extremity of C. Ann). Danalite, cryophyllite, annite, cyrtolite (altered zircon), amazon-stone, fergusonite, green and white ortJwclase. Rowe. Epidote, talc; at Davis mine, pyrile, chalcopyrite, gahnite, zoisite. Russell. Garnet! mica, serpentine, beryl, galena, chalcopyrite. Salem. Cancrinite, sodalite, elaeolite, zircon. Sheffield. Asbestus, pyrite, native alum, pyrolusite; rutile in limestone, garnet, staurolite, albite in schist. Shelburne. Rutile. Shutesbury (east of Locke's Pond). Molybdenite. Somerville. Prehnite, laumontite, stilbite, chabazite, quartz crystals, melanolite, babing- tonite, calcite, epidote. South Royalston. Beryl! (now obtained with great difficulty), mica! feldspar! allauite. Four miles beyond old loc., on farm of Solomon Hey wood, mica! beryl! feldspar! ilmenite. Southampton. Galena, cerussite, auglesite, wulfenite, fluorite, bornite, btirite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, phosgeuite. pyromorphite, stolzite, chrysocolla. Sterling. Spodumene, chiastolite, siderite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, sterlingite (damourite). Stoneham. Nephrite. Sturbridge. Graphite, garnet, apatite, bog-ore. Swampscot. Orthite, feldspar. Taunton (one mile south). Paracolumbite (ilmenite). Turner's Falls (Conn. River). Chalcopyrite, prehnite, chlorite, siderite, malachite, diabantite. Tyringham and on borders of Otis. Pyroxene, scapolite, chondrodite, titanite, amphibole, spherostilbite. 1060 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. Warwick. Massive garnet, radiated black tourmaline, magnetite, beryl, epidote. Washington. Graphite. Westfield. Schiller spar (diallage), serpentine, steatite, cyanite, scapolite, actinolite. Westford.- Andalusite ! West Hampton. Galena, argentine, pseudomorphous quartz. West Stockbridge. Limonite, fibrous pyrolusite, siderite. Williamsburg. Zoisite, pseudomorphous quartz, apatite, rose and smoky quartz, galena, pyrolusite, chalcopyrite. Windsor. Zoisite, actinolite, rutile! Worcester. Arsenopyrite,vesuvianite,'pyroxene, garnet, amianthus, smoky quartz, graphite, calcite, bucholzite, siderite, galena. Worthington. Cyanite. Zoar. Bitter spar, talc.. RHODE ISLAND. Bristol. Amethyst. BurrillviUe. Amethyst. Cranston. Actiuolite in talc, graphite, cyanite, mica, melanterite, hematite. Cumberland. Manganese, epidote, actinolite, garnet, titan if erous iron, magnetite, hematite, chalcopyrite, boruite, malachite, azurite, calcite, apatite, feldspar, zoisite, mica, quartz crys- tals, ilvaite. Beacon Pole Hill, crocidolite. At Sueech Pond, chalcopyrite, ilvaite, wad, molybdenite, magnetite, epidote, chlorite. Diamond Hill. Quartz crystals, hematite. Foster. Cyanite, hematite. Gloucester. Magnetite in chlorite slate, feldspar. Johnston. Talc, ankerite, calcite, garnet, epidote, pyrite, hematite, magnetite, chalcopyrite, malachite, azurite. Lincoln. Galena. Natick. See WARWICK. Newport. Serpentine, quartz crystals. Portsmouth. Anthracite, graphite, asbestus, pyrite, chalcopyrite. Smithfield. Dolomite, calcite, bitter spar, siderite, nacrite, serpentine (bowenite), tremolite, asbestus, quartz, magnetite in chlorite schist , talc ! octahedrite, feldspar, 1 beryl. Valley Palls. Graphite, pyrite, hematite. Warwick (Natick village). Masonite (chloritoid), garnet, graphite, bog-ore. Westerly. Ilmenite. Woonsocket. Cy auite. CONNECTICUT. Berlin. Barite, datolite, sphalerite, qunrtz crystals. Bethel. To u rmalin e. Bolton. Staurolite, chalcopyrite. Branchville. In a vein of albitic granite, garnet, albite, microcline, amblygonite, spodu- mene! cymatolite, margarodite (curved), eosphorite, triploidite, triplite, reddingite, dickinsouite, lithiophilite, natrophilite, hureaulite, rhodochrosite, fairh'eldite, ^apatite, microlite, columbite, pyrite, tourmaline, Staurolite, uraninite, torbernite, autunite, vivianite, eucryptite, chabazite, stilbite, heulandite, native bismuth, muscovite, biotite, beryl, montmorillonite. Branford (Stony Creek). Biotite, apatite. Bristol. Chalcocite, chalcopyrite, barite, bornite, allophane, pyromorphite, calcite, malachite, galena, quartz. Brookfield. Galena, calamine, sphalerite, spodumene, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite. Canaan. Calcite (Canaan Lime Company's quarry), phlogopite, green tremolite (Maltby's quarry); diopside, in part changed to tremolite, fibrolite, garnet, hornblende (Canaan Mt.). Chatham. Arsenopyrite, smaltite, cloanthite (chathamite), scorodite, niccolite, beryl, erythrite. Cheshire. Barite ! chalcocite, bornite, malachite, kaolin, natrolite, prehnite, chabazite, datolite, cuprite. Chester. Sillimanite ! zircon, epidote. Cornwall. Graphite, pyroxene, actinolite, titanite, scapolite. Danbury. Danburite with oligoclase (formerly), brown tourmaline, orthoclase, pyroxene, parathorite. Derby. Arsen opyrite. Farmington. Prehnite, chabazite, agate, native copper, diabantite. Glastonbury (at Hale's quarry). Columbite, muscovite, orthoclase, albite, uraninite. Granby (Simsbury mines). Bornite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, malachite. Guilford. In gneiss, iolite; N. Guilford, rutile (boulder). 13.*&&am.*Chrysoberyl! beryl, epidote, tourmaline, orthoclase, garnet, Iolite! chlorophyllite! * The pegmatyte veins of Haddnm have their continuation in similar veins in Middletown, Portland, and Glastonbury, to the north; in some cases doubt exists as to the exact locality. CONNECTICUT NEW YORK. 1061 oligoclase, automolite, magnetite, adularia, apatite, columbite! zircon (calyptolite), mica, pyrite, marcasite, molybdenite, allaiiite, bismuth ocher, bismutite, cassiterite. Hadlyme. Chabazite and stilbite in gneiss. Hartford. Datolite (Rocky Hill quarry). Kent. Limonite. Litchfield. Cyanite with corundum, apatite, and andalusite, ilmenite (washingtonite), chal- copyrite, diaspore, uiccoliferous pyrrbotite, 'margarodite, staurolite, apatite. Lyme. Garnet, sunstoue, microcliue. Meriden. Datolite (greenish), diabantite. Middlefield Falls. Datolite, chlorite, etc., in amygdaloid. Middletown. At the feldspar quarries, mica, albite, feldspar, columbite! prehnite, garnet, samarskite, biotite, monazite, vesuvianite, beryl, topaz, urauite, apatite, uraninite, lepidolite with green and red tourmaline; at lead-mine formerly galena, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, quartz, calcite, fluorite, pyrite sometimes capillary. Milford. Salite, pyroxene, asbestus, verd-antique marble. Monroe. See TRUMBULL New Britain. Prehnite calcite, datolite, diabantite, agate, barite; copper minerals in small quantities. New Haven. Serpentine, salite; also with the trap rocks, prehnite, laumontite, and the zeolites, stilbite, apophyllite, very sparingly; as a contact-mineral, garnet. New Milford. Beryl (golden yellow and green), tourmaline, mica, feldspar. Newtown. Cyanite, diaspore, rutile, damourite, tourmaline. Norfolk. Biotite crystals, pseudomorphs of a colorless mica, quartz andjibrolite after plagio- clase (at Norfolk granite quarry, the latter in blocks). Norwich. In gneiss, sillimanite, monazite! iolite, corundum, feldspar. Portland. At feldspar quarries, orthoclase, albite, muscovite, biotite, beryl, tourmaline, bismuthinite, bismutosphserite, columbite, apatite; at Pelton's feldspar quarry, monazite. Plymouth. Galena, heulandite, fluorite, chloropliyllite ! garnet, rutile. Roaring Brook (Cheshire). Datolite ! calcite, prehnite, saponite. Roxbury. Siderite, sphalerite, pyrite! galena, quartz, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, limonite. Salisbury. Limonite, pyrolusite, manganite, triplite, turgite, scovillite, staurolite. Seymour. Arsenopyrite, pyrite, native bismuth. Simsbury. Chalcocite, green malachite. Southbury. Rose quartz, laumontite, prehnite, calcite, barite, staurolite, garnet. Southington. Barite, datolite, asteriated quartz crystals, diabautite. Stafford. Massive pyrite, alum, copperas. Tariffville. Datolite ! Trumbull and Monroe. Chlorophane, topaz, beryl, diaspore, pyrrhotite, pyrite, scheelite, wolframite (pseudomorph after scheelite), native bismuth, tungstite, siderite, arsenopyrite, argen- tiferous galena, sphalerite, scapolite, tourmaline, garnet, albite, augite, graphic tellurium (?), margarodite. Washington. Tripolite, ilmenite! (washingtouite), rhodochrosite, natrolite, andalusite (New Preston), cyauite. Watartown (near the Naugatuck). White salite, monazite. West Farms. Asbestus. Willimantic. In gneiss, topaz, monazite, ripidolite, sillimanite, bismuthinite, bismutosphse- rite, beryl, orthoclase, uraniuhe. Winchester. Magnetite. NEW YORK. Of economic minerals, halite is obtained as rock salt, also from salt wells, extensively in the western counties from Cayuga Lake west to L. Erie (see p. 155); further gypsum in the same region. Hematite at Antwerp, Jefferson Co. ; limonite in the south-eastern part of the state east of the Hudson river, chiefly in Dutchess and Columbia counties; also siderite in Columbia Co. Magnetite is largely mined in Essex Co., and occurs widely in the adjacent counties of the Adirondack region; also mined in the Highlands, in Orange, Westchester, and Putnam counties. The magnetite mines sometimes furnish beautiful specimens of rare minerals, e.g., allanite at Moriah, choudrodite, etc., at Brewster. The most interesting localities for minerals are those of the Archaean in St. Lawrence Co., also Franklin, Jefferson, Lewis, etc., counties. Here are obtained, at many points, tine pyroxene, amphibole, albite and other feldspars, phlogopite, tourmaline, apatite, titauite, zircon, etc.; they most commonly occur in crystalline limestone where it joins the schists. Other important localities, also in the Archaean, are those of Orange Co. (Warwick, Monroe), in the south-eastern part of the state, where in the crystalline limestone, chondrodite, spinel, etc., occur abundantly. The limestone of the western part of the state affords (e.g., Lockport) calcite, dolomite, celestite, anhydrite, etc. ALBANY Co. Bethlehem. Calcite, stalactite, calcareous sinter, snowy gypsum. Coeymans Landing. Gypsum, epsomite, quartz crystals at Crystal Hill, 3 m. S. of Albany. Watervliet. Quartz crystals, yellow drasy quartz. 1062 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. CAYUGrA Co. Auburn. Celestite, calcite, fluorite, epsomite. Springport. At Thompson's plaster beds, sulphur ! selenite. Union Springs. Selenite , gypsum. CLINTON Co. Arnold Iron Mine. Magnetite, epidote, molybdenite. Finch Ore Bed. Calcite, green and purple fluorite. Plattsburg. Nugget of platinum in drift. COLUMBIA Co. Ancram. Lead-mine, galena, sphalerite, wulfenite, chalcopyrite. Canaan. Chalcocite. chalcopyrite. Catskill Station. Siderite in large beds. Copake. Limonite (large ore beds), graphite. Hudson. Selenite! epsomite, brown spar, wad, siderite. Linlithgo. Siderite beds. New Lebanon. Nitrogen springs. DUTCHESS Co. Amenia. Dolomite, limonite, turgite, siderite. Dover. Dolomite, tremolite, garnet (Foss Ore Bed), limonite, staurolite. Pishkill. Dolomite; near Peckville, talc, asbestus, graphite, amphibole, augite, actinolite^ limonite. North East. Chalcocite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite. Union Vale. At the Clove mine, gibbsite, limonite. ESSEX Co. Alexandria. Kirby's graphite mine, graphite, pyroxene, scapolite, titanite. Crown Point. Apatite (eupyrchroite of Eminous), brown tourmaline/ iii the apatite, chlorite, quartz crystals, calcite, pyrite; S. of J. C. Hammond's house, garnet, scapolite, chal- copyrite, awnturine feldspar, zircon, magnetite (Peru), epidote, mica. Keene. Scapolite. Lewis. Wollastpnite, colophonite, garnet, labradorite, amphibole, actinolite; 10 m. S. of Keeseville, arsenopyrite. Long Pond. Apatite, garnet, pyoxene, vesuvianite, coccolite! scapolite, magnetite, blue calcite. Mclntyre. Labradorite, garnet, magnetite. Moriah, at Sandford Ore Bed. Magnetite, apatite, allanite! lanthanite, actinolite, and feldspar; at Fisher Ore Bed, magnetite, feldspar, quartz; at Hall Ore Bed, or "New Ore Bed," magnetite, zircon; on Mill brook, calcite, pyroxene, amphibole, albite; in the town of Moriah, magnetite, black mica; Barton Hill Ore Bed, albite. Newcomb. Labradorite, feldspar, magnetite, hypersthene, tourmaline. Port Henry. Brown tourmaline, black tourmaline enclosing orthoclase, mica, rose quartz, serpentine, green and black pyroxene, amphibole, crysi. pyrite. graphite, wollastonite, pyrrhotite, adularia, phlogopite f; at Mineville, magnetite in large quantities, also in fine crystals; in Champlain iron region, uranothorite. Roger's Rock. Graphite, wollastonite, garnet, feldspar, adularia, . pyroxene, titanite, coccolite. Schroon. Calcite, pyroxene, chondrodite. Ticonderoga. Graphite! pyroxene, salite, titanite, black tourmaline, cacoxenite? (Mt. Defiance). Westport. Labradorite, prehnite, magnetite. Willsboro'. Wollastonite, colophonite, garnet, green coccolite, amphibole. JEFFERSON Co. Adams. Fluorite, calc tufa, barite. Alexandria. On S. E. bank of Muscolonge Lake, fluorite (exhausted), phlogopite, chalcopyrite, apatite; on High Island, in the St. Lawrence River, feldspar, tourmaline, amphibole, orthoclase, celestite. Antwerp. Sterling iron-mine, hematite, chalcodite, siderite, calcite, ankerite, millerile! red hematite, crystallized quartz, yellow aragonite, niccoliferous pyrite, quartz crystals, pyrite; at Oxbow, calcite ! porous coralloidal barite; near Vrooman'slake, calcite! vesuvianite. phlogopite! pyroxene, titanite, fluorite, pyrite, chalcopyrite; also feldspar, bog-iron ore, scapolite (farm of Egglesou), serpentine, tourmaline (yellow, rare). Brownsville. Celestite, calcite (4 m. from Watertown). Natural Bridge. Oieseckite! steatite pseudomorphous after pyroxene, apatite, phlogopite, orthoclase. New Connecticut. Titanite, brown phlogopite. Omar. Beryl, feldspar, hematite. Philadelphia. Garnets on Indian River, in the village; hematite. Pillar Point. Massive barite (exhausted). Theresa. Fluorite, calcite, hematite, amphibole, quartz crystals, serpentine (associated with hematite), celestite, stroutianite. Watertown. Tremolite, agaric mineral, calc tufa, celestite. Wilna. One mile N. of Natural Bridge, calcite. NEW YORK. 1063 GREENE CO. Diamond Hill. Quartz crystals. HERKIMER Co. Fairfield. Quartz crystals, fetid barite. Little Falls. Quartz crystals! barite, calcite, smoky quartz; 1 m. S. of Little Falls, calcite, brown spar, feldspar. Middleville Quartz crystals ! calcite, dolomite. Newport. Quartz crystals. Salisbury. Quartz crystals ! sphalerite, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite. Stark. Fibrous celestite, gypsum. LEWIS Co. Bonaparte Lake. Wpllastonite. Diana (localities mostly near junction of crystalline and sedimentary rocks, and 2 m. from Natural Bridge). Scapolite ! wollastonite, green coccolite, feldspar, tremolite, pyroxene! titanite, mica, quartz crystals, pyrite, pyrrhotite, blue calcite, serpentine, remselaerite, zircon, graphite, chlorite, hematite, bog-ore, apatite. Greig. Magnetite, pyrite. Lowville. Calcite, fluorite, pyrite, galena, sphalerite, calc tufa. Martinsburgh. Wad, galena, etc. (formerly), calcite. MONROE Co. Rochester. Dolomite, calcite, snowy gypsum, fluorite, celestite, galena, sphalerite, barite, hornstoue. MONTGOMERY Co. Palatine. Quartz crystals, drusy quartz, anthracite, horastone, agate, garnet. Root. Drusy quartz, sphalerite, barite, stalactite, galena, pyrite. NEW YORK Co. Kingsbridge, Tremolite, pyroxene, mica, tourmaline, pyrite. New York. Serpentine, amianthus, actiuolite, pyroxene, hydrous anthophyllite, garnet, staurolite, molybdenite, graphite, chlorite, beryl, jasper, necronite, feldspar, xenotime, wollastonite, dumortierite. In the excavations for the 4th Avenue tunnel, 1875, harmotome, stilbite, chabazite, heulaudite, etc. NIAGARA Co. Lewiston. Epsomite. Lockport. Celestite, calcite, selenite, anhydrite, fluorite, dolomite, sphalerite. Niagara Falls. Calcite, fluorite, sphalerite, dolomite. ONEIDA Co. Boonville. Calcite, wollastonite, coccolite. Clinton. Sphalerite, lenticular hematite in the Clinton group, strontianite, celestite, the former covering the latter. ONONDAGA Co. Camillus. Selenite and fibrous gypsum. Syracuse. Serpentine, celestite, selenite, barite. ORANGE Co. Cornwall. Zircon, chondrodite, amphibole, spinel, feldspar, epidote, hudsonite, ilmenite, serpentine, coccolite. Deer Park. Cry st. pyrite, galena. Monroe. Mica!' titanite! garnet, colophouite, epidote, chondrodite, allanite, bucholzite, brown spar, spinel, amphibole, talc, ilmenite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, chromite, graphite, rastolyte, moronolite; Wilks and O'Neill Mine, aragonite, magnetite, dimagnetite (pseud.?), jenkiusite, asbestus, serpentine, mica, hortonolite; T wo PONDS, pyroxene ! chondrodite, amphibole, scapolite! zircon, titanite, apatite; GREENWOOD FUKNACE, chondrodite, pyroxene ! mica, amphibole, spinel, scapolite, biotite! ilmenite, anomite. Forest of Dean. Pyroxene, spinel, zircon, scapolite, amphibole. Town of Warwick, Warwick Village. Spinel! zircon, serpentine! brow?i spar, pyroxene! , pseudomorphous steatite, feldspar ! (Rock Hill), ilmeuite, clintonite, tourmaline (R. H.), rutile, titauite, molybdenite, arsenopyrite, marcasite, pyrite, yellow iron suiter, quartz, jasper, mica, coccolite Amity. Spinel! garnet, scapolite, amphibole, vesuvianite, epidote! seybertite, leuchten- bergite, magnetite, tourmaline, warwickite, apatite, chondrodite, talc! pyroxene! phlogopite, rutile, ilmenite, zircon, coi'undum, feldspar, fluorite, titanite, calcite, serpentine, schiller spar (?), silvery mica, graphite. Edenville. Apatite, chondrodite! hair-brown amphibole! tremolite, spinel, tourmaline, warwickite, pyroxene, titanite, mica, feldspar, arsenopyrite, orpiment, rutile, ilmenite, scorodite, ehalcopyrite, leucopyrite (or lollingite), allanite. West Point. Feldspar, mica, scapolite, titanite, amphibole, allanite. PUTNAM Co. Brewster, Tilly Foster Iron Mine. Chondrodite! magnetite, dolomite, serpentine pseudomorphs, brucite, enstatite, clinochlore, biotite, actinolite, pyrrhotite, fluorite, albite, epidote, titanite! garnet, apatite, datolite, stilbite, prehnite, apophyllite. 1064 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. Anthony's Nose, at top. Pyrite, pyrrhotite, pyroxene, amphibole, magnetite. Carmel (Brown's quarry). Authophyllite, arseuopyrite, epidote. Cold Spring. Titanite, epidote. Patterson. White pyroxene ! calcite, asbestus, tremolite, dolomite, massive pyrite. Phillipstown. Tremolite, amianthus, serpentine, titan ite. diopside , green coccolite, amphibole, scapolite, stilbite, mica, laumoutite, gurhotite, calcite, magnetite, chromite. Phillips Ore Bed. Hyalite, actinolite, massive pyrite. RICHMOND Co. Rossville. Lignite, -cryst. pyrite. Quarantine. Asbestus, amianthus, aragonite, dolomite, gurhofite, brucite, serpentine, talc, maguesite. ROOKLAND Co. CaldweU. Calcite. Ladentown. Zircon, malachite, cuprite. Piermont. Datolite, stilbite, apophyllite, pectolite, prehnite, thomsonite, calcite, chabazite. ST. LAWRENCE Co. Canton. Massive pyrite, calcite, brown tourmaline, titanite, serpentine, talc, rensselaerite, pyroxene, hematite, chalco pyrite. DeKalb. On Sprague Downiug's farm aud Calvin Mitchel's adjoining, diopside! cryst. with hornblende; datolite rare. On Andrew Murty's farm, white or colorless tourmaline! with pure white phlogopite, tremolite, pyroxene, serpentine, apatite, and pyrite. Near Osborn's lake, at Abner Crosse's, calcite crystals, barite, Jluorite, brown tourmaline, tremolite and phlogopite. On Francis Mclutyre's farm, barite ! Edwards. At Freemansburgh, extensive talc mines, fibrous, pseud, after enstatite (agalite) pink tremolite (hexagouite), eustatite. Transparent white phlogopite at the Anthony Mine. Brown aud silvery mica! scapolite, apatite, quartz crystals, actinolite, tremolite! hematite, serpentine, magnetite. Pine. On Lorenzo Guinup's farm, in a granite vein, large pyroxene cryst. (prisms over a foot in diameter, looking like basaltic columns), titanite cryst. as large as a dinner-plate, fluorite, fine sage-green zircons, calcite. On Fida Scott's farm, large oligoclase cryst., pyroxene, fluorite, calcite, zircon, pyrite, apatite, titanite. Fowler. Quartz (dihexahedral) with hematite and barite, sphalerite, galena, tremolite; foliated white talc at Win. Woodcock's mine, near the village of Little York. Also galena, tremolite, chalcedony, bog-ore, satin spar (assoc. with serpentine), pyrite, chalcopyrite, actinolite, rensselaerite (near Somerville). G-ouverneur. At Richville, on the Reese farm, fine brown tourmaline! with tremolite! pyroxene, apatite, pyrite, titanite and phlogopite. Near David Downing's farm, fluorite in twin cubes (etched). Also calcite ! serpentine ! amphibole, scapolite ! orthoclase, tourmaline ! vesu- vianite (1 m. S. of G.), pyroxene, diopside, apatite, rensselaerite, serpentine, titanite, fluorite, barite (farm of Judge Dodge), black mica; phlogopite, tremolite! asbestus, hematite, graphite, vesuviauite (near Somerville in serpentine), spinel, houghite. scapolite, phlogopite, dolomite; f m. W. of Somerville, chondrodite, spinel. Hammond. Apatite ! zircon! (farm of Mr. Hardy), ortfioclase (loxocase), pargasite, barite, pyrite, purple fluorite, tremolite, phlogopite. Hermon. Quartz crystals, hematite, siderite, pargasite, pyroxene, serpentine, tourmaline, bog-iron ore. Macomb. On John McNiel's and Perry Washburn's farms, brown and black tourmaline! pyroxene, amphibole, albite (peristerite), graphite, apatite, phlogopite, scapolite. On Milton Truax's farm, large amphibole (six-sided prisms) in calcite. Veins of galena on many farms formerly extensively worked. On Vilas Ingram's farm, brown tourmaline ! graphite and feldspar. Also sphalerite, mica, titauite, fluorite! Mineral Point, Morristowu. Fluorite, sphalerite, galena, phlogopite (Pope's Mills), barite. Ogdensburgh. Labradorite. Pierrepont. On Ryland Crary's farm, black tourmaline! black phlogopite, pyroxene (often changed to uralite), quartz in calcite. On Allen W. Wells' farm, large light green amphibole with pyroxene and oligoclase. On Reuben Vaughn's farm, dark green amphibole. On T. Fitzgerald's farm, large scapolite crystals, albite (peristerite), pyroxene. Pitcairn. Feldspar, pyroxene, zircon! titanite, satin spar, associated with serpentine. Pope's Mills. See Mineral Point. Potsdam. Amphibole; eight miles from Potsdam, on road to Pierrepont, feldspar, tour- maline, black mica, amphibole. Rossie. On James Martin's farm, scapolite, pyroxene, titanite, tourmaline, black phlogopite. Near Grasse Lake, on Abner Anables farm, pyroxene ! scapolite, graphite! in splendid crystals, with titanite, and feldspar; tremolite in short prismatic crystals. Also (Iron Mines). Barite, hematite, coralloidal aragonite (near Somerville), quartz, pyrite, dolomite; ROSSIE Lead Mine, calcite, galena, pyrite, celestite, chalcopyrite, hematite, cerussite, anglesite, octahedral fluorite, black phlogopite ; elsewhere in ROSSIE, calcite, barite, quartz crys- tals, chondrodite (near Yellow Luke), feldspar f pargasite! apatite, pyroxene, amphibole, titanite, zircon, mica, fluorite, serpentine, automolite, pearl spar, graphite. Russell. On Sam. Moore's farm, light green pyroxene! (uralite on the exterior), amphi- NEW JERSEY. 1065 bole! feldspar, scapolite, phlogopite. On Chas. Buskurk's farm, dariburite! datolite (rare), scapolite, pyroxene, black tourmaline, albite, quartz, calcite, pyrite, black phlogopite, amphibole. SARATOGA Co. Greenfield. CJirysoberyl ! garnet! tourmaline! mica, feldspar, apatite, graphite, aragonite (in iron mines). SOHOHARIE Co. Ball's Cave, and others. Calcite, stalactites. Carlisle. Fibrous barite, cryst. andfbrous calcite. Schoharie. Fibrous celestite, strontianite ! cryst. pyrite ! SULLIVAN Co. Wurtzboro'. Galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite. ULSTER Co. Ellenville. Galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite ! quartz! brookite, pyrite. WARREN Co. Caldwell. Massive feldspar. Chester. Pyrite, tourmaline, rutile, chalcopyrite. Diamond Isle (Lake George). Calcite, quartz crystals. Johnsburgh. Fluorite ! zircon! graphite, serpentine, pyrite. WASHINGTON Co. Fort Ann. Graphite, serpentine. Granville. Lamellar pyroxene, massive feldspar, epidote. WAYNE Co. Wolcott. Barite. WESTCHESTER Co. Anthony's Nose. Apatite, pyrite, calcite! in large tabular crystals, grouped, arid sometimes iucrusted with drusy quartz. Cruger's. White pyroxene, amphibole, magnetite (with greenish spinel), staurolite, silliinauite, corundum, hercynite. Davenport's Neck. Serpentine, garnet, titanite. Eastchester. Sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, dolomite. Hastings. Tremolite, white pyroxene. New Rochelle. Serpentine, quartz, mica, tremolite, garnet, magnesite, chromite. Feekskill. Amphibole, staurolite, graphite. Rye. Serpentine, chlorite, black tourmaline, tremolite. Sing Sing. Pyroxene, tremolite, pyrite, beryl; azurite, green malachite, . cemssite, pyro- morphite, anglesite, vauquelinite. galena, native silver, chalcopyrite, wulfenite, vanadinite. At openings for the aqueduct, rutile, harmotome, heulandite, pectolite, stilbite, etc., in gneiss. West Farms. Apatite, tremolite, garnet, stilbite, heulandite, chabazite, epidote, titanite. Yonkers. Tremolite, apatite, calcite, analcite, pyrite, tourmaline. Yorktown. Fibrolite, monazite, magnetite. WYOMING Co. Wyoming. Rock salt (and at many other localities, see above). NEW JERSEY.* The most important mineral locality of the State is that of the zinc mines of Franklin Furnace and two miles from there at Sterling Hill (near Ogdensburgh) in Sussex Co., where zincite, franklinite, willeuiite, calamine are the chief ores, but many rare species, chiefly containing zinc and manganese, have been found. Magnetite is also mined in the northern counties (Sparta, Vernon), where the association is similar to that of the adjoining Orange Co. in New York. Green sand marls are mined along a belt 90 miles long from Sandy Hook to Delaware Bay. Zeolites and associated minerals of secondary origin have been obtained in fine specimens from the R. R. tunnels passing through the trap rock at Bergen, Weehawken. Andover Iron Mine (Sussex Co.). Willemite, brown garnet, limonite, malachite, azurite, sphalerite, calamine, chalcopyrite, pyrolusite, orthoclase, calcite, fluorite, phlogopite, talc, amphibole, flos ferri, blue asbestus. Allentown (Monmouth Co.). Vimanite, dufrenite. Beemersville. Elseolite, sodalite, titanite, aegirite, fluorite, pyrite, in elseolite-syenite. Bellville. Copper mines. Bergen. Calcite! datolite! pectolite! analcite, apophyllite ! gmelinite, prehnitef titanite, stilbite, natrolite, heulandite, laumontite, chabazite. thomsonite, rnesolite, pyrite, pseudomorphous steatite ^ after apophyllite, diabantite, amphibole, sphalerite, chalcedony, copper, dolomite, epistilbite, fire-opal, hydrophane, milky quartz. * See the Catalogue of Minerals found in New Jersey, by F. A. Canfield, published in vol. 2, Pan 1, of the final Report of the State Geologist, 1889. 1066 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. Brunswick. Native copper, malachite, mountain leather. Bryam. Chondrodite, spinel, at Roseville, epidote, zircon. Bush Mine and Cannon Mine (Passaic Co.). Epidote. Cantwell's Bridge (Newcastle Co.). Vivianite. Chester. Melau terite. Danville (Jemmy Jump Ridge). Graphite, chondrodite, augite. Flemington. Copper mines. Frankfort. Serpentine. E. Belleville (Hudson Co.). Azurite, chalcopyrite, chrysocolla, native copper, malachite. Franklin Furnace and Sterling Hill near Ogdensburgh (Sussex Co.). Spinel! garnet? rhodonite (fowlerite) ! franklinite ! zincite'! gahnite ! amphibole, tremolite, chondrodite, white scapolite, black tourmaline, epidote, mica, actinolite, augite, salite, coccolite, asbestus, jeffersonite (augite), polyadelpbite, calamine, graphite, fluorfte, beryl, galena, serpentine, honey-colored titanite, axinite, barite, quartz, chalcedony, amethyst, zircon, molybdenite, vivianite, tephroite, rhodochrosite, aragouite, sussexite, chalcophanite, roepperite, vanuxeuiite, hetasrolite, pyrochroite, rammelsbergite, bementite, cbloanthite, niccolite, apatite, smaltite, allauite, desaulesite. Also algerite in gran, limestone; green tourmaline f phlogopite. Franklin and Warwick Mi. Pyrite. Gove Mine (Morris Co.). Viviainte. clear crystals on magnetite. Griggstown and Greenbrook. Copper mines. Hamburg (Sussex Co.) One mile north, spinel! tourmaline, phlogopite, amphibole, limonite, hematite. Harrisonville (Gloucester Co.). Amber. Hibernia (Morris Co.). Enstatite, fluorite, molybdenite, pyrite, quartz (cap crystals), siderite. Hoboken. Serpentine (marmolite), brucite, nemalite (fibrous brucite), aragonite, dolomite, agate, cerolite, chromite, hydromagnesite, jasper, selenite. Howell's Mill (Sussex Co.). Vesuvianite, titanite, tourmaline, rutile. Hurdstown. Apatite, pyrrhotite, magnetite, pyrite. Imlaystown. Vivianite. Lockwood. Graphite, chondrodite, talc, augite, quartz, green spinel, phlogopite. Montville (Morris Co.). Serpentine, chrysotile, gurhotite (dolomite), marmolite, pyroxene. Mullica Hill (Gloucester Co.). Vivianite lining belemnites and other fossils, beraunite. Newton. Spinel, blue, pink, and white, corundum, mica, vesuvianite, amphibole, tourmaline, scapolite, rutile, pyrite, talc, calcite, phlogopite, wernerite, galena, barite, pseudomorphous steatite. N. Brunswick. Azurite, barite, bornite, cbalcopyrite, native copper. Paterson. At Hoxie's quarry, prehnite, datolite, apophyllite, laumoutite, stilbite, chabazite, heulaudite, uatrolite, analcite, pectolite, quartz, calcite, malachite, etc., also quartz pseud, after pectolite, stilbite, datolite and apophyllite. Phillipsburg." Anthophyllite, apatite, augite, beryl, pyroxene, serpentine, tremolite. Pluckamin Copper Mines (Somerset Co.). Prehnite! zoisite, epidote. Red Bank. Vivianite. Roseville (Sussex Co.). Epidote, amphibole. Sparta. Augite, chondrodite, corundum, franklin ite, phlogopite, rutile, spinel of varied colors, talc. Stanhope. At the Hude mine, molybdenite, rnolybdite, magnetite, selenite, copper. Sterling Hill. See FRANKLIN FURNACE. Vernon. Serpentine, spinel, hydrotalcite, dipyre, chondrodite, corundum, salite. Weehawken. At the R. R. tunnel, natrolite, apophyllite, stilbite, heulandite, pectolite, laumontite, allophane, authracouite, hyalite, aragonite, pyrite, wad. PENNSYLVANIA.* Besides the great production of coal and oil, Pennsylvania affords magnetite in considerable quantity, as in the South Mountain belt, at Durham, Northampton Co.; Jones's mine near Morgantown, Berks Co.; Cornwall iron mountain, Lebanon Co.; near Kuauertown and the Warwick mines, Chester Co. Hematite, limonite, and siderite are also mined at many points; further, galena in Chester, Montgomery, Bucks, and Blair counties ; copper ores (chalcopyrite, etc.), at Jones's mine, near Morgantown, Berks Co.; Cornwall, Lebanon Co.; Fritz Island near Reading ; near Knauertown, Chester Co. Further, nickel ores are mined (millerite, nicco- liferous pyrrhotite) at the Gap nickel mine, Lancaster Co. ; also chromite at the Wood's mine and Texas mine, Lancaster Co., and elsewhere. ADAMS Co. Near Gettysburg. Epidote, fibrous and massive, cuprite, native copper. * See also the Preliminary Reports on the Mineralogy of Pennsylvania by Dr. F. A. Genth, 1875, 1876; also the Mineralogy of Pennsylvania by John Eyerman, 48 pp., 1889. PENNSYLVANIA. 1067 BEDFORD CO. Bridgeport. Barite. BERKS Co. At Jones's mine, 1 m. E. of Morgantown, malachite, native copper, chryso- 4olla, magnetite, allophane, pyrite, chalcopyrite, aurichalcite, cuprite, melaconite, byssolite, aragonite, apatite, talc. 2 ra. N. E. from Jones's mine, graphite, titanite. At Steele's mine, magnetite, micaceous iron, coccolite, brown garnet. Reading. Smoky quartz crystals, zircon, stilbite, iron-ore. Near Pricetown, zircon, allanite, epidote. Zion's Churcb, molybdenite. Near Kutztovvn, in the Crystal Cave, stalactites of aragonite, quartz. Fritz's Island. apopJiyllite, thomsonite, chabazite, gismondite ?, datolite, brucite, grossularite, marcusite, xanthite, calcite, azurite, malachite, magnetite, chalcopyrite, stibnite, prochlorite, precious serpentine. Buckingham Township. Crystallized quartz. Near New Hope, vesuvianite, epidote, barite. Southampton. Near Feasterville, in G. Vanarsdale's quarry, graphite, pyroxene, salite, coccolite, titanite, green mica, calcite, wollastonite, glassy feldspar sometimes opalescent (microcline ?), phlogopite, blue quartz, garnet, zircon, pyrite, pyrrhotite, moroxite, scapolite. New Britain. Dolomite, galena, sphalerite, malachite. BLAIR Co. Bell's Mills near Frankstown. Celestite (fibrous), quartz crystals. CARBON Co. Summit Hill. In coal mines, kaolinite. CHESTER Co. Avondale. Asbestus, tremolite, garnet! opal, beryl (yellow), tourmaline, mountain leather. Birmingham Township. Amethyst, serpentine. East Bradford. Near Buffiugton's bridge, on the Brandy wine, green, blue, and gray cyanite, gray crystals loose in the soil. Farms of Dr. Elwyn, Mrs. Foulke, Wm. Gibbous, and Saml. Entrikin, amethyst. At Strode's mill, oligoclase, drusy quartz, collyrite ? Osborne's Hill, wad, manganesian garnet (massive), titanite. Caleb Cope's lime quarry, fetid dolomite, uecrouite, blue cyanite, talc. Near the Black Horse Inn, indurated talc, rutile. Amos Davis's farm, allanite ! Nea'r the paper mill on the Braudywine, zircon, ilmenite, blue quartz. West Bradford. Near village of Marshal ton, green cyanite. At Chester County Poorhouse limestone quarry, chesterlite! on dolomite, rutile! in acicular crystals, damourite ! radiated on dolomite, quartz crystals. Charlestown.Pyromorphite, cerussite, galena, quartz, amethyst. North Coventry. Allanite, near Pughtown, black garnets. French Creek Mines (St. Peters). See WAKWICK. East Goshen. Serpentine, asbestus, magnetite. Elk. llmeuite with nmscovite, chromite. West Goshen. On the Barrens, 1 m. N. of West Chester, serpentine, indurated talc, deweylite, aragonite, staurolite, asbestus, zoisite on hornblende at West Chester water-works (not accessible at present). New Garden. At Nivin's limestone quarry, brown and yellow tourmaline, necronite, aragonite, sillimanite, kaolinite, tremolite. Kennett. Actinolite, tremolite. On Wm. Cloud's farm, sunstone! At Pearce's old mill, sunstone. East Marlborough. On farm of Bailey & Brother, 1 m. S. of Unionville, yellow and white tourmaline, chesterlite, white pyroxene. Near Marlborough meeting-house, serpentine, zircon loose in the soil at Pusey's sawmill. West Marlborough. Near Logan's quarry, asbestiform tremolite, black tourmaline, cyanite, yellow tourmaline, rutile. Near Doe Run village, tremolite. In R. Baily's limestone quarry, 2^ in. S. W. of Unionville, fibrous tremolite, cyanite. Newlin. 1| m. N. E. of Unionville, corundum! often in loose crystals with a coating of a sod;i-margarite (Genth), diaspore! spinel (black), picrolite, black tourmaline with flat pyramidal terminations in albite, unionite (zoisite), eupliyllite, feldspar, beryl! in one crystal weighing 51 Ibs., pyrite, chloritoid, diallage, oligoclase; ilmenite, clinochlore, albite, orthoclase, halloysite, margarite, garnet, beryl. On J. Lesley's farm, corundum, a single mass weighing over 100 tons, diaspore! "lesleyite." In Edwards's limestone quarry, rutile. C. Passmore's farm, amethyst. East Nottingham. Asbestus. chromite in crystals, hallite. West N6ttingham. At Scott's chrome-mine, chromite, foliated talc, marmolite, serpentine, rhodochrome. Near Moro Phillips's chrome-mine, asbestus. At the magnesia quarry, deweylite, marmolite, magnesite, albite, serpentine, 'chromite, meerschaum. Near Fremont P. O., corundum. 1068 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. West Pikeland. In iron-mines near Chester Springs, turgite, limonite (stalactitic and in geodes), gothite. Pennsbury. On John Craig's farm, brown garnets, mica. On J. Dilworth's, near Fair- ville, muscovite! in Fairville, sunstone. Near Briu toil's Ford, chondrodite, titanite, augite. At Swain's quarry, orthoclase, muscovite containing magnetite. Pocopson. Farms of J. Entrikin and J. B. Darlington, amethyst. Sadsbury. Untile! crystals loose for 7 m. along the valley, near the village of Parkesburg. Near Sadsbury village, amethyst. Schuylkill, In railroad tunnel at PJKENIXVILLE, dolomite! quartz crystals, caleite. At the WHEATLEY, BROOKDALE, and CHESTER COUNTY LEAD MINES (now abandoned, and good speci- mens not obtainable), 1^ m. S. of Phcenixville, pyromorphile! cerussite! galena, anglesite! quartz crystals, chalcopyrite, barite, fluorite (white), wulfenite ! calamine, sphalerite ! mimetite ! descloizite, gothite, chrysocolla, native copper, malachite, azurite, limonite, calcite, ankerite, sulphur, pyrite, melaconite, pseudomalachite, gersdorffite, chalcocite ?, covellite. Willistown. Magnetite, chromite. West Town. Briuton's serpentine quarry, 3 m. S. of West Chester, clinochlore, jefferisite, amethyst, tourmaline, beryl. West Whiteland. At Gen. Trimble's iron-mine (southeast), stalactitic hematite! wavellite f in radiated stalactites, cceruleolaclite. Warwick. French Creek mines (Elizabeth mine and Keim's mine, 1 m. N. of Knauertown), garnet! micaceous hematite, pyrite (octahedral) ! chalcopyrite massive and in crystals! in thurin- gite, magnetite, brown garnet, caleite, pyroxene, in part alt. to arnphibole, scapolite, siderite, rhodochrosite, stilbite, apophyllite, erythrite, byssolite ! serpentine. Near village of St. Mary's, magnetite (dodecahedral), melanite, garnet, actinolite. At Hopewell iron mine, 1 m. N. W. of St. Mary's, magnetite in octahedral crystals. Yellow Springs. Allauite. DAUPHIN Co. Near Hummelstown. Green garnets, cryst. smoky quartz, feldspar. DELAWARE Co. Aston Township. Amethyst, corundum (Village Green), sillimanite, black tourmaline, margarite, sunstone, asbestus, autholite, steatite, quartz in modified cryst., also with implanted rutile cryst. Bridgewater Station (the locality in Chester township), titanite! in twins 2 inches long and translucent. At Peter's mill-dam in the creek, garnet. Bethel. Garnet. Birmingham. Sillimanite, kaolin (abundant), rutile, amethyst. At Bullock's old quarry, zircon. Chester. Amethyst, black tourmaline, beryl, crystals of orthoclase, garnet, molybdenite, molybdite, muscovite. Chichester. Lower Chichester. Orthoclase, tourmaline, beryl, garnet, kaolin, cyanite. Upper Chichester. Spessartite, titanite, amethyst, orthoclase, green garnet, gahnite. Concord. Mica, feldspar, kaolin, drusy quartz, garnet, sillimanite, amethyst, manganesian garnet, meerschaum. In Green's creek, garnet. Darby. Blue and gray cyanite, beryl, garnet, smoky quartz, titaniferous garnet, zoisite, Babel quartz. Edgemont. Amethyst. One m. E. of Edgemont Hall, rutile in quartz, limonite. Leiperville. Garnet, zoisite (thulite), heulandite, leidyite, beryl (Deshong's quarry), black tourmaline. Marple. Tourmaline, andalusite, andalusite-pseud, (damourite), amethyst, actinolite, bronzite, talc, radiated actinolite in talc, chromite, beryl, ilmenite in quartz, amethyst. Middletown. Amethyst, beryl, black mica, mica with dendritic magnetite, manganesian garnets ! some 3 inches in diameter, indurated talc, rutile, mica, green quartz ! anthophyllite, radiated tourmaline, staurolite, ilmenite, sillimanite, serpentine. At Lenni, leimilite, chlorite, green and bronze vermiculite ! green feldspar. At Mineral Hill, crystals of corundum, some of 6 inches, aclinolite, bronzite, green feldspar (Lea's lennilite, etc.), moonstone, sunstone, maguesite, chromite (octahedrons), columbite, beryl, asbestus, micro- cline, talc, muscovite, deweylite, stilbite, enstatite, rutile, melanosiderite, hallite. At Painter's Farm, zircon with oligoclase, painterite, tremolite, tourmaline. At Hibbard's Farm and at Fairlamb's Hill, chromite in brilliant octahedrons. John Smith farm, meerschaum, Also orthoclase, muscovite, rose quartz, gahnite, zircon, amethyst, vermiculite, ferruginous quartz, prase. Newtown. Serpentine, hematite, enstatite, stalactitic quartz. Upper Providence. AntJiolite, radiated asbestus, andalusite, radiated actinolite, tourmaline, beryl, green feldspar, amethyst (one of 7 Ibs. from Morgan Hunter's farm), andalusite ! At Blue Hill, green quartz in chlorite, chrysotile in serpentine, cassiuite, enstatite, clinochlore, bronzite, diaclasite, apatite. Lower Providence. Amethyst, garnet, feldspar ! (large crystals). Radnor. Enstatite, serpentine, pseudomorph after asbestus, quartz after serpentine, genthite, picrolice hornstone, chrysotile, chromite, garnet, staurolite, labradorite, blue quartz. Springfield. Andalusite, tourmaline, beryl, ilmenite, garnet. On Fell's Laurel Hill, beryl, garnet. Near Lewis's paper-mill, allophane, mica, albite. Waterville, Near Chester and Upland, chabazite. PENNS TL VANIA. 1069 FRANKLIN CO. Lancaster Station. Barite, fluorite. LANCASTER CO. Drumore Township. Quartz crystals. Pulton. At Wood's chrome mine, near Texas, brucite !! zaratite (emerald nickel), pennite, clinochlore ! kdmmerente! bronzite, baltimorite, chromite, williamsite, chrysolite! marmolite,>/cr0* lite, hydromaguesite, dolomite, inaguesite, aragonite, calcite, serpentine, hematite, ilmenite, genthite, chrome-garnet, millerite. At Low's mine, hydrwnagnesite, brucite, picrolite, magnesite, williamsite, chromite, talc, zaratite, baltimorite, serpentine, hematite. On M. Boice's farm, 1 m. N. W. of village, pyrite, enstatite. Near Rock Springs, chalcedony, carneliau, moss agate, green tourmaline in talc, titanic iron, chromite, octahedral magnetite in chlorite. At Reynolds's old mine, calcite, talc, picrolite, chromite. At Carter's chrome mine, brookite (one crystal found). Gap Mines. Ohalcopyrite, pyrrhotite (niccoliferous), millerite (botryoidal radiations), vivi- anite! actinolite, siderite, hisiugerite, pyrite. Noblis mine, cacoxenite ! on limonite. Pequea Valley. 8 m. S. of Lancaster, argentiferous galena, vauqueliuite, rutile, at Pequea mine. 4 m. N. W. of Lancaster, calamine, galena (with octahedral cleavage), sphalerite ; pyrite in cubes near Lancaster. At the Lancaster zinc mines, calamine, sphalerite, tennantite ? smith- sonite (pseud, of dolomite), auricJialcite. LEBANON Co. Corn-wall. Magnetite, pyrite (cobaltiferous), chalcopyrite, native copper, azurite, malachite, chrysocolla, cuprite (hydrocuprite), allophane, brochantite, serpentine, quartz pseudomorphs; fluorite, covellite, hematite (micaceous), opal, asbestus, sphalerite, prehuite. LEHIGH Co. Friedensville. At zinc mines, calamine, smithsonite, hydrozincite, massive sphalerite, greeuockite, quartz, allophane, mountain leather, aragonite, lanthanite, sauconite. Near Allentown, magnetite, pipe-iron ore. Near Bethlehem, on S. Mountain, allanite, with zircon, magnetite, martite, black spinel, tourmaline, chalcocite, chloropal. Ironton. Psilomelane in stalactitic, botryoidal, and reuiform masses. Macungie. Wavellite ! Shimerville. Corundum ! in fine crystals, black spinel. LUZERNE Co. Scranton. Under peat, phytocollite. Drifton. Py rophy 1 lite. MIFFLIN Co. Opposite Mount Union. Strontianite, aragonite. MONROE Co. In Cherry Valley, calcite, chalcedony, quartz. In Poconac Valley, near Judge Mervine's, cryst. quartz. MONTGOMERY Co. Conshohocken. Fibrous tourmaline, ilmenite, aventurine quartz, phyllite, liniouite, cacoxenite, pyrite. In the quarry of Geo. Bullock, calcite in hexagonal prisms, aragonite. Lafayette, at the Soapstone quarries. Talc, jefferisite, garnet, albite, serpentine, zoisite, staurolite, chalcopyrite. At Rose's Serpentine quarry, opposite Lafayette, enstatite, serpentine, millerite! genthite, chalcanthite, bornite, epsomite, aragonite, chlorite, tremolite, steatite, dolo- mite, serpentine pseudomorph after staurolite. Lower Providence. Perkiomen lead and copper mines, near village of Shannon ville, azurite, sphalerite, galena, pyromorphite, cerussite, wulfenite, anglesite, barite, calamine, chal- copyrite, malachite, chrysocolla, ankerite, cuprite, covellite (rare), melaconite, pseudomalachite. White Marsh. D. O. Hitner's iron mine, limonite in geodes and stalactites, gothite, pyro- lusite, wad, lepidocrocite. At Edge Hill Station (P. R. R.), ilmenite, brauuite, pyrolusite, limonite, turgite, brauuite, velvet manganese, litaniferous hematite, rutile, wad. Near Marble Hall, at Hitner's marble quarry, white marble, granular barite, resembling marble. At Spring Mills, limonite, pyrolusite, gothite. At Flat Rock Tunnel, opposite Manayunk, stilbite, heulandite, chabasite, ilvaite, beryl, feldspar, mica. NORTHAMPTON Co. Bethlehem. Axinite, zircon (f m. K). Bushkill T. Crystal Spring on Blue Mountain, quartz crystals. Nazareth Quartz crystals. Near Easton. Zircon! (exhausted), coccolite, tremolite, pyroxene, salite, limouite, mag- detite, purple calcite, bowenite. Williams Township. Pyrolusite in geodes in limonite beds, gothite (lepidocrocite) at Glendon. NORTHUMBERLAND Co. Opposite Selin's Grove. Calamine. PHILADELPHIA Co. Frankford. At quarries on Frankford Greek, stilbite! molybdenite! in fine crystals, hornblende, titanite, apophyllite, tourmaline, fluorite, calcite, bornite, chalco- pyrite, malachite, chrysocolla, hyalite colored by uranium, apatite, lepidomelane, titanite, rand- ite, Iceland spar, orthoclase, oligoclase. On the Connecting Railroad, wad, earthy cobalt, basauite in the drift. 1070 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. Fairmount Water- works. Autunite ! torbernite, orthoclase, beryl, tourmaline, albite, wad, inter cry stall! zed black and white mica. Near Girard Avenue and the Schuylkill, ilnienite. Thirty-sixth Street and Penn. R. R., garnet, wad. Fifty-ninth Street and Penn. R. R., halotrichite, glockerite. Darby Tunnel, B. & O. R. R., anhydrite. Wissahickon Creek. McKinney's quarry on Rittenhouse Lane, orthoclase, apatite, stilbite, heulandite, epidote, bornite, malachite, chalcopyrite, chrysocolla, laumontite. Near Gorgas's and Crease's Lanes, tourmaline, cyanite, staurolite. Near Heft's Mill, alunogeu, tourmaline, cyanite. Cresheim Creek. Antholite in radiated masses. One half mile above, staurolite, ilmen- ite, hyalite, apatite, green mica, iron garnets in abundance. Thorp's Lane. Talc, magnetite. Falls of Schuylkill. Chabazite, titanite, fluorite, apatite, muscovite, tourmaline, prochlo- rite, quartz crystals, crocidolite laumontite, analcite. SCHUYLKILL Co. Tamaqua (near Pottsville), in coal mines. Kaolinite. Lansford, near Tamaqua, in an anthracite mine, lansfordite, nesquehonite. Near Mahanoy City. Pyrophyllite, alunogen, copiapite, in coal-mines. YORK CO. Bornite, rutile in slender prisms in granular quartz. DELAWARE. KENT CO. Near Middletown, Folk's marl-pits (not open). Vimanite! East Dover. Limonite. NEWCASTLE CO. Brandywine Springs. Fibrolite, salite, pyroxene. Brandy wine Hundred, muscovite inclosing reticulated magnetite, garnet. Dixon's Feldspar Quarries, 6 m. N. W. of Wilmington (not open). Beryl, apatite, cinna- mon-stone! maguesite, serpentine, asbestus, black tourmaline! cyauite. Eastburn's" Limestone Quarries, near the Pennsylvania line (not always worked). Tremo- lite, bronzite. Hockessin, on the Del. West. R. R. Kaolin (large deposit), feldspar. &ennett Turnpike, near Centreville. Cyanite and garnet. Near Newark, on the railroad, Sphserosiderite on drusy quartz, jasper (ferruginous opal), cryst. siderite in cav-ities of cellular quartz, quartz crystals loose in soil ; limonite mined at Chestnut Hill pits. Quarryville. Garnet, fibrolite. On Talley's Farm near Shell pot Creek. Feldspar, muscovite inclosing reticulated mag- netite and layers of quartz, kaolin, hypersthene. Way's Quarry, 2 m. S. of Centreville (not open). Feldspar in cleavage masses, apatite, mica, deweylite, granular quartz. Near Wilmington. Hornblende, bog-iron ore. hypersthene. Wilmington Granite Co. Quarries on the Brandywine. Metalloidal diallage, black horn- blende, tourmaline, chalcopyrite, stilbite ! (rare). Wooddale Quarries. Garnet, biotite, feldspar. SUSSEX Co. Near Cape Henlopen. Vivianite. At various localities, limojiite. MARYLAND. BALTIMORE Co. Baltimore City, Jones Falls gneiss quarries. Microcline, lepidomelane, epidote, titauite, siderite (sphaerosiderite), barite, calcite, apatite, pyrite, chabazite (haydenite), heulandiie (beaumontite), stilbite, laumontite, harmotome (rare). In pegmatyte veins, muscovite, tourmalins apatite, molybdenite, samarskite (?). Bare 3.ills. At the copper mines in hornblende gneiss, octahedral magnetite! ampliibole- antJicyhyllite ! bornite, chalcopyrite. At Blue Mount on Northern Central R. R., dodecahedral garnet, sillimanite, and octahedral magnetite in chlorite schist. Bare Hills and Soldier's Delight. In serpentine, chromite, kdmmererite, talc, steatite, chrysotile (baltimorite), magnesite (crystalline and earthy). Texas. In white marble, pldogopite, tremolite. pyrite, pink scapolite, brown and black tourmaline, rutile, green muscovite. Owing's Mills, Western Run, and Warren Mills. In muscovite-gneiss, staurolite, cyanite, Green Spring Valley, Shoemaker's quarry. In quartz schist, stretched black tourmaline ! muscovite. MARYLAND DISTRICT OF COLOMBIA VIRGINIA. 1071 CARROLL CO. Marriottsville. In marble, wJiite augite, changed to tremolite! phlogopite. Near Union Bridge (Mountain View lead mine). In while limestone, galena, anglesite, cerussite, sulphur. Finksburg. At copper mines in hornblende gneiss, chalcopyrite, bornite, siegenite, carrollite, remingtonite, malachite, magnetite. Mineral Hill. Chalcopyrite, bornite, magnetite, gold. Sykesville (Florence and Springfield mines, exhausted). Gold on magnetite, chalcopyrite, bornite, pyrite, carrollite. Piney Run. In pyroxeuyte, bronzite altering to talc, steatite. CECIL Co. Near the Pennsylvania line. Chromite in serpentine. CHARLES Co. In Cretaceous clay, radiating groups of large gypsum crystals. FREDERICK Co. Dolyhyde copper mine (abandoned). Formerly bornite, chalcopyrite, malachite, ottrelite. Liberty copper mine. Black, gray, and purple copper ore, chalcocite, malachite, hematite in dolomite. Catoctin Furnace. Limonite, ocher, hematite, and franklinite in vein quartz. 1 mile south of Mechanicstown. Manganese. Middletown Valley. Smoky quartz! stibnite. HARFORD Co. Cooptown and Tarrettsville. In serpentine, chromite, Mmmererite, green talc, chrysotile, tourmaline. Near Deer Creek. In chlorite schist, octahedral magnetite. On Broad Creek Mottled and veined serpentine (quarried). In metamorphic sandstone at " The Rocks " of Deer Creek, blue cyanite ! magnetite, chlorite. At Pylesville. Graphite. HOWARD Co. Ellicott City. Envelope titanite, allanite-epidote, parallel growths (p. 525), at the quarries on left bank of Patapsco River. Ilchester. In pegmatyte, microcline, garnets, black and white micas. In peridotyte, near station, pcecilitic hornblende, and talc after hornblende. In pyroxenyte, near Gray's Bridge, smaragdite after pyroxene. In porpbyritic uoryte, hypersthene. In gabbro-dioryte, " titano- morphite," titanite around rutile and ilmenite. MONTGOMERY CO. EtchisonP. O. In serpentine, chromite, chrome-tourmaline ! fuchsite. Great Falls and Sandy Spring, gold in vein quartz, manganese formerly ruined, beryl, ortho- clase, mica. ST. MARY'S Co. In Miocene clay, groups of large gypsum crystals. WASHINGTON Co. Maryland Heights, opposite Harper's Ferry. Thuringite (owenite). DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Near Washington. Prochlorite, yellow titanite, rutile, ilmenite, calcite, gold. VIRGINIA. Virginia affords some gold, both in gold gravel and in gold quartz; limonite abundantly, also hematite and magnetite;. manganese (pyrolusite) in large quantities in Augusta Co., also Rockbridge and Smythe Cos., etc.; lead and zinc ores (galena, calamine, smithsonite, sphalerite) in Wythe and Pulaski Cos.; copper ores (chalcopyrite, etc.) in Floyd Co., Carroll Co., etc. Rock salt is obtained in Saltville, Smythe Co.; also salt from brines in Washington and Lee Cos. ALBEMARLE Co. Faber's. Galena, sphalerite, fluorite, gold, serpentine or potstone, graphite. Ragged Mountains, 4 miles west of Univ. of Virginia. Quartz crystals. 6 miles west, garnet. 1 mile south of Univ. of Virginia, pseudomorphs of limonite after pyrite. ALLEGHANY Co. Limonite, hematite. The deposits also extend into Bath, Bland, Craig, Giles, and Highland Cos. AMELIA Co. Near Court House, mica! orthoclase, albite, microlite! columbite, allanite, helvite, spessartitef topazolite, amethyst, fluorite, apatite, white beryl, monazite, phenacite fergusouitc; 1072 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. AMHERST Co. Along the west base of Buffalo Ridge, copper ores. On N. "W. slope of Friar Mtn. Allanite, magnetite, zircon, sipylite, ilmenite. AUGUSTA CO. Crimora. Pyrolusite (cryst.) and psilomelane, abundant (^ of product of U. S., 1890). W. foot of Blue Ridge, hematite, limonite, graphite. 