The following List contains the names of a few of the Patrons and Subscribers to r^ Vx. MONTGOMERY MAIITIN'S NEW WOEK, HE BllITISH COLONIES. HER MOST THE II. THE DUCHESS OF KENT. | II.U.II. The Duke of Clevel.vnd, K.G. The Makqvis of Dowxsiiike. Karl Guey, Secretary of State fcir the Colonics. The Eakl of Cl.\rexuox, Lord-Lieuteiumt of Ireland. The Earl of "W.arwick. The Eakl of Elgin & Kincardine, Gov.-Gen. of Canada. The Earl of Lincoln, M.l'. The Earl of Dartmoutu. The E.ARL of Derby. General Viscount Combermere, G.C.B., G.C.IL, P.C. Bishop of Exeter. Le Comm.indeur Marques Lishoa. Count C.alorado, the Austrian .Minister. Lord Howard De AValden, G.C.H. Lord Willoughby D'Eresby, I'.C. Lord "Wenlock. Lord Talbot De MAL.miDE. Lord Leigh. Lord Lov.wt. Lord Ke.ane. Lord Erskine. Lord "Willi.wi Powlett, M.P. The DE.4.N of Exeter. Archdeacon Bartholomew, Exeter. Sir W. Somerville, Bart., M.P., Chief Secretary of Ireland. Sir Thomas Kedinoton, Uj^der Secretarv, ditto. Sir T. O'Brien, Bart, M.P., Lord Mayor "of Dublin. Sir Thomas Dyke Ackl.and, Bart., M.P. Sir Charles Forbes, Bart. The Right Hon. Sir Henry Ellis, K.C.B. The Kight Hon. Fox M.\ULE, M.P., Secretary-at-War. The Hon. J. P. AVard, Brighton. The Hon. F. H. F. Berkeley, M.P. Sir John H. Pelly, Bart. The Hon. and Rev. H. C. Cust, Windsor Castle. The Hon. Colonel Charles Grey, Windsor Castle: Spencer Horatio AVali-ole, Esq., Ci.C, M.P. J. Macgregor, Esq , M.P. M.vjor-General Alfred Richards, C.B. Rear-Admir.vl Prescut r, I'urtsea. Rear-Admiral Capel, Portsea. Mathew Forstlr, Esq., M.P. A. Branton, D.D., University College Library, Edhihurgh. Sir J.iliES Axdekson, Lord Provost of Glasgow. Sir a. Allison, Glasgow. M.uoR Daui-.eny, C.B., Dublin. J. Bramby Moore, Esq., Mayor of Liverpool. D. Fulciier, Esq., Mayor of Southwold. Sir Robert Kane. Sir AViLLi.iM Fielden, Bart., Blackburn. W. Keogh, Esq., M.P. E. S. GoocH, Esq., M.P. The Board of National Education, Dublin (Six Cojiics.) Rev. Doctor Sadlter, Provost of Trinity College, Dublin. Hon. Colonel A. A. Dalzell, -IHth Regiment of Foot. Colonel Browne, Commr. of Metropn. Police, Dublin. Colonel Columb, IMilitary School, Pha^nix Park, Dublin. PowLETT ScROPE. Esq., M.P., Bulgrave Square, London. C. E. Steuart, Ei^q., Secretary to the London and North Western Railway Com))any, ditto. J. A. Beau.MONT, Esf)., County Firo Olficc, London. GRACIOUS MAJESTY QUEEN. THE DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE, K.G., G.C.B., G.C.H., P.C James Sturge, Esq., Birmingham. C. Spurge, Esq., Birmingham. — Akroyd, Esq. Halifax. George Adams, Esq., Principal Accountant, Board of Works, Dublin. B. D. Gibbons, Esq., Engineer of Kingstown Harbour, E. Hormsby, Esq., Chief Secretar\, Board of Works, Dublin. C. Hiuginboth.\m, Esq., Ecclesiastical Commr., Dublin. Rev. G. Lynch, R.C.C, Dublin. Rev. Mr. Doyle, R.C.C, Dublin. George Forbes, Esq., London. The Rev. Dr. L.ang, ditto. Lieut. Lean, R.N., Government Emigration Office, London. The AVar Office. The Colonial Office. Agent for Crown Colonies. The Trinity Corporation. Peninsula and Orient.u, Steam Navigation Company. West India Royal Mail Steam Packet Co.vp.any. General Ship Owners' Society. N.iTAL Emigration Society. Hudson's B.^y Company. South Australian Mining Company. South Austr.ali.\n Banking Company. South Australian Insurance Co.mpany. New Zealand Company. General Screw Steam Shipping Company. London Joint Stock B.tNK. Union Plate Glass Company. Colonization Assurance Company. Atlantic and Pacific Junction Co.mp.vny. Stephen's Green Club, Dublin. Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin. St. Andrews and Quebec Railway, London. Metropolitan Police Libraries, ly cojiius. J. AV. Fresiifield, Esq., London. G. T. Brain, Esq., ditto. AV. G. AA'iiiCKER, Esq., ditto Colonel Matson, ditto. C. I'\ Arundel, Esq., ditto. Captain D.vwson, Somerset House, ditto. S. S. Lewis, Esq., Aibniralty, Somerset House, ditto. J. E. Burmester, Esq., Admiralty, Somerset House, ditto. W. L. Sepfings, Esq., Admiridty, Somerset House, ditto. E. Gandy, Esq., Atbuiralty, Somerset House, ditto. J. M. Barron, Esq., Acbniralty, Somerset House, dit II. Bryson, M.D., Admiralty, Somerset House, ditto. AV. Scamp, Esq., Admiralty, Somerset House, ditto. J. Reddie, Esq., Admiralty, Somerset House, ditto. G. AVells, Esq., Admiralty, Somerset House, ditto. J. BiGGAR, Esq., Admiralty, Somerset House, ditto. (i. Pollard, Esq., London Joint Stock Bank, ditto AV. O. Young, Esq., Sun-court, Cornhill, diHo. E. L. Boyd, Esq., AVatcrloo-j)lace, ditto. E. J. AVheei.er, Esq., ditto. Joseph Stavnor, Esq., 110, Fenchurch-strcct, ditto. Mark Boyd, Esq., Bank-buildings, ditto. Joseph Bailey, Esq., Cowper's-court, Surveyor to Llovcls'. - Stevens, T'.sq., at Baring, Brothers. E. llrcH-s l'^«b F.U.S., ditto. LONDON EXPORT HOUSES, MANUFACTURERS, &c. AliDlNSRU., S.. TiiilDr, Piaj'cT, Militar) ;iii(l NavalOutlilli r. 1,'), I.nnib's ('r)iuUiil-sIi('(t. Allirs, J., Whnli'salf and llctail Hoot and Shoe Manufac- tuicrs, 7, Bi»hop»(;atf-slroct 'Wilhin. Au.ASsoN, \\'., & Co.. SlifH'ulJ I'lale Warelioinc, 31, Castle slicit, Ilolborn. AMKl.ANd, I.., Mamifactiircrof Scal!n(j"\\'ax (for nllClimoles), I.')!, lU'ii l,ion-«ti-i'tt, Clerlu'inioll. AliNDl.li, J. H., Slii|) and Insurance Broker, 4, ClementV Innc. ArXoM), T., Sail Cloth Factor, Rood-lane. Asi.lN, M., Morocco Jewel Cose Manufacturer, 35, Clerken- well-closo. IJaKKU. G., iSr Sox. Rope Makers, 21, ncrmondsey-wall. UaI-Fouu, Lamino, i*i: Owen, Ship and Insurance Brokers and General Commission Merchants, 107, Tunchurch- streot, Lloyd's, and Liverpool. Hauino, Bhothkus, Merchants, Bishopssate-street Within. Bakki;u &: Co., Coach and Harness Makers, C6, Chandos- .strect, Covcnt-carden. Baunt.s, ¥.,& Co., Ironmongers and Manufacturers, London, Birniin<;ham, and Sheffield. Batkman, J., & Sons, AVholesale and Export Clock and Clock-Case Manufacturers, 98, St. John-st., Smithfield. Bateman, J., & So.NS, Brass and Gas Apparatus Manufac- turers an'd Fitters, 9S, St. John-street, Smithfield. Bates & Sons, Cotton Spinners, 8, Little Knight Rider-st. Bayley, "\V., Gold and Silver Beater, 14 and 15, Gee- street, Goswell-strcet. Beavmost, W., Chocolate and Cocoa Manufacturer, 13, Little Saffron-hill. Bell, Btdden, & Co., Australian Commission Merchants, 2, Jeffrey-square, St. Mary Axe. Bellotti, T., Lookin^-Glass and Barometer Manufacturer, &c., 8i, Little Saifron-hill. Bexfiei-D.G., Export Boot Maker, Lime-street-square. Bicinix, E., Chromo-Lithographic Printer, 20, Coppice-row, Clerkenwell. Bla-SHFIKLD, J. M., Cement, Plaster, and Mastic Manufac- turer, and Marble Merchant, 3, New London-street, Fench urch-street. Blissett, J., Real Manufacturer of Guns, Rifles, and Pis- tols, 321, High Ilolborn. Bluxdell, H., Musical and House Clock Manufacturer, 7, Rod Lion-street, Clerkenwell. BoXO. J., the Original Marking Ink Manufacturer, 28, Long- lane, West Sinithfield. City. BoTiiiEUBY & Dixox, Gas Engineers, 23, King-street, Covent-garden. BoULTOX, S., Widows' Cap Maker, 2, ^Tiiskin-street, Clerk- enwell. Boii.Tox, J., Gas Meter Manufacturer, 1, Coppice-row, Clerkenwell. Bou.skielu, J. R., & Co., MTiolesale Clothiers, &c., 126, lloundsditch. BowDEX, J., Agent for Iron -Roofs and Buildings, 82, Mark- lane. Brexnaxd, p., (late R. LongO Veterinary Instrument Maker, &c., to Her Majesty, the Veterinary College, the Army, and the Board of Ordnance, 217, High Holbom. BlUK'KELiiAXlv, L., Tallow Melter, 127, Aldersgate-street. Buowx, E., Clock-Case and Cabinet Maker, 14, St. John- square, Clerkenwell. Buowx, J., Working Goldsmith and Jeweller, 3, Newcastle- place, Clerkcnw ell-dose. Bkoomiiead. L., Manufacturing Cutler, S, Union-street, I'.ast, Spitaltields. BrCKlXGllAM, Joux, Rope and Hair Cloth Manufacturer, 33, High-street, Bloomshury. Bl'urilElELD and Sox, Agricultural Implement, Scale, Weight, and Weighing Machine Manufacturers, 1 and S2, West Smithfield. BrUTON, G., Tin Box, Manufacturer, Wholesale, Retail, and for Exportation, 1, Northampton-street, St. John- street, ClerKenwell. Boyd, Isaac, Silk Manufacturer, 20, Spital-square. Caki.oss, a., AVatchmaker and Jeweller, 8, Great Russell- street. Bloomshury. Caumax, T., Junr., Patent Smokeless Stove Manufacturer, and Export Ironmonger, 120, Newgtite-street. Carley, G., Watch Manufacturer, Wholesale and Export, ■15, St. John-square, Clerkenwell. CllEDELL.T., \ Co.. Wine Merchants. 40, Limc-strcet. ( iiir.ip, W. It. I'liirli .\IiiiiciraetMr<.r, 2i)\-2l, I'rovidencc- r tern of AVriling, Arithmetic, and Book-keeping, 81, Lombard-street. Davis, E. J., Marquee and Rick Cloth Manufacturer, West Smithfield. D.WIES, Jas., & Sox, AMiolesale and Export Boot and Shoo AA'arehouse, 9, Gracechurch-street. Haa'Ies, W. j., Emery Manufacturer, New Weston-street, Borough. Dawsox & Morris, Isinglass Importers. 96, Fenchurch-st. Hawsox, j.. Agent to the Royal West India Steam Pack' • Company, 9, Billiter-squ.are. D.VT, E., Patent Range and Stove Manufacturer, 11.'!, London-wall. Deacox & Soxs, J., Linen and Cotton Factors, 37, Walbrook. Deaxe, G. & J.. Stove and Range Manufacturers, Export Ironmongers, Cutlers, Jewellers, Birmingham and Snef- field Warehousemen, Pump and Bath Manufacturer- De.ilers in Agricultural ImplemenLs, Saddle. Ilamo- and Horse Clothing Manufacturers, and Dealers in Fane ■ Goods, 46, KingM'illiam-street, London-bridge. Dearle, F. I)., Merchant, East India Chambers. De Pass & Sox, Wholesale and Export Boot and Shi Manufacturers, and Leather Merchants, 20, Finsbury-_ Dexxe & Pe.\RCE, Furnishing Ironmongers, 44, F'arrini don-street. Devitt & Moore, Ship and Insurance Brokers and Genci Agents, 9, Billiter-street. Leadenhall-strect. Dixox, Soxs, & Tooke, Wholesiile Jewellers, 37. Hattoi garden. DrcKWORTlI & HiLDER, Wine Merchants, Brabant-court. DrcKwoRTn, F. J., & Co.. M'ine Merchants, 2, Brabant- eourt. DuFFiELD. J. E., & Co., Coach and Harness Manufacturers, 1 14, Aldersgate-sti-eet. Duke, R., Merchant and Sail Cloth Factor, 31, Lower East Smithfield. DrxcAX & Co., R., Wine Merchants, East India and New Zealand Agents, 43. Lime-street. Dl'XX, D., Manufacturer of Soluble Hiocolate. Coco."., Essence of Coffee. &e., 9. King"s-row, Pcntonvillc. Drxx, R., I^xport Paper Merchant, 81, Upper Tham street. E.VRXSI1AW, T., AVatch, Clock, and Chronometer Manufai turer to the Aibniralty. 1 19, High Holbom. Edwariis, j.. Gas Apparatus Manufacturer and Fitt 39, .\., Ray-street. CUrken-vvell. Eglese. J., Watch Maker and Goldsmith for Home and Exportation, 30, Comhill. En-derbt, C. II. & G., Merchants, 13, Great St. Helens. Kv.vss, J., Biot Tree and Last Manufacturer, 18, Old Compton-strcct, Soho. FaIRChilu, J., & Co.. Pianoforte Manufacturers (for ex- treme climates), 200, High Holborn. Farebrother, C'i.ark, & Lte, Auctioneers, Surveyors, and Estate Agents, 6, Lancaster-place, Strand. FaCSTLEROy, G., '\\'orstcd and Yarn Spinner and Djer, 1.3, Kopemakcr-street, Finsbury. Fklgate, AV., &: Co., Ship and Insurance Agents, 4, Cle- ments-lane. FiGGINs, V. &- J., Tj-jie Founders and Manufacturers of Printins Materials, 17, "West-street, Smithfield. FiTCll, .T. R., Wholesale Jeweller and Birmingh.-ira Agent, every description of Gas Chandeliers and Fittings, 51, Ilatton-garden. FiTZER, F., Brass Finisher and Gas Fitter, 9, Clerkenwell- close. Fontaine, W., Tallow Chandler, Soap Maker, and Oilman, East-street, Iloxton. Forbes, R., 137, Leadenhall-street, Shipping Agent. Ford & Rekves, Ship and Insurance Agents, 3, Leaden- hall-street. Forster & Sjiitii, Merchants. Xew City Chambers, Bishops- gate-street. Foster, J., Shawl Finisher, 78, A\'ilson-street, Finsbury. French. J., & Sons, Wholesale Manufacturing Goldsnriths and Jewellers, 5, Newcastle-place, ClcTkenwell-close. Frost, J., Copper and Brass Founder, 8, Allen-street, Goswell-street. Frost, Xoakes, & Vincent, Brass Manufacturers, 105, Brick-lane, A\'hitechapel. » Fry & Davison, Merchants, Ship and Insurance Agents, 3, East IntUa Chambers. Lime-street. Fudge, C, Manufacturing Goldsmith, 45, Seckford-strect. Fc'LLER, W., Gas Fitting and Gas Ventilating Apparatus Manufacturer, 3() A, Charles-street, Ilatton-garden. Gally, p. & P., & Co., Opticians and Looking-Glass Manufacturers, fi8, Ilatton-garden. Gamble & Davis, "Wholesale and Export Shoe Manufac- turers, 4.5, Fish-street-hill. Gatti & BoLLA, French and Italian Cliocolate Manufacturers (by Steam Apparatus), 129, Holbom-hill. Gatti, A. & G., Artificial Flower and Feather Manufac- turers, 20, Coppice-row, ClerkenweU. Gerhard, Rottman, & Co., Agents to Foreign Jlanu- facturers, S3, Hatton-garden. Gittexs, W., Coach & Harness Maker, 128, Long-acre. GoDDARD, T., General Agent k Outfitter, 146, CTieapside. GooDE & BoLAND, Gold and Silver Chain Manufacturers, 59, Ilatton-garden, and Birmingham. Got. Evans, cS: Co., General Outfitters, 175, Piccadillv, and 24 and 25. Cornhill. CiREEXHiLL, C, Morocco-Case and "Watch Material Manu- facturer, 12, Gt. Sutton-street, Clerkenwell. Grimoldi & Stoppani, Barometer, Thermometer, and Sym- piesometer Manufacturers, 31, Brook-street, Holborn. GuGERl. A.. Barometer. Thermometer, and Looking-Glass Manufacturer, 16, Charles-street, Hatton-garden. CiULl.. J. W., Ship and Insurance Broker, 4, Brabant-court, Philpot-lane. Hall, Brothers, Merchants, Shipowners, and Brokers, 2, Riches-court. Lime-street. Hall &: GuTcn, Pin, Needle, and Fish-hook Manufacturers, 50, King "William-street, City. Hakrison, H., Gutta Percha Harness and Dubbing Manu- factory, 546, Oxford-street. Hearn, J., Refiner and Dealer in Gold and Silver Ores and Metals, 11, Jerusalem-passage, Clerkenwell. Heiohixgton, J., AVine Merchant, 23, Mark-lane. Hexriques, D. Q., and Brother, Merchants, 2, Jeflery- square. Hill & Stone, Coach Builders and Harness Makers, 20 and 21, Little Aloorfields, and 49, London AVall. Hotchkix & MoBBS, Ship and Insurance Agents, 3, East India Chambers, Leadenhall-street. HoTENDEN, R., Wholesale Perfumer, 57 and 58, Crowni- street, Finsbury. Howard, J. P., Merchant, 59, Mark-lane. Humphreys, J., Furniture Japanner, 40, Seward-street, Goswell-street. Hunt, E., "Wholesale and Retail AVatch Material, Tool, and Movement Dealer, 21, Ironmonger-street, St. Luke's. Hunter, J., Merchant, 110, Fenchurch-slreet. Hurley & Huiiphreys, Commission Agents, Riches-court, Lime-street. IxGRAJl, J. Export Upholsterer, 29, City-road. Ixglis, a.. Clock Alanufacturer, 39, St. John-sq , Clerkenwell. Jarvis, AV. C, 4, New London-street. Jeffery.AV., Export Boot AIaker,76, Bunhill-row, St. Luke's. Jerram, G. T., Soap Alanufacturer, Cieneral Perfumery and Fancy Brush AVarehouse, 69, Hatton-garden. JoilxsoN. H., Builder and Contractor, 13, Seckford-street, Clerkenwell. Jones, E.. AMiolcsale AMdow's Cap Maker, 68, Banner-street, St. Luke's. Kay, J., Broker. 150, Fcnchurch-street, Keele, J,, & Co., Merchants, Riches-court, Lime-street. Kelsey, C. S. & R., Sculptors and Masons, Commercial- road, Lambeth. Key, II. K., Depot for Ransome & Parson's Patent Arti- ficial Stone AVater Purifiers, and Patent Cork Fibre Mattrass (for Emigrants), 97, Xewgatcstreet. KuMPF iN, ^N'holi'sali- nnd Kxport Cork Mnnu- facturfm, •'>() and 51, St. Jolin-siroi't, .Sitiitliliuld. NoiiTDN, J., Oniiiuii'iitul 'iVa Canister, Hox, Itowl, and Vase M;inuriiclur(T, '2o, V'iiio-streot, llnttim-wijl. NdTi.KY, H., llrush Manufueturer, 12, St. John's-lane, Clurkenwtll. Oi.iVKit, A., Watch Motion Manufacturer, 11, Ironmonger- street, St. Luke's. Oliver & Edwahd.s, Watch Case Manufacturers, If), Gal- way-street, St. Luke's. TAGirr, U. G., Marquee and Tent Manufacturer, 40, West Sniitlificld. r.uiKKK, Field, & Sons, Gun Makers to the Board of Ordnance, the Ea.st India, and Hudson's Bay Com- panies, 233, Ili^h HoUiorn. P.\RKi;ii, Son, & PurrciiliTT.Tea Brokers, 131,Fenchurch-st. P.AKSONS, T., Iron and Tin I'late Mircliant, 57, Great Tower-street. P.viisoxs, C. W., Ship and Insurance Broker, 9, George- yard, Lombard-street. Parnell & Banner, Ship and Insurance Brokers, 57, Gracechurch-street. Pastorelli & Co., AVholcsale and Export Opticians, 4, Cross-street, llatton-gardcn. Peters, T., & Sons, Coach and Harness Manufacturers, Park-street, Grosvenor-square, George-street, Portnian- square, and Adam-street, A\'est. Phillips, L., Army and Navy Clothier, Hat, Cap, and Accoutrement Maker, Sword Cutler, Outfitter, Camp and Cabin Furniture Manufacturer, 28, Strand. PuiLLiPS, O., & Co., Colonial Brokers, 91, Great Tower- street. Phillips, P., Trunk and Portmanteau Maker, 30, St. !Martin's-lane. Phillips, ^Y., Electro-Plater and Gilder, 17, Clerkenwell- green. Pmi.i.ipps & Gra\'ES, Lightermen, Ship Brokers, and Cus- tom House Agents, 11, Rood-lane. Phillips, Shaw, & Lowthek, Sliip and Insurance Brokers, 2, Royal Exchange-buildings. Phipps, T", Saddler and Harness Manufacturer, 243, High Holborn. PiGGOTT, W., Army Clothier and Marquee Manufacturer, &c., 115, Fore-street. Piper, Jno., Wholesale Ironmonger, 47, Beech-st., Barbican. Pitman, W., Wine Merchant, 150, Fenchurch-street. PIZZALA, A., Export Ojitician, 19, Hatton-garden. Porter, T., Merchant, 22, East India Chambers. Power, D. E., Merchant, 110, Fenclunch-stieet. Powell, T., Engineer, 3, Staple-inn, Holborn. PR0B.UIT, R. H., Brass, Gun Metal, Copper, and Bell Founder, and German Silver Caster, 49, Seward-sLreet, Goswell-street. Prtor, S. & T., Umbrella Manufacturers, 43, Holbom-liiU. tilAUM, T., Architect, 8, Grove-terrace, Loughborough- road, Brixton. ItuuARDsoN, E., Ship and Insurance Agent, East India Chambers. Richardson, R., Portable House, Marquee, Rick Cloth, and Wire Fence Maker, 21, Tonbridge- place, Xew-road. Ring & Conqvest, Tin, Iron, and Japan Ware Manufac- turers, 22, Banner-street, St. Luke's. Ritchie & Bond, Warehousemen, (il , St. Paul's Church-vard. Roberts, J., Importer of Colonial Produce. 31, Barbican. Robertson, W., Wholesale Confectioner and Lozenge Manu- facturer, 38, Uueen's-road A^"est, Chelsea. RossiTER, J., Wholesale Trunk, Portmanteau, and Portable Cabin Furniture Manufacturer, Bullock, and Over- land Trunks for India, 15, Greville-st., Hatton-garden. Sanders, C, Gold Refiner, St. John's-square, Clerkenwell. Samiel, H. S., Colonial Broker, 133, Fenchurch-street. ScRVTTON, G. C, Custom House Agent, 93, Gt. Tower-street. Sn.vw-, L., Collar Manufacturer, 8, Roj>eniaker-st., Fiusbury. SiLVW, Joseph, Piano Manufacturer, 87, Hatton-garden. Silk ,& Brown, Coach Makers. 8, Long-acre. Simmons, G.,& Son, 'Wholesale Furriers, 29, Rcdcross-strect, City. Skinner, J.\MES & Jonx. Whip Manufactunr^. 11, Fins- bun'-place. North. Smart Jun., W., Composition Ornament Manufacturer, 18, Crown-Htrcet, Finfibury. S.MITII, J., Frencli and Electro-Plater and Gilder, 44, Cop- pice-row, Clerkenwell. Smith, J., Gas Fitter and Bra«s,Finiiihcr, 8, Charterhouoeln. Smith & So.vs, Manufacturers of every descrijition of Church and House Clocks, Office Dials and Time Pieces, A\'atch and Clock Glasses, Cases, .Muterialu, &c., and General Brass Founders, St. John's-square, Clerken- well (next the Church), and at Birmingham. Smith, W., G.xh Meter Manufacturer, (id, Snow-hill. Somervell & Burr, Leather MerchanLs, 34, Noble-»t., City. SoMALVico, J., & Co., Opticians and Nautical Instrument Makers, 2, Hatton-garden. Spalding & Hodge, Wholesale Stationers, 145, 14C, and 147, Drury-lane. Springweiler, A., Medicine Chest and Portable Desk and Dressing Case Manufacturer, 2, Duke-st, West Smithfield. Staynor, J., Shipping and Insurance Agent, 110, Fen- church-street. Stevens, J. R., Exchange Broker, C5, Old Broad-street. Stew.