RAND, McNALLY & CO.'S
POCKET ATLAS
OF THE
& ism
k!» *•*
SS.
m
j *
V
RAND -McN ALLY
Pocket Atlas
OF THE
WORLD
Historical — Political — Commercial
CONTAINING
COLORED MAPS OF ALL THE STATES VXD TERRITORIES
IX THE EXITED STATES. THE PROVINCES OF THE
DOMIXIOX OF OAXADA. AXD OF EVERY
COUNTRY AXD CIVIL DIVISION
UPON THE FACE OF
THE GLOBE.
PUBLISHERS,
RAND, M C NALI.V & CO M P \ N Y.
Chicago and New York.
1900
Rand-McNally Pocket Atlas of the World
Copyright, 1900. by Rand, McNally & Co
2061309
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Abyssinia 353, 355
Aden 316,318
Adrar 348,350
Afghanistan 319. 321
Africa 343-366
Africa, Central 356-359, 362
Africa, Northeastern. ..352-355
Africa. Northwestern .. 346-351
Africa. South 360-366
Alabama 75-78
Alaska .__.:.... 187-190
Algeria 346. 348
Andorra 279, 281 284
Angola 356. 359, 360
Antarctic Regions 9. 10
Anticosti Island 193, 202
Arabia 315.316.318
Arctic Archipelago. 7, 8, 192, 193
Arctic Regions 7, 8
Argentine Republic 251-254
■Arizona 171, 172
Arkansas .... 123-126
Ashantee 349. 350
Asia 313-342
Australia 371 -375
Austria-Hungary 295-298
Bahama Islands 10, 17
Balkan States 307-310
Baluchistan 323, 324
Basutoland 360, 363
Bpchuanaland 360, 363
Belgium 283-285
Bermuda Islands 10, 17
Bhotan 325. 326
■femarck Archipelago . 368, 370
Bokhara 314. 316
Bolivia 248-250
Borneo 335,336-338
Bosnia and Herzegovina 296 -298
Bourbon Island 366
Brazil 243-246
British* 'entralAfi ica. 360,361,364
British Columbia 212-215
PAGE
British East Africa 357, 358
British East Indies .... 335-338
British Guiana 244, 246
British Honduras 219, 22(1
British India 322 325
British Isles 264,265
British New Guinea 368, 370
British -North Borneo .. 337, 338
British Somali Land ... 353. 355
British South Africa ... 360, 361
Brunei .336-338
Bulgaria 307-310
California 175-178
Canada, Dominion of .. 192-216
Canary Islands 348, 350
Cape of Good Hope 360-363
Cape Verde Islands 350
Caroline Islands 368. 370
Cayenne (Fr. Guiana).. 244. 246
Celebes 335, 337. 338
Central A merica . _ 217 -221
Ceylon 324. 320
Channel Islands _ 267, 269
Chile 252, 253, 256, 25 i
China.. 327-330
Cities of the United
States. Principal .... 11, 14
Colombia 238-241
Colorado 167-170
Connecticut 35-37
Cook Islands 367, 369
285
Costa Rica 218, 219, 221
Crete 312
Cuba 210, 222-225
Curacao 241, 246
Cyprus 3is, 320
Dahomey 347, 349
Danish West Indies.... 229
Delaware 49, 50
Denmark 305. 306
Distriet of Columbia ... 59, 61
Dominion of Canada... 192-216
CONTEXTS.
PAGE
Dutch I
• frica Prote<
Ecuador
Egyptian Soudan
[g
■ ■ I 206-269
Eritrea
Europe -
Falkland Islands
Fiji Islands ..... .3
Finland 300, 302
Florida 71-74
Formosa 333, 334
France.... - 2€
Franz Josef Laud 8, 10
French Guinea . .... 347, 349
French India 32
French Indo-Ohina .... 32
French Kongo 356, 362
French Soudan 347, 349
Friendly Islands 367, 369
Gaboon. 356, 362
Galapagos Islands. ... 239, 240
Gambia... 349,351
Georgia.. 67-70
German Fast Africa . . •'.
German Southw. Africa, 360, 365
Germany 290-293
Gibraltar 2J
Gilbert Islands 367, 369
Gold (oast 349, 350
Greece 309,312
and 7, 8, 12, 16
Guam Island . 3
Guatemala 21
Guiana -344, 240
Badramaut 318, 321
Haiti.. 22
Hawaii 378-381
Hemisphere, Land 7. 10, 12
Hemisphere, Northern. ..7, 8, 10
Hemisphere, Southern... 7. 9, lo
Hemisphere, Water 7, lo, 13
Honduras
Hongkong ::
Idaho :-
Illinois 95 98
Indenie.... 347,349
India 32
Indiana 91 '.'1
Indian Territory 136-138
Indo-China 829
Iowa 115-118
Ireland 2
- in th. Atlantic. 10
Isle of Man. 267, 268
Italian Somali Land ... 853, 355
Italy 287-289
Ivory Coast 347, 349
Jamaica 225, 228
Japan 331-334
Java... 335-338
Kaiser Wilhelm's Land. 3
Kamerun 356, !
Kansas 139-142
Keewatin Districl . 192, 193, 21 4
Kentucky
Khiva 314 316
Klondike Region ... .192, 218
Kolguev 10, 300
Kongo Ind. State.. .356, 357, :359
Korea 32*
Labrador 191,193
Ladrone Islands 368, 370
Lagos 349-351
Liberia 349. 351
Liechtenstein 2
Louisiana. 127-130
Low Archipelago 369, 370
Luxemburg 291, 292
Macao Island 329, 330
Madagascar ...361, 365, 366
Madeira Islands 348, 350
Magdalene Islands 1
Maine.
Malaysia 335-342
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Malta 286, 289
Manica 361,365
Manitoba 208-211, 214
Marianne Islands 368, 370
Marquesas Islands.. 367, 369, 370
Marshall Islands 369, 370
Maryland 47-49
Massachusetts 31-34
Mauritius Island 366
Mexico 231-234
Michigan.. 99-106
Midway Islands 369
Minnesota 111-114
Miquelon 191
Mississippi 79-82
Missouri.. 119-122
Monaco 283, 285
Montana 155-157
Montenegro 303, 310
Morocco 347, 348
Mozambique 361
Natal 360, 361, 363
'Nebraska 143-146
Nejd 318, 320
Nepal 323-326
Netherlands, The 292, 294
Nevada 176-178
New Brunswick 196, 199
New Caledonia 367, 368
Newfoundland.....'.... 191, 193
New Guinea 368, 370
New Hampshire 27-29
New Hebrides 369, 371
New Jersey... 51, 54
New Mexico 172-174
.New South Wales 371-374
New York 39-42
New Zealand 376, 377
Nicaragua.. 218. 220, 221
Niger Coast Protectorate 349, 351
Niger Territories. 349, 351
North America 15-18
North Carolina 63-65
North Dakota 151-154
Northwest Territories
192, 193, 212, 213, 216
Norway 303-306
Nova Scotia 196-198
NovaZembla. 7,300
Obock and Somali Coast 353, 355
Oceania. 366,381
Ohio 87-90
Oklahoma.. 135-137
Oman. 318,321
Ontario. ....204-207, 210
OrangeRiver Colony 360, 364,365
Oregon 179-182
Paraguay 252,255
Pennsylvania 43-46
Persia 318-321
Peru 247-249
Pescadores 333, 334
Philippine Islands 339-342
Poland 301, 302
Portugal 279,280
Portuguese East Africa. 361, 365
Portuguese Guinea 319, 350
Portuguese India 323, 324
Prince Edward Island.. 197, 202
Prince Island 3 15, 350
Porto Rico ...227-230
Quebec 200-203,206
Queensland. 373-375
Reunion Island 366
Rhode Island 37, 38
Rhodesia 360,363
Rhodesia, Northern. 360, 363, 364
RiodeOro 348,350
Roumania. 307, 3J8
Russia 299-302
Salvador .217, 218, 220
Samoa Islands 369, 371
Samos 309, 315
San .Marino 287, 288
Santa Cruz Islands 367, 309
Santo Domingo 223, 224, 226
Sarawak 336, 338
Sardinia 289
CONTENTS.
Scotland
Senegal 346,
Servia
Siam
Siberia 314,
Sicily -.
Sierra Leone
Society Islands
Socotra Island
Sofala
Solomon Islands
Somali Land
South America
South Australia.... 372,
South Carolina.
South Dakota
Spain
Spitz bergen
St. Helena
St. Pierre and Miquelon
St. Thomas Island
Sumatra 335,
Surinam (Dutch Guiana)
Swaziland
Sweden...
Switzerland
Tasmania
Tennessee
PAGE
270-273
347,349
30S, 310
325, 326
316, 317
289
349,351
367, 369
355
361, 365
368, 371
353, 355
235-25?
373, 375
64-66
147-150
27'8-281
7, 8
345, 366
191
345, 350
336, 338
244,246
360
303-305
285,286
376, 377
84-86
Texas
Togoland
Tonga Islands
Tripoli.. 860,
Tuamotu Islands
Tunis
Turkey in Asia. 315. 818,
Turkey in Europe 806,
Uganda Protectorate . . .
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Utah
Vaal River Colony
Venezuela
Vermont
Victoria.
Virginia
Wake Island
Wales.
Washington
Western Australia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
World
Wyoming
Yukon District
Zanzibar Protectorate..
PAGE
131-134
849, 861
369, 870
846, 848
320, 321
809, 811
262-277
18-22
263, 256
168 166
369, 864
240 -242
28-30
373, 374
59-62
366,368
266-269
183-186
372, 375
55-58
107-110
3-6
159-162
192, 216
357,358
INDEX OF TOWNS.
(SEE PAGES FOLLOWING 382.)
Alaoama
2
Montana
43
Alaska Territory
3
Nebraska
44
Arizona
3
Nevada
47
Arkansas
4
New Hampshire
47
California
5
New Jersev
47
Colorado
6
New Mexico Territory.
49
Connecticut
7
New York
49
8
52
District of Columbia...
8
North Dakota
55
Florida
8
Ohio
55
Georgia
9
Oklahoma Territory ...
60
Hawaii
11
Oregon
61
Idaho
12
Pennsvlvania
62
12
17
67
Indiana
Rhode Island
68
Indian Territory
20
South Carolina
68
21
70
25
27
Tennessee
Texas
71
Kentucky
73
Louisiana
30
Utah
75
Maine
31
Vermont
76
Maryland
Massachusetts
31
76
32
Washington
78
Michigan
32
West Virginia
79
Minnesota
35
Wisconsin
81
Mississippi
Missouri
38
40
63
THE WORLD.
THE WORLD
Form and Size of the Earth.— In form the earth is an ohlate
spheroid— verv nearly a globe. Circumference, 24,900 miles. Diameter:
Equatorial, 7,926 miles: polar, 7,899 miles; mean, 7,912.5. Area of surface,
196,940,400 square miles; volume, 259,880 million cubic miles; mean den-
sity, 5.6. Total area within Arctic and Antarctic regions, 16,464,700
square miles; temperate regions, 102,244,654 sauare miles; within the
Tropics, 78,231,046 square miles.
t iand area of the world, 54,807,420 square miles— assuming that the un-
explored Arctic regions comprise 250,000 square miles of land, and the
Antarctic Continent has an extent of 2,500,000 square miles within the
Antarctic Circle. Largest land area— 29,450,000 square miles, or three-
fifths of total land surface— within the most habitable portions of the
earth, the temperate regions ; land area of Tropics, 19,400,000 square
miles. Strictly speaking, the land surface consists of two great con-
tinental land masses— Western Continent and Eastern Continent— and
Australia, an Island-Continent; more general division is into six conti-
nents or grand divisions: North America, South America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, and Australia. Geographically Europe is not a grand divi-
sion, but a peninsula of Asia, and with the latter forms the largest con-
tinuous mass of land, hence the title Eurasia, derived from Europe-
Asia. In extent grand divisions of Eastern Continent are all greatest
from east to west, those of Western Continent from north to south.
Water.— The great expanse of water upon tbe earth's surface is
grouped in five basins: Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic
oceans. Area of oceans and inland seas connected with them, 142,132,-
980 square miles, or 72 per cent of total surface of the earth. Propor-
tion of land and water, 2.59 square miles of water to each square mile
of land. Distribution of land and water extremely unequal— about three-
fifths of water south and two-thirds of land north of equator Average
depth of ocean 12,900 feet, or about six times the average height of
land. Greatest depth sounded, 27,930 feet. Supposed depth of 83 per
' cent, or 114,000,000 square miles of total ocean area, over 6,000 feet.
Divisions of Water.— Area of Arctic Ocean estimated at 4,632,-
000 square miles, or 2.3 per cent of surface of globe. Drainage area
large; comprises 5,772,000 square miles of mainland of America and
Eurasia. Atlantic Ocean embraces an area of 34,301,400 square miles,
or nearly one-fourth the total water area of the globe. In extent At-
lantic greatest from north to south; length 9,000 miles, ayerage width
only 3,600 miles ; greatest depth, " International Deep," off St. Thomas
Islands, West Indies, 27,366 feet. Indian Ocean occupies an area of
28,615,600 square miles, very nearly one-fifth the total water area. Width,
about 6,300 miles; extent of ocean almost equal both ways. Area of
Pacific Ocean, 67,699,630 square miles; comprises nearly one-half the
total water area. Pacific extends north and south 9,000 miles, east and
west under equator, 12,000 miles. Greatest depth sounded, " Tuscarora
Deep," north of Japan, 27,930 feet. Pacific Ocean characterized by large
number of islands, both continental and oceanic. Area of Antarctic
Ocean estimated at 5,731,350 square miles; depth 4,920 feet.
Physical Features. -Viewed broadly in relief, most characteris-
tic features of surface of Eastern Continent great table-lands and lofty
mountains, of Western Continent vast plains. The highest mountains,
most extensive plains, and greatest depressions in the world belong to
the Eastern Continent. Among the Himalayas of Asia are peaks ex-
tending 10,000 feet above the line of perpetual snow: its principal table-
lands range between 2,500 and 16,000 feet above sea-level, area embraced
equaling two-fifths of that of entire Continent; depressions of the Val-
ley of the Jordan and Dead Sea far below sea-level. The vast lowland
plains of the Western Continent— alternate forest and prairie— consti-
tute by far the larger part of that Continent. The longest river in the
world— the Mississippi with its affluent, the Missouri— and likewise the
largest— the Amazon— as regards volume and extent of basin, belong
to the Western Continent. The great fresh-water lakes or seas of
the American Continent contain one-third of all the fresh water of
the globe, and are without a parallel; the largest, Lake Superior, is
the largest body of fresh water in the world.
Climates all belong to one of two classes — maritime and conti-
nental—according to nearness or distance of the sea, Average tern-
2<r c 4o :
100° D 120°
Longitude from Greenwich
GREENLAND
RCTTC CIRCLE
)ICXLAN
Tiondh
SOU DAN .ff^W^"*^
Pf^-; di " it0 k jS.£? *
BCantonJ^fetoBMOSAi'
:alcutta/"i g ^- ^Ho ngknug
; Colombo 3 ^n?«£
.- • Sinrar
;St. Paul
leLoanda
_5wakojra,undP J> ^uWate ^MADAGASCAR jr\j
PorOfatal OCEAN V t j^ne
Xek Amsterdam Jlelbou
Tasmania
™V
World.
C E A .V
On Mercator Projection.
Copyright, 1904. by Rand, McNally 4 Co.
20° C 40°
100 ' 1> 120 '
THE WORLD.
peraturc primarily dependent upon latitude and altitude, and with in-
fluence of sea most important factor in determining and modifying
climate. Climate of "Western Continent slightly colder in correspond-
ing latitudes than that of Eastern Continent, especially so In North
America; Western also for most part moister— particularly in Tropics
amount of rainfall generally far greater than in corresponding regions
of Old World. Climate of Hawaii excellent example of insular climates;
range throughout year does not exceed 5 or 6 deg. Verkhoyansk, Siberia
- pole of cold for Asiatic Continent— an extreme continental climate;
winter temperature sinks to 56 deg. below; summer, 60 deg.; annual
range for year, 116 deg. Rainfall very unevenly distributed throughout
the world; generally speaking more abundant in warm than cold
countries, in maritime tracts than in inland regions, and in hilly and
mountainous districts than in plains and lowlands. Average annual
rainfall varies from 1.3 inches at Cairo, 13.7 Yakutsk, 22.17 Jerusalem,
25 London, 44.76 New York, 115.49 Yaldivia, 155.3 Caracas, to 474 inches
at Cherra Punji, Assam, India— latter has heaviest known rainfall in
world, occasionally over 20 feet falling during June. Snow line— lower
limit of region of perpetual snow— varies in height with latitude, near-
ness of sea, etc.; near the Poles snow line at sea-level; at the equator
mean altitude of snow line about 16,000 feet.
Population of the world as estimated by Ravenstein —exclusive
of Polar regions— 189*\ 1,487,600,000; average number to a square mile,
31.5. Total number of inhabitants steadily increasing. Geographically
population distributed most irregularly; density of grand divisions
ranges between 1.4 and 107 to a square mile. Eastern Continent far
more densely populated than Western Continent; more than three-
fourths of all the inhabitants on the earth are in the Eastern Continent.
Races.— Population of the World grouped in five divisions or
classes: Caucasian or white race, Mongolian or yellow, Malavan or
brown, Negro or black, and American or red. The white or dominant
race numbers about 690,000,000, and now occupies almost the whole
of Europe, the greater part of North America and Australasia, and
large districts of Southern Africa, South America, and Northern Asia.
Mongolian — natives of China, Siberia, Siam, Japan, Korea, etc.—
600,000,000; Malayan— found chieflvin Malay islands and peninsula, New
Zealand, and Madagascar— 35,000,000; Negro— chiefly in Africa, with
several millions in United States— 150,000,000; American— native Indian
tribes— 12.000,000; mixed races, 13,000,000.
Languages.— Number of different languages and dialects through-
out the world very great, total exceeds 1,000. Only seven languages,
however, employed by more than 50,000,000 people — Chinese, Hindoo-
stani, English, Russian, German, Spanish, French. The greatest number
—400,000,000— speak Chinese. Languages chiefly used in international
commerce— English, Spanish, French, and German. English most
widely used commercially and extending rapidly. Owing to great prog-
ress of Spanish-American Republics of South America, Spanish as a
commercial language advancing in importance. French generally used
in international discussions and diplomatic affairs.
Religions may be grouped in two great classes: Polytheism— a
belief in a plurality of gods; Mon otheism— belief in one god. Principal
religions embraced in Polytheism: Brahminism, the national religion of
the Hindoos for more than 4,000 years; Buddhism, introduced by Gua-
tama, an Indian prince, 2,500 years ago. embodying by far the greatest
number of adherents of any religion. Monotheism is expressed in three
forms: Judaism, Christianity— embracing three great sections, Protes-
tantism, Roman Catholic, and the Greek Church— and Mohammedan-
ism, founded over 1,250 years ago by Mohammed in Arabia Religious
population estimated as follows: Christians, 448,000,000— Protestants,
137.000,000; Roman Catholics, 21fi.000.000: Greek Churches. 90,000000;
Buddhists, 500.000,000; Mohammedans. 200.000,000: Brahmanists, 172,000,-
000: Jews. 7,000,000; pagans and others, 173.lXKi.000.
Governments. — The inhabitants of the world are practically
grouped under three forms of government-tribal, monarchical, and
republican. The barbarous or savage races usually liye under tribal
form; civilized nations under monarchical-either absolute or limited
—or republican form. The nations of the Eastern Continent are almost
all under monarchical forms, and, with but few exceptions, all
countries of the Western Continent are republics.
HEMISPHERES.
HEMISPHERES.
Distribution of Land over the earth's surface very unequal.
Laud area of Northern Hemisphere— 38,500,000 square miles— nearly
three times that of Southern; land area of latter only 13,500,000 square
miles. Continental or Land Hemisphere contains 44,000,000 square miles
of land, or eleven-thirteenths of entire land surface of globe; has five-
and-a-half times as much land as Water Hemisphere; Oceanic or "Water
Hemisphere has but 8,000,000 square miles of land. Eastern Hemi-
sphere contains more than twice as much land as Western.
Distribution of Water.— Water area of Northern Hemisphere,
60,000.000 square miles; of Southern Hemisphere. 85,W0,000 square miles,
The Continental, or Land Hemisphere, has but 54,IHJ0,000 square miles of
water area; Oceanic Hemisphere embraces almost two-thirds the entire
water area of the globe, or 90.500,000 square miles; water area of West-
ern Hemisphere nearly one-third greater than that of Eastern.
ARCT1C~REG10NS.
Arctic Ocean, a partially enclosed sea, washes northern coasts of
America and Eurasia,- communicates with Atlantic by Davis Strait
and by broad expanse of water between Greenland and Europe ; with
Pacific by Bering Strait. In America forms Baffin Bay; in Eurasia,
White Sea. Gulfs of Kara, Ob, and Yenisei.
Lands within the Arctic Circle comprise 1.233.000 square miles; most
Important, Greenland and Arctic Archipelago in America; Spitsbergen,
Ncvaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Kolguev, Jan Maveu, and Lofoten
islands, Europe; Lyakhov, New Siberia, Kotelnyi, and Wrangell Land
islands, Asia.
Greenland.— Discovered by Eric the Red. 986; colonized by Norse-
men; rediscovered by Davis, 1585; recolonized by Danes, 1721. Recent
explorers include Kane, Hill. Nares.Greel v. \ansen.lS88; Peary, 1889-92,
1893-95, and 1900-02. Interior a lofty plateau overspread by a glacier,
height, 9,000 to 10.000 feet. Shores deeply indented by fiords; source of
North Atlantic icebergs. Area about 46.740 English square miles;
only 34.000 habitable. C'limate severe; country icebound October to
about June. Inhabitants, chiefly Eskimos, on west coast between Cape
Farewell and 73 cleg N.; largely engaged in whale and seal fisheries.
Total number, 10.516— including 309 European officials and their families.
Exports: Sealskins, blubber . cod-liver oil, and ivory; value of exports,
19(30, $91,800. Danish colony divided into two inspectorates: Godthaab,
founded 1721, seat of inspector of South ; Godharn, south coast of Disco
Island, seat of inspector of North.
Arctic Archipelago of North America.— Islands belong to
British North America. Area estimated at 502.440 square miles; islands
entirely within Arctic Circle, 416.0UO; population about 1.000.
Spitsbergen.— Discovered 1596 by Dutch under Jakob van Heems-
kerk. Recentlv made base of Arctic expeditions, especially those of
Nordenskjold and other Swedish explorers. Group belongs to Russia;
comprises six larger and many smaller islands; most important island
Western Spitsbergen, area 14,700 square miles. Surface almost entirely
covered with ice and snow. Winter for ten months, when mercury
freezes. Maximum temperature at Moel Bav. Julv, 39.3 deg.; minimum,
February-49.86 deg. October 22 to February- 22 sun does not rise above
horizon. Not permanently inhabited; frequented by Dutch, Danish,
and Norwegian whalers. Numerous whales, seals, and white bears;
reindeer in some parts. Smeerenbei g Bay affords best anchorage.
"Novaya Zemlya (Nova Zemblai.— Discovered by English, 1553,
visited by Barentz, 1594; explored by Count Lutke, 1821-24: visited in late
years by numerous expeditions; crossed bv Grlnevetsky, 1878. Belongs
to Russia. Surface elevated and mountainous, northern part covered
by an ice-sheet. Area, 35.163 square miles. Average yearly tempera-
ture west coast, 17 deg.; summer. 36.5 dei:.; corresponding latitudes on
east coast still lower. On west coast influences of Gulf Stream felt.
Brown and white bear, common and pular fox. and wolf found; walruses,
seals, and dolphins swarm the coasts. About 2.000 hunters congregate
each year near Cape Voronov. Permanent settlement of Samoyede
families lately established at Karmakuly in Moller Bay.
^RN_HJ^
VC N. 4 CO. ENGR'S C -
<kggSdSS!8te
CIPAL RIVERS In Statute Miles
Sea Level
Copyright, 1899,bj Rand, McNallj & Co.
10 HEMISPHERES.
Franz JoHef liand.— Discovered by Austrian navigators, Payer
and Weyprecbt, A.Ug. 31, 1873, who made explorations the following
year Extensive explorations by Jacfcson-Harmewortn expedition,
1894-97; Franz Josef conclusively proved an archipelago. Wellman
expedition 1898-99. Area estimated 19,000 square miles. Uninhabited.
Mean annual temperature, 4.6 deg.; February, -22 deg. ; July, 35.2 deg.
Kolguev.— Belongs to Russia. Area, 1,627 square miles. Surface
tundra, altitude 100 to 140 feet. Visited by Arctic hunters for the large
numbers of white bears, walruses, and birds found on its coasts.
ANTARCTIC REGIONS.
Antarctic Ocean bounded by Antarctic Circle in 66^ deg. South;
occupies entire submerged area within circle. Antarctic an open sea,
no intervening lands separating its waters from those of the three
great basins to the north — Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans.
Lands discovered within Antarctic regions almost everywhere inac-
cessible. Advance of explorers stopped by ice barriers at a latitude
about 5 degrees lower than that attained in Arctic regions. Icebergs
from Arctic Ocean carried south as far as 40th parallel; bergs and floes
from Antarctic found, even in summer, 10 or 15 degrees nearer equator.
Antarctic regions as compared with Arctic remarkable for low tem-
perature; south of 62d parallel mean temperature of sea and air always
below freezing point of fresh water. Entire region within snow line.
Antarctic Explorations.— Only five explorers have passed the
70th parallel: Cook (1772) reached lat. 71 deg. lOmin. 8.; Weddell (1823)
lat. 74 deg. S.; Ross (1841-42) lat. 78 deg. 10 min. S.; sighted a land with
mountain ranges 7,000 to 15,000 feet high; traced coast from72d parallel
800 miles S. and W.; named it Victoria Land; on it observed an active
volcano, Mt. Erebus (12,000 feet). Belgian expedition, De Gerlache
commandant (1899), reached lat. 71 deg. 36 min. 5 sec. Borchgrevlnk
(1898-1900) made the Antarctic record of 78 deg. 34 min., the most
southerly point ever reached; party first In history to pass winter
(18991900) on Antarctic continent.
ISLANDS IN THE ATLANTIC.
Atlantic separates Eastern Continent from Western. Has large num-
ber of continental islands— British Isles and West Indies most import-
ant; its oceanic limited to a few isolated spots like the Bermuda.
Iceland.— In Atlantic Ocean about 300 miles east of Greenland,
700 west of Norway. Settled by Norsemen about 870. United with
Norway 1262. Passed to Denmark 1380. Area, 39,756 square miles.
Surface generally mountainous; about one-fourteenth meadow land.
Numerous rapid streams. Many active volcanoes, Hekla most famous.
Hot springs throughout the island. Climate variable, raw, cold, and
humid. Mean temperature February 27 deg., July 54 deg. Popula-
tion 1890. 70,927, gradually decreasing through emigration. Chief pro-
ducts: Sheep, cattle, ponies, and fish. Value of imports 1896, $2,300,-
000; exports, 81,965,000. Capital, Reykjavik; population, 1,360.
Bermuda.— Group of 360 coral Islands in Atlantic, 580 miles east of
North Carolina. Discovered by Juan Bermudez about 1522; colonized
from Virginia and England 1611; constitute British colony. Area, 20
square miles; 4,000 acres under cultivation; principal products, onions,
potatoes, lily bulbs; exported chiefly to United States, leading source
of food supplies. Climate mild and delightful; mean temperature
year, 70 deg., never below 40. Favorite American winter health resort.
Value of onions exported 1900, $217,430; potatoes, $126,035; Illy bulbs,
$56,910; Imports, $1,985,680. Population 1901, 17.535— whites, 6.3S3; ad-
herents of Church of England, 11,636. Hamilton capital and chief town;
population, 2,246.
Bahamas.— First point of discovery by Columbus, 1492, San Sal-
vador, now generally identified with Watling Island. Settled by
British, 1629; ceded to England. 1783; British Crown Colony. Comprises
20 inhabited and many uninhabited islands In West Indies. Area,
5,450 square miles. Population 1901, 53.735. Climate equable;
rainfall 45 inches; mean temperature. Nassau. January 72 deg., August
82 deg., year 77 deg. Produces sponges, sisal fiber, pineapples, oranges,
salt, pearls, and ambergris. Nassau capital and chief port.
POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES
OF THE UNITED STATES.
CITIES. Pop. 1890. Pop. 1900.
Akron. Ohio 27.601 42,728
Albany, N. Y 94,923 94,151
Alexandria, Va 14,339 14.528
Allegheny, Pa 105.2S7 1*9,896
Allcntown, Pa 25,228 35,416
Altoona, Pa. 30,337 38,973
Amsterdam, X.Y... 17,3:36 20.929
Anderson, Ind 10.741 20.178
Asheville, N. C 10.235 14.694
Atlanta. Ga 65.533 89,872
Atlantic City. X. J. 13.055 27,838
Auburn, X. Y 25,858 30.345
Augusta, Ga 33,300 39.441
Aurora, 111 19.688 24.147
Austin, Tex. 14,575 22,258
Baltimore, Md 434,439 508,957
Bangor, Me 19, 103 21.850
Baton Rouge, La... 10.478 11.269
Bayonne, X.J 19.033 32,722
Bay City, Mieh. .... 27.8:19 27,628
Belleville, 111 15,361 17,484
Biddeford, Me 14,443 16.145
Bir.ghamton, N. Y.. 35,005 39,647
Birmingham, Ala. . 26,178 38,415
Bloomington, 111. .. 20,484 23,286
Boston. Mass 448.477 560,892
Bridgeport, Conn.. 48,866 70,996
Brockton, Mass. ... 27,294 40,063
Brooklyn, X. Y 806.343 1 ,166.582
Buffalo, S.Y 255,664 352,387
Burlington, Iowa . 22.565 23,201
Burlington, Vt 14,590 18,640
Butte, Mont 10,723 30,470
Cambridge, Mass... 70,028 91,886
Camden, X.J 58.313 75,935
Canton, Ohio 26,189 30,667
Cedar Rapids. Iowa 18.020 25,656
Charleston, S. C.... 54,955 55,807
Chattanooga, Tenn. 29,100 32,490
Chelsea, Mass 27.909 34,072
Chester, Pa 20,226 33,988
Cheyenne, Wyo 11,690 14,087
Chicago, 111 1,099.850 1,698,575
Cincinnati, Ohio... 296,908 325,902
Cleveland, Ohio. ...261,353 381,768
Clinton, Iowa 13.619 22,698
Cohoes.X.Y 22,509 23,910
Colo. Springs, Colo. 11,140 21,085
Columbia, S. C 15,353 21,108
Columbus, Ga 17,303 17,614
Columbus. Ohio.... 88,150 125.560
Concord. X. H 17.004 19,632
Council Bluffs.Iowa 21,474 25,802
Covington, Ky 37,371 42,938
Dallas, Tex 38,067 42,638
Danburv, Conn 16,552 16,537
Davenport, Iowa .. 26,872 35,254
Davton, Ohio 61,220 85,333
Decatur, 111 16,841 20,754
Denver, Colo 106,713 133,859
CITIES. Pop. 1S90. Pop. 1900.
DesMoines, Iowa.. 5H.093 62.139
Detroit, Mich 205.876 285,704
Dubuque, Iowa .... 30,311 36,297
Dtiluth,Minn 33,115 52,969
Easton, Pa ....14,481 25,238
East Orange. X. J.. 18.282 21,506
East St. Louis, 111... 15,169 29,655
Eau Claire, Wis 17,415 17,517
Elgin, 111 17,823 22,433
Elizabeth, X. J 37.764 52,130
Elmira, X. Y 30.893 35.672
Erie, Pa. 40,634 52,7X3
Evansville, Ind 50.756 59,007
Fall River, Mass. .. 74,398 104.863
Findlav, Ohio 18,553 17,613
Fitchburg, Mass. .. 22,o37 31,531
Fort Smith, Ark.... 11,311 11,587
Fort Wayne, Ind... 35.393 45,115
Fort Worth, Tex... 23,076 26,688
Galesburg, 111 15,264 18,607
Galveston, Tex 29,084 37,789
Gloucester, Mass... 24,651 26,121
Grand Rapids,Mich. 60.278 87,565
Hamilton, Ohio .... 17,565 23,914
Harrisburg, Pa 39,1385 50,167
Hartford, Conn 53,230 79,850
Haverhill, Mass. ... 27,412 37,175
Hoboken, X. J 43,648 59,364
Holyoke, Mass 35,637 45.712
Houston, Tex 27.557 44,6b3
Indianapolis, Ind... 105,436 169,164
Jackson, Mich. .... 20,798 25.180
Jacksonville. Fla.. 17.201 28.429
Jamestown, X. Y._ 16,038 22,892
Jersey City, X. J... 163.003 2 '6,433
Johnstown, Pa 21,805 35,936
Johet, 111 23,264 29,353
Joplin,Mo 9,943 26,023
Kalamazoo, Mich. . 17,853 24,404
Kansas City, Kan. . 38,316 51.418
Kansas City, Mo. ..132,716 163,752
Kev West, Fla 18,080 17.114
Kingston, X.Y 21,261 24,535
Knoxville, Tenn. .. 22,5:35 32,637
La Crosse, Wis 25,090 28,895
Lafayette, Ind 16,243 18,116
Lancaster, Pa. 32.011 41 .459
Lawrence, Mass 44,654 62.559
Leavenworth, Kan. 19,768 20,735
Lebanon, Pa 14,664 17.628
Lewiston, Me 21.701 23.761
Lexington, Ky 21.567 26,369
Lima, Ohio 15,981 21,723
Lincoln, Xeb 55,154 40,169
Little Rock, Ark .. 25.874 38.307
Loekport, X. Y. ... 16,0:38 16,581
Los Angeles. CaL.. 50,395 102.479
Louisville, Ky 161,129 204,731
Lowell, Mass 77,696 94,969
Lynchburg, Va 19,709 18,891
13
J^Sfe
Comparative Heights of the PRINCIPAL
4 CO. ENSR'S
13
«j£S53&fe,
MOUNTAINS in Feet above Sea Level
Copyright, 1899, by Rand, MoNally 4 Co
POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE
UNITED STATES— Continued.
CITIES. p p. 1890. Pop. 1000.
Lynn, Mass. ... 55,727 68,513
McKeesport.Pa.... 20 741 34.227
Macon, Ga 22,746 23,272
Madison, Wis.. 13,426 19,164
Maiden, Mass 23,031 33,664
Manchester, N. H. . 44,126 56,987
Memphis, Tenn 64,495 102,320
Meriden, Conn 21.652 24,296
Milwaukee, Wis.. ..204,468 285,315
Minneapolis, Minn. 164,738 202,718
Mobile, Ala 31,076 38,469
Montgomery, Ala. . 21,883 30,346
Muskegon, Mich. .. 22,702 20,818
Nashua, N. H 19,311 23,898
Nashville, Tenn.... 76,168 80,865
New Albany, Ind... 21,059 20,628
Newark, N. J 181 ,830 246,070
New Bedford, Mass. 40.733 62,442
New Britain, Conn. 16,519 25,998
NewBrunswick,X. J. 18,603 20,006
Newburg, N. Y 23,087 24,943
Newcastle, Pa 11,600 28,339
New Haven, Conn.. 81,29S 108,027
New Orleans, La. ..242,039 287,104
Newport, Ky 24,918 28,301
Newport, R. 1 19,457 22,034
Newport News, Va. 4,449 19,635
Newton, Mass 24,379 33,587
New York, N. Y. .2,492,591 3,437,202
Norfolk, Va 34,871 46,624
North Adams,Mass. 16,074 24.200
Northampton,Mass. 14,990 18,643
Norristown, Pa 19,791 22,265
Norwich, Conn 16,156 17,251
Oakland, Cal 48,682 66,960
Ogden,Utah 14,889 16,313
Omaha, Neb ..140,452 102,555
Orange, N.J 18,844 24,141
Oshkosh, Wis 22,836 28,284
Oswego, N.Y.. 21.842 22,199
Ottumwa, Iowa.... 14,001 18,197
Passaic, N.J 13.028 27,777
Paterson, N.J 78,347 105,171
Pawtucket, R. I 27,633 39,231
Peoria, 111 41,024 56,100
Petersburg, Ya 22,680 21 ,810
Philadelphia, Pa.. 1,046,964 1,293,697
Pittsburg, Pa 238,617 321,616
Pittsfleld, Mass 17,281 21,766
Portland, Me 36,425 50,145
Portland, Ore 46.385 90,426
Pottsville, Pa 14,117 15,710
Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 22,206 24,029
Providence, R. I. . .132,146 175,597
Pueblo, Colo 24,558 28,157
Quincy, 111 31,494 36,252
Quincy, Mass 16.723 23,899
Racine, Wis 21,014 29,102
Reading, Pa 58,661 78,961
Richmond, Ind 16,608 18,226
Richmond, Va 81,388 85,050
Roanoke, Va 16,159 21,495
Rochester, N. Y- . .133,896 162,608
V.
CITIES. Pop. 1890. Pop. 1900.
Rockford, 111
23,584
31,051
Rome, N. Y
14,991
15,343
Sacramento, Cal. .
Saginaw, Mich. ...
Salem, Mass
26,386
29,2*2
46,322
42,845
30.801
35,956
SaltLakeCIty.Utah 44,843
53,531
San Antonio, Tex..
37.673
53,321
San Diego, Cal. ...
16,159
17,700
Sandusky, Ohio...
18,471
lit. Mil
San Francisco, Cal. 298.997
342,782
San Jose, Cal
18,060
21.500
Savannah, Ga
43,189
54,244
Schenectady, N. Y
19,902
31,682
Scranton, Pa
75,215
102,026
Seattle, Wash
42,837
80,671
Sedalia, Mo
14,068
15,231
Shamokin, Pa
14.4H3
18,202
Sheboygan, Wis...
16,359
22.962
Shenandoah, Pa...
15.944
20.321
Shreveport, La
Sioux City, Iowa .
11,979
16,013
37,806
33,111
Somerville, Mass..
South Bend. Ind. .
40,152
61,643
21.819
35,999
South Omaha, Neb
8,062
26,001
Spokane, Wash
19,922
36,848
Springfield, 111. ...
24,963
34,159
Springfield, Mass..
44,179
62,059
Springfield, Mo —
21,850
23,267
Springfield, Ohio .
31,895
38.253
St. Joseph, Mo. ...
52,324
102,979
St. Louis, Mo
451,770
575.238
St. Paul, Minn
133.156
163.065
Stockton, Cal
14,424
17,506
Superior, Wis
11.983
81,091
Syracuse, N. Y. ...
8S.143
108,374
Tacoma, Wash. ...
36.006
37,714
Taunton, Mass. ...
25.448
31,036
Terre Haute. Ind..
30,217
36,673
Toledo, Ohio
81,434
131.822
Topeka, Kan
31,007
33,608
Trenton, N. J
57,458
73,307
Troy, N. Y.
60.956
60,651
Utica, N. Y._
44,007
56,383
Vicksburg, Miss...
13,3;3
14.8:54
Waco, Tex
14,445
20,686
Waltham, Mass
18,707
23,481
Warwick, R.I
17.761
21.316
Washington, D. C.
230,392
278,718
Waterbury, Conn..
2S.646
45,859
Watertown, X. Y..
14.725
21,6%
Wheeling, W. Va,.
34,522
38,878
Wichita, Kan
23.853
24,671
Wilkesbarre, Pa. .
37,718
51.721
Williamaport. Pa..
27,132
28,757
Wilmington, Del. .
61.431
76,508
Wilmington, N. C.
20.056
20,976
Winona, .Minn.. ..
18^08
19.714
Woousocket, R. I.
20.830
28^04
Worcester, Mass. .
84,655
118,421
Yonkers, N. Y. ...
32.033
47,931
York, Pa
20.793
33,708
Youngstown. Ohio
33.220
44,885
Zanesville, Ohio..
4
21,009
23,538
NORTH AMERICA. 15
NORTH AMERICA.
Historical.— Discovery of North America by Norsemen about
1000, and destruction of settlements by SkriHinger (Eskimo; now gen-
erally conceded. Continent undoubtedly visited by other navigators
and forgotten previous to rediscovery by Columbus, who reached the
Bahamas Oct. 12, 1492. Northern coast of North America discovered
by Cabots 1497; coast of Labrador explored by Cortereal 1500; south-
eastern coast— Florida— discovered by Ponce de Leon 1512; eastern
coast explored by Verrazano 1524. Mexico conquered by Cortez
1519-21. California coast explored by Cabrillo 1542; by Drake 1578-79.
French settlements established in Canada 1534; English colonies on
Atlantic coast early in 17th century; in 1763 former passed under
government of British; latter declared independence in 1776 and at
close of War of Revolution— 1775-1783— established the Republic of the
United States. In 1822 Mexico threw off the Spanish yoke and became
a republic. Confederation of Central American States 1824; dissolved
1839. Cuba declared independent of Spain 1S98. Panama seceded from
Colombia 1903. Important wars: Great Britain with France 1756-59;
United States with Great Britain 1775-83 and 1812-15 ; with Mexico 1846-48;
Civil War 1861-65; Spanish- American War 1898.
Area, 9.294.330 square miles— with Greenland, 46,740 Eng. square
miles; Arctic Archipelago, 502.440; West Indies, 91.078; Newfoundland,
42.200. Greatest distance north to south. 4,500 miles; east to west. 3. 100.
Physical Features.— Most characteristic features of continent:
Cordilleran Mountain system on west, embracing Rocky, Sierra, and
other mountain ranges (Mount McKinley, 20.464 feet, and Orizaba,
18,314 feet, volcanic peaks in Alaska and Mexico, highest elevations);
Appalachian system on east— of ten called Alleghany from chief range
(Mitchell's Peak, North Carolina, 6,711 feet, highest point) , and Great
Central Plain, extending from Arctic regions to Gulf of Mexico.
Principal rivers: Mississippi and tributaries; St. Lawrence, with Great
Lakes, belonging to Atlantic basin; Columbia and Yukon, Pacific
basin: Mackenzie, Arctic basin. Coast-line 24,500 miles; eastern coast-
line, especially in north, much more indented than western.
Climate of North America slightly colder than that of grand
divisions in corresponding latitudes in Eastern Continent; rainfall
for most part also greater. Climate of eastern coast of North America
colder than western, also subject to greater extremes of heat and cold
at opposite seasons. Arctic regions and Labrador extremely cold;
central section within temperate zone characterized by cold winters
and hot summers; extreme south tropical; lowlands of Mexico, Central
America, and West Indies, hot and unhealthful; elevated interiors
temperate and equable. Greatest rainfall in southeast and along
northern portion of Pacific coast; scant rainfall in Great Basin.
Forests of vast extent; timber supply one of most valuable com-
mercial products of North America. In the north conifers prevail;
forests of western mountains remarkable for giant conifers (sequoia,
Douglas fir, etc.). "\ ariety of deciduous trees very great; included are
oak — 15 varieties exist in North America— maple, beech, birch, hick-
ory, walnut, etc. In the warmer temperate regions live oak, pine, and
palmetto also abound. Forests of tropical regions rich in mahogany,
logwood, lignum-vitae, and other rare and valuable trees.
Agriculture.— Vegetation in extreme north scanty. Central and
southern sections fertile, and plant life in general varied and luxuri-
ant. Characteristic differences between plants of America and those
of Eastern Continent, slight in high northerly latitudes, become
marked with every advance toward south. Indian corn, or maize, the
potato, and manioc— a tuber found in Central America— native food
plants of North America. Tobacco plant also indigenous to the
country. Many of most widely cultivated plants and trees, however,
introduced from eastern half of globe. Corn, wheat, oats, barley,
potatoes, and hay extensively cultivated in central and northern sec-
tions; in warmvtemperate regions sugar cane, cotton, tobacco, and
rice most important; tropical regions, sugar cane, sweet potatoes,
indigo, tobacco, coffee, and cacao.
Minerals.— North America unsurpassed in variety and richness of
mineral products, Country west of Rocky Mountains one of the
16
'•<" A"
(L %&
mi
jam ~m%
18 UNITED STATES
richest gold regions in the world; extensive deposits of gold also
worked in Mexico, silver widdv distributed and extensively mined
In Western United States and Mexico. Richest deposits <>f copper in
the world in Montana and on shores of Lake Superior, united
States contains largest and most valuable coal deposits; Canadian coal
fields also valuable. Iron ores of United state- and British North
America of vast Importance. Petroleum wells of Appalachian system
most productive and valuahlc In the world. Lead, antimony, quick-
silver, salt, cobalt, nickel, zinc, platinum, and sulphur mined. Numer-
ous varieties of excellent building stone, beautiful marbles, and fine
roofing slate also abundant.
Population 1895 (estimated), 97,270,000. Inhabitants comprise
whites, chiefly European settlers and their descendants; nes
descendants of slaves introduced from Africa; native Americans,
Indians; and mixed races. Origin of prehistoric inhabitants (cave
dwellers, mound builders, etc.) variously given. Natives now number
only about 500,000; negroes on Continent and in West Indies 12,800,000.
Governments.— Politically Continent divided among 8 indepen-
dent republics— United States, Mexico, Guatemala. Honduras, Salva-
dor, Nicaragua, Costa Pica, and Panama-and two English colonies-
Dominion of Canada and British Honduras. The principal continental
islands include the Republics of Cuba, Haiti, and Santo Domingo; United
States Territory, Porto Pico; the English colonies, Newfoundland,
Jamaica, and Bahama; and the Danish dependency, Greenland.
British, Dutch, French, and Danish colonies exist among the minor
islands.
UNITED STATES.
Historical.— Pegion probably visited by Northmen about 1000; by
the Cabots, 1497-8; explorations made by Ponce de Leon, 1512; Ver-
razano, 1524; De Soto, 1539-42, etc. Earliest settlements made by Span-
iards at St. Augustine, Florida, 1565; by English at Jamestown, Vir-
ginia, 1607; landing of Pilgrims at Plymouth, 1620: mouth of Missis-
sippi reached by La Salle, 1682; river and surrounding country taken
possession of in name of King of France. French and Indian war,
1754-63. Stamp Act passed by English Parliament, 1765, taxes, 1767, and
Boston Port Bill, 1774, lead to Revolution, 1775, and the Declaration of
Independence, 1776. Independence recognized by France, 1778; by
Great Britain, 1783. Constitution adopted, 1787; new government inaug-
urated, 1789; first capital. New York; removed to Philadelphia, 1790; to
"Washington, 1800. Louisiana purchased from France, 1803; Florida
ceded by Spain, 1819; Texas annexed, 1845: Mexican cession, 1848; Gads-
den Purchase, 1853; Alaska Purchase, 1867; Hawaiian Islands annexed,
1898; Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippine Islands ceded bv Spain, 1898.
Historical wars after Revolution include War of 1812 with Great
Britain; Mexican, 1846-8; Civil, 1S61-5, and Spanish-American, 1898.
Area of United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii. 3,025.049 square
miles, divided among 45 States, 4 Territories, and the Federal District.
Land and water area, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii, 2,970.038 and
55,562 square miles; extreme length Atlantic to Pacific, 2,780 miles;
breadth, 1,600. Total area of national domain. 3,742.231.
Public Domain, Etc.— Area of lands held by Government for
settlers under settlement laws, exclusive of Alaska. 525,971.970 acres;
surveyed, 301,979.307; unsurveved. 223.992.66:?. Area of public lands in
Alaska, 367,983.506, all unsurveyed. The undisposed public lands lie in
22 States and 4 Territories. Lands taken up under Homestead Act,
1901, 4,342,747 acres: disposed for cash under various acts, 1.757.592.
Public forests, exclusive of Alaska, comprised in 52 reservations;
estimated area, 55.265.S85 acres; California forest reserves, 8,784,009
acres; Washington 6.920,800.
Physical Features.— Most prominent natural features: The
Atlantic Coast Plain, merging into the Gulf Coast Plain and Valley of
the Mississippi; Appalachian Mountain Svstem between Atlantic
Coast Plain and Mississippi Valley <Mt. Mitchell. 6.711 feet, highest
elevation) ; Great Central Plain drained bv Mississippi— most important
river of North America— and the Gulf of Mexico; the Pacific Highlands,
including Rocky Mountains (Massive Mountain. 14.424 feet), the Great
UNITED STATES. 19
Basin— a dry, arid region without an outlet to either ocean— Great
Salt Lake, and Sierra Nevada (Mt. Whitney, 14,898 feet); and the Pacific
Region. Principal rivers of eastern section: Connecticut, Hudson,
Delaware, Susquehanna, Potomac, and James; chief tributaries of
Mississippi: Missouri, Ohio, Arkansas, and Red; largest rivers west of
Rocky Mountains: Columbia, Sacramento, and Colorado; Rio Grande
forms boundary between Texas and Mexico. Total coast line
(straight), 5,715 miles; Pacific, 1,810; Atlantic, 2,349; Gulf of Mexico,
1,556; shore line of Great Lakes, 3,450 miles.
Forests, exclusive of Alaskan, cover areas aggregating nearly 500,-
000,000 acres; seven-tenths on Atlantic side. Eastern section contains
large forests both of deciduous and evergreen trees; included are
sugar maple, red oak, white oak, and many other species of oak, chest-
nut, birch, hickory, and black walnut, with beech, linden, elm, and
locust; characteristic of the South are live-oak, long-leaf pine, mag-
nolia, and palmetto. Conifers include valuable pines, cypress, spruce,
hemlock, cedar, and larch. The more limited forest areas of the
Rocky Mountain ranges afford conifers, aspen, black and white oak,
etc. Magnificent forests of Washington, Oregon, and California un-
rivaled; trees, chieflv conifers, include Douglas fir, yellow pine, sugar
pine, and the valuable redwood. Standing timber in United States
estimated at 2,300 billion feet, B. M.; annual cut, 40 billion feet; conifers
constitute three-fourths; oak and other hardwoods remainder.
Climate varied, owing to vast extent of territory; temperate
throughout greater part of country; in general, subject to sudden and
extreme changes. Extremes of heat and cold more marked on Atlantic
Seaboard and Great Central Plain; latter open to cold winds from Arc-
tic regions; in extreme south, and along shores of Gulf of Mexico,
summer heat intense; winters mild; most equable climate that of Pacific
Coast. Mean annual temperature, 53 degrees. Rainfall in east and
Mississippi Valley abundant and evenly distributed; heaviest along
Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic; range 25 to 63 inches yearly. Pacific Coast
characterized by wet and dry seasons; rainfall increases from south to
north; heaviest'in northwest; range 2.9 to 86.3 inches yearly. Plateau
of west noted for dry west winds and lack of rain.
Agriculture leads all other industries in importance; employs
nearly one-half the labor of the country; vast areas naturally adapted
to pursuit. Staple productions: Cereals, cotton, tobacco, sugar. Soil
of eastern half of country, especially in Mississippi Valley, remarkably
rich; in northern portion of valley extensive crops of corn, wheat,
oats, potatoes, orchard fruits, etc., grown; in southern, cotton, sugar
cane, tobacco, and rice. Western States have made notable advance;
cultivated areas yield abundantly; arid lands rapidly being reclaimed
through irrigation. Fruits common to temperate and semi-tropical
zones cultivated extensively in Pacific, Central, and Southern States.
Area under farms, 1890, 623,218,619 acres; improved, 357,616,755. Farm
products, 1900: Corn, 2,105,102,516 bushels; wheat, 522,229,505 bu.; rye
23.995.927 bu.; oats, 809,125,989 bushels; barley, 58,925,833 bu.; buckwheat,
9,566.966 bu. ; hops. 1899. 49,209.704 pounds; flaxseed, 19,979.492 bu. ; apples,
175.397.626 bu.; cranberries, 987.516 bu.; peanuts, 11,964,957 bu.; cotton,
1900.9,142,838 bales; hay, 50.110.906 tons; potatoes, 210,926,897 bu.; cane-
sugar, 664,020,814 pounds; molasses, 27,351,993 gallons; tobacco, 3,608,-
163,275 pounds.
Live Sjtock.— Rearing of live stock important industry in almost
every State; western sections especially adapted to cattle, sheep, and
swine. Vast numbers annually slaughtered for the markets. Enor-
mous quantities of butter, cheese, and wool produced. Number of
sheep, 1900, 61,605.811; wool clip. 288,636,621 pounds. Value of all live
stock. June 1, 1900, §3.078,050.041. Value of animals and fowls ex-
ported. 1900, 843.565,031; butter. $3,143,509; cheese, $4,943,609; fresh beef ,
829.6i3.830; total beef products, 842,170,407; hog products, 8111.529,417.
Fisheries valuable. Coast fisheries of New England and Middle
Atlantic States lead In importance; Pacific Coast fisheries, including
Alaska, secoud; those of South Atlantic, Gulf, and Great Lakes States
important. Average annual value of all products, 845,536.219; number
engaged In industry, 212,428; vessels, excluding boats, 6,486.
manufactures varied and conducted on an extensive scale.
Country second only to England in textile Industries; New England
chief seat of cotton industry; recent marked development In southern
21
85° 80°
22 UNITED STATES.
section near cotton fields; total number of spindles, 1900-01, 20,200,000;
Northern States, 14/700,000; In Southern, 5,500,000. Woolen manufactures
largely confined to North Atlantic States; silk to Pater.-on. New Jersey,
New York, and Philadelphia; number of silk factories, 1900,488. United
States leads the world in manufacture of iron and steel; pig Iron pro-
duced, l'.t(M), 13,7*9,242 tons; rolled iron and steel, 15,040.129 tons. Total
number of tin, terue,and black plate establishments, 1900, 66; product,
♦577.969,6(10 pounds; imports marked by steady and rapid decline: Imports
of tin plate in 1S'.mi,6so,()6(i,'J2~> pounds, value §20,928, 15u ; in I'.hhi, 147,963^04
pounds, value ?4.799,796. Country excels In manufacture of machinery,
electrical appliances, and agricultural implements; leads all others in
E reduction of flour. Liquor manufacturing establishments 1900,
reweries, 1,509; production, 39,330.849 barrels, distilled spirits, 109,245,187
gallons; domestic wines, 23,425,567 gallons. Among other Important
industries are lumber, leather, glassware, pottery, etc.
Commerce of vast extent and importance. In foreign commerce
United States surpassed only by Great Britain and Germany. In 1900-01
balance of trade in favor of United States; total value of exports nearly
twice as great as total imports; exports of domestic manufacture greater
than imports of foreign manufacture. Value of exports. 81.460.462.So6;
unmanufactured agricultural products, $943,811,020; manufactures, $412,-
155,066; mining products, §37,985,333. Total valueof importsof merchan-
dise, $823,172,165. Trade with the United Kingdom amounted to $767,604,-
905; with Germany, $288,796,821; with France, $151,890,117; British North
America, $142,574,763. Of imports into the United States 12.9 per cent
carried in American vessels; of exports 7.1 per cent.
Minerals a chief source of wealth. Total value of products, 1901,
81,086,529,521; metallic products, $518,268,377; non-metallic, $568,261,144.
Gold output, 3,805,500 fine ounces; Colorado and California lead in pro-
duction: silver, 55,214,000; Colorado and Montana leading; iron ore,
28,887,479 long tons; chief mining centers, Minnesota, Michigan, and
Alabama; total copper output, 602.072,519 pounds; United States leads all
other countries, producing more than one-half the total product of the
world; richest districts in Montana, Lake Superior Region andArizona;
coal mined, 261,873,675 long tons; Pennsylvania most prominent pro-
ducer; petroleum, 69,389,194 barrels; chief fields lie in Ohio/West Virginia,
and Pennsylvania; salt product, 20,566,661 barrels. Among other impor-
tant minerals worked are lead, zinc, quicksilver, building stones,
marbles, slates, etc.
Population.— Immigration to colonies, 1624.9,000; population, 1733,
750,000; United States, 1800,5,308.483; 1850,23.191,876; 1900,76,303.387; male,
39,059,242; female, 37,244,145; native, 65,843,302; foreign, 10,460.085; white,
66.990,788; colored, 9,312,599— Africans, 8,840,789; Chinese, 119,050; Japa-
nese, 86,000; Indians, 226,760. Number of Immigrants, 1821 to June 30,
1900, 19,023,356.
Railways, Etc.— Steam power first employed in railway service,
1829. Miles 'in operation 1830, 23; 1850, 9,021; 1870! 52,922; 1880, 93.296; 1890,
166,698; 1900, 193.346; miles of line to each 100 square miles of territory, 6.51;
miles per 10,000 inhabitants, 25.44. Capital invested. $11,491,034,000; net
earnings, $557,622,217. Telegraph line, open 1901,237,000 miles. Bell tele-
phone wire, 1,961,801 miles; Postal telegraph cable, lS4,232 miles ; long
distance telephone, 167,410 miles.
Defense.— Military and naval service voluntary. Numerical
strength of the American armv, 1902, 66,497; officers, 3.820. In addition,
the States militia numbered 7,521 officers and 9S,S18 men. Number
enrolled in various wars: In Revolution number actually engaged in
military service probably about 250,000 ; an approximate estimate,
however, places it at 376,771; in War of 1812, 471.622; in Mexican War,
116,321 ; in Civil War, 2,326,168; in Spanish-American "War, 274,717. In
1901 navy comprised 2,066 officers, 24,593 enlisted men. Number of
vessels regular navy, 252; including auxiliary navy, 307.
Government.— Executive power vested in President— elected for
a term of four years— assisted by Cabinet of nine members; Legis-
lative in Congress consisting of Senate and House of Representatives.
Each State represented in Senate by two Senators elected by Legisla-
ture of State; in House of Representativesby members electeddirectly
by people; number proportioned to population of State. Judicial
includes Supreme, Circuit, and District courts, and Court of Claims.
Supreme Court consists of Chief Justice and eight associate justices.
MAINE 23
MAINE. "% n a e te T >5" ee
Signifies " The Main" or " Mainland."
Historical.— The most northeasterly of the United States and the
New England group. Coast and rivers explored hy French, 1604 and
1605. Earliest settlement — by English — made 1607, at mouth of the Ken-
nebec. Gorgtana (York) chartered 1624. Territory first called Acadia.
Known as " District of Maine," 1652 to 1819; governed by Massachusetts.
Long-standing dispute regarding northeast boundary settled in 1842,
by Webster- Ashburton Treaty. "Maine Law," prohibiting manufacture
and sale of intoxicating liquors, passed 1851, permanently 1858. Tenth
State admitted under the Constitution; admitted March 15, 1820.
Area.— Total area, 33,040 square miles; land, 29,895 square miles, or
19,132.800 acres; water, 3.145 square miles; extreme length, 300 miles;
breadth, 210. About equal in area to all other New England States
combined. Counties number 16. Mt. Desert Island, noted for its
picturesque scenery, contains 64,000 acres.
Physical Features.— Atlantic coast-line, 278 miles; including in-
dentations, 2,486. Over 1,600 lakes cover one-tenth area of State; eleva-
tion 1,000 to 1,500 feet; source of magnificent water-power; Moosehead,
the largest, area 120 square miles. Watershed extends east and west 150
miles from coast. Highest elevation, Mt. Katahdin, 5,200 feet. Only
about one-third of State in south and in valley of St. John in north
below 800 feet. St. John River drains 6,000,000 acres. Penobscot, the
largest, estimated length 300 miles; Kennebec, 150 miles. State con-
tains numerous summer resorts. Primeval forest covers three-fourths
of State. Unrivaled scenery, climate, hunting, and fishing afford attrac-
tions for all classes of tourists.
Forests.— Chiefly pine, fir, spruce, and hemlock. Cedar, beech,
birch, hard maple, and black and white ash abundant. "Wooded area,
23,700 square miles. Standing timber owned by lumbermen, 1900. 4.317.5
million feet; spruce, 2.575.6 million feet. Total cut, 849.686 thousand
feet; spruce, 425,148; pine, 220,235. Spruce-bearing area averages 6,000
square miles. Pulp industry increasing.
Climate.— Severe frosts extend through haif the year. Summers
short; great depth of snow prevents freezing of ground; vegetation in
spring rapid. Mean annual rainfall at Portland, 42.3 inches; mean
annual temperature, 43.3 deg.; highest, 97.0 deg.; lowest, 17.0 deg. below.
Game.— Deer found in each of the 16 counties; herds frequently
destroy crops; number killed, 1901, 25,000; no apparent decrease. Vast
extent of forests renders it difficult to protect game in summer.
Numberof moose killed by visiting hunters, 1901, exceeded 200. Caribou
rapidly approaching extinction. Streams famed for excellent trout.
Inland cultivation of trout, salmon, white perch, black bass, etc.,
important.
Live Stock.— One of the foremost Eastern States in raising live
stock, especially horses. Value of farm animals, 1900 tl6,298,422.
Number and value of live stock, June 1. 1900: Horses, 106.299, 87.u58.989;
sheep, 420.116, 81.116,483; milch cows. 173.592, 85.060,048: other cattle,
165.255, $2,523,497; swine, 79,018, 8516,015. Wool clip, 1901, 1,509,594 pounds,
washed and unwashed.
Fisheries.— Among Xew England States Maine ranks second in
fisheries. Capital and value of apparatus, 1898. 84.m3.053; value of prod-
ucts, 82.654.919; lobsters lead, value 8992.855: clams, 8323.453; cod, 8314,255;
herring, 8263.477; smelts, 8139.345; haddock, $132,351; hake.sl.34.444; mack-
erel, 898,105; 1898, fisheries employed 16,954 persons. Lobster fisheries
most valuable; Hancock and Washington counties chief producers.
Herring industry extensive and valuable; greatest catch from Wash-
ington. Lincoln, and Hancock counties. Principal salmon fishery on
Atlantic seaboard centered upon Penobscot Elver and Bay. Canning
Industries of great importance: capital invested. 1898,8911.850. Sardines
first canned at Eastport. 1875; value of pack. 1898, 83,103.723,
Agriculture. — Hay and potato crops of great excellence and
quantity: both afford a large surplus for export; maize, buckwheat, and
barley are grown. Production and value, 1901: Oats. 4,035,780 bushels,
82,017,890; corn, 522,720 bu., 8397.267; buckwheat. 807.399 bu. ,$387,562: bar-
ley, 238.095 bu., 8159.524; wheat, 177,301 bu., $171,995; potatoes. 1!H 10,6.200.208
bu., $3,038,102, hay, 843,997 tons, $10,929,761. Apples, 1899. 1,421,773 bushels.
24
25
w
S o
£
3
hH
H *
'<
<0
£
HI
o
(0 O
s «
^
A
^
? fi/Ti'-i-- r "-^~ ^ - '-- - ~ % ^V
^
26 UNITED STATES.
Aggregate value of blueberries and huckleberries gathered from
waste laud aud exported In fresh and canned state, very large.
Manufactures.— Chiefly cotton goods, lumber, paper and pulp,
woolen and leather goods, Hour, etc. Gross value of products, 1900,
$127,361,485. Number of establishments reporting, 6,702; capital,
1122,918,826; employed 74,816 persons; cost of material used. $68,863,408.
Output of pulp manufactories In 19oo, valued at $13.2J3,275; cotton
goods, 814,(131,086; lumber and timber products, 813.489,401; woolen
goods, $18,412,784. Stands eighth in value of ships built, 13,777,059.
Tanning and finishing of leather one of the chiei Industries. Output
of tanneries, §2,451,713; fish canning, $4,779,733.
Quarries.— Maine ranks second, 1901, In the production of granite;
value total output, $2,703,116; value of granite sold In rough state, $459,-
340; for building purposes, si, 501,797: cemetery purposes. 876.276; paving
blocks, $401,189; crushed stone. £90,499; riprap, etc., S49.4SO; curbing and
flagging, §124,535. Same year State ranked next to Pennsylvania and
Vermont in slate; total value of output, $202,325; roofing squares, 20.791,
value $111,295. In the value of all limestone products Maine ranked
tenth; in the manufacture of lime, third: total value of limestone,
8715,272; lime. $709,251 Value of clay pmducts, 1901. #7:34.678; crude feld-
spar, Maine and New York, 3,344 short tons, value $20,600. Apatite,
mica, monazite, and infusorial earth or tripoli are known to exist.
Population. -Hanked eleventh, In 1790, twelfth, in 1820: sixteenth,
in 1850; thirtieth. 1890and 1900. Population 1790,96,540; 1820,298,335, 1850,
5S3.169 ; 1S90, 661,0%. Total population 1900. 694,466. Male, 350,995; female,
343.471; native, 601.136; foreign, 93.330; white, 692.226; colored, 2,240;
Africans, 1,319; Chinese, 119; Japanese, 4; Indians, 798.
Cities.— Portland, metropolis and seaport; settled by the English,
1632. Leading Industrial center in Maine: has flourishing manufac-
tories, coasting trade, and fisheries; population 1900, 50,145. Lewiston,
second in size; fine water power; $11,000,000 invested in manufactories;
population 1900, 23,761. Bangor, port of entry and lumber depot, head of
steam navigation on Penobscot River; population, 21.850. Bidrtleford,
on Saco River, has important manufactures and large lumber trade;
population, 16,145. Augusta, the capital, has large paper and pulp
mills; population. 11.6S3.
Railways.- In 1840 there were 11 miles of road; In 1850,245; 1860,
472; 1870. 7S6; 18%. 1,005; 1890,1.383; 1896, 1.718.53. Total number of passen-
gers carried, 1900-01.6.171.014; tons orfreight.S.387.688: persons emploved
upon steam railroad, 7,573. Mileage, June 30, 1901,1.918.41 or 6.42 miles to
each 100 square miles of territory and 27.16 miles per 10,000 inhabitants.
Education .-Public school enrollment, 1899-1900. 130,918; school age,
5-21: compulsorv school age, 7-15; expenditures, $1,712,795; value of school
property, $4,699,475; textbooks furnished. Public high schools, 154;
private high schools and academies. 33. Public, society, and school
libraries, 111; volumes, 701.9S2; pamphlets, 115.915. Bowdoin College,
Brunswick (Congregational), opened 1802 (Longfellow and Hawthorne
graduated here, 1825); Colby College, "Waterville (Baptist), opened 1818,
Congregational Seminarv, Bangor; Wesleyan Seminary, Rents Hill.
Westbrook Seminary i Uiiiversalist). Peering; Bates College. Lewiston,
founded 1863; Agricultural College, Orono; Industrial School for Girls,
Hallowell.
Political.— State and congressional elections, second Monday In
September; presidential Tuesday after first Monday in November;
number of Senators. 31; Representatives, 151; sessions, biennial, in
odd-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in January; limit of ses-
sion, none; term of senators and Representatives, 2 years. Number of
electoral votes, 6. Voters must be actual citizens, residents of State,
county, town, and precinct. 3 months; registration required; ballot
reform; women, paupers, and untaxed Indians excluded.
Lietral Holidays.— January 1, February 22, May 30, July 4, first
Monday in September, Thanksgiving, December 25.
Ijegal.— Legal rate of interest. 6 per cent: by contract, rate unlim-
ited. Statutes of limitation: Judgments, witnessed notes, personal
action, 20 years; other debts, 6 years. Redemption from tax sale:
Residents, 2 years after collector's return; non-residents, 18 months
after sale.
^ NEW HAMPSHIRE. 27
NEW HAMPSHIRE. S5SCSS*.-
Named after the County of Hampshire, England.
Historical.— One of the thirteen original States- adopted and
ratified the Constitution June 21, 1783; ninth State admitted. First
settlements made by English, at Portsmouth and Dover, 1623; Exeter
and Hampton settled 1638 and 1639 It was united to Massachusetts
1641; made a royal province 1679: in 1685 again united to Massachusetts,
and not finally separated until 1741. State Constitutions were adopted
1776, 1784. and 1792; the latter twice amended, 1852 and 1877.
Area.— Total area, 9,305 square miles; land, 9,005; water, 300; great-
est length, 180 miles; breadth, 45 to 100 Counties, 10.
Physical Features.— Surface mountainous in the north and west,
and nowhere level to any extent. One-seventh of area occupied by
White Mountains, the "Switzerland of America." Highest elevation,
Mt. Washington, 6,293 feet Numerous beautiful lakes; area, 110,000
acres; Lake Winnepesaukee the largest, 22 miles long. Coast line, 18 miles.
State has unlimited water power, utilized largely in manufactures.
Climate.— Summer heat never excessive; winters, long and severe.
Scenery and extreme healthfulness attract many summer tourists.
Mean annual rainfall at Manchester, 43 1 inches; mean annual temper-
ature, 45.9 deg.; highest, 96 deg.: lowest, 11 deg. below.
Agriculture.— Hay and potatoes are staple crops. Tn 1900 there
were 29,324 farms; value of land and improvements, sro.124.36u. Value
of farm products average $17,000,000 annually. Productions and values,
1900: Corn, 934,768 bushels, §523,470; wheat, 8.085 bushels. $7,438; oats,
995.148 bushels, $378,156; hav, 596.n76 acres. 518.586 tons, $8 .038.083: pota-
toes, 17.916 acres, 1.809.516 bushels, $959,043; tobacco, 1399, 109 acres,
181,644 pounds; apples. 1899, 1.978.797 bushels. Value of farm animals,
June. 1900. $10,062,877. Wool clip, 1901, 424.567 pounds.
Manufactures, Etc. — Manufacturing the prominent industry
Chief manufactures cotton, woolen, and worsted goods. In 1900, 67 shoe
firms employed 12,000 persons; value of output .$23,405,558. In 1895,240,000,-
UOO feet of spruce were made into lumber and 40,000,000 into pulp. Prod-
uct of fermented liquor, 1900, 294.076 barrels. Value of brick and tile,
$435,013; potterv, $18,500. Popular name of State derived from its famous
white granite. State ranks fifth in production; value of output, 1900,
1870,646; for building purposes, $299,418. cemeterv purposes. $242,026.
Population.— Total population. 1790. 141.885. 1820. 244.161; I860. 326,073;
1890. 376.530. Population, census of 1900,411,588. Male, 205.379. female,
206.209; native, 323.481; foreign. 88.107- white, 410.791, colored, 797;
Africans, 662; Chinese, 112; Japanese, 1; Indians, 22.
Cities. — Manchester, largest city, and one of largest cotton and
woolen manufacturing centers in the country. Population, census of
1900.56.987. Nashua has various important manufactures; particularly
noted for cotton goods; population, 23,898. Portsmouth, only seaport
in the State; noted for its excellent harbor; has ship-building, a
famous summer resort; capital until 1807, population, 10.637 Concord,
the capital, has many manufactories; near fine granite quarries; popu-
lation, 19,632. Dover, important manufacturing center; population, 13.207.
Railways.— First railway chartered In 1835: number miles in 18*0,
53; 1850. 467: 1855, 657; 1860, 661; 1865. 667, 1870, 736; 1875, 934, 1880, 1,015;
1885. 1,004; 1890, 1,146; July. 1900, 1,239.20.
Education.— Public school enrollment. 1898-9. 65,193 ; expenditures,
•1,051,265; text-books furnished; school age, over 5; compulsory school
age, 8-14. Among educational institutions are included Dartmouth
College, Hanover, founded by Congregationalists chartered 1769—
Daniel Webster was graduated here in 1802; State Normal School, Ply-
mouth; College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Durham.
Political.— Number of Senators, 24; Representatives, 393, term, 2
years; number electoral votes, 4. Voters must be actual citizens;
residents of the State, county, and town; registration required; ballot
reform.
Holidays.— February Z2. fast-day, May 30, July 4. first Monday in
September, general election day, Thanksgiving, December 25.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation ; Judgments, sealed instruments,
mortgage notes, 20 years; accounts and promissory notes. 6 years;
legal interest, 6 per cent. Redemption from tax sales, 2 years.
20
£ 1 £>, > V
30 UNITED STATES.
VliiK-MO^I 1. "Green' Mountain state."
From French words "vert," green, and "mont," mountain.
Historical.— One of the New England States. Admitted to the
Union March 4, 1791; first State admitted after the adoption Of the
United States Constitution. First settlement made by emigrants from
Massachusetts at Fort Dummer, near site of Brattleboro, 1721. "Green
Mountain Boys," under Ethan Allen, bore an active part in Revolu-
tionary "War. First State Constitution adopted 1777, second 17S6, third
1791; amended 1793, 1836, 1850, and 1870.
Area.— Total area, 9,565 square miles; land, 9,135; water, 430;
length, 158 miles ; breadth, 35 to 85 miles. Counties, 14.
Physical Features.— Green Mountains traverse the State cen-
trally from north to south; highest elevation, Mt. Mansfield, 4,430 feet.
Over 100 miles of frontage on Lake Champlain ; noted for its scenery
and many summer resorts. Connecticut River separates Vermont
from New Hampshire ; drains 3,500 square miles.
Climate.— Winters long and usually severe; summers short; air pure
and cool. Mean annual rainfall at Burlington, 32.9 inches, mean
annual temperature, 45.3 deg.; highest, 97 deg.; lowest, 25 deg. below.
Agriculture.— Agriculture chief occupation of State; main prod-
ucts hay, oats, potatoes, and corn. Excels in" dairj and fruit farming.
State exceeds all others in t*e Droduction of maple sugar. Productions
and values, 1900, oats, 3,719,677 bushels, 81,339,084; corn, 1.939.080 bushels,
$969,540- wheat, 81.992 bushels. 363,954 ; hay. 1.066.524 tons. 311,785,090.
Potatoes, 3,305,244 bushels, 81,322,098, tobacco. 1900. 158 acres. 291,390
pounds, apples, 1899, 1,176.822 bushels; maple sugar, 4,779,870 pounds.value
$464,132 Value of live stock, June, 1900, $17,373,169. Wool clip. 1901,
1,226,880 pounds. Cheese, butter, and condensed milk factories. 1900,
255; value of products, $5,656,265; dairy products from farms, 89,321, 389.
Manufactures, Etc.— In 1900, $48,547,964 invested in manufacturing
enterprises. Chief articles produced: Lumber, dairy products, monu-
ments, flour, and woolen goods. The quarries constitute chief wealth of
State. In production of slate ranks second only to Pennsylvania. Value
1900, $917,462 ; roofing slate, 282,820 squares, value, §795.474. Leads In
marble; value $2,484,852. over half value of all the States; fourth In
granite, $1,113,788; value of limestone, $188,100; total stone output,
$4,704,202.
Population.— Total population in 1790. 85.425; 1820. 235.981; 1860,
315,098; 1890. 332,422. Total population, census of 1900, 343,641. Male.
175,138; female, 168,503: native. 298,894; foreign. 44.747; white, 342,771 ;
colored, 870; Africans, 826; Chinese, 39; Indians, 5.
Cities.— Burlington, metropolis, has a large lumber trade; near fine
marble and limestone quarries-, population. 18,640. Rutland, second
city in size, noted for its quarries of white marble; population, 11,499.
Brattleboro has extensive manufactures; population, 5.297. Jfontpeher,
the capital, population^, 266. Barre, leading center of granite industry;
population, 8,448.
Railways. — Railroad construction begun in 1846; in December,
1849, two lines completed— Burlington to Connecticut River. Total
number miles in operation 1850, 290; 1860,554; 1870,614; 1880,914, 1890,
991.42; July, 1900, 1,012.11.
Education.— Publicschoolenrollment.l899-1900,65,964;private.7.019;
expenditure, $1,074,222; school age, 5-21; compulsory school age, 8-14;
text books may be furnished. Educational institutions include: Nor-
mal schools at Castleton, Randolph Center, and Johnson; University
of Vermont, Burlington; Norwich Universitv, Northfield; Middlebury
College, Middleburv; Vermont Industrial School, Vergennes.
Political.— Number of Senators, 30; Representatives, 246; term, 2
years. .Number of electoral votes, 4. Voters must be actual citizens;
residents of the State 1 year, town, 3 months, precinct, 30 days; regis-
tration required; ballot reform; bribers excluded.
Holidays.— January 1, February 22, May 30. July 4, August 16, first
Monday in September, election day, Thanksgiving. December 25.
Legal.— Statute of limitations: Judgments, sealed instruments, 8
years; simple promissory notes, 6; notes signed in presence of attest-
ing witnesses, 14; accounts. 6. Legal Interest, 6 per cent. Redemption
of tax sale, 1 year.
MASSACHUSETTS. 31
MASSACHUSETTS. SSSK*
Indian "About the Great Hills."
Historical.— Sixth in order of the thirteen original States to adopt
and ratify the Constitution, date, February 6, 1788. First permanent
settlement made by English (Pilgrims) at Plymouth, 1620; by Puritans
at Salem, 1628; at Boston, 1630. Massachusetts a member of New Eng-
land Confederation, 1643 to 1684; King Philip's war occurred 1675 to
1676; witchcraft trials at Salem, 1692, twenty persons executed. Leader
in revolutionary movement and in anti-slavery agitation. Boston
Massacre took place in 1770; "Boston Tea Party," 1773, $100,000 of tea
destroyed; April 19, 1775, battles of Lexington and Concord; June 17,
battle Bunker Hill. First State Constitution adopted 1780; this, with
various amendments, constitutes the law of the State.
Area.— Total area, 8,315 square miles; land. 8,040; water, 275; length,
northeast and southwest, 160 miles; breadth, 47 to 90 miles. Of the 69
islands, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket are chief. Counties, 14.
Physical Features.— Taconic and Hoosac Mountains— "The Berk-
shires"— in the west. Highest altitude, Mt. Greylock, 3,500 feet; other
noteworthy elevations, Mts. Wachusett, Everett, Tom, Holyoke, and
Sugar Loaf. Southeastern section is in some places level and sandy,
others marshy The Merrimac, a tidal stream navigable to Haverhill,
with the Connecticut, Housatonic, and numerous smaller streams, fur-
nishes abundant water power which is extensively utilized. Atlantic
coast line, including Cape Cod Peninsula, 300 miles. Chief harbors at
Boston, Beverly, Salem, Marblehead, and New Bedford.
Climate.— Winters severe; sudden climatic changes; chilling east
winds prevail along the coast; droughts uncommon. Mean annual
rainfall, Boston, 45 inches; mean annual temperature, 48.9 deg.; highest,
102 deg.; lowest, 13 below.
Population.— Ranked fourth, 1790; fifth, 1810; eighth, 1840; seventh,
1870; sixth, 1890; seventh. 1900. Population, 1790, 378.787; 1810, 472,040; 1840,
737,699; 1870. 1.457.351; 1890, 2.238,913. Total population, census of 1900,
1805.346; male, 1.367.474; female, 1,437,872: native, 1.959,022; foreign,
846,324; white. 2.769,764; colored, 35,582; negroes, 31,974; Chinese, 2,968;
Japanese, 53; Indians, 587.
Cities.— Massachusetts has the second largest urban population
in all the United States. Boston, capital and metropolis, one of the
chief commercial and literary centers in the country ; has an extensive
foreign and coasting trade; termimvs of many railroads and steamship
lines. Population. 1900, 560.892; area. 43 square miles. Worcester, Taun-
ton, and Springfield, centess of iron and steel industries; population,
"Worcester. 118,421; area. 36 square miles. Population Taunton, 31,036;
area, about 50 sq. miles. Springfield, seat of lareest arsenal and armory
in United States; population, 62.059; area, 38 square miles. Lynn,
principal center of boot and shoe industry; population, 68,513; area,
12 square miles. Lowell, Lawrence, Full River, and Holt/oke, chief
centers of cotton industries. Cambridge, seat of Harvard University,
the oldest college in America, founded 1636, chartered 1650. First
printing press in America established at Cambridge; printing still a
leading industry of the city. Population, 91,886.
Agriculture.— Staples are hay, forage crops, and potatoes; corn
and wheat grown for home consumption; land more profitably used for
fruit and garden products. Connecticut and a few other valleys of un-
surpassed fertility. Some of the salt marshes near the coast have been
diked and promise to become good farming land. Number of farms,
1900, 37,715, acreage, 3,147.064. Production and value of crops, 1900:
Corn, 1,545.346 bushels. 8834.487; oats. 550,786 bushels, $209,299; rye,
133,747 bushels, $100,310; potatoes, 2,261.454 bushels. 81.492.560; hay, 567.079
acies, 550,067 tons, $9.571. 166; tobacco, 1899. 3,827 acres; 6,406,570 pounds;
apples, 1899, 3,023,436 bushels.
Live Stock.— Number and value of animals, June, 1900: Horses,
75,034, value 85.826,457; sheep, 52,559. value 8193,596: milch cows. 184,562,
value, $6,546,954; other cattle, 101. 382, value 81,583,963; swine, 78,925, value
$549,617. Wool clip, 1901, 200,670 pounds.
Fisheries.— Massachusetts leading fishing State of New England.
Offshore bank fisheries most Important; shore fisheries vield about 20
per cent of total products. Capital invested, 1898, 113373,902. Total
value of catch, $4,463,727; cod, $1,407,039; halibut, $547,410; haddock,
33
est from Gr t nvricl.
» -r > >• ,,v j^ i X TUCKET *•
,, bor
UND , ' f%
#* Nantucket!
^4?fl Massachusetts *
\_} n f* J> • Scale of Statute Miles
T J C 40
1 ' rfH.i.jRan.l, McXallj&Cu.
R., HCN. * CO., ENGB'S, Chi. 70°
34 UNITED STATES.
$149,618; mackerel, $361, 864; oysters, lobsters, scallops, and whales also
taken. Gloucester Boston, Provlucetown. and ~Se\v Bedford chief
fishing: ports. Boston market, 1898: Fresh fish sold, 111,212,669 pounds,
14,118,922; salted and boneless. 25.926.505 pounds, 81,150.185; lobsters.
9.096,572 pounds, 81. 230,210 Products of Gloucester markets embraced
28,229,67? pounds of fresh, 26.131,752 pounds of salted, and 24,680,404
pounds of boneless fish.
Manufactures.— Fourth In value of manufactures. Number of
establishments In 1900, 29,180; capital, $823,264,287; wage-earners, 497,-
448; cost of material used, $552,717,955; products, 81.035. 1'.iS,9S'.i. Value of
woolen manufactories, 881,041.537 Ranks first in cotton. First cotton
mill established at Beverly, 1787. One of the first woolen mills established
at Newbury, 1794. Shipbuilding is carried on mainly at Boston, Glou-
cester, and Quincy. First in production of rubber boots and shoes,
value 816,490,015; second in paper, $22,141,461, and flax, hemp, and jute
products, 81 1,388 ,933. Silk factories, 191 K), 20. Brick and tile manufac-
tured, $1,594,377; common brick, 81,123,586; pottery, $238,721; earthen-
ware, $101,364; stoneware, $22,198. Distilled spirits, litOu-01, 1,681,812
gallons; fermented liquor, 1,827,915 barrels.
Quarries. — Ranks first in production of granite; handsome dark
granite found near Quincy; that located near Chester is suitable for
monumental and architectural purposes. Total value of granite, 1900,
$1,698,605; granite used in the rough, 8569,119; building purposes,
$429,077; cemeterv work, 880,573; paving blocks, 8267.148. Marbles and
limestone of Berkshire are wrought for building stone and manufac-
ture of lime. New discoveries of fine marble have recently been made
near Westfield. Total value of marble, 1900. $130,7:35: marble used in the
rough, $5,950; for interior purposes, 810.961; building. 8107,604; cemetery,
8300. Value of limestone increased from 875,000 in 1895 to 8209.359 in
1900; most of the product made into lime. Most of the sandstone
comes from "Worcester and East Long Meadow; value of product, 1900,
8153.427. Slate has been known to exist for some time; State has been
a producer within the last few years only.
Railways.— First railroad in the United States was constructed
in Massachusetts; opened for traffic, at Quincy, 1827. In 1840 there
were 301 miles; 1850, 1,035; 1865, 1,297; 1875. 1,817; 1*92, 2,100; July, 1900,
2,118.58, averaging 7.55 miles to each 10,000 inhabitants.
Education, Etc.— Foundation of present system established 1617.
Public school enrollment 1899-1900. 474,891; private, 79,295; school age no
limit; compulsory school age, 7-14. Expenditures, 813.826,243; text-books
furnished. Normal schools at Boston, Bridgewater, Frainingham,
Salem, Westfield, Worcester, Cambridge, Fitchburg, etc. In 1900, 9
universities and colleges. Public high schools. 237; private secondary-
schools^. Among the educational and State institutions are: Harvard
University, Cambridge; Amherst College, Amherst; Williams College,
Williamstown; Clark University, Worcester; Tufts College, Tufts
College; Boston University, Boston. For women: Wellesley College,
Wellesley, Smith College, Northampton; Mt. Holyoke College,
South Hadley, Radcliffe College. Cambridge, all of first rank.
Perkins' Institution and Massachusetts School for the Blind, both in
South Boston; Massachusetts School for the Feeble- minded at
Waverley, besides many other public and private educational and
charitable institutions. Numerous denominational and parochial
schools and academies.
Legal Holidays.— February 22, April 19, May 30, July 4, first Mon-
day in September, Thanksgiving, December 25.
e Political.— State, congressional, and presidential elections, Tues-
day after first. Monday in November. Number of Senators, 40; Repre-
sentatives, 240; term, 1 vear; sessions, annual; meets first Wednesday
in January; limit of session, none. Number of electoral votes, 15;
voters must be citizens, residents of State 1 year, county and town 6
months, precinct 30 days; registration required; ballot reform.
Paupers, non-taxpayers, and persons unable to read and write ex-
cluded. Women vote for school committees.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, actions upon attested
note, 6 years; unlimited contracts, 20 years; contracts not under
seal, 6; legal rate of interest, 6 per cent; by contract on loans less
than 81,000, 18 per cent; over $1,000, no limit. Redemption from tax
sale, 2 years.
CONNECTICUT. 35
CONNECTICUT. S^glU,...
Indian "Quonektacat," upon the long river.
Historical.— One of the thirteen original States. First settlements
made in Connecticut Valley at Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield by
emigrants from Massachusetts, 163:3-3(5. Sayhrook Colony founded by
John Winthrop, 1635; New Haven founded 1638. Connecticut and New-
Haven Colonies united under a charter granted 1662; charter adopted
as a constitution 1776, and remained in force until adoption of present
constitution in 1818. State capitals were Hartford and New Haven
from 1701 to 1873, when Hartford became the sole capital.
Area.— Total area, 4,990 square miles; land, 4,84=5; water, 145; average
breadth east and west, 86 miles, length, 55. Counties 8.
Physical Features.— Highest altitude, Bear Mountain, 2,355 feet.
Atlantic coast line, 100 miles; State has large number good harbors.
Connecticut, Housatonic, Thames, Yantic, and other rivers provide
excellent water power, largely utilized.
Climate.— Lowest temperature at New Haven, 14 deg. below;
highest, 100 deg.; mean annual, 49.4 deg.; mean annual rainfall, in-
cluding melted snow, 49.7 inches.