1 mile E. of Staunton. Pseudomorphs of limonite after pyrite. At Weyer's (or Weir's) cave, calcite, stalactites. BEDFORD Co. Near Montvale. Bronzite, pyrite. Near the Peaks of Otter, allanite. Tscheffkiuite (exact local, not given). BOTETOURT CO. Limonite, hematite, psilomelane, pyrolusite. BUCKINGHAM CO. Gold at Garnett and Moseley mines, also pyrite, pyrrhotite, calcite, garnet. At Eldridge mine (now Loudon and Virginia mines) and the Buckingham mines near Maysville, gold, auriferous pyrite, chalcopyrite, tennantite, barite, cy anile, tourmaline, aclinolite. Arvon slate quarries. Octahedrite. Willis Mt., cyanite, tourmaline. CAMPBELL Co. Near Lynchburg. Rutile. CARROLL and GRAYSON Cos. Chalcopyrite, pyrite, melaconite, galena, sphalerite, pyr- rhotite, magnetite, limonite. CULPEPPER Co., on Rapidan River. Gold, pyrite. FAUQUIER Co., Barnett's mills. Asbestus, gold mines, barite, calcite. FLOYD Co. Pyrrhotite! magnetite, hematite, gold. FLUVANNA Co. Gold at Stockton's mine. Also tetradymite, at "Tellurium mine." Phenix Copper Mine, chalcopyrite, etc. FRANKLIN CO. Grayish serpentine, "potstone." [This substance is not steatite (as Rogers calls it), having much iron (27 p. c. FeO) and little or no alumina; the same is true of all in this belt, Albemarle, etc. F. P. D.] Also bornite, chlorite, muscovite, pyrrhotite, magnetite. GOOCHLAND CO. Gold mines (Moss and Busby's). GREENE Co. Malachite, pyrolusite (also in Madison Co.), native copper in felsyte, hematite. HALIFAX Co. Chalcopyrite, graphite. HENRIOO Co. (also Hanover, Chesterfield, Caroline, Prince William, Spottsylvania, and Stafford Cos.). Glaucouite (greeusand marl). JEFFERSON Co. Shepherdstown. Fluorite. LOUDON Co. Tabular quartz, prase, pyrite, talc, chlorite, soapstone, asbestus, chromite, actinolite, quartz crystals, micaceous hematite, bornite, malachite, epidote, near Leesburg (Potomac mine). LOUISA Co. Walton gold mine, gold, pyrite, chalcopyrite, argentiferous galena, siderite, sphalerite, unglesite. Boulaugerite, sphalerite (at Tinder's mine). Corundum (40 m. N. of Richmond). Pyrite in large quantities, pyromorphite, cerargyrite. Tolersville. Pyrite. MONTGOMERY Co. Chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, magnetite. NELSON Co. Near Fawbers. Fluorite. Near Lowesville. Allanite. 6 miles east of Lowesville, massive rutile. Near Arrington. Crystallized rutile. Also galena, chalcopyrite, malachite, allanite. Iso- lated mass of tscheffkinite at Hat Creek. ORANGE Co. Western part, Blue Ridge, hematite. Gold at the Orange Grove and Vaucluse gold mines, worked by the "Freehold " and " Liberty" Mining Companies. WEST VIRGINIA NORTH CAROLINA. 1073 FAGECO.-Luray Cave. Stalactites. On Stony Man Mtn., malachite, limonite. PATRICK Co. Magnetite, staurolite, chloritoid, cyanite, corundum. FITTSYLVANIA Co. Barite, hematite. FULASKI Co. Hematite, limonite, ROANOKE Co. AtBonsacks. Smithsonite, sphalerite. ROCKBRIDGE Co. On Irish Creek. Cassiterite, wolframite, arsenopyrite (auriferous), epidote, miorite, pyrite. Near Lexington. Pyrite, limonite pseud, after pyrite. Three m. S. W. of Lexington, barite, dufrenite, in bed 10 in. thick, with strengite, In Petetes Gap, zircon. Near Buena Vista. Wad, gothite. Mouth of Irish Creek, pyrolusite. In James River Gap, epidote (crystals). West of Lexington, galena, quartz crystals (in crystalline limestone) calcite. In the Blue Ridge, magnetite. SHENANDOAH Co. Near Woodstock. Fluorite. SMYTH Co. Near Marion. Barite. SFOTTSYLVANIA Co. , 2 m. N. E. of Chancellorsville. Cyanite; gold mines at the junction of the Rappahauuock and Rapidan ; on the Rappahannock (Marshall mine) ; Whitehall mine, affording also tetradymite. STAFFORD Co. 8 or 10 m. from Falmouth. Micaceous iron, gold, tetradymite, silver, galena, vivianite. WASHINGTON Co. 18 m.from Abingdon. Halite, gypsum. WYTHE Co. Austin's Mines. Cerussite, minium, plumbic ocJier, sphalerite, calamine, galena, graphite, aragonite. Bertha Mines. Calamine ! ! sphalerite, hematite, limonite. WEST VIRGINIA. MASON Co. Glenwood and Mason. Cassiterite. MINERAL Co. Brady's, 5 m. S. of Cumberland, Md. In Helderberg, limestone, blue celestite ! There are also hematite, limonite, siderite mines; also salt wells, as in Mason Co. NORTH CAROLINA.* The following is a general statement in regard to the most important economic minerals of the state : Gold is found in quartz veins in gueissic, granitic, and dioritic rock, also in talcose, chloritic, argillaceous, and arenaceous slates or in beds in the slates; in veins generally associated with pyrite, chalcopyrite, more rarely with galena and sphalerite, and the products of their oxidation; or in auriferous gravels. The principal counties in which it has been found m quantity are: Franklin, Nash, Granville, Alamance, Chatham, Moore, Guilfprd, Davidson, Randolph, Montgomery, Stauly, Union, Cabarrus, Rowan, Mecklenburgh, Lincoln, Gastou, Catawba, Caldwell, Burke, McDowell, Rutherford, Polk, Cleveland, Cherokee, Jackson, Transylvania, and Watauga. Iron Ores. Valuable deposits of hematite and limonite we found in the counties of Chatham, Orange, Gaston, Lincoln, Catawba, Caldwell, Madison, and Watauga. Magnetite of superior quality occurs in belts, stretching through many counties for a distance of over 20 miles in the direction * See the Minerals of North Carolina by F. A. Genth, Bulletin 74 of the U. S. GeoL Survey, 1891. The list here given has been condensed for this place by Dr. Genth. 1074 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. of the inclosing strata from N. E. to S. W.; titaniferous ores often in parallel bands between pure magnetite. The principal counties in which they occur are : Chatham, Davidson, Guil ford, Forsyth, Rockingham and Stokes, Yadkin, Davie, Lincoln and Gaston, Catawba, Swain, Madison, Mitchell, Ashe, and several others. West of the Blue Ridge many mica mines are worked, especially in Macon, Jackson, Hay wood, Buncombe, Ashe, McDowell, Mitchell, Yan- cey, Alexander, Cleveland, and other counties; these mines have furnished many highly inter- ' esting minerals. Corundum is also found in the same region in connection with chrysolite rocks which latter have furnished by their decomposition many interesting magnesian minerals. The state has also yielded large quantities of zircon, monazite, etc. ALEXANDER Co. White Plains. Scorodite, columbite, tourmaline, beryl, rose quartz, smoky quartz, rutile in geniculated and acicular crystals in limouite and in quartz, spodumene, in emerald and yellowish green crystals (hidden ite). Price and Keever Place. Beryl, tourmaline, columbite, autunite, muscovite. Lead Mine. Amethyst. Hiddenite P. O. Beryl ! and emerald ! monazite ! spodumene (hiddenite), green and yellow- ish crystals! apatite, calcite, dolomite! siderite, rutile! muscovite! hisingerite, tourmaline. Taylorsville, three miles distant, smoky quartz, rock crystal, tourmaline, beryl. Marshall's Farm. Garnets. Elsewhere. Green, brown, and black tourmaline, graphite, magnetite, tantalite, beryl (yellow, blue, green) quartz crystals! (highly modified), monazite, asbestus, pyrite, magnetite, chalcopvrite, pyrolusite, limonite pseudomorph after siderite, siderite, kaolinite, orthoclase, large crystals (one of 40 pounds), biotite, inuscovite, rutile! very fine at Milholland's mill, tourmaline I ALLEGHANY Co. Peach Bottom Mine. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, malachite, galena, cuprite, sphalerite, molybdenite. ASHE Co. Ore Knob Mine. Pyrite, calcite, chalcocite, arsenopyrite, malachite, metallic copper. New River (South Fork, near mouth). Chrysolite, chalcopyrite, magnetite. Gap Creek (Copper Knob mine). Gold, silver, hematite, epidote, bornite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, chrysocolla, malachite. On Gap Creek, cyanite, hornblende. Elk Knob. Chalcopyrite, epidote. Phoenix Mountain. Rock crystal ! BUNCOMBE Co. Asheville. Garnet, magnetite, serpentine, barite (granular). On Fox Branch, chrysolite. 19 to 20 miles north, pyrrhotite, magnetite, hematite, corundum with horn- blende and culsageeite, serpentine, prochlorite, asbestus, actiuolite, kaolin, jefferisite. Black Mountain. Almandite garnet, cyauite at Bowlen's Pyramid. Balsam Gap mine. Allanite T beryl, muscovite, biotite, albite, black garnet, columbite, tourmaline. Ivy River. Chrysolite, chromite, hornstone, genthite, talc, asbestus, tremolite. Brushy Mountain Mine. Muscovite, kaolinite, orthoclase, albite. Ream's Creek. Garnet, large crystals. Burnet Mine. Muscovite, orthoclase crystals, large (100 to 1,000 pounds). Swannanoa Gap. Corundum in cyanite ! muscovite. Elsewhere. Muscovite in many mica mines with beryl, talc, columbite, garnet, ilmenite. BURKE CO. Brindletcwn. At Mills's and other placer gold mines, crystallized gold, tetradymite, montanite, brookite, octaliedrite, rutile, zircon and malacon, cyrtolite, monazite, xeno- time, sometimes in crystals an inch across, and rarely of a sage- to grass-green color, samarskite, columbite, fergusonite, hydrofergusonite, ilmenite, hematite, magnetite, chromite, limonite, pyrite, titanite, cyanite, fibrolite, corundum, muscovite, vermiculite, enstatite, hornblende (green and black) steatite, tourmaline (green and black) orthoclase, albite, zoisite (?), gamely actinolite, beryl, talc, asbestus, quartz (clear, smoky, and amethystine) psilomelane, arseuo- pyrite (?), allanite, thorite, diamond. Bear's Knob. Corundum with muscovite, 4 miles southeast. Linnville Mountain. Ilmenite, hematite, itacolumyte! radiated pyrophyllite, limonite, graphite. Shoup's Ford. Beryl, garnet, corundum, in part altered to fibrolite gold, magnetite, ilmenite, cyanite, tourmaline. South Mountains. Quartz crystals ! inclosing liquid, garnet ! beryl ! yellowish green and deep green (aquamarine), tourmaline! serpentine, talc, chlorite, actiuolite, hematite, magnetite, asbestus, magnesite. breunnerite, chrysolite, garnet, tremolite, corundum, arsenopyrite. Sugar Mountains. Quartz crystals, asbestus, gold, rutile, magnetite, beryl. NORTH CAROLINA. 1075 CABARRUS CO. Gold in many veins and placers, sulphur, chalcopyrite, magnetite, limouite. Daniel Earnhardt's Farm. Barnhardtite. Barringer's Mine. Gold, arsenopyrite in calcite. Boger's Mine. Tetradymite, cbalcopyrite, azurite. Cosby's Mine. Wolframite, scheelite, cuproscheelite, siderite, barite. Cullen's Mine. Tetradymite, cuprite (cubes), pseudomalachite, scheelite, malachite, in part pseudomorpbous after cuprite, azurite. Flowe's Mine. Wolframite! scheelite, barite. George Ludwick's Mine. Gold, arsenopyrite, tetrahedrite, scorodite, pyrite, cbalcopyrite. McMakiii's Mine. Silver, argentite, galena, spbalerite, proustite(?), tetrahedrite, var. freibergite! pyrolusite, pyromorpbite, barite, goslarite, rhodochrosite, magnesite, calcite, wad, barite, talc. Phcenix Mine. Gold, tetradymite. In Orchard vein, barite, pyrite, chalcopyrite. Numerous mines of gold and copper ores. CALDWELI Co. Baker's Mine. Galena, serpentine, picrolite, chrysotile, chrysolite, pyromorphite, anglesite, cerussite, asbestus, marmolite, psilomelane, chromite. Elsewhere. Gold, in placers and veins, chalcopyrite, mouth of Rocky River, amethyst, kaolin, halloysite. CATAWBA Co. Many valuable magnetite deposits. Hickory. Graphite, crystallized, pyrite, alunogeu, wad, amphibole, hematite, pyrolusite, limonite, quartz crystals, amethyst, garnet, muscovite, pyrrhotite, magnetite, chalcopyrite. Elsewhere. Gold, in placers and veins, graphite, rutile in acicular crystals in amethyst, rock crystal, quartz crystals inclosing liquid, beryl! garnet! cyanite, kaolinite, alunogen, wad, beryl. CHATHAM CO. Many deposits of magnetite, hematite and limonite, and black band and ball ore. Buckhorn. Rutile in quartz, manganese garnet. Carbonton. Pyrophyllite slate. Clegg's Mine. Galena, bornite, chalcopyrite, pyrite in cubo-octahedrons, cuprite, chryso- colla, pseudomalachite, cerussite, malachite, fibrous and earthy, azurite, anthracite, calcite, galena, prochlorite (?). Deep River. Pyrophyllite slate. Egypt. Siderite (black band and ball ore), dufrenite. Evans's Mine. Hematite, chloritoid in pyrophyllite slate. Farmville and Gulf. Siderite (black band and ball ore). CHEROKEE CO. Marble Creek. Tremolite, talc, calcite (granular), white, pink, gray I Murphy. Galena, pyrolusite, limonite, wad, tremolite, talc, cerussite, gold, galena (argentiferous). Nantehaleh River. Niter in slates, calcite., granular, white, and pink, talc, massive white. Parker Mine. Staurolite ! gold, garnet. Valley River. Hematite, phlogopite, talc, calcite (granular), dolomite, gold in placers, Staurolite, corundum in cyanite. Valleytown. Rutile. Elsewhere. Staurolite, pseudomorphs of muscovite after Staurolite. CLAY Co. Cullakenee Mine, Buck Creek. Corundum! white, gray, pink, and ruby, frequently altered into other minerals, spinel, chromite, drusy quartz, black hornblende or arfvedsonite, smaragdite, chrysolite, zoisite, andesine, labradorite, orthoclase, tourmaline, serpen- tine, massive and variety picrolite, willcoxite, margarite! talc, albite, cyanite, eustatite, augite (?) prochlorite. Shooting Creek. Corundum, pseudomorphous quartz after feldspar (?), actinolite, chry- solite, talc, prochlorite, willcoxite, margarite, rock crystal, magnetite, cyanite, muscovite, gold in placers, rutile in black crystals, garnet, pyrite, chalcopyrite, micaceous hematite, limonite, prochlorite(?). Tusquittah Creek. Gold in placers and veins, Staurolite, rutile. Tipton's. Corundum, cyanite (green), muscovite. CLEVELAND Co. Whiteside Mine. Gold in placers. Mountain Mine. Rock crystal, tourmaline, gurnets, gold in placers, graphite, arseuopvrite, galena, muscovite, melanterite, alunogen, pyrite, abundant in gneiss and mica schists, tourmaline. Shelby Within a few miles, muscovite in large plates, magnetite, actinolite, tourmaline. Double Shoals. Arsenopyrite. 1076 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. DAVIDSON CO. David Beck's Mine. Tetradymite, montanite. Conrad Hill. Chalcopyrite, hematite, limonite. siderite, malachite, barite. Allen Mine. Gold, pyrite, Chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, tetradyinite. Silver Hill. Silver! argeutite, highly argentiferous galena, sphalerite, chalcocite, pyrite, Chalcopyrite, cuprite, melaconite, zoisite (?), orthoclase, calamine, pyromorpMte ! (green, yellow, brown, black, aud colorless) wavellite, stolzite, anglesite, goslarite, chalcanthite, calcite, cerussitel in fine crystals, massive and in pseudomorphs after pyrite, malachite. Silver Valley. Galena, sphalerite, pyrornorphite. Uwharie River. Sphalerite. Russell Mine. Gold, pyrite. Ward's Mine. Gold, electrum, pyrite, Chalcopyrite. FORSYTH Co. Large beds of magnetite and titaniferous magnetite. Near Salem. Magnetite, manganese garnet, halloysite, hematite, micaceous hematite, graphite, emery variety of corundum, wad, halloysite. Near Kernersville. Brouzite, chrysolite, tourmaline, magnetite, hematite, chlorite, pyrite. FRANKLIN Co. Portis Mines. Gold in placers, diamond. GASTON CO. Asbury's Mine. Silver, tetradymite, galena, pyrrhotite, pyrite, leucopjTite, auriferous arsenopyrite, bismite, scorodite, moutanite (?), cerussite, bismutite. Cansler and Shuford Mine. Gold ! galena. Clubb's Mountain. Corundum, red and blue ! rutile! tourmaline, cyanitef pyrophyllite! muscovite ! lazulite ! talc, quartz crystals. Clear Mountain. Lazulite. Crowder's Mountain. Corundum, red and blue! rutile! gold, ilmenite, cyanite, pyrophyllite! muscovite, lazulite! barite, with galena (argentiferous), tourmaline, pyrite, Chalcopyrite, manganese garnet, pyrornorphite. King's Mountain. Gold, gajena, altaite, Chalcopyrite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, nagyagite, magnetite, bismite, calcite, dolomite, pyrrhotite, Chalcopyrite, limonite, barite, pyrite, graphite, cassiterite. .Long Creek Mine. Niccoliferous psilomelane, gold, pyrite, fluorite, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, galena. White's Mills. Epidote, biotite, orthoclase ! pycnite, titanite. All-Healing Springs. Barite. GRANVILLE CO. Bowling's Mountain. Radiated pyrophyllite. Sassafras Fork. Gold, pyrite, (a few miles north) malachite, tourmaline, quartz crystals, agate. Near Shiloh Church.^Epidote, labradorite, calcite. Elsewhere. Stibuite, in the northern part of the county, on land of N. A. Gregory. GUTLFORD CO. Numerous gold veins with associated copper ores. Friendship. Granular corundum (emery), titaniferous magnetite. McCulloh Mine Copper, cuprite in acicular crystals, pyrite, Chalcopyrite, siderite, malachite. North Carolina (Fentress) Mine. Cuprite in acicular crystals, pyrite, Chalcopyrite, siderite, malachite. Phoenix Mine. Chalcopyrite, covellite. HAYWOOD Co. Presley Mine. Corundum, blue and gray, altered into muscovite and albite; the muscovite in large crystals, also cryptocrystalline and compact. HENDERSON Co. Coleman's Station. Zircon, phlogopite, jefferisite. Green River. On south side of Blue Ridge, at Freeman's, zircon, granular calcite. At Jones's mine, xauthitane, allanite, titaniferous garnet; also stilbite, orthoclase, epidote, titanite in granite, auerlite. On Price's farm, zircon, auerlite, staurolite. On the Davis land, polycrase, eircon, monazite, xenotime, cyrtolite, magnetite, apatite. IREDELL Co Belt's Bridge. Pyrite in soapstone, corundum in globular masses, partly altered into muscovite, etc. Corundum in hexagonal crystals ! partly altered into soda-margarite at Hendrick's farm. Dr. Halyburton's. Leucopyrite, scorodite. King's WIiU.Grap7iite, hematite in hexagonal plates in quartz, rutile f in quartz, rock crystal, chalcedony, tourmaline. Mount Pisgah. Rutilated quartz, chloritic mineral resembling thuringite. Spring Mountain. Graphite. NORTH CAROLINA. 1077 x, Statesville. Near Statesville, titanite in gneiss, quartz crystals, allanite, corundum rarely altered into cyanite, oi'thoclase, cyanite, muscomte, gothite in thin scales, in light red feldspar (suustoue), titanite. Bethany Church. Allan ite, with small crystals of zircon. Hunting Creek. Albite, blue corundum altered into rhatizite. Near Campbell's Mill, large boulders of cyanite inclosing crystals of blue corundum. JACKSON Co. Casher's Valley . Bismutite, talc, muscovite, amethyst, rock crystal, gold,, pyrite, chalcopyrite. Cullowhee Mine. Chalcocite, pyrite, melaconite, chalcopyrite ! hornblende, malachite. Hogback Mine. Corundum, rutile in corundum, chromite, drusy quartz, chrysolite, andesine, tourmaline, muscomte, dudleyite, margarite. Savannah Mine. Chalcopyrite. hornblende, tourmaline, malachite. Waryliut Mine. Clialcocite, chalcopyrite. cuprite, malachite. Webster. Corundum, ohromite, pyrolusite, wad, chalcedony, drusy quartz, enstatite, tremolite, actinolite, asbestus, chrysolite, talc, serpentine, marmolite, deweylite, genthite, penninite, mugnesite ! crystalline and earthy, magnetite, kaolin, kammererite. Wolf Creek Mine. Chalcocite, native copper, chrysocolla, chalcopyrite, malachite. Ainslie's. Chrysolite, chromite, talc, chlorite, enstatite, smaragdite (?), asbestus, tremolite, garnet, actinolite, albite. Scott's Creek. Chrysolite, chromite, talc, penninite (var. kammererite), enstatite, chlorite, corundum (blue and pink). LINCOLN Co. Cottage Home. Diamond! gold, chalcopyrite. Randleman's. Quartz crystals, amethyst ! MACON Co. Culsagee Mine or Corundum Hill. Corundum! in beautiful varieties crys- tallized and massive, and frequently in part altered into other minerals; also chromite, spinel in crystals and granular, rutile rare, diaspore, one specimen only known, drusy quartz and quartz crystals, chalcedony, hyalite, enstatite, tremolite, chrysolite, oligoclase, tourmaline, talc, serpentine, deweylite, genthite, culsageeite, lucasite. kerrite, maconite, penuiuite, prochlorite, willcoxite, margarite, antJiophyllite, actinolite, magnetite. Highlands. Bismutite, beryl, gold, rose quartz. Jacob's Mine. Corundum, asbestus, tremolite, chrysolite, Nantehaleh River. Asbestus, talc, compact limestone, niter. At mouth of river, orthoclase. Tennessee River, below Franklin. Garnet, staurolite, cyanite, muscovite, columbite. Tibbet's Mine. Pleouaste, zircon. West's Mine. Ruby corundum with cyanite. Ellijay Creek. Near Higdon's, corundum, chlorite, asbestus, chromite, magnetite, hematite, garnet, chrysolite. MADISON Co. Mars Hill. Monazite in large masses, zircon. Carter's Mine. Cwuhdum ! in peculiar white and pink varieties, spinel, chromite, tremolite, chrysolite, andesine, prochlorite, culsageeite, ilmenite, beryl ! French Broad River. Orthoclase. Near Marshall. Rutile, limonite, magnetite, galena, boruite, chalcopyrite, epidote, talc, fluorite, hematite, corundum. 3 miles below Marshall, prochlorite, margarite, barite, smoky quartz, in doubty terminated crystals. Haynie Mine. Blue corundum, rutile, margarite, green crystals of hornblende, magnetite, chlorite, ilmenite. M'DOWELL Co. Kirksey's Mine. Tetrady mite. In the gold placers. Gold, corundum, ilraenite, rutile, chromite, brookite, pyrope, zircon, epidote, sillimanite, xenotime, monazite, diamond, octahedrite. MECKLENBURG- Co. Numerous gold veins, associated with copper ores, pyrite, etc. Beattie's Ford. Rutile ! in acicular crystals. Davidson College. Radiated cyanite, pyrophyllite, gold. 7 miles south, fine crystals of rutile. McGinn Mine. Gold, pyrite, chalcopyrite, barnhardtite, cuprite in acicular crystals, melaconite, pseudomalachite. Todd's Branch. Gold, diamond, zircon, garnet, monazite. Tuckasegee Ford. Epidote, labradorite near Tuckasegee Ford. MITCHELL CO. Bakersville. Muscomte, chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrophyllite, chromite ! quartz crystals, chalcedony, enstatite, tremolite, actinolite, chrysolite, talc, rutile penetrating corundum, serpentine, deweylite, penuiuite, maguesite, asbestus, At Hawk Mine, oligoclase I On Yellow Mountain, cyanite ! 1078 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. Buchanan Mine. Gummite, yttrogummite (?), asbestus, beryl, allanite, muscovite, albite. phosphur any lite, cyanite, graphite, manganese garnet, black garnet, magnetite, limonite, apatitei orthoclase. Cane Creek. Ilmenite ! actinolite, talc, asbestus, (near head) graphite, rutile, garnet, samarskite. Cranberry. Magnetite, pyroxene, epidote, picrolite, hematite, orthoclase. Plum Tree Creek. Corundum crystals, hyalite. Near White Plains. Gummite with urauinite in a mica mine. Deake Mine. Quartz, flattened out between muscovite, muscomte! columbite! gummite, albite, gahuite, monazite. Flat Rock. Ilmenite, uraninite, gummite, zircon, garnet, epidote, zoisite, var. tliullte, muscomte, albite, orthoclase, uranotil, pJiosphuranylite, autunite ! Grassy Creek. Samarskite, ilmenite, kaolinite, beryl, large muscovite, autunite, hyalite, columbite, montmorillonite. Green's Mine. Fergusonite. Point Pizzle. Albite, apatite, pyrophyllite, actiuolite, beryl, garnet, manganese garnet, muscovite. Unaka Mountains. Magnetite, zircon, epidote, hematite. Wiseman Mine. Muscomte! kaolinite, hatchettolite, columbite, samarskite! altered samar- skite, rogersite, cyrtolite, epidote, garnet. North Toe River. Orthoclase, muscovite, chrysolite, talc, chrysotile, prochlorite, wad, garnet, serpentine, kaolin, chalcedony. Young's. On South Toe River, serpentine, garnet, talc, chrysolite, prochlorite, tremolite, pyrite. MONTGOMERY Co. Cottonstone Mountain. Pyrophyllite I Crump Mine. Gold in placers. Steele Mine. Gold! galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, albite, prochlorite, calcite. Swift Island Mine. Gold! in fine crystals. MOORE Co. Cheek Mine. Chalcopyrite, malachite, azurite, galena, red jasper, epidote, talc, calcite, argentite, pyroxene, limonite. Soapstone Quarry. Slaty pyrophyllite ! pseudomalachite. ORANGE Co. Hillsboro. Pyrite in cubes, wad, limonite, hematite, pyrophyllite, chlorite in fine scales, epidote, barite. At Latta Mine, braunite (?). PERSON Co. Barnett Mountain. White cyanite. Dillahay's Mine. Gold, radiated quartz. Gillis Mine. Chalcocite, pyrite, covellite, micaceous hematite, chrysocolla, cuprite, malachite, calcite, garnet, quartz, epidote. Leasburg. Tourmaline, albite (?). POLK Co. Numerous placer mines, with the usual associated minerals. RANDOLPH Co. Gold in beds and placers in numerous places. Near Ashboro. Pyrophyllite. Franklinsville. Five to seven miles west-northwest, leucopyrite. Pilot Klob. Pyrophyllite, gold in placers, acicular rutile in quartz. ROOKINGHAM Co. Madison. Chalcopyrite at W. Lindsay's, manganese garnet. Leaksville. Semi-bituminous coal. ROWAN Co. Gold Hill. Gold, bismuthinite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite at Honey- cutt's, magnetite. Salisbury. Orthoclase ! RUTHERFORD Co. Brindletown Creek. Diamond ! Rutherfordton. Quartz, pseudoinorphous after calcite I Shemwell Mine. Arborescent gold ! Twitty's Mine. Diamond. At the gold placers generally. Gold, corundum in grains and crystals, ilmenite, Tutile, chromite, brookite, garnet, zircon ! epidote, samarskite, xenotime ! monazite, fergusonite octahedrite, fibrolite. STANLEY Co. Gold in veins and placers. NORTH CAROLINA. 1079 STOKES CO. Bolejack's Quarry. Calcite, phlogopite, actinolite. Coffee Gap. Lazulite with muscovite in quartz. D anbury. Magnetite, pyrolusite, cyanite, actinolite. At Roger's ore bank, titanite, sul- phur ! Dan River. Opalescent quartz, anthracite and bituminous coal, prochlorite, hematite, magnetite. Germanton. Fossil wood. 2 miles east, serpentine, calcite, garnet. Peter's Creek. Sulphur. Sauratown Mountain. Itacolumyte, asbestus. Snow Creek. Phlogopite, granular calcite, agate, amethyst, hyalite, jasper, hematite, albite, pyrolusite. Stokesburg. Rock crystal, anthracite and bituminous coal. SURRY Co. Magnetic iron-ore beds at numerous localities. Dobson. Pyrolusite, talc in green crystals, serpentine, steatite, actinolite, breunnerite, magnesite, magnetite, chlorite, wad. Near Dobson, magnetite in prochlorite. Ararat River. Pyrite ! magnetite ! garnet, white cyanite ! Chestnut Mountain. Octahedral magnetite ! Pilot Mountain. Talc ! SWAIN Co. Bryson City. Rutile, zoisite, limonite after pyrite. Oconaluftee River. Gold, galena (argentiferous), pyrite, chalcopyrite. A Nichols's. Pyrolusite, chalcocite, tourmaline. Quallatown. Gold in placers. TRANSYLVANIA Co. Boyston River. Gold in placers, granular calcite, limonite. Brevard. Chlorite, graphite, limonite after pyrite, kaolin. Elsewhere. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, rose quartz, pyrrhotite, tourmaline, graphite. Near mouth of Looking-glass Creek, kaolin. UNION Co. Gold in numerous veins and beds mostly associated with galena and sphalerite. Pewter Mine. Electrum. Stewart Mine. Gold, electrum, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyromorphite. Walkup's Mine. Barite !, granular. WAKE Co. Northwest corner of county Serpentine, asbestus, actinolite, steatite, cyanite. Raleigh. Ilmenite, graphite, smoky quartz. Graphite ! at Tucker's Mill. WATAUGA Co. Beech Mountain. Fine-grained galena, pyrite, magnetite, hematite. At Pogie, galena. Cooke's Gap. Arsenopyrite, hematite, magnetite, itacolumyte, limonite, martite. Rich Mountain. Head of Cove Creek, chrornite, quartz crystals, actinolite, chrysolite, epidote, penuinite, tremolite. Elk Knob. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, epidote, limonite, garnet. Flannery Mine. Argentiferous galena. Boone Fork. Quartz crystals (fine). Elsewhere. Gold in placers, galena, fluorite, epidote, limonite, magnetite, cyanite, talc, chromite, chlorite, ilmeuite, asbestus. WlLKES Co Brushy Mountains. Asbestus. Elk Creek. Galena, cerussite. Flint Knob. Galena (argentiferous), pyrite. Elkin Creek. Barite, limonite, galena, cerussite. Honey Creek. Rutile in acicular crystals in brownish amethyst. Trap Hill Mine. Galena, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite (auriferous), pyrite, rutile, garnet, tour- maline, magnetite. Elsewhere. Graphite, corundum mostly altered into cyauite, pyrite, cyanite, mixture of muscovite, margarite, etc., resulting from the alteration of cyanite. YADKIN CO. Near Yadkinville. Gold, Hobson's Mine. Magnetite, tremolite, magnetite. At East Bend and elsewhere. Jonesville. Pyrite in cubes in slate, chalcopyrite. YANOEY Co. Grassy Knob (Black Mountains). Cyanite, muscovite. Black Mountain. Graphite. Bald Mountain. Grayish green actinolite, magnetite. 1080 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. Hampton's, Mining Creek. Chromite, chalcedony, enstatite, tremolite, actinolite, asbestus, chrysolite, ortlioclase, talc, serpentine, deweylite, penuiuite, magnesite, epidote in fine green crystals, bronzite, hornblende, prochlorite (?). Hurricane Mountain. Cyanite, titanite, muscovite. Ray's Mica Mine. Fluorite, pseudomorphous after apatite, yttrocerite (?), beryl, garnet, zircon, rutile, muscovite, also a scaly pink variety, orthoclase, tourmaline, black and yellowish green; kaoliuite, columbite, apatite, monazite, autuuite, amazou stone, cyanite, albite, smoky quartz, quartz crystals, actinolite, talc, glassy feldspar. South Toe River. Muscovite, garnet, hyalite, gummite, autunite, garnet. Profit's. Corundum, muscovite, asbestus, garnet, penninite (?). talc, chrysotile, fibrous talc. Young's Mine. Chlorite, serpentine, chrysolite, chromite, talc, asbestus, tremolite, pyrite, manganese garnet and garnet crystals, bronzite, tourmaline, muscovite. Presnell (Young's) Mine. Muscovite, albite, apatite, autunite. Gibb's Mine. Muscovite, albite, garnet, glassy feldspar. Guggenheim's Mine. Muscovite, albite, manganese garnet, apatite, hyalite, tourmaline, autunite. SOUTH CAROLINA. The chief economic minerals of South Carolina are gold and calcium phosphate. The gold belt extends from the N. Carolina border southwest across the counties York, Lancaster, Ches- terfield (incl. the Brewer mine), Kershaw, Fairfield, Union, Spartauburgh, Greenville, Pickens, Abbeville ; there are also auriferous gravels, chiefly in York, Union, and Spartauburgh Cos. (Min. Res. U. 8.). The phosphatic deposits are in Charleston, Berkeley, Colletou, and Beau- fort Cos., as noted on p. 769. ABBEVILLE Co. Oakland Grove. Gold (Dorn mine), galena, pyromorphite, amethyst, garnet. ANDERSON Co. Near Storeville. Zircon! red, brown, gray, and black, in the surface- soil. Most abundant at Thompson's and at Strickland's. Also columbite, fergusonite, mag- netite, and ilmenite. Corundum in crystals and massive, in the soil and in place, at Thomp- son's and elsewhere in the vicinity. Muscovite, with some columbite, at Wharton's, near the Savannah River. Garnet (spessartite) at Island Ford, Rocky River. (Note. Three hundred pounds of zircons some of over 2 oz. were gathered by hand, in about two weeks, from the region about Storeville, in 1888. Hidden.) Pendleton. Actinolite, galena, kaolin, tourmaline, zircon. Cheowee Valley. Galena, tourmaline, gold. CHESTERFIELD Co. Gold (Brewer's mine), talc, chlorite, pyrophyllite, pyrite, native bis- muth, bismuth carbonate, red and yellow ocher, whetstone, enargite. GREENVILLE Co. Near Marietta, polycrase! (pure black and a yellow hydrated variety), uraninite (nivenite), allanite. On Gap Creek, on Baynes' land, pyromorphite and cerussite) (argentiferous); on Tankersly's land, titanite, zircon, and corundum. Near Tigersville, zircon (pyramidal) in surface-soil. Also galena, kaolin, chalcedony in buhrstone, beryl, graphite, epidote, tourmaline. KERSHAW Co. Rutile. LANCASTER Co. Gold (Hale's mine), talc, chlorite, cyanite, itacolumyte, pyrite. Gold at Blackman's mine, Massey's mine, Ezell's mine. LAURENS Co. Corundum, damourite. NEWBERRY Co. Leadhillite. PIOKENS Co. Gold, manganese ores, kaolin. RICHLAND Co. Chiastolite, novaculite. SPARTANBURGH Co. Magnetite, chalcedony, hematite. At the Cowpens, limonite, graphite, limestone, copperas. Morgan mine, leadhillite, pyromorphite, cerussite. UNION Co. Fairforest gold-mines, pyrite, chalcopyrite. YORK Co. Gold at Magnolia mine; whetstones, witherite, barite, tetradymite. GEORGIA. Gold is present over a considerable portion of the state, particularly the northern part; it is mined both in quartz veins and as placer deposits, thus in Barton, Lumpkin, Rabun Cos.; also in Lincoln, Wilkes Cos., etc. (cf. p. 18). Hematite is also mined, as in Dade, Cherokee, and other northern counties; also limonite in Polk, Floyd Cos., etc.; pyrolusite at Cartersville, Bartow Co. There are also phosphatic deposits. The corundum belt extends across N. and S. Carolina to the northern part of this state as noted on p. 213. GEORGIA FLORIDA ALABAMA. 1081 BARTOW Co. Cartersville, Stegall, Allatoona, barite CartersviUe graphite, pyrolusite (mined). Stegall Station, graphite. BURKE and SCRIVEN COS. Hyalite. CHEROKEE Co. At Canton Mine, chalcopyrite, galena, clausthalite, plumboguuimite, hitchcockite, arsenopyrite, lauthanite, harrisite, cantonite, pyromorphite, automolite, zinc, staurolite, cyanite. Ball-Ground, spodumeue. Mines of hematite. CLARK CO. Clarksville. Gold, xenotime, zircon, rutile, cyanite, hematite, garnet, quartz. FANNIN Co. Staurolite! chalcopyrite. HABEKSHAM CO. Gold, pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, amphibole, garnet, quartz, kaolinite, soapstoue, chlorite, rutile, iron ores, tourmaline, staurolite, zircon. HALL Co. Gold, quartz, kaolin, diamond. Gainesville, corundum, margarite, etc. HEARD CO. Molybdenite, quartz. LEE Co. At the Chewacla Lime Quarry, dolomite, barite, quartz crystals. LINCOLN CO Lazulite! rutile! hematite, cyanite, ilmenite, pyrophyllite, gold. LUMFKIN CO. At Field's gold-mine, near Dahlonega, gold, tetradymite, pyrrhotite ; chlorite, ilmeuite, allanite, apatite. FAULDING- Co. Dallas, pyrite. POLK CO. Various limonite mines. RABFJN Co. Gold, chalcopyrite, muscovite, beryl, corundum. SPAULDING- Co. Tetradymite. TOWNS Co. Hiawassee. Corundum, pink, millerite, genthite. WASHING-TON Co. Near Saundersville. wavellite, fire-opal. WHITE Co. Racoochee Valley, diamond. FLORIDA. The phosphatic deposits, which have come into prominence since 1886, are noted on p. 769; cf. also Wyatt's work mentioned on p. 1027. Near Tampa Bay. Limestone, sulphur springs, chalcedony, agate, silicified shells and corals. ALABAMA. Hematite is extensively mined in the northern half of the state: this industry is of recent development and has gained great importance, the center is at Birmingham, Jefferson Co, (cf. p. 216). There are, further, limonite deposits, as in Cherokee, Etovvah Cos., etc. Gold also occurs in quartz veins and gravels as in the adjoining states, thus in Talladego, Clay Cos., etc. BIBB Co. Centreville. Iron ores, marble, barite, coal, cobalt. CHAMBERS Co. Near La Fayette, steatite, garnets, actinolite, chlorite. East of Oak Bowery, steatite. CHILTON Co. Muscovite, graphite, limonite, rutile. CLEBTJRNE Co. At Arbacoochee Mine, gold, pyrite, and three miles distant, cyanite, garnets. At Wood's Mine, black copper, azurite, chalcopyrite, pyrite. CLAY CO. Steatite, magnetite. Near Delta and Ashland, muscovite; southeast of Ashland & cassit erite. COOSA Co. Tantalite, gold, muscovite, cassiterite, rutile, mica. Near Bradford, zircon, corundum, asbestus. Near Rockford, tantalite. JEFFERSON CO. Birmingham. Hematite mines. RANDOLPH Co. Gold, pyrite, tourmaline, muscovite. At Louina, porcelain clay, garnet. TALLADEGA Co. Limonite. TALLAPOOSA Co. Dudleyville. Corundum, margarite, ripidolite, spinel, tourmaline, actinolite, steatite, asbestus, chrysolite, damourite, corundum altered to tourmaline (containing a nucleus of corundum), dudleyite. TTJSOALOOSA Co. Galena, pyrite, vivianite, limonite, calcite, dolomite, cyanite, steatite, quartz crystals, manganese ores. 1082 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. LOUISIANA. Rock salt (halite) is mined at Petite Anse Is., Saint Mary's parish, 4 miles west of Vermillion Bay. The deposit, of Tertiary age, is of considerable extent and is still productive (cf. p. 155). Gypsum is mined in Calcasieu parish near Lake Charles; there is also here a bed of native sulphur. TEXAS. BURNET Co. Calcite rhombohedrons in Bat Cave on D. G. Sherrard's land on Spring Creek ; lithographic limestone in ledges on Wood's land and elsewhere in the neighborhood; vesuvianite, hessonite, near Clear Creek. "Balls " of iron-ore in road, on the route to Llano C. H. near Colorado River; epidote, at Dupre's. Crystals of quartz, orthoclase, pyrite, and epidote, occasionally, at " Capitol Rock." Beaver Creek Distr., galena. Also sparingly cassiterite. CASS Co., also MARION Co., and elsewhere in eastern Texas. Iron ores, chiefly limonite. EDWARDS Co. Native sulphur. EL PASO CO., etc. In the Trans Pecos region, gold, native silver, cerargyrite, and other silver ores, native copper, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, galena, zinc ores, wulfenite, etc.; also cupro- descloizite (Clarke). GILLESPIE Co. Magnetite, hematite; further, garnet, beryl. LAMPASAS Co. Lampasas. Celestite crystals, sometimes of gigantic size. LLANO Co. Near Bluffton (5 m. south). At Barringer's mine, gadolinite ! yttrialite, rowlandite, fergusonite (several varieties), and allanite, all in large masses, rarely as crystals; also tkorogummite, nivenite, gummite, molybdenite, molybdite, cyrtolite, fluorite, tengerite(?), orthoclase in large crystals, magnetite, martite, and rarely quartz crystals in open pockets. At Hiram Castner's, 1 m. S., gadolinite, fergusonite, and cyrtolite, in a coarse granitic vein. Also huge orthoclase crystals. Babyhead Distr. At the Mexican Diggings, galena, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite, Also azurite, malachite; further, gold, magnetite, hematite, limonite, cassiterite. MASON Co. Iron ores, manganese ores (Spiller mine, south of Fly Gap), galena, cassiterite. MITCHELL CO. Rock salt near Colorado City at a depth of 850 ft. TOM GREEN Co. Native sulphur. TRAVIS Co. Celestite at Mount Bonnel, near Austin. ARKANSAS.* HOT SPRING and GARLAND Cos. In the elaeolite-syenite and related rocks of Magnet Cove, near Hot Springs, elceolite, biotite, orthoclase, garnet, schorlomite, pyroxene, cegirite! eudialyte ! (eucolite), titanite, astrophyllite, ilmenite, magnetite (incl. lodestone), microcline, apatite, ozarkite (thomsouite); cancrinite (secondary), tiuorite, wollastonite, uatrolite, apophyllite, manganopectolite, brucite. Also in leucitic dike rocks, pseudo-leucite (leucite altered to sauidine, etc. p. 426), elseolite, pyroxene, segirite, nielanite, titanite. Further as a result of contact meta- inorphism, in sandstone and novaculyte, quartz crystals! in the Crystal Mts., also brookitef (arkansite, in part alt. to rutile), rutile!; in calcite, perovskite ! (dysanalyte), hydrotitanite, monticellite ! apatite, vesuvianite, phlogopite. Also wavellite, thuriugite. At the Potash Sulphur Springs region, elseolite and sodalite syenite, with characteristic species, also as contact minerals, natroxonotlite (near wollastonite), apatite, quartz. Also rectorite, in the Blue Mt. mining distr., Marble township, 24 miles north of Hot Springs; further manganese ores. INDEPENDENCE and IZARD Cos. Manganese ores, incl. psilomelane, braunite, pyro lusite, wad. * See Arkansas Geol. Surv. (J. C. Branner), Report for 1888, vol. 1, pp. 274-292, T. B. Comstock. Also on the manganese deposits of the state, Rep. for 1890, vol. 1, Penrose; these deposits include (1) the Batesville region, chiefly in Independence and Izard Cos., and (2) the region in the southwestern part of the state extending from Pulaski Co. to Polk Co. and Indian Territory. On the igneous rocks of Arkansas, chiefly of the elaeolite-syenite type, also in part leucitic, and their associated minerals, e.g. Fourche Mt., Pulaski Co., of Saline Co., and of the Magnet Cove region, Garland Co., see Rep. for 1890, vol. 2, by J. Francis Williams. Considerable deposits of bauxite occur in Salina and Pulaski Cos. Antimony mines occur in Sevier Co. in the southwestern corner of the state. ARKANSAS MISSO URL 1083 LAWRENCE CO. Smitlisonite, dolomite, galena, niter. At Calamine, sniithsonite. MARION Co. Wood's Mine. Sniithsonite, hydrozincite (marionite), galena. Poke bayou, braunite? Morning Star mine, yellow smithsonite (containing cadmium, " turkey-fat ore"). MONTGOMERY Co. Variscite, wavellite and quartz; manganese ores; galena, tetrahedrite, bournouite, cerargyrite. NEWTON CO. Sneeds Creek. Newtonite. POLK CO. Manganese ores, incl. bog manganese, etc. PULASKI Co. Kellogg Mine. 10 m. north of Little Rock, tetrahedrite, tennantite> nacrite, galena, sphalerite, quartz, bauxite. SALINE Co. Elaeolite, astrophyllite, eudialyte. Ra-bbit Foot mine, millerite, bauxite. SEVIER Co. In the Antimony district (northern part of county) on the Cossatot river, at the Stewart Lode, etc., stihnite, stibiconite, bindheimite, jamesonite, zinkenite, dufrenite, eleo- norite. MISSOURI. For the distribution of the lead-mines, which are of great importance, see page 50. Mine la Motte, and some old openings in Madison Co., afford cobalt and nickel ores, associated with the galeua; the amount of these ores, however, does not exceed 1 to 3 p. c. of the lead ore. At Granby, Newton Co., and Aurora, Madison Co., calamine is abundant in the surface ores, but below a depth of about 100 feet gives place to sphalerite. In other sections of central and southwestern Missouri, sphalerite is the prevailing ore. Smithsonite is very rare in the southwest region, so much so as to be a mineralogical curiosity. At Carthage in Jasper county, smith- souite occurs massive and crystalline, formed by a pseudomorphic replacement of irregular masses of limestone included in the ore body, at the Porter mines. Sphalerite is now the most abundant zinc ore, aggregating more than 90 p. c. of the total production. The ores of this region were originally deposited as galena and sphalerite, the other minerals being formed by their oxidation and decomposition (Jenney). Gold has been found in the drift sand of Northern Missouri (Broadhead). ADAIR Co. Gothite in calcite. BURTON CO. McCarrow's mine, pickeringite. COLE Co. Old Circle Diggings and elsewhere. Barite! galena, chalcopyrite, malachite, azurite, pyrite, calcite, calamine, sphalerite. COOPER Co. Collins Mine. Malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite, smithsonite, galena, sphalerite, limouite. CRAWFORD Co. At Scotia iron bed, hematite, amethyst, gothite, dufrenite at the Cherry Valley mines, cacoxenite, malachite. DADE Co. Smithsouite. FRANKLIN Co. Cove Mines, Virginia Mines, and Mine a Burton. Galena, minium, cerussite, auglesite, barite. At Stanton copper-mine, native copper, chalcotrichite, malachite, amirite, chalcopyrite. Also, Mexican onyx. IRON Co. At Pilot Knob and Shepherd Mountain, hematite, magnetite, limonite, manganese oxide, bog manganese, serpentine, talc. JASPER CO. Joplin Mines. Crystallized galena! often octahedral, sphalerite! pink and white crystallized dolomite, crystallized calcite! in scaleuohedrons with curved faces, bitumen, marcasite ! greenockite coating sphalerite, chalcopyrite in small spbenoidal crystals. Webb City and Carterville. Galena, crystallized sphalerite, ruby blende (small brilliant crystals of transparent ruby-red or garnet-colored sphalerite, adhering to massive sphalerite and dolomite), crystallized marcasite, occasionally in brilliant iridescent crystals, ferro-goslarite. At the Cave Springs mines, near Kansas boundary, crystallized pyrite associated with sphalerite. At the Empire mines, 2 miles southwest of Joplin, galena, spJialerite, greenockite, inar- casite, barite. JEFFERSON Co. Valle's. Galena, cerussite, anglesite, calamine, smithsonite, sphalerite, hydroziiicite, chalcopyrite, malachite, azurite, pyrite, barite, witherite, limonite. Frumet Mines. Galena, barite! smithsonite! pyrite, limonite. LAWRENCE Co. Aurora Mines. Galena, sphalerite, crystallized calamine, cerussite, dolo- mite, zinciferous tallow clay, crystallized calcite. MADISON Co. Mine la Motte. Galena! cerussite! siegenite (nickel-linuseite), smaltite, asbolite (earthy black cobalt ore), bog manganese, marcasite, chalcopyrite, malachite, caledonite. plumbogummite, wolframite, aragonite. 1084 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. At Einstein Silver-mine, galena (argentiferous), sphalerite, wolframite, pyrite, quartz, muscovite, actinolite, fluorite, tungstite (common). Also arsenopyrite, almandite, lepidolite in granite. MORGAN Co. Oordray Diggings. Galena, sphalerite, crystallized barite. At Florence, flat crystals of barite banded with light blue. In the eastern part of the county, crystallized sphalerite. cerussite, pyromorpliite, small caves in the upper parts of the ore bodies. Zinciferous tallow clay is also very abundant in the upper parts of the ore bodies. PETTIS Co. Near Smithton and Sedalia, barite in flat crystals banded with white. ST. FRANCOIS Co. Iron Mountain. Specular-hematite, ilmenite, limonite, rhodochrosite in seams, mangano-calcite, calcite, hessonite, apatite, tuugstite, wolframite. ST. GENEVIEVE Co. At the Corn-wall Copper-mines, cltalcopyrite, cuprite, malachite, azurite, covellite, chalcocite, bornite,melacouite, chalcanthite, chrysocolla. ST. Louis Co. Near St. Louis. Millerite (in the Subcarboniferous St. Louis limestone, largely a magnesian limestone) with calcite! and cryst. dolomite, barite, fluorite, anhydrite, gypsum, strontianite. Cheltenham. Gypsum' \n clay. Quarantine, magnesite. WASHINGTON Co. At Potosi, galena, cerussite, anglesite, barite. WAYNE Co. Granite bend, copiapite (rare) on pyrite, hyalite. TENNESSEE. There are copper mines in Polk Co. ; extensive hematite and limonite deposits; zinc mines in Union and Jefferson Cos., etc. Brown's Creek. Galena, sphalerite, barite, celestite. CLAIBORNE CO. Calamine, galena, srnithsonite, chlorite, steatite, magnetite. COOKE C. Near Bush Creek. Cacoxenite? dufrenite, iron sinter, stilpnosiderite, brown hematite. DAVIDSON Co. Selenite, with granular and snowy gypsum, or alabaster, crystallized and compact anhydrite, fluorite in crystals, calcite in crystals. Near Nashville. Blue celestite (crystallized, fibrous, and radiated), with barite in limestone, anhydrite. Haysboro', galena, sphalerite, with barite as the gaugue of the ore. DIOKSON Co. Manganite. GREENE CO. 12 miles from Greeneville, barite in veins in dolomite. JEFFERSON Co. Mossy Creek. Calamine, smithsonite, sphalerite, galena, fetid barite. KNOX Co. Magnesian limestone, native iron, variegated marbles. MAURY Co. Wavellite in limestone. MCMINN CO. Whetwell, near Mouse Creek. Barite. MONROE Co. Carter Mine. Galena. At Buck Miller mine, argentiferous tetrahedrite. POLK Co. Ducktown Mines, S. E. corner of state. Melaconite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, native copper, bornite, rutile. zoisite, galena, harrisite, alisonite, sphalerite, pyroxene, tremolite, vulphates of copper and iron in stalactites, allophane, rahtite, chalcocite (ducktownite), chalco- trichite, azurite, malachite, pyrrhotite, limonite, graphite. ROANE CO. E. declivity of Cumberland Mts., wavellite in limestone. SEVIER CO. Alum Cove. Alum (in part apjolmite), epsomite. melanterite in shale. In caverns, epsomite, soda alum, niter, nitrocalcite, breccia marble. SMITH CO. Barite, gangue of lead vein, fluorite. Smoky Ml On declivity, amphibole, garnet, staurolite. UNION CO. Stiner's Zinc-mine, Powell's River. Sphalerite, calarnine, smithsonite. Caldswell mine, galena. KENTUCKY. ANDERSON Co. Galena, barite. KENTUCKY-OHIO INDIANA ILLINOIS-MICHIGAN. 1085 BOURBON Co. Paris Barite. BOYLE Co. Witherite, also in Garrard and Lincoln Cos. CLINTON Co. Geodes of quartz. CRITTENDEN Co. Columbia Mines. Galena, fluorite, calcite. EDMONDSON Co. At Mammoth Cave, gypsum rosettes! calcite stalactites, niter, epsomite. FAYETTE Co. 6 m. N. E. of Lexington, galena, barite, witherite, sphalerite. LIVINGSTON Co. Near the line of Union Co., galena, chalcopyrite, large vein of fluorite. LYON CO. BddyviUe. Vivianite. MERCER Co. At McAfee, fluorite, pyrite, calcite, barite, celestite. MONROE Co. Sulphur Lick. Sphalerite, galena. OWEN Co. Galena, barite. OHIO. Bainbridge (Copperas Mt., a few miles east of B.). Calcite, barite, pyrite, copperas, alum. Canfield and Ellsworth. Gypsum! Lake Erie. Green or Strontian Island, celestite! Put-in-Bay Island, sulphur! calcite. Sinking Springs. Hematite. White House. Celestite, calcite. Youngstown. Rock salt in borings for gas. INDIANA. Limestone Caverns, Cory don Caves, etc. Epsomite. In most of the southwest counties, pyrite, iron sulphate, and feather alum. On Sugar Creek, pyrite and iron sulphate. In sandstone of Lloyd Co. , near the Ohio, gypsum. At the top of the blue limestone formation, brown spar, calcite. LAWRENCE Co. Indianaite. PUTNAM Co. Eaglesfield. Siderite. ILLINOIS. Lead ores, chiefly galena, are extensively mined in the northwestern part of the State (cf. p. 50), thus in Jo Daviess and Stephenson Cos. GALLATIN Co., on a branch of Grand Pierre Creek, 16 to 30 m. from Shawneetown, down the Ohio, and from a half to eight miles from this river. Violet fluorite ! in Carboniferous lime- stone, barite, galena, sphalerite, limouite. HANCOCK Co. At Warsaw, quartz geodes containing calcite! chalcedony, dolomite, sphalerite ! brown spar, pyrite, aragonite, gypsum, bitumen. HARDIN Co. Near Rosiclare. Calcite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, fluorite. 5 m. back from Elizabethtown, bog-iron. One mile north of the river, between Elizabethtown and Rosiclare, niter. Jo DAVIESS Co. At Galena, galena, calcite, pyrite, sphalerite. At Marsden's diggings, galena I sphalerite, marcasite (all together in stalactites), pyrite, cerussite. Quincy. Calcite! pyrite. Scales Mound. Barite, pyrite. POPE Co. Galena, fluorite. MICHIGAN. A. LOWER PENINSULA. BRANCH Co. Coldwater. Kidney ore, siderite and limonite. losco CO. (SaginawBay). Alabaster! gypsum. Aux Grees River (headwaters). Gypsum. JACKSON Co. Jackson. Pyrite, kidney ore. 1086 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. KENT Co. Grand Rapids. Gypsum (selenite), calcite, dolomite, anhydrite. Grandville. Gypsum, etc. MONROE Co. Brest. Calcite, amethystine quartz, apatite, celestite. Monroe. Aragonite, apatite. Point aux Feaux. Amethystine quartz, apatite, celestite, calcite. Stony Point. Apatite, amethystine quartz, celestite, calcite. TUSCOLA Co. S. 16, T. 13, R. 11. Sphalerite. B. UPPER PENINSULA. The principal regions are the Marquette, Menominee, and Gogebic iron ranges, and the Keweenaw copper range. MARQUETTE Co. Presque Isle. Serpentine, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite, dolomite, chal- cedony, agate, chrysotile, enstatite, diallage, olivine, native copper, sphalerite, calcite, chromite. Partridge Island. Agate (in narrow veins in gabbro). Picnic Islands. Epidote, hornblende. Mount Mesnard. Chalcocite, hematite. Chocolate River. Galena, chalcocite. Marquette. [The above localities are not far from the city], mauganite, galena. Holyoke Mine District. Galena, gold, sphalerite, chalcopyrite. Negaunee. Hematite! martite, limonite, gothite, pyrolusite, manganite, psilomelane, wad, barite ! kaolinite, rhodochrosite, jasper, calcite, quartz, orthoclase, tourmaline. The Jackson mine is prominent for minerals. Goose Lake. Dolomite, in flesh-colored rhombs, on lighter ground in bluffs N. E. of lake. Palmer. Hematite. At the Wheat mine, rJwdochrosite, dolomite, orthoclase, calcite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, chlontoid! especially 4 m. S. of the town, also in other places near by and in a line from here to Champion. Ishpeming. Hematite! micaceous, botryoidal and in cubes after pyrite, limonite, gothite, jasper, pyrite, quartz, feldspar. Moss Mountain (near Ishpeming). Talc. Ishpeming Gold Range. Ropes, Michigan Gold, and other mines, gold, pyrite, pyrrhotite, tourmaline, epidote, molybdenite, magnetite, pyroxene, dolomite, picrolite, precious serpentine ! williamsite, chrysotile, talc ! H.umboldt.Chloritoid! tourmaline, magnetite, hematite (martite), griinerite, garnet. Republic. Magnetite, hematite, hornblende, garnet. N. W. of the town, between here and Michigamme, staurolite, etc. Champion. Near the old furnace, magnetite, hematite, griinerite, garnet. At the mine, chloritoidf garnet, tourmaline, apatite, Muscovite, chlorite, magnetite (lodestone), hematite (mar- tite), griinerite, pyrite, jasper. Michigamme. Garnet, changed to chlorite, magnetite, etc. Lake Michigamme. On the islands, e.g. Goat Island and Silver Island, staurolite in schist, garnet, margarite, and in quartz veins andalusite ! green apatite ! mica, chlorite. Wetmore, Webster, and Beaufort Mines. Limonite, botryoidal and mammillary. BARAGO Co. Graphite, wad, limonite, pyrite, especially near L'Anse. Huron Islands. Native copper in granite. ONTONAGON, HOTJGHTON, and KEWEENAW Cos. The productive copper-mines lie in these counties. At the north end of Keweenaw Point the copper is mainly in fissure-veins across the formation, and from them some of the best crystallized specimens have come, but most of the mines are not now worked. About Portage Lake in Keweenaw County the copper occurs mainly impregnating amygdaloids and conglomerates, while near Rockland, in Ontonagon Co., the copper is collected in fissures running with the formation. So many minerals occur throughout the district, and the exact mines which may be open or yield a particular mineral vary so from time to time that only one list of minerals is given, and, further, after particular minerals the mine is mentioned with which they are or have been most closely associated. Native copper ! (Phoenix mine), native silver f chalcopyrite, chalcocite, domeykite (Albion mine, Keweenaw Co. , also Sheldon and Columbia mine, Houghton), whitneyite (Houghton), algodonite (Houghtou), bornite (Mendota, Mt. Bohemia, Huron mine), horn-silver, melaconite (Copper Harbor), cuprite, manganese ores, saponite, azurite, malachite, chrysocolla, prehnite (Tamarack and Quincy mines), laumontite (leonhardite, white), datolite (crystals from Copper Falls, the porcelain-like var. widespread, e.g. Isle Royale, Quiucy, Minnesota mines), heulaudite, orthoclase (Superior mine), analcitef (Houghtou, Phoenix, pink at Copper Falls), chabazite, meso- type and natrolite (Copper Falls mine), apophyllite (Cliff mine), wollastonite (ib.), calcite! (large water-clear crystals often inclosing copper at many places, e.g. Central, Phoenix and Cliff, Quincy and Franklin and National mines), dolomite (Phoenix and National mines), quartz crystals from Franklin and Minnesota mines, amethystine out on Keweenaw Point), barite (Centennial mine), selenite (National mine). WISCONSIN MINNESOTA. 