\kt,J.,& Co., Foreign Warehousemen, 11, Old Broad-st. Stoddart, J., AVholesale Watch Manufacturer, 61, Red Lion-street, Clerkenwell. Stodd.uit, R., A\1iolcsale AVatch Manufacttirer, 13, Rcd- Lion-street, Clerkenwell. Sukgey, A\'. p.. Custom House, Shipping, Insurance, and Commission Agent, 2, Langboum Chambers, Fenchurch- street. Swift, R., AATiolesale and Export Leather and Shoe AA'are- house, and Consignee, 98, Hatton-garden. Stbee, E., AVire AA'orker, 34, Cowcross-st., AV'est Smithfield. Talmadge, J. T., & Co., AVholesale Tea Dealers, 61, King AN'illiam-street, City. Tappolet, D. L., & Co., Military and Naval Accoutrement Makers, Gold and Silver Lacemen and Embroiderers, 44, Lombard-street, and Little Britain Taylor, T., Ham Factor and Cheese Agent, 12, Duke- street, Borough. Thompson, Fennes, & Swixfokd, Colonial Agents, 30, Gt. A\'incliester-street. Thompson, AV., & Sox, AATiolesale Brush Manufacturers, 15, Upper North-place, Grav's Inn-lane. Tilbury, Jun., J., Coachraaker, 35, Gloucester-pl., New-rd. TiLLEY', AV. J., Engine and Pump Manufacturer, 245, Black- friar's-road. Timothy, D., Bed Feather Merchant, 31, Barbican. Tippler, R., Colonial Broker, 89, Great 'fower-street. Toms, J., 17, Milton-street, Finsbury. Tonkin, J. AV., and Co., Custom House Agents, 193, A, Piccadilly. Trindee, H., Export Scented Soap Works and Brush Manu- factory, 75, AN'atling-street. Troup, Joux,AVatch Manufacturer and AVholesale Jeweller, 30, Hatton-garden. Turrell ortation, 9, Long-lane, AVcst Smithfield. TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. Madam, In soliciting authority to laj^ this Work before your Majesty, I was actuated not merely by the desire common to every faithftil subject of testifying, however humbly, a sense of dutiful affection to my Sovereign, but yet more from a con- viction that a History of the Colonies, their Extent, Condition, and Resources, could with propriety be dedicated only to a Monarch most deeply interested in their welfare, and fully impressed with the value of these integral parts of the British Empii-e. I have briefly traced the origin and progress of your Majesty's Colonial Dominion, the foundations of which were laid by the provident policy of your regal ancestors, Queen Elizabeth and King James the First, aided by the sagacious counsels of the great Lord Bacon; the wondrous structure has been reared with persevering energy by the wisdom of such statesmen as Clarendon, Halifax, Chatham, Burke, Pitt, Peel, and Russell ; it has been enlarged and adorned by the genius of such patriots as Raleigh, Baltimore, Penn, Cook, Clive, Hastings, CornwalHs, and Wellesley ; defended by the valour of such waniors as Wolfe, EUiott (Heathfield), Brock, Lake, Sale — WeUington, Hardinge, Gough, and Napier ; and by the naval skill of Drake, Hawkins, Frobisher, Blake, Anson, Rodney, Duncan, Howe, Jer\'is, CoUingwood, and Nelson. The acquisition and improvement of Colonies has indeed been deemed so essential an element of national power and prosperity, that the best blood, the wealth, the talent of England have been unsparingly devoted to this gi-eat end ; which, though at a costly sacrifice, has been attained ; and in eveiy quarter of the globe the Transmarine Territories of the Crown exhibit monuments of British heroism, proofs of patriotic deeds, and permanent illustrations of administrative ability. The rule of your Majesty now controls an Empire so vast in its extent, that the influence of England is exercised in the remotest parts of the globe ; the Sceptre of Your Power protects (beyond the limits of the United Kingdom) more than one hundi'ed million Freemen — ci\'il and religious liberty being the birthright of every Citizen of a State, whose first principles of government will li DEDICATION TO THE QUEEN. not allow licr to tolerate slavery in any form, or persecution under any pre tcnce — wlietlier afiectinii; her own children, or the stranger who comes within her gates. Blessings such as these render the sway of your Majesty a substantial benefit to eveiy denizen of this mighty Empire ; — all share in its gloiy and prosperity, and have a common interest in the progress and proceedings of their ■ fellow-subjects. The social and domestic habits, manners, and customs of the Parent State are preserved and adopted in the Colonies; the numerous temples of worship, schools, and hospitals, which distinguish England from everj' other nation on the face of the earth, and are the best evidence of her Christian character; the general principles of obedience to the laws, respect for autho- rity, and love of order — are equally manifest in our most distant settlements as in any county of the United Kingdom. To another strilving point of resemblance I am enabled to bear my humble testimony ; in the course of a personal examination of the gi'eater part of your Majesty's Transmarine Dominions, I have had many opportunities of witnessing the loyalty of the Colonists; — they love " the island home," that is to them the nucleus of their national feelings — cherish a strong attachment to their Sove- reign and to Her Illustrious Consort — and earnestly desire to participate in the honours and distinctions which, emanating directly from the Throne, cause its dignity to be appreciated, even in the remotest portions of the Realm. Two members of the Royal Family have visited the Colonies: his late Majesty King William the Fourth, who ever evinced an earnest solicitude for their welfare — and your Majesty's Royal Father, whose memorj' is still vene- rated in British America ; for there, as in England, his just and generous mind — his cathoUc and philanthropic spirit — found its purest delight in promoting the welfare of his fellow-subjects, and in mitigating human suffering. I acknowledge with deep respect the gracious indulgence of your Majesty in authorizing a Dedication of my endeavours to make the condition and worth of the Colonies more generally known and more fiilly appreciated — and I sin- cerely hope that the intrinsic importance of the subject may not be undenalued through my inadequate effoi-ts for its development. I have the Honour to be, Madam, Your Majesty's dutiful Subject, R. M. MARTIN. INTRODUCTION. SECTION I. COLONIZATION OF ANCIENT AND MODERN NATIONS. Colonization,* that is the occupation and tillage of waste lands, is in accordance with the primary decree of Heaven, that man should be " fruitful and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it." The earhest records of mankind consist chiefly of the history of migrations from one part of the globe to another, as population increased, or civilization created new wants. This great principle, like the other primary laws of the creation, is universal in its operation, and extends throughout the animal and vegetable world; what man does from reason, the brutes do from instinct : gregarious animals separate into herds, and disperse themselves over a country as pasture diminishes; trees and roots send winged seeds or offshoots to a considerable distance to perpetuate their stock, or in search of nourishment ; fish migrate from sea to sea; and insects traverse diverse regions according to their respective exigencies. But the natural desire for abundant sustenance which impels the migration of animals, is counteracted in man by a strong attachment to his birth-place — by love of kindred, and by those social ties which bind together human societies. And it is msely ordained that it shovdd be so : man woidd never have advanced beyond the nomadic or wandering state, but for those local associations which attach him to his native land, and give an indescribable charm to the river, the mountain, or the glen, where the days of childhood have been spent, and where the emotions connected with his first ideas have Deen enjoyed. Many urgent reasons, however, arise to counteract the force of local attachments. The duty of providing for offspring — -a desire for adventure — the love of fame or conquest — a difference in religious or political opinions — a thirst for information, — each and aU tend to disseminate mankind over regions which, from their position, climate, sod, or other advantages, present the best prospects of gi'atifying their desires. We see these motives operating in successive ages; we trace them in the lives of Shem, Ham, and Japhet; of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; and when individuality is merged • Colonics, in the Roman acceptation of the word, originally signified as much land as one person could cultivate — "Quantum Colonus unus erat poterat;" from Co/onus was derived Culnnia, signifying a body of husbandmen sent out fi-om the parent stock to cultivate other lands, and by a metonj-my the place to be cultivated received the same appellation as the inhabitants who were to cultivate it, — Calonia: — hence ; the word Colony, which is used in the present work to designate all the maritime possessions and depen- dencies under the dominion of the British crown, not represented in the Parliament of tne United Kingdom. IV ORfOIN AND PROGRESS OF THE GREEK COLONIES. in national history, we mark tlicm influencing the destinies of Egj-pt, Greece, Carthage, and Rome ; and, in a later af;;e, those; of Spain, Portugal, Holland, France, and Englano. F-gypt ajjpcars to have been colonized by a race who, after the dispersion of mankind on the j)laiiis of Shinar, B.C. 2287, travelled westward, and spread themselves over Upper ligjpt, founded Thebes, occupied the fertile banks of the Nile, and established Phoenician settlements, which, for a time, included almost the whole of the South coast of the Mediterranean, from Egj^t to Gibraltar. In the year 1556, B.C., Cecrops, at the head of a band of colonists, migrated from Egj'pt into Attica, and became the first king of Athens; in 1546, b.c, Scamander from Crete, founded Troy; in 1103, b.c, Cadmus introduced into Greece the Phoenician letters, formed the (ircck alphabet, and founded Thebes. The expedition of the Argo- nauts was undertaken B.C. 126,3, with the intention of opening the commerce of the Euxine Sea, and of establi.shing Colonies in the adjacent country of Colchis. As the kingdoms or republics of Greece advanced in art, science, and literature, internal commotions arose. Food was with difiBcidty obtained for a superabundant and increasing population, consisting chiefly of slaves, and expeditions were fitted out by van- ([uishcd or disappointed politicians, or by adventurers desirous of fame, or prompted by a spirit of commercial entei-prise, for the formation of colonies in the maritime ports of Asia Elinor, in the .^Egean and Ionian Seas, and in Italy, b.c 1243, the Arcadians were con- ducted by Evander into Italy; b.c 1124, the migration of the jEolian Colonists took place; B.C. 1044, the Ionian Colonies were fonned by Greeks; b.c 732, SjTacuse was built by Corinthian Colonists; b.c 713, Geta in Sicily was founded; B.C. 707, Tarentum was built by the Parthenians when expelled from Sparta; b.c 703, Corcyra was founded by the Corinthians; b.c 665, the Messenians, on their expulsion from the Peloponessus, passed into Italy; b.c 6.")S, Byzantium was biult by a colony of Argives; B.C. 539, the Phocoeans settled in Gaul, and built Marseilles; b.c 469, the Tuscans formed a colony at Capua; b.c 444, the Athenians sent a colonizing expedition to Tliurium in Italy, and among the adventiirers were Herodotus, Thucydides, and Lysias; b.c 304, Seleueus founded Antioch, Edessa, Laodicea, &c. The Colonies of the Dorians were chiefly established in Italy and in Sicily, then inhabited by barbarous tribes; those of the lonians and iEoUans in Asia Minor and the islands of the Ji)gean Sea. The Greek term for Colonies was airoiKia — a "separation of dwelling" — a "de- parture from or going out of a house;" and the word well expresses the character of the Greek Colonies, which were often formed by a large number of iudinduals emigrating in organized communities from their native countiy, whose Government ceased to possess any authority over them ; but ^vith which, in many instances, they remamcd feudally united ; aiding the parent state in time of war with money, ships, and waniors, or fui-nishing mercenary troops, as the Greeks (themselves originally Egyptian Colonists) had done to Alexandria. The Greek Colonies frequently a,.serted their independence by refusing assistance to the mother eountrj-, milcss their own terms were conceded ; thus the Sicilians denied the admission of an Athenian ai-my into their territory to rest, when proceeding on an expedition ; and SjTacuse refused to co-operate with the Lacedemonians during the Punic war, imtil Gelon, their chief magistrate, was allowed to command the imitcd forces. In some cases the colonists severed themselves entirely from their native EXTENSION OF THE CARTHAGINIAN COLONIES. v laud, and sought the protectioa of another government; thus Corcyra and Potidfe, colonies of Corinth, united themselves to Athens. In the present day such settlements woidd not come under the denomination of Colonies ; they were virtually independent states, maintaining an alliance with govern- ments able to afford them protection, but they added neither power nor wealth to the states from which they sprung, or with wliich they were connected. The Colonies of Carthage were formed on a different principle from those of Greece ; they were regai-ded chiefly as a means of commercial advantage, and maintained as strict monopolies for the benefit of the parent state. Carthage, the most celebrated of the Phoenician Colonies, was estabUshed by settlers from Tyre. The city of Carthage was built B.C. 878, and destroyed by the Romans b.c. 146. Throughout the greater part of the intervening period of 732 years, Carthage was engaged in extending her dominion beyond the Umited spot on the African coast where the city was fu'st estabUshed. Three huudi-ed African cities owned her sway, which extended for 2000 miles along the sea coast, from the Syrtis INlajor to the " Pillars of Hercules." Sardinia, formerly belonging to Etruria, was one of her earUest colonies, and the agricultm-al resources and mineral wealth of the island rendered it a very valuable possession. Jlalta, ^lajorca, and Minorca, pre\'iously under the rule of Tyre, yielded to the supremacy of Carthage. Along the coasts of Spain, on the shores of Great Britain and Ireland, as far, if not farther south along the coast of Africa than Senegal and the Gambia, Carthage acquired settlements, or extended her commerce. The sole occupation of Sicily was long contested with the Greeks ; its entire possession would most probably have delayed, if not averted, the ultimate effects of the Punic wars : but in the first of these wars Sicdy and Sardinia were lost to Carthage. Deprived of those possessions, and consequently of the commerce and maritime position which they secm'cd, the ruin of the Carthaginian power was rapid, and its conquerors became in their turn a gi-eat Colonizing nation. The Romans, soon after the foundation of the Imperial City, planted settlements in its neighbourhood, which served as outworks for defence, and for the supply of the necessaries and luxmies of life. Duiing the second Punic war, sixty such colonies were established. After the destruction of the Carthaginian power, the spiiit of conquest and the urgent necessity of providing for large numbers of disbanded and often mutinous soldiery, whose only means of subsistence lay in the tdlage of the earth ; the agrarian laws by which the senate was obUged to provide all its citizens with land, the augmentation of slaves, and the abundance of money, for which a profitable investment was found almost exclusively in the cultivation of the sod, aU led to a rapid extension of the Romau Colonies. The lands of conquered countries were considered the property of the state, and they were parcelled out among the public officers of the government, apportioned to the citizens for whom land coidd not be provided at home, and distributed among the soldiery. Military estabUshments were formed in the most fertUe or the most secui'c places, where the wealth of the colony could be obtained, and its possession secured against any rising of the native inhabitants. Colonies such as these extended over Gaid, Germany, Spain, and England, and throughout various parts of Asia and Africa. It is difficult to estimate the area occupied by these colonies. From the foundation of the city to the death n 'THE ROMAN COLONIES— CHARACTER AND PRIVILEGES. of Augustus, 16 1 colonics were establislicd in Italy, and 199 in the pro\nnce9. Crete bcoanio a Roman colony B.C. fiO. Cicsar formed plans (b.c. 45) for rebuilding Carthage and Corinth. London was built by the Romans a.d. 50. Agricola reduced South Britain to a Roman Pro\ince, a.d. 82. Augustus planted twenty-eight colonies in Italy; fifty-seven were established in Africa, exclusive of Eg)'pt; twenty-five in Spain ; four in Dacia, and five in Britain. It was estimated in the reign of Claudius, that Rome and its colonies contained 126,000,000 people. The colonies furnished emplojinent for the more adventurous of the Roman citizens, and yielded large returns for invested capital. Seneca (who at his death had money to the value of .£600,000 sterling due to him from colonists in Britain) assigns the following reasons for the formation of colonics, which are equally applicable in the present day : — " Nee omnibus eadem causa relinquendi quffirendique patriam fuit. Alios excidia urbium suarum, hos- tilibus armis elapses, in aliena, spoliatos suis, expulterunt : Alios domestica scditio submorit : Alios nimia superfluentis populi, frequentia, ad exoncrandas vires, emisit : Alios pestilentia, aut frequens teirarum hiatus, aut aliqua intoleranda infelicis soli ejecerunt : Quosdam fertilis ora-, et in riajus laudata-, fama cor- rupit : Alios alia causa excivit domibus suis." — {Consol. ad Helviam, c. 6.) The colonists sent out by the senate were either Roman or Latin citizens. The Colonice Romance enjoyed only to a limited extent the Jus Eomamim ; they were not permitted to exercise the right of suffrage, and magisterial dignities, military com- mand, &c., were denied them ; they were permitted solely the Jus Quiritum, namely, per- sonal liberty, honours of gentility, dignity of family, &e.; and they were compelled to furnish such contributions as the senate and emperors chose to demand. The Colonics Latince possessed rights and privileges of their own ; were empowered to a certain extent to form their own laws ; and whoever became an edUe, or prsetor, in a Latin town, enjoyed, by right of office, the rank of a Roman citizen. These Latin colonies also rendered tribute to the parent state. Their rights were styled Jus Latii, and it was not until after the Servile War that the piivileges of Roman citizens were granted by the lex Julia to all the Latin Colonists. There were other colonies whose prinleges were comprised in the Jus Ilallcum ; they were free from the taxes paid by the Colonice Latince et RomancB; of this class were the Colonies of Tyre, Heliopolis, Palmyi-a, &c. ^lost of the colonies furnished their quota of troops for the Roman legions ; the natives of each colony were drafted into regiments seniug in distant settlements. Political selfishness and inordinate ambition were the predominative motives of Rome, both in the formation and in the government of her colonies ; which, as they grew powerftd, threw off the yoke of then- military tjTants. After 400 years' occupation of England, excepting in the roads made for the more complete subjugation of the islanders, wc find few traces of the boasted Roman civilization, and no permanent benefit from their rule. Fifty years after the conquest of Asia, 1 50,000 Roman citizens were massacred by order of Mithridates ; there was no binding link to connect distant parts of the empire ; no com- munity of language or of interests, and ccntmies of conquest and despotism, slavery and crime terminated, happily for mankind, in the complete overthrow of the " ^listress of the Worid." Proceeding chronologically (passing over the incursions and migi-ations of the VENETIAJSl, GENOESE, AND SPANISH COLONIES. vii Northmen, Normans, or Danes, in the ninth and tenth centuiies), the next Colonizing Po^ver is the Republic of Venice, which was founded on the lagimes of the Adriatic, a.d. 73", by colonists from the Romana-Italian province of Venetia. The colonies of Venice extended along the coast of Dalmatia, to the Ionian islands, the Morea, the Greek Archipelago, Candia, &c. They were designed chiefly with a view to the extension of commerce ; but Corfu and other settlements in the Ionian Islands evince to this day the power, opulence, and deep-laid policy of the Venetians. Genoa, on the acquisition of colonics in the Levant, along the coast of Provcnje, and in the Crimea, rivalled Venice; but both states fell into decay through the loss of their foreign possessions. The discovery of the new continent of America, (a.d. 1492) and of a passage by the Cape of Good Hope to India, opened to Spain and Portugal the means of acquiring colonial dominion, and gave a new direction to the commerce of the eastern and western hemisphere. Heretofore all European, Asiatic, and African trade had been carried on by land, or by frail barks skirting the coast-Hne, or passing from island to island by circuitous and expensive routes. But the introduction of the mariner's compass into Eiu-ope from Asia (a.d. 1229) made the ti-ackless ocean the high road of daring navigators, and brought the distant parts of the earth into comparatively close communication. From this era may be dated the commencement of a new and important epoch in the history of maritime com- merce and of modern colonization. The nautical skill and daring of Prince Henry of Poi-tugal, in the beginning of the fifteenth centmy, were rewarded by the discovery of Madeira and of Western Africa; the politic and thrifty Henry the Seventh of England gave employment to navigators in the hope of adding to his wealth and extending his dominions; but to the noble-minded Isabella of Spain, and the profound speculations, courage, and perseverance of Columbus, Europe is indebted for the discovery of a "new world" on the 11th of October, 1492. Between the years 1508 and 1510 Spain formed colonies in Cuba, Porto Rico, and Jamaica. In 1519 