Agriculture.— Valley of the Connecticut the most fertile region;
famous for its excellent tobacco, which with hay forms the leading
production. Fruit, potatoes, dairy products, and market gardening
are important, Corn, 1900, 1,771,180 bushels, 8974.149; oats, 578,987 bu.,
1208,645; rye. 239,802 bu., 8155,871; potatoes, 2,478.528 bushels. sl.734.97U;
hay. 427.411 tons. S7.150.5S6; apples. 1899, 3.7. '8,931 bu.; tobacco. 10.120 acres,
16,930,770 pounds. 83.074.f"r22. Total value of farm animals, June, 1900,
$10,247,634. Wool clip, 1901, 126.616 pounds.
Manufactures.— One of the foremost States. Silk industry dates
from 1732, ranks fourth in silk; number factories. 38; value of products,
812.378.9S1; cotton goods. si5.5iW.842; all textile products. S49.265.T52: brick
and tile, including Rhode Island. 81.182,575; potterv, 861.250. Distilled
spirits. 1900-01. 149,079 gallons, fermented liquor, 787.411 barrels; pig iron,
1901, 8,442 tons.
Quarries.— Long known as a granite State; value, 1900, 8507,754.
Noted for the excellence and beauty of its brown sandstone; value
of output, 8192,593; limestone, $148,060; feldspar and quartz quarried
quite extensively. Value total stone output. $848,407. Excellent iron
ore mined; first forge in State erected near Salisbury, 1734.
Population.— Ranked eighth, 1800; twenty-first, 1850; twenty-ninth,
1900. Population, 1800, 251.002; 1850, 370.792; 1890, 746,258. Population .
1900.908.420 Male. 454.294; female. 454,126; native, 670,210; foreign.
238.210; white, 892.424; colored, 15,996; Africans, 15,226; Chinese, 599;
Japanese, 18; Indians, 153.
Cities.— New Haven, metropolis, and important commercial and
manufacturing center, often called the '-Elm City" from the number
and beauty of its elms; population, census of 1900, 108,027. Hartford,
capital, center of insurance business, book publishing, and manufac-
tures; population. 1900,79.850. Bridgeport, port of entry and one of the
chief manufacturing centers of the State; population, 1900, 70,996.
Railways. — First railroad in operation, 1838; 1840, 102 miles;
1860,601; 1880,923; 1890. 1,006; July, 1900, 1,023.62.
Education. — Public school enrollment, 1899-1900, 155,228; private,
31,190; expenditures, $3,189,249; school age not fixed bylaw; compulsory
Bchool age, 7-16. Text-books may be furnished. Normal schools at
New Britain, New Haven, and Willimantic. Yale College, established
1701; Trinity, 1824; Wesleyan, 1831; Hartford Theological Seminary;
Berkeley Divinity School.
Political.— Number of Senators, 24; Representatives, 255; term, 2
years. Number of electoral votes, 7. Voters must be actual citizens,
residents of State 1 year, town 6 months; registration required; ballot
reform. Persons unable to read and convicts excluded.
Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 12 and 22, fast-day, May 30,
July 4, first Monday In September, Thanksgiving. December 25.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation : Judgments, no law; notes, negoti-
able, 6 years; non-negotiable, 17 years; accounts and contracts not
under seal, 6 years; verbal executory contracts, 3 years; redemption of
tax sales, 1 year; legal interest, 6 per cent; by contract, any.
86
^
87
Haddam'f- Massapei:
adlyme ^•^Mf^^.StoSingtgl "Ue^-
J&lyard
a«A /^vs^v--<\-A >< ± ^-^~^ / t: ''i ■ Judith
3? \niferoc^/Niaiitio Perry;
"^T^ 13AF Y | r-^-v^Iontaulc-Pt.
Pontf//,f B f- 0CK;
Island
V
A
J j\ - 1 Connecticut
V, ^ # and Rhode Island.
Scale of Statute Miles.
30 40
A ID 5
Copyright. 10Q4. by R i a I. McXally & Co.
38 UNITED STATES.
RHODE ISLAND. S&Stffa.*-
Named after the Island of Rhodes.
Historical.— One of the thirteen original States, and the last to
ratify the Constitution; ratification took place May 29, 1790. Possibly
visited by the Northmen, 1000; visited by Verrazzano, 1524; first settle-
ment made by Roger Williams at Providence, 1636; Portsmouth and
Newport settled during 1688 and 1689. ProUdence Plantations, In
Narragansett Bay. Incorporated 1643; charter for" Rhode Island and
Providence obtained 1663; present state Constitution adopted 1842.
Area.— Smallest State In the Union. Total area. 1,250 square miles,
or 800,01)0 acres; land. 1.053 square miles, or 673,920 acres; water, 197;
length, north 10 south, 48 miles; breadth, 35; counties. 5.
Physical Features.— Highest altitude, at Durfee Hill, 805 feet.
Atlantic coast-line deeply indented by Nat ragansett Bay. which covers
an area of 300 square miles, and contains 15 islands. .Si any good har-
bors; nearly all rivers furnish valuable water power for the numerous
manufactories; many notable summer resorts along the coast.
Climate mild and equable, being modified by the Atlantic. Mean
annual rainfall at Block Island, 44.2 inches; mean annual temperature,
49.3 deg.; highest, 89 deg.: lowest, 4 deg. below.
Agriculture.— Small area adapted to agriculture; chief products
are hay, potatoes, and Indian corn. Corn. 1900. 262.3(4 bushels. 8175.744;
potatoes, 698,232 bushels, $488,762. hay. 72.278 acres. 66,496 tons, si. 243.475.
Total value of farm animals, June, 19(H), $2,281,817. Wool clip, 1901,
36,460 pounds.
Fisberies.-Capital.1898 $957,142: product, $955,058. Clamsof Xarra-
gansett Bay renowned; oyster planting in Providence River an impor-
tant pursuit. Quantities of fresh fish taken for the New York market.
Manufactures, Etc. Rhode Island exceeds all others in per
capita value of products. Gross value, 1900. $184,074,378. Number of
establishments, 4,189 ; average wage-earners. 96.528. Ranks second In
cotton goods; in proportion to population, ranks first in production
of cotton, woolen, and worsted; cotton industry dates from 1790-93. In
1900,218 establishments in textile industries; capital employed $97-
383,015; value of products, $78,133,258. Silk factories, 1900, 6. Value
of brick and tile, with Connecticut, $1,038,722: distilled spirits, 1901,
149,079 gallons. Ranks third in output of rubber boots and shoes,
value $8,034,417. Valut, of granite in 1900 was $444,316.
Population. — The most densely populated of all the States;
ranked fifteenth In 1790; thirty-fourth in 1900. Total population in
1790, 68,825; 1890, 34...506; 1900.428,556. Male. 210.516; female, 218 040;
native, 294,037; foreign. 134,519; white. 419,050; colored, 9,506; Africans.
9,092; Chinese, 366; Japanese, 13; Indians, a5.
Cities. -Providence, metropolis and capital: second city In New
England; manufacturing center with considerable coasting trade;
population, 1900. 175.597. Paictucket, has important manufactures of
cotton goods, engines, etc.; cotton manufacturing established 1790;
population, 1900, 39.231. Wbonsocket, has large woolen and cotton
mills, population, 28.204. Newport, a former capital, and a fashion-
able w atering place ; population. 1900, 22.034.
Ruilways.-Length of roads; 1840, 50 miles; 1850,68:1860.108; 1870
136; 1875. 179: 1880, 210: in July, 1900, the total length was 211.79.
Education.— Public school enrollment, 1899-1900. 67 .231 : private
16.162; expenditure, $1.7:33,488; school age, over 5; compulsorv school
age, 7-15; text-books furnished. School year the longest of the States
Public high schools, 19; private secondary schools, 14; free libraries
50. Brown University, Providence, founded 1764; Normal School
Providence.
Political.— State elections, annual. Number of Senators, 39; Rep-
resentatives, ?2; term, 1 year. Number of electoral votes. 4. Voters
must be actual citizens, residents of the State 2 years, town 6 months
registration required; ballot reform.
Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22. State election day,
May 30, July 4, labor day. Thanksgiving. December 25. Arbor Day.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation : Judgments and sealed instruments,
20year8; notes and open accounts, 6 years; redemption of tax sales,
1 year. Legal Interest rate, 6 per cent; by contract, any.
^
NEW YORK. 3d
1> Sh VV A VJ-Ki^. u Empire State."
Named in honor of the Duke of York.
Historical.— One of the thirteen original States; ratified the United
States Constitution July 26, 1788; eleventh State to enter the Union
In 1609, explorations made by Champlain in the north; in the south
Hudson visited New York Bay and explored Hudson River as far as
site of Albany. First settlements made by Dutch on Manhattan Island,
lb 14; ^ew York (New Amsterdam) founded 1623. Devastated by
Indian warfare 1641; captured by English 1664; retaken by Dutch 1673;
restored to England 1674. State played an important part in the Revo-
lutionary War and the War of 1812. State Constitution adopted 1777-
present Constitution adopted 1846.
Area.— Total area, 49,170 square miles; land, 47,620; water, 1.550-
extreme length east to west, 412 miles; north to south. 311. Area of
Long Island, 1,682 square miles. Number of counties, 61.
Physical Features.— Boundaries comprise over 800 miles of navi-
gable waterway. Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Champlain furnish 352
miles; Long Island Sound and the Atlantic Ocean, 246; river boundaries
231. ;New York belongs chiefly to the Hudson and St. Lawrence river
systems; possesses a magnificent system of inland navigation and an
extensive water power. Surface greatlv diversified. Adirondack
Mountains in the northeast; Catskill, Highlands; Taconic, etc , in the
south and east; highest altitude, Mt. Marcy, 5,344 feet. State contains
many fine lakes and is noted for its picturesque scenery. Possesses
many small but important islands.
Climate.— Winter climate, particularly in the Adirondacks, usually
very cold but healthful; snowfalls heavy; rainfall sufficient but not
excessive. Mean annual rainfall at Albany, 37.9 inches; mean annual
temperature, 48.2 deg. ; highest, 100 deg.; lowest, 18 deg below
. Agriculture.— State ranks fourth in value of farm property; first,
1900, in production of potatoes, buckwheat, and broom corn, and pro-
duces a quarter of the hops; second in rye, third in hay, fifth in oats
sixth in barley. Sugar beets, 2,800 acres." Hav, 1900, 3.351.991 tons, value
$4<,09d 4,4; corn, 17,236,032 bushels, 83.100,935; wheat, 6,496,166 bushels,
!?--cf:^ ; barley. 3,751,734 bushels, 81.913,481. rye, 3,189,165 bushels,
$1,. 3d ,933; buckwheat. 3,380.158 bushels. 81.869,690, potatoes, 27 481 356
bushels, 812,366,610, oats, 44.53S.974 bushels, 814,252.472; hops, 1599,17,332 •
340 pounds; tobacco, 11,307 acres, 13,958.370 pounds.
Horticulture, Etc.— State leads all others in number and value
of its nurseries. First nursery established previous to 1800. Apples,
pears, grapes, plums, and small fruits are grown extensivelv. Western
.New York the chief fruit district. State ranks second in" the Union
in grape industry and third of the Eastern and Middle States in produc-
tion of apples. Apples, 1899, 24.111,257 bushels.
Live Stock.— New Tork ranks high in value of livestock. Number
and value of farm animals, June. 1900: Horses, 628.438. 847.977,931, sheep
1.745.746.85.921.941; milch cows, 1.501,608,848,694,512: other cattle, 1.094,781,
814.040,662; swine, 676,639, 83.794,332. mules, 3,313, 8229,172. Ranks first as
a dairy State; famous for its cheese and butter. Wool an important
product; clip, 1901, 5,840,784 pounds.
Fisheries.-In 1898 State fisheries employed 9,185 persons, 667 ves-
sels, and 3,970 boats. Capital invested, 87.589,787; total value of products,
83,d45,189; of mollusks and crustaceans, 82,314,945. Oyster industry most
important; value of yield, 81,985.029. Menhaden and bluefish valuable;
shad taken from Hudson River. Lobster yield increasing
Manufactures. — State leads all others. Establishments, 1900,
78,6d8; capital, 81.651,210,220; products , 82.175,726.900; wage-earners, 849,-
056 ; wages, 8408,855,652. Leading industries: clothing, value product,
8233.370,447: foundry and machine products, 896,636,517; printing and
publishing, 895,2:32,051; textiles, 894,263.047; refined sugar and molasses,
890,680,487; liquors, 8-58.282,353; slaughtering and meat-packing, $57,431,-
293; tobacco, etc.. §53,660,580; lumber products. 845 533,234 ; paper and
wood pulp, 826,715,628; flour, 842.796,310. Second in value of ships built.
18,647,371. Pig iron. 1901, 243,662 tons ; distilled spirits, 1900-01, 3,240,021
gallons; first in fermented liquor, 9,963,806 barrels; second in cigars,
1,291,273,550; first in flax, hemp, and jute goods, 811,674,669; third In
artificial tee, 81,025,308, and oil refining, $27,184,524.
Scale of Statute Miles.
5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Copyright, 1904„"fy 3Un3. :>Ic>'alW & Co.
70°
41
ie^West from Greenwich.
V^
Carleto
'/>
V
' '■ .n:
X
,lone Jo-cv,
;u.y
fag}*tts bu A
Tort C;
_otribay
sStna Malone
^.~7r — CMoira
^J'rcscottV^XJ;' ->-; J7 [Norwoo'l j\io\ntain J lew
TXm WW HoonXake *
DefilbJ,r^§»^ JlU!nbow
iU e J^ -Willis/ J °jL ..V^V^ableB
SBILVER s ( IPond/ AY | a ™Sv
Ch !^jH££^uppc*2al:.. Eliza* thjtbwn hK*t],oS
^v-^ci; aumo y : cA -.VS.' 1
..lb
I .Croxval'tA^l t0 «
[Adams Cei
JWhaseiike,
s Inmaaj>'\V
r ■ Cree-k ^&\aICE). t .
Xiyht Zakes/
,V-
- »d Stratford^, \.f IcG ,V^r o^>
reek 7 V/ Sdhuj^r^fle) Gt e6 5>*
aratoga Spr:
. ^filoversvUIe-./A '<< ->>''■
Johnstown Ballston)( U |*"Y
. -Ca^snovfa-nr I /i I alwn"'-- ;~-^3>-, ^H^Z^xlvAmftSc
eateles ^c, X Ar Va f er ^ Ue -^"/ HoWr* J°" F'^S^a 2 i-O^i?
T'l l ^ x *trrf / /■c s ,i/rvfllo----v Caoaloharlc v ^ i ^'■ , ■ sXaV^,.,
RNf ? ®«^mel E yM^^!rlZ TfcKehBad Sprs. SCHENECTA^^^V
. e U ^YF/vlVilte £'lmestcu // s T t ,V ari i -Jjrr ^ ■ , v^^ c * ^Kl .(Bath. j /
rtland V. I -. yi>ewiierliu/> m .- ./ \\ orcester \i; j iui,,„, \uWy/U .,
Vallsy^HV Alton
aioa
42 UNITED STATES.
Petroleum.— Western New York ranks among prominent oil-
producing localities. New York production Increased from 912,948
barrels In 1895 to 1,300,928 barrels In 1900. Value of product, 1900,
81,759,501; of natural gas, £535,367.
Minerals. —Iron ore Of excellent quality mined extensively. Total
output for the State, 1900, 411.485 long tons, a loss of 0.5 percent from
that of 1899. Total value at mines. $1,103,817 New York ranks second
as a producer of magnetic Iron ore— discovered on Sterling Mountain
as early as 1750; 345,714 long tons mined In 19oo Ranks first, 1900,
among salt-producing States; principal districts. Onondaga, Warsaw,
Genesee, and Ithaca. Total production. 7.897,071 barrels; valuc$2,171,418;
rock salt, 1896, 173,663 tons. Ithaca district produced 74,000 barrels.
Has extensive quarries of stone and marble. Thirty counties produce
limestone; total value of output, 1900, $1,730,162; value of sandstone.
81.467,496. Total value of slate, $62,755, Including $58,360 for roofing;
marble. $332,518; granite, $446,171. Marble especially excellent for out-
side building.
Population.— New York ranked fifth in population in 1790, third In
1800, second in 1810, and first from 1820 to 1900. Total population 1790,
340,120; 1830,1.918.60*; 1860. 3.^80.735: 1890,5,997,853; 1900, 7,268.894. Classi-
fication: Male, 3,614,780; female, 3,654.114; native, 5,368.469; foreign,
1,900,425; white, 7,156,881; colored, 112,013; Africans, 99,232; Chinese,
7,170; Japanese, 354; Indians, 5,257.
Cities.— New 'York, largest city of the western hemisphere and
after London the largest in the world; as a commercial and financial
center ranks second only to London. The State capital from 17^4 to
1797 and United States capital 1785 to 1790; population, 1900, 3,437,202.
Buffalo, second city in State; has important lake commerce; chief
commodities, grain, live stock, lumber, and coal; population, 352,387.
Albany, capital, founded by Dutch, 1614; on Hudson River at head of
navigation, important distributing point for grain and lumber; popu-
lation, 94,151. Rochester, important center of manufactures, garden
seeds, and nurseries; population, 162,608. Syracuse, prominent railway
and manufacturing center; population, 108,374.
Railways, Etc.— First railroad, Albany to Schenectady, opened
1831. Canals first planned 1761; Erie Canal begun 1817, finished 1825;
364 miles of canals; cost, $50,000,000. Number of miles of railroad in
operation 1835, 104; 1850, 1,361; 1S&>, 2,682; 1875, 5,423; 1885, 7,370; 1890, 7,745;
July, 1900, 8,121.03 miles.
Education.— First schools est. by Dutch. Academy and classical
school, est. 1659. Free grammar school, 1702. General school system
org. 1812. State Normal school est. 1844. Present system est. 1867.
Compulsory education, 1875. Public school enrollment. 1899-1900. 1.209,574;
expenditures, $33,421,491. School age, 5-21; compulsorv, 8-16. School
system controlled by Board of Regents, constituting "Univ. of State of
N. Y." New York widely noted for higher institutions. Columbia
College, formerly Kings College, opened 1754; Cornell University,
opened 1868 ; New York University, 1831 ; Military Acadeinv. West
Point, 1802; Union College, 1795; Hamilton. 1812; Colgate, 1819; Hobart,
1822; Rensselaer Poly. Inst.. 1824; Syracuse, 1871. For women: Elmlra,
1855; Vassar, 1865; Wells, 1868; Barnard, 18S9 — all of first rank. The-
ological seminaries include: Auburn, 1819; General, 1817; Union, 1836.
There are 16 State Normal schools.
Political.— State elections annual. State, congressional, and presi-
dential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number of
Senators, 50; Representatives, 150. Sessions annual, meet first Wednes-
day in January; limit of session, none; term of Senators, 2 years;
Representatives, 1 year; number of electoral votes, 39. Term of Gover-
nor, 2 years; salary, $10,000 annually; residence free. Voters must be
actual citizens, residents of State 1 year, of county 4 months, town and
precinct 30 days; registration required in cities of 5,000; ballot reform.
Election bettors or bribers and convicts excluded.
Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 12 and '22, May 30, July 4,
first Monday in September, general election day, Thanksgiving, Decem-
ber 25, Saturday afternoon.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, recovery of real estate,
and sealed instruments, 20 years; open accounts and notes, 6 years;
contracts not under seal, 6; redemption of tax sales, 2 years. Legal
interest rate, 6 per cent; by contract, any.
PENNSYLVANIA. 43
PENNSYLVANIA. IZSZStu*-
Penn's "Sylvania," forest country.
Historical.— One of the thirteen original States. Second to enter
the Union. First settlements made hy the Swedes on Tinicum Island,
1643, and at Upland, Chester, 1648; passed under the rule of the Dutch
of New Amsterdam, 1655. Became British territory, 1664. Permanently
colonized by William Penn, 1682; land granted, 1681, by Charles II of
England. Philadelphia founded 1682. Boundary dispute with Maryland
settled by establishment of Mason and Dixon's line, 1767. First Con-
tinental Congress met in Philadelphia, 1774. State Constitutions adopt-
ed 1776, 1190, 1838, and 1873. Constitution of the United States adopted
and ratified December 12, 1787. State was the scene of numerous im-
portant events of the Revolutionary and Civil wars.
Area.— Total area, 45.215 square miles: land, 44,985 square miles.
or 28,790,4»X) acres ; water, 230; greatest length, east to west, 303 miles;
north to south, 176 miles. Counties number 67.
Physical Features.— Surface exceedingly varied. Appalachian
Mountain svstem traverses State northeast to southwest; covers one-
fourth entire area; Allegheny Range the highest, elevation, 2,000 to
2,800 feet: southeast comparatively level and low-lying. Principal
rivers, Ohio, Susquehanna, Delaware, Allegheny, and Monongahela;
Delaware navigable to Philadelphia. Only one of the thirteen original
States without sea coast; coast line on Lake Erie, 45 miles.
Climate.— Central and Northern uplands, winters long and cold,
and occasional frosts in summer; Ohio Valley and southeast, summers
long and hot; Susquehanna Valley, to the south, more equable climate.
Mean annual rainfall at Philadelphia. 39.8 inches; mean annual temper-
ature, 53.9 deg. ; highest. 10.3 deg.; lowest. 13 deg. below.
Agriculture.— Over one-fifth the total population in the southeast
engaged in agriculture. A leading State in the production of rye, hay,
buckwheat, potatoes, orchard products, and tobacco. First in rye,
1900. 4.416.299 bushels, 82.340.638; second in buckwheat, 3.188.402 bushels.
gr.753.62l; hav. sixth, 2.672.561 tons. $37,148,598; wheat. 20.281,334 bushels,
814.602.560; oat*, 38,000,872 bushels, 811,400,262; corn. 32.707.900 bushels,
814.71^.555; potatoes. 10,921.748 bushels, $5,788,526; tobacco, 1899, 27.760
acres, yield, 41 .502.620 pounds; second of Eastern States in production
of apples, yield, 24.060,651 bushels. Market gardening and floriculture
profitable industries. State contains many large nurseries.
Live Stock.- Of the North Atlantic States, Pennsylvania ranks
second only to New York in number and value of farm animals. June,
1900, horses numbered 590,981, value 840.948,827; mules. 38,059, 82.9u7.690;
sheep, 1,531.066, $4,642,606; milch cows. 943.773, $29,141,561; other cattle,
953.U74. $13,921,630; swine, 1.107.981. $5,830,295. Dairy and wool products
of great value; butter. 1899, 111.358.246 pounds; cheese, 11,124.210 pounds.
Wool clip, 1901, 4.650,750 pounds.
Manufactures.— State ranks second to New York in value of
manufactures. In 1900, 52.185 establishments employed 733,834 wage-
earners; combined capital, $1,551,548,712; gross value of products,
81.834,790,860. state leads all others in iron and steel industries. In
1900 produced 52 per cent of all steel ingots; 46 per cent of pig-iron, 54
per cent of total iron and steel products, over 39 per cent of tin and
terne plate. Output of pig-iron, 19oo, 6.778,584 tons; value 8101.555,787;
crude steel ingots. 6,361,586 tons. Total value iron and steel products,
$434,445,200. Active tin. terne, and black plate establishments. 47; total
value of products. 823,678,650. Glass factories. 119; capital, 828.287.1S7;
value of products. $22.i ill. 1.30. First paper mill erected 1691 ; paper and
pulp mills. 73; capital invested. 816.424.107: paper produced, 197.586 tons;
aggregate value, 812.267.900. Cigar and cigarette establishments, 2.264;
capital, * 13,836,368; output, 1,633,281,905; value 131,483,141. State leads
in output of coke; ovens, 1900, 32.548: product, 13,798,893 tons; value
$30,853,449. Second in value of clay products; first in lire-brick; total
value brick and tile. 85.954.415 ; pottery, terra cotta, etc., $8,127,429.
Leads in Portland cement; output, 1899, 3.217,965 barrels; value $4,290.-
620. Total value liquor products, $34,520,358.
Textile Manufactu res. — Among the Middle States, Pennsyl-
vania leads in cotton manufactures; is second in the I'nited States in
44
jPoTtJtowan
Iong Point
i>
?A
SK
f
*K
% %
I J «hl Villas
, belle I ^IZatc^^Hr ^^
' ' ->7 <^/^ Ja \ g, ,t0W !^ (
sburg/ yftcklJV Sta.'j
< Russell/ *•■—■«
^^^Varrcnj-" jKinzua
Girar'f'YwT
itVaterfor.l!} ,-^Corrj
"Si "b^^^^
' * : ii r ; i j^^^rxw/a Virrn Lrunzua. u summit ■' uiraoee ^/ L« *
' rSaWrstown^n #W Tl l!^ i?V /y*" ot R»Uo-_ \ *7>A Sn,cl, '^=^ Sw^Vj
«?.M SMoalvilla ^vT>nn">,.iUi<r— ' 1 ln...>dK > V ^ x^ WJcatinir Suroailt
1/ ij-ne
jFfllerSiL P'calville ? Nv4)nnriap}s^ — ] \Ki„h&- ,
\l / C^r „t, TitusvillJ MHlsF ^, B ™ W"V-J i VYV«o«
iKJ ;- •/, ,- l|»^Ml^^.Gil^on Somerset^- ;-93<£1^$£C^ FanneUsburgTV
..Aleppo rairUejW^i / ^CTJarrett V* /g : , ^cCoime.Uburs
it.d. B4i4^ lZ a JnZ%^ m %>y^/^i £j?l S cove Tannery
\j .A!
I m M^bo 8 f 4±L W«"»i JiWe Tanner, " j
r— ,L_>5^oint3Ianon ojSaliah iiryy^ - f^^d a le // t /' Jeans Cuve M erigw lj urg ° /
' er "j>c
45
'•'■ est from Greenwich.
PENNSYLVANIA.
Scale of Statute Miles.
5 10 20 30 40 50 60
CopyrigU. 13C4,T)y HanTl. llc^allj & Co.
"WaltODN
WIUI^^mt ""TfAtfeeDL. ' , . SuEquebanna ;i 'X Scott ~flL* n °
i°€» GiUetr/ P.SGA H Vj, Wapasengg .,- fA T homp-\Ce?y ^^ Tafksville
Mansfield Troy* 4jf Jiffi ^•^7^&l^r lUnl
Wif \ TowaDdaY^.< St.cvensrilk feSjift Cejl] C Damascus
Run r- 1 J*"S ) U U?Vl?lusir-
triou>> — fcV /Alba <.aL^Ionroe<?j|Spri
i% % \x>* rf'i ■— ^Jv^it nf • wOW-AlbanYl' k- /,; 4 <r omT
'I«V^ pBstaTizg f OOt 0. "RTwih,—, • ^^>v f • l V - J.'i-iVtl N <- J
r SfcwberrjW W. &./fTi.^h^»51l."= W« „♦!,.., I ^rS3^ W'LKESf AHMt ^g. na n S F£rr
'$y- aw"VPr.
- T- -? , V **3Zfc£S3=c^ /H ^ es ^ ,e 2|flanticote
"~ "r^^'B^U^^HaUs Beaton l shlcks-y^
■ x-^ocfcuaven,, Jft c
JkHtloaa
Ubrightsrille "^i^*/;''^
Strou3s"buiJ i v»»"aU_
j^"Beaverto*^
■"MoClnre /»
;' /"Paini«>rsvU!e JKfar
,J "yV^.~-w " x -'■-••^\T V ^'^\^;J.v ; a+\ temple ; ^"'r.li J.Pertasie^^^
i-- v - V-- - — -rr^-^g^W^y^U"^ /Ephrata TV-'^o^iNt.li 1 V X ^P^f\
& C0.,ENiR'S,
46 UNI TED STATES.
wool and Bilk manufactures. In 1900, silk manufactories numbered
121, wltb 942,545 spindles, 12,949 looms, value of products, $31,072,096.
Total value of textile products, $158,782,087.
Mineral*. -State ranks anions the lirst In mineral wealth; coal,
Iron, and petroleum lead In importance. Coal discovered In Schuylkill
region 1790; first regular shipment made In 1820 to Philadelphia;
leading State in production; output always exceeds 50 per cent of
total coal product of the United States. Coal area: Anthracite. 180
square miles; bituminous, 9,ooo square miles. Total product, 1900,
137.210,241 short tons, value 3103,096.396. Anthracite, 57,367,915 tons,
value 885,757,851; bituminous, 79,842,326 tons, value $77,438,545. State
produced 51 per cent of coal mined in United States. Hanks fifth in
production of iron ore, first In magnetite. Output. 1900, 877,884 long
tons. Third in production and value of crude petroleum; output,
13.258.202 barrels, value 818,088,016. First in value of natural gas; value
of output, 810,187,412. Salt in the northwest; total product, 981,770
barrels, value 8473,687.
Quarries.— State has numerous quarries. Leads. 1900, in output of
limestone; third In sandstone; furnished 64 per cent of total output of
slate. Value of limestone product, 1900,83.800,318; sandstone, 81,043,321;
slate, 82,713.598, including 82,277,192 roofing slate. Total stone product,
$8,111,602.
Population.— Ranked second in 1790 and 1800; third in 1810 and
1820; second from 1830 to 1900. Total population in 1790, 434.373; 1810,
810.091; 1850,2,311,786; 1890. 5.258 .014; 1900,6.302,115. Male, 3,204,541; female,
3.097,574; native, 5.316^65; foreign, 985.250; white, 6,141,664; colored,
160,451; Africans, 156,845: Chinese, 1,927; Japanese, 40; Indians, 1,639.
Cities.— Philadelphia, "City of Brotherly Love," founded 1682;
capital of United States, 1790 to 1S00; of State, until 1790; metropolis of
Pennsylvania; third city in the United States in population and manu-
factures; a leading center of foreign, domestic, and coastwise trade;
population, 1900, 1,293,697. Pittsburg, " Smoky City," second in size and
importance, with Allegheny, opposite, forms a leading center of iron,
steel, copper, and glass industries of the countrv; population, 1900,
321,616; Allegheny, 129,896. Scranton, fourth city In size; center of
great anthracite coal region; extensive manufactures of Iron, steel,
machinery, etc. ; population, 102,026. Reading, flourishing railway and
manufacturing center; population, 78,961. Harrisburg, capital, has
large manufactures of iron and steel ; population, 50,167. Erie, on Lake
Erie, is a port of entry; has important iron manufactories and a large
trade; population, 52,733.
Railways.— Earliest road operated, the "Switchback," a coal road,
opened 1826. Philadelphia & Columbia and Portage roads, 118 miles,
opened 1833-34. State had 754 miles in operation, 1840; 1,240, 1850; 1,800,
1855:2.598,1860; 3,728, 1865: 4,656. 1870; 5,868, 1875; 6,191, 1880; 7,746, 1885;
8,700.1890; July, 1900. 10.330.50 miles.
Education. -Common school law enacted 1834. School age, 6-21;
compulsory, 8-16, expenditure. 821.476.995; text-books furnished. Public
school enrollment, 1,151,880. Normal Schools at Bloomsburg, Califor-
nia, Clarion, East Stroudsburg, Edlnboro, Kutztown, Lockhaven. Mans-
field, Millersvllle, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Shippensburg, Slippery
Rock,West Chester, Indiana. Univ. of Pennsylvania, first opened 1740,
and Girard College, Philadelphia: Lehigh University, Bethlehem;
Lafayette College. Easton, Haverford College, Haverford; Dickinson
College, Carlisle; Bryn Mawr College.
Political.— State elections, annual; State, congressional, and presi-
dential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November, number of
Senators, 48; Representatives. 202; sessions, biennial, in odd-numbered
years; meets first Tuesday in January; limit of session, none; term of
Senators, 4 years; Representatives^ years. Number of electoral votes,
34. Voters must be actual citizens, residents of State 1 year, of pre-
cinct 2 months; registration required, ballot reform. Non-taxpayers
and political bribers excluded.
Legal Holidays.— January 1, Februarv 12 and 22, Good Fridav.
local elections. May 30. July 4, first Monday in September, general
election day, Thanksgiving, December 25, and Saturday afternoons.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 5 years; contracts,
notes, instruments not under seal, 6; personal action, 2; redemption
of tax sales, 2 years, except in Incorporated cities. Legal Interest
rate, 6 per cent; by contract, 6.
MARYLAND. 47
MARYLAND. Jf&S'S&e State."
Named in honor of Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I of England.
Historical.— Seventh of the thirteen original States ; adopted the
Federal Constitution, April, 1T8S. Charter issued to Lord Baltimore,
June 20, 1632, remained in force until 1T76. First permanent settlement
made at St. Mary's. 1634; colony noted for its religious toleration.
Annapolis founded by Puritan refugees, 1649; Baltimore settled, 1730.
State Constitutions adopted, 1776, 1851, 1864, and 1867. *
Area.— Total area. 12,210 square miles; land, 9,860; water, 2,350;
length, east to west, 196 miles; breadth, 9 to 120 miles; counties, 24.
Physical Features.— State naturally divided in three sections:
Mountainous region of Western Maryland; hilly country, Northern and
Central Maryland; level areas of Eastern and Southern Maryland.
Greatest altitude, Great Backbone Mountain, 3,400 feet. Chesapeake
Bay divides State in two parts, Eastern and Western Shore. In pro-
portion to area leads in extent of navigable waterways.
Climate.— Mild and generally healthful. Mean annual rainfall at
Baltimore, 43.8 inches; mean annual temperature, 55.3 deg.: highest*
103 deg. ; lowest, 7 deg. below.
Agriculture.— Tobacco a staple crop from early colonial days.
Eastern Shore seat of peach industry; small fruits, market gardening,
and tobacco culture. Western Shore. Farm products, 1900: Corn, 15,232,-
802 bushels. value S6.245.449; wheat. 15,187,848 bushels. $10,783,352; oats,
1,783.116 bushels, 8552,859; hay, 302,292 tons. $4,247 ,203; potatoes, 1,269,455
bushels. $6S5,506; tobacco, 1899, 24.589,480 pounds, $1,438,169. Value of
farm animals, S19,G36,844. Wool clip, 1901. 556.265 pounds.
Fisheries.-Total investment in fisheries, 1897. nearly $6,000,000.
Leading State in oyster industry; catch comprises about 80 per cent
of total product. Crabs taken, 28,347,585; value $217,586. Shad and
alewives most valuable fish. Shrimp, turtles, and terrapin taken.
Manufactures.— Among the most important are clothing, flour,
,iion and steel, and shipbuilding. Iron works opened 1715; sugar re-
fineries, 1784; glass factories, 1789. Important State in canning industry,
has nearly 300 establishments; leads in tomatoes. Has 387 tobacco,
cigar, and cigarette factories, tobacco, 1900, 12,348,971 pounds: cigars,
403.548,626: cigarettes, 1,423,850. Ranks first in manufacture of fertil-
izers. Pig iron, 1900, 241,172 tons. Value brick and tile, $844,335.
Minerals, Coal area, 550 square miles. Output. 1900, 4,024,688
short tons. Value of slate quarried, $128,673; roofingslate, $126,271. Value
of granite, $486,822; value of limestone, $317,207. Marble, $70,000.
Population. -Ranked sixth in 1790, twenty-sixth in 1900. Total
population, 1790, 319,728; 1S90, 1.042,390, 1900, 1,190,050. Male, 589,275;
female, 598,769; native, 1,094,110; foreign, 93,934; white, 952,424; colored.
235,620, African, 235,064, Chinese, 544, Japanese, 9; Indians, 3.
Cities. — Baltimore, "Monument City," metropolis and seaport ;
principal manufacturing center; large export trade and oyster fisheries.
Population, 1900, 508,957. Annapolis," Clt& ot Anna," Queen Anne, cap-
ital and port of entry; population 1900,8,525. Cumberland, second city,
important railroad terminus and manufactures; population, 17,128.
Railroads.— Baltimore & Ohio road begun 1828. 1830, 15 miles of
road; 1840, including District of Columbia, 213 miles; 1860,386; 1870,671,
1885, 1,159; January, 1892, 1,269; July, 1900, 1,376.16.
Education. -Public school enrollment, 1899-1900, 345,350; white,
268,060; colored. 72.290; expenditures, $2,912,527; 6chool age, 6-20; text-
books furnished. Johns Hopkins university and Peabody Institute,
State Normal School, and Woman's College of Baltimore, at Baltimore;
United States Naval Academy, established 1845, Annapolis.
Political.— State, congressional, and presidential elections, Tuesday
after first Monday in November. Number of Senators, 27: Representa-
tives^; electoral votes, 8. Voters must be actual citizens, residents of
State 1 year, county 6 months; registration required; ballot reform.
Letra 1 Holidays.— January 1, February 22, Good Friday, May 30,
July 4, first Monday In September, general election day, Thanksgiving,
Dec. 25, and every Saturday afternoon in Baltimore and Annapolis.
Liegal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 12 years; notes and
open accounts, 3 years; tax sales, 1 year; legal Interest, 6 per cent.
48
Ralnsburg
'
Okouok,
G I
■U„] ..;>v„
:v"--
UKOUUKO-. - SB y~< T Vr •I7«r, V? M = <tf*OOnSODBI /- /mwj_iu»ii v---^>v , ,.•4.
< aJL;^ /<• /-<\yi u°rJ M;,'.die'.ow-n 5(i^ ar 5 ,on i't t i7 aj1 r v c'
' .7 < >!/^0 N "^ O v^a^VrSUGAR LOAfi'GTkncI'. i
/ 0/=g "Winchester
Trontiio
"Woodstock* \v-
""^Maryland
AND
Delaware.
Scale of statute Miles.
o 5 10 20 30
Copyright. 1904, "by Randal eNaTh-i Co.
=S2^r
Sterling^™' **{|3-- ™ ■ ^ ga,
- .l-arial
;. ighferii
l = Doncaster A.JDelXUton
TonuiH:
l King George ^4$SJf
77
49
70 PAND, I4CNALLY* CO., tNGRAVEPS, CHICAGO.
50 UNITED STATES.
DELAWARE. ««B?ue a Hen state."
Named In honor of Lord dc la War, Governor of Virginia.
Historical.— First of the thirteen original States to adopt and
ratify the Constitution; ratification December 7, 1787. First permanent
settlement made by Swedes near present site of Wilmington, 1638,
Swedish settlements captured by Dutch, 1655; Dutch conquered by
English, 1664. Territory included in the grant given to William Penn
1681. In 1703 the "Three Lower Counties" were recognized as a separate
colony under the Governor of Pennsylvania. State Constitution formed
1776, new one adopted 1792; twice amended, 1831 and 1897.
Area, 2,050 square miles; land, 1,960 square miles, or 1,254,400 acres;
water, 90; extreme breadth, 36 miles; length, 110; counties, 3.
Physical Features.— Surface generally level but hilly in the
north; greatest altitude, Dupont, 282 feet. One-twentieth of surface
composed of tidal marshes, partly reclaimed. Chief river, Delaware.
Government Breakwater, Delaware Bay, begun 1828, has cost 82,721,992.
Climate.— Peninsula almost surrounded by Chesapeake and Dela-
ware bays and Delaware River. Climate, greatly modified by the
surrounding waters, is mild; winters short. Annual temperature at
Wilmington, 53 deg.; highest temperature, 93 deg.; lowest, 1 deg.;
annual rainfall at Delaware Breakwater, 32.6 inches.
Agriculture.— Soil and climate especially adapted for agricultural
pursuits. Market gardening and the growing of peaches and small
fruits for northern markets leading industries. Total value of farm
property, 19*. S40.697.654 ; live stock. 36.750.287. Productions and values,
1900: Corn. 5.010.312 bushels, value $1,903,919; wheat. 1.479.139 bushels,
Si, 035,397; oats, 332.724 bushels. $99,817; potatoes, 256.512 bushels. $153,907;
hay crop, 44.441 tons, s6l9,952. Total value of farm animals, 1900, $3,733,-
335. Wool clip, 1901, 34.820 pounds.
Manufactures center chiefly at Newcastle and Wilmington.
Principal Industries: Shipbuilding, manufactures of iron and steel,
leather, cars, flour, and cotton goods. Number of establishments
reported in 1900 was 1.417; capital, $41,203,239; value of entire product,
$45,387,630. In 1901, Delaware, Maryland, and District of Columbia
produced 5,236,946 gallons of distilled spirits. There are numerous can-
neries for fruit, vegetables, etc.; peas and oysters packed extensively.
Population. — Population, 1890. 168,493; 1900, 184.735. Male, 94,158;
female. 90,577; native, 170,925; foreign, 13,810 ; white, 153.977; colored.
30,758; Africans, 30,697; Chinese, 51; Japanese, 1; Indians, 9.
Cities.— Wilmington, metropolis, has extensive manufactures of
cars and car-wheels, paper, cotton, and machinery; excellent harbor
and large yards for iron and steel shipbuilding. Noted Dupont Gun-
powder Works six miles distant. Population. 1900, 76.508. Dover, the
capital, has large canning factories and manufactures; population,
3,329. Newcastle, port of entry, has Important cotton, woolen, and
iron manufactures; population. 3.380.
Railways.— In 1835. State had 16 miles of road; 1855,56; 1S65. 134;
1875, 272; 18S5, 303, January 1. 1892. 320; July. 1900, 346.72. Delaware
& Chesapeake Canal. 18}$ miles long; finished. 1829.
Education.— Public school enrollmentfor 1891-2. 33.174; school age.
6-21 ; expenditure, 1899-1900. $217,126. Text-books furnished. Separate
system of schools provided for colored children. Among various
educational institutions are: Delaware College. Newark; Ferris
Industrial School. Marshalltown; Weslevan Female College. Delaware
Industrial School for Girls, and Public Normal School, Wilmington.
Political.— Number of Senators, 17; Representatives. 34; term of
Senators, 4 years; Representatives. 2 years. Number of electoral votes,
3. Voters must be actual citizens and county tax-payers, residents of
State, 1 year, county and town l month, precinct 30 days. No registra-
tion; ballot reform. Idiots, insane, paupers, and criminals excluded.
Women may vote on school matters.
Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 12 and 22. May 30. July 4,
first Monday In September. Thanksgiving. December 25. Notes due on
any holiday must be paid the preceding day.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments. 20 years: contracts not
under hand, book accounts, 3; bills, notes under hand, 6. Legal
interest rate, 6 per cent.
NEW JERSEY. 51
NEW JERSEY. "ShaTp Z Back S State.'*
Named after the Isle of Jersey.
Historical.— One of the thirteen original States; became a member
of the Union December 18, 1787; third of the States in point of order to
ratify United States Constitution. Earliest settlements made by Dutch,
at Bergen, 1617-20, settlement made by Swedes on Delaware River, 1683;
Fort Nassau on Delaware erected by Dutch, 1655, who compelled Swedes
to acknowledge their rule; country passed to English with New York,
1664. Became a royal province, 1702. Scene of numerous battles of the
Revolution, 1777-8, State hearing a most patriotic part during the war.
State Constitution adopted, 1776; present Constitution, 1844.
Area.— Total area, 7,815 square miles, divided into 21 counties; land
area, 7,525 square miles; water, 290; extreme length north to south, 167
miles; average breadth, 50.
Physical Features.— Northern part of State traversed by Kitta-
tinny, or Blue Ridge, and Highland ranges of Appalachian system;
altitude 1,000 to 1,750 feet above sea level; highest elevations in the
Kittatinny range, which extends continuously from extreme north to
Delaware Water Gap. Highland range comprises numerous detached
ridges, the surface of which varies greatly. Central part of State some-
what rolling; southern, largely a sandy plain, sloping to the sea and
partly covered with pine forests. Besides the Hudson— locally, North
River— the Delaware, forming most of the western boundary, the most
important river; eastern sections of State drained by streams flowing
directly into Atlantic; western, by tributaries of Delaware River and
Bay Coast line, 120 miles; including bays, 540. Tidal streams along
eastern shore, from Sandy Hook to Cape May, afford important inland
navigation and safe harbors for light draught vessels; Hudson River
and Raritan, Newark, and New York bays provide good harbors in the
northeast. Points of interest: Passaic Falls, Delaware Water Gap,
Schooleys Mountain, and numerous small but beautiful lakes in the
northern highlands.
'Climate temperate; southern part of State influenced bv ocean; sea-
shore healthful; Cape May to Sandy Hook a succession of noted
summer resorts; Lakewood, near Trenton, famous winter resort. Mean
annual rainfall, Atlantic City, 42.7 inches. Temperature, 51.9 deg.;
highest, 99 deg.; lowest, 7 deg. below.
Agriculture, Etc.— Agriculture a leading Industry. Market gar-
deningand floriculture flourish. South well adapted to raising of grapes
and small fruit. State especially noted for its sweet potatoes— yield
averages over 2,000,000 bushels per vear— cranberries, vegetables, and
small fruits. Productions and values, 1900: Corn, 8.493,012 bushels,
S3.821.855; wheat. 2.344,582 bushels. 81,734,991: oats, 2,812,089 bushels,
1871.748; white potatoes, 3,342,015 bushels, 82.005,209, rye, 1,029,000
bushels, 3565,950; buckwheat. 160,080 bushels, 894.447; hay, 499,102 tons,
88,010,587; cranberries, 1899, 240.221 bushels.
Live Stock. — Number and value of farm animals, June. 1900:
Horses, 94,024, value, 87,582.274; mules, 4,931, value, §356,492; milch
cows, 157.407, value, 85,840.288 , other cattle, 82,577, value, 81,358,879;
sheep, 47,730, value, 8202,480; swine, 175,387, value, 8926,179. Total value
domestic animals, 816,269,548. Wool clip, 1901, 131.815 pounds.
Fisheries.— Mostly deep sea. Menhaden and anchovy abound;
food fish taken include blueflsh, sheepshead, Spanish mackerel, and
many fresh-water fish; shad fisheries important; many oyster beds;
most important, those in Newark, Raritan, Barnegat, and Delaware
bays. Bushels of oysters marketed. 1898, 1,342,021, value, 81,309,411
Manufactures important. In silk industry State leads all others
in investments and in products. Higher grades of silk manufactured
almost exclusively in New Jersey. Number of silk factories, 1900, 180.
Capital nearly 330.ooo.o00; number of persons employed, 24.157; wages
paid, 39.232.5:32: value of output, 839,966,602. an increase of 89,200,000 in a
decade. In 1900, 15,431 manufacturing establishments reported an
Invested capital of 35o2.824.oh2: value of materials used, 836o.945.s43;
value of goods produced, 8611,748,933; wages paid, 8110,088,605. Capital
and value of products of reported manufacturing establishments,
1900: Brewing, 827,014,496, value 115413,085; foundry and machine prod-
ucts, 831,550,687, value, 832.621,229; woolen and worsted, 816,630,519,
52
54 , UNITED STATES.
value, 111.570,114; cotton poods, including small wares, 114,899,291;
value, w;,!t:« i, 7f><>; capital, Iron and steel Industries, #19,971 JOB? pro-hut-,
s21.:mi. i\W; rubber goods, hard and soft, #6,078,155, Value, #8,458,274:
leather, #9,906,119, Yalue #13,747,155; value of oil refined, ranking second
#29,649,460; shoes, #3,158,266, value #6,978,043. Dyeing and finishing
textiles, #11,600,695; value $10,488,963. In 1900 ranked third clay-working
State. Number of operating firms reporting, 149; value of product,
#10,786,678. Common brick. 894,654,000, value, $1,809,806; pressed and
colored brick, 37,825,000, value #609,819. Value of pottery produced,
#5,070,566; drain tile. $27,660. Hanks second in production of Portland
cement; output, 1899, 892.167 harrels, value #1,338.250. Number of
tobacco factories, 1900, 12 ; cigar factories, 486; combined output,
calendar year, lln.285.085 cigars, 962,090 cigarettes, 6,068.400 pounds of
plug tobacco, 4,313,628 pounds line cut, 7,925,606 pounds of smoking,
and 4,182,573 pounds of snuff. Output of pig iron, 1900, 150,002 long
tons, value #2,521.066.
Minerals abundant; iron and zinc ores, green sand, glass sand,
fire and pottery clays worked. In 1900 State ranked third in pro-
duction of magnetite iron; total iron output, 34-1.247 long tons, value,
$956,711. Output manganiferous zinc residuum, 87.110 long tons, value,
$34,844. Value of granite output, $1,170,555; of this, $828,621 represents
value of trap rock. Total value of limestone, #170.006; sandstone,
$198,234. Production of raw clay, #467,881. Mineral springs reporting, 9;
product. 525.500 gallons, value of waters, $207,135.
Population.— State ranked ninth in population in 1790. nineteenth
In 1850, twenty-first in 1860, eighteenth in 1890, and sixteenth in 1900.
Total population, 1790. 184.139; 1850, 489,555; 1860, 672.035; 1890,1,444,938.
Population, 1900, 1,883.669. Classification: Male, 941,760, female, 941,909;
native, 1,451,785; foreign, 431.884; white, 1,812,317; colored, 71,352; Afri-
cans, 69,844; Chinese, 1,393; Japanese, 52; Indians, 63.
Cities.— Newark, metropolis, important railway and manufactur-
ing center; port for foreign and coasting trade; population, census of
1900,246,070. Jersey City, second insize;terminusof railway andsteam-
ship lines; hasfjlarge tobacco manufactories; population, 206.433. Pater-
son, "Lyons of America," third; noted for manufactures of silk; other
prominent manufactures are cotton and woolen goods, iron, steel, and
foundry and machine shop products; population, 105,171. Camden,
flourishing centerof manufactures and shipbuilding; population. 75,935.
Trenton, capital; leading industry, manufacture of Iron and steel; has
extensive rolling and woolen mills, iron and tool works, and rubber and
chain factories; population, 73,307. Hoboken, 59,364.
Railways.— State had 99 miles of road in 1835; 186, 1840; 560, 1860;
1,125, 1870; 1*684, 1880; 2.099, 1890; January. 1901, 2,242. Number of miles
of railway to each 36 square miles of territory, 10.33; number of miles
to each 10,000 inhabitants, 11.89.
Education.— Public school enrollment, 1899, 322.575; total expen-
diture, $6,918,319; school age, 5-20; compulsory school age, 7-15; text-
books furnished. Public high schools, 1899-1900,96; private secondary
schools, 74. Princeton University— opened at Elizahethtown. 1746—
Princeton; Rutgers College, New Brunswick, Seton Hall College,
South Orange; Bordentown Female College, at Bordentown; Normal
Schools, Newark, Paterson, and Trenton. Industrial School for Girls,
Trenton. Baron de Hirsch Agricultural and Industrial School, Wood-
bine, opened, 1894.
Political.— State elections annual. State, congressional, and presi-
dential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number of
Senators, 21; Representatives, 60; sessions, annual, meeting, second
Tuesday in January; limit of session, none; term of Senators, 3 years;
Representatives, 1 year. Number of electoral votes, 10. Term of Gov-
ernor^ years; salary, #10,000 annually Voters must be actual citizens,
residents of State, 1 year, county, 5 months; registration required.
Official ballot in envelope, each party having a ticket. Paupers,
Idiots, insane, and convicts excluded. Limited woman suffrage.
Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 12 and 22, May 30, July 4,
first Monday in September, general election day, Thanksgiving. De-
cember 25, and every Saturday afternoon.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments. 20 years; mortgage notes,
sealedcontracts, 16; contracts not under seal. 6; notes and open accounts,
6 years; redemption of tax sales. 1 year. Legal interest rate, 6 per cent.
V
WEST VIRGINIA. 55
WEST VIRGINIA. JJEffiT^-i*.-
Historical.— State formed from western and northwestern parts
of Virginia, which rejected the ordinance of secession of April 17,1861.
Representatives from forty counties, repudiating ordinance, met In
convention at "Wheeling., June 11, and organized a State Government.
Provision made for a new State to be called Kanawha. Constitutional
convention met at Wheeling, Nov. 24. N ame of proposed State changed
to West Virginia, Dee. 3. Constitution ratified by people. May 3. 1862;
consent of legislature given for formation of new State. May, 13. West
Virginia admitted into the Union, June 20, 1863. Seat of government
at Wheeling until April, 1ST0; Charleston until 1875; "Wheeling until 1885
when Charleston again became the capital.
Area.— Total area, 24.780 square miles; land, 24,645; water, 135; ex-
treme length , 240 miles ; breadth, 160. Counties, 55.
Physical Features.— Surf ace largely mountainous or hilly; State
traversed by numerous parallel ranges of Appalachian system; great-
est altitude, Spruce Mountain, 4.860 feet. Country slopes westward to
Ohio River which forms navigable boundary for 300 miles; with excep-
tion of Potomac, forming part of boundary between the State and
Maryland, and its affluents, rivers all tributary to Ohio. The numer-
ous streams furnish valuable water power and some inland navigation.
State famed for beauty and grandeur of its mountain scenery and val-
uable mineral springs.
Forests.— Total wooded area, 18,400 square miles; comprises about
73 per cent of land area. Timber noted for its magnificent size, excel-
lent quality, and great variety, especially of hardwoods. Chief among
hardwoods are oaks, black walnut and cherrv, oaks most plentiful,
covering about one-third of total area. Forests of white pine and
spruce on mountain ranges. Timber cut, 1900. 780,453,000 feet B. M.;
sawed lumber produced. 773.161.000 feet B. M.; hardwood, 570,208,-
000 feet Cs7.2o7.623i; oak, a54,443,000 feet. Besides timber, forest prod-
. ucts include sumach, tanner's bark, charcoal, and valuable medicinal
' plants.
Climate agreeable and healthful without great extremes. Winters
generally short and not severe; summers long; heat of valleys modi-
fied by general elevation of surface. Mean annual rainfall at Parkers-
burg, 42.0 inches ; mean annual temperature, 53.9 deg. ; highest, 99 deg.;
lowest, 11 deg. below.
Agriculture.— Agricultural resources extensive. State contains
large areas of arable land. Corn the leading crop of the State, hay,
etc., next in value. Tobacco an important crop; large areas especially
adapted to the culture. Grapes, apples of superior quality, peaches,
pears, plums, and all small fruits do well. In 1900 farms occupied 10,-
654.513 acres; area under improvement 5.498,981 acres; value of prod-
ucts about 844.800.000. Yield and value of farm products, 1900: Corn
19.299.708 bushels, value. 89.649.854; wheat. 4,452,8!»5 bushels, s3,428.729;
oats, 2.768.451 bushels. $941,273: rve. 127.796 bushels. 881,789; white pota-
toes, 3.029.120 bushels. *1.544,S51; hav 547 .600 tons. s7.337.840; buckwheat.
223.953 bushels, 8125.416; tobacco. 1899. 3.087.140 pounds, value 8228,620.
Farm Animals.— Live stock interests extensive; State particu-
larly adapted to stock raising, especially to the raising of sheep.
Finest grazing region in the valley of the Kanawha River. Blue grass
indigenous in many counties, other natural grasses cover hill and
mountain slopes. Number of mules, asses, and burros, i9oO. ll,470,value,
8740.368; cattle, 639.782. value. 8!4.05S.427: sheep. 963.843, value. 82.664.556;
hogs. 442,844, value, si .389.808. Wool noted for its superior quality;
wool clip, 19ul. 2.326.500 pounds. Dairy interests advancing rapidly.
Manufactures. — Abundant water-power, timber, and minerals
afford excellent natural advantages for manufacturing industries.
Manufactures include iron and steel products, glass, pottery, leather,
cotton and woolen goods, lumber, tobacco, wagons and carriages,
canned goods, etc. In July, 1900. State had 23 cotton looms. 296 woolen
looms, and 472 wool knitting machines. In 1898. woolen industry gave
employment to 5,000 people. Output of pig iron. 1901. 166.597 gross tons;
total value of iron and steel products. 1900, was 116.514,212. State ranks
second in production of coke; coking coal among the most valuable i
the world; product, 1900, 2,358,499 short tons, value 14,746,688; establish
J
56
',] lxmfpvtit Weat from Green
|\^JWirr f ntoT#»h< Llbertj
Kn-ji|vi
ille
2Je« Mitt\uhi\}&f ° li'.tletonV?
'Uniojto»n. \_ Moores
yikjr V.- Burton y, .
Conawaj ' K<i ^'Mai ^c ■.
t3&; .'Ritchif Manes -■ §?~* (I Johns
- «u rn -"^ =i-nns- ' . Trur <0 ?t^«-'
^f^V, '-B:gBpnng» Kohrbougli-
^"Ririlev MSpencer Jforthanfowr
G7
58 ; UNITED STATES.
ments, 106; ovens, 10,249; coal used for coke, 3,868,840 short tons. Value
of all clay products, 1900, $1,451,239; operating firms reporting, 55. Num-
ber of common and pressed brick made, 105,370,000, value $725, 658, vitri-
fied, 53,492,1 NO, value 1474,880! value of pottery, 1631341. Number of
tobacco manufactories, 1900,4; cigar, 72; output. 90,181,934 cigars and
4,185,504 pounds of manufactured tobacco, chlellv smoking,
Minerals.— Coal, excellent and abundant. Area of deposits, 16,000
square miles. State ranks third In production. Most Important fields
Fairmont and Elk Garden In northern and Pocahontas and New and
Kanawha River fields in southern part of State. Coal output, 1900,
22,647,207 short tons, value, S1S.410.S71; number of mines, 265; employes,
29,163. Oil fields vast and rich. State ranks second in country. Man-
nlngton, Slstersville, Tyler and Wetzel, and Pleasants fields are most
important. Total output, 1900, 16,11)5,675 barrels, value, $21,922,702,
Production has increased over 500 per cent since 1891. State ranks
third In production of naturalgas. Chief producing counties, Wetzel,
Marion, Monongalia, Harrison. Wells producing, close of 1900. 420;
value of output, 82.959 ,032; increase in value as compared with 1899,26
percent. Valuable deposits of iron ores, limestone, and sandstone;
sandstone used largely for building purposes. Value of limestone,
1900, 853,701; sandstone, value, 865,615. Salt springs in valleys of Ohio
and Kanawha rivers. Output of salt, 1900, 243,873 barrels, value, 8118.407.
Total number of mineral springs, 8; value of waters, 810.723. Black mar-
ble, glass sand, valuable clays, saltpeter, ochre, and bromine found.
Population.— State ranked twenty-seventh in 1870, twenty-ninth in
1880; twenty-eighth in 1890 and 1900. Total population 1870, 442,014; 1880,
618,457-, 1890,762,794; 1900, 958,800. Classification: Male, 499.242; female,
459,558; native, 936,349; foreign, 22.451; white, 915,233; colored, 43,567;
Africans, 43,499; Chinese, 56; Indians, 12.
Cities.— Wheeling, metropolis and former capital, settled 1774; lead-
ing industrial and commercial center of State; noted for its nail facto-
ries and has large tobacco works, blast-furnaces, and breweries; popu-
lation, 1900, 38,878. Huntington, second city in size, has petroleum
refineries and manufactures; lumber interests extensive; population,
11,923. Parker sbur a, center of petroleum industry; has oil refineries,
iron foundries, lumber mills, and machine shops, population. 11,703.
Charleston, capital, center of rich agricultural district and outlet for
an important mining territory; population, 11,099.
Railways.— Mileage, 1850; 97; 1860, 352; 1870, 576; 1880, 691; 1891, 1,547;
June, 1896, 2,063.70; January 1901, 2,456; number of miles to each thirty-
six square miles 3.57.
"Education.— Public school enrollment, 1899-1900, 322,390; in 1898-99
was 236,188; average daily attendance, 151,254; teachers, 7,179. Total
expenditure, $3,215,321; teachers' salaries, 81.213.491. School age, 6-21;
compulsory school age, 8-14; number of public high schools, 32; secon-
dary students, 1,955; elementary, 112. Private secondary schools, 13,
secondary students, 965; elementary, 581. West Virginia University,
Morgan town, opened 1868. Bethany College, Bethany; Barboursville
College, Barboursville. Public normal schools, Athens, Fairmont,
Institute (colored*, Glenville, West Liberty, Huntington, and Shep-
herdstown. Private normal schools, Harpers Ferry and Summersville.
School for Deaf and Blind, Romnev; Reform School, Pruntytown;
Bluefield Colored Institute, Bluefield.
Political.— State elections quadrennial. Congressional and presi-
dential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November. Number
of Senators, 30; Representatives, 86; sessions, biennial; meets second
Wednesday in January; limit of session, 45 days; term of Senators. 4
years; Representatives, 2 years, dumber of electoral votes, 7. Term
of Governor, 4 years; salary $2,700. Voters must be actual citizens,
residents of State 1 year, county, 60 days; registration prohibited.
Lunatics, paupers, Idiots, convicts, bribers, United States soldiers and
sailors excluded.
Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22, May 30, July 4, first
Monday in September, general election day, Thanksgiving, andDecem-
ber 25.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 10 years; open ac-
counts^; notes, 10; redemption of tax sales, one year: sales in alternate
years. Legal interest rate, 6 per cent .
V
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA-VIRGINIA. 59
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Named in honor of Christopher Columbus.
Historical.— Federal District and seat of national capital of United
States. In 1738-89 Maryland and Virginia ceded 100 square miles for seat
of National Congress; territory south of Potomac retroceded to Vir-
ginia 1S46. Washington laid out 1791; became seat of government i800;
incorporated 1802. Territorial government with elective institutions
existed 1871-4. Government by commissioners under congress substi-
tuted 1878. The three commissioners are appointed by the President.
Area.— Total area, 70 square miles; land, 60; water, 10; greatest
breadth. 9 miles; length, 10.
Climate.— Generally healthful throughout the District. Summers
extremely warm, winters in general mild, though subject to exceptional
severity of cold. Mean temperature, spring, 52 deg.; summer, 75 deg ,
autumn, 57 deg.; winter, 31 deg.; for the year, 54 5 deg.; highest, 104
deg.; lowest, 14 deg. below Mean annual rainfall, 43 3 inches.
Population.— Total population, 1800, 14.093; 1890, 230,392; 1900,278,-
718. Male. 132.004; female. 146.714; native. 258.599; foreign. 20,119;
white. 191.532; colored, 87,186— Africans, 86,702; Chinese, 455; Japanese.
7; Indians. 22.
Washington.— Capital of United States.on Potomac River, at head
of navigation. Site for capital chosen 1790. City contains many hand-
some buildings; among the most notable are various government
buildings. National Museum and Smithsonian Institution. Seat of
United States Naval Observatory. Population. 1900 (old limits), 218,196.
Georgetown, now called West Washington, founded 1751; incorporated
as a citv 1789: incorporated with Washington 1878; pop., 1900, 14,549.
Educational. —Public school enrollment. 1899-19U0, 46.519; white,
31.261; colored. 15.25S; expenditure. * 1.228, 133. School age, 6-17; com-
pulsory school age, 8-14. Educational institutions include Georgetown
Univ.. Columbian Univ.. American Cniv.. Catholic Univ of America.
Legal Holidays.— January 1. February 22, Inauguration Day.
July 4, Thanksgiving. December 25. and Saturday afternoons.
Legal.— Legal rate of interest 6 per cent ; by contract, 10. Statutes
of limitation Judgments, specialties, 12 years; contract debts, 3 years.
VIRGINIA. «oid Dominion. »
Named in honor of Queen Elizabeth of England. "Virgin Queen."
Historical.— Tenth of the thirteen original States to enter Union.
Federal Constitution ratified June, 1788. Oldest successful English
colony; settled by 105 colonists at Jamestown 1607. Slavery intro-
duced 1619. Became a Crown colony 1624. Jamestown first seat of
government; Williamsburg became the capital 1700. Richmond founded
1737; became capital 1779. State bore an active part in the Revolution;
scene of closing event — capture of Torktown and Cornwallis, October
19, 1781. Seceded April 17, 1861. One of chief seats of Civil War; final
battle of war occurred at Appomattox, April 8. 1865. State Constitution
adopted June 29, 1776; remained in force until 1830; present Constitution
adopted 1869.
Area.— Total area, 42,450 square miles; land, 40,125; water, 2,325; dis-
tance east to west, 476 miles; north to south, 192. Counties, 100.
Physical Features.— State level and swampy in southeast; trav-
ersed from northeast to southwest by Blue Ridge and other ranges of
Appalachian mountains; highest elevation, Rogers Mountain. 5,719 ft
Borders Atlantic Ocean 110 miles; tidal frontage 1,500 to 2,000 miles.
Principal rivers, Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James. State famed
for its mountain resorts and numerous medicinal springs of high renute.
Climate, owing to diversified surface, varying. Mountainous
sections, short, severe winters, long, delightfully cool summers; tide-
water country, mild winters with less healthful summers and autumns.
Mean annual rainfall, Lvnchburg, 42.8 inches; mean annual temperature,
57.3 deg.; highest, 102 deg.; lowest, 6 deg. below.
Agriculture, Etc.— State is rich in agricultural resources. Total
value of farm property, 1900. 8323.515,977. Principal crop, corn. In 1900
State ranked third in tobacco; leads in production of peanuts; fruits
and vegetables largely produced. Productions and value, 1900; Corn,
60
Western Portion
OF
Virginia. 4r
/SAME SCALE. (j jC
- >^_^7T Tate well
E S S I E E > E-
<il
A/; VFarrentoaS
^*< Walton r,*;*',^
ton sWoodviik ' '
ulpeper
a
,TTEV1LL ^cy
I_3s~£: . _/-^.%4^--^^-
pp^Njr^A
62 UNITED STATES.
28,183,760 bushels, value $13,810,042; wheat, 9.421,932 bushels, $6,7X3.791 ;
oats, 5,167,568 bushels, $1,912,000; li ay, 5(17,878 acres, 689,183 tons, $7,835,469;
potatoes, 38,341 acres, yield 2,223.778 bushels, $1,312,029 Total acreage
under cotton, 1899. 85,302, yield 8,007 bales, value $293,669; tobacco, 184,-
a34 acres, 122,884,900 pounds, value $7,210,195 West of Piedmont Belt
State well watered and wooded, affording fine pasturage, number
of farm animals, June, 1900, was 2,816,597, value. $39.*31, 552; wool clip,
1901, 1,760,000 pounds. Tide waters of Virginia afford 3,000 miles of
fishing shores. Crabbing industry on east shore yields over $60,000
annually. State has 204,000 acres of natural oyster beds Total value
of fishery products, 1897, $3,179,498; oysters.. $2,041.6X3, shad. $304,448.
Ma mi t"ac III res.- Growing rapidly in Importance Chief products
are. Tobacco, flour, lumber, iron and steel, cars, leather, fertilizers,
and textiles Three silk factories. Ranks fourth in chewing and
smoking tobacco. In 1900,69 tobacco plants gave employment to 6,061,
product valued at $10,707,766. or one-twelfth of total value of products
of State. Cigars, 1900. 334,169,520; cigarettes. 742,933.030; pounds smoking
tobacco, 5,449,754; plug, 2o.Slo.152. Value brick and tile manufactured
was $1,302,085; pottery, $3,110. Ranks fourth In manufacture of coke;
product, 685,156 short tons, value $1,464,556. Pig iron. 428.117 long tons.
Distilled spirits, 1900-01, 248.479 gallons; fermented liquor, 146,535 barrels.
Manufactured ice, 1900, 118,240 tons, $417,052.
Minerals.— Among the foremost Srates in wealth and variety of
mineral resources. Coal and iron lead in importance. First reported
discovery of coal 1701, first systematic mining in United States In
Richmond Basin, output, 1822, 48,214 long tons. Coal area, 2,000 square
miles. Output, 1900, 2.393.754 tons, value $2,123,222. Output of iron ore,
921,821 long tons— 918,157 tons brown hematite. Salt, copper, gold, lead,
zinc, and tin mined to some extent. Extensive deposits of granite, lime-
stone, sandstone, marbles, and roofing slate. Gray granite of Virginia
famed for its beauty and excellence. Value of slate quarried. 1900,
$190,211; roofing slate*. $56,365; limestone, $403,318, granite. $211,080.
Population. -Ranked first in 1790, 1800. 1810: fourth in 1840, 1850;
seventeenth in 1900. Total population in 1790, 747.610; 1840, 1,239.797;
1890, 1,655,980; 1900, 1,854,184. Male, 925,897; female, 928.287; native. 1.834,-
723; foreign, 19,461; white, 1,192,855, colored, 661,329, Africans, 660,722;
Chinese, 243; Japanese, 10; Indians, 354.
Cities.— Richmond, capital and metropolis, a chief commercial and
manufacturing center of South; population. 1900. 85.050 Norfolk, cen-
ter of State's foreign commerce; port of Norfolk and Portsmouth an
Important naval station; population, 46,624. Petersburg, center for
manufacture and export of tobacco; population, 21,810. fioanokc, Im-
portant manufacturing city; population, 21.495. Xeicport News, a
flourishing seaport on Hampton Roads; population, 19,635. Lynchburg
has numerous industries; large trade in tobacco; population, 18,891
Railways.— First— Petersburg to Weldon, N. C— chartered 1830.
Number miles in operation, 1835, 93; 1840, 147; 1850,384; 1855,912; 1860,
1,379; 1870,1,486; 1880.1.893, 1885,2,692; 1890.3.367; July, 1900. 3.779.15
Educational.— Public school enrollment, 1899-1900.358.825, white,
241,696; colored, 117,129; expenditures, $1,971,264; text-books furnished;
school age, 5-21. Educational institutions: University of Virginia near
Charlottesville; Washington and Lee University. Lexington, "William
and Mary College, Williamsburg, opened 1693; Virginia Agricultural
and Mechanical College. Blacksburg; normal schools at Farmville
(white), Hampton, and Petersburg (colored).
Political.— State elections, quadrennial; State, congressional, and
presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; num-
ber of Senators, 40; Representatives, 100; sessions, biennial, in odd-
numbered years; meets first Wednesday in December; limit of session,
90 days, unless extended by special vote; term of Senators, 4 years; Rep-
resentatives, 2 years. Number of electoral votes, 12. Voters must be
actual citizens, residents of State 1 year, county and town, 3 months;
registration required. Lunatics, idiots, convicts, duelists and abbet-
tors, unless pardoned by Legislature, excluded.
Legal Holidays.— January 1 and 19, February 22, July 4, first Mon-
day in September, Thanksgiving, December 25, Saturdav afternoons.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Bond contract under seal, 10 years;
written contract, 5; merchants' accounts, 2; other contracts, 3; redemp-
tion of tax sales, no limit. Legal interest rate, 6 per cent.
NORTH CAROLINA. 63
NORTH CAROLINA. "?$£1&%&"
Named In honor of Charles I of England.
Historical.— Twelfth of the thirteen original States to enter the
Union: National Constitution adopted, November 21, 1789. Attempts to
colonize made by Raleigh, 158-1-7. Albemarle, first permanent settle-
ment, founded 1653. Clarendon Colony, real foundation of State, estab-
lished 1665. "Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence" adopted
Mav 20, 1775. First State Constitution 1776. Scene of various battles
of the Revolution, 1780-1, and engagements and military operations of
Civil War. Seceded May 21, 1861. Readmitted, July, 1868.
Area, 52,250 square miles; land, 48,580; water, 3,670; extreme length,
east to west, 503 miles; extreme breadth. 1ST. Counties, 97.
Physical Featares.— Surface mountainous (Blue Ridge) and
tableland in west; hilly and undulating in center; generally level in
east and southeast. Greatest altitude, Mt. Mitchell, 6,711 feet. Atlantic
coast line about 300 miles. Roanoke, Cape Fear, Neuse, and Chowan
rivers are navigable.
Climate of middle regions warm, equable, and healthful; mountain-
ous, cooler and subject to greater extremes ; lowlands, sub-tropical,
humid, and malarial. Mean annual rainfall at Raleigh, 55.5 inches;
mean temperature, 59.3 deg.; highest, 103 deg.; lowest, 2 deg. below.
Agriculture.— Cotton largely cultivated: tobacco, corn, and hemp
in central sections; rice in southeast. Sweet potatoes and all kinds of
fruit thrive. State second in tobacco; yield, 1900, 127.503,400 pounds.
Corn, 1900. 29,790,180 bushels; wheat, 5,960.803 bushels; oats, 5.046.117
bushels; hay. 176,680 tons; potatoes, 1,063.474 bushels; cotton product,
1900, 509.341 bales. Value of farm animals, June, 1900, 828,242,147. Wool
clip, 1901. 930.750 pounds.
Manufactures.-In 1900 there were 177 cotton mills, employing
30.273 hands; value of product, 828.372,798. State has 3 silk factories.
State third in value of chewing and smoking tobacco; output, 1900,
24.144.270 pounds of plug tobacco, 17,239.357 pounds of smoking tobacco,
17.37U.S74 cigars. 649.314,810 cigarettes. Value of hrick and tile, 8797.112;
pottery, $18,863. Sawed lumber. 19oo, 1.286.638.0(10 feet ; shingles, 212,467.-
000. value 8513,320. Distilled spirits, 1900-01, 760.437 gallons.
Minerals.— Gold, mica, coal, copper, nickel, iron, and lead exist.
Value of gold product. 821500. Bituminous coal mined, 1900. 17.7:34 short
tons, value 823,447. Phosphate rock, 1899, 440 long tons; granite, 1900,
r257.962; sandstone. 827,216.
Population.— 1790. 393.751; 1890, 1,617,947; 1900, 1,893,810. Male,
938,677; female. 955.133- native. 1,889.318; foreign. 4,492; white, 1,263,603;
colored. 630,207; Africans, 624.469; Chinese. 51; Indians, 5,687.
Cities.— Wilmington, metropolis and chief seaport; exports naval
stores, lumber, and cotton; population, 1900, 20,976. Raleigh, capital;
has important trade in cotton and manufactures; population. 13,643.
Charlotte, settled in 1756; flourishing center of manufactures; popula-
tion, 18.091. Asheville, famous as a well-known health resort; popu-
lation, 14,694.
Railways.— State had in 1840, 53 miles; 1850, 384; 1860, 937; 1870,
1,178; 1880. 1,486; 1«>90, 3,128. July, 1901. 3.851.94.
Education. -Public school enrollment. 1899-1900, 400,452: whites,
142.413; colored, 64.505, school age. 6-21; expenditure. 8931.143. Six State
Normal Schools and 15 colleges, including University of North Caro-
lina, North Carolina College, Trinity College, Biddle University,
Davidson College.
Political.— State elections biennial; State, congressional, and presi-
dential elections first Thursday in August. Senators, 50; Representa-
tives, 120; term, 2 years; sessions, biennial. Electoral votes, 12. Voters
must be actual citizens, residents of State 1 year, of county 90 days;
registration required. Convicts, Idioi s, and insane excluded.
Legal Holiday**.— January 1 and 19, February 22, May 10 and 20,
July 4, first Monday in September, Thanksgiving, December 25.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, sealed instruments,
foreclosure of mortgage, 10 years; contracts, personal actions, 3.
Redemption of tax sales— purchaser can demand deed 1 year after sale;
action to recover land must be brought within 3 years from date of
sheriff's sale. Legal Interest, 6 per cent.
64
Imrj
\m
„°'^\
.TaHulal, Tails" V"^,/^'" 7~ft1^
Q- ,<r v " ,7 V / "JPeUer Ate \ feWoodroofX ,
65
^
; '--s-. .rT-- - -A" ^ VTi^rFranklintoDl ^U^O*» 4 V1lobgood ^Vu.^oIaF^JU K n,r>>HtrU
i CO., EN3MVERS,
66 UNITED STATES.
SOUTH CAROLINA. Bjfi2K8S>
Named in honor of Charles I of England
Historical.— One of the thirteen original States, ratified National
Constitution 1788. First attempted settlement made hy French Hugue-
nots at Port, Royal 1562. Earliest permanent settlement made hy
English in 1670; Charleston founded 1679-80. Separated from North
Carolina 1700; became a royal colony 1729. First State Constitution,
1776. Scene of various battles and military operations during Revolu-
tion and Civil War. Present Constitution adopted 1896 ; amended, 1901.
Area.— Total area, 30.570 square miles; land. 30,170; water, 400; aver-
age length, 189 miles, breadth, 160. Counties, 41.
Physical Features.— Surface mountainous in the northwest;
hilly and undulating in interior; level near the coast. Atlantic coast
line, 200 miles. Principal harbors Charleston and Port Royal.
Climate, mild and genial; sand hill belt dry and equable; Interior
healthful; rice swamps malarious; mountain region exceptionable.
Mean annual rainfall, Charleston, 56.7 inches; mean annual tempera-
ture, 66.3 deg.; highest, 104 deg.; lowest, 7 deg. above.
Agriculture.— Products include cotton, rice, corn, potatoes,
tobacco, fruit, and early vegetables. Sea Islands produce superior cot-
ton. Figs and pomegranates flourish in lower counties; peaches and
grapes everywhere; climate adapted to ellk culture and tea. Rice,
1899, 47,360,128 pounds, $1,366,528. Corn, 1900, 13,129,127 bushels, value
88,402,648; wheat, 2,142,828 bushels, 82,164,256; oats, 4,023,149 bushels,
81,931,112, hay, 145,798 acres, 192,453 tons, §2,213,210; potatoes, 335.946 bu.,
8335,946. Cotton area exceeds 2,000,000 acres; yield, 1900, 357.318.760
pounds, value $32,515,054. Value of farm animals, $19,167,229. Wool clip,
1901, 239,097 pounds.
Manufactures rapidly increasing in importance, particularly
cotton; aggregate capital of mills, 1900. $39,258,946; value of output,
$29,723,919; number of mills, 80; employes, 30,200; wages. $5,066,840. Value
of brick and tile manufactured in 1900, 8573,438. Lumber mills, 729;
value of products $5,207,184. Distilled spirits, 1900-01, 142.007 gallons.
Rice hulling, leather tanning, and manufacture of phosphate ferti-
lizers important pursuits
Mines. — In the southwest are immense beds of finest porcelain
clay with large deposits of glass sand. State ranks second in produc-
tion and value of phosphate rock; output of mines, 1900, 329,173 tons,
lowest in many years , total value $1,041,970. Value of limestone, $38,415;
granite, 8500,802. Coining value of gold mined, $121,000.
Population.-1790. 249,073; 1890,1,151,149; 1900,1,340,316. Male, 664,895;
female, 675,421; native, 1,334,788; foreign, 5.528; white, 557,807; colored,
782,509; Africans, 782,321; Chinese, 67; Indians, 121.
Cities. — Charleston, metropolis and one of chief commercial
centers of South; numerous fertilizer manufactories and rice mills,
exports cotton, lumber, rice, tar, etc.; population, census of 1900, 55,807.
Columbia, capital, founded 1790; seat of University of South Carolina,
opened 1805; population, 1900, 21,108. Greenville, most important
point in northwestern section; population, 11,860.
Railways.— Miles in operation, 1S35 and 1840, 137; 1850, 289; 1860,
973; 1870,1,139; 1880,1,486; 1890,2,296; July. 1900. 2,817.93.
Educational. — Present school system organized 1868. Public
school enrollment, 1900, 281,981; colored, 110,947; school age. 6-21; ex-
penditure, $894,004. South Carolina College is the State institution of
higher learning Public Normal Schools at Rockhill
Political.— Number of Senators, 41. Representatives. 124: term of
Senators, 4 years; Representatives, 2 years. Number of electoral votes,
9. Voters must be actual citizens, residents of State 2 years, of county
1 year, town and precinct 4 months; registration required.
Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22. May 10 or Memorial
day, June 3, July 4, first Monday in September, general election day.
Thanksgiving, December 25 and two succeeding days.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments and sealed instruments,
20years; recovery real property, 10; contracts not under seal, 6; open
accounts, 6; notes, 6; redemption of tax sales, 6 months. Legal interest
rate, 7 per cent, by contract, 8.
GEORGIA. 67
GEORGIA, ^ jea
8
Cracker State."
Named in honor of George II of England.
Historical.— One of the thirteen original States; last settled, but
fourth in point of time to ratify the Constitution of the United States.
Settled by English colonists under Oglethorpe; first permanent settle-
ment made at Savannah February 1, 1733; became a Royal Province
1752. First State Constitution adopted February 5, 17n; others, 1785,
1865, 1368, and 1877. Adopted and ratified the National Constitution
1783. State seceded Januarv, 1361; readmitted December, 1870. Popu-
larly designated the Empire State of the South.
Area.— Total area, 59,475 square miles; land, 58,930 square miles or
37,747,200 acres; water, 495 sq. miles; extreme length north to south,
320 miles, breadth, 256, contains 137 counties.
Physical Features.— State naturally divided into Upper Geor-
'a, traversed by Blue Ridge Mountains — highest altitude, lit. Enota,
,,798 feet; Middle Georgia, surface hilly and undulating; and Lower
Georgia — much the larger part of the State — level. Numerous navi-
gable rivers furnish over 1,500 miles of inland navigation; Savannah
and Chattahoochee most important. The many falls and rapids afford
abundant water power. Atlantic coast line 128 miles, with bordering
Islands and sounds, 480 miles. Upper Georgia is celebrated for its fine
mountain scenery and numerous beautiful cascades.
Climate, varying. Sub-tropical in the south; mild and invigorat-
ing in the middle section; exceptionally healthful in the mountainous
section, where among the lower elevations are numerous excellent
winter resorts. Mean annual temperature at Atlanta, 61.3 deg.; highest,
100 deg.; lowest, 8 deg. below. Savannah, winter, 51 deg.; extreme, 12
deg.; summer, 82 deg.; exteme, 105 deg. Mean annual rainfall at At-
lanta, 52 inches; Savannah, 52.3 inches.
Forestry and Lumber.— Valuable forests cover a large area;
resources important and varied; annually supply more than 200,000,000
feet of timber. Georgia yellow or pitch pine and live oak the most
valuable of those varieties found in the country. Other varieties of
oak, cedar, cypress, hickory, etc., abound. Extensive pine forests
one of chief sources of natural wealth; besides lumber, over $8,000,000 of
naval stores — resin and turpentine — are produced annually. Lumber
Industry important; value of product, 19uo. §13,704,923.
Agriculture.— Nearly all productions of temperate and sub-tropic-
al regions are cultivated successfully. Cotton is the great staple and
Georgia one of the foremost cotton-producing States; ranked second
in production and value in 1900. Other staple crops are corn, rice-
State occupies third place among rice-producing States— and sweet
potatoes, annual average yield about 5,000,000 bushels. Diversified
farming becoming more general, and market-gardening now a leading
and profitable pursuit. Over 120,000 acres devoted entirely to the
growing of watermelons. Sugar cane is cultivated in Lower Georgia,
and tooacco and peanuts are important crops in many parts of the
State. Yield and value of farm products, 1900: Corn, 39,114.5:30 bushels,
value al9.44S.132; wheat. 5.011,133 bushels, S4,760.576; oats, 7,010,040
bushels, $3,434,920; hav. 112,556 acres, 190.237 tons. $2,425,522, potatoes,
5.762 acres, 391.816 bushels, $301,698; cotton, 574,846,470 pounds; value
$53,551,808; rice, 11,174,562 pounds, value $338,567.
Horticulture.— Georgia leads all Southern States in value of fruit
products. State especially famous for its peaches ; Georgia com-
mercial peach orchards largest in the country; industry one of most
prominent in State. All fruits of temperate climate grown success-
fully in northern sections; sub-tropical fruits — figs, oranges, lemons,
pineapples, and bananas — grown in south. Viticulture a profitable
«uid rapic'ly growing industry — large areas are being devoted to grapes
and wine-making is becoming an important pursuit,
Live Stock.— During the past decade great improvement has been
made in all grades of farm animals, and dairying has become an in-
dustry of importance. Number and value of farm animals. June, 1900:
Horses, 127,407, value $7,092,228, mules, 207,321, $14,454,822; sheep, 336,278,
$438,363; milch cows, 276,024, $4,658,971; other cattle, 623,467 $4, 169,527;
swine, 1,424,298, $2,577,950; wool clip, 1901, 1,086,136 pounds.
Manufactures.— Fourth, in 1900, of Southern States in Importance
r
69
70 UNITED STATES.
of manufacturing industries; interests show a notable development
throughout the State, particularly cotton, woolen, and Iron. In
1900, State had over $25,600,000 invested In cotton and woolen In-
dustries; mills, 98; hands, 20,117; output, 120,266,712. Among Southern
cotton-manufacturing States Georgia ranks third. Number of cotton
mills in operation, 1900, 68; knitting, 16; woolen, 14. In 1900, 43 mills
engaged in manufacture of cotton-seed oil and meal; value of the out-
put was $8,064,112. Iron and steel industries developing rapidly; brick-
making and manufacture of terra cotta attracting much attention:
production of commercial fertilizers important. Manufacture of
lumber and naval stores a leading industrv— first in turpentine and
rosin, 88,110,468. Cigar factories, 1900.34; 3,814,544 cigars; manufactured
ice, 131,236 tons, $455,699; distilled spirits, 1900, 178,580 gallons; fer-
mented liquor, 124,025 barrels.
Mineral resources varied and abundant, though largely unde-
veloped. Gold, iron, and coal lead in importance. Output of gold
mines, 1900. 5,644 fine ounces, value $116,700. Manganese ore, 3,447 tons,
value $26,816. Entire coal product comes from the northwestern
section of State; largest output in 1893, 372,740 short tons. In 1900,
315.557 short tons were mined, value $370,022. Extensive beds of fine
marble exist-output of quarries ranks second only to that of Ver-
mont in value; industry one of the most flourishing In the State.
Marble noted for beauty and durability. Value of output, 1900,
$631,241. Building stone and slate are abundant. Granite quarries fur-
nished products valued at $380,434. Mineral springs, Including saline,
sulphurous, chalybeate, and other medicinal waters, are numerous.
Population.— Ranked thirteenth in 1790; tenth in 1830; twelfth,
1890; eleventh, 1900; total population in 1790, 82,548; 1830, 516.823; I860,
1,057,286; 1890, 1,837,353; 1900, 2,216,331. Male, 1,103,201; female, 1,173,130;
native, 2,203,928; foreign, 12,403; white, 1,181,924; colored. 1,035,037;
Africans, 1,034,813; Chinese, 204; Japanese, 1; Indians. 19.
Cities.— Atlanta, the capital, founded about 1845. An Important
railroad center, with a large trade In cotton, tobacco, etc. Has manv
large manufactories of cotton, iron, lumber, etc.; population, census of
1900,89,872. Savannah, incorporated as a city 1789; tnird cotton port
in the country; has one of the finest harbors in the South ; large trade
In rice, resin, turpentine, and lumber ; population, 1900, 54,244. ..4 ugusta,
at the head of navigation on the Savannah River; founded 1735; third
city in size in the State; important railroad and cotton manufacturing
center; population, 1900, 39,441. Macon, commercial and manufactur-
ing center. Seat of various educational institutions ; population, 23,272.