1087 Isle Royale. Formation and minerals similar to those of Keweenaw Point ; also chloras- trolite, barite. IRON, DICKINSON, MENOMINEE, and DELTA Cos. In these counties is the Meuominee iron range, with the usual iron minerals; the ores are mainly soft hematite and limouite, with calcite (of peculiar habit at the Bessie, Metropolitan, and Chapiu mines), siderite, chalcopyrite Chapin Mine), orthoclase (Norway), dolomite. In this district occur large crystals of tremolite and diopside in altered dolomites, e.g. at Metropolitan and S. 35, T. 42, R. 29" also S. 35, T. 42, R. 30. Emmet Mine. Pyrite, calcite, hematite, martite, chalcopyrite, azurite, malachite. GOGEBIC Co. Like the Menomiuee Range, hematites, limonite, jasper. Bessemer. With the iron ores, calcite, feldspar, kaolinite ! aragonite, pyrite, dolomite, marcasite. Copp's Mine, 6 m. N. of Marenisco. The usual iron ores, and near by galena, chalco- pyrite, chert, sphalerite, pink dolomite, siderite. ALGER, LUCE. SCHOOLCRAFT, CHIPPEWA. MACKINAC Cos. Formation sedimentary with dolomite, calcite, tiuorite, celestite, and bog-iron ore at times. St. Ignace, gypsum. Drummond Is., celestite. WISCONSIN. Galena is extensively mined in La Fayette, Grant, Iowa, and Green Cos. ; also zinc ores, smithsouite ("dry-bone"), and in the same region sphalerite. Iron (hematite, also limonite) is mined in the Meuominee range, Florence Co.; in the Peuokee-Gogebic range (in part magnetite), Lincoln and Ashland Cos.; also in Dodge Co. the Clinton red hematite or "fossil ore." Blue Mounds. Cerussite. Hazelgreen (Grant Co.). Calcite, cerussite. Lac de Flambeau R. Garnet, cyauite. Douglas Co., Left-Hand R. (near small tributary). Malachite, chalcocite, native copper, cuprite, malachite, niccolite, tetrahedrite, epidote, quartz crystals. Madison (Dane Co.). Quartz with secondary enlargements (Potsdam sandstone of C. & N. E. R. R. cut). Marshfield (Wood Co.). Graphite. Mineral Point and vicinity, in S. W. counties of Wisconsin. Copper and lead ores, chryso- colla, azurite! chalcopyrite, malachite, galena, cerussite, anglesite (rare), leadhillite? sphalerite, pyrite, barite, calcite, marcasite, smithsonite ! (including pseudomorphs after calcite and sphalerite, so-called "dry-bone"), calamiue, bornite, hydrozincite, melanterite, sulphur. Shullsburg, galena ! sphalerite, pyrite. At Emmet's digging, galena and pyrite. Montreal River Portage. Galena in gneissoid granite. Penokee and Menominee Iron Ranges S. of L. Superior. Hematite, magnetite, siderite, actinolite, garnet. Plum Creek (Pearce Co.). Diamonds. Sauk Co. Hematite, malachite, chalcopyrite. Scales Mound. Barite crystals. Tomah (Monroe Co.). Glauconite. Wauwatosa (Milwaukee Co.). Celestite. Wisconsin River. Kaolin (near Grand Rapids), serpentine (below mouth of Copper River). MINNESOTA. Hematite and magnetite are extensively mined as ores of iron in Itasca, St. Louis, Lake, and Cook counties; labradorite (anorthite, R. D. Irving, Mon. 5, TJ. S. G. Survey, p. 438 et seq.) occurs in huge blocks in diabase and even forms mountain masses around Little Saganaga lake; several species of zeolites are abundant at many points in the diabase rocks of the N. shore of Lake Superior, e.g. in Cook Co. Brown and Nicollet Cos. Geodes and lenticular masses of calcite. Carlton Co. Amphibole (actinolite). Chisago Co. Calcite, copper, dolomite, epidote, malachite. Cook Co. Agate, apophyllite, bornite, barite, chlorite, copper, gold, graphite, hematite, labradorite, laumontite, thomsonite, lintonite, magnetite, ilmenite, chrysolite, silver, sphalerite,, stilbite. Fillmore, Houston, and Winona Cos. Calcite (travertine), limonite (pseudomorph after marcjisite of the cockscomb form). 1088 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. Goodhue Co. Amethyst and chert in cavities in dolomite. Hennepin and Ramsey Cos. Calcite, pyrite, seleuite. Itasca Co. Hematite, magnetite. Kanabec Co. Muscovite, am phi bole (actinolite). Lake Co. Hematite, labmdorite, magnetite, ilmenite, chrysolite. Morrison Co. Actiuolite, garnet, hyperstheue, chrysolite, quartz, staurolite. Olmsted Co. Gold in small placer deposits. Pine Co. Copper, epidote, thomsonite? Pipestone and Rock Cos. Catliuite. Redwood Co. Amphibole, orthoclase, red ocher, lignite. Renville Co. Quartz in partially tilled veins in gneiss. St. Louis Co. Hematite, calcite, copper, chlorite, diallage and labradorite in large cleaved fragments from the gabbro, epidote, fluorite, hematite, heulandite, titaniferous magnetite, quartz. Todd Co. Apatite and epidote. Washington Co. Sphalerite. Yellow Medicine Co. Orthoclase. IOWA. Galena is extensively mined in the north-eastern part of the state near the Mississippi river, thus in Clayton, Allamakee Co. (p. 50). Dubuque Lead Mines, and elsewhere. Galena ! calcite, splialerite, black oxide of manganese* barite, pyrite. At Ewiug's and Sherard's diggings, smithsonite, calamine. Des Moines. Quartz crystals, seleuite. Makoqueta R. Limonite. Near Durango, galena. 7 m. from Dubuque, aragonite. Cedar River, a branch of the Des Moines. Selenite in crystals, in the bituminous shale of the Coal measures; also elsewhere on the Des Moines, gypsum abundant, argillaceous iron ore, side rite. Fort Dodge. Celestile, gypsum, pyrite. New Galena. Octahedral galena, anglesite. Bentonsport, and elsewhere in southern Iowa, in geodes. Chalcedony, quartz, calcite, dolomite, pyrite, kaolinite. SOUTH DAKOTA. The Black Hills region, in Lawrence, Pennington, and Custer counties, affords gold both in quartz veins and placers, tin (cassiterite) in some quantity and in similar relations; further, mica, feldspar, also columbite, tantalite, beryl, spodumeue, uraninite, hiibnerite, triphyllite, etc. CUSTER Co. Arseuopyrite, cassiterite, mica. Buffalo Gap. Calcite! LAWRENCE Co. Nigger Hill pistr. Columbite, cassiterite. Also galena, cerussite, cerargyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite. Redwater Valley. Gypsum. Bear Lodge range, gold. PENNINGTON Co. Etta Tin Mine. Cassiterite, spodumene! mica, orthoclase, columbite! arsenopyrite, scorodite, olivenite, tourmaline, garnet, hubuerite. The Ingersoll Claim, 10 m. E. of Harney Peak. Cassiterite, columbite, tantalite beryl. Bald Mtn. Uraninite, torbernite or autunite. Nickel Plate Tin Mine. Triphylite, spodumene, beryl. Silver City. Galena, arseuopyrite, jamesonite. Rockford. Graphite. Sunday Gulch. Barite, corundum. Queen Bee Mine. Galena, arseuopyrite. Near Hill City. Ottrelite. The Bad Lands of North Dakota are stated to afford corundum; also fine jet is said to occur near Fort Berthold, N. D. (J. S. Murphy). KANSAS. Zinc and lead are extensively mined in the south-eastern part of the state in the counties adjoining Missouri. Rock-salt is obtained by borings in Saline, Harper, Davis, Ellsworth, Rice, and other counties, in beds of considerable extent and great purity; also gypsum in Saline Co., and common elsewhere. Brown Co. Red cekstite. KANSAS COLORADO. 1089 Cherokee Co. Galena, cerussite, anglesite, sphalerite, calamine, amorphous white sphalerite (p. 62), chalcopyrite in tetrahedral crystals, greenockite coatiug sphalerite. Linn Co. Lead and zinc ores. On Short Creek, galena, cerussite, anglesite, sphalerite, calamine. Saline Co. Salina. Barite, halite, gypsum. Wallace Co., etc. Gypsum in crystals. COLORADO. BOULDER Co. The Central part, between Jamestown and Magnolia, is noted for ricK tellurides with tellurium. Central Distr. (Smuggler miue, etc., in mica schist or gneiss). Tellurides, pyrite. Gold Hill Distr. (Red Cloud, etc., mines). Gold, tellurides of gold, silver, mercury and lead, tetradymite, pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite. Magnolia Distr. Tellurides, etc., tellurium ores of the range including altaite, hessite, petzite, sylvanite, telLurite, native tellurium, calaverite, coloradoite, melonite, magnolite, and the associated ores, argentite, amalgam, native mercury, native bismuth, bismuthinite, bismutite, pyrargyrite, iodyrite, kobellite, schirmerite, hiibnerite. Sunshine and Sugar Loaf districts afford tellurides. Ward Distr. Aurif. pyrite and chalcopyrite, gold. Grand Island Distr., Caribou mine. Silver, argentif. galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, gold, sphalerite. Sugar Loaf distr., chalcocite, pyrrhotite, manganesian garnet. CHAFFEE Co. Arrow Mine, jarosite with turgite. Gold gravels at Cash Creek, etc. Calumet. Calumet mine, epidote. Cotopaxi Mine. Gahnite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite. Monarch Distr. Massive anglesite, cerussite, brochautite, etc. Mt. Antero (about 10 miles N. W. of Salida). Phenacite ! bertrandite ! aquamarine! topaz! orthoclase, hematite in crystals, bismutite, fluorite, muscovite, smoky quartz. Nathrop. In cavities in rhyolite, topaz, grarne* (spessartite). Salida. At Sedalia copper mine, garnet! chalcopyrite, malachite, azurite and chrysocolla; corundum in mica schist. CLEAR CREEK Co Georgetown. Argentif. galena, native silver, pyrargyrite, argentite, tetrahedrite (tennantite), pyromorphite, sphalerite, azurite, polybasite (Amer. Sister's mine), aragonite. barite, fluorite, polybasite (Terrible Lode), mica. Trail Creek, garnet, epidote. Freeland Lode. Tennantite, chalcopyrite, auglesite. caledonite, cerussite, teuorite, siderite, azurite, minium. Champion Lode, teuorite, azurite, chrysocolla, malachite. Gold Belt Lode, vivianite. Coyote Lode, malachite, cyanotrichite. Virginia District. Galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, tetrahedrite. Idaho Springs. Pyrite, chalcopyrile, fine crystallized tennantile at Crocett Mine, opal. CUSTER Co. Near Rosita and Silver Cliff, 6 m. W. of R., argentif. galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, annabergite, carrying silver and gold, ores at the latter place iucrusting fragments or pebbles of country rock, calamine, smitfisonite , jamesonite, tetrahedrite, tellurides. of silver and gold, niccolite. Rosita Hills, alunite, diaspore. At the Racine Boy mine, cerussite. cerurgyrite. At the Gem mine, 12 m. N". of Silver Cliff, niccolite, bornite, pyrite. East slope of Sangre de Cristo, Verde mine, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite, pyrite, annabergite. EAGLE CO. Red Cliff. Black Iron miue, fibroferrite. Holy Cross Mt., turquois. DOUGLAS Co. Devil's Head. lopaz! microcline. albite, phenadte, smoky quartz, gothite, fluorite, allanite, inanganite, gadolinite, samarskite, cassiterite. EL PASO CO. In the granite of the Pike's Peak region, microcline! albite, smoky quartz, topaz, etc. Thus near Florissant, 12 m. N. W. from the Peak, microcline! topaz! On Elk Creek, pheuacite, microcline (amazon-stone), smoky quartz ! amethyst ! albite, fluorite, zircon! columbite! South of Manitou, in Crystal Park, topaz, phenadte, zircon. Topaz Butte, 16 m. from Peak, phenadte. W. of Cheyenne, N. E. base of St. Peter's Dome, in quartz vein, zircon, astrophyllite, arfvedsonite, cryolite, thomsenolite, gearksutite, prosopite, ralstonite, elpasolite, tysonite, bast- na"site, xenotime, rutile, danalite (rare), fayalite. In another vein, prosopite, zircon, fluorite, kaoliuite, yellowish mica, cryolite. Between Colorado Springs and Canon City, barite. Garden of the Gods, celestite, rhodochrosite. GILPIN Co. Veins in gneiss or granite. Near Central City, orthoclase crystals in porphyry, tnnnantite. f Gregory distr. (near Central City), about Black Hawk (Bobtail miue, etc.), r.haleo- pyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, enargite, massive uraninite, and fluorite. In Willis Gulch, 1090 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. uraninite (Wood mine). Nevada district (next west of Gilpin), galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, etc. Russell distr. (in Russell Gulch), galena, tetrahedrite, enargite, pyrite, fluorite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, epidote, tenuantite. GUNNISON CO. (W. of Sa \vatch Mts. and S. of Elk Mts.). Ruby district, arsenopyrite, in quartz vein, protistite, tetrahedrite, pyrargyrite. On Brush Creek, W. base of Teocalli Mtn., niccoliferous lollingite, smaltite, rnarcasite, native silver, proustite, pyrargyrite, argentite, galena, chalcopyrite, in a gnngue of siderite, barite, and calcite. Augusta Mt. Freieslebenite. Domingo Mine. Uraninite, warreriite. Redwell Basin. Kaolinite. HINSDALE Co. Lake City, Hot ch kiss Lode, petzite, calaverite. Lake district, argent. galena, freibergite, sphalerite, aurif. chalcopyrite, argentobismutite. Park district, stephanite, galena, chalcopyrite. Galena district, argent, galena, freibergite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, rhodocrosite, stephauite, ruby silver, gold, silver. HUERFANO Co. Southern border, N. slope, W. Spanish Peaks, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite. JEFFERSON Co. Near Golden, on Table Mtn., leucite, analcite, apophyllite, chabazite, levynite, laumoutite, mesolite, natrolite, scolecite, ptilolite, stilbite, thomsonite, calcite, aragon- ite. Turkey Creek, coluinbite. LARIMER Co. Fort Collins. Muscovite. LAKE Co. (between Mosquito Mts. and Sawach Range, both Archaean at center), supplying three fourths of the silver and gold of Colorado, with Paleozoic rocks between, and great eruptive formations. About Leadville (or California mining district), on W. portion of Mosquito Range, and mostly confined to Lower Carbonif. limestone, and generally beneath eruptive rocks, silver, galena, cerussite, aragpnite, anglesite, cerargyrite, bromyrite, iodyrite, embolite, aurif. chalcopyrite, native arsenic, descloizite and pyrite, sphalerite, pyromorphite, mimetite, calamine, minium, pyrolusite, rhodochrosite, sphalerite, bismuthinite, bismutite, gold. Alicante (16 m. N. of Leadville). Rhodochrosite! sphalerite, pyrite; minium (Stone mine). Lillian Mines (on Printerboy Hill), kobellite, lillianite, cerussite" caledonite. Also Florence mine, bismutite. Ute and Ule mines, stephanite, galena, sphalerite, chalcocite. Homestake Peak, N. W. corner of county, argent, galena. Golden Queen mine, scheelite, gold. LA PLATA Co. (S. of San Juan Co.). S. side of La Plata Mts., 2 m. N. of Parrott City, aurif. pyrite, galena, tetrahedrite, cosalite, sphalerite, tell.urides, sylvauite, gold (Comstock mine). LASSEN Co. Susanville. Muscovite. OURAY CO. (W. of N. end of Hiusdale Co., with Uncornpaghgre Mts. between). Near Ouray, argent, galena, some freibergite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, hubnerite, rhodochrosite. tetrahedrite. At Silver Bell mine, kobellite, barite, chalcopyrite. At Sneffels (near Mt. Sneffels). Freibergite, pyrargyrite, stephanite, argent, galena, cerussite, etc. Upper San Miguel and Iron Springs districts, similar ores. Yankee Girl Mine,- stromeyerite, proustite. PARK Co. Mines chiefly along its northwest side, on the E. slope of the Mosquito Range, in the Paleozoic region of its eastern side, near eruptive rocks. In N. part Hall's Valley, veins in .gneiss, galena, cuprobismutite (Missouri mine), tetrahedrite, enargite, pyrite, sphalerite, fluorite, barite, ilesite. Near Grant, Baltic Lode, beegerite. N. W. of Alma, on Mt. Bross and Mt. Lincoln, in Carbonif. limestone, argent, galena, cerussite, anglesite, cerargyrite, barite, manganese oxide. In Buckskin Gulch (between these rats.), in Cambrian quartzyte, aurif. pyrites, gold, silver, galena. Sweet Home and Tanner Boy Mines, S. W. side of Mt. Bross, 'in Archaean, rhodochrositt in the latter. In Mosquito Gulch, south of Alma, near Horseshoe, argent, galena, cerussite. Mines of Lincoln Mtn. at 13,000 to 14,000 ft. elevation. PITKIN CO. (between Elk Mts. and Sawatch Range). At Independence, on W. slope of Sawatch, on the Roaring Fork, in Archaean, and west of Aspen, on the N. E. slope of Elk Mts,, Alpine Pass, Pitkin and Tin Cup mines, in limestone, cerussite, cerargyrite, cuprite. Aspen. Polybasite, tennantite, argentite, pyrite, silver, aragonite, chalcopyrite, bornite. PUEBLO Co. Turkey Creek, near Pueblo, muscovite. Rio GRANDE Co. At head of Rio Alamosa, near Suminitville, E. part of San Juan Mts., gold, in quartz vein, enargite. SAN JUAN Co. (S. and S. E. of E. end of San Miguel Co., crossed by the San Juan Mts.). WYOMING MONTANA. 1091 Silverton. North Star mine, Sultau Mountain, tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, hubnerite, rhodochrosite, all in good crystals. Bonita Mt., hiibnerite. Zuni mine, zunyite embedded in guitermanite. Whale Mine, massive auglesite. Red Mountain District. Enargite, tetrahedrite (argent.), tennantite, chalcopyrite, bornite, stromeyerite, polybasite, argentite, cerussite, azurite, kaoliniie. Poughkeepsie Gulch, Alaska mine, alaskaite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite, barite, tellurite. Yankee Girl mine, cosalite. SAN MIGUEL Co. (S. of Ouray Co., eastern part including N. portion of San Juan Mts.). At Telluride, galena, stephanite, chalcopyrite, gold, electrum. SUMMIT Co. In southeastern part, on W. slope of Archaean " Front Range," near Monte- zuma and Peru, argent, galena, etc. In southern part, near headwaters of Blue R., S. of Breckenridge, near Robinson, on Quandary Park, etc., in limestone, argent, galena, pyrite, native gold, sphalerite, cerargyrite. Chalk Mtn., junction of Summit Park and Eagle Cos., in rhyolyte (nevadite), sanidine, topaz in small crystals. Snake River District, alabandite (Queen of the West mine), with rhodochrosite, galena, argentite, pyrite. Black Prince mine, stromeyerite. French Creek, native bismuth in placers. Kokomo, orthoclase ! in crystals. Breckenridge, crystallized gold! Near Moutezuma, Rust Tunnel, pyrite! Josephine mine, pyrite. WELD Co. Near Sterling, blue barite! WYOMING. Albany Co., 14 m. S. W. of Laramie City. Mirabttite. Laramie Co. Near Hartville, chalcocite, chrysocolla, cuprite, malachite. 18 m. E. of Laramie City, graphite. Sweetwater Co. Near Atlantic City, S. Pass City, and Miner's Delight, gold in quartz veins. Near Independence Rock, sodium carbonates (trona, etc.). In fossils in Bad Lauds, barite crystals. YELLOWSTONE PARK and Vicinity. At the Geyser Basins, geyserite! native sulphur. Mammoth Hot Springs, calcareous sinter! At the Joseph Coats Springs, scorodite, realgar, orpiment, sulphur. Obsidian Cliff. Tridymite, anorthoclase, fayalite. Between Clark's Fork and East Fork in the Hoodoo Mts., mordenite. Specimen Mt. Amethyst! quartz crystals! silicijied wood, calcite, calcite rombohedrons coated by quartz crystals. Absaroka Range. Leucite. Glade Creek. Quartz crystals in rhyolyte, tridymite, fayalite. MONTANA. Beaver Head Co. Placer gold, gold in quartz, wire gold in calcite, auriferous chalcopyrite, nagyagite, argentiferous galena, pyromorphite, vanadiuite, descloizite, pyrite, chalcocite, azurite, malachite, jasper, magnetite, limonite. At Dillon, cassiterite. Deer Lodge Co. Gold, nagyagite, argentiferous galena, pyrargyrite, argentiferous spha- lerite, pyrite, pyrolusite, tetrahedrite. Jefferson Co. Gold, argentiferous galena with sphalerite and pyrite, auriferous pyrite, black and white wood-opal (silicified wood). Lewis and Clarke Co. Gold, auriferous arsenopyrite, pyrite, argentiferous galena, argen- tiferous sphalerite, bituminous and lignite coal. Ruby, El Dorado, and other bars in the Missouri River, about 16 miles from Helena, corun- dum! both sapphire and ruby, mined for gem purposes; also topaz, garnet, cyanite, cassiterite, chalcedony, etc. Madison Co. Placer gold, gold in veins, argentiferous galena, silver, cerargyrite, minium, chalcopyrite, cuprite, azurite, malachite, calcite, garnet, compact serpentine. Missoula Co. Lead ores, cerussite, yellow pyromorphite in St. Regis district. Park Co. Gold, auriferous chalcopyrite, argentiferous galena, cerussite, sphalerite, tetra- hedrite, coking coal. In the Crazy Mts., socialite, nephelite, hauynite. Silver Bow Co. Butte City and vicinity, gold, silver, argentite, cerargyrite, silver on chal- cocite, argentiferous pyrolusite, boruite, chalcocite, malachite, copper and cuprite in granite, rhodonite, rhodochrosite, siderite, calcite, galena, sphalerite, tetrahedrite. Wurtzite at the Original Butte mine; goslarite at the Gagiion mine. 1092 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. IDAHO. Every county in the state yields placer gold. Alturas Co. The mining region is known as the Wood River district which includes Ketchum, Hailey, Atlanta, and the Sawtooth Range of mountains. Placer gold, auriferous pyrite, arsenopyrite carrying gold and silver, silver, proustite, pyrargyrite, argeutite, cerargyrite, argentiferous galena, auriferous and argentiferous sphalerite, anglesite, cerussite, cervantite, stibnite, tetrahedrite, azurite, malachite, magnetite, hematite, bog iron. At the Jay Gould mine, native lead, minium. Ada Co. Lignite, placer gold, auriferous sphalerite. Boise' Co. Deposits of lignite, placer gold, gold finely crystallized, rubies in placers border- ing on Ada Co., mica (Payette), pyrolusite, dufrenoysite, argentite, cerargyrite, and other silver ores. Bingham Co. Copper ores, besides placer gold. Custer Co. Gold, argentite, stephanite, cerargyrite, argentiferous galena, cerussite, azurite and other copper ores, asbestus. Idaho Co. Mica, native copper and other copper minerals; placer gold, silver ores. At Warren's Camp (veins in slate and limestone), gold, silver, cerargyrite, etc., scheelite with gold (Charity mine). Kootenai Co. Placer gold. Latah Co. Opals ! at Moscow, mica. Lemhi Co. Gold, argentiferous galena, cerargyrite, argentite, copper ores, chalcocite, cerussite. Nez Perces Co. Placer gold. Oneida Co. Placer gold, silver ores, silver, cerargyrite. Owyhee Co. Gold, silver, argentite, cerargyrite in thin transparent plates, stephanite, stibnite, lignite. Shoshone Co. Cceur d'Alene district includes the camps Mullan, Burke, Wallace, and Bunker Hill mines. Argentiferous galena, cerussite, anglesite, pyromorphite, plattnerite (As You Like mine), malachite and azurite carrying cerargyrite (and bromyrite?), bornite, chal- copyrite, argentiferous tetrahedrite, massive barite, placer gold. Washington Co. Mining districts are Helena (Seven Devils) and Mineral City. Placer gold, plates of gold in malachite, bornite carrying silver, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, chrysocolla, malachite, azurite, covellite (impure), limonite, micaceous magnetite, quartz, dark tourmaline, brown garnet rock, cinnamon garnet, epidote, powellite, limestone, silver ores. UTAH. . The silver mines are mostly in limestone, with eruptive rocks in the vicinity, and argentif. galena, cerussite, anglesite, cerargyrite, etc., the common ores. The veins in slate or quartzyte in part carry copper ores. There are also sandstones in Southern Utah impregnated by ores (cerargyrite, etc.) over large regions. BEAVER Co. Bradshaw. Cerussite, cuprite, malachite, aragonite. Frisco. Cerussite, anglesite, galena, dufrenoysite, proustite, pyrargyrite, cerargyrite, argentite, barite. Star. Cerussite, cerargyrite, malachite, aurichalcite (Cave mine), bismuthinite. IRON Co. Coyote District. Orpiment, realgar, thin layer in strata under lava, stibnite. JUAB Co. Tintic District. Galena, anglesite, cerussite, malachite, bornite, cuprite, bis- muthite. Copperopolis mine (formerly called the "American Eagle"), conichalcite ! clinoclasite, erinite, scorodite, enargite. tyrolite, oliveniie ! chenevixite, melaconite, lettsomite, selenite ! mixite, borickite (?). Mammoth mine, tyrolite ! chalcophyllite ! clinoclasite ! olivenite ! pharmacosiderite, jarosite ! conichalcite, erinite, enargite! azurite! malachite, mixite, brochantite! jarosite. Carissa mine, mixite ! bismutite. Eureka Hill mine (at Eureka, 6 m. from Silver City), ulaliite, olivenite, enargite, cerussite. MlLLARD Co. Cove Creek. Sulphur. Shoebridge and Dragon mines, 40 m. N. of Sevier Lake and 40 m. W. N. W. of Deseret, topaz in rhyolyte, with garnet and sanidine. PlUTE Co. Ohio. Galena, cerussite, malachite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, tetrahedrite. Mt. Baldy Galena, cerussite, anglesite, wulfenite, argentite (Pluto mine). Marysvale. Onofrite, tiemannite SALT LAKE Co. Big Cottonwood Galena, cerussite, anglesite; aurichalcite (Keeler mine), chrysocolla (at Emma mine), malachite, with sometimes pyrolusite. Little Cottonwood, same, with sometimes argentite, dufrenoysite, wulfenite, linarite (?), chalcopyrite, enargite (at Oxford UTAH NEW MEXICO ARIZONA. 1093 and Geueva mine). West Mountain, same ores, with argentite, pyrargyrite, rhodochrqsite, fcarite at Queen mine; bimrite, etc., at Tiewaukee mine; dufrenoysite, etc., at Winnamuck mine. Butterfield Canon. Orpiment, realgar, mallardite, luckite. Wasatch Mts. ( head-waters of Spanish Fork, ozocerite in beds. Great Salt Lake, mirabilite. SUMMIT Co. Uinta. Cerussite, anglesite, cerargyrite, tetrahedrite, argentite, malachite. TOOELE Co. Camp Floyd. Stibnite, etc. Ophir. Galena, cerussite, malachite, chalcopyrite, cerargyrite. Rush Valley, same ores. American Fork and Silver Lake, same ores. WASATCH Co. Blue Ledge and Snake Creek, galena, cerussite, pyromorphite, sphalerite, etc. WASHINGTON CO. Harrisburg. In sandstone and clay, native silver, cerargyrite, argen- tite; fossil plants sometimes replaced by silver and cerargyrite. NEW MEXICO. DONA ANA Co. Victoria mine, 40m. below Nutt, anglesite. In the Organ Mts. {flos ferri), wulfenite. GRANT CO. Burro Mts., S. W. of Silver City. Turquois. Santa Rita Mines. Azurite, malachite, native copper. Ballard's Peak. Pyrargyrite. Georgetown. Mimbres mine, vanadinitef In N. E. corner of county, S. part of Mimbres Mtu., E. of Silver City. Ores in limestone or shale, argentif. galena, cerargyrite, argentite, native silver, barite, fluorite. Pinos Altos Mtn., N. of Silver City Argent, galena, cerargyrite, cerussite, argentite, silver, gold, chalcopyrite, barite. Burro Mts., S. W. of Silver City, similar ores. In S. W. part of Co.. near Barney's Station, and Warren, Virginia distr., veins of quartz, with argent, galena, cerargyrite, native silver. Atlanta distr. , near Silver City, Gold Hill, and Kingston, pyrargyrite, silver, argentite. LINCOLN Co. Bonita Mt., near White Oaks. Hubnerite. SANTA F CO. Los Cerillos Distr., 22 m. S. W. of Santa Fe, in Los Cerillos Mts. Turquois in trachyte, argent, galena, cerussite, wulfenite, manganese ores. Silver Bute distr., in quartzyte, gold, pyrite, azurite, malachite, cuprite, chalcopyrite, bournonite, chrysocolla. SIERRA Co. At Lake Valley. In the Sierra mines, in limestone, argent, galena, cerussite, cerargyrite, embolite, iodyrite, manganese ores, vanadinite, endlichite, descloizite, native silver, pyrolusite, manganite, fluorite, apatite. At Kingston, in Black Range, aragonite. Near Hills boro', gold in veins and placers. Grafton. Gold, cerussite, chalcocite, bornite, malachite, chalcopyrite, cerargyrite, ame- thyst. Headwaters of Gila River, alunogeu, halotrichite. SOCORRO Co. 3 m. from Socorro, in Socorro Mts., cerargyrite, vanadinite, vanadiferous mimetite, barite. In Magdalena Mts., 27m. W. of Socorro, galena, cerussite, anglesite, cala- niine, sphalerite. Oscuro Mts. to E., chalcopyrite, azurite, malachite, associated with fossil wood and plants. Merritt mine, willemite. ARIZONA. . APACHE Co. Copper Mountain. Chalcocite, azurite, melaconite, sphalerite, pyrite. And at Greenlee Gold Mountain, chalcocite, malachite, cuprite, auriferous gravel. Near Holbrook, in Chalcedony Park. Forest of petrified wood! (" Jasperized" wood), amethyst. Navajoe Reservation (also in part in N. Mexico). Pyrope garnets ! chrysolite (Job's tears) I chrome-diopside. COCHISE Co. Bisbee. Copper Queen mine (and Holbrook mine), azurite! malachite! cuprite! chrysocolla, melaconite, parainelaconite, footeite, wad, calcite inclosing malachite, stalactites of either aragonite or calcite (or perhaps both) aurichalcite. Tombstone. Emmousite. At West Side mine, hessite, yellow wulfenite. At Empire mine, yellow wulfeuite. At Contention mine, yellow wulfenite and hyalite. Lucky Cuss Mine, descloizite, cuprodescloizite. GlLA Co. Globe. Old Globe mine, malac7iite ! azurite, cJirysocolla ! quartz on chrysocolla, melaconite, ^calcite. Vermont mine (near Globe), chalcocite. Stonewall Jackson mine (neat Globe), native red silver in crystals, argentite. 1094 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. MARICOPA Co. Vulture. Vulture mine (60m. N. W. of Phoenix), jarosite', crystallized gold, yellow wulfenite. Farley's Collateral mine (about 20 m. N. E. of Vulture P. O.), vana- dinite, red and yellow; yellow vanadinite in clear calcite! red wulfenite, chrysocolla, (and accord- ing to Silliman) crocoite, vauquelinite, etc. Phceuix mine (about 20 in. N. E. of Vulture), vanadinite, yellow and red, the former very like mimetite; descloizite. Hassayampa Distr. Montgomery mine, tetradymite. Santa Catarina Mts. (also in Pinal and Pima Cos., exact locality not known). Aurichal- cite! Turquois Mts. Turquois. GRAHAM Co. Clifton. At the Longfellow Mine (5 m. from Clifton), malachite! azurite! cuprite! native copper. Metcalf mine (6 m. from Clifton), brochantite. At the Bon Ton mines (exact locality doubtful), dioptase. Garfield mine (about 9 m. from Clifton, on Chase Creek), argentiferous tetrahedrite, azurite. Morenci. Humming Bird mine (about 6 m. from Clifton), malchite and azurite in short stalactites with concentric structure, clirysocolla, wad. Yavapai mine (about 5^ m. from Clifton, via the Longfellow mine, and 1 m. from Morenci), chalcanthite fibrous, brochantite, drusy azurite. Copper Mt. mine, in Morenci, lettsomite! cJialcoiricJiite ! cuprite! arborescent and bright native copper, azurite. Mineral Park. Turquois. PIMA Co. Flux Mine. Cerussite! FINAL CO. Oracle. At the Mammoth Gold mine, descloizite! vanadinite! wulfenite. Near Riverside. Brochantite ! dioptase ! in small but well-defined crystals. Pinal. Hollow quartz crystals, chalcedony. Silver King Mine (near Pinal). Fine aurichalcite, crystallized silver ! sphalerite, argen- tite, pyrite, chalcopyrite. At Silver Queen mine (near Pinal), red cerussite! Picket Post. Red wulfenite. Black Prince mine, red vanadinite. YAVAPAI Co. Boggs Mine, in the Big Bug distr. Bouruonite. Grove Mine, in the Humbug distr. Embolite! Also in same distr., brown vanadinite, barrel-shaped crystals. 2 miles from Bradshaw, tetradymite crystals ! Jerome (30 m. N. E. of Prescott). In the United Verde copper mines, gerhardtite, ataca- mite, brochantite, azurite, chalcanthite. Rio Verde, near Camp Verde. Glauberite, thenardite, mirabilite, halite, etc. YUMA Co. Red Cloud Mine (about 30 m. N. of Yuma). Red wulfenite ! mimetite, ceruss- ite, hyalite, calcite. Also fine vanadinite! at the following mines: Hamburg. Princess, Clara, Black Rock, Rover, Melissa, etc. All of these mines (as also the Red Cloud) are in the " Silver District," and are one to five miles distant from the Red Cloud. Melissa and Rover Mines. Wulfenite (red), occasionally in simple octahedral crystals of small size. Clip (about 5 m. N. of Red Cloud), Dumortierite ! cyauite. Castle Dome District (about 30m. N. E. of Yuma.). Wulfenite in gray, waxy, almost cubical crystals, green and purple fluorite and crystallized anglesite ! galena and cerussite, also anglesite of woody appearance ! NEVADA. The chief mining regions of Nevada, affording silver and partly gold are either veins con- nected obviously with igneous eruptions, as the Comstock Lode; veins in granitic or rneta- morphic rocks, and in the Austin mines; and deposits of supposed veins in limestone, either of the Cambrian or later age, as the Eureka and White Pine mines. CHURCHILL CO. Ragtown. Gay-lussite, trona, halite. Cottonwood Canon. Niccolite, annabergite, smaltite. ELKO Co. Tuscarora, veins in igneous rocks, stephanite, cerargyrite, ruby -silver ores (proustite and pyrargyrite), argentite, stephanite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, chrysocolla. ESMERALDA Co. In metamorphic slates and schists, or in granite, which are intersected by igneous rocks, at Columbus, gold, cerargyrite, tetrahedrite, galena, pyrite, sphalerite, pyrolusite, turquois, sulphur, stetefeldtite. Also gold in Esmeralda and Wilson in quartz. Silver, galena, and chalcopyrite in Oneota, in mica schist. Alum, 12 m. N. of Silver Creek. At Aurora, fluorite. Near Mono Lake, native copper and cuprite, obsidian. Columbus district, at Teel's Salt Marsh, Rhodes Marsh, Fish Lake Valley, etc., ulexite, thenardite, borax, common salt, sulphur; elsewhere, annabergite, variscite. Walker Lake, gypsum, hematite. NEVADA CALIFORNIA. 1095 EUREKA Co. Eureka, Ruby Hill, etc. In Lower Cambrian limestone, gold, silver, cerussite, galena, anglesite, mimetite, wulfenite, limonite, aragonite. Cortez. Cerargyrite, tetrahedrite, silver, etc. HUMBOLDT Co. Veins in mesozoic slates, at Paradise, silver, cerargyrite, tetrahedrite, pyrargyrite, proustite, stephanite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrite. Winnemucca, between slate and granite, sulphides and antimonial sulphides of lead, with silver, jamesonite, stibnite, bournouite. Near Lovelock's Station. Erythrite, millerite, asbolite. Humbolt House, sulphur. Rabbit Hole Springs, sulphur. LANDER Co. Austin, near Reese River, in the Toyabe Range, which has a granitic axis flanked by Paleozoic strata, and the veins in the granite of Lander Hill (yielding $1,000,000 of silver annually), situated near the western edge of the Paleozoic area of the eastern half of the Great Basin. Tetrahedrite, pyrargyrite, proustite, cerargyrite, stephanite, polybasite, rhodochrosite, embolite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, galena, azurite, whitneyite. Also mines at Lewis of ruby silver, etc., in quartzyte. And at Battle Mountain, of galena in Paleozoic slate. LINCOLN Co. Bristol. Galena, cerussite, etc. Eldorado, cerargyrite, stromeyerite. Jack- Rabbit, argentif. galena, cerussite, cuprite, malachite. Ely, gold, cerargyrite, galena, sphalerite, pyrite. Rio Virgin, lalite in large deposits. NYE Co. Belmont (vein in Silurian slate). Argent, galena, stephanite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, anglesite, stetefeldtite. Morey. Ruby silver and other arsenical and antimonial ores, etc. Tybo. Galena, cerargyrite, etc. Union. Cerargyrite, galena, sphalerite, etc. Downieville. Anglesite, cerussite, wulfenite, sphalerite, pyrite. STOREY and LYON Cos. Mines of the Comstock Lode, gold, native silver, argentite, stephanite, polybasite, ruby silver m:es, tetrahedrite, cerussite, wulfenite, kustelite, etc. UNION Co. Echo Distr. Boulangerite. WASHOE Co. Steamboat Springs. Sulphur, metastibnite, orpiment cinnabar. WHITE PINE Co. White Pine. In Devonian limestone, cerargyrite. At Ward, same limestone, sulphautimonides, probably stroineyerite, pyrite, etc. Cherry Creek. Copper car- bonate, sulphides, etc. CALIFORNIA. The principal gold regions are in Amador, Butte, Calaveras, El Dorado, Fresno, Inyo, Mariposa, Mono, Nevada, Placer, Plumas, San Bernardino, San Diego, Shasta, Siskiyou, Sierra, Trinity, and Tuolumne counties. Silver is mined chiefly in Inyo, Mono, San Bernardino, and Shasta counties. Copper mines are principally in Calaveras, Del Norte, Inyo, Nevada, and Plumas counties. The principal mercury mines are the Altoona, in Trinity Co., the New Almaden in Santa Clara Co., the New Idria, in San Benito Co., the Bradford, Great Western, and Sulphur Bank, in Lake Co., the Manhattan, and Napa Consolidated, in Napa Co., and the Great Eastern, in Sonoma Co. Of these the Napa and Lake Co. mines are now producing one half the total yield of the State. ALAMEDA Co. Hydromagnesite, chromite, and pyrolusite, all abundant, alsc halotrichite. ALPINE Co. Morning Star mine, enargite, stephanite, polybasite, barite, quartz, pyrite, tetrahedrite, pyrargyrite. AMADOR Co. Volcano. Chalcedony, hyalite, common garnet, diamond. lone Valley. chalcopyrite, ionite, lignite. Fiddletown. Diamond. Gold at several mines with chalcopyrite, pyrite, galena. BUTTE Co. Cherokee Flat. Diamond, platinum, iridosmine, chromite, zircon. Forbes- town. Prochlorite. CALAVERAS Co. Copperopolis and Campo Seco. CJialcopyrite, malachite, azurite, serpen- tine, picrolite, native copper. Near Murphy's, jasper, albite, with gold and pyrite. Melones Mine. Calaverite, petzite. Stanislaus Mine. Calaverite, petzite, melonite, altaite; also opal, chalcopyrite, galena, gold, .etc. Bald Point. Epidote and almandite. 1096 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. COLUSA Co. Sulphur Creek. Electrum, sulphur (cryst.), cinnabar, aragonite (all mined). DEL NORTE Co. Crescent City. Agate, carneliau. Low Divide. Chalcopyrite bornite, malachite; cm the coast, in auriferous sand, iridosrniue, platinum, gold, zircon, micro- scopic rubies, diamonds? EL DORADO Co. Pilot Hill. Chalcopyrite. Near Georgetown. Hessite, from placer diggings. Roger's Claim, Hope Valley. Grossular garnet, in copper ore. Coloma. Chromite. Placerville. Gold, brookite, octahedrite implanted on quartz crystals. Granite Creek. Roscoe- lite, gold. Forest Hill. Diamonds. Cosumnes mine, molybdenite, pyrophyllite. FRESNO Co. Chowchillas, andalusite. King's Creek Distr. Bornite, columbite. North Fork Distr. Sphalerite, bismuthinite. Raymond. Molybdenite. Also tourmaline and satin spar. HUMBOLDT Co. Gold Bluff. Spinel ruby. Yager. Vivianite. At Red Cap Mines. Chalcocite. Elk River. Pyrrhotite. * INYO Co. Inyo Distr. Galena, cerussite, anglesite, barite, calcite, grossular garnet! vesuviunite, datolite. Panamint. Tetrahedrite, stromeyerite. Kearsarge Mine. Cerussite, tetrahedrite, cerargyrite. argentite. Cerro Gordo Mines. Wulfeuite, cerussite. anglesite, polybasite, linarite! caledonite, calamine, bindheimite, mimetite, smithsonite, willemite, etc. Deep Spring Valley. Bismuthite. Sali-ne Valley. Tincal, ulexite, halite, tourmaline. Death Valley. Colemanite! abundant, borax, ulexite, all mined. KERN Co. Hot Springs Distr. Antimony (native), stibnite, jarosite, alrnandite, lepidolite, chrysoprase. Green Monster Mine. Cuproscheelite. LAKE CO. Borax, cinnabar, sulphur cryst., all mined; also semi-opal, hyalite, mercury (native), chromite, copiapite, posepnyte (Gt. Western mine), wollastonite, glaucophane, zoisite, etc. Borax Lake. Borax! sasso]ite,glauberite. Pioneer mine, cinnabar, native mercury, sulphur, hyalite, cinnabar. Lower Lake, chromite. LASSEN CO.Selenite in large slabs, andradite, tourmaline, smaltite, bernardinite. LOS ANGELES Co. San Gabriel Canon. Asphaltum nodules with vivianite. At the " O. K. mine," silver (native), with argentite, smaltite, erythrite. On Santa Catalina Island, sphalerite. Near Santa Ana River, anhydrite. Williams Pass, chalcedony. Soledad Mines. Chalcopyrite, garnet, gypsum. Mountain Meadows. Garnet, in copper ores. Compton. Kelsey mine, erythrite. Mt. Hoffman, almandite, epidote. MARIPOSA CO. Chalcopyrite, itacolumyte. Centreville. Cinnabar. Pine Tree mine, tetrahedrite. Burns Creek. Limonite. Geyer Gulch. Pyrophyllite. La Victoria Mine. Azurite! Near Coulterville, cinnabar, gold. MONO Co. Blind Spring. Part zite (stibiconite), chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite. Bodie. Gold, silver. Oasis. Bismuthinite, bisnmtite. Mono Lake, thinolite. MONTEREY Co. Alisal Mine. Arsenic. Near Panche, chalcedony, chromite. Near Pacheco's Pass, stibnite. NAPA Co. Chromite. At Cat Hill, Redington mine, cinnabar, metacinnabarite, marcasite, chromite, knoxvillite, rediugtonite, napalite, magnesite, epsomite. Botryoidal pyrite at Man- hattan mine. Phoenix mine, millerite. NEVADA Co. Grass Valley. Gold! in quartz veins, with pyrite, Chalcopyrite, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, galena, quartz, biotite. Near Truckee Pass, gypsum. Excelsior Mine. Molybdenite, with gold. Sweet Land. Pyrolusite. ORANGE Co. Arch Beach. Fuchsite. San Joaquin Ranch. A mercury mineral not yet positively determined. At same locality and Santa Ana, gypsum. PLACER Co. Near Dutch Flat in Green Valley, American River, chromite, uvarovite, kotschubeite, serpentine. Miner's ravine, epidote ! with quartz, gold. PLUMAS Co. At Cherokee, Chalcopyrite. Taylorville. Chrysocolla and erubescite, at Engels' mine. Rich Bar. Tremolite. SAN BENITO Co. New Idria. Cinnabar (mined); at the Gypsy, Alta, and Ambrose mines, stibnite (mined), often in fine crystals. SAN BERNARDINO Co. Colorodo River. Agate, trona. Clarke and Silver Mountain. Stromeyerite, malachite. Russ District Galena, cerussite. Francis mine, cerargyrite. San Bernardino Mts. Graphite. At Calico, colemanite ! with pandermite (or priceite), celestite, CALIFORNIA OREO ON. 1 097 bernardinite, laumoutite, cummin gtonite, calamine, halite, Iceland spar, loadstone (Lake and Owen's mine). Stromeyente at the Silver King mine. Colton. Aragonite. Borax Lake. Borax, thenardite, halite, hanksite, sulphohalite, glauberite, trona. Oro Grande. Cookeite, leipidolite. Als*> realgar, 40 miles from the Needles. The Temescal tin mines are situated in the northern end of the San Jacinto estate, see p. 1030. SANTA CLARA Co. New Almaden. Cinnabar, mercury, calcite, aragonite, serpentine, chrysolite, quartz, apophyllite, gyrolite, metacinnabarite, aragotite. North Almaden. Chromite. Mt. Diabolo Range. Magnesite. Near Gflroy, stibnite. SAN DIEGO Co.Lepidolite, rubellite, graphite, chalcocite, pyrophyllite. SAN Luis OBISPO Co. Asphaltum, cinnabar, native mercury, chromite, pyrophyllitfc onyx marble ! SAN MATEO Co, Pescadero Carnelian, agate. SANTA BARBARA Co. On the islands of this county, sphaerostilbite and gypsum crystals, pectolite; orthite. San Amedio Canon. Stibjiite, asphaltum, bitumen, maltha, petroleum, cinnabar. Santa Clara River. Sulphur. Santa Barbara. Allanite. Point Sal, gypsum. Redwood City. Sphalerite. SHASTA Co. Cow Creek. Sphalerite. Tom Neal Mtn. Molybdenite, green foliated talc. Shotgun Creek. Uvarovite. Copper City. Chalcanthite, native zinc (?). SIERRA CO. Goodyear's Bar.-=-Asbestus. Brandy City. Emery. Forest City. Gold, arsenopyrite, lellurides. SISKIYOU CO. Ottrelite, barite, aragonite. SOLANO Co. Aragonite I (fine). SONOMA Co. Guerneville. Actinolite, garnets, chrom/ie, serpentine, cinnabar, bitumen, iUicified wood. TEHAMA Co. Pectolite, chromtte, wollastonite. TRINITY Co. Altoona Mine. Cinnabar ; platinum in nuggets found in hydraulic mines on the old channel of the Trinity River. Cinnabar. Cinnabar, serpentine, realgar. TULARE Co. Minium, chrysoprase, sphalerite, graphite, epidote, almandite, grossularite, molybdenite, tourmaline, inalacolite, topazolite, audradite, etc. TUOLUMNE Co. Tourmaline, tremolite. Sonora. GrapJiite, gold, chalcopyrite, pyrite. York Tent. Chromite. Golden Rule Mine. Petzite, calaverite, altaite, hessite, magnesite, tetrahedrite, gold. Whiskey Hill. Gold! Jamestown. Mariposite. OREGON. Gold is obtained west of the Cascade Range, in the southernmost counties, Josephine, Jackson, and Curry, in Coos and Douglas, the next north, and east of the range, in south- eastern Oregon, in Grant and Baker counties, and to the north sparingly in Wasco, Umatilla, and Union counties. The most productive mines are in Baker Co. Baker Co. In northern part, about Baker City, Rye Valley, Bridgeport on Burnt River, Willow Creek, Silver Creek, gold; Rye Valley and Silver Creek, affording also stromeyerite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, malachite, azurite. Curry Co. Near Port Orford and Cape Blanco, and on the Rogue River, gold, platinum, iridosmine, laurite. On the seashore, 5 m. N. of Chetko, priceite, in veins and in masses from 20 Ibs. weight to the size of peas and smaller, with bluish steatite. Douglas Co. New Idrian. Cinnabar, limonite. Riddle. Hydrous nickel silicate, near genthite (garnierite), p. 677. Grant Co. Granite, in north part of county, tetrahedrite, polybasite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite. At Elk Creek, auriferous gravel Near Canyon City (on John Day's R.), cinnabar. Jackson Co. At Applegate and elsewhere, auriferous gravel. Josephine Co. At Yank, galena, chalcopyrite. Also iii Jackson and Josephine counties, native nickel-iron, in placers. CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. WASHINGTON. King Co. Seattle. Scheelite, realgar, tourmaline. Magnetite at Iron Mt., 8 m. N. W. of l^oqualmie Pass, and also copper ores at the Denny Co. mine. Pierce Co. Mt. Ranier, tridynrite. Spokane Co., Rockford, muscovite. Stevens Co. Colville district, mines of lead and silver reported. Whatcom Co. Fidalgo. Tourmaline. Whitman Co., 'near Whelan, 20 miles S. W. of Coif ax, fire-opal. STakima Co. Auriferous gravel and quartz veins. ALASKA. Douglas Island. Auriferous pyrite. Port Wrangell. At the mouth of the Stickeen River, garnet! in mica schist. Glacier Bay. Native silver, argentite, berthierite (?), tetrahedrite, graphite. Golovin Bay. Argentiferous galena, pyrite, graphite. Juneau. Sphalerite. Yukon R. Gold placers; nephrite at the Jade Mts. Gold quartz at various points. DOMINION OF CANADA. PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. ARGENTEUIL Co. Argenteuil. Pyroxene, titanite, tourmaline. Chatham. Fetid calcite, garnet, orthoclase. Grenville. Wollastonite, titanite, muscovite, vesuvianite, calcite, pyroxene, serpentine, steatite (rennselaerite), chondrodite, garnet (cinnamon-stone), zircon (hyacinth), graphite, scapolite, fetid calcite, tourmaline, graphite, orthoclase, phlogopite. Leeds. Chalcocite. ATHABASKA CO St. Norbert. Amethyst in greenstone. Tingwich. Chalcocite. BAGOT Co. Acton. Bornite, chalcocite, kaolin. Upton. Chalcopyrite, malachite, calcite. BEATJCE Co. Aubert. Gold, iridosmine, platinum. Broughton. Serpentine, chrysotile, steatite, chlorite. Marlow (also Risborough). Scheelite! cryst., tungstite, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalco- pyrite. Riviere du Loup. Platinum, iridosmine, gold, rutile. St. Francis. Gold, platinum, iridosmine, ilmenite, pyrite, magnetite, serpentine, chromite, soapstone, barite, actiuolite, arsenopyrite, agalmatolite, garnet, pyrrhotite. Lake St. Francis. Andalusite (chiastolite) in mica schist. St. Joseph. Epidote in crystals in a concretionary epidotic rock. Ste. Marie. Wad. Tring. Aragonite, wad. BERTHIER Co. Maisonneuve Township. Samarskite, beryl, muscovite, BROME Co. Bolton. Chromite, magnesite, serpentine, picrolite, steatite, bitter spar, wad, rutile, actinolite, chalcopyrite, chlorite , chrysotile, kammererite, pyrrhotite. Brome. Magnetite, chalcopyrite, titanite, ilmenite, chalcocite, galena, chloritoid, rutile. In elseolite-syenite, sodalite, cancrinite, orthoclase. Sutton. Magnetite, in fine crystals, hematite, rutile, dolomite, magnesite, chromiferous talc, bitter spar, steatite, bornite, pyrrhotite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, chloritoid. CHAMBLEY Co. Boucherville. Augite in trap. Chambly. Analcite, chabazite, and calcrte in trachyte, ilmenite. Montarville. Augite, chrysolite. CHAMPLAIN CO. Cap de la Madeleine. Limonite (iron ocher) in large beds. CHARLEVOIX Co. Bay St. Paul. Ilmenite, apatite, allanite, rutile. CHICOUTIMI CO. Jonquie're Township. Beryl. GASPE* CO. Mt. Albert. Shickshock Mts., chrysolite, chromite, amphibole, garnet, ser pentine. Mt. Serpentine. Gaspe Bay, serpentine. HOCHELAGA Co. Montreal. Calcite, augite, titanite in trap, chrysolite, natrolite, analcite, dawsonite (near McGill College), sodalite, elseolite, acmite, cancrinite. At St. Helen's Is., strontiauite. DOMINION OF CANADA. 1099 IBERVILLE Co. Mt. Johnson. In dioryte, amphibole, titanite, oligoclase. JOLIETTE Co. Daillebout. Blue spinel with seybertite. KAMOURASKA Co. Riv. Ouelle. Chalcedony, jasper. L'ASSOMFTION CO. St. Roch. On Achigan R., transp. apatite, augite. LEVIS CO. Chaudiere Falls, kaolin. Point Levis, glauconite. St. Nicholas, agalmatolite. MASKINONG-E Co. Hunterstown. Scapolite, titanite, vesuvianite, garnet, toown tour- maline I MEGANTic Co. Black Lake. Scolecite, thomsonite. Coleraine. Serpentine, chrysotile (asbestus) mined. Halifax. Bornite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite. Inverness. Bornite, chalcocite, pyrite, orthoclase. Leeds Dolomite, chalcopyrite, gold, chloritoid, chalcocite, bornite, pyrite, steatite, chroinite, magnetite, molybdenite, orthoclase. Thetford. Serpentine, chrysotile! (asbestus) extensively mined. MISSISQUOI Co. St. Armand. Micaceous iron ore with quartz, epidote. MONTCALM Co. Rawdon. Garnet, ilmeuite, labradorite. MONTMORENCY Co. Chlteau Richer. Labradorite, hypersthene, andesine, ilmenite. OTTAWA Co. Buckingham. Apatite, pldogopite, titanite, asbestus, coccolite, graphite, crocidolite. Clyde. Albite, garnet. Hull. Apatite, amphibole, garnet, titanite, tourmaline, barite, fluorite, jasper (Chelsea), graphite, magnetite, oligoclase. wilsonite, pyroxene. Lochaber. Graphite. Portland. Apatite, wilsonite, pyroxene, coccolite, scapolite, mizzouite, cinnamon garnet. Templeton. Apatite ! rutile, titanite, scapolite, tourmaline (blk.), hematite (Haycock mine), wollastouite, pyroxene, zircon, vesuvianite! phlogopite! garnet, chrysotile, amphibole, prehuite, wilsonite, chabazite, stilbite, uralite, fibrous calcite, crocidolite. Barite (michel-levyte) at Perkin's Mill. Villeneuve. Albite, muscovite, microcliue, tourmaline, garnet, monazite, uraninite, spessartite. Wakefield. Apatite! titanite, pyroxene, garnet, zircon, vesuvianite, scapolite, phlogopite, calcite, garnet! spinel (blue), tourmaline (blk.), chrome garnet. PONTIAG Co. Aldfield. Molybdenite! chondrodite, titanite, tremolite, vesuvianite. ALLEYN Co. Molybdenite, molybdite. Clarendon. Tourmaline, pyrallolite. Grand Calumet Island. Apatite, phlogopite ! pyroxene ! sphalerite, titauite, vesuvianite! serpentine, tremolite, scapolite, brown and black tourmaline! pyrite, loganite. Calumet, sphaler- ite, retinalite, galena, pyrite. Lichfield. Calumet Falls, blue apatite, blue calcite, scapolite, loganite, serpentine, phlogopite, pyroxene, tourmaline! RICHMOND Co. Brompton. Chalcocite. Cleveland. Chalcocite, chlorite, bornite. Melbourne. Chalcocite, chlorite, chrysotile, pyrite, massive epidote, bornite, kammererite. ROUVILLE Co. Beloeil. In elseolite-syeuite, acinite (segirite), cancriuite. Rougemont. Augite in trap, chrysolite. ST. MAURICE CO. Point du Lac. Limonite. SHEFFORD Co. Shefford. Chalcocite, chlorite, titanite. Stukeley. Serpentine, verd- antique! scbiller spar, chalcocite, chalcopyrite. SHERBROOKE Co. Ascot. Chalcopyrite, chlorite. Capelton. Chalcopyrite, pyrite, tennantite. Lenox. Arsenopyrite. Orford. White garnet, chrome garnet, millerite, serpentine, pyroxene, diallage, magnetite, calcite. Sherbrooke. At Suffield mine, albite ! native silver, argentite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, jasper ! STANSTEAD Co. Barford. Pyrrhotite. ' TERREBONNE Co. Abercrombie. Labradorite. Mille Isles. Labradorite! ilmenite, hypersthene, andesine, zircon. Morin. Titanite, apatite, labradorite, wollastonite North River. Zircon. St. Jerome. Titauite, apatite, chondrodite, phlogopite, tourmaline, zircon, garnet, molyb- denite, pyrrhotite, wollastonite, labradorite, 1100 CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. VAUDREUIL Co. Vaudreuil. Limonite, vivianite. WOLFE Co. Ham (or Southam). Chromite in serpentine, diallage, antimony! senarmontitei kermesite! valentinite, stibnite, chalcopyrite, chrysotile. Wolfstown. Chromite. TAMASKA Co. Yamaska Mt. Ainphibole, titanite in trap. PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. ADDINGTON Co. Clarendon. Vesuvianite, tourmaline. Sheffield. Stibnite in crystal lized dolomite. BROOK VILLE Co. Brockville. Pyrite. FRONTENAO Co. Marble Lake, Barrie Township. Meneghinite, galena. Bedford and Loughborough. Graphite. Kingston. Celestite in Trenton limestone. Palmeston. Hematite. GREY Co. Sydenham. Celestite, limonite. HASTINGS Co. Elzevir. Pyrite. Madoc. Magnetite, hematite, pyrite, rutile, uraconite. Marmora. Arsenopyrite ! (argentiferous at Deloro), magnetite, serpentine, garnet, epsornite, hematite, lepidomelane, steatite. Tudor. Arsenopyrite, native bismuth, bismuthinite, pyrite. HURON CO. Clinton. Nat. sulphur. LAMBTON Co. Enniskillen. Petroleum, bitumen. LANARK Co. Bathurst. Barite. black tourmaline, perthite (orthoclase), peristerite (albite), bytownite, pyroxene, wilsouite, scapolite, apatite, titanite, amphibole. Dalhousie. Dolomite, amphibole, tremolite. Lanark. Raphilite (amphibole), serpentine, asbestus, perthite (aventurine feldspar), peristerite. Elmsley. Pyroxene, titanite, feldspar, tourmaline, apatite, biotite, zircon, red spinel, choudrodite, orthoclase, g76 Noumeite, Numeite, 676 Nussierite, 770 Nuttallite, 468 Ocher, Antimony, 203 Bismuth, 200 Brown, 250 Chrome, 697 Iron, 213, 250 Molybdic, 201 Plumbic, 209 Ocher Red, 213, 245 Tautalic, 201 Telluric, 201 Tungstic, 202 Uranic, 978 Yellow, 250 Vitriol, 970 Ochran, 695 Ochroite, 550 Ochrolite, 864 Ockergelb, 250 Octahedrite, 240, 1043 Octibbebite, 30 Odoutolite, 845 (Eil de chat, 188 CEllacherite, 614 (Erstedite, 486 Offretite, 1043 Ogcoite, 653 Oil, Geuesee or Seneca, 1016 Oisauite, 240, 516 Ojo de gato, Sp., v. Cat's eye, 188, 230 Okenite, 565 ; 373 Oktibbehite, 30 Olafit, 328 Oldhamite, 65, 1043 Oligist iron, 213 Oligoclase, 332 Oligoclase-albite, 328, 332 Oligoklasalbit, 328, 332 Oligon spar, 276 Oligonite, 276 Oligosiderite, 32 Olive copper ore, 784 Olivenchalcit, 786 Olivenerz, 784, 847 Olivenite, 784 Olivine, 451 Omphacite, Omphazit, 357 Oncophyllite, 614 Oncosin, 614 Onegite. 247 Onice, Ouicolo, 189 Onofrite, 64; 981 Onlariolite, 468 Onyx, 189 Mexican, 268 Onyx marble, 268 Oolite, 268 OOsite, 622 Opal, 194, 1038 Opal-allophane, 694 Opal jasper, 195 Opermeut, 35 Ophicalcite, 671 Ophiolite. 671 Ophite, 669 Opsimose.381 Or des chats, 613 graphique, 103 natif, 14 Orangite. 