Cortez landed at Vera Cruz, and in 1521, with a few adventurers, conquered jNIexico. Pera, Chili, and Quito were added to the crown of Spain between 1529 and 1535 by Pizarro and his generals. In 1532 Terra Firma was occupied: in 1536 New Grenada was subjected, and Manilla in 1564. The narrow-minded poUcy of Spain prohibited one colony trading with another, the colonial commerce was restricted to certain ports in the mother country, and for a long period Seville was the only port in Spain with which the colonies were allowed to hold intercoui'se. The object of the Spaniards in the acquisition of these colonies was neither that of the Egyptians, Grecians, Carthaginians, or Romans. Gold was the prevailing motive; the desire for immediate wealth over-ruled every consideration of humanity, of justice, or of sound policy; the natives were worked to death in the mines, shot hke wild beasts, if they offered the slightest resistance to their merciless oppressors, or hunted vvith blood-hoimds if they attempted to escape from the demons in himian form who wantonly sported with theii sufferings. Language would fail to convey an adequate idea of the atrocities perpetratec by the Spanish colonizers on the Indians, whose rapid extermination led to the intro- duction of negro slaves from Africa. Spain, for a time, derived great wealth, and obtained much power by means of her colonies; but no lasting benefit could arise from siieh ill-gotten riches and dominion. Spain lost in succession all her vast possessions in the vui PORTUGUESE AND DUTCH COLONIES. Floridas, Mexico, California, Daricn, Terra Firma, Buenos Ayres, Paraj^uay, Chili, and Peru. She was entirely driven from every continental temtory; Cuba, Porto Rico, Maiiilla, Tcnerifl'e, &c., now alone remain; and notwithstanding her internal wealth, fine climate, and advantageous position on the peninsiUa of Europe, Spain, with her thirteen million inhabitants, is now the most sunken, degraded, and powerless nation of the western world. Portugal competed for colonial ten-itory with Spain, and by a papal decree the new TOuntries in the eastern and western hemispheres were divided between the rival states, ^rithout reference to any other European nation. Madeira was discovered a.d. 1419; Cape Bojador, in Africa, 1439; Cape de Vcrd, 1446; the Azores, 14-18; Cape de Verd Islands and Sierra Leone, in 1419. In 1484 the, Congo was ^•isited and the Cape of Good Hope discovered. In 1498 Vasco de Gama, after doubling the Cape, landed in Calicut, on the shores of Hindoostan, and subsequently the Portuguese buUt forts and formed colonies at Jlozambique, Sofala, Mclinda, and other places on the eastern coast of Africa; at Ormus and at Muscat, in the Persian Gulf; at Goa, Diu, and Damaun, on the western or ^Malabar shores of the peninsula of India; Negapatam, and Meliapoor, on the Coromaudel coast; at Malacca, and on the coast of China. In 1500 Brazil was discovered. In 1511 the Spice Islands were colonized, and about 1520 Ceylon was occupied by the Portuguese. Although the hope of obtaining gold did, to a certain extent, encourage the progress of Portuguese discovery and colonization, the predominating motives were a love of adven- ture, a hope of attaining fame, or of acquii-ing honours from a patriotic sovereign ; and, in a great degree, a religious spirit, verging on fanaticism, prompted many to seek, by con- verting the heathen, to extend the faith of the Cross. With the chivalry and enthusiasm of the Portuguese chai-acter in the sixteenth century was united nautical skill and commercial entei-j5rise, of which latter the Spaniards were exceedingly jealous, and on the union of Portugal with Spain, the colonies of the former were quite neglected in favour of the latter. As Portugal lost her foreign possessions she sank in the European scale, and her colonies are now reduced to a few -wretched forts in Africa : the small town of JIacao in China, the island of Timor in the Eastern Ai'chipelago, Goa (once a place of great splendour in India, now deserted, and in ruins), Madeira, the Cape Verd Islands, and some smaller places. As in other instances, the loss of her colonies has been followed by a change of the national spirit into apathy, indolence, and degi'adatiou. A power that had reclaimed its territory from the ravages of the ocean, competed with Spain and Portugal for colonial dominion. The Dutch, while yet struggling for independence, were employed as the can-iers to Lisbon from the colonies of Portugal, and thus became acquainted with the value of colonial trade. In 1584, Philip II. of Spain prohibited the intercoui-se of the Dutch with Lisbon; these orders being evaded were revived with greater strictness in 1594, and a number of Dutch vessels seized in Lisbon harboiu- were destroyed. The Dutch, being deprived of the canying trade, were compelled to seek colonies for themselves ; to which they were stimidated by the writings of John de Witt, who urged that colonies offered a field for exertion to men of abilities — were a good substitute for hospitals and charitable fovmdations — and were advantageous for men who had been unfortunate in trade. An association was soon formed to trade to "remotv.- DUTCH AND FRENCH COLONIES. parts." The first expedition sailed for India, 20th [March, 1602. Batavia, in the island of Java, was colonized in 1618; a trade with Japan opened in 1611 ; a West India Company- established in 1621 ; settlements were formed and conquests made in Brazil from 1630 to 1640; Ceylon captured from the Portug;uese in 1640; St. Eustatia, Cura9oa, Saba, and St. ^lartin in the "West Indies, colonized from 1632 to 1649; Surinam, Essequibo, Berbice, and Paramaribo acquired in 1670. Dutch settlements were formed ui Asia, also at the Cape of Good Hope, and several parts of the African coasts ; at New York, and other places on the continent of North America; and Holland soon rose superior to her former masters in maritime power, commercial opulence, and political consideration; but at the com- mencement of the present century, when Holland lost Ceylon, the Cape of Good Hope, Demerara, Java, &c., she sunk into comparative insignificance, from which she was only rescued by England's restoring Java, and other possessions in the rich Eastern Archi- pelago, by which the Dutch are now mainly enabled to maintain their position among European nations. France was not an idle spectator of the contests for oceanic supremacy, which the pos- session of colonies conferred. Francis the First, with the ardour of an enterprising mind, encouraged maritime discovery. In 1552 Gaspard de Coligny, who had early embraced the reformed faith, was appointed admiral of France ; and with the hope of rivalling every i other nation in Europe, he projected a grand scheme of colonization, which was to extend from the river St. Lam-ence to that of the ]\Iississippi ; but CoHgny perished as a Huguenot on the night of the massacre of St. Bartholomew, and his plans were not carried out. In the middle of the seventeenth century Colbert, minister in the earliest and best part of the reign of Louis Quatorze, made great efibrts for the extension of French Colonies. Martinique, St. Lucia, Grenada, were purchased from private indinduals: in 1661 France possessed Canada, Louisiana, &c.; in 1664 Cayenne was colonized; in 1697 St. Domingo; in 1670 Pondicherry in the East Indies; in 1720 the Isle of France and Bourbon. In the revolutionary war England deprived France of her colonies; St. Domingo was lost by a slave insurrection, and France has not since recovered her former naval power. If Spain, Portugal, Holland, and France, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries deemed the possession of colonies essential to their prosperity, how much more must England have felt their importance, by reason of her insular position and limited territory. Happily for her a monarch was, at an eventful period, on the throne, who stands dis- tinguished in the page of history for the rare discernment she evinced in promoting the welfare of her people and the glory of her country. Elizabeth clearly foresaw that Eng- land could neither obtain nor maintain a prominent position among the nations of Europe except by means of her maritime power, which coidd be insm-ed only by the possession of colonies. Encouragement was, therefore, ofi"ered to facilitate the discovery of hitherto unknown regions, and for the planting of new settlements. In 1591 English vessels first found their way round the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1599 Queen Elizabeth granted a charter for the incorporation of a company of adventurers trading to the East Indies. Towards the close of the 16th century the attention of England was directed to the coast of Amcinca. In 1583 Sir Walter Raleigh , obtained, by letters patent, a large tract of couutiy which he named Virginia, in honour I b ENGLISH COLONIES IN AMERICA, &c. of his Sovcrciffn ; and in 1 ")81> the first Engjlish settlers wore sent out by Raleiffh to Nortli Carolina, and established themselves on the island of Roanoke ; but on the arrival of Sir Francis Drake, in 1586, they quitted the settlement in his vessel. The unfortunate Raleigh made several other attempts to colonize his territory, but they were all un- successful ; and at the commencement of the l"th century there were no English settlers in any part of the continent of America. In 1606 letters patent were granted to two companies named the London and the Plymouth. The London adventurers were to establish themselves between S4:° and 41° north latitude, and the Plymouth and Bristol adventurers between 38° and 45° north latitude, on the coast of America. Great hardships were experienced by the early settlers from famine, disease, and wars with the Indians ; and, in several instances, the attempt at colonization was abandoned. In 1610 the Virginian Colonists were on the eve of quitting "\^irgiuia when Lord Delaware, the new governor, arrived with a supply of pro\-isions and 150 men. During the 17th century the settlements planted on the coast of North America were, in chronological order, as follows: — Virginia, a.d. 1607; New York, which was contended for and alternately occupied by the English and Dutch, from 1G14 to 1674; Massa- chusets, 1620; New Hampshire, 1623; New Jersey, 1624; Delaware, 1627; Maine, 1630; Georgia, 1632; Maryland, 1633; Connecticut, 1635; Rhode island, 1636; North Carolina, 1650; South Carolina, 1070; and Pennsylvania, in 1682. Some of these settle- ments owed their origin to entei'prizing individuals, others to associations. Marj'land was founded by Lord Baltimore who received a tract of country by patent 20th June, 1632. Georgia was granted to a corporation of twenty-one persons. New England was colonized by a congregation of English Pm-itans. Carohna was vested in a proprietary body, and in 1662 the Earl of Clarendon and seven others obtained from Charles II. a grant of all lands lying between 31° and 36° north latitude. Delaware was originally settled by an association of Swedes and Finns termed the "West India Company," who were subdued by the Dutch from New York, in 1655, and the latter by the English in 1664. In 1680-82 the whole country was transferred to WiUiam Penn by the Duke of York, to whom a large portion of the coast of North America had been granted by his brother Charles II. In 1776 the thirteen Colonies declared their independence, constituted themselves the United States of America, to which several other States have since been added ; and their tenitory now extends from the frontiers of Canada to that of Mexico, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific Tlie existing Colonies and possessions of England have been settled or acquired, chronologically, as follows : — Bai-badocs (our oldest Colony) in 1605 ; Bcnnuda, 1609 ; Surat Factory 1611 ; Nova Scotia, 1621; Newfoundland, 1623; Nevis, 1628; Bahamas, 1629 ; the Gambia and Goid Coast Forts, 1618 to 1631 ; Antigua, ilontseiTat, and St. Christophers, 1632; Fort St. George, or Madras, 1651; St. Helena, 1654—5; Jamaica, 1655; Fort William, or Calcutta, 1656; Bombay Island, 1061; the Virgin Islands, 1666; Honduras, 1670; Hudson's Bay territories, 1670; Gibraltar, 1704; Canada, 1759; St. Vincents, Grenada, Tobago, and Dominica, 1763; Bengal Province, 1768; Prince Edward Island, 1771; Benares Province, 1775; Gimtoor and the Circars in Southern India, 1778; New Brimswick. 1784; Penang, 1786; Sieira Leone, 1787- New South PROGRESS OF ENGLISH COLONIZATION. Wales, Australia, 1787; Andaman Islands, 1793; Ceylon, 1795; Trinidad, 1797; the provinces of Tanjore, Canara, Malabar, "VVynaad, and Coimbatoor, in Southern, and of Allahabad, ]Moradabad, Baredly, Rohilciind, and the Doab, in Northern India, 1799- 1800; Malta and Gozo, 1800; Perim Island, 1800; Van Diemen's Island, 1803; British Guiana, 1803 ; St. Lucia, 1803 ; Delhi, Agra, Meerut, Hurriana, and Etawah, in Northern, and Cuttack, Balasore, and Juggernaut, in Southern India; several INlahratta districts in 1803-5; Cape of Good Hope, 1806; Mauritius and Seychelles, 1810; Ionian Islands, 1810-11 ; the Deccan and Nerbudda pro-\inces, 1818-19; Singapoor, 1819; Arracan and the Tenasserim Provinces, 1824; j\Ialacca, 1826; Western Australia, 1829; Aden, 1838; South Austi-alia, 1834-5; Port Phillip, 1835; New Zealand, 1839; Falkland Islands, 1841; Hong Kong, 1842-43; Scinde Province, 1844; Natal, 1844; Labuan, 1847; Vancouver's Island, 1848; and the Punjaiib Province, in 1849. But a small portion of our possessions have been, in the strict sense of the word, colonized from England. Barbadoes, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Upper Canada, Bermudas, Bahamas, Antigua, Montserrat, Nevis, Vii-gin Islands, Australasia, and New Zealand, were planted by settlers fi-om Britain ; most of our other possessions have been acquired by conquest and cession. Ceylon, the Cape of Good Hope, and Demerara, were taken fiom the Dutch ; Jamaica, Gibraltar, and Tiinidad, fi'om the Spaniards ; Canada, St. Vincents, Grenada, Tobago, Dominica, St. Lucia, ]\Iauiitius, j\Ialta, and the Ionian Islands, were captured from the French ; Aden fi'om the Arabs; Hong Kong, from the Chinese, and the Punjaub from the Sikhs. AJthough later in the field of colonial enterprise than the neighbouring continental nations, our country advanced slowly, but sui'cly, in the acquisition of colonial or maritime dominions. The North American continent and West India Islands at first engrossed pub- lic attention, and, in accordance with the national character, useful rather than showy and specious possessions have, generally spealdng, been sought for, and obtained. Agriculture was rightly judged to be the basis of wealth, and the fertility of the soil and a genial cUmate induced bands of adventm'ers to migrate to the North American continent. With the growth of maritime commerce and the discovery of tropical countries, arose a taste in Europe for foreign commodities ; hence the formation of sugar, coffee, and sjDice plantations in the West Indies. But agricultui-al industry, whether imder the temperate or torrid zone, was not the only object contemplated; it was rightly foreseen, that the possession within the Umits of our own dominion of various foreign products, would firrnish lucrative and permanent employment for a large amount of shipping ; that our colonists would, by their industry, acquii'e wealth, and become consumers of home manu- factures, and that thus every item of colonial wealth would become, in the aggregate, a poi"tion of the national riches. But in later times, other motives influenced England in the rapid extension of her colonial dominion. On several occasions, during the war with France and Spain, she was compelled, iu self-defence, to deprive those nations and their allies of their colonies, as the surest means of weakening their power, and of augmenting her own. At the close of the war in 1814, England had stripped France of every colony she possessed, and had taken all that couL.l endanger her from every other nation with whom she was engaged in hostilities; her fleets swept the oceaji fearless xii COLONIAL POSSESSIONS OF CONTINENTAL EUROPE. of encountering an European enemy, and her vast colonial commerce enabled her to bid defiance to Napoleon and his Berlin and Milan decrees for the expulsion of oui- trade from Europe. The Colonial Possessions belonging to the nations of Continental Europe are — France. — In the West Indies — Martinique, Guadaloupe, Marie Galante, Deseada, and Cayenne. In North Ammca — St. Pierre and Migiielon, near Newfoundland. In Asia — Pondicherry, Mahe, and Chandernagore. In Africa — Algiers, Bona, Senegal, Goree, Bourbon Isle, and Isle St. Marie in Madagascar. Spain. — West Indies — Cuba and Porto Rico. Asia — Manilla and the Phillipinc Islands. Europe — Teneriffe and the Canary Islands. Portugal. — Asia — Goa, Timor, and Macao. Africa — Forts on the east coa.st, at Mozambique, Sofala, Delagoa, Inhabam, QuUoa, and on the Zambize ; on the west coast at the Congo river. Europe — Madeira, Porto Santo, the Azores, and the Cape Verd Islands. Holland. — West Indies — Cura9oa, Saba, St. Eustatia, Surinam, and part of St. Martin. Asia — Java, Sumatra, the Moluccas, Banca, and other possessions in the Eastern Archipelago. A factory in Japan. Africa — Some forts on the west coast. Denmark. — West Indies — St. Thomas, Santa Cruz, and St. John. Asia — Nicobar Islands. Africa — Forts on the Guinea Coast. America — Stations on the coast of Green- land. Sweden. — The Island of St. Bartholomew, "West Indies. The foregoing brief sketch of the progress of colonization sufficiently indicates the importance attached to the possession of colonial dominion by ancient and modem nations; nor can any one examine their history without perceiving how materially their destinies have been influenced by the possession and government of colonies. SECTION II. EXTENT, POPULATION, CLASSIFICATION, ADMINISTRATION, AND IMPORTAXCE OF THE BRITISH COLONIES AND MARITIME POSSESSIONS. The Colonies and Transmarine Possessions of England, of which it is intended to give a history and description, are so vast in their extent, so varied in their position, so diversified in their population, forms of government, products, and capabilities, that it is difficult to convey in few words a just idea of their relative importance; if arranged according to their position in the temperate or torrid zones, a very imperfect estimate would be formed of their capabilities, as the degree of elevation above the level of the sea materially in fluences the products of the soil ; moreover, some territories principally situated in the CLASSIFICATION OF THE BRITISH COLONIES. xiii temperate zone, may be extended to the tropic, as Australia ; some settlements reach from the toi-rid to the temperate regions, as Hindostan, and British America stretches to the Arctic Circle. The following is a classification of them according to their Territorial Importance, Commercial Value, and jNIaritime Position ; — Possessions cojibixixg Territorial Importance, Cosimercial Value, and Mari- time Position. — Bengal, Jladras, Bombay, Scinde, the Punjaub, Assam, AiTacan, Tavoy, Tennasserim, Wellesley Province, Ceylon, Malacca, New South "Wales, Port Phihp, South AustraUa, Western AustraUa, Van Diemen's Island, New Zealand, Cape of Good Hope, Canada (Lower), Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Jamaica, Honduras, Trinidad, and British Guiana. Territorial Importance. — Canada (Upper), Rupert's Land, Vancouver's Island, Hudson's Bay Territories, Prince Edward Island, Natal, Northern Australia, and other parts of New Holland, the Central Provinces of India, and the Punjaub. Commercial Valxte. — ^Newfoundland, Cape Breton Island, Barbadoes, St. Vin- cents, Grenada, Tobago, Antigua, Dominica, St. Christophers, Lucia, Nevis, ^lontsen-at, the Bahamas, Sierra Leone, the Gambia, Mauritius, Ionian Islands, Penang, and Singapore. Maritime PosiTioN.