Columbus, large cotton market; seat of largest cotton and woolen
manufactories in the State ; has numerous other important manufac-
tures ; population, 17.614.
Railways.— Number of miles in 1840, 185; 1850, 643; 1855, 1,020; 1865.
1,420; 1875,2,264; 1885,3,116; 1891,4,826; 1896,5,335.36; July, 1900, 5,651.72
miles.
Education.— Present school system went into effect 1873. Public
school enrollment, 1899-1900, 482,673; expenditure, $1,980,016: school age,
6-18. Among educational Institutions are: Mercer University, Macon;
Emory College, Oxford; Atlanta University, Atlanta; Industrial School
for Negroes; State School of Technology, Atlanta; State University
Athens, organized 1785, opened 1801, has branch agricultural colleges at
Hamilton, Milledgeville, Thomasville, and Dahlonega. Public Normal
Schools at Athens and Milledgeville.
Political.— State elections biennial, first Wednesday in October.
Congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday
in November; number of Senators, 44; Representatives, 175; term, 2
years; sessions, annual, meeting fourth Wednesday of October; limit
of session, 50 days. Number of electoral votes, 13. Voters must be
actual citizens, residents of State 1 year, of county 6 months; regis-
tration required in some counties. Idiots, insane, and criminals ex-
cluded.
Legal Holidays.— January 1 and 19, February 22, April 26 (Memo-
rial Day), July 4, first Monday in September, Thanksgiving, fourth
Thursday in November, December 25.
.Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 7 years; instruments
under seal, 20; open accounts, 4; promissory notes, 6; personal actions,
2; redemption of tax sales, 1 year. Legal interest rate, 7; by contracts.
FLORIDA. 71
FLORIDA. S^-***
Peninsular State."
After Easter Sunday; Spanish, Paescua— Florida.
Historical.— Mainland discovered by Ponce de Leon, Easter Sun-
day, 1513. Explored by De Narvaez, 1528; by De Soto, 1539. Settled by
Spaniards at St. Augustine in 1565 : Pensacola founded by French, 1696.
Florida ceded to Great Britain, 1763; retroceded to Spain, 1783 ; ceded
to United States 1819. Territory organized, 1822; admitted as a State,
March 3, 1845; fourteenth State admitted; seceded January 10, 1861;
new Constitution, 1865; readmitted, 1868.
Area.— Total area, 58.680 square miles; land, 54.240 square miles, or
34,743,600 acres; water, 4,440 sq. miles; extreme length. 700 miles; length
of peninsula. 275 miles; average breadth, 90 miles. Contains 45 counties.
Unappropriated public lands, 1,435,314 acres; lands reserved, 19,259.
Physical Features.— State consists largely of a peninsula
stretching north to south, between the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of
Mexico. Surface generally level, elevation nowhere exceeds 300 feet
above sea level. Lands classified as high and low hummock, swamp,
and savanna, and covered with pine forests. Coast line, 1,200 miles j
numerous inlets and bays and good harbors. Most important rivers,
Appalachicola, Suwannee, St, John, and St. Mary's.
Forests.— There are extensive forests of long-leaved pine, live-oak,
red cedar, cypress, and hickory. In the extreme south many varieties
of trees are found which grow nowhere else in the United States.
Total wood area, 37.700 square miles; estimated amount of standing
yellow pine exceeds 6,000 miliion feet; timber owned, 5,918,500,000 feet;
cut, 1900, 824,328,000 feet. Sawed lumber produced, 790,373,000 feet.
Climate in general mild and equablo. Continuous summer heat of
Southern and Southwestern Florida tempered by constant sea breezes.
Uniform winter climate of dry pine regions especially beneficial to
Invalids. State has a high repute »s a winter health resort. Mean annual
rainfall at Jacksonville, 54.0 inches; mean annual temperature, 69.7
deg.; highest temperature, 104 deg. ; lowest, 10 deg. above.
'Agriculture.— Florida is essentially an agricultural State; corn
and rice are the chief cereals; other Important crops are cotton, sweet
potatoes, peanuts, and tobacco. Value of farm property, 190U, $53,929,064;
farm products, 1899,118,309,104; total farm acreage, 4,363,891; improved,
1,511,653. Yield and value of principal products: Corn. 5,311,050 bush-
els, value 82,»'69,509; cotton, 23,419,607 pounds, $3,254,279— sea-island
r2,091, 936— Florida producing a large percentage of all sea-island cotton
g.own; sweet potatoes, 2.049,784 bushels, $398,282; peanuts, 967,927 bush-
els, $699,712, tobaccd, 1,125,600 pounds, $254,211. Growing of vegetables
and garden products for Northern markets a leading and profitable
pursuit. Total value vegetables raised, $3,016,067; sweet potatoes most
valuable; grown chiefly in Alachua, Marion, and Leon counties. Dry
peas, second in importance, value f 171.702. Soil and climate peculiarly
adapted to the culture of cassava for the manufacture of starch,
glucose, and tapioca, and that of sisal hemp for making rope, cordage,
and bagging.
Horticulture.— Florida has a large area adapted to the growth
offrults. Of semi-tropical fruits grown, the orange is the most Im-
portant, Pineapple culture has assumed large proportions; industry
centeis in Brevard and Dade counties. Area in fruit farms, 1900,
235,120 acres, value of property, $11,503,696; fruit crop, 1899, $1,384,787;
tropical fruit, J945.607. Large decrease in production of fruit due to
severe cold of 1894-5 and 1899. Orange trees, 1900, 2,552,541; fruit pro-
duced, 1899, 273,295 boxes. Pineapple plants, 14,578,597; fruit, 2,863,140.
Number of orchard trees more than doubled since 1S90; value of prod-
uct, 1899, $192,893; peaches most important. Small fruits valued at
$189,867; most of area devoted to strawberries. Other products are
guavas, pomeloes, limes, lemons, and nuts.
Live Stock, Etc.— Special attention is being given to improvement
of live stock. Large, well-watered tracts of grazing land and a superior
climate render stock-raising one of the most promising pursuits of the
future. Number and value of farm animals, 1900: Horses, 42,811, value
r2,290,139; mules, 13,664, $1,1/74,974; stock cattle. 672,131, $5,295,500; sheep,
124,520, Sift ,261; goats, 21,054, $43,705; hogs, 4^4.277. $7u2>27; milch cows,
78,830, $1,048,849; wool clip, 1901, 410,616 pounds, $76,210. Value of
72
G V 1 J?
o
>
FLORIDA.
Scale of Statute Miles.
10 %0 40 CO 8.0 ]Q
Copyright, 1904,T)y JUn^.TVIc^Iallj & Co.
, It CO., AENQH'S, I
73
D IE
; OWeno^^^AJl /Cumberland I.
ISLANDS^ ^ £ ^
Cape Romano 's "=3,^. - ^ -,— .^^.r ^17
Ten Thousandth
Islands °\>>
°^J
<V
^
f tt from Greenwic h. ^*-*«^>;. "^W/S
74 UNITED STATES.
poultry, 1899-00, 8574,703 Eggs sold and used, 4,214,186 dozen, value
8553 ,52 >. Value of dairy products, farm, $1,468,603. Milk, 9,640,434 gal-
lons, butter, 1,386,445 pounds, honey and wax, 709,830 pounds.
Fisheries.— An Important source of wealth. Coast fisheries have
a combined capital, 1895. of $1,329,937 ; fishermen, 6,154 ; vessels, 21. ; ;
bouts, 2,379; catch 87,086,768 pounds; value $1,209,725. Fish caught,
1900, 177,950 barrels, value $983,000. Catch includes red snapper, mul-
let, trout, shrimp, green turtle, and oysters. Florida the only State
having spouse fisheries. All sponge fisheries employ 156 vessels, 228
boats and 2,245 men ; total investment, $594,598. Yield 365,000 pounds,
value $567,600.
Manufactures are chiefly pine lumber, naval stores, cigars,
palmetto hats, and braid. Value of tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes
manufactured, 1900, $10,891,286. In 1900, 400 single account cigar
factories produced 180,764,083 cigars, and 712,320 cigarettes; output
of 11 other factories, 17,975 pounds of smoking tobacco. Annual
pioduction of cigars manufactured at Key "West valued at about
$5,000,000. Output of all the manufacturing industries for 1900
amounted to $38,189,894; output of saw, planing, and shingle mills
$777,782; lumber products, $10,848,403; ice factories, $437,382; fertil-
izer works, $555,394; tar and turpentine, $7,794,101; publishing, etc.,
$603,410. Total value of brick and tile, $140,604; common brick, $136,779;
pottery, with Georgia, $24,383.
Minerals.— Phosphate rock, discovered 1888, Is the most impor-
tant of the mineral resources. Florida has been the chief source
of the world's supply. Output, 1900, 706,243 tons, value $2,983,312.
Shipments, 1899-00, 348,556 tons. Gold exists in the north. Lime-
stone or coquina stone is quarried chiefly for making lime; numer-
ous deposits of fuller's earth are found throughout the State.
Population.— Total population, 1880, 269,493; 1890, 391,422; 1900,
528.542. Male, 275,246; female, 253,296; native, 504,710; foreign, 23.832;
white, 297,333; colored, 231 ,209; Africans, 230,730; Chinese, 120; Japanese,
1; Indians, 358.
Cities.— Jacksonville, largest city; prominent railway, steamboat,
and commercial center; head of ocean navigation; favorite winter re-
sort; population, 1900,28,429. Key West, southernmost town of United
States; important naval station; has extensive cigar manufactories;
population, 17,114. Pensacola, seaport and one of largest lumber
markets in the country; other exports— fish, fruit, and vegetables.
United States navy yard near by; population, 17,747. Tampa has im-
portant import and export trade; large cigar factories; population,
15,839. St. Augustine, oldest city in United States; notable winter resort;
population, 4,272. Tallahassee is the capital; population, 2,981.
Railways.— Number of miles of road In 1850-55,21; 1860,402; 1875,
484; 1885, 1,654; 1891, 2.573; 1896, 3,125.65; July, 1900, 3,299.06 miles.
Education.— In 1899-00, the total enrollment In the public schools
of the State was 108,874; of these pupils, 67,077 were white and
41.797 were colored. The total expenditure for schools was $765,777.
School age 6-21. Public high schools, 33, private secondary schools,
9. Among educational institutions are: John B. Stetson University,
now affiliated with the University of Chicago; Rollln's College.
Winter Park; Florida State Agricultural College, Lake City ; Senii-
narv West of the Suwanee River, Tallahassee ; East Florida Seminary,
Gainesville; State Normal School for colored students, Tallahassee;
for white pupils, De Funiak Springs.
Political.— State, congressional, and presidential elections. Tues-
*day after first Monday in November ; number of Senators, 32 ; Repre-
sentatives, 68; sessions, biennial, in odd-numbered years, meets Tuesday
after first Monday in April ; limit of session, 60 days ; term of Senators,
4 years ; Representatives, 2 years. Number of electoral votes, 5. Voters
must be citizens or declared intention, residents of State 1 year, of
county 6 months; registration required. Idiots, insane, criminals,
bettors on elections, and duelists excluded.
Legal Holidays.— January 1 and 19, February 7 and 22, April 26,
June 3, July 4, first Monday in September, general election day, Thanks-
giving, December 25.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, written contracts
under seal, 20 years ; written contracts not under seal, 5; verbal con-
tracts, 3; open accounts, 4; notes, 5; redemption of tax sales, 2 years.
Legal interest rate, 8 per cent ; by contract, 10.
ALABAMA. 75
ALABAMA, "Cotton State."
Indian — " Here we rest."
Historical.— Visited by Europeans under De Soto, 1547. First set-
tled by French near Mobile Bay, 1702; Mobile founded, 1711. Part of
territory ceded to England, 1763; to the United States, 1783; remaining
territory ceded by Spain to United States, 1819. Originally a part of
Georgia, became part of Mississippi Territory 1804; Territory of Ala-
bama organized, 1817; admitted to the Union, December 14, 1819; the
ninth State admitted. Seceded, 1861; re-admitted, July, 1868.
Area.— Total area, 52,250 square miles; water, 710; land, 51.540; ex-
treme length, 336 miles; breadth, 200 miles. Counties, 67. Reserved
land, 52,820 acres.
Physical Features. —State consists of four distinct divisions,
widely divergent in climate, surface, soil, and productions: The Cereal
Belt— Valley of the Tennessee; Mineral and Cotton— Black— Belts; and
the Forest or "Piny Woods" Region. Allegheny and Cumberland
mountains traverse State in northeast. Highest point in State, Mt. Che-
aw-ha, 2,407 feet. Alabama and Tombigbee rivers traverse the State
from north to south, Tennessee River, in north, from east to west.
State excels in number of valuable waterways. Over 2,000 miles of
inland steam navigation. Extent of seacoast, 58 miles.
Forests.— The magnificent forests form one of the most valuable
sources of wealth. Area under timber, 24.512,000 acres. Pine, oak, wal-
nut, poplar, gum, hickory, cypress, and red cedar are abundant. North
of the Gulf are vast areas covered with extensive forests of long-leaf
pine. Large quantities of lumber and turpentine are produced. Cut
of pine, 19t)0, exceeded 1,000,000,000 feet.
Climate comparatively equable. Summer heat in northern sec-
tions tempered by the mountains. Sub-tropical region toward south
subject to perpetual sea breezes. Hill region especially healthful and
agreeable, abounding in numerous mineral springs. Unusual dryness
of air and soil in Pine district renders it peculiarly attractive as a win-
ter health resort. Average temperature Northern Section: Yearly, 60
deg.; summer, 75 deg.; winter, 42 deg. Central Section: Yearly, 63 deg.;
summer, 81 deg.; winter, 49 deg. Southern Section: Yearly, 63 deg., sum-
mer, 80 deg.; winter, 52 deg. Average rainfall: State, 52.5 inches; North-
ern Section, 50.5; Central Section, 50.3; Southern, 56.6.
Agriculture. — In spite of its great mineral wealth Alabama is
essentially an agricultural State. The development of the industry
commands especial interest from the State, ten agricultural stations
and schools having been established to provide instruction in scientific
agriculture. Cotton the great staple, Alabama ranking fourth in pro-
duction. Indian corn is second in importance. Wheat, oats, barley,
and rye produced in the northern sections. Tobacco culture impor-
tant in the north; marsh and upland rice and sugar cane grown in the
south. Sweet potatoes cultivated throughout the State; yield, 1900;
nearly 3,5O0,OUO bushels, Alabama occupying fourth place as a producer.
Yield and value of other crops: Corn, 29,355,942 bushels, 817,026,446,
wheat, 916.a51bu., 8815.552, oats, 4, 380,754 bu., 81.927.532 ; potatoes, 417,933,
bu., 8342,705; hay, 94.061 tons, 8992.344. Area under cotton, 1899, 3,202,1:35
acres; yield, 1,106,840 commercial bales; value, with seed, 842,069,677
tobacco.31 1,950 pounds, valued at 855.581. The production of rice in 1899
was 926,946 pounds; sugar, 13,765 pounds; molasses, 2,672,4:38 gallons.
Horticulture.— Large areas of the State especially adapted to the
culture of tree and small fruits and the vine. All the hardier fruits-
pears, apples, peaches, plums, grapes, etc.— are grown to perfection in
the northern section. Soil and climate of the hill regions singularly
like those of the European sections famous for their wines. Large
and increasing areas are devoted to culture of the vine. Manufacture
of wine is a profitable and growing pursuit. Oranges, figs, and other
tropical fruits produced along the Gulf coast. Total value of fruit,
1899. 8621,545; nuts, 86,315.
Live rStock.— Of late years the improvement of breeds and enlarge-
ment of herds has shown steady and notable increase. Numerous fine
herds of Jersey cows are established. Number and value of farm ani-
mals, June, 1900: Horses, 152,643; value, 17,906,121; mules, 198,889,
$13,239,368; milch cows, 279 263. 85,512.910; other cattle, 520.411, 84,280,616;
N
r
•
78 UNITED STATES.
Bheep, 219,356, 82~9,898; swine, 1,848,158, 84,648,117. Wool clip, 867.004
pounds.
Manufactures.- Iron manufactures lead In Importance; State
ranks fourth In production of pig iron. In I'.mii, 45 furnaces produced
1,225,212 tons of pie iron; Birmingham district alone had about four-
teen furnaces; daily output nearly 2.700 tons. The manufacture of
basic steel from phosphoric irou is likewise an important industry of
Birmingham. In 1901 Alabama ranked second in production of coke;
production, 2, 148.911 short tons, value 86.062,616. Textile manufactures
are being extended rapidly. In 1890 State had 13 establishments for
manufacture of cotton goods. In 1900, number of cotton mills, 31;
looms, 8,549; spindles, 411,328 ; Alabama ranking fourth in lmportam-e
among Southern States. Cigar factories, 1900,21; output, 7.370.5V.) ;
snuff produced, 197.856 pounds. Distilled Bpirits, 1901, 160,409 gallons;
fermented liquors, 63,938 barrels. Gross value of manufactured prod-
ucts, census reports, 882,793,804 ; iron and steel, 817,392.483 ; lumber, etc.,
$12,867,551
Minerals.— The Mineral Belt is the largest of the four sections into
which State is divided. Mineral deposits practically inexhaustible and
but slightly developed. Almost all principal minerals exist. Coal, iron,
and stones most important of those worked. Proximity of coal, Iron,
and limestone renders Alabama one of the cheapest fields In the world
for manufacture of iron. Coal area, 8.650 square miles ; Warrior field,
7,800 square miles; Coosa, 415 square miles; Cahaba, 435. State ranks
fifth in production. Output of mines, 1897, 5.893.770 tons; 1901, 9,099,052
tons; value, s 10.000,892. Coal largely manufactured into coke for use
in production of pig iron. In 1901 State ranked third in production of
iron ore. Ore mined, 2.801.732 tons; red hematite, 2,070,422 tons; brown,
731.310 tons. Gold mined, 150 ounces , value §3,100. Valuable deposits
of lead ore exist. Other minerals are copper, ochre, white and colored
marble.
Population.— Ranked nineteenth In 1820; thirteenth, 1860; seven-
teenth, 1880 and 1890; and eighteenth in 1900. Population. 1820, 127.901:
1860, 964.201; 1890, 1.513.017. Population, 1900, 1.828,697; male, 916.764;
female, 911,933; native. 1,814.105; foreign, 14.592; white. 1.001,152; colored,
827,545; Africans, 827,307; Chinese, 58; Japanese, 3; Indians, 177.
Cities.— Mobile, the metropolis, founded by the French, 1711; only
seaport in the State; one of the chief ports in the country for export of
cotton; has a large trade in timber, naval stores, and coal; population,
census of 1900, 38,469. Birmingham, a prominent railway center and
one of the foremost iron manufacturing cities in the country; popu-
lation, 38,415. Montgomery, the capital, on the Alabama River, has a
flourishing trade, especially in cotton; population, 30,346. Anniston,
a manufacturing town in an important iron region; population, 9.695.
Rail ways.— Number of miles In operation, 1850. 183; 1860, 743; 1870,
1,157; 1880, 1,843; 1890, 3,422.20, 1S95, 3.664.45; 1896. 3.680 48; June, 1901,
4,415.78. Assessment value of railroads, 1900. 850,577,913.
Education.— Public school enrollment, 1899-00. 376.423, white, 234,-
000; colored, 142.423; school age, 7-21; public high schools, 62; private
secondary schools, 92. Educational institutions: University of Ala-
bama, Tuscaloosa, has an endowment of 8300.000. Agricultural and
Mechanical College for Negroes, Normal; Industrial School, Monte-
vallo; Normal Schools, Florence, Jacksonville, Livingston, and Troy
(white); Tuskegee Normal and Industrial College and Huntsville
and Montgomery Normal Schools for colored students.
Political.— State elections, quadrennial, second Tuesday in Janu-
ary. Congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first
Monday in November ; number of Senators, 33; Representatives. 105,
term of Senators, 4 years; Representatives, 4 years; sessions, quad-
rennial, meeting on the second Tuesday in January ; limit of session,
60 days. Number electoral votes, 11. Voters must be actual citizens
or declared intention, resident of State 2 years, of county 1 year, pre-
cinct or ward 3 months; registration required; convicts, idiots, and
the Insane excluded. Ballot reform.
Legal Holidays.— January 1 and 19. Mardi Gras, February 22,
April 26. Good Friday, June 3, July 4, first Monday in September,
Thanksgiving, and December 25.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 20 years ; sealed in-
struments, real actions, 10: open accounts, 3, notes, stated accounts,
6 ; redemption of tax sales, 2 years. Legal interest rate, 8 per cent.
MISSISSIPPI. 79
>
MISSISSIPPI. S^atoT&ate."
Indian Origin — " Great Long River."
Historical.— First visited byDe Soto, 1540; by Joliet and Marquette,
1673 ; La Salle, 1682. First settlement made at Biloxi by Iberville, 1699.
Natchez founded 1716. Territory ceded to English by France, 1763:
part ceded to United States, 1783; remainder acquired, 1811. Mississippi
Territorv organized, 1798. Admitted as a State, December 10, 1817;
the seventh admitted to the Union; seceded January, 1861; readmitted,
1870. Various events of Civil War occurred within its borders, notably
the siege of Vicksburg. Present Constitution adopted 1890; limits right
of suffrage to those who can read the Constitution.
Area.— Total area, 46,810 square miles ; land. 46.340, or 29.657.600 acres ;
water 470 square miles; extreme length north and south, 330 miles;
greatest breadth, 188 miles. Counties, 75.
Physical Features.— Surface hilly in part, but generally level,
State consisting largely of an undulating plateau sloping gently to the
south and west. The "Yazoo Delta"— the low alluvial region lying
along and between the Yazoo and Mississippi rivers— contains 7,000
square miles. Coast line on Mississippi Sound, 85 miles; water frontage
on Mississippi River, 500 miles. Mississippi drains a large portion of
State— with Yazoo, Tallahatchie, Yalobusha, and others, furnishes a
large amount of navigable waterway.
Forests.— Nearly one-half the State is still under forest. Yazoo
Delta alone contains over 4,000.000 acres of land, covered by a dense
growth of timber. Stand of yellow pine about 24,000,000,000 feet. Oak,
cypress, pine, and black walnut, with numerous other varieties of wood,
furnish unlimited supplies of raw materials for manufactures. The
amount of lumber and timber manufactured and exported from Pasca-
goula, 1901-02, was valued at 82.834 .291.
Climate nearly sub-tropical. Summers long— heat tempered by sea
breezes in south and variable winds prevailing throughout the State.
Winters colder than those in same latitude on Atlantic Coast, but only
in exceptional seasons does frost occur in south. Mean annual rainfall
at Vicksburg. 55.7 inches; mean annual temperature, 65.9 deg.; highest,
101 deg. ; lowest, 1 deg. below.
A griculture the chief industry; 61 per cent of total area of State
included in farm3. Mississippi, in 1900, ranked third in production and
value of cotton Otner staple productions are corn and sweet potatoes,
corn ranking second in importance to cotton. Rice and sugar cane are
grown in the south. Hay, oats, peas, cotton-seed, and peanuts are
also produced. Truck-farming is an important and growing industry.
Strawberries, melons, and vegetables are produced for Northern mar-
kets. The cultivation of jute promises to be a successful and profit-
able pursuit. Land under improvement, 1900, 7,594.428 acrec, average
sizeof farms, 82.6 acres. Productions and values, 1900: Corn, 25,231 ,998
bushels, value 814,634.559; oats, 2.390,052 bushels, 81,099,424; hay,
57,098 acres, yield 99.922 tons, 8994,224; potatoes, 5.259 acres, 347,094
bushels, 8288,088. Cotton produced. 1900, 500,838,425 pounds; value 844,-
918,946; value of cotton-seed, 88,015,408.
Horticulture.— Orchard products of "Western Mississippi long
famous for superior qualities, especially peaches and pears; industry
has attained new prominence, large areas being devoted to extension
of orchards. Plums, pears, apricots, grapes, nectarines, and peaches,
with many varieties of apples, may be grown successfully throughout
the State. In the Gulf region oranges, ttgs,!:nd olives reach perfection.
Large quantities of figs are canned; cultu e of figs and pomegranates
is a growing source of wealth. Pecan culture also becoming a profit-
able industry. Value of fruit raised, 1899, 8621.630.
Liive Stock.— Excellent pasturage abounds throughout the State.
During the past decade live stock and dairying have rereived constantly
increasing attention. Native cattle have been greatly improved, and
numerous herds of full-blooded Jersey and other tine cattle are to be
found. Dairy-farming has become a profitable industry; native milk
and butter now constitute Important articles of trade. Number and
value of farm animals, June, 1900: Horses. 229,311, value 810.8^2.851;
mules, 214.259, $14,128,807; sheep, 312,632, 8534,935; milch cows, 299,318
80
81
\
J
82 UNITED STATES.
§6,403,246; other cattle, 574,038, $5,662,675; swine, 1,290,498, '$2,963,573.
Wool clip, 1901, 1,148,958 pounds.
Fisheries.— Commercial fishing conducted in interior waters and
along the Gulf Coast. Salt and fresh water fish ahundant ; among the
more important are trout, red snapper, hlue fish, pompano, Spanish
mackerel, and shad. Oysters, shrimp, and soft and hard shell crabs are
abundant and are an important source of wealth. Diamond-hack ter-
rapin are f ound'in the marshes. The canning of oysters and shrimp la
a growing and profitable pursuit. Yearly output, about 5,000,000 cans of
oysters and 500,000 cans of shrimp. Gulf fish of superior quality; fisheries
constitute an important industry, employing about 1,800 persons.
manufactures as a whole are as yet of minor importance. Pro-
duction of cotton goods, cotton-seed oil and meal, and sawing and
planing of lumber the chief industrial pursuits. Production of naval
stores, brick and tile, and agricultural implement manufactories, and
flouring mills offer employment to increasing numbers. Value lumber
and timber products, 1900, 815,656,110. Number of cotton mills, 6,
number spindles, 75,122; aggregate capital, $2,210,000; total number
employes, 1,675. Value of all clay productions, 1900, $546,741. Value of
common brick, 8510,600; pressed, 812.775, vitrified, 81,750; drain tile,
81,035; pottery, $20,201. Distilled spirits, Mississippi and Louisiana,
1900-1901, 848,549 gallons; fermented liquor, 220,604 barrels.
Population. — Ranked twentieth in 1800; twenty-second In 1830;
fourteenth, I860: twenty-first, 1S90; twentieth, 1900. Total population
in 1800, 8,850; 1830, 136,621; 1860, <79 1,305; 1890,1,289,600; population cen-
sus of 1900, 1.551,270. Male, 781.451, female, 769,819; native, 1,543,289;
foreign, 7,981; white, 641,200; colored, 910,070; Africans, 907,630 ; Chi-
nese, 237 ; Indians, 2,203.
Cities.— Vtetoburg, metropolis of the State and chief city on Mis-
sissippi River between Memphis and New Orleans; has large export
trade in cotton and important and growing manufactures; population,
1900, 14,834 Jackson, the capital, on the Pearl River, 183 miles north
of New Orleans; important railway and manufacturing center, with a
large trade in cotton; population, 7,816. Natchez, on the Mississippi
River, one of the oldest towns in the State; has large export trade in
cotton; population, 12,210. Meridian, railway center; leads in value
of manufactured products; population, 14,050. Greenville, popularly
known as the " Queen City of the Delta;" flourishing industrial and
railway center and important river port in the great cotton region;
has large cottonseed-oil and saw and planing mills, and ice and brick
manufactories; population, 7,642.
Railways.— First railroad built, 1840. Number of miles in opera-
tion, 1850, 75; 1860, 862; 1870, 990; 1880, 1,127, 1891, 2,471; July, 1900, 2,919.90
miles, averaging 18.82 miles per 10,000 inhabitants and 6.30 miles per
100 square miles.
Education. — Public school enrollment, 1899, 360,177; private,
14,021; school age, 5-21; expenditure, 81,306,1S6. Public high schools,
100; private secondary schools, 43. Among educational institutions is
the University of Mississippi, opened 1848, University. Public Normal
Schools are maintained at Holly Springs, Abbeville, Louisville, Blue-
springs, Sherman, and "Walnutgrove; Alcorn Educational and Mechan-
ical College (colored); Agricultural and Mechanical College, Agricul-
tural College; Tougaloo University, with normal, industrial, model,
intermediate, and primary departments, instructing colored stu-
dents mostlv; Mississippi College, Clinton; Rust University, Holly
Springs.
Political.— General elections, quadrennial, Tuesday after first Mon-
day in November; number of Senators, 45; Representatives, 133, ses-
sions biennial, in even-numbered years; meets Tuesday after flrst Mon-
day in January; limit of session, 30 days ; term of Senators and Repre-
sentatives, 4 years. Number of electoral votes, 9 Voters must be
actual citizens, residents of State 2 years, county, town, and precinct 1
year; registration required; ballot reform. Idiots, insane, criminals,
Indians not taxed, and delinquent taxpayers excluded.
Legal Holidays.— January 1, July 4, Thanksgiving, and Decem-
ber 25.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 7 years ; open ac-
counts, verbal contracts, 3; notes, 6; redemption of tax sales, 2 years.
Legal interest rate, 6 per cent ; by contract, 10.
KENTUCKY. 83
KENTUCKY. "Blue Grass State.-
Indian origin— At the head of the river.
Historical.— Earliest explorations by John Findlay, 1767. First
visited bv Daniel Boone, 1769. Harrodsburg, first settlement, founded
1774; Boonesboro laid out, April, 1775; became a county of Virginia,
1776; part of United States Territory south of the Ohio, 1790. Admitted
as a State, June 1, 1792: second State admitted after formation of Gov-
ernment. Four constitutions, 1792, 1800, 1S50, and 1891.
Area. — Total area, 40,400 square miles; land, 40,000; water, 400;
length, east to west, 458 miles; extreme width, 171. Counties, 119.
Physical Features.— Surface an elevated plain sloping from
southeast to north and west; average elevation over 1,000 feet; great-
est, 3,500. Navigable waters form 813 miles of boundary. State contains
many natural curiosities; Mammoth Cave most widely known.
Climate mild and healthful. Annual average rainfall for State, 48
Inches. Mean annual rainfall at Louisville, 45.8 inches; mean annual
temperature, 57.1 deg. ; highest 107 deg. ; lowest, 20 deg. below.
Agriculture a leading pursuit. Foremost State in tobacco and
hemp. Farm products, 1900: Tobacco. 314,28S,050 pounds; hay, 390,064
tons; barley, 37.523 bushels; potatoes, 2.SO7.490 bushels; cotton. 39.500
pounds; wheat. 12,442,846 bushels; oats, 9,309.293; corn. 69,267.224.
Hemp, in 1899, 10,303,560 pounds; grass and clover seed, 278,680 bushels.
Apples, peaches, grapes, and small fruits abundant
Live Stock.— Breeding of fine cattle, horses, and mules an im-
portant industrv ; Kentucky famous for its trotting and running
horses. Value of thoroughbreds, 1897, 8717.483. Value of farm live stock,
1900, $73,739,106; wool clip, 1901. 2.323.215 pounds.
Manufactures show notable advance. State first in output of fine
whiskies— 1900, 21,511,608 gallons; third in chewing and smoking to-
bacco. Value of all products, 1900. §154,605,115. Louisville alone. 1900,
nearly 880.000,000. Value of manufactured tobacco, total $21,922,111;
flouring mill products, 814,515,161; lumber and timber products,
$13,774,911.
Minerals.— Coal most important; area, 15.680 square miles— east-
ernfield, 11,180; western, 4.500. Output, 1900, 5,328,964 tons. Fields rich
in cannel coal. Output of iron ore, 1901, 68,462 tons; value of natural
gas, $194,032. Gold, silver, and zinc found. Vast beds of onyx, sand-
stone, and limestone exist. Mineral springs numerous; many are
f amouB health resorts.
Population, 1790.73,677; 1890,1.858.635; 1900.2,147,174. Male. 1,090,227;
female, 1,056.947; native, 2.096.925; white, 1,862.309; colored, 284,865.
Cities.— Louisville, chief city In State and largest tobacco market
in Union; population, 1900, 204.731. Covington, population, 42,938. JVeic-
port, population. 28,301; on Ohio River opposite Cincinnati. Lexington,
chief railroad center of interior Kentucky; population, 26,369. Frank-
fort, capital; large trade in tobacco, whisky and lumber; population,
9,487. Bowling Green, largest city in Southern Kentucky; large export
trade in mules and fine horses; population, 8,226.
Railways.— First railway— Lexington to Frankfort— 15 miles,
completed 18:35. Mileage, 1850, 78; i860, 534; 1890, 2.946; 1900, 3,059.
Education.— Enrollment in public schools, 1900-01, 438,322; expendi-
tures exceed 82,500,000. School age, 6-20; compulsory law age. 7-14.
Educational institutions: Georgetown College, Georgetown; Central
University, Richmond; Centre College, Danville; Kentucky Univer-
sity, and S'tate Agricultural and Mechanical College— its farm the home
of Henry Clay, Lexington; Normal Schoql for Colored. Frankfort.
Political.— Number of Senators, 38; Representatives, 100; term of
Senators, 4 years; Representatives, 2 years. Electoral votes, 13. Voters
must be actual citizens; residents of State 1 year, county 6 months,
precinct 60 days-, limited registration.
Legal Holidays.— February 22, July 4, first Monday in September,
Thanksgiving, December 25, and public fast days.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, written contracts except
negotiable instruments, 15 years; verbal contracts, negotiable instru-
ments, 5; merchants* accounts, 2. Redemption of tax sale made by
paying 15 per cent penalty on tax and additional 30 per cent interest
per annum from sale. Legal interest, 6 per cent,
Kentucky and
Tennessee.
Scale or Statute Miles.
V> ?" :ju 40 50 m 70 -•
Cop/right, 1004, "by Rana.DWdWanj k
I
ral'i
1
1 I'ily
Pairfli ia
fQU. Vcrni
' 'a: i.-.,;,
Car
^'
JMurply
Iff ,.
Cape Girar\lji
Delta
Hep
sTjcij-jj-Cf cxi^^Xji-
'""7 S.Col%®^j\j /Mayfie
- y — ^-— ^-"" jn */ JVycrJs caiarxHi:
. „: IX A , oJBearSlriiigoV y^Heb
5l ;i.-^.=miT- A- vi^^-^f^T^S^^^^/.V-lSfr*..
IjtbRiUeJ >s'M*r J l TrtntoiJ)> L/itwood" , &H 7 o// , ' if//^\, a 'c r/ ' |neo ,r A
Pi K n.»N»liJM mD f^'^tt^K^"^
^Medina ^larks^Ble^U,/ 1
.- -.«< /j.e%"\»T tl r CenVervilltf
SPerr/ville L £^s£[c
Unde n IciCol i.-uil da
ft^i»e/Gr
yffa -»-\SmyTu
-Franklii?
- igfl o^Mu
nionviUe, ^^S 1
U'in,
-V-i
g^H^tungtJS
rVrae^xT' - ', P • °a (» Ian d
^ */.«'T/,.
Henderson 'SCil
rijrf /fvW Clifton *»vW} "■
i*4i V ?'A* /^• VDei ^ 00 „., „ •Tcone/r^vifle •
le~Betiiel\ s, ;>o»avannali »har)i iiawre/nl-churc .''VFajettevili
■kor/Val^j^Selnibr Philinej c^T / Wulaskj/SfirSe irf
a J'i*w«5Mfe TI est Point?oXWia« T» "33™3»^2
Iron City/
'Booueville /TuscuiriTjiit
om Uretnwicn. so"
O!,
Green " ' Jt
lorseCave oColul]
o Edmonton
'V •/r^Vi i;tl "' k -\\<U.l,villc /f \ \*
iFj"'! ■ " > ■' '
fherea IBeatqirtiUe
3fec
JNV^ 3I<nticcllo b\ ^3^
"OV Albany \VillfeVDi-i.ur.~\i-l
" "] ° I Tine ~W t b J onea_^ L _ _
T u% t0 no T en d% onw //rM^ {^ ,. _'' y ^-- A/ --;■>'
.• -PikevUle „
immitiille -r.H\tW f<&
A [-j'\ 0/ /~L/tnens
IGSA/EBS CHICA
UNITED STATES.
TENNESSEE. T8 "" os '
" Volunteer State."
Indian — signifies, " River of big bend."
Historical.— Permanent colony established at Fort Loudon, on
Little Tennessee River, 1756. Leading settlements by colonists from
Virginia and North Carolina, 1769. Territory of Tennessee formed,
1794; admitted as a State, June 1, 1796, third State to enter Union after
adoption of Federal Constitution. Scene of many important events of
Civil War. Seceded February, 1861. Readmitted February, 1870.
Area.— Total area, 42,050 square miles; land, 41,750; water, 300; ex-
treme length, 432 miles ; width, 109. Counties, 96.
Physical Features.— Naturally divided Into three parts, East,
Middle, and West Tennessee. Surface mountainous in East, Alleghanies
(height 5,000 to 6,000 feet), and Cumberland Plateau (elevation 2,000
feet); lower in Middle and West. Highest altitude in State, Mount
Guyot, 6,636 feet. Extent and importance of navigable waters notable :
over 2,200 miles of available waterway. Forest lands, 17,000,000 acres.
Climate.— Winters generally short and mild ; summers long ; heat
tempered by general elevation of State. Rainfall plentiful. Mean
annual rainfall at Nashville, 50.1 inches ; mean annual temperature,
59.4 deg ; highest, 104 deg ; lowest, 10 deg. below.
Agriculture. — Principal products: Cotton, In 1900, 106,267.060
pounds, value 39,530,826; wheat, 11,696,088 bushels; oats, 5,810,166; corn,
56,997,880; hay, 313,432 tons; tobacco, 49,157.550 pounds, peanuts, 1899,
747,668 bushels, $392,648 ; sweet potatoes, 1,571,575 bushels, $883,620 To-
tal value of fruit crop, $2,193,318 ; orchard, $1,479,915. Apples and small
fruits grown in abundance. Value of all live stock, 1900, $60,818,605.
Poultry, 1899, $4,282,740. Estimated value of milk, butter, and cheese,
on farms, $8,028,466. Wool clip, 1901, 1,253,032 pounds
Manufactures. — Iron industries include blast furnaces, foundry
and machine shops, rolling mills, and nail factories. Value of manu-
factured products, 1900, $108,144,565. Pig iron produced in year 1901,
337,139 long tons, coke, 404,017 tons, value $952,782. Ammoniated phos-
phate, 409,653 tons, $1,192,090. Value of sawed lumber, 1900, $11,832,596.
Minerals. — Gold discovered 1831; output to 1900 about 8200.000.
Coal area, 5, 100 square miles; output, 1900,3,708.562 tons, value $4,223,082.
Iron belt, 5,400 square miles along Tennessee River; output, 1900,
594,171 tons, value $669,087; copper, 116,000 tons. State leads in mar-
ble for Interior decoration; value of output,s424.054,liine8tone,8238,505;
output of phosphate rock, 1900, 454,491 long tons, value $1,328,707.
Population. -1790, 35,691; 1890. 1,767,518; 1900, 2,020,616. Male,
1,021,224; female, 999,392, native, 2,002,780; white, 1,540,186, colored,
480.430; Africans, 480,243; Chinese, 75, Japanese, 4; Indians, 108.
Cities.— Nashville, capital, chief center of manufactures and third
hardwood market in the world ; prominent educational center ; pop-
ulation, 1900, 80.865. Memphis, largest city and largest commercial
center on Mississippi River between St. Louis and New Orleans ;
population, 102,320. Knoxrille, leading commercial and industrial
centerofEa6t Tennessee ; population, 32.637 Chattanooga, important
commercial, railway, and manufacturing city ; population, 30,154.
Railways.— First railroad -Nashville to Chattanooga— completed
1853. Miles open, 1855, 466; 1865, 1,296; 1875, 1,630; 1885, 2,151; July, 1900,
3,136.95.
Education. — Enrollment. 1899-00, 485.354; expenditure, 81,751,047;
school age, 6-21. Educational institutions: University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, Vanderbilt University and University of Nashville, Nash-
ville; and University of the South, Sewanee.
Political.— State elections biennial; State, congressional, and presi-
dential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November. Senators,
33; Representatives, 99; term, 2 years; sessions biennial. Electoral votes,
12. Voters must be actual citizens, residents of State 1 year, of county
6 months; limited registration; ballot reform. Convicts excluded.
Legal Holidays.— January 1, Februarv 22, Good Friday, May 30,
July 4, first Monday in September, general election day. Thanksgiving,
December 25.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 10 years; open ac-
counts, contracts, 6 ; notes, 6 ; redemption of tax sales, 2 years. Legal
interest rate, 6 per cent.
OHIO. 87
OHIO.
O-hi'-o.
" Buckeye State."
Indian—" Beautiful."
Historical.— Earliest explorations made by French under La Salle
about 1680. In 1748, English traders established themselves near pres-
ent site of Piqua. Territory claimed by both French and Eugllsh
1751-63; ceded to Great Britain 1763; became part of United States 1783.
First permanent settlement made at Marietta 1788. Columbia estab-
lished 1188, Fort Washington 1789, Losantiville 1790, the three now in-
cluded in Cincinnati. Became part of Northwest Territory 1787; ad-
mitted to the Union 1803; fourth State admitted after formation of
Government; present limits established 1836.
Area.— Total area, 41,060 square miles; land, 40,760; water, 300;
breadth, 225 miles; length, 205. Counties, 88.
Physical Features.— General surface an undulating plain divided
by main watershed into two unequal slopes; waters of the northern and
smaller slope flow into Lake Erie; the southern into the Ohio and
Mississippi rivers. State has a large extent of lake and river frontage.
Frontage on Lake Erie, 230 miles; on Ohio River, 436. Muskingum
River navigable for hX> miles. Highest elevation.Bellefontaine, Logan
County, 1,540 feet; lowest in the southwest, 440 feet; mean, 750 feet.
Climate of Northern Ohio modified by influence of Lake Erie.
Mean average temperature, 48 deg. to 50 deg.; Southern Ohio mild and
healthful, though subject to sudden and severe changes; average tem-
perature, 52 deg. to 54 deg. Mean annual rainfall at Columbus, 38.9
Inches; mean annual temperature, 52.3 deg.; highest, 103 deg.; lowest,
20 deg. below.
Agriculture.— One of the leading agricultural States. In 1900
ranked third in production of winter wheat, sixth in potatoes,
seventh in corn. Area under cultivation, 1899, 10.239.866 acres
Crops, 1900: Corn, 106.890,188 bushels, value S36.342.664; wheat, 8,523,876
bushels, value $6,051,952; oats, 40.340.534 bushels, value $10,488,539;
barley, 622.566 bushels, value $267,703; rye, 513,023 bushels, value
$282,163, buckwheat, 147.632 bushels, value $85,627; potatoes, 12,561.584
bushels, value $5,024,634, hav. 1.559.242 acres, 1,652.797 tons, value
$18,263,407. Tobacco crop, 1399."was 56.242 acres. 52.484.457 pounds : flax,
I 3.500 acres, 31,797 bushels of seed, 1,838,781 pounds of fiber; broom corn,
907 acres, 669,475 pounds of brush.
Horticulture, Etc.— Extensive capital invested in horticulture,
| floriculture, and viticulture. Ohio wines rank high among American
I vintages. Total value of fruits, 1899, $8,901,22(1; orchard fruit, $6,141,-
118; small fruit. $1.767.:357; grapes, $992,745. Fruit trees, 21,832,223; in-
crease, 60.3 per cent since 1890. Area under orchards, 370,769 acres.
Products: Apples, 20,617.480 bushels; pears, 244,565; peaches, 240,686;
| cherries, 192.954; plums, 81,435. Vineyards, 22,955 acres; grapes gath-
| ered, 79.173.900 pounds. Strawberry most important small fruit; prod-
uct, 17,916,080 quarts. Value of maple sugar and syrup, $665,226.
Live Stock, Etc.— Live stock and live-stock products of great
value; State ranks second in number and value of swine. Area
under pasture, 5,?22,389 acres. Number and value of farm animals,
June, 1900: Horses, 878,205. s5h.15D.245; milch cows, 818.239, S24.725.S82;
other cattle, 1,235,074, $21,834,864; mules, 16,771, $941,211; sheep,
! 4,1/20.628. $10,956,308; hogs, 3.188,563. $11,813,168; wool clip, 1901, 13.370.553
| pounds Milk sold for family use, 1900, 40.590.560 gallons. Milk pro-
duced, 425.870.394 gallons; butter on farms, 79.551,299 pounds; cheese,
1,167.001 pounds; total value dairv products. $25,383,627- Eggs gathered,
91,766,630 dozens; value. $10,280,769; poultry, $8,847,009. Honey pro-
! duced, 1.980,530 pounds; wax. 34,620 pounds.
Fisheries.— Ohio occupies first place in Lake Erie fisheries.
I Interest in fish culture increasing rapidly In 1901, 85,000,000 pike
; perch were hatched and liberated in Lake Erie waters. Black
I bass, marble cat, and crappies are hatched for inland waters. Total
i Lake Erie catch, 1899. 58,393,864 pounds; Ohio boats employed, 1896,
I 179; men, 463. Interior fisheries in Grand, Licking, Lewistown,
I and Loramie reservoirs, and in Ohio River. Catch, 1896, 1,239.308
! pounds; black bass. 185.853 pounds. Fisheries of Grand Reservoir —
i largest artificial body of water in the world— equal in extent all others
I In State.
90 UNITED STATES.
Manufactures. — One of the foremost manufacturing States.
Many prominent and growing Industries. Growth due to great natural
advantage* and wealth of raw material. Industrial establishments
Include rolling mills, agricultural implement, Iron and paper
manufactories, glass factories, breweries, distilleries, etc In i'.too,
32,398 establishments report a combined capital of $605,792,266; value
of products manufactured, 8S32.43s.ll3. Capital Invested In brew-
eries, $31,444,509; agricultural Implements, 823.628,442. Output of Iron
and steel manufactures. 8138,985,256. In 1900, State ranked first In
value of pottery produced; ranked second introduction of pig Iron.
Output of pig Iron, 2,559,691 tons; coke, 72,116 short tons, value
8194,042. Lime and cement, 12,709,481: brick and tile, $9,731,305; pottery,
36,994,805 — white granite, 81,143,990; art pottery, 8428,795. Portland
cement works, 6; 534,215 barrels, $667,769. Cigars made, 658,819,883;
tobacco, 19,818,539 pounds. In 1900 the State ranked third in produc-
tion of distilled spirits, and fifth in fermented liquors. Output distilled
spirits, 9,518,850 gallons; fermented liquor, 3.1/28.116 barrels; vinous,
2,131 ,908 gallons. Oleomargarine, 1901 16,436.961 pounds.
Uliuerals.— Sandstone underlies over one-half the total area. State
leads all others in value of sandstone quarried; limestone, quarried in
thirty-two counties, second in importance; minerals Include coal, iron,
glass sand, clays, salt, oil, and gas. Coal area, 10,000 square miles; out-
put, 1900, 18,988,150 short tons, value 819.292.246. Valuable deposiis of
clay worked for pottery, earthenware, and brick. Value of limestone
quarried, 1900, 81,969,387; sandstone, 81.(583,980; salt (fourth State),
1,425.283 barrels, 8696,326; iron ore, 61,016 tons; crude petroleum, 22.362,-
730 barrels, value 824.091,601. Ranks third in production of natural
gas; value of output, 82.178,234. Mineral waters, 1901, 6,431,410 gallons.
Population.— Ranked eighteenth in 1800; fourth, 1830; third,
1870; fourth, 1890 and 1900; population, 1800, 45.365; 1830, 937,903; 1870,
2,665.260: 1890,8,672,316, 1900, 4.157,545 Male, 2.102.655, female, 2,054.890;
native, 3,698,811, foreign, 458,734; white, 4,060,204: colored, 97,341 ; Afri-
cans, 96,901; Chinese, 371; Japanese, 27; Indians, 42.
Cities.— Cleveland, metropolis of Northern Ohio, settled 1796; an
Important railroad and steamboat center; has large iron and steel
manufactories and oil refineries; population, 1900, 381,768. Cincinnati,
metropolis of Ohio Valley, founded 1788; has extensive trade by rail-
road and river; population, 325,902. Toledo, on Lake Erie, has a fine
harbor; an important commercial center; population, 131,822. Colum-
bus, capital, prominent railroad center; population, 125,560. Dayton,
on Great Miami River, in vicinity of important limestone quarries;
population, 85,333. Youngstown, flourishing manufacturing town, out-
let of region rich in iron, coal, and limestone; population, 44,885.
Railways.— First railroad built and operated west of New York-
Erie & Kalamazoo, Toledo to Adrian, Mich.— constructed 1836. Number
miles, 1840, 30: 1850,575; 1855, 1,486; 1860, 2.946; 1865,3,331: 1870,3.538; 1875.
4,461; 1880, 5,792; 1885,7,304; 1890, 7,988; June, 1896, 8.726.29; June, 1900,
8,807.27, averaging 21.18 miles to each 10,000 inhabitants. In 1896 there
were 600 miles of canals in Ohio.
Education. — Public school enrollment, 1899-1900, 829,160; expendi-
ture, 813,335,211; school age, 6-21; compulsory school law age, 8 to
14-16, unless at work; text-books may be furnished. Publ'c high
schools, 67S; private secondary schools, 49. Ohio State University,
Columbus; Ohio University, Athens; Oberlin College, Oberlln; Miami
LTniversity, Oxford, Western Reserve University and Case School
of Applied Science, at Cleveland.
Political.— State elections annual State, congressional, and presi-
dential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November, number of
Senators, 33; Representatives, 110; term, 2 years; sessions, biennial, in
odd-numbered years, first Monday in Januarv; limit of session, none.
Number of electoral votes, 23. Voters must be actual citizens, residents
of State 1 year, county 30 days, town and precinct 20 days; limited
registration; ballot reform. Idiots, insane, and convicts, unless re-
stored to citizenship, excluded. Women may vote on school matters.
.Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22, May 30, July 4, first
Monday in September, general election day, Thanksgiving, Dec. 25.
Legal.— Judgments; Recovery of real estate, 21 vears; written con-
tracts, 15, unwritten, 6 ; personal actions, 1. Redemption of tax sales,
2 years. Legal Interest, 6 per cent; by contract, 8.
INDIANA. 91
INDIANA. Sjj&E?-
State.'
Derived from "Indian."
Historical.— Originally apart of New France. Visited by Jesuits,
1672. First permanent settlement made by French at Vincennes, 1702.
Ceded to Great Britain, 1763; Vincennes captured by Colonel Clark of
Virginia, 1779; ceded to United States, 1783; became part of Northwest
Territory. 1787. Indians defeated by Harrison at Tippecanoe, 1811.
Indiana Territory organized, 1800; admitted into the Union, December
11, 1816. State constitutions adopted 1816 and 1851, the latter having
since been modified.
Area.— Total area, 36,350 square miles; land, 35,910; water, 440;
extreme length, 276 miles; average breadth, 145 miles. Counties, 92.
Physical Features.— Surf ace generally level and undulating, State
occupying a broad table-land inclining gradually toward the south-
west. Highest altitude in Randolph County, 1,208 feet; lowest at
Deeds, Miami County, 83 feet; mean average, 735 feet. Has 60 miles of
coast-line on Lake Michigan and 550 miles of navigable river boundary.
Ohio River forms entire southern boundary; Wabash, most important
river, drains three-fourths of entire area.
Climate.— Generally healthful but variable; northerly and north-
westerly winds prevail in winter. Mean annual rainfall at Indianapolis,
43.0 inches; mean annual temperature, 52.7 deg. ; highest, 106 deg.;
lowest, 25 deg. below.
Agriculture leading industry. Valleys of Wabash, White, and
Whitewater rivers most fertile sections. In 1900 Indiana ranked next
to Kansas in production of winter wheat, sixth in corn, and fourth
in oats. Crops, 1900: Wheat, 6,411,702 bushels, value 84,488,191; corn,
153.200.800 bushels, value $49,024,256; oats, 44,866,035 bushels, value $10,-
319,188; rye, 485,722 bushels, value 8242,861; barley, 185,533 bushels,
value 887.201; buckwheat, 70,154 bushels, value $42,794; hay, 1,663,452
tons,value 816.218.657, tobacco, 6,882,470 pounds, $445,658; Irish potatoes,
9,060,529 bushels, $3,443,001; sweet potatoes, 1899, 3,989 acres, 239,487
bushels; sorghum, 7,955 acres; peppermint, 879 acres.
Horticulture.— Apples, pears, plums, peaches, and small fruits
cultivated extensively. Peach district along the Ohio and in south-
western and eastern sections. Wine culture begun by Swiss settlers of
Vevay,1813. Value of fruit crop, 1899, $4,630,169; orchard fruit, 83,166,338;
smallfruit, $1. 113,527; grapes, $350,304. Total number orchard trees, 1900,
14,048,345; apples, 8,624,593; peaches, 2,925.526; cherry, 896,641, pear, 868,-
184; plum, 723,815; apricot, 9,586. Fruit produced in bushels, 1899:
Apples, 8,620,278, pears, 231 ,713, cherries, 228,485, plums, 131,529; peaches,
69.333; apricots, 757. Dried and evaporated fruit, 494,860 pounds.
Live Stock.— Stock raising and dairy farming important indus-
tries. Acres under pasture, including woodland, 3.506,7:38. Amount of
milk produced on farms, 1899, 263,457.239 gals., butter, 51,042,396 pounds;
cheese, 178,733 pounds; total value of poultry, $8,172,993; eggs, $7,441,-
944. Number and value farm animals, June, 1900: Horses, 751.715, value
$40,641,988; mules, 66,717, $3,717,083; sheep, l,742.0u2, 85,794.976; milch
cows, 574,276, 818,285,504; other cattle, 1,110.202, $22,678,940; swine, 3,763,-
389,813.804,893, wool clip, 1901, 6,635,837 pounds.
Manufactures.— The notable growth in manufacturing industries
has been due largely to the discovery and development of natural gas.
Slaughtering and meat-packing most important industry in State.
Number of glass factories, 1900, 110; capital, $12,775,389, value products,
$14,757,883; wages paid, $7,226,1)47; employes numbered 13,015. Tin and
terne plate establishments^; daily capacity tin plates, 380,050 pounds;
terne, 71,950 pounds. Refineries: Petroleum, 1; linseed oil, 2; lard, 3;
sugar and molasses, 19; zinc, 3. Number of woolen mills, 1900, 22; prod-
uct, $1,658,965; cotton mills, 5, 81,341,597. Value of pottery, $325,900;
total brick and tile, $3,532,450. State ranks third In production of dis-
tilled spirits; output, 1900-01, 18,885.398 gallons, fermented liquor, 892,-
277 barrels; still wines, 35.500 gallons valued at $18,400, value of vinegar
and cider, $105,745. Value of agricultural implements, manufactured,
1900, about $6,500,000, engines, etc., $17,228,096, furniture. $8,769 ,500; iron
and steel products, $19,388,481; paper and paper goods, 84 ,556,020; railway
construction, etc., $20,000,000; wagons, etc., $12,742,243; meat packing,
etc., $43,862,273; planing mills, $5,088,669, flouring and grist mill
94 UNITED STATES.
products, $30,150,766; factory-made clothing, 14.824,547; printing and
publishing, 88,427,763. Value all textile goods, 85,561,460. Maple syrup,
1899, 179,576 gals.; maple sugar, 51,900 pounds. Rough lumber, 1900,
977,878 thousand feet, 1*. M.; sawed, 1,036,999 thousand feet, B. M. In
1900 State ranked fifth In fruit and vegetable packing. A large pottery
baa recently been established at Brazil.
Mineral Resources.— Coal mines, quarries of building stone,
clay deposits, petroleum, and natural gas wells are the State's most
valuable resources. Salt and medicinal springs are found in the
south. Coal measures are bituminous. Including Indiana block— 600
square miles— coking and cannel coals; total area, 6,450 square miles.
In 1900 State ranked second in natural gas, fourth in petroleum,
and sixth in production of coal. Coal mines, 1897, 115, output, 1900,
6,484,086 short tons, value 86,687, 137. Area of natural gas, 2,850 square
miles, value of output, 87,254,539. Development and output of oil
fields increasing steadily. Number of wells producing, 1900,6,113; total
production valued at 84,693,983. New developments in Grant and
Blackford counties.
Quarries.— In 1900 State ranked sixth In clay products and building
stone. Number of stone quarries, 1897, 37, 2.494 acres; stone quarried,
30,079 carloads; employes, 4,386. In 1900, Indiana ranked next to Penn-
sylvania in total value of limestone, but first in value of stone for
building and (1901) flagging and curbing; value, 82,344,818; for road-
making, 81,639,985. Value of oolitic limestone output, 1897, 82,300 .om.
Population.— Ranked twenty-first in 1800; eighth in 1890 and
1900. Total population in 1800, 5,641; 1890, 2.192,404; 1900, 2,516,462.
Male, 1,285,404, female, 1,231,508, native, 2.374,341; foreign, 142,121;
white, 2,458,502, colored, 57,960; Africans, 57,505; Chinese, 207, Japanese,
5; Indians, 243.
Cities.— Indianapolis, capital and metropolis, one of most Im-
portant distributing points in Central States; chief industries, meat
packing, manufactures of iron, flour, furniture, wagons, and liquors.
Population, 1900, 169,164. Emnsrille, second city in size, commer-
cial center of southwestern part of State; has important manu-
factures; population, 59,007. Ft. Wayne, on the Maumee, leading
Industrial and business center of Northeastern Indiana; population,
45,11s." Terre Haute, commercial, manufacturing, and educational
center, population, 36,673. South Bend, important manufacturing
town on St. Joseph River; population, 35,999. New Albany, flourishing
manufacturing town, large glass manufactories; population, 20,628.
Railways.— Miles in operation, 1846, 22; 1850, 111; 1855, 1.406; 1860,
2,163, 1865,2.217; 1870,3,177, 1875,3,963; 1S80, 4.373, 1885, 5.614; 1890, 6,106;
June, 1896, 6,373; June, 1900, 6,470.61, 18.02 miles per 100 square
miles.
Education.- Common school system in operation since 1853. Public
school enrollment, 1900,564,807, school buildings, 10.038; value 823.244.630;
compulsory school age, 8-14. Text-books furnished to Indigent chil-
dren. Purdue University, Lafayette, opened 1874; State University,
Bloomington, opened 1824; De Pauw University, Greeucastle; Rose
Polytechnic Institute, Terre Haute: University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame; Public Normal Schools, Indianapolis and Terre Haute.
Political.— State elections biennial. State, congressional, and
presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; num-
ber of Senators, 50; Representatives, 100; sessions biennial, in odd-num-
bered years, Thursday after first Monday in January; limit of session,
61 days; term of Senators, 4 years; Representatives, 2 years. Number
of electoral votes, 15. Voters must be citizens or declared intention,
residents of State 6 months, county and town 60 days, precinct 30 days;
registration not required; ballot reform. Convicts excluded. Limited
woman suffrage.
Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22, May 30, July 4, first
Monday in September, Thanksgiving, December 25, public fast, and
election.
JLegal.-Statutes of limitation: Personal actions, 2 years; open
accounts, contracts not in writing, 6; promissory notes, written evi-
dence of debt, 10; other written contracts, judgments, real actions, 20.
Redemption of tax sal**- 2 years. Legal interest, 6 per cent; by con-
tract, 8.
ILLINOIS. 95
J- J-jIj-LN Olo. "Prairie or Sucker State."
From Indian " Illini," men, and French, " ois," tribe of men.
Historical.— Eighth State admitted into the Union. First visited
bv Marquette and Joliet in 1673. Fort St. Louis founded by La Salle in
1679. French settled at Cahokia and Kaskaskia, 1682 ; ceded to Great
Britain 1763 ; United States 17S3 ; became part of Northwest Territory
1787; Indiana Territory 1800. Illinois Territory organized 1809; State
admitted to the Union 1818; Kaskaskia first capital; seat of government
removed to Vandalia 1818 ; to Springfield 1837. Black Hawk War 1832.
Mormon troubles 1840-44. Second constitution adopted 1848 ; present
constitution ratified 1870.
Area.— Total area, 56,650 square miles; land, 56,000; water, 650;
greatest length, 385 miles ; breadth, 218. Counties, 102.
Physical Features.— One of the most level States in the Union.
Occupies a great plain, sloping almost imperceptibly from highest
section in north on Lake Michigan to southern extreme, 350 feet abov?)
sea level. Greatest elevation in the State is about 1.145 feet; average
for State, 500 feet. Mississippi River forms entire western boundary;
extent of frontage, 700 miles; Wabash River on the east and Ohio on
the south. Illinois has 4.000 miles of navigable streams ; Illinois River
the largest within the State. Important artificial waterway — Chicago
Drainage Canal. Chicago to Joliet, 40 miles — affording Lake Michigan
an outlet to Mississippi River through channel of Illinois, opened
January 2, 1900. Estimated minimum discharge, 300.000 cubic feet
per minute; maximum. 600.000 cubic feet. Cost of work, $33,000,000.
Coast-line on Lake Michigan, 60 miles.
Climate, throughout the State, generally healthful and bracing.
Mean annual ra'nfall at Springrfield. 38.0 inches; mean annual temper-
ature, 52.8 deg., highest temperature. 107 deg. ; lowest. 22 deg. below.
Mean annual rainfall Chicago, 37.57 inches; mean annual temperature,
49.4 deg.; January, 25.5 deg.; July, 72.9 deg. Annual rainfall, Cairo,
46.74 inches; tempeiature, 57.8 deg.
.Agriculture.— State has 42.(100 square miles of land suited to
growth of cereals. In 1900, first in production of oats, second in corn,
fourth in potatoes. Winter wheat in south and southwest; central
sections produce most corn. Soil especially adapted to culture of
sugar beet; beet-sugar factorv, with a capacity of 700 tons, estab-
lished at Pekin. Area and vield of farm products. 1900: Corn, 264,-
176.226 bushels, value $84,536,392; oats, 133.642.884 bushels, value $30,-
737.S63; wheat. 17.982,068 bushels, value 811.5(J8.524; broom corn. 21.590
acres, value §575,7:32; Irish potatoes. 15,296.104 bushels, value $6,271,403;
sweet potatoes. 300.570 bushels, value $216,984; tobacco, 4.474 acres,
2,689.306 pounds, value 8197.425; hay. 2.119.419 tons, value 817,803,120;
honey, 421.469 pounds, value 856.540; bee-hives. 55,101.
Hoi'ticulture established 1840-50. One of the foremost States
engaged in the industrv. Most productive fruit areas are toward
the southern section. Apple trees, 13.430.006; peach, 2.448.013; pear,
795.551; cherrv. 727,973. Fruit produced. 1899 : Apples, 9,178. 15U bushels;
cherries, 2< 4.279 bushels; plums, 157.941 bushels; pears, 133,745 bushels;
peaches, 66.805 bushels. Value of strawberries, 1901, 848,707; water-
melons, $46,759.
)Live Stock and Dairy.— Area under pasture, 4,669,270 acres
Number and value of farm animals, June, 1900: Horses. 1.350,219, value
869.698,100; mules, 124.644. $7,420,511; sheep, 1,030,581, 83,076,642; milch
cows. 1.007.604, $34,279,218; other cattle. 2.096.346, 847,891.689; swine,
5,915.468.823,616,781. Total value $186,856.o2u. Wool clip. 1901, 4,103,021
pounds. Value of dairy products, 1899, $29,638,619; milk produced,
457.106.995 gallons; butter, 52.493,450 pounds; cheese, 323.485 pounds.
Eggs, 86.402.670 doz«ns; value, $8,942,401; poultry. $11,307,599.
Fisheries.— The large water-courses within the State or along
its boundaries afford an abundant and varied supply of food-fishes.
Among the interior States Illinois leads all others in extent and value
of fisheries. Ranks first in fishing population, capital invested, and
extent and value of catch. Number of persons employed, 1,650; capi-
tal invested, $156,000; catch, 11. 500,000 pounds; value •883,000.
Manufactures.— Chief manufacturing cities of Illinois are Chi-
cago, Peoria, East St. Louis, Joliet, Kockford, Pekin, Moline. In 1900
UNITED STATES.
there, were 88,860 establishments In State, employing 489,452 pernors;
capitalization, $776,829,598; wages and salaries paid. $284,848,426; value
of products, $i,25'.).57i.in5. Total value of manufactured products of
Chicago, 1900, was $888,736,811. In 1901, 41,610,286 pounds of oleomar-
garine manufactured in stale, state leads all others In manufacture
Of distilled spirits; product, 1900-01, 39,357,780 gals.; ranks third In fer-
mented liquor; product, 3,680,323 barrels: value of wine produced,
census report, $13,265: sorghum syrup. 903,369 gallons, value $309,127.
Illinois one of the foremost States in production of steel; output
of Bessemer steel Ingots, 1900, 1,115,571 long tons: rails, about iun.ijuu
tons; wire nails. Indiana and Illinois. 2,195,672 kegs. Ranks third In
production of pig iron, output 1,469,530 tons. Value of brick and
tile, S6,932.ns6 : common brick, 83,981,577; fire proofing, §76,347; pottery,
$776,773, lime. $246,575.
Minerals.— Coal first discovered near Ottawa, 1698. Illinois sec-
ond only to Pennsylvania In production of bituminous coal; area,
37,000 square miles, dumber of counties producing coal In 1900, 58;
mines and openings, 915; total output of all mines. 25,767,981 short
tons; number of shipping mines, 350; output. 26.635.319 tons; output
of local, mines, l.liis.r,u:; tons; total tons of lump coal, 13.321,124. The
aggregate home value of total product, s25.4is.its3. Total number of
employes, 44.143. In 1900 Illinois ranked fourth in total value of
limestone and second in value of limestone for building purposes;
total value, $1,881,151; sandstone, 819,141. Petroleum, 250 barrels,
value 81 500; spelter. Indiana and Illinois. 38,750 short tons.
Population.— Kanked twentv-fourth in 1810 and 1820; eleventh in
1850, fourth in 1880; and third in* 1890 and 1900. Total population, 1810,
12.282: 1S50. 851.470; ISSii. 3.077.S71 : 1890.3.s26.351. Population, census 1900,
4.821.550. Male, 2,472,782; female. 2.348.768: native, 3.854.803: foreign,
966,747; white, 4.734.S73; colored, 86,677; Africans, 85,073; Chinese,
1,503; Japanese, 80; Indians, 16.
Cities.— Chicago, situated on Lake Michigan, is the metropolis of
Illinois and second city in size In the United States; has avast lake
commerce and large export trade by rail; extensive manufacturing
industries. Population, 1900, 1,698,575 ; area, 189 square miles. Spring-
field, capital; manufactures include cars, tobacco, and foundry and
lumber products ; center of coal industry. Population, 1900, 34.159.
Peoria, second city in size, has an extensive grain trade ; chief indus-
tries, distilling and manufacture of agricultural implements and
glucose. Population, 1900, 56,100. Quincy, population, 1900, 36,252.
Bockford, population, 31.051.
Railways.— Illinois ranks first in railway mileage. State has 6 per
cent of total mileage of United States. Number of miles of railway in
1850,111; 1860, 2,790; 1870, 4.823; lSSo. 7.S.Y1; 1890. 10,115.90; 1895, 10.620.19,
July, 1900. 11,002.93. Per 100 square miles of territory. 19.65.
Education.— School system founded 1855: township high schoois
first established 1867. Public school enrollment, 1899-1900. 958,911; pri>
vate, 142,496, expenditure, 817.757.145. School age. 6-21: compulsory
school age, 7-14. Text-books furnished to indigent children. Public
high schools, 344. Northwestern University, Evanston; University of
Chicago, 1892: University of Illinois, Urbana; Illinois College, 1829; oth-
ers: LakeForest; Lincoln; Knox; Roekford (women); i normal schools.
Political.— State, congressional, and presidential elections, Tues-
day after first Monday in November: number of Senators, 51: Repre-
sentatives, 153; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Wed-
nesday after first Monday in January; limit of session, none; term of
Senators 4 years; Representatives 2 years. Electoral votes, 27. ""> oters
must be actual citizens; residents of State 1 year, of county 90 days,
town and precinct 30 days; registration required: ballot reform; con-
victs, unless pardoned, excluded. Women vote on school matters.
Legal Holidays.— January 1st, February 12th, February 22d,
May 30th, Julv 4th, first Monday in Sentember, any day appointed by
Governor or President for Fast or Thanksgiving. December 25th. If
Sundav, then Monday is holiday. Notes payable on Saturday.
Legal. —Statutes of limitation: Judgments, actions for recovery of
land,20years; written evidence of indebtedness, 10 years; unwritten
contracts, personal actions, 5 ; redemption of tax sales. 2 years. Legal
Interest, 5 per cent; by contract, 7; usury forfeits entire interest,
MICHIGAN. 99
MTnTTTfl A AT Mish'-e-gan.
±U,Al_y_Ll.HJr^l> • "Wolverine State."
Indian— signifies "Great Sea."
Historical.— Explored by Champlain 1615. Colonized by Jesuit
missionaries under leadership of Marquette, at Sault Ste. Marie, 1668.
French formed treaty of friendship with Indians and took formal pos-
session of country 1671; ceded it to Great Britain 1763; British held ter-
ritory after the Revolution until 1796. Detroit founded 1701. Michigan
formed part of the Northwest Territory, organized 1787; became a part
of Indiana Territory 1802; Michigan Territory formed 1805. Scene of
active warfare during "War of 1812-15; Detroit surrendered to British
1812; abandoned by them 1813. Michigan became a State, January 26,
1837— the twenty-sixth State; thirteenth admitted under the Federal
Constitution. Present constitution adopted 1850.
Area.— Total area, 58,915 square miles; land, 36,755,200 acres, or 57,430
square miles, water, 1,485 square miles. Average width of Lower Pen-
insula, 200 miles; length north to south, 300. Upper Peninsula — area,
22.580 square miles: length east to west, 318 miles; width, 30 to 164 miles.
Total number of counties in State, 83.
Physical Features.— State consists naturally of two peninsulas
separated by Straits of Mackinac— width four miles — and surrounded
in great part by Lakes Superior, Huron, and Michigan. Entire coast
line, 1,600 miles. Surface of Upper Peninsula rugged and mountainous,
especially in the west; eastern portion heavily timbered or covered with
grasses, and interspersed with numerous lakes; the Tahquamenon, the
largest river, enters Lake Superior from the east. Numerous streams
in the west contain many falls and rapids, affording much valuable
water-power. Menominee River largest and most important; Michi-
gamme and Sturgeon next in importance. Highest elevation Porcupine
Mountain, 2,023 feet. Surface of Lower Peninsula generally undulating;
in the south and west are prairie lands; northern portion hilly; highest
elevation 574 feet; lakes and streams abound; principal rivers, Muskegon,
Grand, Kalamazoo, St. Joseph, and Saginaw; all furnish much valuable
wjater-power, largely utilized. State has many natural lake harbors.
Michigan includes a large number of islands, chief of which are Isle
Royal and Grand Island in Lake Superior; Drummond and Sugar,
Lake Huron, and the Manitou group, Lake Michigan. Throughout the
islands, shores, and inland lakes are located many attractive and nota-
ble summer resorts.
Forests and jL umber.— Forests, one of the most important
sources of wealth. Second to Wisconsin in the lumber industry. In-
terests have chiefly centered in Lower Peninsula, which contained
most extensive pine forests in the country, with large tracts of cedar
and hardwoods. Four-fifths of entire area of Upper Peninsula heavily
timbered. Pine and white cedar cut extensively. The large and valu-
able tracts of hardwoods practically untouched; spruce and white
poplar furnish wood pulp for extensive paper manufactures, and some
maple or birch are cut. Among the leading lumber centers of Lower
Peninsula are Bay City, Saginaw, Muskegon, Manistee, and Traverse
City; Upper Peninsula — Menominee, Escanaba, Manistique, St. Ig-
nace, Ford River, and Munising. Estimated amount of standing tim-
ber in pine and hemlock, 1896, 18 billion feet; white pine, 6 billion.
Timber owned, 14.546.KJO.000 feet B. M. Cut, 1900, 3.462,152,000 feet.
Sawed lumber produced. 3,018.338.000 feet; value §35.865,616. Aggre-
gate rough lumber, 3,012.057.000 feet; total value $35,784,606.
Climate of Lower Peninsula greatly influenced by surrounding
lakes; winters milder than in States in same latitude on west side of
Lake Michigan. Climate of Northern Peninsula cold and rigorous, but
more uniform than in Lower Peninsula, where sudden changes are not
rare; atmosphere clear, bracing, and invigorating. Healthfulness of
region attracts many visitors afflicted with bronchial and pulmonary
diseases. Rainfall abundant and very evenly distributed throughout
the year. Mean annual temperature: Detroit, 48.3 deg.; highest, 101 deg.;
lowest, 24 deg. below; annual rainfall, 32. : J . inches. Highest temperature:
Marquette, 100 deg.; lowest, 27 deg. below; precipitation, 32.4 inches.
Agriculture the leading occupation in Lower Peninsula. In
Upper Peninsula industry has received less attention, but number of
farms and cultivated area are steadily increasing. Total number of
100
3
=5
l/>
2
o
2
Ul
a
.X
2:
!u
DC
Ul
fed
I .Hf 1
" 3 <
101
5: z
BL. !_ i* 1
102 U NITED STATES. ■
farras In State, 1900, 203,261 : total area, 17,561,698 acres; average number
of acres In each farm, 86.40. Area of Improved land. 11,799.250 acres;
unimproved, 5,762,448 acres. All cereals yield abundantly In the
Lower Peninsula, and, with the exception of cirri are grown success-
fully in Upper Peninsula. Root crops of superior quality are pro-
duced in large quantities. Michigan is especially famous for potatoes
grown, particularly those from Lake Superior and Grand Trs
Bay regions. Culture of sugar beet has proven highly successful;
second producing State. Area devoted to beet culture, 1900. was 37.034
acres; yield, 205,925 tons; total cost of beets grown. $9u2..7.)2. In 1901,
Michigan ranked eighth in production of oats, third in rye, and fourth
In buckwheat. Other products, flax, hops, sorghum. Farm products,
1900: Wheat, 9,271,764 bushels, value 86,397.517; barlev. 904,806 bushels,
value $425,259; corn, 38,888,460 bushels, value $14.3S8,730 ; oats, 33,689,536
bushels, value $8,759,279, hay, 1,727,617 tons, value $16,325,981; potatoes,
16.6:30,941 bushels, value 84,324,025 ; rye. 1,041.068 bushels, value $499,713;
beans, 1899, 1,806,413 bushels, value $2,361,020.
Horticulture one of the most profitable industries in the State.
Soil and climate of the Lower Peninsula adapted to the cultivation of
all orchard and garden fruits of the temperate zone. "Fruit Belt"
comprises particularly the western counties bordering on Lake Michi-
gan, where peaches are largely grown. Apples the most important
crop; pears, plums, and cherries abundant; grapes flourish throughout
the State. Berries yield large annual crops; constantly increasing areas
devoted to the culture; strawberry ranks first; raspberry, red and
black, and blackberry following. Cranberry acreage large, especially
around St. Joseph. Market gardening, truck farming, commercial
floriculture, and the nursery industry important and growing pursuits.
Value fruit crop, 1899, S5.S59.362; orchard, $3,675,845; small, $1,680,840;
grapes, $503,268. Fruit produced: Apples, 8,931,569 bushels; peaches,
339.i:3;; plums. 213,682; cherries, 194.541 ; pears. 170,702. Strawberry area,
10.837 acres; product, 18,384,340 quarts. Trees, 1900, 22,502,414; apple,
10,927.899; peach, 8,104,415.
Live Stock.— Number and value of farm animals, June, 1900:
Horses, 586,559, 835.903.557; sheep, 2,747.609. $7,162,664: milch cows, 563.905,
817.281,805: other cattle, 812,503, $10,883,451; swine. 1.165,200, $4,588,898;
mules, 2.916, 8158,475. Wool clip, 1901, 10.555,942 pounds.
Fisheries.— Commercial fisheries of Michigan among the most
important in the country. Industry employs 4.500 men ; annual catch
nearly 3,3000,000 pounds. Whitefish and lake trout most valuable of
food-fish taken; other important varieties found in the bordering
lakes and inland waters are pike-perch, herring, suckers, perch, and
sturgeon. Report for 1897 gives total catch for year, 32.602,745 pounds,
value. $709,831; whitefish, 4.639,014 pounds, £136.777; lake trout. 6,580.454
pounds, 8246,121; herring, 12,957,646 pounds, 898,510; sturgeon, 184,881
pounds, $64,030. Fish culture, under management of State Fish Com-
mission, has become an important enterprise. State has stations at
Northville, Detroit, Alpena, Sault Ste. Marie. Eggs collected at North-
ville and sub-stations, 1900-01. 218.546,092: lake trout, 13.779,000; white-
fish, 203,560,000; brook trout, 1,019.442. Eggsand fish shipped. 189.919,627;
whitefish, 177.495,000; lake trout, 11,280.000; brook trout, 1,001,3S0.
Manufactures include lumber, salt, furniture, agricultural imple-
ments, carriages, wagons, sash, doors, fiour, etc.; shipbuilding an im-
portant factor in Industries of State. 1900 reports give total value of
manufactured articles as $.356,944,082. Lumber the most prominent
of the manufacturing interests. Michigan. Wisconsin, and Minne-
sota produce over one-fourth the total output of the United States,
Value of sawmill products, over $42,500,000: planing-mill products,
$18,292,013. Furniture manufactories among the most extensive in the
country. Manufacture of salt an important industry. First salt
made in I860; State ranked first, 1901, with 37.6 per cent of the total
amount; output, 7,729,641 barrels, value $2,437,677. Output of pig iron,
1901, 170.762 tons; production Bessemer pig, 39.941 tons. Brick and
tile manufactured, 1900, $1,147,378; common brick. $863,250; pressed,
848,411; vitrified paving brick, 860.000; drain tile, 8114.747: pottery,
$34,317; Portland cement, 775 .(XX) barrels. Amount of malt liquors,
produced, 1900,911,268 barrels; total value exceeds $5,290,000. Xumberof
silk factories, 1900, 2. In 1900 there were 9 beet-sugar establishments,
capitalized at over $4,000,000. Production, 33,708,283 lbs; value $1,600,284.
MICHIGAN. 103
Minerals.— Michigan has an inexhaustible store of mineral
wealth. Iron ore? the most valuable, ranked, 1901, next to Minnesota
in production. Iron country consists of three well-defined districts—
Marquette. Menominee, and Gogebic ranges, deposits lie in western
half of Northern Peninsula, ranges treacling nearly east and west.
First shipments of iron ore made in 1856. Total output of iron ore,
1895. 5312,444 tons- 1901, 9,654,067 tons, or 33.42 per cent of total
product of United States. Of this amount about 97.23 per cent was
red hematite ore. 2.42 per cent was magnetite, and .34 per cent was
brown hematite. Copper mines in State next in importance to
the iron. Mineral or Copper range extends from Keweenaw Point,
Northern Peninsula, southwesterly parallel with Lake Superior Dis-
trict contains some of the richest copper mines in the world ; Lake
Superior ores, unexcelled in quality, command the highest prices in
home and foreign markets. First mention of Lake Superior copper
mines made bv Legarde 1636. Attention first directed to Isle Royal
1640. First attempts at copper mining 1770-2. Lake Superior region
first visited by Dr. Houghton 1830. Organization of companies and
location of permits began in 1842. Lake Portage region, explored 1846-7,
became prominent 1860. Mining on Ontonagon range began in 1S43 ;
output unimportant until 1847. In I s ") district yielded largest mass of
native copper ever discovered : weight of nugget over 563 tons ; value
over 1500,000. Calumet and Hecla. the largest and richest copper mines
in the world, discovered 1866. From lSs} inclusive to 1901 inclusive,
Lake Superior mines produced 2,124.323,652 pounds of copper, 1883,
59,702,404 pounds : 1893, 112,605,078 pounds ; 1901. 156.289.481 pounds. Coal
area comprised 6,700 square miles: total product. 1901, 1.241.241 tons,
11,753,064. Salt wells opened in Saginaw Vallev. 1859, State greatest
producer in 1901 ; output. 7,729,641 barrels, value 82,437.677. Gold dis-
covered 1881. near Ishpeming: regular mining begun 1882; 1900, 1,403
fine oz. $29,000. Vein discovered at Michipicoten. r 97. Silver occurs
with copper mined. Gypsum, 1900, 129.654 short tons. $285,119.
Building Stones.— Large quantities of sandstone, unsurpassed
for building purposes, are found along Lake Superior coast; in 1900
the value of sandstone quarried was 81:52.650. Beautiful serpentines
are quarried near Marquette. Limestone, granite, mica, marble, glass
sand, and asbestos deposits are found Brick and tile clays exist
throughout the State, and are largely utilized. Total value of lime-
stone, $425,636; used for road-making. §62.815.
Population.— Total population, 1810, 4.762; 1840.212.267; 1860,749.113;
1890. 2.003.889. 1900, 2,420.982. Male. 1.248.905; female, 1.172.077; native,
1.879.329; foreign. 541.653; white. 2.398.563; colored, 22,419; Africans,
15316: Chinese, 240; Japanese. 9; Indians. ^354.
Cities.— Detroit, port of entry on Detroit River, largest city in the
State, and an important railway center; has an extensive American
and Canadian trade in grain, wool, copper, pork, etc. State capital
1837 to 1847 ; population. 1900, 285.704. Grand Rapids, at head of navi-
gation on Grand River, second city in size ; fine water-power, utilized
largely in t'.e manufacture of lumber, furniture, wagons, woodenware,
etc.; population, 87 ,565. Saginaw, prominent railway center.with flour-
ishing industries, lumber and foundry products lead ; population, 42,345.
Bay Citif, an important lake port on Saginaw River near its mouth;
most important industrial enterprises, lumber and salt; one of the six
principal lumber centers of the Xorthwest; population, 27.628. Jack-
son. a nourishing city on Grand River; population, 25.180. Muskegon,
on Muskegon River, near Lake Michigan, has large trade by water and
rail; chief export lumber; population, 20,818. Lansing, capital, on
Grand River; center of a fine agricultural region and has important
manufacturing industries: population, 16.485. Menominee has large
lumber and planing mills; population. 12,818. Ishpeming, in vicinity of
extensive iron mines, one of chief centers of iron industry, has smelting
works, foundries, etc.; population. 13.255. Sault 8te. Marie, at rapids
Of St. Mary River, near outlet of Lake Superior. Here is the famous
Soo Canal and a great international bridge; Falls furnish magnificent
water-power; principal manufactures, lumber and its products; popu-
lation. li>..~>.;>. Marquette, on Lake Superior, has a good harbor and Is
the principal port for the great iron district: population, 10,058. Esca-
naba, on Green Bay, one of the largest ore shipping ports in the world;
Important trade in'lumber and fish; population, 9,549.
104
Lougitnde West fro
106 UNITED STATES.
Railways, Etc.— First railroad chartered 1832. Michigan Central
completed, Detroit to Ypsllanti, 1838 Miles in operation. 1840. 59; i860,
779; 1870, 1,638; 1880, 8,988; 1890. 7,108; July, 1900, 8,195.18. Sault Kte.
Marie Canal, over 1 mile long, 100 feet wide, 21 feet deep, begun 1853;
first used 1855; extensions were opened in l sk ^i and In 18 o.
Education, Etc.— Public school enrollment, 1899, 198,665; private,
15,568; expenditure, s6 .539,1 46; school age. 5-30; compulsory, 7 -15; text-
books furnished. Educational Institutions include University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor; Detroit College, at Detroit; Normal schools
at Ypsllanti. Marquette, and Mt. Pleasant; Agricultural College near
Lansing; Michigan Mining School, Houghton.
Political.— State elections, biennial. State, congressional, and
presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November. Num-
ber of Senators, 32; Representatives, 100: term, 2 years; sessions biennial,
first Wednesday in January; limit of session, none Number of elect-
oral votes, 14. Voters must be citizens or declared intention, residents
of the State and county 6 months, district 20 days; registration required;
ballot reform. Aliens who have not declared intention 6 months pre-
vious to election, Indians, and duelists excluded. Women vote on
school matters.
Legal Holidays.- January 1, February 22, May 30, July 4, first
Monday in September, Thanksgiving, December 25. When holiday
falls on Sunday the following Mondav is observed.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 10 years; open accounts,
6; notes, 6, redemption of tax sales, 1 year. Legal interest rate, 5 per
cent, by contract, 7.
Production of Iron Ores in United States in 1900.
TON'S. TOSS.
Michigan 9,926,727 Montana, Nevada, Utah,
Minnesota 9,834.399 N.Mexico, andWyoming 132.277
Alabama .2,759.247 Ohio... 61,016
Virginia and West Vir- Kentucky 52,920
ginia 921,821 Missouri 41,366
Pennsylvania 877,684 Connecticut and Massa-
Wisconsin 746,105 chusetts 31,185
Tennessee 594.171 Maryland 26,223
New York 441.485 Texas 16,881
Colorado. 407,084 Iowa •_ 2,137
New Jersey 344.247
Georgia and N.Carolina 336,186 Total 27,553,161
World's Production of Iron Ore, 1895.
TONS. TONS.
United States ...15,957,614 Sweden 1,904,662
Great Britain.... 12,615,414 Belgium. 312,637
Germany and Luxem- Italy 183,371
burg 12,349,600 Canada 91,783
Spain 5,514,339 Cubaand other countries 1,386,044
France 3,679,767
Faissia 2,700,000 Total 59,035,404
Austria-Hungary 2,340,173
Copper Production of Michigan for Ten Years.
Tons. TONS.
1891 ...: '- 50,992 1896 64,073
1892 54,999 1897 64,858
.1893 ".... 50,270 1898 66.291
1894" 51.031 1899 65,803
1895 " 57,137 1900 64,938
The World's Copper Production, 1900.
TONS. TONS.
UnitedStates 270.588 British America 10.346
Spain and Portugal 53.522 Peru
Japan 27,840 Russia 8.000
Chile 25.7(H) South Africa 6,720
.Australia 22.500 All other countries 11,435
Mexico 22,050 — -— -
Germany 2o,410 Total... 487,331
WISCONSIN. 107
WISCONSIN. 5S8ESW"
Indian— "Wild Rushing Channel."
Historical.— Earliest explorations made by French, 1634; Jesuit
missions founded at La Pointe, 1665; Green Bay, 1669. First settlers
located on present site of Prairie du Chien, 1726; trading post estab-
lished at Milwaukee, 1785; citv founded, 1835. Portage City founded, 1793.