48$ Oravitzite, 696 Orichalcite, 298 Oriental alabaster, 268 amethyst, 212 emerald, 212 ruby, 212 topaz, 212 Orileyite, 44 Orizite, 576 Oral blends, 385 Ornithite,829 Oroche, 15 Oro grafico, 103 nativo, 14 Oropimento, 35 Oropiou,.688 Orpiment, 35, 1043 Orthite, 522 Orthoclase, 315 Orthochlprite, 643 Orthose, 315 Oryzite, 576 Osbornite, 65 Oserskite, 281 Osmelite, 373 Osmiridium, 27 Osmium sulphide, 93 Osteocolla, 268 Osteolite, 763 Ostranite, 482 Ottrelite, 642, 1043 Ouatite, 257 Oulopholite, 936 Outremer, 432 Ouvarovite, 438, 444 Owenite, 657 Oxacalcite, 993 Oxalate of ammonium, 994 calcium, 993 iron, 994 sodium and ammonium, 994 Oxalite, 994 Oxalsaures Eisen, 994 Oxammite. 994; 807 Oxhaverite, 566 OXIDES, 183 et seq. Ox YCHLO RIDES, 169 et seq. OXYFLUORIDES, 175 OXYSULPHIDES, 106 Ozarkite, 607 Ozocerite, Ozokerit, 998, 999 Pachnolite, 179 Pacite, 97 Paederos, 194 Pagodite, 622; 691 Paiuterite, 666 Paisbergite, 378 Palaeo-Natrolith. .600 Palagonite, 1043 Paligorskite, 398 Palladium, Native, 28, Palladium gold, 15 Palladiuite, 210 Pallasite, 32 Palygorskite, 398 Panabase, 137 Pandermite, 884 1 Papierspath, 266 Paposite, 967 Parachlorite, 663 Paracolumbite, 217 Paradoxite, 315 Paraffin, 996, 997, 998 INDEX TO SPECIES. 1126 Paraffin coal, 1000 Paragonite, 623 Parailmenite, 217 Paralogite, 473 Paraluminite, 971 Paramelacouite, 1043 Paraiikerite, 274 Parauthiue, Paranthite, 468 Parasite, 879 Parastilbite, 577 Parathorite. 1044 Pargasite. 386, 392 Parisite, 290 Paroligodase, 1044 Parophite, 621 Parrot coal, 1022 Partschin, 448 Partschinite, 448 Partzite, 204 Passauite, 468 Passyite, 194 Pastreite, 969 Pateraite, 991 Patrinite, 129 Pattersonite, 663 Paulit, 348 Pavonado, 137 bianco, 51 Pazit, 97 Peach, 654 Peacock ore, 77, 80 Pealite, 196 Pearl-mica, 636 Pearl sinter, 195 Pearl-spar, 271, 274 Peastone, v. Pisolite, 268 Pebble, Brazilian, 187 Pecbblende, Pecberz, 889 Pecbkoble, 1021 Pecbo de Paloma, 77 Pechkupfer, 699 Pecbopal, 195 Pecburan, 889 Peckbamite, 351 Pectolite, 373 Pecurano, 889 Peganite. 843 Pegmatolite. 315 Pegmatyte, 190 Pektolith,373 Pelagite, 259 Pelagosite, 1044 Pelhamiue, 708 Pelhamite, 665 Peliom, 419 Pelican ite, 689 Pella natural, 23 Pelokouite, 258 Pelosiderite, 276 Pencatite, 271 Pencil-stone, 691 Pennine, 650; 306 Penninite, 650 Pennite, 306 Pentaklasit, 352 Pentlandite, 65 Penwitbile, 705 Pepita. 16 Peplolit. 421 Percylite, 172, 1028 Periclase, Periclasite, 207 Pericline, 32 Peridot, 451 Peridoto bianco, 450 Periklas, 207 Periklin, 328 Peristerite, 328 Perlgliinmer, 636 Perlspatb, 271 Persbergite, 708 Perth ite, 321 Perofskite, 722 Perovskite, 722; 724 Perowskine, 756 Perowskit, 722 Pesillite, 232, 381 Petalite. 311 Petlauque, 131 iiero, 46 Petrified wood, 189, 195 Petroleue, 1017 Petroleum, 1015 Pettkoite, 972 Petuutze, 687 Petzite, 48 Pezblenda. 889 Pfaffite, 122, 862 Pfeifenstein, . Catlinite, 696 Phaactinite, 398 Phacelite, Phacellite, 427 Phacolite, 589 Phsestine, 351 Pharmacolite, 827; 753 Pharmacosiderite, 847 Pharmakochalcit, 784 Pharmakopyrit, 96 Phastine, 351 Phenacite, Phenakit, 462 Pbengite, 614, 617 Pbiladelphite, 667 Phillipite, 959 Phillipsite, 579; 77 Phlogopite, 632 Phcenicite, 914 Phcenicochroite, 914 Pbcestine, 351 Pholerite, 685 Pholidolite, 684 Pbouite, 423 Phosgeuite, 292 Phosphammite, 807 PHOSPHATES, 747 et seq. Pbosphatic nodules, 769 Phosphide of iron and nickel, 31 Phospbocerite, 749, 752 Phosphocbalcite, 794 Phospbocbromite, 915; 1033 Phosphorblei, 770 Pbosphoreisensinter, 867 Phosphorgummite, 892 Phosphorite, 762 Phosphorkupfererz, 794 Phosphormanuan, 777 Phosphornickeleisen, 31 Phosphorochalcite, 794 Phospborsalz. 826 Phosphosiderite, 823 Phosphuranylite, 859 Pboticite, 380 Photizit, 380 Photolite, 373 Pbthauyte, 190 Phyllite, 642 Phylloretin, 1001, 1002 Physalite, 492 Phytocollite, 1015 Piauzite, 1019 Picite, 849 Pickeringite, 953 Picotite, 221 Picramilcime, 596 Picroallumogene, 953 Picroepidote, 521 Picrotiuite, 708 Picrolite, Pikrolit, 669 Picromerite, 948 Picropharmacolite, 813 Picrophyll, Pikrophyll, 364 Picrosmine, Pikrosmin, 709 Picrotephroite, 457 Picrothomsonite. 609 Picrotitanite, 218 Pictite, 712 Piddingtonite, 385 Piedmontite, 521 Piemontite, 521 Pierre grasse, 423 de tripes, 910 de Vulpiuo, 910 Pietra di bijada, 386 Pigotite, 995 Pihlite, 709 Pikromerit, 948 Pilarite, 699 Pilinite, 709 Pilite, 454 Pilolite, 709 Pilsenite, 40 Pimelite, 677, 678 Finakiolite, 877 Pinguite, 701 Finite, 621; 421 Pinitoid, 621 Pinnoite, 884 Pinolite, 274 Piotine, 682 Pipestone, v. Catlinite, 696 Pireuait, 442 Pirita amarilla, 84 blanca, 94 magnetica, 73 Pirodmalite, 465 Pirop, 440 Pirolusita, v. Pyrolusite Piroxene, v. Pyroxene Pirrotina, 73 Pisanite, 943 Pisolite, 268 Pissasphaltus, 1015 Pissophane, Pissophanite, 971 Pistacite, Pistazit, 516 Pistomesite, 275 Pitch, Mineral, 1017 Pitchblende, 889 Pitchy iron ore, 867 Pitkarantite, 364 Pittasphalt, 1015 Pitticite, Pittizit, 867; 970 Pittinerz, 892 1126 INDEX TO SPECIES. Pittinite, 892 Pittolium, 1015 Placodine, 108 Plagiocitrite, 975 Plagioclase, 325 Plagionite, 118 Plakodiu, 108 Planerite, 824 Plasma, 188 Plaster cement, 268 Plaster of Paris, 933 Plaster stone, 933 Plata azul, 309 bismutal, 45 cornea, 158 iodurado mercurial, 160 mercurial, 23 nativa, 19 verde, 159 Platina, Platiue, 24 Platiniridium, 27 Platinum, Native, 25, 1044 Platinum arsenide, 92 Plattnerite, 239 Platyophthalmon, 37 Flenargyrite, 115 Pleouaste, 221 Pleonectite, 775 Plessite, 29, 1037; 90 Pleurasite, 803 Pleuroclase, 775 Plinian, 97 Plinthite, 695 Plomb antimonie sulfure, 126 arseniate, 771 carbonate, 286 chloro-carbonate, 292 chlorure, 170 chromate, 913 corne, 292 hydro-alumineux, 855 jaune, 989 molybdate, 989 natif, 24 oxychloriodure, 170 oxide, 209, 239 rouge, 913 selenie, seleniure, 52 sulfate, 908 sulfure, 48 tell ure, 51 Plombgomme, 855 Plombierite, 570 Plomp bianco, v. Cerussite native, 24 pardo, 773 rojo, v. Crocoite telural, 51 Plumbago. 7; 48 Plumballopbane, 693 Plumbeiue, 50 Plumbic ocher, 209 . Plumbiodite, 170 Plumbo-aragonite, 283 Plumbocalcite, 269 Plumbocuprite, 51 Plumboferrite, 228 Flumbogummite, 855 Plumbomanganite, 108 Plumbonacrite, 299 Plumboresiuite, 855 Plumbostanuite, 108 Plumbostib, 129 Plumbum candidum, 24 nigrum, 24 Plumites, 122 Plumose ore, 122 Plumosit, 122 Plusb capper ore, 206 Plynthite, 695 Poikilit,-77 Poikilopyrite, 77 Poix minerale, 1015 Polianite, 236 Polirschiefer, 196 Follucite. 343, 1044 Pollux, 343, 1044 Polyadelpbite, 437, 443 Polyargite, 621 Polyargyrite. 146 Polyarsenite, 779 Polybasite, 146, 1045, 1050 Polycrase, 744 Polycliroilite, 421 Polychrom, 770 Polydymite, 75 Polyhalite, 950 Polybydrite, 710 Polykras, 744 Polykrasilitb, 485 Polylite, 1045 Polylitbionite, 626 Polymignite, 743 Polysiderite, 32 Polysphserite, 770 Polytelite, 141 Polyxen, 25 Poonablite, 604 Porcelain clay, 685 Porcelain spar, 685 Porcellpphite, 670 Porpezite, 15 Porricin, . Pyroxene, 352 Portite, 696 Portor, 167 Porzelamt, 468 Porzellanerde, 685 Porzellanspath, 468 Posepnyte, 1013 Potasb alum, 951 Potassium borates, 880, 885 chlorides, 156, 177; 918 nitrates, 871 silicates, 315, 322, 341, 426, 566, 614, et al. sulphates, 897; 895, 922, 930, 945, 948, 949, 950, 951, 975 Potstone, 678 Potters' ore. 50 Pounxa, v. Borax, 886 Pouschkinite, 516 Powellite, 989 Prase, 188 Praseolite, 421 Prasilite, 663, 680 Prasin, 794 Prasinchalzit, 794 Precious garnet, 440, 441 opal. 195 Precious serpentine, 670 Predazzite, 271 Pregrattit, 623 Prehnite, 530 Prelmitoid, 471; 532 Prenia, Span., v. Prehnite Pfibramite,59, 247 Priceite, 884 Prismatine, 560 Prochlorite, 653 Proidoniua, 169 Proidonite, 169 Protolithionite, 627 Prosopite, 178 Protheite, 356 Protobastite, 346 Protochlorite. 663 Protonontronite, 702 Protovermiculite, 667 Proustite, 134 Prussian blue. Native, 815 Przibramite, 59, 247 Psathyrit, 1009 Psaturose, 143 Pseudoalbite, 333 Pseudoapatite, 764 Pseudoberzeliite, 753 Pseudobiotite, 632 Pseudobrookite, 232 Pseudocampylite, 770 Pseudoscapolite, 473 Pseudocotuunite, 165 Pseudogalena, 59 Pseudoleucite, 1041 Pseudolibetheuit, 786 Pseudomalachite, 794 Pseudouatrolite, 573 Pseudonepheline, 423 Pseudonocerina, 175 Pseudopbite, 652 Pseudosmaragd, 409 Pseudosommite, 423 Pseudosteatite, 688 Pseudotridymite, 193 Pseudotriplite, 757 Psilomelane, 257 Psittacinite, 791 Psimythit, 921 Pterolite, 403, 635 Ptilolite, 572 . Pucherite, 755 Putierite, 583 Punablit, 604 Purple copper ore, 77 Puschkinite, 516 Pycnite, 492 Pycnopbyllite, 616 Pyknotrop, 710 Pyrallolite, 364, 678 Pyrantimonite, 107 Pyrargillite. 421 Pyrargyrite, 131 Pyrauxite, 691 Pyreneite, 437, 442 Pyrgom, 358 Pyrichrolite, 135 Pyrite, 84. 1045 Pyrites, Arsenical, 96, 97 Auriferous, 85 Capillary, 70; 94 INDEX TO SPECIES. 1127 Pyrites, Cellular, 94 Cockscomb, 94 Copper, 80 Erubescent, 77 Hepatic, 94 Hydrous, 94 Iron, 84; 94 Magnetic, 73 Prismatic Iron, 94 Radiated, 94 Spear, 94 Tin, 83 Variegated, 77 White iron, 94 Pyritolamprite, 43 Pyroaurite, 256 Pyrochlore, 726; 728 Pyrochroite, 253 Pyrochrotite, 135 Pyroclasite, 769 Pyroconite, 179 Pyroguanite, 769 Pyroidesine, 710 Pyrolusite, 243, 1045 Pyromelane, 716 Pyromeline, 940 Pyromorphite, 770 Pyrope, 437, 440 Pyrophane, 195 Pyrophanite, 1045 Pyrophosphorite, 808 Pyrophyllite, 691 Pyrophysalite. 492 Pyropissite, 1000 Pyroretin, 1011 Pyroretinite, 1011 Pyrorthite, 522 Pyroscheererite, 1002 Pyrosclerite, 668 Pyrosmalite, 465 Pyrostibite, 107 Pyrostilpnite, 135 Pyrotechnite, 895 Pyroxene, 352, 1045 PYROXENE Group, 344-382 Pyrrharsenite, Pyrrhoarsen- ite, 753 Pyrrhite, 728 Pyrrholite, 621 Pyrrhosiderite, 247 Pyrrhotine, 73 Pyrrhotite, 73 Q Quartz, 183, 1046 luartzyte, 190 luarz, Quarzo, 183 luecksilber, Gediegen, 22 >uecksilbercblomr, 153 luecksilberfahlerz, 137 Juecksilberbranderz, 1011; 67 Juecksilberhornerz, 153 Juecksilberlebererz, 67 Quecksilbermohr, 63 Quellerz, 251 Quenstedtite, 957 Querspiessglanz, 122 Quetenite, 977 Quicksilver, Native, 22 Quicksilver, . Mercury luiucite, 710 >uirlkies. 100 Jvarts, 183 jvicksilfver, 22 Rabdionite, 260 Rabdophane, 820 Rabeu glimmer, 626 Radauite, 334 Radelerz, 126 Radiated pyrites, 94 Radiolite, 600 Rafisiderite, 217 Rahtite, 59 Raimondite, 969 Ralstonite, 181 Rame carbonato, 294, 295 native, 20 vetroso, 55 Ramirite, 787 Rammelsbergite, 101 Ramosite, 562 Randanite, Randannite, 196 Randite, 309 Ranite, 609 Rapbauosmite, 53 Rapidolite, 468 Raphilite, 385, 389 Raphisiderite, 217 Raseneisenerz, 251 Raseneisenstein, 251 Rastolyte, 632 Ratholite, 373 Ratofkit, 161 Rauchquarz, 187 Rauhkalk, 271 Rauite, 609 Raumit, 421 Rauschgelb, 33, 35 Rauteuspath, 271 Razoumovskyn, 691 Realgar, 33, 1046 Rectorite, 687 Red antimony, 107 chalk, 215 copper ore, 206 hematite, 213 iron ore, 213 iron vitriol, 972 lead ore, 913 manganese, 278, 378 ocher, 215 silver ore, 131, 134 vitrol, 972 zinc ore, 208 Reddingite, 813 Reddle. 215 Redimrtonite, 966 Redonite, 807 Redruthite, 55 Refdanskite, 678 Refikite, 1006 Regnolite, 150 Reh, 155 Reichardtite, 938 Reichite, 266 Reinite, 991 Reissacherite, 257 Reissblei, 7 Reissite, 577 Rejalgar, 33 Remingtonite, 306 Remoliuite, 172 Reusselaerite, 678 Resanite, 1046 Resin, Mineral, etc., 1002 et Highgate, 1007 Resinite, 195 Restormelite, 710 Retinaspbalt, 1009 Retiualite, 669 Retinellite, 1009 Retinic acid, 1009 Retiuite, WQl et seq. Retzbanyite, 111; 121 Retzite, v. ^delforsite Reussin, 931 Reussiuite, 1011 Revdinskite, 678 Rezbanyite, 111; 121 Rhabdite, 31 Rhabdophane, 820 Rhabdophanite, 820 Rhaetizite, 500 Rhagite, 860 Rhodalose, 943 Rhodalite, 695 Rhodite, 15 Rhodium gold, 15 Rhodizite, 880 Rhodochrome, 650 Rhodochrosite, 278 Rhodoise, 817 Rhodonite, 378, 1046 Rhodophyllite, 650 Rhodotilite, 5o4 Rhomben glimmer, 627 Rhomb-spar, 271 Rhombarsenite, 199 Rhyacolite, 315 Richellite, 852 Ricbmondite, 146, 255 Richterite, 386, 391 Riebeckite, 400, 1047 Riemannite. 693 Rinkite, 722 Riolite, 64 Rionite, 64, 137 Ripidolite, 644, 653 Riponite, 471 Risigallo, 33 Risiirallum, 33, 34 Rittingerite, 136 Rivotite, 203 Rock cork, 389 crystal, 187 meal, 268 milk, 268 salt, 154 soap, 690 Rocklandite, v. Serpentine Rochlederite, 1014 ROdmalin, 213 Rodocrosite, 278 Roemerite, 959 Roepperite, 459; 278 1128 INDEX TO SPECIES. Roesslerite, 831 Rogensteiu, 268 .Rogersite, 746 Robjadeit, 370 Rohwand, 274 , Roman zovit, 437, 440 .Romeine, 862 .Romeite, 862 Romerite, 959 Roschgewachs, 148 Roscoelite, 635 Rose quartz, 187 Roseite, 668 Roselite, 810 Rosellan, v. Rosite, 621 Rosenbuschite, 374 Roseuspath, 278 Rosicler claro, 134 negro, 143 oscuro, 131 Rosite, 113, 398 Rosso antico, 267 Rosterite, 405, 407 Rosthornite, 1007 Rothbleierz, 913 Rothbrauustein, 378 > Rotheisenerz, Rotheisenstein, 213 Rothel, 215 Rother vitriol, 972 Rothgultigerz, 131, 134 Rothkupfererz, 206 Rothnickelkies, 71 Rothoffit, 437, 443 Rothspiesglaserz, 107 Rothspiessglanzerz, 107 Rothsiein,^378 Rothzinkerz, 208 Rottisite, 676 Rowlandite, 1047 Rubellnn, 632 Rubellite, 551 Ruberite, 206 Rubicelle, 221 Rubin, 220 Rubinblende, 116, 131 Rubinglimmer, 247 Rubislite, 710 Rubrite, 964 Ruby, Al man dine, 221 Bains, 221 Oriental, 210, 1031 Spinel, 221 Ruby blende, 61 - Ruby copper, 206 Ruby silver, 131, 134 Ruby spinel, 220 Ruby sulphur, v. Realgar Ruby zinc, 61 Ruddle, 215 Ruin agate. 188 marble. 267 Rumanite, 1004 Rumpfite, 661 Russkobalt, 258 Ruteniie, 71 Ruthenium sulphide, 93 Rutherfordite, 730 Rutile. 237, 1047 Ryacolite, 315 S Saccharite, 334 Safflorite, 100 Sngenite, 237; 188 Sahlite, 356 Sal ammoniac, 157 catartica, Sp., v. Epsomite gema, 154 gem me, 154 marina, 154 mirabile, 931 Salamsteiu, 212 Saldanite, 958 Salite, 352, 356 Salitre, 871 Salmare, 154 Salmiak. 157 Salmite, 640 Salt, Common, Rock, 154 Saltpeter, 871 Salzkupfererz, 172 Samarskite, 739, 1037 Samian earth, 685 Sammetblende, 247 Samrneterz, 963 Sammteisenerz, 247 Samoite, 693 Sandaraca, 33 Sandbergerite, 137, 614 Sang-i-yashm. 670 Sanguine, 213 Sauguinite, 1047 Sanidine, 315 Saphir d'eau, 419 Saphirine, 561 Saponite, 682, 690 Sappare, 210: 500 Sapphire. 210 d'eau, 419 Sapphire quartz, 188 Sapphirme, 561 Sapphirus, 432 Sarawakite, 1047 Sarcolite, 474; 593 Sarcopside, Sarkopsid, 778 Sard, 188 Sardachates, 189 Sardinian, 908 Sardoine, 188 Sardonyx, 189 Sarkinite, 779 Sarkolith, 474 Sartorite, 112 Sasbachite, 610 Saspaohite, 610 Sassolite, Sassolin, 255 Satin spar, 266, 283, 933 Satersbergite, 96 Saualpit, 513 Saugkiesel, 196 Saussurite, 515 Saustein, 267 Savite, 600 Savodin&kite, 47 Savnite, 75 Scacchite, 165; 449 SCAPOLITE Group. 466 et seq. Scarbvoite, 694 SchaalsU-in, 371 Schabasit, 589 Schaffuerite, 787 Schaleubleude, 61, 70 Schaleumarcasit, 95 Schapbachite, 122 Scharfmangauerz, 230 Schatzellit, 156 Schaumkalk, 282 Schauinspath. 267 Scheelbleispat.li, 989 Scheelin calcaire, 985 ferrugiue, 982 Scheelite, 985 Scheelitine, 989 Scheelsaure, 202 Scheelsaures Blei, 989 Scheelspath, 985 Scheererite, 996 Schefferite, 352, 357 Scherbenkobalt, 11 Schererite, 996 Schieferspath, 267 Schilfglaserz, 124 Schiller-spar, 351 Schillerspath, 351 Gelber, 351 Schillersteiu, 351 Schirmerite, 119 Schlackenkobalt, 100 Schlangenalabaster, 911 Schlanite, 1011 Schmelzstein t 471 S'chmirgel, 211 Schneebergite, 862 Schneiderite, 587 Schoarite, 903 Schoeuite, 948 Schoharite, 903 Schouit, 948 Schorl blauc, 342 noir, 352 See Introduction, p. xliv Schorl, 551 Schorl rouge, 237 Schorlite, 492 Schorlomite, 447 Schorza, 516 Schrautite, 1006 Schreibersite, 31; 79 Sohriftevz, Sohriftiellur, 103 Schrockergiuite, 308 Schrottente, 094 Schuchardtite, 1047 Schulzit, 149 Schuugite, 8 Schuppenstein, 624 Schiitzit, 908 S.chwarzbraunstein, 257, 381 Schwartzembergite, 170 Schwarzerz, 143, 137 Schwarzii'iltigerz, 143 Schwarzkohle, 1021 Schwarzmangauerz, 257 Schwarzsilberglauz, 143 Schwarzspiessglaserz, 124 Schwatzite, 137 Schwefel, 8 Schwefelantimoublei, 129 Schwefelkies, 84 I Schwefelkobalt, 78 INDEX TO SPECIES. 1129 Schwefelmangan, 64 Sckwef el nickel, 70 Schwefelquecksilber, 66 Schwefelsaure, 899 Schwefelseleu, 10 Schwefelsilher, 46 Schweizerite, 673 Schwerbleierz, 239 Schwerspath, 899 Schwerstein, 985 Schweruranerz. 889 Schwimmkiesel, Schwimm- stein, 196 Scleretinite, 1009 Scleroclase, 112 Scolecite, 604 Anhydrous, 467 Scolexerose, 467 Scolopsite, 432 Scorodite, 821 Scorza, 516 Scotiolite, 702 Scoulerite, 607 Scovillite, 820 Sebesite, 385 Seebacbite, 589 Seeerz, 250 Sehta. 71, 89 Seifenstein, 678, 682 Sel de Glauber, 931 Seladonite. 683 Selbite, 309 Selen, 10 Selenblei, 52 Selenbleikupfer, 53 Selenbleispath, 981 Selenb.eisilber, 52 Selenbleiwismuthglanz, 114 SELENIDES, 42 et seg. Selenite, 933 SELENITES, 980, 981 Selenium, 10 Selenkobaltblei, 52 Selenkupfer, 52 Seleukupferblei, 53 Selenkupfersilber, 53 Selenmercur, 63 Selenolite, 201 Seluupalladium, 28 Selenquecksilber, 63 Selenquecksilberblei, 53 Selenschwefel, 10 Selenschwefelquecksilber, 64 Selen si Iber, 52 Selensilberglanz, 52 Selen-sulphur, 10 Selen-tellurium, 11 Selenwisnmthglanz, 38 Sellaite. 164 Selwvnite, 697 Semeline, 712 Semi-opal, 195 Semseyite, 123 Senarmontite, 198 Seneca oil. 1016 Sepiolite. 680 Serbian, 697 Sericite, 614 Sericolite, v. Satin spar Serpentine, 669, 1047 Serpierite, 963 Sesqui-maguesia-alaun, 953 Settling Stones resin, 1019 Settliugite, 1019 Severite, 688, 691 Seybertite, 638 Sexangulites, 50 Sfeno. 712 Shalkite, 1047 Shepardite, 346 Shell marble, 267 Siberite. 553 Sicilianite, 905 Siderazot, 29 Sideretine, 867 Siderite, 276; 188, 31, 1047 Sideritis, 224 Sideroborine, 882 Siderochalcit, 795 Siderochrome. 227 Sideroclepte, 454 Siderocouite, 267 Siderodot, 276 Sideroferrite, 29 Siderolite, 31 Sideronatrite, 973 Siderophyllite, 627 Sideroplesite. 276 Sideroschisolite, 656 Siderosilicite, 484 Siderose, 276 Siderotantal, 731 Sideroxene, 1037 Siegburgite, 1005 Siegelerde, 696 Siegel stein, 224 Siegenite, 78 Sienna earth, 1037 Sigterite, Sigtesite, 341 Silaonite, 39 Silber, Gediegeu, 19 Silberamalgaui, 23 Silberfahlerz, 137 Silberglanz, 46 Biegsamer, 58 Silberglas, 46 Silberhoruerz, 158 Silberkerat, 158 Silberkies, 57, 58 Silberkupferglanz, 56 Silberphylliuglauz, 106 Silberspiessglanz. 42 Silberwismuthglauz, 115 Silex, 183 Silfbergite, 386, 391 Silfver, 19 Silfverhornmalm, 158 SILICATES, SlQetseq. Silice gelatineuse, v. Hyalite Siliceous sinter, 195 Silicitied wood, 189, 195 Siliciophite, 674 Silicite, 334 Silicoborocalcite, 881 Silicon fluoride, 169 oxide, 183, 192, 194, 197 Sillimanite. 498 Silvanite, v. Sylvanite Silver, Antimonial, 42 Antim, sulplmret, 124, 131 Silver, Arsenical, 43 Bisrnuthic, 45, 122 Black, 143; 47 Brittle, 143 Bromic, 159 Cupreous sulphuret, 56 Flexible sulphuret, 58 Gray (Freieslebeuite), 124 Horn, 158 lodic, 160 Native, 19 Red, or Ruby, 131, 134 Selenic, 52 Telluric, 47 Vitreous, 46 Silver bismuthide. 45 bromide, 159, 160 carbonate (?), 309 chlorides, 158, 159, 160 iodide, 160 selenide, 53 sulphantimonites, 116, 123, 124, 131, 135, 143, 146 sulpharseuates, 149, 1047 sulpharsenite, 134 sulphide, 46, 58; 56, 57 sulphobismuthite, 115, 119, 122 sulpho-selenide, 1025 sulpho-telluride, 131 telluride, 47; 46, 48, 103 Silver glance. 46 Silver ore, Brittle, 143 Flexible, 58 Red. or Ruby, 131, 134 Silvestrite, 29 Simetite, 1005 Simlaite. 687 Simonyite, 946 Sinopel, 188 Sinopite, 695 Sinter, Siliceous, 189, 195 Sipylite, 731 Siserskite, 27 Sismondiue, Sismoudite, 640 Sisserskite, 27 Sjomalm, 250 Skapolith, 466 Skleroklas, 112; 120 Skogbolite, 736 Skolezit, 604 Skolopsite, 432 Skorodit, 821 Skorza. 516 Skotiolit, 702 Skutterudite, 93 Slate-spar, 267 Sloauite, 610 Smaltine, 87 Smaltite, 87 Smaragd, 405 Smaragdite, 386, 389 Smaragdochalcit, 172, 463 Smectite, 688, 695 Smegmatite, 690 Smelite, v. Kaolin Smeraldo. -05 Sniirgel, 211 Smithsonite, 279; 546 Smyris, 211 1130 INDEX TO SPECIES. Snarumite, 384, 1047 Soapstone, 678; 682 Soda, v. Sodium Soda alum, 952 Soda copperas, . Jarosite Soda feldspar, 327 Soda hornblende, 401 Soda mesotype, 609 Soda niter, 870 Soda spodumene, 332 Sodaite, 468 Sodalite, 428 Sodium arsenate, 780 berates, 886, 887, 888 carbonates, 300; hydrous, 301, 303 chloride, 154 fluorides, 166, 168, 179, 180 nitrates, 870, 873 phosphates, 758, 777, 784, 826 silicates. 325, 365, 369, 423, 429, 432, 600 sulphates, 895; hydrous, 931; (w. Cl) 917; (w. CO 2 ) 920; 897, 898, 946, 952, 958, 9*59, 973 Soin.onite, 213 Solfataiite, 952, 958 Sombrerite, 769 Sommarugaite, 91 Somervillite, 474, 699 Sommite, 423 Sonnenstein, . Sunstone, 332 Sonomaite, 953 Sordavalite, Sordawalit, 1048 Soroche, 50 Sory, 941 Sosa, Span., . Soda Soude, D. Soda Soude sulfatee, 931 Soufre, 8 Spadaite, 682 Spaugite, 581 Spangolite, 919 Spauiolite, 137 Spargelstein, 762 Spiirkies, . Speerkies, 94 Sparry or Spathic iron, 276 Spartaite, 269 Spartalite, 208 Spatheisensteiu, 276 Spathperle, 271 Spathiopyrite, 100 Spato fluore, 161 pesato, 900 Spear pyrites, 94 Specksteiu, 678; 621 Specstein, 678 Specular iron, 213 Specularite, 213 Speerkies, 95 Speiskobalt, Grauer, 100 Spessartine, Spessartite, 437, 442. 1035 Speiskobalt, 87 Sperrylite, 92 Sphaerite, 845 Sphaerocobaltite, 280 Sphaerolites, 1032 Sphaerosiderite, 276 Sphserostilbite, 583 Sphalerite, 59, 1048 Sphene, 712 Spheuoclase, 562 Sphragidite, Sphragid, 689, 695 Spiauterite, 70 Spiegel glauz, 40 Spiesglanzsilber, 42 Spiesglanzweiss, 199 Spiesglas, 12 Spiesglaserz, 36 Spiesglassilber, 42 Spiessglanz, Gediegen, 12 Spiessglanzblei, 124 Spiessglauzblende, 107 Spiessglauzocker, 202 Spinel, 220, 1048 Spinel ruby, 220 Spiuellan, 432 Spinelle ziucifere, 223 Spinthere, 712 Spodiosite, 777 Spodumene, 366 Soda, 332 Sporadosiderite, 82 Spreustein 600, 609 Sprodglauzerz, 143 Sprodglaseiz, 143, 146 Sprodglimmer, 636 Sprudelsteiu, 281 Staffelite, 764 Stagmatite. 165 Stagno native, 24 ossidato, 234 Stahlkobalt, 89 Stahlstein, 276 Stalactite, 268 Stalagmite, 268 Stanekite, 1011 Stangelkobalt, 88 Stangenschorl, Weisser, 492; 551 Stan gen spath, 899 Staugenstein, 492 Stannine, 83 Stannite, 83; 236 Stauzait, 496 Stassfurtit, 879 Star-quartz, 187 sapphire, 212 Staurolite, 558; 581 Staurotide, 558 Steargillite, 690 Steatargillite, 663 Steatite, 678 Steel ore, 276 Steeleite, 573 Steenstrupine, 415 Steinheilite, 419 Stein kohle, 1021 Steinmannite, 48 Steiuinark, 685, 688 Stein ol, 1015 Steinsalz, 154 Stellarite, 1048 Stellite, 373 Stephanite, 143, 1025, 1048 Stercorite, 826 Sterlingite, 208, 614 Sternbergite, 57 Steruquarz, 187 Stern sapphir, 212 Stetefeldtite, 204 Stibi, 36 Stibianite, 203 Stibiatil, 804 Stibiconise, 203 Stibiconite, 203 Stibine, 36 Stibioferrite, 204 Stibiogalenite, 862 Stibiohexargentite, 43 Stibiotriargentite, 43 Stibium, 36 Stiblite, Stiblith, 203 Stibnite, 36, 1048 Stilbit anamorphique, 574 Blattriger, 574 Stilbite, 583, 585; 574 Stillolite, v. Opal Stilpnomelane, 658 Stilpnosiderite, 250 Stinkfluss, 161 Stinkkalk, 267 Stinkkohle, 1010 Stimmi, 36 Stinkstone, 267 Stiflingite, 459 Stolpeuite, 690 Stolzite, 989 Strahlbaryt, 902 Strahlenkupfer, 795 Strahlerz, 795 Strah Ikies, 94 Strahlstein, 385, 389; 516 Strahlzeolith, 583 Strakonitzite, 364 Stratopeite, 704 Strawstone, 549 Stream tin, 235 Strengite, 822 Striegisan,842 Strigovite, 659 Stroganovite, 473 Strohstein, 549 Stromeyerite, 56, 1048 Stromit. v. Rhod< chrosite- Strom nitu, 285 Stroii tia, v. Strontium Strontianite, 285, 1048 Strontianocalcite, 269 Strontium carbonate, 285- silicate, 576 sulphate, 90 Struverite, 640 Struvite, 806 Stiibelite, 710 Studerite, 137 Stiitzite, 46 Stiivenite, 953 Stylobat, 476 Stylotyp, 130 Styloptypite, 130 Stypterite, 958 Stypticite, 968 Subdelessite, 660 Succinellite, 1003 Succinic acid, 1002: INDEX TO SPECIES. Succinite, 1002; 440 Sulfatallophan. 693 Sulfuricin, 194 Sulpbatite, 899 SULPHANTIMONATES, 147 SULPHANTIMONITES, 109 et seq. SULPHARSENATES, 147 JSULPHARSENITES, 109 et 86%. SULPHATES, 894 et seq. SULPHIDES, 42 et seq. SULPHOBISMUTHITES, 109 et seq. Sulphohalite, 917 Sulphur, 8, 1048 Selenic, 10 Sulphuric acid, 899 Sumpferz, 250, 251 Sundvikite, 340 Sunstone, 332 Susanuite, Suzannit, 922 Sussexite, 876 Svabite, 1052 Svafvel, 8 Svafvelkis, 84 Svanbergite, 868 Svartmalm, 224 Svool, Dan., v. Sulphur Svovlkis, 84 Swinestone, 267 Sychnodymite, 1049 Syepoorite, 71 Syhadrite, Syhedrite, 583 Sylvan, Gediegen, 11 Sylvane graphique, 103 Sylvanite, 103; 11 Sylvine, 156 Sylvite, 156, 1036, 1049 Symplesite, 816 Synadelphite, 801 Syngenite, 945 Syssiderite, 31 Syutagmatite, 386, 388 Szaboite, 348 Szaibelyite, 878 Szmikite, 933 Tabaschir, 197 Tabasheer, 197 Tabergite, 653 Tabular spar, 371 Tachhydrite, 178, 1049 Tachyhydrite, Tachydrite, 178 Tachylyte, 1049 Tachyaphaltite, 486 Tsenite, 29, 1037 Tafelspath, 371 Tagilite, 837 Talc, 678 Talc-apatite, 768 Talc-chlorite, 661 Talcite. 614 Talcoid, 680 Talcosite, 710 Talkeisenerz, 225 Talkerde-Alaun, 953 Talkhydrat, 252 Talkspath, 274 Talksteinmark, 685 Talktriplit, 777 Tallingite, 174 Tallow, Mineral, 997 Taltalite, 551 Tamarite, 840 Tamarugite, 952 Tammite, 1049 Tangiwai, 670 Taukite, 337 Tauuenite, 113 TANTALATES, 725 et seq. Tan tale oxyde yttrifere, 738 Tantalic ocher, 201 Tantalite, 731, 734, 736, 738 Tapalpite, 131 Tapiolite, 738 Taranakite, 846 Tarapacaite, 916 Targionite, 48 Tarnowitzite, 281 Tasmanite, 1010 Tauriscite, 939 Tautokliu. 274 Tautolite. 522 Tavistockite, 799 Taylorite, 895 Taznite, 866 Tecoretin, 1001 Tecticite, 940 Tefroit, 457 Tekoretin, 1000 Telaspyriue, 1049 Telesie, 210 Tellemarkit, 437 Tellur, Gediegen, 11 TELLURATES, 979 et seq. Tellurbismuth, 39 Tellurblei, 51 Tellure auro-argentifre, 103 auro-plombifere, 105 natif auro-ferrifre, 11 Tellurgoldsilber, 48, 103 Telluric bismuth, 39 Telluric ocher, 201 Telluric silver, 47 TELLURIDES, 46, 47, 48, 51, 64, 103, 105 Tellurige Saure, 201 Telluric, 11 Tellurite, 201; 1049 TELLURITES, 979 et seq. Tellurium, 11, 1049 Bismuthic, 39 Black, 105 Foliated, 105 Graphic, 103 Native, 11, 1049 White, Yellow, 103 Tellurium dioxide, 201 Tellurium glance, v. Nagyag- ite, 105 Tellur nickel, 76 Tellurocker, 201 Telltirous acid, 201 Tellursilber, 47, 48 Tellursilberblei, v. Sylvanite, 103 Tellursilberbleude, 46, 103 Tellursilberglauz, 47 Tellursulphur, 9 Tellurwismuth, 39 Tellurwisnmlhsilber, 131 Tengerite. 306 Tenn, Gediget. 24 Tennantite, 137, 1049 Teuumalm, 234 Tenuspat, 985 Tenorite. 209 Tephroite. 457 Tephrowillemite, 460 Tequezquite, 1050 Teratolite, 696 Terenite, 473 Ternarbleierz, 921 Terra Lemnia, 689 Terre verte, 683 Teschemacherite, 294 Tesselite, 566 Tesseralkies, 93 Tetartine, 327 Tetradymite, 39, 1050 Tetrahedrite, 137 Tetraphyliue, 756 Texalith, 252 Texasite, 306 Thaluckerite, 384 Thalheimit, 98 Thulile, 682 Thallite, 516 Thallium seleuide, 54 Tharandit e, 271 - Thaumasite, 698 Thenardite, 895 Thermonatrite, 300, 1050 Thermophyllite, 669 Thierschite, 994 Thiuolite, 271 Thiorsauite, 337 Thomaite, 276 Thomsenolite, 180 Thomsonite, 607, 1050 Thoneisenstein, 276 Thouerde, 210 v. Aluminium Thorite, 488, 1050 Thorium silicate, 488, 489 Thorogummite, 893 Thorunmin, 889 Thraulite, 703 Thrombolite, 1050 Thuenite (fr. Thueusky Mts., Ural), v. Ilmenite, 217 Thulite, 513 Thumite. Thummerstein, 527 Thuringite, 657 Tiemannite, 63, 1050 Tigererz, 143 Tiger-eye, 401; 188 Tile ore, 206 Tilkerodite, 52 Tin, Native, 24 Tin borate, 875 oxide, 234, 1030 sulphide, 83 Tin ore, Tin stone, 234, 1030 Tin pyrites, 83 Tincal, 886 1132 INDEX TO SPECIES. Tincalconite, 887 Tinder ore, 123 Tinkal, 886 Tiukaizit, 887 Tirolite, 839 TITANATES. 711 et seq. Titane oxyde, 237, 240, 242 silico-calcaire, 712 Titaneiseu,217 Titanic acid, 237, 240, 242 iron, 217 Titanic oxide, hydrated, 259 Titanioferrite, 217 Titanite, 712; 237 Titanium oxides, 237, 240, 242; 217, 232 silicates, 447, 712, 717, 719 Titanjern, Titanjernmalm, 217 Titanolivine, 455 Titanomorphite, 712 Tiza, 887 Toad's-eye tin, 235 Tobermorite, 570 Tocorualite, 160 Tombazite, 90, 91 Tonsonite, 607 Topaz, 492 False, 187 Oriental, 212 Topazolite. 437, 442 Topazoseme. 495 Topfstein, 678 Torbauite, 1008, 1009, 1022 Torbernite, 856 Torberite, 856 Torite. 488 Torreliie. 731 Totaigile, 674 Toucbstone, 189 Tourbe papyracee, 1010 Tourmaline, 551, 1050 Towauite, 80 Trausvaalite, 260 Traubenblei, 770, 771 Trautwinite, 447 Traverse! lite, 356, 390 Travertine, 268 Tremeuheerite, 8 Tremolite, 385. 388 Trichalcite, 814 Tricbite, 1050 Tricbopyrit, 70 Triclasite, v. Fahlunite Tridymite, 192 Trimerite, 460 Trinkerite, 1010 Tripestone, 911 Triphane, 366 Triphyline, 756 Triphylite. 756 Triplite, 777 Triploidite, 779 Triploklas, 607 Tripolite, 196 Trippkeite, 865 Tritocborite, 787 Tritomite, 416 Trogerite, 859 Troilite, 72, 1051 Trolleite, 847 Trombolite, 1050 Trona, 303 Troostite, 460 Tropf stein, 268 Tscheffkinite, Tschewkinit, 718 Tschermakite, 328 Tschermigite, 952 Tuesite, 685 Tufa, Calcareous, 268 Tungspat, 900 Turjgstate of copper, 989 of iron, 982, 991 of lead, 989 of lime, 985 of manganese, 982 Tuugstein, 985 Tungsten trioxide, 202 Tungstic acid or ocher, 202 Tungstite, 202 Turchesia, 844 Turgite, 245 Turjit, 245 Turkey-fat ore, 280 Tin-Ids, 844 Turmali, 482 Turmalin, 551 Turned! e, 749 Turquesa, 844 Turquois, 844 Turquoise, 844 Tyreeite, 1051 Tyrite, 728 Tyrolite, 839 Tysonite, 166 U Uddevallite, 218 Uigite, 532 Uintahite. Uintaite, 1020 Ulexite, 887 Ullmannite, 91, 1051 Ultramarine, 432, 433 Umangite, 1051 Umite, 535 Ungbwnrite, 701 Unionite, 513 Uraconise, Uraconite, 978 Uralite, 390; 364 Uralorthite, 522 Uranatemnite, 889 URANATES, 889 et seq. Uran bl lithe, 978 Urane oxydule, 889 Uranglimmer, 856, 857 Uran green, 978 Urangrun, 978 Urangummi, 892 Uranin, 889 Uraninite, 889 Uraniscbes Gummierz, 889 Uraniscbes Pittinerz, 889 Uranite, 856, 857 Uranium arsenates, 857, 858, 859, 860 carbonates, 307, 308 niobates, 727, 741 Uranium phosphates, 866. 857, 859 silicates, 444, 699 sulphate. 978 Urankalk-Carbonat, 308, 307 Uranmica, 856 Uranocbalcite. 978 Uran ocher, 978 Uranocircite, 859 Uranoniobit, 739; 889 Uranophane, 699 Urauopilite, 978 Uranosphaerite, 893 Uranospinite, 858 Uranotantal, 739 Uranothallite, 307 Uranotborite, 488 Urauotil, 699 Uranoxyd, 889 Uranpecberz, 889 Uranphyllit, 856 Uranvitriol, 978 Urao, 303 Urdite, 749 Urpethite, 999 Urusite. 973 Urvolgyite, 962 Utahite, 966 Uvarovite, 438, 444 Uwarowit, 438, 444 Vaalite, 667 Valaite, 1051 Valencianite 315 Valentinite, 199 Valleriite, 108 Valuevite, 639 VANADATES, 773, 787 et seq. Vanadic ocher, 201 Vanadiubleierz, 773 Vanadinite. 773 Vauadiolite, 792 Vanadite. 787 Vanadium silicates, 356, 548, 635 Vanuxemite, 549 Vargasite, 364 Variegated copper, 77 Variscite, 824 Varvacite, Varvicite, 258 Vasite, 526 Vatten. 205 Vattenkies, 73 Vauqueline. 915 Vauquelinite, 915 Velvet copper ore, 963 Veuasquite, 642 Venerite, 710 Venus-hairstone. 237 Verd-antique, 671; 267 VERMICULITES. 664, 665 Vermilion, v. Cinnabar, 66 Vermontite. 98 Vesbine, 1051 Vestan, 194 Vestorien, 1051 Vesuvian salt, 897 INDEX TO SPECIES, 1133 Vesuviamte, 477 Veszelyite, 841 Viaudite, 196 Vicklovite, 792 Victorite. 346 Vierzouite, 695 Vietinghotite. 740 Villarsite, 455 Villemite. 460 Viluite, 371 Viluite, 437, 444 Violan, 356 Violite, 965 Viridite, 664 Vitreous copper, 55 silver, 46 Vitriol, 941 Blue, 944 Cobult, 943 Copper, 944 Green, 941 Iron, 941 Lead, 908 Nickel, 940 Red, 943 Red Iron, 972 White. 939 Zinc, 939 Vitriol ocher, 970 Vitriolbleierz, 908 Vitriolgelb, 974 Vitriolo azul, 944 calcareo, . Gypsum marcial, v. Melanterite, 941 rojo, v. Botryogen verde, v. Melanterite Vivianite, 814 Vod, 257 Vogesite, 437 Voglianite, 978 Voglite, 308 Voigtite, 632 Volborthite, 838 Voelknerite, 256 Volcanite, 10, 352 Volchonskoite, 696 Volfrara, 982 Volgerite, 203 Volknerite, 256 Volnyne, v. AVolnyn, 902 Voltaite, 972 Voltzite, Voltzine, 107 Voraulite, 798 Vorbauserite, 669 Vreckite, 706 Vulpinite, 910 W Wacbskohl, 1000 Wacbsopal, 195 Wackenrodite, 257 Wad, 257 Wagit, 546 Wagnerite, 775 Walchowite, 1005 Waldbeimite, 398 Walkerite, 373 695 Walktbon, Walkerde, 695 Walleriau, 386, 392 Walmstedtite, 274 Walpurgite, Walpurgin, 860 Waltherite, 307 Waluewite, 639 W T andstein, 274 Wapplerite, 831 Wariuglonite, 925 Warrenite, 120 Warringtonite, 925 Warwickite, 881 Wasbingtonite, 217 Wasite, 526 Wasser, 205 Wasserblei, 41 Wasserbleisilber, 40 Wasserglimmer, 650 AVasserkies, 94 Wassersappbir, 419 Water, 2u5 Water-sappbire, 419 WattevilHte, 950 Wavellite, 842; 254 Webskyite, 674 Websterite, 970 Wehrlite, 40, 1052; 541 Weibyeite, 291 Weicbbraunstein, 243 Weicbeisen kies, v. Wasser- kies, 94 Weichmangan, 243 Weissbleierz, 286 Weisserkies, 9 Weisserz, 96, 104 Weissgolderz, 103 Weissffilltigerz, 124, 137 Weissfan, v. Scolecite, 604 Weissigite, 315 Weissite, 421 Weisskupfer, 44 Weisskupfererz, 79; 95, 96 AVeissnickelkies, 88, 101 Weisspiessglanzerz, 199 Weiss-Sylvanerz, 108 Weissteflur, 104 Wernerite, 468 Wertbemanite, 970 Westanite. 499 Wbeel ore, 126 Wbeelerite, 1008 Whewellite, 993 Wbite antimony, 199 arsenic, 198 copper, 44 copperas, 939, 956 garnet, 342 iron pyrites, 94 lead ore, 286 nickel, 88, 101 olivine, 450 tellurium, 103 vitriol, 939 Whitneyite, 45 Wicklowite. 792 Wichtine, Wicbtisite, 1052 Wieseuerz, 251, 250 Wilhelmite, 460 Willcoxite, 668 Willemite, 460 Williamsite, 460, 669 Wilsonite, 473, 622 Wiluite, 437, 477 Wiuebergite, 9?0 Wiuklente. 260 Winkwortbite, 882 Wiserine, 241 Wiserite, 253 Wismutb, Gediegeu, 13 Wismutbbleierz, 122 Wismutb blende, 436 Wisumthglanz, 38 Wismutbkobalterz, 89 Wismutb kupfererz, 113, 119, 128 Wismutbuickelkies, 75 Wismutbnickelkobaltkies, 75 AVismuthocker, ^00 Wismutboxyd, Kolens., 290, 307 Wismutbsilber, 45, 122 Wismutbspatb, 307 Witbauiite, 516 Witherite, 284 Wittichenite, Witticbite, 128 Wittingite, 704 Wocbeinite, 251 Wodankies, v. Gersdorfflte Wohlerite, 376 Wolcbite, 126 Wolcbonskoite. 696 Wolfachite, 102 Wolfram, 982 Wolframbleierz, 989 Wolframine, 982 Wolframite, 982 Wolframocber, 202 Wolfsbergite, 113; 122 Wollongongite, 1024 Wollastonite, 371; 1052 Wolnyn. 902 Wood, Fossil, Petrified, 189., 195 Wood copper, 785 Wood opal, 195 Wood tin, 235 Woodwardite, 962 Worthite, 498 Wulfenite, 989 Wundererde, 696 Wuudersalz, 931 Wurfelauliydrit, 911 Wurfelerz. 847 Wilrfelgyps, 910 Wurfelspath, 910 Wilrfelzeolith, 589 Wurtzilite, 1019 Wurtzite, 70, 1051 Xantharsenite. 769 Xantbiosite, 870 Xantbitane, 716 Xantbite, 477 Xantboarsenite, 769 Xanthoconite, 149 Xantbokon, 149 Xantholite, 558 Xanthophyllite, 639 1134 INDEX TO SPECIES. Xanthopyrites, 84 Xanthorthit, 522 Xanthosiderite, 251, 964 Xenolite, 498 Xenotime, 748 Xonaltite, 569 Xonotlite, 569, 1052 Xylite. Xylotile, 711 Xylochlore, 566 Xyloretiuite, 1009 Yanolite, 527 Yellow copperas, 964 copper ore, 80 lead ore, 989 tellurium, 103 Yenite, 541 Yeremeyevite, 875 Yeso, 933 Youngite, 108 Ypoleime, 794 Ytterbite, 509 Yttererde, v. Yttrium Ytterflussspath, 182 Yttergranat, 437, 443 Ytterspath, 748 Yttrialite, 512 Yttrium carbonate, 306 fluoride, 182 niobates, 729, 739, 744, etc. phosphate, 748 silicates, 413, 509, 512, 522, 698, 1047 tantalate, 739 Yttrocalcit, 182 Yttrocererite, 182 Yttrocerite, 182 Yttrocolumbite, ID. Yttrotan- talite, 738 Yttroguminite, 893 Yttroilmenite, 738, 739 Yttrotantalite, 738; 729 Yttrotitanite, 717 Yu, Yu-shih, 371 Zafiro, Sp., v. Sapphire, 210 Zala, v. Borax Zamtite, 306 Zaratite, 306 Zeagouite, 586 Zeasite, v. Opal, 194 Zeilauite, 220 Zellkies, 94 Zeolite/ Cubic, 595; 589 Efflorescing-, 587 Feather, 600 Fibrous, 600, 604, 605 Foliated, 574, 583 Mealy, 600, 605 Needle, 600 Pyramidal, 566 Radiated, 583 ZEOLITES, 570-610 Zeolith.Schwarzer, 509 Zepharovichite, 825 Zerrmattite, 669 Zeugite, 829 Zeunerite, 857 Zeuxite, 557 Zeylanite, 220 Zianite, v. Cyanite, 500 Ziegelerz, 206 Zietrisikite, 999 Zigueline, 206 Zillerthite, 385 Zimapanite, 161 Zinc, Native, 14, 1052 Red Oxide of, 208 Zinc aluminate, 223 arsenates, 786, 819, 841 bromide, 161 carbonates, 279; 280, 298, 299 ferrate, 227 iodide, 161 oxide, 208 oxysulphide, 107 phosphate, 808 silicates, 460, 546; 435 sulphates, 912, 939, 977 sulphides, 59, 70 vanadates, 787, 791 Zinc blende, 59 Zinc bloom, 299 Zinc vitriol, 939 Zinc ore, Red, 208 Zincaluminite, 977 Zincite, 208, 1052 Zinckeuit, 112 Ziuco, 14 Ziucocalcite, 269 Zincouise, 299 Ziuk, 14 Zinkarseuiat, 819 Zinkazurit, 298 Zinkblende, 59 Zinkbl lithe, 299 Zinkeiseuspath, 279 Zinkenite. 112 Zinkfuhlerz, 137 Zinkglas, 546 Zinkit, 208 Zinkkieselerz, 546 Zinkosite, 912 Zinkoxyd, 208 Zinkphyllit. 808 Ziukspath, 279 Zinkvitriol, 939 Zinn, Gediegen, 24 Geschwefeltes, 83 Zinnerz, 234 Zinugraupen, 235 Zinnkies, 83 Zinnober, 66 Ziimstein, 234 Zinnwaldite, 626 Zippeite, 978 Zircarbite, 1052 Zircon, 482 Zirconite, 482 Zirconium silicates, 482; 374, 375, 376, 377. 409, 412 Zirkou-pektolith, 374 Zirlite, 255 Zoblitzite, 674 Zoisite, 513, 1035 Zolestin, 905 Zoiiochlorite, 610 Zorgite, 53 Zundererz, 123 Zunyite, 436 Zurlite, 474 Zwieselite, 777 Zwitter, 235 Zygadite, 328 FIRST APPENDIX TO THE SIXTH EDITION OF DANA'S SYSTEM OF MINERALOGY BY EDWARD S. DANA PROFESSOR OF PHYSICS AND CURATOR OF MINERALOGY YALE UNIVERSITY COMPLETING THE WOEK TO 1899 NEW YORK JOHN WILEY & SONS LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL, LIMITED 1911 Copyright, 1899, BY EDWARD S. DAlfA. THE SCIENTIFIC PRESS ROBERT DRUMMOND AND COMPANY BROOKLYN, N. Y. PREFATORY NOTE. THIS First Appendi* to the Sixth 'Edition of the System of Mineralogy issued In 1892 is designed to make the work complete up to and including the early part of 1899. This Appendix contains, first of all, full descriptions of the species announced as new since the publication of the System. There are no fewer than one hundred and sixty names here in- cluded, and their place in the general scheme of classification adopted in the System is shown in the classified list given in the Introduction. Unfortunately many of the new names, introduced into the science, during this period, have little claim to recognition, either because of the incom- pleteness of the original examination or the unsatisfactory nature of the material investigated. On the other hand a considerable part of the descriptions leave nothing to be desired both as regards fullness and accuracy. The relative importance of the new names is approximately indicated by the type used in the classified list. In addition to the description of new minerals, this Appendix is intended to contain also refer- ences to all important papers on mineral species published during the period named; with each reference is given a concise statement of its character, and so far as possible a summary of ita contents. Since, however, the additions to rniueralogical literature have been very numerous, it has been necessary in order to keep this work within reasonable compass to adhere rigidly to a system of extreme brevity of expression and conciseness of arrangement. All minerals named are, for convenience, placed in alphabetical order. For an explanation of the Abbreviations made use of in the case of periodicals, also of the crystallographical, optical and chemical symbols employed, reference is made to the Introduction to the System (1892), pp. xlv-li, and pp. xiii-xl. General abbreviations are explained on pp. Ixi-lxiii. The Bibliography includes the full titles of prominent volumes published since 1891. In addition attention is called to the large number of important memoirs on physical subjects, recently issued, particularly those on the molecular structure of crystals as related to the symmetry of form by Fedorow, SchSnflies, Goldschmidt, Barlow, Viola, and others. These and other related papers will be found either in full or as abstracts in Groth's invaluable Zeitschrift fur Krystallographie und Mineralogie, vols. 20-30 inclusive. The thanks of the author are due to his colleagues, Prof. S. L. Penfield and L. V. Pirsson. The former has had the kindness to furnish brief accounts of some new species now for the first time publicly described. Narw HAVKN, June 1, 1899. iii INTEODUCTION. BIBLIOGEAPHY. BARRINGER, D. M. A Description of Minerals of Commercial Value. 186 pp. New York, 1897. BAUER, M. Edelsteinkunde. Leipzig, 1895-96. BAUMHAUER, H. Die Resultate der Aetzmethode in der krystallographischen Forschung an einer Reihe von krystallisirten Korperu dargestellt. 131 pp., 12 plates. Leipzig, 1894. BEHRENS, "W. Tabellen zum Gebrauch bei mikroskopischen Arbeiten. 3d ed. Braunschweig, 1898. BERWERTH, F. Mikroskopische Strvicturbilder der Massigengesteine in f arbigen Lithographien . 32 plates. Stuttgart. BRAUNS, R. Die optischen Anomalien der Krystalle. 370 pp., 6 plates. Leipzig, 1891. [Preis- schriften gekront und herausgegebeu von der Filrstlich Jablonowskischen Gesellschaft.] Chemische Mineral ogie. 460 pp. Leipzig, 1896. BROGGER, W. C. Die Eruptivgesteiue des Krislianiagebietes. I. Die Gesteine der Grorudit- Tinguait Serie. 205 pp. 1894. II. Die Eruptionsfolge der triadiscben Eruptivgesteine bei Predazzo in Stldtyrol. 183 pp. 1895. III. Das Gangfolge des Laurdalits. 377 pp. Cbristiania, 1898. BRUSH-PENFIELD. Manual of Determinative Mineralogy, with an Introduction on Blowpipe Analysis by G. J. BRUSH. Revised and enlarged by SAMUEL L. PENFIELD. 108 pp. New York, 1896. The same revised, with New Tables for the Identification of Minerals by S. L. PENFIELD. 312 pp. New York, 1898. CHESTER, A. H. A Dictionary of the Names of Minerals, including their History and Etymology. 320 pp. New York, 1896. COHEN, E. Meteoritenkunde. Heft 1, Untersuchungsmethoden und Charakteristik der Gemeng- theile. 337 pp. Stuttgart, 1894. CUMENGE, E., and ROBELLAZ, F. L'Or dans la Nature. 106 pp. Paris, 1898. DANA, E. S. Minerals and How to Study Them. 380 pp. New York, 1895. A Text-book of Mineralogy, with an extended Treatise on Crystallography and Physical Mineralogy. 3d ed. 593 pp. New York, 1898. DE LAUNAY, L. Les Diamants du Cap. 223 pp. Paris, 1897. DES CLOTZEAUX, A. Manuel de Mineralogie. Vol. 2, pt. 2, pp. Iv-lx, 209-544. PI. Ixix- Ixxxiv. Paris, 1893. DOELTER, C. Edelsteinkunde. Leipzig, 1893. ENDLICH, F. M. Manual of Qualitative Blowpipe Analysis and Determinative Mineralogy. 456 pp. New York, 1892. FLETCHER, L. The Optical Indicatrix and the Transmission of Light in Crystals. 112 pp. London, 1890. PRAZER, PERSIFOR. Tables for the Determination of Minerals by Physical Properties ascertain- able with the aid of a few field instruments. Based on the System of Prof. Dr. A. Weis- bach. 4th ed. 163 pp. Philadelphia, 1897. FRIEDEL. C. Cours de Mineralogie professe a la Faculte des Sciences de Paris. Miueralogie generate. 416 pp. Paris, 1895. FUCHS, C. W. C. Anleitung znin Bestimmen der Mineralien. 4th ed. Giessen, 1898. GADOLTN, A. Abhandhmg ilber die Herleitung aller krystallographischen Systeme mit ihren Unterabtheilungen aus einem Prinzip. (Republished in Ostwald's Klassiker, No. 75, Leip- zig, 1896. QOLDSCHMIDT, V. Krystallographische Winkeltabellen. 432 pp. Berlin, 1897. VI BIBLIOGRAPHY. GROTH, P. Physikalische Krystallographie iind Einleituug iu die krystallographische Kenntniss der wichtigsten Substanzen. 3d ed. 783 pp. 1895. Tabellarische Uebersicht der Miueralieu nach ihren krystallographisch-cheuiischen Bezieh- ungen. 4th ed. 184 pp. Braunschweig, 1898. HINTZE, C. Handbuch der Mineralogie. Vol. 2, pp. 801-1842 (incl. Index), 1892-97. Vol. 1, pp. 1-320, 1898, Leipzig. KLOCKMANN, F. Lehrbuch der Mineralogie. 467 pp. Stuttgart, 1892. KOBELL-OEBBEKE. Franz von Kobell's Tufelu zur Bestimmung der Miueralien, etc. 13th ed. Munich, 1893. KOKSHAROV, N. v. Materialieu zur Mineralogie Russlands. Vol 11, pp. 137, with Obituary notice and Index to Vols. 1 to 11. St. Petersburg, 1891-92. KUNZ, G. F. Gems and Precious Stones of North America (1890). Appendix, pp. 337-367. New York, 1892. LACROIX, A. Mineralogie de la France et de ses Colonies. Paris. Vol. 1, 723 pp., 1893; vol. 2, 804 pp., 1896. LANDAUER-TAYLOR. Blowpipe Analysis by J. LANDAUER. English Edition by JAMES TAYLOR. 2d ed. London, 1892. LEISS, C. Die optischen Instrumente der Firma R. Fuess, deren Beschreibung, Justierung und Anwendung. 397 pp., 3 plates. Leipzig, 1899. LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL. Papers and Notes on the Genesis and Matrix of the Diamond by the late Henry Carvill Lewis, edited by T. G. BONNEY. London and New York, 1897. LIEBISCH, T. Grundriss der physikalischen Krystallographie. 506 pp. Leipzig, 1896. LINCK, G. Gruudriss der Krystallographie. 252 pp. Jena, 1896. LUEDECKE, O. Die Minerale des Harzes. 643 pp., with atlas and 27 plates. Berlin, 1896. LUQUER, L. Mcl. Minerals in Rock Sections. The practical methods of identifying minerals in rock sections with the microscope. 117 pp. New York, 1898. MOSES, A. J. The Characters of Crystals. An Introduction to Physical Crystallography. 211 pp. New York, 1899. MOSES, A. J., and PARSONS, C. L. Elements of Mineralogy, Crystallography, and Blowpipe Analysis from a Practical Standpoint. 342 pp. New York, 1895. NAUMANN-ZIRKEL. Elemente der Mineralogie, begrundet von C. F. Naumann. 13th ed. By F. Zirkel. Leipzig, 1897-98. NIES, AUG. Allgerneine Krystallbeschreibung, etc. Stuttgart, 1895. PKNFIELD. Revised edition of Brush's Determinative Mineralogy and Blowpipe Analysis, 1896 and 1898. See BRUSH-PENFIELD. RAMMELSBERG, C. F. Handbuch der Mineralchemie. Zweites Erganzungsheft zur zweiten Auflage. 474 pp. Leipzig, 1895. ROSENBUSCH, H. Mikroskopische Physiographic der Mineralien und Gesteine. Stuttgart. Vol. 1, Die petrographisch wichtigen Miueralien, 712 pp., 1892. Vol. 2, Massige Gesteiue, 1896. Elemente der Gesteinslehre. 546 pp. Stuttgart, 1898. SCHULZE, E. Lithia Hercynica. Verzeichnis der Miuerale des Harzes und seines Vorlaudes. 192 pp. Leipzig, 1895. SORET, CH. Elements de Cristallographie physique. Geneva and Paris, 1893. STORY-MASKELYNE, N. Crystallography. A Treatise on the Morphology of Crystals. 521 pp. Oxford, 1895. TSCHERMAK, G. Lehrbuch der Mineralogie. 4th ed. r Vienna, 1833. 5th ed., 1897. VOIGT, WALDEMAR. Die fuudamentalen Eigeuschaften der Krystalle. 243 pp. Leipzig, 1898. WEISBACH, A. Synopsis Mineralogira. 3d ed. Freiberg r 1897. Tabellen zur Bestimmung der Mineralien nach ftussereii Ivenuzeichen. 4th ed. 1892. WIIK, F J. Utkast till ett Kristallokemiskt Mineralsystem. I Silikaterna. 221 pp. Helsing- fors, 1892. WULFING, E. A. Tabellarische Uebersicht der einfachen Formeu der 32 krystallographischen Symmetriegruppen. 1895. Die Meteoriten in Sammlungen und ihre Literatur. Tubingen, 1897. ZEPHAROVICH, V. von. Mineralogisches Lexikon filr das Kaiserthum Osterreich. Vol. 3 (by F. BECKE). Vienna, 1893. CLASSIFIED LIST OF NEW NAMES. I. NATIVE ELEMENTS, Min. pp. 2-32. JOSEPHINITE (p. 38), Fe a Ni 6 . Near Awaruite, Min. p. 29. Graphitite (p. 31). Var. Graphite, Min. p. 7. II. SULPHIDES, TELLURIDES, ARSENIDES, ETC., Min. pp. 38-101 GRUNLINGITE (p. 31), Bi 4 TeS 3 . Near Tetradymite, Min. p. 39. Quirogite (p. 58). An impure Galena, Min. p. 48 ? Heazlewoodite (p. 33), Folgerite (p. 52). Essentially Pentlandite, Min. p. 6& Gunnarite (p. 31), Fe 8 Ni 2 S 8 ? Near Pentlandite. Hauchecornite (p. 33), (Ni,Co),(S,Bi,Sb) 8 . Near Polydymite, Min. p. 75. BARRACANITE, Cupropyrite (p. 21). Near Cubanite, Min. p. 79. Blueite (p. 56), Whartonite (p. 56). Same as Pyrite, Min. p. 84. Willyamite (p. 73), CoSbS.NiSbS. Near Ullmannite, Min. p. 91. BISMUTOSMALTITE, NiCKEL-SKUTTERUDiTE (p. 63). Varieties of Skutterudltc, Min. p. 961 Goldschmidtite (p. 30), Au 2 AgTe 6 . Near Sylvanite, Min. p. 103. KALGOORLITE (p. 38), HgAu 2 AgTe 8 . HI. SULPHO-SALTS, Min. pp. 109-151. 1. SULPHARSENITES, SuLPHANTIMONITES, ETC. Andorite, Webnerite, Sundtite (p. 4), 2PbS.Ag 2 S.3Sb a S 3 . Related to Zinkenite Min. p. 111. Lorandite (p. 43), Tl 2 S.As 2 S 3 . Near Miargyrite, Min. p. 116. Pearceite (p. 50), 9Ag a S.As a S 3 . Near Polybasite, Min. p. 146. Rathite (p. 58), contains S,As(Sb),Pb. Related to Dufrenoysite, Min. p. 120, and Jameson Ite, p. 122. 2. SULPHOSTANNATES. Canfieldite (p. 13), 4Ag,S.(Sn,Ge)S 2 . Near Argyrodite, 4Ag,S.GeS,. p. 6, and Mia, p. 150, Oylindrite, Kylindrit (p. 21), 6PbS.Sb,S 3 .6SnS,. Franckeite (p. 26), 5PbS.Sb 2 S 3 .2SnS 3 . IV. CHLORIDES, BROMIDES, IODIDES, Min. pp. 162-182. 1. ANHYDROUS CHLORIDES, ETC. Marshite (p. 45), Cu 2 I a . In Group with Nantokite, p. 154. Miersite (p. 47), Ag 2 I a . " " " " " Cupro-iodargyrite (p. 21), CuI.AgI or Cu a I 2 .Ag a I,. 2. OXYCHLORIDES. Paralaurionite (p. 50), PbCl a .Pb(OH a ) a . Near LaurionitC, p. 17t Penfieldite (p. 51), PbO.2PbCl a . vii Viii CLASSIFIED LIST OF NEW NAMES. CUMENGITE, PSEUDOBOLEITE (p. 52). Near Percylite and Boleite, Min. pp. 172 and 1038. METANOCERINE (p. 46). Near Nocerite, Min. p. 174? V. OXIDES, Min. pp, 183-260. QUARTZINE, LUTECINE, LuTKCiTE (p. 58). Near Quartz, Min. p. 183. Cubaite, Guanabaquite, Guanabacoite'(p. 58). Same as Quartz. MITCHELLITE (p. 17). Var. Chromite.4H 2 O. MINERVITE (p. 47), Al 2 O 3 .P a O 5 .7H 2 O. Utahlite (p. 71). Same as Variscite, Min. p. 824. KEHOEITE (p. 38), ZuO 4Al a O 3 .5P 2 O fi .9H 2 O. Carnotite (p. 13), K 2 O.2U 2 O 3 .V a O 6 .3H 2 O. The following are imperfectly described arsenates, or antimonates, of manganese or iron, or both : Basiliite (p. 9), Chloroarsenian (p. 16), Chondrostibian (p. 17), Elfstorpite (p. 24), Lampro- stibian (p. 40), Magnetostibian (p. 44), Melanostibian (p. 44), Rhodoarsenian (p. 59), Sjogrufvite (p. 62). ANTIMONATES, Min. pp. 861-866. Tripuhyite (p. 70), 2FeO.Sb a O s . Derbylite (p. 22), 6FeO.5TiO a .Sb 2 O 5 . X CLASSIFIED LIST OF NEW NAMES. Lewisite (p. 42), 5CaO.2TiO,.3Sb 2 O 5 . Mauzeliite (p. 45), 4(Ca,Pb)O.TiO a .2Sb 9 O. PHOSPHATES (ARSENATEB) WITH SULPHATES, Min. pp. 866-869. Losseuite (p. 44), 2PbSO 4 .3(FeOH) 3 A 2 O 8 + 12H a O. Muukforssite (p. 48). Near Svanbergite, Min. p. 868. Munkrudite (p. 48). " " " " VI. 5. BORATES, Mia. pp. 874-689. Ascharite (p. 6), 3Mg a B a O 6 .2H 2 O. Sulphoborite (p. 65), 4MgHBO 3 .2MgSO 4 .7H a O. URANATES, Min. pp. 889-893. Mackintoshite (p. 44), UO a .3ThO a .3SiO a .3H a O. Near Thorogummite, Min. p. 893. VI. 6. SULPHATES, CHROMATES, Min. pp. 894-981. Langbeinite (p. 40), K a SO 4 .2MgSO 4 . Dietzeite (p. 23), 7Ca(IO 3 ) 2 .8CuCrO 4 . BERESOVITE (p. 9), 6PbO.3CrO 3 .CO a . SALVADORITE (p. 60), (Cu,Fe)SO 4 + 7H 2 O. Near Pisauite, Min. p. 943. SIDEROTIL (p. 62), FeSO 4 + 5H 2 O. Leonite, Kaliblodite, Kaliastrakauite (p. 42), K 2 SO 4 .MgSO 4 + 4H 8 O. Near Blodite, Min, p. 940. Seelundke (p. 01). Near Pickeriugite, Min. p. 953. Masrite (p. 45). An alum near Halotricbite, Min. p. 954. KAMAREZITE (p. 38), (CuOH) 2 SO 4 .Cu(OH) a .6H 2 O. Near Langite, Min. p. 961. PLANOFERRITE (p. 54), Fe a O 3 .SO3.15H 2 O. IDRIZITE (p. 36). Near Botryogen, Miu. p. 972. CUBEITE, Kubeit (p. 21), contains SO 3 ,Fe 2 O 3 ,MgO,H a O. Kauaiite (p. 38), contains SO 3 ,Al 2 O 3 ,K 2 O,Na 2 O,H a O. Bouglisite (p. 4). A mixture of anglesite and gypsum, VI. 7. TUNGSTATES, MOLYBDATES, Min. pp. 982-995. Raspite (p. 58), PbWO 4 . Wolframite Group, Min. p. 982 ? VIII. HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS, Miu. pp. 996-1024. Alexjejevite (p. 2), Alliugite (p. 2), Burmite (p. 12), Cedarite (p. 14). All near Succinite and Amber, Min. p. 1002. Courtzilite (p. 20). Same as Uintahite, Min. p. 1020. Peliouite (p. 51), Var. Caunel Coal. Libollile (p. 43). Near Albertite, Min. p. 1020. Tiffanyite (p. 68). Undetermined hydrocarbon. APPENDIX I. ACANTHITE, p. 58. Crystals of silver sulphide, prismatic and apparently orthorhombic, occur at the Enterprise mine, Rico, Colorado. Chester, School Mines Q., 15, 303, 1894. Wire-like forms from Guanajuato, Mexico, referred to acanthite, have been analyzed by Genth, Am. J. Sc., 44, 383, 1892. 1. ADELITE, p. 1052. The following is a full description, Hj. Sjogren, G. For. F5rh., 1891; Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 1, 56. 1892: Monocliuic. Crystals rare, tabular || c or pris- matic (m). (Figs. 1, 2.) Observed forms: a (100), c (001), m (110), /(Oil), d(221). Measured angles: ac = 73 15'. mm"' (110 A 110) = 87 5'*?, m d (110 A 221) = 24 45'; a relation to wagner- ite is suggested (see foot-note). Usually massive, in embedded grains. Cleavage none. Fracture conchoidal to un- even. H. = 5. G= 371-3-76. Luster res- inous to greasy. Color gray, yellowish gray. Translucent. Optically -)-. Bx a A c = + 38 Axial angle large, 2E = 106 40', 58 47' (n = 1-6703): p > v. Composition, HCaMgAsO 6 or (MgOH)CaAsO 4 , analogous to the wagnerite group Analyses, R. Mauzelius, quoted by Sjogren: 13, 781, 2. also 2K ay = m 1. Nor d mark G. 3-71 As 2 O 6 CaO 50-04 25-43 2. Langban 3'76 3. Jakobsberg 3 '72 50-28 48-52 24-04 23-13 MgO 17-05 17-90 19-25 BaO tr. PbO CuO 0-39 FeO MnO 1-64 H,O 4-25 0-23 2-79 2-41 [Fe 2 3 ,Al 2 0, 0-32 0-08 0-09 0-48 1-27 390 3-99 Cl 0-24 ) Cu 0-26 = 99-60 tr. = 100-02 SiO a 1-88=100-54 Soluble Fuses easily B. B. to a gray enamel. With soda on charcoal yields arsenical fumes. in dilute acids. The water goes off completely only at a high temperature. Occurs with grains of magnetite and scales of native copper at the Kittel mine, Nordmark, Sweden; also at the Jakobsberg mine with hausmannite, etc., in limestone; with other arsenates and manganese minerals at Langban. Named from adrj&oS, indistinct. A related mineral from the Moss mine gave LundstrOm (quoted by SjSgren, G. For. Forh., 7, 412. 