^Gibraltar, Malta, Gozo, Bermuda, Virgin Islands, Angmlla, Cape Coast Castle, Accra, Annamaboe, the Falkland Isles, Seychelles, St. Helena, Ascension, Heligoland, Aden, Hong Kong, Labuan, Auckland Islands, and the Andaman, and other islands in the Eastern Seas. This classification, though perhaps the least objectionable, is still imperfect; for it is evident that several of the West India Islands and other settlements are of poUtical as well as commercial value, by affording secure havens for our shipping; thus, mere foi-tresses such as Gibraltar, are useful commercial depots, as well as poHtical positions, and, with few exceptions, all are of some territorial importance from their rich and productive soU. Geographical Position of our Maritime Possessions and Dependencies: In Asia. — Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Scinde, the N.W. provinces of Hindoostan, the Punjaub, Assam, Arracan, Tavoy, Tenasserim, WeUesley Province, and Malacca; the Islands of Ceylon, Penang, Singapore, Labuan, Hong Kong. Area (in round numbers) seven hundred thousand square miles; popidation about one hundred and twelve million. In addition to this territory actually belonging to the British crown in Asia, there are tributary states extending over half a million square miles, and containing more than fifty nuUion people. In North America. — The Canadas (Upper and Lower), Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Cape Breton, and the Islands of Prince Edward, Newfoundland, and Vancouver's and Queen Charlotte; ■vvith an area of more than half a million square miles, and two million inhabitants. We have also on the continent of N. America, the territories belonging to, and under the control of, the Hudson Bay Company, extending from the northern frontiers of Canada to the Frozen Ocean, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific, which comprises upwards of three million square miles, and a population of about one hundred and twenty thousand. XIV AREA AND POPULATION OF THE BHITTSTI COLONIES. In South America. — Dcmerara, Essequibo, and Berbice; Honduras and the Falkland Islands. Area about two hundred thousand square miles; population one hundred and fifty thousand. In the West Indies. — Tlie islands of Jamaica, the Caymans, Trinidad, Tobago, Bar- badocs, St. Vincents, Grenada, Antigua, St. Lucia, Dominica, St. Christophers, Nevis, | Montserrat, AnguiUa, Tortola, and the Virgin Islands, Providence, and the Bahamas, ' and the Bermudas. Area about twenty thousand square mUes; population nearly one mi llion. In Africa. — The Cape of Good Hope and Natal, the ^lauritius and Seychelle Islands, Aden (in iVrabia), Sierra Leone, the Gambia, Cape Coast Ca-stle, Accra, and Annamaboe, the Islands of St. Helena and Ascension. Area, four himdred thousand ' square mUes ; population eight hundred thousand. In Australasia. — The great Island of Australia, or New Holland, which contains the ' settlements of New South Wales, Port Philip, South Australia, Western Australia, or Swan River, Northern Australia or Port Essington; Van Diemen's Island, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, and the Auckland Islands. Area more than three miUion square miles; population half a mUlion, of whom 32.5,000 are Europeans and their descendants. In Europe. — Gibraltai', !Malta, Gozo, Coi-fu, Cephalonia, Zante, Santa Maura, Ithaca, and Cerigo, in the Mediterranean; and Heligoland in the German Ocean. Jersey, Guernsey, Aldemey, and Sark, have been held as fiefs of the Crown since the reign of William the Conqueror. The area of these territories and dependencies is about fifteen hundred square miles ; popidation nearly half a miUion. Total area, eiff/it million square mUes; population* about one hundred and twenty million. The numerous, intelligent, and industiious population inhabiting the British trans- marine territories are as varied in their appearance, character, language, and religion, as the diversified regions in which they dwell. British India possesses a greater variety of races than the continent of Europe. Some of the subjects of the Crown in the East are bold and warlike, others timid and peaceful; some of olive hue, with Roman noses and flowing hair, others have the negro characteristics; some use a polished language, others a barbarous jargon; some are Monotheists, others sunk in the grossest idolatry; some generous and confiding, others treacherous and distrustful. Even in the island of Ceylon there ai-e three races — the Coast Cingalese, the Kandians, and the aborigines or A'edhas. In some of our Eastern possessions Malays predominate; in others, as at Singapoor and Hong Kong, Chinese constitute the mass of the popidation. A fine race, termed the Parsees, or Guebers, settled in Bombay firom Persia, and many Armenians reside in Cal- cutta. Jews dwell in several of our Indian settlements. In the W. Indies there are nearly a million negroes of Afiiean descent, and in Guiana and Honduras several aboriginal tribes still remain. There are also in our western colonies many Mulattoes, the oflspring of the white and dark-coloured races. The purely white race are few in number, and descended from the English, French, Spanish, Dutch, and Portuguese in the West Indies. In British N. America there are about two miUion white inliabitants, of whom sis * III this and other places round numbers are used as best suited to a general sununary of facts -, — the latest official figures will be given in the body of the work. VARIETY OF THE BRITISH COLONIES. Qundred tlioiisaud are of French descent, and the remainder of the Anglo-Saxon race. There are also about one hundred thousand Indians in the territories confided to the manasjement of the Hudson's Bay Company. In South Aiiica, the British suhjects are Dutch, English, Hottentots, Caffi-es, &c. At the Isle of France and Seychelles, principally French ; at Aden, Ai-abs; on the W. coast of Afi'ica, negroes. In Australasia there are ahout three hundred and twenty-five thousand of the Anglo- Saxon race, and no other Eirropean blood; there are probably one hundred thousand New Zealanders, a fine race ; and scattered savage hordes, in Australia. At Gibraltar, there is a medley of many Mediterranean and Aftican races. At INIalta, a peculiar population, partaking of the characteristics of the various nations under whose dominion the island has passed. In the Ionian Islands, the inhabitants are principally Greek, with some Venetian blood; in Hehgoland, Gennan; and in the Norman, or Channel Islands, French. The languages spoken throughout the British empii'e, are EngUsh, French, Italian, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Greek, Persian, Arabic, Maltese, Chinese, Armenian, Hindoostanee, Bengallee, jNIahratti, Tamul, Teloogoo, Carnatica, Ooria, Singalese, jNIalay, Burmese or Assamese, Hottentot, Kafire, Negi'o, New Zealand, and various barbarous unwiitten tongues. There are about 5,000,000 Christians in our foreign possessions, including the Lutheran, Latin, Greek, and Sj-riac chiu'ches. There are about 50,000,000 Hindoos, professing the religion of Brahm or Brahma; about 20,000,000 Mahommedans; about 10,000,000 Buddhists, or Jains; a small number of the Zoroaster creed; and the remainder are idolaters of various descriptions. The other less stiiking diversities which distinguish the population of an empire exceeding in extent, opulence, and power, Rome in her palmiest days, are deserring of some consideration. The distinction between free and bond — to the honour of Christi- anity — no longer exists; that fearful outrage on humanity has, to some extent, been redressed, at a cost of £20,000,000 sterling; and in recording the millions of inhabitants congi'egated within the pale of a single government, the historian cannot but rejoice that he speaks of freemen and not of slaves. Climate, food, and di'iuk, as well as religion, laws, and language, produce difTerences in thought, feehng, and action. The Indo-British subject, living on the verge of the Himalaya mountains, is a totally different being from his fellow-citizen dweUing in the flat regions of Bengal. The Mussulman of Calcutta, who eats animal food, possesses far more energy and inteUigence than the Hindoo dweUing in the same city who Uves on rice and water. The ponderous brandy-drinking boor of South Africa, is a totally different man fi-om the rivacious French Canadian, on the banks of the St. Laurence. A wide difierence is invariably found to exist between the denizens of a low, hot, and damp region, and those of an elevated, cool, and dry atmosphere ; varieties of food and drink produce equally distinctive effects. Estimating the whole population of the British Em- pire at 130,000,000, not more than 26,000,000 consume flesh abundantly; about 10,000,000 eat of it sparingly ; 24,000,000 occasionally partake of it, and 70,000,000 Hve principally on vegetables and fish. ^Tieat, oats, and barley constitute the principal gramniverous food of about 34,000,000 ; potatoes, pulse, and other vegetables, of about 16,000,000 ; and xvi GOVERNMENT OP BRITISH INDIA. rice, maizo, millet, and several minor grains, of about 80,000,000 people. "With regard to fermented or distilled drink, about 10,000,000 use wine frequently, 25,000,000 malt liquors, 35,000,000 distilled liquors, and about 00,000,000 confine themselves chiefly to aqueous beverages. Aljout one-half the population of the British empire reside within the temperate, and the other half within the torrid zone. These facts shew that the British is far from being a homogeneous empire ; they indi- cate the great care required even in the application of ordinary rules, much more in the adaptation of abstract principles to vast and varied masses of men under different degreea of civilization. It may be necessary to offer a succiut \-icw of the home administration of our mari- time possessions. The whole of the British territories on the peninsula of India, and the settlements of Penang, Malacca, and Singapore, are under the management of the East India Company, whose delegated tnist expii-es in 1853-54. The affairs of the East India Comi)anv are managed by a court of twenty-four Directors, and controlled by the India Board, which is presided over by a cabinet minister representing the Crown, who has \inder him a working department distinct from that maintained at the East India House. The India Board consists of the President, of paid or unpaid Commissioners (whom the Crown may nominate), and of the two principal Secretaries of State and the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who always, ex officio, form three of the unpaid Commissioners of the India Board. There are two Parliamentary Secretaries to the Board, and the Clerks are divided into judicial, revenue, political, and other departments. There is a permanent Secretary of the Board, and a Librarian. The Court of Directors of the East India Company are elected by the proprietors of East India stock, and presided over by a Chainnan and Deputy Chairman annually eliosen by the Court, which is divided into judicial, revenue, and other committees. The secret Committee, consisting of the Chairman, Deputy Chairman, and Senior Director, confer on all matters of importance with the President of the India Board. Tlie patronage, con- sisting of the appointnieut of ^^Titers or ci^il servants, military cadets, surgeons, and chap- lains, is annually divided into thirty shares, of which the President of the India Board, and Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the East India Company have each two shares ; and each Director of the East India Company, one share. In India promotion, both in the civil and military service, goes chiefly by seniority. Staff appointments rest with the Commander-in-Chief, and high political trusts are in the appointment of the Governor- General. In England the President of the India Board has, under the advice of Her Majesty's ministers, the appointment of Commander-in-Chief of the Anglo-Indian army, and of Judges and Bishops. Her Majesty's government also possess a veto on the nomination (by the Directors of the East India Company) of Governors-General, Governors, and IMembers of Council. The Court of Directors may, however, recall a Goveruor-General without the consent of the Crown. The India Board, on behalf of the Sovereign, exercises a controlling power in revising all despatches prepared by the Coiul; of Directors and addressed to the governments in India, at Bengal, Madras, Bombay, &c., and the Board alone sanctions increased espcuditiu-e at home or abroad. It also possesses an originating power of requiring the Com-t of Directors to prepare a despatch on any GOVERNMENT OF THE BRITISH COLONIES. svii named subject, of altering such despatch as it may seem fit, and of enforcing its trans- mission to India by a mandamus from the Court of Queen's Bench at Westminster. The joint power of the Court and Board is exercised in framing laws for the government of India, and in approving or annulling the enactments made in India by the local governments. The Hudson's Bay territories in North America have been confided to a chartered body called the " Hudson's Bay Company," since 1670. To this company, in 1848, has also been confided the colonization of Vancouver's Island. The powers entrusted to this Corporation and its mode of working wiU be detailed when describing the teiTitories under their rule. The Norman or Channel Islands have their respective legislatures under the super- vision of the Secretaiy of State for the Home Department. AU the other colonies are in charge of the Colonial Secretary, and may be divided into three classes : — 1st, Those having a Representative Assembly, a Legislative Council nomi- nated, and a Governor also appointed, by the Crown. 2nd, Those having no Representative Assembly, but a Legislative Councd and Governor. In some colonies of this class the members of the Legislative Council are partly nominated by the Crown, and partly elected by the colonists. 3rd, Those baring neither an Assembly or Council, but only a Gov- ernor, such as Gibraltar. In many instances there is also an Executive Council, com- posed of the principal servants of the crown. The Secretary of State for the Colonies is a cabinet minister of the highest rank, and during war he represents the military department of the government in the cabinet ; he has the nomination of the Parliamentary Under- Secretary of State for the Colonies, who retires with him on a change of administration ; he acts always in the name of the sovereign, whom he is supposed to consult previous to taking any important step ; and he is bound to submit to his colleagues in the cabinet measures of importance previous to their final arrangement. Colonial charters and other questions may be referred by the Secretary of State to a department of the Privy Council for trade and plantations. Emigration and land sales in the colonies are confided to the management of three Emigration Commissioners, acting under the orders of the Secretary of State. The permanent department of the Colonial Office consists of two Under Secre- taries (one of whom is law adriser on colonial subjects to the Secretary of State) of a chief, and several head clerks, gentlemen of great abiUty and much general experience, to each of whom is confided a group of colonies, according to their geographical position; several assistant or subordinate clerks and writers, and a librarian or registrar, to whom is enti'ustcd the custody, arrangement, and preparation for printing of public pajiers. The patronage of the Secretary of State consists in the nomination of the Governors, Lieutenant-Governors, Commanders-in-Chief, Judges, Bishops, and Chm'ch Dignitaries, Law Officers, Secretaries, Treasurers, Auditors, and civil functionaries of every description in the colonies; also the members of the Colonial Executive Council, and the Crown members of the Colonial Legislative Councils ; he likewise fills up vacancies in the Emigration Com- mission, and such as may occur in his own office in Downing-street, where the principle of seniority is not involved. The power of the Imperial Parliament is exercised in framing constitutions for the colonies, or laws applicable to one or more of om* possessions ; in the appointment of select xviii JilUTISH EXPENDITURE ON THE COLONIES. committees to iTi([iiire into grievances, or procure information; and in a(l(lres»ing the crown on any subject requiring attention. Parliament may suspend the constitution, alter, abridge, or extend the functions of any Colonial Legislature : the House of Commons may also interfere in the internal taxa- tion of" colonics not possessing Legislative Assemblies; and, as a high court of judicature, the House of Lords may try any governor, or other functionary, impeached by the Commons. Acts of the Colonial Legislatures, unless disallowed by the crown or parliament, within two years, become permanent laws. The crown, through its representative, sanctions the introduction of money bills into the colonial assemblies. A department of the Privy Council investigates colonial matters referred to its jurisdiction by the Secretary of State for the Colonics. The Colonies of England were formerly under the management of a board, to whose care was confided the trade and plantations of the kingdom. On the abolition of the Plantation Board, and the office of third Secretary of State, on the economical motion of Mr. Burke, after the loss of our American possessions, the remaining colonies were trans- ferred to the care of the Secretary of State for the Home Department. On the breaking out of the revolutionary war at the close of the last century, a Secretaryship of State for War was created, and to this department the control of the colonies was confided m 1801. Since then our colonies have been largely augmented, and it has become a question, whether the Home Administrative Department for their management in England does not require enlargement and modification. In 1837 the wiiter of this work petitioned the House of Commons on the subject, pointing out the difficulty of exercising a wise and satisfactory rule over numerous and distant transmarine temtories, thi'ough the medium of a single chief, who was changed with every party majority in the House of Commons, — ^urging, that within three years there were five difi'erent Secretaries and five Under-Secretaries of State for the colonies, whose brief dui-ation of office rendered it next to impossible for them, however great their talents or energies, to enter fully into the vai-ious and comphcated questions connected with our colonies ; and suggesting, therefore, that it might be advisable to constitute a Colonial Board or Council to assist the Secretary of State, — such Board to be composed chiefly of governors, and other servants of the cro^vn. An effective measure of this nature, which may be adopted without any additional expense to the British Exchequer, might avert the necessity of yielding to extreme and unconstitutional propositions. A Colonial Board, such as that of the Ti-easurj', Admii'alty, &c., composed of members possessed of local knowledge, as well as general abihty, if permanent, would mitigate, if not altogether remove the evils now unavoidably resulting from the frequent change of the Secre- tary of State, whose labours are exceedingly arduous and responsible. This is not the place to enter into any examination of possible retrenchments in Colonial Expcuditui-e, ci^il or mihtary. The whole sums voted by Parliament for the civii expenditure of the colonies in 1849, derived from the revenues of Great Britain, were, in round numbers,— Bahamas, £-300; Bermuda, £4,000; Prince Edwai-d Island, £2,000: Western coast of Africa, .£13,000 ; Western Australia, £7, 100 ; Port Essington, or Northern Australia (about to be abandoned), £1,700; New Zealand, £20,000; Heligoland, £1000, VALUABLE PEODUCTIONS OF THE COLONIES. Falkland Islands, £5,700; Hong Kong, £25,000; Labuan, £10,000; governors and others in the West Indies, £18,000; St. Helena, and retired servants of East India Com- pany, £17,000. Total £125,000. Clergy in N. America, £11,500; Indian department, Canada, £14,000 ; Justices or Stipendiary Magistrates in the West Indies, Mauritius, &c., €41,000; Militia and Volunteers in Canada, £16,000; Emigration department, £13,000; Colonial Office, £37,000. Total £133,000.