Lead regions discovered by Le Sueur, 1700; developed, 1822-32. Region
included in Northwest Territory, 1787, and afterward in Indian Terri-
tory; became part of Illinois Territory, 1809; Michigan Territory, 1818.
Wisconsin Territory organized April 20, 1836. Admitted into the Union,
May 29, 18J8. Seventeenth State admitted and the last formed out
of the old Northwest Territory.
Area.— Total area, 56,040 square miles; land, 54,450; water, 1,590; ex-
treme length, north to south, 300 miles; east to west, 250. Counties, 71,
Reserved land, 365,353 acres.
Physical Features.— Surface an elevated rolling plain of wood-
laud and prairie, sloping generally to the south and east. Elevation of
State ranges from 610 feet to about 1,800. Shore line on Lakes Superior
and Michigan over 500 miles. Wisconsin remarkable for number of
interior lakes; eastern and western portions of State contain 2,000.
Many of them are noted summer resorts. Mississippi River forms the
southwestern boundary for 250 miles; Fox, Wisconsin, and Chippewa
rivers furnish extensive and valuable water power.
Climate.— Winters long and somewhat severe; severity tempered,
however, by the healthful character of the dry, stimulating atmos-
phere. Summers warm. Mean summer temperature varies from 70
deg. In south to about 60 deg. in north; winter, 25 deg. in south to 15
deg. in north. Average annual rainfall about 30 inches. At Milwaukee,
32.1 inches; mean annual temperature, 45.2 deg.; highest, 100 deg.;
lowest, 25 deg. below.
Agriculture.— State well adapted to the growing of cereals; third,
1900, in oats, rye, and potatoes, fourth in barley. Cereals: Corn,
49.547.240 bushels; wheat crop. 13.166,599 bushels; barley crop. 6,259.179
bushels; oats, 61.971.552 bushels. Excellent tobacco, hops, and tlax,
and large crops of hav and potatoes are grown. Area under grass,
1900, 1,059,438 acres; hay produced, 1,218,354 tons; potatoes, 151,647
acres, 15,619,641 bushels; rve, 3.010,437 bushels: flaxseed, 1899, 140,765
bushels, 8143,239; tobacco, 45,500.480 pounds. $2,898,091.
Horticulture.— Total value of fruit crop, 1899, 81,117,683; small
fruit, 88:35,119; orchard fruit, S267,391 Apple trees, 1900. 2.557,265;
cherry, 273.740; plums and prunes, 94.338; pear, 26,766. Fruit produced,
1899: Apples, 303,373 bushels; cherries, 31,067 bushels; plums, 12,166
bushels; cranberries, 111,098 bushels; strawberries, 7.343,740 quarts.
Live Stock and Dairy.— stock-farming is a leading and profit-
able pursuit. Number and value of farm animals, 1900: Horses, 555.756,
value $34,316,475; mules, 4.490. 8243,495; sheep, 1,675.453, 84,510,350: milch
cows, 998.397, 829.642,522; other cattle. 1.315.7ns, 8 17. 206 .893; swine, 2.014,-
631, 87.580,423. Wool clip, 1901, 4,712.500 pounds. Dairying an important
industry; second in list of cheese-producing States and second in
number of creameries. Value of dairy products on farms, 1899,
826,779,721; value of factory products, $20,120,147.
Fisheries.— Inland lakes and streams contain numerous varieties
of excellent fish. Wisconsin Fish Commission, established 1874, an-
nually stocks the waters with trout, whitefish, pike, and carp. Hatch-
eries located at Madison, Milwaukee and Bayfield. Wall-eyed pike the
most valuable. Number pounds whitefish, lake trout, herring, blue
fins, etc., taken in Lake Michigan, 1896, 9,953,000; in Lake Superior,
7,8SO,200; Green Bav, 26.32s.ooo. Total pounds taken in Wisconsin
waters, 46,361. -jo 1 ), value 81.015,595.
Manufactures.— Chief manufacturing cities are Milwaukee, Su
perior, La Cross-, Oshkosh, and Racine Principal products lumber,
flour and feed, machine Bhop and foundry products, beer and malt
liquors, wagons and carriages, packed meats, and leather. Number of
manufacturing establishments in 1900 was 16,187; capital. 8X30,588,779;
value of products, $360,818,942; employes, 152,836; wages paid, 870,000.-
000. State ranked eighth. 1900, in manufacture of flour; fourth In
fermented liquor. Pig iron manufactured, about 217,451 tons. Coke,
108
109
* 9
, 9 J*h the I , i % t
{till §1 51 if I I < 1 gg-S 5 &
I
110 UNITED STATES.
48,000 short tone, value $240,000. Value of brick and tile, $1,072,179; pot-
tery, $293,395; lime. $442,5%. Fermented liquor, L900-0! . 3,240,71 1 barrels;
distilled spirits, 2,426 ,613 gallons. In 1900, flouring mills yielded an out-
put valued at 82(5.327,942; value lumber and timber products. 157,684,816;
tanneries, value $20,074,373; malt liquors, value 119394,709; textiles,
$4,238,242; boots, etc., $4,791,684; foundry and machine shop products,
value $22,252,730; meat packing, $13.601 425; paper and wood pulp i ranks
fifth), 110,895.576; planimr mills, value $s. 400.695; iron and steel, value
$8,905,226; furniture, value $8,721,823; agricultural implements, value
$7,886,363 ; railway shop construction, value $6,956,341 ; carriages,
wagons, etc., value $6,306,823.
Lumber.— Lumbering next to agriculture the leading Industry;
became prominent about 1870. In 1880 Wisconsin ranked next to Penn-
sylvania and Michigan; 1890 occupied second place; 1900 first. White
pine forms two-thirds of total cut; estimated stand white pine, 1S97,
17,000.01)0,1)00 feet; cut since 1897, 7,500,000,000 feet. Timber owned,
10,387,800,000 feet; white pine, 4,747,600,000 feet; Norway pine, 2,518,700,-
000 feet; hemlock, 1,718,200,000 feet; white oak, 813,600,000 feet. Cut,
1900, $3,560,828,000 feet. Output of hardwood rough lumber was 570,00 '.-
000 feet valued at 87.207.623.
Minerals. — Wisconsin ranks high among iron-producing States.
Magnetic ores are found in the Menominee Region, while ores mined
in the north are peculiarly well adapted for making Bessemer steel.
In 1900 State ranked fourth in production of red hematite; all iron
ores, 746,105 tons, $2,081,2?2. Lead, zinc, and copper are found; good
building stone and excellent clay are abundant. Xearly one-half the
counties produce limestone. Value of output, $989,685. Value of
granite, $407,711; sandstone, $81,571; raw clay, $40/723; mineral waters,
$1,261,312.
Population, 1840, 30,945; 1870, 1,054,670; 1890, 1,686,880. Population,
census of 1900,2,069.042; the classification was: Male, 1,067,562; female,
1,001,480; native, 1,553,071; foreign, 515.971; white, 2.057,911; colored,
11,131 ; Africans, 2,542. Chinese, 212 ; Japanese, 5 ; Indians, 8,372.
Cities.— Milwaukee, largest city, prominent railway, manufactur-
ing, and commercial center; has immense flour mills, numerous brew-
eries, and pork-packing establishments; population, 1900, 285,315.
Superior, second city, prominent industrial and commercial center;
chief manufactures, iron and steel; shipbuilding important industry;
a leading port for shipments of iron ore, lumber. and grain: population,
31,091. Racine, on Lake Michigan, has a flourishing trade in grain;
manufactures farm implements, etc.; population, 29,102. La Crosse
has numerous manufactories and an important trade in lumber, pop-
ulation, 28,895. Madison, capital; well-known summer and health re-
sort, seat of State University; population, 19,164. Oshkoxh, on Lake
Winnebago, at mouth of Fox River; prominent lumber center: popula-
tion, 28,284. Sheboygan, on Lake Michigan, has extensive manufac-
tures, large export trade in grain, and dairy interests; population. 22 ,962.
Railways.— First railway in State, 20 miles in length, constructed
1850; number of miles in operation, 1855, 187; 1860, 905; 1870, 1,525;
1880, 3,155; 1890, 5,615. July, 1900, 6,530.52 miles.
Education.— In southern and central parts of the State, outside
of cities, the district system is universal; in newer counties, town-
ship system common. Public school enrollment, 1899-1900. 445,142, pri-
vate, 52,658; expenditure, $5,493,370; school age, 4-20; compulsory school
age 7-14; text-books may be furnished. Public high schools, 231; pri-
vate secondary schools, 23. University of Wisconsin, Madison, opened,
1849; State Public School, Sparta.
Political.— Number of senators, 33; Representatives, 100; term of
Senators, 4years; Representatives. 2 years. Number of electoral votes,
13. Voters must be actual citizens or declared intention, residents of
State 1 year, county, town or precinct 10 days; registration required in
larger cities; ballot reform.
Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22. May 30, July 4. first
Monday in September. Thanksgiving, December 25, and general elec-
tion. Arbor Day and Bird Day by proclamation.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, sealed instruments. 20
years; recovery real property, 10; unsealed contracts. 6; personal
action, 2. Redemption of tax sale, 3 years. Legal interest, 6 per cent;
by contract, 10.
MINNESOTA. Ill
MINNESOTA. g^ggS. £2Z2S5Si
Indian— " Minne Sotah," signifies "Cloudy "Water."
Historical.— Section east of Mississippi River formed part of North-
west Territory, acquired 1783; .section west part of Louisiana Purchase.
Visited by French fur traders 1659; explored by Hennepin 1680; forts
established on Lake Pepin 1688 and 1727. Explorations by Major Long
1817-1823; Fort Suelliug established 1819. Minnesota Territory organized
with nearly twice its present area 1849. Entered Union under present
limits l-.5<.'thirty-secoud State. Scene of Indian massacres 1861-5.
Area, S3.365 square miles; land, 79,205; water, 4,160; extreme length,
north and south, 380 miles; breadth varies from 337 in north to 183 in
center and 282 in south. Counties, 83. Unappropriated land, 3,553,143
acres, unsurveyed 2,019,508 acres.
Physical Features.— Surface in general an undulating plain;
elevation varies from about 2,400 feet in Mesabi Range in the north
to 602 feet, base level of Duluth ; average elevation of State, 1,000 feet.
Mississippi River rises in State, flows through or alone border 797 miles;
forms 134 miles of eastern boundary; navigable within the State, 540
miles. Red River < of north) constitutes C79 miles of western boundary;
navigable 250 miles. Minnesota River most important tributary of
Mississippi in State; length about 450 miles. Estimated lakes, 7,000.
Climate extremely healthful; winters usually long and cold;
severity markedly tempered by extreme dryness of the atmosphere;
summers warm and comparatively moist. Mean annual rainfall at
St. Paul, 27.5 inches; mean annual temperature, 43.6 deg. ; highest, 104
deg. ; lowest, 41 deg. below.
Agriculture the leading industry, two-thirds of State adapted
to pursuit. Wheat occupies largest acreage; other cereals and root
crops largely grown. Over one-third of flaxseed produced in United
States grown in vicinity of St. Paul, Duluth, and Minneapolis. Culture
of sugar beet advancing; area devoted to industry 1899,2,114 acres;
quantity produced, 15,959 tons, valued at $59,826. In 1900 State ranked
second in wheat, third in barley, sixth in rve, seventh in oats. Area
and vield of products 19oo: Wheat crop. 51. 50j ,251 bushels, value $32,450,-
829; buckwheat. 143.460 bushels, value . 3-81, 772; corn, 31.794,703 bu., value
$9,220,465; oats, 41,907,046 bushels, value SIO.u57.691; potatoes. 8.636.053
bushels, value $2,590,817; barley crop, 7,275.251 bushels, value $2,764,595:
hay, 1,423,344 tons, value S9.892.241; rye, 1.036,444 bushels, value *435,306.
Horticulture, Etc —Fruit culture receiving increased attention;
apples, plums, grapes, and small fruits do well. Chief grape-producing
counties, Cottonwood, Hennepin, Houston, and Nicollet; apple coun-
ties, Freeborn, Goodhue, Houston, Olmsted, and Winona. Area under
grapes, 1899, 230 acres; product, 573.300 pounds. Apple trees, 1900,
875,905; plums, etc., 191,313. Fruit produced, 1899:' Apples, 120.143
bushels; plums, 21,820; strawberries, 2,506,(20 quarts. Total value of
fruit crop, 8464,212.
Live Stock and Dairy interests Important. Value of animal
products, 1899, $45,522,367; eggs. $4,437,148. Cattle, horses, sheep, and
swine largely raised; southwestern sections particularly adapted to
wool growing. Slaughtering and pork packing important industries.
Farm animals June, 1900: Horses, 696,409. value $42,255,044: sheep, 589.878,
$1,740,088; milch cows. 753.632, $21,513,337: other cattle, 1,118.693, $14,735,-
621; swine, 1,440,806, $5,865,590; mules, 8.339, $436,580. Wool clip, 1901,
2,679.978 pounds. Great progress in dairying. In 1893, 201 creameries
and 93 cheese factories produced 35 .864 .832 pounds of butter and 1,675,-
525 pounds of cheese. Butter factories, 1900, 538; cheese, 47; factory
butter, 41,174,469 pounds; value $7,735,345; cheese, 3,285,019 pounds,
value, $245,954. Butter, cheese, and milk on farms valued at $16,623,460.
Fisheries*— Among the interior states commercial fisheries of
Minnesota next in importance to those of Illinois and Louisiana. Most
extensive fisheries m Mississippi River and Lake of Woods, fisheries of
St. Croix River, Big Stone, and many other lakes also important.
Catch chiefly sturgeon, buffalo-fish, catfish, and pike. No reliable
statistics to date. Men, 1894. 936; catch, 6,401,280 pounds, value $162,782.
Lake sturgeon. 1,137,053 pounds. $34322; buffalo-fish, 1,587,802 pounds,
$31,228; wall-eyed pike, 651,850 pounds, $20,128; catfish, 747,274 pounds,
V
113
/
114 UNITED STATES.
$18,200; common whitefish. 413,119 pounds, $10,359; pike, 896,165 pounds,
«io,o42; shovel-nose sturgeon, 443,893 pounds. $8,868; sauger, 150595
pounds, $<i,250; suckers, 324.999 pounds. $6,081 ; black bass, 102,500 pounds;
$4,061. Trout, whitefish. and berring taken In Lake Superior
Manufactures.— Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Duiuth principal
manufacturing centers; Hour and lumber load in Importance; brewing
and manufacture of agricultural machinery, furniture, wagons, etc,
prominent Industries. Utilization of flax fiber for manufacture Of
tow, twine, cordage, bagging, paper, etc., receiving attention. Beet
sugar factory at St. Louis Park; daily capacity, 350 tons of beets ;
amount of refined sugar produced. 1900, 1,947,200 pounds. Sorghum
syrup made, 1899, 157.6 5 gallons; maple svrup. 1.079 gallons; maple
sugar, 29,581) pounds. Output of pig iron in 19(>0, 29.269 tons; brick and
tile manufactured was si, 103 .302 ; potterv, $293,395. Manufacturing
establishments, 1900,11.114; employes; 84.553. Fermented liquor, 1900-01,
738,325 bbls. Gross value of products, $262,655,881.
Lumber.- -Industry started. 1821; became important, 1880-1890.
Estimated stand of white pine. 1899, 11 or 12 billion feet. Timber owned,
7,991,100,000 feet; white pine, 4,29o,ooo.oo ' feet; Norway pine, 2,623,300,-
000 feet; spruce, 894.000,000 feet: hardwoods, 1S3.ooo.ikk) feet. Cut, 1900,
2.441,198.000 feet; white pine, 2.250.841,000 feet. Sawed lumber pro-
duced, 2,312.: .38.000 feet, value $28,637,800; conifer— rough. 2,279,663,000
feet, value. $27,863,684; shii.gles, 49S.Suo.oiki, value s6S3,2o7. Production
of lumber at Minneapolis, 1870 to 1900. 8.77o,590.4(K)feet : shipments, 1899,
492,975.000 feet. Total lumber cut, Duiuth District, 1881 to 1900,5,634,-
364,800 feet: 1899, 731,600,000 feet.
minerals.— In 1900 second in production of iron ore; output 9,834,-
399 long tons, or35.70 per cent of entire product of United States, valu-
ation $24,384,393, all red hematite, in which State ranks first with 43 per
cent total. Copper along Lake Superior; salt springs in Red River Val-
ley; peat deposits throughout State. Quarrying important industry.
In 1900 fourth in output of sandstone. $267,000: limestone. 8441.554;
granite, $221,684; rock cement manufactured, 1^99,113.98'i bb Is., $56,793.
Population.— Total, 1850. 6.077: 1S90, 1.301,826; 1900, 1.751.394: Male,
932,490: female, 818,904; native, 1.246.076; foreign. 505.318: white. 1.737,-
636; colored, 14,358; Africans, 4,959; Chinese, 166; Japanese, 51; Indians,
9 182
Cities.— Minneapolis, on Mississippi River at Falls of St. Anthony,
largest city; has large lumber and flour mills, latter most extensive in
the world; population, 202,718. St. Paul, capital, second city in size;
head of uninterrupted steam navigation on Mississippi River , extensive
commercial and manufacturing interests; population, 163,065. Dnhith,
on Lake Superior, head of navigation on Great Lakes and prominent
railway terminus; large grain trade and important shipbuilding inter-
ests; valuable deposits of iron, granite, and freestone near by; popu-
lation, 52,969. Winona, on Mississippi River, has large trade in wheat;
has flour and sawmills, foundries, etc.; population. 19,714. Stillwater,
on St. Croix River, seat of State Penitentiary; population, 12,318.
Railways. -First railroad, St. Paul to St. Anthony-10 miles-
completed July. 1862. Mileage, 1870, 1,092; 1SS0, 3,151; 1390, 5,545 ; June,
1896, 6,155.85; July, 1900, 6,942.57. Mt
Education.— Public school enrollment, 1899-1900, 399.20 1 ; expendi-
ture, $5 .630,013: pupils in private schools. 20.073. School age. 5-21. compul-
sory, 8-16. Public high schools, 115. University of Minnesota. Minne-
apolis, opened in 1S6S; State public school, Owatonna. established 1885.
Normal Schools at Winona. Mankato, St. Cloud, Moorhead. and Duiuth.
Political.— State elections biennial. State, congressional, and presi-
dential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November: Senators. 64;
Representatives, 114; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years: meet
first Wednesday in January; limit of session. 90 days; term of Senators,
4 years; Representatives. 2 years. Number of electoral votes, 9. A oters
must be citizens or declared intention, residents of State 6 months,
precinct 30 davs: registration required; ballot reform. Idiots, insane,
and convicts excluded. Women vote on school matters.
Legal Holidays. -January 1, February 12 and 22, Good Friday,
May 30, Arbor Day, July 4. first Monday in September, general election
day, Thanksgiving. December 25.
Legal.- Statutes of limitation: Judgments. 10 years; foreclosure of
mortgage, real actions, 15; contracts, 6; redemption of tax sales, 3 years;
legal interest rate, 7; by contract, 10,
IOWA. 115
lO W A • « Hawkeye State. »
Indian— From Algonquin ajawa, "Across " or " Beyond."
Historical. —Visited by Marquette and Joliet in 1673. First at-
tempted settlement made near present site of Dubuque by French,
1783. Formed part of Louisiana purchase of 1803 and of Missouri Ter-
ritory. First permanent settlements made at Dubuque, Fort Madison,
and Burlington, 1833. Des Moines established 1843. Iowa Territory
organized June, 1S38. State admitted to the Union, December 28, 1846.
Twenty-ninth State; sixteenth admitted after adoption of the Constitu-
tion. State Constitution adopted 1S46; present Constitution, 1857.
Area.— Total area, 56.025 square miles; land, 55,475 square miles, or
85,856,000 acres; water, 550; length, east and west, 300 miles; breadth,
2u3; 99 counties.
Physical Features.— Iowa lies entirely within the Frairie Region
of the Mississippi Valley; surface generally undulating; mean eleva-
tion, 9-25 feet; highest, near Spirit Lake, 1,694 feet; lowest, 444 feet.
Mississippi and Missouri rivers form the eastern and western bounda-
ries, Doth navigable. Principal interior rivers: Des Moines, draining
10,000 square miles, Iowa, and Little Sioux. Many of the streams pro-
vide good water power.
Climate.— Winters severe, with heavy snowfalls; summers short
and not. Dry, clear atmosphere modifies severity of seasons and
renders climate unusuallv healthful. Rainfall abundant but not always
evenly distributed. Mean annual rainfall at Des Moines, 33.1 inches;
mean annual temperature, 49 deg. ; highest, 104 deg.; lowest, 30 deg.
below; average summer temperature, 70.5 deg.
Agriculture the main occupation of the people. Iowa one of the
leading agricultural States. Soil and climate particularly adapted to
the industry. Ranked first in 1900 in corn and hay. second in oats
and barley, fifth in potatoes and rye, seventh in wheat. Number of
acres under crop, 17.504.840; meadows, 1901, 2,691,550; pasture, 8,107.440
Crops, 1900: Corn, 305,859,948 bushels, value 882,582.186; wheat, 21,798,
223 bushels, value $12,860,952; oats. 130,572,138 bushels, value $26,114,428;
barley. 11.7U8.S22 bushels, value $4,332,264; rye, 1.806,570 bushels, value
$74u.094; buckwheat. 148.800 bushels, value 195,232: potatoes, 14.004.576
bushels, value 85.181.693; hay. 5.006,470 tons.value $34.043.996— U. S. agri-
cultural returns. State reports for 1900 give the production of flax
as 1.222.980 bushels, value $1,834,470; sweet potatoes, value $275,000; tim-
othy and clover seed, value $1,175,000; sorghum, value S275.OO0: corn
fodder, value $9,500,000; pasturage, $30,000,000; straw and other forage,
$4,000,000. Less than 1 per cent of soil unfit for cultivation.
Horticulture.— Apples grown in abundance; pears, grapes, and
small fruits cultivated successfully Value of orchard and vine-
yard products. 1899. $2,016,127; small fruits, $878,447. Area devoted to
nurseries, 1899, 6.285 acres; value of trees and plants sold, $619,092.
Number of orchard trees in the State in 19o0, with yield in 1899: Apple
trees, 6,869.588, 3.129.862 bu.;pear trees, 104.046. 5,014 bu.; peach trees,
516.145, 6.481 bu.; plum trees. 1.302.217,186,312 bu.; cherry trees. 791.327,
118.743 bu.; apricot trees, 6.809.378 bu. Grapes. 740.390.fKK) lbs.; raspber-
ries and Logan berries, 3,604,210 qts. Fruit culture is growing rapidly.
Live £lock interests of great importance and increasing annu-
ally in value. State leads in number of swine. Number and value of
farm animals, June, 1900: Horses, 1.392.573. value 877.72o.577; mules,
55.747, 13,586,761; sheep, 1,056,718. 83,956.142; milch cows. 1,423.648, $46,-
349.012; other cattle, 3,943,982, $96,116,890; swine, 9,723,791, $43,764,176:
wool clip, 1901, 4,726.599 pounds.
Dairy and Poultry.— These pursuits rank among the most Im-
portant in the State. The number of creameries in 1900 was 816; the
amount of butter shipped, 85,380,154 pounds. Value of dairy product,
factory . output, was $15346.077: capital employed was $3,459,017. Out-
put from farms. 1899, 61 .789 .288 pounds; cheese. 306,429 pounds: value
of poultry. $9,491,819; eggs, 99,621,928 dozen, value •10,016,707; honey,
2^39,784 pounds, $305,183; all milk produced, 535,872,240 gallons.
I'i-lieries.— Among interior States Iowa commercial fisheries
occupy a prominent place. Industry especially important on the
Mississippi River: catfish most valuable. Capital invested 1894, $46,710;
total catch. 4.079,704 lbs., value .$124,851; catfish, 985,983 lbs., $43,931/
116
XongHuae"West from C
117
\
?\\\ Copyright, 1904, hy Hand, McNally 4 Co
fa
118 UNITED STATES.
buffalo fish, 1,350,144 pounds, $33,209; drum, 704,744 pounds, 815,917; wall-
eyed pike, 98,823 pounds, 86,117; carp, 203,377 pounds, 15,218; blacS
37,635 pounds, 12,445; pearl shells, 148,000 pounds, 82,072, eels
pounds, 41,612.
Man u Iju-i u r«*s.— Manufacturing industries important. Principal
articles manufactured: Flour, packed meats, dairy products, lumber,
etc., cars, etc., printing. foundry products, carriages, food preparations,
etc. Number of establishments, 1900, 14,819- total value products manu-
factured, $164,617,877. Slaughtering most important; value of product,
$25.<;95.o44; product of dairy factories, $15,846,077. Value of brick and
tile manufactured, §2,254,662; pottery, 836,589; stoneware. 125,739. Fer-
mented liquor, 1900-01, 259,336 barrels; distilled spirits, 321 gallons.
Number of cigar factories having one account, 661; pounds of tobacco
used for cigars, 1,001,363, number of cigars made, 90.976,313.
Minerals.— Coal and lead are the chief minerals, coal leading
in importance. Fields underlie one-third of total area; chief mining
regions extend across southern section of State. Twenty-four coun-
ties produce commercial quantities; output, 19ol, 5.617.499 tons, value,
87.822,605; employes, 12.653; average number days mines were active,
218. Lead district in northeastern part of State covers 700 square
miles. Mines near Dubuque have been most productive, ores yield-
ing 70 per cent of lead. Limestone quarried chiefly in eastern
and southeastern parts of State ; value of output, 1900, 8586.410.
Gypsum worked near Ft. Dodge. Iowa and Kansas. 160.620 tons, value
8543,910. Total value of sandstone quarries, over 819,000. Total value
of all stone produced, 1901, 8791.825.
Population. — Kanked twenty-ninth in 1840; twentieth, 1860;
tenth, 1880 to 19(.)0. Total population, 1900, 2,231,853: Male, l,156.vl'.»;
female, 1.075.004; native. 1.925,933; foreign, 305,920; white, 2,218,667; col-
ored, 13,186; Africans, 12,693.
Cities.— Des Moines, capital and largest city; prominent railway
and manufacturing center with an important trade; population, 1900,
62,139. Dubuque, second city in size and oldest place in State: exten-
sive commercial and manufacturing center in a lead mining district;
population, 1900, 36.297. Davenport, on Mississippi River, is a large
distributing center with flourishing manufacturing industries; popula-
tion, 35,254. Sioux City, on Missouri River, 88 miles northwest of
Omaha, important railway, trading, and manufacturing center; popula-
tion, 33,111. Council Bluffs, a flourishing city on Missouri River, is
center of several trunk line railways; population. 25,802. Cedar
Rapids, & city of rapid growth and with an extensive trade; population,
25,656. Burlington, on Mississippi River, an important manufacturing
and railway center in vicinity of coal fields; population, 23,201.
Railways.— In 1855 there were 68 miles of railroad; 1860, 655; 1865,
891; 1870,2,683; 1875,3,850; 1880,5,400; 1885, 7,525; 1892, 8,506; July, 1900,
'Education.— Public school enrollment, 1898-99, 554.992: average
attendance. 364,409; expenditure, $7,9 "8.060; school age 5-21. Public
high schools, 344; private secondary schools, 35. Among educational
institutions are: State University, Iowa City; Agricultural College
at Ames; Iowa College, Grinnell; Cornell College, Mount 'S ernon;
Drake University, Des Moines. Public Normal Schools at Boones-
boro, Cedar Falls. Dexter. Hawarden, and Rockwell City.
Political.— State elections annual: State, congressional and presi-
dential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November. Number
of Senators. 50; Representatives. KX); term of Senators. 4 years; Rep-
resentatives. 2 years. Number of electoral votes. 13. Voters must be
actual citizens;' residents of State 6 months, of cunty 60 days; Legis-
lature meets biennially in even years: registration required; ballot
reform. Idiots, insane, and criminals excluded. Women vote on
school matters.
Legal Holidays.— January 1. February 22. May 30. July 4, first
Monday in September, general election days. Thanksgiving, Decem-
ber 25.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Unwritten contracts, open ac-
counts, 5 years; written contracts, action to recover real estate. 10;
judgments, 20; redemption from tax sale, 3 years. Legal interest, 7
per cent ; by contract, 8.
MISSOURI. 119
MISSOURI. Mi 9 . 8 oo'.ree.
Indian— signifies " Muddy."
Historical.— French settled at Fort Orleans (near Jefferson City),
1719; St. Genevieve founded by French 1755; St. Louis founded 1764.
Ceded to Spain in 1763; retroceded to France 1800; formed part of
Louisiana Purchase of 1803; included in Louisiana Territory 1805; Ter-
ritory of Missouri organized 1812. Act enabling Missouri to enter the
Union as a slave State— known as Missouri Compromise — approved
June, 1821. Eleventh State in order of admission. Received present
limits 1835. Constitutions adopted 1820, 1865; amended 18>i9 and 1875.
Area.— Total area, 69,415 square miles; land, 68.735 square miles,
or 48,796,000 acres; water, 680; extreme length, north and south, 275
miles; average breadth, 245 miles; counties, 115.
Physical Features.— Missouri River principal natural feature;
crosses the State in an easterly direction, dividing it into two sections.
Surface of Northern Missouri broken and hilly, with many fine valleys.
Southern Missouri crossed by Ozark Mountains; surface east of ele-
vated region generally fertile lowlands, well timbered; west consists
of prairie lands. Highest altitude, Mansfield, 1,697 feet. Principal
rivers, Mississippi and Missouri, affording nearly 1,000 miles of navi-
gable waterway; frontage on Mississippi, 500 miles.
Forests, Etc.— State is well wooded, except in the northern and
western sections. Oak, walnut, sycamore, hickory, locust, and pecan
are found. Shipments of lumber 1897. 3ti5.32o.523 i'eet; loes, 14,742,ooo,
walnut logs, 3,168,000; piling, 13.986,000; cross-ties, 4,053,686. About
27U.OOO acres of unappropriated land subject to entry ; largely underlaid
with minerals and covered with good timber; lands especially adapted
to stock-raising and the growing of fruits, vegetables, aud tobacco.
Climate, in general mildly temperate and healthful; subject at
times to extreme and rapid changes. Average temperature usually
ranges colder in north than south. Summer temperature 75 deg. in
northwest to 78.30 deg. in southeast; winter 28.30 deg. in northwest to
39.30 deg. southeast. Mean annual rainfall at St. Louis, 41.1 inches;
temperature, 56.1 deg.; highest, 106 deg.; lowest, 22 deg. below.
Agriculture.— Staple products: Cereals, tobacco, and fruit. Ranks
fourth State in the country in production of corn. Other products:
Sorghum, hay, potatoes, flax, and castor beans. Cotton raised in
the southeast. Area and yield of farm products. 1900: Corn, 6,453,943
acres, 180,710,404 bushels; oats, 901,291 acres, 24.695.373 bushels; wheat
crop, 1,507,737 acres, 18.S46.713 bushels; hay, 2,145.748 acres, 2,768,015
tons; potatoes. 108.677 acres. 10.106.961 bushels; Max, 60,000 acres, 54U,ooo
bushels; barley, 14,830 bushels; tobacco, 7,585,000 pounds: cotton, 13,362,-
789 pounds, value, §1,198,475; seed, 13,362 tons; rye, 9,607 acres, 134,498
bu., value §21.51!); buckwheat, 2.399 acres, 31,187 bushels, value 868,594.
Shipments: 1898, flax, 34.512,810 lbs.; cotton, 24.0lo,9oo lbs. ; cotton-seed
products, 15,844,000 lbs.; castor beans. 1.114.055 lbs; hay, 2,919,4:35 bales.
Horticulture one of the most profitable pursuits in the State.
Fruit farms in Southwestern Missouri important source of wealth;
apples and peaches grown extensively. Great increase in number of
trees since 1890: Apples trees, 20,040,399, show an increase of 145.9 per
cent; peach, 4.557,365, an increase of 127.9 per cent; apricot, 16,190, an
Increase of 15.9 per cent; cherry, 679,985, an increase of 78.4 per cent;
Pear trees (548,202) have increased more than sixfold, and plum and
prune trees (745.187) nearly fivefold since 1890. Total value fruit crop,
1899, $4,309,813; orchard fruit, 82.944,175; small fruit, 81,050,811; grapes,
8314.807, including raisins, etc. Fruit produced, 1899: Apples, 6,496.136
bushels; plums, 111.603; cherries, 62.708; peaches, 61,006; pears, 58,449;
apricots, 583. Area under small fruit, 14,860 acres; strawberries most
important. Viticulture revived with notable results. Area in nurser-
ies, 9,650 acres.
Live Stock.— Stock raising one of the most prominent Industries
of Missouri. Poultry farming a profitable and growing pursuit in
southwestern section. Dairy farming a constantly increasing source
of wealth. Number and value of domestic animals, June, 1900: H rees,
967.0.-;;, si-ji9l.SH; mules. 283,519, »15,482,282; sheep, 1 087,213, 18,850,846;
milch cows, 765,386, ?23.:>14.794. Total neat cattle. 2.97X.5S9. $75,656,807;
swine, 4,524,604, $16,533,935. Wool clip, 1901, 3,938,935 pounds, value
120
e TJruUeyville
fi-Oasstilto .'^\o«J*
i\'asTibunAAP-/lny r-> Ga
y
122 UNITED STATES.
1763.172. Value of animal products, 1899, 997,841, 944; dairy products
115,042,860; poultry, 19,525,252; eggs gathered, 85,203,290 dozen, value
18,815,871. Value of honey and wax, $:;i8,6ol.
Fisheries.— Missouri Is one of the foremost of the fishing States
of the Interior. The waters of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers
afford the principal sources of supply. One-half the catcli is repre-
sented by buffalo-fish; next in order of Importance are catfish, crapple,
drum, black bass, suckers, and paddlefish. Total catch for year 3.-21,-
054 pounds, value $119,786; buffalo-fish, 1,72 1,078 pounds, value $11,354.
Manufactures are among the most extensive in the Union. St.
Louis, chief seat of the industries. Greatest amount of capital invested
in flouring mills, packing-houses, breweries, manufactories of ma
chlnery, tobacco, lumber and timber, clothing factories, car and print-
ing works. Ranks first in manufacture of chewing and smoking
tobacco; output, 78,472,546 pounds. Ranks sixth in production of
fermented liquor. Pig Iron product, 1900, with Colorado, 159,204 tons.
Brick and tile, $8,665,093. Common brick, $1,057,497; pressed, 1228,070;
vitrified, $252,783; fancy, $42,096; fire brick, $510,166. Pottery, $71. 471.
Manufacturing establishments, 19Ui», 18,754; capital Invested $249,888,-
581; gross value of products, $385,492,784. Values: Slaughtered prod-
ucts, $43,040,885; tobacco, $27,847,432; flour, etc., $26,393,928.
Minerals.— State is rich in mineral wealth; coal, lead, Iron, and
zinc are mined; quarries of limestone and sandstone are worked;
glass sand, kaolin, and fire clay are plentiful. Deposits of onyx found
in Ozarks. Gold has been discovered in St. Charles and Montgomery
counties; pearls in Ponime de Terre and Osage rivers. Total value of
stone output, 1900, $1,272,747; limestone, $1,079,343: granite. $139,103; sand-
stone, $53,401; raw clay, $247,204; mineral waters, $138,820. Coal area,
26,700 square miles; output, 3.540,103 tons, value $4,280,328. In 1901 State
ranked third in production of zinc; output, 26.166,000 pounds; total.1882-
1901 inclusive, 483,146,000 pounds. Value of natural gas, 1901, $1,328.
Population.— Ranked twenty-third in 1S10 and 1820; thirteenth,
1850; fifth, 1870 to 1900. Total population, 1810. 20.845; 1850, 682.044; 1890,
2,679,184; 1900,3.106.665: Male, 1,595,710; female, 1.510,955; native. 2.890,-
286; foreign, 216,379; white, 2,944.843; colored, 161,822; Africans, 161,234;
Chinese, 449; Japanese, 9; Indians, 130.
Cities.— St. Louis, metropolis, financial, commercial, and manufac-
turing center of State and Mississippi Valley ; fourth city of the Union. '
Population, 575,238. Kansas City, second city in size and commercial
importance, has a large wholesale trade and extensive meat packing
industry; population, 163,752. St. Joseph, on Missouri River in north-
western part of State; important railroad and commercial center; pop-
ulation, 1890, 52,324; 1900, 102.979. Joplin, enterprising citv in center of
great zinc and lead mining district; population, 26,023; increase since
1890, 161.7 per cent. Springfield, principal citv in Southwestern Mis-
souri; population, 23,267. Jefferson City, capital, population, 9,664.
Railways.— First road operated in State, 1849— Independence &
Missouri-4 miles. Mileage, 185% 139; 1860, 817; 1870,2,000; 1880,3,965;
1890, 6,142; June, 1896, 6,608.47; July, 1900, 6.875.04 miles.
Education.— Public school system adopted 1839; public school
enrollment, 1899-1900,719,817; white, 685,276; colored. 34,540: private, 15 ,000;
expenditure, $7,816,050; school age, 6-21; public high schools, 234. State
University at Columbia opened 1841; Lincoln Institute, Jefferson Citv,
for education of colored teachers. Normal Schools at Kirksville,War-
rensburg, and Cape Girardeau.
Political.— State elections, biennial. State, congressional, and
presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; num-
ber of Senators, 34; Representatives, 142; sessions biennial, in odd
numbered years, meets first Wednesday in January: limit of session,
70 days; term of Senators, 4 years; Representatives, 2 years. Number
of electoral votes, 18. Voters must be citizens or declared intention:
residents of State 1 year, county, town, and precinct 60 days; registra-
tion required in cities of 100,000 or over; ballot reform. United States
soldiers, inmates of asylums, poorhouses, and prisons excluded.
Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22, May 30, July 4, Labor
Day, Thanksgiving, December 25, and any general or State election.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation : Judgments, action on written evi-
dence of debt, 10 years; contracts, 5; personal action, 2. Legal interest,
6 per cent; by contract, 8.
ARKANSAS. 123
ARKANSAS . « 'Bear^State. »
Arc, a bow— prefixed to Kansas.
Historical.— Originally a part of Louisiana cession of 1803. Visited
by De Soto 1541: by Marquette 1673. Settled by French 16S5; claimed
by Spain 1763-1800. Formed part of Louisiana Territory until 1812; of
Missouri Territory until 1819, when Arkansas Territory, then including
Indian Territory, was organized. Became a State June 15, 1836; the
twelfth State admitted to the Fnion. Scene of active military
operations during Civil War; seceded May 6, 1801; readmitted 1868.
\rea, 53.850 square miles; land, 53,045; water, 805; length, north to
south, -240 miles; average breadth, 228 miles. Public lands subject to
entry, 3.00S.215 acres. Reserved land, 2.560 acres.
Physical Features.— Surface generally rolling; slopes gradually
from swampy valley of Mississippi in east to hilly section in west, cul-
minating in Ozark Mountains. Highest altitude, Mt. Magazine and Mt.
Fourche, 2.800 feet each. Mississippi frontage, 300 to 400 miles Arkan-
sas River flows southeasterlv through state, 700 milts, draining an area
of 11,270 square miles; navigable 465 miles. White River drains 17,400
square miles. Ouachita drains 11,800; state has about 3.000 miles of
waterway navigable throughout the greater part of the year. Numer-
ous mineral springs are found ; the most famous, Hot Springs, in Gar-
land County, temperature, 93 deg. to 168 deg.; elevation, 60u feet.
Forests.— Large part of State heavily wooded; estimated area of
forest lands, 2S.8iXi,ij()0 acres. Pine lands cover one-fourth the total area.
Pine and oak the most abundant and useful woods; black walnut the
most valuable; excellent cypress, largely used for shingles, found along
swampy river bottoms ; ash and yellow poplar abundant; sweet gum on
bottom lands of southern section.
Climate temperate, and, throughout the highlands, healthful; low-
lands subject to malaria. Extremes of heat and cold not great, yet
sudden and considerable variations of temperature not uncommon.
Southerly winds prevail. Rainfall abundant. Mean annual rainfall,
,Little Rock, 53.6 inches; mean annual temperature, 62.2 deg.; highest,
106 deg. ; lowest, 12 deg. below.
Agriculture a leading industrv ; farm lands unexcelled ; arable area,
28,490,980 acres, in farms, 16.636.719: chief productions, cotton, corn, hay,
and cereals. Cotton grown for shipment in southern and southeast-
ern sections. Large area devoted to corn; estimated area adapted to
Its growth, 6,000,01 A) acres. Wheat successfully grown throughout the
State; large proportion of crop produced in northern section; oats,
barley, millet, sorghum, cowpeas, buckwheat, rice, broom corn, etc.,
grown. Market gardening profitable. Farm productions. 1900: Corn,
2.380.313 acres, 45.225.947 bushels, value *19.447,157: wheat, 266.279 acres,
2,639,418 bushels, sl.748.122: oats, 317.1)57 acres, 7,038.665 bushels. 82.463,-
533, rye, 1,715 acres. 19.722 bushels. $14,200; potatoes. 29.553 acres. 2,127.816
bushels, si. 212.855: hav. 140.233 acres. 22.8.5-0 tons. 82.022,933; cotton,
1899, 1.641.855 acres. 709.880 bales. 824.671,445; tobacco, l.s.87 acres, 831,700
pounds, 885,395; cotton seed, 340,530 tons, value 83,382,368.
Horticulture.— Arkansas ranks high among the fruit States. Hor-
ticulture a prominent pursuit. Area especially adapted to fruit cul-
ture, 19,000,000 acres. Fruits common to temperate zone successfully
grown in all sections, cultivation extending rapidly. State especially
famous for its apples, varieties grown in northwestern section unex-
celled in quality and size. Peaches, pears, plums, grapes, melons, and
berries flourish. Strawberries of tine flavor and unusual size grown
extensively; large shipments made to Northern markets. Hillsides and
valleys produce fine grapes. Viticulture a promising industry. Com-
mercial vineyards show a steady and notable increase.
Live Stock.— During recent years improved breeds of cattle have
b^en introduced. Excellent tame grasses are grown, and much has been
done to encourage the commercial manufacture of butter and cheese;
several successful creameries have been established. Farm animals,
June, 19D0: Horses. 253,590, value 110,164,494; mules, 177,480. 810,212.889-
Bheep, 256,929, $437,317; inUch cows, 312.577. ~i.U.»>ni ; other cattle.. 5.81,958,
$5,535,826; hogs, 1,713,307, 82,981.3 09: wool clip, 19ol, 717.234 pounds.
Fisheries.— Natural fishery advantages excellent; numerous large
water courses abounding in food fishes. Waters of Arkansas and
"White rivers afford most extensive fishing. Buffalo fish and other suck-
124
longitude West from Qrecnvr
I- Sy^-^—S __0_
OassvM*
iThomasville
Spring Hilr-
^o^'Chula -C ed ^,"7" "l ° Kl * k ^orthpoint o.
"ich Mountain' Buck Knob o.Story oGladatone-. j^ TTLE ROCK*
1-^ 1^\° r Quito °3S^^U^J\ oCedarGladeW^^CoUegeyillel
JT° . ,'¥"7'^? o-&T^ 3llita **sJ^7r!l Mountain. ViUeyViW--*'
Mountain ToYl?) / -~ / Zf- s 3Tater S ^iT^ '».iX
(,0)a-nal Boar^CampMt. Ida HOT Sppf NGS^^^
j. Caddo Gap . _/ 6 . ■ P«"<=r^wrfiitaff / S</»** V ^Redfi
>Ft. Logan .Rock Creek v.H,>s^_ Jf? A^\ l'*"^' '
^ ^So b /tK ? W e ^ P ine^^% ^
New Hope Withersp
Vandefwoon
-teGranjnci
LJGildhajm j*
'^^aS?M^ man ^^n e a eSb0ro o '^^k^^P^g^^ ^li?^
125
ENGB'S, CHICAGO. 90'
126 UNITED STATES.
era constitute about half the catch ; next In Importance are catfish and
drum. Total Investment In fisheries, 1894,136,564. Total catch,:;
pounds, value 91164)11; black bass, 160,271 pounds, value. -vim-, : buffalo-
nsh. 1,626,290 pounds, 930,828; catti-h. >mh. :,<:•> pounds. 983,007: crapple,
158,078 pounds, 18.121; fresh-water drum, 579,642 pounds, $15,053, white
bass, 64,690 pounds, $3,797
Manufactures.— Manufacturing establishments, 1900, 1,794, capi-
tal Invested, $35,960,640; gross value of products, $44. (3,783. Leading
Southern state in lumber; manufacture of lumber and timber products
gives employment to 15,895 wage-earners, or 60 per cent of total wage-
earners of State; capital invested. 1900, $21. 727 .710; value of products,
$23,959,983 or 53. 1 per cent of total products. Sawed lumber produced,
1,623.987.000 feet. B. M.; rough lumber, 1,151,831,000 feet, hardwood
rough lumber, 444. 102.000 feet; shingles, 3-19.522,oo<». Value of Hour, etc.,
S3.los.709; cotton-seed oil and cake, $2,874,864; planing mill products,
$2,266,522; cars and general shop work. $2,095,447; cotton, ginning si. 261,-
097; printing and publishing, 9839,787; brick and tile, 9351,732.
Minerals.— State especially rich in minerals. Coal area, 5.824,000
acres; large deposits of cannel coal in western and northwestern dis-
tricts; undeveloped deposits of anthracite in Ozark and Kavanaugh
mountains. Zinc is found; marble, limestone, granite, and other build-
ing stones cover vast areas; whetstone, oilstone, grindstone, and chalk
deposits worked. Value of granite, 1900. $62,500. Acres containing
iron, manganese, zinc, copper, antimony, and other ores. 7,124,000; con-
taining ocher, clays, kaolin, gypsum, slate, etc., 3450,000. Production
of manganese, 145 long tons, value $1.5:50; value of limestone. 971,407.
Total production of coal mines, 1900, 1.447,945 tons, value .■sl.653.6i*.
Gold and silver recently found in paying quantities near Eureka;
pearls found in Saline. St. Francis, and other rivers.
Population.— Total. 1820.14.255: I860. 435,450, 1890, 1.128,179; 1900,
1.311.564; male. 675.312: female. 636.252; native. 1.297.275; foreign. 14.289.
white, 944,580, colored, 366,984; African, 366,856; Chinese, 62; Indians
taxed, 66.
Cities.— Little Rock, on Arkansas River, capital, and most impor-
tant railway and commercial center of State; has an extensive trade in
cotton and manufactures of cotton-seed products. Population, census
of 1900, 38,307. Fort Smith, on Arkansas River, in western part of
State, second city; outlet for extensive coal mines; center of im-
portant fruit-growing district; population, 11,587. Pine Bin if. on
Arkansas River, near Little Rock, has large trade in cotton; population,
11,496. Hot Spring*, 60 miles southwest of Little Rock, famous health
resort; noted for thermal springs; population, 9,973. Eureka Springs,
well-known health resort, in a picturesque region of the Ozark Moun-
tains; population, 3,5?2. Helena, on Mississippi River: population. 5.550.
Railways.— State tributary to the St. Louis system. Main line of
Missouri Pacific runs diagonally through State. Miles in operation,
1860,38; 1875, 740; 1855. 1,792; 1S94, 2,343.91- July, 1900. 3,350.86 miles.
Education.-Enrollment in public schools, 1899-1900, 314.662: white,
230,345; colored, 84,317 ; expenditure, $1,369,810; school age. 6-21. Pub-
lic high schools, 61; private secondary schools. 21. Enrollment private
schools, 1899-1900, 7,808. Educational institutions include the Univer-
sity of Arkansas, Fayettevitle, first opened in 1872, with an experi-
mental farm of more than 200 acres. Branch Normal School at Pine
Bluff.
Political.— State elections biennial, first Monday in September;
congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in
November; Senators, 32; Representatives. 100; term of Senators, 4
years; Representatives, 2 years; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered
years; meets second Monday in January : limit, 60 days. Number elec-
toral votes, 9. Voters must be actual citizens or declared intention,
residents of State 1 year, county 6 months, of precinct 1 month; regis-
tration prohibited by constitution; ballot reform. Idiots, and convicts
unless pardoned, excluded. . .
Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22, July 4, Thanksgiving,
December 25, and any day appointed for fast.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation : Judgments, 10 years ; action for pos-
session of real estate, 7; written instruments. 5; unwritten contracts,
personal actions, 3. Redemption of tax sale. 2 years. Legal interest, 6
per cent ; by contract, 10.
LOUISIANA. , 127
LOXJIblArS A. "Creole State."
Named in honor of Louis XIV of France.
Historical.— Visited by De Soto, 1541; Marquette, 1673; La Salle,
1682; settled by French under Iberville and Bienville about 1700; first
settlement in present State at New Orleans, 1718. Territory reverted
to French crown 1732, ceded by France to Spain 1763; retroceded to
France 1800; purchased by United States 18u3; Territory of Orleans
organized March, 1804; admitted to the Union April 30, 1812; fifth State
admitted after formation of Government; seceded, 1861; New Orleans
taken by Federals, 1862; State readmitted, 1868.
Area.— Total area, 4S,720 square miles; land, 45,420; water, 3,300;
extreme length east to west, 300 miles; breadth, 240. Counties, 59.
'Unsurveved land, 65,0is acres, reserved, 1,468,434 acres.
Physical Features.— Surface chiefly a great plain sloping from
north and northeast to Mississippi Delta. State naturally divided into
two parts — the uplands and the alluvial and swamp regions of the
coast. Delta occupies about one-third of total area. Coast Belt-
marshy region— extends inland about 30 miles. Highest point at New
Arcadia, 362 feet above sea level; average elevation, 75 feet . • Mis-
sissippi River flows through and along border of State 600 miles. Total
river navigation, 3,782 miles, Louisiana surpassing all other States in
extent of navigable waterways. Gulf coast line, 1.250 miles.
Forests.— Extensive area's throughout State densely wooded; esti-
mated area, 18,000,000 acres. Of merchantable woods pine most im-
portant; lumber in great demand for shingles, car and bridge building.
Swamp regions of Mississippi River contain large areas of valuable
cypress. Along gulf coast are numerous groves of live oak, timber
especially valuable for shipbuilding; several tracts reserved by United
States for repair of navy- Other woods include gum, walnut, ash,
hickory, and magnolia. Lumber is shipped to the Western States,
Mexico, Central and South America.
, Climate is semi-tropical; in the lowlands unhealthful. Summers
long and hot; winters more severe than in corresponding latitudes on
Atlantic Coast. Rainfall abundant everywhere; on the coast annually
exceeds 60 inches; decreases toward interior, averaging 50 inches in
northern section. Mean annual temperature at New Orleans, 69.2
deg.; highest, 102 deg.; lowest, 17 deg. above. Shreveport, winter, 45
deg.; extreme, 1 deg.; summer, 83 deg.; extreme, 107 deg. Average
annual rainfalrat New Orleans, 60.5 inches; Shreveport, 52.2 inches.
Agriculture the leading pursuit. Sugar, rice, cotton, and Indian
corn the 6taple crops. Sugar cane first cultivated in United States
near New Orleans, 1751. Louisiana foremost State in Union in pro-
duction of sugar and rice; produces nearly all cane sugar and molasses
of United States and more than two-thirds total yield of rice. Area
under susrar cane, 1899, 276,966 acres. Sweet potatoes an important crop;
yield, 1899, 1,865,482 bushels. Tobacco of superior quality grown.
Market gardening a profitable pursuit ; early vegetables in large quanti-
ties produced fur Northern markets; increasing areas devoted to the
industrv. In 1900, 25,151 acres were devoted to hav; vield, 50,302 tons,
value $473,839; potatoes, 7,709 acres, 5.19,630 bushels, $436,308; area under
corn crop. 1,453.094 acres, yield 24,702.598 bushels, value 812.351,299;
oats, 34.119 acres, 614,142 bushels, $245,657; cotton, 337,516,078 pounds,
value $30,270,973.
Horticulture.— Fruits common to temperate regions grown in
north. Oranges and figs lead in commercial importance; peaches and
most other semi-tropical fruits cultivated successfully in south. Truck
fanners produce large quantities of strawberries for market. Figs
grown extensively for canneries; one of most valuable crops; yield of
matured flgtrees averages from 20 to 50 bushels each. Large areas being
set to pecans; industry a promising one; nuts are of superior quality.
Orchard trees. 1900, 1,168,792; peaches produced, 1899, 153,808 bushels;
apples, 68.735 bushels.
lave Stock.— Louisiana especially adapted to raising live stock;
has large areas of excellent pasturage well watered by numerous
streams. Owing to mild winters, stock kept on range throughout the
J ear. The value of farm animals in June, 1900, was placed at $27,757,301:
Lorses, 194,372, value $6,624,617; mules, 143,970, $10,636,982; sheep, 219,-
/
128
Xongitude VTt
De ^ Cor." V«jS^ L >te^^ WW2*
.Almada
/Newton^,
V.c--'
Taylor)
linger
Be,
oiQuincey
ihingtoni
ChataMoier 'PortJBMr/ * "jEvonl*
inaerEunlSe7 P eloU3as fT, 'vLeoavifie X*g
. Camp /J? /V- China / /Grau_a C»t eau^^ltussoflu
~3>ry Crl'ek^^Oberlin.
JRamsays
' Pearl o fitf-
.-.Camp /^
M^<*
^HacSei
Iks
alcasiem s
-W,
S° Wngl
?ort-Art)
Sdbini.
Johnsor
SabineTa.'
s
Abbevlli
I-^-- Creolc f- ' Jt I £ A,cvj)^
Clunkr ~I(Vi- >— ;- ■■■-- ^<Permilii
ft ;'i \'*
I? ^
**%#**
\v s
^
st;^A
7
£
129
LOUISIANA.
Bay,
| ISLE OBR
RAND, Mt N*llY « CO., ENeB'i, CmC»V
130 UNITED STATES.
844, 8333,040; milch cows, 184,815,83,067,033; other cattle, 485,480, $4,973,-
963; swine, 788,425, #1,494,484, Wool clip, 1901, 422,484 pounds.
Fisheries.— The numerous water-courses of Louisiana abound In
excellent food-fish. Commercial fishing In interior waters a prominent
industry, Louisiana ranking second to Illinois. Annual yield of cat-
fish nearly 5,000,000 pounds; next in Importance are buffalo-fish, fresh-
water drum, crappy, and black bass. Shrimp, terrapin, and turtles are
abundant. Official reports give shrimp taken as 21,702 pounds; ter-
rapin, 68,940 pomids; turtles, 50,855 pounds. Value of alligator hides
secured, $23,334.
Manufactures during the past decade made a notable advance.
Leading industrial establishments: Su^ar refineries, lumber, planing,
rice, and cotton-seed oil mills, bag factories, and foundries. Brick,
rosin, and turpentine are also manufactured. New Orleans chief cen-
ter of industries. State leads all others in production of raw BUgai
and molasses. First sugar mill established 1758. In 1899-00, about 156.-
072,199 pounds of sugar was made In Louisiana, and 6.213,859 gallons of
molasses manufactured. Manufacture of ice, especially at New
Orleans, important; in 1900, 139,654 tons,$3nx,6s3. Cigar manufactories
consumed 787.271 pounds of tobacco, producing 56.093.K91 cigars: number
cigarettes, 48,249,800; smoking tobacco. 2,031.525 pounds. Distilled
spirits, Louisiana and Mississippi, 1900-01, 848,549 gallons; fermented
liquor, 220,61)4 barrels.
Minerals include sulphur, rock salt, iron ores,'ocher, lignite gyp-
sum, and fertilizing marls. Deposits of sulphur in Calcasieu Parish,
believed to be largest in country; output 1900, Louisiana and Utah,
3,525 tons, value $88,100. Salt deposits on Petite Anse Island discovered
1791; rock salt produced excels in purity the famous Turk's Island or
Mediterranean salt of commerce; output. 1X95, 159,771 bbls., value $78,169.
Population. — Ranked eighteenth in 1810; twentv-fifth, 1890;
twenty-third, 1900. Population, 1810, 76.556; 1890, 1,118,587; 1900, 1,381,-
625: Male, 694,733; female, 686,892; native, 1.328.722; foreign, 52.903;
white, 729,612; colored, 652,013; African, 650,804; Chinese, 599; Japa-
nese, 17; Indians, 593.
Cities.— New Orleans, largest city of the State, commercial metrop-
olis of the Gulf States and principal seaport of Mississippi Valley.
Leading cotton market of United States; has large export trade In
sugar, molasses, rice, tobacco, etc.; population, 1900, 287,104. Shreve-
port, on the Ked River, second city in State in commercial importance;
nas manufactures of lumber and cotton-seed oil; population, 16,013.
Baton Rouge (red staff), capital, on Mississippi River, advancing rap-
idly in commercial importance; population, 11,269. Alexandria, a
flourishing town in center of State; population, 5,648.
Railways.— Number of miles of railwav in operation, 1835 and
1840, 40; 1850, 80; 1855, 203; 1S60 and 1865, 335; 1870, 479; 1875, 539; 1880, 652;
1885, 1,370; 1890, 1,749; June, 1896, 2,236; Julv, 1900, 2.824.U8 miles.
Education. -Public school enrollment, 1899-1900, 196,169; white,
121,936; colored, 74.233; expenditure, SI. 135. 125; school age, 6-18. Pub-
lic school buildings. 3.302, 81.01i6.iXRJ. Educational institutions include:
State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton
Rouge; Fiske Free and Public Library; Tulane University; Straight
University (colored); and Sophie Newcomb College (for women,
affiliated with Tulane), New Orleans; Normal Schools at Natchi-
toches and New Orleans.
Political.— All the State elections third Tuesday in April; con-
gressional and presidential election*, Tuesday after first Monday in
November; number of Senators, 39; Representatives, 114: term. 4 years.
Sessions biennial, in even-numbered years; meets second Monday in
May limit of session, 60 days. Number of electoral votes. 9. Voters
must be citizens; residents of State 1 year, of county 6 months, of pre-
cinct 30 days; registration required. Idiots, insane, and criminals
excluded
JLeo-al Holidays.— January 1 and 8. February 22. Mardi-Gras. Good
Friday, March 4. June 3, Julv 4. Labor Day (In Orleans Parish) .Thanks-
giving, November 1 and 25. December 25. ^
JLeo-al.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, accounts acknowledged
In writing, 10 years; open accounts, 3; promissory notes, 5, personal
action, 1; redemption of tax sale, 1 year. Legal interest, 5 per cent;
by contract, 8.
TEXAS. 131
TFY V Q Tex'-as.
IIjAAOi "T.onp
Lone Star State."
Indian, "Tachies"— signifies "friends."
Historical.— Upper Rio Grande visited by Spaniards, 1585-33; vari-
ous Spanish missions established among the Indians, 153:5-1794. First
white settlement made by French under La Salle at Lavaca, 1685.
Country formed part of the Spanish province of Mexico. Declared its
independence of Spain and with Coahuila formed a state of Mexico,
1S2T. Seceded from Mexico, March 2, 1336. Battle of San Jacinto fought
April 21, 1836. Independent republic 1836 to 1845, when it was annexed
to the United States and admitted to the Union. The fifteenth State
in order of admission. Seceded, February, 1861; re-admitted, 1870.
Present Constitution adopted, 1876.
Area.— Largest State in the Union; total area, 265,780 square miles;
land, 262,290 square miles or 167,865,600 acres; water, 3,490 square miles;
extreme breadth, 825 miles; length. 740. Counties, 232.
Puvsical Features.— Surface slopes from northwest to south-
east and is exceedingly varied. State comprises a mountainous region
west of the Pecos River; high, treeless plains— including the Llano
Estacado (.Staked Plains;— of the northwest; a central hilly region;
the prairie country: and the low coast region. Greatest altitude, at
present known in the State. Baldy Peak, 8,382 feet. Coast-line along
Gulf of Mexico about 400 miles. Principal rivers, Rio Grande, Red,
Sabine, Colorado Trinity. Brazos, and Canadian.
Forests.— Eastern Texas a great timber belt. Its extensive forests
of pine and oak an important source of wealth. Estimated forest
area, 64,000 square miles. Estimated stand yellow pine. 67,5os;.5 million
feet; 9,750 million feet owned by lumbermen. Cut, 1900, 1,246,178,000
feet, mostly yellow pine: sawed lumber, l,232,404,0uO feet, B. M.
Climate mild and healthful except occasionally' in lowlands along
the coast Texas most healthful of the States bordering the Gulf.
Summers long; continuous heat tempered by cool breezes from the
Gulf. Winters genial; occasional "Northers" bring severe weather;
cold of short duration; numerous winter health resorts due to delight-
ful winter season. Coast, central, and eastern sections well watered;
western section extremely dry. Mean annual rainfall at San Antonio,
29.7 inches; mean annual temperature, 68.8 deg.; highest, 108 deg.; low-
est, 4 deg. above.
Agriculture the principal pursuit; cotton the leading crop, Texas
surpassing all other States in production. Other staples corn and
wheat. Sugar cane cultivated successfully, plantations chiefly on
Brazos River ; area under culture, 1899-00, 17,824 acres. Tobacco grow-
ing a profitable pursuit ; special attention given to cigar leaf tobacco;
acreage increased from 600 acres in 1897 to 1.443 acres in 1899. Area
devoted to market-gardening in Pecos Valley and along the Gulf Coast
increasing steadily: occupation important. Farm products: Cotton,
1900, 1.649.274,598 pounds, value 8147,919.315; seed, 826,388,384. Corn,
81,962.910 bushels, value $38,522,568; wheat. 23.395.913 bushels, value
814.973.384; oats, 28.278.232 bushels, value $8,483,470; hav, 304,933 acres,
yield 548,879 tons, value 83.732,377: potatoes, 14.789 acres/916.918 bushels,
value 8806,888. Sweet potatoes, 3.299,135 bushels, value $1,689,015.
H orticult ure.— Excellent fruit and nuts grown in many localities.
Texas peaches and pecans of superior quality; extensive shipments
made to Northern markets. Apples grown in north, figs and oranges
in south. Mustang and other native grapes abundant; European
varieties flourish in northwest. Total value fruit crops, 1899, $1,789,454;
orchard. 81.345.423; small, $304,680; tropical. 812,996. Peaches produced-
1,400,240 hushels; apples, 591,985; pears, 166,418.
Live Stock.— Grazing as an industry second only to agriculture in
Importance. Owing to character of climate and vast extent of excel-
lent pasturage, State peculiarly adapted to the pursuit. Western Texas
abounds in nutritious grasses, affoiding pasturage for Immense herds
of cattle and Hocks of sheep; horses in large numbers are reared also;
Texas foremost State in Union in cattle industry- Number and value
of farm animals, June, 1900: Horses, 1.269,432. value 834.497.083; mules,
507,281, 825.121.619; stock cattle, 8.567,173. 8143.233,577. milch cows,
861,023, »19,995,327; sheep, 1389,298, $3,982,117: swine, 2.665.614, 17,606,687.
132
102
^^Ki
JBovi
■■ JTexlco.
i Sulphur,
^__^ ashburn
'.'lircal'j
Mata.t.r
Emma 1 jJuthrf<
iddyl
L S
% I Pecos^
YyletaV MTS.
El'izario l LA CK -^ VRivert
flint ■'*, V' MTS. "?. ^
a^ancock H p,
C * > ^^^^i2 ra BIan ca " Tot;
V . s^~~^ < U a j^2re^>-'^' Santa Lucia
'>l " fiA°A T. 3>" X Sa n Ma rtine
'.v Ja
,35ar3toir
terlingV
TOWER HILL%5^ ~*'
Sterling o '7«j>\JKle
ao|rS o SanAngelo-^
75. 8herwooa Q
| MO.NUME-.-
ToyahTaTe ^fe olllndt; ^le
ThanlomL e> >°Hembrie \ tij 'i.-a
e Hndsto Tort Stockton I \/" mDne \^ldoraa
© e Fort Davis Fort Lancaster; <•>-—- )S®^
"RyauVJ ,£iP ine
Marathon 3 "^ iCsandersoV\
Softer 3 ^ mon5 Xr^--^lozi^\ ?i :Bx
.Langtij^
THE PANHANDLE OF TEXAS
ON SAME SCALE.
^te^ ell "coldwa'ter Octree ^t\
O ' X EalIa ™ u f @ T, "Lipscomb 0O . [
m W»«P<* Han3f0r3 Glade?
Panhandle
-£ic^ >^ V<0 Panhandle
m ) Ola Plata JvCaiWon ^V^gSlarendoii;
Scale of Statute
1020 40 _ 60 80 ,100,
Copyright, 1904, ^T Sana. "M
J02'
133
y
134 UNITED STATES. -
Anions wool-producing States, TexaH ranks high; clip, 1901, 15,061,634
pounds; scoured wool, 4,519,390 pounds.
Manufactures*— State has great natural advantages and abun-
dance of raw material for manufactures. Numerous Industries i eceiv-
lng Increased attention. In 1900, 12,289 manufactories in the State:
value of material used, 167,102,769; products, 1119,414,982; employ's,
51,712. Leading products: Lumber and planing mill, cotton-seed oil
and cake, flour, harness, etc. Largest cotton-seed oil mills in coun-
try. Cotton mills have been opened ; those at Galveston the most
Important. In 1899, sugar product 2.789,250 pounds, $134,074. Pig Iron,
1900,9,78!) tons; Portland cement, 1900, 26,000 barrels, $52.ooo, brick and
tile, $1,083,553; brick, $964,743; pressed, $36,605; pottery, $81,464. Dis-
tilled spirits, 1901, 10.382 gallons; fermented liquor. 385,443 barrels
Second in value of artificial ice, 1900, 231.450 tons. $1,168,640.
Minerals. — Though largely undeveloped the mineral resources
are among the richest In the country. There are extensive deposits
of iron and coal. Large iron furnaces established at Rusk and New
Birmingham. Coal output, 1900, 968,373 tons, value $1,581,914. Copper,
lead, and silver ores are found most abundantly in trans-Pecos
region; gold exists, also, and new discoveries have been made near Dal-
las. In 1900,53 ounces were mined; value $1,100; silver, 447.400 ounces,
value $295,988. Salt springs and lakes numerous, salt product, 1899,
312,436 barrels. Oil exists in large quantities; fields near Corsicana
and Beaumont especially valuable; total output, 1901, 4,393,658 barrels,
value, $1,247,351. Quicksilver, Brewster Countv, 3,4<io flasks, value,
$159,800. Tin ore in Franklin mountains, north of El Paso, sulphur in
El Paso County; asphalt rocks in various localities. Total value stone
output, 1900, $237,835; limestone, $124,728; granite, $76,069.
Population.— Ranked twenty-fifth in 1850; seventh, 1890, sixth,
1900; total population, 1850. 212.59*2; is««_». 2.235.523; 1900.3.048.710: Male,
1.578.900; female. 1.469,810; native, 2,869,353; foreign, 179.357; white.
2.42<i.669; colored, 622,041; Africans, 620,722; Chinese, 836; Japanese, 13;
Indians, 470.
Cities.— San Antonio, metropolis of the State and chief commercial
center of Western Texas. Interesting historically; occupies site of
Fort Alamo ; is a great railroad center; population, 1900, 53.321 . //" u-ston ,
second city in size; population, 44,633. Dallas, important railroad and
business center in Northern Texas; has numerous manufactures and a
large trade; population, 1900, 42,638. Galveston, chief seaport, has an
immense foreign and interior trade; especially notable for Its cotton
exports; population, 37.789. Fort Worth, live stock center; 26,688.
Austin, capital, on the Colorado River, is a railroad center and seat of
State University; population, 22,258. _._
Railways.-Nuuiberof miles in 1854,32; 1860, 307; 1865, 465; 18.0,711:
1875, 1,685; 1880, 3,244; 1885, 6,370; 1890, 8,709; 1891, 8,854; 1895 9.290.70.
July, 1900, 9,886.49 miles, averaging 32.43 miles to each 10,000 inhabi-
Etl'ucation.— Public school enrollment, 1899-00, 578,418; expendi-
ture, *4,469,014; school age, 8-17. Public high schools 240; private
secondary schools, 62. Educational institutions: University of lexas,
opened in 1883; Sam Houston Normal Institute for white teachers,
Huntsville; Prairie View State Normal and Industrial College (col-
ored teachers) ; Detroit Normal School, Detroit; Henry College; Bay-
lor University, and others. . , .
Political.— State elections biennial; State, congressional, and pres-
idential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number of
Senators, 31; Representatives, 131; sessions biennial; in odd-numbered
years; meets second Tuesday In January; no limit of session; term of
Senators, 4 years; Representatives, 2 years. Electoral votes, 18. \ oters
must be citizens or declared intention; residents of State 1 year, of
countv and town 6 months; registration limited. Lunatics idiots,
naupers, convicts, and U. S. soldiers and seamen in service excluded
"Leual Holicra vs.- January 1, February 22, March 2, April 21,
July 4 first"londay in September, general election day, Thanksgiving,
D LeffaL-Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 10 years; written con-
tract 4 open accounts, 2; notes, 4; redemption of taxes, 8 years;
extensions made when State is purchaser. Legal Interest, 6 per cent;
by contract, 10.
OKLAHOMA. 135
OKLAHOMA. Ok-lah-hO'-mah.
Indian— signifying, " Beautiful Land."
Historical.— Oklahoma mainly comprised in western half of Indian
Territory. Lands acquired by treaty and purchase from Indians. Thrown
open to" settlement, April 22, 1889; Territory organized May 2, 1890;
embraced Cherokee Outlet and Public Land Strip; Iowa and Potta-
watomie reserves acquired 1S91; Greer Countv territory acquired 1896.
In 19()1, 3,000.000 acres of Indian lands were opened.
Area, 39.030 square miles. Breadth, 365 miles; length, 210. Public
land subject to entry, June 30, 1901, 4.653.605 acres.
Physical Features.— Polling and hilly; slopes toward south and
southwest. Elevation generally over 1,000 feet. Greatest altitude in
Beaver Countv. Red River forms southern boundary.
Climate mild; occasionally subject to cold northerly winds; winters
delightful: summers long and hot, heat modified by almost continual
breezes. Rainfall slight in winter; usually abundant in summer. Mean
annual temperature. 59 cleg. ; highest, 1 15 , lowest, 25 below.
Agriculture.— Farm area. 1900. 15.719.258 acres; improved, 5.511.994
acres. Value farm propertv. 8185.343. *1S: products, 1899, $45,447,744.
Principal crops, corn,wheat. hay . cotton, and oats; Kaffir corn, potatoes,
barley, castor beans, peanuts, and broomcorn also important crops.
Area devoted to cereals. 1899. 2.776.91S acres: bushels produced, 61.840.-
450 or more than 180 times the amount of 1889. Cotton area, 240,678
acres, product, 1900, 51.297.178 pounds, value 84.600.715; cotton-seed, 51,-
297 tons, value $820,752. Corn. 1899. 3s.239.^u bushels; wheat, 18,124,520
bushels: hay and forage, 1.146.455 tons; oats, 5.087.930 bushels.
Horticulture.— Nearly all fruits of temperate region successfully
grown; some semi-tropical fruits and nuts reach perfection; orchard
trees, 1899. 8.962,971; peaches produced, 255.933 bushels: apples, 111.2:35;
plums. 7,986; cherries. 1.766. Value orchard products. 8245.990; grapes,
8128,500, small fruits, 863.519. Number of apple trees, 1900, 2,054,894;
peach, 5,519,072; cherry, 404,758; plum, 403.317: apricot, 231.268.
' Live Stock.— Extensive natural pasturage and favorable climate
afford ideal stock-raising country. Cattle-grazing chief interest of
western section, eastern engaged largely in swine-raising: poultry
succeeds throughout Territory. Value of farm animals. 190O. 853.92L-
827, including 303.631 horses. r>5.t>77 mules. l.7o9.752 neat cattle. 71,358
sheep, and 584.878 hogs. Wool clip, 1901,201.500 pounds.
Minerals.— Coal mined in Pawnee and other counties. Good
building stone and excellent clay abound; immense gypsum beds in
Blaine County; valuable salt deposits; asphaltum near Fort Sill: exten-
sive deposits of cement being worked. Gold found in Wichita Mts.
Population, 1890.61.834: 19m. 398.331: Male. 214.359; female, 183.972;
native. 382.651; foreign. 15.680: white, 3*37 .524; colored, 30,807; African,
18.831: Chinese. 31; Indians. 11.945.
Cities.— Oklahoma, a flourishing city on North Fork of Canadian
River: population, 19oo, 10.037 Guthrie, capital, on Cimarron River;
population. 1900, 10,006. Shawnee, 3,462. Military posts at Fort Reno
and Fort Sill.
Kailways.-Mileage. 1895,463; July, 1900, 827.88; 2.13 miles per 100
square miles; 20.79 per l.oOo inhabitants.
Education.— School population. 1900, 99,602: total expenditures,
$686,019: value of school propertv. 8760.973. School age. 6-21. Territorial
University, Norman: Agricultural and Mechanical College, Still-
water; Normal Schools. Edmond and Alva. Colored Agricultural and
Mechanical College , Langston ; Chillocco Indian School . Kay County.
Political.— Number of Assemblymen. 26; Councilmen, 13; term of
each, 2 years. Sessions biennial; term, 60 days; meets first Tuesday in
January. One delegate in Congress. Voters must be residents of
Territory 6 months, county 60 days, district 30 davs. Registration re-
quired. Indians holding tribal relations are disqualified.
Legal Holidays.— January 1. February 22, Arbor Day, May 30,
July 4, Thanksgiving, December 25, and all elections.
Legal.— Statutesof limitation: Written contracts, Syears; unwritten
contracts, 3; personal actions, 2. Redemption of tax sale, 2 years.
Taxes are perpetual lien on real property. Legal rate of interest, 7 per
cent; by contract, 12.
136
'- »• ' K
_A
W incheater/ Manebji
l^^jf
L ^^n7ro»>S.
s ,»Mir-ii,/ Manchester o\b ,Ljle/„ "".V*
\ RED HILLi/,i£ \ o v/ »//,.;, , V „ ' , /Uenfrow^x
<"*\ F,„„ o i #LaUlle >& '■•/%- ( " ,,b " r ' \B*thel />■„„„ *«>
v ->>-OVhitelior8c /'."L^S^^r^T/r^ Hom-rvill?' > ^<-9il_3^
^"^ >b *V Noer - ^"
oCiiiter \B««" e '- EagleiChiefy
o^rt Supply *
%--;
Whitehead
Ga s e Peratm mon
7 8h ««neli Hackbenj „ " \ h
Goodwin -WeBW
Riley ,
Lemcra „
c j naiirail /«. i
roll PlynWutlA (y^.IIoylCr'l
Slheridan J\
"Ural / S ' 1 '*\ Ili 'K WfatainUien- 5Iin f"/ *\A^-7V \ '
Berlin
Sweetwater q '
... ■_ *- ral / T \ \„ Mountain!
,\\ash / u.- y\ o to^v^ r/o*y jW
oomingtoni
Oladge °Reea t
ta \*i 7/r. -•/ /~ | / Erin 75 ^^^^*;
***** «*^
. vMarlow ^**
fcft esj pCHIC
2> (5 s . ! /Duncan Hennepin W *
$ll Alm: - — '"- «-*'**•
> ^- Ma 4^ :• V%.K IOWA sA/* 111 " • L X&^Wflfeir \
^^ \Varv/eno / fe: \#'. ~/r> -"/l A* I '
oDryden /*>\. )«■ c H Kfe. . * >s x f /<-'\ ^ k
IVlarrin Anrnn O \ >1 111..- I l*_! 1 ' ^V ^ ^ / /l . k I
He 3s
/'' / M . N *\\« ' \e ' Comanche ARBU ~^
(71/ a pVch e sV \M fo oT V
-y^N^ ^ ^SfX: <\S /.„._. e Hewitt
WESTERN PORTION OF
OKLAHOMA.
SCALE Or STATl'Tn MJLES.
^^ ^. * \]l /Addington
/^~^^ ) ^k Atlce . Reck )i e i
^ R y ap A ti imons
^ -^' CourtnijT
^
13?
-v^JV Arkiui
Caie/fChifuc
- inole p Welch *' 'w>< V- -, s \%
"~ <£.
""/■Yunuuoco
■•AjVp I NpivKirW
P A/\ S^lK^, " U/C *^-N I \ 2 /BlIshv/C^b,n/rf\ ;£/-£, _ »>^\. l*\
1*^
Paoli / Center
\ /*■• Ada" <?
:Wpaul? Valle
»l v a 1 1 e « ood ^a' "°Vot!M
A S.AfW Srf*
\J^ughcrt.\ A . {/ ^Iht^ ( Rodney -
EWLS !
lagletown't/l
Ff5t5 I
ille „
Cioodwaler
THE SEVEN DEWLS
VSmqllwood i Rodney
Tisho/mingo /peck A/ST
<E,„e« ./Caney: N«l~» ^\^^
\ rS t ^^V-^ „>* \Goodlana
Millau' «X\J»ak land) «j. J° c"S* <,^. V u L ,ckiville Clearcivek "*> o i 01
OverWk "
188 UNITED STATES.
INDIAN TERRITORY.
Historical.— Territory formed part of Louisiana purchase in 1803,
and Texas acquisition, 1815; portion of a much larger area of public
lands set apart for the Indians by Congress in 1834. Five Civilized Tribes
removed from their original homes as follows: Cherokee (from
Georgia), Creek (Alabama and Georgia), Choctaw (Southern Alabama
and Mississippi), and Chickasaw (Northern Alabama and Mississippi),
1833-1838; Seminole (Florida), 1846. Various small tribes of Reservation
Indians have been settled in extreme northeast of Territory.
Area.— Total area, 31,400 square miles; 31,000 square miles, or 19,840,-
000 acres, of land, and 400 square miles of water.
Physical Features.— Surface generally level or undulating, with
many fertile prairies and rich valleys; in the south are Sansbois, Shaw-
nee, and Wichita Hills, continuations of Ozark Mountains. Highest
altitude, Sugar Loaf, 2,600 feet. Chief rivers— Arkansas, draining the
north; Red River, draining the south, navigable along entire southern
boundary.
Climate.— Mild and healthful; summers lonr and hot, with ample
rainfall; winters usually short, with little snow. Mean annual tempera-
ture at Fort Gibson, 60 deg. Mean annual rainfall, 33.3S inches.
Agriculture the chief industry; next in importance are herding
cattle and lumbering. Large portions of Territory are fertile, well
watered, and timbered. Principal agricultural products are Indian
corn, cotton, wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, flax, sorghum cane, and fruit.
Cotton, cultivated south of Canadian, on Arkansas and Red Rivers,
next to corn the most important crop; area, 1897, 141,124 acres, yield
46,308,240 pounds, value $2,986,881; area. 1898, 459.19? acres. Shipments
of baled hay are important; supply inexhaustible. North of Canadian
and Arkansas rivers, apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, and
small f ruits flourish.
Minerals and Manufactures.— Coal area, 20.000 square miles;
mining centers within the Choctaw Reservation. Output, 1900, 1,922,-
298 tons, value $2,788,124. Chickasaw Nation leads in manufacturing
industrv; total capital in Territory, 1900, S2.624.265; value products,
$3,892, ILL Manufacture of flour, etc., most important; product of 61
mills valued at $1,198,472. Value cotton-seed oil and cake, $451,656;
planing mill products, $424,399; cotton ginneries, 187; value products,
$345,751.
Population. — Total population of the Five Civilized Tribes,
1890. 66.289. Population of Territory, 1890, 180,182; 1900, 392.060; male,
208.952, female, 183.108, native, 387.202: foreign, 4.858; white, 302,680;
colored, 89,380; negro, 36,853; Chinese. 27; Indians. 52.500.
Cities.— Tah lequa/i, capital of Cherokee Nation; population, 1,482.
Okmulgee, Creek; Atoka, Choctaw; Tishomingo, Chickasaw; Wewoka,
Seminole; Muskogee, Creek Nation (4.254) and Ardmore, Chickasaw
(5,681), important trading centers.
Railways.— In 1896. there were 1,182 miles of road; in 1900, 1,323
miles, 4.27 miles per 1(H) square miles.
Education well advanced. Number public high schools, 1899-00. 4;
secondary students, 157; elementary pupils, 349. Private secondary
schools, 11; secondary students, 381; elementary pupils, 1,450. There
are several colleges. Indian schools, under supervision of general
superintendent, with supervisors in Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and
Cherokee Nations. Two boarding schools, maintained by federal gov-
ernment, at Quopaw Agency and Wyandotte.
Political.— Territory unorganized. Five Civilized Tribes practic-
ally self-governing. Each Nation has a principal or governor, elected
for 2 to 4 years. There is a Legislature or National Council consisting
of 2 houses, meeting annually, and a judiciary. Tribal courts have
been abolished in the Creek and Cherokee Nations. Tribal govern-
ments will, as the law exists to-dav, terminate March 4, 19o6. All the
Indians in Indian Territory are citizens of the United States, having
been made so by the act approved March 3, 190L
liesal.— Statutes of limitation: Action on unwritten contract, 3
years; promissory notes not under seal, 5; promissory notes under
seal, 10. Execution on judgment within 10 years from decree neces-
sary to fix lien. Legal rate of interest, 6 per cent; by contract, 10.
KANSAS. 139
KANSAS. Kan '- zas -
" Sunflower State."
Indian— signifies, " Smoky Water."
Historical.— Country visited by Spaniards, 1541: by French, 1719;
part of it included in Louisiana purchase of 1803. Southwestern Kansas
Mexican territory until 1848. First trading post established, 1800. From
1821 to 1834 constituted portion of Indian Country. Kansas Territory
organized, 1854. Admitted into the Union January, 1861 ; the twenty-
first State admitted. Kansas bore a prominent part during the Civil
War and suffered greatly from border raids.
Area.— Total area. 82,080 square miles; land, 81,700, water, 380;
average length. 400 miles, breadth, 200; has 105 counties. Reserved
land. 987,875 acres.
Physical Features.— Geographical center of the United States
exclusive of Alaska and newly acquired territory. Surface mostly
rolling prairie, sloping to the Missouri River; soil generally fertile.
Elevation ranges from 700 feet in the east to about 4,000 feet in the
west. The Missouri— only navigable river— forms the eastern boundary
for 150 miles; an Important commercial highway. Principal rivers,
Kansas and Arkansas. Former with its tributaries drains more than
half the State. The numerous streams afford abundant water power for
factory and irrigation purposes.
Climate exceptionally healthful. There is wide range of tempera-
ture. Winters short; severity tempered by unusual dryness of the
atmosphere. Summer heat modified by constant breezes ; nights uni-
formly cool. Rainfall relatively small but evenly distributed; average
for year increasing. Mean annual rainfall at Leavenworth, 38.4 inches;
temperature. 53.5 deg.; highest, 107 deg.; lowest, 29 deg. below.
Agriculture.— State ranks high in all agricultural products; in
1900, first in wheat, second in hay, fourth in rye, fifth in corn and bar-
ley, and sixth in oats. Area and production of farm products, 1900:
Wheat, 4.660.376 acres, 82,488.655 bushels; hay, 3,054,137 acres, 4,031,461
tons; barley, 194,7a5 acres, 4,186,802 bushels; rye, 126,479 acres, 1,922,481
bushels; corn, 8,624.770 acres, 163,870,630 bushels; oats, 1,362,783 acres,
43,063.943 bushels; potatoes, 100.642 acres, 7.246.224 bushels; flax, 4,186,-
802 busnels, 1,693,238 bushels flaxseed. Soil and climate favorable to
the growing of tobacco, castor beans, cotton, sugar beets, and alfalfa;
constantly increasing areas are being devoted to these pursuits. Silk
culture is receiving attention. Sorghum produced, 1900, 1,622.963
gallons, valued at §551,807; Kaffir corn, 1,966,217 tons, value $5,756,285;
alfalfa, 276,008 acres; acres under cotton, 163; product, 48,400 pounds,
value $2,420. Irrigators, 1899, 929; area irrigated, 23.620 acres. Value
farm products, 1899, $209,89.->.542; live stock, 1900, $190,956,936.
Horticulture.— In 1900, 7.430.767 bearing apple trees, 3,196,790
peach, 880,670 cherry. 690,930 plum. 205,388 pear There were 2,792 acres
in nurseries, 3.833 under blackberries, 2,655 raspberries. 1,818 straw-
berries. There were 5,664 acres vineyards, producing 118,000 gals wine,
$88,540. Garden products marketed, $818,663; horticultural, $457,725.
Live Stock, Etc.— Stock-raising ranks second only to the growing
of cereals as a source of wealth. State well adapted to sheep husbandry
and dairy-farming Number and value of farm animals, June, 1900:
Horses, 979,695, value 843,758,334; mules, 118,704, $6,507,916; sheep, 262,-
013, $833,827; milch cows. 676.456, $22,191,123; other cattle, 3,814.622,
$95,449,678; swine, 3,594.859, $17,076,904; wool clip, washed and unwashed,
1901, 1.495.896 pounds: scoured. 493,646. Total value of domestic animals,
1900, 8186.317,248; dairy products, $7,459,693. Dairy interests date from
1882-3. Industry a profitable and growing pursuit. First separator
creamery established 1886. Cheese, butter, and condensed milk
factories, 1900, 171; capital, $1,139,595; value of products, $3,652,530.
Manufactures.— Though not distinctly a manufacturing State
Kansas has many important industrial establishments. In 1900, 7.830
manufacturing establishments reported a combined capital of $66,-
827,362; employes, 39,053; annual wages, 816.317,689. Meat-packing
houses, flouring mills, car works, foundries, zinc smelting and refin-
ing, creameries, and soap factories, etc., lead in importance. Value
of the productions of 11 meat-packing establishments, $76,829,139; of
533 flouring mills, $21,926,768. Oleomargarine manufactured, 1901, 16,-
360,484 pounds. Capital invested in 94 foundries, 82,450,324; value of
140
"J
rKiJcterville,^
.ion #1 T 6^ "*" .
v e . Te.rjtou.3 R^m,,,
5^Si«ChantiHy„ Eminence o
'<-ti7Z
: Cfs
is.** • o
V'-' 70 /-"
^)>^1S5
^3
-P Xinslej
}^-
-&£
VO^'
oTishcr
oShockej cS% v „._ > ^ 6D - 1 __ tt .
Appomattox,, 3vanT»oe 6 -Ensigno T >fej.
'> l "'- V 7 "SantaEe ^~™'S%
oLawsou Jiloom,^^
Men
jpearriM >v > v
■.Vv-
"Montezuma EorTTo. ''eJ-
^<
>%.<>%&*
Springvalep — ^££**»W
o Nickel /a Sun S^-c
i-^-' ~H";i_ VC Amber
Aetna. *g£
Hatelto
Kiowa/*
«v
u»J8a
Vj^Palmerlr ..