1884, Upsala, p. 60): As 2 O 5 49'73, CaO 25'52, MgO 18'98, BaO 0'81, MnO 1'69, ZnO?0'08, Al 2 O 3 .Fe 3 O 3 0'83, loss (H 2 O) 2 36 = 100. Its character is somewhat uncertain. See also Tilasite, which is o. fluor-adelite, (MgF)CaPO 4 . pp. 364, 1046. Reported as occurring in the nephelite-syenite of Paisano Pass, Davis Mts., Texas, A. Osann, 4 Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Texas, 128, 1892. Noted also in rocks at various points, as Salem, Mass.; Cripple Creek, Colo.; Black Hills; Bearpaw Mts., Judith Mts. and Crazy Mts., Montana. * The author's angles and axes are hopelessly at variance. He calculates d : b : c = 1-0989 : 1 : 1-5642, ft = 73 15'. This ratio for a : b requires, however, mm"' (110 A 110) = 92" 55', not 87 5' as stated; also the value 92 55' gives the author's angle cm = 78 33'. Furthermore he gives 110 A 221 = 24 45' and 001 A 221 = 75 27' (76 26' meas.), but 001 A 110 = 101 27', hence 001 A 221 should be 76 42'. The value of c deduced from the author's fundamental angles (using 110 A 110 = 92 55') is 0*8799, not 1-5642; but the measured angles, ca = 73 15' and cf = 56 27', give i = 1-5748. APPENDIX I. p. 403. An amphibole occurring in the "heumite" of Heum, Norway, may belong here, cf. BrSgger, Eruptivgesteine d. Krist., 3, 93, 1898. Reported as occurring in Texas, see seg>ite. Investigation of etching-figures, R. A. Daly, Proc. Am. Acad. Sc., 34, 425, 1899. AGRIUOUTE, p. 448. From near Schwarzenberg, Saxony, Frenzel, Min. petr. Mitth , 16 528 1896. AGUILARITE, p 1025. Several analyses have been made by Genth on material from the original locality; the purest yielded : Sel3'96, S 5'93, Ag 79'41, Cu 0'50 = 99'80 Dodecahedral crystals gave tbe composition of argentite, with Se = 3 75 (S : Se = 7 : 1). Other crystals were partially altered to ttephanite, etc. Am. J. Sc., 44, 381, 1892. ALABANDITE, p. 64. Occurs at Tombstone, Arizona, in large but rough twinned cubic crystals with tetrahedral faces; G. 4'031, 4 '040; analysis gave (Volckeniug): S 36'91, Mn 63'03 = 99-94. Moses and Luquer, Sch. Mines Q., 13, 236, 1892; Moses, Zs. Kr., 22, 18, 1893. ALBITE, pp. 327, 1025. On crystals from Revin, Belgium, see Franck, Bull. Acad. Bels:., 21, 603, 1891. Crystallographic and optical investigation of a variety free from calcium from Lakous, Crete, Viola, Min. petr. Mitth., 16, 135, 1895. Zs. Kr., 30, 423, 436, 1898. Same of varieties from Russiaa localities, Glinka, Zs. Kr., 22, 63, 1893; 26, 509, 1886; Vh. Min. Ges., 31, 1, 1894. Cleavage and parting investigated, Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 48, 115, 1894. Etching-figures, T. L. Walker, Am. J. Sc., 5, 182, 1898. See also Pel Alexandrolite. 8. M. Losanitsch, Ber. Chem. Ges., 28, 2631, 1895, and Chem. News, 69, 243, 1894. See Avalite. Alexjejevite. A resin from the Kaluga Govrn., Russia. Composition : C 75'5, H 12 - 5, O 12-0. Investigated by Alexjejev (Vh. Min. Ges. St. Pet., 29, 201, 1892) and named by Karnojitsky, Zs. Kr., 24, 504, 1895. ALLANITE, p. 522. Crystals described from Franklin Furnace, N. J., Eakle, Am. J. Sc., 47, 436, 1892; also from the Harz (ortMte), Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 444, 1896; from Mineville, Essex Co., N. Y., H. Ries, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sc., 16, 327, 1897. Forms about 56 p. c. of a granite on the east shore of Lac & Baude, Champlain Co., Quebec. Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 7, 12 R, 1894. Allingite E. Aweng [Arch. Pharm., 232, 1894]. Jb. Min., 2, 254 ref., 1896. A fossil resin from Switzerland, related to succinite. ALLOPHANE, p. 693. Analyses of Italian varieties, G. D'Achiardi, Att. Soc. Tosc., Proc. Verb., March 13, 1898. ALSTONITE. See Bromlite. ALTAITE, p. 51. Occurs near Liddle Creek, West Kootanie, Br. Columbia, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 6, 29R, 1893 ; also on Long lake, Yale district, B. C. (anal, by Johnston), ibid., 8, 11 R, 1895; at Choukpazat, Upper Burma, Louis, Min. Mag., 11, 215, 1897. ALUNITE, p. 974. Occurs at Tres Cerritos, Mariposa Co., California, in an alunite-quartzite, Turner, Am. J. Sc., 5, 424, 1898. At Red Mountain, Ouray Co., Colorado, in aggregations of minute crystals with enargite, etc. Analysis ; SO 3 38'93, A1 2 O 3 39M33, K 2 O 4*26, Na 2 O 4'41, H 2 O 13'3i, insol. 0'50 = 100-48. E. B. Hurlburt, Am. J. Sc., 48, 130, 1894. From Knicker- bocker Hill, Custer Co., Colo., anal., Eakins, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 90, 62, 1892. ALURGITE, p. 635. The deep-red manganese mica from St. Marcel, Piedmont, has been ana- lyzed by Penfield, as follows SiO 2 A1 2 3 Fe 2 3 Mn 2 O 3 MiiO MgO K 2 Na 2 O H a O 53-22 21-19 1-22 0*87 0'18 6'02 11-20 0'34 For this the formula preferred is HR 2 (AlOH)Al(SiO 3 ) 4 with R = MgOH,K chiefly; it is thus- distinct from other species of the mica group. It is monocliuic; cleavage basal: laminae flexible. H. =3. G. = 2-835-2-849. Not highly pleochroic. 2E y = 56 5'-57. Am. J. Sc., 46, 288, 1893. AMBER. See SUCCINITE; also the new names, Allingite, Burmite, Cedarite, etc. APPENDIX I. 3 AMPHIBOLE, pp. 385, 1026. K. von Kraatz divides the varieties here included into three groups according to prismatic cleavage angle: Tremolite series, cleavage angle 55 10' to 55 25'; common green hornblende, 55 25' to 55 35'; brown basaltic hornblende, 5o 40' to 55 50'. Zs. Kr., 30, 664, 1899. A discussion of the variation of extinction-angle in the prismatic zone is given by R. A. Daly. Proc. Am. Acad. Sc., 34, 311, 1899. See also by the same author an exhaustive investigation of etching-figures of different members of the amphibole group, ibid., p. 374 (see philipstadite below). On the composition of certain rock-making amphiboles, from the Sierra Nevada, California, see Turner, Am. J. Sc., 7, 297, 1899. Analysis (2-72 H 2 O) of amphibole from the Durbjich mica- syenite, Sauer, Beitr. G. Heidelberg, Mitth.* Bad. G. Laudesaust., 2, 252. Analyses are given also in many petrographical memoirs, Jahrb. Min., et al. Synthetic experiments leading to the formation of this and other species. Doelter, Jb. Min., 1,1, 1897. An unusual variety (monocliuic-hemihedral or triclinic?) occurs in the trachyte of Montesanto, Italy, Franco, Zs. Kr., 25, 3^8, 1895; Rend. Accad. Napoli, May-June, 1895. An amphibole having the composition of an orthosilicate analogous to garnet, (R 2 ,R) 3 R 2 Si3Oi, (cf. syntagmatite, Min., p. 388), has been called haslingsite by Adams and Harrington (Am. J. Sc., 1, 210, 1896). Occurs in grains in the nephelite-syeuite of Dungannon, Hastings Co., Ontario. Optically . Birefringence low. c nearly coincident with c. Ax. pi. || b (010). Ax. angle small, 30 to 45. Dispersion p > ID. Absorption c = ft > a. Pleochroism, a yw.-greeu; fo and c deep bluish green. Analysis, Harrington: SiO 2 TiO, Al a 3 Fe 2 3 FeO MnO CaO MgO K 2 O Na 2 O H 3 O G. = 3433 34-18 1'53 11-52 12'62 21*98 0'63 9'87 1'35 2-28 3'29 '35 = 99 "60 Another aluminous amphibole, from the gabbro of Pavone, near Ivrea, Piedmont, Italy, inves- tigated by Van Horn is also nearly an orthosilicate. Cleavage-angle 55 42'. G. = 3-217-3'222. Extinction-angle 14 SO 7 to 15 30' on b (010). Pleochroism strong: a light yellow; fc brown, tinge of red; c brown, tinge of yellow. Analysis by Dittrich: SiO, TiO, A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O, FeO MnO CaO MgO K 2 O Na 2 O H a O 39-58 tr. 14-91 4-01 10'67 tr. 11-76 13-06 0*62 2-87 2-79 = 100'27 This corresponds nearly to R 6 R 2 Si 4 O 16 or R 3 R a Si 3 Oi, (syutagmatite) + R 2 SiO 4 . Amer. Geol., 21, 370, 1898. An amphibole from Philipstad, Sweden, has been called pJiilipstadiie by R. A. Daly (Proc. Am. Acad. Sc., 34, 433, 1899). It shows anomalous etching-figures on m (110) and b (010) (ibid., p. 399); pronounced zonal structure; small optic axial angle (about 50); also unusual pleochroism and absorption: viz., a light brownish green, 6 dark yellow-green, c dark blue-green; t) > C > a. It is optically , with an extinction-angle on b (010) with c = -\- 15 9' (Na). An analysis by Pisani gave: SiO 2 TiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MnO CaO MgO Na a O K 2 O ign. 45-20 0-84 7-34 7'55 15'80 1'52 12*30 8-40 0'80 0'37 0-70 = 100-82 Xiphonite is a name given by G. Platania (Accad. Sc. Acireale, 5, 1893) to a variety occurring in minute crystals with hematite in cavities of a ^lag-like rock at Acicatena (Etna), Sicily. Form, angles and cleavage like amphibole, but characterized by light honey-yellow color and by feeble pleochroism. Composition undetermined. Named from Xiphonia, an old town near the locality. See Richterite (astochite); also other species of the group ; new names are Cataphorite (Kataforite), Crossite, Rhodusite. ANALCITE, p. 595. Crystals described from the Harz, Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 576, 1896. Also from Boylestoue Quarry, near Barrhead, Renfrewshire, Scotland; doubtful forms z (543), t (421), also (332). Heddle, Trans. Edinb. G. Soc., 7, 241, 1897. Optical structure investigated, Monte Somma, P. Franco, Giorn. Min., 3, 232, 1892. Same, from Monte Catiui, G. D'Achiardi, Att. Soc. Tosc., Pisa, 1897. Discussion of optical structure, with relation to a new artificial silicate, G. Friedel, Bull Soc. Min., 19, 14, 5, 1896; also with reference to effect produced by loss of water, ibid,, pp. 94, 363. Further discussion of optical structure, especially in relation to leucite, Klein, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 290, 1897, and Jb. Min., Beil.- Bd., 11, 474, 189. Analysis, from Friedersdorf on the Lahn, Brauns, Jb. Min., 2, 4, 1892. From the Plauenschen Grund, Dresden, Zschau, Abh. Ges. Isis, p. 94, 1893. Occurs in a dike-rock at Hamburg, N. J., derived from leucite, Kemp, Am. J. Sc., 45, 298, 1898. Also in analcite-diabase of San Luis, California, Fairbanks, Bull. Depi. Geol. Univ. California, 1, 273, 1895. Present as a primary constituent in certain igneous rocks (monchiquite), Pirsson, J. Geol., 4, 679, 1896 ; also in an aualcite-basalt near Cripple Creek, Colorado, Cross, J. Geol., 5, 684, 1897. 4 APPENDIX I. ANATASE. See Octahedrite. ANDALUSITE, p. 496. Crystals from the Pitzthal, Tyrol, show the new forms, * (320), t (013) v (054), u (032), x (112). Haefele, Zs. Kr., 23, 551, 1894. A variety of chiastolite from the crystalline schists of the region north of Ladoga Lake in eastern Finland is called maltesite by J. J. Sederholm. The large nodules show a Maltese cross of wedge-shaped parts of pure material, separated by areas of impure material. G. For. Forh., 18 390, 1896. A variety containing 6*91 p. c. Mn 2 O 3 is called Manganandalusifo by H. Backstrorn. Occurs in muscovite-quartzite of Vestana, Sweden,_ differs from ordinary andalusite in its grass-green color and strong pleochroism: c (a) and 6 (b) blue-green, a (c) pure yellow and most absorbed. Investigation of a mineral related to andalusite and dumortierite, from the granile of the Argentiue^Republic. It is marked by deep-red pleochroism. Romberg, Jb. Min., Beil -Bd., 8, 340, 1893. See also Westanite. ANDESINE, p. 333. Stenzelberg, Siebengebirge, crystals described (new form, 120), BUFZ, Jb, Min., 1, 36, 1898. See also Feldspar. Andorite. J. A. Krenner [Math. term, firtesito, 11, 119, 1892], Zr. Kr., 23, 497, 1894; G. T. Prior and L. J. Spencer, Min. Mag., 11, 286, 1897; and Zs. Kr., 29, 346. Sundtite, W. C. Brogger, Zs. Kr., 21, 193, 1893; Pohlmann, ibid., 24, 124, 1894. Webnerite, Stelzner, ibid., 24, 125, 1894. Orthorhombic. Axes d:b:c = 0-6772 : 1 : 0'4458. 100 A HO = 34 6|', 001 A 101 = 33 21^, 001 A Oil = 24 If'. Forms : a (100), b (010), c (001); (p (610), ^ (510), n (210), o (320), m (110), J(280), A (120); A (102), 6(305), a (203). tc (405), /(101), 6(302), A (301), ju (902); x (Oil), v (043), Tt (032), y (021), y (031); v (112), X (223), p (111), z (332), q (221), p (331); s (211), d (364). r (121), e (362); w (132); /? (131); a (162); C (2'21'7). Angles: mm'" = 68 12', ff' = 66 43', a-a' = 48 3', yy' = 106 26', w' = *35 37$', w"'= *23 54J'. In aggregates of highly modified prismatic crystals, tabular || a (100); faces in prismatic zone vertically striated. Also massive. Cleavage none. Fracture oonchoidal. Brittle. H. = 3-3'5. G.=5'50. Luster metallic, bril- liant. Color steel-gray. Streak bla<-k. Composition, PbAgSb 3 S 6 or 2PbS.Ag 2 S.3Sb 2 S 3 . Analyses. 1, Loczka; quoted by Krenner. 2, 3, G. T. Prior. 4, P. J. Mann, quoted by Stelzner (also other anals. on less pure material). G. S Sb Pb Ag Cu Fe 1. Felsobanya 5 '341 23'32 41-91 2207 11-31 0'69 70 iusol. 0'04 = 100'04 2. " 5-33 22-19 41-76 21-81 11'73 0'73 1-45 = 99-67 3. Oruro 5'377 22*06 41 -31 24-10 10-94 068 0-30 = 99-39 .4. " 23-10 40-86 24'30 10-25 0'65 0'53 = 99'69 First described by Krenner from Felsobanya, Hungary, where it occurs with stibnite, quartz, and sphalerite, also baiite and manganosiderite. Also found at the silver-tin mines of Oruro, Depart, of Oruro, Bolivia, especially the Itos mine (webnerite) with stibnite, pyrite, etc. The name Andorite is given for Audor von Semsey ; Sundtite, for the mining director L. Sundt ; Webnerite, for the mining engineer, A. Webner. The identity of andorite. sundlita and webnerite was established by Prior and Spencer. The observed list of forms is that given by them; the position and fundamental angles are those of Brogger (sundtite). It is to be noted that the analysis of "sundtite" by Theseu, quoted by Brogger and which shows only a trace of lead (G = 5'50), it is now stated was not made upon measured crystals, hence it appears to represent another species. ANGLESITE, p. 907. Crystals described from the Altai, new form (016), Jeremejev, Vh. Min. Ges., 29, 174, 1892. Crystals from unknown source show the new form P (255), L. J. Spencer, Min. Mag., 11, 197, 1899. Occurs at the Wellington mine, Bear Lake, West Kootanie, Br. Columbia, Hoffmann, Ref. G. Canada, 6, 27 R, 1892-93. A mineral having the form of anglesite, associated with the boleite of Boleo, Lower Cali- fornia, is shown by Genth to have the composition 2PbSO4.CaSO 4 .2H 2 O, and to be a mechanical mixture of anglesite and gypsum. An origin from a possible mineral 2PhSO 4 .CaSO 4 is sug- gested. Am. J. Sc., 45, 32, 1893. See also Mallard, Bull. Soc. Min., 16, 195, 1893. This sub- stnnce has been called bouglisite by Cumenge, after M. de La Bouglise (cf. Lacroix, Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 42, 1892). ANHYDRITE, p. 910. Molecular properties investigated, also of other species, Mugge, Jb. Min., 1, 71, 1898. Refractive indices, Zimanyi, Zs. Kr. 22, 341, 1893. Deposits of anhydrite and gypsum of Oulx described by Colomba, Att. Accad. Torino, 33, 779, 1897-98. APPENDIX L 5 Formation discussed, R. Brauns, Jb. Min. 2, 257, 1894. Occurs in bluish tabular masses in cavities in trap rock at Larrabee's quarry, Northampton, Mass. Emerson, Bull. U. 8. G. Surv., 126, 26, 1895. ANORTHITE, p. 337. Occurs at Buck Creek, Clay Co., N. C., analysis by C. H. Baskerville, quoted by Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 5, 128, 1898. Occurs with epidote at Phippsburg, Me., Clarke, Am.. J. Sc., 48, 429, 1894. From Raymond, Me., anal., Melville, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 113, 110, 1893. See also Feldspar. ANORTHOCLASE, p. 324. Analysis from acmite-trachyte of the Crazy Mts., Montana, Hille- braud, quoted by Wolff and Tarr, Bull. Mus. Com p. Zool. 16, 227, 1893. BrOgger proposes the name soda-microcline (Natronmikroklin) and discusses relation to other allied teldpars, Eruptivgest. d. Kristiauiagebietes, 3, 11, 1898. ANTHOPHYLLITE, p. 384. Occurs at Bakersville, N. C., in dunite; crystals analyzed by Baskerville yielded results identical with those of Penfield (anal. 1, p. 385) ; it is concluded that the latter's specimens came from this locality, Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 5, 429, 1898. Oedrite (14 p. c. Al a O 3 ) occurs as a coarse, granular rock near Harris's Soapstoue quarry, Warwick, Mass. Emerson, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 126, 86, 1895 (anal., Schneider, Eakins). Ott gedrite-schist from Vester Silfberg, Sweden, see Weibull, G. For. Forh., 18, 377. 1896. Investigation of etching-figures, R. A. Daly, Proc. Am. Acad. Sc., 34, 424, 1899- See also Asbestus and Valleite. APATITE, pp. 762, 1027. Cryst. From the granite of Alzo, Lake Orta, Italy, G. Striiver, Riv. Min. Ital., 12, 52, 1893. From Zoptau, Graber, Min. petr. Mitth., 14, 269, 1894. From the emerald mines in the Ural, with (808?) Jerernejev, Vh. Min. Ges., Prot., 33, 65, 1895. Elba, Artini, Riv. Min. Ital., 16, 15, 1896, and Rend. Accad. Line., 4 (2), 259, 1895. Crystals of mansranapatite (5*95 p. c. MuO) from the Vestaua mines, Sweden, gave Weibull ex (0001 A 1011) = 40 17' 20". G. For. Forh.. 20, 63, 1898. Twin crystals with tw. pi. (1121), inclusions in the andesite of Mt. Stavro, Algeria, are noted by Washington, J. Geol., 3, 25, 1895. Discussion of vicinal faces, Karnojitsky, Vh. Min. Ges., 33, 65, 1895. Comp. Composition discussed, Rammelsberg, Jb. Min. 2, 38, 1897. Analyses of many specimens and discussion of variation in composition, Carnot, Bull. Soc. Min., 19, 135, 1896 ; Ann. Mines, 10, 137, 1896, (also other phosphates, ib. t 8, 321, 1895,) and C. R., 122, 1375, 1896. Montebras, analysis of blue variety, Carnot, Bull. Soc. Min., 19, 214, 1896. Ceylon, occurring with graphite, Jannasch and Locke, Zs. anorg. Ch., 7, 154, 1894. APHTHITALITE, p. 897. Vesuvius, natural crystals seem to be in part rhombohedral, in part orthorhombic and biaxial, P. Franco, Giorn. Min., 4, 151, 1893. APOPHYLLITE, p. 566. Cryst. Harz Mts., Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 572, 1896. Kimberley, S. Africa, new forms, (119), x (223), k (332), Currie, Trans. Edinb. G. Soc.. 7, 252, 1897. Collo, Constantiue, Algeria, crystals described and analysis, Gentil, Bull. Soc. Min., 17, 11,. 1894. No fluorine was found ; Friedel also remarks on its absence while he obtains an ammonia- cal reaction, ibid., p. 142. A. E. Nordenskiold found fluorine in the Collo mineral examined by him ; he also shows that the presence of ammonia was early established (1805, Rose), G. For. Forh., 16, 579, 1894. Discussion of optical properties as influenced by heat and pressure, Klein, Jb. Min., 2, 165, 1892 (also less complete in Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1892. p. 217). Anal. Graugesberg, Hallberg, G. For. Forh., 15, 327, 1893. From the "blue ground " of Koppiesfontein, near Jagersfoutein, So. Africa, J. A. Leo Henderson, Min. Mag., 11, 318, 1897. From the Grand Marais, Minn., Berkey, 23 Ann. Rep. G. Surv. Minnesota, 1894, p. 195. See also above. ARAGONITE, pp. 281, 1027. Cryst. Neussargues (Cnntal), Gonnard, Bull. Soc. Min., 14, 183, 1891; 16, 10, 1893. Framont, new forms (572), (231), (341), (S'll'S), and others doubtful, Stober [Mitth. G. Landes. Els.-Lothr., 4, 113, 1894], Zs. Kr , 27, 531. Monte R'una/zo. Liguria, Italy, new forms (430), (570), (073), (05 k >), (331), (512), (9'2'lt)), (413), (3'2'12). (431), (24 25'1), (342), (7'10'3), (352), (133), (271), Negri, Riv. Min. Ital., 15, 65. 1S96. Harz Mts., (0-1-12), Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 338, 1896. Chaudfomaiue, Belgium; G. Cesaro, Mem. Acad. Belg., 53, 1897. From the amianthus deposits of Val Lanterna, Italy, with doubtful new forms (17'16'0), (ll'13'O), (16'22'1), Brugnatelli, Riv. Min. Ital., 18, 51, 1898, and Rend. 1st. Lombardo, 30, 1116, 1897 (also Zs. Kr._ 31, 56, 1899). Crystals from Sicily are referred to the monoclinic system by Viola, Zs. Kr., 28, 225, 1897. Determination of the heat of formation, Le Chatelier, C. R., 11, 390, 1893, Tarnowitzite in crystals from Tarnowitz described with 2'2to4'8 p. c. PbO, Traube, Zs. G Ges., 46, 64, 1894. 6 APPENDIX I. ARFVEDSONITE, p. 401. Investigation of etching-figures, also of other members of the amphi- bole group, R. A. Daly, Proc. Am. Acad. Sc., 34, 404, 1899. See also Cataph&rite. ARGYRODITE, p. 150. Shown by Peufield to be isometric and tetrahedral, not monoclinic in crystallization. The faces wand o (fig. 1, p. 150) belong to the dodecahedron, d (110) ; /and k to the tetrahedron o (111), and v to (311). Am. J. Sc., 46, 107, 1893, and 47, 451, 1894. Of. Weis- bach, Jb. Min., 1, 98, 1894. The mineral described by Penfield was from Bolivia, and was first named canfieldite, on the supposition that 'it was a new species, like argyrodite in composition, but isometric ; later this name (see this Appe.ndix, p. 13) was transferred to another sulphostanuate of analogous composition also from Bolivia. Penfield shows that the formula of argyrodite is AgftGeSa or 4Ag 2 S.GeS 2 = Sulphur 17 -1, germanium 6'4, silver 76 -5 = 100. Analyses^: S Ge Ag Fe, Zn Insol. I.Bolivia G. = 6'26 (f) 17'04 (f) 6'55 76"05 (f) 013 0'29 = 100'06 2. Freiberg G. = 6-16 16-97 (f) 6'64 (f) 75'55 0'24 HgO'34= 99'74 A stanniferous argyrodite from Aullagas, Bolivia, described by Prior and Spencer (Min. Mag., 12, 6, 1898) occurs in regular octahedrons, in part spinel-twins ; also in twinned dodecahedrons. G. = 6'19. Composition as given above, but Ge : Sn = 5 : 2. Analysis, Prior : S 16'45, Ge 4'99, Sn 3-36, Ag 74'20, Fe 0*68, Sb tr. = 99'68. ARSENIC, p. 11. Occurs at Akadauimura, Ohnogori, Japan, in rhombohedral crystals, Frenzel, Min. petr. Mitth., 16, 529, 1896. ARSENOPYRITE, p. 97. Weibull, after an investigation of the mineral from various Swedish localities (also Freiberg), concludes that the composition and form vary somewhat for different occurrences, but the species (when pure) has the formula Fe( As, S) ; well-formed crystals often enclose impurities. Zs. Kr., 20, 1, 1891. Scherer.has made a still more extended investigation of the form and composition of the mineral from many localities ; he finds crystals often impure, having a zonal structure, but aside from this he concludes that the composition is expressed by wFeSa -}-7iFeAs 2 with m : n = 1 : 1 nearly. No simple relation between axial ratio and compo- sition was found. The list of forms (p. 383) contains the following not given in Min., p. 98: 5(310), C (0-17-2). e(054). Zs. Kr., 21, 354, 1893. See also idem, ib., 22, 61, 1893, analysis of crystals from Weiler in Elsass. The composition of this and related species has been also discussed by Rammelsberg, Jb. Min., 2, 45, 1897 ; by Starke, Shock and Smith, J. Am. Ch. Soc., 19, 948, 1897. Danaite occurs in Graham township, Algoma, Ontario (analysis by Johnston with 4 p. c. Co, 0-9 Ni), Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 5, 19 R., 1889-90. Also occurs at the Evening Star mine, Trail creek, West Kootenay, Br. Columbia, ib., 8, 13 R, 1895. ASBESTTJS, p. 386. Investigation of various asbestiform minerals, many of which are shown to belong to fibrous anthophyllite, Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, 281, 1895. Ascharite. W. Feit [Ch. Ztg., 15, 327, 1891], Zs. Kr., 24, 625, 1894. Found in white lumps with boracite, in kainite and halite at Schmidtmaunshall near Aschersleben. The lumps are made up of microscopic grains showing no crystallization. G. = 1 -85-1 '95. Nearly insoluble in water and more difficultly soluble than stassfurtite in acids. Composition of material freed from other salts by water 3Mg 2 B 2 6 .2H 2 O. Analysis : f B 2 O 3 49'2, MgO 42'8, H 2 O 8*0 = 100. ASTOCHTTE, p. 1027. The brown variety of this supposed new kind of amphibole is identical with Breithaupt's richterite (p. 391), cf. Hamberg, G. For. Forh., 13, 801, 1891 ; Sjogren, ib., 14, 253, 1892. The latter author, however, suggests the name natronrichterite for the blue variety, which contains more soda and less potash than the brown. See Richterite. ASTRAKANITE, S66 Blodtte. KALIUM-ASTRAKANITE, S66 Leonite. ATACAMITE, p. 172. Crystals from Sierra Gorda, Chili, examined by G. F. Herbert Smith, are prismatic in habit with the pyramids r (111) and n (121) prominent ; e(011) small; a new pyramid h striated || edge h/e in part corresponds to (132). The axial ratio calculated from excellent measurements is a : b : c = : 0'66130 : 1 : 0-75293. Other more complex crystals, also from Atacama, show 0(131), p (443), cr (332) and forms with doubtful indices. Miu. Mag., 12, 15, 1898. AUGELITE, p. 847. Crystallized specimens of this hitherto doubtful species examined by Prior and Spencer establish its character, Min. Mag., 11, 16, 1895. Monoclinic with the forms a(100) J , 6 (010), c (001), m (110), x (101), r (Oil), n(112), 0(112), and others doubtful. Axia? ratio : d : b : 6 = 1 6419 : 1 : 1 2708, ft = 67 33f . Habit tabular \\c; APPENDIX I. 7 ,lso triangular and tabular \tn or prismatic with c and x equally developed. Cleavage: m perfect; x (101) less perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 4*5 5. G. =2'696. Luster vitreous. Colorless to white. Optically +. Ax. pi. fl b. Bx a A c = - 34. 2E... = 84 42'. Indices. : a- 1-5736, = 1-5759, ^=15877. Composition : A1PO 4 .A1(OH), or 2A1 2 O 3 .P,O 6 .3H 2 O. Analyses, Prior : P 2 5 A1 2 3 CaO H a O 1. 34-60 51-40 0-11' 13-77= 99'88 2. 35-33 50-28 0'90' 13'93 = 100-44 * Probably foreign to the mineral. The specimens examined were from Machacamarca, near Potosi, Bolivia, where it occurs with bournonite, octahedral pyrite, zinkeuite, etc. The original mineral, described by Blomstrand, was from Westaua, Sweden ; his results are here confirmed. Augelite also occurs in Bolivia at the silver mines of Tatasi and Portugalete, province of Sudchichas, dept. of Potosi (Spencer, Min- JVIag., 12, 1, 1898). AURICHALCITE, p. 298. Analysis, Torreon, Chihuahua, Mexico, Collins, Min. Mag., 10, 15, 1892. Campiglia Maritima, also optical examination, G. D'Achiardi, Att. Soc. Tosc., Mem., 16, 3, 1898. AVALITE, p. 617. An analysis gave Losanitsch (Ber. Ch. Ges., 28, 2631, 1895, and Ch. News, 69, 243, 1894) the results below (1). According to the author the so-called milosin of Breit- haupt (1838) is derived from the alteration of avalite and is a mixture of two minerals, to one of which (2) he limits this name, the other he calls Alexandrolite, anal. (3). Si0 2 A1 2 O 3 Cr 2 O 3 Fe a O 3 MgO K 2 O H 2 O 1. Avalite 54'66 20-46 10'88 1-18 2'06 4-61 5-66= 99'51 2. Milosin 46-37 30'18 9'75 0'91 tr. tr. 13-76 = 100'97 3. Alexandrolite 52'07 20-76 13-74 2'22 tr. tr. 10-88= 99'67 Milosin is described as having a bluish-gray color ; under the microscope, transparent, crystal- line. Insoluble in acids. Analysis (2) made of material dried at 130. Alexandrolite has a green color, opaque, amorphous. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. Also dried at 130. AXINITE, p. 527. Cryst. Nordmark, Sweden, new forms 3 (130), y (120), 7(061), R (081), (441), Q (327). A. (285), Hj. SjSgren, Bull. G. lust. Upsala, 1, 1, 1893 and G. F5r. Forh., 14, 249, 1892. Bourg d'Oisaus, Dauphine, Gonnard and Offret, Bull. Soc. Min., 16, 75, 1893. Quenast, Belgium, Franck, Bull. Acad. Belg., 25, 17, 1893. Harz Mts., Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 464, 1896. Etching-figures investigated, T. L. Walker, Am. J. Sc., 5, 180, 1898. Composition discussed, Rheineck, Zs. Kr., 22, 275, 1893. Analyses by Mauzelius of varieties from Nordmark and Daunemora and discussion of composition, Hj. SjOgren, G. F5r. F6rh., 17, 279, 1895. Bourar d'Oisans, analysis, Jannasch and Locke, Zs. auorg. Ch., 6, 57, 1894. Occurrence in the Pyrenees described, Lacroix, C. R., 115, 739, 1892. AZURITE, p. 295. Cryst. From Laurion, new forms 7(205), ^(405), TF(605), Zimanyi, Zs. Kr., 21, 86, 1892. Willow's mine, Pretoria, Transvaal, new forms A (O'l'lO), F (263), TF(1-3'15). Molengraaf, Zs. Kr., 22, 156, 1893. Mineral Point, Wis., new forms c (307), fc (203), & (9'12'8), Hobbs, Bull. Univ. Wisconsin, 1, 145, 195, and Zs. Kr., 25, 270, 1895. BABINGTONITE, pp. 381, 1027. Occurs in minute crystals on gneiss at Buckland, Mass., Emerson, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 126, 32, 1895 (anal, by Schneider). A pyroxeuic mineral from the " mijakite " (augite-andesite) of the island of Mijakeshima is interpreted by Petersen as being a mangauiferous babingtonite, Jb. Hamb. Wiss., 8, 49, 53, 1890. Baddeckite. G. Chr. Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 9, 11 R, 1896; Am. J. Sc., 6, 274, 1898. Occurs in small isolated scales embedded in a plastic clay near Baddeck. Victoria Co., Nova Scotia. G. = 3-252. Luster pearly. Color copper-red. Streak tile-red. Analysis, R. A. A. Johnston: SiO, A1 2 3 Fe,O 8 CaO MgO K,O Na 2 O H,O 48-96 13-85 25-82 1-17 2-65 3-47 0-22 3-78 = 99-92 Ratio for RO : R 2 O 3 : SiO, : H a O = 1:3:8:2, or formula H 4 R(Rj) 3 Si 8 O 2 4, the quantivalent ratio for which (3 : 4) approximates to some muscovites, to which it is referred as a ferruginous variety. R. B. fuses at 4'5 to a shiny black slag, becoming magnetic. Decomposed by strong hydrochloric acid with separation of slimy silica. 8 APPENDIX L Baddeleyite. L. Fletcher, Nature, 46, 620, 1892; Min. Mag., 10, 148, 1893. Brazilite, E. Hussak, Jb. Min., 2, 141, 1892; 1, 89, 1893; Mm. petr. Mitth., 14, 395, 1895. Monoclinic. Axes a : b : c = 0'9871 : 1 : 0-5114; ft = *81 14^' = 001 A 100 Hussak. 100 A HO = *44 17V, 001 A 101 = *29 4', 001 A Oil = 26 48f. Observed forms: a (100), b (010), c (001); w(110), I (230), k (120), s (203), t (101), x (201) as tw. pi., r (101), a (201); d (021); p (221); n (111). Angles: mm'" = 88 35', a'r = 69 41', dd' = 90 3?', cm = 83 44*'. Crystals usually twins : (1) a (100) .most common, also as polysynthetic twinning lamellae; (2)ra(110) both contact- and penetration-twins, also as thin lamellae; (3) a (201) rather rare. Habit tabular \\ a. Cleavage: c rather perfect; b much less so; also parting || m. H. = 6'5. G. = 5*5 Hussak; 6'025 Fletcher. Luster greasy to vitreous, on opaque crystal nearly submetallic resembling columbite. Color variable, from colorless to yellow, brown and finally black and opaque. Streak white to browish white. Pleochroic. Optically . Ax. pi. | b. Bx a inclined to c about -4- 13 Fletcher. Dispersion inclined. Ax. angle large, 2E = 70-75. Composition, zircon dioxide, ZrO a . Analysis, C. W. Blomstrand, quoted by Hussak, Jb. Min. r 1, 89, 1893; ZrO 3 SiO, A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 CaO MgO Alk. ign. 96-52 0-70 0-43 (HI 0'55 O'lO 0'42 0'39 = 99-52 Of the accessory constituents above given, only the iron belongs to the mineral itself; the varia- tion in color is probably due to variation in amount of iron. B. B. nearly infusible, glows brightly; reacts faintly for iron with borax. When cooled sud- denly and pressed flat in the borax bead microlites and microscopic crystals are formed. Insoluble in acids; only slightly attacked by concentrated sulphuric acid if in fine powder. Decomposed by fusion with acid potassium sulphate. First identified by Fletcher, and described both as regards form and composition, on a single fragment of a crystal (3 grams) from the gem sands of Rakwana. Ceylon; geikielite was obtained from the same source. About the same time discovered by Hussak from Brazil and named brazilite, but the composition was only later correctly determined by the analysis of Blomstrand. The Brazilian mineral occurs as an accessory constituent of a decomposed magnetite-pyroxenite (jacupirangite of Derby) of the magnetite deposits of Jacupiranga, on the branch of the same name of the Rio Ribeira, State of Sao Paulo. It is associated with magnetite, apatite, perovskite, ilmenite, titanite, microlite, zircon, etc. Also identified MS an accessory constituent of a rock resembling jacupirangite from the nephelite-syeuite region of Alno, Sweden, cf. Hussak, Jb. Min., 2, 228, 1898. Named after Mr. Joseph Baddeley, who brought the specimen from Rakwana. BAGOTITE. Green pebbles, identified as lintonite from Bagot, Ontario. See Egleston, Cat. Miu., 192, 1889 (1887); Chester, Diet. Names Min., 25, 1896; Spencer, Min. Mag., 11, 323, 1897. BARITE, pp. 899, 1027. Cry st.Lunkany, Hungary, Zimanyi, Foldt. Kozl., 22, 267, 1892. Montevecchio, Sardinia, new forms (1'0'25), (403)?, (123), (157), (2-6-11V. (163)?, Negri, Riv. Min. Ital., 12, 3, 1893. Bergheim, Ober-Elsass, Feurer, Mittji. G. Land. Els. -Loth., 4, 89, 1893; Zs. Kr., 25, 623. Caucasus, new form / (355), Zimanyi, Foldt. Kozl., 24, 404, 1894. From Harz Mts., Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 357. 1896. Dobsina, new form p (77i), Melczer, Foldt. K5zl5ny, 26, 357, 1896, Zs. Kr., 30, 183. Yassera, Lombardy, Italy, Artini, Riv. Min. Ital., 16, 10, 1896. Odenwald, occurrence described, also complex crystals, new form t (196), Kraatz- Koschlau, Abh. Hess. G. Land., 3, No. 2, 55, 1897. From various localities in Belgium, Cesaro, Mem. Acad. Belg., 53, 1897. KOrosmezo, Hungary, G. Moesz, Foldt. Kozl., 27, 495, 1897. Apparent hemimorphism discussed, Beckenkamp, Zs. Kr., 27, 583, 1896. See also idem, ibid., 30, 55, 1898. As cementing material in sandstone, F. Clowes, Proc. Roy. Soc., 64, 374, 1899 (Min., p. 903). BARIUM ANORTHITE. See Celsian. BARIUM HEULANDITE. See Heulandite. BARKEVIKITE, p. 405. Daly's investigation of etching-figures shows it to be more closely related to common hornblende than to arfvedsonite. Proc. Amer. Acad. Sc., 34, 374, 1899. A related amphibole occurs in the sodalite-syenite of Montana (c A c = 13), Lindgren and Melville, Am. J. Sc., 45, 292, 1893. See also Cataphorite. Barracanite. R. Schneider, J. pr. Ch., 52, 555, 1895. See Cubanite. BARYTOCALCTTE, p. 289. In parallel cryst. growth with barite, Miigge, Jb. Min., 1, 252, 1895. Optical examination (/3 = 1'684) and relation tobromlite, also to calcite, aragonite and witherite. Mallard, Bull. Soc. Min., 18, 10, 1895. APPENDIX I. BARYTOCELESTITE. See Celestite. Basiliite. Igelstrom, G. For. Forh., 14, 307, 1892 ; Zs. Kr., 22, 470, 1893. In foliated forms. Luster metallic or submetallic. Color steel-blue, but in very thin splinters blood-red. Not magnetic. Several partial analyses yielded : Sb 2 O 5 13-09 Mn 2 O 3 70'01 Fe 2 O 3 1'91 H 2 O 15-00 Calculated formula, H(Mn 2 O 3 .Fe 2 O 3 ).Sb 2 O 5 .21H 2 .O. Dissolves readily in warm hydro- chloric acid with evolution of chlorine. Yields water in the closed tube and turns black and finally red-brown. Occurs with hausuiannite and calcite at theSjo mine, Orebro, Sweden. Named after the alchemist, Basilius Valentinus. BASTNASITE, p. 291. Colorado, analysis, Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 7, 51, 1899. Batavite. E. Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., 28, 160, 1897. A decomposition-product from the graphite district of Passau, Bavaria. Occurs in aggregates of pearly micaceous scales, hexagonal in out- line. G. = 2'183. Approximate composition, 4H 2 O.4MgO.Al 2 O 3 .4SiO 2 . Analysis: fSiO a 42-33 AlaO, 16-35 MgO 28-17 H a O 13-19 = 100-04 Named fro-in Gastra Batava, Roman name for Passau. BAUXITE, p. 251. Description of deposits in Arkansas, Branner, Amer. Geol., 7, 181,1891, J. Geol., 5, 263, 1897; in Georgia, Alabama, etc., C. Willard Hayes, 16 Ann. Kept., U. S. G. Surv., Pt. Ill, pp. 547-597, 1896; also McCalley, Proc. Ala. Ind. Sc. Soc., 2, 21, 1892; Laur, Trans. Am. lust. Mng. Eug., 24, 234, 1894. Analyses, from Calhoun Co., Alabama, Hillebrand, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 113, 109, 1893. A general investigation (with analyses) of material from the Vogelsberg has led Liebrich to the conclusion that bauxite is an alteration-product of a basaltic rock. It is in part amor- phous, in part crystalline and having the composition of the aluminium hydrate gibbsite, crystals of which occur in cavities in the mass Ber. Oberhess. Ges., 28, 57, 1892 (abstr. in Zs. Kr., 23,296, 1894); also Zs. prakt. Geol., 5, 212, 1897. On the relation of bauxite to laterite, see Bauer, Jb. Min., 2, 208, 1898. Contains a supposed new element, R. S. Bayer, Ch. News, 71, 128, 1895. Beaconite. See Talc. BENTONITE. Eng. Mng. J., Oct. 22 and Nov. 26, 1898. A Wyoming clay used in making candy, in adulterating candy, etc. Beresowite. Beresovit. Berezovite. J. Samoilow, Bull. Soc. Moscou, 290, 1897'. A chrotnate and carbonate of lead from Berezov in the Ural, associated with galena and cerus- site; occurs also altered to crocoite. Crystalline in small lamellae with one perfect cleavage. G. = 6-69. Color deep red. Birefringent. Composition 6PbO.3CrO 3 .CO 2 . Analysis : CrO 3 17'93 PbO|79-30,C0 2 246. BERTHIEKITE, p. 114. This or a related mineral occurs on Mt. Gibbs, Tuolumne Co., Cali- fornia, Turner, Am. J. Sc.. 5, 428, 1898. From Pfibram, anal., Hofmann, Ber. Ak. Bohm., Oct. 15, 1897. BERTRANDITE, pp. 545, 1028. Occurs with hamlinite in Oxford Co., Me., in twin crystals, prismatic 1 a (Fig. 1, k = 012'1); G. = 2571. Peufield, Am. J. Sc., 4, 316, 1897. Crystals, in part twins, are described from Pisek and >ther localities, by Vrba. Zs. Kr., 24, 112, 1894. BERYL, pp. 405, 1028. Cryst. Mursiuka, crystals of rhombo- hedral habit as regards the s-faces (1121); etching-prominences show the forms (4374), (5495) (6'5 11 -5), (5494), (4373), Arzruui, Vh. Min. Ges., 31, 155, 1894. Mursinka, with (13'1'14-0) and (19'1'20 1), Jere- mejev, ibid., 29, 230, 1892; also Union Mrs. (1126), Mursiuka (2243), Nerchinsk (Wiz), idem., ibid., P_rpt., 33, 26, 1895. Pisek, with A (lS'1-16 1), also supposed twins, with (5'5 10'8) as twinning plane ; further, corrosion forms e(6065), r (3032), u (2021), g (1124), (1122) and others, Vrba, Zs. Kr., 24, 104, 1894. On a crystal from New York Island. Ries, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sc., 16, 329. 1897. Etching-figures investigated, Bertrandite Traube, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 1O, 464, 1896. On optical characters as influenced by heat and pressure, Pockels, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 8, 217. 1893. 10 APPENDIX I. A variety from German So. West Africa showed distinct asterism, also cat's-eye effect, Stapff Zs. prakt. G., 1, 244, 1893. Analysis of emerald from Chanteloube, Haute- Vienne, Lebeau, C. R., 121, 601, 1895. Occurrence of emerald on Big Crab-Tree Mt., near Bakersville, Mitchell Co., N. C., Kunz, Am. J. Sc., 48, 429, 1894. Ou synthesis, Traube, Jb. Min., 1, 275, 1894. BEKZELIITE, p 753. A soda-berzeliite from Langban, Sweden, has been described by Hj. Sjogreu (Bull. G. lust. Upsala, 2, 92, 1895). ' Usually massive, also in isometric crystals (110, 211). No cleavage. H. =4 4'5. G.= 4'21. Luster greasy. Color fire-red or orange-yellew. Isotropic. Composiiion near caryiuite (wh. see), but contains soda and differs in crystallization. Analysis, R. Mauzelius : As 2 O 5 Sb a O. Y 2 O B MnO CaO FeO MgO Na 2 O K 2 O H 2 O 52-90 tr. 0-24 21-41 18'34 0'38 0'72 5*05 009 '40 = 99 "53 Sjogren notes the similarity of the above berzeliite to pyrrharsenite (Min., p. 753), and Igelstrom, giving another analysis of the latter, calls it mangan-berzelnte, Zs. Kr., 23, 592, 1894. An incomplete analysis of berzeliite is given by Church, Min. Mag., 11, 10, 1895. BEYRICHITE, p. 76. Crystals from Alteukirchen have been investigated by Laspeyres, who finds it in form and composition ((Ni,Co,Fe)S) like millerite, but the sp. gravity = 4'699 (G. = 5'3 -5*9 for millerite); he regards all millerite as formed by paramorphism from beyrichite. Crystals, in part twins, are described with the forms : m (1010), a (1120), i (4150), r (1011), e (1012). Axis = 0-3277. Zs. Kr., 20, 535, 1892 ; also Vh. Ver. Bonn, 50, 157, 1893. BINNITE. p. 118. Tetrahedral crystals are described by Baumhauer, Zs. Kr., 21, 202. 1892. Same conclusion reached by Trechmann, who adds many new forms, in part doubtful, Miu. Mag., 10, 220. 1893. Later Baumhauer adds further new forms, Zs. Kr., 28, 545, 1897. Announced by Prior and Spencer to be identical with tennantite, Min. Soc. Gt. Britain Jan. 31, in Nature, 54, 454, 1899. BIOTITE, p. 627. Twin crystals (Servian twins) from Dschepa, Servia, formed of two inter- penetrating crystals which have the base parallel while one is turned 30 with reference to the other, Uroschewitsch, Zs. Kr., 29, 278, 1897. Composition (anal.) of some rock-forming varieties from California, Turner, Am. J. Sc. 7. 294, 1899. Discussion of conditions of alteration in a magma (also of amphibole), "Washington, J. Geol., 4, 257, 1896. On the alteration-products of magnesia mica and the relation between composition and optic axial angle, Z. Schimmer, Inaug. Diss., Jena, 1898, pp. 1-70, and Jenaisch. Zeitschr., 32, 351, 1898. See also Mica. Birmite. See Burmite. BISMTJTHINITE, pp/38, 1028. Occurs in Jonquiere township, Chicoutimi Co., Quebec (analysis by Johnston), Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 6, 19 R, 1892-93. Also Lyndoch, Renfrew Co., Ontario, ib., 8, 14 R, 1895. From Sinaloa, Mexico, analysis, Melville, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 90, 40, 1892. BISMUTITE, p. 307. From Mt. Antero, Chaffee Co., Colorado, analysis of an impure variety, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 43, 188, 1892. Bismutosmaltite. A. Frenzel, Min. petr. Mitth., 16, 524, 1896. See Skutlerudiie. Bixbyite. S. L. Penfidd and H. W. Foote, Am. J. Sc., 4, 105, 1897. Isometric ; in cubes with n (211). Cleavage : octahedral in traces. Brittle. H. = 6 6*5. G. =4-945. Luster metallic, brilliant. Color and streak black. Opaque. Composition, essentially FeO.MuO 2 , or analogous to perovskite. The analysis may also be interpreted as R 2 O 3 , where R = Fe and Mn in nearly the ratio of 1 : 1. The SiO 2 and A1 2 O 3 of the analysis are due to impurities. Analysis : Ti0 2 Fe 3 3 MnO MgO O SiO a A1 2 O 3 f 1-70 47-98 4205 010 4-38 1'21 2'53 = 99'95 Fuses B.B. at 4 and becomes magnetic. In very fine powder is dis- solved with some difficulty in hydrochloric acid, evolving chlorine. Occurs with topaz and decomposed garnet in rhyolite on the edge of the desert, thirty-five miles southwest of Simpson, Utah. Named after Mr. Maynard Bixby of Salt Lake City. APPENDIX 1. 11 BLIABERGSITE. L. J. Igelstrom, G. For. F5rh., 18, 41, 1896; Zs. Kr., 27, 603. M. Weibull, ibid., 18, 515, 1896. See Ottrelite. BLODITE, p. 946. Crystals with T (450) described and measured, from the salt seas of the Astrakan Govt., Jeremejev, Zs. Kr., 23, 268, 1894, and Vh. Min. Ges., 28, 430. 1891. Punjab Salt Range, crystals described with analysis, F. R. Mallet, Min. Mag., 11, 311, 1897. A related potash compound (K 2 Mg(SO 4 )a + 4H 2 O), called Kaliastrakanite or Kalium-astra- chanite, has been named Leonite (wh. see). Blueite. 8. H. Emmens, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 14, No. 7, 1892. See Pyrite. BOLEITE. p. 1028. The complex relations of percylite, boleite, pseudoboleite, cumeugeite are discussed under Percylite. BORACITE, p. 879. Etching-figures described, Baumhauer, Die Resultate d. Aetzmethode, etc., 1894. Specific heat as -Influenced by the temperature, Kroeker, Jb. Min., 2, 125, 1892. Occurrence at Westeregeln, Bucking, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 539, 1895. Formation of isomorphous chloroborates, Rousseau and Allaire, C. R., 116, 1195, 1893. BORNITE, p. 77. Crystals from Virgen, near Pragratteu, Tyrol, described with (533) and (322)?, Heimerl, Bull. Soc. Min., 17, 289, 1897. See also Klein, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 385, 1898, who describes a crystal from the Frossnitz glacier, Tyrol, with (322) and (211), symmetry tetrahedral. Occurs as a copper ore in western Idaho, Packard, Am. J. Sc., 50, 298, 1895. Bouglisite. E. Gumenge (Lacroix, Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, 42, 1895). See AnglesiU. BOULANGERITE, p. 129. Described by Hj. Sjogren (G. For. F5rh., 19, 153, 1897), from the mines of Sala, Sweden. In orthorhombic crystals, prismatic or tabular || a (100). Axes a : b : c = 0-5527:1:0-7478. Forms: a (100), 6(010); r (210), q (320), m (110), w(120), /u (140), I (160), (180), i(MO-O), h (1-14-0); w(012). Angles: mm'" = 57 52', b/i = *24 20', bu = *69 30'. The form approximates to that of diaphorite. Composition : PbsSbiSn or 5PbS.2Sb 2 Ss. Analysis, R. Mauzelius : S Sb Pb Zn Ag G. =.6-185 18-91 25-54 55-22 0'06 tr. insol. '23 = 99-96 The author concludes that boulangerite has the composition 5PbS.2Sb 2 S 3 like diaphorite, to which it also approximates in form. Further he shows that the earlier analyses do not corre- spond to SPbS.SbaSa, the formula usually accepted. The minerals plumbostib and embrithrite (10PbS.3Sb 2 S 3 Frenzel) do not belong to boulaugerite.but he regards them as independent species. BOUHNONITE, p. 126. Cryst. Nagybanya, complex crystals described with the new forms, (7(503), ?(021), Schmidt, Zs. Kr.,20, 151, 1892. HarzMts., Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 150, 1896. Peychngnard, Isere, France, new forms (950), (780)?, (380), (034), (032),(ll'3-4),(568), Termier, Bull. Soc. Miu., 20, 101, 1897. Pontgibaud, Puy-de D6me, supposed new forms (18'5'0), (5'7'12), (50 66 59), (918). Gonnard, Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 312, 1897. Measurements of crystals from different localities show irregularities in angle, but fail to establish rnonoclinic symmetry, F. B. Peck, Zs. Kr., 27, 299, 1896. Measurements of heat con- ductivity, idem, ibid., p 319. Occurs massive in Bagot township, Renfrew Co., Ontario, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 7, 13 R. 1894. Also at the mine Pulacayo, Huanchaca, Bolivia, Peufield and Frenzel, Zs. Kr.. 28, 608, 1897. BRATJNITE, pp. 232, 1029. Saint Marcel, analyses, Gorgeu, Bull. Soc. Chim., 9, 656, 1893. Brazilite. E. Hussak, Jb. Min., 2, 141, 1892 ; 1, 89, 1893. See Eaddeleyiie. BREISLAKITE, p. 391. Referred by Wichmann to fayalite, Zs. Kr., 28, 529, 1897. BREITHAUPTITE, pp. 72, 1029. Crystals from Andreasberg show the forms c, m, w (3031) and (7071); axis c = 0*8627. Busz, Jb. Min., 1, 119, 1895; also idem, quoted by Laspeyres, Zs. Kr., 24, 496, 1895. Analysis (by Fasolo) of arite from Nieddoris, Sardinia, quoted by Brugnatelli, Rend. Accad. Line.. 3 (1), 86, 1894: As 29"82, Sb 26-57, Bi 0'99, Ni 36 81, Co 3'91, Fe 0*98, S 0'85, Zn undet. = 99 93. Analyses are also given of an impure breithauptite; of a mineral near gersdorffite (Sb 3'11 p. c.) corresponding to (Xi,Fe,Co) a (S,As > Sb) 3 ; also of srnaltite. BREWSTERITE, p. 576. Occurs in the Harz, Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 587, 1896. APPENDIX I. BROGGERITE, p. 889. See Uraninite. BROMLITE, p. 283. Optical examination and relation to barytocalcite, etc., Mallard, Bull. Soc. Min., 18, 7, 1895. BRONGNIARDITE, p. 123. The supposed isometric crystals are shown to belong to the species argyrodite or canfieldite, Prior and Spencer, Min. Mag., 12, 11, 1898. It is further suggested by Spencer that brongniardite and diaphorite may be identical, Arn. J. Sc., 6, 316, 1898. BROOKITE, pp. 243, 1029. Crystals from Brazil show the new forms g (305), v (124), g (146), Hussak, Min. petr. Mitth., 12, 460, 1892. On secondary twin formation, Hussak, Jb. Min., 2, 99, 1898. Occurs with octahedrite on quartz at Placerville, Eldorado Co., California, Kunz, Am. J. Sc., 43, 329, 1892. BRUCITE, p. 252. Analysis of nemalite from Afghanistan, Mallet, Min. Mag., 11, 211, 1897, Bee. G. Surv. India, 30, 233, 1898. Nemalite absorbs electric waves vibrating in a certain plane and transmits those vibrating normal to it; so also tourmaline (with planes reversed), but not to so great a degree. J. C. Bose, Nature, 57, 353, 1898. BRUSHITE, p. 828. A calcium phosphate found in human skeletons (1630) unearthed at Paris in 1896 (Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 112, 1897), has the optical characters of pharmacolite, viz.: optically ; ax. plane and Bx d_ b\ Bx a inclined 25 forward to tmce of c; 2V ll = 81. It might hence be inferred to belong to brushite; however, G. = 2*31 and the amount of water was too small (loss on ignition = 25'5 p. c. ; A this is probably too high). For metabrusbite from Sombrero, G. = 2'30 was obtained, from the lie des Oiseaux 2'33. Burmite. Birmite. Otto Helm, Rec. G. Surv. India, 25, 180, 1892; 26, 61, 1893. Schrift. Ges. Danzig, 8, Nos. 3-4, p. 63, 1893. Fritz Noetling, Rec. G. Surv. India, 26, 31, 1893. A fossil resin, re.-embling amber, but harder and tougher. Occurs abundantly in Upper Burma. An analysis gave helm: C 80*05, H 11-50, O 8 '43, S 0'02 = 100. CACOXENITE, p. 848. Partial optical examination, Luquer, Am. J. Sc., 44, 154, 1893. Analysis by Church from Hrbek, near St. Benigna, Bohemia (Min. Mag., 11, 8, 1895), gave: P 2 O 6 19-76, Fe a O 3 48-57, H 2 O (ign.) 13-11 (F tr.\ H a O (vacuo) 18'69 = 100-13. This corresponds to the complex relation 9Fe 2 O 3 .4P 2 O 6 .51H 2 O. CALAMINE, p. 546. Cryst. Radzionkau, Silesia, Traube, also anal. (Breitfeld) showing pres- ence of 2-17 p. c. PbO, Zs. G. Ges., 46, 65, 1894. Sterling Hill, N. J., and Clear Creek Co., Colo- rado (Figs. 1, 2), Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 48, 213, 1894. Gorno, Val Seriaua, Italy, new form (503), Artini, Riv. Min. Ital., 16, 19, 1896. Moresnet, new form (311), Buttgenbach, Ann. Soc. G. Belg., 24, xl, 1897. Nebida, Sardinia, C. Riva, Rend. Accad. Line., 6 (1), 421, 1897. Analysis of pure variety from Wythe Co., Va., Jones, Am. Ch. J., 14, 621, -1892. Occurs in West Kootanie district, Br. Colum- bia, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 6, 28 R, 1893. Also finely crystallized at the Elkhorn mines, Jefferson Co., Montana. New Jersey. Colorado. CALAVERITE, p. 105. Hillebrand refers here gold tellurides f rom Cripple Creek, Colorado (Am. J. Sc., 50, 128, 426, 1895). A crystallized specimen from the Prince Albert mine, which (accord- ing to Penfield) seemed to be triclinic, but approximating toward sylvanite in angle, though with- out its cleavage, gave the results of anal, la (Ib deducting impurities). Color pale bronze-yellow. H. 3. G. (corrected) = 9'00. Two other less pure samples from different mines gave anals. 2, 3 deducting impurities; all correspond to AuTe 2 . Krennerite also occurs at Cripple Creek, and according to Pearce sylvanite. See Geol. Cripple Creek Dist., Colorado, by Whitman Cross and R. A. F. Penrose, Jr., 16 Ann. Rept. U. S. G. Surv., Part II. Te Au Ag \a. 57-27 38-95 3'21 insol. 0-33, Fe,O 8 0'12 = 99*88 15. 57-60 39-17 3'23 = 100 2. 57-40 40-83 1'77 = 100 3. 57-30 41-80 0'90 = 100 See also Goldschmidtite, Kalgoorlite and Krennerite. APPENDIX /. 13 Calcistrontite. Von der March, Vh. Ver. Rheinl. Corrbl., 39, 84, 1882. A mineral substance from near Hamm, Westphalia, supposed to have the composition 3CaCO 3 .SrCO 3 . It is shown bv Laspeyres ami Kaiser t j be a mechanical mixture of calcite and strontianite, Zs. Kr., 27, 41, 1896. CALCITE, pp. 262, 1026. Cryst. Laudelies, Belgium, Renault, Ann. Soc. G. Belg., 20, 75, 1892. Nieder-Rabenstein, crystals perhaps to be referred to the dolomite (phenacite) type, Beck- enkamp, Zs. Kr., 20, 163, 1892; cf. also Gaubert, Bui.. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., p. 39, 1897. Feld- kirch, Gissinger, Zs. Kr., 22, 359, 1893. Visby, Gotland, crystals of pyramidal habit, Hamberg, G. For. Forh., 16, 709, 1894. Freiberg, Snnsoni, Giorn. Min., 5, 72, 1894, and Zs. Kr., 23, 451, 1894. Crystals from the Galena limestone, Wisconsin, Hobbs, Bull. Univ. Wisconsin, 1, 115, 1895, and Zs. Kr., 25, 257, 1895. Lake Superior, Palache, Zs. Kr., 24, 588, 1895. Framont et al. in Elsass-Lothringeu, Stober, Zs. Kr., 24, 629, 1895. Korosmezo, G. Moesz, Foldt. Kozl., 27, 49o, 1898. Couzon, Rhone, 'Gonnard, C. R., 122, 348, 1896, and Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 18, 330, 1897. Nordma'-k, Sweden, K. Winge, G. For. Forh., 18, 527, 1896. Harz Mts., Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 285, 1896. Budapest, Melczer, Foldt. Kozlony, 26, 79, 1896; 28, 257, 1898. From various localities in Belgium, Cesaro, Mem. Acad. Belg., 53, 1897. From the diabase of Neu- mark, Schnorr (1896), ref. in Zs. Kr., 30, 660. Auerbach, Hesse, A. Leuze (1896), ref. in Zs. Kr., 30, 662. Montecatini, G. D'Achiardi, Att. Soc. Tosc., Proc. Verb., May 9, 1897. Jarow near Wran, Bohemia, Polak, Lotos, 17, 169, 1897. Selective absorption investigated, Nichols and Snow, Phil. Mag., 33, 379, 1892. Refractive indices of Iceland Spar, Dufet, Bull. Soc. Min., 17, 149, 1894. Dichroism for infra-red waves, E. Merritt, Wied. Ann., 55, 49, 1895. Investigation on the influence of substances in solution upon the crystallization, etc., Vater, Zs. Kr., 21, 433; 22, 209, 1893; 24, 366, 378, 1895; 27, 477, 1896; 30, 295, 373, 485, 1898. Formation of stalactites in caves, G. P. Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, 77, 1894. Discussion of origin, composition and uses of onyx marble from many localities; with one exception these belong to calcite, idem, Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, 539, 1893. Investigation of hislopite (Min., p. 266) showing great variation in the amount of glauconite, while other inclusions also occur, Holland, Rec. G. Surv, India, 26, 166, 1893. CALEDONITE, p. 924. Crystals described with T (113), K (023) as new forms, Busz, Jb. Min., 1, 111, 1895. CAEOMEL, p. 153. Optical characters determined, confirming results of Senarmont (Min., p. 154), who showed its very high birefringence; Dufet obtained (Bull. Soc. Min., 21, 90, 1898): GO . e e GO Li 1-95560 2-6006 0'6450 Na 1-97325 2'6559 0*6827 Tl 1-99085 2-7129 0-7220 Oanfieldite. 8. L. Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 47, 451, 1894 (not canfieldite, same author, ib. t 46, 107, 1893, = argyrodite). Isometric, perhaps tetrahedral. In octahedrons o (111) with d (110). Fracture uneven to small conchoidal. Brittle. H. = 2'5-3. G. = 6'276. Luster metallic, brilliant. Color black with bluish tint. Composition, Ag 8 (Sn.Ge)S ; essentially Ag 8 SnS a or 4Ag a S.SnS a , but with the tin in part replaced by germanium, ratio Sn, Ge = 12 : 5. Analysis: S Su Ge Ag Fe.Zn 1622 6-94 1-82 74'10 -21 = 99 -29 As noted on p. 6, Penfield has shown that argyrodite has the corresponding composition AggGeSrt. Franckeite (vvh. see) is another new sulpho-stannate. B. B. fuses at 2 on charcoal, yielding a coating of the mixed oxides of tin and germanium, white or grayish near ihe :ssay, tinged with yellow on the edges. By long blowing a globule of silver covered by tin oxide is obtained. In the dosed tube sulphur is given off, and at a high temperature a slight deposit of germanium sulphide. Occurs intimately associated \vith native silver at La Paz, Bolivia. Named after F. A. Can- field, of Dover, N. J. CARNALLITE, p. 177. Discussion of conditions of formation and of alteration, Van't Hoff and Meyerhoffer, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 488, 1897; also later papers by Van't Hoff and others, 1897 and 1898. Carnotite. G. Friedel and E. Cumenge, C. R., 128, 532, 1899, and Bull. Soc. Min., 22, 26, 1899. Occurs as a yellow crystalline powder, or in loosely cohering masses, easily separated by the lingers; intimately mixed with a quartzose sand. 14 APPENDIX I. Composition, perhaps K a O.2U a O 3 .V a O 6 .3H 2 O. Analyses, after the separation of silica, of air- dried material: V 2 8 U a 3 K a O H a O 20-12 63-54 10-37 5'95 = 99*98 20-31 64-70 10-97 5*19 Fe a O 3 0'96 = 102-13 19-95 62-46 1115 Fe 2 O s 06'5 The radiant power has been investigated by M. and Mde. P. Curie. Occurs in Montrose Co., Colorado, in cavities or associated with malachite and azurite. Some samples show 60 p. c. of SiO 2 , the purest 2 '6 to 7'2 p. c. Separation is accomplished by nitric acid. Named after M. Adolphe Carnot. CARYINITE, p. 754 Further described by Hj. Sjogren. Occurs at Langban, massive, filling fissures in u coarse mixture of schefferile, rhodonite and hedyphane. Anisotropic, without pleochroism. Two cleavages noted parallel to in (110) and b (010), bm = 49 15'. Extinction- observations on plates |j and _L to b make the system orthorhombic. Optically-)-. Bx a _L b. Ax_ pi. fl a (100). An analysis by R. Mauzelius gave: As 2 O 6 P 2 O 5 V 3 O 6 PbO MuO FeO CaO MgO BaO Na 2 O K 2 O H 2 O Cl G.