— Thus it wiU be seen that the total civil charges of the ■whole of our colonies defrayed out of the Home Exchequer, directly or indirectly, permanently or temporarily, is about a quarter of a million sterUng. The people of British India provide the whole of the civil and mUitary charges of Hindoostan, defray annually the expenses of twenty to thu-ty thousand of the Queen's troops; the cost of the Court of Dii-ectors of the East India Company in Leadenhall-street, and of the India Board in Westminster. The convict expenditure in Austraha and Ber- muda is about £225,000 a-year, but this outlay results fr-om vice and crime in the United BQngdom, and is not chargeable to our colonies. The total military cost for the pay and commissariat of the Queen's troops in all our colonies was, for the year 1847 : pay, £1,503,059, commissariat, £670,142 = £2,174,059. Of this sum £603,718 was for the Cape of Good Hope dui'ing the KafiPre war. In some of the colonies there are local corps, as in the West Indies, Ceylon, and Malta. There are militia corps in several of our settlements; those of our N. American Colonies comprise 339,139 men. It is desendng of consideration, with regard to our military expenditure in the colonies, that England is obliged to maintain a standing army; which, considering the extent of the standing armies of all European nations, it is a grave question, whether it would be prudent in us materially to reduce. But, as the constitutional jealousy of a free country objects to the presence of a soldiery which might be made the instruments for wielding despotic power, it is well that those troops should be scattered in different colonies, inured to privation, seasoned in various climates, and ready on any emergency for effective service. A similar remark appUes to the Royal Navy, which our insular position and wide extended commerce requires to be maintained in considerable force. The possession cf strongholds and havens in every part of the globe enables us to dispense with the large amount of naval strength that would other^vise be requisite; and our seamen are rendered perfect, and retained in a high state of discipline by being stationed for three or four years on the shores of the distant colonies, in various climates, and amidst many dangers, yet always among their own countrymen, and losing nothing therefore of their nationality. The shipping registered as sailing-vessels, in the British Colonies in N. America, Australia, Africa, and the West Indies, amounts to half a million tons, and the steam- vessels to sixteen thousand tons. The British shipping cleared out of the ports of the LTnitcd Kingdom for the British possessions alone, in 1847, amoimted to more than two million tons. Steam communication has now brought the most distant parts of the empire into close, frequent, and regidar intercourse. Mails and passengers arrive in ten days from our North American Colonies, in twenty from the West Indies, in thirty days from the East Indies, in fifty from China; and, according to a new line, they -nill arrive in sixty days from Australia. This diminution of time or distance between the parent state and XX COLONIAL CONSUMPTION OF HOME ^MANrFACTURES. her possessions will greatly tend to consolidate the empire. Lord Brougham, in his able work on " Colonial Policy," has well described the beneficial effects of frequent inter- national communication in the following words : — " The only constant, rcgxdar, and extensive intercourse, arising from the circulation of inhabitants, is that which is carried on between the different provinces of the same empire, either contiguous or remote — between the country and the towns — tlie provinces, or provincial to^ms, and the capital — the districts of industry and self-denial, and the seats of opidence and pleasure — the mother country and her colonies. Tliis intercourse and circulation tends, more than any other thing, to preserve the connexion of the different component parts of a great and scattered empire, and to cement the whole mass." The colonics yield us a certain supply of necessaries and luxuries which no foreign wai or hostile tariffs can lessen. Of 7,000,000 cwt. of sugar imported, our colonies furnish 5,500,000. They send us also 35,000,000 lbs. of coffee, 4,000,000 lbs. of cocoa, 7,000,000 gaUons of rum, 1,000,000 lbs. of cinnamon, 6,000,000 lbs. of pepper, 2,000,000 gallons of vegetable oils, 8,000,000 lbs. Indigo, 40,000,000 lbs. of wool (sheep), 100,000,000 lbs. of cotton wool, 1,000,000 lbs. of silk, 1,000,000 cwt. of rice, 1,000,000 loads of timber; also corn, pronsions, flax, hemp, hides, skins, saltpetre, gums, drugs, dyes, metals, &c., aU capable of indefinite increase. In fish alone Newfoundland has contributed to the empire to the value of about j6200,000,000, a richer wealth than the South Ameriean mines yielded to Spain. The exports of manufactured articles fi-om the United Kingdom to the colonies nearly equals our whole exports of similar articles to eveiy part of the globe, ilr. Disraeli stated in Parliament, on July 2, 1849, that " in the article of calicoes alone there has been an export to the British Colonies, from 1831 to 1846, of 313,000,000 yards more than to all the rest of the world:" and it must be remembered, that a colonial trade is even more valuable than a home trade, because not only are the two profits on buying and seUing obtained by the citizens of the same empire, but a large and valuable amount of shipping is employed British India and Ceylon consume annually British and Irish produce and manufac- tures of the value of £6,000,000; N. American colonies, £4,500,000; West Indies, £3,500,000; Austndian Colonies, £2,000,000; the African settlements more than £2,000,000; the European and other settlements, require for use or sale, about £2,000,000. Our colonial export ti-ade therefore amounts to £20,000,000 a year, and is annually increasing. This commerce, in a national point of view, is double the value of an equal amount of foreign commerce, for the reasons above stated ; namely, that the whole profits thereon accrue to the empire, and are in no way dirided with foreign states. ^Much of our foreign trade may be, and indeed often is, carried on at a loss. When goods accumulate in the warehouses of our great hives of industry, in Lancashii-e and Yorkshire, they must be sold at any sacrifice; and the diflerence between the cost and sale price is made up out of the profits on the home and colonial trade. The extent of foreign trade is not an infallible criterion either of individual or national wealth. It is often difficidt for exporters to realize in cash, or otherwise, the value of goods sent to a foreign country ; but in our colonies goods are consigned to corresponding firms ; NAPOLEON ON "SHIPS, COLONIES, AND COMMERCE," xxi or, there are English comets of law there for the ready recovery of debts. ^loreover the ]Metropolitan-Colonial Banks established in London, since 1834, such as the "Austra- lian," " British North American," " Colonial W. I./' " Oriental," " Ceylon," " Ionian," &c., render the remittance of money between England and her colonies as easy and sccui-e as between London and Liverpool. The increasing value of our Colonies is thus shown by T. F. Elliot, Esq., Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies : — • A.D. Population. Imports. Exports. Value of Imports Value of Exports ^ ^ * per head. per liead. Old American Colonies (in 1773). .2,312,000 £1,000,000 £1,800,000 £088.. £0 15 6 AustraUan Colonies (in 1845) . . 283,873 £2,070,000 £2,189,000 £7 5 10 . . £7 14 3 The duties levied in foreign countries on British produce and manufactures, vary from ten to fifty per cent.; but in New South "Wales, South Australia, Van Diemen's Land, New Zealand, Ceylon, Mauritius, Cape of Good Hope, Sierra Leone, &c., British manufac- tures of woollen, cotton, and siUc are received as free of all duties as if transmitted from one part of the United Kingdom to another. In our North American Colonies, the duty on British manufactures is 5 to 7, in the West Indies 3 to 4, and in British India but 3 per cent. The consumption of British produce and manufactures in oui* colonial posses- sions, ranges from two to ten pounds sterling per head annually; in the United States of America, our best foreign customers, the average is under ten shillings a head annually. It has been said that colonies must become tiseless as commercial markets under what is termed "Free Trade." But it may also be urged that "fi-ee imports" do not consti- tute free trade; — that the United States and European nations do not admit British and Colonial produce and manufactures on the same terms as England admits their products into the United Kingdom and its dependencies; — that since the adoption of our taiiff of fi'ee imports in 1846-7, no nation has entered into reciprocal arrangements, — in some instances foreign tariiFs have been increased, and that but for the revolutionary state of Continental Europe dming 1848 and 1849, by which the manufacttu-es and commerce of the revolutionary cotmtiies have been suspended or deranged, it may be doubted whether the newly-adopted system could have been maintained. An European war, the blockade of important rivers, such as the Elbe or Scheldt, the occupation of the territory of a com- mercial ally, as that of INIexico by the L^uited States, all tend to the diminution of our precarious foreign trade; but a colonial traffic is always wdthin our own control, both for the consumption of British manufactm-es and for the supply of food and of raw products; and the time is probably not far distant when England and her maritime depen- dencies will be included in one commercial league, with as perfect fi'eedom of trade as if no ocean roUed between them. The imperious expression of Napoleon when seeking the destruction of England, and imable to accompUsh it by the means in his possession, was — " I must have ships, colonies, and commerce !" The sagacious Talleyi'and also, when urging France to acquire and maintain colonies as the best mode of sustaining a fleet which might "reach the ritals of England," declared, that colonies were the sheet anchor of Britain — the support of her navy — the foi"ti-ess of her power : " Render these useless," said Talleyrand, " or deprive her of them, and you break down her last wall — you fill up her last moat." " Whatever," said Talleyi-and, " gives colonies to France, supplies her with ships and xxii LORD BACON ON THE ADVANTAGES OF PLANTATIONS. sailors, maniifachires, and husbandmen. Victories by land can only give her mutinous subjects, who, instead of augmenting the national force by their riches or numbers, con- tribute only to disperse or enfeeble that force ; but the growth of colonies suiiplies her with zealous citizens, and the increase of real wealth and effective numbers is the certain consequence." Napoleon, in one of his prophetic moments at St. Helena, truly remarked, " Eng- land should look wholly to commerce and to naval affairs ; she never can be a continental power, and in the attempt must be ruined : let her maintain the empire of the seas, and she may send her ambassadors to the coiu-ts of Europe, and demand what she pleases." There are other forcible reasons which enhance the value of the Colonies ; especially the existing density in England of four hundred mouths on each square mile of arable surface, aud a population still further increasing in the United Kingdom at the rate of nearly a mouth every minute, or upwards of one thousand a day beyond the deaths, which makes emigration a matter of state pohcy as well as individual necessity, if we would avert the evils of a social or servile war, which is inevitably caused by an excess of inhabitants in any country. If England had no foreign possessions or waste lands, the extrusion of the excessive population might be the sole object, even if the surplus went to enrich and strengthen a rival state ; but when there are nullions of acres ready for the plough in different parts of the empire, it seems suicidal to transfer, or suffer to be transferred, to another nation, the blood and bone of our own. Of the two million emigrants who have quitted the United Kingdom within the last twenty-foiu* years, four-fifths have sti-engthened the power and added to the wealth of the United States of America. When emigration is left to itself, men of small capital, the bold and the energetic, are the first to qidt their native home ; society thus becomes weakened, and less able to bear with accumulating diflBculties ; the pressure on the labour market, which alone required relief, is increased by the departure of the employers of labour ; capital, unable to find secure and profitable investment at home, seeks its interest in foreign lands ; the mysterious link which unites national with indi\idual weal is destroyed ; a democratic spiiit looks to poUtical changes for social amelioration; and the whole fi-ame-work of society becomes unhinged. A state paper addressed by Lord Bacon to James I. in 1606, contains reasons for emigration, and for the planting of new settlements, which well deserve consideration in the present day. " An effect of peace in fruitful kingdoms where the stock of people recei\ing no consump- tion nor diminution by wai' doth continually multiply and increase, must, in the end, be a surcharge or overflow of people more than the territories can well maintain, which many times insinuating a general necessity and want of means into all estates, doth turn external peace iuto internal troubles and seditions. Now what an excellent diversion of this inconvenience is ministered to your Majesty in this plantation of Ireland (colonies), wherein so many families may receive sustentation and fortune, and the discharge of them out of England and Scotland may prevent many seeds of future perturbation ; so that it is as if a man were troubled for the avoidance of water from the places where he had built his house, and afterwards should adrise with himself to cast those floods, pools, or streams for pleasure, provision, or use. So shall your Majesty in this work have a double commodity in the avoidance of people here, and in making use of them there." WORDSWORTH ON EMIGRATION. Ovtr Colonies oifer a noble field for British industry. They could sustain with ease an addition of one hundred miUion to their present population. In the Canadas there ai-e not six individuals to each square mile of area, in Australasia not three, in Southern Africa not two. Wordsworth's beautiful lines are peculiarly appropriate at the present time : — " As the element of air affords An easy passage to the industrious bees, Fraught ■nith their burdens ; and a way as smooth For those ordained to take their sounding flight From the thronged hive, and settle where they list — In fresh abodes their labour to renew : So the wide waters open to the power, The will, the interests, and appointed needs Of Britain, do invite her to cast off Her swarms; and, in succession, send them forth, Bound to establish new communities On every shore whose aspect favours hope, Or bold adventure ; promising to skill And perseverance their deserved reward. Change, wide and deep, and silently performed, This land shall witness; and, as days roll on. Earth's universal frame shall feel the effect, Even to the smallest habitable rock Beaten by lonely billows, hear the songs Of harmonized society, and bloom With ci'S'il arts that send their fragrance forth, A grateful tribute to all-ruling Heaven. — Book IX. Excursions. From seven to eight miUion sterHng are now annuaUy expended in the United Kingdom in the support of two million paupers ; if a portion of that sum were appro- priated towards the conveyance of a part of the able-bodied poor to the less populated parts of the empire, a grievous burthen, which is now weighing down the energies of the countiy, would be converted into a source of wealth and strength to the nation ; un- profitable consumers would become producers of food and other exchangeable articles, demanding in return British manufactures, and the waste lands of the Crown would become som'ces of national and individual prosperity. Two hundred milli on sterling have been levied by law and expended for the rehef of the poor in England and Wales, between the years 1815 and 1849. The sum which it costs to maintain a pauper in England would convey him to another part of the Empire, where he might in the same space of time be a useful consumer instead of a waster of capital. Every tree felled, every acre cultivated, in our Colonies, furnishes additional employ- ment for the looms, shipping, and commerce of England; and om- rich possessions in the East and West Indies are capable of furnishing an inexhaustible supply of tropical and other products, so much in demand throughout Europe and America. By judiciously directing the stream of emigi-ation where it may fertilize our own waste lands, we not only provide for the immediate exigencies of a superabundant population, but we preserve to ourselves the main element of national strength, and thus render it conducive to the permanent welfare of the Empu'C. xxiv ENGLAND THE "NURSING MOTHER" OF NATIONS. China, Japan, Corea, Cochin China, and Siam — containing nearly one-half the popu- lation of the globe, are scarcely yet known to us ; and our possessions in the Pacific and Indian Oceans may be the means of opening the door for extensive intercourse with those vast regions. Again, the Colonies afford a wide sphere of action for enterprising or restless spirits, who, with good education but Hmited means, are desirous of improving their condition. How many young men of good family, and of industrious habits, have found honourable and lucrative employment in the East and West Indies, North America, Australia, &c. The East Indian and Colonial Civil Services contain many able and distinguished servants of the crown, whose minds, expanded by their position, fit them for the government of an empire ; and the Anglo-Indian army of two hundred thousand men is commanded by military officers whose science, skill, and prowess is unsurpassed by that of any other army in the world. There are few counties in the United Kingdom in whose soil wealth acquired in the colonies has not been invested. British India alone, in payment of military, civil, and other charges, pensions, &c., has remitted to England in bullion and produce at least three millions sterling per annum for the last fifty years, making the enormous sura of £150,000,000. Sir Charles Forbes, whose name is revered at home, and almost wor- shipped in India by the affectionate and grateful people of that vast country, as the just, generous, and unswerving advocate of their interests, declared in Parliament, when deploring the lamentable inattention too generally e\-inced to their welfare, and the absence of a pohcy conciliatory to their feelings, that "the wealth which England has obtained from the natives of India would, at compound interest, pay off the National Debt!" The balance of trade, the private fortunes made abroad, and the savings of civil and nulitary men, are, generally speaking, spent " at home." By means of her colonies England is enabled to assume a high national position ; and should, unfortimately, a general European war arise, she is independent of every foreign country for the supply of the necessaries or luxuries of life, or for the raw mate- rials requii-ed for her manufactures. In estimating the political value of our colonies, it must not be forgotten that their possession gives an enlarged tone even to the minds of those who have never quitted the shores of Britain. INIere islanders, whose views and thoughts ai-e limited to the narrow temtory in which they dwell, acquire contracted ideas, unsuited to the poUcy of a great nation ; but England exists in each quai-ter of the globe — her people become familiarized with the distant regions of the earth, and a national spirit is fostered, eminently conducive to the creation and preseiTation of a vast empire. Thi-oughout the greater part of the globe a stupendous moral, as well as political, revolution is working for some great end. England is not only the heart of a mighty empire, whose branches and roots extend to the uttermost parts of the earth, she is also the " nm-sing mother " of nations yet in their infancy, and on her righteous fulfilment of this responsible duty, depends aUke their future welfai-e and her own. If true to her trust, she may, imder Divine Providence, be the instrument of establishing peace — extending ci-silization — and disseminating the inestimable blessings of Christianity throughout the world. R- ^I- ^lARTIN. THE BRITISH COLONIES. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. BOOK I.— EASTERN AND WESTERN CANADA. CHAPTER T.