Clifton Kimeo
•'i
ii ni: 40
■-°'.%
^ &<
■'.v-'"T
V 3 ,'"'"''s^n > '^'estmoreland'i ja
' c -'-
^
I iv..-:ti.
•TAVEt
mar 1
^•:
JKa
.. g2 e e a ° Louisville
t, • : ^-JV^t^7 : \MaiicTies i Vr«^/0S'iea Pa5
^•^ 7»- *"l \A fl^^^PisAerriHe^^feafe: \ Baldwin/
Sfenoi -A.
Ch
Xo;t
'■ r V
l_2"?ton ^Dunlap
f § tr ^ \-AmericuVbReadi
"e "<<?»? ,
iawatoinie
vV iFontana
^^^n ^.^K T^^rVTT^yJff^taff^ aLmilton/ T'l .,.,;/< iJ^t^JT^^ m VM
EfBtaSTGL
^o|rb?^
V,eo^ i^?" 12 — : ;^-
— S edmpp v = t - T
^eal|^> jlkjtnlijMt
Stark r"
Latham^
«6e\d t .^V'
^v^e* '^• N a'erf' Ill ' i /p en ' lenc ?
Cedar^<— 5^-,\;V
142 UNITED STATES.
products, $2,804,268. The total output of Kansas salt plants was
2,238,878 barrels, value 81,076,945; third salt-producing State. Value of
brick and tile, $1,012,689; lime, $3,192. Value of hydraulic cement,
1900 $100,000. Kansas and Indian Ter. (1900-01) produced 22,468 gals, of
distilled spirits and 9,022 bbls. of fermented liquor. In 1900, 169 cigar
factories used 461,120 lbs. of tobacco; output, 25,275,533 cigars; tobacco
factories manufactured 2,818 lbs.of plug and 42.051 lbs. smoking tobacco.
Minerals.— Lead, zinc, and coal are the chief minerals. In 1900
Kansas ranked first in output of zinc; largest lead and zinc mining
camp in the world Is in Cherokee County. Bituminous coal area,
17,000 square miles; centers of industry, Cherokee, Crawford, Leaven-
worth, and Osage counties. Petroleum and natural gas industries of
southeastern sections growing rapidly in importance; estimated area
of fields 8,500 square miles, lola and Coffeyville gas fields most profit-
able. An inexhaustible supply of glass sand exists near Atchison.
Value of zinc and lead, 1899, Galena-Joplin mines, $10,715,307. In 1900,
Kansas produced 62,136 short tons of zinc spelter, or 50 per cent of
total product of United States. Output of zinc ore from the Galena
(Kansas) district in 1900, 45,043 short tons, valued at $1,202,054; lead
output, 5,059 tons, valued at $245,905 ; production 1894-1900: Zinc, 1.359,258
tons; lead, 201 ,070 tons, value both ores, $41,717,118. Value of natural
gas in 1900, $356,900, yield of petroleum, 74,714 barrels, value $69,142.
Petroleum produced from 1889 to 1900, inclusive, 516,593 bbls. Value coal
mined, 190). $5,454,691; salt, $1,076,945; clay goods, $1,016,750; gypsum,with'
Iowa, $904,263; limestone, $339,466; sandstone, $55,173.
Population.— Ranked thirty-third In 1860, twentieth, 1880; nine-
teenth, 1890; twenty-second, 1900. Total population in 1860, 107.206; 1880,
996,096, 1890, 1,427,096. Total population, 1900, 1,470.495: Male, 768.719;
female, 701,779; native, 1,343,810, foreign, 126,685; white.1,416,319; colored,
54,176; Africans, 52,003; Chinese, 39; Japanese, 4; Indians, 2,130.
Cities.— Kansas City, commercial metropolis of the State, and a
prominent railroad center ; has extensive stock yards, meat-packing
establishments, smelters, foundries, etc.; population, 1900, 51,418.
Topeka, the capital, is an important railway center, with extensive
manufactures; population, 33,608. Wichita, on the Arkansas River,
leading city of Southern Kansas; has glass factories, flour, planing,
and woolen mills, carriage factories, etc. ; population, 24,671. Leaven-
worth, on the Missouri River, railway and commercial center, with ex-
tensive manufacturing industries; population, 20,735. Atchison, has
an important trade by rail and river, and many flouring industries;
population, 15,722. Lawrence, seat of University of Kansas; popula-
tion, 10.862. Fort Scott, center for mining and shipping of bituminous
coal; population, 10,322. Pittsburg has Important zinc and silver
smelting works ; population, 10,112.
Railways.— The Union Pacific first line to enter State; completed
40 miles of road in 1863-4. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe reached
Kansas, 1873. Road in operation, 1870, 1,501 miles; 1875, 2,150; 1880,
3,400; 1885, 4,520; in July, 1900, 8,719.36 miles.
Education.— Free schools have been conducted since 1855. Public
school enrollment, 1899-00, 389,583; expenditure. $4,622,364: school age,
5-21; compulsory school age, 8-14. Educational institutions: University
of Kansas, Lawrence, opened 1866 : State Normal School at Emporia,
opened 1865; State Agricultural College near Manhattan; Industrial
School for Girls at Beloit.
Political.— State elections biennial. State, congressional, and
presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November. Num-
ber of Senators, 40; Representatives, 125; sessions biennial, in odd-num-
bered years; meets second Tuesday in January; limit of session, 50
days; term of Senators, 4 years; Representatives, 2 years. Number
electoral votes, 10. Voters must be citizens or declared intention- resi-
dent of State 6 months; county, town, and precinct, 30 days; registration
requirea in cities only. Idiots, insane, and convicts excluded.
Legal Holidays.-January 1, February 22. Arbor Day. May 30,
July 4, first Monday in September, general election day, Thanksgiv-
ing, and December 25.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 5 years; actions for re-
covery of real property sold on execution, 5 years; all others, 15; writ-
ten contracts, 5; others, 3; personal action, 2. Redemption from tax
sales, 3 years. Legal rate of interest, 6 per cent; by contract, 10.
NEBRASKA. 143
NEBRASKA. S'iteS^
'Black- water State."
Indian— "Water Valley."
Historical.— Country probably visited by Spaniards In sixteenth
centurv. French missionaries and traders entered the Territory about
the middle of the seventeenth century. Formed part of the Louisiana
Purchase of 18*13 and of Missouri Territory. Visited by Lewis and
Clarke 1804-5. Government exploration by way of Platte Valley made
under Major Long in 1820. First settlement made by whites at Belle-
vue 1847. Nebraska Territory organized 1854; admitted Into the Union
1867, the twenty-fourth State admitted. Bellevue the first capital; seat
of government removed to Omaha 1855; to Lancaster— now Lincoln—
1867.
Area.— Total area, 77,510 square miles; land, 76.840, or 49.177.600 acres ;
water, 670 square miles , length from east to west, 413 miles ; north to
south, 208. Counties, 90, Reserved land, 69,642 acres.
Physical Features.— The surface Is an undulating plain sloping
gently toward the east. Highest altitude is Niobrara Summit, 5,323
feet. Average eastern elevation, 1,400 feet; western, 2,312 feet. State
notable for its numerous broad shallow streams. Characteristic feature
of the surface, many fertile bottom lands and valleys; one-fourth the
entire area consists of well-watered valleys. The Missouri Elver,
the only navigable stream, forms the entire eastern and northeastern
boundary, frontage, 500 miles; Platte River crosses the State from west
to east. Next in importance are the Niobrara and Republican rivers.
Climate usually temperate throughout the State. Elevation of
surface and purity of the clear, dry atmosphere render it unusually
healthful. Average summer temperature, eastern section, 73 deg.,
western slightly higher; winter about 20 deg., though somewhat lower
In northwest and higher in southeast, Mean annual rainfall, Omaha,
31.7 inches; rainfall favorably distributed for farmer, no rain falling in
winter; mean annual temperature varies from 46 to 51 deg; highest, 106
deg.; lowest, 32 deg. below.
Agriculture the leading industry. Soil in eastern section natur-
ally adapted to agriculture ; irrigation rapidly developing western sec-
tions. Total miles of ditch supplied by gravity in 1899 was 1,701; area
irrigated, 148,5:38 acres; value of crops raised under irrigation amounted
to $982,615. Farm area, 1900:59.911,779 acres ; improved, 18.432, 595 acres;
value farm property, $747,950,057 ; products (1899), $162,696,386. Total
area devoted to crops comprised 15,153, 956 acres of which 79.7 per cent
was devoted to cereals ; value of crops, 892.469.326 ; 81.9 per cent value
of cereals. Nebraska is one of the leading States in the production of
corn. Yield and values, 1901: Corn, 109,141,840 bushels, 858,936.594 ;
wheat, 42.006.885 bushels, 122,683,718 ; oats, 39,065,222 bushels, S14.454,132;
barley, 1,188,688 bushels, $487,362 ; rye, 2,332,125 bushels, 81.072,778; hay
and forage, 1899, 3,517.495 tons, $11,230,901 ; potatoes, 7,817,438 bushels,
$1,734,666; sweet potatoes, 48.224 bushels, 827,933 ; flax-seed, 54,394 bush-
els, $53,793 ; broom-corn, 2,733,290 pounds, 8106,252. Soil and climate are
especially adapted to the culture of sugar beets ; tbis industry is im-
portant and extending rapidly; area under beets, 8.662 acres; value of
product, $222,258. Alfalfa, castor beans, tobacco, hemp, and chicory are
grown with excellent results. Honey produced, 1899, 866,200 pounds ;
wax, 16,090 pounds ; total value 8105,676.
Horticulture.— Fruit growing an important and growing Indus-
try. All fruits indigenous to temperate climates grown under natural
conditions in eastern and southeastern sections, under Irrigation in
central and western sections. Apples the chief crop ; plums, peaches,
and small fruit may be raised in abundance. Area under grape vines,
2,766 acres ; small fruits, 1,171 acres. Estimated number of fruit trees,
1900, 6,240,118. Apple trees, 3,877,329 ; peach, 1,055,959 ; cherry, 607,017;
plum, 542,450, pear, 58,047. Fruit produced, 1899 : Apples, 1,343,497 bush-
els ; cherries, 54,047 ; plums, 42,314 ; peaches, 8,753.
Live Stock and Dairy.— Large proportion of area specially
adapted to grazing. Stock-raising an industrial pursuit second only
to agriculture In Importance. State ranks among the prominent meat-
producing States of the West, Number and value of farm animals.
June, 1900: Horses, 795,318, value 836,663,359; mules, 55,124, $3,171,460;
sheep, 511,273, $1,678,498; milch cows, 512,544; 817,192,120; total neat
144
JDoiTinrton^-N oBaya\rJ ^.Tawlett
ll °Orlan,lo
" — N Cam P Clark
JiiarnaburgV-^ PP"^ -&- °?/ x?*
Freep
5> S&S^gP »o ^
lena Omega
Trjon o
iilac o Xemle^o Ganajx* "P"™
Sgi^T A?l cx D ^'o ^cornfield .J^'T^SSO/ o^A* /£\ «
E Pine n;0n ^S^- ^^*^^^^^Al5H^>^^SHQ&on o/ lda Grov ,
a- Pine ^5^- $?$& 'S^gS 11 J ^*fiS5^- : »r_!--S> ;i ^»5S>CipP 011 7 3 da (
TercJi ° lN f™j^
« Hammona Staffurd^^ Plainv
iragg Iiviii^NVr-^ -., J
Dff oS^van Clearwater 5 ^^^" K~ •J^^Tin-Mde-lPender - .. , ,
Carroll
Apos '
2rmi°
JElrin;
_Lvon
JBartlett
F&ifeaR*^?
». Arcadiaft- ^•^\Jb. N Q BravtoD \"i ^;:>':^^^S*Si:-S4i5 ^^V^^AVVtWMi HAi/
r Shelby
S5&&\ Shelto^;^^^^^X.^Ur^r^^ T ^ J T ;wif5?
Crete/
„ J-UFF*S
^-Mboldi ^/Verdo
146 UNITED STATES.
cattle, 3,176,243, $82,409,498 ■ swine, 4,128,000, $18,660,932. Wool clip, 1901,
2,471,153 pounds, value $365,731. Cheese, butter, and condensed milk:
factories, 93. Milk produced on farms, 190,477,911 gallons; butter, 34,-
518,659 pounds , cheese, 264,430 ; total value, $8,595,408. Eggs, 41,132,140
dozen, value $4,068,002 , poultry, $3,499,044. Value animals slaughtered,
$4,508,457.
Manufactures.— Milling and packing of meat and meat products
leading pursuits, engaging extensive capital; factory dairy prod-
ucts, saddlery, liquors, and lumber and planing mill products also im-
portant. Beet sugar factories at Norfolk, Grand Island, Ames, and
Leavitt; sugar produced, 1902-3, 22,890.000 pounds; area In beets. 11,193
acres. Manufacture of chicory a new and promising pursuit; under
plant, 1899, 124 acres ; quantity produced, 1 ,314,000 pounds. Value of brick
and tile, 1900, $839,815; product of 391 harness and saddle manufac-
tories, $1,783,712; 19 breweries, $1,433,501; 8 meat-packing establish-
ments, $71 ,018,339; 141 cigar factories, $702,037; 45 carriage and wagon
factories, $248,182. First iron works at Omaha, 1879. Capital invested
In brick and tile, 1900, $1,275,5X3; railroad shop construction, $3,635,267,
printing and publishing, $2,885,583; saddlery and harness, $1,340,511; dairy
factories, $952,185; planing mill products, $378,966; in flour and feed
mills, $4,335,934. Malt liquors produced, 1900, 218,161 barrels.
Minerals.— Coal mined in the southwestern and northeastern
parts of the State. Output comparatively small. Limestone quarried
chiefly in Cheyenne, Gage, and Pawnee counties; value of output,
1900, $107,305. Salt basin near Lincoln covers an area of twelve by
twenty-five miles; waters of springs contain 29 per cent of pure salt.
Population.— Nebraska ranked thirty-ninth in population in 1860,
thirty-sixth in 1870, twenty-sixth in 1890, and twenty-seventh in 1900.
Total population, 1860, 28,841; 1870, 122.993; lssn. 452.'4o2; 1890,1,058,910;
1900,1,066,300: Male, 564,592; native, 888,953; white, 1,056,526; colored,
9,774; Africans, 6,269; Chinese, 180, Japanese, 3; Indians, 3,322.
Cities.— Omaha, metropolis and former capital, founded, 1854; has
flourishing trade; manufactures include, malt liquors, lumber and
planing mill products, bakery goods, etc.; population, 1900, 102,555.
Lincoln, capital, railroad center with good trade in grain and cattle;
population, 1900, 40,169. South Omaha is one of the largest stock mar-
kets in the United States; population, 1900,26,001. Beatrice, railroad
center in good farming region; near magnesian limestone quarries and
deposits of brick and earthenware clay; population 7,875.
Railways.— First road to enter the State, Union Pacific, chartered
1862; work begun 1863, and by May, 1S66, 75 miles had been completed
west of Omaha; in July, 125 miles; May, 1869, the entire road was open
to Ogden, Utah. Burlington & Missouri was completed to Kearney
Junction, 1872. Mileage, 1870, 705; 1875, 1,127; 1880, 1,953; 1885, 2,963; 1890,
5,407; June, 1900, 5,684.85, averaging 53.31 miles to each 10,000 inhabitants.
Educational.— Public school enrollment, 1899-00, 288,227, expendi-
ture, $4,403,222; school age, 5-21; compulsory school age, 8-14; text-books
furnished. Nebraska claims lowest rate of illiteracy of any State In
the Union. "Free attendance" law provides for education of pupils
in neighboring high schools whose education can not profitably be
continued in home district. The University of Nebraska Is at the
head of the State educational system, with Agricultural College,
Lincoln; State Normal School, Peru; Boys' Industrial School, Kear-
ney; Girls' Industrial School, Geneva.
Political.— State elections biennial. State, congressional, and
presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; num-
ber of Senators, 33; Representatives, 100; term, 2 years ; sessions
biennial, in odd-numbered vears, meets first Tuesday in January; limit
of session, 60 days. Number of electoral votes, 8. Voters must be
citizens or declared intention; residents of State 6 months, of county 40
days, town 10 days, precinct 10 days; registration In all the large cities.
Idiots, insane, and convicts, unless pardoned, excluded. Women vote
at school elections. ■
Holidays.— January 1, February 22, April 22 or Arbor Day, May 30,
July 4, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, December 25, and Fast days when so
appointed. T ^ ,
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 5 years; foreclosure
mortgage, recovery real property, 10; personal actions, 1. Legal in-
terest rate, 7 per cent; by contract, 10.
SOUTH DAKOTA. 147
SOUTH DAKOTA. ^^^^SZ
Indian— Dahkotah, "Leagued."
Historical.— Territory originally part of Louisiana purchase of 1803;
became part of Minnesota Territory, 1849; from 1854-64 a portion was
Included in Nebraska. First explorations made by Lewis and Clarke,
1804-5. First settlement made at Sioux Falls, 1856. Dakota Territory
organized March 2, 1861. State Constitution adopted October 1, 1889.
Twenty-seventh State admitted to the Union; admitted Nov. 2, 1889.
Area.— Total area, 77,650 square miles; land, 76.850 square miles,
or 49.696.iX»0 acres; water, 800 sq. miles ; breadth, 380 miles, length,
245. Counties, 59. Appropriated land, 24.534,450 acres; ansurveyed
land, 397,866; reserved land, 12,802.946.
Physical Features.— The surface of South Dakota is an undu-
lating plain about equally divided by the Missouri Paver; eastern sec-
tion generally level or rolling; western, rolling, with numerous hills
and buttes. terminating in the southwest in the Black Hills. Highest
altitude, Harney Peak, 7.216 feet. Elevation of Big Stone Lake, 967
feet. Western and central sections drained by the Missouri and its
tributaries; within the eastern section lie mainly the valleys of the
James and Big Sioux rivers. The most characteristic of the " Bad
Lands" or "Mauvaises Terres"— so called because of the difficulty with
which they are traveled— covering an area of 100 square miles, are be-
tween the Cheyenne and White rivers, east of the Black Hills. Among
notable natural features are the well-known Hot Springs in Fall River
County and Wind Cave, said to rival in extent the famous Mammoth
Cave of Kentucky.
Forests.— Black Hills area well wooded; Norway pine most abun-
dant and valuable ; black and white spruce in the valleys of the north-
ern and central sections of this locality. Black Hills forest reserve,
967,680 acres. Outside the Black Hills there is little timber except the
woodlands bordering the streams and lakes. Much attention is being
given to tree planting and there are now more than 130,000 acres planted
with elder, ash, maple, and other trees.
Climate drv, healthful, and bracing; sunshine almost incessant; aver-
age number cloudy days in year, 60. Variations in temperature greater
than in Atlantic States in same latitude. Winters long, but severity
modified by dryness of the atmosphere; summers mild and pleasant.
Rainfall sufficient to mature crops, but uncertain in distribution.
Underground supply of water usually abundant; artesian wells numer
ous, especially in James River Valley. Mean annual rainfall at Tank
ton, 26.8 inches; mean annual temperature, 46.3 deg.; highest, 103 deg
lowest, 34 deg. below.
Agriculture.— Agriculture the leading industry; value farm prop-
erty, 1900, $297,525,302. Soil especially adapted to the production of the
cereals; wheat the staple crop; finest wheat grown in the James River
Valley. Corn an important crop, particularly in the South; oats in the
valleys of the Sioux and James rivers. Excellent flax, barley, hay, sor-
ghum, potatoes, and garden vegetables are produced. The hardier fruits
are successfully grown, especially in the Black Hills section. From the
more favored sections are exported apples, grapes, currants, goose-
berries, etc. Much attention is given fruit culture; horticulture inter-
ests promoted by organized societies. Many of the river valleys and
the lowlands of the Black Hills yield annually large crops of wild
hops. Production of corn, 1900, 1,200.697 acres, 32,418,819 bushels; wheat,
2,920,244 acres, 20,149.684 bushels; oats, 588,524 acres. 12.653.266 bushels;
hay, 1,749.319 acres, 2,064.1% tons; potatoes. 55.217 acres, 4.030,841 bushels;
flax, 1898. 300,000 acres. 2,550,000 bushels flaxseed.
Live Stock.— Stock-raising a profitable industry throughout the
State. Cattle and horses of South Dakota of superior quality, owing
to an invigorating climate, abundance of pure water, and excellent
character of native grasses. Sheep husbandry and the raising of swine
are promising pursuits in all parts of the State. Number and value of
farm animals. June, 1900: Horses. 480.768, value 820.085,687; mules. 6,804,
value 8345.609; sheep, 775,236, value 82,434,206; milch cows, 270,634,
value 88.400.H18; other cattle, 1,276,166, value 829,447,115; swine, 823,120,
value 83,540,072; wool clip, 1901, 2,777,190 pounds.
Manufactures.— Great natural advantages and a wealth of raw
148
<3
Bellefourobe
'^pe--itfij». J'oluntebi'
•fe-"P^tfaT7hitewoocl
'^ k Sturgia icy
q^O^-SlIM SJTTES
V i'"^- SLIM BJTTES
C/ '^,RESERV A TION
\r*&
A i — 'C >lTamer "
i: 1 .!'" AT Tort Bennett/
i Leslie Tt. Sully r
i- U ■ „1 Keystone {Heri™™ / **
.■^^/Cr-' Bovine (
owlin
v'Ni..-.
tltahta
vV"
Jlot
rtfton
' r0vS \E U n 1 fora Joelrichs
Dakota JcA
larrisun £\
(Crawford
Jft£l Jf& r ^ g j ] "~™*
®4P RESERVATION
'Orcupwe Igffaniier
) EUTTF ~ P.
^yVrdinoreC (,'/. . J _Pine"Rid»e
^haclron
Hemingford
SOUTH DAKQl
Scale of Statute Miles.
5" 10 20 30 10 50 60 70
Copyright, 1904, by Rami, McSally & C
149
\
Alpha
Sutherland
Eureka
llenrtalp j-^r,. / l£jjl=--^ — iy-Ku iiaoi ^WhUerockn ■ •
iT— -.#7 * /fe^fe?^** , " ^ on "2\2
s Wmship^Snvo///. Burchyr BrUton ^«Wen Cra^d If <£\ ton
City \TT-,, oMlrtel >. »-^ a .Ki/l/mout/ /Spaiu Frani V f^W' I -H
- .4 fi JVestport*:o #* *£ */laa 3 fotcl * leller\* l^T - Wl
**/>? Mw K:
blanket -«oi c \
Putney I
,Hoveu ^-" be ^° 5fie yf> U fe Ury L nle fluy" SoutushoreV^TlbaJVi
5
les I ^PembroKe
' l Mellette
faniecke ^
imnt ^ „a j-g^'g
nz(ji.^°X?.'^ -Danforth
n ^\V- x V\v' Glendale
3>«n IBatea -«><§y
ncan
° We3':n2-on^
? ^tefturi Springs
nvaTley
<"
,->••"
*^° V Carthage W> gj? « <? s »-
"^ Calli- A St. Marys -o\^? ^ -^
Tian T V -^ ' V, -->- £
Sotch&ty
Pr^l^rkstoVn
OacomaiSS^ttVwM^.
Houston /)nfl (~1 f /55 — ■*- -
£°ReJ Lake
"Bijou
^>^> ~%<£ $ V ^VMonroe
fW'Doltonv \ i>„
Mil'townS „ n o^. „«\ ,„•/ ■
TynJiaTrT ^ ' V ~£ . & *> '/ aTjonda ;
o^/YANKTOrAi^'GayvUleSpiak 4
150 UNITED STATES.
materials afford superior facilities for pursuit of Industrial enterprises.
The milling industry Is the most extensive and Important in the State.
Number and capacity of flouring mills extending rapidly. Dairying Is
a prominent pursuit and a growing source of wealth. The State has
122 creameries and 14 cheese factories. Manufacture of brick and
terra cotta is becoming a profitable Industry. Value brick and tile
manufactured, 1900, 846,150. Cement and lime are made from rock
found In different localities throughout the State. Portland cement
manufactured, 1900, 88,000 barrels, value 876,000. Number of manu-
facturing establishments, 1900, 1,639; value of land and buildings,
82,180,472, assessed value of real estate, 8132,562.815; average number
of employes, 3,432; total wages, si ,730,642; cost of material used, 87,827,-
110; value of entire product, 812,231,239.
Minerals.— The BlackHllls region Is exceedingly rich In minerals;
wealth of resources largely undeveloped. Gold mining began in the
Hills in 1873; value of production, 1900, 86,177,600; silver, 8332,444. In
1900 State ranked fourth In production of gold and eighth In silver.
Gold output, 298.842 line ounces, year's decrease of 14.120 , silver, 536,200
fine ounces, year's Increase of 390,600; coinage value, 1900 product, $693,-
269. Valuable deposits of tin have been located around Harney's Peak
and in Nigger Hill region; Black Hills produced first metallic tin in
America. Copper, lead, mica, cement, gypsum, clays, and building
stones also found in abundance. Most extensive beds of fuller's earth
yet opened In the West are in South Dakota. Natural gas, petroleum,
and coal exist , salt is found in the oil district. Productive limestone
quarries are in Lawrence and Custer counties; value of output,1900,
847,762. Inexhaustible quantities of the finest granite exist in the
southeastern part of the State. Total value of granite quarried,
8114,115. Output of mica, 123,090 pounds sheet. 80 tons scrap. Copper
output, 15,147 pounds, value of sandstone, $12,675
Population. — Ranked thirty-seventh in 1900. Population, 1890,
328,808; 1900,401,570: Male, 216,164, female, 185,406; native, 313,062, white,
380,714, colored, 20,856; African, 465; Chinese, 165; Japanese, 1; Indians,
20,225.
Cities.— Siotix Falls, commercial metropolis and largest city in
State. Situated at falls of Big Sioux River, near important granite
quarries; has numerous industrial establishments; population, 1900,
10,266. Yankton, on the Missouri River, 200 miles by water above
Omaha, has flour and steam saw mills, breweries, machine shops, etc.;
steamboats ply the fiver to Fort Benton ; population, 4,125. Lead, pop-
ulation 6,210, and Deadwood, 3,498, in the heart of the Black Hills, are
flourishing towns with important mining interests. Pierre, the capital,
a thriving city in center of the State, on the Missouri River; an im-
portant live-stock market; population, 2,306.
Railways.— First railroad entered the State, 1872. Mileage, 1890,
2,610.41; 1893,2,792.15; July, 1900, 2,849.83.
Education. — Public school enrollment, 1899-00, 96,822; Private,
1893-4, 1,888, school age, 6-21; compulsory school age, 8-14; expenditure,
81.598,757. Public high schools, 61; private secondary schools, t. Edu-
cational institutions Include University of South Dakota, opened at
Vermilion, 1882; State Normal Schools at Madison, Spearfish, and
Springfield; Agricultural College and farm of 320 acres is located at
Brookings; School of Mines, Rapid City; School for Deaf Mutes,
Sioux Falls; State Reform School, Plankinton. .
Political.— State elections biennial. State, congressional, and
presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November, Num-
ber of Senators, 45; Representatives 87; sessions biennial in odd-
numbered years; meets Tuesday after first Monday m January; limit
of session, 60 days; term of Senators and Representatives, 2 Years.
Number electoral votes, 4. Voters must be citizens or declared mten-
Son residents of State 6 months, county 3 months town and precinct
10 days registration limited. Idiots, insane, and convicts, unless
Pa £e°gal'Ho C iiaays.-January 1, February 2-2, July 4, first Monday in
September general election day, Thanksgiving, December 2a.
Teeal.-Statutes of limitation: Judgments, recovery real prop-
er^? sealed instruments, 20 years; contracts. 6; personal actions, 2;
redemption of taxes, 2. Legal interest rate, 7 per cent; by contract, 12.
NORTH DAKOTA. 151
NORTH DAKOTA.^£ e »t££
Indian— Dahkotah, "Leagued."
Historical.— Xorth Dakota formed part of the Louisiana purchase
of 1803. Exploring expedition of Lewis and Clarke spent the winter of
1804-5 among the Mancian Indians, near the present site of Bismarck,
Pembina settled by Lord Selkirk, 1812. American Fur Company domi-
nant factor in this section from 1832. Dakota Territory, including
parts of Wyoming and Montana, organized 1861; area reduced, 1868.
Admitted to the Union Xovember 2, 1889. The twenty-sixth State to
enter after tlie adoption of the Federal Constitution.
Area.— Total area, 70,795 square miles; land, 70,195 square miles,
or 44,924,8)30 acres; water, 600 square miles; breadth, 360 miles; length,
210. Counties. 45. Unappropriated lands, 16,956.491 acres; surveyed,
11.973.738 acres: reserved. 3.370.491. Lands already taken up, 24.583.u98
acres. Government land offices at Minot, Devils Lake, Grand Forks,
Bismarck, and Fargo.
Physical Features.— Surface is mostly level and rolling, with
many fertile hills and broad alluvial valleys. In the west and south-
west are the "Bad Lands." Country well watered. Missouri River and
its tributaries drain the western and southwestern sections; northern
and eastern sections drained by the Mouse and Red rivers. Greatest
elevation, at Fryburg Spur. 2.768 feet. Between the Red and Missouri
rivers is a grassy plain— the Coteau du Missouri— of 30,000 square miles.
Lakes abound in almost every county. Devils Lake, a picturesque
sheet of salt water in the northeast, with no visible outlet, has an ele-
vation of 1,434 feet above sea level. Length nearly 50 miles; greatest
width. 12 to 15 miles. On tbe north shore are the Chautauqua grounds,
on the south, historical Fort Totten, now occupied by an Indian indus-
trial school.
Timber.— Wooded area of State covers about 384,000 acres; timber
found mostly on Turtle Mountains and a few other hills and in narrow
strips along the Missouri River and other streams. Government
'greatly encouraging planting of trees.
Climate remarkably healthful. Atmosphere dry and stimulating,
with generally clear skies and brilliant sunshine. "Winters sometimes
severe with occasional blizzards. Summer and autumn peculiarly
delightful. Rainfall sufficient if distribution is seasonable; greatest in
south and west. Mean annual rainfall at Bismarck, 18.4 inches; mean
annual temperature, 39.9 deg.; highest, 106 deg. ; lowest, 44 deg. below.
Agriculture the chief source of wealth. State noted for pro-
duction of wheat. Wheat farms of 30,000 acres not uncommon. Other
cereals, flax, and all root crops, especially potatoes yield abundantly.
About three-fourths of wheat produced in State grown In James River
Valley. Flax cultivated for seed and oil. Area in farms, 1900. 15.542
acres; under improvement, 9.644.520 acres, chief products: Wheat,
2,689.1/23 acres, 13.176.213 bushels; oats. 611,581 acres, 6,299.284 bushels;
barley. 243.761 acres, 1.998.840 bushels; rye, 16.152 acres, 83,990 bushels;
corn, : 23.824 acres. 381. 184 bushels; potatoes, 29.555 acres, 1,536.860 busheis,
flax. 1899, 773,999 acres; 7.766,610 bushels of flaxseed; hay and forage,
1,748.213 tons, value $5,182,917. Value of farm products, $64,252,494-, of
farm property, 1900.8255 .266 .751, an increase of 164 per cent in ten years.
Orchard fruits grown almost exclusively in eastern half of State; total
number of trees, 7.329, one-third in Walsh County. Currants the most
important among the small fruits.
Live Stock.— Stock-raising second only to agriculture in impor-
tance. Estimated area of natural grazing lands. 40,000,000 acres. Live
stock — particularly cattle and sheep — and dairy interests centered
mostly in the Mouse River country and the grassy hills to the south-
west Particular attention given to breeding of cattle and horses.
Number and assessed valuation of farm animals, 1900: Horses. 359.948,
value 822.72s.5ll . mules. 6,880, 1476,366; cattle, 657434, 815.810,637; sheep,
681,952. $1,967,136; bogs, 191,798, $930,470; total value of live stock, $41,951,-
659; of this amount 53.6 per cent represents the value of horses. Wool
Clip, 1901, 2.921,204 pounds.
Dairies, Etc.— Introduction of creameries and cheese factories
increasing the value of cows and giving new impetus to the dairy
Interests of State. Increased wealth of State through dairies on farms.
152
Scale of Statute Miles.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Copyright, 1904,~l>j Sand. ^TrNilly £ Co.
103°
153
RAND, MO NAUY * CO., £HGH't>, CHICAGO. 97"
m UNITED STATES.
12,858. Receipts from factory-made cheese, $21,291; creamery
butter, $95,232. During the year, 8 cheese factories produced 225,899
pounds ut cheese, and 18 creameries produced 463,188 pounds of butter.
Value of milk and milk products, 1697, $2,500,000. Mill? Bold to cream-
eries and cheese factories, ll.ssi.liil pounds, value $66316. Home
products, 1899: Butter, 9,178,815 pounds; cheese, 70.881 pounds, eggs,
;.1:',s,ihii» dozen; value of poultry, $594,751: animals sold, $3,902j074;
Slaughtered, $1,578,588: honey and wax, 81,149.
Manufactures.— Production almost entirelv domestic and for
local consumption. Report of 1900 gave number of Industrial firms as
1,130; capital employed, 85,396,490; employes, 2,5(56; value of materials
used, $5,615,792; products, $9,183,114. Flouring and grist mill products
the most important; total number of mills In State, 1900, 97. Flour,
lumber, and woolen mills located at Grand Forks. Development of
the valuable clay deposits a growing occupation; value of brick and
tile manufactured. 1900, $92399.
minerals.— Entire country west of Missouri, and large part of
total area underlaid with deposits of lignite coal. Coal excellent for
heating purposes and possesses superior qualities for gas making.
Mining operations are mainly along the Northern Pacific Railway, west
of the Missouri River. Output of mines for 1900, 129.883 short tons,
value $158,348, an increase of one-third over the output of 1899. Salt
springs exist in the Red River Valley.
Population.— North Dakota ranked forty-second In 1860; fortieth,
1880, forty-first, 1890 and 1900. Total, I860. 4.837; 1880. 135,177: 1890, 182,719.
Population, 1900. 319,146: Male. 177.493; native. 206,055; white, 311,712;
colored, 7,434; African, 286; Chinese, 32, Japanese, 148; Indians, 6,968.
Cities.— Fargo, on the Red River, is the metropolis and railroad
center, with good trade; manufactures agricultural implements;
population, 1900, 9,589. Grand Fork*, commercial center of Northeast
Dakota; has large lumber mills and Is the seat of the University of
North Dakota; population, 7,652. Bismarck, capital, a thriving city
on Missouri River, population, 3,319. Jamestown, 98 miles east of
Bismarck, railway junction in artesian well belt of James River Valley;
population, 2,853.
Railways.— The first railway— the Northern Pacific— entered the
State January 2, 1872; miles of road completed that year, 272. Miles of
road January 1, 1892, 2,218. June 30, 1900, 2.731.22, being 3 89 miles of
line to each 100 square miles, 85.59 miles to each lo.ooO inhabitants.
In 1901, railroad property was valued at $19,970,000. During certain
seasons the Missouri and Red rivers afford important highways for
commerce and trade.
Education.— Public school enrollment, 1899-00, 77,686; private,
1893-4, 400; expenditure, 81.440,892: school age, 6-20; compulsory, 7-14.
Public high schools, 1899-00. 27; private secondary, 2. Among the edu-
cational institutions are the University of North Dakota at Grand
Forks, opened 1884; State Normal Schools at May ville and Valley City;
State Agricultural College, Fargo; School for the Deaf and Dumb,
Devils Lake; School of Mines, Grand Forks; Fargo College, Fargo,
Red River Valley Universltv, Wahpeton; State Manual Training
School, Ellendale, School of Forestry, Bottineau; School of Science,
Wahpeton; Reform School, Maudan. About 100 traveling libraries in
use In schools
Political.— State elections biennial. State, congressional, and
Presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November. Num-
er of Senators, 40; Representatives, 100; term of Senators, 4 years;
Representatives, 2 years; sessions, biennial, in odd-numbered years,
meets first Tuesday after first Monday in January; limit of session, 60
days. Number of electoral votes, 3. Voters must be citizens or de-
clared intention, or civilized Indians, residents of State 1 year, of
county 6 months, of precinct 90 days; registration required in cities of
3,000 or over Idiots, insane, convicts, and U. S. soldiers excluded.
Women may vote on school matters.
Legal II oil days.— January 1, February 12 and 22, May 30, July 4,
Thanksgiving and public fast, December 25, and general State or
National election.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 10 years: contracts,
obligations, liability , 6, redemption of tax sales, 3 years. Legal interest
rate, 7 per cent; by contract, 12.
MONTANA. 155
ArOYT A \ T A Mon-ta'-nah.
UJ-VALN J-j^^^Jl. "Stubtoe" or " Treasure " State.
Spanish— "Mountainous."
Historical.— First explored by Lewis and Clarke, 1804-6. Trading
post established on Yellowstone River, 1809; Fort Union built by
American Fur Company, 1S27; Fort Benton, 1846. First settlers located,
1862. Territory organized, 1864. Admitted to Union, November 8, 1889.
Area, 146,080 square miles; land, 145,310; water, 770; average length,
east to west, over 535 miles; breadth, 275. Counties, 27. Area of forest
reserves, 4,348,800 acres.
Physical Features.— Two natural divisions: Western Montana,
traversed by Rocky Mountains, contains many broad, fertile valleys
and basins; Eastern Montana comprises plateaus and undulating plains.
Elevation of plains, 2,000 feet above sea level; mountain valleys, 3,000 to
5,000 feet. Highest altitude, Mount Douglas, 11,300 feet. Chief rivers,
Yellowstone and Missouri.
Climate, dry, healthful, exhilarating; sunshine almost c.ontinu-
ous. Winters generallv mild, but subject to extreme and rapid changes.
Snowfall light except on mountains. Mean annual rainfall, Helena, 13
inches; temperature, 43deg.-, highest, 103; lowest, 42 below.
Agricultnre, etc.— Farms. 1900. 13.370; area. 11.844.454 acres; im-
proved, 1,736,701. Irrigation is necessary in many sections. Cereals,
vegetables, and fruits nourish. Value wheat crop, 190u. 81.177.277;
oats. 81.U78.869; hay. 85.138. 725; potatoes. 8339,547. Live stock second
only co mining in importance. In 1901. Montana ranked first in num-
ber of sheep and extent of wool clip Cattle. 1900, 96S.387, 825.362,016;
sheep. 6.170,453. 81S.165.404; wool clip, 1901, 3ii.553.990 lbs.
Horticulture receiving increased attention. Flathead. Missoula,
Ravalli, and Madison counties, chief fruit districts. Orchard trees,
1900,579.874; apple. 5:30.976; cherry, 20,164: plum, 18.449, pear, 8,422. Ap-
ples produced. 1899, 43,939 bushels; strawberries, 532,260 quarts.
Manufactures.— Natural advantages great. Establishments, 1900,
1,080, capital. 84u.945.846; gross value products, 857,075,824. Copper
snielting and refining most important; capital invested, 826,824.298.
Lumber and timber products, malt liquors, foundry products, and
slaughtering important.
minerals.— Mineral resources inexhaustible. Mining chief indus-
try. In 1900, Montana fourth in lead, fifth in gold, second in silver.
Leads all other States in production of copper. Gold mined. 1900,
277.266 Ounces, value $4,698,000; silver, 14.195.4(H) ounces. 818.353,648;
copper. 27u.738.489 pounds, over $44,000,000; lead smelted, 1899. 10.277
shorttons, coalouiput. 1900. 1,661,775 tons, $2,713,707: limestone. 8141.093.
Population, 187U. 20.595; 1890. 132.159: 1900, 243.1329: Male. 149,842;
lemale 93.487; native. 176.262; foreign. 67.067; white. 226.283; colored,
17,U46, African, 1,523; Chinese. 1.739; Japanese. 2,441; Indians, 11,343.
Cities.— Butte, important railway center, second in manufactures;
city one of the greatest mining camps known ; population, 1900, 30,470.
Helena, capital, third city in size; seat of United States assay office;
population, 10.770. Great Falls, second city; many flourishing indus-
tries, population. 14.930. Anaconda, seat of large copper smelting and
refining works, population, 9.453. Missoula, population, 4,366.
Railways.— First railroad entered Territory, March, 1880, number
of miles completed, 1880. 1U6: 1890. 2.195; July. 19ou. 3.ulu.32.
Education.— Public school system established 1872. Number of dis-
tricts. 1899-00.696; total enrollment, 39.430; expenditure. $854,069 School
age. 6-21: compulsory school age, 8-14. State University, Missoula;
Agricultural College. Bozeman: Indian School, Fort Shaw; School of
Mines. Butte; State Normal. Dillon.
Political.— State elections biennial. Senators, 26; Representatives,
78; sessions biennial, first Mondav in January: limit, 60 days. Electoral
votes, 3. Voters must be citizens, residents of State 1 year, county 6
months, town and precinct 30 days; registration required.
Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22, Arbor Day, May 30,
July 4, first Monday in September, general election day, Thanksgiving,
December 25.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 10 years; contracts, 8;
open accounts, 3; redemption of tax sales, 3; legal interest, 10 per cent;
by contract, any.
156
1 ';,.^Kr Springe \ J^o'^L^ ^SX"^ >& «*!* ,i.
"R 113* f
157
K A ^/^\'eron3^^ MTS . tiger ByTT E_. "Y>^^~^a ri - ; ^^K
£?W^
Vfc
"W
sap** /rr A^ih^uT
Cinnabar Cooke ®R e d Lodlge f ..jAberdeen r^-oj
3ran^enberg 7^ k alaka/ I
[ddy // Trankl-.D /f ( ^soiiST
;obrhe»a _ , A \
Mafitocth Rot Spnngy ^ V V% , T^tU^
L0W8T0NE ^i Jr^Kt r^' ^^
In ~ ~ '
ft./*-**
1
-2:
Of, 6W
r^\ *# ^Buffalo A ^2s?%
S! —
2
<sjSfi?r Ijr.:**^?
MONTANA
5%, Idaho.
Scale of Statute Miles.
1 } 13 30 30 40 60 60 70 60 SO 100 It :
>, C opTTigbt,1904,'bj3Und,Jlc'Nillj k Co.
K
V
158 UNITED STATES.
IDAHO, l'-dah-ho.
Indian— "Gem <>f the mountains."
Historical.— Formed part of Oregon Country acquired 1792-1819.
Coeurd'Alene Mission established 1842. First permanent settlements,
I860, when gold was discovered <>n Oro Fino Creek. Originally a part
of Oregon Territory ami later of Washington Territory. Idaho Terri-
tory. Including what is now Montana and part of Wyoming, organized
1868; present limits established 1888. state Constitution adopted 1889.
Admitted Into the Union. July 3, L890 Forty-third state.
A rea.— Total area. SI, sou square miles; land, 84,290; water, 510, length
of western border, 485 miles; Wyoming border, 13o miles; southern
Border, 800 miles; northern, 4."> miles. Counties, 21.
Pnysica I Features.— Country a vast plateau. Surface diversified
by numerous mountain ranges, broad and fertile hills and valleys, and
extensive prairies. Altitude varies from 647 feet at Lewiston, to 13,691
feet In Teton Mountains; mean elevation of State, 4,700 feet. Snake
River drains two-thirds the area of the State. Othei large rivers fur-
nish abundance of water for irrigating purposes. Great Shoshone,
American, and Salmon Falls notable natural features Estimated area
of wooded lands, 22,400,000 acres, vellow pine predominates.
Climate invigorating and healthful. Intensity of heat and cold
markedly influenced by the dry, rarefied atmosphere. Mean annual
rainfall at Boise, 18.1 inches; temperature, 50.9 deg.; highest, 107 cleg.;
lowest, 28 deg below.
Agriculture.— Soils of Idaho among the most productive in the
world. In southern section irrigation generally necessary to success-
ful plant growth. Irrigated area under cultivation, 5t)8,lS3 acres. South-
eastern section best suited to general farming. Products. 1900: Wheat,
8,104,029 bushels; oats, 1,849,845 bushels; hay. 659.108 tons; potatoes,
684,080 bushels. Culture of sugar beet successful.
Horticulture an important pursuit; rapidly extending in com-
mercial importance. Fruits unexcelled in quality and flavor; all de-
ciduous varieties of temperate zone, grown. Area under orchards,
1890, 2,640 acres; 1900, 35,284. Value of orchard products. 1899, $365,224.
Live Stock industry important. Estimated area of grazing land,
25,ixiO,(ioO acres. Value of farm animals, 1900, $21,389,853; wool clip, 1901,
20.836.250 pounds.
Minerals.— Mining the chief industry. Value of ores produced
since 1860. nearly $200,000,000. Coeur d'Alene district the richest. State
leads in production of lead ranks ninth in gold, and fourth In silver.
Output of four leading metals, 1900, about 114,000,000; gold, 83.433 fine
ounces, value sl.724.7(Hi; silver, 6,429,100 ounces, value $3,986,042. Out-
put of lead, 85,444 short tons: copper, 290,162 pounds.
Population, 1890,84.385, 1900,161,772; native, 137.168; white, 154,495;
negroes, 293, Chinese, 1.467; Japanese, 1,291; Indians. 4.226.
Cities. — Boise, capital and chief city; in vicinity of rich gold and
silver mines; seat of United. States assay office; population, 1900, 5,957.
Poattello, 4,046; Moscow, 2,484; Lewiston, on Snake River, important
trading center; population. 2.425. Wallace, 2,265. Montpelier, outlet
for Bear Lake Valley; population. 1.444.
Railways.— Miles in operation, 18S0, 206; 1885, 794; 1S90, 946; July,
1900, 1,261.28 miles.
Education.— Public school enrollment, 1899-1900. 36.669; expendi-
ture, $400,043; school age, 5-21; compulsory school age. 8-14; text-books
furnished. University of Idaho at Moscow; Normal Schools at Lewis-
ton and Albion.
Political.— State elections, biennial. Number of Senators, 21: Rep-
resentatives, 49; term, 2 years; sessions, biennial in odd-numbered
years, meets first Monday after January 1st: limit of session, 60 days.
Electoral votes. 3. Voters must be actual citizens, residents of State
6 months and of county 3 months, town 30 days, precinct 10 days; regis-
tratlon required. Women may vote.
Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22, Arbor Day, July 4,
general election day, Thanksgiving. December 25.
L.earal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 6 years; instruments in
Writing, 5; contracts not in writing. 4; redemption of tax sales, 2 years.
Legal interest rate, 7 per cent; by contract, 12.
WYOMING. 159
WYOMING, wio mtag
Indian— Maughwanwame— signifies "Broad Valley."
, Historical.— Territory taken mainly from Louisiana purchase of
1803: in part from Mexican cessions, and territory defined by treaty with
Great Britain 1816. Named for historic Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania.
Visited by Spanish adventurers and Jesuit missionaries about the
middle of the sixteenth century. Exolored by Fremont about 1842;
Cheyenne settled 1S6T. Territory organized from portions of Dakota,
Idaho, and Utah, Julv 25, ISfiS. State Constitution adopted 1889;
admitted into Union July 10, 1890; thirty-first State admitted.
Area.— Total area, 97,890 square miles; land, 97,575 square miles or
62,448,000 acres; water, 315 square miles; length, 350 miles; breadth, 275.
Total area of public lands subject to entry, 47,656.896 acres; unsur-
veyed. 4.8S7.309. Reserved land. 7.995.018 acres.
Physical Features.— Surface greatly diversified; largely an ele-
vated plateau crossed by ranges of Rocky Mountain system; mean
elevation not less than 6.400 feet; highest'altitude. Fremont's Peak,
13,790 feet; lowest about 500 feet above sea level. Big Horn Mountains
in north, Wind River and Absaroka in west; Laramie and Medicine
Bow in the southeast. Southwest drained by Green River; northwest
by Yellowstone and Snake rivers; north by Big Horn; southeast by
North Platte and Laramie rivers. Rivers not valuable for navigation,
but furnish power and water for irrigation. Numerous small lakes in
western part of State. Contains an unusual number of mineral springs.
Yellowstone National Park.— A region, mainly in Wyoming,
set apart as a public pleasure ground and game preserve by act of Con-
gress 1872. First visited 18o6. Explorations made under Washburne 1870,
more extensive under Hayden 1871. Great Continental Diyide crosses
southern part of Park. Area about 3,348 square miles. Surface an el-
evated plateau in center of Rocky Mountain system, elevat ion 7,000-
11,000 feet. Large tracts are covered with dense forests. Region has
been one of recent remarkable volcanic activity. Park is famous for
its scenery; noted for its extensive geysers, boiling springs, canons,
etc. Embraces headwaters of Yellowstone — branch of Missouri — and
Snake — branch of Columbia River. Besides Yellowstone Lake, near
center of Park, elevation 7,741 feet, are Shoshone, Lewis, and Heart
lakes. Grand Canon and Falls of Yellowstone among its most inter-
esting features. Highest elevations, Mt. Humphreys, 11,000 feet, and
Table Mountain. 10,800- feet. Within the Park are found the larger
game— buffalo, elk, antelope, and bear.
Forests, with exception of high plains in Yellowstone Park, usually
confined to mountains, wooded area. 8.000J 100 acres distributed through-
out the State. Best timber found on Big Horn, Laramie Range, Med-
icine Bow, and Sierra Madre Mountains; timber limit about 10.000 feet
above sea level. Yellow and white pine and white spruce are the prin-
cipal woods. Public forests comprise 3.273,640 acres; Yellowstone Na-
tional Park Timber Land Reserve. 1.239 .040 acres ; Big Horn Forest,l,147,-
840 acres; Teton Forest, 829,440 acres; Crow Creek Forest, 56,320 acres.
Climate in general mild and healthful. Atmosphere dry, clear,
and rare: summers short and cool; winters long and severe in the
higher altitudes; temperature varies with elevation. Rainfall slight;
mean annual rainfall at Cheyenne, 12.2 inches; mean annual tempera-
ture, 44.9 deg.; highest, 100 deg.; lowest, 38 deg. below.
Agriculture.— Estimated area of land capable of cultivation
under irrigation, 12,00(1,000 to 15,000,000 acres. Agriculture increasing
as irrigation is extended; Wyoming surpasses all other States in num-
ber of available streams. A large proportion of the alkali soil, espe-
cially that of the sagebrush and grease wood wastes, produces abun-
dantly under irrigation. Below an altitude of 7,500 feet, cereals- ex-
cept Indian corn — vegetables, tame grasses, and other products of
Western and Central States may be grown; in Fremont County, at
an altitude of 5,300 feet, small berries and grapes grow quite readily.
The valleys of the large streams, particularly the Platte, afford the best
natural conditions for farming. Promising industries are the raising
of sugar beets, tobacco, and small fruits. Improved farm area, 1900,
792.332 acres. Productions and value, 19t)0: Hay, 293.718 acres, yield 493,-
*46 tons, value $3,602,156; potato crop, 3,921 acres, 388,179 bushels, value
V
160
M\ O/x 'VN
"Jlarttnan o ^j "j£
YOMIN C
Scale of Statute Mili
1 o Ma Von S 10 20 30 4" 50
Copyright; 1904, "by TUnB. McNail
BISHOP mt. \ ' B »t?io
161
a.i
, Oil City
Berthaton
Roclc
"Winthrop
iw Hide But
Tan Tassels"
Guthrie } GlenO^
Treelanf^^ Guthrie j> S^a^^^^T 8
■• Vt Toltec o i^iS BuckhonU Laraaii^iX^^^ys?? '
>rTieausV evie l
' ' 5GA&
'"Ssratuza
jgj&ckfele >kSB^* /ScluluSpu.
Ildowfield Bo3lerW^iJ^' te /iron
lbiU« "Wyomir./V;jV"-Vltu4
_Biu^W;&ummi?'
at ton / n (Osl-^ —
a»"<v,„Cer»<enmal VJ 5 — - j^i^,
.0^
MouotSin r^S^
~?t/ South TieuS
162 UNITED STATES
■368,962, oats. 18,429 acres, 680,272 bushels, $296,228; corn, 2,403 acres.
x\:,ir: bushels. 149,021; wheat, 20,819 acres, 866,414 bushels, $278,475.
Livestock. Large amounl of natural grazing; estimated area,
18,000,000 acres. StocK-ralsIng the oldest and most profitable Industry.
Cattle the most Important, bat great progress has been made in qual-
ity and Dumber ot sheep and horses. Number and value of farm
animals.. lime. L900: Horses, I35J543, value $8225,196; mules, 1,277, $51,608;
Sheep. 5,099,618, $16,810,096; mlleb cows. 18,272, $720,693; other eattle, 669,-
012, $18,672,496; swine. 15,471, $78,145. Wool clip, 1!hu 26,856,420 pounds.
Fish and Game.— From 1890 to 1896, 8,823,000 young trout were
distributed In waters of state. l.3l6,<)0o having been supplied by hatch-
ery at Laramie, branch hatcheries at Sheridan and Sundance. "Wyo-
ming celebrated for large game— moose, elk, deer, antelope, mountain
sheep, goats, black, brown, cinnamon, and grizzly bear. Stringent
laws exist for the protection of the game.
Manufactures.— Number of establishments, 1900,334; value prod-
ucts, $4,301,240. Ranks fifteenth in production of coke: output, 1900,
14,501 short tons, value $48,503, railroad shop products. 81,169.813; lum-
ber and timber products, 8831,558, flouring mills, 8215.447; saddlery and
harness, $121,711; printing and publishing. $157,789, carpentering, $445,-
000; cigar factories, 5; output , 807,810 cigars.
Minerals.— Mineral resources extensive but largely undeveloped.
Valuable coal deposits underlie about 13.000,000 acres; chiefly in Sweet-
water, "Weston, Carbon, Uinta, Sheridan, and Converse counties; coal
mined extensively along line of Union Pacific Railway; yield steadily
increasing; production, 1900, 4,014,602 tons. State has a large extent of
oil fields. Output of petroleum restricted owing to distance of mar-
kets; yield, 1900, 5.450 barrels, value $38,150. Gold mined, 1900, 1.655 fine
ounces, value $34,200 Value of sandstone quarried, $27,671. Iron indus-
try in connection with native coal promising. Natural soap beds
exist northwest of Newcastle. Extensive and valuable soda lakes
found in Albany, Carbon, and Natrona counties; asbestos deposits are
being developed. Gypsum deposits important; marble exists in Con-
verse County. Moss agates of fine quality found; opals, amethysts,
jasper, and chalcedonies mined, agatized wood plentiful.
Population.— Wyoming ranked forty-seventh in population from
1870 to 1890; fiftieth in 1900. Total population, 1870,9,118; 1880, 20.789,
1890,60,705; 1900, 92,531: Male, 58.184, female. 34,347, native. 76.116; for-
eign, 17,415; white, 89,051; colored. 3,480; Africans, 940. Chinese, 461;
Japanese, 393; Indians, 1.686.
Cities.— Cheyenne, capital, prominent railway center, and head-
quarters of great cattle companies; population, 1900, 14,087; Increase
during decade, 2,397. Laramie, leading railway town and trading
center for ranchmen, lumbermen, and miners; population. 8.207. Bock
Springs, center of most productive coal district in Rocky Mountains;
population, 4,363. Rawlins, a thriving station on Union Pacific Rail-
wav; population, 2,317. Evanston. flourishing town in Bear River
Valley; population, 2,110.
Railways.— Number ot miles of railway in operation in 1867,82;
1870 and 1875, 459; 1880, 512; 1885, 616; 1890, 1,002; Julv. 1900, 1,228.63;
1.26 miles per 100 square miles; 132.82 per l, 000 inhabitants.
Education.— Public school enrollment, 1899-1900. 14.512; private,
1894-5, 175, expenditure, 8253,551; school age. 6-21, compulsory school
age^-16. Public high schools, 7, private secondary schools, 1. Univer-
sity of Wyoming and the Agricultural College, Laramie.
Political.— State elections biennial. State, congressional, and presi-
dential elections. Tuesday after first Mondav in November; number of
Senators, 23; Representatives. 50; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered
years; meets January 13; limit of session, 40 days; term of Senators,
4 years; Representatives, 2 years; number of electoral votes, 3. Voters
must be citizens or declared intention, residents of State 1 year, county
60 days; registration required: ballot reform. Idiots, insane, convicts,
unless pardoned, U. S. soldiers, persons unable to read, excluded.
Women hold equal right with men to vote and hold office since 1870.
Legal Holidays.— January 1. February 22, May 30, July 4. Labor
Day, general election day, Thanksgiving, December 25, Arbor Day.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 5 years; unwritten con-
tracts, 8; written, 5; redemption of tax sales, 3 years. Legal interest
rate, 8 per cent; by contract, 12.
UTAH. 163
UTAH. Yoo'-tah.
Indian word— meaning "Mountain Home."
Historical.— Country ceded to United States by Mexico 1848.
Earliest explorations made by Spaniards 1540. Explored by Captain
James Bridger in neighborhood of Great Salt Lake 1824-5— earliest
recorded discovery of lake. Visited by Fremont 1843; settlement of ter-
ritory due to Fremont's published account of exploration First
settlements by Mormons under Brlgham Young at Salt Lake City
1847. In 1849 Mormons attempted to organize State of "Deseret,"but
Congress refused to recognize the proposed sovereignty. Territory
of Utah created by Congress September 9, 1850. Mountain Meadow
massacre of Gentile settlers occurred 1857. Enabling Act passed 1894;
became a State July 16, 18%; the thirty-second admitted to the Union.
Area.— Total area, 84,970 square miles, land, 82,190 square miies, or
52,601,600 acres; water, 2.780 square miles; average length, 345 miles;
breadth, 275. Counties, 27. Area of public lands subject to entry, 1900,
42,515,855 acres; surveyed, 10,830,242 acres. Land office at Salt Lake City.
Physical Features.— State divided into eastern and western sec-
tions by "Wasatch Mountains. Highest altitude, Mt. Emmons, 13,624
feet. Utah a region of snow-clad mountains and broad, beautiful val-
leys, elevation of vallevs, 2,700 to 7.000 feet; average elevation of State,
6,100 feet. West of Wasatch Range is the Great Basin, chiefly desert,
which contains Great Salt Lake, elevation, 4,218 feet, area about 2,360
square miles, extreme depth, 60 feet; Lake Sevier, elevation, 4,600 feet,
area 150 square miles; Utah and Bear (fresh water) lakes, natural
reservoirs; elevations, 4,505 feet and 5,911 feet respectively Region
east of Wasatch drained by Colorado River and tributaries. Medicinal
springs, varying in temperature from 98 to 128 deg , numerous, several
are notable health resorts. Utah famous for its picturesque scenery.
Climate varying; sudden and extreme changes not infrequent.
Range of temperature between summer and winter and day and night
very great. Winters usually mild; summers dry and warm. Rainfall
scanty. Mean annual rainfall at Salt Lake City, 16.2 inches, temper-
ature, 51.6 deg., highest, 102 deg. , lowest, 20 deg. below.
Agriculture.— Total area reclaimable by irrigation, 3,500,000 acres,
improved land— land owned by farmers— 1,032,117 acres. Value farm
property, 1900, $75,175,141; products, 1899, $16,502,051; Irrigated crops,
$7,462,370. Artesian wells employed to irrigate gardens, orchards, and
vineyards Principal cereals, wheat and oats; largest area devoted to
hay. Sugar beet successfully grown, culture profitable; area devoted
to industry, 1899, 7,546 acres. Sericulture an established and growing
pursuit, mulberry trees numerous, number increasing yearly. Number
of farms, 1900, 19.38 T; average acreage about 212. Area under cultiva-
tion, 686,374 acres; irrigated, 537,588 acres. Crops, 1900: Barley, 5,964
acres, yield 217,686 bushels, value 8119,727, rye, 3,383 acres, 59,202 bushels,
$30,785; wheat 176.895 acres, 3,697,106 bushels, value 82,033,41)8; oats, 25,577
acres, 918,214 bushels, value $404,014; corn, 8,459 acres, 169,184 bushels,
$106,583; hay. 192.398 acres, 509,855 tons, $4,053,347, potatoes, 5,500 acres,
649,000 bushels, 8311.520; cotton, 1900-01, 16,000 pounds,value $1,539; clover
seed, 1899, 35.328 bushels, value. $127,901.
Horticulture.— A promising industry; great progress made since
189(i. All fruits produced in temperate zone profitably grown; in
southern counties figs, pomegranates, almonds, and other semi-tropical
fruits flourish. Area in orchard fruits, 1899, 16.013 acres, small fruits,
1,052; grapes, 446; figs, 7. Trees, 1890, 223,840; 1900, 1.786,412; apple, 715,-
778; peach, 409,665; plum and prune, 298,808; pear, 229,310; cherry, 66,215;
apricot, 27,927. Fruit produced, 1899: Apples, 189,882 bushels; peaches,
85,315 bushels; total value fruit crop, 408,513. Weber, Salt Lake, Utah,
and Boxelder counties leading producer. Apiculture widely ex-
tended; honey produced, 1899, 1,292,118 pounds.
Live Stock.— Cattle, horses, and sheep reared in large numbers,
dairy interests prominent and rapidly increasing in value. Farm but-
ter made, 1899,2.812,122 pounds; cheese, 169,251 pounds. Number and
valueof farm animals, June, 1900: Horses, 115,884, value 83.396,313; mules,
2,116, $58,850, swine, 65,732, $293,115; stock cattle, 277,785, $5,115,477;
milch cows, 65,905, $2,037,367. Wool grown Is of superior quality, much
m
- ) S <sa
A
165
»*>*.
\ % I f ill i^ ,
166 UNITED STATES.
attention Having been given to trio Improvement of breeds; total
amount of clip, WW, 16,828,044 pounds.
l-'isii and Game.— Fisheries of Utah Lake most Important j princi-
pal catch, blackness and carp. Bear and Pangultcb lakes and Ogden
and Weber rivers next in importance; suckers, trout, and whiteflsh
principal tlsb taken. Fish hatchery near Murray opened 1899. Catch
Id public waters, 1899 and 1900, 1,010374 pounds sale value$68,391. Value
of wild ducks, grouse and venison sold, 1900,912,483. Elk. antelope, and
mountain sheep, and many game birds, Including various kinds of
native grouse are becoming extinct.
Manufactures.— Salt Lake City, Lehl, Ogden, and Provo chief
manufacturing centers. Number of industrial establishments, 1900,
1,400; wage-earners, 6,615; wages paid, 83,388,370; capital, 814,650.948;
gross value products, 821,215,783. Smelting and refining of ores most
important industry, manufacturing for outside markets. Flour, etc.,
second in importance, value of products, $1,829,840; output of car con-
struction and repair shops, si ,306,591. Beet sugar industry of increasing
importance; value products, 81,037,355; malt liquors. $432335: canned
fruit and vegetables, §300,349; foundries, etc., 8217,392; lumber and
timber products, 8214,187. Manufacture of salt, boots and shoes, con-
fectionery and woolen goods important.
Minerals.— In 1900, Utah ranked third In production and value of
silver, third in production of lead ore, fourth (.of the Western States)
In copper, and sixth in salt. Total value of gold, silver, lead, and copper,
1901, 817.580,457; gold, $3,817,420, silver, $6,801,816; lead. 83,210,967; cop-
per, $3,750,254. Copper produced from 1883 to 1900 inclusive, 54,286,388
pounds; 1900, 18,354,726 pounds; lead, 1894 to 1900 Inclusive, 247.940 short
tons; 1900, 48,044 tons. Coal area extensive; immense deposits of coal
still undeveloped; output 1901, 1,382,470 tons, value 81,631,314. Carbon
County produces about95 per cent of total output. Extensive deposits
of salt around Great Salt Lake and at Nephi and Sallna; total output,
1900, 249,128 barrels, value 8151,662. Vast stores of building stone in many
varieties exist. Total value of output. 1900, $81,652; sandstone, 866,733;
limestone, $12,749. Only sulphur obtained in the United States, 1900,
taken from Louisiana and Utah; output 3.525 tons.value, 888,100. Lubri-
cating, illuminating, and fuel oils are found; gilsonite mined.
Population.— State ranked thirty-fifth in population in 1850. fortieth
in 1890, forty-third in 1900. Total population, 1850. 11,380; 1890, 207,905.
Population, 1900, 276.749, an Increase of 33 per cent since 1890: Males,
141,687, females, 135,062; native, 222,972: foreign, 53,777; white, 272,465;
colored, 1,284; Africans, 6?2; Chinese, 572; Japanese, 417; Indians. 2,623.
Cities.— Salt Lake Cit//, capital and metropolis, founded by Mor-
mons under Brlgham Young in 1847; manufactures malt liquors, con-
fectionery, cars, boots and shoes, clothing, etc.; population, 1900, 53,531,
Ogden, Important railroad, commercial, and manufacturing center;
population, 16,313. Provo is a manufacturing town and seat of Insane
Asylum; population, 6,185. Logan, center of important educational
interests; population, 5,451. Park City, one of the most prominent
mining centers In Utah; population, 3,759.
Railways.— Union Pacific Railway completed to Ogden, March 3,
1869 Number of miles in operation, 1870, 257-; 1875,515; 1880,842; 1885,
1,138; 1890, 1,265; July, 1900, 1.547.42 miles.
Education.— Public school enrollment 1899-00, 73.042; private, 1,728;
expenditure. 81. 073.586; school age. 6-18; compulsory, 8-14. Educational
institutions; University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Agricultural College.
Logan; State Industrial School. Ogden.
Political.— General elections biennial. State, congressional, and
national elections Tuesday after first Monday in November. Number
of Senators, 18; Representatives, 45; term, 2 years; sessions biennial,
In odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January, limit, 60 days,
Voters must be citizens, residents of State 1 year, county 4 months,
town 60 days; registration required, women qualified voters; idiots,
insane, and those guilty of treason disqualified.
Legal Holidaysc— January 1, February 22, Arbor day, May 30,
July 4 and 24, first Monday in September, Thanksgiving and fast days,
and December 25.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 8 years; written con-
tracts, 6; unwritten contracts, open accounts, 4. Redemption of taxes,
4 years. Legal interest rate, 8 per cent ; by contract, no limit.
COLORADO. 167
COLORADO. "Centennial State."
Spanish— "Red or Colored."
Historical.— Territory acquired under Louisiana purchase of 1803
and Mexican cession of 1848. First explorations made by Spaniards
under Coronado, 1540. United States Government expeditiun under
Major Pike, 1806; Long's expedition, 1820; Fremont's, 1S42-4. First set-
tlement made by trappers on present site of Denver, 1858. Colorado
Territory organized, 1861; State admitted into Union, August 1, 1876.
Twenty-fifth State admitted.
Area.— Total area, 103,925 square miles; land, 103,645 square miles
or 66,332,S00 acres; water, 2S0 square miles; length, east and west, 380
miles; breadth, 280; appropriated land, 21,538,185 acres; unsurveyed,
4,396,055 acres; reserved, 5,694,161 acres. Counties, 60.
Physical Features.— Surface comprises three great natural di-
visions: The great plains of the east, mostly treeless, average eleva-
tion, 5,000 feet; the well-watered and timbered foothills west of the
plains, 6.500 to 8.000 feet; the Rocky Mountain region covering nearly
entire western half of State and including many of highest peaks of
system— Pikes. Longs, Harvard, the famous Mount of the Holy Cross,
and, highest in altitude, Massive Mountain, 14,424 feet. State has a
number of notable natural "parks," the beat known are North Park,
area 2,600 square miles; Middle Park, 3,000; South Park, 2,200; San
Luis, 9,400. Platte, Arkansas, and Rio Grande are principal rivers.
Lowest lake, T.OuO feet above sea level; highest, 9.500 feet.
Forestry.— Wooded area comprises about 13,000,000 acres; some of
the largest forests in northern portions of State. Yellow and white
pine and spruce predominate; the two former are used largely for lum-
ber; pinon used chiefly for fuel and charcoal; small streams bordered
with cottonwood, red oak, black cherry, etc. State abounds in orna-
mental trees and shrubbery. Timber culture receiving attention; ex-
periments prove that black walnut and other trees of commercial
v-alue may be grown on the plains.
Climate varying, chiefly with altitude, but healthful. Pure, dry,
and bracing air between the extremes of summer and winter; skies
clear. Favorite resort for invalids and pleasure-seekers; heat never
oppressive. Rainfall throughout greater part of State averages less
than 15 inches; within limited areas and at great elevations exceeds 20
inches. Mean annual rainfall, Denver, 14.5 inches; temperature, 49.7
deg.; highest, 105 deg.; lowest, 29 deg. below.
Agriculture.— Large areas capable of cultivation under irrigation;
possibilities of industry limited only by water supply as soil yields
generously. Area irrigable farming land, 5,000,000 acres; under irriga-
tion, 1,611,271 acres. Leading crops, wheat, oats, alfalfa, and potatoes;
all cereals except rice, garden products, and fruits easily grown.
Area under orchards, 1899, 43,528 acres; total value fruit amounted to
$689,678. Western slope adapted to peaches and grapes. Culture of
sorghum, hops, broom corn, sugar beets, and tobacco receiving atten-
tion. Productions and value of leading farm crops, 1900: Hay, 799,611
acres, 1,783,133 tons, value 813,551,811; wheat, 318,899 acres, 7,207,117
bushels, 84.828,768; corn, 167,839 acres, 3,188,941 bushels, $1,530,692; oats,
99,768 acres, 3.272,390 bushels, $1,407,128; potatoes, 33,273 acres, 1,863,288
bushels, $1,527,896.
Live Stock.— Cattle-raising and sheep husbandry extensive pur-
suits; western slopes, covered with nutritious grasses, afford unexcelled
grazing. Area of non-irrigated meadow lands, 1,000,000 acres. Col-
orado one of great wool-producing States. Poultry and all dairy prod-
ucts promising sources of profit. Number and value of farm animals,
June, 1900: Horses, 236,546, $7,308,726; sheep, 2.(144.814, 85,584,897; milch
cows, 100,116, $3,797,997; other cattle, 1.333.2U2, 131,734,741; hogs, 101,198,
$482,722; mules, 6,784, $325,547. Wool clip, 1901, 8,254,019 pounds.
Fish and Game.— Colorado waters are beiiiK rapidly restocked by
the three State fish hatcheries— Denver hatchery near Platte River,
nine miles from Denver; Gunnison hatchery, Gunnison; La Plata
hatchery, twelve miles from Duraugo. Lakes and streams stocked
principally with black spotted mountain, eastern brook, and rainbow
trout. Owing to protection, all kinds of game— elk, deer, antelope,
mountain sheep, etc.— rapidly increasing; most highly prized, elk and
lougitu !> WMt ff.rn
169
103 ■
, J *&■ x ) * ^J tff^ 8 £? /^£ jMS %££2F*^v1 Bryant" . £
I »W b ^\[^>J^-^is^j^l5f5S ^-rOgraQ,. I "Burden
Pincwoo.1 K&i&-& / s"* ja '•{'VOis— £-• ' • X <^^f i "j:j cjlitis v |
>
170 UNITED STATES.
grizzly bear, most numerous, mule deer and antelope. Grizzly, brown,
and black bear plentiful in western Colorado
Manufacture*. -Manufacturing industries steadily Increasing In
number and Importance. Abundance of raw material and great natu-
ral advantages afford exceptional facilities. Metal industries lead.
Denver and Pueblo chief centers, especially for smelting and iron
works, foundries, and rolling mills. Value of all manufactured prod-
ucts, 1900, 1102,880,137; 142 per cent Increase In decade, total capital,
162,825,472. Foundry products, $3,986315; flouring mills, $4,528,062, meat-
packing, $3,562,357. Total value of finished lion and steel products,
895. I iolorado, the leading Western State in production of coke;
establishments, 1900, 12; ovens, Including 86 gas retorts, 1,488, product,
618,755 short tons; value at ovens, •1,746,732. Value brick and tile. ^l'»7,-
238 Production of pig Iron about 112.843 long tons In all. Value of malt
liquors produced, $2,042,863, lumber and timber products. $1,627,605.
Fruit canning and beet sugar Industries of growing importance; value
of canned fruit, $343,394.
Minerals.— One of the richest States in Union in mineral wealth.
Mining a leading industry. Gold, silver, lead, and copper most Impor-
tant minerals. In 1900 State ranked first In production of gold and sil-
ver. Value of mineral output, 1898, $42,646,344, 1899, $48320342; gold,
1900, 1.394 .622 ounces. $28,829,400; silver. 20,483,900 ounces. $12,700,018; out-
put of lead, 82.137 short tons, output of copper. 7.826.949 lbs. Coal-
bearing area, 2,913 square miles; miningoutput, 1900. 5.244.364 tons.value
$5,858,036, manufactured into coke, 1900, 970,490 short tons. Petroleum,
1900,317385 barrels, value $3-23.434. nearly all of the production refined
at Florence; natural gas, 1900, 81,800; iron ore 407,084 tons; value at
mines, $1,510,831, value of granite quarried, §143,054; limestone, $160,587;
sandstone, $119,658.
Population, 1860, 34,277; 1890, 412,198; 1900, 539,700: Male, 295,332;
female, 244,368; native, 448.545; foreign, 91,155; white, 529.046; colored,
10,654; African, 8,570; Chinese, 599; Japanese, 48; Indians. 1,437.
Cities,— Denver, "Queen City of the Plains," capital and largest
city, settled, 1858; important railway and commercial center; popula-
tion, 1890, 106,713, 1900, 133,859. Pueblo, second city, center, of fine
agricultural and stock-raising region; has manufactures of iron, steel,
and large lead smelting works; population, 1900, 28,157. Colorado
Springs, prominent rahway center and notable health resort, near
foot of Pike's Peak — Manitou Springs, "Saratoga of the West,"
five miles distant-population, 21,085. Leadville, smelting and refining
center for lead and silver ores, population, 12.455. Cripple Creek, center
of Important mining district, population, 10.147. Boulder, population,
6,150. Trinidad, mining center in vicinity of Raton coal fields; popula-
tion, 5.345.
Railways.— Earliest railroad in State— the Denver Pacific— com-
pleted from Denver to Cheyenne, Wyo., 1870. Total number of miles
in operation in 1870, 157; 1875, 807; 1880, 1,570; 1890, 4.291; July, 1900,
4,587.25.
Education.— Public school enrollment, 1899-1900, 117,555; total ex-
penditure, $2,793,648. School age, 6-21; compulsory school age, 8-14. Text-
books furnished indigent children. Public high schools, 44; private
secondary schools, 6. State Industrial School and School of Mines,
Golden; Colorado College, Colorado Springs; State University, Boulder;
Agricultural College, Fort Collins; Normal School. Greelev.
Political.— State, congressional, and presidential elections, Tues-
day after first Monday in November. Number of Senators, 35; Repre-
sentatives, 65; sessions, biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first
Wednesday in January; limit of session, 90 days, term of Senators, 4
years; Representatives, 2 years. Number of electoral votes, 4. Voters
must be residents of State 6 months, of county and town 90 days, pre-
cinct 10 davs ; registration required; Australian ballot. Convicts, un-
less restored to citizenship, excluded. Right of suffrage extended to
women, 1893.
Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22, Arbor Day, May 30,
July 4, Admission Day, first Monday in September, Thanksgiving,
December 25, general election day, and Saturday afternoon.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Actions of debt founded upon con-
tract, judgments, sealed Instruments, 6 years; redemption of tax sales,
3 years. Legal interest rate, 8 per cent; by contract, no limit.
ARIZONA. 171
ARIZONA. Ar-i-zo'-na.
Meaning uncertain— said to be corruption of Pirna "Orlison,"
Little Creeks.
Historical.— Comprises territory acquired from Mexico chiefly at
cession of 1848, but partly iucluded in Gadsden purchase 1853. Visited
by Spanish explorers 152(5; visited by American trappers 1824; by General
Fremont 1S49. Yuma founded 1854. Territory organized 1863; capital
established at Prescott 1864; Tucson 1867: Phoenix 1889.
Area, 113,020 square miles; 112,920 land; 100 water; extreme length,
375 miles; breadth, 340. Counties, 13; Indian reservations, 11.
Physical Features.— Surface consists mainly of high plains.
Elevation of more than half the area above 5,000 feet. Mogollon and
Gila mountains in east; highest altitude, San Francisco Mountain,
12,794 feet. Chief river, Colorado; most noted gorge, Grand Canon of
Colorado, walls of which rise from 3,000 to 6,000 feet sheer from
water's edge. Petrified forest in Apache County a notable feature;
contains finest and largest known specimens of silicified wood.
Climate tropical in southwestern section, temperate in valley
regions, and frigid in elevated mountain districts. Air dry and clear.
Mean annual rainfall, Prescott, 16.1 inches; temperature, 53.3 deg.;
highest, 100 deg.; lowest, 18 deg. below.
Agriculture, Etc.— Agriculture increases in importance as irri-
gation extends. Area, 1900, excluding Indian farms, 1.891,985 acres;
now under canal irrigation, 185.396 acres Cereals and potatoes grown
in all parts. Sugar-beet, tobacco. ramie, sugar-cane, peanuts, and cot-
ton successfully cultivated. Staple crops: Corn, 1899. 204.748 bushels,
value $151,564, barlev. 458.776 bushels. 8223,985; wheat crop. 440.252 bush-
els. §276.639; hay. 177.831 tons, si .361,422. Horticulture an important
and profitable pursuit. Oranges, lemons,figs, olives , dates, and almonds
grown in south. Large quantities of apricots and grapes shipped
from Salt Kiver Valley Strawberries ripen in valley every month in
year. Fine apples, peaches, apricots, nectarines, and grapes grown
in north in limited quantities.
Live Stock interests extensive and flourishing. Estimated area
grazing lands. 35.000.000 acres. Climate favorable to high-grade stock.
Number and value of animals. 1900: Horses. 125.063. si. 701. 905: sheep. 861,-
761, 81.837.794; milch cows, 17,965.8577.693; other cattle, 724,670. S10.7SVt.773;
swine, 18,103.880.587, mules. 4.077. 8123.539; wool clip, 1901,5.013,435 lbs
Minerals source of great wealth. Ranks high in production of
gold and silver; second of Western States in production of copper.
Gold mined. 1900,202,856 ounces.value S4.193.4iX): silver, 2,995,500 ounces;
copper. 118,317.764 pounds, total lead output, 1899, 3,377 tons. Fuie cop-
per from 1895 to 1900 inclusive. 554.700.114 pounds.
Population. 1870,9,658; 1890,59,620; 1900. 122,931: Male. 71, 795: female,
51,136; native, 98.698; foreign. 24.233, white, 92.903: colored, 30.02S; African,
1.848; Chinese, 1,419: Japanese, 281, Indians. 26,480.
Cities.— Tucson, metropolis, founded 1560; population, 1900, 7.531.
Phoenix, capital, center of important agricultural and mining dis-
tricts, population, 5.544. Jerome, population, 2.861, and Globe, 1,495,
centers of copper mining districts. Prescott, outlet of gold and silver
mining district, population, 3,559.
Railroads all constructed since 1877. Miles of road In 1880, 349;
1890, 1.094; 1894. 1.355.46. July, 1900, 1.511.89.
Education.— Expenditure for public schools, 1900-01. 1300,439; en-
rollment. 17,817 pupils; private, 1,483; school age, 6-18. University of
Arizona, at Tucson; Normal Schools, Tempe and Fla^gstaff.
Political.— Territorial elections biennial. Tuesday after first Mon-
day in November Number of Senators, 12; Representatives. 24; term,
2 years; sessions biennial, meets third Monday in January; term, 60
days. Voters must be actual citizens, residents of Territory 1 year,
county and precinct, 30 days: registration required.
Legal Holiday;*.— January 1, Arbor Day, February 22, May 30,
July 4, Thanksgiving. December 25, general election day and Sundays.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 5 years; written con-
tracts.!; verbal contracts, open accounts, 3; written instruments exe-
cuted without Territory, 4; personal actions, 1 and 2, redemption from
tax sale, 1 year. Legal rate of interest, 6 per cent; by contract, any.
J
172
H
tSTBeaverdam f ji lj?X ~* \ —
f \ Hanging R>ch°h JacZbsJW, S> Navajo Spr . Cave Dwelling \ ^ AVA JJOE
!? I irilches Pool. M A?"„r ... :; )& '■
i\
Wattrpocket
>%^JUcMonu
.O „ ifoen A va
, X l» ■ RainlTank '<>?
— \ip
r 4tt
> fy- ° Charming TJalek^Rfo
ft, e Je'onfc Jc!^^Vo o SinimonsrjIpg5Il 0I j
5^ City Walker oJnV^'^. pple
>fl
» <■>. Aubrey City
°i Bi \ Bue M azatzal Snowfldke CUy t
-Alexandf^r f^ Q ' jjjf
Congress J^Bradshaw Gillett \i Toresl Dale
Seymour^. A l„ ._, _, „ Fort Apache
-Ehrenberg *qua J> 2Qr tfX?. "K-^ ^^£-A CVC^fe,
Glote (
_ Mesa
K^'^fKj TemVe a "Sl.verCiU
4* Florence" ( t\V t«utt
lodruff
St.John'i
A
Springerville
2?itirioto<>
1
Mia
,i
«.
> N t o^ \X oiK««T«i«w
5 ilama
27<te
^Piri<iua
Quijolca o -"$*> J?
ARIZONA '"
AND
INEW MEXICO,
Scale of Statute Miles.
oj m •:<-> _■■ : ' so on 10
Copyright,, 1904, by Rand, McNally & Co.
Saguarro * -•$
° _^ n anccS V_jV
^^ ° San r t
S. LouiS £
V
173
Xongi^ude West from. Greenwich. I)
>
r
\
174 UNITED STATES.
NEW MEXICO. Nu Mek'-Hi-ko.
Originally applied only to City of Mexico. Aztec "Mexltl,"
Aztec god of war.
Historical.— Eastern two-thirds of Territory originally formed
part of Texas; western portion acquired by Mexican cession of 1848
and Gadsden purchase IKS. Visited by Nunez 1 r,:j7 ; by Coronado 154L
Territory explored and named {few Mexico by Bonlllo 1581. Banta !•'<■
flrst visited by Europeans about 1542; capital of New Mexico since 1640.
Territory organized September I860; reduced to present limits 1866.
Area, 122,580 square miles; land, 122,460; water, 120; average breadth,
335 miles; eastern boundary, 845; western boundary, 390. Comities. 21.
Physical Feature*.— Surface a plateau ranging from 3,000 to 6.000
feet in elevation, bearing many isolated peaks which tower above
snow line. Eastern New Mexico, a continuation of Texan plain,
drained by Rio Grande, Pecos, and Canadian rivers, rising gradually
to Iloeky Mountains. Highest altitude, Cerro Blanco, 14,269 feet.
Climate healthful; air dry and clear with bright skies; winters
severe In elevated portions; rainfall, limited to summer, scanty. Mean
annual rainfall Santa Fe, 14.2 inches; temperature, 49.3 deg.; highest,
97 deg.; lowest, 13 deg. below.
Agriculture chiefly confined to irrigated areas, which yield abun-
dantly Farm products, 1900: Hay, 77,341 tons, value 8765,676; potatoes,
18,544 bushels. 321,140; corn, 554,752 bushels $355,041; wheat, 3.847.347
bushels. 2.616.196; oats. 229.994 bushels. 8110,397. Culture of sugar-beets
prominent industry in Pecos Valley, area devoted to culture, 1899, 1,298
acres. Horticulture advanced in Pecos and other irrigated valleys.
Apples, peaches, apricots, grapes, figs, pomegranates, and melons grown.
Live Stock.— Cattle and sheep comprise chief live-stock inter-
ests Number and value of farm animals, June, 1900: Horses, 131.153,
82.220.469; mules, 5,311, 8183,132; sheep, 924,761, SI. 901, 764; swine, 20,426,
$81,644; milch cows. 16,775. 8510.048; other cattle. 975,084, 817,467,883;
total value, 831.644,179 Wool clip, 1901, 15.725.000 pounds.
Manufactures include beet sugar, coke, etc , and the products of
flouring, quartz, and lumber mills. Two smelting and refining estab-
lishments, (1900); one copper, one lead; total products valued at
nearly 81,000,000 Same year there were four wool scouring establish-
ments Value railway shop work, 81-069,280; flour, etc., $551,108.
Minerals abundant. Large deposits of iron ore in Grant County.
Precious stones, especially turquoise, are found, production Increas-
ing. Sandstone and limestone quarried. Copper, 1900, 4.169.400 pounds;
lead, 1899, 4,856 tons; gold, 1900. 40.292 ounces, value 8832.900; silver, 434,-
300ounces. Coal output. 1900, 1.299.299 tons, value 81,776,170.
Population, 1850, 61.547, 1890. 153 593; 1900, 195,310: Male, 104,228:
female, 91.08?; native, 181,685; foreign. 13.625. white, 180,207; colored,
15,103; Africans, 1,610: Chinese. 341; Japanese, 8; Indians. 13.144.
Cities.— Santa Fe. capital, one of oldest cities in the United States;
population, 1900, 5,603. Albuquerque, metropolis, population, 6,238.
Las Vegas, railroad center; population 3.552. Eaton, population,
3,540, and Silver City, 2,735. in important mining districts
Railways.— First railroad constructed— Atchison. Topeka& Santa
Fe— 1879 Number of miles in operation, 1880, 643; 1890, 1,338; Janu-
ary. 1898. 1,502.07, July. 1900. 1.752.52.
Education.— Public school system established 1884. Total enroll-
ment In all schools. 1901-02, 42.925; expenditure. 8723.048; school age, 5-21;
compulsory, 8-16. State University. Albuquerque; Agricultural Col-
lege, Las Cruces; School of Mines. Socorro.
Political.— Territorial elections biennial. Tuesday after first Mon-
day in November. Number of Senators. 12; Representatives, 24; term,
2 years; sessions biennial, meets third Monday in January, limit, 60
days. Voters must be actual citizens; residents of Territory 6 months,
county, 3; registration required.
Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22, Arbor Day, July 4,
Thanksgiving, December 25.
Legal. —Statutes of limitation; Judgments, 7 years; promissory
notes, written contracts. 6; open accounts, unwritten contracts, per-
sonal actions, 6; redemption from tax 6ales, 3. Legal interest rate, 6
per cent; by contract, 12.
CALIFORNIA. 175
CALIFORNIA. Sga&ft*,..
Name derived from imaginary island in old Spanish romance.
Historical.— Originally formed part of Mexican cession. Explored
by Spanish, 1542; English, 1579. San Diego founded by Spanish mission-
aries, 1769. Territory became part of Mexico, 1822. Pioneers from
United States entered, 1826. Fremont's expedition, 1844-5. Ceded to
United States 1848. State Constitution ratified November, 1849. Ad-
mitted to Union September 9, 1850; eighteenth State admitted.