= 4-29 49-78 0-19 tr. 9*21 18-66 0'54 12-12 3'09 1*03 5'16 0'37 0'53 tr. = 100*68 This leads to the formula 10RO.3A 2 O 5 or, if the presence of the radical (OH) is assumed, to R 3 As 2 Oe. Nearly the same composition is obtained for the soda-berzeliite (see p. 10). The origin of berzeliite by the alteration of caryinite is confirmed. Bull. G. lust. Upsala, 2, 87, 1895. CASSITERITE, pp. 234, 1030, 1037. Crystals described with new forms A. (IO'9'O), / (835), Kohlmann, Zs. Kr,, 24, 350, 1895. On artificial crystals, A. Arzruni, Zs. Kr., 25, 467, 1895. Description of occurrence of tin ores in Bolivia, A. W. Stelzner, Zs. G. Ges., 49, 51, 1897. On the tin deposits of Temescal, So. California, Fairbanks, Am. J. Sc., 4, 39, 1897. Caswellite. A. H. Chester, G. Rep. N. J., 1895. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 13, 181, 1894. An altered mica of a light copper-red color and bronze-like luster resembling clintonite. Structure micaceous. Inelastic. H. = 2*5-3. G. = 3*54. Double refraction feeble. Not pleochroic. Analysis : SiO a A1 2 O 3 Fe a O 3 Mn a O 3 CaO MgO Ign. | 38-74 6-58 6'85 15-95 22-30 5'52 4*64 = 100*58 Occurs with rhodonite, polyadelphite and a dark-colored biotite, from which it is believed to have been derived at the Trotter mine, Franklin Furnace, N. J. Named after Mr. John H. Caswell. Cataphorite. Kataforit, W. G. Brogger, Die Eruptivgest. d. Kristiauiagebietes, 1, 37, 73, 1894* 3, 169, 1898, et al. An alkali-iron amphibole, intermediate between barkevikite and arfvedsonite, but not yet analyzed. Occurs in the grorudite-tinguaite series of rocks of southern Norway. Cleavage-angle about 56. Extinction-angle on b (010), c A c = 30 to 60. Predominating absorption-colors reddish; 6 > c > a. Lacroix gives for a similar amphibole (but nearer barkevikite) from the Haute-Loire. 2E = 60; a yellowish brown; fc violet; c yellow, slightly greenish. Min. France, 1, 689, 1893. Brogger suggests that the amphibole of pulaskite (J. Fr. Williams, Ign. Rocks Arkansas, p. 64) may also belong between barkevikite and cataphorite. See also Barkemkite. CATAPLEIITE, p. 412. Occurs at Kangerdluarsuk, Greenland, with neptunite, epididymite,, segirite. etc., in crystals with (1013); G. = 2"743; analysis by Flink: SiO 2 44-08, ZrO 2 31 "83, CaO 0-17, Na 2 O 14-80, H 2 O9*12 = 100. This corresponds to a pure natron-catapleiite, G. F5r. Forh., 15, 206, 1893. Cedarite. R. Klels [Jb. preuss. geol. Landesanst. 1896], Jb. Miu., 2, 212 ref., 1898. A fossil resin resembling amber somewhat widely distributed in the alluvium of the Saskatchewan river in Canada. Cold clear yellow, or clouded. Composition: C 78'15, H 9'89, O 11*20, S 0*31, ash 0*45 = 100. Partially soluble in the usual solvents. CELESTITE, p. 905. Cryst. List of cryst. forms with references, also optical characters, etc. Gruneuberg [Tnaug. Diss., Breslau, 1892], Zs. Kr., 24, 199, 1894. Brousseval, Ville-sur-Saulx, France, new form (1 -10*10), St5ber, Zs. Kr., 21, 339, 1893. From the Romagna with new forms (450), (230), (105), (087)?, (326), (562), Artini, Rend. 1st. Lomb. Sc., 26, 323, 1893. Westeregln, Bucking, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 536, 1895. Giershngen Stadtberge, new forms N (705), Q (332), R (T19-19), also discussion of variation in axial ratio, physical characters, etc., Arzruni and Thaddeeff, Zs. Kr., 25, 38, 1895. Bessarabia, Prendel, Vh. Min. Ges., 34, 185, 1896. APPENDIX 1. Occurs in Lansdowne township, Leeds Co.. Ontario (anal, by Johnston, BaO tr.\ Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 7, 9 R, 1894; cf. also ib., 5, 25 R, 1889-90. A fibrous radiated variety from the Silurian crystallized limestone of Eastern Ontario gave C. W. Volney : SrSO 4 70 01. BaSO 4 30'85, Al 2 O 3 ,Fe 2 O 3 O'OOo = 100'865. G. = 4'123. J. Am. Ch. Soc., 21, 386, 1899. Another specimen from Lausdowne, Ontario, gave, SrSO 4 58'20, BaSO 4 39'8o 98 05. G. = 4-188. Still another celestite showed over 3 p. c. BaSO 4 ; G. = 4'41. Ibid.,. 13, 290, 1891. Cf . Hoffmann, above. Celsian. Hj. Sjogren, G. For. FOrh., 17, 578, 1895. Triclinic. Massive. Cleavage: c (001) perfect; b (010) distinct; m (llO)and M(\W) less distinct. Angles : be = 89 34'-89 37', cm = 68 30-68 45', bm = 59 18'. H. = 6 to 6'5. G. = 3 37. Luster vitreous. Colorless. Extinction on c inclined 3 10', and on b, 26 45' to edge b/c. Optic axis si-en obliquely in sections || c. Composition analogous to that of anorthite, BaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 or BaO.Al 2 O 3 .2SiO 2 . Analysis R, Mauzelius: SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 BaO CaO MgO K 8 O Na 2 O H 2 O F 32-43 26-55 0'12 39'72 0'23 O'll 0'22 0'16 0'64 0'64 = 100'82 B. B. scarcely fusible even on thin splinters. From the manganese mines of Jakobsberg, Sweden, with schefferite and manganophyllite. Named after Anders Celsius, the Swedish naturalist. CELYPHITE. Same as KelypTiite, p. 447. CENOSITE, p. 698. Described by Hj. Sjogren, from the Ko mines, Nordmark, Sweden; occurs with diopside, clinochlore, magnetite and apatite. Crystallization orthorhombic. Axes a : b : c = 0'9517 : 1 : 0'8832, or near those of cerite. Forms : b (010), c (001) ; m (110), h (230) ; 0(201); /(023), d (Oil), e (021). Habit short prismatic. Angles: mm'" = 87 10', mm' = *92 50', bd = *48 33' (see below). Cleavage not observed. G. = 3 '38. Luster greasy. Color yellow- brown to dark chestnut-brown. Analysis (on 0*067 gr.), R. Mauzelius: SiO a Y 2 O 3 , etc. Fe 2 O 3 CaO MgO Alk. H 2 O CO, 31-7 35-9 2-9 16 5 1 7 4 3'6 2'9 [5'1] = 100 The author gives bd = 41 33', which is obviously an error ; 48 33' agrees with his axial ratio. G. F5r. For., 19, 54, 1897. CERUSSITE, pp. 286, 1030. Oryst. Pacaudiere, Loire, and Roure, (Pontgibaud), France, Gonuard, Bull. Soc. Min., 15, 35, 41, 1892. Norberg, twins, Johansson, G. For. Forh., 14, 49, 1892 Black Hawk, Montana, Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 48, 212, 1894. Cabo de Gata, Osanu, Zs. Kr., 23, 264, 1894. Tarnowitz, Silesia, new forms a (441), f (170), e (020), B (171) ; also on iglesiasite, from Radzionkau (3'4 ZnO), i (210), Traube, Zs. G. Ges., 46, 60, 1894. From the Galena, limestone, Wisconsin, with the new form A(0'25'4), Hobbs, Zs. Kr., 25, 265, 1895, and Bull. Univ. Wisconsin, 1, 128, 1895; also from Missoula, with & (380), id., Am. J. Sc., 50, 121, 1895. Gorno, Val Seriana. Italy, crystals described, with new form (0'131), Artini, Riv. Min. Ital., 16, 21, 1896. and Rend. 1st. Lombardo, 30, 1529, 1897. Nebida, Sardinia, Riva, Riv. Min. Ital., 18, 54, 1898, and Rend. Accad. Line., 6 (1), 421, 1897. CHABAZITE, p. 589. Tulferthal, Tyrol, crystals described (twins), Habert, Zs. Kr., 28, 243, 1897. Investigation of the absorption of gases after having been partially deprived of water, G. Friedel (also other zeolites), Bull. Soc. Min., 19, 102, 1896; 22, 5, 1899. Also Rinne, Jb. Min., 2, 28, 1897. CHALCANTHITE, p. 944. Etchmer-figures investigated, T. L. Walker, Am. J. Sc., 5, 176, 1898. Occurs at the Avoca claim, Bonaparte river, Lillooet district, Br. Columbia, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 9, 12 R, 1896. CHALCOCITE, p. 55. Crystals from Bristol, Conn., with (130) as tw. -plane, Kaiser, Zs. Kr., 24, 498, 1895. From Moutecatini, with new form (052), Boeris, Zs. Kr., 23, 235, 1894, and Riv. Mm. Ital., 14, 26, 1895. CHALCOPHANITE, p. 256. Hydrofranklinile of Roepper (Min., p. 259) is shown by Penfield and Kreider (Am. J. Sc., 48, 141, 1894) to be identical with chalcophanite. The form is not octahedal, but rhombohedral, a combination of c and r. Analysis: FeO lO'OO, MnO 48'27, ZuO 18'25, O 11 21, H 2 O 11 85, insol. 0'25 = 99'83; G. = 4'012. CHALCOPYRITE, pp. 80, 1030. Cryst. Westphalia, new form, s (525), Cesaro, Bull. Ac. Belg , 28, 182, 1891. Victoria mine, near Burgholdingshausen, Siegen, new forms (312), (534), 16 APPENDIX I. Sonheur, Zs. Kr., 23, 545, 1894. Kis- Almas, Hungary, new forms r (605), (907), x (704), Zimanyi, Zs. Kr., 27, 95, 1896. Harz Mts., Luedecke, Miu. d. Harzes, 123, 1896. Occurs at Mtisen, in capillary forms, Laspeyres, Zs. Kr., 20, 529, 1892. CHALCOSTIBITE, pp. 113, 1030. Penfield and Frenzel have shown (Am. J. Sc., 4, 27, 1897, and Zs. Kr., 28, 598) that the euejarite of Cunienge (Min., pp. 110, 1030) is identical with chalcostibite (wolfsbergite*). Referred to the axial ratio d : b : k = 0'5283 : 1 : 0'6364, which is that of Laspeyres (p. 1030, Wolfsberg cryst.) modified to correspond with the symbol 6'12'7 of p 1. 2. Guejar. Huanchaca, Bolivia. {not 7-14-8 Lasp.). the forms are : 6 (010), c (001), h (203), d (101), i (302), g (201), t (021), u (061). Analyses (Frenzel) 1, 2, below. G. = 4*959 Pfd. Crystals of chalcostibite from the Pulacayo mine, Huanchaca, Bolivia, showed (1. c.) the new forms I (130), A (209), A (207), 4, (205J, s (065), ju (136), v (133). 7t (265), p (263), a (4'12'5), T (261). The axial ratio deduced is & :b : c= 0'5312 : 1 : 0-63955. Other crystals from the same locality examined by L. J. Spencer (quoted above) showed the additional forms : a (233), ft (354), y (474). S (475), e (476). The crystals are prismatic 1 b and striated in this direction. Cleavage : basal, perfect ; a and b also observed. Analyses, Freuzel : 1 of chalcostibite from Guejar, G. = 4'96 ; 2 of the original guejarite ; 3 of chalcostibite from Bolivia : S Sb Cu Pb Fe 1. Guejar 26'28 48'86 24*44 0'58 0.42 = 100-58 2. " 26-12 48-44 25-23 0'32 0'49 Zn 0'18 = 100'78 S. Huanchaca 26 "20 48 '45 24 72 = 99 '37 CHLOR AST ROUTE, p. 610. Examined by N. H. Wiuchell, who concludes that, while the material may be somewhat impure (delessite, etc.), it has constant and distinguishing optical characters. Occurs in small round pebbles with fine fibrous, stellate structure. H. = 5'5. G. = 3'155. Color light and dark green. Fibers elongated || t). Extinction oblique, to 20. Re- fractive index higher than for thomsonite. Pleochroism: distinct, colorless and light green. From Isle Royale, Lake Superior. Remarks are also made on the possible relation of " zom> chlorite " to chlorastrolite and mesolite. Amer. Geol., 23, 116, 1899. CHLORITEB, pp. 643-664. Discussion of composition and analyses, F. W. Clarke and Schneider, Am. J. Sc., 43, 378, 1892. Also Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 113, 11, 27, 1893. See also Clinochlore, Penninite, etc. CHLORITOID, pp. 640, 1031. Occurs in blocks on the south shore of Michigamme lake, Mich., W. H Hobbs(aual. Kahleuberg), Am. J. Sc., 50, 121, 1895; 2, 87, 1896; cf. Lane and Kellar, Min., p. 1031, also Rorainger, Geol. Surv. Michigan, vol. 5, p. 31. From Lainicium, Carpathian Mts., anal., Duparc and Mrazek, C. R., 116, 601, 1893. Also in Xincardineshire described (anal.) by G. Barrow, Q. J. G. Soc., 54, 149, 1898. See also Ottrelite. Ohloroarsenian. L. J. Igelstrom, G. F8r. Forh., 15, 471, 1893; Zs. Kr., 22, 468. An im- perfectly described mineral occurring with basiliite (p. 9) at the Sj6 mine, Orebro. Sweden. In crystals, showing one cleavage and having a vitreous luster and yellowish green color. Con- tains MnO and As a 6 B (or As,O s ), but no Sb a O 6 nor H a O. It is to be regretted in the case of this and other supposed new minerals from the same locality that the name was not withheld until they could be adequately described according to scientific methods. CHONDRODITE, p. 535. See Humite. * The probable Identity of chaloostibite and guejarite was urged by L. J. Spencer in 1896. See Min. *Mag., 11, pp. x and 188. 1897. APPENDIX L Chondrostibian. L. J. Igelttrom, G. Fdr. Forh., 15, 343, 1893; Zs. Kr., 22, 48, 1893 In grains and perhaps also in octahedral crystals (?) embedded in barite at the Sj5 mine, Orebro, Sweden. Color dark brownish red to yellowish red in small grains. Feebly magnetic. An analysis on very impure material gave after the deduction of 51 p. c. of foreign substances (cal- cite, tephroite, barite, etc.) : Sb 2 O 5 30-66, As,O 6 2'10, Mn,O, 33'13, Fe 2 0, 15'10, H,O 19 01 = 100. The result thus obtained has obviously little claim to accuracy. CHKOMITE, pp. 228, 1031. Crystals from the Bendego meteoric iron show the forms (111), (110), (311), (221 i; (001) rare; also faces of (510), (310), (210., (211), (553), (774)?, (552)?, (331), (441 j. Hussak, quoted by Derby, Arch. Mus. Nacioual de Rio de Janeiro, p. 165, 1896. A variety (mmgnochromite) from Tampadel, Zobtengebirge, Lower Silesia, gave Laszczynski (quoted by Traube. Zs. G. Ges., 46, 52, 1894): Cr a O, 41 23, A1,O S 24'58, FeO i9'04, MnO 0'58, MgO 14-77 = 100-20 ; the iron may be partly Fe,O 3 . G. = 4*21. J. H. Pratt, discussing the occurrence and origm of chromite (Am. J. Sc., 7, 281, 1899), has proposed the name mitcfollile, after Prof. Elisha Mitchell of North Carolina (1793-1857), for a magnesian variety represented by the mineral from Webster, N. C. An analysis by H. W. Foote gave: Cr.O, Al,0, FeO MgO 39-95 29-28 13'90 17'31 = 100-44, The calculated formula is 2MgAl 2 O 4 .MgCr 9 O4.FeCr 3 O 4 . This corresponds closely to the magnochromite of Bock (Min., p. 228) and to the similar mineral from Tampadel, Silesia, noted above. CHRYSOLITE, pp. 441. 1031. Crystals from Monte delle Croce, near Montefiascone, described and measured. Fautappie, Riv. Min. Ital., 17, 3, 1897. A minute discussion of the form, composition, etc., of minerals of the Chrysolite Group is given by Thaddeeff. Zs. Kr., 26, 28, 1896. Crystals altered to serpentine from Middlefield, Mass., Emerson, Bull. Amer. G. Soc., 6, 473 ; Bull U. S. G. Surv., 126, 152, 1895. An alteration-product from the north shore of L. Superior is referred to bowlingite (Min., p. 682) by Winchell, Amer. Geol., 23, 43, 1899. See also Iddingsite. A lead-ziuk chrysolite (Bleizinkckrysolith) from a slag is noted by Heberdey, Zs. Kr., 21, 61, 1892. CINNABAR, pp. 66, 1031. Occurs in fine crystals at Ouen-Shan-Tchiang, central China, Ter- mier. Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 204, 1897. On occurrences in Canada, see Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 5, 66 R, 1889-90; 6, 31 R, 1892- 93. The occurrence in Southern Texas near the Rio Grande (Long. 27 W., Lat. 29 30' N.) is described by W. P. Blake (Trans. Am. Inst. Mng. Eng., March, 1895); in grains and smail rhom- bohedral crystals. On synthesis, Ippen, Min. petr. Mitth., 14, 114, 1894. CLEVEITE, p. 889. See Uraninite. CLINOCKLORE, p. 644. Crystals from the Ural described, Jeremejev, Vh. Min. Ges., 31, 417, 1894. A discussion of optical characters specially with reference to the relations of clinochlore and penninite is given by Klein, Jb. Min., 2, 119-132, 1895. Clinochlore is found to be always opti- cally positive, even when it becomes uniaxial on heating; penninite, however, is negative. Analyses, of specimens from Zlatoust (also leuchtenbergite), Clarke and Schneider, Am. J. Sc., 43, 378, 1892. From Buckingham, Ottawa Co., Quebec, and Bagot township, Renfrew Co., Ontario (analyses by Johnston), Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 6, 17 R, 1892-93. CLINOCLASITE, p. 795. Analysis by Church, Min. Mag., 11, 4, 1895. Clinohedrite, S. L. Penfield and H. W. Foote, Am. J. Sc., 5, 289, 1898. Monoclinic-clinohedral. Axes d : b : I = 0-68245 : 1 : 0*3226; ft = 76 2' = 100 A 001. Angles 100 A 100 = 33 31', 001 A Oil = 17 23', 001 A 101 = 22 22 9'. bm ="* 56 29', pp f *29 8 / , mp = * 51 54'. Observed forms: b (010). h (320), m (110), m l (110), n (120), J(130); (101), e l (101), p (111), p l (111), q (111), q l (111), r (331), s (551), t (771), u (531), o (131), o l (131), x (131), y (121). Habit of crystals varied as shown in figures, but conforming to the group under the monoclinic system (clinohedral or doinatic group) which has a plane of symmetry, but no axis of symmetry. Cleavage: 6(010) perfect. Brittle. H. = 5 5. G. = 3'33. Luster vitreous. Colorless to white and amethystine. Transparent. Optically . Birefringence not high. Ax. pl. and Bio _L b. b A & = 28. Strongly pyroclectric. Composition analogous to calamine, H,ZnCaSiO 4 or (ZnOH)(CaOH)SiO, ; this requires: Silica 27-92, zinc protoxide 37*67, lime 26'04, water 8 37 = 100. Analysis (Foote) : 18 APPENDIX I. SiO, ZnO MnO CaO MgO H,O (Fe,Al),0, | 27-22 37-44 0'50 26'25 007 8'56 0'28 = 100 32 B.B. exfoliates and then fuses at 4 to a yellowish enamel; the water is expelled at a faint red heat. Yields a coating of zinc oxide on charcoal. Dissolves readily when powdered in hydro- chloric acid, yielding gelatinous silica on evaporation. 2. 3. From the Trotter mine, Franklin Furnace, N. J., associated with willemite, brown garnet, axinite, datolite, phlogopite. This name had previously been used for a variety of tetrahedrite supposed (Breilhaupt) to differ from others in form. Olinozoisite. Klinozoisit. E, Weimchenk, Zs. Kr., 26, 161, 433, 1896. A name proposed for those members of the zoisite-epidote group, which are near zoisite in composition but mono- clinic in crystallization; they are further optically -f- and of feebler refringence and birefringence than typical epidote ; zoisite is regarded as dimorphous with epidote. To clinozoisite belong crystals, like epidote in habit, from rolled pebbles at the foot of the Goslerwand, Pragratten, Tyrol. Color pale rose-red, transparent. Optically -)-. Bx a A c = 2. /? = 1'7195. y a 0056. 2V y = 81 40'. Analysis gave : SiO 2 A1 3 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MnO CaO H a O G. = 3-372 39-06 32'57 1-68 0'29 tr. 24'53 O'Ol = 100-14 An epidote from the Rothenkopf, Zillerthal, with only 3-52Fe a O 3 , was optically negative, with Y - a 0-0105. See also Fouqueite (Miu., p. 1035) and Zoisite. COBALTITE, p. 89. From Siegen, twins with o (111) as tw.-plane, Laspeyres, Zs. Kr., 20, 550, 1892. COHENITE, pp. 31, 1038. Noted in the Bendego, Brazil, meteoric iron, in dendritic aggregates, also in isolated isometric crystals with the forms a (100), o (111), d (110), p (221), ft (322), (944)? Hussak, quoted by Derby, Arch. Mus. Rio de Janeiro, p. 160, 1896. Also described from other meteoric irons (Cohen) and in the terrestrial iron of Niakornak, Greenland. Analyses by Cohen, Medd. om GrOnland, 15, 293, 1897. COLEMANITE, p. 882. Anomalous etching-figures examined, Baumhauer, Zs. Kr., 30, 97, 1898. COLTJMBITE, p. 731. Crystals of a mangano-columbite from Rumford, Me., are described by H. W. Foote (Figs. 1, 2). G. = 6'44, color dark reddish brown, Am. J. Sc., 1, 460, 1896. rn\ m vrV APPENDIX L 19 Analysis from North Carolina, Khrushchov, Vh. Min. Ges., 31, 412, 1894. Occurs (G. = 5-36) in the township of Sebastopol, Renfrew Co., Ontario, W. G. Miller, Rep't Bureau of Mines, 7, Part III, p. 234, Toronto, 1898. See also Tantalite and Tapiolite. COOKEITE, p. 625. From Hebron, Me., analyzed by Penfleld, Am. J. Sc., 45, 393, 1893, and shown to have the formula Li[Al(OH)] 3 [SiO 3 ] 2 . Crystallization monoclinic, the crystals 1. often formed of wedge-shaped cleavage- plates grouped as in figures 1-3 ; the center a of 3 uni- axial. Analysis : SiO, A1 2 3 Fe 2 O 3 CaO K 2 O Na 2 O Li 2 O H 2 O F G. = 2-675 | 34-00 45-06 0'45 0'04 0'14 0'19 4'02 14-96 0-46 = 99'32 A mineral referred here by Hoffmann occurs in the sericite-schist of Wait-a-bit creek, Colum- bia river, British Columbia (analysis by Johnston), Rep. G. Canada, 6, 22 R, 1892-93. COPPEU, p. 20. Crystals in aventurine glass described, Washington, Am. J. Sc., 48, 411, 1894. Crystals from Burra-Burra, S. Australia, are covered with an incrustation of minute crystals of cuprite in parallel position with it, Miisrge, Jb. Min., 2, 151, 1898. Occurs at Franklin Furnace, N. J., J/E. Wolff, Proc. Am. Acad., 33, 429, 1898. CORDIERITE. See lolite. CORUNDUM, pp. 210, 1031. Description of twin crystal (showing the new form (5-5-10'4)) with r (1011) as tw. -plane ; also a similar contact-trilling, etc., H. Barvif, Ann. Mus. Wien, 2, 135, 1892. Discussion of planes of parting, viz., parallel to c (0001), a (1120), both normal "solution- planes"; also r (1011), a gliding plane and sometimes a secondary solution-plane, Judd, Min. Mag., 11, 49, 1895. Pratt has described crystals of sapphire (Figs. 1-3) from Yogo Gulch, Montana, with x (3032) ; also showing natural etching-figures, Am. J. Sc., 4, 424, 1897. See also below. Bauer notes the new form r (0112) on Burma rubies, Jb. Min., 2, 197, 1896. 2. 3. Investigations of hardness of minerals in the scale of Mohs compared with corundum, Rosi- wul, Vh. G. Reichs., 475, 1896. See also Auerbach, Wied. Ann., 58, 357, 1896; Jaggar (microsclerometer), Am. J. Sc., 4, 399, 1897. In regard to the occurrence of corundum, recent investigations show that it is often associ- ated with igneous rocks and is itself of igneous origin, though also of secondary origin in crystal- line limestone and, further, the result of contact-metamorphism. These subjects have been dis- cussed by the following authors: On the occurrence and origin of the rubies of Burma (and associated minerals), C. Barriugton Brown and J. W. Judd, Phil. Trans., 187 (A), 151-228, 1896. See also Bauer, 1. c.; on the rubies of Siam, Louis. Min. Mag., 10, 2fi7, 1894. On the corundum of India, T. H. Holland, Geol. India, 2d Ed., Part I, pp. 1-79, Calcutta, 1898. See also Judd, Min. Mag., 11, 56, 1895. 20 APPENDIX I. Corundum deposits of Georgia, F. P. King, Geol. Surv. Georgia, Bull. 2, 1894. Associated with peridotite of N. Carolina, igneous origin discussed, Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 6, 49, 1898. Sapphire of Yogo Gulch, Fergus Co., and elsewhere, Montana, Kunz, Am. J. Sc., 4, 417, 1897 ; Pirsson, ibid., p. 421. Corundum of Eastern Ontario, W. G. Miller, Rep. Bureau of Mines, Vol. 7, Pt. Ill, Toronto, 1898. Produced by contact-metamorphism on the border of the Dartmoor granite, Devonshire, Busz, Geol. Mag., 3, 492, 1896. Experimental investigation of conditions of formation in a magma, Morozewicz, Min. petr. Mitth., 18, 22, 202, 1898 ; see also Zs.Kr., 24, 281, 1894. Description of emery from Naxos, Tschermak, Min. petr. Mitth., 14, 311, 1894. Cosmochlore. Kosmochlor, Laspeyres, Zs. Kr., 27, 592, 1896. Kosmochromit, Groth, Tab. Ueb., ib2, 1898. Monoclinic, probably. In embedded splinters, showing, in thin sections, cleavages parallel to a (100), b (010), also less distinct prismatic (30 ^ud 150). H. = 5-6. Color emerald-green, strongly pleochroic. Extinction oblique, a A c 12. Birefringence high. Ax. pi. f b (010). In composition a chromium silicate. An approximate analysis (on 0'003 gr.) gave : Si0 2 Cr 2 3 A1 2 3 Fe 2 O 3 CaO MgO 31-82 39-39 9'09 909 6'06 4-55 = 100. Identified in minute amount in the stony portion of the Toluca meteoric iron. The author found also orthoclase, plagioclase, pyroxene, quartz, zircon, chromite, and others not fully deter- mined, perhaps new. COTUNNITE, p. 165. Study of artificial crystals, Stober, Bull. Ac. Belg., 30, 345, 1895. Courtzilite. 17th Ann. Rep. U. S .G. Surv., Part III., p. 752, 1895-96. A form of asphaltum allied to uintahite (gilsonite), etc. COVELLITE, p. 68. Occurs in fine indigo-blue masses at the East Gray Rock mine, Butte, Montana; analysis by Hillebraud, Am. J. Sc., 7, 56, 1899. Also massive from La Sal mine, La Sal distr., Utah ; in plates from Rio Grande Co., Colo. (Pfd.). CROCOITE, p. 913. Crystals from Penchalonga, Mashonaland, described (new form 403), Red- lich. Zs. Kr., 27, 607, 1896. See also Alford, Q. J. G. Soc., 50, 8, 1894. Occurs finely crystallized at the Adelaide mine, Mt. Dundas, Tasmania, new forms (10-3'0), 7X530), Palache, Am. J. Sc., 1, 389, 1896. On the occurrence in Tasmania, see also Petterd, Min. Tasmania, p. 24, 1893, p. 30, 1896; further, Liversidge (anal.), Proc. R. Soc. N. S. W., 29, 318, 1895. Obtained in minute crystals by exposing for several months to the air a solution of lead cb.ro- mate in caustic potash, Ludeking, Am. J. Sc., 44, 57, 1892. Crossite. Charles Palache, Bull. G. Univ. California, 1, 181, 1894. A mineral of the amphibole group, characterized by its blue color, occurring somewhat widely distributed in the crystalline schists of the Coast Ranges of California. The following descrip- tion belongs to specimens from near Berkeley: Occurs in lath-shaped crystals ; also in irregular prisms and rounded grains. Form and cleav- age like ordinary amphibole. G. = 3'16. Color fine blue, yellowish blue. Pleochroism strong : C brown to greenish yellow ; fc reddish or bluish violet ; a deep blue. Absorption a 5: fc > c. Ax. pi. || b (010). a A c 13 (assumed as -f 13). In composition between glaucophane and riebeckite, being optically more nearly related to the latter. Analysis, W. S. T. Smith : SiO A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO CaO Na 2 O K 2 O 5502 4-75 10-91 9'46 9'30 2'38 7'62 0'27 MnO tr., H 2 O undet. = 99'76 Named after Mr. Whitman Cross of the U. S. Geol. Survey. A blue amphibole of like optical characters occurs as a secondary growth on brown hornblende and on pyroxene in Custer Co., Colorado, (cf. Min., p. 402, where it is provisionally placed under arfvedsonite). CRYOLITE, pp. 166, 1032. Description of twin crystals, Baumhauer, Zs. Kr., 24, 87, 1894. CRYSTALLITES. Discussion 01 various forms with introduction of new names: clavalite, spiculite, bacillite, scopulite, arculite, rotulite, furculite, crenulite, Rutley, Min. Mag., 9, 261, 1891. APPENDIX I. 21 Cubaite. See Quartz. CUBANITE, p. 79. Analyses of a mineral having the external characters of Brelthaupt's species gave Schneider : 1. S 34-37 Cu 24-32 Fe 41-15 = 98-84 2. 34-01 23-00 42-51 = 99-52 This leads to the formula CuFe 2 S 3 , agreeing with the analysis of Scheidauer (anal. 4, Min., p. 79). For the mineral analyzed by Eastwick and others (auals. 1-3, ibid.) which corresponds to CuFe a S 4 , the author proposes the name barracanite or cupropyrite. J. pr. Ch., 52, 555, 1895. Cubeite. Kubeit, L. Darapsky, Jb. Min., 1, 163, 1898. This name was earlier suggested for an imperfectly known iron sulphate from the neighborhood of the Loa river, desert of Ata- cama. Now obtained in druses of elongated rhombic or monclinic double pyramids. Brittle, of vitreous luster. Analysis gave : SO 3 36'4, Fe 2 O 3 19-3, MgO 7'8, H a O 33'7, CaO [O'l], insol. 2'7 = 100. Cumengeite. E. Mallard, Bull. Soc. Min., 16, 184, 1893. Cumengite. See P&rcylite. CUPRITE, p. 206. Etching-figures do not show the trapezohedral symmetry sometimes ex- hibited in the distribution of the faces. Traube, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 10. 455, 1896. Fig. shows a crystal from Cornwall, drawn by J. H. Pratt (priv. contr.), in which the trapezohedral symmetry is marked. See also Copper. Ouprocassiterite. Titus Ulke, Trans. Am. lust. Mng. Eug., 21, 240, Feb. 1892. See Stannite. Cuproiodargyrite. H. Schulze [Ch. Ztg., 16, 1952, 1892], Zs. Kr., 24, 626, 1895. Occurs as an incrustation or filling crevices in limestone. Somewhat harder and less sectile than iodyrite. Color sulphur-yellow. Trans- lucent. Composition CuI.Agl. Analysis : I 57'75, Ag 25-58, Cu 15-91 Cuprite. = 99 24. Occurs at the mine San Agustin, Huantajaya, near Iquique, Chili, as a decomposition-product of stromeyerite. CUPROPLUMBITE, p. 51. From Butte City, Montana, analysis by J. T. De Bell : S 17'77, Cu 61-32, Pb 18 97, quartz 1-58 = 90'64. This gives 5Cu,S.PbS. The corrected specific gravity (5'39) is shown to correspond with that called for (5*45) on the supposition that it is to be classed with isometric iralena. Am. Ch. J., 14, 620, 18i2. From Semjpalatinsk, anal, by Antipov, Vh. Min. Ges., 28, 527, 1891, and Zs. Kr., 23, 275, 1894. CTANITE, p. 500. Etching-figures investigated, Traube, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 10, 459, 1896 ; same by T. L. Walker, Am. J. Sc., 5, 181, 1898. Occurs in rich grass-green crystals with t (520), often perfectly transparent, on North Toe river, Yancey Co., N. C.; also pale green cyanite elsewhere in the state, Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 5, 126, 1898. Cylindrite. Kylindrit, A. Frenzel, Jb. Min., 2, 125, 1893. Masive; in cylindrical forms separating under pressure into distinct shells or folia, difficult to pulverize, like graphite. Soft; H.= 2'5-3. G.= 5'42. Luster metallic. Color blackish lead- gray. Streak black. Composition, Pb 6 Sb 2 Sn 6 S 2 i or 3PbS.Sb 2 S 3 + 3(PbS.2SnS 2 ). Analysis: S Sn Sb Pb Ag Fe 24-50 26-37 8'73 35'41 0'62 3'00 = 98'63 Obtained from the Mine Santa Cruz, at Poopo, Bolivia. The same country has also afforded the allied minerals plumbostannite, Min., p. 108; franckeite, this App., p. 26; also canfieldite, $., p. 13. CYRTOLITE, p. 487. See Zircon. DAHLLITE, p. 866. Shown by Hamberg to be an alteration-product of apatite somewhat an- alogous to staff elite (Min., p. 764). G. For. Forh., 13, 802, 1891. APPENDIX I. DANALITE pp. 435, 1032. Occurs at Redruth, Cornwall, in large rough tetrahedral crystals, of H columbine-red; H. = 5-5; G. = 3'350. Analysis: SiO a 29'48, FeO 37-53, MuOll'53, ZuO4'87, BeO 14-17, CaO tr., S 5'04 = 102 '62. Calculated ratio, SiO 2 : RO : RS = 3 : 7 : 1 nearly. Miers .and Prior, Miu. Mag., 10, 10, 1892. DANBURITE, p. 490 Occurs in crystals in the Cimina region, Rome, Italy; in erratic blocks with da^yne, tou-maline, etc., Fantappie, Riv. Min. Ital., 16, 82, 1896; 18, 7, 1898; also Rend. Accad. Line., 5 (2) : 108, 1896. DAR \PSKTTE, p. 873. Shown by 'Osann to be inonoclinic. Axial ratio d:b:k = 1 -5258 : 1 : 0-7514. ft = 77 5' = 001 A 100. 100 A HO = 56 5'. 001 A 101 = 23 23', 001 A Oil = 36 13'. Observed forms: a (100), 6(010), c(001); m(110); r(101), e (302); (101), tf(901); q (Oil); o (111), s (111), (121). Angles: ac = *77 5', am = *56 5', ar = *53 42', cr = 23 23'. Crystals tabular || a; often twins, tw. )1. a. Cleavage: a perfect. Ax.pl. _L b, b = a. Axial angle large. [. = 2-3. G. = 2-203. Zs. Kr., 23, 584, 1894. Artificial formation, A. de Schulten, Bull. Soc. Min., 19, 161, 1896. DATOLITE, p. 502. Oryst. Loughboro, Ontario, description of large crystals, prismatic || d, Pirsson, Am. J. Sc., 45, 100, 1893. Lake Superior, Osann, Zs. Kr., 24, 543, 1895. Harz Mts., Luedecke, Datolite. Min. Harzes, 418, 1896. Guanajuato, Mexico, crystals, tabular I x (102) (Fig.), Farrington, Am. J. Sc., 5, 285, 1898. Etch ing -figures investigated and figured, Bauinhauer, Die Result-ate d. Aetzmethode, 1894. Analysis, Grand Marais, Minn., Berkey, 23 Ann. Rept. Minn. G. Surv., p. 197. DAVYNE, p. 428. Occurrence in the Cimina region near Rome, see Danburite. Derby lite. E. Hussak and O. T. Prior, Min. Mag., 11, 85, 176, 1897. Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : c = 0'9661 : 1 : 0'5502. Forms : a (100), c (001), m (110); also (Oil) as tw. pi. Angles: am = *44 Of, c A Oil = 28 49i', mm = 39 8$' Hussak. In slender pris- matic crystals, 2 to 3 mm. long; often iu cruciform twins crossing at an angle of 57 39' ; rarely in trillings. Fracture conchoidal. Very brittle. H. = 5. G. = 4'512-4'530. Luster resinous. Color pitch-black, dark brown and translucent in thin splinters. Composition perhaps FeO.Sb a O 6 + 5FeO.TiO 2 . Analysis (hence SiO 2 , etc.), Prior : Derbylite. on material not entirely pure Sb 9 5 24-19 TiO a 34-56 FeO 32-10 CaO 0-32 Si0 2 3-50 A1 2 8 3-17 Na 2 0-76 K 2 0-28 ign 0-50 = 99-38 B.B. in salt of phosphorus gives a bead(R.F.) yellow when hot, violet when cold. Insoluble in acid, but decomposed by acid potassium sulphate. Occurs in the cinnabar-bearing gravel of Tres Cruzes, Tripuhy near Ouro Preto, Mina Gcraes, Brazi ; lewisite, xenotime, monazite, zircon, rutile, etc., are associated. Named after Dr. O. A. Derby, Director of the Geological Survey of Brazil. DESCLOIZITE, p. 787. Analyses, from Obir, Carinthia, Brunlechner, Zs. Kr., 24, 626, 1895. DIAMOND, pp. 3, 1033. Crystals from the Ural described with (971), (432), Jeremejev, Vh. Min. Ges., 34, 59, 1896. Artificial corrosion-figures, Luzi, Ber. Ch. Ges., 25, 2470, 1892. Refractive indices measured, Wiilfiug, Min. petr. Mitth.. 15. 61, 1895. Investigation of varia- tion of refractive indices with the temperature, A. Sella, Riv. Miu. Ital., 10, 65, 1892. Thermal expansion, J. Joly, Nature, 49, 480, 1894. Shown to be transparent to X-rays (while paste is opaque), also investigation of behavior of many species toward X-rays, Doelter, Jb. Min., 2, 87, 1896; 1, 256, 1897. (See further on the general subject, Zs. Kr., 30, 610, 1899.) Found- in the glacial drift of Wisconsin, at Plum Creek, Pierce Co.; Oregon, Dane Co.; Kohlsville, Washington Co. (21^ carats); Eagle, Waukesha Co. (16 carats), cf. Kunz, Bull. G. Soc. Am , 2, 638, 1891, and Miu. Res. U. S.; Hobbs, Amer. Geol., 14, 31, 1894; Bull. Univ. Wisconsin, 1, 152,1895. Occurrence and origin in California, Turner, Amer. Geol., 23, 182, 1899. Also in South Africa, APPENDIX I. Stone, Bonney and Raisin, Geol. Mag., 2, 492, 1895; Moissan, C. R., 116, 292, 458, 460; 117, 423, 1893. Description of the Kimberley mines, Stelzner, Isis, p. 71, 1893. Discussion of origin as illustrated in Brazil, Derby, J. Geol., 6, 121, 1898. See also the works of L de Launay and H. Carvill Lewis noted in the bibliography. In the meteoric iron of Canon Diablo, Arizona, A. E, Foote, Am. J. Sc., 42, 413, 1891; Kunz and Huntinglou, Am. J. Sc., 46, 470, 1893. Also C. Friedel, Bull. Soc. Min., 15, 258, 1892 (C. R., 115, 10:57, 1892); 116, 290, 1893. Also Moissan, C. R., 116, 288, 1893 (Bull. Soc. Chiin., 9, 967, 1893). Occurrence in meteorites in general, Huntington, Proc. Amer. Acad., 29, 204, 1894. Formed artificially, Moissan, C. R., 116, 218, 1893; Friedel, ibid, p. 224; Rousseau, ib., 117, 164; further, Moissau, ib., 118. 320, 1894; 123, 206, 210, 1896. Also J. Friedlander, Berlin, 1898, Jb. Min., 1, 202, 1899. Reproduction, Q. Majorana, Riv. Min. Ital., 19, 22, 1898. DIAPHORITE, p. 124. Identified by L, J. Spencer (Am. J. Sc., 6, 316, 1898) with pyrargyrite, galena, dolomite on a specimen of stephanite from the Lake Chelan, distr., Okauogan Co., Washington ; also with miargyrite, etc., from Santa Maria de Catorze, San Luis Potosi, Mexico Dicksbergite. L. J. Igelstrom, G. For. Forh., 18, 231, 1896. A supposed new species occur- ring with cyanite at Dicksberg, Ransat parish, Wermland, Sweden. Shown by Weibull and Up- mark (ibid. , p. 523) to be rutile. Dietzeite. A. Osann, Zs. Kr., 23, 588, 1894. Monocliuic. Axes d : b : b = 1'3826 : 1 : 0'9515 ; ft = *73 28' = 001 A 100. 58', 001 A 101 = 39 22', 001 A Oil = 42 22^'. Observed forms : a (100), 6 (010), c (001); I (210), m (110); r (101), * (223), o (221). Angles : mm'" = 105 56', a'r = *67 10', cm = 80 8'. Crystals prismatic, tabular J a and elongated | . Commonly fibrous to columnar. Cleavage : a imperfect. Fracture conchoidal. H. = 3-4. G. = 3*698. Luster vitreous. Color dark gold-yellow. Optically -f. Ax. pi. _L b. Bx J. a in obtuse angle c d\ extinction on b (010) 5 to 7 with c. 2G a . y = 87 to 88'. Dispersion horizontal and v > p, both strongly marked. Composition, 7Ca(IO 3 ) 2 .8CaCrO 4 . Soluble in hot water; from the solution the colorless calcium iodate (Ca(IO 3 ) a + 6H 3 O) separates on cooling, leaving the calcium chromate in solution. Obtained from the same region which furnished the calcium iodate lautarite (Min.. p. 1040). The occurrence of this salt was earlier described whom it is named), see Min., 1. c. 100 A HO = Dietze (after DIOPSIDE. See Pyroxene. DIOPTASE, pp. 463, 1033. Occurs in crystals in the neighborhood of Mindouli, east of Comba, on the road to Brazzaville, French Congo; also at other points in the Congo region. Lacroix, C. R., 114, 1384, 1892. See also A. Le Chatelier, C. R., 116, 894, 1893. Etching-figures investigated, Traube, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 10, 462, 1896. S. See Wernerite. DOLOMITE, pp. 271, 1033. From Raibl, containing traces of thallium and lithium, Heberdey, Z^. Kr , 21,71, 1892. Origin discussed, Element, Min. petr. Mitth., 14, 526, 1895; Pfaff, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 9, 485, 1894. The black crystals from Teruel, Spain, occurring embedded in gypsum have been long called tern elite. DUFHENOYSTTE, p. 120. Description by Baumbauer of crystals (anal., Konig) with the new forms (223), (441), (207), (103), (205), (407), (027), (013), (025), (049), (047), Zs. Kr., 24, 85, 1894; 28, 551, 1897. Dundasite. W. F. Petterd, Catalogue of Minerals of Tasmania, p. 26, 1893. Inferred from qualitative tests to be a hydrated carbono-phosphate of lead and aluminium. Occurs as an in- crustation on a ferro manganese gossan with crocoite ; consists of small spherical aggregates with radiated structure ; color within white and silky, externally yellow-brown. H. = 2. From the Adelaide Proprietory mine, Dun das, Tasmania. DURDENITE, p. 980. F. C. Knight lias noted an oxidation-product of the tellurides of Cripple Creek, Colo. The soluble (HC1) portion of the mixture analyzed was perhaps 2Fe,O 3 .2TeO a .H,O, the insoluble calaverite. Proc. Colo. Soc., Oct. 1, 1894. APPENDIX I. DYSCRASITE, p. 42. Crystals from the Ilarz described, Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 48, 1896. EDINGTONITE, p. 599. Occurs in large crystals (to 3 cm. in length) at the mines of Bohl, Sweden. Habit prismatic, tabular | one pair of ra-faces ; twins, pseudo-tetragonal. These are referred to the orthorhombic system (hemihedral) with the forms: c (001), m (110), p (111), p t (111), r,(1 21), r,(121). Axes a:t>:c = 0'9873 : 1: 6733. Andes : mm'" = 89 16', cp = 43 47'. G. = 2-776. 2E y = 87 17'. O. Nprdeuskidld. Bull. Soc. Min., 18, 396, 1895, and G. For. Forh., 17, 597, 1895. An analysis is giyeu by G. Lindstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 53, 469, 1896. Elfstorpite. L. J. Igelstrom, G. F6r. Forh., 15, 472, 1893; Zs. Kr., 22, 468. An imper- fectly described mineral from the Sjo mine. Orebro, Sweden. Occurs in crystals and crystalline particles with one cleavage. H. 4. Brittle. Color and stnak whitish gray. Inferred, on the basis of a partial qualitative analysis, to be a hydrated arseuate of manganese (M>iO). Elpidite. G. Lindstrom, G. For. F5rh., 16, 330, 1894. G. Nordenskiold, ibid., p. 343. Orthorhombic. Axes : d:b:c = 0'5117 : 1 : 0'9781. 100 A HO = 27 6', 001 A 101 = 62 23', 001 A Oil = 44 22'. Forms a (100), b (010), c (001), m (110), n (120), e (013), d (Oil) ; also doubt- ful u (540), (580), s (5-12-0). Angles: mm!" = *54 12', cd = *44 22'. Crystals prismatic, rarely distinct (described by G. Nordeuskiold). Usually massive, fine fibrous or columnar ; also as a felt-like mass. Cleavage : m (110). H. nearly 7. G. = 2 '524 white, 2 -594 red. Luster silky. Color white to brick-red. Extinction parallel to prismatic direction, which corresponds to a. Composition, essentially, HeNa 2 ZrSi 6 O 18 or Na 2 O.ZrO 2 .6SiO 2 .3H u O. Analysis, Lindstrom: Si0 3 Zr0 3 FeO CaO Na a O K 2 O H 2 O (ign.) H 2 O (100) Cl 59-44 20-48 0'14 0'17 10'41 B 0-13 5'72 3'89 0-15 TiO 2 ,CuO tr. = 100-53. Another determination gave : Na 2 O 10 -29, K 2 O 21. From the locality in southern Greenland (probably Nagssarsuk near Igaliko) which has afforded neptuuite (see this App., p 49) and epididyrnite, p. 25. Named from e/\7r^$, hope. ENARGITE, pp. 147, 1033. Occurs at the Ida mine, also at Red Mountain, Summit distr., Colorado; crystals from 1he latter locality show the new forms v (210), e (012), 2(134); habit prismatic or tabular (figs. 1-5, Red Mountain). Pirsson, Am. J. Sc., 47, 212, 1894. 1. 3. 77? a in Monograph on the crystallization, L. J. Spencer; new forms noted are: y (610), / (520), (540), .2V (230), H108), A (207), w (709), u (301). The author concludes that clarite (Min., p. 148) is identical with enargite. Miu. Mag., 11, 69, 1895. Crystals from Peru show the new forms n (031), (132), 0, (394), 2 (131), 03 (392), idem, Miu. Mag., 11, 196, 1897. Occurs in large crystals at the Bell Stow mine, Missoula Co., Montana, Moses, School Mines Q., 16, 230, 1895. Analysis, from Butte, Montana, Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 7, 56, 1899. ENSTATITE, p. 346. From Corundum Hill. N. C., also Webster, Jackson Co , N. C., analyses quoted by Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 5, 430, 431, 1898. Investigation of alteration-products, Johansson, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 17 (2), No. 4, 1891. (Ref. inZs. Kr., 23, 152.) Epididymite. O. Flink, G. F5r. F6rh., 15, 201, 1893; Zs. Kr., 23, 353, 1894. G. Norden- skiold, G. For. Forh., 16, 345, 1894. Orthorhombic. Axes d : b : c = 0'5758 : 1 : 0'5340 or 1 : 1-7367 : 0'9274. 100 A HO = 29 56', 001 A 101 = 42 50', 001 A Oil = 28^ 6J'. Observed forms: a (100), b (010), c (001); m (110), I (120), n (130); i (023), h (034). g (Oil), e (043), d (021), / (041), A (061), x (081); p (221). Angles : mm'" - 59 52', nri r= 119 52', bn = *30 4', cd = *46 53'. Crystals usually tabular || c and elongated by extension of the faces in the brachydome zone; these faces horizontally striated. In part in hexagonal tables, b and m being equally developed: these also twinned, having c in common but revolved 60 about the vertical axis, and as tw. lamellae. Cleavage : b and c perfect. H. = 5*5, G. = 3'548. Luster vitreous, on b and c pearly, APPENDIX I. 25 Colorless. Optically. Ax. pi || c. Bx a b. Indices .For Na, * = 1'5645, /3 - 1*5685 7=1-5688. .-. 2V a . J = 314'. Compositi.m HNaBeSi 3 O 8 like eudidymite (Min., p. 313). Analysis, G. Flink BeO 3Sa 3 Q H a O iO"56 13-88 B.B. fuses easily ;o a colorless glass, but yields water only at a high temperature, Not attacked by acids. From Greenland, exact locality uncertain, probably Narsasik (or Nagssarsuk, Lindstrom) near (galiko, cf. neptunile and elpidite. EPIDOTE, p. 516. Crystals from Quenast described, Stober, Bull. Ac. Belg., 29, 403, 1895. Also from the Comba di Compare Robert, Avigliana, G. Boeris, Atti Accad. Sc. Torino, 32, Aprf 25, 1897, aud Riv. Min. Ital., 20, 65, 1898. Optical examination of isomorphous layers of crystals, Ramsay, Jb. Min., 1, 111, 1893. Occurrence as a primary constituent of igneous rocks, Keyes, Bull. G. Soc. Amer., 4, 305 1893. The relation of epidcte to zoisite is discussed by Weinschenk, Zs. Kr. , 26, 166, 1896. See also Clinozoisite. EPSOMITE, p, 938. Description of natural crystals from Stassfurt (new form ^(210)), aisc optical determination, Milch, Zs. Kr., 20, 221, 1892. Erionite. A. S. Eakle, Am. J. Sc., 6, 66, 1898, and Zs. Kr., 30, 176, 1898. Orthorhombic. In aggregates of very slender fibers, resembling woolly hairs. G. = 1'997 Luster pearly. Color white. Optically biaxial, positive. Extinction and Bx a (c) parallel to fibers Birefringence high. Composition, H 2 CaK 2 Na 2 Al 2 Si 3 O 17 + 5H a O or CaO.K 2 O.Na 2 O.Al 2 O 3 .6SiO 2 .6H 2 = 0'002 approx. G. For. Forh., 20, 54, 1898. Fluor-adelite. See Tilasite. FLUORITE, pp. 161, 1034. Sarnthal, Tyrol, crystals described with the form (27'12'5) devel- oped by corrosion, Hofer, Min. petr. Mitth., 12, 500, 1892. On crystals from the Harz Mts., Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 252, 1896. Tenacity investigated, Sella and Voigt, Wied. Ann., 48, 663, 1893. Anomalous optical characters, Wallerant, Bull. Soc. Miu., 21, 44, 1898. Phosphorescent under the action of X-rays, this is also true of calcite and other species, Bur- bank, Am. J. Sc, 5, 53, 1898. Refractive indices for long waves, Carvallo, C. R., 116, 1189, 1893; Rubens and Snow, Wied. Ann., 46, 529, 1892. Dispersion in the infra-red, Paschen, Wied. Ann., 53, 301, 1894. Photoelectrical properties, Schmidt, Wied. Ann., 62, 407, 1897. From Quincie, containing free fluorine (anal., G. = 3'117), to which the odor on fracture is due, Becquerel and Moissan, Bull. Soc. Chim., 5, 154, 1891. On the fluorite deposits of southern Illinois, see S. F. Emmons, Trans. Am. Inst. Mng. Eug. 21, 31, 1892. Occurs on a large scale at San Roque, Cordoba, Argentina, Valentin, Zs. prakt. Geol., 4, 104, 1896. Folgerite. S. H. Emmens, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 14, No. 1, 1892. See Pentlandite. FOSTERITE, p. 450. Colorless transparent crystals from Monte Somma have been measured by Jolles and analyzed by Thaddeeff, see Arzruni (Zs. Kr., 25, 471, 1895) ; the latter also gives the optic-axial angles and notes twins with (031) as tw. pi. Analysis, from the crystalline limestone of the Passau graphite region, Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., 28, 145, 1897. Franckeite. A. W. Stelzner, Jb. Min., 2, 114, 1893. Massive, with imperfect radiated and foliated structure; in part in spherules aggregated in APPENDIX I. 21 ren if orm shape. Cleavage perfect in one direction. Somewhat malleable, making a mark on paper. H = 2'75. G. = 5-55. Luster met:illic Color blackish gray to black. Opaque. Composition, Pb 5 Sn a Sb*Si a or 2PbSnS 3 .PbsSb a S6. Analysis by C. Wiukler : S Sb Sn Pb Fe Zn Gangue 21-04 1051 12-34 50'57 2*48 122 0-71 = 98'87 Germanium is present in small amount (01 p. c.) ; also about 1 p. c. silver. B.B. on charcoal gives a yellow coating of lead oxide, and farther from the assay one of oxide of antimony. In the open tube yields sulphurous and antimonial fumes. In the closed tube, a slight coating of germanium sulphide if no air is present. Dissolved by nitric acid with the separation of a white powder (oxides of antimony, tin and germanium) ; also readily in aqua regia with separation of sulphur. From the silver-mining region of Las Animas. southeast of Chocaya, Bolivia ; it is locally known as llicteria ; wurtzite is closely associated. Named after the mining engineers, Carl and Ernst Fraucke. FRTEDELITE, pp. 46"), 1035. From the Sjo mine, Wermland, Sweden, analysis, Igelstrom : SiO 2 34-36, MnO 45-88, FeO 1'35, CaO 1'50, MgO 1-50, Mn 2'79, Cl 3'00, H 2 O 9'00, P 2 O 6 tr. = 99-38. G. For. Forh., 14, 505, 1892 ; Zs. Kr., 21, 92, 1892. Fuggerite. E. Weinscliexk, Zs. Kr., 27, 577, 1896. In thick four-sided tabular crystals, probably tetragonal. Cleavage: basal, perfect. H. = 6'5. G. = 3'18. Color light apple-green; also white and dull. Birefringence very low, for yellow (Na) sensibly isotropic; oj na = e n a = l'69i. Corresponds in composition to a member of the gehlenite-akermanite series (3 Ak : 10 Gehl), but deviates in physical characters. Analysis, E. Mayr: SiO a A1 3 3 Fe 2 3 CaO MgO Na 2 O MriO,K 2 O insol. 34 04 17-97 3 49 37 65 4-89 2-04 tr. 0'12 = 100-20 Occurs on the contact-zone adjoining the monzonite of the Monzonithal; in part as a micro- scopic constituent, in part in nests of crystals, also as a coarse-granular aggregate with calcite. GADOLINITE, pp. 509, 1035. Crystals from the Harz described by Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 438, 1896. GAHNITE, pp. 223, 1035. Occurs in Raglan township, Renfrew Co., Ontario, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 9, 15R, 1896. GALENA, p. 48. Cryst. From Neudorf with the new form (551), Cesaro, Zs. Kr., 20, 468, 1892. From the Harz, Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 16, 1896. On the octahedral cleavage of a variety from Nil-St. -Vincent containing tellurium, Cesaro, Ann. Soc. G. Belg., 19, Bull , 76, 1892. Freiberg, new form (447), Cesaro, Ann. Soc. G. Belg., 24, Ixxix, 1898. From Broken Hill, N. S. W., containing 15'5 p. c. Zn, Liversidge, Proc. Roy. Soc., N. S. W., 29. 320. 1895. Cubic crystals stated to be from Bingham, Utah, gave Hartley 4'97 p. c. Zn, Miers, Min. Mag., 12, 112, 189.9. GAENET, pp. 437, 1035. Pyrope of cubic form occurs in the diamond sands of Agua Suja, Minns Geraes, Brazil, Hussak, Ann. Mus. Wien, 6, 113 (not.), 1891. Optical investigation of crystals from many localities with references to the recent literature (since 1882, cf. Min., p. 439), etc., Klein, Jb. Min., 2, 68, 1895, also Ber. Ak. Berlin, 723, 1895; 676, 1898. See also Brauns, Opt. Auom., 1891, p. 133; Karnojitsky, Vh. Min. Ges., 34, 1, 1896; Fedorow, Zs. Kr., 28, 276, 1897. Optical character of pyreneite corresponding to that of an orthorhombic crystal, Mallard, Bull. Soc. Min., 14, 293, 1891. Same of melanite from Algeria, Gentil, Bull. Soc. Min., 17, 269, 1894; of crystals from Affaccata, Elba, G. D'Achiardi, Annal. Univ. Tosc.. 20, 1896. Orossulariie, analysis of an apple-green variety resembling jade, found as a water-worn peb ; ble near Eltoro, California, F. W. Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 50, 76, 1895. Analyses, Rothenkopf, Zillerthal, Schuerr, Zs. Kr., 27, 431, 1896. Almandite, analysis, Sydney, N. S. W., H. G. Smith, Proc. Roy. Soc., K. S. W., 28, 47, 1894. Andradite from nephelite-syenite of Dungannon, Hastings Co., Ont., with 1'08 p. c. TiO 2 , Adams and Harrington, Am. J. Sc., 1, 217, 1896. Italian Peak, Gunuison Co., Colo., Eakins, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 113, 112, 1893. Topazolite, Melanite, analyses, Piners, Zs. Kr., 22, 479, 1894. Pyrope, etc., chemical composition discussed with analysis, C. v. John, Jb. G. Reichs., 42, 53, 1892. Spessarttte, analyses from Llano Co , Texas, W. H. Melville, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 90, 40. 1892. Silberberg near Bodenmais, analysis, Weiuschenk, Zs. Kr., 25, 357, 1895. Aschaffenburg (analy- sis by Wehr and Schroder), Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., 28, 162, 1897. Caprera, Sardinia, Lovisato, Rend. Accad: Line., 5 (1), 56, 1896. APPENDIX 1. Analyses by Wait of varieties from Canada Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 6, 16R, 1892-93. Discussion of composition witii analyses, K. H. Schnerr, Inaug. Diss. Munich, 1894, abstract in Jb. Mm., 1, 432 ref., 1897. Occurrence in the dune sands of Holland (analysis), Retgers, Jb. Miu., 1, 16, 1895. Discussion of relation of subspecies, Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., 25, 365, 1895. Hrubseliitz, altered to diopside, hornblende, and plagioclase, Barvif, Ber. Bohm. Ges., May 19 1893. Artificial formation of melanite, MicUel, C. R., 115, 830, 1892. RJtodolite is a variety from Mason's Branch, Macori Co., N. C., described by Hidden and Pratt (Am. J. Sc., 5, 294, 1898). Characterized by its rose like color and brilliant luster by reflected light. Occurs in rolled pieces and etched fragments G. = 3*838. Composition corresponds to 2 molecules of pyrope, Mg 3 Al 2 [SiO 4 ] 3 , and 1 of almandite, Fe 3 Al2[SiO 4 ]3. Analysis, Pralt: SiO 2 41-59 A1 2 O 3 23-13 Fe 2 O 3 1-90 FeO 15'55 MgO 17'23 CaO 092 = 100-32 Lagoriolite (Lagoriolith) is an artificial compound obtained by Morozewicz, corresponding in composition to a soda-variety of grossular garnet; formula (Na 2 ,Ca) 3 A] 2 [SiO 4 ] 3 , with Na 2 : Ci\ = 3: 2. An analysis (deducting 14'8 p c insol.) gave: SiO 2 39-6, A1 2 O 3 21'4, CaO 14"2, Na 2 23'6, SO 3 1'2 = 100. The crystals obtained seemed to be isometric in form (100 and 110), but showed optical anomalies, twinning, etc., analogous to some garnet, also particularly to uoselite and haiiynite. Named after Professor A. Lagorio. Miu. petr. Mitth., 18, 147, 1898. Schneebergite of Breziua is shown by Eakle and Muthmaun to be a garnet of the topuzolitc type in octahedral form. Am. J. Sc , 50, 244, 1895; Zs. Kr., 24, 583, 1895. Ranmtite is a supposed new mineral from the damourite of Bliaberg, Rjinsat, Wermlaud, Sweden, described by Igelstrom (G. For. Forh., 18, 41, 1896). It is shown by Weibu',1 (ibid., 20, 53, 1898) to be an impure manganesian garnet. GARNIERITE, p. 676. N. Caledonia, analysis of a related silicate, Pisani, Bull. Soc. Min., 15, 48, 1892. Various nickel silicates have been examined by H. v. Foullon, Jb. G. Reichs., 42 223 1892. GAY-LUSSITE, p. 301. Crystals described from Borax Lake, San Bernardino Co., Cal. (Fig 1-3). G. = 1-992. J. H. Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 2, 130, 1896. 3. Occurs in a confused crystalline mass at the borax locality in San Bernardino Co., Civl., 3>,.>ks, Am. J. Sc., 43, 540, 1892, Mng. Sc. Press, March 26, 1892. On the artificial formation, A. de Schulteu, C. R., 123, 1023, 1896. GEHLENITE, p. 476. Occurs in limestone of the Kaiserstuhl, Brauns, Jb. Min., 1, 81, 1899. See also Fuggerite. Geikielite. L. FletcJier, Nature, 46, 620, Oct. 27, 1892. A. Dick, Min. Mag., 10, 145, 1893. Massive; in rolled pebbles. Cleavage: in one direction perfect; also imperfect in another, nearly normal to it. Brittle. H. =6. G. = 3'98-4. Luster metallic-adamantine on the cleavage- face. Color bluish or brownish black; microscopic fragments transmit a purplish-red light. Optically uniaxial, negative. Birefringence high. Composition, essentially magnesium titauite, MgTiO 3 . Analysis, Dick : Ti0 3 67-74 MgO 28-73 FeO 3-71 = 100-38 B.B. infusible; reacts for titanium with salt of phosphorus. Slowly decomposed by hot hydrochloric acid if in fine powder. Obtained from the gem mines of Rakwana, Ceylon, a locality which has also furnished baddeleyite. Named after Sir Archibald Geikie, Director of the Geological Survey of Great Britain. Gersbyite. L. J. Igelstrom, Zs. Kr., 28, 310, 1897. Occurs in pale-blue to deep-blue grains embedded in quartzose damourite-schist at Dicksberg, Wermland, Sweden. Closely resembles APPENDIX I. 29 lazulite and is near it in composition. One of several analyses gave: P^O; 32'26, Al a O 3 46'68, CaO.FeO.MnO 6'66, JVJgO 5 33, H 2 O 9 07 = 100. GERSDORFFITE, p. 90. Occurs in octahedral crystals in Denison township, Algoma district, Ontario (analysis by Johnston), Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 5, 22R. Also on Kooteuay Moun- tain, near Rossland, British Columbia, ibid., 9, 15R, 1896. Analysis from Goslar in the Harz, Klockmnnn, Zs. prakt. Geol., 1, 387, 1893. E, p. 254 Artificial formation of crystals, A. de Schulten, Bull. Soc. Min., 19, 157, 189,'i. GILSONITE. See Uintaite. GISMONDITE, p. 586. Occurrence in basalt, St.