— HISTORY. The British dominions in North America I comprise an area of 4,000,000 square miles : 1 their extreme length between east and west, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, is 3,000 miles ; and from north to south, 2,000 miles. The boundaries of this vast region are, on the north the Arctic Ocean and the adjacent seas and islands, many of them yet unexplored ; on the north-ivest, Russian America ; on the west, the Pacific Ocean ; on the south, the temtories of the United States ; and on the east, the Atlantic Ocean. The southern boundary is defined (see map) by an irregular line drall^^l from the extreme end of Vancouver's Island, extend- ing along the parallel of 49° N. to the head of Lake Superior, thence through the centre of that lake and the centres of Lakes Hu- ron, St. Clair, Erie, the Falls of Niagara, and Lake Ontario, to St. Regis on the St. Lawrence, 60 miles S. W. of Montreal, thence along the parallel of 45° N. to some Highlands, which di\ide the waters that flow into the Atlantic from those that flow into the St. Lawi'cnce ; from thence to the source of St. Croix, and to the mouth of that river in Passamaquoddy Bay in the Gulf of Fundy. The whole country lies between the parallels of 41° 47' and 78° or 80° N., and the me- ridians 52° and 141° W. The British territory is divided into the ])rorinces or districts kno^^ai as the Canadas, Eastern and Western, or Upper and Lower; New Branswick, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, the Coast of Labrador, the Hudson's Bay Tcr- VOL. I. B ritories, Vancouver's Island, Queen Char- lotte's Island, and other islands and districts west of the Rocky Mountains, each of which will be separately described. The statements of the Norwegians, or Danes, haring visited the coast of America in the tenth and eleventh centuries, and colonized " Vinland," or New England, are too vague and unsatisfactory, to deprive Columbus of the honour' of having been the first discoverer of the western hemisphere on the 11th of October, 1492. But the explorations of this truly great man were restricted to the West India Islands and a portion of the middle and southern part of the adjacent continent, which received its name from Amerigo Vespucci, who, in 1499, visited some parts of the coast. The dis- coverer of the northern portion of the con- tinent of America was Giovani Gaboto, generally called John Cabot, a Venetian, in the service of Henry VII. of England, who, with his three sons, sailed from Bristol in i\Iay 1197, having under his command two caravels and five ships laden with goods for traffic, supplied by the merchants of London. Cabot sailed to the westward in the expectation of reaching " Catliay," or China; but to his surprise, on the 24th of June, 1497, made the coast of America, discovered Newfoundland, sailed as far N. as 67° 30', in hope of finding a jjassage to the Pacific ; then steered to the southward, and entered the Gulf of St. Lawi-ence in search of a sup- posed north-west passage. After taking possession of the country in the name of. ENGLISH AND FllENCFI DISCOVERIES IN AMERICA. Eu^'liiiul, Cabot returned in Au^st, 1497, with ten natives (whom he brought fi-om Ncwfoinullaiul or Priiifc Edward Island), and was knifjhtcd by tlie king. Sir John Cabot made three subsequent voyaijcs, but no settlement then took plaee on this part of the North American continent ; the tide of European adventure being directed to Mexico and Peru by the Spaniards. In 1500 Gcuspar Cortereal, a Portuguese captain, visited the north coast of America, followed the track of Sir .Tohn Cabot, and kidnapped seveial of the Indians or natives, whom he sold as slaves. In 1503 Hugh Elliot and Thomas Ashm-st, English merchants, were authorized by Henry VII. to estab- lish Colonies in the countries discovered by Cabot; but they do not appear to have availed themselves of this permission. In 1518 Baron de Lerj', a Frenchman, landed cattle at Isle du Sable, and ineffectually attempted to form a settlement at Canseau. In 1525 Giovanni Verrazano, a Florentine, and Gomez, a Spaniard, in an expedition fitted out by Francis the First, coasted from New- foundland to Florida, landed in Nova Scotia, proceeded as far as 50° N., and, regardless of the prior claim of England, took formal possession of the country for his royal mas- ter, under the title of " La Nouvelle France." Verrazano, like Cabot, returned without gold or silver, was coldly received, and died in obsciu'ity. Henry VIII. in 1527 fitted out an expedition to discover a north-west jias- sage to the East Indies : one of the ships was lost, and no settlement was made. The valuable fisheries on the banks of Newfoundland had early attracted the at- tention of European nations, and in 1517 there were about fifty vessels under the English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese flag engaged in the fisheries. In 15 >4 Jacques Cartier, a navigator who had been fishing on the banks of Ne^'foimdlaud, re- ceived a commission from Francis the First ; sailed with two vessels of 60 tons each »rom St. Maloes, April 20 ; arrived at New- foundland, ilay 10; remained there ten days, then sailed to the northward ; subsequently took a southerly course, passed through the Straits of Bellisle, traversed the Gidf of St. Lawrence ; on the 24th of July erected a cross surmoiuited by a fleur-de-lys, and on the 2nth of Jidy sailed for France, taking with him two Indians. Cartier was well received, and sent by his sovereign in the ensuing year to the St. La\vreuee. (so called on account of its dis- covery on the day of the festival of that saint) wth three larger vessels, and accom- |,?.iii('d by a number of young gentlemen as adventurers. The cxiiiorers entered the river St. La^vrence in August, and anchored ofl' Quebec, then called Stadaconna, and the abode of an Indian chief, named Donna- conna. Cartier here quitted his ships and proceeded up the river in boats. On the 3rd of October, he reached an island, which he named Mont Uoijal (now Montreal), re- turned to his shi])s, where lie wintered, called the coast St. Croix, and in 15.36 seized Donnaeonna, and two other chiefs, and conveyed them with eight natives to France, where they all died. The precious metals not hanng been discovered, the French sovereign made no further efforts to occupy the counti-y until 1541, when an expedition, at the renewed entreaties of Cartier, was sent out to colonize La Nouvelle France, or Canada, so called from the Iroquois word Kanata, signifving a collection of huts, which the early discoverers mistook for the native name of the countri'. Francis I. gave the command of the expedition to Franfois de le Roqiie, Siegneur de Roberval, who was appointed the viceroy of his sovereign in Canada, Hochelaga (^lontreal), &c. In Jidy, 1542, the \ieeroy arrived in Canada, built a fort about four leagues above the Isle of Orleans, but the destructive effects of scurvy which appears to have affiieted all the early colonists, and the deadly hostility of the In- dians, in consequence of the kidnapping of Donnaeonna and other Indian chiefs in 1536, prevented any permanent settlement. Roberval was recalled by Francis I. to as- sist in the war against Charles V., and Jacques Cartier, after an unsuccessfiil at- tem])t to form a settlement at St. Croix, returned ruined in health and fortune to France, where he soon died. After the death of Francis I., Roberval, accompanied by his brother Achillc and a numerous train of enterjjrixing volunteers, embarked for Canada in 1549, but haWng never been heard of since, are supposed to have perished at sea. The idea of discov- ering a north-west passage to the Pacific Ocean, still filled the minds of the people of Europe; in 1575 Da^^s explored the Straits which bear his name, and in 1576, queen Elizabeth, ever bent on taking the lead of every other nation, sent out Martin Fro- bisher, w-ith three ships, on a voyage of ex- ploration. Frobisher discovered the Straits bearing his name, and finding some mundic QUEEN ELIZABETH AND SIR H. GILBERT. or copper pp-ites, Trhicli lie mistook for gold, lie returned with a large quantity to England. In the ensuing year Fi'obisher Tvas despatched by some merchants with three vessels to explore the coast of Labra- dor and Greenland, viiih a view to the dis- covery of a north-west passage. He rctiuTied, however, i^ith only 200 tons of the supposed gold ore, and a man, woman, and child, of the Indian race. In 1578, the expectation of discovering extensive gold regions, induced the mer- chants of England again to send forth Fro- bisher, with fifteen vessels. The expedition beiug attended with as httle success as the preceding one, caused the ruin of many adventurers, who received, as before, copper ore, instead of gold. In 1379, queen Ehzabeth, desirous of ob- taining some advantage from the discoveries of Cabot, granted to Sir Humphrey Gilbert, half-brother to Sir Walter Raleigh a patent for " the discovering or occuppng and peopUng such remote, heathen, and barba- rous countries as were not actually possessed by any Christian people." Sir Humphrey is described by Haliburton, as "a man of prepossessing manners, commanding es- teem and veneration at first sight;" he was celebrated for corn-age and prudence, genius and learning, eloquence and patriotism, and Elizabeth was so pleased with his conduct that her majesty presented him, as a mark of peculiar favoiu', an emblematic jewel, con- sisting of a small gold anchor with a large pearl at the peak, which Sir Humphrey ever after wore at his breast. Many friends fi'om personal attachment agreed to join him, but before the time of departm'e withdrew from their engagements. LTndeterred by disappointments, he sailed with several ves- sels, one of which foundered at sea and com- pelled the retiu'n to England of the expe- dition, where misfortune pressed hard upon the gallant adventurer. To assist him in again proceeding to sea. Sir Humphrey granted the lands he was to occupy in America, and then sold his estate in Eng- land, by which he was enabled to sail from Phinouth on the lltli June, 1583, with five sliips and 250 men. On the lltli July, the fleet arrived off Newfoundland, and on Monday, August 5, proceeded in state to take formal possession of the island, in the presence of the masters and merchants of 36 vessels of different nations, then in the harbour of St. John's. A tent was pitched on shore, the commission of the queen of England was read in different lan- guages, a turf and twig were then delivered to him, and sir Gilbert declared the island of NewfoimcUaud to belong to his sovereign; and to the dominions of the crown of Eng- land it has ever since been attached. Obedience haring been promised by the people with loud acclammations, a pillar, with a plate of lead and the arms of the queen engraved thereon, was erected; a tax levied on all ships, and three laws promul- gated for the colony: 1st, for the celebration of pubUc worship, according to the Church of England ritual; 2nd, declaring that any- thing which might be attempted prejudicial to the queen of England was, according to the laws of England, treason; and 3rd, that the utteiing of words to the dishonour of her majesty was to be punished with the loss of ears and confiscation of property. On the 20th August, Sir Humphrey sailed from St. John's, with the Squirrel, Delight, and Hind, for Sable Island, to search for swine, and cattle, said to have been landed there thirty years previous. The Delight was lost on a sand-bank, and no cattle being prociu'a- ble. Sir Humphrey determined on proceeding to England, but the Squirrel, which he com- manded in person, foundered in a storm, and all on board (above 100 persons) perished. Sii- John Gilbert, brother to Sir- Humphrey, at an advanced age, proceeded Avith sir John Popham to fit out a fleet for the rerival of his brother's claim, and in 1607 they wintered on a small island in the Kenebec river (state of Maine), where dis- tress and cold killed sir John Gilbert, and hio followers returned to England. France made renewed efforts for the ac- quisition of territory in this part of the North American continent, and in 1598 Henry lY. sent out the marquis de la Roche with a number of conricts, forty of whom he landed on Sable island, and proceeded to explore the adjacent coasts. But unfavour- able weather compelled the marquis to re- turn to France, without revisiting Sable island, where the convicts would have per- ished but for a French ship being wrecked there, which contained provisions for their sustenance, until they could kill seals, and catch fish for their support. Seven years after the king of France sent a vessel to look after his subjects ; twelve only were foimd alive, whose miserable condition induced the king to pardon them on their arrival in France. In 1600 Henry IV. granted an exclusive trade vrith Canada, and other privileges to M, 4 CARDINAL RICHELIEU'S CANADIAN SYSTEM. n rii;mvifi, a naval officer, who associatod with liiiiisclC iM. Pont^rave, a mcrcliant who had I made several j)rofitablc tradiiif^ voyages for furs, to the Saguenay river, and other places in the St. Lawrence. On the death of Chauvin in 1603, Sicur de Monts, aCalvinist, received from Henry IV. a further patent, conferring on him the exclusive trade and government of all the territories between 40° and .54° N. lat., totally regardless of the prior claims of England. De Monts fitted out an armament to cany on the fur ti'ade, under Poutgrave and an enterprising naval officer, named Samuel Champlain, which sailed up the St. La%vrence in 1603, as far as Sault St. Louis. Trading posts were established at different places ; Acadia, or Nova Scotia, was visited ; and on the 3rd July, 1608, Samuel Champlain founded Que- bec as the futm-e capital of New France. The French unhappily took part in the contests of the Iroquois, or Five Nations, with the Algonquins, who, supplied with fire-arms by Champlain, were enabled to can-y on a destructive contest, which tended so rapidly to depopulate the coimtry, that in 1622 Quebec did not contain fifty persons. The first child born of French parents in Quebec, was the son of Abraham Martin and Marga- ret L'Anglois, who was christened Eustache, on the 24th October, 1621. To remedy the distressed condition of the colony, which had heretofore been confided to the charge of two or three individuals, Canada was transferred to an association, called the " Company of One Hundred Part- ners," composed of clergy and laity, and headed by the celebrated cardinal Richelieu, whose leading principles were, in the first place, the conversion of the heathens to Christianity, and in tlie second, the extension of the fur trade and commerce generally, aud the discovery of a route to the Pacific Ocean, and to China through the great rivers and lakes of La Nouvelle France. The king, on the 19th April, 1627, granted Canada to the company, with extensive pri\ileges as a feudal scignoi-y, to be ac- knowledged by the presentation of a crown of gold, of eight marks weight, on the acces- sion of every sovereign to the throne. AVith the right of soil, a monopoly of trade was gi-anted; but French subjects were permitted the fi'ee exercise of the whale aiul cod fisheries on the coast, and such colonists as were not servants of the company, might trade with the Indians for peltries (skins) provided they brought all beaver Hkin.s to the factors of the comjiany, who were compell(;d to jjnrchase them at M) .wus a ])iece. A Jesuit corps was supported by the company, and " Protestants, and other heretics and Jews," were rigidly excluded from the colony. The company engaged to send over to La Nouvelle France, in the following year (lf)28) two or three hundred workmen of all kinds, aiul before 1613 to augment the number of French inhabitants to 16,0fX) ; to lodge, maintain, and fiiul the emigrants in all necessaries for tliree years, — then to make an equal distribution among them of all cleared lands, and to famish them with seed according to the wants of each family. In every district three priests were to be sujiplied by the company, with all necessaries both for their persons and mis- sions for fifteen years, after which cleared lands were to be assigned for their main- tenance. The territorial rights of the com- pany extended over Canada, and part of Florida ; the company might erect fortifica- tions, cast cannon, and make all sorts of arms, grant lands, annex titles and rights, but the erection of duchies, marquisates, earldoms, and baronies, required royal let- ters of confirmation. The king granted the company two ships of war, of two or three hundred tons each, to be victualled by the company. The ships were to be paid for, if within the fij'st ten years the company did not convey 1,500 Fi-ench of both sexes to Canada, and the charter was to be void, if within the last five years an equal number was not conveyed to the colony. A subsequent ordonnance enlarged the pri\-ileges of the company: merchandise manufactm-ed in Canada, was, on imjiortation into France, to pay no duty for fifteen years ; natives of the colonies were to be deemed citizens of old France ; tradesmen or mecha- nics, after being employed six years by the company, were, on their return to France, to be priAilegcd to cany on their business in Paris, or elsewhere ; ecclesiastics, noblemen, and others, might associate with the com- pany, \rithout derogation of honour, and twelve of the partners of the company were to be created nobles by the king. These an-angemcuts were frustrated by Da^•id Kirtck, a French Calvinist, who sought refuge in F]ngland fi-om religious persecu- tion, fitted out an Enghsh anuament in 162", and captm-ed eighteen French trans- ports, with 135 pieces of ordnance, destined for Quebec and other places belonging te POLICY OF LOUIS XIV. IN CANADA. the company. Next year Kirtck captm-ed Port Royal, in Acadia (Nova Scotia), \'isited Tadoussac, destroyed the cattle, and plun- dered the houses at Cape Tourmente, and proceeded to Gaspe bay, where he met M. de Roquemont, one of the hundred partners, commanding a squacb-on of vessels freighted with French emigrants, and filled with pro- visions. Ku'tck provoked Roquemont to fight ; the French were defeated, and the whole fleet captured. The colonists at Que- bec suifered greatly by this disaster, and their distress was increased by the shipwreck, on the coast of Nova Scotia, of a vessel laden ynth provisions for their relief. Kirtck aided by some other English vessels com- manded by his two brothers, proceeded up the St. Lawrence, and on the 29th July, 1629, took possession of Quebec, whose famishing inhabitants were then existing on five ounces of bread a day. The value of the conquest was at the time but Httle appreciated, the attention of Eng- land being directed to the more southern part of the continent of America; the French opened a negotiation ; peace was restored, and by the treaty of St. Germains, in 1632, Charles I. reUnquished to Louis XIII. the right which England had always claimed, by reason of the discovery of Cabot, to this por- tion of America; upon which Canada, Acadia (Nova Scotia), and Isle Royal (Cape Breton), were re-occupied by the French, between whom, and the English in the adjacent states, rivalry and internecine hostilities were frequent, notwithstanding the peace- able relations existing between the home governments. In 1644 Montreal was ceded to the religi- ous order entitled the St. Sulpicians of Paris; the monopoly of the company of a hundi-ed partners gi-aduaUy broke down, colonization was extended by a growing attention to agiieulture taking the place of the almost exclusive consideration heretofore given to the fur trade, and in 1663 the company having become obnoxious, b}' reason of their arbitrary proceedings, the king of France abolished the company, and converted Ca- nada into a royal government. M. de Mery was appointed governor, and proceeded from France to Quebec, with 400 regular troops, 100 families as settlers, horses, cattle, and implements of agricultvu'e. The administration of the colony was changed from an ecclesiastical mission to a secular government by the great Colbert, and under the royal jm-isdiction, the governor, a king's commissioner, an apostolical vicar, and four other gentlemen, were formed into a sove- reign council, to which was entrusted the jm'isdiction of aU causes ci\'il and criminal, according to the laws and ordinances of France and the practice of the parliament of Paris, the regulation of commerce, and the expenditm-e of the public monies. The emigration of French settlers was promoted by every possible means, and a martial spirit was imparted to the population by the loca- tion in the colony of the disbanded soldiers of the Carrignan regiment (1000 strong), and of other troops, whose officers became the principal seignem-s on condition of their making cessions under the feudal tenure to the soldiers and other inhabitauts. Louis XIV., aided by the politic Colbert, desirous of establishing Frenchmen in every part of the globe, founded a IVest India Company, with powers and pri\'ileges some- what similar to those granted to the English East India Company. The regions recited in the patent of the West India Company, as the fields for operation, were the countr\' from the river Amazon to the Orinoco, the Antilles, Canada, L' Acadia, both continent and islands from the north of Canada to Vii'ginia and Florida; also the coast ol' Africa, from Cape Verd to the Cape of Good Hope, " so far as the said company may be able to penetrate, whether the said countries may now appertain to France, as being oi' having been occupied by Frenchmen, or in so far as the said company shall establish itself by exterminating or conquering the natives or colonists of such European nations as are not our allies." Louis XIV. agreed to advance one-foiu-th of the whole stock without interest for four years, subject to a proportion of all losses which might be incurred dm-iug that period. The West India Company was to enjoy a monopoly of the territories and trade, and an exclusive na\igation, conceded for forty years, and to receive a bounty of thii'ty li\Tes on every ton of goods exported from France. The com- pany was authorized to levy war against the Indians or foreign colonies in case of insult; to build forts, raise and maintain