Area, 15S.360 square miles; land, 155,980; water, 2,380; length, 770 miles-
breadth, 330. Counties, 57.
Physical Features.— Coast line on Pacific about 1,000 miles. State
traversed by Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges, highest altitude Mount
Whitney, 14,898 feet. Northern section drained bv Sacramento River,
southern by San Joaquin. Principal lakes Tulare, Tahoe, Mona, and
Clear. Extensive forests of redwood, pine, oak, and fir, chiefly in
Northern California; redwood belt of Coast Range most valuable.
Climate mild and equable ; atmosphere dry and clear; rainy season,
November to April. Rainfall ranges from 40 inches in northern to 16
in central and 10 in extreme southern section. Mean annual rainfall,
San Francisco, 23.7 inches; temperature, 56.6 deg.; highest, 100 deg.;
lowest, 29 deg. above.
Agriculture, Etc.— All products of temperate and semi-tropical
climates nourish. Cereals lead in importance. Leading State in sugar-
beets First in (1900) barley, second in hops, third in wheat, fifth in
hay Barley. 14.85(5.170 bushels, value 16,388,153; wheat. 28.543.628 bushels,
$16,555,304: corn, 1.351,975 bushels, 1824,706; oats. 1.477.771 bushels, 8679,-
775; rye. 51/2 580 bushels. 3291,496; potatoes, 2,788,032 bushels, $1,477,657;
hay. 2,708,171 tons, s22.o7l.594: sugar-beets. 63.878 acres. 354,942 tons.
81.585.h53; hops. 1899. 59,000 bales. Sheep are noted. Value of farm
animals. 19ou. 865.000.000; wool clip, 1901. 12,318.950 pounds.
Horticulture verv important. Area under fruit trees, 1899, 600,529
acres; number of trees, 1900, 37.134,930, including 8,996,459 semi-tropical;
of the latter over 62 per cent were orange and 17 per cent olive. Plum
and prune trees. 9,823.713, peach, 7.472.393; orange, 5,648.714; apricot,
4.244.384, olive. 1.5:30.161; pomelo. 80.918. Value fruit and nuts, 1899,
r29.72-2.779 including value of 117.935.727 pounds dried and evaporated
fruits, $7.2l9,o82, grapes, 85.622,825, nuts. 81.142.675 Raisin product.
71.568.000 pounds. Fruit canned. 1900. 162,190.382 pounds
Fisheries.— California ranks sixth as a fishing State Industry
constantly developing; quantity and variety of food and game fishes
steadily increasing. Capital invested in commercial fisheries, 1899,
82.774.493; catch, 74,559.019 pounds, value 82,551.451; Salmon fishery
most important branch of industry, increasing yearly; Chinook salmon
most valuable variety; catch. 7,084.8S5 pounds, value $255,249; value of
cannedtish, 1900, $341 .668: salted. 8445.969 Shrimp, cod, flounders, craDS,
smelt, rockfish taken. Whale fishery, 8456.463; oysters. 8867,000.
Manufactures.— Establishments, 19uo, 12,58*; capital. 205,395,025;
gross value products, $302,874,761. Refining sugar and molasses most
Important; value products, $15,909,998. State second In manufacture
of beet-sugar; value output $3,499,996. Slaughtering anb meat packing
second industry; 58 establishments, value products, $15,717,712; 313
establishments manufacture lumber and timber products — capital,
$28,236,332, value products. -*13.764.647. Wheat flour output, 2,660,238 bar-
rels, value, 7.952.867; canned and preserved fruits and vegetables, $13,-
081,829; foundry products. 12.047.149; liquors, 9,261,600— malt, 748.917
barrels, value $5,085,462; vinous, 19.u89.043 gallons Beet sugar, 1900:
granulated, 115,686,356 pounds; butter, farm, 20,853,360 pounds.
Minerals.— One of the richest mineral regions in the world. Gold
leads, first discovered. 1848. In 19uu, State ranked second in produc-
tion; output. 765409 ounces, value 815.816.200; silver, 941,400 ounces,
commercial value 9583,668; petroleum. 4.U99.484 barrels, $3,863,225; Quick-
silver. 2,013.250 pounds, $1,209,786; coal. 171,708 tons, $523,231; copper out-
put, 28.511.225 pounds. Value of mineral waters, $512,310. Total stone,
81,390.572; granite, $738,993; limestone. $407,489. Value of oase metals
and inferior minerals. 1901. exceeded $15,000,000.
•)
170
Or. ^ v
i. ■;- -r^ZL o!
^ir,3.^^ sh& c **&+.& ° Fin
fc<. «ns
i^^fl^^/ p ?a°. fill °^
e c \?J Urn
V
177
*-- if
Pi >
5 w
178 UNITED STATES.
Population, I860, 92J597; 1*90, 1,208,130; 1900. 1,485,053: Male, 820,531:
female, 664,522; white, 1,402,727; colored, h2,326: Africans, 11,045; Chinese,
45,753, Japanese, 10,191; Indians, 15,877.
Cities. — Son Francisco, metropolis of Pacific Coast, a leading port;
seat of a United States mint ; population, census of 1900, 342,782. Los
Angeles, second city, center of fruit and wine district of Southern
California; notable winter health resort, population, census of 1900,
102,479. Oakland, opposite Ban Francisco, important trade and manu-
facturing center; population, 66,960. Sacramento, capital, prom-
inent railway center, with manufactures and large trade in fruit; pop-
ulation, 29,282. Sun Jos/', center of important agricultural and horti-
cultural district; population, 21,500. Pasadena, well-known winter
health resort near Los Angeles; population, 9,117.
Railways.— First railway In State, Sacramento Valley. Incor-
porated 1852; 8 miles completed 1855. Railway mileage, 1865, 214 ; 1875,
1,503; 1885, 3,015; July, 19(H). 5,751.04 miles.
Education.— Public school enrollment, 1899-00, 269,736: private ,23,304.
Expenditure, sti.909.35l. School age, 6-21; compulsory, 8-14. Indigent
children furnished text-books. Public and private educational and
charitable institutions numerous. Including University of California
(State), Leland Stanford, Jr., University and Mills College (women).
Political.— State and federal elections, Tuesday after first Monday
in November. Number of senators, 40; Representatives, 80; sessions
biennial, in odd-numbered years; meets in January; limit of session,
90 days, term of Senators, 4 years; Representatives, 2. Number of elec-
toral votes, 9. Voters must be actual citizens, resident of State 1 year,
county 90 days, precinct 30; registration required; ballot reform.
Idiots, Chinese, and convicts excluded.
Legal Holidays.— January land24, February 22, May 30, July 4,first
Monday in September, general election day .Thanksgi viug. December 25.
Legal. —Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 5 years, written instru-
ments^; action or contract not in wilting, or executed out of State, 2;
personal action, 1. Redemption of tax sale, 1 year. Legal interest rate,
7; by contract, any.
NEVADA, "stiver state."
Spanish— Snowy
Historical.— Part of Mexican cession of 1848. Explored 1883. First
permanent settlement in Carson Valley, 1850. Nevada Territory organ-
ized March, 1861. State admitted Oct. 31, 1864.
Area, Etc.— Total, 110,700 square miles; land, 109,740; water, 960;
extreme length, 485 miles, breadth, 310 Counties, 14. An elevated
plateau traversed by mountain ranges; consists in great part of interior
basin with no outlet to the sea. Highest altitude Wheeler Peak, 13,058
feet; general elevation, 5,000 feet. Principal river Humboldt. Popu-
lation, 1900, 42,335.
Climate extremely dry. Mean annual rainfall, "Winnemucca, 8.5
inches; temperature, 48 6 deg ; highest, 104 deg.; lowest. 28 deg. below.
Agriculture.— Under irrigation, valleys and natural meadows
highly productive; wheat, hay. and vegetables grown. Value of princi-
pal crops. 1899, 12,887 .569 Stock-raising next to mining the leading
industry. Farm animals. 1900, $12,093,608; wool clip. 1901, 4,437.000 lbs.
Minerals.— From 1871 to 1879 outrauKed all other States and Terri-
tories in production of precious metals. Coining value of gold mined,
1900, $2,006,200; silver mined, 1,358,700 ounces. Lead, copper, and man-
ganese mined; salt. soda, bismuth, niter, sulphur, and borax exist
Cities, Etc.— Reno, seat of State University and Agricultural Col-
lege, population. 4,500. Virginia City, pop., 2.695. Carson City, capital,
population. 2. 100. Miles railroad. 1900. 909. Public school enrollment,
1899-00, 6.616; expenditure. $224,622.
Political.— State elections biennial. Senators, 15; Representatives,
30- term of Senators. 4 years; Representatives, 2. Electoral votes, 3.
Voters must be citizens or declared intention, residents of State 6
months, of county, town, and precinct, 30 days; registration required.
Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22, May 30, July 4, October
31, general election day, Thanksgiving, December 25.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Written contracts, judgments, 6
years; open accounts, unwritten contracts, 4. Redemption from tax
sale, 1 year. Legal rate of interest, 7; by contract, any.
OREGON. 179
OREGON.
Or'-e-gon.
"Beaver" or "Sunset" State.
Algonquin— wau-re-gan— " Beautiful Water."
Historical.— Originally included in Oregon country, occupied
iointly by Great Britain and United States until treaty of 1846. Visited
by Drake 1558. Mouth of Columbia River discovered and explored by
Captain Gray 1792; river originally called Oregon, name afterward
applied to countrv through which it flowed. Partly explored by Lewis
and Clarke 1S04-5. Trading post founded at Astoria 1811; Willamette
Vallev settled 1834. Oregon Territory, including present States of
Washington and Idaho, organized 1848; constitution forbidding slavery
and immigration of negroes adopted 1857. Admitted to Union, Feb.
14, 1859; thirty-third State; twentieth admitted under the Constitution.
Area, 96,030 square miles; land, 94,560; water, 1,470; average length,
360 miles; breadth. 260. Unappropriated land, 33,784,023 acres; unsur-
veyed, 10,141,659; reserved, 5,500.821. Oregon has three public forests;
aggregate area, 4.739.440 acres Counties, 33.
Physical Features.— State has 330 miles of seacoast. with many
deep harbors. Traversed north and south by Cascade Mountains; high-
est elevations, Mt. Hood, 11.225 feet, Mt Jefferson, 10,200 feet. Consists
physically of three divisions: Eastern Oregon— comprising all counties
east of Cascades— Western, and,Southern Oregon. Two-thirds of East-
ern Oregon table-land, with an average elevation of 3,000 feet; Blue
Mountains in northeast, average height, 7,000 feet. Coast range trav-
erses Western and Southern Oregon, elevation 1,0U0 to 4,000 feet. Prin-
cipal river, Columbia, forms 300 miles of northern boundary.
Forests.— Wooded area. 54.300 square miles. Forests are chiefly in
Cascade Mountains; especially heavy in northern part of State. East
of Cascades, greatest timber growths are on the high plateaus and
In the Blue Mountains in the northeast. Red fir, hemlock, cedar, and
spruce predominate in the west; yellow pine, east. Total timber
stand 225 .000,000.000 feet; red fir, I5o,noo.ooo.(ioo feet; yellow pine, 40,000,-
000.000 feet. Cut, 1900, 740.419,000 feet. Sawed lumber, 734,538,000 feet,
value $6,691,214
Climate varies with topographical features. Western Oregon mild
and equable, with heavy winter rainfall; east of the mountains great
extremes of temperature are common. Mean annual rainfall at Port-
land, 46.8 inches; temperature, 53.1 deg.; highest, 1<>2 deg.; lowest, 2 deg.
below. At Umatilla, mean annual precipitation, 9.81 inches; mean tem-
perature, 52.9 deg.; Januarv. 32.3 desr.; Julv, 74 deg.
Agriculture.— Within the fertile valleys of the Willamette and
Umpqua. and those watered by the Columbia and Snake rivers, are vast
areas of farming lands. State ranks second on Pacific Coast in agricul-
ture. Wheat, oats, barley, corn, hops, and all kinds of vegetables yield
abundantly. Excellent sugar beets are successfully produced; flax fiber
of superior quality grown. Farm products, 1900: Wheat, 16,198.012
bushels, value $8,908,907; barley, 9U5.928 bushels, £380,490; oats, 3.2«.77o
bushels, 81.345.936; corn. 317.147 bushels, 8180,774; potatoes, l,692.ir20
bushels, 8761.409; hay, 1,677,085 tons, 811,404,178; rye, 94.040 bushels.
$57,364; hops, 1899, 14.755,577 pounds, 8937.513; sugar-beets, 14,462 tons
Horticulture one of the foremost industries of the State. Through-
out Willamette and numerous smaller valleys, and also the irrigated
lands east of Cascades, apples, peaches, pears, prunes, grapes, and other
fruits flourish; figs grow in southwest. Nut-bearing trees, particularly
French walnut, increasing in number. Fruit area. 1899,72,260 acres.
Orchard fruits produced, 1.514,228 bushels; apples. 873.980, plums, etc ,
959,821; pears, 112,225: peaches. 101.190. Value of orchard fruits, 89o6,oi5,
Jackson and Douglas counties contributing one-third; grapes, *i62.543;
small fruits. :*386,632, strawberry most important. Number of orchard
trees. 1900, 6,314,232; apple. 2.825.898; plum and prune, 2.517.523.
Live Stock.— Interior counties of Eastern Oregon deveted almost
exclusively to live-stock industry. Dairying carried on extensively.
Domestic animals, 1900. Neat cattle. 700,303, value 815, 164.897; milch cows,
122,447, $4,093333; horses, 287,932, $8,651,060; mules, 7,446, 8318,249. sheep,
8,040,291, 87.563,447; swine, 281,406, $1,057,037. Total value, 833.172.342.
Value animal products, 1899. 816.284,282; milk, 48,582,968 gallons; butter,
8.107.45O pounds, cheese. 467.256. Value of eggs, 81.162,071 , poultry, 8826,
687; animals slaughtered, 81,565,895. Wool clip, 1901, 16,169,320 pounds
180
■ TTv^&M" ^ Arl ScALE 0F Stati
l e MT? , > i »k»»» m »--. ffary ? 5 v "° -y *
v
w/ ^.** - '^1 •e**'" Goldena
!*>.
Cannon JJi-.vi,
^) l
TVc/talcm
TillamooTc
1'iilainU^r
k #c y Sl#PfsXSf' ■■■■■- -a e Ami
Hilly & Co.. Tngr-av,
V
181
*
k
- WARNERS
^ Or ' ' '
, , i MXisas I- Is.
rvy- us"
lsj UNITED STATES.
Fisheries.— Fish abound In the rivers Bbad and oysters success-
fully planted Id Mate waters. Canning of salmon an important In-
dustry; Columbia River factories have greatest output. Fisheries
employ 5,643 persons, 82 vessels, and 1,880 boats; cash capital invested,
81 561,000; total Investment, 18497,643. Fish canning and preserving
establishments. 1900,24; tish canned, 10,409,002 pounds, salmon, 15,915,-
852 pounds. Yield of fisheries, 1899, 22,818,411 pounds, value |855,75U
Salmon catch, 21,373,905 pounds, value $S29,S24; clam-. 979,290 pounds,
value 19,484; crawfish, 116,400 pounds, $7,760. Cattish, halibut, flounders,
and herring are also taken.
DI a n u fact in es- — Extensive and valuable water power, with abun-
dance of raw material, affords excellent facilities for manufacturing
Industries Chief manufacturing center, Portland. Lumber, flour, and
canned fish principal products Meat packing and woolen manufactures
are prominent industries. Shipbuilding industry Important. Wood pulp,
straw, and other paper manufactured. Woodenware factories, tan-
neries and creameries are numerous. Lumber and timber products,
1900, $10,352,167; rlouring-miH products, 16,364,023; value of brick and
tile manufactured, 8227,141; slaughtering and meat-packing, 81,638,480:
woolen goods, 8937, 824; fermented liquor, 1900-01, 391 .755 barrels; distilled
spirits, Oregon and Washington, 5,056 gallons. Output of beet-sugar,
1902, 2 500,000 pounds.
Minerals.— Important and varied. First settlements due to dis-
covery of gold. Principal minerals mined, gold, silver, and coal. Cop-
per, lead, platinum, nickel, iron, quicksilver, antimony, building stone,
limestone, and brick and pottery clays also found. Total gold and silver
mined in State largely from interior counties Gold, 1890, 81 ,087.000; 1900,
Si 694,700; silver. 1890,8129,199; 1900, 115,400 ounces, coinage value. 8149,204.
Commercial value, 871.548. Coal mines, 1897, 8 ; output 1900, 58,864 tons,
8220,000; total stone, $21,663.
Population.— Ranked thirty-fourth in 1850: thirty-eighth. 1870 and
1890; thirty-fifth in 1900. Total population, 185C, 13,294; 1S70. 90,923; 1890,
313.767,1900,413,536: Male, 232.985; native, 347.778, white, 394,582; African,
1,105; Chinese, 10,397; Japanese, 2,501; Indians, 4,951.
Cities.— Portland, on Willamette River, at head of ship navigation
Chief city in State and second on Pacific Coast, prominent railway
center and terminus of several steamer lines, manufactures and
exports extensive; population, 1900, 90,426. Salem, capital, on "Willa-
mette River, center of important educational interests; has large
manufactures of woolens, flour, and tobacco; population, 1900, 4,258.
Astoria, flourishing town on Columbia River, principal industry salmon
canning; population, 1900, 8,381.
Railways.— Number miles, 1870, 159; 1880, 508; 1887, 1,290; 1890,
1,427.95; June, 1897. 1,529.59 miles; July, 1900, 1,723.S0 miles, being 1.82
miles of line for each 100 square miles of territory. The Cascade locks
and canal enable boats to pass the cascades of the Columbia River.
Education.— Public school enrollment. 1S99-00. S9.405; expenditures.
81.594,420. Pupils in private schools, 10,744. School age. 6-21, compulsory
school age, 8-14. Public high schools, 1901, 34; private secondary, 16;
Graded schools, 1898, 245. University of Oregon. Eugene; Willamette
University, Salem; State Agricultural College, Corvallls, State Normal
Schools as Weston, Monmouth, Drain, and Ashland, Oregon State
Reform School and the School for the Deaf, Salem.
Political.— General election first Monday in June. Governor and
State officers elected quadrennially, members of Legislature and Con-
gress biennially. Number Senators, 30; Representatives. 00; sessions
biennial, in odd-numbered years; meeting second Monday in January;
limit. 40 days; term of Senators. 4 years; Representatives, 2 years.
Number electoral votes, 4. Voters muot be citizens of the United
States, and residents of the State 6 months; regisr ration required;
ballot reform. Women vote on school matters. Soldiers of the United
States army, idiots, Chinese, insane, and convicts unless pardoned,
excluded,
Legal Holidays.— January l.February22. May 30. July 4. first Mon-
day in September, general election day. thanksgiving, December 25.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, sealed instruments,
recovery of real property, 10 years; contracts not under seal, 6. Re-
demption of tax sales. 8 years. Legal interest, 6 per cent; by contract,
10. Usury forfeits principal and interest.
WASHINGTON. - 183
WASHINGTON. ^S&gWte...
Named in honor of the First President.
Historical. — Region formed central part of Oregon Country
claimed by both Great Britain and the United States; northern bound-
ary line established 1846. Discovered by Juan de Fuca 1592; visited by
Spanish 1775; by Cook 1778. Columbia River ascended by Captain
Gray 1792; by Lewis and Clarke 1804-5. Fur traders settled near mouth
of Columbia 1811. Settled by missionaries 1836-7; Port Townsend
founded 1S50; Territory of Washington organized, Seattle platted, 1853.
Admitted to Union November 11, 1889, twenty-ninth State admitted.
Area.— Total area, 69,180 square miles; land, 66,880; water, 2,300;
length east to west, 36U miles ; breadth, 240. Counties, 36. Unappropri-
ated land, 11,913,164 acres; unsurveyed, 6,299,221.
Physical Features.— Cascade Mountains divide the State in two
unequal parts, Eastern and Western Washington ; three-fifths of entire
area comprised in Eastern Washington. Highest elevations, Mt.
Rainier, 14,526 feet; Mt. Baker, 10,827 feet. Coast-line, 1,860 miles-
Pacific, 180; straits, about 80; Puget Sound, including indentations,
1,600. Puget Sound, most characteristic factor of Western Washington,
noted for its great depth and many fine harbors; area, 2,000 square
miles. Columbia River, principal natural feature of Eastern Washing-
ton, with its tributaries— Snake, Spokane, Okanogan, and Yakima—
drains almost entire section; forms large part of southern boundary.
Forests.— Vast forests of State one of its most valuable resources.
Estimated area of wooded lands, 3u.0OO.0oo acres; standing timber, 195,-
688,000,000 feet. Most extensive forests in Western Washington. West-
ern slope of Cascades heavily wooded, fir predominates, timber of east-
ern slope includes blue and yellow pine, tamarack, fir, and white cedar.
Climate generally healthful; of Western Washington moist and
uniform, with heavy winter rainfall; Eastern Washington, hot, dry
summers, with generally short, cold winters. Mean annual rainfall
Olympia, 53.1 inches; temperature, 50.2 deg.; highest, 97 deg.; lowest, 2
deg. below.
Game.— Large game consists of elk, in Olympics; mule deer in
mountains of Eastern Washington; Virginia deer in brushy bottom
lands; black-tail deer throughout Western Washington; black and
brown bear and mountain goats in Cascade Mountains. Mountain
sheep seldom found. Furbearing animals include otter, beaver,
muskrat, martin, mink, fisher, coon, skunk, and wolverine. All kinds
of grouse, quail, partridge, water fowl, and marsh birds abound.
Agriculture.— Eastern Washington the great grain district; foot-
hills of Cascades in southern and central sections yield all cereals,
fruits, and vegetables of temperate zone; sections farther east when
irrigated unsurpassed in productiveness. In Western Washington
wheat and hops are important products; oats, barley, and hay, with
all hardier fruits except the peach and grape successfully grown.
Excellent flax produced in Puget Sound region. Farm products, 1900:
Wheat, in which State ranks fourth, 25.096.661 bushels, value $12,799,297;
corn. 106.140 bushels, 162,623; oats, 3.016,266 bushels, si. 206.490; barley,
1.386.267 bushels. S540.644; rye, 39.169 bushels, $22,718; potatoes, 1,839,644
bushels. $864,633: hay, 846,491 tons, $S ,041 ,664; hops, 36,000 bales, ranking
third. Cultivation of the sugar-beet increasing.
Horticulture an important and growing industry. Whitman,
Yakima. Spokane, and Walla Walla the chief fruit counties. Extensive
prune orchards in Western Washington; large areas in Eastern Wash-
ington devoted to peaches. Pear, plum, cherry, and apple orchards in
various sections. Area under fruit, 1899, 92,487 acres; value product,
$1.3.53,375. Under orchard trees, 89,261 acres; value crop, $999,487; small
fruits, $326,616; grapes, $27,242. orchard crop, 1,174,779 bushels; apples,
728.978; plums and prunes, 229,207; peaches, 80,990. Apple trees, 1900,
2,735.824; plum and prune, 1,290.845. Strawberry Important.
ljive Stock.— Two-thirds of Eastern, and a large part of Western
Washington adapted to grazing. Cattle, horses, and sheep raised in
large numbers. Raising Angora goats promises to become a profitable
pursuit. Number and value of farm animals, June, 1900: Horses, 243.-
985, value $8,550,434; mules, 2,690, $1:38,185; sheep, 929.873. $2,450,929; milch
cows, 107,232, *4,076J89; other cattle, 287,691, $5,363,849; swine, 181,535,
184
185
Greenwich. 120
^o^ Gudl'jidt* % KWLaTcc
^T HapidsM ^V> paha^
V^ellensbIrg jr
w -.iaii S51&.3S; ?^M--
Sl^^^L ^^5S/^^<°?/ U7 °' \ £ ' ^.Anatone«l
■j&Kp Washtngton-
iJe^efjo' " V * M&™ SCALE ° F STATUTE MlLES -
-r- _-.■ >^ J/O ^>-^ n , 10 oa 30 jo SO
■-^o\L"matilla
?
ToaTcum
B M 20 30 40 o'O
^k* fl. * v o^n&0' i ml I
|Y» ^^ Copyri s 1.t.l904, XjlUnil HaFaHj ft C
; G) Dou^sWO N I
1-"-
UN0, HOMILY i CO., ENGRAVEBS, CWICASO.' |]g
186 UNITED STATES.
1880,704; wool clip, 1901, 4,888,000 pounds Dairying rapid!
In Importance. Factory butter, 1900; 8.198,421 pounds; cheese, 1,482,12
pounds; condensed milk, 1,982,500 pounds.
Fisheries.— Leading Pacific Coast State In fishing industry, salmon
fisheries leading branch, great recent development in salmon-canning
in Northern Washington; other important catches, oysters, halibut,
clams, crabs, Bmelt, sturgeon, etc. Amount invested In fishing indus-
try, 1899,16,601,243; employes, 9,911; vessels. 101; boats, 2,566; 120,587,726
pounds, value r,'.s?1.4.',s. \'jil tie of catches, 1899- Chinook salmon. £*?,-
120, blue-hack. $007,514; silver, 1364,287; steelhead, $69,242: dog. 1109,940,
hump-back. $i:tt.u59; oysters, $174,567; sturgeon, $3,907; halibut, $191,220;
clams, 823,248; smelt, 89.810; crabs, 811,119.
Manufactures.— Manufacturing establishments, 1900, 3,631; gross
value products, $86,795,051. Lumber and timber products most im-
portant; establishments, 778; employes, 15.696, or 46 4 per cent of total
wage-earners; value of products 830,286,280 or 34.9 per cent of total
products. Characteristic products of mills, red fir lumber and cedar
shingles. Second industry, manufacture of flour, etc.; output of 85
establishments valued at 86,875,672, an increase of 179.4 per cent during
decade Slaughtering and meat packing of third importance; value
products, 84,892,857. Fish canning and preserving ranks fourth, output
of 36 establishments valued at $4,831,038, an increase of 820.2 per cent In
ten years Other leading industries and value of products: Foundry,
etc., $2,257,643; printing, etc., si, 855,730; ships and boats, 81,505,649; cars,
etc., $1,479,680; malt liquors, $1,230,525; planing mill products, $1,257,369;
dairy products, factory, $1,190,239. Sawed lumber output, 1.429,032,000
feet; shingles. 4.337.992,000; value $5,S53.437.
Minerals.— Coal and valuable mineral deposits equally distributed
throughout the State In 1900 Washington ranked twelfth among gold-
producing States, among silver eleventh; gold mined, 34,743 ounces,
value $718,200; silver, 224,500 ounces, commercial value $139,190. Prin-
cipal coal-producing State on Pacific Coast ; output. 2,474,093 tons, $4,700,-
0(58. Total value of stone output, $378,032, limestone, 8249.163; sand-
stone, $68,133, granite, $48,900. Copper, lead, arsenic, zinc, molybdenum,
nickel, marble, and other minerals and stone are found.
Population.— Ranked fortieth in I860, forty-second in 1880, thirty-
third in 1900. Total, 1860, 11.594; 1880, 75,116; 1890, 349.390; 1900, 518,103:
Male. 304,178; native, 406,739: white. 496.304; colored, 21,799; African, 2,-
514; Chinese, 3,629; Japanese, 5,617; Indians, 10,039.
Cities.— Seattle, metropolis, on eastern shore of Puget Sound; fine
deep-water harbor; has large manufactures of lumber, shingles, and
machinery; important trade in lumber, coal, hops, and fish; population,
1900, 80,671. Tacoma, second city, at head of Puget Sound; fine harbor;
prominent commercial and manufacturing center; fish packing and
manufacture of lumber important industries; population, 1900, 37,714.
Spokane, center of a great wheat-producing section and of mineral dis-
trict of Eastern Washington; population, 36,848. Wallawalla, outlet
of a flourishing agricultural district, population, 10,049 Olympia,
capital, situated at head of Puget Sound; population, 4,082.
Railways.— Miles of railway In operation, 1875, 110; 1880, 289; 1885,
776, 1890, 1,998; June, 1900,2,913.57.
Education.— Public school expenditure, 1897-8, $1,795,795; enroll-
ment, 97,916; school age, 6-21; compulsory. 8-15. High schools, 1900-01,
47. Other educational institutions— State University. Seattle: Normal
Schools, Ellensburg and Cheney; Agricultural College. Pullman.
Political.— State elections biennial. State and federal elections
Tuesday after first Monday in November. Number of Senators, 42;
Representatives, 94; term of Senators, 4 years. Representatives, 2;
sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years; Electoral votes, 4. Voters
must be citizens or declared intention, residents of State 1 year, county
90 days, town and precinct 30 days. Registration limited; ballot
reform. Indians not taxed excluded.
Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 12 and 22, May 30, July 4,
first Monday in September, general election day, Thanksgiving, De-
cember 25.
Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, written contracts, 6
years; recovery real property, 5; unwritten contracts, open accounts,
personal action, 3; redemption of tax sales, 3. Legal interest rate, 7
per cent; by contract, 12.
ALASKA. • 187
ALASKA
• A-las'-ka.
Corruption of aboriginal " cO-akshak," "great land" or
•' main land."
Historical.— First visited by Russians under Bering 1741; Alaskan
shore explored by Cook 1778; first permanent Russian settlement on
Kodiak Island 1784: settlement established on present site of Sitka 1799-
destroyed 1802; re-established 1804. Charter granted Russian-American
Fur Company 1799; twice renewed; expired 1864. Alaska purchased
by United States in May. 1867. for S7.200,000. District Government pro-
vided, 1884, Federal Judicial District, 1900.
Area of the Territory. 590.884 square miles; extreme length, 1,100
miles; breadth, 800. Islands number about 1,500; aggregate area, 31,205
square miles; most important, Alexander group — embracing Baranof
and Prince of Wales islands — Kodiak Island, and the Aleutian and
Pribllof groups,,
Physical Features.— Surface divided into three distinct districts:
Yukon or Northern, Aleutian or Middle, and Sitkan. Yukon district,
between river and Arctic Ocean, characterized by rocky hills and
broad marshy plains ; Aleutian district includes Alaska Peninsula and
Aleutian Islands ; interior covered with forests j islands treeless, with
remarkable wealth of grasses ; Sitkan district largely mountainous and
densely timbered. Coast abounds in islands, usually mountainous;
Aleutian chain extends into Pacific Ocean nearly 1,500 miles. Coast
line affords many excellent harbors; estimated length, 26.364 miles.
Yukon, principal river; largest entering Pacific Ocean-, length about
2,000 miles; nearly three-fourths continuously navigable for river
steamers; second largest river, Kuskokwlm; estimated length, 600
miles. Coast Range mountains extends into Southern Alaska, and
Includes Mount St. Elias, 18.024 feet, and Mount "vVrangell, 17,500;
farther inland is Mount McKinley, with an elevation of 20,464 feet.
Many glaciers; Muir and Malaspina most notable.
• Forests.— Timber area large. One-fourth the interior below an
altitude of 1,000 feet heavily wooded. Forests in Southeastern Alaska
dense, as far west as Yakutat Bay; from interior of Kenai Peninsula
timber line of mainland follows coast line, at distances varying from
100 to 150 miles, to mouth of Yukon. Forests mainly coniferous; Sitka
spruce predominant tree; yellow cedar rare but valuable; hemlock,
balsam fir, and scrub pine found in scattered bodies; white birch occa-
sionally in spruce area; alder and willow in all lowlands; poplar in
nearly all timbered sections south of Arctic Circle. Forests practically
untouched, owing to Government prohibiting exportation of timber.
Climate.— Climates of coast and interior differ widely. That of
Southeastern Alaska— and in a measure entire coast climate— greatly
modified by Japanese Current; enormous rainfall of this section
due to same cause; average number of clear days during year, 66.
Approaching interior of mainland winters cold excessive, summers
longer and warmer; rain and snow less frequent. At Sitka, coldest
month, January; temperature, jjl.4 deg.; warmest, August; temperature,
54.9; annual rainfall, 81 inches. At St. Michaels, near mouth of Yukon,
coldest month, February; average temperature, 2.3 deg. below; warmest
month, July; mean temperature, 53.6 deg. Mean temperature in Klon-
dike: Spring, 14.22 deg.; autumn, 17.37 deg.; summer, 59.67 deg.; winter,
30.80 deg. below; in 1896, temperature nine days was 50 deg. below.
Point Barrow, most northerly point in United States, mean summer
temperature, 36.8 deg. ; mean winter, 17.05 deg., with occasional periods
when temperature is from 40 to 50 degrees below zero.
Agriculture.— Tillable land in Southeastern and Southwestern
Alaska estimated at 2,500,000 to 3,200,000 acres; Yukon district, 460,000
acres. Southeastern and Kodiak regions, including Cook's Inlet, most
promising district. Cultivated areas practically confined to small
patches yielding hardier garden vegetables, putatoes, turnips, onions,
etc. Twelve farms. 1900, 159 acres ; total wealth, $15,686; value of prod-
uce and live stock 1899, $15,807. Grasses among the most valuable plant
products; timothy, Alaska redtop, blue grass, orchard grass, wild
barley, and rye flourish. Berries of fine flavor, abundant. Vegeta-
bles and hay may be grown in many sections of Yukon district. Live
stock, limited to a few cows, pigs, and poultry, found in villages; rein-
188
^^M^-f %Xi|f] tCjiEK ^«TT
\^&$h '"ALASKA.
f Statute Miles, 290=1 Inch.
100 50 '50 100 150 20-1 250 ~
J gattu f^
165° Copyright, 1004, ~jy Rand. McXally & Co.
V
190 UNITED STATES.
deer, furnishing clothing, used In transportation, and as food, most use-
ful domestic animal. Number of deer, 1900,8323; belonging to Govern-
nient, (14-1. Central and Arctic Alaska abounding In long, fibrous white
moss— natural food of reindeer— capable of sustaining vast numbers.
Fisheries.— One of the most valuable natural resources ot Alaska.
Salmon, of which there are half a dozen species, tin' most Important;
halibut, herring, and cod taken In commercial quantities; cod fishing
banks among the largest known. Largest banks are Portlock, Shuma-
gln, Albatross, Slime, and Balrd, depths range from 15 to 5u fathoms.
Canning districts are on Kodiak Island and Chlgnik Bay. In 1900 there
were in Alaska 36 fish canning establishments with a total capital of
18,208,328 and employing 2.092 persons; value of products, 83.821,136.
Fish canned, 52.011.552 pounds, value, 83,608.738. Fish salted, 5,689,100
pounds value, 1212,898; cod. 687,500 pounds, value 127,500. Market value
of total salmon catch exceeded 86.000,000. A comparatively new but
wasteful Industry Is the salting of salmon; one of the best-known
salterles is near Tyonek, on Cook Inlet.
Minerals.— Mining chief occupation throughout Alaska. Fine
gold exists in nearly all Alaska rivers. Principal deposits of South-
eastern Alaska In vicinity of Juneau. Gold first discovered in Yukon
district on Stewart and Lewis rivers, 1885; richest deposits— excepting
the Klondike, on border of Alaska— those of Forty Mile Creek, dis-
covered in 1886, and Birch Creek, 1S93. In Western Alaska most valua-
ble deposits those of Cape Nome region and of Cape York, 120 miles
distant, discovered 1898. Gold mined in Alaska, 1899, 264,104 fine
ounces, value 85,459,500; silver, 140,100 fine ounces, coining value 8181,-
140. Value of gold produced in Yukon district— including United
States and British territory— season of 1898-99 about 820,000,000. Yield
of platinum from Yukon district important. Most valuable coal
deposits on east shore of Cook Inlet; petroleum fields along coast of
Cook Inlet also worked. Coal beds exist at Norton Sound, Cape Lls-
burne, and Admiralty, Prince of Wales, and Baranof islands. Copper
mined on Prince of Wales Island ; copper-gold claims on Cape Fox
are being exploited; valuable deposits also found in White Horse cop-
per district. Iron is known to exist in many parts of the Territory.
Fur Industry.— Most valuable fur-bearing animals, sea-otter, seal,
beaver, silver and blue fox, mink, and marten. Value of sealskins
taken, 1867 to 1890, nearly $33,000,000; other furs, 816,000,000; furs shipped
from Territory, 1892, 81,550,000. Owing to threatened destruction of
seal fisheries, Government taking stringent measures for their preser-
vation. Pribilof Islands chief resort of the fur-seal. Total arctic catch,
1901,24,127; Bering Sea, 10,314: Copper Island, 3,838; coast, 8.985.
Population.— Total, 1890, 32,052: 1900, 63.592: Male, 45,872, female,
17,720; white, 30,507; Alaskans, 29,536, including 2.449 half-breeds;
Chinese, 3,116; others, 433. Native races, Esquimaux, Athabascans,
Aleuts, and Thlinkets. First two occupy interior and north and west
coast; Thlinkets south coast; Aleuts, parts of Alaska Peninsula, Shu-
magin Islands, and Aleutian Chain.
Cities.— Nome, in gold-mining region between Norton Sound and
Bering Sea, largest town In Alaska; famous for its rich beach diggings,
discovered 1898; population 12,486. Skagway.&t head of Lynn Canal,
second in size; point of departure for gold-seekers bound for Yukon
over Chilkoot and White passes; first college in Alaska established
here 1899, population, 3,117. Juneau, leading commercial and trading
center; progressive town with good buildings; population. 1864. Sitka,
on Baranof Island, capital, seat of oldest Greek Church in United
States, and of an industrial school; residence of the Governor; popu-
lation, 1,396. WrangeU, near mouth of Stikine River, important point
of departure for traders and miners bound for interior; population, 868.
St. Michael, on Norton Sound, flourishing trading post for Yukon and
Arctic districts; population, 857. Douglas, on Douglas Island, near
Juneau, location of Treadwell gold mine; population, 825.
Political, Etc.— Alaska governed by civil code passed 1900. Fed-
eral judicial district with three divisions. No local legislature nor
delegate to Congress. Homestead laws extended to Alaska, 1898. Land
offices at Sitka, St. Michael, and Rampart. Telegraph between St.
Michael and Nulato, Eagle and Dawson. Cables between St. Michael
and Nome, Juneau and Skagway.
NEWFOUNDLAND. 191
NEWFOUNDLAND. Nu'.fund.land>.
Historical.— Country discovered by Cabot 1497 During 16th
century settlements madebv both English and French, between whom
constant strife existed. Island ceded to Great Britain 1713; certain
fishing rights retained by French a source of dispute; question still un-
settled.retards development of the Island. Representative Government
granted 1S32. responsible established 1855. Railway mileage 1S97. 633.
Area, 42. 734 square miles, including coast of Labrador, 49,734. Ex-
treme width, about 3u0 miles; length, about 419
Physical Features.— Surface diversified by hills, rivers, and
lakes. Chief rivers. Exploits and Gander, largest lake, Grand. Coast
line, 1.200 miles. The "Grand Bank" extends eastward from New-
foundland about 600 miles; most extensive submarine plateau known.
Extensive pine forests; lumbering and shipbuilding growing industries.
Climate healthful and milder than that of Canada; summers short
and warm , southern coast subject to fogs. Mean annual temperature
St. John's, 40.09 deg.; February. 23.6 deg.; August, 60.5 deg.; mean rain-
fall, 40.74 inches; snowfall. 121.64.
Agriculture, Etc.— Arable land, 5,000,000 acres; under cultivation
1891. 64,494; chief products, potatoes, other root crops, hay, barley, and
oats; apples, plums, cherries, and small fruits grown. Extensive
tracts suitable for grazing. Cattle 1891, 23.S22; sheep, 60,840.
Fisheries engage 54.755 persons. Cod fisheries most extensive in
the world, principal grounds over the "Grand Bank" and off coasts of
Newfoundland and Labrador; total catch 1900, I45.669.6t>4 pounds. Ex-
port dried codfish, 1900, valued at over 85,600.000. Value of seal fisheries
8595.935. Province important in propagation of lobsters; amount pro-
duced valued at 8441.202. Herring fisheries productive; products val-
ued at 8245.869. Salmon fisheries increasing in importance, owing
largely to catch along Labrador coast; total value. 8103,698.
Commerce.— Value of imports 1900. 87.702.545; leading articles are
flour and other provisions, textiles, hardware, leather, etc.; exports,
$8,863,960, fish products, copper, and iron ores.
3Iinerals.— Copper deposits extensive; iron ore and coal, and val-
uable deposits of silver and lead found; gold, asbestos, and petroleum
exist. Building stones, marble, and roofing slate abundant.
Population 1891. 197.934. including Labrador andl42Indians.202.040;
estimated. 1900, 208.000; Labrador coast. 4,100.
Cities.— St. John's, capital and fortified city; fine harbor: nearest
North American seaport to Europe; population with suburbs, 29,007
Harbour Grace, second in importance. 6.466. Carbonear, 4,127.
Education, Etc.— Aided schools 1900.694; pupils. 36.322; expendi-
ture. 1158,151. Roman Catholics number, 72.696; Church of England
adherents, 69.324-, Methodists. 53.276; Presbyterians. 1,449; others, 4,795.
Government.— Newfoundland with Labrador a Crown Colony;
Government administered by Governor, assisted by an Executive
Council, Legislative Council, and House of Assembly.
L.AB R A DOR. —Visited by Norsemen about the year 1000; by Cabot
1497; Cortereal 1501; Hudson 1610. Annexed to Newfoundland 1763;
placed under Government of Lower Canada 1774; re-annexed to New-
foundland 18i)9. Area of peninsula. 530,000 square miles. Newfound-
land portion limited to narrow strip— 10 miles wide— along coast. Sur-
face rugged; coast irregular, with many good harbors; interior a vast
table-land. Climate rigorous; ice-bound throughout winter; summer
pleasant. Fisheries valuable. Exports cod, salmon, herring, seal
and whale oil, and furs. Population, 4.100 Eskimos, whites, and
Indians, chiefly along coast. Nain and Hopedalt leading settlements.
Hudson Bay Company has several posts.
ST. PIERRE AND MIQI'ELOX- Islands conceded French
possessions 1713. Area of group. 93 square miles; St. Pierre, 10; Great
and Little Mlquelon. 83; largely unsuited to agriculture. Cod
fishery leading industry. Value of imports 1900, 81.771.947; exports,
$2,558,816. Population of Colony, 6,250; St. Pierre, 5,700; Mlquelon,
550. St. Pierre chief town; population. 3,000; during fishing season,
15,000. Seat of Colonial College, number pupils in all schools, 1,355.
Government administered by Governor, Council-General, and
Municipal Councils.
192
Dominionof Canada
AND
Newfoundland
Scale of Statute Miles.
5" 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10 00
Copyright, 1904, "by Rand, McNallj * Co.
110 5 100°"
193
AUV 4 CO., EliR'S, O
194 DOMINION OF CANADA.
DOMINION OF CANADA.
Historical.— Earliest explorations by English under Cabot 1497-8.
First Important explorations and permanent settlements made by
French— Carder's explorations L534-35-40. Champlaln's 1603-8. Quebec
founded 1608. Trade with Indians established in northwest by Hud-
son's Bay Company (English) 1670. Halifax founded by English 1749;
Quebec captured by English under Wolfe 1759; country ceded to
Gnat Britain 17*13. Dominion of Canada formed by confederation
of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia provinces 1867;
Northwest Territories acquired 1869: Manitoba admitted 1870; British
Columbia 1871; Prince Edward Island 1873.
Area, 3,653,946 square miles, comprising all territory of North
America north of the United States except Alaska and Newfoundland.
Length of coast line, 11,400 miles.
Physical Features.— Great natural features of Eastern Canada,
the Laurentian .Mountains, St. Lawrence River, and Hudson Bay; of
Central Canada, the great treeless plains of Northwest Territories;
Western Canada, the Saskatchewan— Nelson and Mackenzie rivers
with their numerous large lakes— Winnipeg, Athabasca, Great Slave,
Great Bear, etc.— and the Rocky Mountains. Surface of Eastern
Canada largely plains and undulating lowlands, in great part heavily
wooded; Central chiefly prairie land; Western a region of lofty moun-
tains with intervening valleys and vast primeval forests.
Climate varies greatly, owing to wide extent of territory. Ex-
tremes of heat and cold greater than in corresponding European
latitudes. Broadly speaking, climate of north severe, south genial
and temperate, everywhere healthful. Atlantic Gulf Stream and Japan
Current of Pacific modifying influences in coast lands. Rainfall de-
creases toward interior. Average for Nova Scotia, 38.9 inches; snow-
fall, 86.5; Manitoba, 9.6 and 59; British Columbia, 41.1 and 42.6.
Forests cover an area estimated at 1,248,798 square miles; consti-
tute one of chief sources of wealth; lumbering a leading industry.
Surface of Eastern Canada, except the Arctic Plains to the north and
a limited area under cultivation, covered by vast forests, chiefly of
pines and firs; many useful and valuable deciduous trees also found.
Magnificent forests, in which conifers predominate, cover a great
part of British Columbia; the Douglas fir— commercially Oregon
pine— frequently reaches a height of from 250 to 300 feet, exceeding
8 feet In diameter. Value of forest products 1891, $80,071,415; forest
exports, 1900, valued at s32,79o,910.
Agriculture, Etc.— Industries of the country chiefly agricul-
tural and pastoral. Chief agricultural districts: Valleys of the Red,
Athabasca, Saskatchewan, and Peace rivers, and extensive areas In
British Columbia and Eastern Canada. Area of occupied land, 1891,
60,287,730 acres; improved, 28,537,242; under crop, 19,904,826; gardens
and orchards, 464,462. Wheat produced 1891, 42,144,779 bushels; oats,
82,515,413; barley, 17,148,19S; corn, 10,675,886; potatoes, 52,653,704; turnips,
etc., 49,555,902; peas and beans, 15,514,836; buckwheat, 4,886,122; hops,
1,126,230 pounds; tobacco, 4,277,936. Fruit-growing an important in-
dustry in Eastern Canada: apples, pears, plums, peaches, apricots,
grapes, etc., grow luxuriantly; product 1891, 6cS,864,l81 pounds; extensive
areas in British Columbia also adapted to fruit culture. Dairy-farm-
ing and stock-breeding have made great progress; cheese and butter
largely manufactured, former an important item in export trade,
averaging nearly $20,000,000 annually. Extensive areas throughout the
eastern and western sections specially adapted to the industries.
Area under pasture, 15,284,788 acres.
Fisheries of Canada most extensive in the world. Lakes, rivers,
and 8,000 miles of shore fisheries yield an almost inexhaustible supply
of fresh and salt water fish. Commerciallv, cod most valuable catch
on Atlantic coast, salmon on Pacific. Herring, mackerel, lobster, seal,
etc., also valuable. Trout abundant everywhere. Total value of
fishery products 1900, $21,557,639; fresh water. §2,052,453; cod, $3,599,515;
DOMINION OF CANADA. 195
salmon, $3,893.217 — canned. 12,913,858; herring, 81.853.237: lobster,
$3,055,350 ; fur seal, $562,845. Total fishermen, S1,U64; value of apparatus,
$10,990,125.
Manufactures have made notable advance since adoption of pro-
tective policy in 1879 : capital invested increased from about $165,000,000
in 1831 to $355,000.0w in 1391. Saw and flouring mills, foundries and
machine shops all rank high. Wood-pulp mills also established; owing
to great amount of spruce, poplar, etc., future of pulp industry must
prove of vast importance to Dominion. Textile industries now have
a greater aggregate capital than flouring mills ; cottons lead. Leather
and sugar refining important in Quebec and Nova Scotia, canning of
fish in British Columbia.
Commerce. —Foreign trade largelv with Great Britain and United
States. Value of exports 1901, $196,457,632; to Great Britain. §105, 323,956;
United States. $72,352,230: imports, 1901, $190,415,525; from United States
for home consumption, si 10.485.008 : Great Britain. $43,018,164. Leading
articles of export : Animals and their produce. $55,495,311; wood and
wood manufactures, $30,009,857; minerals. £40.355.050; manufactures,
$41,045,694; fisheries, $10,720,352. Chief imports, textiles and iron and
steel manufactures. Sea-going shipping entered and cleared, 14,543,062
tons.
Minerals.— Mining now ranks among the most prominent industries
of Dominion. Mineral resources of country rich and varied. Gold
mined extensively in Yukon District, British Columbia, and Nova
Scotia. Vast deposits of coai in Atlantic and Pacific regions; coal and
lignite area. 100,000 square miles: mined chiefly in Nova Scotia and
Vancouver Island. British Columbia. Output of coal mines, 1901,
6.186,286 tons; of copper mines. 40,951,196 pounds; nickel, 9.189,047
pounds; lead. 50,756,440 pounds; petroleum fields, 588.528 barrels.
Value of mineral products, 1901, $69,407,031; coal, $14,671,122; gold,
$24,462,222; silver. $2,993,668, copper, $6,600,104; nickel. $4,594,523. lead,
82,199.7*7; petroleum. $953,415, asbestos, $1,186,434. gypsum, $340,148;
salt, $262,323 ; iron ore, $762,284; building stone, 1900, $1,520,000.
'Population in 1800. 240.000; 1881.4,324.810, 1891,4.833.239; census of
1901,5.371.315. Increase. 1881-91. 11.76 percent. Average density for
each square mile. 1.75. Increase, 1891-1901,10.44 per cent. Indians, 190],
93.319. Over 87 per cent of inhabitants, or 4,671,805 persons, natives of
British North America; foreign born, 699.510, 390.016 from Great
Britain: 127.891 born in United States; English speaking, about 3,450,-
000, French, 1,405,000.
Railways, Etc.— First railway opened July, 1836. Railway in
operation, 19ol, 18,140 miles. Cost of construction of canals to June,
1901 , $8 1 .404.544. System of inland navigation largest and most impor-
tant in the world: length, canal, river, and lake, over 2,700 miles.
Telegraph lines, 35,627 miles— 5,433, Government.
Government, Etc. — Executive government vested in the King,
administered through a Governor-General -appointed by the Crown
for five years— aided by a Privy Council. Legislative power rests with
a Parliament, consisting of a Senate of 81 members— appointed by the
Governor-General for life— and a House of Commons; members of
latter elected by the people. Quebec always has 65 members, number
for other provinces proportioned to population as compared with
that of Quebec. The seven provinces forming the Dominion have full
powers to regulate their own local affairs; each has its separate
Parliament and a Lieutenant-Governor, appointed bv the Governor-
General. Standard of value, trold. Revenue, 1901, $52,514,701, expendi-
ture, $46,866,368, gross debt. $354,732,433; net. $26* .430,004. No gold coin-
age. English sovereign and United States gold coins legal. Capital
of Dominion, Ottawa.
Defense. — Imperial army consists of garrison of 2.000 troops
at Halifax. Dominion has a large militia tune. All British subjects
between 18 and 60 liable to service. Active militia 1902, 38.090 officers
and men. Royal Military College at Kingston, founded 1875. Naval
defense in hands of Imperial authorities. There are 13 ships on North
America and West Indies Station and 7 on Pacific.
196
197
IongituileTVe9t from Greenwich.
Gr If L F . ."JF
■ BvEOSl.^ *• Bird Rocks
QtS^SffiP*- Ca P e
MAGDALEN ISLANDS / rf<
(Quebec) GEINDST0N B^pALR.GHTl.
Z j* M?% E N C IE
\> "NewJBrunswick, Nova Scotia
& Prince - Edward Island
Scale of Statute Miles.
5 10 20 30 40 50 00 70 80 90 100
Copyright, 1004, by Rand, McNally & Co.
198 DOMINION OF CANADA,
NOVA SCOTIA. S„,vaSko<- 8 hia.
Historical*— Visited by Cabots 1497; Port Royal (Annapolis)
settled by French 1604; British claimed country by right of discov-
ery; ceded to France 1667; retroceded to Great Britain 1713; Cape Breton
and Prince Edward Island annexed to Nova Scotia 1763; latter Bepar-
ated 1770; Cape Breton 17*>1 but reannexed 1819. Responsible Gov-
ernment introduced 1848; Nova Scotia one of original provinces of
Dominion 1867.
Area, 20,600 square miles, including Cape Breton 3,120 square miles.
Length, 860 miles; average breadth, 65 miles.
Physical Features.— Surface diversified by lofty hills, broad
valleys, numerous lakes and rivers. Chief river, Annapolis. Cobequid
Mountains in the north, (1,200 feet.) Coast line, 1,200 miles; shores
abrupt and irregular, with many inlets and fine harbors, especially in
southeast; deep water close to land. Forests abound in excellent
timber; area, 6,464 square miles; lumbering and ship-building important.
Climate, modified by Gulf Stream, temperate and healthful; more
equable than that of any other Province. Dense fogs on Atlantic coast.
Mean annual temperature Halifax, 42.6 deg.; January, 22.1 deg.; August,
63.8 deg.; mean rainfall, 47.17 inches; snowfall, 83.81 inches.
Agriculture, Etc. -Western part of Province very fertile. Exten-
sive area of salt marshes around Bay of Minas; produces large crops of
salt-hay and cultivated grasses. Grain, root crops, and hay excel-
lent and abundant. Fruits of temperate zone flourish. Annapolis
Valley noted for its apples. Land occupied 1891, 6,080.695 acres: under
crop, 969.548; pasture, 994.113; gardens and orchards, 30,036. Latest
returns give yield of apples for year as 1,051,592 bushels.
Live Stock.— Large area adapted to rearing of sheep and cattle.
Cheese, butter, and condensed milk factories increasing. Farm
animals 1891: Horses, 65,047, cattle, 324,772; sheep, 331,492: swine, 48,048.
Fish eries by far the most important in Dominion. Value of product
1900, §7.809,152; cod. $2.294,160>lobsters, ai.S98.729; herring. 3376.476: mack-
erel, 81,248,626; haddock. |489,667; hake, $389,657; exports. 1901. 3lu.720.a52;
fishing apparatus. s3,278,623. Number of vessels and boats engaged,
7,754; men receiving bounty, 16,628.
Manufactures limited but increasing in variety and value. Devel-
opment facilitated by excellent natural advantages and abundance of
raw material. Approximate number of establishments. 1893. 10.873;
employes. 37.065; capital invested. 820,907.614 ; wages paid. 37.55o.u92 ; value
of products. 832,577,354.
Minerals very important. Coal area, 635 square miles; output 1901,
4,099,200 tons, value s9.150.0O0; value of gold output. 8604,500; gypsum,
1900, 138,612 tons, value 8108.828; iron ores of superior quality; output,
1900, 18,940 short tons. Building stone deposits extensive.
Population 1901. 459.574. Province ranks second in density; aver-
age per square mile, 22. Indians. 1900, 2.018. Inhabitants descendants
of French Acadians. English. American Loyalists, and Scotch immi-
grants. Increase 1891-1901 about 2 per cent.
Cities.— Halifax, capital and chief winter port; principal naval
station and headquarters of Imperial army in British North America;
population, 1901, 40,832. Dartmouth, 4,806. Yarmouth, 6,430. Sydney,
seaport and chief town on Cape Breton Island: in vicinity of extensive
coal mines; fishini; principal Industry; population. 9.909.
Railwavs, Etc.— Railway mileage close of 1900.927. Number of
sailing ships and steamers. 2.020: light stations, 189.
Education free and non-sectarian. Public schools.1901. 2.387; pupils,
98.410; in'county academies, 1,635: in Normal schools. 240; model schools.
114. Victoria school of Art. Dalhousle College and University, at Hali-
fax; TJniversitv of Kings College. Windsor
Religion.— Latest reports give total number of Roman Catholics
in Province as 129.57S; P-esbvterians. 106.319; Baptists. 74,978; Church of
England, 66,067; Methodists, 57.490.
Government vested in Lieutenant-Governor assisted by an Ex-
ecutive Council, a Legislative Council, and a Legislative Assembly.
Province has 10 Senators and 20 Representatives in Dominion Parlia-
ment.
NEW BRUNSWICK. 199
NEW BRUNSWICK. NnBnmz'-wik.
Historical.— Country settled by French 1639, and formed part of
Acadia or New France until ceded to Great Britain 1713; first British
settlers emigrated from Scotland 1764. Erected into separate colony
1784; became one of original provinces of Dominion 1867.
Area, 28,200 square miles; land, 28,100; water, 100. Length north to
south, about 200 miles; breadth, 160.
Physical Features.— Surface generally undulating, elevation
slight; highest point, 2,170 feet, St. John River, chief natural feature,
drains 9,000,000 acres of Province; Miramichi next in importance.
Lakes numerous but small. Coast line, 500 miles, indented by large
bays and fine harbors. Dense forests of pine, cedar, spruce, etc., cover
large areas in north and northwest; leading source of wealth.
Climate healthful; subject to great extremes; climate of southern
coast modified by surrounding waters; subject to dense fogs. Mean
annual temperature St. John, 40.4 deg.; January, 18.5 deg.; August,
60.3 deg.; mean rainfall, 40.74 inches.
Agriculture.— Soil exceedingly fertile; capable of producing bar-
ley, oats, rye— wheat in some sections— hay, vegetables, and great
variety of fruits. Area of occupied land 1891, 4,471,250 acres; improved,
1.509,790; under crops, 1,018,704; pasture, 479,607; gardens and orchards,
11,479. Crops 1901: Oats, 184,114 acres, 4,944,992 bushels; potatoes, 37,527
acres, 4,077,478 bushels; buckwheat, 1,479,477; turnips, 2,099,940; wheat,
478,886; barley, 99,540 bushels.
Live Stock.— Excellent natural facilities for rearing live stock.
Horses 1891, 59.773; cattle, 204,692; sheep, 182.941; swine, 50,945. Increas-
ing activity in dairy interests. Cheese factories, 1901,56; product, 1,887,-
370 pounds, value $175,205. Butter factories, 35; butter, 542,626 pounds.
Total value of cheese and butter exported 1900, $170,000.
' Fisheries valuable; Province ranks next to Nova Scotia and British
Columbia In extent and value of products. Value of fishing apparatus,
1900, §2.361, i J87, number of vessels and boats, 904; men receiving bounty,
2,074. Total catch. 83,769,742, herring, 8919.619; salmon, $246,540; cod,
$345,618; lobster, $506,383; smelts, $393,152; sardines, $293,944, haddock,
$90,621; fish exports, $731,392. Oysters and lobsters in great quantities
and of excellent quality.
Manufactures.— Excellent transportation facilities, nearness of
coal supplv and of markets favor development of Industrial enter-
prises. Chief manufacture, lumber. Salmon, lobster, and oyster
canning of great importance. Textile and paper mills, iron works,
etc., established.
Minerals varied. Coal area, 6,500 square miles: bituminous deposits
particularly valuable. Coal output. 1901,17,630 tons; gypsum, 1900, 112,-
294 tons, value $145,850. Petroleum, antimony, manganese, iron ore,
silver, gold, and plumbago exist. Recent increased interest in mineral
development.
Population 1901, 331,120, of whom 313,178 were natives of British
North America. Density per square mile exceeds 11.
Cities. — St. -John, important seaport with extensive maritime and
manufacturing interests; population, 1901, 40,711. Predericton, capital
and port of entry; population, 7,117. Portland (now part of St. John)
contains steam sawmills, shipyards, and iron foundries; near rich plum-
bago mines. Mo/icton, port of entry: population, 9,026.
Railways, Etc.— Number miles of railway, 19uo, 1,438. Number of
sailing ships and steamers, 1901. 937.
Education, Etc.— Schools free and non-sectarian. Public schools,
1901, 1,741; enrollment, 60,420; In grammar schools, 949; in Normal
schools, 196. Expenditures, 1600,840. University of New Brunswick,
Frederirton. Members of leading religious creeds 1901: Roman Cath-
olic, 125.698; Baptist. 65.444; Church of England, 41,767; Presbyterian,
39,424; Methodist, .35,973.
Government administered by Lieutenant-Governor and an Execu-
tive Council. Pepresented in Dominion Parliament by 10 Senators
and 14 Representatives.
200
03'
' Ruisseau a Scm \\ \ ^y
.St.Telicife
Madeleine.
_. Zake Jlamel
. ~ - Dou-la3to»
IBarachois 'lc"3Ialb:
'< Cape iMcchegama i
'JE ti eg // J ZL.JCakebonga JZ.'JfaJ7iamcnyTio<jf' f\
r W,^
£ -Z. ^im-,,,
SSt. ^Iichel <y) 1 '
'acs Sainf? V Tk
<yti£-««
,0* " iowySlIigh/ £'-
tV 1 "Parrel tonl^ock'^ 3
1
St.E^fcarjj "
74- ' RAND, MSNA
201
3ongitude~We8t -from Greenwic
202 DOMINION OF CANADA.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.
Historical.— Visited and named Isle St. Jean by Cutler 1SS4, first
settled by French; became definite possession of Great Hrltaln 1758.
Separate Government established 1768: first Parliament called 177^-,
name changed to Prince Edward Island 1799; admitted into Dominion
1873.
Area, 2,000 square miles: breadth, 4 to 35 miles; greatest length, 150.
Physical Features.— Surface rolling and well watered; greatest
elevation about 500 feet. Deeply Indented coast line bordered with
several small islands.
Climate milder than that of adjoining continent and markedly
healthful. Winters long and cold; summer heat modified by sea
breezes. Mean temperature Charlottetown, 40.7 deg.; January, 16.3
deg.; August, 64.7 deg.
Agriculture leading pursuit; grain, vegetables, and grasses princi-
pal crops. Fruit culture successful, improved land 1891, 718,092 acres;
under crops, 536,175; pasture, 178,072; gardens and orchards, 3,845.
Conditions of Island favorable fur live stock industry; large numbers
of horses and cattle reared; particular attention given to fine breeds.
Rapid development of dairy interests. Cheese factories, 1900, 40-
creameries, 32; butter made, 572,726 pounds, value, 9123,052.
Fisheries important and capable of great development. Value of
fishing apparatus, 1900, 8442,120; number vessels and boats engaged,
1,169; men receiving bounty, 2,351. Value of lobster catch, 8445.417;
herring, $147,347; oysters, $71,300; cod,$155,038; mackerel, 865,787; hake,
849,842; total value,' Si ,059.194. Fish exports, £590,152.
Population 1901, 103,259. Most densely populated of all the Prov-
inces; average density per square mile, 51.6. Of inhabitants 99,006
natives of British North America.
Cities. — Charlottetown, capital; population, 1901, 12.080; Summer-
aide, excellent harbor, good export trade; population. 2,875; George-
town, seaport, with good trade; center of shipbuilding; population,
1,123; Alberton, H93; Montague, 648.
Railways, Etc. — Number miles of railway, 1900, 211. Sailing
ships and steamers, 1901, 182; light stations, 39.
Education. —Schools free and nonsectarian; partly supported by
Government. Departments in operation. 1901. 589: enrollment, 20,779
average attendance, 12,330; total expenditure, 8164,935.
Religion. —Over 44 per cent of population Roman Catholic. Mem
bers of leading creeds, 1901: Roman Catholic, 45,796; Presbyterian
30,750; Methodist, 13,402; Church of England, 5,976; Baptist, 5,898.
Government vested in Lieutenant-Governor, an Executive Coun
cil, and a Legislative Assembly. Has 4 Senators and 5 Representatives
in Dominion Parliament.
QUEBEC. Kwebek.
Historical.— Territory discovered by Sebastian Cabot 1497; first
important explorations and earliest settlements made by French under
Cartier 1535-41; explorations by Champlain, 1603 who made first per-
manent settlement at Quebec 1608. Quebec captured by English 1759;
entire territory, including present province of Ontario, ceded to English
1763; Province of Quebec organized 1774. Divided into Upper and
Lower Canada 1791; reunited as United Provinces of Canada 1S41; sep-
arated and provinces of Quebec and Ontario established 1867.
Area, since extension of boundaries authorized by Parliament
1898,347,350 square miles; included are a large number of fertile islands,
Anticosti, Magdalen, and Bonaventure most important. Land area,
344,550 square miles; water. 2,900.
Physical Features. -Surface greatlv diversified; most charac-
teristic features, the numerous rivers and lakes. St. Lawrence River-
basin of this system comprises almost entire Province— traverses the
country from southwest to northeast between two principal mountain
ranges; Shickshock or Notre Dame Mountains (Mount Logan, 3.708
feet.) south of river; Laurentiau, average height 1,000 feet, north. St.
John largest and most beautiful of the lakes, area 360 square miles.
QUEBEC. 203
Climate variable. Winters long, cold intense; severity, however,
greatly modified by dry, bracing atmosphere; snowfall heavy. Sum-
mers warm and pleasant. Mean temperature averages, 58.3 deg. in
summer; winter, 15 deg. Rainfall 1887, 28.09 inches; snowfall, 91.4;
Montreal, mean temperature, 42.S deg.; January, 13.4 deg; July, 69.8
deg. Rainfall, 26.S8 inches; snowfall, 123.99 inches.
Forests comprise about 158,000 square miles; constitute one of
leading sources of wealth. Pine, spruce, ash, birch, walnut, maple,
and oi her varieties of valuable timber abundant. Lumber interests of
vast importance. Revenue, woods and forests, 1900, 81,112,530. Latest
annual report gives value of all forest products exported as $11,762,750.
Most important timber region that of Lake St. John district; area
19,520,000 acres; over 75 per cent of timber white, black, and red
spruce, affording an unlimited supply of wood for manufacture of
pulp; balsam fir, white birch, cypress, and pine of excellent quality
also abundant.
Agriculture, Etc.— Agriculture an important occupation; all farm-
ing interests advancing rapidly. Soil in general very fertile, especially
in southeastern counties. Wheat, barley, rye, buckwheat, hay, and
root crops successfully grown; in more favored sections Indian corn,
hemp, flax, and tobacco. All small fruits yield abundantly; apples and
plums of superior quality also largely produced; grape culture in
southern and western sections a profitable and growing industry.
Live Stock, Etc.— Stock raising and dairy farming are promi-
nent industries. Cattle reared in large numbers for export to English
markets and for the dairy. Excellent pasturage furnished in eastern
townships and north of the St. Lawrence. Wool product important.
Farm animals, 1891: Horses, 344,290; working oxen, 45,676; milch cows,
549.454; total horned cattle, 969,312; sheep, 730,286; swine, 369,608. Dairy
farming has made rapid advancement through introduction of im-
proved methods by organized societies; output and value of products
largely increased. In 1891 there were 114 creameries; number, 1899, 404.
Value of butter and cheese. 1890, $3,000,000; 1894, $7,500,000; amount of
butter manufactured, 1S95, 562,061 pounds, value $118,013— treble that
of 1894. Manufacture of cheese increased from 4,924,504 pounds in
1890 to 31,554,746 in 1894, an increase in value to the farmers of
$4,000,000.
Fisheries extensively pursued in Gulf of St. Lawrence, on coast of
Labrador, Gaspe Peninsula, and Magdalen Islands; industry has
attained large proportions. Chief catches are cod, herring, salmon,
lobsters, mackerel, etc. Total value of fisheries. 1900, §1, 989,279; cod,
§792.534; herring, $197 .884; salmon. $147,456; lobsters, $204,821; mackerel,
*1 19.265; smelts. $23.u2ii; halibut, $19,003, sardines. §14,076; Value of
fish exported, $541,376. Value of fishing apparatus, $820,869; number
of vessels and boats engaged, 4,251, men, 8,080. Sea fishing and building
of fishing vessels encouraged by Government bounties. Total amount
paid, $33,203.
Manufactures. -Province ranks second in Dominion in quantity
and value of manufactures, producing 32.2 per cent of total products.
Chief products: Lumber, cheese, textiles, furniture, leather, paper,
boots, shoes, flour, and agricultural implements. Latest reports
give number of manufacturing establishments as 24,112: capital in-
vested. 8120,969,000; employes, 118,830; wages, $3'J.B'ni,oou ; value of prod-
ucts, 8155.295,000. Timber manufactures, 1897-98 include: Pine, 341,902,717
feet, board measure; spruce, 371,628,571; boom timber, 136,450; cedar,
166,207 lineal feet; white and red pine and birch, 1,365,614 cubic feet.
Manufacture of wood pulp has become important; value of output
at last census, 8800,000; future of industry promising.
Commerce. -Value of imports, 19' 0, $70,716,290; for home con-
sumption. 868.422.416; dutiable goods, $:;?.s:>:-;.:-;77; duties collected on
all imports, $10,661,669. Value of exports. $93.54' >.6i 19.
Minerals.— Quebec rich in minerals; deposits of gold found
in District of Beauce ; copper in eastern townships. Valuable de-
posit of hematite iron ore near Hull ; large deposits of chromic iron
discovered in Coleraine 1895. Asbestos occurs in large quantities,
especially in Megantic, Arthabaska, Beauce, Brome, Ottawa, Rich-
mond, and Wolfe counties. Petroleum recently found in paying
quantities in Gaspe County. Phosphate rock mines, in Ottawa Valley,
have been extensively worked. Mica of superior quality exists In
204
:j
V -. Cliiton
-^BayfielfoJ/
> p '*"^lttlT e rtWW ater1oo \(}j
;„■&
205
>
206 DOMINION OF CANADA.
Baguenay district; also found in Ottawa and Pontiae districts. Peat
deposits large and valuable. Limestone area, 30.000 square miles.
Lead, silver, and platinuin exist in abundance. Iron ore mined, 1900,
19,000 short tons. Silver, 1901, 87,(500 ounces, value $22,165. Copper ex-
ported, 1900, 2,000 pounds; salt, 800 bushels.
Population, 1901, 1,648,898. Province ranks fifth in density of pop-
ulation; average number of persons per square mile. 4.7. Number of
Indians in Province 1901, 9,166. Over three-fourths of population of
French descent, retaining original language and customs. Olticial
proclamations printed in both French and English.
Cities.— Jfontreal, metropolis and chief commercial city of Canada;
situated on Island of Montreal at head of ocean navigation: population,
1901, 267,780. Quebec, capital and second city in size. Founded by
French 1608: ceded to Great Britain 1763. Most strongly fortified city
on western continent; important seaport with large exports of lumber;
shipbuilding a leading industry. Population 1901,68,840. J/"'/ has ex-
tensive manufactures of lumber and woodenware; population, 1901,
13,993. Sherbrooke contains breweries and flour mills, manufactures of
paper, textiles, and machinery; population 11,765. Three Rivera, pop-
ulation 9.981. Levis, population 7,783.
Railways, Etc.- Number of miles of railway 1867.523; 1900. 3.414, or
1 mile to each 100.8 square miles of area. Number of sailing ships and
steamers. 1,265; light stations. 123; light ships. 7.
Education under control of Superintendent of Public Instruction,
assisted by council of 35 members. Separate schools are maintained for
Roman Catholics. Number of elementary schools. 1901, 5,245; pupils,
201.124; expenditures. 81,868.477. Funds secured partly by local taxation,
partly by Government grants. More than 4,000 of the schools, with
over 1?2,000 pupils, were Iioraan Catholic institutions. Among other
educational institutions are 557 model schools, 168 academies, 4 normal
schools, 19 classical colleges, 4 universities, 7 schools of arts and man-
ufactures, and 5 agricultural and dairy schools.
Religion. Roman Catholic the prevailing religion; about 86 per
cent of entire population adherents of that faith. Numbers of leading
denominations census of 1901: Roman Catholic, 1.429.186; Church of
England, 81,345; Presbyterian. 57.952; Methodist, 42,014; Baptist. .8.393.
Government.— Executive vested in a Lieutenant-Governor ap-
pointed by the Governor-General, assisted by an Executive Council,
which is composed of 7 members. There is a Legislative Council of 24
members ana a Legislative Assembly of 74 members. Province repre-
sented in Dominion Parliament by 24 Senators and 65 Representatives.
Post Office Savings Banks established 1867; total number, 1901, 152;
depositors, 22,887; amount on deposit, $6,635,775.
ONTARIO.
On-ta'-ri-o.
Historical.— Region around Lakes Ontario and NTiplssing visited
by Champlain 1615. around Lake Superior by fur traders 1660; Lake
Huron district claimed by Perrot f > >r France 1671. Niagara founded by
La Salle 1679. Toronto founded 17 19. Territory originally formed part
of Province of Quebec ; became a separate province in 1791 under name
of Upper Canada; reunited to Quebec 1S41: separated 1867, and entered
the new Dominion as Province of Ontario.
Area.— Total. 222.000 square miles — land. 219.650; water, excluding
Great Lakes, 2,350; area of large lakes and frontier waters of the St.
Lawrence, 27 .094 square miles. The greatest length of Ontario from
east to west is about 1,000 miles.
Physical Features.— Surface generally undulating; greatly
diversified by rivers and lakes. Laurentian Mountains— elevation 1.5O0
to 2,100 feet near Lake Superior— extend from near Kingston to south-
east, extremity of Georgian Bav; Blu ■ Mountains south of Georgian
Bay; elevation 1,900 feet. Southern portion of Province drained by St.
Lawren e and Ottawa rivers. Ottawa forms 400 miles of northeastern
boundary; navigable 250 miles. Water front extends along Great Lakes
and connecting waters about 3,000 miles; contains many good harbors.
Region north and west from Lake Ontario abounds in lakes; largest,
Simcoe, Nipissing, Nipigon, and Lake of the Woods.
ONTARIO. 207
Climate generally pleasant and healthful: extremes modified by
dry, clear atmosphere, and in southwest by extent of adjoining waters
Mean annual temperature, Windsor, 48.1 deg.; January, 23.4 deg.; July,
72.6 deg.; mean rainfall, 23.55 inches; snowfall, 51.92 inches; altitude,
604 feet. Mean temperature, Port Arthur, 35.5 deg.; January, 6.0 deg.;
July, 62.S deg.: altitude, 642 feet.
Forests.— Northern Ontario clothed with dense forests abounding
in valuable timber. Large areas covered with white pine, commercially
the most valuable tree; spruce, next in importance, found almost
everywhere in large quantities; affords the most desirable material
for wood pulp; pulp mills at Sault Ste. Marie said to be largest in the
world. Other valuable timber trees are oak, ash, elm, maple, hickory,
larch, balsam fir, linden, sycamore, black cherry, walnut, and butternut.
Province derives large annual revenue from lease of forests on Crown
Lands to lumbermen.
Agriculture leading industry. Cleared land, 1900, 13,000,000 acres;
under crops, 9,000,000; total value of land. $574,727,610. Agricultural
college near G-uelph has done much to promote improvements in all
branches of farming. Yield of principal product in bushels. 1901 : Fall
wheat, 16,017,029; spring wheat, 5,498,751; barlev, 16,761,076; oats, 78,334,-
490; rye, 2,547,313; peas, 10.089.173, buckwheat/1,757,071; beans, 824.122;
potatoes, 18,116.637; mangel-wurzels, 29.683.324; carrots, 3,199,967;
turnips, 68,288.467; corn, 24,838,105; clover and hay, 4,632,317 tons;
tobacco, 1900, 2,854.900 pounds.
Horticulture.— Fruit farming successfully pursued in southwest.
Province noted for its superior apples; grown largely in all lake
counties. Area under orchard and garden 1897, 337.441 acres ; vineyards,
11,100. Bearing apple trees, 1896, 5,913,906; young trees. 3,548,085; esti-
mated yield, 55,895,755 bushels Beaiing plum trees, 700,000; cherry,
500,000; pear, 500,000, peach, 500,000; grape vines, 2.000,000.
Live Stock, Etc.— Stock raising and dairy farming are constantly
increasing source of profit. Special attention is given the breeding of
fine cattle and sheep. Area under pasture, 1900, 2,694,600 acres. Value
,of farm animals, 1900, $123,274,821; poultry, 82,727.363; wool clip,
$894,112. Number of horses. 1900,617,309; cattle, 2,429.330; sheep, 1,797,213;
hogs, 1,771,641; poultrv, 9,541,241. Wool clip. 5,805,921 pounds. Bees,
216,734 hives ; value including outfit, $1,139,559; value per hive, $5.26.
Ontario one of foremost dairy countries. Dairy schools at Guelph,
Kingston, and Strathroy, important factors in advancement of In-
dustry. Manufacture of cheese has attained large proportions;
development of industry continuous and rapid; product of superior
quality ; exports large and continually increasing First factory
erected in 1864; number of factories, 1900, 1.173; product, 127,789,543
pounds; value, $13,023,025. Butter of excellent quality made; cream-
eries, 1900, 308 • butter, 9,041,468 pounds, value, $1,819,290.
Fisheries of the Great Lakes among the most extensive in the
world Chief catches, herring, whitefish, and salmon-trout. Waters of
Rainy River District support important and extensive fisheries; center
of industry. Lake of the Woods ; staple fish, sturgeon. Amount of fish
caught in Ontario waters 1883 to 1894, nearly 294. 000,000 pounds; value
$17,660,000. Total catch 1900, 25.698,591 pounds, value. $1,333,293. Hatch-
eries doing good work ; fry deposited in Ontario waters nearly 99,000,000.
Manufactures.— The abundant water-power, found almost every-
where, affords unusual facilities for manufactures; Province rapidly
becoming an important industrial center; produces 60.5 per cent of
the total output of Dominion manufactures. Leading manufacturing
cities, Kingston, London, Hamilton and Toronto; principal produc-
tions, agricultural implements, railway rolling stock, lumber, iron,
cottons, woolens, furniture, leather, paper, etc. Capital invested in man-
ufacturing industries 1893, $182,603,340; employes, 170,226; value of
products, $245. n m. 267. Value of cement manufactured. 1900, $698,015;
lime. $544,0( JO, drain tiles and brick, $1,589,328; pressed brick, $141,369;
sewer pipe, $130,635; pig iron, $936,066; pottery, $157,449.
Minerals.— Mineral resources varied and widely distributed. Not-
able iron deposits in Eastern and Northern Ontario and west of Port
Arthur. Most important gold regions those of Rainy River District;
valuable deposits exist in Eastern Ontario and vicinity of Lake Superior.
Discovery of natural gas at PortColborne 1885; Lake Erie counties most
productive. Petroleum discovered 1862; richest districts Oil Springs
Manitoba. C0Lt ,
j Scale of Statute Miles. pin*! Hi
J 5 10 20 30 40 5,0 60
■^Edopyrlgiit, r.".ii,i,jK:uni McNallj'&Co. "i
& ^^,. Pacific
Canadian-" J Wa u t. f S '
,cv jvyartinyilleV * I _. RiUr '
^
e,t\ Hilton
oru^s^r-^:
-^C'.carwlter
Monte flore
-T TURTLE , St. John _ ~^9 HaD1
210 DOMINION OF CANADA.
and Petrolia; silver on Isle Koyal and other Lake Superior points.
Nickel and copper near Sudbury; platinum on north BDore 01 Lake
Union, corundum in Hastings County. Bait urea, L ,200 sq. miles; clays,
in leu. asbestos, and building atone abundant. Value of Koid mined 1897,
-iv.i.'.".ii Total value of mineral products 1900, $9,298,624. Petroleum
and oils most valuable: output valued at $1,684,827; gold, $297,861; silver,
$96,::67; natural gas, $392,823; salt, $324,477; Iron ore, 8111,805; nickel,
1756,626; copper, $319,681 ; building stone, $650,342.
Population, census of 1901, 2,182,942; average density for each
square mile, 9.8. Of total population, 1,858,788 were natives of British
North America, and 239.872 of British Islands.
Cities. - Toronto, se'&t of Provincial Government. Founded under
name of York 1793; incorporated under name of Toronto 1834 ; became
capital 1858. Chief seat of trade of Province and an important educa-
tional center; population, 1901, 208,040. Hamilton, nourishing city at
head of navigation on Lake Ontario, has extensive commerce; pop-
ulation 1901,52,634. Ottawa, capital of Dominion, residence of Gover-
nor-General; has Roman Catholic Cathedral and is seat of Ottawa
University. The extensive industries of city mainly connected with
the lumber trade. Population 1901, 59,928. London, manufacturing and
commercial center, 37,981. Kingston, important naval and military
station; seat of University, Royal Military College, etc.; has various
manufactures; shipbuilding carried on. Population 17,961; Brantford,
16.619, St. Thomas, 11,485; Belleville, 9,959.
Railways, Etc.— An unrivaled system of lakes, rivers, and
canals, and numerous railways afford excellent means of communica-
tion. Total number miles of railway in Province 1900, 6,812.
Education, Etc.— School system under control of Minister of Edu-
cation. Law provides for maintenance of separate schools for Roman
Catholics. Education practically free; attendance compulsory
between the ages of 7 and 13. Public schools 1900, 6,010; enrollment,
4(12.494; average attendance, 263,181; expenditure, $4,587,083; included
were 355 Roman Catholic separate schools with 42.397 pupils. High
schools, 131; pupils, 21,723; average attendance, 12.956; expenditure,
$718,602. There are 55 model schools, 55 kindergartens, 5 art schools,
and 371 libraries. Universities at Toronto, Kingston, and Ottawa.
School of Mining, Kingston.
Religion.— Number of members of leading denominations, census
of 1901: Methodist, 666,360; Presbyterian, 477,383; Church of England,
367,940; Roman Catholic, 390.355; Baptist, 116,180.
Government.— Executive Government vested In Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor, aided bv an Executive Council of 8 members; Legislative in
an Assembly of 94 members, elected for 4 years; sessions annual.
Province represented in Dominion Parliament bv 24 Senators and 92
Representatives. Revenue, $4,466,044; [expenditures, $4,038,834. Pro-
vincial debt 1901, $3,510,790. Number of Post-Office Savings Banks 1901,
501; depositors, 105,215; amount on deposit, $25,118,025.
MANITOBA. Manitoba
Historical.— Earliest explorations within the territory made by
French; fort built at mouth of Assiniboine by Chevalier de la Verandrve
1731. First visited by English traders 1767; various rival companies
formed; companies later united in Northwest Company and finally
merged into Hudson Bay Company. Lands along either side of
Assiniboine and Red rivers purchased from Hudson Bay Company
by Lord Selkirk 1811; Colony, known as Red River Settlement and
also as Assiniboia, founded 1812; territory repurchased by Hudson
Bay Company 1836; transferred to Imperial Government 1869; to Cana-
dian 1870, during which year as Province of Manitoba it entered the
Dominion.
Area, 73,956 square miles— land, 64,066 square miles; water. 9,890.
Physical Features.— Surface in general consists of a series of
successive levels— locally known as "steppes" or benches— the lowest
lying near the great rivers, sometimes subject to overflow. Lands
are chiefly prairie. In Laurentian districts of north and east, surface
broken and hilly, abundantly watered, and with good timber and occa-
sional broad, fertile tracts; mineral resources reported valuable,
MANITOBA. 211
region as yet unexplored. Principal rivers: Assiniboine, Red — both
navigable — English, Souris, and Pembina. Among the large lakes
are Manitoba, Winnipeg, and "Winnipegosis.
Climate healthful but one of great extremes. Cold of winters
modified by clear, dry atmosphere; summers hot, subject to frequent
thunder and hail storms and liable to earlv frosts. Average snowfall
of Province, 62 inches. Altitude of Winnipeg, 740 feet; mean temper-
ature, 32.7 deg.; January, 5.2 deg. below; July, 66.1 deg.; mean rainfall,
15.21 inches; snowfall, 49.16.
Agriculture the chief occupation of the people. Resources of
country very great; soil exceedingly fertile and unusually productive,
especially in Red River Valley, Total area of cultivable land about
37,000,000 acres: area occupied, 6,000,000 acres; actually under cultivation
1900.3.517,930; resident farmers, 34,261. Experimental farm at Brandon,
operated at expense of Dominion Government, has been of great value
In development of agriculture. Industry encouraged and methods
greatly improved through efforts of Farmers' Institutes. Staple crop,
wheat': <>ats. barley, hons, flax, hemp, trasses, potatoes, and other root
crops also grown. Total yield of wheat 1901,50,502.085 bushels; oats,
27.796.5^S- barlev. 6,536,155; potatoes, 4 797.433; other roots, 2.925,362; flax,
266,420; rye, 62.261: peas. 16.349: total grain crop, 85. 163,509 bushels. Wheat
per acre* 25.1 bushels; oats, 40.3 bushels; barley. 24.2 bushels.
Horticulture.— Among cultivated fruits are found raspberries,
strawberries, gooseberries, currants, and crab apples, with occasion
allv a few standard apples. Indigenous fruits, found usually upon
wooded or scrub land, are plums, several varieties of cherries, rasp-
berries, black currants, gooseberries, blueberries, and grapes; excellent
cranberries in marshy districts, and strawberries— found upon the
open prairie— are abundant.
Live Stock* Etc. -Country affords excellent natural advantages
for the stock grower. In the Red River Valley and other districts are
large areas of fine pasture lands with an abundant supply of good
water. Rearing of cattle the chief branch of this industry; export of
beef cattle an important item in the trade of the Province; horses rank
nexr to cattle in importance; hogs and sheep are also commanding
attention; poultry raising profitable in all farming communities. Num-
ber of horses 1900. 118.629; cattle, 237,560; sheep, 25,816; pigs, 77,912. Beef
cattle exported 1898, 12,525; hogs, 23,100. Poultrv marketed byfarmers,
172,125; turkevs, 31.455; geese, 13,010; chickens, 127,660.
Dairy Farming has developed rapidly during recent years.
Number of creameries and cheese factories shows a noteworthy in-
crease; extension of industry and production of higher grade of goods
encouraged bv Government methods: all creameries and cheese fac-
tories in operation visited regularly by Dairy Superintendent employed
by Provincial Government ; during the winter a dairy school conducted
at Winnipeg furnishes practical instruction free to all residents of
Province. Output of establishments and increase in amount and value
of products steadily advancing; in 1897 there were 49 cheese factories
and 28 creameries, chiefly in older settled districts and owned by
farmers. Value dairv products 1901, $530,773. Creamery butter produced
1901, 2,460,650 pounds," valued at $442,425; cheese made in factories, 1,039,-
392 pounds, having a gross value of $88,348.
Manufactures rapidlv developing with increasing population and
improved business facilities. Number of industrial establishments
1891, 1,031; emploves, 4,403; working capital of $2.56l.s36: aggregate
wages, $1,905,981; value of product, $10,155,182. Industrial establish-
ments include furniture and carriage manufactories, breweries, meat-
curing and packing establishments, and cigar factories. Flour mills,
with total capacitv of 10.400 barrels, established in all larger towns.
Oatmeal mills at Winnipeg, Brandon, Portage la Prairie, and Pilot
Mound. Railway shops at Winnipeg, Portage la Prairie, and Brandon.