-Agrve, Ardche, France, Gonnard, C. R., 117, 590, 1893. GLATJBERITE, p. 898. Description and measurements of crystals from "Westeregeln, W. von Schulz, Vh. Min. Ges., 30, 75, 1893. Glaucochroite. 8. L. Penfield and C. H. Warren, priv. contr. Orthorhombic. In embedded prismatic crystals without distinct terminations. Prismatic angle m /\ m 47 30'. Twins with the brachydome (Oil) as tw. plane, the vertical axes crossing at an angle of 5830' (microscope). Axes a : b : c - 0'44 : 1 : 56. H. about 6. G. = 3-407. Color a delicate bluish-green like some beryl. Composition, CaMnSiO 4 , analogous to the Chrysolite Group ; corresponds to a manganese mouticellite. Analysis, Warren : SiO 2 MnO CaO PbO 31-48 38-00 28-95 1'74 = 100'17 B.B fuses quietly at 3'5. Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid and yields gelatinous silica upon evaporation. Reacts for manganese with borax. Occurs at Franklin Furnace, N. J., with nasonite, brown garnet, axinite and a little frank- liuite. Named from yXavKoS, blue-green, and xP oa > color, in allusion to its color. GLAUCONITE, p. 683. Extensive beds occur in Spottsylvania and Stafford Cos., Va., analysis, Corse and Baskerville, Am. Ch. J., 14, 67, 1892. In Woodbnrn, Antrim, Ireland, analysis, Hoskins, Geol. Mag., 2, 317, 1895. General discussion of composition, origin, etc., Gumbel, Ber. Ak. Miinchen, 26, 545, 1896; also Glinka, Zs. Kr., 30, 390, 1898. GLAUCOPHANE, p. 399. Investigation of etching-figures, R. A. Daly, Proc. Am. Acad. Sc., 34, 404, 1899. Analysis, Beaume, Dora Riparia, Colomba, Att. Accad. Torino, 29, 404, 1893. RJiodusite is a variety of glaucophane described by Foullon as occurring in the Eocene Flysch rocks of the island Rhodus. It is characterized by a fibrous asbestus-like structure. Coloi lavender-blue. Analysis of purified material gave : SiO 2 A1 2 3 Fe 2 O 3 FeO MgO CaO Na 2 O K 2 O H 2 5.5-03 0-49 15-47 7'39 11-48 0'98 6'38 0'80 1*98 = 100 This corresponds to a glaucophane, in which Fe a O 3 has taken the place of A1 2 O 3 . Ber. Ak. Wien, 100 (1), 176, 1891 See also Grossite. GLOCKERITE, p. 970. An orange-yellow ocherous basic ferric sulphate from Parys Mount, Anglesea, analyzed by Church, corresponds nearly to 2Fe 2 O 3 .SO 3 .8H 2 O. Loss of H 2 O at 100 13-51 p. c., on moderate ignition 12*85. Glockerite is 2Fe 2 O 3 .SO 3 .6H 2 O. Miu. Mag., 11, 13, 1895. GMELINITE, p. 593. Crystals from Montecchio Maggiore, described with new forms (2130)., (2133), (1233), Artini, Giorn. Min., 2, 262, 1891. GOLD, p. 14. Crystals from the Ural, described, new form (811), Jeremejev, Vh. Min. Ges., Prot,, 33, 60, 1895. Crystalline structure of nuggets investigated by Liversidge, Proc. R. Soc. N. S. W., 31, 70, 1897 (read Oct. 3, 1894). Discussion as to the origin of moss gold and of gold nuggets, Liver- sidge, Proc. R. Soc. N. S. W., 27, 287, 303, Sept. 6, 1893. Gold containing palladium occurs in the Caucasus, Th. Wilm, Zs. anorg. Chem., 4, 300, 1893. Occurs in California with albite, bante, calcite, etc., Turner, Am. J. Sc., 47, 467, 1894. 30 APPENDIX L On the gold fields of the Southern Appalachians, G. F. Becker, IGth Ann. Kept. U. S. G. Surv., Purl II, 18: 4. Of Transvaal, tlie same, 18th Ann. Kept. U. S G. Surv., Part V, 1896. Of Alaska, the same, 18th Ann. Kept. U. S. G. Surv., Part III (also Map of Alaska, etc., S. F. Emmons, U. S. G. Surv., 1898). Of Georgia, Geol. Surv. Georgia, Bulletin 4A, Yeates, McCallie and King 1896. On the mining regiou of Cripple Creek, Colorado, Cross and Penrose, 16th Ann. Kept. U. S. G. Surv., Part II. The world's production of gold has increased at a very remarkable rate during the past decade. In 1890 the value of the total amount produced (see Min., p. 19) was less than 120 million dollars; in 1896 it was about 200..mil lions, in 1897 237 millions, and the amount estimated for 1898 is upwards of 280 millions. Of this increase, South Africa has contributed relatively the largest amount. For the United States the amount for 1898 is nearly 66 millions, or double that of 1890; for Colorado the amount has increased from 4 millions in 1890 to more than 24 millions for 1898, chiefly through the productivity of the Cripple Creek mines. Canada's amount for 1898 is 14 millions, of which it is estimated that the Klondike region on the tributaries of the Yukon river has yielded 12 millions. Goldschmidtite. W. H. Hobbs, Am. J. Sc., 7, 357, 1899. Monoclinic. Axes d : b : = 1-8561 : 1 : 1 "2980; /? = 89 C 11' = 100 A001. Forms a (100), b (010), c (001); g (310), / (210), m (110), t (370), I (130); y (508), s(101), ?i(201), r(703), w (401), q (SOI), x (lO'O'l), ^35-0-1), (101), JV T (20l), TF(401), X(lOO'l), #(14 -O'l); A: (032). Angles: am = *61 41', mm'" = 123 22', as = 54 29', a' 8 = *55 35', an = 35 17', a'N = 35 50', ac = 89 11' (mean derived (following Hobbs) from the measured angles : as = 54 57', a'tS = 55 35' and an = 34 13', a'N= 34 58). In form related to calaverite). Crystals prismatic | c. Twins common, tw. plane a (100) (Fig. 2). Cleavage, b (010) perfect. Brittle. H. =2. G. = 8'6 (estimated). Luster metallic. Color silver- white. Streak dull grayish black. Opaque. Composition, Au a AgTes. Analysis (on O'l gram): Te [59-64] Au 31 -41 Ag 8'95 = 100 B.B. fuses easily on charcoal, giving a bluish-green flame (Te) and yielding a white sublimate of tellurium oxide with a yellowish-white button of gold and silver. Occurs sparingly at the Gold Dollar mine in Arequa Gulch, Cripple Creek district, Colorado. Named after Professor Victor Goldschmidt of Heidelberg. See also Calaverite and Krennerite. Gonnardite. A. Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 19, 426, 1896. Min. France, 2, 279, 1896. Orthorhombic ? In spherules with fibrous structure. H. = 4'5-5. G. = 2 '246-2 '26 ; 2*357 Gonnard. Color white. Luster silky. Translucent. Optically biaxial, positive. Bx a and ax. pi. parallel to the fibers. Ax. angle very small. Composition, (Ca.lSaa^AlaSisO^ + 5.}H a O with Ca : Na a = 5 : 3. Analysis, Pisani, quoted by F. Gounard, C. R., 73, 1448, 1871 : SiO a Al a O, CaO Na 2 O K 2 O H 2 42-3 28-1 10-0 6-7 tr. 141 = 101 '2 From cavities in the doloritic basalt of Gignat, Puy-de-D6me and elsewhere in the same region ; early analyzed by Pisani, 1. c.; in Dana's Min. (p. 606) provisionally referred to mesolite. Named after M. Gonnard of Lyons, France. GOSLARITE, p. 939. Occurs in white silky fibrous masses at Altenberg (anal.). Graff, Jb. GOTHITE, pp. 247, 1036. Optical investigation of crystals from Ouro Preto, Brazil, giving results differing from, those of Palla. Ax. pi. | a (100) for red, || (001) for green (and yellow); optically negative for both colors. 2E r = 58 31', 2E gr = 67 42'. p = 2 '5. Pelikan, Miu. petr. Mitth., 14, 1, 1894. The ocherous variety abundant at Mesabi, Minnesota, has been called mesabite by H. V. Winchell, Trans. Am. lust. Mug. Eng., 21, 661, 1893. GRAHAMITE, p. 1020. A related mineral substance occurs at various points in Texas, cf. Durable, Trans. Amer. Inst. Mug. Eng., 21, 602, 1892. Origin di-cussed (derived like albertite, uiutahite, etc., from the oxidation of petroleum), I. C. White, Bull. G. Soc. Amer., 10, 277, 1897. APPENDIX I. 31 GRAPHITE, pp. 7, 1036. The relations of the different forms of carbon are discussed by Moissan, Ann. Ch. Phys., 8, 289, 306, 4G6, 1896, and C. R., 121, 538, 540, 1895. Also by Luzi, Ber. Ch. Ges., 24, 4085, 1891, 25, 214, 1378, 1892, 26, 890, 1893; Zs. Na'. Halle, 64, 224 ; B.-H. Ztg,, 52, 12, 1893 (cf. Jb. Min., 2, 241 ref., 1893). Finally by Weinscheuk, Zs. Kr., 28, 291, 1897. Graphvite of Luzi (1. c.), a supposed new form of amorphous carbon (cf. Zs. Kr., 24, 639), is shown by Weiuschenk to have no real distinctive characters. On the graphite and associated minerals of the Passau region iii Bavaria, see Weiuscheuk, Zs. Kr., 28, 135, 1897. Graphitite. See Graphite. GREENOCKITE, pp. 69, 1036. Occurs wilh wurtzite and smithsonite at the Lilderich mine, near Beusberg, Sonheur, Zs. Kr., 23, 549, 1894. Also at Laurion, Greece, (analysis,) as a yellow pulveruknt incrustation on nn amber-colored smithsonite (with 2*70 CdO), A. C. Christomanos, Min. petr. Mitth., 16, 360, 1896; C. R., 123, 62, 1896. Griinlingite. W. Muthmann and E. Schroder, Zs. Kr., 29, 144, 1897. Rhombohedral? Massive, with one distinct cleavage; resembling tetradymite. G. = 7"321. Color gray, tarnishing black. Composition Bi 4 teS 3 or Bi^Te.S) with Te : S = 1 : 3 ; this requires, tellurium 12'0, sulphur 9-1, bismuth 78 '9 = 100. Analyses : Te 12-82 89-31 Bi 79-31 = 101-44 12-66 9-40 78-82 = 100-88 From Cumberland, England ; an approximate analysis was earlier made bv Rarnmelsberg (Min. Ch., p. 5, 1875). Guanabacoite, Guanabaquite. See Quartz. GUARINITE, p. 717. The absence of titanium, early shown by Mauro, is confirmed by O. Rebuffat. Analysis gave : Si0 3 Y,0,(?) Fe 2 3 A1 2 O 3 Ce 2 O 3 CaO Na 2 O K 2 O 34-84 1-23 1-69 25*37 3'45 25-20 6'57 1'56=99'91 Calculated formula: 2(Na,K) 2 O.8CaO.5(Al,Fe,Ce) 2 O 3 .10SiO 3 . Lab. Chim. Napoli, 1894 j abstract in Zs. Kr., 26, 219, 1896. GUMMITE (Eliasite), p. 892. Investigations of gases yielded, Lockyer, Proc. Roy. Soc., 59, 1, 1895. Gunnarite. G. Landstrom, G. For. Forh., 9, 368, 1887. A briefly described nickel-iron sulphide containing 845 p. c., Ni 22, Fe 33; formula suggested 3FeS 2 .2NiS. Color tin-white with tinge of yellow, tarnishing yellowish brown. G. = 4'4. Not magnetic. Dissolves with difficuliy in hydrochloric acid ; more easily in aqua regia with, separation of sulphur. Occurs embedded in pyrrhotite at Rud, parish of Skedevi, Ostergotland. GYPSUM, p. 933. Cryst. Discussion of symbols of doubtful forms, Cesaro, Bull. Ac. Belg., 29, 385, 1895. Crystals from Girgenti with (350), Kraatz, Zs. Kr., 27, 604, 1896. Harz, forms (510), (850), etc., Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 377, 1896. From the environs of Paris, forms (203), (Oil), (031), (211), (549), (15-21-26), Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 21, 39, 1898, and N. Arch. Mus. Paris, 9, 201. On cleavage-planes, Cesaro, Ann. Soc. G. Belg., Mem., 22, 23, 1895. On gliding-planes, Nies, Zs. Kr., 30, 662, 1899 On etching-figures, Viola, Zs. Kr., 28, 573, 1897 ; also K. von Kraatz, Zs. Kr., 30, 662, 1899. Corrosion-figures due to loss of water, Sohncke, Zs. Kr., 30, 1, 1898. Analysis of saline water contained in cavities in crystals from Sicily, Hi. Siogren. Bull. G. lust. Upsala, 1, 277, 1893. On the formation of incrustations in caves, G. P. Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, 77, 1894. Gigantic crystals have been obtained from a cave at South Wash, Wayne Co., Utah, see Talmage, Science, 21, p. 85, Feb. 17, 1893. On the occurring forms including (450) or (340) and (013), see Moses, School Mines Q., 14, 325, 1893; also G. O. Smith, Johns Hopkins Univ., 112, May, 1894. Crystals containing fine sand, about 50 p. c., occur at Carcote, Bolivia, Pohlmaun, Vh. Ver. Santiago, 2, 238, 1892. Also others similar from the Astrakau steppes described by Doss, Zs. G. Ges., 49, 143, 1897. Hainite. Jos. Blwnrich, Min. petr. Mitth., 13, 472, 1893. Tricliuic. In slender needles and plates. Twins tw. pi. a (100). Angles ab = 78 14', b A hko, =31i- Cleavage :b (010) rather perfect ; a (100) faintly indicated. Brittle. H. = 5. G. 32 APPENDIX T. = 3'184. Luster vitreous to adamantine. Color wine-yellow, honey-yellow, colorless. Optically -f. Ax. pi. 1 b and oblique to a. Ax. angle large. Dispersion strong ; p > u. Birefringence low ; y a 0'012. Pleochroism not marked ; c > fo > a. Qualitative trials make it a silicate of sodium, calcium, titanium and zirconium ; probably allied to w5hlerite, mosaudrite, lavenite, etc. Occurs in crystals in cavitities, and in embedded needles or plates of the grouudmass of the phonolite of the Hohe Hain, near Mildenau in northern Bohemia. HALITE, pp. 154, 1036. Description of crystals (artif.) with 7i (410), n (211). p (221), r (332). Traube, Jb. Min., 2, 163, 1892. Starunia, crystals with the rare form (210), Pelikan, Min. netr Mitth.. 12, 48 i, 1892. Capillary relations of crystal faces with reference to the mother liquor (also of sylvite), , Berent, Zs. Kr., 26, 529, 1896. Investigation of tenacity, Sella and Voigt, Wied. Ann., 48, 636, 1893. Refractive indices for long waves, Rubens and Snow, Wied. Ann., 46, 529, 1892. Dispersion in the infra-red, Paschen, Wied. Ann., 53, 337, 1894. Dispersion and absorption, Rubens and Trowbridge, Wied. Ann., 60, 724, 1897; Am. J. Sc., 5, 33, 1898. The skeleton crystals of calcite (resembling chiastolite") embedded in black slate at West Springfield, Mass, (and at other points), and variously interpreted (see Min., p. 222), are shown to be pseudomorphs after salt by Emerson, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 126, 145, 1895. HAMLINITE, p. 762. Occurs in crystals (Fig. 1) with the forms r (1011), (0^21) associated with bertrandke in Oxford Co., Maine ; these (G. = 3-159-3-283) have been analyzed by Penfield (Am. J. Sc., 4, 313, 1897) and the unknown composition of the mineral thus determined, viz.: Al ? Sr(OH) 7 P 2 O 7 or [Al(OH) 2 ] 3 [SrOH]P 2 O 7 . In 2, the SiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , K 2 O, Na 2 O Hamlinite. have been deducted as impurities. P 2 5 A1 2 3 SrO BaO H 2 O F 1. 28-92 32-30 18'43 4*00 12-00 1 -93 SiO a 0*96, K 2 O 0-34, Na 2 O 0'40, Fe 2 O 3 0-90=100-18 [(lessO 0-81) = 99-37 2. 30-20 32-67 19'25 4'18 12'53 2'01 = 100-84 (less O 0'84) = 100 Hancockite. S. L. Penfield and C. H. Warren, priv. contr. Mouoclinic. In very small, lath-shaped crystals and crystal aggregates. Habit like that of epidote. Forms a (100), c (001), e (101), r (101) and n (111). Approximate measurements of the angles gave values near those of epidote. Color of the mass brownish red ; of an isolated crystal under the microscope, golden-brown for rays vibrating parallel to the axis of symmetry and somewhat variable for the direction at right angles to this. A crystal shows a delicate greenish-brown color near the termination and a pale rose at the attached end. Ax. pi. | b (010). 2V= 50 approximately. Cleavage basal. H. = 6-7. G=4'03. Analysis (Warren) as yet incomplete, but shown to be a silicate of aluminum, ferric iron, lead, calcium and strontium. Yields a small amount of water and may be expected to conform to the general formula of the epidote group. Fusible B.B. with intumescence at 3 to a black globule. Alone on charcoal becomes magnetic. With soda on chnrcoal gives a coating of lead oxide. Insoluble in hydrochloric acid, but after fusion dissolves and yields gelatinous silica upon evaporation. Occurs at Franklin, N. J., with clinohedrite, axinite, garnet, phlogopite, willemite, rceblingite, native lead and copper. Named after Mr. E. P. Hancock of Burlington, N. J. HANKSITE, p. 920. Borax Lake, San Bernardino Co., Cal., analyses (deducting insol., 0'19 0-121 p. c.), J. H. Pratt: Tabular cry si. Prismatic cry st. t Fig. 1 SO 3 46-11 45-92 CO a 5-66 5-65 Na 2 O 43-53 43-74 Cl 2-215 2-29 K 2-485 = 100 2-40 =100 The chlorine is shown to be essential, and the following formula is obtained : 9Na,8O 4 .2Na,COB.KCl. Indices (Na): a? = 1 -4807, e = 1 -4614. Am. J. Sc., 2, 133, 1896. On the formation of artificial crystals, A cle Schulten, C. R., 123, 1325, 1896. Hardystonite. /. E. Wolff, Proc. Amer. Acad. Sc., 34, 479, 1899. Tetragonal. In granular masses showing good cleavages f c (001), also secondary Hanksite. cleavages | a (100) and m (110). H. = 3-4 " G. = 3 396. Luster vitreous. Color white. Opti- tically uniaxial, negative. Birefringence high. S 22-71 22-88 22-62 22-71 Bi 24-06 24-51 23-72 24-74 Sb 5-69 6-74 6-23 3-14 As 1-96 0-90 0-45 3-04 Ni 41-08 45-05 45-88 45-26 Co 2-83 0-70 0-82 Fe 0-89 0-27 0-17 tr. Zn 0-12 APPENDIX I. 33 Composition essentially Ca a ZnSi 2 O 7 or 2CaO.ZnO.2SiO 2 ; perhaps related to gauouialite (Miu., p. 422). Manganese replaces part of the zinc and magnesium of the calcium. Analysis (also others less complete) : SiO a ZnO MuO CaO MgO Fe 2 O 3 Ign. 38-10 24-30 1-50 33'85 1'62 0'57 052 = 10046. B B. fuses with difficulty to a cloudy glass, giving a red calcium flame ; on charcoal glows ana yields a sublimate of zinc oxide. Gelatinizes easily with hydrochloric acid. Obtained from the North Hill mine at Franklin Furnace, N. J. Occurs in a fine granular banded ore associated with willemite, rhodonite and frunklinite. Named from the township in which the locality is situated. HARMOTOME, p. 581. Analysis from the Beaver mine, Thunder Bay district, Ontario, Hoff- mann, Rep. G. Canada, 5, 16R, 1889-90. Hastingsite. F. D. Adams and /. B. Harrington, Am. J. Sc., 1, 210, 1896. See Amphibole. Hauchecornite. Scheibe, Zs. G. Ges., 40, 611, 1888; Jb. preuss. G. Land., 1891, p. 91. Tetragonal. Axis c = 1-05215 ; 001 A 101 (ce) = 46 27|'. Forms: a (100), c (001), m (110), e (101), s (112), p (111). Angles : cp = 56 6', me = *59 10. In tabular crystals, pyramidal or short prismatic. H. 5. G. = 6'4. Luster metallic. Color light bronze-yellow. Composition, (Ni,Co) 7 fS,Sb,Bi) 8 . Analyses, 1, R. Fischer; 2, 3, Hesse: 4, Fraatz : Pb 0-64= 99-98 003 = 101-08 = 99-88 Cu 0-09 = 98-98 Occurs with millerite, bismuthinite, etc., in cavities in siderite at the Friedrich mine, near Hamm a. d. Sieg, Prussia. HAUSMANNITE, pp. 230, 1036. Ilmenau, analyses, Gorgeu, Bull. Soc. Chim., 9, 653, 1893. Hautefeuillite. Michel, Bull. Soc. Min., 16, 38, 1893, and C. R., 116, 600, 1893. Monoclinic. In lamellar masses with radiated structure : these are made up of minute pris- matic crystals with the forms a (100), b (010), m (110). Cleavage : b perfect. H. =2'5. G. = 2'435. Colorless. Transparent. Optically-)-. Ax. pi. \ b. Bx a inclined 45 to a. 2E y = 88. n y = 1*52. Dispersion p < V ; inclined strong. Composition, (Mg,Ca) 8 PaOs -f- 8H 2 O. This is like bobierrite except in the calcium present. The two minerals also differ optically. Analysis : P 2 O 5 MgO CaO H 2 3452 25-12 5'71 34-27 = 99'62 B.B. exfoliates and fuses to a greenish-white globule. Dissolves with difficulty in acids. Occurs with apatite, monazite and pyrite at the mines of Odegaarden, Banile, Norway. Named after M. Hautefeuille. HATJYXITE, p. 431. A variety from the Kaiserstuhl exhibits phosphorescence, Brauns, Jb. Min., 1, 84, 1899. Heazlewoodite. W. F. Petterd, Catalogue of Minerals of Tasmania, p. 47, 1896. A sulphide of nickel and iron related to pentlandite, occurring in narrow bauds in the serpentine of Heazlevvood, Tasmania. Color light yellow-bronze ; streak light bronze. Highly magnetic. H. = 5. G. = 4'61. Rich in nickel, up to 38 p. c., but not analyzed. HEDENBERGITE. See Pyroxene. HEDYPHANE, p. 775. Occurs in distinct crystals at the Hars- tigmine, Norway, with tephroite in calcite. Hexagonal ; forms : m, c, r, x, (3032), y, v, s; axis c = 0'7063, or near that of apa- tite. Cleavage x (1011). Hj. Sjogren, G. For. Forh., 14, 250, 1892 ; Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 1, 11, 1893. HEINTZITE, p. 885. Crystals from Westeregeln examined by TT / I' u, Bucking, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 58, 1895. Hedyphane. Lneaecke remarks on the identity of heiutzite, hintzeite and kaliborite (Min., p. 885), Zs. Ges. Nat. Halle, 64, 423, 1892. 34 APPENDIX I. HELVITE, p. 434. Schwarzenbers;, associated with fluorite, scheelite, etc. Analysis after deducting fluorite (corresponding to 3'16 p. c. CaO) : SiO 2 39'33, FeO 4"45, MnO 44 '43, BeO 14 92, Al a O, 0-77, S 5 03 = 102 93. G. = 3'202. Miers and Prior, Min. Mag., 10, 13, 1892. Discussion of composiiion with the conclusion that the ratio Be : Mn -f- Fe -\- Zn is constant, = 1 : 1; hence the formula 3Be(Mn,Fe,Zn)SiO 4 -|-(Mu,Fe,Zu)S, Retgers, Zs. phys. Ch., 20, 488, 1896 HEMATITE, pp. 213, 1037. Cryst. study, Framont, Schweitzer [Inaug. Diss., Strassburg, 1892], Zs. Kr., 24, 627, 1895. Crystals from Puy de la Tache, Mont Dore, with new forms, F. Gonnard, C. R., 126, 1048, 1898. Artificial crystals with m (0115), etc., Doss, Zs. Kr., 20, 567, 1892. Refractive indices measured, mean value for A 2'834, for (72-964, "Wiilfing, Min. petr. Mitth., 15, 68, 1895. Occurrence of hematite and martile ores in Mexico, Hill, Am. J. Sc., 45, 111, 1893. On the action of a powerful magnet upon minerals containing iron, as hematite, limonite, siderite, frankliuite, etc., see Wilkens and Nitze, Trans. Am. Inst. Mng. Eng. , 26, 351, Feb., 1896. HERCYNITE, p. 223. From the Veltlin forming a granular aggregate with corundum, sillimanite, etc., analysis by Linck, after deducting 2*8 p. c. pyrrhotite : A1 2 O 3 61'21, Fe 2 O 3 3-18, FeO 25'98, MgO 9*63 = 100. Ber. Ak. Berlin, 47, 1893. HERDEUITE, p. 760. Shown by Penfield (Am. J. Sc., 47, 329, 1894) to be monoclinic in crystal- lization. Axes d : b : c 0-63075 : 1 : 0*42742 ; ft = *89 54' for crystals from Paris, Me. Forms : a (100), b (010), c (001) ; m (110), I (120), n (130) ; d (101), e (302), e (302), & (301) ; u (Oil), t (032), D (031), s (061) ; r (112), p (111), q (332), n (331), o (441), q (332), u (331) ; k (122), w (3'12'4), r (121), x (362), z (394), jj (391). Also y (131 or 131). Angles mm!" = 64 29', ct = *45 25', bv = *37' 57'. Paris. Hebron. 6. Figs. 4-6, Stoneham. 8. Greenwood. Greenwood. Auburn. APPENDIX I. 35 7\ Crystals sometimes monoclinic in habit (Paris), but commonly penetration-twins with c (001) as tw r . pi. and then pseudo orthorhombie, analogous to stilbite (Figs. 4, 5). Sections || b (010) show inclined extinction ; c A c = Bx A c = 2 for Na. Dispersion inclined, distinct. ft = 1-632, 2H a = 70- 44' and . . 2V a = 71 59' forNa, Paris. Also ft = 1-612, 2H a = 66 0', . -. 2V a = 68 7', again 2E a = 128 25' for Na, Stoneham. Sections of twins show mono- clinic character (Figs. 10, 11 (cf. Fig. 5)). The composition is shown to vary accord- ing to the relative amounts of fluorine and hydroxyl present, the general formula being Ca[Be(F, OH)]PO 4 . The pure fluor-herdertie has not been noted as yet, but the Sloneham mineral is a hydro-fluor-herderiie, while that from Paris (new local.) and Hebron is hydro-lierderite as shown below. Greenwood is another new locality affording both kinds. Analyses, 1, 2, H. L. Wells, quoted by Penfield, also Am. J. Sc., 44, 114, 1892. Anal. 2 after deducting 5'27 iusol. Stoueham. Paris Hebron G. 2-952 2-975 P,0 5 44 05 4308 BeO 16-13 16-18 CaO 34-04 [34-35] H 2 O 5-85 6-15 - insol. 0'44 = 100-51 0-42 = 100-18 HESSITE, pp. 47, 1037. San Sebastian distr., Jalisco, Mexico, analysis by J. S. de Benneville, quoted by Genth and Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 43, 187, 1892. Occurs in Yale district, Br. Columbia, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 8, 11R, 1895. HETEROMORPHITE, p. 122. See Plagionite. HEULANDITE, p. 574. Crystals described from Tulferthal, Tyrol, Habert, Zs. Kr., 28, 250, 1897-. Relation in physical characters and composition to brewsterite, stilbite, etc., discussed by Riune, Jb. Min., 1, 12, 1892. Analysis from the granite on the Struth, Thuringia, Fomme, Ber. phys.-med. Soc. Erlangen, 25, 1893. Also from Anthracite Creek, Gunnisou Co., Colo., Eakins, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 90, 62, 1892. From Pula, Sardinia (anal., 2'55 p. c. BaO), Lovisato, Rend. Accad. Line., 6 (1), 260, 1897; Riv. Min. Ital., 18, 33, 1898. Results of treatment with sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid, Rinne, Jb. Min., 1, 139, 1896. HISLOPITE, p. 266. See Calcite. Hoeferite. Hoferite, F. Katzer, Miu. petr. Mitth., 14, 519, 1895. Amorphous ; earthy, granular or scaly. H. = 1-3. G. = 2*34 (air-dried). Luster glim- niery to greasy. Color siskin-green, also apple- to grass green. Streak slightly lighter. Adheres to the tongue. Composition, 2Fe 2 O 3 .4SiO 2 .7H 2 O ; or Fe 3 O 3 .SiO a .H 2 O if the water lost at 120 is neglected = Silica 35'2, iron sesquioxide 46'5, water 18 3 = 100. Hence closely related to chloropal (non- trouite). Analyses : SiO 2 Fe 2 (V A1 8 O 3 36-14 45-26 I'll 35-88 46-64 Tgn. 18*15 = 100-66 18-20 = 100-72 Includes a little FeO. B.B. becomes reddish brown, then dark grayish black, and fuses with difficulty to ft black magnetic slag. Insoluble in dilute acids, and only in part decomposed by hot sulphuric acid with separation of pulverulent silica. Occurs at Kfitz, near Rakonilz, Bohemia, at the formerly worked antimony mines. Named after Professor H. Hoefer of Leoben. !. Crystals described from Moresnet, Belgium, G. Cesaro, Mem. Acad. Belg., HOPEITE, p. 53, 1897. HUMITB GROUP, p. 535. Analyses on carefully selected material, identified by crystallographic study, have enabled Penfield and Howe (Am. J. Sc., 47, 188, 1894) to establish the following formulas for the three species of the group : Chondrodite, Mg3fMir(F,OH)] 2 [SiO 4 ] a Humite, Mg 5 [Mg(F,OH)] 2 [SiO,1, Clinohumite, Mg 7 [Mg(F,OH)]6[Si0 4 j4 36 APPENDIX I. These formulas vary progressively by an increase of one molecule of (Mg 2 SiO 4 ), and this variation is closely connected with the crystallization (see Miu., p. 534). The vertical axes are in the ratio of 5:7:9, that is, of the total number of magnesium atoms present. The same result was reached at nearly the same time by Hj. Sjogren, Bull. G Inst. Upsala, 2, 39-54, 1894. Penfield ami Howe ateo remarked that another member of the series, having the composition Mg[Mg(F,OH)]8iOi, was to be expected, whose axial ratio should be about 1 -086: 1 : 1 887, ft = 90. This would then give for the vertical axes of the four compounds the ratio of 3 : 5 : 7 : 9 A member of the group having this form was later discovered by Hj. Sjogren and called Prolectite. Though not yet analyzed, its composition is probably expressed by the formula given above. See Prolectite. Cf. also Lewis, Min. Magr, 11, 137, 1896. A full study of the form and optical characters of crystals of the three members of the group, humite, chondrodite, clinohumite, has been also given by Sjogren, G. For. Forh., 14, 423, 1892; Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 1, 16-40, 1892. A humite, occurring in serpentine in the Allalin region, Valais, Switzerland, contains no fluorine, having the composition Mg 5 (MgOH) 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 , see analyses by Jannasch and Locke, Zs, au.org. Oh., 7, 92, 1894; occurrence described by Schafer, Miu. Mitth., 15, 126, 1895. HURONITE, p. 340. Investigation, chemical and microscopic, showing it to be a basic plagio- clase, more or less altered to saussurite. Barlow, Ottawa Naturalist, 9, 25 ; Jb. Miu., 1, 430 ref., 1897. Hydrocalcite. K Kosmann, B.-H. Ztg., No. 38, 1892 ; Zs. G. Ges., 44, 155, 1892; Jb. Min., 1, 260 ref., 1894. A soft white pulpy substance occurring in a limestone cave at Wolmsdorf, Glatz, Silesia. Dried over sulphuric acid, it yields the composition CaCO(OH) 4 or CaCO 3 .2H 2 O. When free from water it forms a " Bergmilch," containing needle-like crystals with strong double refraction. The author would regard the " Bergmilch " as a third form of calcium carbonate. HYDROFRANKLINITE, p. 259. See CUalcopTianite. HYDROGIOBERTITE, p. 305. A mineral provisionally referred here, but perhaps new, has been noted by Bruguatelli at the amianthus deposits of Val Brutta. In loose aggregates of pris- matic (orthorhombic) crystals, biaxial with parallel extinction. G. = 2'013. Analysis: CO 2 21 '85, MgO 43-32, H a O 34'32 = 99'49. Rend. 1st. Lombardo, 30, 1109, 1897, and Riv. Miu. Ital., 18, 44, 1898 ; also Zs. Kr., 31, 54, 1899. HYDROHERDERITE. See Serderite. HYDROZINCITE, p. 299. Analysis from Bleyberg, Belgium, G. Cesaro, Mem. Acad. Belg., 53, 1897. ICE, p. 205. Photographs of snow-crystals, G. Nordeuskiold, Bull. Soc. Miu., 16, 59, 1893, and G For. Forh., 20, 163, 1898. Also by W. A. Bentley, noted by J. E. Wolff, Proc. Am. Acad., 33, 431, 1898 and Bentley and Perkins, Pop. Sci. Monthly, May, 1898. Resemblance of spherical crystals to choudrules in meteorites, Rinne, Jb. Min., 1, 259, 1897. Plasticity of crystals measured, Miigge, Jb. Min., 2, 211, 1895. Observed in hollow, hopper-like, hexagonal crystals, Grossmann, Proc. Roy. Soc., 54, 113, 1894. Density determined, E. L. Nichols, Phys. Rev., 8, 21, 1899. The final results for reached are : 0'9181 for natural ice, 0'9161 for artificial ice (obtained with CO 2 and ether). Iddingsite. A. G. Lawson,^ Bull. G. Univ. Cal., 1, 31, 1893. A mineral substance occurring in the carmeloite (augite-andesite) of Carmelo Bay, California, probably an alteration-product of chrysolite. Structure lamellar. Cleavage easy | a (100) ; also parallel to a brachydome of 80. H. = 2'5. G. variable, 2'839 a maximum. Luster on a (cleavage) bronze-like. Color brown. Optically biaxial. Ax. plane || 010 and JL a (cleavage). Pleochroism on a chestnut- and lemon-yellow. Absorption c > i) > a. A silicate of iron, calcium and magnesium. B. B. in- fusible. Finally decomposed by hydrochloric acid. Named after Prof. J. P. Iddiugs of Chicago. Idrizite. A. Schrauf, Jb. G. Reichs., 41, 379, 1892. A sulphate related to botryogen from the Idria mercury mines in Carniola. Compact to cystalliue. Color yellow-gray. H. = 3. G. = 1 829. Analysis gave: SO 3 33"94, A1 2 O 3 8'59, Fe 2 O 3 8'70, Fe(Mn)O 3'10, MgO 4'51, H 2 O 40-80 = 99-64. The formula (Mg,Fe)(Fe,Al) 2 Si 3 O 13 + 16H 2 O is deduced. Insoluble in. hot or cold water, but soluble in dilute hydrochloric. acid. ILMENITE, p. 217. Discussion of composition leading to formula FeTiO 3 , Th. Koeuig and O. von der Pfordten, Ber. Chem. Ges., 22, 1488, 2070, 1889. This subject has been also treated At PEN DIX I 37 by i'enfield ana Foote. A new analysis (Foote) of the crystallized mineral < 1) (for astrophyllite t > c). In thin sections, a form (110) was noted inclined 41 to 42 with the cleavage (100), also terminations. Twins common, parallel the direction of elongation ; alsopolysynthetic twinning. Pleochroism distinct, a, 6 straw-yellow, c orange-yellow. These observations agree with earlier ones by Ramsey (1. c.) ; he remarks on the resemblance to lavenite, noting also a form (210) inclined 27 to 100. G. = 3'45. Absorption a ^ fi < c. Birefringence lower than with segirite. Contains silica, titanium, iron, manganese, and sodium. Lamprostibian. L. J. Igelstrom, G. For. Forh., 15, 471, 1893; Zs. Kr., 22, 467, 1893. A partially described mineral from the Sjo mine, Orebro, Sweden. Occurs in foliated or scaly forms. H. 4. Brittle. Luster brilliant. Opaque and color lead-gray, except in very thin layers, then blood-red in color. Streak red. Not magnetic. Difficultly soluble in hot concen- trated hydrochloric acid without evolution of chlorine. Inferred to be an anhydrous antimonate of iron and manganese (FeO,MnO). LANABKITE, p. 923. Artificial production of crystals, A. de Schulten, Bull. Soc. Min., 21, 142, 1898. LANGBANITE, Longbanite, pp. 543, 1039. Crystals from Langbnn examined by Hj. Sjogreu (Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 1, 41, 1892) are shown to be rhombohedral, not hexagonal. Crystals com- plex; habit varied, prismatic or tabular, sometimes with prominent rhombohedral development. Also occurs with rhodonite, mauganophyllite, brauuite, calcite, at the Sjo mine, ibid., 2, 96, 1894. Analyses by R. Mauzelius quoted by Sjogreu : G. Sb 2 O 3 Fe 2 3 SiO 2 MnO 2 MuO CaO Mg H 2 O 1. Langbau 4'65 11'76 1415 12'23 2615 31'54 2'24 1-61 = 99 '68 (O 3 '50) 2 " 4-73 11-61 14-31 11*32 2713 32'30 204 0*86 0*32 = 99 89 (O 3 -70) 3 " 4-83 12-92 4'33 8'95 35-15 36'39 1'95 0'47 = 100'16 (O 5'03) 4. Sjo mine 4'60 12'51 13'98 12'82 24'36 32'22 2'40 I'll 0'52 = 99'92 (0 3 09) IV II The formula calculated is wSb 2 O 3 .7iFe 2 O 3v pRRO 3 ; a relation to hematite is suggested. Langbeinite. S. Zuckschwerdt, Zs. ang. Ch., 356, 1891. 0. Luedecke, Zs. Kr., 29, 255, 1897. Isometric-tetartohedral. Observed forms : a (100), o (111), Oi (111), d (110), y (920), / (3 10), e (210), p, (221). n (211). Crystals highly modified. Fracture conchoidal. H. = 3-4. G. = 2 '81-2 86. Luster greasy to vitreous. Colorless when fresh, but speedily taking up water when exposed to the air. Tasteless. Index n y = 1'5329. Shows no circular polarization. Composition, K 2 Mg 2 (SO 4 ) 3 or K 2 S0 4 .2MgSO 4 = Potassium sulphate 42-1, magnesium sulphate 57 9 = 100. Analyses : 1, 2, Zuckschwerdt, Zs. ang. Ch., 356, 1891. 3, Edw. Wagner, quoted by Luedecke : K 2 S0 4 Mg 2 S0 4 CaSO 4 MgCl a MgO NaCl H 2 O 1. Colorless 41-30 58'20 0'22 0'08 0'20 = 100 2. Grayish-wJiite 38'99 58'55 0'57 0'55 0'13 0'43 0'78 = 100 3. Colorless. G. = 2'81 41 -0 581 I'O Occurs in beds of rock salt (taking the place of polyhalite) at Wilhelmshall near Anderbeck, and at Thiederhall ; also at Westeregeln and Neu-Strassfurt as a secondary mineral; at Solvayhall near Bernburg with carnallite. Named after A. Langbein of Dessau. LAUMONTTTE, p. 587. Anal., from the Plaiienschen Grund, Dresden, Zschau, Abh. Ges. Isis, p. 90, 1893. Caucasus (also of stilbite), Zjemiatschensky, Zs. Kr., 25, 574. 1895, Grand Marais, ., Berkey, 23 Aim. Rept. Miuu. G. SUIT., p. 196. APPENDIX I. 41 LAURIONITE, p. 171. Twin crystals with rectangular axes from Lauriou, noted by Lacroix, C. R., 123, 955, 1896. Set- also (new forms) G. F. Herbert Smith, Miu. Mag., 12, 102, 1899. On the formation of artificial crystals, also of (PbBrOH), A. de Schulten, Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 186. 194, 1897. See also Paralaurionite. LAUTARITE, p. 1040. Crystals examined by Osann showed the forms : b (010), c (001), m (110), 'I (120), r (101), n (101), ? ( ol1 ); babit prismatic. Angles : mm'" = *62 33', qq' = *63 36', mr = *46 31', whence d : b : c = 0'6331 : 1 : 0'6462, ft = 73 38'. Zs. Kr., 23, 586, 1894. Crystals artificially produced, A. de Schulten, Bull. Soc. Miu., 21, 144, 1898. LAUTITE, p. 148. Analysis of the pure mineral gave Frenzel : S 17'88, As 45*66, Cu 86'iO = 99-64. This leads to the formula CuAsS. Min. petr. Mitth., 14, 125, 1894. LAVENITE, pp. 375, 1040. Reported as occurring in nephelite-syenite of Paisauo Pass, Davis Mts., Texas, Osann, 4th Ann. Rep. G. Surv. Texas, 128, 1892. Lawsonite. F. Leslie Eansome, Bull. Univ. California, 1, 301, 1895. Zs. Kr., 25, 531, 1895. Eansome and Palache, Orthorhornbic. Axes a : b : c = 0-66524 : 1 d (041). Angles : mm '" = *07 36', dd' = *72 53^'. Crystals rather large, prismatic or tab- ular || c, also distorted by extension of an ??i-face. Twins : tw. pi. m. Faces in, d striated | intersections with c. Cleavage : b very perfect ; c perfect ; m indistinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. = 8-25. G. = 3-084, 3 '091. Luster vitreous to greasy. Color pale blue to grayish blue. Absorption distinct; a > ft > c. Pleochroisui distinct in thick sections : a blue, ft yellow- ish or colorless, c colorless ; colors often in bands. Optical -\-. Ay x. pi. | b. Bx a c. IT, 2H .y = 0-7385. Forms : b (010), c (001), m (110), d (Oil), Ax. angles: 2M BT = 88 27' 103 16', 2V, y = 84 1-6690, y = 1 6840. y - = 0'019. Composition, H 4 OaAl,Si a O, or Ca[Al(OH) 2 ] 2 [SiO 3 ] a Groth. (Miu., i). 519). Analyses, 1, Ransome ; 2, Palache: Indices for Na : a= 1-6650, ft= Hence, analogous to carpholite 8iO, 1. 38-10 2. 37-32 Al,0 3 28-88 Fe,0 3 0-85 35-14 CaO 18-26 17-83 MgO 0-23 0-65 H,0 11-42= 98-39 11-21 = 101-50 B.B. becomes clouded and fuses easily to a colorless, blebby glass. Yields water in the closed tube. Resists acids, but easily decomposed with gelatinization after ignition. The specific grav- ity of the ignited powder was 2*558. Occurs in a crystalline schist (lawsonite-scbist), which is associated with serpentine in the Ti- buron peninsula, Mann Co., California. The schist also contains glaucophane abundantly, actino- lite, margarite, epMote, garnet ; also rutile, titanite. Further in glaucophane-schist at other points near Berkeley, and probably at Sulphur Creek. Sonoma Co., Cal. Also observed in the meta- morphic rocks of the Piedmontese Alps near Elva, Val Maira and at other points (Franchi, Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 5, 1897, and Att. Accad. Torino, 32, 260, 1896). In the massive rocks (gabbro-dia- base-peridotite types) of the Southern Apennines, on the boundary between the provinces of Ba- silicata and Calabria (Viola, Zs. Kr., 28, 553, 1897). In the glaucophane rocks of Corsica; also in New Caledonia (Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 309, 1897). Named after Prof. A. C. Lawson of the University of California. LAZULITE, p. 798. Occurs with quartz near Lake Mistassiui, Quebec, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 5, 66R, 1889-90. LEAD, p. 24. Occurs with rceblingite, native copper, etc., at Franklin Furnace, N. J., W. M. Foote, Am. J. Sc., 6, 187, 1898. On artificial crystals with hexagonal pseudo-symmetry, Miers, Min. Mag., 12, 113, 1899; A. Pick, ibid., p. 118*, 42 APPENDIX I. LEADHILLITE, p. 921. Occurs at Granby, Mo., in well-formed prismatic crystals (Figs. 1, 2). Pirsson and Wells. Am. J. Sc., 48, 219, 1894. Wells obtained on pure material: SO 3 7'33, CO a 8-14, PbO 82'44, H a O 1'68 = 99*59, confirming the formula given by Groth (Dana Min., p. 921), 1. 2. \ ~J^^\ 772 a[ m \ s which is equivalent to PbSO 4 .2PbCO 3 .Pb(OH) a . Pseudomorphs after calcite and galena aK observed, W. M. Foote, i id., 50, 99, 1895. Occurs in ancient lead shigs from the Mendip Hills, L. J. Spencer, Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1898. Lembergite. Lagorio [Trav. Soc. Nat. Varsovie, 6, xi, 7-9, 1895], Zs. Kr., 28, 526, 1897. This is the artificial mineral, 5Na 2 Al a Si a O 8 + 4H 2 O, called by Lemberg nephelin-hydrat (see Zs. G. Ges., 39, 562, 1887). Leonite. Kalium-Astrachanite, J. K. van der Heide, Ber. Ch. Ges., 26, 414, 1893; Naupert and Wense, ibid., p. 873. Leonite, C. A. Tenne, Zs. G. Ges., 48, 632, 1896. Kaliastrakauite. Kaliblodite. Monocliuic. Axes d : b : c = 1 "03855 : 1 : 1*23365, ft - *84 50'. Forms : b (010), c (001), // (120); d (102), d (102); o (013), n (Oil); q (113), p (111), it (111). Angles : MI' = 51 36', nn' = 101 43', cp = *57 1', pp' = *74 21' Tenne. Iii tabular crystals, also commonly massive. Cleavage not distinct. Fracture conchoidal. Luster vitreous. Colorless, white or yellowish. Ax. pi. b. Bx nearly _L c (001). Composition, probably K 2 SO 4 .MgSO 4 -f- 4H 2 O, the potash salt corresponding to blodite (astra- kanite), which is known as an artificial compound (van der Heide). Groth calls attention to the fact that the correspondence in form is apparently not what would be expected, Zs. Kr., 30, 655, 1899. Analysis, Tenne : SO 4 Mg K Cl H a O insol. 43-73 6-54 25'48 4'84 18-99 0'42 = 100 Occurs usually massive, also in crystals with kainite, in the salt deposits of Westeregeln, and Leopoldshall, Germany. LEPIDOLITE, p. 624. Tanagama Yamo, Japan, analysis of grayish-white or slightly pinkish plates, Geuth, Am. J. Sc., 44/387, 1892. Composition of the lithia micas discussed by F. W. Clarke, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 15, No. 5, 1893; Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 113, 1893. LEPIDOMELANE, p. 634. Occurs with arsenopyrite at the Bob Neil mine, Marmora, Hastings Co., Ontario (analysis by Wait), Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 6, 14R, 1892-93. LEUCITE, pp. 341, 1041. Discussion of optical characters, relation to analcite, etc., Klein, Jb. Min., Beil.~Bd., 11, 475, 1898 (Ber. Ak. Berlin, 290, 1897). Occurs (chiefly altered to analcite) in a leucite-tephrite associated with elaeolite-syenite at Hamburg, Sussex Co., N. J., Kemp, Am. J. Sc., 45, 298, ^1893 ; 47, 339, 1894. In bowlders in the auriferous gravels of the Horsefly river, Cariboo district, Br. Columbia, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 7, 14R, 1894. In the Highwood and Bearpaw Mts., Montana, Weed and Pirssou, Am. J. Sc., 2, 143, 1896. In igneous rocks, Province of Rome, Viola, Jb. Min., 1, 121, 1899. In the lavas of the lower Celebes (Wichmanu). Lewisite. E. Hussak and G. T. Prior, Min. Mag., 11, 80, 1895. Isometric. In minute octahedrons. Cleavage octahedral, nearly perfect. H. = 5*5. G. = 4*950. Luster vitreous to resinous. Color honey-yellow to colophony-brown. Streak light yellowish brown. Translucent. Composition, 5CaO.2TiO 2 .3Sb 2 O 6 ; closely related to mauzeliite. Analyses, Prior: Sb a 6 TiO a CaO FeO MnO Na 2 O 67-52 11-35 15*93 4*55 0*38 0*99 = 100-72 65-52 11-70 15-47 6'79 - 1'06 = 100-54 APPENDIX I 43 Puses rather readily on the edges in the Bunsen flnme, coloring it greenish blue. In salt of phosphorus yields a bead yellow when hot and violet when cold. Insoluble in acids. From the cinnabar mine of Tripuhy, near Ouro Preto, Minns Geraes, Brazil ; occurs in the gravel consisting largely, after washing of cinnabar and hematite; also xenotime, monazite, zircon, cyanile rutile, etc. Named after Prof. W. J. Lewis of Cambridge, England. > A new titano-antimouate of iron in slender six-sided (m, a] crystals of a resinous black color, G. = 4-529, was also noted, but owing to lack of material it has not yet been fully investigated. Libollite. J. P. Gomes, Comm. Dir. Trabalhos Geol. Portugal, 3, 244, 290, 1896-98. A kind of aspbaltum occurring near Libollo, in western Africa, has been called libollite by Gomes. It resembles albertite, having a pitch-black color, brilliant luster, and more or less conchoidal fracture. H. 2'5 ; G. = I'l. An analysis by A. Machado and A. Noronha gave: C 80'30, H 8*41, O 9 45, N T84 = 100. The ash (6 -92 p. c.) has been deducted. Compare albertite and grahamite, Miu., p. 1020. LINARITE, p. 927. From San Giovanni mine, Sardinia, crystals described by Brugnatelli (new form (718)), also optical characters. Optically ._ Ax. pi. and Bx j_ b. Bx a A c = 24 (hence Bx a nearly coincident with the normal to s (101)). 2H a = 106 21' red, = 106 42' Na, = 110 12' blue. 2V = 79 59' Na. Indices a = 1*8092, ft = 1'8380, y = 1'8593. Riv. Miu. Ital., 17, 56, 1897, and Zs. Kr., 28, 307, 1897. Occurs in New Caledonia, Lacroix, C. R., 118, 553, 1894. Lindesite. L. J. Igehtrom, Zs. Kr., 23, 590, 1894. See Urbanite. LINTONITE, p. 607. Shown by N. H. Winchell to differ in optical characters from thomsonite, with which it agrees chemically and to which it has been referred. Amer. Geol., 22, 348, 1898. LIROCONITE, p. 853. Cornwall, analysis by Church, Min. Mag., 11, 3, 1895. LOLLINGITE, p. 96. Occurs at Drum's Farm, Alexander Co., N. C., massive, G. = 7'031, analysis, Genth : As 27'93, S 0'77, Fe 70'83, Cu tr. = 99'53. Am. J. Sc., 44, 384, 1892. Also occurs in Galway township, Peterborough Co., Ontario, analysis (2 '88 p. c. Co) by Johnston, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 6, 19R, 1892-93. LONGBANITE. See Langbanite. Lorandite. J. A. Krenner [Mat. es firtesitO, 12, 473, 1894 ; 13, 258, 1895], Zs. Kr., 27, 98, 1897. GoldscJimidt, Zs. Kr., 30, 272, 1898. Monoclinic. Axes d : b : c = 1-3291 : 1 : 1'0780. ft = 52 27' Goldschmidt. Forms : a (100, t), b (010). c (001, a); q (210), e (320), m (110, Below 100. From the gadolinite locality of Llano Co., Texas. The alteration of mackiuloshite seems to have yielded thorogummite. Named after James B. Mackintosh (died 1891), chemist of New York City. MAGNESIOFERRITE, p. 226. Roc de Cuzean, Mont Dore, France, crystals (largely made up of plates of hematite) similar to those of Mte. Somrna, Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Miu., 15, 11, 1892. MAGNESITE, p. 274. Crystals from Val Lanterna, Brugnatelli, Zs. Kr., 31, 55, 1899. MAGNETITE, pp. 224, 1041. Occurs in cubic crystals, in part penetration-twins, at the Moss mine, Nordmark, Sweden. Hj. Sjogren, Bull. G. Inst, Upsala, 2, 63, 1894. Crystals described from Acquacetosa, near Rome, new forms (520), (331), Zambouiui, Riv. Min. Ital., 21, 21, 1898. Magnetic properties of crystals investigated, Weiss, Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 137, 1897. Present in various minerals (hematite, etc.), and thus giving them magnetic properties, Liversidge, Trans. Austr. Assoc. Adv, Sci., 1892. Occurs at the Kodiir mines, Vizagapatam, Madras, India, containing manganese (2'08 Mn 3 O 4 ) and alumina (2-54 p. c A1 2 O 3 ), G. = 5'045. Holland, Rec. G. Surv. India, 26, 164, 1893. Ch. Friedel shows that slow heatinir in the air at a rather high temperature changes crystals to hematite (i.e. martite). Bull. Soc. Min., 17, 150, 1894. A titaniferous variety containing nickel occurs in Eastern Ontario, W. G. Miller, Rep't Bureau of Mines, Toronto, 7, Part III, p. 230, 1898. Magnetostibian.. L. J. Igelstrom, Zs. Kr., 23, 212, 1894. A partially investigated mineral from the Sjo mine, Orebro, Sweden. Occurs in grains and granular aggregates. Luster metallic. Color and streak black. Magnetic. An analysis (after deducting 68 '6 p. c. impurities, CaCO 8 , MgCO 3 and tephroite) gave : Sb 2 O 6 9-83 As 2 O 6 1'54 Fe a O 3 12-36 FeO 17-16 MnO 59'11 = 100 MAGNOCHROMITE, p. 228. See Chromite. MAGNOFRANKLINITE. A local name (credited to Koenig) for a highly magnetic franklinite containing little zinc. From Sterling Hill, N. J.; see Rep. G. Surv. N. J., 2, (1) 14, 1892; also Chester, Diet. Names Minerals, 164, 1896. MALACHITE, p. 294. Artificial formation by a new process, A. de Schulten, C. R., June 8, Maltesite. /. J. Sederholm, G. F5r. Forh., 18, 390, 1896. See Andalusite. APPENDIX 1. 45 Manganandalusite H. Backstrom, G. For. Forh., 18, 386, 18C6. See Andalusile. Manganberzeliite. L, J. Igelstrom, Zs. Kr., 23, 592, 1894. Se Berzeliite. MANGANITE, p. 248. Crystals from the Harz described, Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 237, 1896. Analyses, Ilfeld, Gorgeu, Bull. Soc. Chim., 9, 650, 1893. MANGANOSITE, p. 207. Discussion of origin at Laugbau and Nordmark, Hj. Sojgren, G. For. FOrh., 20, 25, 1898. MARCASITE, pp. 94, 1041. Crystals from Capo Schino, Sicily, described, G. La Valle, Riv. Min. Ital., 13, 3, 1893. Occurs at Pontpean, Ille et-Vilaiue, forming with galena pseudomorphs after pyrrhotite with regular orientation of its minute crystals, Lncroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 223, 1897, and C. R., 125, 265, 1897. Occurs in spear-head forms in the Raritan clay at Sayreville, near New Brunswick, N. J., Hamilton, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 485, 1898. See also Pyrite. MARIPOSITE, p. 1041. Analyses by Hillebrand of green and white varieties are quoted by Turner. The former (G. = 2'817) contains chromium, the latter has none (G. = 2*787); a simi- larity to pinite is noted Am. J. Sc., 49, 377, 1895, Marshite. Liversidge, C. W. Marsh, Proc. Roy. Soc. N. S. W., 26, 326, 1892. Miers, Zs. Kr., 24, 207, 1894. Isometric-tetrahedral. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. Luster adamantine. Color oil-brown. Streak orange-yellow. Translucent. Consists essentially of cuprous iodide, Cu a l a . Occurs in cerussite or anglesite at the Broken Hill mines, New South Wales. MARTITE, p 216. See Magnetite. Masrite. H. Droop Richmond and Hussein Off, J. Ch. Soc., 61, 491, 1892. A fibrous alum from Egypt, containing a small amount of cobalt and the supposed new element masrium (called after the Arab name of Egypt). Composition, RO.A1 2 O 3 .4SO 3 .20H 3 O. Analysis : S0 3 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 MsO MnO CoO FeO H 2 O 36-78 10-62 1-63 0'20 2-56 1'02 4'23 [40'35] insol. 2'61 = 100 MASSICOT, p. 209. Occurs in the lead slags of Laurion, Greece. Mauzeliite. Hj. Sjdgren, G. For. Forh., 17, 313, 1895. Isometric. In octahedrons, o (111), with a (100) and m (311). H. = 6 6'5. G. = 5'11. Color dark brown, lighter in fragments, and of the powder light yellow or yellowish white. Trans- lucent. In composition, a titauo-antimouate of lead and calcium chiefly. Assuming that the water is present as (CaOH), the ratio calculated isRO:TiO a : Sb a O 6 : F = 4 : 1 : 2 : 1. It is related to lewisite, p. 42 Analysis, R. Mauzelius : Sb 2 5 TiO a PbO FeO MnO CaO MgO K 2 Na 2 F H 2 O 59-25 7-93 679 0'79 1'27 17'97 0-11 0'22 2'70 [363] 0-87=101'53 less (O=F) 1-53=100 Occurs with svabite and calcite at Jakobsberg, Wermland, Sweden ; these minerals form narrow veins in a mixture of hausmannite, limestone, a yellow garnet, schefferite and mau- gauophyllite. MELANOPHLOQITE, pp. 194. 1041. Discussion of conditions of formation, G. Friedel, Bull. Soc. Min., 15, 49, 1892; Bombicci, ibid., p. 144. Investigated by Bombicci, Accad. Sc. 1st Bologna, March 22, 1891. Giona, G. Spezia, Riv. Min. Ital., 11, 37, 1892. Melanostibian. L. J. Igelstrom, G For. Forh., 14, 583, 1892 ; Zs. Kr., 21, 246, 1893. Mas- sive, foliated ; also in microscopic crystals H. = 4. Luster metallic. Color black. Streak cheiry-red. Composition, perhaps 6(Mu,Fe)O. Sb s O 3 . Analysis (assuming the state of oxidation as given): Sb a O 3 FeO MnO CaO M 6 > a. In composition, n titan o-silicate of iron (manganese) and the alkali metals ; formula R a RTiSi 4 O ia , with R = Na : K = 3 : 1 and R = Fe : Mn = 2 : 1. Neptunite is therefore related in composition to titanite, and as Flink shows there is also a rather close correspondence in angle. Analyses, 1, Flink. 2, O. A. Sjostrom, G. For. F6rh., 15, 393, 1893. Si0 2 Ti0 2 FeO MnO CaO MgO K 2 O Na 2 O 1. 51-53 18-13 10-91 4-97 - 0'49 4'88 9-26 = 100-17 2. | 51-93 17-45 10-23 5-32 0'71 - 5-71 9-63 = 100-98 Obtained from Greenland, the locality probably not the well-known Kangerdluarsuk, but rather Narsasik, near Igaliko. It occurs closely associated with aegirite (whence the name), also eudialyte, arfvedsouite, etc. Nickel. skutterudite. See Skutterudite. NITER, p. 871. Occurs in cavities of the leucite rocks of North Table Butte, Leucite Hills, Wyoming. In the rock of the Boar's Tusk of the same region, soda niter also occurs. Cross, Am. J. Sc., 4, 118, 1897. Northupite. Warren M. Foote, Am. J. Sc., 50, 480, 1895. J. H. Pratt, ibid., 2, 123, 1896. Isometric, in octahedrons. Cleavage none. Fracture conchoidal. H. = 3'5-4. G. = 2'380. Colorless when perfectly pure; also pale yellow to gray and brown. Index n y = 1*5144 Na. Composition, MgCO 3 Na 2 CO 3 .NaCl. Analysis, Pratt. CO, 35-43, MgO 16-22, Na 2 O 24'90, Cl 14-23, Na 9'22 = 100. B.B. fuses at 1 with frothing to a white alkaline mass; colors the flame intense yellow. Easily soluble in acids. Occurs in a clay at a depth of 450 feet at Borax lake, San Bernardino Co., California. Named afler Mr. North up, who first obtained the mineral. This compound has been formed synthetically by A. deSchulten, Bull. Soe. Min , 19, 164, 1896. 50 APPENDIX I. OCTAHEDRITE, pp. 240, 1043. Oryst. Bourg d'Oisans, new form ), U (201); o(114), r (112), p (111), a(221), u Colorado. Freiberg. (331)?, o (114), r (112), p (112). Angles cm = *90 0', mm' = *60 2', en = *42 23', cr = 42 22', co = 24 31'. Crystals tabular APPENDIX I. 55 f c, Figs. 1, 2. The form is very near that of pearceite, p. 50, Fig. 2 shows a crystal from the Himmelfahrt mine, Freiberg, perhaps a twin. Am. J. Sc., 2, 23, 1896. See also Pearceite. Also occurs iu tine crystals a' the Big Seven Mine, Neihart, Montana (Pfd.). Analysis from Quespisiza, Chili, by Bodlander: S 16'37, Sb 5'15, As 3'88 Ag 67'95 Cu 6-07, Pb 0-76 = 100-18. This gives the ratio of Ag a (Cu a )S : Sb a (As a )Ss = 7'74 : 1 instead of 9 : 1 as commonly accepted, Jb. Min., 1, 98, 1895. POLYCRASE, p. 744. Occurs in the township of Calvin, Nipissing, 1. Ontario, Canada, Hoffmann, Am. J. Sc., 7, 243, 1899. POLYLITE, p. 1045. Thomson's supposed mineral is shown to be a mixture containing fayalite derived from an iron furnace, Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 308, 1897. POWELLITE, p. 989. Occurs at the South Hecla copper mine, Hoimhton Co., Michigan, (WO 3 1'65 and 4'50 p. c.,) Koenig and Hubbard, Am. J. Sc., 46, 356, 1893. The same locality has afforded some fine crystals described by C. Palache, ibid., 7, 367, 1899. G. = 4'356, color bluish green. Habit as in Fig. 1. Observed forms : e (101), p(lll), h (133), j (3-11-11); also narrow and doubtful, #(155), f (l-ll*ll). Angles near those of scheelite. Cleavage e interrupted. One specimen showed a dark, nearly black exterior and bluish-green interior presum- ably due to variation in composition. Crystals, with c (001), e (101), p (111), have been obtained artificially by L. Michel ; analysis gave MoO 3 62'37, WO 3 10*23, CaO 26'41 = 99-01. Bull. Soc. Min., 17, 612, 1894. Powellite. PREHNITE, p. 530. Occurs in crystals at Friedensdorf near Marburg, Brauns (anal, by A. Nau), Jb. Miu., 2, 6, 1892. Crystals described and investigated pyroelectrically; new forms (301), (601), (lO'O'l); crystals hemimorphic and twinned (tw. pi. a (100)). Traube, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 9, 134, 1894. Crystals described from Tulferthal, Tyrol, Habert, Zs. Kr., 28, 258, 1897. Anal., Fassa, Tyrol, Schneider, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 113, 112, 1893. Identification in rocks, Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 21, 277, 1893. Prolectite. Hj. JSjogren, Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 1, 40, 1892; 2, 99, 1894. A new member of the HUMITE GROUP, thus far only known from two fragments of crystals obtained with humite, choudrodite, and clinohumite at the Ko mine at Nordmark, Sweden. In appearance and physical characters like other members of the group. Crystallization, monoclinic. Axes d:b:c = 1'0803 : 1 : 1'8862, ft = 90. Forms : (001), (010); (110); (103), (503), (409); (012), (Oil); (121), (367), (362); (227), (223), (111): (121), (249). Ax. plane (a =Bx ) inclined 44 to 47 15' to (001), that is, 46 to 42 45' to c. 2K a . y = 79 45' (n? = 1-6703). Not yet analyzed, but the composition is probably Mg[Mg(F,OH)]SiO 4 , the member of the group predicted by Penfield and Howe as noted under the Humite Group, p. 35. Hence named from itpo\.eyeiv, to foretell. PROSOPITE, p. 178. Analysis of a pale green variety from Utah, Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 7, 53, 1899. Pseudoboleite. A. Lacroix, Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, p. 39, 1895. See Percylite. PSEUDOBROOKITE, p. 232. Crystals from Aranyer Berg have been examined by Traube, Zs. Kr., 20. 