troops, gi'ant lands, commute seigneurial dues, and it was bound to carry out a sufficient number of priests and to build chui-ches and houses for their accommodation. All colonists and converts professing the Romish faith were declared to be entitled to the same rights in France and in the colonies as if they had been born and resided within the kingdom. ' 6 BARBAROUS PROCEEDINGS WITH THE INDIANS. The arljitrarv procccdinjis of this com- pany soon exfitpd gciieral dissatisfaction in Canada, and on the 8th April KJGfi, a royal arret of the council of state granted to the Canadians the trade in furs, suljjcct to an allowance of one-fourth of all beaver skins, and one-tenth of all bufi'alo skins, and the total reservation to the com])any of the trade of Tadoussac, at the mouth of the Saguenay river. The colony was kept in continual alarm by the war waged by the Canadians against the Mohawk Indians, who were in alliance with the English colonists at New York. For pm-poscs of military defence, the colo- nists by a royal edict were directed to concentrate their settlements, and no lands were permitted to be cleared or cultivated but such as were contiguous to each other: this accounts for the pecidiar militarj^ style of the French Canadian townships. The wars with the Indians were carried on with great bai'baiism on both sides. In an incursion made by the marquis de Tracey into an Iroquois settlement, the Indians saved them- selves by flight; but the old men, women, and children were slaughtered and a Te Deum thereon celebrated in the cathedi-al of Quebec. On another occasion a French army, consisting of 28 companies of regular ti'oops and the whole militia of the colony, marched 700 miles in the midst of winter, from Quebec into the ^Mohawk tenitory for the purpose of utterly extirpating the Indians. As usual the Indian warriors escaped, but the sachems (old men), women, and children, were massacred. For every human scalp delivered into the war depart- ment a sum of forty Uvres was paid. The Canadians, however, not imfrequently experienced the revengeftd fiu'y of the In- dians. Chai'lcvoix in his history of La Xou- velle France, when describing the ati-ocities committed by the Indians, says — " lis ouv- rircnt le sein des femmes enceintes pour en aiTachcr le fniit qu'eUes portoicnt; ils mii'cnt des enfans tout ^ivant a la broche ct con- traigncrant Ics meres de Ics tourner poiu' Ics fair rotir." The colonists, frequently taken by siu-prise, had their houses, cattle, and crops destroyed, and thousands of the French were slain. The French, reinforced from Europe, sent a strong force in Febru- ary, 1090, who massacred the greater part of the unresisting inhabitants of Shencctady. According to Coldon (page 79) the Indians whom the French took piisoners at She- ncctady, were cut into pieces, and boiled to make soup for the Indian allies who accom- panied the French ! The contests of the British and French colonists were carried on through their respective Indian allies, and for several years the tide of success was in favour of the French, as the British were by nature not so well adapted for conciliating the natives. The hostilities waged by the Indians were destructive to the scattered colonists: setting little value on Hfe, they fought with despe- ration, and gave no quarter ; protected by the natural fastnesses of their country, they chose their own time for action, and when they had enclosed their enemies in a defile, or surprised them amidst the intricacies of the forest, the war-whoop of the nctor, and the death-shriek of the vanquished, were simidtancously heard, and while the bodies of the slain served for food to the savage, the scalped head of the white man was- a ti'ophy of glory, and a booty of no incon- siderable value to its possessor. In 1683, the Mississippi, which had been previously visited by the French missionaries from INIontreal (in 1673), and by fur hunters from Quebec, under the guidance of tlie Indians, was navigated to the sea by M. de la Salle J and all the country watered by that vast river claimed for France under the title of Louisiana, in honour of Louis XIV. The British colonists in Albany became alarmed at the success and increasing strength of the French, not only in Xova Scotia, where hostihties were almost inces- sant with the English at ^lassachussetts, but also by their occupation of the two great rivers, the St. Lawrence and the ^Mississippi, and their successfid prosecution of the fur trade and fisheries, then deemed the chief source of wealth in North America. The population of Canada, which in 1674 did not exceed 8,000, including the converted In- dians, had rapidly increased ; and the inter- maiTiagcs of Frenchmen with the natives, enabled the government of Quebec to com- mand at all times, a large force of Indian warrioi-s. As an illustration, one instance may be noted: the baron dc St. Castine, formerly an officer of the Can-ignau regiment, of prepossessing appearance and noble spirit, took up his abode with the Indians, learned their language, adopted their customs, married an Indian wife, and lived with them for twenty years. The Indians made the baron their chief, they looked upon him as a tutelar deity, and dui-iug his abode with them, were ready to devote their lives to his FRENCH FUR-TEADERS IN CANADA. service. The skins and furs collected in hunting were brought to him by the savages in large quantities, and he supplied them in return with European goods. The baron accumulated a large fortime, gave good dowries to his daughters by the Indian wife, whom he man'ied to Frenchmen, and was always ready with a chosen band of wai-riors to accompany the troops of the governor- general of Canada, against the British and their Indian allies. The Fi'cnch, feeling more secure in their dominions, pushed forward their outposts with vigour, by means of the fur traders, who established fairs in the different toT\'ns, especially at jMontreal, to enable the Indians periodically to dispose of their fiu's. This trade was open to all the colonists, subject to a contribution of one-foiu'th of the bea- ver, and one-tenth of the buffalo skins, to the king of France, which right his majesty sold to certain patentees or farmers-general. The trade at the distant posts, whence the Indians could not bring their furs, was licensed and granted as a bounty to old offi- cers, or to the poor gentry of the colony, and these licences were sold for 600 crowns, to inland merchants or traders, who were thus authorised to convey merchandise into the interior of the country for barter; and the purchaser of the licence was bound to employ two canoes, with crews of six men each, who were entitled to provisions and clothing, and who shared legally in the re- turns of the adventure, after the cost of licence and merchandise, and a profit of 400 per cent, had been reimbursed to the mer- chant. The extent of trade attached to each licence, was merchandise to the amount of 1,000 crowns, which the seller of the licence had the right of fui-nishing, at an advance of 15 per cent, on the market price. A suc- cessful adventm'e gave the merchant who bought the hcence, 400 per cent, profit on his outlay, and 600 crowns to each of the canoe-men — hence, a spirit of adventm-e arose; the canoe-men, or voyagem-s, looked to the fur trade as a means of obtaining money to clear and stock a farm, though it was too frequently dissipated in riot or de- bauchery ; a bold and hardy race of colon- ists was trained to danger, accustomed to the forests, familiarised with long and intricate inland navigation, and intimately associated with the Indians, with whom they frequently co-operated in their attacks on 'the British settlements. In this desultory warfare the Canadian militia were always desirous of ac- companying the regnilar French troops, and for many years it was the favoimte boast of a Canadian — that he had been employed in an expedition against the EuEcUsh, on the " Belle Ririere," or on the " Ohio." The iajm-ious effect of these proceedings was so great, that the British colonists at Albany were preparing to abandon their ten-itory, when the New England colonies agreed to form a coalition for their mutual defence. A mission was despatched to Lon- don, explaining the views of the New Englanders, and sohciting aid towards the naval and mihtary expedition, which was organising for the destruction of the French settlements in Canada and Nova Scotia. The attack was to combine two expe- ditions — one to proceed by land and inland navigation against the southern frontier oi the French ; the other, consisting of a frigate mounting 40 gxms, another ship of 16, and a thu'd of 8 guns, with transports for the conveyance of 800 to 1000 men, in all about 34 vessels — against the French seaboard : the expedition cost the colonists £150,000. The naval force was confided to the charge of Sir William Pliipps, a man of considerable ability, who had raised himself by perse- vering energy to a high station. ]\Ir. HaU- bm-ton says that he was the son of a blacksmith at Pemaquid in New England; born in 16.i0, and apprenticed to a carpenter to learn shipbuilding. On the expiration of his indenUii-es he built a vessel, which he navigated himself; and hearing of the wreck of a Spanish ship near the Bahamas, con- taining bullion, made an unsuccessfid at- tempt to raise it. In 1683 Captain Phipps was sent by the Enghsh government in search of another Spanish wreck, in which he was also unsuccessful. Five years after, the Duke of Albemarle, then Governor of Jamaica, provided him with the necessary apparatus, and sent him to renew his search for this valuable wreck, which was reported to contain much wealth. After many fi-uit- less endeavours Phipps was about retiiing to Jamaica, when a sea-feather gi'owing out of a rock, attracted the attention of some sailors who were crossing the reef in a small boat. A diver was sent to fetch it up, who, on descending, foimd several gims at the foot of the rock, and on a second descent obtained a quantity of silver. Finally, Phipps raised from the wreck thirty-two tons of silver bullion, and a large quantity of gold, pearls, and jewels, which had been lying in the sea for more than half a ceu- NEW ENGLAND COLONISTS ATTACK QUEBEC. tury. Phipps was kTiij^litcd by James II., made slicrifl' of New Enfjland, and on his solieitation entrusted with the eommand of a c<)h)nial cxiiedition aijainst the French in I Nova Scotia, in w'liich he was unfortunate ; and he subsequently obtained the command of tlie fleet fitted out by the New En;^- landers against the French in Canada, wliosc proceedings we are now detaiHng. On the 20th of May, 1G90 (according to IlaHhur- I ton), Sir William Phipps and his squadron ] appeared before Port Royal in Nova Scotia. I Manival, the French Governor, ha\ang only I 80 men and very insufficient defences, sur- i rendered, as did also the Governor of Ched- ! abueto, and the commanders of other posts in Acadia and Newfoundland. Phipps like- wise captm-ed several posts on the Saint LawTcnce, and was within a few days' sail of Quebec before the alarm spread thither. Frontenac, the Governor, hastened from Montreal with reinforcements, and strength- ened the defences, which consisted of little beyond rude intrenchments of timber and mounds of earth. On the morning of the ICth of October, 1691, Sir William reached the shores of Quebec, and summoned it to surrender : the summons was unhesitatingly rejected, yet the English, who had previously evinced so much activity, now appear to have been strangely remiss, for no hostile measure was taken until the 18th, when Phipps landed 1,500 men on the banks of the river St. Charles. The French, with only 300 irregulars, kept up a brisk firing, which caused much loss to the British, though at night they retreated into the town, leaving them mastei-s of the field. The larger vessels anchored off Quebec, and directed a cannonade against the upper part of the city, which they renewed the follow- ing day, but with little effect. ^Icantime the ships had sustained considerable dam- age, and about noon the squadi'on moved up the river beyond Cape Diamond. The troops previously continued to advance, and Phipps sent on shore six pieces of ordnance, and pushed forward his men in hopes of captming the })lace by means of land bat- teries. But the French militia harassed them severely, and maintained so steady and destructive a fire from behind some palisades that the English commander, con- sidering fiu'ther advance hopeless, rc-em- barkcd his troops on the 22nd, lea^-ing behind their cannon and ammimition. Phipps has been much blamed for not at- tacking the body of the place, which, ac- cording to Coldcn, he might ea-sily have captured. Owing to sonic misunderstand- ing, or want of concert, the attack which was to have been made on Montreal simul- taneously with that on QucIk-c, did not take ))lacc ; but in the following year (1G91) the Iroquois, aided by some English and native allies, advanced towards Montreal. The militaiT command there was then held by Pe Calliere, an able officer who was very poptdar with his Indian neighbours, having even joined them in their war dances, and spared no pains to ingratiate himself with them ; in which he appears to have been so successfiil, that when mustering his troops for defence, 800 Indians assembled to aid him at the Prairie de la Magdcleine. The Iroquois, nevertheless, succeeded in cap- turing several of the advanced posts and a considerable number of prisoners ; but were eventually obhged to retreat, though they long afterwards continued to make sudden inroads upon the colony in every direction, headed by a favourite chief named the Black Cauldron ; but their incursions were greatly checked by Frontenac's ju- dicious distribution of militaiT posts. The treaty of Ryswick in 1(597, by which peace was concluded between Britain and France, produced a temporary cessation of hostihties in Canada ; but with the renewal of war between the mother coim tries in 1702, they recommenced, and the English, elated by the successes of ^Marlborough and Eugene, and alarmed by the rapidly increasing number of the French colonists, then amoimting to 15,000, conceived the bold design of em- bracing within their tenitory the whole of North America. Tlie wars in which Louis XIV. was engaged compelled him to leave the Canadian government very much to its own resources. De Calliere, who had suc- ceeded Frontenac, died in 1703, and the Count de VaudreuU was appointed governor in his stead. He was a man of great ability, but his policy, like that of his predecessors, was to extend, in eveiy possible manner, the French dominion ; to cut the English off fi-om the fur trade, and gradually to hem them in between the highlands of Nova Scotia and the Alleghany ^lountains. The English now called upon their allies of the " Five Nations" to renew hostilities against their old enemies; but these tribes were exceedingly imwilling to move, and alleged, that when they concluded a treaty, they did so with an intention to keep it : while the Em-opeans seemed to enter into such engage NEW ENGLANDERS ATTACK THE CANADIANS. Tnents solely with the view of immediately jreaking them. One chief intimated his suspicion that hoth nations were drank, riiey did little, therefore, of themselves, or by their own impulse; and when called upon to join in an expedition, came slowly and reluctantly forward. At this period the abo- rigines were numerous and powerful. Tribes of Abenaqua, Algonquin, Iroquois, ]\Iississa- saqua, and Huron Indians, occupied the country from below Quebec to Lake Huron. In 1 709 a plan for the conquest of Canada was approved by the parliament of queen Anne, and authority and resources deemed sufficient for its accomplishment, were sent to New York. De Vaudreuil, who had some time before made an incursion on the Eng- lish frontier, and destroyed a tillage named Hewreuil, or Haverhill, was on the watch, and soon learned that 2,000 English had issued from New York, and were to be joined by an equal number of savages : he assem- bled his troops, and would have carried the war into the enemy's country, but his allies objected, and he then turned all his atten- tion to strengthening his own frontier. The British formed a chain of posts from New York, occupied in great force lakes George and Champlain, erected forts to protect their descent upon Canada, and made every pre- paration for attacking ^lontreal; but a large body of the forces whose assistance they ex- pected, being required for the war on the continent of Europe, and the Iroquois iiaving, in a general council, come to the determination that the prolongation of strife between the two European nations was the l)cst security for the maintenance of their independence, which would in all proba- bility be lost if either became dominant, suddenly deserted them ; the English, in consequence of this double disappointment, weakened also by a pestilential fever which had broken out among them, and was said to have been caused by the Indians poison- ing the water of which they drank, were compelled to abandon the enterprise ; and after destroying their forts they returned to New York. The interval of peace between the rival colonies was, however, of very brief duration, and the French were employed during the greater part of it in barbarous .md exterminating warfare with an extensive tribe, called the Outagamis, or Foxes, whom they did not succeed in wholly destroying, and whose incursions, though carried on by a mere remnant, rendered their communica- tion with their settlements on the Mississippi VOI-. T. insecure. The British government resolved to give the New Englanders stronger sup- port, in their endeavours to expel the French from Canada and Nova Scotia; in 1710 an armament was fitted out for a combined attack on Canada by sea and land, and on the 18th September, a fleet, consisting of the Dragon, Leostaff, Feversham, and Chester men of-war, the Star-homb and Massa- r/iii.fsefts, provincial galleys, with fourteen transports in the pay of Massachussetts, five of Connecticut, two of New Hampshire, three of Rhode Island, a tender, and five English transports, with one regiment of marines from England, and four regiments of pvovicials raised in New England, but commissioned by the queen, and armed at the royal expense, sailed from Boston bay for Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, ^vhcre it arrived on the 2Ith September, 1710. Tlie particulars of the siege, and capitulation of the French governor, Subercase, belong to the history of Nova Scotia. The English lost 15 men, besides 2(3 who were wrecked in a transport at the entrance of the har- bour ; 200 marines and 250 volunteers were left to garrison Port Royal, and on the 2Gth October the expedition returned to Boston. Meanwhile, the Count De Vaudreuil was busily engaged strengthening the fortifica- tions, constructing barracks, and training militia, amounting to 5,000 in a population of 25,000. ]Much apprehension was felt by the Canadians notwithstanding the strength of Quebec, which was deemed so impregnable that a proposed attempt for its capture was one of the articles of impeachment against Harley, the English minister. The plans of the British were frustrated by an unfore- seen disaster, arising partly from tempestuous weather, and partly from their ignorance of the coast ; in one day (22nd August) 8 transports containing 884' officers, soldiers and sailors, were -m-ecked at the Seven Islands, near the mouth of the St. Lawrence, and the remaining vessels returned to Bos- ton. General Nicholson, had already taken the field, at the head of the land forces, but on learning the loss of the fleet, he fell back on New York. The English colonists, again defeated, still persevered, and were making fresh preparations for renewing hostilities, when the change of ministry in England, and the treaty of Utrecht on the 13th INIarch, 1713, relieved Canada for a time from fur- ther ap])rehension, for by this treaty England resigned her claim to Canada, jmd France hers to Acadia and NcAvfoundland, and c 10 STATE OF THE FRENCH CANADIANS IN 1720. made over to Enjrlaiirl lior assumrd rifjlits to tlie sf)vcri'i)iiity of tlic Five Nations, which she Imvin^' iicvc-r been able to enforce, and England l)cin}; in that respect equally pow- erless, was a merely nominal eoneession. This treaty ivas the commencement of a new epoch for Canada, and the unusual pe- riod of trancpiillity w liicli followed it, caused a great increase in her airriculturc and eoin- merce. In 1720, Quebec had a po])idation of about 7,000, and ^lontrcal of 3,000. Nineteen vessels cleared from Quebec, laden ■with peltries, lumber, tar, tobacco, flour, pork, &c., and four men-of-war were built in the colony. From Charlevoix's descnption of the city, which he %'isited in 1720-21, part of the upper and