Population in 1871, 25.228; 1881, 62.260; 1901, 254.947. d.-noting an
Increase of 66 per cent since 1891. Toial rural population, 184,714;
urban, 70,233
Cities.— Winnipeg, the capital, a flourishing city situated at junction
of Assiniboine and Red rivers, most Important railway center In Canada
west of the Great Lakes. Lies within the center of the great wheat-
growing district of Manitoba, and is the commercial and educational
center of Manitoba and the Canadian Northwest. Rise of city re-
J
212
130 J
HXJtWEPl * REGION
>• Scott t^fe^ ( ?<*SSi
/ C Scott ^k^-_) ; .5-,//' ^Cli^^OT
British ColumbiA^^ St",^
___. ^ NI ^ r °° TKA UTS?''.'
-
Territories.
Scale of Statute Miles.
50 100 150 200 25
Copyright, lOOQjIKana.'McXally & Co.
.AM
-^V Ju an ite jti ■
A-C.natteoV
\\i-, : ,-
U * Ty>
lOV
130°
213
y
V
214 DOMINION OF' CANADA.
markably rapid. Population 1871 , 211; 1881, 7,985; 1901, 42,840. Brandon,
second city in size and Importance, railroad and agricultural center;
Important grain market; baa number of large elevators; population,
5,880 Portagela Prairie, Important town on the Canadian Pacific at
the junction of the Manitoba & Northwestern Railway; population.
8,901. West Selkirk, on the Red River, center of fine agricultural
district; population, 2,188
Railways* Etc.— Number Of miles of railway In the Province, 1901,
2,056, an average of 1 mile of track to every 31.1 square miles of area.
Telegraphic communication established with the Inked States 1872.
Red Iiiver Important means of communication; Assinibolne also navi-
gable. Number of sailing ships and steamers, 130; net tonnage, 7,445;
steamers, 88; gross tonnage, 6,751
Education. -Educational institutions well established throughout
Province. Schools free and non-sectarian; supported by Government
grants and taxes levied on municipal lands. Number of schools 19ol,
1,416; school population, 63,881; pupils, 51 ,888; average attendance. 27.550;
Government grants, 1900, SU3.452; total receipts, sl,310,8o5; expenditures,
$1,272,617. Normal School, Winnipeg, Provincial Normal teachers, 6;
local, 13. Collegiate institutes for advanced education tributary to
public schools at Winnipeg, Portage la Prairie, and Brandon; total
enrollment, 818 Number of libraries. 8; books, 34,730.
Religion.— No State church. Number of members of leading
churches census 1901: Presbyterians, 65.310; Church of England,
44,874; Methodists, 49,909; Romau Catholics, 35,622; Baptists, 9,098.
First missionary, Reverend Pere Messager, visited the country 1731;
first Church of England bishopric created 1849.
Government.- Executive government administered by Lieuten-
ant-Governor, assisted by an Executive Council of 5 members; Legis-
lative Assembly consists of a single chamber of 40 members. Province
represented in Dominion Parliament by 4 Senators and 7 Representa-
KEEWATIN DISTRICT created out of territories 1876, and
erected into separate government under Lieutenant-Governor of
Manitoba. Name of Indian origin, signifies " north wind." District
stretches along west shore of Hudson Bay and includes greater part
of bay. Area, 756,(X)i.i square miles— land, 498,000; water, 258,000.
Country rough and bleak, largely sterile with occasional forests of
good timber; contains many large rivers and lakes which drain into
Hudson Bay. Rich in minerals — deposits of iron important — re-
sources entirely undeveloped. Fur-trading chief industry; fisheries
of some importance. Inhabitants Icelanders and Indians, few and
scattering.
BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Historical. — Mainland occupied and entirely under control of
Hudson Bay Company previous to 1858. Vancouver Island leased by
Company 1849; reverted to Crown and became a Crown Colony 1858;
during same year mainland erected into a colony under title of British
Columbia; Vancouver Island incorporated with British Columbia 1866;
Colony admitted into Dominion of Canada 1871.
Area.— Total area, 383,300 square miles; length, 764 miles; breadth,
400. Vancouver Island, 15,937 square miles; Queen Charlotte Islands,
5,000 square miles.
Physical Features.— Three principal mountain ranges traverse
mainland northwest to southeast. Rocky Mountains in east contain
12 elevated passes; greatest altitude. Robson Peak, 13,700 feet; west
of Rockies, separated by wide valley 600 miles lontr, are the Gold
Ranges, with many elevations of 10,000 feet; Coast Range averages 100
miles in width, mean elevation 6,000 to 7,000 feet. Greatest elevation
on Vancouver Island, 7,484 feet. Country between Gold and (oast
Ranges great interior plateau. Lakes numerous. Principal rivers:
Fraser, Columbia, Stikine, Liard, and Peace. Pacilic coast line, includ-
ing indentations, 12,000 miles, noted for number of bays, passages, and
islands. Burrard Inlet most important harbor on mainland; at Esqui-
mau, on Vancouver Island, is the Imperial Naval Dockyard.
Climate.— Southwest characterized by mild winters, cool, dry sum-
mera, southwest winds, and heavy fogs; interior subject to extremes;
BRITISH COLUMBIA. 215
winters in northern sections severe. Highest temperature at Esqui-
mau 1896, 86.4 deg.; lowest, 16.7 deg.. mean annual, 47.73 deg.; rainfall,
38.77 inches; snowfall, 41.9 inches, Highest temperature at Mission
Valley, upper mainland, 98 deg., lowest, 17 deg. helow; mean annual,
43.40 deg.; rainfall, 5.52 inches; snowfall, 59.7. Average rainfall Nicola
Lake— interior plateau— 12 inches.
Forests, Etc.— Forests among most valuahle resources of Province.
Coasts as far north as Alaska covered with dense growth of valuahle
timber. Estimated wooded area, 285,554 square miles. Trees attain
gigantic size on west slopes of Coast Ranges; among the most valuable
are Oregon pine or Douglas fir, red and yellow cedar, and white spruce.
Available timber 1898, 40 to 100 billion feet. Sawmills 1897,90; capacity,
1,693,000 feet daily; timber cut for year, 105,939,397 feet; exported.
66,984,564 feet.
Agriculture, Etc.— Principal agricultural districts Fraser Valley,
southwestern portion of Vancouver Island, and Okanagon District;
aggregate area of cultivable lands about 500,000 acres. In the latter
are still more extensive areas suitable for grazing only. Throughout
the Province, however, are large areas of open country, chiefly pas-
toral or requiring irrigation for crops. Area under cultivation small;
farming methods still somewhat primitive. Country adapted to cereals,
fruits, grasses, hops, flax, sugar beet, tobacco, and vegetables. Special
attention given to fruit culture at New Westminster and Yale. Large
tracts of excellent pasture; interest in dairy farming growing rapidly.
Fisheries.— Among natural resources fisheries second only to min-
ing. Salmon canning and fur sealing most valuable branches of
industry. Deep-sea fisheries important and steadily developing. Salmon,
herring, halibut, cod, oysters, crabs lead in value. Value of fishing
apparatus. 19i to. 82 ,987.104; catch, 84,878,820; salmon, 83,391,744; halibut,
8213.050; herring. $48,350; cod, 827,425; oysters, 812.000; smelts, 84,325:
all other varieties, 81.181.926. Total value of fish products, 1869-1899, in-
clusive, $65,404,768. In 1896, 55 salmon canneries represented an invest-
ment of 82,000,000; salmon packed, 1900, 585,413 cases; Frazer River
district, 316,522. Value of all fishery products exported from British
Columbia, 1900, was 83,443,037; revenue from fisheries, S53,195. Seals
caught, 16,438.
"Uinerals the chief source of wealth. Gold found throughout the
Province ; richest district Cariboo. Coal deposits large and widely dis-
tributed: Comox— area about 300 square miles— and Xanairno — 200—
most important fields; extensive deposits also in Crow's Nest Pass.
Silver, lead, and copper mined: cinnabar ledge operated at Kamloops
Lake. Large iron deposits on Texada Island; platinum, gypsum,
asbestos, plumbago, and mica exist. Value of total mineral produc-
tion up to and including 1S9S. si23.417.326. Total value of mineral out-
put, 1900, 16.344.751; lead. 82.691,887; copper, 81 ,615,289 ; coal, 1901, $1,712,-
715; gold, 85.596.700; silver. 82.762.230.
Population increased from 49.459 in 1881 to 178,657 in 1901: Cana-
dians, 144.994; Chinese. 14,201 ; Americans, 10,070; Japanese. 3.511.
Cities.— Victoria, on Vancouver Island, capital and oldest city in
Province: large shipping trade and an extensive wholesale business;
population 1901. 20.S21. Vancouver, on mainland, terminus of Canadian
Pacific Railway, has chief harbor— Burrard Inlet— port of call for Aus-
tralian and Oriental steamers; center of British Columbia lumber
trade, population, 26,196. New Westminster has important manufac-
tures and \aluable trade in lumber and salmon; population 1901,6.490.
ffanaimo, on Vancouver Island, center of coal mining industry; good
harbor and large trade in coal, population, 6,130. Rowland, an impor-
tant mining center; population. 6,159.
Railways. Etc. — Miles of railway 1901, 1.408; 1 to each 271 square
square miles of area. Telegraph line, 691 miles.
Education, Etc. — Schools undenominational and mostly sup-
ported by Government. Instruction free; attendance compulsory. In
1901 there were 258 common, 55 graded. 5 high, and 42 Indian schools;
total average attendance, 15,334; expenditure. 8351,852. At census of
1901 there were 40.672 Church of England adherents. 34.227 Roman
Catholics, 34.176 Presbyterians, 25.021 Methodists, 6,506 Baptists.
Government in hands of Lieutenant-Governor, an Executive
Council, and a Legislative Assembly. Represented in Dominion Par-
liament by 6 Representatives and 3 Senators.
216 DOMINION OF CANADA.
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES.
Historical.— Territory tributary to Hudson Hay granted to Hod-
son's Baj Company 1670: North West Company chartered 1783; two
companies united [821. Fort Selkirk established 1848. Territory ac-
quired by Dominion 1869. Keewatln District created out of territories
1870. Gold discovered ou Stewart River 1885; Klondike discoveries
1896-7. Provisional districts of Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and
Athabasca formed 1882; Ungava, Mackenzie, and Franklin 1895) Yukon
1898; latter made separate territory under Commissioner. Within the
leading districts over 1,900 miles of railway track are laid.
Area.— Athabasca, 251,300 square miles; Saskatchewan, 114.000; Al-
berta, 100,000; Assiniboia, 90,340; Yukon, 198,300. Ungava, Mackenzie,
and Franklin about 1,019,200 square miles.
Physical Features.— Kocky Mountains in extreme northwest;
Reindeer or Caribou in Northern Athabasca. Southern portion gener-
ally level, lauds mainly prairie; eastern extremely uneven, large portion
occupied by Hudson Bay. Numerous large lakes Great Bear. Great
Slave, and Athabasca largest. Two great river systems, one draining
into Arctic Ocean, the other into Hudson Bay. Mackenzie the great
Arctic river; Churchill, Nelson* and Severn tributaries of Hudson Bay.
Climate ranges from comparatively mild winters and hot, dry
summers of Alberta to rigorous climate of far north. Rainfall varies
with locality. Altitude of Battleford, Saskatchewan, 1,615 feet; mean
temperature, 34.2 deg.; Julv, 65 deg.; January, 1.3 deg. below. Altitude
Macieod, Alberta, 2,400 feet; mean temperature, 42.6 deg.; Jan-
uary, 14.4 deg.- July, 67.4 deg. Mean temperature Dawson: Spring, 14.22
deg.; summer, 59.67 deg.; autumn, 17.37 deg.; winter, 30.80 deg. below.
Agriculture.— Agricultural possibilities of large areas very great;
fertile belt of Saskatchewan 64,400 square miles. Chief product wheat;
largest wheat area in valleys of Athabasca and Peace rivers. Area
occupied in Assiniboia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan 1891, 2,910,144 acres;
cultivated, 194,773. Cultivated land East and West Assiniboia, Alberta,
and Saskatchewan 1894, 437,254 acres, wheat crop, 1901, 12,076,343
bushels; oats, ll.113.0ti6; barley, 736,749.
Liive Stock.— Grazing lands chiefly in Alberta and southern part
of Assiniboia; climate favorable to the raising of horses and cattle;
rearing of cattle especially important in Alberta. Total number of
live stock, 1891, 373,002. In 1894 there were in Assiniboia. Alberta,
and Saskatchewan 78,717 horses, 283,077 cattle, 243,929 sheep, and 29.266
pigs.
Minerals.— Vast deposits of gold, coal, lignite, petroleum, and iron
ore. Richest gold mines Klondike region. Yukon. Value of gold mined
1900, including output of Y'ukon fields, s22.2S0.0O0. Coal abundant, Al-
berta fields especially important and extensively worked. Copper ore
and galena found in Coppermine Valley. I lot mineral springs at Banff.
Population of Alberta, Assiniboia. and Saskatchewan, 1901. 158.940;
including Yukon and other territory, 211.649; Americans. 16.240; Rus-
sians, 13,017; Austro-Hungarlans, 6,156; Gerriians, 1,082.
Cities* — Begina, Assiniboia District, capital of Territories: head-
quarters of the mounted police ; population 1901, 2,645. Calgary.
Alberta District, center of stock-raising and irrigated district, and
distributing point for miners' supplies; population. 1901. 4.152. Battle-
ford, Saskatchewan, on Canadian Pacific Railway, at junction of
'Battle and Saskatchewan rivers, 513. Edmonton, in Alberta, outlet of
important agricultural and mining district: population, 2,626. Chief
city of Yukon Territory, Dawson, established 1-90; population, 9,142.
Education, Etc.— Education under control of the Commissioner
of Education. Separate schools for Roman Catholics. Public schools,
1901, 562; total enrollment. 23,087; legislative expenditure. $162,215.
Indian schools, 69; enrollment, 2.220. In 1901 there were 25,412 members
of the Church of England in the Territories, :5k. 1 189 Roman Catholics,
27,806 Presbyterians, 22,208 Methodists, and 5,402 Baptists.
Government administered by a Lieutenant-Governor and an Ex-
ecutive Council. Council consists of three members of the Assembly
selected by the Governor and re-elected by the people. Represented
in Dominion Parliament by 2 Senators and 4 Representatives.
V
CENTRAL AMERICA. 217
CENTRAL AMERICA.
Central America comprises the region extending from Mexico to
Isthmus of Panama. Politically, country divided among the republics
of Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa
Kica, and Panama, and the Crown Colony of Great Britain, British
Honduras. Physical features similar to those of Mexico; ele-
vated plateaus in center with low coast plains. Mountains in narrowest
part of south stretch from sea to sea; in northern part extend from
northwest to southeast; slope toward the Pacific steep; tableland on
east, diversified surface with gradual slope to Atlantic. Volcanoes
numerous; earthquakes frequent and often violent. Climate of ele-
vated lands temperate and healthful; low coast lands hot and insalubri-
ous. Rainfall abundnnt everywhere, on Atlantic slopes almost constant.
GUATEMALA conquered by Spaniards 1524; constituted kingdom
of vice-royalty of Xew Spain; became independent 1821; formed part
of Confederation of Central America 1824; republic established 1847.
Area, 63,400 square miles, divided into 22 departments. Dense forests
abound; trees and plants similar to those of Eastern Mexico. Agri-
culture encouraged by legislation. Coffee most important production;
bananas also produced in large quantities; Indian corn, wheat, rice,
cacao, cotton, cocoanuts, and tobacco— about 2,500 acres devoted to
culture — grown. Farm animals numerous; about 500,000 cattle,
62,000 horses, 42,000 mules; sheep also reared. Manufactures include
woolen and cotton goods, cement, brick, earthenware, furniture, cigars,
and preparation of ramie. Commerce largely with United States,
Great Britain, and Germany. Value of imports 1S97, §8,584.821 (gold);
from United States, $2,296,790; chiefly cottons, cereals, spirits, iron,
and railway and telegraph material. Exports, §19,775,800 (silver); coffee,
818,875,700; bananas, $77,548; hides, $205,965. In 1897, 614 vessels of 782,076
tons— mostly from United States— entered the ports of the Republic.
Among minerals, gold, silver, and salt mined; deposits of lead, tin,
copper, and sulphur exist. Population 1897,1,535,632. About 60 per
cent pure Indians. Foreign population 1893, 11,331. Official language,
Spanish. Chief city and capital, Guatemala la Nueva, founded 1775;
population, 32,102, nearly all of European origin; Totonicapan, popula-
tion 25,196; Quezaltenango, founded 1524; population, 22,265. Length
of railways in operation, 336 miles; under construction, 100 miles.
Telegraph lines, 3,093 miles. Education free and compulsory. Gov-
ernment primary schools 1895, 1,266; enrollment, 75,020; expenditure,
$95,062: private schools, 49; institutions for special instruction, 19.
Prevailing religion Roman Catholic; all other creeds tolerated.
Government administered by President elected for a term of six
years; not eligible for following period; legislative power rests with
National Assembly. Cost of army one-tenth of total public expendi-
ture; active army, 7,000 officers and men; effective, 56,900 men 18 to 30
years of age: reserve, 30,000 men 30 to 50 years.
SALVADOR conquered by Spanish 1524; independence pro-
claimed 1321; member of Central American Federation until 1853, when
it became an independent republic. Estimated area, 7,225 square
miles; number of departments, 14. Tropical forests abounding in
valuable timber, resins, gums, and medicinal plants cover Pacific
slopes. Agriculture chief industry; Indian corn staple food-plant;
coffee, sugar, cacao, indigo, tobacco, and tropical fruits produced
abundantly. Commerce chiefly with United States, Great Britain,
Germany, and France. Value of imports 1896, $1,459,596; leading
articles, cottons, spirits, iron goods, flour, and silk goods; exports,
*3,263,73S: coffee, $2,553,913; tobacco, $129,570; indigo, $427,275; balsams,
$40,399. During year 338 vessels entered and cleared the ports. Min-
erals abundant; gold, silver, copper, coal, iron, tin, zinc, and mercury
worked; number mines and quarries in operation, 180. Population
1894, 803.534; whites about 20,000: Salvador most populous ol Central
American Renublics; San {Salvador, <>r Nue.r.a San Salvador, capital,
founded 1523;~r<'pf:itedlv devastated by earthquakes; population 25,000.
La Zi6*/*/w/ principal seaport. Railway In operation, 72 miles; tele-
graph line, 1,724 miles. Education free and compulsory. Primary
schools 1S93, 585; pupils, 29,427; higher schools, 18; pupils, 1,200. Execu-
218 CENTRAL AMERICA.
tive Government rests with President; legislative with Congress.
Active army, 4,000 men; militia, 18,000. Gold standard adopted 1897.
HONDURAS discovered by Columbus 1502; formed part of King-
dom of Guatemala -vice-royalty of Spain — until 1821; withdrew from
Confederation of Central America 1839 and established Independent
republic. Area about 43,000 square miles, divided Into 15 depart-
ments. Tropical forests cover Atlantic slopes and large part of
lowlands; mahogany, rosewood, logwood, brazilwood, sarsaparilla, and
vanilla abound; in higher elevations, pines. Agriculture gradually
developing; culture of bananas leads in importance; tobacco, sugar,
Indian corn, and coffee produced; rice, wheat, and indigo successfully
frown. Cattle reared extensively. Commerce largely with United
tates. Imports chiefly manufactured goods: value 1896-97.81,421,409.
Value of exports, $1,154,600; precious metals, $468,700; cattle, $307,380;
bananas and other agricultural products, 8365,805. Honduras richest in
minerals of all Central American States. Gold, silver, platinum,
copper, nickel, lead, zinc, iron, and antimony found in nearly every
department; coal also exists. About 17 important mining companies
in operation. Estimated annual value of gold dust produced, $240,000.
Population 1895, about 400.000; aboriginal Indians and descendants of
Europeans, chiefly of Spanish origin. Tegucigalpa capital, population
12,600. Chief ports, Truxillo and Onion, on Gulf of Honduras. In
1897, 60 miles of railway in operation. Telegraphs, 2,732 miles. Edu-
cation free and compulsory; instruction entirely secular. There are
a university, 11 colleges, and 683 schools with 23,76'; students. Prevailing
religion Roman Catholic; freedom guaranteed all creeds. Govern-
ment administered by President, elected by popular vote; legislative
power entrusted to Congress of Deputies. Active army, 500 men;
militia, 20,000. Standard of value, American gold dollar.
NICARAGUA.— Region discovered by Columbus 1503; visited by
Spaniards 1523; under dominion of Spain until 1821; became one of
Federated Republics of Central America 1824; independent republic
established 1839. Area, estimated, 49,200 square miles; departments,
13. Largest of Central American States. Forests cover all eastern
slopes and coast lands. Mahogany and other valuable woods abundant;
oaks and conifers in elevated districts. Agricultural products
include coffee— most important— cacao, bananas, sugar, and tobacco.
Cattle reared in large numbers; total in Republic about 400,000. Chief
occupations of inhabitants cultivation of coffee and rearing cattle.
Commerce principally with United States, Great Britain, and Ger-
many. Value of imports 1897, $2,571,360; principal articles, cottons,
wooiens, spirits, flour, and hardware. Exports, $2,975,925; coffee, $1,725,-
000; gold, $550,000; silver, $255,000; rubber, $80,000; hides, $52,500. Min-
eral products, gold, silver, copper, iron, and tin; exports 1897 included
36.000 ounces gold in bar and dust; more than 100 mines worked by
American companies. Population 1897, 42C, 000, including 40,000 un-
civilized Indians. Managua, on Lake Managua, capital; population,
18,000; Leon, the largest citv; population, 34,000; principal seaport San
Juan del Norte (Greytown), Atlantic terminus of projected ship-canal;
Corinto chief port on Pacific. Length of railways in operation, 91
miles; important lines under construction. Length of telegraph
wires, 1,245 miles. Ship-canal to connect Atlantic and Pacific oceans
first mentioned 1550; partial surveys made at various periods; work—
at present suspended— actually begun 1889-94. Length of canal, 169.4
miles; natural waterways of Lake Nicaragua and San Juan River to be
utilized; length of artificial channel, 26.7 miles. Education in back-
ward condition. In 1894 there were 1,020 schools with 20,000 pupils;
3 higher schools. Executive Government vested in President; leg-
islative power vested in Congress of a single House. Active army,
2,000 men; reserve, 10,000; national guard, 5,000. Standard of value, gold.
COSTA RICA.— Spanish Colony established 1520; under vice-
royalty of New Spain formed province of Guatemala; became inde-
pendent 1821; member of Confederation of Central America 1824 to 1829.
Area, 23,000 square miles, divided among 5 provinces and 2 territories.
Boundaries with Colombia and Nicaragua In dispute, settled
by arbitration during 1900. Dense forests, remarkable for hard-
woods cover the highlands, especially to the northeast; India-rubber
CUBA. 210
tree-ferns, vanilla, and cacao met with: cedrela or West India cedar,
largely employed in cigar boxes and pencils, abundant; on higher ele-
vations oaks and conifers. Agriculture extending; most important
products, coffee— culture begun 1817— and bananas— 18.80; staple food-
plants, Indian corn and beans with rice, potatoes also grown; sugar
cane, cacao, and the yucca, from which starch is manufactured, indig-
enous. Live stock includes nearly 350,000 cattle, 77,000 horses, and
about 3,000 sheep: extensive grassy plains in southwest: excellent
pastures also in highlands. Commerce with United States, Great
Britain, and Germany. Value of imports 1896, S4,650,6O0; chief articles,
cottons, flour, tobacco, and iron, wrought and unwrought. Exports,
$5,818,274; coffee, 64.201.692; other products, bananas, hides and skins,
cedar, and other valuable woods. In 1898 Costa Rica had 3 merchant
steamers, 600 tons, and 2 sailing vessels, 551 tons; during 1896, 476
vessels of 471,125 tons entered the harbors of Limonand Punta Arenas,
and 475 vessels of 473,929 tons cleared. Several districts especially rich
in gold and silver; other minerals, copper, lead, mercury, sulphur,
and coal; mining industry- at present inactive. Population 1892,
243,205: male, 122,48*."); female, 120,725; foreigners. 6,289: annual immigra-
tion since 1894 about 1,000. San Jose, capital, founded 1738; seat of
cathedral and university; population. 25.000; Alajuela connected by rail
with Limon (4,000) — chief port of Atlantic coast — population. 10,000.
Punta Arenas principal Pacific port; population, 5,000. Railways
170 miles. Education free and compulsory; law rigidly enforced;
primary schools 1897, 327, with 21,91 3 pupils ; for higher education, 5 estab-
lishments. State religion Roman Catholic; entire religious liberty
accorded. Executive (Government vested in President; legislative
power in Chamber of Representatives. Regular army, 600 men and
12.000 militia ; war footing, 34,000 militia. Gold standard adopted 1896.
PAN A3IA.— Formerly a department of Colombia; independence de-
clared and Republic established 1903. Area, 31,571 sq. mi. Commerce
chiefly with United States. Leading products, india rubber, nuts, and
coffee. Population, 300,000. Capital Panama; population, 25,000.
BRITISH HONDURAS. —Possession of countrv long dis-
puted by Spaniards; conceded British territory 1783. Area, 7,562
square miles. Extensive forests of valuable timber abound; mahog-
any, logwood, cedar, and pine most important. Agricultural
products include coffee, bananas, plantains, cocoanuts, Indian corn,
sugar cane, and tobacco. Elevated districts afford excellent pasturage
for cattle. Commerce about equally divided between United States
and Great Britain. Value of imports 1897, 81,422,097; exports, 81.404,387;
principal exports, mahogany— 6,777,382 feet 1897— logwood, fruit— to
New Orleans— and sugar; large transit trade in india-rubber, coffee,
and sarsaparilla. During 1897, 641 vessels of 194,144 tons entered, and 633
of 196,189 tons cleared, the ports. Population. 31,471; white, 462;
colored, 33,815. Belize, capital; population, 7.000. Government grant
for education 1897. 614,162; schools numbered 46; enrollment, 3,693.
Government vested in Governor assisted bv Executive and Legisla-
tive Councils. United States gold adopted as standard of value 1894.
CUBA. &&,
Pearl of the Antilles."
From Cubanacan— native name of central region.
Historical.— Discovered by Columbus 1492; first settlements made
by Spanish 1511: countrv during sixteenth century repeatedly invaded
and plundered by buccaneers and slavers; held by English 1762-63; in-
surrections among the slaves 1812 and 1844; filibustering expeditions
under Lopez 1348-52; ten vears'war 1868-78; at close Cuba granted repre-
sentation in Spanish Cortes. Slavery definitely abolished 1886. Revolu-
tion 1895,resulted in Spanish-American War. relinquishment of island by
Spain, and independence of country under protection of United States.
Area. Largest of West India islands. Area, 41,655 sq. mi., divided
among 6 provinces; length. 760 miles; breadth in narrowest part, 21
miles; in widest, 111; average breadth, 60 miles. Its dependencies, the
Isle of Pines and more than 1.200 cays, contain about 5,633 sq. mi.
Physical Features. — Island divided into two parts by great
marshy depression— width about 47 miles — extending from north to
f
220
r~~x_.. . TlV e Jl„,,, Town
V
221
\4l^:&r CSS
;iiitro Gulf £,*•**
C. Malo
222 CUBA.
south coast, In about 79 deg. west. Traversed by broken ranges of
mountains, principal mountainous region in southeast; highest point,
Pico Turquino, 8,070 feet. Western part largely an elevated region
diversified by low, forest-clad hills and mountains, and well-drained,
gently Sloping plains, (oast lands, especially in south, marshy. Island
well watt-red; longest rivers In south; principal one.i auto. Coastline,
including all indentations, more than 6,500 miles; fringed by numerous
coral reefs and islands; large number of excellent harbors.
Climate in mountainous regions healthful throughout year; on
lowlands, summers hot, humid, and insalubrious. Yellow fever prev-
alent on coasts; rarely found in interior. Year divided into wet and
dry seasons; former from May to October; latter from November to
May. Mean temperature, Havana, 77 dee., in interior, 73.4 deg. High-
est temperature on record in Havana, 100.6 deg.; lowest 49.6 deg.; mean
annual rainfall 52 inches.
Forests among most valuable resources of island; extend over
large areas and include an unusual number of hard woods. Uncleared
forest land estimated at more than 13,000,000 acres. Mahogany, ebony,
lignum-vitae, logwood, cedar, and pines abundant. Mahogany and
cedar lead in value for lumber. Cuban mahogany most valuable in
market; palms also plentiful, surpass in economic value all others,
owing to their manifold uses.
Agriculture.— Soil of almost inexhaustible fertility and highly
favorable climatic conditions entitle Cuba to rank among the foremost
agricultural countries of the world. Resources, largely undeveloped.
Sugar culture leading industry; previous to late war [yearly product
reached over one million tons. Tobacco second only to sugar. Plant
Indigenous to island. Cultivation began 1580. Cuban tobacco superior
to all others. Before 1894-'95 production of leaf tobacco reached 61,173,-
800 pounds; finest tobacco produced in Province of Pinar del Rio. Indian
corn, manioc, rice, and both sweet and Irish potatoes abundant. All
well-known tropical fruits with many other varieties flourish; fruit
culture one of most promising pursuits in future development of island.
Commercially, bananas, oranges, pineapples, cocoanuts, lemons, and
limes have lead. Fiber plants, many of superior quality, numerous;
best known henequin. Grasses grow almost everywhere; food, water,
and climate all favorable to breeding of live stock; in 1891 estimated
number of cattle, 2.485,766; horses and mules, 584,725; pigs, 570,194: sheep,
78,494; at close of 1898 practically nodomestic animals on the island.
Commerce.— Commercial relations greatly impaired during past
two years. Principal exports, sugar, tobacco, cigars and cigarettes;
minor exports, rum, mahogany and other woods, honey, beeswax, and
tropical fruits. Chief imports, rice, jerked beef, and flour. Value of
total imports for year ending April, 1896, §66,166.754; of exports, 894-
395,536; 1893, exports to United States alone amounted to $98,706,506;
Imports from United States, $24,157,698. Export of cigars decreased
from 250,467,000 in 1889 to 123,417.000 in 1897: exports of tobacco leaf
increased 50 per cent; amount, 1896, 16,823,000 pounds. In 1894, 3,181
vessels of 3,538,539 tons cleared from Havana and eight other ports.
Minerals limited in number. Mining districts chiefly in east-
ern part; Santiago Province leading producer. Iron the most important
mineral worked; output 1897, 452.559 tons; ore brown hematite especially
adapted for making Bessemer steel. Copper mining existed as early as
1524; center of district, El Cobre, near Santiago; ores ranked among
finest in the world; industry has declined but deposits still held to be
rich. Manganese mines of Santiago of great importance. Asphaltum
of excellent quality found in every province; in some, deposits are
inexhaustible. Coal, petroleum, and salt also found. Mineral springs
abound; principal ones, sulphur springs near Havana.
Population census of 1899, 1.572.797: white, 1,072,797; colored, 520,400
—234,738 Negro, 270,805 mixed, 14.857 Chinese. Of total population 89
per cent born in island, 8 per cent in Spain. At taking of late census,
83 per cent claimed Cuban citizenship, only 1 per cent protection of
Spain; 5 percent citizenship other than Cuban, remainder In suspense.
Cities*— Havana, capital; population, 235.981; commercial center of
"West Indies: stronglv fortified. Has fine navy vard and arsenal; many
notable buildings, including a cathedral; large markets; public parks;
educational institutions; extensive tobacco manufactories. Distance
from Key West, 90 miles; from New York, 1,240. Matanzas, second com-
V
HAITI. 223
mercial city and one of most healthful cities on Island; has sugar fac-
tories, distilleries, machine and railway shops, etc. Population, 36,374.
Santiago de Cuba, the second oldest, and, historically, the most inter-
esting city in Cuba; its harbor is one of the tinest in the world, and city
has a flourishing trade; chief seat of Catholic Church in Cuba; outlet
for most important mining district. Population, 43,090. Cienfuegos,
with one of safest harbors on south coast, is commercially one of chief
towns of Cuba. Population, 30,038. Puerto Principe, center of great
grazing district, 25,102 Pinar del Rio, chief tobacco town, 8,880.
Railways.— There are 1,135 miles of railway; private branch lines
connect all important sugar estates with main lines. Telegraph lines
1898, 2,300 miles; under control of Government.
Education extremely backward; number of illiterates very large;
of white Cuban citizens — males of voting age — 51 per cent unable to
read, of colored 74 per cent. In 1899 only one-sixth the children of
school age attended school, of these, but two thirds in public schools.
Under military government of United States, public school system
completely reorganized; at the end of year, public schools numbered
3,000, teachers 3.500. pupils receiving instruction, 130,000; expenditures
for year, over $4,000,000. Spanish prevailing language spoken.
Religion.— State religion Roman Catholic; other creeds were tol-
erated under certain restrictions.
Government, both civil and military, administered by a military
Governor-General appointed by the United States; Havana and each
of the six provinces have military Governors, who receive instructions
from the Governor-General.
HAITI. Ha ti
Carib word— signifies rough land.
Historical.— Island discovered by Columbus 1492; colonized by
Spaniards under Columbus 1493, French settlements established in
western part of island during 17th centur . Natives exterminated
by middle of 18th century and negro slaves imported; revolution of
negroes 1791-93. Entire island governed by Toussaint Louverture from
1795, who proclaimed its independence 1801. Complete expulsion of
French effected 1804. Spanish or eastern part of island separated from
Republic of Haiti and became Republic of Santo Domingo 1844.
Area of island, 28,249 square miles. Santo Domingo Reoublic,
eastern and larger portion, 18,045 square miles; divided among 6 prov-
inces and 5 maritime districts; Haiti Republic, 10,204 square miles.
Extreme length, 405 miles; width, 165 miles.
Physical Features.— Surface varied; island traversed by four
principal mountain chains intersected by numerous fertile valleys and
plains; Loma Tina, Santo Domingo (10,300 feet), highest elevation in West
Indies. Coast line, deeply indented, affords many excellent harbors.
Magnificent forests, rich in rare cabinet and dye woods, clothe the
mountains. Minerals varied and abundant but practically unworked.
Climate similar to that of other West India islands; in elevated
localities perpetual spring; extremes of temperature, Santo Domingo,
60 deg. and 95 deg.; Port au Prince, 63 deg. and 104 deg.
HAITI.— Chief agricultural products, coffee, cotton, cacao,
sugar, and some tropical fruits. Commerce largely with United
States. Principal exports 1897: Coffee, 73,0.37,397 pounds; cacao, 2,120,242
pounds; logwood, 112.756,225 pounds; other exports, mahogany, cotton,
hides, skins, and honey; imports, manufactured goods, flour, rice, beer,
and fancy articles. Value of exports 1897, 812,549,848; imports, §6,363,798.
In 1897, 793 vessels of 1,133,530 tons entered and cleared the principal
ports. There are no manufactures and no railways. Over
nine-tenths of population negroes and remainder mulattoes. Esti-
mated number, 960,000. French the prevailing language. Port au
Prince, capital and chief city; has excellent harbor; population from
40,000 to 60,000. Cape Haitien, population 29,000. Elementary educa-
tion free; system still very imperfect; there are 400 national schools
and 5 public lycees. Iteligion nominally Roman Catholic. Execu-
tive Government of Republic vested in President; legislative in
National Assembly of 2 houses. Term of President, 7 years, usually
cut short by Insurrections. Army of 6,828, chiefly infantry.
224
CUBA,
Jamaica and Haiti
Islands.
Scale of Statute Miles.
50 100 150
Copyright, 1004, "bj3Und,3rcJIall.T & Co.
i ^ A *4
^
<$>
XlTTLE CaTMAS MS
rf>
Grand Cayman
(Br.)
►VVV^^TISS A N T O D QM I NG'Or
>isao °t,^>_ „ N *SS
C-4 B I B ^ ^C^Va^S^tA^ 50 100 15
r Alta Tela J* 1. ' — — ' =='
V
USSAU. ^' _J^ '°
i Cat Island
^AV^»/^f^ ! ^ (BRITISH) ^\ \
r 5 ■ .-£^^Sf$>-\^\*p. del Diamante ,*S»
Bagged
Islands
y '■ V^ -~ « Maroo^^Y?-^/ JAMAICA
^Vey'/ 2". ; - ;-Hat ^""^IPort Ant mio
(isurrisH)
* Kingston
TedB0CaV8 qJ0BTLANd"E0CK R ANoJhC MALlY 4 CO., E NGfioEHS,
220 JAMAICA.
SANTO DOMINGO.— Countrj very fertile; over nve-sixths of
entire area cull Ivable A gricull are and forestry leading Industries.
Cattle rearing and dairy industry receiving attention. Large sugar
plantations and factories successfully established In south and
■■ ••'■:. ipal products, tobacco, coffee, cacao, cotton, and sugar cane,
Commerce small owing to prohibitory duties. Principal e
Sugar, 80,soo,2li) pounds; tobacco. •;,:;:;•.'. i I -, p.. mid- cacao, I
pounds: roller, 2,487,400 pounds j mahogany, 264,254 feet; logwood, hides,
goatskins, honey, also exported. Principal Imports: Cotton good.-,
hardware, earthenware, breadstuff's; about 45 per cent from United
States. Value 1896, $1,775,000. Population mixed race of original
Spanish Inhabitants and the aborigines, of negroes and of mulattoes;
official estimate 1938, 010,000. Spanish language prevails. Primary
education free and obligatory. Number of schools 1889, about 900.
State religion Roman Catholic; other forms permitted under re-
strictions. Santo Domingo, founded 1104, capital; population 1892,
24,150. Puerto Plata, chief port; population, 4,500. Railway*
open, 116 miles. Telegraph lines, 4S0 miles. Executive Government
vested in President; term four years; legislative in National Con-
gress of 22 Deputies. Small army of infantry, cavalry, and artillery;
navy, six small gunboats. United States gold dollar, standard of value.
JAMAICA. Ja-ma'-ka.
Indian—" Island of springs."
Historical.— Discovered by Columbus 1494; colonized by Spain
1510; became an English possession 1055.
Area.— Largest of British West Indies. Area, 4,200 square miles;
including dependent islands— Turks and Caicos— 4,424 square miles.
Physical Features, Etc.— Surface diversified by picturesque
mountains and fertile valleys. Highest elevation of Blue Mountains-
principal range— 7,423 feet. Island well watered by numerous rivers;
has many excellent ports and harbors. Minerals unimportant; deposits
of copper, lead, and iron exist in limited quantities. Mineral springs
abound.
Climate superior to that of most "West India islands. Temperature
varies according to altitude and exposure. Humidity scarcely felt even
on sea coasts. On lowlands temperature ranges from 80 deg. to 88
deg.; on mountain tops, 45 deg. to 50 deg.
Agriculture chief industry; principal products, sugar cane, coffee,
bananas, cocoanuts, corn, cacao, pimento, nutmeg, and all kinds of
tropical fruits and vegetables. Area under cultivation 1897, 003,560
acres; under pasture, 498,910. Rearing cattle and horses important in
north. Cinchona introduced in 1880; over 5,000 acres under culture.
Commerce.— Principal exports: Bananas, oranges, coffee, rum,
ginger, pimento, raw sugar, logwood. Chief imports: Cotton manufac-
tures, dried and salted lish. flour, ale, and beer. Total value of exports
1897, 88,070,841— one-half going to United States; of imports, 87,039,432.
Two thousand bushels of salt produced yearly on Turks and Caicos
islands, exported chiefiv to United States, Canada, and Newfoundland;
islands have small sponge fishery.
Population 1891, 039.491, including 14.092 white, 488,024 black, and
121,955 colored or half-breed; male, 305,948; female, 333,543; estimated
population 1897, 700,394.
Cities. — Kingston, capital and leading seaport; population, 46,542.
Spanish Town, second city, 5,019.
Railways all in southern part of island; length of line, 185 miles.
Telegraph lines, 937 miles.
Education, Etc.— In 1897-98 there were 913 Government schools;
enrollment, 98,205. High and industrial schools, also 2 normal schools,
supported by Government. No established church. There are 41,872
adherents of Church of England, 35,033 members of Baptist Church,
24,429 of Methodist, 11,370 Presbyterian, 9,300 Roman Catholic, and
2,400 of Church of Scotland.
Government administered by Governor, appointed by Crown,
assisted by Privy Council and Legislative Assembly. Army numbers
1,790 officers and men; volunteer militia, 392. Legal coinage that of
Great Britain; various American coins also current.
PORTO RICO. 227
PORTO RICO. Porto Re ko
Spanish— signifies "rich harbor."
Historical.— Discovered by Columbus 1493, and named by him
Porto Rico; invaded and conquered by Spaniards under Ponce de
Leon 1509-11; natives revolted under Spanish oppression and were prac-
tically exterminated within a century; negroes imported as slaves.
Three years' war for independence ended in defeat 1823. Island
granted representation in Spanish Cortes 1870; slavery abolished 1873;
Porto Rico given autonomous government with executive vested in
Governor-General 1897. At close of Spanish-American War, 1898,
island formally ceded to United States.
Area, including dependencies — Islands of Vieques, Culebra,Mona,
etc.— 3606 square miles. Porto Rico is fourth in size of the Greater
Antilles. Length, 95 miles , breadth, 35. Distance from both New
York and Cadiz 1,500 miles. Number of departments 7. Island of
Vieques, about 13 miles northeast of Porto Rico, 21 miles long and 6
miles wide ; Culebra 7 miles long; Mona, west of main island, in Mona
passage. 7 miles long and 2 wide.
Physical Features.— Surf ace broken by mountain ranges, extend-
ing in general from northeast to southwest; altitudes range from
1,500 to 3.600 feet; highest elevation, El Yunque, 3.487 feet. Tops of
mountains all cultivable. Island well watered by numerous rapid-
flowing streams; longest rivers in north; estimated number of long
rivers. 51; small streams, creeks, etc., 1.200. Coasts generally regular
but with many inlets and lagoons; few good harbors; coast line less
than 350 miles. Medicinal and hot springs found throughout the island;
most important, the one at Coamo.
Climate.— Porto Rico most healthful region of Western Hemi-
sphere within the torrid zone. Temperature rarely reaches 90 deg.,
never falls below 50 deg.; during summer never above 95 deg. on sea-
coast. Mean temperature San Juan, 80.7 deg.; during January and
February, 76.5 deg.; July and August, 83.2 degrees. Rainfall copious;
heaviest north of mountains; fields frequently inundated by excessive
downpour; south of mountains, country subject to droughts. Mean
annual rainfall, 64.5 inches. Yellow fever unknown in interior towns
of higher altitude; occurs occasionally- in coast towns; never epidemic.
Forests.— Hills covered with tropical forests, including limited
areas of rare, fine woods; mahogany, ebony, cedar, logwood, etc.,
occur; trees and plants furnishing many valuable dyewoods. gums, and
resins abound; annotto, used in United States to color butter and
cheese, grows wild everywhere; medicinal plants in great variety, and
a wide range of tropical fruits found throughout the island.
Agriculture.— Soil extremely fertile and intensely cultivated.
Plantations chiefly on coast plains and in valleys of rivers; irrigation,
necessary to successful cultivation of large part of land in southern
districts, un8ystematically carried on. Culture of coffee now the lead-
ing Industry; plant introduced from Martinique 1722; area under
growth, 1901. 166.164 acres, chiefly in Ponce, Mayaguez, and Arecibo;
grown largely on waste hillsides; the annual yield averages about 60,-
000,000 pounds. Sugar, introduced from Canaries through Santo Do-
mingo, also a staple production; area under sugar cane, 82,678 acres;
principal districts, Ponce, Juan, Diaz, Island of Vieques, Arecibo, and
San German; estimated yield, 1901-2, 100,000 tons; during late years culti-
vation greatly diminished through excessive land tax, increasing use of
beet sugar, etc. Soil, climate, and labor all favorable to large produc-
tion. Tobacco, 1902, 9,000,000 pounds, owing to careless methods of
culture and curing, product inferior in quality to that of Cuba; under
favorable circumstances, industry capable of enormous development.
Other products: Rice, Indian corn, cacao, vegetables, and fruits.
Principal food plants of natives, plantain, banana, sweet potato. All
tropical and semi-tropical fruits reach perfection. Oranges, cocoanuts,
and pineapples exported; limes, citron, and shaddock (grape fruit)
abundant; guava grows luxuriantly in low lands and in mountainous
districts; pomegranates, fig*, date palms, and tamarinds grow readily.
Live Stock.— Extensive district in northeast especially adapted
for raising cattle; pastures, covered with luxuriant grasses and
228
longitude "Weat 31 from Greenwich, 66 '30'
Si f L
^i Guanaj
de Joyuada
^ **&&*& _
■H ^T W ETAS DE C ,'oORDg
L^Sta[ Ana J»** l v "'"'
//jii
5£&
3£k
PO>*
NC-t
-t;j
»*C A i@$ri JB B E A ft
A T L A N T }+G<?$t>* .
C
Copyright, 1902, bj Rani,.McNally Si Co.
V
229
, fffa&<$W ^QRTO Rico.
W^&'ifi I «P^° Scale of Statute r*- -
O rJLf VX >^ o 5 to 30
Miles.
)
Copyright, 1898, byHana, McXally & Co.
0:, _
Islands
EAST OF
Porto Rico.
scale OF STATUTE-MILES
5 10 2p 3
JSLA CULEBEA ^ *■>
(U. 8.1_.
„. , ATO St.Th65as
AXHCAOaT.^
. r>. *? *• A 3 P
O X, I SLA DE 'V,
V\ "VIEQUES
^
(U. S.J
V
CARIBBEAN
ZFreaeri)
1. Sta.Cbuz
•*c^'
95
230 PORTO RICO,
abounding 111 running water: estimated area, 1,203.206 acres. Nearly
400,000 bead of cattle fa 1897. Principal drafl animal of Island a superior
breed of oxen, especially adapted to conditions of the country. Native
horses also raised Island of Vieques large producer or beef cattle.
Manufactures*— Industrial enterprises limited. Sugar making,
coffee mills for preparing coffee for shlpment,chocolate manufactories,
and the manufacture of leather, straw hats, baskets. rush pack saddles,
cigars, cigarettes, and acoarse grade of plug tobacco most Important.
Commerce.— Chief imports, textiles, provisions, iron and
and manufactures of wood, etc.; total value, 1900-01, S9 .367.230; *7.1l4.-
909 from United states. Exports. 18,668.816: 15,661,137 to United -
Sugar most important; value 19oi I calendar) about $6,000,000. manu-
factured tobacco, >»;:,;;. i:li ; oranges, 8101,836; stravvand palm leaf, $114,-
646; Free trade with United states proclaimed 1901.
Minerals.— Mineral resources little known. Valuable salt deposits
worked at Guanica, Salinas, and Cabo Rojo. Sulphides of copper and
magnetic oxides of iron found in large quantities. Gold found In many
mountain streams; worked by natives by primitive processes. Marble,
carbonates, lignites, and amber also occur; the two latter chiefly at
Utuado and Moca. Clays of superior quality plentiful.
Population.— Porto Rico most populous island of West Indies.
Population, census of 1899, 953.243; over 98 per cent native born; of for-
eigners in the island more than half natives of Spain. Colored popula-
tion about 38 per cent of total, or 363,817 persons— 59,390 negroes, 304,332
of mixed blood, 75 Chinese.
Cities.— Population of island mainly rural, only about 21 per cent
of inhabitants, or 203.792 persons, dwell in cities and towns; less than 9
per cent in cities exceeding S.000 inhabitants, a much smaller propor-
tion than in Cuba and the United States. San Juan, on narrow island
off northern coast, capital and leading city, has best harbor on island.
Former residence of Spanish Captain General; the "Palace" now the
official residence of the civil governor; has finest public buildings,
leading schools, most prosperous churches, and largest barracks for
soldiers. Its great military hospital, under efficient management of
Americans, a model institution. Population, 32,048. Ponce, on south-
ern coast, most progressive and one of most healthful places. Playa,
the seaport, two milec distant, seat of custom house and all consular
offices. City second commercially, but bids fair to become chief trad-
ing center; has hospitals, average schools, a theater, cathedral, and
only Protestant church in Porto Kico. Seat of official chamber of
commerce. Population, 27,952. Mayaguez, on -western coast, most
healthful of all the cities. Commercially third in importance; Indus-
trially the leading center. Has coffee mills, chocolate manufactories,
and a number of minor industries. Population, 15.187. Caguas and
Cayey, on the great military road, in heart of tobacco district, largest
tobacco towns. Arecibo, large coffee town on north coast. Aguadilla,
north of Mayaguez, also exports coffee. Yauco, coffee town on south
coast. Guayama and Humacoa, important sugar towns in southeast-
ern section. Fajardo, on east coast, has good harbor.
Railways in operation, 137 miles-, under construction, about 170
miles. Military road begun by Spanish Government, 1880,80 miles.
San Juan to Ponce. United States has built over 100 miles of road.
There are 470 miles of telegraph lines; submarine cable to St. Thomas
and .lamaica. Recent harbor improvements made at San Juan.
Education has been backward: statistics show large proportion of
inhabitants to be illiterates. By the census of 1899 there were 659.294
persons 10 years of age and over, of whom 509,498, or over 77 per cent,
were unable to read. Under administration of United States, schools
have been opened throughout the island; 733 in 1901.
Kelision. — Roman Catholic the prevailing religion. Island con-
tains 71 cathedrals; appropriation for the Church, 1897-98, about $92,000.
nearly 5 per cent of entire revenue of island
Government.— Representation since May, 1901. Administered by
a Governor and Cabinet, appointed by the President Executive
Council constitutes upper legislative house and has 11 members: lower
house. 85 members. Absolute power of veto over all legislative and
administrative acts of the insular government held by U. S. Congress.
V
MEXICO. 231
MEXICO. Mek'-si-ko.
Historical.— Early inhabitants Aztecs and other Indian races.
Conquered by Spanish under Cortez 1521. Independence from Spain
declared 1813; warfare with Spain until revolution of Iturbide 1821,
when last Spanish Viceroy was deposed; empire under Iturbide pro-
claimed 1822; Republic established 1824; war with United States 1846-8
resulted in loss of New Mexico and California; Santa Anna as Dicta-
tor 1853-55. Invasion of French 1863; empire under Maximilian (upheld
by French troops) 1864-67. French troops withdrawn, Maximilian exe-
cuted, republic restored, 1867. Present constitution adopted 1857,
amended 1887, 1890. Mexico, archaeologically, the most interesting
section of North America. Numerous ruins of the ancient civiliza-
tion exist; especially remarkable are those of Uxmal and Palenque.
Area, 767,005 square miles, including 1,420 square miles of islands.
Divided into 27 States. 2 Territories, and the Inderal District of Mexico.
Physical Features.— Surface a plateau rising from low coast
plain by succession of terraces to 6,000 to 9,000 feet above sea level.
Country diversified by mountain chains and many isolated peaks, all
of volcanic origin; three rise above perpetual snow: Orizaba, 18,314
feet; Popocatepetl, 17,300 (both active volcanoes), and Iztaccihuatl,
16,960; Orizaba, with exception of Mt. Logan, highest mountain in
North America. Sierra Nevada Mountains traverse Peninsula of Lower
California; within this region earthquakes frequent. Country sparingly
watered; rivers generally unimportant; Kio Grande, forming boundary
between Mexico and United States, most valuable; Santiago, second in
importance. Lakes numerous, usually of little value; Chapala, in
Jalisco, largest; area over 1,300 square miles.
Climate.— Climate varies with altitude from coast to interior,
generally healthful at an elevation of 2,000 feet above sea level.
Rainfall abundant on maritime slopes south of tropic ; ranges from 79
to 118 inches annually; plateau dry everywhere. Mean temperature
City of Mexico, 60 deg.; highest, 89 deg.: lowest, 28}4 deg. Low plain
' along coast hot and unhealthf ul. Mazatlan, mean temperature. 75
deg.; highest, 94 deg.; lowest, 49 deg.; rainfall, 62 inches. Colima,
mean temperature, 78 deg.; rainfall, 4 inches.
Forests.— Estimated area, 2.121,012 acres. Mountain slopes covered
with dense forests of rare and valuable trees and plants; included are
building and cabinet timbers, dyewoods, and medicinal plants of great
commercial value. Among the most important trees are mahogany,
ebony, brazil-wood, logwood, palm, cocoanut, pine, cedar, and oak; rub-
ber-tree, native to Chiapas and Tabasco; heniquen, Yucatan ; ixtle,
valuable fiber plant, San Luis Potosi; cinchona, on slopes of Orizaba
Mountains; mulberry tree, introduced by Cortez, cultivated extensively
for silkworms. *Value of woods exported, 1891, $1,726,527, mahogany
to Great Britain, 1898, $398,070; rubber. 372,559.
Agriculture.— Farming methods primitive. Industry encouraged
by government distribution of vines, olive and fruit trees, seeds, and
silkworms. Principal food crops of central plateau, corn, wheat, beans,
barley, and rice. In southern and southeastern States coffee and to-
bacco extensively grown; in Yucatan heniquen fiber (sisal hemp) pro-
duced in large quantities: rubber-tree and cinchona also cultivated.
Other products are cotton, cane sugar (introduced by Cortez), indigo,
cochineal, sarsaparilla. cacao, vanilla, and the maguey plant, from
which pulque, the national drink, is made; maguey plantations valued
at 114,000,000. Orange culture important and growing industry, cul-
ture of tea encouraged. Yield of chief agricultural products, 1896:
Indian corn, 71,242,133 bushels; wheat, 601,782 tons; rice. 41.275 tons;
coffee, 13,2)4 tons; cacao, 1,313 tons; tobacco, 15,875 tons; heniquen,
531,319 tons: cotton, 29,185 tons. Government offers special induce-
ments for establishment of agricultural colonies. Number of settle-
ments, 34; established by government, 13: colonists, 6,926; by companies
having government approval, 21; colonists, 4.091.
Live Stock.— Cattle raised extensively in Mexico for United
States market. Value of 20,574 cattle ranches, 1515,000,000. Returns
show on an area of 300,000 square miles in Northern Mexico, 1,500,000
cattle, 2,500,000 goats, 1,000,000 horses, and 1,000,000 sheep.
* All values are given in Mexican money.
232
106° Longitude Wei
233
100" from Greenwich.
234 MEXICO.
Manufacturer. — Industries growing In Importance. Mexico's vast
resources attracting foreign capital; Investments during the 4 years
ending 1897, $l,000,o00,ooo ; American capital, 8*15,310,000 ; English, $213,-
802,225; French and German, $441,387,775. Number of establishments
for making sugar, brandy, etc., 1893, 2,899; output, 1896: Sugar, 71,429
tons; panocha (coarse-grade sugar), 62,688 tons; molasses, 52,749 tons;
brandy, 124,602,651 gallons; rum, 7,237,692 gallons. Cotton factories, 1896,
numbered 107; looms, 13,826; spindles, 448,156; raw cotton consumed,
53,273,397 pounds. Other industries, tanning, and manufacture of cigars,
cigarettes, soap, pottery, hardware, chocolate, etc.
Commerce chiefly with United States. Value of imports, 1897-98,
143,603,492; from United States, $21,490,604; Great Britain, France, and
Germany, 118,323,415; exports, 8128,972,749; to United States, $91,974,616;
Great Britain, France, and Germany, 827,091,387. Chief imports: Agri-
cultural and mining machinery, woolen and cotton goods, furniture,
liquors, groceries, railway material, and carriages. Chief exports:
Precious metals, 875,042,332; heniquen, 811,564,519; coffee, $10,649,119;
cabinet woods, $3,597,069; cattle, $4,507,327; hides, $3,590,477; tobacco,
$4,489,768. Merchant marine, 1896, 52 steamers, 222 sailing vessels;
entered at ports, 10,194 vessels; aggregate tonnage, 3,659,485.
Minerals the chief wealth of Mexico. Mining region comprises 80
per cent of area, yields 20 per cent of world's production of gold and
silver. Other minerals are lead, copper, platinum, iron, mercury, tin,
cobalt, bismuth, zinc, sulphur, petroleum, salt, etc. In 1894 there
were 3,167 mining enterprises, two-thirds belonging to Mexicans.
Value of precious metals exported, 1897-98: Silver, $35,721,275; silver
coin, 818,214,989; silver ore, $11,137,996; gold, $6,364,308.
Population, 1895,12,632,427; 1900,13,570,545; white race constitutes
19 per cent, mixed races 43 per cent, Indians, 38 per cent. Race dis-
tinction abolished by constitution of 1824; greater part of mixed races
and Indians still uncivilized; out of a population of 13,000,000 only
about 3,700,000 are taxable. Spanish is the prevailing language.
Principal Cities.— Mexico, capital and chief city, founded by
Aztecs 1325; finest city in Spanish America; has cathedral founded
1573, national palace, library— 265,000 volumes,— museum, and a military
academy; connected by rail with New Orleans; population, 329.774.
Puebla, second city, founded 1532; important railway center; has thriv-
ing trade, potteries, and iron and bronze works, population, 88,684.
Guadalajara, one of chief cities, has various manufactories; seat of a
mint; contains university and an academy of painting; population,
83,934. Leon, flourishing manufacturing town; population, 58,426.
Vera Cruz, principal seaport; founded by Cortez near present site;
port of export for large part of Mexican products; population, 24,085.
Railways, Etc.— Miles of railway in operation, 1890, 4,648; 1898,
7,700; tramway, 127; telegraph, 42,150—28,220 belonging to the govern-
ment; miles of telephone, 7,459.
Education.— In 1890 15,000 persons within the City of Mexico could
read only; 176,000 could neither read nor write. Ruling class, of Span
ish descent, highly cultured. School expenditures 1895, $3,973,737
Primary schools, 7,380; secondary, 34; professional, 36; average attend
ance, 338,066. Attending higher schools, military and naval colleges
21,000. Public libraries, 102; museums, 24; newspapers, 456—10 in Eng
lish, 1 in French.
Religion.— Prevailing religion Roman Catholic; all others tolerated,
church independent of State, and no ecclesiastical body can acquire
landed property. In 1889 there were 10,112 Roman Catholic churches
and chapels, and 119 Protestant churches. In 1890 there were 320,143
Catholics and 2,623 Protestants in the City of Mexico.
Government, a federal republic modeled on that of the United
States. Legislative power vested in Senate— 2 members from each State
—and House of Representatives— 227 members. President elected for
term of 4 years; by constitutional amendment of lS90.mavbe re-elected
indefinitely Estimated revenue, 1898-99. $52,109,500; expenditure .852,089.-
485; debt, 1S96, $183,206,679. Mexico has 4 mints (annual coinage about
$25,000,000) and 7 Federal assay offices. Gold sent to mints and assay
offices, 1886 to 1896 inclusive. 668,052 ounces; value, $16,673,116, silver,
197,020,184 ounces; value. $313.401, 731. Standard of value, silver Num-
ber of banks. 17. Peace footing of arm v. 3.36.; officers. 34,000 men; war
footing, 3,500 officers, 14;J,000 men. Navy small- 90 officers, 500 men.
SOUTH AMERICA.
SOUTH AMERICA.
Historical.— Discovered by Columbus 1498, landing effected near
mouth of Orinoco; continental character ascertained before 1515.
Northern coasts explored by Vespucci 1499-1500; Brazil discovered
1500 by Cabral; mouth of Rio de la Plata entered 1508. Straits of
Magellan discovered 1519; Peru conquered by Pizarro 1532. First
settlement at Rio de Janeiro by French 1558; occupied by Portuguese
1567. English, Dutch, and French settled in Guiana 1613-74. Nearly
entire country conquered by Spanish and Portuguese. Spanish colo-
nies revolted 1810. War of Independence waged against royalist Spanish
armies hnally resulted in establishment of various republics.
Area, 6,834,563 square miles including dependent islands; greatest
length from north to south, 4,592 miles, breadth, 3,230. Continental
islands include Falkland, South Georgia, Tierra delFuego, Patagonian
Archipelago, Chiloe, Juan Fernandez, Marajo, and Galapagos, with
some smaller ones in Caribbean Sea.
Physical Features.— Andes Mountains extend along entire
western coast; noted for numerous high volcanoes; Aconcagua, 22,S60
feet, highest; Parime system traverses plateau between plains of
Orinoco and Amazon. Brazilian system near eastern coast. Average
elevation of highest plateau 13,000 feet; of continent, 2,490 feet. In
Interior a series of great plains opens upon Atlantic; includes llanos
of Orinoco, selras of Amazon, and pampas of Rio de la Plata. Length
of coast line 15,700 miles. Largest river, Amazon; extreme length about
3,900 miles; estuary widens to 180 miles; navigable 2,200 miles; extent
of basin, 2,320,000 square miles. Orinoco, 1,570 miles; basin, 365,000
square miles. Rio de la Plata, large estuary formed by union of Parana
and Uruguay rivers; drains 1,240,000 square miles. Largest lakes,
Maracaybo in Venezuela; Titicaca in Peru and Bolivia.
Climate.— More than two-thirds the surface within the tropics.
Climate greatly affected by Andes; vegetation and rainfall of the
two sides present striking contrasts; rainfall east of mountains
generally abundant; west deficient, and in certain sections fails
entirely; in extreme south, however, west of mountains fairly well
watered and wooded; east bleak and arid. Climate of portions within
torrid zone modified by trade-winds, high mountains, etc. In basin of
Amazon perpetual summer; region comparatively healthful. Interior
of lowlands heat intense; on plateaus moderate.
Forests.— Tropical forests cover vast areas; in extent and density
surpass those of any other region. The many valuable trees include
mahogany, rosewood, Brazilwood, logwood, gum trees, which furnish
copal for varnish, and caoutchouc or india rubber, native to Brazilian
forests. Among medicinal and other plants of value are cinchona
or Peruvian bark, and coca, both well-known articles of commerce;
Yerba mate, or Paraguay tea, characteristic of Paraguay; the shrub
from which ipecacuanha is obtained ; excellent sarsaparilla from
Uruguay, and vanilla from various localities.
Agriculture.— Coffee, sugar, and cotton grown in eastern portions
of Brazil and nearly all countries in region of Andes; cereals in tem-
perate regions of elevated sections; wheat an important article of
commerce from Argentine. Cacao, tobacco, indigo, rice, potatoes —
indigenous to Peru and Chile — and yams cultivated extensively in
various localities. Cassava, yielding manioc, Brazilian arrowroot, and
tapioca, most important food plant in tropics; cassava and Indian
corn staple food plants. Bananas, oranges, limes, lemons, pineapples,
dates, figs, olives, and grapes abundant. The vast pampas of the south,
covered with luxuriant grasses, afford excellent pasturage. Rearing
of live stock the great industry of the region; leading source of wealth
in Argentine its great herds of horses, cattle, and sheep; cattle reared
also in large numbers in Brazil and Uruguay.
Commerce with Great Britain, United States, France, and Ger-
many, extensive. Chief exports, coffee, largely from Brazil, also the
staple from Venezuela; wheat, chiefly from Argentine and Chile; cacao
the staple from Ecuador; Yerba mate, Paraguay; cocaine and coca
leaves, Peru; animals and their products— meat, meat extracts, hides
and skins, wool, tallow, and bones— from Argentine, Brazil, Uruguay,
and Paraguay; mineral products— gold, silver, copper, nitrate, etc.;
336
Sffi
^
238 SOUTH AMERICA.
fonst products— rubber, cabinet woods, nuts, etc. Imports principally
cottons, woolens, iron and machinery, and provisions.
Minerals.— Continent contains inexhaustible stores of mineral
wealth. Andes regions abound in gold and silver. Richest gold fields
now mined those of Colombia, Guiana, Chile, Venezuela, and Brazil;
annual output about 500,000 ounces, Colombia leading with nearly
170.000 ounces. Silver mining most active in Bolivia, Peru, Chile,
Colombia, and Argentine; annual output, 18,148.000 ounces, Bolivia
about 15,000,000 ounces. Diamonds found in Brazil and Bolivia; Brazil
fields have yielded some of most celebrated stones in the world Rich
emerald mines in Colombia. Other precious stones are opal, topaz,
and garnet; lapis lazuli, jasper, alabaster, and marbles also occur.
Platinum, mercury, lead, coal, iron, zinc, tin, and sulphur mined.
Copper mines of Chile among the most important in the world; output
nearly 40,000 tons annually. Petroleum abundant, especially in Peru and
Ecuador. Coal mined extensively in Chile; annual production, 10,000,-
000 tons; country possesses vast stores of nitrates, borax, and salt.
Population consists of descendants of conquerors — Spaniards
and Portuguese— mixed races, and Negroes. Native population, Indian,
far more numerous in South America than in North America; mixed
races chiefly of European and Indian blood. Estimated population
1895, 39,153,000— Europeans, 11.054,000 ; Indians and mixed races, 18,080,-
000; Negroes, 9,841,000; Asiatic, 178,000. Spanish prevailing language
throughout the Continent except Brazil where Portuguese is spoken.
Indian languages and dialects almost innumerable.
Religion.— Dominant religion of all South American countries
Roman Catholic; with exception of Ecuador and Peru all other creeds
tolerated. Classification: Christians, 37,266,000; Mohammedans, 6,000;
Jews, 8,000; Buddhists, etc., 130,000; heathens, 1,173,000.
Government. — Politically South America is divided among ten
republics and three European colonies: Republics of Venezuela,
Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentine Republic in the east; Chile, Peru,
Ecuador, and Colombia in west; Bolivia and Paraguay inland; colonies
of British Guiana, Surinam (Dutch), and Cayenne (French) in north.
COLOMBIA. Colom bea
Historical.— Country first visited by Spanish 1531; became a Spanish
presidency 1563; vice-kingdom 1719; vice-royalty, including Ecuador
and Venezuela, 1740. War for independence 1810-21; Republic of Colom-
bia formed 1819; Republic of New Granada established 1831. Name
Confederation of Granada adopted 1858; United States of New Granada
1861; United States of Colombia 1863; after revolution of 1855, Republic
of Colombia. ,_ m
Area, 482,048 square miles, of which 473,202 square miles are north of
equator. Divided into 8 departments.
Physical Features, Etc. —West traversed by three ranges
of Andes; highest elevation, Mount Tolima, 18,270 feet. Surface of
east consists of broad plains sloping to Orinoco and Amazon rivers.
Principal rivers of west, Magdalena and Cauca. Extensive forests yield
many valuable products: India rubber, Tolu balsam, copaiba, vegetable
ivory, cinchona— first studied here 1793— and coca.
Climate entirely tropical. Warmer regions toward Caribbean Sea,
in the Magdalena Valley, eastern slopes of Andes, and the llanos; the
latter the hottest. On elevated plateaus temperature moderate; low,
hot, swampy lands very unhealthful. Rainfall heavy; in some districts
continuous. Mean temperature Bogota, 57.9 deg.; rainfall. 43.62 inches.
Agriculture, Etc.— Large area of arable land; small proportion
under culture. Chief products coffee, cacao, and tobacco; sugar, maize,
manihot, wheat, potatoes also thrive. Grazing in central districts.
Cattle in Colombia, 3,465,000; sheep, goats, and swine, 3,487.000.
Commerce.— Value of imports 1897, 816.679,500; exports, $13,290,000.
Chief imports, provisions, textiles, and iron and steel goods. Chief
export, coffee; value of shipments from Barranquilla 1897. $5. 373.130;
other exports gold and silver, cacao, cotton, tobacco, live animals,
hides, dve-stuffs, india rubber, and timber.
Minerals varied and of great value. Value of gold exported from
Antioquia— chief district— $200,000 annually. Annual value of gold and
COLOMBIA — ECUADOR.
silver output, $4, 115,000. Copper, platinum, iron, lead, mercury, cinna-
bar— 14 mines — emeralds — 7 mines— also produced. Yearly value of
emeralds §100,000. Coal and petroleum deposits extensive. Salt mines
north of Bogota government monopoly; great source of revenue.
Population.— Inhabitants, whites — of Spanish descent— mixed
races, and Indians. Estimated population, 1895, 3,700,000, including
150,000 uncivilized Indians.
Cities.— Bogota, capital; founded by Spanish 1538; population
110,000. Chief commercial towns— Barranquilla, on the Magdalena,
40,000; Medellin, in important mining region, 40,000; Bucaramanga,
20,000, and Cucuta, 10,000, large coffee centers.
Railways, Etc.— Railways open 1897, 400 miles; about 270 miles
under construction. Telegraph 1894, 6,835 miles.
Education, Etc.— Primary education gratuitous, but not compul-
sory; schools, 1,817; pupils, 89,000; normal schools, 14, students, 600; for
secondary instruction, 34 public and numerous private colleges. Has
national university and four universities belonging to Departments.
Prevailing religion, Roman Catholic; other forms permitted.
Government. Etc. — Executive rests with President— chosen for
6 years— assisted by cabinet. Legislative in Congress of two houses.
Strength of national army determined by Act of Congress each session.
Law of 1894 provides for redemption of paper currency, free coinage
of gold, and coinage of small silver pieces in European mints.
ECUADOR. Ek'-wa-do,
Historical.— At time of Spanish conquest, 1533-34, greater part of
country subject to Incas of Peru. Created Kingdom of Quito and
attached to vice-royalty of Peru 1554; Spanish rulers expelled and
country entered Colombian Confederation 1822-23; republic proclaimed
under present name 1830. Country has since suffered greatly from polit-
ical revolutions. Boundaries between Colombia and Peru in dispute.
Area, exclusive of territory in dispute, 120,000 square miles; area
claimed, 273,150 square miles— Galapagos Islands, 2,869 square miles.
Physical Features.— Country traversed north to south by Andes;
contains some of highest peaks in South America and numerous
volcanoes; highest elevations, Chimborazo, 20,660 feet; Cotopaxi,
19,48u feet; between the mountains are several elevated table-lands.
Principal rivers tributaries of Amazon; Napo and Putumayo largest.
Coast line 2,000 miles; affords many good harbors. Vast equatorial
forests exist, affording excellent woods and medicinal plants.
Climate in highlands of western section healthful; temperature
moderate; hot, rainy season from December to May; rains most abun-
dant in March. All lowlands hot; low coast lands unhealthful July
coldest month; mean temperature, Quito, 55.6 deg.; Esmeraldas, 82 deg.
Agriculture.— Coast lands fertile. Cacao great commercial crop;
plantations large; rice also grown. Coffee cultivated on slopes. Sugar
cane and tobacco in Province of Guayaquil; tropical fruits, Esmer-
aldas; wheat, barley, Indian corn, etc., on plateaus. Yucca roots chief
food of Indians. Cattle, horses, and sheep largely reared in high-
lands. Rubber industrv important.
Commerce, Etc.— Value of imports 1897, 87,849,764; exports, $13,-
627,076. Chief imports, cotton, other textiles, provisions; chief export,
cacao; value exported from Guayaquil 1897, $4,670,550; coffee, 4243,698;
rubber, $229,642; straw hats, $72,93(1; hides, $101,585; specie, $145,950.
Minerals.— Ecuador rich in gold: worked at Zarama and Esmeral-
das. Rich silver ore also found; petroleum abundant but hardly worked;
valuable deposits of copper, iron, lead, and coal numerous.
Population, 1,271,861; whites, 100,000; mixed races, 300,000; Indians,
870,000.
Cities.— Quito, capital of Republic and ancient capital of Incas.
Altitude, 9,350 feet; population, 80,000. Guayaquil, chief seaport and
trade and manufacturing center; population, 50,000. Cttenea, third city;
has cathedral and university; population 25,000.
Railways, Etc. — Railway open, Durau to Guayaquil, 58 miles;
projected to Sibambe,58 miles. Telegraph, 1,242 miles.
Education, Etc.— Primary instruction free and compulsory.
240
241
.from Greenwich.
IT S<r^
O J^J .i (Bhotwh)*^
U V s *
>5r " E »;W",su^f V^ .^SlL
WINDWARD in-
ISLA.N.DS ."
V )J Grenada
r^llh
a Barbados
(Be.)
Serpent's JTouth
T>ZLTA OF THE
ORIXo[cO RIVER
P< Mocomoco
~gr — r
S. Thonaar Pv^»>
BaTarua/
< ° IBarcello^fjfariua
■J'.Q ^
^M>>
ioZ^t 1
K*
»Z*£v» I
'abatinga $>
Crato
W
f
Efiiha
242 SOUTH AMERICA.
Primary schools, 1,088; secondary, 96; for higher education, 9; num-
ber of teachers, 1,498; pupils, 68,380. University, commercial and
technical schools at Quito and Guayaquil. Religion, Roinan Catholic;
no other tolerated.
Government, Etc.— Executive vested in President (term four
years). Legislative in Congress of two houses, members chosen by
Roman Catholic adults who can read and write and have certain
income. Army numbers 3,341 officers and men; national guard 30,000.
Coin of country minted in United states, England, and Peru. Govern-
ment monetary commission reported in favor of gold standard.
VENEZUELA. Ven-e-zweMa.
Historical.— Country discovered by Columbus 1498; first settlement
at Cumana 1520; Spanish dominion continued until series of insurrec-
tions 1810-1821, resulted in country entering Colombian Confederation.
Republic of Venezuela proclaimed 1830. Since, there have been num-
erous civil wars and several changes of the constitution. Southern
boundary in dispute.
Area, 593,943 square miles, divided into 8 States, 1 Federal district,
2 national settlements, and 8 territories.
Physical Features.— Country mountainous in north and west;
central portion bordering Orinoco vast grassy plains; surface south-
east mountainous with dense forests. Entire course of Orinoco within
the country. Lake Maracaybo in north. Delta of Orinoco, basin of
Maracaybo, and mountainous districts covered with forests. Products,
rubber, copal, sarsaparilla, cinchona, tonka beans, timber, dye-woods.
Climate at elevations of 2,000 feet that of temperate zone; at 7,000
feet, cold. Hottest districts the llanos, and mountainous regions on
north coast and near Guiana. Low, marshy regions very unhealthful.
Rainfall abundant on slopes under trade-winds; alternate wet and dry
seasons on llanos. Floods of Orinoco April to August. Mean tem-
perature on north coast, 84 deg.; Caracas, 77 deg.; Merida, 59 deg.
Agriculture leading industry, engages one-fifth the population.
Coffee — cultivated since 1784 — chief commercial product; estates
number 33,000; area under cultivation, 1&1.000 to 200,000 acres. Cacao
— indigenous to Merida — 5,000 estates. Indian corn, the staple food
product, yields four crops annually. Tobacco, cereals, and potatoes
largely grown in highlands; sugar cane, cotton, indigo, and tropical
fruits in lowlands and valleys. Vast numbers of cattle, sheep and
goats, swine, horses and mules reared on the llanos. Number of
cattle 1895, 5,000,000; amount of wool 1896, 15,000,000 pounds.
Commerce.— Chief imports: Provisions, dry goods, hardware,
coal, kerosene, timber, and machinery. Value of exports, 1895-96, $21,-
176,477. Coffee, 44,667 tons; cocoa, 4,047; rubber, 339; quina bark, 68,297
pounds; hides, 3,440,109 in number; gold— from Yuruari— 43,500 ounces.
Minerals.— Gold found in all parts; richest deposits in Yuruari
Territory. Copper, silver, and coal deposits near Barcelona; inex-
haustible salt mines, worked by government on Peninsula of Araya.
Asphaltum, petroleum, iron, lead, tin, sulphur, and kaolin abundant.
Population 1891, 2,323,527; male, 1,737,139; female, 1,186,388; native
Indian, 326,000. Evidences of an older civilization exist in rock pic-
tures, ceramic remains, and ruins of buildings.
Cities.— Caracas, capital; important commercial center: popula-
tion 72,429. La Guayra, leading seaport: population 12,000. Valencia,
finely situated commercial center; population 3S.654. Maracaybo, sea-
port; export trade large: seat of National college; population 34,284.
Railways, Etc.— In 1898 there were 505 miles of railway in opera-
tion and 1,000 miles under consideration; telegraph lines, 3.S82 miles.
Education, Etc.— Education free and compulsory. Primary
schools 1891, 1,566; pupils 1889, 100,026. Normal schools, 4; universities, 2;
Federal colleges, 22. National library, Caracas. State religion, Roman
Catholic; other creeds tolerated.
Government, Etc.— Executive vested in President chosen for two
years. Legislative in Congress of two bouses. Permanent army 3,600
men. Every citizen from 18 to 45 enrolled in national militia. Law
of 1896 provides for issue of gold coin and gold certificates; issue of
paper currency and coinage of silver and nickel to cease.
BRAZIL. 243
BRAZIL. Brazi,.
Historical.— Discovered and claimed for Spain by PInzon 1499.
French settled Rio de Janeiro 1558. Occupied by Portuguese 1567; be-
came subject to Spain 1578; Portuguese authority restored 1640. Slavery
of Indians prohibited 16S0. Rio de Janeiro became capital 1762. Royal
family of Portugal fled to Brazil 1807; Colony declared a kingdom 1815;
proclaimed independence of Portugal 1822. Negro slavery abolished
1888. Republic proclaimed under title "United States of Brazil" 1889.
Area, 3.209,87S square miles; length, 2,644 miles; breadth, 2,707 miles.
In territorial extent the fifth nation in the world. Divided into 20
States and 1 Federal District.
Physical Features.— Country consists of two distinct physical
regions: Tropical lowlands of north and west and temperate uplands of
center and south; northern and western districts include the "Selvas,"
or forests, drained by the Amazon and its tributaries; eastern and
southern districts mountainous. Mountains and large portion of Ama-
zon basin covered with forests; among valuable woods and plants are
India rubber, Brazilwood, cacao, rosewood, mahogany, bananas, and
vanilla. Brazil noted for large, navigable rivers; length of Amazon
within Brazil, 2,000 miles; drains 800,000 square miles; San Francisco
important river of east; Parana of south; Uruguay and Paraguay rivers
on west. Coasts generally regular and unbroken; length, 3,700 miles.
Climate.— With exception of extreme southern province, Brazil
entirely within the tropics. Uplands relatively cool and agreeable.
Heat excessive along coast and on lowlands of north. Near the equator,
two regular seasons, wet and dry; interior subject to long dry season.
Mean annual temperature, Rio de Janeiro, 74 deg.; rainfall, 59 inches;
mean annual temperature, Para, 80 deg.; rainfall, 68 inches.
Agriculture.— Country rich in agricultural resources; products
Of the soil and forests chief sources of wealth. Brazil chief coffee
producer of world; crop, 1897-98, 10,000,000 bags. Sugar cane and cotton
Important products in the north; European plants and mate— Paraguay
tea— in temperate zones; tobacco, maize, manioc, nuts, and fruit also
largely grown; princ'pal product of Amazon Valley, rubber. Cattle
industry important; number killed, 1898, 340,000.
Manufactures developing rapidly. Capital in cotton mills,
116,000,000; number 155. Woolen factories for rugs, felts, flannels, etc.,
at Rio de Janeiro, Nictheroy, Maranhao, Porto Allegre, and Rio Grande
do Sul; silk mills Petropolis; flour mills, Rio de Janeiro. Number of
sugar factories, 30; product Pernambuco, 1896-97, 245,553,990 pounds.
Large production of rum and alcohol. Flourishing breweries, tanner-
ies, and fruit-preserving establishments in Rio Grande do Sul.
Commerce chiefly with the United States, Great Britain, France,
and Germany. Value of imports, 1897, 8104,818,827; exports, 8130,015,808.
Chief imports are agricultural implements, machinery, cottons,
woolens, coal, provisions, petroleum, and spirits. Value of coffee
exported, 1897, $81,470,418; rubber, $23,950,612; tobacco, $3,835,491; hides,
$2,148,356; cacao, $2,041,273. Sugar exported, 1897, 139.255 tons: cotton,
15,996 tons; dried beef from Rio Grande do Sul, 40,781,615 pounds;
tallow, 5,239,229. Merchant navy, 1898, 573 vessels, tonnage, 182,262.
Minerals.— Resources great but little utilized; coal mines worked
in Rio Grande do Sul; gold in Minas-Geraes and Bahia; iron exists in
immense quantities in Minas-Geraes and Sao Paulo; marble abundant.
Diamonds first found 1789; largest fields in Minas-Geraes; otber precious
stones, silver, lead, zinc, iron, manganese, copper, etc., also found.
Population, 1890, 14,333,915. White population largely of Portu-
guese descent. In northern provinces Indian element predominates;
in eastern negroes numerous.
Cities.— Rio de Janeiro, capital, largest city, and principal seaport
and commercial center; second city in South America; chief coffee
market of the world; population, 1890,522,651. Bahia, second; contains
cotton, tobacco, and sugar factories, and shipyards; population, 174,412.
Pernambuco, has large export trade in sugar, fruits, cocoanuts, and
cotton; population, 111,556. Para, or Belem, center of Amazon River
trade; exports rubber, cacao, hides, nuts, etc.; population, 50,064.
Railways open 18%, 8,662 miles; under construction, 4,963; survey,
4,670. Telegraphs under government control; line, 1895, 10,143 miles.
y
244
245
s i k*
<
3 |lf
*— 1
N
<
<
D
O
2 h
CQ
P
° 81 1
£
^ ols
<
3 Sfl-* 1
\\
W?\«*c.Wic ocxaP
-p # 4 C
246 SOUTH AMERICA.
Education, Etc.- Primary Instruction free, but nowhere com-
pulsory; in Federal District ti under municipality; in States, under
municipal and State authority. Public and private schools, 1889, 7,500;
pupils, 300,000. Illiterates, 84 per cent of population.
Government, Etc.— Executive authority exercised by President;
term, four years; not eligible for succeeding term; legislative, vested
in National Congress. Each State has its own government, distinct and
Independent in local affairs. Professed standard of value, gold. Mili-
tary service compulsory. Army, 1897, 28,160 men and officers. Navy,
52 vessels and 8,500 men of all classes.
GUIANA. Ghe-a'-na.
A region extending from Orinoco to Amazon River; received Its name
from a tribe of Indians. Politically divided among Venezuela, Brazil,
Great Britain, The Netherlands, and France. Coasts of Colonial Guiana
low and swampy. Interior undulating plains, dense forests of valuable
timber, and low mountains; intersected by numerous rivers; Corentyn
boundary between British and Dutch Guiana; Essequibo, longest
river, between Dutch and French territory. Mt. Roraima, 7,500 feet,
highest elevation. Climate of coasts and lowlands hot, moist, and
unhealthful; uplands and more elevated districts of interior, temper-
ate and agreeable. Mean annual temperature, Georgetown, 79.5 deg.;
rainfall, 95.03 inches; temperature, Paramaribo, 81.7 deg.; rainfall,
107.95 inches; temperature, Cayenne, 80.3 deg.; rainfall, 129.12 inches.
BRITISH GUIANA.— Discovered by Columbus 1498; first
settled by Dutch 15S0; finally ceded to Great Britain 1814; slavery abol-
ished 1834. Boundary with Brazil undetermined. Area, (estimated)
109,000 square miles. Under cultivation, 1891, 79.278 acres; under sugar
cane, 69,814. Soil adapted to cocoanuts, coffee, cacao, fiber plants,
and tropical fruits. Chief product, sugar. Rum, molasses, rice,
and balata also produced and exported. Value of exports. 1897-98,
#8,669,093: Sugar, 34,974,321; molasses, 347,730; rum. 8644,367. Imports,
$6,235,263. Country rich in gold; .output. 1897-98, 125,080 ounces, value
32,218,278; output, 1886 to '96, 313,590,018. Population, 1896-97,285,315.
Georgetown, capital; population, 1891, 53,176. Railways, 40 miles;
telegraph and cable, 546. Schools, 209; pupils, 28,268. Governor
(appointed by Crown) assisted by an Executive Council and a
legislative body.
SURINAM or DUTCH GUI AN A. -Visited by French 1640=
settled by English 1652; acquired by Dutch from English in exchange
for New Amsterdam (New York) 1674; dispossessed bv Great Britain
1804; restored 1814; slavery abolished 1863. Area, 46,060 square miles.
Chief products, sugar and cacao; rice, maize, sweet potatoes, yams,
balata, coffee, and tropical fruits also produced. Sugar production,
1896, 22,859,643 pounds; cacao, 6,794,026 pounds. Bananas, 1897, 562,949
bunches; coffee, 617.925 pounds; rice, 295,290: rum, 262,694 gallons;
molasses, 359,454. Output of gold, 1896, 27,207 ounces; export,
3479,440. Population, 1896, 64,372. Paramaribo, capital and center
of colonial trade; population, 30,000. Public schools, 1896, 19;
pupils, 2,283; private schools, 35; pupils, 4,847. Entire religious liberty.
Government administered by Governor, assisted by a Council.
CURACAO.— Colony of six islands belonging to Netherlands.
Area, 403 square miles Chief products, maize, pulse, cattle, etc.
Population, 1S96, 49,599 Seaport, Willemsted, population, 10,000.
Ruled by Governor and Council appointed by Sovereign.
CAYENNE or FRENCH GUIANA.-Visited by French 1604;
settled 1626; invasion of Portuguese 1809; nominally restored to France
1814; final surrender 1817. Regular penal colonies established 1853.
Area, 46,850 square miles (estimated); greatest length, 280 miles;
breadth, 220. Soil adapted to all grains and tropical fruits. Chief
products, sugar cane, tafia, cacao, coffee, spices, etc. Gold mined;
exported, 1896, 101,938 ounces. Population. 22.714 (estimated); num-
ber of liberated convicts and inmates of penitentiaries, 4,500. Cayeiine,
on Island of Cayenne, capital and chief seaport; population, 12,351.
Colony under Governor, assisted by a Council-General and Municipal
Councils ; represented in France by one Deputy.
PERU. 247
PERU.
Pe-roo'
Historical.— Under Incas and their predecessors civilization highly
developed. Conquered hy Spaniards 1533-4; as viceroyalty of Spain
became, 1542, center of government of all South America; Colombia
seceded 1717; native rebellions 1740, 1780, 1814; secession of Chile 1810-17.
Peru declared independence 1821; Spain Anally defeated 1824; war with
Bolivia 1841; slavery abolished 1854; war with Chile 1879-81; Chile annexed
Province of Tarapaca and occupied Tacna and Arica 14 years.
Area, 463,747 square miles, divided into 19 departments. Nego-
tiations in progress to determine ownership of Tacna and Arica.
Physical Features.— Surface largely an elevated plateau trav-
ersed by chains of Andes. Coast region arid, intersected by few
mountain streams. High plateau of central section includes western
part of Lake Titicaca. Extensive wooded plains in northeast, together
with eastern slopes, drained by Amazon— principal river— and its
tributaries. Highest elevation, Misti Volcano, 18,538 feet. Source of
Amazon within Peru. Earthquakes frequent and severe.
Climate.— Coast lands hot and unhealthful; in some localities no
rainfall from 20 to 80 years; fogs frequent from April to October;
higher elevations mild and salubrious; eastern slopes and valleys of
Cordilleras wet and hot. Average summer temperature Lima, 84 deg.;
winter. May to November, 56 deg. Mean temperature Cuzco, 59 deg.