327, 1892. Doss has described crystals obtained as a furnace product, ibid., p. 566. He deduced the composition Fe 2 O 3 .TiO 2 and urges isomorphism with audalusite; Frenzel, however, has confirmed the accepted formula, 2Fe a O 3 .3TiO 2 , Min. petr. Mitth., 14, 126, 1894. PSEUDOGAYLUSSITE. Discussion as to the origin of the barley-corn pseudomorphs of calcium carbonate (see Min., pp. 907, 271) with description of forms occurring in Holland, F. J. P. van Calker, Zs. Kr., 28, 556, 1897. See also Jarrowite. PSEUDOMALACHITE, p. 794. Analysis of eJilite, from Semipalatinsk, Antipov, Vh. Min. Ges., 28, 527, 1891. Pseudopyrophyllite. F. Loewimon- Leasing , Vh. Min. Ges., 33, 283, 1895. Zs. Kr., 28, 516. See Pyrophyllite. PTILOLITE, p. 572. A new locality near Silver Cliff, Custer Co., Colorado, is described by Cross and Eakins, Am. J. Sc., 44, 96, 1892. Occurrence similar to that of Green Mountain. Analysis, Eakins: SiO 2 67 -83, A1 2 O 3 11-44, CaO 3 30, K 2 O 0'64, Na 2 O 2*63, H 2 O 13-44 = 99'28. The relation in composition between ptilolite and mordenite is discussed by Clarke, ibid., p. 101. 66 APPENDIX I. PYRARGYRITE, p. 131. Crystals from Mexico with new form (1126), Busz, Zs. Kr., 20, 557, 1892 From the Harz described by Luedecke. Miu. d. Harzes, 134, 1896. Occurs in galena near Bear Lake, West Kootauie, Br. Columbia, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 6, 2711, 1892-93. PYIUTE pp 84 1045. Crystals described from Belabanya, Hungary; new forms (11 '5 '0), (13-8 0), '13-9-0), (10-7-0) (15- I'l'O), (8'13-0), (7'H'O), (ll'15'O), (16>9'1). A. Franzenaii, Ber. aus Ungarn 15, 198, 1898. Also from Kotterbach, with new forms (21 I'D), (H'l'O), etc., Zimanyi, Fdldt. Kozl., 28, 192, 1898. Monte dclla liiva, Vulle del Dardagna, description of peculiar crystals, Bombicci, Mem. Accad. Sci. Bologna, Jan. 8, 1893. A twinning of tetnrtohedral crystals (similar to ullmannite) is suggested by Miers for a specimen from Gilpiu Co., Colorado, Min. Mag., 12, 112, 1899. Twin crystal with (320) as tw. plane, G. D'Achiardi, Att. Soc. Tosc., Proc. verb., Match 14, From Museu, containing 4" 13 Ni and 1'97 Co, Laspeyres, Zs. Kr., 20. 553, 1892. Also from Sudbnry, Ont., (Murray mine,) containing 4'34 p. c. Ni, Walker, Am. J. Sc., 47, 312, 1894. Action of alkaline reagents on pyrite compared with that on marcasite, Doelter. Jb. Min., 2, 273, 1894. The same subject has been fully studied by A. P. Brown, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 33, Penfield bas shown that the uncertain blueite and wJtartonite of Emmens (J. Am. Ch. Soc., 14, No. 7. 1892), both from the Sudbury region, are (even if the analyses are trustworthy) only uickeliferous varieties of pyrite. Am. J. Sc.,45, 496, 1893. PYROAURITE, p. 256. Described by Hj. Sjogren from the Moss mine, Norway. Occurs in hexagonal or rounded tabular crystals (Fig. 1). Forms: c (0001), m (1010), A (2130), / (1011); cf* = 76 30', hence c = 3 6073. Crystals apparently show pyramidal hemihedrism in tbe development of h. H. 2-3. G. = 2'07. Luster pearly to greasy. Color yellow to yellowish brown. Translucent. Optically ; birefringence low. Analysis (on 0'02 gr.) by R. Mauzelius : Fe a O 3 22-0,^ MnO 4'5, MgO 34-8, H Q O 36-1, insol. 0'5 = 97 9. Associated with pyrochroite (often altered to mangauite) in mangauiferous dolomite. Bull. G. lust. Upsala, 2, 59, 1895. PYROCHLOBB, p. 726. From Alno", analyses and discussion of composition (also of related minerals), Ilolmquist, G. For. Forh., 15, 588, 1893. From the Ural, analysis, Khrushchov, Vh. Miu. Ges., 31, 415, 1894. PYROLUSITE, pp. 243, 1045. Analyses, Gorgeu, Bull. Soc. Min., 16, 96, 1893. PYROMORPHITE, p. 770. Crystals from New Caledonia with new forms (15-0-15-4), (9091). Lacroix, C. R., 118, 553, 1894, and Bull. Soc. Min., 17, 120, 1894. Crystals described from Nil-Saiut-Viucent, Belgium, G. Cesaro, Mem. Acad. Belg., 53, 1897. PYROPIIYLLITE, p. 691. F. Loewinson-Lessing concludes from his investigations of the mineral of Pyshminsk tbat it represents a mixture of pyrophyllite, SHaO.SAlsOs.llSiOu, and pseudo-pyrophyllite, 3MgO.4Al 2 O3.9SiO2.8H 3 O. These were separated by the Thoulet solution. Both are assumed tobeorihorhombic with Bx a l base (cleavage); the former is optically negative, the latter positive. Vh. Min. Ges., 33, 283, 1895, and Zs. Kr., 28, 516, 1897. PYROSTILPNITE, p. 135. Discussion of crystalline form, Luedecke, Miu. d. Harzes, 133, 1896. PYROXENE, pp. 352, 1045. Crystals from New York State described, with optical investiga- tion and analyses, H. Ries, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sc., 9, 124, 1896. Diopside, Achmatovsk, new form IT (551), Busz, Zs. Kr., 20, 558, 1892. Crystals from several localities described, also augite. new forms gf(lO'l-O), (710), $ (750), & (140), 3tf (160), 9t (0-11-5), @ (414), 8 (421), 8 (531), A. Schmidt, Zs. Kr. 21, 1, 1892. From Graubttnden, Baumhauer, ibid., p. 200. From Zoptau, optical and chemical description, Graber, Min. petr. Mitth., 14, 265, 1894. Forms a saccharoidal rock of an azure-blue color, on the Gila river, 40 miles from Silver City, New Mexico. Analysis by Merrill and Packard gave: SiO a 54'30, MgO 18'33, CaO 25'00, FeO 1-11 = 98-74. Am. J. Sc., 43, 279, 1892. * The author gives 1010 A 1011 = 76 30. APPENDIX L Violan, p. 357. Analysis of original material by Penfield shows it to be essentially a diopside, An,. J. Sc., 46, 293, 1893. Color light blue. G. = 3'237-3-272. SiO 2 A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 Mu 2 O 3 MnO MgO CaO Na 2 O K 2 O igu. 53-94 I'OO 0-86 0'88 0'36 16'63 23-80 1'22 005 66 = 99 '40 Saliie, from Sala, optical exam, and analysis, Hovey, Min. petr. Mitth., 13, 218, 1892. Hedenbergite, Su Poru, Sardinia, analysis by Fasolo, quoted by Lovisato (10'92 p. c. MnO and no A1 2 O 3 ); also epidote, etc., Rend. Accad. Line., 4 (1), 111, 1895. From Renfrew Co., Ontario, optical characters, analysis, etc., Waiting, Min. petr. Mitth., 15, 29, 1895. Iron-schefferite, Laugban, analysis by Mauzelius, Hj. Sjogren, G. For. Forh., 14, 251, 1892. Sec Urbanite. Jeffcrsonile, from Franklin Furnace, N. J., analyzed by Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 7, 55, 1899. Augite, on crystals, see diopside above. Analysis, Italian Peak, Guunison Co., Colo., Eukins, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 113, 112, 1893. From Highwood Mts., Montana, L. V. Pirsson, Bull. G. Soc. Am., 6, 410, 1895. In analcitCr basalt, Colorado, Hillel.rand, quoted by Cross, J. Geol., 5, 687, 1897. On the pyroxene (segirite-augite, augite) from the volcanic rocks (leucitite, etc.) of the Ernici, Province of Rome, Italy, see Viola, Jb. Min., 1, 101 et seq., 1899. Crystals often show zonal structure with varying extinction ; twins noted with m (110) as tw. plane. The name federomte is suggested by Viola for a pyroxene from this region, which falls between segirite-augite and tegirite, containing 9 to 13 p. c. alkalies and about 24 p. c. FeO ; pleochroism strong, c yellow, 6 = a olive-green ; c A c = 65 to 75, 2V < 50. On the extinction-angles in the vertical zone, see R. A. Daly, Proc. Amer. Acad., 34, 311, 1899 ; also the same on etching-figures, ibid., p. 374. Many petrographies! papers (in Jb. Min. et al.) contain analyses, optical determinations, etc.; a summary of some of these is given by Viola, Jb. Min., 1, 115-120, 1899. Conditions of formation in a magma, Morozewicz, Min. petr. Mitth., 18. 113, 1898. The meteorite of Vara Muerta, Sierra de C'hico, contains an unidentified silicate, in some respects resembling augite. Weiuschenk, Min. petr. Mitth., 17, 567, 1897. PYRRHARSENITE, p. 753. See Eerzeliiie. PYRRHOTITE, p. 73. Crystals from Andreasberg, described with t (1012), r (7071), Busz, Jb. Miu., 1, 124, 1895. From Froutenac Co., Canada, with (2021), (4041), etc., W. Nicol, Zs. Kr., 31, 53, 1899. Investigation of magnetic properties, Abt, Wied. Ann., 57, 135, 1896. From Sudbury, Out, containing nickel, Vogt, G. For. Forh., 14, 315, 1892. Linck shows reason for not regarding pyrrhotite and troilite as heteromorphic modifications of the same compound (FeS), Ber. Ch. Ges., 32, 895, 1899. QUARTZ, pp. 183, 1046. Cryst. Monograph for crystals from Val Malenco, Rossignoli, Riv. Min. Ital.. 1O, 3, 1892. No. Carolina, A. Capen Gill, Inaug. Diss., Leipzig, 1893, reproduced in Zs Kr.. 22 97 1893; also H. A. Miers, Am. J. Sc., 46, 420, 1893. Jamtland, Hamberg. G. For. Forh.. 16. 807 1894. Wurmlhal, Harz, cryst. described, Luedecke, Abh. Nat. Ges. Halle, 20, 1894; Min d. Harzes, 196, 1896. Devil's Lake, Wisconsin, Hobbs, Bull. Univ. Wisconsin, 1, 109, 1895. Switzerland, Termier, Bull. Soc. Min., 18, 443, 1895, and C. R., 121, 842, 1895. Nil-St.- Vincent, Butgenbarh, Ann. Soc. G. Belg., 24, 11, 1897. Pisek, Bohemia, Heberdey, Zs. Kr., 26, 267, 181-6. Tuscany, G. D'Achiardi, Att. Soc. Tosc., Mem., 17, 1898. Crystalline structure of pyrogene quartz, Rimie, Jb. Miu. 1, 1, 1892. Lamellar structure shown to l>e of secondary origin, also effect on optical character, Judd, Min. Mag., 10, 123, 1893. Mechanical deformation of crystals from Pitourles-en-Lordat, Ariege, Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 14, 306, 1891. Discussion of curved and twisted complex crystals and groups from Swit- zerland. G. Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wieu, Denkschr., July 12, 1894. Also from Cararra, Bombicci, Mem. Accad. Bologna, 2, 1892. Inclusions in quartz of Stromboli lava, H. Johnston-Lavis, Soc. G. Ital., April 1, 1894. Dichroism for infra-red waves, E. Merritt, Wied. Ann., 55, 49, 1895. Rotatory power at low temperatures (to 71 5), Soret and Guye, Bibl. Univ., 29, 242, 1892. Rotatory polarization for infra-red waves, Carvallo, Ann. Ch. Phys., 26, 113, 1892, and C. R., 114, 288, 1892. Rotatory power and double refraction, Beaulard, J. Phys., 2, 393, 1893, effect of pressure on optical phenomena, id., ibid., pp. 459, 472; see also Wiechmann. Sch. Mines Q.. 20, 2(57, 1899, Measurement of rotatory power, Gumlich, Zs. Instrumentenkunde, 16, 97, 1896. Tenacity investigated, Sella and Vcigt, Wied. Ann.. 48, 663, 1893. Piezo-electric property discussed. Lord Kelvin, Phil. Mag., 36, 331, 1894. Refractive indices measured, Wiilfing, Min. petr. Mitth., 15. 59, 1895. Investigation of coloring matter of smoky quartz (titanium), Weinschenk, Zs. G. Ges., 48, 704, 1896; Zs. auorg. Ch., 12, 375, 1896. 58 APPENDIX I. Observations on the solvent power of water at elevated temperatures (153 to 323) and after long duration, G. Spezia, Att. Accad. Sc. Torino, 33, June 16, 1898; also ibid., 31, Dec. 29, 1895. Stated to occur in the Toluca meteoric iron, Laspeyres, Zs. Kr., 24, 485, 1895. A supposed cubic form of silica from Guanabacoa, Cuba, lias been called cubaite by F. Vidal y Careta [Cron. Cient. Barcelona, 13, 497, 1890] ; shown by L. F. Navarro to be rhombohedrons of ordinary quartz, Anal. Soc Espan. Hist. Nat., 21, Actas p. 120, 1893. Later (ibid., 14, 268, 1891) the first author proposed to substitute the name guanabaquite (guanabacoite) ; this includes also pseud omorphous chalcedony (analogous to that from Hungary) as further shown by Navarro, 1. c. Quartzine. Lutecine, Lutecit*. 'Michel-Levy and Munier-Chalmas, C. R, HO, 649, 1892, and Bull. Soc. Min., 15, 159, 1892. Warrant, Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 52, 1897. The forms of anhydrous silica having a fibrous structure differ from quartz in slightly lower density (G. = 2'5-26) and more distinct!/ in optical characters. They are optically -f, but biaxial with a small axial angle, 20 to 35 e ; birefringence 0*009 to 0*010. Three varieties have been distinguished, according to the direction of elongation of the fibers. (1) In chalcedony the elongation coincides with the axis a (= Bx ), in other words the direction of the fibers is some- times said to be negative. (2) In quartzine it coincides with c, and in lutecine with a plane of symmetry (= BxJ to the axes c and 6, the fibers making an angle of 29 with c and of 61 with b. As interpreted by Michel-Levy and Munier-Chalmas the regular arrangement of the fibers of chalcedony give rise to spherulites with concentric zones of like extinction; regular ternary (120) aggregates of quartzine are regarded as producing ordinary quartz ; the regular hexagonal (60) arrangement of the elementary lutecine gives the double hexagonal pyramids of lutecite t aggregates about an axis inclined 45 to c and 74 to the elongation of the fibers in the plane o and c. According to Wallerant (1. c.) all quartz is to be regarded as formed by regular iutergrowths of minute elements of quartzine. It is obvious that these three forms of fibrous silica are essentially identical, and all their various aggregates seem to have been derived from original colloidal concretions. Groth (Tab. Ueb., 42, 1898) uses quartzine as a general term to embrace them all. On quartzine from Herman Mestec, Barvif, Ber. Ak. Bohm., March 10, 1893. Christobalite (p. 193) has been shown to result from the action of water and hydrofluoric acid (at 200 and 26 atmospheres) upon amorphous silica, Khrushchov, Bull. Acad. St. Pet., 2, 27, 1895. On the peculiar form of silica obtained from heulandite, with G. = 2*14 and optically nega- tive, seeRinne, Jb. Min., 147, 1896. QUBNSTEDTITB, p. 957. A ferric sulphate having the composition of quenstedite has been observed by O. Kuntze as a yellow incrustation in sandstone near Montpelier, Muscatine county, Iowa. H.= 25. G.= 2-212. Analysis gave: SO 3 39*01, Fe a O 3 26'86, A1,O S 0-27, H 2 O 32*32, insol. (SiO 3 ) 1*79 = 100*25. Amer. Geol., 23, 119, 1899. Quirogite. L. F. Navarro [Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., 24, Actas p. 96, 1895] Zs. Kr., 28, 202, 1897. A supposed tetragonal mineral of metallic luster and lead-gray color, often tarnished dull. H.= 3. G.= 7*22. Analysis on material containing pyrite gave: S 17*51, Pb 63*89, Sb 9*69, Fe 6'30, Ag tr.= 97-39. From the mines San Andres, Georgina, etc., Sierra Almagrera, Spain. Named after the Spanish mineralogist, F. Quiroga. Probably only an impure galena (cf. remarks credited to Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 1. c.). Ransatite. L. J. Iglestrom, G. For. F5rh., 18, 41, 1896. See Garnet. Raspite. G. Hlawatsch, Ann. Mus. Wien, 12, 38, 1897 ; Zs. Kr., 29, 137, 1897 ; 31, 8, 1899. Monoclinic. Axes d : b : c = (1*3358 : 1 : 1-1112 ; ft = 72 19' = 100 A 001 = ac. Angles ce = 46 41', cd = 46 38'. Observed forms : a (100), b (010), c (001), e (101), d (Oil). Crystals small, elongated | b and tabular || a with this face as twinning plane ; a striated horizontally. Cleavage : a perfect. H. = 2*5. G. undetermined. Luster adamantine, brilliant. Color brownish yellow. Transparent. Ax. pi. f b. An axis and negative bisectrix oblique to a. Index = 2*6 approx. Composition, lead tungstate, PbWO 4 , like stolzite. Analysis, Treadwell : WO, 49-06 PbO 48*32 Fe a O 3 ,MnO 1*43 = 98*81 Occurs with reddish stolzite on limonite at the Broken Hill mines, New South Wales. Named after Mr. Rasp, the discoverer of the Broken Hill mines. Rathite. Baumhauer, Zs. Kryst., 26, 593, 1896. Orthorhombic. Axes d : b : c : = 0*6681 : : 1*0579. 100 A HO = 33 44f , 001 A 101 = 57 43|', 001 A Oil = 46 36|'. Also 001 A 203 = *46 33', 001 A 045 = *40 14J', 001 A 021 = 64 42'. Observed forms: (001), (107), (106), (209), (207), (103), (205), (102), (203), (405), (101), (403), (302). (201), (401), (601) ; (045), (0*1MO), (021), (016 3) ; also other forms in part vicinal. APPENDIX I. In crystals, prismatic | 5, with numerous macrodomes finely striated J an undetermined brachy- dorne. Twins: tw.-plaue an obtuse brachydome. In luster and color not to be distinguished from dufreuoysite. In composition allied to dufrenoysite and jamesonite, but formula uncertain. Analysis, Bomer : S 23-72 As 17-24 Sb 4 -53 Pb 52 98 Fe 0-56 = 99 "03 From the dolomite of the Biuuenthal, Switzerland, with other related species, learned after Prof. G. vom Rath (1830-1888). REALGAR, pp. 33, 1046. Crystals from Allchar, Macedonia, described (new form C (450)), Hackrnau, Zs. Kr., 27, 608, 1896; also Vrba, Ber. Ak. Bohrn., Dec. 7, 1894. Retzian. Hj. Sjogren, Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 2, 54, 1894 ; G. For. Forh., 19, 106, 1897. Orthorhombic. Axes d : b : k = 0-4414 : 1 : 0-7269. Forms : b (010), m (110), n (130), d (101), k (071). Angles: mm'" = 47 38', bm = *66 11', cd = *58 44'. Crystals prismatic, sometimes tabular | b. The axial ratio is near that of flinkite (Min., p. 802). Cleavage none. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. H. =4. G. = 4-15. Luster vitreous to greasy. Color dark chocolate-brown to chestnut-brown. Streak light brown. Sutitranslucent. Strongly pleochroic. Ax. pi. | b. Ax. angle large. a, ft, c = k, b, d. In composition, a basic arsenate of manganese, calcium and undetermined rare metals ; formula uncertain. Analysis, on 08 gr., R. Mauzelius : As a 6 X' MuO FeO PbO CaO MgO H a O 24-4 10-3 30-2 1-7 0'2 19-2 2'7 8'4 SiO, 0-5, insol. 4'3 = X = rare earths. 101-9 B.B. almost infusible ; yields water. With soda on charcoal gives arsenical fumes ; reacts for manganese and iron. Soluble in acids. Found sparingly in small drusy cavities in the manganiferous limestone of the Moss mine, Nordmark, Sweden ; it is associated with jacobsite. Named after the Swedish naturalist, Anders Jahan Retzian (1742-1821). RHABDITE, p. 31. See Schreibersite. Rhodoarsenian. L. J. Igelstrom, Zs. Kr., 22, 469, 1893. A partially described mineral from the Sjo mine, Orebro, Sweden. Occurs in small rose-red spherules embedded in arseniopleite. H. = 4. Luster vitreous. An analysis (after deducting CaCO 3 ) yielded : As a O 6 12-17, MnO 49'28, CaO 21-53, MgO 5-87, H a O 11 -65, Pb.Cl tr. 100. Regarded as the arsenic compound corre- sponding to ferrostibian (Min., p. 804). RHODOCHROSITE, p. 278. Artificial formation, A. de Schulten, Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 195, 1897, Rhodolite. Hidden and Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 5, 294; 6, 463, 1898. See Garnet. RHODONITE, pp. 378, 1046. Etching-figures investigated, T. L. Walker, Am. J. Sc., 5, 182, 1898. Rhodophosphite. L. J. Igelstrom, Zs. Kryst., 25, 433, 1895. A mineral occurring in a quartzite carrying cyanite with svanbergite, lazulite, etc., at the H5rrsjoberg Mts., Wermland, Sweden. Occurs crystalline (hexagonal), cleavable ; color white or pale red ; translucent. Analysis: P a O 6 36-42, CaO 45*17. MnO, FeO 8 -80, Cl 2-92, SO 3 1'34, F undet. = 94'65 (author gives 97'93). It is probably simply apatite. Rhodusite. H. B. Foullon, Ber. Ak. Wien, 100 (1), 176, 1891. See Glaucophant. RICHTERITE, pp. 386, 391. Hj. Sjogren has shown that the original mineral of Breithaupt is identical with that examined by Michaelson, Igelstrom and Fliuk. His astochite (Min., p. 1027) is simply a soda-richterite, see astochite, this Append., p. 6). Sjftgren also refers here the marmairolite of Hulst, Min., p. 391. G. For. Forh., 13, 604, 1891 ; ib., 14, 253, 1892 ; Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 2, 71, 1894 ; also Hamberg, G. For. Forh., 13, 801, 1891. RIEBECKITE, pp. 400, 1047. Occurs in pebbles in the glacial drift of the east coast of Ireland ; crystals found at Portrane have been measured by Sollas. Observed forms : b (010), m (110), x (150), t (101), p (101), r (Oil), z (121). Angles : mm!" = 56, pm' = 77 50', pt = 54 20', hence d : b : k = 0-5558 : 1 : 0-2927, ft = 73 4'. A partial analysis gave : SiO, 42'69, Al,O,,Fe,O, 41 -71. Na a O 10-00, K a O 0'87. Proc. R. Irish Acad., 3, 516, 1895. 60 APPENDIX I. Heddle has noted on crystals from the micro-granite of Ail?a Craig, Scotland, the additional forms: a (100), c (001), e (130), tf (031), o (021). Trans. Eclinb. G. Soc., 7, 265, 1897. Occurs in an intrusive rock in slates between Song and Tikobu, Soul hern Sikkim, India, Holland, Rec. G. Surv. India, 25. 159, 1892. Extinction-angle 7 30' to 10 with c. Also reported by A. Osann as occurring in the neph elite-syenite of Paisano Pass, Davis Mountains, Texas, Geol. Surv. Texas, 4th Ann. Report, 1892, p. 28. Occurs in trachytic rocks from Abyssinia, Prior, Min. Mag., 12, 92, 1899. See Grossite. RITTINGERITE, p. 136. Shown by Miers to be identical with xanthoconite, wh. see. Min. Mag., 10, 185, 1893. Roeblingite. S. L. Penfield and H. W. Foote, Am. J. Sc., 3, 413, 1897. Massive ; closely compact ; consisting of aggregates of prismatic crystals. H. = 3'25. G. = 3'433. Color white. Extinction parallel ; birefringence low. Composition, probably Hi Ca 7 Pt) 2 Si6S 2 O 28 , which is regarded as a combination of five mole- cules of the silicate, H Q CaSiO 4 , and two of the basic sulphite, CaPbSO 4 . This requires: Silica 22-1, sulphur trioxide 9'4, lead protoxide 32 9, lime 29 0, water 6'6= 100. Analysis : SiO SO 3 PbO MnO CaO SrO K 2 O Na,O H 2 O | 23-58 9-00 31-03 2'48 25-95 1-40 0-13 0'40 635 = 100-32 Fuses B. B. at 3 to a gray globule giving the pale blue flame of lead. With soda on charcoal yields metallic lead and a lead coating. In the closed tube yields water. Dissolves readily even in dilute acid, yielding gelatinous silica on evaporation. Found at a depth of 1000 feet in the Parker shaft at Franklin Furnace, N. J. ; occurs at or near the contact of the granite and limestone with garnet rock; associated with titanite, axinite, zircon, willemite, rhodonite, etc. Named after W. A. Roebling of Trenton, N. J. ROUMANITE. See Rumanite, Min., p. 1005. ROWLANDITE, p. 1047. Further described by Hidden with analysis by Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 46, 208, 1893. RUTILE, pp. 237, 1047. Crystals from the Valais, twins, etc., described, Baumhauer, Cong. Sc. Catholiques, Fribourg, 1897. Parting \\ (902) (cf. Min., p. 238) observed on crystals from Pragratten and Georgia, Milgge, Jb. Min., 2, 82, 1897. Occurs at West Cheyenne Canon, El Paso Co., Colorado, in iron-black distorted crystals containing 6 68 p. c. Fe 2 O 3 ; G. = 4'249, Genth and Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 44, 384, 1892. Shown by spectroscopic examination to often contain vanadium in small amount, Hasselberg, Astrophysical Journal, 6, 22, 1897 ; 9, 143, 1899. Ak. H. Stockh., Bib.., 23, (1), No. 3, 1898. Cf. also Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 6, 209, 1898. Artificial formation, Michel, Bull. Soc. Min., 15, 37, 1892. See Dicksbergite. SAFFLOHITE, p. 100. A related mineral occurs at the Ko mine, Nordmark, Sweden, with chond'-odite, tremolite, etc. Usually massive, rarely in prismatic crystals elongated, \ b\ e (101) prominent. Forms: a (100), m (110), e (001), d (Oil), o (111). Angles ee"' = 59 14', oo' = 105 20'. Axial ratio a : b : c = 0'5086 : 1 : 0'8945 or 6782 : f M927, the latter showing the relation to arsenopyrite, etc. G. = 7'41. Analysis by R Mauzelius : As 71 '13, S 0-68, Fe 15'28, Co 12'99, Ni 0-20, Pb(Cu) 0-33 = 100-61. This gives the formula (nearly) FeAs 2 .CoAs 2 . Hj. SjOgren, Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 2, 68,_1894. SAL-AMMONIAC, p. 157. Observations on crystals, Wolff, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1085, 1895. SALITE, p. 356. See Pyroxene. Salvadorite. W. Herz, Zs. Kryst., 26, 16, 1896. Monocliuic. In aggregates of rough prismatic crystals, with m (110), also b (010); mm ~ 48" .16'. Crystals often twins united by a plane inclined 30 to c. : Cleavage : b perfect. Luster vitreous. Color green to blue, bluish green. Ax. pi. \ b. Bx a inclined 52 to c for Na (on same side as tw. plane), 46^ for Tl ; ax. angle 76 for Na. Composition like pisauite (Min., p. 943), (Cu,Fe)SO 4 + 7H 2 O with Cu : Fe = 2 : 1. Analyses: SO 3 CuO FeO H 2 O 1. Green 27-87 1877 8-49 44- 65 = 99 -78 2. Slue 28-16 17"57 959 44 31 = 99 '63 APPENDIX I. 61 From the Salvador mine, Quetena near Calama, Chili. Differs from pisanitc in optical orienta- tion and apparently in form. SAMARSKITE, pp. 739, 1037. Contains germanium in small amount (1 '5 p. c ); this is also true of tantalite, fergusouite, gadoliuile, eolumbite, etc., Khrushchov, Zs. Kr., 24, 516, 1895. Analy- sis from the Ural by the same, Vh. Min. Ges., 31, 415, 1894. Examination of gases (helium, etc.), Ramsay, Proc. Roy. Soc., 59, 325, 1896. Ramsay and Travers, ib., 60, 443, 1897. SARTORITE, p. 113. Description of complex crystals (new forms) from the Binnenthal with analysis, Baumhauer, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 243, 1895. SCAPOIJTE, p. 466. Crystals from Eel lake, Frontenac Co., Ontario, described, G. O. Smith, Johns Hopkins Circ., No. '112, May, 1894. Analysis of a "paranthite " from Clay Co., N. C., Berkley, Am. Ch. J., 14, 628, 1892. See also Wernerite. / SCHEELITE, p. 985. From Marlow township, Beauce Co., Quebec, analysis by Johnston quoted by Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 5, 21R, 1889-90; also from the Ballou mine, Queens Co., Nova Scotia, ibid., 7, 14R. Occurs at South Mountain, Pa., with piedmontite in an ancient rhyolite, Williams, Am. J. Sc., 44, 50, 1893. SCHEFFERITE, p. 357. See Pyroxene. SCHNEEBERGITE, p. 862. See Garnet. SCHOENITE, p. 948. See Picromerite. SCHREIBERSITE, p. 31. Cohen, as the result of an investigation of many meteoric irons, has shown that the tetragonal iron-nickel phosphide, called rhabdite (Min., p. 31), is identical with schreibersite; the relative amounts of the metals vary widely. Ann. Mus. Wien, 9, 97, 1894. " Rhabdite " occurs in tetragonal crystalline forms (with (001), (110), (111)) in the meteoric iron of Bendego, Brazil; 110 A HI = 39-40 Hussak. Of. Derby, Arch. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 9, 171, 1896. Schulzenite. P. Martens [Act. Soc. Sci. Chili, 5, 87, 1895], Bull. Soc. Min., 19, 211, 1896. A doubtful substance of uncertain origin, related to asbolite. Found in the collection of J. Schulze and supposed to have come from northern Chili. Amorphous with conchoidal fracture. H. = 3*5. G. = 3'39. Color and streak black. Gives off chlorine when treated with hydro- chloric acid. Analysis gave: Co 46*76, Cu 12'65, SiO a 1-76, Fe 2 O 3 0'29, H 2 O (comb.) 14*08, H 2 O (hygr.) 4'92, O [19'54] = 100. From this the formula is deduced : CuO.2CoO.Co 2 O 3 4- 4H 2 0. SCOLECITE, p. 604. Referred to the clinohedral group of the monoclinic system by Rinne, who gives the results of investigation by etching, pyroelectricity, etc. Jb. Min., 2, 51, 1894. Moderate heating causes a partial loss of water, and this is accompanied by molecular changes, the new form being called metascolecite, ibid., p. 60; also Ber. Ak. Berlin, 46, 1163, 1890. Crystals from the Tulferthal, Tyrol, described by Habert, Zs. Kr., 28, 252, 1897. Analysis, from granite on the Struth, Thuringia, Fomme [Ber. phys.-med. Soc. Erlangen, 25, 1893], Zs. Kr., 25, 616. Also from Italian Peak, Gunnison Co., Colo., Eakins, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 113, 112, 1898. SCORODITE, p. 821. Crystals from the Lolling show the forms h (101), / (Oil), Busz, Zs. Kr., 20, 555, 1892. Seelandite. Brunlec7incr [Jb. Nat. Land.-Mus. Klagenfurt, 22, 192, 1893], Bull. Soc. Min., 19, 121, 1896. A variety of pickeringite forming an efflorescence on the siderite of Lolling, Carinthia. Composition, MgAl 2 (SO 4 )4 + 27H 2 O, deduced from the analysis: SO 3 34-03, A1 2 O 3 10-54, MgO 4-07, H 2 O 51-22 = 99 86. SEMSEYITE, p. 123. L. J. Spencer has described (Min. Mag., 12, 60, 1899) crystals from Wolfsberg similar to Kreuner's mineral and yielding: S 19'42, Sb 28*62, Pb 51 '84 = 99'88, G. = 5'92; calculated formula 21PbS.10Sb 2 S 3 . The form is near that of plagionite. The author- also discusses the relations of plagionite, heteromorphite and semseyite, and the suggestion is made that they may form a morphotropic series from 5PbS.4Sb 2 S 3 (through 7PbS.4Sb 2 S 3 , etc., heteromorphite) to 9PbS.4Sb a S 3 . The complex formulas often obtained (cf. plagionite) may be explained by assuming that the crystals analyzed in a given case are compounded of smaller crys- tals in nearly parallel position but differing among themselves slightly in angle and composition. 62 APPENDIX I. Senaite. E. IlussaJc and G. T. Prior, Mh>. Mag., 12, 30, 1898. Tri-rhombohedral like ilmenite (phenacke type). Axis 0997. cr = 49 4'. In crystals with the forms c (0001); r (1011), (2021), 2 (4041). Twins common, tw. pi. a (1120). Cleavage none. Fracture conehoidal. H. = 6 or slightly above. G. = 5 - 301 unchanged cryst. ; 4'78 fresh grains; 4'22 altered cry St. Luster submetaliic. Color black. Streak brownish black. In very thin splinters oil-green to greenish brown. Optically uniaxial; birefringence low. Not magnetic. Composition uncertain; if the iron is all FeO and the manganese MnO 2 , the approximate for- mula is (Fe,Pb)O.2(Ti,Mu)O a . Analysis, Prior : TiO a Fe a O 3 PbO FeO MnO MgO SnO 2 57-21 20-23 10-51 4'14 " 7'00 0'49 (HI = 99'68 Occurs in rounded fragments and rough crystals in the diamond-bearing sands of Diamautiua, Minus Geraes, Brazil. Named after Prof. Joachim da Costa Sena of Ouro Preto, Brazil. SENARMONTITE, p. 198. Occurs at Nieddoris, Sardinia, Brugnatelli, Rend. Accad. Line., 3(1). 78, 1894. SEPIOLITE, p. 680. Optical structure Investigated, also of other compact "amorphous" min- erals (glaucouite, celadonite, halloysite, nontronite), which are shown to be crystalline with minute mica-like scales, Lacroix, C. R., 121, 737, 1895; Bull. Soc. Min., 18, 426, and Min. France, Vol. 1. Analysis from Eskishehir, Asia Minor, Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., 27, 574, 1896. SERPENTINE, pp. 669, 1047, Anal. Ky nance Cove, Lizard, England, aluminous var. (pseud o phyte), Fox, Min. Mag., 9, 275, 1891. Binneuthal, Duparc and Mrazec, Bull Soc. Miu., 17, 210, 1894. Elzivir, Ontario, autholite, Coleman, Am. J. Sc., 48, 281, 1894. Serpentine and serpentine rocks of northern Syria, formation from gabbros and associated peiidotites, Fiuckh, Zs. G. Ges., 50, 113 et seq., 1898. Comp. Discussion of composition with experiments and analyses, R. Brauns, Jb. Min., 1, 205, 1894; Zs. anorg. Ch., 8, 348, 1895, Schneider, ibid., 8, 98, 1895; A. Lindner [Inaug. Diss., Breslau, 1893], Zs. Kr., 25, 589, 1896. Occurrence and associated minerals in the Austrian Alps, Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., 26, 337, 27, 559, 1896. SERPIERITE, p. 963. Laurion, Greece, analysis by Frenzel: (G. = 2'52), SO 3 24*29, CuO 36*12, ZuO 13-95, CaO 8 '00, H 2 O 16'75 = 99 11. The formula deduced is 3(Cu,Zu,Ca)SO 4 -f 3H 2 O. Min. petr. Mitth., 14, 121, 1894. SIDERITE, pp. 276, 1047. Description of crystals from France with the new forms (0332), (1012), (3034), Gonnard, Bull. Soc. Min., 18, 382, 1895. From Neunkirchen, Siegen, containing 3*85 p. c. CoO, Bod lander, Jb. Min., 2, 236, 1892. Occurrence and origin in the Province of Dreuthe, Holland, G. M. van Bemmelen, Arch. Neer- land., 30, 25, 1897. Occurrence in the Mecklenburg Moors, A. Gartner, Arch. Ver. Meckl. , 51, 1897. The "clay -ironstone" of Yorkshire, England, contains gallium, Hartley and Ramage, Proc. Roy. Soc., 60, 35, 393, 1896. Siderotil. A. Sclirauf, Jb. G. Reichs., 41, 380, 1892. A rare iron sulphate occurring in groups of divergent needles with nielanterite at Idria, Carniola. Composition, FeS0 4 .5H 2 O, deduced from the approximate analysis: SO 3 34*3, Fe-jO, 31-7, FeO 30'0, H 2 O [34-0], MgO tr. = 100. SILICATES. Discussion of constitution, F. W. Clarke, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 125, also 113. SILLIMANITE, p. 498. Experimental investigation of conditions of formation in a magma. Morozewicz, Miu. petr. Mitth., 18, 22, 1898. SILVER, p. 19. Occurs at Silver Hill, near Livingston, Davidson Co., N. C., Kunz, Am J. Sc., 7, 242, 1899. Also in groups of minute crystals at the Elkhoru mine, Jefferson Co., Montana (Pfd.). Sjogrufvite. Igelstrom, G. For. Forh., 14, 309, 1892. A partially investigated mineral from the Sjo mine, Orebro, Sweden. Occurs in cavities and minute veins with jacobsite. Crystalline. Color yellow; blood-red in thin layers. Streak yellow. Dissolves completely in cold hydro- APPENDIX I. 63 chloric acid without evolution of gas. Analysis gave: As 2 O 5 49*46, Fe 2 O 11'29, MnO 27'26, CaO 3-01, PbO 1-74, H a O 6 81 = 10017. It is related to arseuioplelte (Min., p. 803). SKUTTERTJDITE, p. 93. Crystals from the Turtmaunthal, Switzerland, show the forms: a (100), o (111), d (110), e (210), n (211). Analysis: As 74-45, 8 72, Bi 4'4C, Co,3Ti IG'47, Fe S'90, gangue 0-28 = 100-22. Staudenmaier, Zs. Kr., 20, 468, 1892. Bismutosmaltite is a skutterudite containing bismuth. Occurs in small crystals, a and o or a and d. Brittle. EL = 6. G. = 6 '92. Luster metallic. Color tin-white. Streak black. Com- position, Co(As,Bi) 3 , Analysis: As 61 '59, Bi 20 -17, Sb O'lC, Co 1C'70, Cu 0'69, I^e 3'71, S 0'05 = 100 '07. Occurs with other bismuth minerals at Zschorlau, near Schnecberg, Saxony. Frenzel, Min. petr. Mitth., 16, 524, 1896. Nickel- shutter udiie is a variety occurring in granular form in the Bullard's Peak distr., Grant Co., New Mexico. H. = 5 ; color gray; streak black. Analysis, after deducting 4*56 SiO 9 and 8-38 Ag (native silver), yielded : As 78-10, ITi IS'80, Co 5'9o, Fe O'CG = 100. This corresponds to RAs 3 with R = Ki : Co : Fe = 4 : 2 : 1. Waller and Moses, Scb. Mines Q., 14, 49, 1892. SMITHSONITE, p. 279. A variety from Boko, Lower California, has a delicate pink color, G.= 3-874, and contains 39'02 p, c. ZuO, 10-25 OoQ, '36 MnO, 72C MgO. C. H. Warren, Am. J. Sc., 6, 123, 1898. Analysis of the "turkey-fat ore" of Marion Co., Arkansas, gave H. N. Stokes, CdS 0'25. CdO 0-63, etc.,Bull. U. 8. G. Surv., 90, 62, ISPS. On the occurrence of lead and zinc ores in Iowa, A. G. Leonard, Iowa Geol. Surv., 6, 1896. SODA-BERZELIITE. See Berzeliitc. SODA-NITER, p. 870. On the morphology, see Wolff, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 715, 1895 ; 135, 1896. SODA-RICHTERITE. See AstocJiite and Richterite. SODALITE, p. 428. Anal. Hastings Co., Ontario, etc., Luquer and Volckening, Am. J. Sc., 49, 465, 1895. Dungannon, Hastings Co., Ontario, Harrington, ibid., 48, 17, 1894. From the trachyte of Montesanto, Italy, Franco, Zs. Kr., 25, 332, 1895. Reported by Osann as occurring in the nephelite-syenite of Paisano Pass, Davis Mts., Texas, Geol. Surv. Texas, 4th Ann. Rep., 128, 1892. On the formation of some twenty-five analogous compounds, Thugutt [Inaug. Diss., Dorpat, 1891], Zs. auorg. Ch., 2, 65, 113, 1892, also Jb. Min., 2, 10 ref., 1893. Experimental investigation of conditions of formation in a magma (also for related species), Morozewicz, Min. petr. Mitth., 18, 128, 1898. SPANGOLITE, p. 919. Associated with connellite, clmoclasite, iiroconite from Cornwall (prob- ably the St. Day distr., Redruth ?) ; in hemimorphic. hexagonal crystals pyroeiectric Miers Nature, 48, 426, 1893, and Min. Mag., 10. 273 ; 1894. 1, SPERRYLITE, p. 92. Crystals from the Vermillion mine show the diploid (10-5-2), T. L. Walker, Am. J. Sc., 1, 110, 1896. Occurrence and crystals (Fig. 1 by G. H. Edwards) described, from Macon Co,, N. Carolina, Hidden, Am. J. Sc,, 6, 381.. 467 ; 1898. SPILEROSTILBITE, p. 583. Prior shows that the supposed mineral of Beudant probably has no existence. Specimens from various localities called by this name proved to be thomsonite, not stilbite. Min. Mag., 12, 26, 1898. SPHALERITE, pp. 59, 1048. Cryst. Binnenthal, new form 316, Cesaro, Bull. Acad. B<54)?, r (854)?. Axes deduced /> : b c = 0-8944 : 1 : 1-5836; bm = M8 ll'-4, c?> = *67 10' '2. Analysis on material much decomposed gave (of. anal., p. 777): P a O 6 296-3. CaO 45'84, MgO 8 '56, A1 2 O 3 4- Fe a Os 2-38, SiO 2 8'74, H a O 3'7<5, F 2'94 = 101 84. The formula deduced is wCu 3 P a O 8 + ?iCuF a . G. For. For')., 15, 400, 1893. STANNITE, p. 83. Tetrahedral crystals are mentioned by vom Rath, Vh. Ver. Rheinl. , 41, 23'5, 1884; also Stelzuer (from Bolivia), Zs. G. Ges., 49, 97, 1897. Shown by Headden to occur at the ''Peerless and Etta mines, Black Hills, S. Dakota, Am. J. Be., 45, 105, 1893. Analysis (Peerless mine) gave : S 28'26, 811 24'08, Cu 29 81, Fe 7'45, Zn 8'71. CM 0-33, Sb tr., insol. 1 51 = lOO'lo. G. = 4 534; color grayish black. Largely altered by oxidation to a greenish earthy mass ; this substance has been made by Ulke (Trans. Am. Inst. Mug. Eng., 21, 240. Feb., 1892) the basis of a new species, citprocassiterite, supposed (as the result of a partial analysis) to have the formula, 4SnO 2 -j- Cu 2 Sn(OH) 3 . Headden shows, however, thut the composition varies widely. STAUROLITE, p. 558. Penfield and Pratt, on the basis of new analyses (below) on pure material, have established the formula HAUFeSiaOis, or (AlO) 4 (AlOH)Fe(SiO 4 ) 2 . Sections of crystals from Lisbon, N. H., show a regular arrangement of carbonaceous inclusions, thus Figs. 1 to 4, cut from the same crystal. 1. 2. 3. 4. G. 1. St. Got hard 3 '748 2. Windharn, Me. 3 728 3. Lisbon, N. H. 3-775 4. Burnsville, N. C. 3 773 The composition has also been discussed by Rammelsberg, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 9, 480, and Ber. Ak. Berlin, 435. 1893. SiO a A1 2 3 Fe 2 3 FeO MuO MgO H 2 O 27-73 53-29 2-83 11 21 053 1-81 2-19 = 99-59 27-84 54-46 283 10-60 0-59 1-85 2-24 = 10041 27-81- 54-09 2-76 12-48 1.92 1-70 = 100-76 27-70 53-22 4-82 9-72 0-34 266 1-97 = 100-43 415. Further examined by Moberg (Zs. Kr. t 29, 386, 1898) with the stallization rhombohedral, axis c = l'0842. cr *51 23', rr' = 85 10'. STEENBTIIUPINE, p. following results: Crystallizati Forms : c (0001), a (1120), p (.5059), r (1011), z (4041), e (0113), e (Oll2), /(0445), d (0221), (0881). Habit rhombohedral, r predominating. Cleavage none. Fracture conchoidal. H.= 4. G.= 3'40 -3 47 cryst. ; 3'19 massive. Luster resinous Color dark brown to nearly black. Streak brown. Optically . Birefringence low. By alteration isotropic. Analyses by Blomstrand, 1 on crystals and 2, 3 on massive material ; all somewhat altered, the crystals least so. About one- third of the water goes off at 100 to 110. SiO a (Ta,Nb) 2 O 5 P 2 O 5 ThO a Ce a O 3 (La,Di) a O, Y a O, Fe a O, Mn 2 O a 1. 26-57 1-21 5-81 3'03 14'40 ~1?90 4"55 1'82 SiO 2 (Ta,Nb) 2 O 6 P 2 O 5 ThO a CeO a (La,Di) 8 O 3 Y a O 3 Fe 2 O, Mn a O, A1,O 8 2. 20-61 1 58 4-53 3*84 17'85 15'52 2'19 5'18 5'79 0'40 3. 21-30 1-02 4-39 4'13 19'40 16'68 1'68 . 4'91 6'80 0'60 BeO 1-22 1-93 CaO PbO Na a O 4-03 0-46 8-34 K a O 0-50, H 2 O 7-58 = 99'07 CaO PbO Nu 2 O H 2 O 4-22 1-02 2-53 12'73 = 99-21 455 0-78 2-54 10 30 = lOl'Ol STEPHANITE, pp. 143, 1025, 1048. Cryst, Sarrabus, Sardinia, crystal monograph, new forms noted: (510)?, (230), (O'5'll)?, (818), (18'5'5), (13-4-4), (7-11-9), (372), (141), (S-10'l), (161). Ariini, Giorn. Min., 2,241, 1891. Pribram, cryst. memoir, new forms: N (522), r 3 (441). 7< 2 (9-13-18)?, z! 3 (8-33-16)?, Nejdl, Ber. Bdhrn. Ges., Feb. 8, 1895. Harz Mts., Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 168, 1896. Chili, new forms (551), (10'10'3), L. J. Spencer, Mm. Mag., 11, 196, 1897. Stevensite. See Talc. Stibiotantalite. G. A. Goyder, J. Ch. Soc., 63, 1076, 1893. A mineral substance, occurring in water-worn fragments in the tin- bearing sands of Greenbushes, West Australia. Analysis on nearly pure mateiial gave: Ta 2 O 5 51 '13, Nb a O 8 7'56, Sb a O 8 40'23, Bi 2 O 3 82, NiO 08, H..OO 08= 99'90. G. 7 37. H.= 5-55. Luster adamantine to resinous. Color pale reddish yellow to greenish yellow and yellow. Fracture subconchoidal to granular. Structure crystalline. STIBNITE, pp. 36, 1048. Cryst. Celine, Italy, Artiui, Rend. Accad. Line., 3 (2), 416, 1894. Allchar, Macedonia, Viba, Ber. Ak. Bohm. Dec. 7, 1894. Schlaining, Hungary, new forms APPENDIX 1. 65 b (034), a (10-9-15), to (12-19 3), s (40-19-10), r (563), A. Schmidt, Zs. Kr., 29, 196, 1897. Brixlegg, Tyrol, Worobieff, Zs. Kr., 31, 52, 1899. Heat conductivity measured, F. B. Peck, Zs. Kr., 27, 316, 1896. STILBITE, p. 583. Crystals from the Tulferthnl, Tyrol, described, Habert, Zs,, Kr., 28, 243, 1897. Change in physical and chemical characters brought about by the action of sulphuric acid, Rinue, Jb. Min., 1, 41, 1897. The name metadesmme (p. 58) is given to the forms resulting from more or less complete dehydration; the chemical and physical changesare found to go on together See Sphcerostilbite. STILPNOMELANE, p. 658. Occurs at the Wallbridge mine, Madoc, Hastings Co., Ontario; Also on Partridge Is., Nova Scotia. Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 7, 15R. STOLZITE, p. 989. Crystals from Loudville, Mass., described by Emerson are hemihedral with the forms: (120), (130), (101), (111), (131), (342). Bull. U. S. G. Surv , 126, 163, 1895. Crystals from the Broken Hill mines, New South Wales, described by C. Hlawatsch, show the new forms; a (100), 1 (I'O'IO) ?, a- (109), T (103), o (102), rf (203), h (304), 6 (201), n (133), A (155). Axis c -- 1 5606. Optically -. Indices &? = 2'2685, e y = 2-182. Analysis by Treadwell. Zs. Kr., 29, i: 0, 1897. On rounded faces, etching-figures, etc., Hlawatsch, Zs. Kr., 31, 1, 1899. STRIGOVITE, p. 659. Analysis, Grand Marais, Minn., Berkey 23d Ann. R^p't Minn. G. Surv., p. 197. STROMEYERITE, pp. 56, 1048. Occurs at the Silver King mine, Toad Mt., Yale district, Br. Columbia (anal, by Johnston), Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada. 8, 13R, 1895. STHONTIANITE, pp. 285, 1048. Occurs in Nepan township, Carleton Co., Ontario, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 6, 22R, 30R, 1892-93 At Lubna, near Rakouitz, Bohemia, Eichleiter, Vh. G. Reichs., 297, 1S98. SUCCINITE, p. 1004 See investigations on succinite and related resins by Dahms, Schrift. Ges. D;mzig, 8, Nos. 3-4, p. 97, 1892; 9, No. 2, 1, 1895. Also Aweng [Arch. f. Pharm., 232, 660, 1894], Jb. Min., 2, 254 ref., 1896; Helm [ibid., 233, 191, 1895], Jb. Min., 2,255, 1896. Also Mono- graph, d. bultKsch. Bernsteinbaume, H. Conwentz, Danzig, 1890. See also allingite, burmite, cedarite, etc. Sulfoborite. See Sulphoboritc. Sulphoborite. Sulfoborit, H. Naupert and W. Wense, Ber. Ch. Ges. 26, 874, 1893. H. Sucking, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 967, 1893. Orthorhombic. Axes cub: c = 0'6196 : 1 : 0'8100. Observed forms : b (010), c (001), m (110), r (101), o (111). Angles: mm'" = 63 34', oo' = *90 53', oo iv = *66 4', oo" = 113 56', oo'" = 52 24'. In small prismatic crystals of varying habit. Cleavage : m rather perfect ; c less so. Brittle. H. =4. G. = 2'38-2'45 Naupert and Wense ; 2*416 Thaddeeff, also clear cryst. 2 440. Luster dull on c. Colorless or reddish on the exterior (Fe 2 O 3 ). Transparent. Optically - . Ax. pi. || b. Bx a j_ c. 2H ar = 79 36', 2II oy = 85 4' Na. .-. fa = 1-5396, also a y = 1-5272. r = 1 '5443. Composition, 2MgSO 4 .4MgHBO 3 .7H a O Thaddeeff; Naup-rt and Wenee obtained 3MrSO 4 , 2Mg 3 B 4 O 9 -f 12H 2 O. Analyses, 1, Naupert and Wense ; 2 Thaddeeff, Zs. Kr , 28, 264, 1897. SOs B a O 3 MgO H 2 O 1. 21-95(|) T2364] 32'91 21 -50 = 100 2. 22-46 19 79 33 48 23'43 (ign.), H a O 0-10 (110-170 ), Fe a O 3 O'll, insol. 0'32 = 99'69 B.B. fuses with intumescence, coloring the flame green; reacts for sulphur with soda on char- coal. Dissolves rather readily in mineral acids. From the salt mines of Westeregeln. where it occurs with anhydrite, carnallite, kieserite, celestite, eisenboracite, etc. SULPHOHALITE, p. 917. Van't Hoff and Snunders suggest doubts as to the existence of this species on the insufficient grounds: (1) since they failed to obtain it synthetically; and (2) since specimens furnished as sulphohalite by a dealer proved to be simply halite. Ber. Ak. Berlin, p. 66 APPENDIX L 392, 1898. Penfield, however, has examined (priv. contr.) the original specimen and finds it to be homogeneous and to contain both sulphate and chloride of sodium. A new analysis will be made. SULPHUR, pp. 8, 1048. Cryst. Milo ; Roisdorf, new form / (151) ; Bassick, rj (553); Coinil, near Cadiz, twins, tw. pi. (101), Busz, Zs. Kr., 20, 558 et seq., 1892. Allchar, Macedonia, new form k (122), Pelikau, Miii. petr. Milth., 12, 344, 1892; also Vrba, Ber Ak. Bohm., Dec. 7, 1894. Schlainiug, Hungary, occurriug with stibnite, Schmidt, Zs. Kr., 29, 207, 1897. Buggeru, Surdiuia, new forms, (305), u, (319), A (155), Millosevich, Riv. Min. Ital., 21, 43, 1898. Occurs in the Upper Helderberg limestone of Monroe Co., Mich., Sherzer, Am. J. Sc., 50, 246, 1895. Occurrence in Texas, E. A. 'Smith, Science, 3, May 1, 1896. Method of formation, of the third allotropic form (monoclinic), Salomon, Zs. Kr., 30, 605, 1899. Sundtite. W. C. Brogger, Zs. Kr., 21, 193, 1893. See Andorite. SVABITE, p. 1052. Further described by Hj. Sjogren, G. For. Forh., 13, i, 1891 ; 17, 313, 1895 ; Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 1, 50, 1892. Occurs well crystallized at the Harstig mine, Pajsberg ; also in minute crystals, but usually massive, at the Jakobsberg mine, near Nordmark, Sweden. Composi- tion essentially Ca 4 (CaF)As 3 Oi2, or analogous to that of apatite, with which it agrees in form ; F partly replaced by Cl and (OH), Ca partly by Pb, Mg and alkalies. Analyses, R. Mauzelius, quoted by Sjogren, Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 1, 54 : 1, G. = 3-77 ; 2, G. = 3'82. As 2 O 6 P 2 O 5 CaO PbO FeO MnO MgO Na a O K a O SO, Cl F H a O ! l.Jakobsberg 51'05 0'38 42'07 3'02 0'08 0'26 0'52 0'56 0'30 0'69 0'12 1'99 0-25 = 101'29 ^--^ 2. " 5092 tr. 37-22 4'52 0'14 0'19 3'90 0'39 0'28 0'57 0'08 2'SO 0'33 = 101'34 Svabite. Svabite appears to belong distinctly to the Apatite Group; its relationship is shown not only in the similarity of angle, but also in the symmetry of the form as indicated by traces of a hexagonal prism of the third order (cf. Fig.). SYLVANITE, p. 103. From Nagyag, Vrba, Ber. Ak. BGhm , Dec. 7, 1894. Occurs at Kalgoorlie, West Australia. G. = 8'14, Ag = 3-82 p. c. Frenzel, Min. petr Mitth., 17, 288, 1897. Occurs at Cripple Creek, Colorado. See Calavcrite, .Krennerite, and Goldschmidlite. SYLVITE, pp. 156, 1036, 1049. Refractive indices for long waves, Rubens and Snow, Wied. Ann., 46, 529, 1892. Dispersion and absorption in infra-red, Rubens and Trowbridge, Wied. Ann., 60, 724, 1897. and Am. J. Sc., 5, 33, 1898. Stassfurt, analysis by W. Schimpff, Zs. Kr., 25, 92, 1895. SYNGENITE, p. 945. Optical constants determined, Mtigge, Jb. Min., 1, 266, 1895. TACHHYDRITE, p. 178. Discussion of conditions of formation and of alteration, van't Hoff and Meyerhoffer, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 508, 1897. On the synthesis of isomorphous compounds, A. de Schulten, Bull. Soc. Ch., 17, 165, 1897. TALC, p. 678. From the dolomite of Canaan, Conn., rose-colored, analysis by L. Kahlenberg- SiO a 61-48, AUO, 3'04, MgO 25'54, CaO 4'19, FeO 0'77, MnO tr. t H a O 5'54 = 100'56. See Hobbs, Am. J. Sc., 45, 404, 1893. On the origin (from enstatite and tremolite) of the fibrous talc of northern New York, C. H. Smyth, Sch. Mines Q., 17, 333, 1896 ; see Am. Geol., 10, 44, 1892. Talc, pseudomorphous after pectolite, has been called stevemite by Leeds, cf. Chester, Diction- ary Names Minerals, 257, 1896. A fibrous variety perhaps pseudomorphous has been called beaconite by L. W. Hubbard, Rep't State Bd. Geol. Surv. Michigan, 1891-92, p. 171 (Lansing, 1893). Resembles asbestus; /5 = 1-5- 1-6; 2V = 60 (Lane). G. = 2 '74-2 "88. Analysis gave Packard: SiO, 59'72, Fe a O 3 ,FeO 8'67, MnO 0-64, MgO 26'42, ign. 4'13 = 99'58; formula deduced H 3 (Mg,Fe) 3 (SiO 4 )3. From the Champion mine, Beacon P. O., Michigan. A magnesium silicate near talc in composition occurs in irregular veins and streaks of a bright blue color in silver-bearing limestone near Silver City, New Mexico. As separated it is dull, earthy, resembling vivianite. An analysis gave: SiO 3 62-43, MgO 28'53, ign. 6'47, Al a O 3 025, FeO 0-99, Na,O 0'14, K 2 O 0-16 = 98'97. R. L. Packard, Proc. Nat. Mus., 17, 19, 1894. This mineral has been called native ultramarine. Talkknebelite, Talc-knebelite. L. J. Igtlstrom, Jb. Miu., 1, 248, 1890. See Knebelite. APPENDIX I. 67 TANTALITE, pp. 731 et seq. Crystals from Paris, Me., with G. = 7 '26, agree closely with columbite in angles (Fig. 1); forms a, b, c, m, d (730), g (130), o (111), n (163), C. H. Warren, Am. J. Sc., 6, 123, 1898. These results show the correctness of the position taken in Dana's Miu. (1. c.) in regard to the relation of true tantalite and columbite, as also of the former to "skogbolite " and "ixiolite." Brogger has now proved, further, that the supposed orthorhombic iron tanta- lite (skogbolite of Nordenskiold), which most authors have vainly tried to bring into correspondence in form with columbite, is in fact tetragonal and identical with tapiolite. The crystals (Figs. 1, 2, Min., p. 736) are twins elon- gated parallel to e (101) as tw. plane (r = 111, etc.). In axial ratio and habit they correspond to mossite (this Append., p. 48). Vid. Skrift. I, Math.-nat. Klasse, No. 7, 1897, Christiania. See also Tapiolite. Analysis from Finland, Khrushchev, Vh. Min. Ges., 31, 415, 1894. See also Mossite. g- TAPIOLITE, p. 738. Crystals, in part twins (Figs. 1, 2), with G. = 7*67-7-68, occur at Topsham. Me., C. H. Warren, Am. J. Sc., 6, 121, 1. 2. 1898. The twins are elongated 1 e (tw. pi.), simi- larly to some rutile, cf> Min., p. 1047. Similar twins exist with the tapiolite of Norway formerly called tantalite (skogbolite), see Tantalite. Taraspite. A variety of dolomite from Tarasp, Switzerland, apparently the same as miemite (Min., p. 271), cf. C. v. John, Vh. G. Reichs., 67, 1891. Taylorite. This name (already in use, Min., p. 895) has been given by W. C. Knight (Eng. Mng. J., 63, 600, 1897) to an unctuous, greenish-yellow to cream-colored clay with G. = 2*132; composition variable. Forms beds in the Cretaceous shales of Rock Creek, Albany Co., Wyoming. Tapiolite, Topsham, Me. TENNANTITE, pp. 137, 1049. A massive variety occurs at the Mollie Gibson mine, Aspen, Colorado, associated with polybasite (see p. 54, this "Appendix). Analysis. Penfield : (G. 4'56), S 25-04, As 17-18, Sb 0'13, Cu 35*72, Ag 13'65, Zn 6-90, Fe 0'42, Pb 0'86 = 99-90. Also stated to occur near Central City and at the Freelaud lode and Crocett mine, Idaho Springs, Colorado. Penfield and Pearce, Am. J. Sc., 44, 18, 1892. Occurs in Barrie township, Frontenac Co., Quebec, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 6, 28R, 1892-3. Also at the Avoca claim, Bonaparte river, Lillooet distr., 3r. Columbia, ibid., 9, 13R, 1896. See also Binnite ; which is stated to be identical with tennantite. TETRADTMITE, p. 39. Analyses by W. Muthmann and E. Schr5der, of specimens from Orawitza and Schubkau give the same composition, Bi 2 (Te,S) 3 or 2Bi 2 Te s .Bi 3 S 3 . Zs. Kr., 29, 140, 1897. Analyses below after deducting gangue, in 1, 11 p. c.; in 2, 0'5 p. c. Occurs with altaite and hessite near Liddell creek, Kaslo river, West Kootanie, Br. Columbia, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 8, 10R, 1895. Analysis by Johnston (3 below after deducting 3'5 p. c. quartz). 1. Orawitza 2. Schubkau 3. Br. Columbia G Te Se S Bi I 35-43 4-49 59-14 = 99-06 7-095 | 35-43 tr. 4-31 60*23 = 99-97 37-29 tr. 4-45 53'69 Pb 3'63, Ag 0'94, Tl tr. = 100. Tetragophosphite. L. J. Igehtrom, Zs. Kryst., 25, 433, 1895. A supposed new phosphate resembling lazulite, occurring at Horrsjoberg in a quartzose r ock carrying cyanite. In four-sided tabular crystals ; color bright blue; transparent. Two analyses gave somewhat discordant results: P 2 6 Al a O 3 FeO,MuO Mg.CaO H 2 O 36-92 33-64 40-00 41-81 9-51 9-51 Mg.CaO 7 '50 6*54 5-96 = 99-89 8 30 = 100 TETRAHEDRITE, p. 137. Crystals from Framont described with new forms, (771), (H'11'2), (21-20-20), Brunlechner [Inaug. Diss., Strnssburg, 1892], Zs. Kr., 24, 628, 1895. A variety containing lead (9*38 p. c. Pb) occurs at the Antelope claim, West Kootanie, Br. Columbia (anal, by Johnston), Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 7, 12R, 1894. Occurs also (3'09 p. c. Ag) near Sicamons, Shuswap Lake, Br. Columbia, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 5, 65R, 1889-90. With gold ores of California, Turner and Lindgren, Am. J. Sc., 49, 379, 1895. Specific heat determined, also of other sulphur compounds, A. Sella. Nachr. Ges. GOttingen, 311, 1891. 68 APPENDIX I. Thalenite. Benedicks, G. F5r. Forh., 20, 308, 1898. Monoclinic. Axes a : b : c = 1-154 : 1 : 602 ; ft = 80'2. Forms : a (100), b (010), c (001), m(110),f(Q21),(llfy d (lit), & (311). Angles : am = 48'7, a'd = 73 0', 6d = 55'7. Crystals tabular f a, in part prismatic || c. Cleavage none. Fracture uneven to splintery. Brittle. H. = 6'5. G. -= 4'227. Color fiYsh- red. Optically. Ax. pi. nearly 1 c. Bx a 1 a(100). Indices for Na, a = 1'73 12, 0=1-7375, r = 1-7436. 2H a . y = 81 36', . 2V a y = 67 35'. Composition, H 2 Y4Si4O J5 or HaC.2YO3.4SiO a . Analyses: 1, of fresh material; 2, of weathered material. SiO 2 Y 2