lower towns must have been built, but the adjacent shores and islands were still covered with forests. The society geucially, he describes, as gay and sociable, consisting chiefly of mihtary men, and the lower order of noblesse, all jjoor, and likely to fontinue so, being much better adapted for practising the most agreeable ways of spending money, than the more laborious methods of making it. They saw their English neighbours steadily employed in accunndating wealth, but consoled them- selves with the reflection that they did not know how to enjoy it. Tlieir fa^•ourite em- ployment was the fur trade, the only one indeed at all adapted to their excitable natures and desultory habits, but the little fortunes they occasionally made thereby, were compared by Charlevoix to the hillocks of sand in the deserts of Africa, which rise and disappear almost at the same moment. Below Quebec, the banks of the St. Law- rence were hid out in tolerably eidtivated seigniories. Trois Ei^■iercs then contained only 800 iuhabitants ; the city of ^loutreal was rapidly extending, and was in a great degree protected fi-om the incursions of hos- tile Indians by the barriers formed by the villages of Sault St. Louis, and Montgomery, which were inhabited by friendly tribes. Above Montreal there were only detached stations for defence and barter with the In- dians. Fort Cataraqui, or Frontenac, on Lake Ontario, appears to have stood in the midst of an uncultivated country, without any settlements in its vicinity. At Niagara, Charlevoix speaks of a cottage dignified with the name of a fort, and guarded by a few French officers and soldiers. In 1725 the Marquis De ^'audreuil died, after baring ably administered the affairs of Cauada during 22 years. He bad shewn his judgment in the attention paid by him to the agricultural and commercial interests of Canada, an unusual feature in the policy of a French governor, their general aim lieing to extend tlie dominion, and strengthen the power of F'rancc by con- quest and militarj' rule ; while the English, on the contrary, strove rather to establish themselves by the arts of peace. In the following year (172G) he was suc- ceeded by the ^lanjuis de Beauhamois (a natural son of Louis XIV.) whose ambitious administration excited yet more the alarm and jealousy of the English colonists of New York and New England, while the intrigues of the Jesuits with the Indians contributed not a little to bring about the final struggle for dominion on the American continent, between the two most ])0\verful nations of Europe. De Beauhamois continued in office for twenty years, and was followed by a suc- cession of governors, whose tenure of oflBce was too brief, and comparatively uneventful, to render their administration worth detailing. The war between Great Britain and France in 174.5, led to the reduction in that year of Cape Breton, by a British naval and military force, combined with the provincial troops of the New England colonies; but the successful battle of Fontenoy roused the martial spirit of the Canadians to attempt the rc-couquest of Nova Scotia, in 1746 and 1 747, in which they failed, and the treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle in 1748 for a time sus- pended hostilities. Commissionei-s were then appointed to settle a boundary line between the British and French territories in North America The object of the French was to confine the English within the boundary of the Alleghany mountains, and thus prevent their approach to the Lakes, the St. Law- reuce, the ^lississippi, (where the former had now established themselves) and their tributary streams. The local Government, without any authority from home, and vrith a display of militaiy pomp, calculated to im- j)ress on the minds of the Indians the idea that France would assert her right to the territory thus marked, proceeded to survey the projected line of demarcation between the possessions of France ana those wliich the Canadian governor was pleased, in his liberality, to assign to England ; leaden plates, bearing the royal arms of France, were sunk at stated distances, and the whole ceremony was concluded with much for- mality. Such an important step, it may be FRENCH ENCROACHMENTS ON BRITISH AMERICA. 11 imagined, seriously alarmed the Indians, as weU as the English, and idtimately led to their active co-operation for the utter ex- pulsion of the French from North America. In pursuance of the line of policy marked out by the French counsels at home and in Canada, the Jesuits intrigued with the Aca- dians or descendants of the early French inhabitants, ^-ith the \ieyr of prevaiUng on them to quit Nova Scotia, and migrate to a military post recently established bej'ond its frontier, on the Canadian side, ^vhere a new colony was to be formed, in aid of which the royal sanction was granted for an appro- priation of 800,000 li\Tes. Cornwallis, the governor of Nova* Scotia, soon conduced the French that he was aware of their proceed- ings ; he erected a fort opposite the French frontier, near the bay of Fundy, on the river Beaubassin, which he placed under the com- mand of major Laurence, and seized at the mouth of the St. John river, a vessel laden T^ith supplies for the French. While these measm-es were in progress, the French com- menced enforcing their power along the line of demarcation they had marked out ; three indinduals who had licences to trade from their respective English governors with the Indians, on the Ohio, were seized by the French, and carried prisoners to ^lontreal, whence, after severe treatment and strict examination, they were at length liberated, with injunctions not to repeat their trespass on the French territories. The intrigues of the Jesuiis with the Iro- quois to detach them from the English, were so far successful that the Indians permitted the French to erect the fort La Presenta- tion, near their border; and, but for the extraordinary influence exercised by AYiUiam Johnston, the -nily character of the Cana- dians might have gone far to frustrate the confederacy fonning between the English and Indians for the expulsion of the French. The arrival of the IMarquis du Quesne de ^Menne^nlle, in 1752,* as governor of Canada, Louisiania, Cape Breton, St. John's, and their dependencies, and the openly aggres- sive spirit he displayed, gave indications that hostilities might soon he expected in Eu- • In this year a 74 gun-ship was built by the French government in Canada, but owing to some mismanagement she was Iwj/ijed in launching near Cape Diamond. Two cargoes of Canadian wheat were shipped at the same period for Marseilles; the arrival of which was naturally hailed with great satis- faction in France. t It was at this period that the remarkable con- vention of the British colonists (then vuhierable owing rope ; detachments of regulars, militia, and Indians were despatched by the marquis to the Ohio; fort Du Quesne (actually within the Virginia territory) and other posts were erected, in the hope of keeping the English ■ivithin the Apalachian or Alleghany moun- tains ; and from Ticonderago, Cro«-n Point, and Fort Niagara, the most ferocious attacks were made on the peaceable English set- tlers,t notwithstanding the treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle in 1748. The British, though still acting on the defensive, were not idle; a fort was built in the vicinity of Du Quesne fort, quaintly termed Necessity, and a gan'ison was despatched from Virginia, under the command of George Washington, whose name has since become so illustrious, and who then held a lieiitenant-colonel's com- mission. Washington, on his march to assume the command of Fort Necessity, was met by a reconnoitring party from Du Quesne fort, under IM. de Jnmonrille, who peremptorily forbade the English to proceed further. The mandate was answered by a volley of musketiT, which killed Jumonrille and several of his men. The French com- mandant at Du Quesne, IMonsieur Contre- coeur, besieged Fort Necessity, and obliged Washington to capitidate. England at that time was openly preparing for war ^ith France, which the ambitiou of Frederick of Prussia and the state of Em'ope soon ren- dered general. A strong fleet, with troops and warlike munition, was despatched to re- inforce Quebec ; an English fleet pursued it, and succeeded in capturing two frigates, with the engineers and troops on board, on the banks of Newfoundland. The Marquis du Quesne having resigned, he was succeeded in July, 1755, by the last French governor in Canada, the ]Marqui3 de Vaudreuil de Cavagnal, whose adminis- tration commenced by the defeat of the brave but rash general Braddock, on the 9th of July, 1755, in one of the defiles of the Alleghany ^lountains. Braddock, ac- customed to European, rather than to Indian warfare, neglected the accustomed precau- tion of scouts and advance posts ; and re- fused to make the needful preparations to their separate local governments) was held at Albany in July, 1754, when Benjamin Franklin drew up a plan for uniting the StiUcs, establishing a quota, and levying men and money throughout the different Colonies to resist the French, which, though not then acted on, became subsequently the basis of the fede- ral union formed for the overtjirow of the British dominion in America. 12 BRITISH ATTACK ON CANADA. against the French and their Indian allies, who, when the devoted British had entered a florae, where retreat was almost impossible, poured from their ambuscades a deadly fire, under wliieh tlie soldiers of tlic unfortunate Braddock fell rapidly, witliout even tlic satisfaction of seeing or meeting their foes. The death of their leader was the signal that further advance was hopeless ; and Colonel AVashington, the second in com mand, succeeded by a strenuous and skilful effort in rescuing the remainder of the British army, who were afterwards joined by G,000 pronncial troops, under general Johnston and governor Shirley. Johnston, with the intention of investing Crown Point, joined general Lyman near Lake George, where they were attacked by 3,000 French, under the command of Baron Dieskau. After a contest of four hours' diu'ation, the French retreated to Crown Point, with a loss of 1,000 men and the capture of their leader, who was severely wounded. General Johnston also received several wounds, his conduct was highly com- mended, and the honoiu* of knighthood was conferred upon him. Tliis success revived the cb'ooping spirits of the British army, and helped to train the pro^'incials, wlio were brigaded along with the regidar troops, for the contest they were soon to wage with the very men by whose side they now fought. The campaign of 1755 closed in October with the retii-ement of the British to Albany, after reinforcing the garrison of Oswego, but without any attack on Crown Point. France, fully aware of the importance of Canada, sent out early in the ensuing year a large body of chosen troops luider the command of major-general the ^larquis de ^Montcalm, who, after continued successes duiing the campaigns of 1756 and 1757, captured Forts Oswego and William Heniy. Theii' triumph was, however, stained by the brutal massacre of nearly 2,000 English prisoners by their Indian allies, sanctioned, it was asserted, by the Fi'ench, though the chival- rous character of De ^lontcalm renders it highly improbable that he could have been concerned in it. The feelings excited throughout England and North America by the tidings of this monstrous deed may be conceived, and the deep abhorrence felt towards those wlio, if they did not actually permit it, at least appeared to have taken no active measm-es for its prevention, tended materially to accelerate the downfall of French dominion in Canada. The elder Pitt (afterwards earl of Cliatham), then recently called to tlic head of affairs, proved himself a great statesman, and by his extra- ordinary powers of eloquence infused an energetic spirit into His >rajesty's counsels, and so wielded the resources of the nation, that a rapid change came over the aspect oi American affairs. Preparations were made on a great scale for the a.ssistance of the New Englandcrs, and the campaign was opened upon a plan of combined operations by sea and land somewhat resembling that adopted in 1090. Three di\-isions, under generals of acknowledged talent, were to invade Canada at different points, of which the chief was that destmed to attack Quebec, which being the capital of the French do- minions, situated in the midst of a hostile country, rendered almost impregnable by its position and fortifications, and defended by 20,000 regulars and militia, besides numerous Indian allies, was considered the most arduous undertaking of the whole war. The officer selected by ^Ir. Pitt for the command of this detachment was General Wolfe, who though only thirty-three years of age, possessed a military reputation of long standing, having distinguished himself at the battle of Lafelt when only twenty. At the siege of Louisburg, in the preceding year, lie had established his character as an officer of extraordinary ability, for though not first in command, being present only as brigadier-general, his exertions mainly con- tributed to the obtainment of this important position. The naval forces destined for the attack comprised twenty saQ of the line, two ships of fifty guns, twelve frigates, and foiu'teen smaller vessels, under the command of admu'al Saunders ; and by this fleet the soldiers of Wolfe, amoimting to 8,000 veteran troops, were safely conveyed to the Isle of Orleans. The ^larquis de ^lontcalm made vigorous preparations for the defence of Quebec ; his armed force consisted of about 1.3,000 men, of whom six battalions were regulars, and the remainder well disciplined Canadian troops, with some cavalry and Indians ; his ai'my was ranged from the river St. Law- rence to the Falls of ^loutmorenci, ready to oppose the landing of the British. He possessed also a few vessels of war and some fire ships, with which an attempt was made to desti-oy the English fleet, but they were caught by gi'applii\g irons, and towed safely past. The strength of De Montcalm's de- fences was provid by the unsuccessful at- BKITISH CAPTURE QUEBEC. 1^ tempt made by Brigadier-general IMoncktou, who occupied Point Le\'i, opposite Quebec, to bombard the capital ; and, asjain, by the failure of tlie attack of the 31st of July, headed by Wolfe, on the entrenchments at ]\Iontmorenci, in which the assailants were repulsed with a loss of 182 killed and G50 wounded, including 11 oflicers killed and 46 wounded. The boats, it is said, in which the British landed, were accidentally de- layed — the grenadiers rushed forward too eagerly, — and the French, strongly posted, and aided by many Indian riflemen, poured on them a destructive fire, which compelled their retreat. Wolfe keenly felt this disap- pointment, and expressed in his despatches home, his doubt of being able to reduce Quebec during that campaign, as the fleet, his strongest arm, was ineffective against the rocky wall on which the citadel stood, and the positions of the French were, more- over, guarded by troops more numerous than his own. As soon as he had partially recovered from a violent fever, caused by grief and anxiety acting on a feeble fi'ame, he called a council of war, in which it was agreed to act on the bold suggestion pro- posed by General Townshend, of attempting to gain the heights of Abraham, which commanded the weakest point of the city. Wolfe accordingly commenced operations, and conducted them with an address, se- crecy, and presence of mind, rarely equalled. He deceived the French by still appearing to direct his whole attention to the ^lont- morenci entrenchments, and at nightfall on the 12th of September, 1759, the troops, con- sisting of the 15th, 22nd, 28th, 35th, 40th, 43rd, 45th, 47th, 48th, 58th, 60th (2nd and 3rd battalions), and 78th regiments, -s^-itli a corps of rangers, embarked in two di\'isions ; the boats di-opped silently down the river, and the troops landed in safety at the place now called Wolfe's Cove. Here a new diffi- culty presented itself — the ascent was so pre- cipitous that Wolfe is said to have doubted its being practicable; but the soldiers led by Frazer's Highlanders, and aided by the branches of shrubs and roots of trees grow- ing among the rocks, succeeded in reaching the summit, where they were speedily drawn up in regvilar order. De IMontcalm, mad- dened by finding his ^dgOance had failed in guarding this important pass, lost his usual prudence, and seeing that his opponent had gained so much by hazarding all, he, with an infatuation for which only strongly ex- cited feeling can account, resolved upon meeting the British in battle array on the plains of Abraham, without even waiting the return of 2,000 men dispatched by him as a coi-ps of observation under De Bougain\alle, to Cape Rouge, nine miles above Quebec. The French sallied forth fi'om their almost impregnable fortress without field artillery, and with a heat and precipitation which, under the circumstances, strangely con- trasted with the coolness and precision of the British. The eagle eye of Wolfe took in at a glance all the details of his position. He knew that for him retreat was next to impossible; yet while directing his main attention to the steady advance of his right dii-ision, he skilfully covered his flanks, and endeavoui'ed to preserve their communica- tion \vith the shore. Both armies may be said to have been without artillery, the French having only two guns, and the Eng- lish a light cannon, which the soldiers had dragged up the heights \vith ropes ; the sabre and the bayonet accordingly decided the day, and never was the nervous strength of the British arm more manifestly dis- played. The agile Scotch Highlanders pow- erfully wielded their stout claymores, and filled the place of cavalry, while the steady fire of the English fusileers compensated, in some degree, the absence of artillery. On the part of the French 1,500 light infantry, and some Indian riflemen, advanced first, and began a desultory fire ; but the British reserved their shot for the main body, and opened no general fire in return until their opponents were within forty yards. Tliey then discharged a deadly volley, which Wolfe followed up by charging with the bayonet, at the head of the grenadiers of the 22nd, 10th, and 50th regiments, who had acquii-ed the honoui'able title of Louisburgh grena- diers. Although wounded by a ball in the wrist, and another in the groin, and suffer- ing from fever and dysentery', he still pressed on against the French, who fought with fury heiglitened by the fanaticism excited in them by the priests against the English heretics. The heroism of De Montcalm was as conspicuous as that of his illustrious opponent; both headed their men — both rushed with eagerness wherever the battle raged most fiercely, and often by their personal nrowess and example changed the fortune of the moment — both acutely sen- sible of the responsibility of their respective positions, and stimulated by the enthusiasm which only those who have mixed in the heady cui-rent of battle can conceive — u DEATH OF GENERAL WOLFE thouirh ro])catc(lly woiindctl still pressed on at tlio head of their men, till almost, at the same Tiionieiit, hoth of these <;allaiit com- manders reeeived their death wound. A hall entered the hreast of ^^'olfe, who, faint with the loss of blood, reeled, and U'ant ajiaiiist the shoulder of one of his officers, whispering, " Support me ! let not my brave \ aoldicnt see me drop." lie was can'ied to | some distance in the rear ; his eyes were waxiufi dim, and the life-blood cbbinkar Sewell, ' I have this day had the pleasure of receiving your note of yesterday, with its interesting enclosure: nothing can be better arranged than the whole thing is, or more perfeetlij I cannot wish; and, when I see an opening, it is fully my intention to hint tlie mat- ter to Lord Bathurst, and p\it the paper into his hands, without, however, telling him from whom 1 have it. though 1 shall urge him to have some conversation with you relative to it. Permit me, however, just to ask you wlietlier it was not an oversight in you to state that there are /ire Houses of Assembly in the British Colonies in Aorth America? for if I am not under an error, there are six, viz. Upper and Lower I Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, the islands of Prince Edward and Cape Breton. Allow me also to beg of you to p\it down the proportions in which you think the thirty members of the Representative Assembly ouglit to be furnished by each province: and, finally, to suggest whether you woidd not think two Lieutenant-Governors, with two Executive Coun- cils, suflicicnt for the Executive Government of the whole, viz. one for the two Canadas, and one for Nova Scotia and New Bruniwick, comprehending the