Agriculture, Etc.— Cotton, coffee, and sugar chief productions.
Principal coffee-growing districts in Central Peru. Coast region chief
sugar district; area under culture, 187,000 acres. "Wheat and oats grown
in upland valleys. Cotton, cacao, tobacco, rice— yield 1897, 9,458,280
pounds— Indian corn, olive, and vine also grown. Valuable medicinal
plants cultivated; most important coca district region around Trujillo;
trees on 9 estates number 2,700,000. Introduction of European domestic
animals successful; sheep rapidly increasing in number. Native
animals include llama, alpaca, vicuna, and guanaco.
Manufactures chiefly coarse cottons, woolens, leathers, fine
cloaks and blankets, Panama hats, gold and silver jewelry. Olive oil,
cocaine, and rum extensively produced; also kerosene of superior
quality; monthly output, 200,000 gallons. Sugar 1897, 105,000 tons.
Commerce.— Value of imports 1897, $9,002,024; exports, $15,512,691.
Chief imports, cotton and woolen goods, wrought and unwrought iron,
machinery, etc. Annual value of chief exports: Sheep wool, $5,000,000;
alpaca wool, $2,000,000; goat skins, $300,000; gold, $20,000; silver, $3,000,000;
lead, $20,000; copper, $1,600,000; chemicals, drugs, and dyestuffs, $7,500,-
000. Coffee, 1897, 1,239 tons; coca leaves, 1,088,562 pounds; cocaine,
9,274 pounds; value of both, $1,173,066.
Minerals abound in inexhaustible quantities. Silver chief mining
industry; production, 1897, 3,300,000 ounces; value, $4,728,780; all miner-
als, $5,346,000. Gold found in most departments; copper in coast lands
and on plateaus; mercury, antimony, lead, galena, tin, gypsum, asphal-
tum, sulphur, coal, and limestone deposits occur. Petroleum abun-
dant in vast region in northwest. Inexhaustible deposits of salt.
Population at last census, 2,621,844. Aborigines about 57 per cent;
mixed races 23 per cent; remainder chiefly descendants of Spaniards.
Cities.— Lima, capital and leading commercial city; founded by Piz-
arro 1535; population, 1891, 103,556. Callao, chief port; destroyed by
earthquake 1746: population, 15,000. Arequipa, cathedral town of great
wealth; population, 35,000. Cuzco, leading center of most populous de-
partment of Peru; population. 20,000. Paita, second port; celebrated
resort with fine harbor; extensive commerce: population, 5,000.
Railways, Etc.— Length of railways 1895, 924 miles; owned by
State, 800. Telegraph lines 1897, 1,933 miles.
Education, Etc. — Elementary education compulsory. Private
high schools under direction of English, German, and Italian staffs.
Lima university. San Marcos— oldest in America— school of mines and
civil engineering, and military school near Lima. State religion
Roman Catholic; others tolerated to limited extent.
Government entrusted to President; term four years; legislative
in a Senate and House of Representatives. Peace strength of army,
3.K5T men and officers. Mint closed to coinage of silver; importation of
silver coin prohibited.
248
longUod* "West
K E \C U A\D^»0
\ »^&J*L BOUNDARY CI
Chincha 1slaND8%
t Guano j
Peru and
Bolivia.
Scale of Statute Miles.
50 100 200 30
Copyright, 1904,T)y JUna. MeNally & Co.
-$>
■^
Jfejilfo:
249
E G RJL-N)
C i VS5 £■■- Inc jguasi M t . r^^. »■■ MCN.fr CO. ens
250 SOUTH AMERICA.
BOLIVIA
• B5-livM-a.
Historical.— Country conquered by Incas in 13th century. During
Spanish dominion first under vlceroyalty oi Lima as rpper Peru; then,
1776, under vlceroyalty of Buenos Ayres. War of independence 1809-25;
finally successful under Bolivar. In 1878 allied with Peru against Chile;
defeated and ceded seaboard and nitrate deposits to Chile.
Area, 597,271 square miles, divided into 9 departments; length,
1,000 miles; breadth. 750.
Physical Features. — Western section, traversed by Andes,
comprises loftiest and largest plateau in America; Titicaca on western
boundary most elevated lake of South America; altitude, 12,500 feet:
area, 3,261 square miles. Northern and eastern regions consist of vast
undulating plains and high valleys of Amazon Basin. Llanos and
pampas of Southeastern Bolivia merge into the Gran Chaco in
north. Volcanoes numerous. Highest elevations — Mount Sahama,
22,350 feet; Sorata, 21,286 feet; Illimani, 21,060 feet. Principal rivers—
Mamore and Pilcomayo.
Climate in valleys tropical; rains constant. Higher altitudes, tem-
perature moderate; wet and dry seasons; summer season, December
to May. Mean annual temperature La Paz, 50 deg.; altitude 12,250 feet.
Agriculture, Etc.— Eastern Bolivia and valleys fertile. Tropical
fruits, coffee, cacao, tobacco, and sugar cane nourish in valleys; vines
cultivated on southern slopes of mountains. Barley, beans, potatoes,
and quinoa— a staple food plant— grown on western plateau; wheat near
Lake Titicaca. In upper Andean forest belt flourish valuable woods
for building— mahogany— dyeing, and tanning. Coca, india rubber,
copal, sumach, sarsaparilla, copaiba, and textile palms produced ;
cinchona plants— cascarilla, calisaya, etc.— cultivated. Cattle, sheep,
and llamas numerous; in colder regions alpaca.
Commerce carried on chiefly through Chilean ports. Value of
imports 1897, $10,270,182; of expurts. 39,710,954. Chief imports— provi-
sions, wines, hardware, textiles, and clothing. Value of principal
exports, 1897: Silver. 86,585,936; tin and bismuth, $1,665,956; copper,
$1,155,400; rubber, $589,036; other exports: Gold, wool, hides and skins,
coffee, coca, and cinchona.
Minerals chief wealth of country. Silver leads in value; richest
mines at Huanchaca 72 miles southwest of Potosi; output, 1894,
8,468,727 ounces; all districts, 14,519,296 ounces. Tin second; usually
found wherever silver is worked; chief center, Huanuni district east of
Lake Aullagas. Annual production about 4,000 tons. Excellent copper
mined in Corocoro, 50 miles southwest of La Paz; annual yield about
3,000 tons. Petroleum produced in valley of Pilcomayo. Large salt
deposits in south of Bolivia.
Population (estimated ) 1893, about 2,000,000; whites, 500,000; mestizos
or mixed races, 500,000; aboriginal or Indian, 1,000,000.
Cities.— -to Paz, capital, commercial center and largest city of
Republic; estimated population, 40,000. Cochabamba, population
25,000. Sucre, official capital, near silver and platinum deposits,
20,000. Potosi, near famous Cerro de Potosi silver mines; altitude, 13,000
feet; 20,000. Oruro, center of silver and tin district; altitude, 12,117
feet; 15,000.
Railways, Etc.— About 500 miles of railway within Bolivia;
transportation chiefly by steam navigation, mules, donkeys, and
llamas. Telegraph line, 2,260 miles.
Education, Etc.— Primarv instruction free and nominally com-
pulsory. Primary schools, 1897, 366; expenditures, $60,850; private,
primary, and industrial schools, 203; for secondary instruction, 17 insti-
tutions; for higher education, 6 universities; has militarv and schools
of arts and trades. State religion Roman Catholic; exercise of other
forms permitted.
Government vested in President— Commander-in-Chief of Army;
term four years; Vice-Presidents, 2. Legislative power in National
Congress of two Chambers. Militarv service compulsorv from 21 to 50
years of age. Standing army, 2,000 men; total number men in army and
reserve forces 82,000. Standard of value, silver. Annual issue at Potosi
mint about 1,500,000 bolivianos; actual value, $654,000.
ARGENTINE. 251
ARGENTINE. Ar-jenMSn.
Historical.— Colonized by Spain middle of 16th century; created
a viceroyalty 1776; proclaimed independence as United Provinces of
La Plata 1816; name changed to Argentine Confederation 1825. War
with Paraguay 1865-70. Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego divided be-
tween Argentine and Chile 1831; boundary between Argentine and Chile
in south in dispute; arbitration regarding boundary submitted to Great
Britain not yet completed.
Area, 1,125,086 square miles, divided among 14 provinces and 9 terri-
tories. Total area of provinces, 515,815 square miles; of territories,
1,262,380 square miles.
Physical Features.— Greater part of country immense grassy
plain; central and eastern part of plain includes the region of the
pampas; northern forms larger part of extensive tract called the Gran
Chaco; western region inojuutainous; Argentine Patagonia more ele-
vated and varied in character. Rio de la Plata— Parana and Uruguay
sources— chief river system. Several large and beautiful lakes in
south: innumerable small ones throughout the pampas. Aconcagua,
highest peat in South America, within the boundary.
Climate.— With exception of small tract in north entire country
within temperate zone. In extreme north heat oppressive; plains tem-
perate, subject to drouth; extreme south cool. Rainfall decreases from
north to south and from east to west. Mean temperature Buenos
Ayres: January, 75.6 deg.; July, 50 deg.; year, 63 deg ; rainfall, 34 inches.
Temperature Corrientes: January, T9.3 deg.* July, 61 deg.; year, 70.6
deg.; rainfall, 52 inches. Rainfall Salta, 25 inches; San Juan, 3 inches.
Forests.— Large areas are covered with magnificent forests of rich
hard woods. Over SO per cent of entire area of Santiago del Esterro
occupied by dense forests; sawing of its valuable woods the leading in-
dustry of the Province; over two hundred steam sawmills in operation
within its borders. Throughout the Andine zone are interminable
thick forests and luxuriant vegetation.
Agriculture, Etc.— The Republic rapidly becoming a great agri-
cultural country. In 1895 area available for cultivation estimated at
240.000,000 acres; under cultivation, 15,000,000 or 6.2 percent of total culti-
vable land. Chief products: Wheat, 1897, 5.500.000 acres, yield 1,500,000
ton>: maize, flax, 400.000 tons; alfalfa.1892. 5,000,0o0 tons; tobacco, 12,320,-
000 pounds; rice,7, 168,000. Number sugar plantations, 1895. 2.749; total area
of plantations 82.000 acres: sugar product Tucuman— principal district
—1898, 60,000 tons. Area under vines, 71,135 acres. Excellent European
and indigenous fruits abundant; peach, apple, and orange trees now
grow wild in many places; olives, figs, and raisins extensively produced
in various provinces.
Live i^tock.— Stock-raising chief industry. Argentine almost un-
rivaled as a grazing country. Vast herds of cattle, sheep, horses, etc.,
reared. Pasturage afforded by central plains practically unlimited.
Cattle. 1395,21,702,000; sheep, 74,330,000; horses, 4,447.000; goats and other
animals, 3.885.0O0. Cattle slaughtered, 1897, 340,100 head. Production
of wool one of greatest industries; Buenos Ayres Province chief
seat of industry. In vicinity of Andes the llama— one province alone
employs nearl y* 50,000 -guanaco, and vicuna abound.
Manufactures.— Progress of manufactures notable. Industrial
establishments, 1895. included 532 flour mills. 852 wineries, 108 distiller-
ies, 48 sugar mills, 41 breweries, and 811 furniture factories. Chief
manufactures, sugar, liquors, and animal products— jerked beef, frozen
sheep carcasses, hides and skins, leather, tallow, bones, etc.- starch,
chocolate, salt. The export of frozen sheep has become an industry of
great importance; at present five large factories are in working opera-
tion. Wine product, 42,267,200 gallons; alcohol, 478,800 gallons; raisins,
10,582 tons.
Minerals.— All the Andine Provinces extremely rich in minerals,
especially In gold, silver, and copper; coal, iron, salt, petroleum.
asphalt, "kaolin, marble, and sulphate of lime also found in great
quantities. Mining industry almost entirely undeveloped; salt the
only mineral worked to any great extent. Petroleum is produced in
25:}
/ O 3 V
y
254 SOUTH AMERICA.
the Province of Mendoza, here also are the important TJspallata
copper mines; the extensive coal deposits along base of Andes practi-
cally untouched.
Commerce of Argentine lias increased with great rapidity, foreign
commerce nearly doubled in last decade. Imports, 1898, $107,42-8, 'Mi);
exports,:? 133,829, 158. Leading articles of Import are cotton and other
textiles, olive oil. coal, iron, hardware and machinery. Principal ex-
ports are pastoral or agricultural, forest, and mineral products. Value
of animals and animal products exported, 1897, 871,082,744; agricultural
products, $22,402,914; forest, 81,851, K>3; mineral, 8155,225; gold and silver
coin and bullion, $4,738,644. Nearly 500,000,000 pounds of wool and
75,000,000 pounds of sheep skins exported; frozen mutton, over 100,000-
000 pounds— nine-tenths to British markets. In 1897, 6,827 steamers of
5,522,933 tons and, 3,536 sailing vessels of 541,091 tons engaged in foreign
trade entered the ports. Merchant shipping of Republic in 1898 com
prised 86 steamers, 39,976 tons net, and 157 sailing vessels, 39,695 tons
net.
Population, 1895, 3,954,911; male, 2,088,919; female, 1,865,992. Foreign
ers, 886,895; Italians, 492,636; Spaniards, 198,685; French, 94,098; English
21,783; Germans, 17,143; Swiss, Portuguese, Austrians, etc., 62,045. Larger
proportion of white race than in countries to the north. Marked in
crease of population in late years largely due to immigration. Number
of immigrants arrived 1873-97, 2,063,232. Spanish prevailing language
throughout the country.
Cities.— Buenos At/res, capital of Republic; first settled by Span-
iards 1535; definitely founded 1580: first city in size of South Amer-
ica; has large export trade and Important manufactures; contains a
cathedral, university, and military school; population, 1898, 753,000.
Rosario, on Parana River northwest of Buenos Ayres, second in com-
mercial importance, an important railway terminus; has an extensive
river and foreign trade; population, 1895, 94,025. Cordoba, capital of
Cordoba Province; a leading commercial center; seat of a University,
founded 1813, and of a National Observatory; population, 47,609. La
Plata, 22 miles southeast of Buenos Ayres, one of most progressive
cities in Republic; has most important port; population, 45,410. Tucu-
man, leading city of the north; population, 34,300.
Railways, Etc. -Railways connect the principal cities with the
capital; length of line open, 1880, 1,536 miles; 1897, 9,270; capital, $510,-
643,296. Telegraph line, 1896, 25,345 miles.
Education, Etc.— Primary education free, secular, and compul-
sory; school age, 6-14. Public schools, 1896, 2,681; private, 1,034; total
pupils, 264,294. Normal schools, 35 with 10,949 pupils; lvceums, 16; uni-
versities at Cordova, Buenos Ayres, and La Plata with" a total of 2,500
students. School of Mines, 2 agricultural colleges, and a naval and a
military school. State church, Roman Catholic; all other creeds are
tolerated.
Government, Etc.— Executive power vested in President —Com-
mander-in-Chief of army— elected for six years; President assisted by
a cabinet of eight ministers; President and Vice-President must be
Roman Catholics and Argentine by birth; not eligible to re-election.
Legislature vested in Congress of two houses. Effective army, 1897,
29,513 officers and men; national guard, 480,000 men. Navy, 614 exec-
utive and other officers with 4,128 seamen and a battalion of marine
Infantry. Professed standard of value, gold; money in circulation
inconvertible paper currency.
FALKLAND ISLANDS.— About 300 miles east of Straits
of Magellan. Discovered 1592. Belonged successively to France and
Spain; became a British possession 1833. Area, 6,500 square miles;
East Falkland, 3,000; West Falkland, 2,300; about 100 smaller islands,
1,200. Islands treeless, but well covered with grass. Highest eleva-
tion Mount Adam, 2,315 feet, Climate, healthful, though bleak;
temperature in winter ranges from 30 deg. to 50 deg.; summer 40 to 60.
Sheep farming leading industry. Area of pasturage. 2,325,154 acres.
Live Stock on island, 742,311; sheep, 732.010. Exports, wool, hides,
Skins, *and tallow; imports, provisions, clothing, timber, etc. Popula-
tion. 1897,2,050. Principal town Stanley, population, 694. Govern-
ment administered by the Governor, assisted by an Executive and
a Legislative Council.
PARAGUAY. 255
PARAGUAY.
Par'-a-gwi
Historical.— Settled by Spaniards 1536-37; attached to vice-royalty
of La Plata 1TT6. Independence declared 1811. War with Brazil,
Argentine, and Uruguay 1S65. Territory west of Paraguay River
(Paraguayan Chacol claimed by Argentine, conceded to Republic 1878.
Area, 98.000 square miles, divided among 23 counti'-s or part Kins.
Physical Features, Etc.— Surface largely undulating plains;
interior low hills or mountains richly wooded. Principal rivers,
Paraguay, Parana, and Pilcomayo. Valuable minerals exist but are
unworked; iron abundant in south, marble in north; gold, copper,
manganese, and excellent building stone also abundant.
Climate, semi-tropical and healthful; temperature of summer
months, December to February, ranges from 55 deg. to 100 deg. ;
winters mild; occasional frosts occur at night. Mean annual temper-
ature, 75 deg.; rainfall abundant; greatest in September and October.
Forests.— Greater part of country densely wooded; forests rich
in rare and valuable woods and plants; timber and other products an
important source of wealth; contain an immense number of hard
wood and other timber trees; several species of dye wood; other
trees yielding resins and gums, as india rubber, varnish, and quebracho,
for tanning; also the valuable shrub Yerba mate, the leading article
of commerce; medicinal plants abound in great variety, also numerous
fibrous plants.
Agriculture the principal source of wealth; soil of greater part
of Paraguay of almost inexhaustible fertility. Yerba mate, or
"Paraguayan tea" most distinctive and most important product of
country ; gathering and preparing the tea for market the leading
industry. Tobacco extensively produced throughout the Republic.
Staple food crops, Indian corn and manioc. Cotton indigenous to the
soil; largest staple grown successfully: sugar cane, coffee, rice, beans,
etc., also produced. Soil, climate, and rainfall all favorable for fruit
growing. Oranges of large size and excellent flavor produced in
profusion; bananas, grapes, and other fruits abundant. Immigration
encouraged; 10 agricultural settlements or colonies successfully
established; number of colonists, 3,219.
Live Stock.— Rearing of live stock a profitable industry; large
areas of excellent pasture favor a wide development; annual increase
estimated at 50 per cent. Number of animals 1896, 2,552,619 — cattle,
2,102,680.
3Iauufactures, Etc.— Chief products, flour, cigars, beer, cafia —
native rum — soap and leather. Imports, 1897, $2,115,320; exports,
812,391,957. Chief imports, textiles, wine, and rice. Value of chief
exports. 1897: Mate, $5,475,633; tobacco, 8595,609; oranges, 8146.4S5;
timber. $1,164,162: hides, $1,959,293. In 1897, 367 vessels with an aggre-
gate tonnage of 132,592 entered the port of Asuncion.
Population (estimated >, 1895, 432.000. Inhabitants chiefly mixed
races, descendants of Spaniards and Guarany Indians. Official lan-
guage, Spanish; common language corrupt form of Guarany.
Cities.— Asuncion, capital and largest city in Republic, founded
1536: seat of a cathedral and a National college; population, 1895, 45,000.
Villa Rica, second in size and commercial importance; center of
noted tobacco region; population, lO.ooo. Concepcion, flourishing
town on Paraguay River, 250 miles northeast of Asuncion; population
10,000. San Pedro, 50 miles south of Concepcion, 8,000.
Railways, Etc.— Railway from Asuncion to Pirapo, 156 miles.
Telegraph line, 360 miles.
Education, Etc.— Education free and compulsory. Public and
private elementary schools, 1896, 358; pupils, 2:5,0(10. Private schools
are subsidized by Council of Education. National college at Asuncion.
State church, Roman Catholic; exercise of other religions permitted.
Government, Etc.— Executive authority vested in a President
elected fori years; legislative vested in a Congress of two Houses, a
Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. Army— maintained chiefly for
internal defense— consists of 82 officers and 1,345 men; every citizen
between 20 and 35 years of age liable to military service. Paper money
chief circulating medium gold at premium of "about 660 per cent.
256 SOUTH AMERICA.
URUGUAY. Oo-roo'-gw,.
Historical.— First settled by Spanish Jesuits in 17th century; later
by Spanish and Portuguese colonists; as Spanish province annexed to
viceroyalty of La Plata 177(5; united with Brazil 1821; revolted 1825; Inde-
pendence recognized 1828; Republic constituted and slavery abolished
1830.
Area.— Smallest South American Republic. Area, 72,110 square
miles, divided among 19 departments.
Physical Features, Etc.— Coast region low; interior extensive
grassy plains traversed by low mountain ridges. Uruguay principal
river; forms western boundary; basin of its chief tributary, Rio Negro,
occupies entire central portion. Numerous lakes and extensive swamps
in east.
Climate of Central Uruguay extreme and dry. Two distinct sea-
sons—hot, November to April; cold, May to October. Rainfall most
abundant during transition from one season to the other. Mean tem-
perature, Montevideo, 62 deg.; January, 73 deg.; July, 51.8 deg.; maxi-
mum, 105 deg.; minimum, 21 deg.; rainfall, 43 inches in 36 days.
Agriculture, Etc.— Most characteristic feature of country the
vast pastures. Rearing of cattle, sheep-farming, and agriculture leading
industries. Cereals, tobacco, fruit, and vine cultivated. Olives and
all vegetables and fruits of Europe successfully grown. Estimated
yield of wheat, 1897, 300,000 tons. Number of cattle 1895-96, 5,881,402;
horses, 392,246; sheep, 16,397,484. Value of flocks and herds, $73,038,000.
Cattle slaughtered, 1897, 670,900; wool clip, 68,920,000 pounds American
ostrich reared in large numbers.
Commerce.— Imports, 1897. $20,097,582; exports, $30,199,160. Value of
animal products exported, 1897, $26,884,575; live animals, $781,778; hides
and skins, $6,633,981; wool, $12,402,802; jerked beef, $4,312,904: extract of
beef, 81,182,810; tallow, $1,299,130; agricultural products, $1,202,674; coin,
$3,116,877.
Minerals.— Gold exists in Northern Departments; several mines in
active operation. During the eleven years, 1885-95, output of gold mines,
862,756 ounces; output 1896, 43,200 ounces; 1897, 67,380 ounces. Other min-
erals include silver, lead, copper, manganese, iron, coal, and graphite.
Population, 1897 (estimated), 840,725. About seventy per cent of
population native born.
Cities.— Montevideo, capital and commercial center; population,
249,251. Salto, limit of navigation on Uruguay River; population, 10,000.
Paysandu exports preserved meats; population, 7,000. Jfahlonado,
seaport and naval station; population, 5,000.
Railways, Etc.— Railways in operation, 1896, 1,026 miles. Tele-
graph line, 1897, 4,380 miles.
Education. — Primary, compulsory. Public elementary schools,
1896, 533; enrollment, 51,312. Private schools, 379; pupils, 22,689. Uni-
versity, Montevideo. State religion, Roman Catholic; others tolerated.
Government, Etc.— Executive vested in President; term, 4 years.
Legislative vested in Parliament of two houses. Permanent army con-
sists of 233 officers and 3,222 men. Standard of value, gold.
CHILE.
Che'-li.
Historical. - Invaded by Spaniards 1535-36; Santiago founded 1541;
war with Araucanians (1641) extended over more than one century.
War of independence against Spain 1810-26. Independence declared
1818; recognized by Spain 1846. War with Bolivia and Peru 1>7H-S1;
civil war 1891-92. Straits of Magellan are neutral.
Area, 290,829 square miles, divided into 23 provinces, subdivided
into 74 departments and 1 territory. Extreme length over 2,800 miles;
average width, north of Valdivia, not more than 100 miles.
Physical Features.— Country lies between crest of Andes and
the Pacific Ocean. Chilean Andes, eastern boundary, great natural
feature of country Surface consists of three distinct divisions: Saline
pampas of north traversed by volcanic highlands; Central Chile diver-
sified by well-watered ;Jains and valleys— parallel ranges of mountains
CHILE. 257
extend from this region to sea; Southern Chile, a region of large lakes,
islands, and glaciers, with dense forests.
Climate.— North dry and arid; rain falls at Copiapo once a year, at
Atacama sometimes not for 50 years; great differences of temperature.
Central region temperate; mean temperature, Valparaiso, 57 deg.;
rainfall, 13 inches; temperature Santiago, 55 deg.; rainfall, 16.5 inches.
Southern region very damp; mean temperature Valdivia, 51.5 deg.;
rainfall, 8 feet, Temperature at Straits of Magellan, 5 deg.; 175 rainy
days: at Cape Horn, 300 rainy clays; rainfall, 9 feet in 41 days.
Forests.— Large areas within the northern division devoid of plants.
Forests begin in central portion of second division, south of latitude 35
deg. dense forests extend throughout the third region to Cape Horn.
Over 200 native timbers have been classified and exhibited. By far the
larger number of trees are evergreens, which here attain gigantic size.
Woods valuable for building, ornamental work, and ship building exist
in great abundance.
Agriculture leading industry; engages about one-half the popula-
tion. Central region chief agricultural district. Annual wheat product.
28,500,000 bushels; Indian corn, barley, and oats, 8,500,000 bushels; beans,
beet root, tobacco, and fruits— oranges, pomegranates, figs, olives, and
grapes— also important. Silk product, 11,000 pounds. Potato native to
Southern Chile. Large numbers of cattle, horses, sheep, goats, etc.,
reared annually.
Manufactures include sugar, wine, brandy, cider, wool, linen,
paper, glass, earthenware, leather, soap, etc. Industrial establishments
in Department of Valparaiso, 1895, 417; employes, 12,616. Most important
were sugar refineries, breweries, carriage and cart works, sawmills, and
machine shops.
Commerce. — Imports, 1897, 849,782,131, exports, §49,213,141. Chief
imports: Sugar, textiles, arms and machinery, wine and tobacco. Value
of chief exports, 1897: Nitrate, §28,470,784— nearly 40 per cent goes to
Germany; silver, $3,208,670; copper, 82,061,490; iodine, 81,846,321; wheat,
81,975,726. Commercial navy, 1897, 160 vessels of 80,275 tons. In 1896,
2,193 vessels— tonnage 3.315,426— engaged in foreign trade entered, and
2,346 -tonnage 3,961,996— cleared the ports of Chile. Of vessels engaged
in coasting trade a total tonnage of 6,656,603 entered.
Minerals.— Northern district the mining region; nitrate deposits
most extensive in world; area, 220,356 acres; estimated to contain 231,-
600,000 tons; product, 1898, 1,254,000 tons; salt and borax also important;
large deposits of guano along coast, Copper inexhaustible; annual output
of mines. 88,200,000 pounds; coal, 9,841,517 tons; silver, 3,930,000 ounces;
gold, 13,230 ounces; mercury, lead, coal, and other minerals mined.
Population, census of 1895, 2,712,145; number of inhabitants per
square mile, 9.3. Indians number about 50,000. Foreign population,
87,077. Estimated population, 1897, 3,049,352. Central district most
populous; northern and southern regions thinly peopled. Immigration
encouraged by the Government; yearly number of immigrants small;
flourishing German and Swiss colonies in south.
Cities.— Santiago, capital; largest city on Pacific coast of South
America; has many public institutions; population, 1897,302,131. Valpa-
raiso, chief commercial and manufacturing city; most important seaport
on Pacific coast of South America: population, 139,038. Conception
has large trade; population, 49,607. Talca, noted throughout the country
for its handsome and durable woolen ponchos; population, 39,613.
Railways, Etc.— First State in South America in railway con-
struction. Length of lines, 1897, 2,661 miles, including 1,233 miles of
State railway. Telegraph lines, January, 1898, 12.445 miles.
Education, Etc.— Education free; not compulsory. Public primary
schools, 1897, 1,321; enrollment, 109,058. Private schools, 411; attendance,
18,052. Total State expenditure, $2,027,887. University and National
Institute, Santiago. National library contains S6.000 books and 24,048
manuscripts. State church, Roman Catholic ; by Constitution all
others respected and protected.
Government, Etc. — Executive power exercised by President,
elected for 5 years, assisted by Council of State and a Cabinet or
Ministry; President not eligible to re-election. Legislative power vested
in National Congress. Strength of regular army can not exceed 9,000
men; number in national guard, 1898. 29,282; every Chilean from 20 to
40 years subject to service. Standard of value, gold.
258 EUROPE.
EUROPE.
U'-rop.
Historical.— Authentic history begins with first Olympiad, period
of Olympic games, in Greece 776 B. C. Greece mistress of civilized
Europe and Roman Republic founded 6th century. Zenith of Roman
power 96-180 A. D. Empire embraced Italy, Spain, Gaul, Britain, Balkan
Peninsula, Greece, etc. Empire divided into Eastern and Western 395.
Barbarians pillaged Rome 5th century. Empire of Charlemagne, 8th
century, extended from Elbe to Ebro, North Sea to Adriatic; from it
were formed France, Italy, Germany 9th century. Normansi Northmen)
established in France 10th century, conquered England 1066. Turks
masters of Byzantine Empire 15th century. Union of Christian power
in Spain 1479; climax 16th century. Reformation beginning with Wy-
cliffe (England 1380) and Huss (Bohemia 1412) spread in Germany, Swit-
zerland, France, Hungary, Bohemia, Scandinavia, Netherlands, Scot-
land, and England 16th century. Napoleon conquered Italy, Austria,
Prussia, SpaiD, Holland, and smaller States 1796-1807; Russia, England,
Sweden, Prussia, Austria, united to crush Napoleon 1813-14; balance
of power restored 1815.
Area.— Total area, 3,797,410 square miles or one-fourteenth of land
surface of globe; continental, 2,740,000; island, 191,000; peninsulas, 866,210.
Extreme length east and west 3,370 miles; greatest breadth 2,400 miles.
Physical Features.— Europe geographically only a large penin-
sula of Asia. Mainland may be divided into three regions: The mountain
or highland region of the north west.comprising the Scandinavian Penin-
sula; the mountainous country south, embracing the Iberian and Alpine
systems; and between these the vast lowland plain— covering two-thirds
the Continent— stretching eastward from the English Channel to the
Ural, and in Russia extending from the Black Sea to the Arctic Ocean.
The principal rivers derive their waters from two widely distant centers:
The Alps, from which flow some of the largest rivers in Europe— the
Danube, Rhine, Rhone, and Po; and the Valdai Hills, whence comes the
Volga, the longest of European rivers. The chief lakes lie in two great
groups: The Baltic group, comprising the Russian and Scandinavian
lakes, and the Alpine, chiefly in Switzerland and Italy
Climate.— Europe lies almost wiiolly within the temperate zone, less
than one-seventeenth north of Arctic Circle. Climate of Continent
characterized by freedom from sudden and extreme changes of tem-
perature to which other grand divisions are subject. Owing to great
extent of maritime boundaries and extreme irregularity of outline,
climate markedly influenced by the sea. Equatorial currents of air and
water render Western Europe warmer and more humid than Eastern
Europe; latter subject to dry, cold northeast winds; climate of Medi-
terranean peninsulas in general mild and equable. Mean temperature
ranges from 68 deg. (Portugal) to 32 deg. (Russia >. Rainfall decreases
from south to north and from west to east, though not regularly;
with exception of Southeastern Russia and Central Spain generally
everywhere sufficient for cultivation.
Forests.— The sub-arctic zone of vegetation, comprising Scandi-
navian Peninsula north of lat. 64 deg., Russia north of lat. 62 deg.,
characterized by prevalence of pine, spruce, and birch; central zone,
between lat. 48 and 64 deg., subdivided into that of beech and oak,
chestnut and vine; southern zone — with some exceptions a region of
perpetual verdure -comprises southern peninsulas and Mediterranean
coast of France, distinguished by the olive, the cork tree in Spain and
Portugal, and great variety of su'b-tropical vegetation. Scandinavian
Peninsula, Northern Russia, the Alps, and the Carpathians, heavily
wooded regions. Most countries of Europe now have government
departments for control and preservation of forests.
Agriculture? Etc.— Continent adapted to all food plants of tem-
perate zone. Chief cereals cultivated from pre-historic times; wheat,
barley, millet, since Stone Age, having been found beside lake dwel-
lings in Switzerland. Area adapted to wheat comprises four-sevenths
of Continent, northern limit of cultivation, lat. 57-58; Russia and
France principal wheat-growing countries, hardier grains— rye, barley,
oats— grown in most sections, ripen in Western Norway as far north as
lat. 69; in Russia, lat. 60-62. Flax and hemp widely cultivated. Many
plants introduced from other countries now domesticated; potato and
EUROPE. 259
tobacco — from America — widely grown; maize a valuable crop in
Austria, Italy, and Spain. From Asia came the vine, fig, apricot,
orange, lemon, mulberry, rice, and cotton. Sub-tropical fruits grow
luxuriantly in France and southern peninsulas. Area adapted to
culture of vine comprises about three-sevenths of Europe; limit of cul-
tivation 50 deg. north; Italy, Spain, and France most favored regions.
Commerce.— Continent surpasses all others in extent and value of
trade and commerce. Owing to extensive coast line, unusual number
of larger indentations, and long rivers, Europe naturally adapted to
commerce. Increase in aggregate value of imports and exports, 1800-50.
$1,740,000,000; 1850^39, $3,413,700,000; 1839-97 (approximate), *1,719,400,000!
Leading exports of British Isles, France, Germany, and to large extent
of Holland and Belgium, manufactured goods; of all other European
countries exports chiefly products of soil, forest, or sea. Immense
quantities of breadstuffs imported from North America: meat from
Australia, North and South America; cotton and wool from United
States, India, and Australia. Staples of Baltic trade, wood, timber,
flax, hemp, wheat, oats; imports, coal and textiles. Black Sea trade,
wheat and petroleum; exports of Danube trade, cereals, tallow, etc.;
imports, English manufactured goods. Staple Mediterranean trade,
wine, fruits, olive oil, metals; imports, textiles, cereals.
Minerals.— Europe abundantly supplied with useful metals; de-
posits of precious metals limited. Coal mines of Great Britain most
valuable mineral deposits of Continent; Germany, Belgium, and France
also have extensive coal fields. Iron produced in greatest quantities in
Great Britain, Germany, and Austria; highest grade obtained in Sweden;
Spain also rich in iron. Lead mined in various localities, principally
in Germany and Spain. Germany alone produces half the zinc supply of
the world. Spain has richest copper mines in Europe. Tin obtained
only in Cornwall and the Hartz Mountains; mercury confined to Spain
—most important mines— Austria, and Germany. Most extensive salt
deposits found in Austria-Hungary; large quantities obtained by evap-
oration from salt springs and lakes in England and Russia. Gold
found in paying quantities in the Ural and Hartz mountains; silver in
Germany, Russia, Austria, and Sardinia.
Population, 1895, 373,949,000. Modified by wastes of Russia and
Scandinavia, average for Continent about 57 inhabitants to square mile.
Belgium, with 579 inhabitants per square mile, most denselv populated
country; Norway, most thinly peopled, density but 16 per square mile.
According to Levasseur's estimates, increase of population 1800-60 was
115.600,000; from 1860-90, 59,600,000. Total emigrants from Europe
1S16-S8, 27,205,000; emigrants to United States 14,963,000: to Australia,
Canada, and Argentine, between one and two millions respectively.
Religion.— More than 95 percent of inhabitants of Europe Chris-
tian. In the south one-half the Christians Roman Catholics; remainder
about equally divided between Protestants and adherents of Greek
Church. Mohammedanism religion of Turks and some other inhabi-
tants of the east. Jews scattered over entire Continent. Roman
Catholics number about 148,900,000; Protestants, 78,700,000; adherents
of Greek Church, 30,000,000; Jews, 6,000,000; Mohammedans, 6,900,00".
Race.— Majority of inhabitants of Indo-European, or Aryan stock.
Principal branches: Germans, or Teutons, inhabitants of Germany,
Scandinavia, Great Britain, Holland, and parts of Belgium; Italic, or
Romanic races occupy Italv, Spain, Portugal, France Roumania, parts
of Belgium and Switzerland; Slavonic races predominate in Russia,
Bohemia, Servia, Bulgaria; Thraco-Hellenic, including Greeks and
Albanians, in south of Balkan Peninsula; Celts— now confined to iso-
lated districts of British Isles and Brittany— formerly occupied France,
Spain, British Isles, parts of Italy and Germany. Of non-Arjan races
the Finns and Lapps of the north, Magyars of Hungary, and Turks
belong to minor branches of Mongolian stock. Jews are of Semitic
race. Basques in western Pyrenees a distinct people.
(■overninents.— Political divisions of Europe comprise: Four
empires— Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey, eleven king-
doms—Great Britain and Ireland, Norway and Sweden, Denmark,
Holland, Belgium, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece, Roumania, and
Servia; three republics— France Switzerland, San Marino; three
principalities— Bulgaria, Monaco, Montenegro; the protected republic
of Andorra, and the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg.
260
r£4X3b|
'''■>,-,
o%^TAV ?
V *^V/ e
^f{ED zr^ -*£sJp
O OP 5 10° E
N
201
F M
pkropol "^
Sevastopol^-' ^
rvK»c: ^_ lCK s^^>o
Or
iffl& -r ~ ■
3$\
NSC A » \ EUROPE.
^lWi| ,J F V '^O) 9 SO 100 *0° *°C 400 SQO
{ Copyrlgl.t, 1004,-05 Itana,^n.Xally&0o.
Caneg
CRETE^
•-MI2 THE UNITED KINGDOM.
THE UNITED KINGDOM.
Historical.— The United Kingdom comprises England, Wales,
Scotland, Ireland, and adjacent Islands, and the dependencies of [ale
of Man, and Channel Islands. Wales, Scotland, and Ireland formerly
distinct countries. Conquest of Ireland commenced 1170, ended 1691;
Wales conquered 1282, formally annexed 1586; England and Scotland
united 1608, Parliaments united 1707; Parliaments Of Great Britain and
Ireland united 1801; Isle of Man, alternately held by Scotland and
England, purchased for British Crown 17(55, all privileges ceded 1S29;
Channel Islands, geographically a part of France, dependencies of
British Crown since Norman Conquest. The United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, colonies, and foreign possessions, together
form the British Empire. Total area of the Empire, 11,371,391 square
miles, or about one-fifth of all the land on the globe; population, 383,-
ss3,c,s."), or nearly one-fourth the total inhabitants of the world. Exten-
sion and consolidation of British Empire without a parallel in history.
Area.— Total area, 120,979 square miles; Great Britain and Ireland,
120,677; Isle of Man, 227; Channel Islands, 75.
Physical Features.— The British Isles lie nearly in center of the
Land Hemisphere; have free access by water to most remote countries.
Coast line contains many indentations, affording excellent harbors for
the largest vessels. Numerous rivers furnish facilities for internal
communication. Surface diversified; presents varied scenery of much
grandeur and beauty. Culminating point, Ben Nevis, 4,406 feet.
Climate mild and equable compared with continental countries in
same latitude. Mean temperature of central portion, 49 deg.; of Unst,
Shetland, 44.5 deg.; of Cornwall, extreme south, 51.5 deg. Rainfall
abundant; average about 34 inches; great diversity at different stations.
Agriculture.— Of total area, 58.5 per cent is cultivable and pasture
land. Area and yield of principal crops, 1897: Wheat, 1,936,041 acres,
56,295,000 bushels; barley, 2,206,424 acres, 72,613,000 bushels; oats. 4,211,523
acres, 163,555,000 bushels; beans and peas, 421,385 acres, 11, 899,000 bushels;
potatoes, 1,182,679 acres, 4,106,000 tons; turnips, 2,142,087 acres. 29,786.000
tons. Area under flax, 1898, 35,391 acres; hops, 49,735; small fruits. 69,753;
clover and mature grasses, 6,164,078; permanent pasture, 27.950,152.
Live Stock.— Reports of 1898 give total number of horses as
2,030,948; cattle. 11.108,606; sheep, 31,030,468; hogs. 3,705.277.
Fisheries in 1895 engaged 26,923 boats, with 114,320 men. In 1897,
777,916 tons of fish, exclusive of shell fish and salmon, were taken; value
of catch, $39,680,085; of shellfish, 82,287,405.
Manufactures.— Textile, metal, and shipbuilding industries of
United Kingdom most extensive in the world. Approximate value of
textiles produced annually, §850,000,000: cotton, 8500,000,000; woolen,
$250,000,000; linen, 8100,000,000. Average consumption of raw materials
1896-8: Cotton, 1,668,000,000 pounds; wool. 624,000,1X10; flax, 236,000,000.
Number of textile factories, 1890, 7,109: cotton, 2,538; wool, 1,793; flax,
375; silk, 625; lace, 403, and hosiery, 257. Total number of spindles,
53,641,062; power looms, 822,489; persons employed, 1,084,631; males. 428,082:
females, 656,549. Value of exports of metals and articles manufactured
therefrom, 1898, 8255,855.600. In 1897 shipyards launched for United King-
dom 1,054 vessels of 482,267 tons; sailing vessels, 518, tonnage, 66,729;
steam vessels, 536, tonnage, 415,538; for foreigners. 142 steam vessels of
130,027 tons, and 72 sailing vessels of 22,916 tons. Number of war ships
launched, 48; for United Kingdom, 33. Other important industries are
manufacture of earthenware, porcelain, glass, chemicals, leather,
clocks, and watches. Manufacture of beer, ale, and whisky extensive;
capital invested equals total employed in textile industries. Annual pro-
duction of 27,000 English breweries, 1,100,000,000 gallons of malt liquor.
Minerals.— Total value of chief metallic minerals, 1897, 819,266,945;
of metals from British ores, 861,340,455. Iron ore mined in 1897,
13,787,878 tons; value 816,088,975; lead, 35.33S tons, 81,377,045; tin, 7,120 tons,
81,271,090. Value of other chief metallic minerals: Copper, 893,530; zinc,
8345,770: bog iron, 88,905: copper precipitate. 811,600: gold, 835.925: silver,
8113,070. Non-metallic minerals: Coal, 202,129,931 tons. $298,700,045; clays,
12,705,106 tons, 87,265,640: sandstone, 4,964,109 tons. $7,623,000; slate. 609,194
tons, 88,247,880; limestone, 11,003,524 tons, 85,779,965; salt, 1,903,493 tons,
THE UNITED KINGDOM. 263
£,104,490; oil shale. 2,223,745 tons, $2*779,680; granite, 1,847,323 ions,
$2,768,020; basalt, 2,353,554 tons, $2,206,955. Value of chalk, $817,975;
gravel and sand, §556,060; gypsum, §344,890: arsenic, $427,645; barytes,
$120,585; ochre, 864, 985; various others, §168,145. Persons employed in
mining industry, is.97. 728,713; working underground, 558,305.
Commerce.— Value of imports, ls<K.s-.\353,ir20,990; exports, §1,166.953,-
960. Leading food imports: Cereals and flour (cwts.), 190,365,323; pota-
toes, 6,752,728; rice, 4,546,423; sugar, refined, 16,419,397; raw, 14,092.9i'0 ;
cheese, 2,339,452; beef. 3,3"9.106; mutton, 3,314,003; preserved meats,
573.947; cattle (head), 569,066; sheep, lambs, 663,749; eggs (gt. hundreds),
14,421,582; tea (lbs.), 235,414,105; wine, spirits (gals), 24,581,597. Chief
sources and amounts in cwts. of wheat imports: United States, 37,804,3(1);
India, 9,537,960; Russia, 6,232,500; Canada, 5,012,030; Argentina, 4,034,700.
Other imports: Tobacco, metals, chemicals, dye-stuffs, tanning sub-
stances, oils, raw materials for textile manufactures, and manufac-
tured articles. Bullion and specie: Gold. §218,609.300; silver, §73,388,95)5.
Principal exports and values: Manufactures and yarns, including
cotton, §324.540,125, woolen and worsted, §91.641,025, linen, §26,370,715,
and jute, sll.6lu.580; iron, steel, 8113.200,460; machinery, §9l.9iM),3$0; coal,
etc., §90.673,450; chemicals. §41,865,495; apparel, etc., §30,989,730; copper,
113,993,730; tin plate, §13.768.540; hardware, cutlery, §9,945,005. Bullion
and specie: Gold, §182,950.250: silver, $78,118,255. In 1^97 15,123 vessels of
8,925,813 tons and 240.931 persons engaged in shipping trade. Vessels
entered at British ports, 394,464, aggregate tonnage, 101,442,082; cleared,
359,440 vessels, tonnage, 94,692.756.
Population.— In 1891, males, 18,608,337, females, 19,496,638, total,
38,104,975; Great Britain and Ireland, 37,732,922; Isle of Man, 55,608;
Channel Islands, 92,234; army, navy, and merchant seamen abroad,
224,211. Estimated population, 1898, 40,18\927.
Railways, Etc.— In 1897 there were 21,433 miles of railway in
operation; capital invested, §5.44s,825,475: total revenue. §468,685,270;
expenditure, §265,419,020. Miles of canal (from latest reports) 3,813, of
which 1,204 miles belong to railways. Telegraph system controlled by-
State since 1870; British Postal Telegraph, 1898, had 41,516 miles of line.
Education — Religion.— Elementary education compulsory in
Great Britain and Ireland; was made free in Scotland, 1889; in England
and Wales, 1891. Higher education provided for by public and private
schools, colleges, and universities. Entir.e freedom exists for all forms
of worship. Established religion of England, Protestant Episcopal;
of Scotland, Presbyterian. Ireland has no established church.
Government, Etc. — ^constitutional monarchy. Executive power
vested nominally in the Crown, practically in a committee of ministers,
called the Cabinet— Premier usually the first Lord of the Treasury-
dependent on the support of a majority in the House of Commons.
Supreme legislative power vested in Parliament, which consists of
two houses, Lords and Commons; the former, numbering 580, com-
prises Peers sitting by hereditary right, other Peers created by the
Sovereign, 16 representative Peers for Scotland, 28 elective Peers for
Ireland, 2 archbishops, and certain bishops. House of Commons com-
prises representatives from the counties, cities, and burghs, chosen
by registered electors; number of members 670, of whom 495 represent
English, 72 Scotch, and 103 Irish constituencies. Duration of Parlia-
ment, unless previously dissolved, 7 years; limit of session, 6 months.
Revenue. 1898. $533,070,020; expenditure, §514,679,970. National debt:
Principal, §3,172,178.520; annual charge, 3125,000,000.
Defense. — Military service not. compulsory army recruited by
enlistment; strength of force and cost of service must be sanctioned
by annual vote of Parliament. Navy a perpetual establishment under
control of Admiralty Board. Strength of army, exclusive of India,
1898-99, 180,573 men of all ranks, including 8,109 commissioned officers.
Total of all ranks in navy, 106,390. Effective fighting strength: 60
battleships, 14 coast defense, 134 armored cruisers, 34 torpedo gunboats,
177 torpedo craft, including 108 destroyers; under construction or con-
templated: 12 battleships, 32 cruisers, 6 sloops, 4 twin-screw gunboats,
41 torpedo-boat destroyers, 1 royal yacht; subsidized by Admiralty
as "Reserved Merchant Cruisers:" Campania, Lucania (Cunard);
Himalaya, Australia, Victoria, Arcadia <P. <c ().>; Majestic, Teutonic
(White Star); Empress of India, of China, of Japan (Canadian Pacific
Railway). Cost of army 1897, 896,645,000; of navy, 8104.450,000.
205
m e ? -7 ' H « >= =4 %* c& £
26B THE UNITED KINGDOM.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Historical.— Earliest known race, Celt*; monuments of primeval
inhabitants are found, notably at Stonehenge and Avebury. Lead*
Ing events in history include: Invasions of Julius Csesar 54 and 55
B.C.; subjugation of the Celtic Britons by the Romans 43 A. D. and
succeeding years; abandonment by Romans 410; invasions i>v tin- jutes,
Angles, and Saxons beginning 149 I?); Christianity Introduced 597; rule
of Canute the Dane 1016-42; Norman conquest under William I 1066;
commencement of Plantagenet line under Henry II nr>4: Wales sub-
dued by Edward I 1276-84; united to England 1536: granting of Magna
Charta 1215; first Parliament assembled 1265. Reformation under
Henry VI1I 1534; succession of Stuart line, and union of the two crowns
under James I of Scotland 1603; accession of William and Mary 1689;
union of England and Scotland 1707; accession of Hanoverian dynasty,
George I 1714; loss of United States 1783; union with Ireland 1801; ac-
cession of Victoria and separation of Hanover 1837; war with Russia
1853-56; assumed control of Indian possessions 1858.
Area of England, 50.867 square miles; greatest length, 363 miles;
greatest breadth, 320 miles; Wales, 7,442 square miles.
Physical Features.— Surface of England diversified by moun-
tains, hills, and valleys; watered by numerous rivers and streams; gen-
erally level or undulating in east, south, and center; mountainous in
southwest. Highest point Sea Fell Pike, 3,210 feet. Principal rivers,
Thames, H umber, and Severn. Surface of Wales generally mountain-
ous; Vale of Glamorgan only considerable level district; Snowdon,
3,590 feet, highest point. Dee, Severn, and Wye rise in Wales.
Climate temperate and healthful; general moisture and frequent
rain due to insular position. Mean average temperature London, 50.55
deg.; summer, 63.8 deg.; winter, 37.3 deg.; mean. Penzance. 52 deg.; sum-
mer, 62 deg.; winter, 43 deg. ; Carlisle, 48 deg.; summer, 59 deg.: winter,
38 deg. Average rainfall, 34 inches; east coast 24 inches, west 144 inches.
Agriculture.— Area of cultivable and pasture land in England, 32,-
527.0(H) acres. Number of holdings or farms over 1 acre in size, 1895,
380,179; area, 24,844,688 acres; number in Wales, 60,288, area, 2,838,359
acres. Estimated gross rental of lands, England and Wales, 8134,408,915.
Principal grains cultivated, wheat, oats, barley, and rye. Wheat grown
chiefly in eastern counties; product less than one-third the quantity
required for home consumption. Hemp and flax important products.
Hops grown extensively, especially in Surrey and Kent; area of hop
gardens, 50,000 to 65,000 acres. Fruit largely cultivated.
lAve Stock.— Domestic animals among the finest in the world.
Great attention given to breeding fine horses, cattle, and sheep.
Latest reports give number of horses, 1,242,000; cattle, 5,322,000; sheep,
29,910,000; pigs, 2.613,000.
Fisheries employ over 40,000 men. Catch, 1898, exclusive of salmon,
404,002 tons, value $28,781,025; largely taken on east coast of England.
Manufactures of cotton and woolen yarns and textiles rank first
among important industries. In 1890 there w T ere 6,180 textile facto-
ries; total number of spindles, 50,221,216; power looms. 722,406; persons
employed, 858,252. Metal industries the most extensive in the world.
Manufactures of chemicals and leather next in importance; manufac-
ture of earthenware, glass, paper, watches and clocks, etc., important.
Commerce.— Foreign commerce extends to all parts of the globe;
distinguishing features, imports of raw materials and exports of
manufactured goods. Value of imports, 1897. S2,030,7S5,000; exports,
$1,351,095,000. Trade of England and Wales 90.8 per cent of entire
trade of United Kingdom.
Minerals. — Country contains vast stores of mineral wealth.
Mining one of chief industries. Coal andiron lead; tin, copper, lead,
and zinc also worked. Slate quarried extensively in Wales. Valuable
clays, building stones, granites, and marbles produced in various local-
ities. Value of products, England, 1897, $251,428,000; Wales, $58,893,070.
Coal output, England, 143,487,862 tons: Wales. 29,424,048 tons.
Population.— Total population, 1891, 29.002,525; average per square
mile, 498. Increase 1881-91, 16 per cent; in towns of over 50,000. 51 per
cent. Population of England, 27,483,490; males, 13,291,402; females,
ENGLAND AND WALES. 267
14,192,088; Wales 1,519,035; males, 761,499; females, 757,536. In 1891, In
AN ales and Monmouthshire, 51.2 per cent, spoke Welsh and English and
28.6 per cent Welsh only; in 1881, 70 per cent spoke English and Welsh.
Cities.— London, capital of England and scat of government of
British Empire; largest and most important city of the world, and
leading business and financial center. Among objects of interest are:
Houses of Parliament, British Museum, Westminster Abbey, Tower of
Loudon, National Gallery, South Kensington Museum, St. Paul's Cathe-
dral, etc. Population, census 1891, 4,211,056. Estimated, Greater London,
1898, 6,408,321; total area, 690 square miles; London proper, " The City,"
day copulation, 301,386: night, 37,694; area about one square mile. Liver-
pool, second commercial port of England; terminus of numerous steam-
ship lines; docks extend seven miles along Mersey Paver; leading indus-
tries, shipbuilding and manufactures of rope, sugar, iron, etc.
Population, 1891, 517,980; 1898, 633,645. Manchester, chief manufacturing
center of England; one of principal centers of cotton manufacture in
the world. Other industries, manufacture of silk and woolen textiles,
machinery, and chemicals. Population, 1891, 529,560; 1898, 539,079.
Birmingham, fourth in size and second in manufactures; one of chief
centers in world for hardware manufactures. Population, 1891, 478,113;
1898,510,343. Leeds, seat of woolen and cloth manufactures; linen
and iron industry also important. Population, 1891, 367,505; 1898.416,618.
Sheffield, seat of cutlery trade, celebrated from early times. Popula-
tion, 1891, 324,243: 1898, 356,478.
Railways, Etc.— Length of lines open, 1S98, 14,818 miles. Canals,
3,050 miles, 1.024 miles belonging to railways; total traffic, 34,325,179 tons.
Education.— In 1898 there were 2,502 school boards, embracing a
population of 19.918,110, and 785 school attendance committees, popu-
lation, 9,084,415. Elementary education compulsory; school age. 5-14.
Number of board schools, 1897, 5,539; average attendance, 2,023,850.
Parliamentary grant, 1898, for primary schools, 837,826,795; additional
income derived from endowments, fees, local rates, etc. Receipts of
school boards in England and Wales. 1897, S5o.362.590. For higher edu-
cation England has three universities, comprising 43 colleges, and 15
detached colleges. Teachers, 1898, 1,104; students, 16,734; five colleges
for women, with 79 teachers and 629 students.
Religion.— Established Church of England, Protestant Episcopal; all
other forms tolerated. Church governed by 2 archbishops, 33 bishops,
29 deans, and 90 archdeacons: a majority of the people its adherents.
Estimated annual income, about §36,250,000, $27,345,855 from ancient
endowments. Other prominent religious bodies: Roman Catholic,
1,500,000 adherents; Methodists, 801,000 members; Baptists, 365,000;
Congregationalists, 360,000; Presbyterians, 71,441, and Salvation Army.
Government, Etc.— Geographically divided into 52 counties or
shires; government represented in each by Lord Lieutenant and High
Sheriff, appointed by the Crown; for purposes of local government,
62 administrative counties, each governed by a County Council. Postal
Savings Banks in 1897 received 8173,860,350; paid out $140,239,475;
capital, 8526,276,265.
ISLE OF 3IAN.— Originally peopled by the Manx, a Celtic race;
alternatelv possessed by Scotch and English; purchased for British
Crown 1806. Area, 227 square miles. Climate, mild. Herring, cod,
and mackerel fisheries extensive. Mineral products, lead, zinc,
copper; lead mines richest in Kingdom. Population, 55,608. Native
Manx and English both taught in schools. Douglas, capital and largest
town. Religion, Established Church of England. Island governed
by Lieut. -Governor appointed by Crown; has its own laws; two supreme
judges, deemsters.
CHANNEL ISLANDS, dependencies of British Crown since
Norman Conquest. Area, 75 square miles. Climate, mild and
equable. Agricultural and Pastoral. -Oranges, melons, ti^'s
flourish; apple orchards extensive; famous tor cattle, especially Al-
derney and Guernsey breeds. Popul.it ion, 92.234: Native language
old Norman patois; official language still French; English generally
spoken. St. ffelier, capital of Jersey— largest island— busy seaport
and well-known watering place. Islands governed under ancient
charters; Jersey separately under Lieut. -Governor; Guernsey and its
dependencies, Alderney, Sark. etc., a Lieut. -Governor in common.
368
2(>9
*j*|S
270 THE UNITED KINGDOM.
SCOTLAND.
Skot'-land.
^
Historical.— The name Scotland, "Land of the Scots," became
general about 950; Albyn, the name given by native Picts and Scots;
Roman name, Caledonia. At the time of the Roman invasion the
country was divided among Celtic tribes, invasions of Roman Britain
by Picts and Scots, fourth and fifth centuries. Kingdom founded by
Dalrlad Scots and a settlement of Angles in the southeast in sixth cen-
tury. Conversion of Picts begun by Columba, who founded monastery
of lona about 5(55. Kingdom of Albania, or Scotia, founded in ninth
century by union of Picts and Scots. Raids and settlements in Ork-
neys and Shetland's by Norsemen, eighth to eleventh centuries.
Country invaded by Edward I of England, 12%. Independence of Scot-
land secured under Robert. Bruce by victory of Bannoeklmrn, 1314:
reign of Mary, Queen of Scots, 1542-67; reformation, 1560. Accession of
James VI of Scotland to throne of England as James I, 1603. Legisla-
tive union of two kingdoms of England and Scotland, 170?; Jacobite
Insurrections, 1715 and 1745-46.
Area.— Area, 29,785 square miles, including 186 islands— area, 3,700
square miles. Extreme length, 288 miles; extreme breadth, 175 miles,
least breadth, 32 miles. Country divided into 33 civil counties
Physical Features.— Surface extremely mountainous Country
naturally divided into Highlands, embracing northern and western sec-
tions, and Lowlands, comprising southern and eastern district*.
Mountains divided into three groups: Grampians, or Central High-
lands, chief range, Ben Nevis (4,406 feet) highest elevation in British
Isles; Northern Highlands (Ben Attow, 4,000 feet). Southern Highlands
(Broadlaw, 2,700 feet). Chief rivers are Tweed, Forth, Tay, Dee, and
Spey, flowing into North Sea, and Clyde, entering Atlantic Ocean. The
Highlands abound In lakes celebrated for their beauty; Loch Lomond,
the most famous, is the largest and finest in Great Britain; others
noteworthy are Lochs Katrine, Awe, Leven, Ness, Shin, and Maree.
Coast line remarkably broken by far-reaching estuaries and lochs; total
length, 2,500 miles. Coasts fringed with numerous islands; principal
groups, Orkneys, Shetlands, Hebrides— including Staffa, with its famous
cavern, Fingal's Cave— and islands of the Firth of Clyde.
Climate slightly colder than that of England, especially in High-
lands, where winter is more severe and rain most abundant. Mean
annual temperature: Edinburgh, 47.1 deg.; Aberdeen, 49.1 deg.; "SYick,
46.9 deg. Rainfall, 28 inches. Average rainfall on east coast, 22 to 23
inches; on west coast, 30 to 44 inches; at Greenock, 61.8 inches; Ben
Nevis, 128 inches.
Agriculture.— Productive area limited; agricultural districts in
flourishing condition. Of total- area, 25 per cent, 4,771.250 acres, culti-
vable and pasture land; 4.5 per cent woods, copice, etc.; 70.5 per cent
mountain, heath, water, etc. In 1891 249,124 persons were engaged in
agriculture. Number of agricultural holdings or farms of over one acre,
1895, 79.639; aggregate area, 4,894,466 acres. Principal grain crops oats,
barley, and wheat; staple crop oats; excellent wheat grown in southern
district. Potatoes and turnips cultivated largely.
Live Stock, Etc.— Chief industry of Highlands rearing of cattle;
large numbers also reared in southern Lowlands; Clydesdale famous
for its. cart horses; Shetland Islands for ponies; Ayrshire for fine cattle.
Sheep industry extensive; Scotland famous for two breeds: Cheviot,
grown for wool; black-faced, for mutton. Latest reports give 189,000
horses, 1,185,000 cattle, 7, 361, (XX) sheep, and 159,000 pigs. Deer more
abundant than in England; deer forests cover 4.020 square miles.
Fisheries form one of the chief industries. Surrounding seas
swarm with fish; herring, cod. and haddock taken in enormous quanti-
ties, chiefly on east coast. Rivers and lakes supply large numbers of
salmon and trout. Number engaged In Industrv, 1S96. 40.793: amount
of catch-exclusive of shellfish— 189S, 327,261 tons, value $9,382,475.
Manufactures.— Scotland chiefly a manufacturing and commer-
cial country. Industrial population, 1891, 1,032,404. Manufacture of
cotton, woolen, and linen textiles important and long-established
industries. In 1S90 there were 742 factories, with 2,413.735 spindles and
71,471 power looms; 46,386 male and 108,205 female operatives. Ship-
building, and manufacture of heavy iron goods, machinery, and
SCOTLAND. 271
locomotives, leading industries; more iron and steel ships built at
Glasgow, on the Clyde, than at any other port in the Kingdom. Other
manufactures are paper, glass, pottery, and chemicals.
Commerce similar to that of England. Imports, chiefly raw ma-
terials and colonial produce. Exports, manufactured goods, agricul-
tural products, coal, iron, and tish. Value of imports, 1897, 8172,100,000;
exports, 8116,955,000.
Minerals.— Mineral resources extensive; coal and iron lead in
importance; extensive deposits exist in Lowlands. Lead and copper
also mined; good building stone and granite quarried. Coal output
1897. 29.082,996 tons. Value of all mineral products, §48,637,010.
Population.— Scotland much less populous than England: Low-
lands far more densely peopled than Highlands. Total population,
1891, 4.025,647; males, 1,942,717: females, 2.082,930; number per square
mile, 134. One-third of the inhabitants living in towns. Increase,
1881-91, was 7.8 per cent; in towns of over50.00u inhabitants, 34 per cent.
Estimated population, 1898. 4,249,946. People of Highlands and Low-
lands two distinct races. Language of Lowlands resembles English;
that of Highlands, called Gaelic, a distinct dialect, gradually becoming
less prevalent. In 1S91, 6.32 per cent of population could speak Gaelic;
in 1881, 6.20 per cent.
Cities* — Edinburgh, capital, on the Firth of Forth: an important
literary and publishing center. Contains university founded by James
VI, 1582; Holyrood Palace, former residence of Scottish kings; Edin-
burgh Castle— ancient citadel and palace: Parliament House, now seat
of Supreme Law Courts: Advocates Library: National Gallery; St.
Mary's Cathedral; Scott Monument, etc. Population, 1891, 264.796; esti-
mated, 1898, 295,628. Glasgow, largest city and seaport, and first in wealth
and commercial importance. Terminus of several transatlantic lines of
steamers; Clyde here made navigable for largest vessels. Has extensive
shipbuilding interests and manufactures. Cathedral of St. Mungo, built
in 13th century; Glasgow University, founded 1450, has library of over
175,000 volumes. Population, 1891, 618,052; estimated, 1898, 724,349.
Dundee, important seaport, with extensive coasting and foreign trade;
principal center of jute manufactures in Great Britain. Population 1891,
155,675; estimated, 1S98, 164,575. Aberdeen, principal city of Northern
Scotland, and a leadiug commercial center; varied manufactures, ship-
building yards, etc. Population, 1891, 123,327: estimated, 1898, 143,381.
Railways, Etc. --Miles of railway 1898, 3,447: capital invested
1897, §769,437,975; receipts, 852,194,785. Canal— latest available reports—
153 miles, 84 miles belonging to railways; traffic, 1,456,361 tons; revenue,
$345,945; expenditure. 8213,425.
Education. — Elementary education made free for compulsory
standard, 1889; compulsory age, 514. Number of public schools 1897,
2.705; average attendance, 523,744. Parliamentary grant for primary
schools 1898, 85,360,975; receipts of school boards 1897— including higher
class schools— from grants, endowments, local rates, etc., 812,066,895.
Higher education provided for bv 4 universities, comprising 5 col-
leges, and 2 detached colleges. Number of students 1898, 6,094; teachers,
343: number of training colleges 1898, 8; students, 984.
Religion.— Established Church of Scotland. Presbyterian. Number
of churches, chapels, etc., 1898, 1,767; communicants, 641,803. Annual
endowment, 81, 750.000. Free Church, formed from Disruption 1843, larg-
est bodv of dissenting Presbvterians. Churches, 1898, 1,060; ministers,
1,280; members, 290,789; income. 83, 332,000. Cnited Presbvterian churches,
383; ministers, 620; members, 195.631; income 1897, 8i.wi.570. Episcopal
Church has 7 bishops, 337 clergy, 331 churches and missions, 111,958 ad-
herents. Roman Catholic, 2 archbishops, 4 bishops, a bishop-auxiliary,
443 priests, 345 churches, 365,000 communicants.
Government, Etc.— Scotland forms one kingdom with England,
but has a distinct code of law, and a Presbyterian Established Church.
Largest administrative division civil county or shire; chief officials of
each county, the Lord-Lieutenant —who is also High Sheriff — and the
Sheriff-Principal, both appointed by the Crown. The Lord-Lieutenant
represents the Crown for military purposes; Important judicial and
administrative authority rest.- with the Sheriff-Principal. Local revenue
1897-8. $56,447,735; expenditure, 857,580.5X0. In 1897 postal savings banks
had a capital of 119,679,630; amount received, |7,385,615; paid out,
14,774,910. Number of soldiers distributed throughout Scotland, 3,947.
I 3
4?£
Eh
# <s d ° w i
" s cJ £ ^
Q < =
It ^
M
AS?
if
273
POT"— 2" a ^-^L_^
274 THE UNITED KINGDOM.
IRELAND.
Historical.— Leading events include: Introduction of Christianity
by St. Patrick 132; settlements on eastern coast by Northmen 9th and
10th centuries; Danish invasion 1014, ended by victory, at (lontarf,
of the Irish chieftain Brian Horn; conquests of country by Henry II
1174; by Henry v 1 1 Hill; Poynings's Act 1494, repealed 1782 . revolt of
Irish under Geraldines suppressed by Henry VIII, who took title of
King of Ireland 1542; English and Scottish settlements made In Ulster
by James 1 1609-13; adherence of Ireland to James II 1689; Battleof the
Boyne 1690; Irish Parliament declared independent 1782; unsuccessful
rebellion 1798; Act consummating union of Ireland and Great Britain
became effective 1801; unsuccessful rebellion under Emmet 1803: Cath-
olic Emancipation Act passed 1829; potato famine 1846-7, followed by
great emigration to America; " Young Ireland" rebellion 1848; Fenian
outbreaks 1865-7; disestablishment of Irish Church 1871: Land League
suppressed 1881; Home Rule Bill passed by House of Commons, but
rejected by House of Lords, 18'.)3.
Area, 32,531 square miles; mainland, 32,365 square miles. Greatest
length, 290 miles; greatest breadth, 175 miles; least, 90 miles. Country
divided into 4 provinces, subdivided into 32 counties.
Physical Features.— Surface generally level in the interior,
rising toward the coast in isolated groups of hills or mountains;
highest summit, Carrantuohill, in Magillicuddy Keeks, 3,414 feet.
Central portion of Ireland crossed by a great limestone plain; large
areas of plain are marsh and bogs, furnishing abundance of peat, the
domestic fuel. Country well watered. Principal rivers: Shannon —
longest In British Isles, length, 224 miles, navigable 2 13 miles — Black-
water, Bann, and Barrow. Lakes abound : Lough Neagh, 150 square
miles in extent, largest in British Isles; Lakes of Killarney, celebrated
for picturesque beauty. Coast on north and west bold and rocky,
broken by deep inlets, on east flat and regular; south coast affords
excellent harbors. Coastline, 2,200 miles.
Climate milder than that of England, characterized by excessive
moisture. Rainfall most abundant on western and southern coasts.
Mean temperature of Dublin, January. 40.4 deg.; July, 59.9 deg.; year. 49.2
deg.; rainfall, 31 inches. Valencia, January, 45.3 deg.: July, 59.4 deg.;
year, 51 deg.; rainfall, 56.6 inches. Mean annual rainfall. 33.99 inches.
Agriculture, the leading industry, engages 44 per cent of working
population. Of total area, 72 per cent cultivable and pasture land.
Number of agricultural holdings or farms over 1 acre in extent 1897,
514,786; of occupiers, 533,514; agricultural population, 1891, 936,759. Po-
tatoes raised in greater quantities, relatively, than in any othercountry;
prosperity of Ireland depends largely upon this crop. Area and vield of
principal crops, 1897: Potatoes, 77,765 acres, 1,498,000 tons; barlev. 170,634
acres, 5,799,000 bushels; wheat, 46,880 acres, 1,355,000 bushels; beans and
peas, 1,817 acres, 57,000 bushels; oats, 1.175,467 acres. 46,709,000 bushels;
turnips, 308,942 acres, 4,134,000 tons. Area under flax in 1898, 34,489 acres.
Clover, grass, and pasture land. 1898, 12,643.839 acres.
Live Stock.— Most flourishing department of Irish agriculture,
rearing of live stock; large numbers of fatted cattle shipped to English
market. Cattle, sheep, and pigs constitute chief industrial wealth. In
1898 horses in the island numbered 513.788; cattle, 4.486,242; sheep,
4,287,274; hogs, 1.253.682; goats. 1894,319,00(1; poultry, 16.180.000.
Fisheries.— Coasts of Ireland swarm with all kinds of flsh; catch,
however, equals only about one-seventh of that of Scotland. Large
numbers of salmon are taken annually. Number of persons engaged in
fishing Industry 1896. 26,407: amount of catch, exclusive of shellfish
and salmon, 1897. 46,652 tons; value $1,516,585
Manufactures.— Leading manufacturing industries, linen textiles,
poplins, and lace; woolen and cotton goods also produced: other manu-
factures are glass and pottery. In 1890 there were 263 textile factories,
with 1,016,111 spindles and 28,612 power looms, employing 23 848 male
and 47,940 female operatives. Linen industry, employing about 60,000
people, practically confined to Ulster. Second in importance to textiles
is the production of whisky, beer, and porter. Largest whiskv distil-
leries in the Kingdom at Dublin. Average annual production of
whisky, 10,644,000 gallons; beer and porter, 2,216,000 barrels.
IRELAND. 275
Commerce consists largely of export of agricultural produce
and import of coal. Of total trade of United Kingdom, 1.4 per cent
falls to Ireland. Value of Imports, 1897, $52,26o,iioo; exports, $2,820,000.
Minerals.— Country rich in iron ore. Coal-fields limited in extent,
output small; amount mined, 1897.135,025 tons: small deposits of copper,
lead, and silver exist; greatest aggregate value, that of marbles, build-
ing stones, clay, and slate; other minerals, salt, alum, and barytes.
Value of all mineral products, 1897, §995,3411.
Population, 1991, 4,704,750; per square mile, 144; total only little
more than one-half of that of 1841. Decrease, 1881 to 1891, about 9 per
cent; in towns of over 50,000, about 12 per cent. Estimated population,
1898, 4,541,903. In 1891, 14.46 per cent, in 1881, 18.20 per cent of population
could speak Erse, the Celtic dialect of Ireland.
Cities.— Dublin, the capital, center of political, educational,
military, and railway interests of the country. Residence of Lord-
Lieutenant of Ireland and see of Anglican and Roman Catholic Arch-
bishop. Contains Dublin Castle, official residence of Lord-Lieutenant,
commenced 1205; Trinity College, founded 1591, and a Roman Catholic
University; also Custom House, Bank of Ireland. Phoenix Park, Four
Courts, Arsenal, Armory, and numerous charitable institutions. Manu-
factures are whisky and porter. Population, census 1891, 245,001;
within metropolitan police district, 361,891. Belfast, second in size
and leading commercial and manufacturing cftv in Ireland. Has
number of colleges and academies, churches, hospitals, and charitable
institutions. Center of great Irish linen industry; has also manu-
factures of cottons, muslins, extensive shipyards, numerous sawmills,
soap, glass, felt, chemical, and dye works, and yards for manufacture
of rope and sail-cloth. Population, 255,950. Cork, third city in point
of population. Seat of Queens College and of an Anglican and a Roman
Catholic Bishop. Has manufactures of leather, iron, friezes, tweeds,
gingham, linen, etc.; exports include butter, whisky, and iron. Dairy
products of Cork famous. Population, 75,345. Other important sea-
ports and commercial centers are: Limerick, rich in historical associa-
tions; has important manufactures of lace and gloves; large coasting
trade. Population, 37,155. Londonderry, an important port and man-
ufacturing town Population, 33,200. Waterford, with large export of
dairy products. Population, 20.S52. Gahcay, seaport and railway ter-
minus; has a flue harbor. Population, 13,800.
Railways, Etc.— In 1898 there were 3,168 miles of railwav; capital
invested, 1897, §197,332,285; receipts, §17,691,605. Latest reports give 609
miles of canals, of which % miles belong to railways; total traffic,
519,580 tons; revenue, $479,320; expenditure, §379,985.
Education.— Elementary education controlled by Commissioners
of National Education: compulsory, subject to exceptions, since 1892.
Schools in operation, 1897, 8,631; enrollment, 816,001; average attend-
ance, 521,141. Amount of parliamentary grants and rates for primary
schools, 1898. $6,558,350; total receipts of School Commissioners, 1897,
$6,933,075. In 1897 there were 5 training colleges, with 8,392 teachers,
3,604 assistants, and 799 students. For higher education, university and
3 colleges; number of teachers, 1898, 149; students, 1,705.
Religion.— Three-fourths of inhabitants Roman Catholics. Church
in Ireland under 4 archbishops, 23 bishops, and bishop-auxiliary.
Roman Catholic population, 1891,3,547.307. Protestant Episcopal Church
disestablished by law 1871, has 2 archbishops, 11 bishops, 1,600 clergy and
1.450 churches; membership represents 600,000 population. Church
governed by General Synod. Other denominations: Presbyterians,
444,974: Methodists, 55,500; Independents, 17,017; Baptists, 5,111; Quakers.
3,032; Jews, 1,798.
(Government, Etc.— Executive Government vested in a Lord-
Lieutenant, appointed by the Crown, assisted by a Privy Council and a
Chief Secretary who is a member of House of Commons. For purposes
of local government the county is the most important division. Chief
officials of each county, the Lord-Lieutenant, commanding the militia,
and the High Sheriff, both appointed by the Lord-Lieutenant of
Ireland. Principal governing body, the Grand Jury; control of fiscal
affairs now its must important function. Local revenue, 1895-96, $25,070,-
430; expenditure. 825.468,290. In 1897 postal BavlngS hanks had a capital
of $33,528,035; amount received, $10,869,736; paid out. $8,110590. Number
of soldiers— officers and men— distributed throughout Ireland, 22,963.
•*-
277
^N
^■vr&a
378 EUROPE.
SPAIN, opa,
V
Historical.— Early inhabitants Celts and Iberians. Conquests by
Darthaginians 237-219 B. C; by Romans 149-25 15. C. Kingdom of Visi-
goths founded 114 A. D., overthrown 711. Christian kiuKdoms founded:
Asturias, 718; Navarre, 873; Castile, 1033; Aragon, 1035. Inquisition
established 1480-84; Union of Castile and Aragon 1479; Granada taken.
Moorish power destroyed 1492; Ferdinand and Isabella rulers of all
Spain 1512; zenith of power 16th century; Peninsular War 1808-14;
republic formed 1873, overthrown, Bourbons restored 1874.
Area, 197,670 square miles, divided into 49 provinces; Canary Isles—
2,808 square miles— and Balearic— 1,860— form two.
Physical Features. — Country, next to Switzerland, highest in
Europe; largely a central plateau— mean elevation, 2,200 feet— enclosed
Uy Cantabrian and Pyrenees mountains (Maladetta, 11,421 feet) on
north and Sierra Morena on south. Plateau traversed east and west
liy mountain ranges. Sierra Nevada, near Mediterranean coast, contain
southernmost glacier of Europe— culminating point, Mulahacen, 11,678
feet. Principal rivers: Tagus, Douro, Ebro, Guadiana, Guadalquivir.
Climate varied; temperate in north, subject to extremes in in-
terior, hot in south and southeast. Rainfall scanty and irregular on
plateau, more abundant in north. Mean temperature Madrid, 55.7 deg.;
maximum, 107 deg.; minimum, 13 deg.; rainfall, 15 5 inches. Barcelona;
January, 47.7 deg.; August, 77 deg.; year, 61 deg.; rainfall, 22 inches.
Seville: Januarv,52deg.; August, 85 deg.; year. 68 deg. ; rainfall.29 inches.
Agriculture, Etc.— Soil extremely fertile; great variety of natural
oroducts. Area under crops and gardens, 33.8 percent of total; prin-
cipal crops, rye, barley, wheat, Indian corn, esparto, flax, and hemp;
all cereals, including rice, successfully grown. Culture of vine
leading industry; nearly 25 per cent of total area under vineyards and
fruits; wine, raisins, and grapes, with olives and nuts, exported. Sheep
husbandry a national occupation; extensive pastures support large
flocks; about 20 per cent of area under grasses. Live stock 1895:
Horses, 383,113; mules, asses, 1,496,703; cattle, 2,071,326; sheep, 16,469,303;
goats, 2,820,827; swine, 1,910,368. Agricultural population 18S9. 4.854,742.
Fisheries constitute important industry; boats engaged 1892, 14,726;
men, 67,197. Value of catch: Sardines, tunny, cod, $7,3S0,530. Sardine
factories numbered 409, with 16,500 employes; value of output, $2,895,000.
Manufactures chiefly connected with wine, fruits, olives, and
metals. Wine product 1891, 532,623,564 gallons; sugar, 20,000 tons. In
1895, 132 smelting works employed 16,310 workmen; value product, $27,-
261,762. Cotton manufactories employed 68,300 looms, 2,614,500 spindles.
Other manufactures are cork, paper, earthenware, cigars.
Commerce. -Value of imports 1898, $114,968,192; exports. $165,865,-
573. Leading imports: Raw and manufactured textiles, foodstuffs, ma-
chinery, vehicles, etc.; exports, iron, copper, lead, etc., wine, fruits,
cork, and olive oil. Wine exported 1897, §22,666,540— sherry, $2,251,488.
Merchant marine 1898: 436 steamers, 341,951 tons; 1,145 sailing vessels.
164,504 tons. There were 17,355 vessels of 13,278,151 tons entered and
16,957 vessels of 13,995,920 tons cleared the ports.
Minerals varied and abundant. In 1896, 62,S58 persons engaged in
mining; value mineral output, $20,SS0. 450, including iron, 6,808,000 tons;
copper, 2,825,000; lead, 170,790; zinc, 45,000; manganese, 100,000; mercury,
silver, salt, 350,000.
Population, 18S7, 17,565,632; per square mile, 88. Basques, in north,
differ in race and language from other inhabitants, number 440,000;
Morescoes, in south, 60,000; gvpsies. 50,000.
' Cities.— Madrid, capital, population 470,283. Barcelona, 272,481;
chief seaport and commercial city. Valencia, 170,763; manufactures
Silk, velvet, cigars; exports fruit and wine. Seville, 143,182; manu-
actures cigars and pottery. Malana, 134.016; second seaport
Education, Etc. -Compulsory education law not enforced; im
1889, 6S.1 per cent of population illiterate. Public schools 1885, 24,529;
enrollment, 1,843,183; average expenditure, 1895-98. $5,000,000. Univer-
sities, 10; students, 16,000. State Church Roman Catholic; restricted
liberty of worship allowed Protestants. In 1884 there were 32,435 priests,,
18,564 churches. Protestants 1887 numbered 6,654; Jews, 402.
Government, Etc.— Constitutional monarchy. Executive vested
SPAIN - PORTUGAL. 279
in King:, acting through council of ministers; Legislative in Cortes
with King. Cortes composed of a Senate and Congress, chambers
have equal authority. Peace footing of army, 128,559 officers and
men. Navy: 103 vessels, manned by 1,002 officers, 725 mechanics, etc.,
14,1100 sailors. Railways, 1897, 8.020 miles. Telegraph lines, 1895, 23,636.
ANDORRA.— A republic in the Pyrenees, under suzerainty of
France and the Spanish Bishop of Urgel. Area. 175 square miles.
Population, about 6,000. Inhabitants, principally shepherds, speak
the Catalan language. Religion Roman Catholic. Governed by a
council of 24 members, and a syndic.
GIBRALTAR.— Town and fortified promontory of great stra-
tegic importance at entrance of .Mediterranean; taken by English 1704.
Area, 1.9 square miles; population 1898, 26,658, including garrison of
5,005 men. Civil and military authority rests with Governor, who is
also Commander-in-Chief.
PORTUGAL.
POr'-tu-gal.
Historical.- Ancient inhabitants Celts. Country made a Roman
province about 137 B. C. Conquered by Visigoths 5th century; by Moors
713. Kingdom established 1143. Became great maritime power during
15th and 16th centuries. Conquered by Spain 1580; independence re-
covered 1640. French invasion, Court escaped to Brazil, 1807; Court
returned 1821. Constitutional charter granted 1826.
Area, Etc.— Area 36,038 square miles, including Azores- 1,005— and
Madeira— 505. Mountainous in north, northeast, and extreme south;
highest range, D'Estrella- 6,535 feet. Lowlands on west coast. Princi-
pal rivers, Douro, Tagus, Guadiana.
Climate warm and equable. Rainfall excessive on northern coast,
scanty south of Tagus. Mean temperature Lisbon: January, 50 deg.;
August, 71 deg.; year, 60 deg.; rainfall, 30 inches. Oporto: January,
49 deg.; July, 69 deg.; year, 59 deg.; rainfall, 60 inches.
Agriculture, Etc.— Over 54 per cent of total area productive, but
largely uncultivated. Rye and barley grown chiefly in north; wheat in
south, rice in marshy districts; corn everywhere. Olives, figs, grapes,
oranges, etc., produced. Wheat, 1896, 5,600,000 bushels. Cattle reared
throughout the country, sheep and goats largely in central districts,
swine in south. Wool product, 13,410,000 pounds. Fisheries employ
about 4,000 vessels; catch chiefly salmon, sardines, and tunny.
Manufactures.— Wine making chief industry. Exported 1897:
Common wine, 10,421, 140 gallons: port, 6,181,830; Madeira, 531,819; liqueur,
470,282 pints. Cork industry second in importance. Other industries, tex-
tiles, olive oil, earthenware, leather, machinery, and some ship building.
Commerce.— Value imports 1897. 843,937,744; exports, $31,876,519.
Leading imports: Textiles, wheat, coal, codfish. Exports: Wine, $11,-
112,370; cork, 83,853,329; sardines, tunny, 81,745,682; cottons, 81,355.380.
Merchant marine comprises 286 vessels of 77,835 tons. In 1897, 6,107
vessels of 7.910,128 tons entered, and 6,139 of 7,896,039 tons cleared, ports.
3Iiuerals abundant but largely undeveloped. Value 1897, 81.554,658;
copper, 8843,106; sulphur, $445,996; coal, lead, and antimony worked;
salt, gypsum, lime, and marble exported.
Population 1890, 5,049,729, including: Azores, 255,594; Madeira,
134,040. Per square mile, 141.9. Inhabitants of same origin as Spaniards;
language a dialect of Spanish.
Cities.— Li*bo>i, capital and chief seaport: population 1890, 301,206.
Oporto, population 138,860, center of wine trade.
Education, Etc. -Education backward. In 1890, 79.2 percent of
population illiterate. Compulsory law not enforced. Primary schools
1890, 5,339; pupils, 237,791. Expenditures 1898-99, 81.272.880. One univer-
sity, 1,000 students 1898. State religion Roman Catholic, all others toler-
ated. Protestants number only 500; chapels at Lisbon and Oporto.
Government, Etc. -Constitutional monarchy Executive rests
with King and Cabinet of 7 minister-: Legislative in fortes— Chamber
of Peers, Chamber of Deputies. Peace footing of army, 86,397 officers
and men. Navy comprises 83 vessels and about 5,060 officers and men.
Railways, 1897, 1,464 miles-State, 507 miles. Telegraph lines, 4,584 miles.
380
loQgitule from Greenwich,
SPAIN AND -— j™^-^ %£
P ORTUGA L. ^ o^fff '" . U i
Scale of Statute Miles. -angi|r { |r e f uau
Scale of Statute Miles
5" "_ _ -i° 10 ° 15
CopyTi?Lt,lS99 ) "by Rand, TMcNallj & Co.
A
EUROPE.
FRANCE. Fra„a
Historical.— Early inhabitants Iberians and Celts. Territory in-
cluded In ancient Gallia or Gaul; in part made province of Roman
Empire 118 B. C: conquest completed by Julius Caesar 58-50. Franks-
allied German tribes— established monarchy under Clovis. 5th century
A. D., became dominant people, giving name to country. Formed
part of Charlemagne's Empire 708-814. Separate monarchy established,
nucleus of modern France 9th century, settlement of Normans (North-
men) 10th century. Crusades 12th century. Huguenot wars 1562-9H; mas-
sacre St. Bartholomew IS72. Power greatly extended 17th century.
Seven Years' war 1754-63; Canada lost 1759. Revolution began 1789. Re-
public established 1792. Napoleonic wars 1T9H-1S15. Empire proclaimed
under Napoleon 1804; overthrown and Bourbons re-established 1815.
Second republic 1848; second empire 1852. Engaged in Crimean war
1852. Franco-Prussian war and overthrow of second empire 1870-71.
Area, 264,092 square miles; divided into 87 departments. Extreme
length, 660 miles; breadth, 540.
Physical Features.— Surface of northwestern portion consists of
plains and lowlands; southeastern of elevated plateaus and mountains.
Principal mountain ranges, Alps— Mont Blanc, 15,780 feet — Jura, Vos-
ges, Cevennes, Auvergne, and Pyrenees; rivers, Seine, Loire, Garonne,
and Rhone. Length of coast line, 1,500 miles.
Climate temperate and healthful. Rainfall relatively small hut
evenly distributed. Mean temperature of Paris, January, 36 deg. ; July,
66 deg.; year, 51 deg.; rainfall, 19.68 inches. Nice, January, 45 deg.; July,
73 deg.; year, 58 deg. Mean rainfall Bordeaux, 34 inches.
Agriculture, Etc.— One-half the population engaged in agricul-
ture. Area under crops, etc., about 93,000,000 acres. Wheat and other
cereals grown in northern and central districts, olive and vine in south.
Chief products 1897: Wheat, 238,975,241 bushels; oats, 220,561,209; rye,
46,651,591; barley, 39,884,790; buckwheat, 25,774,192; potatoes, 415,922,333;
beets, 728,602,533. Area under vines, 4,010,210 acres; estimated value of
chestnuts, walnuts, olives, apples, plums, and mulberry leaves, $34,226,-
550; orange and lemon crop, $228,071. Silk culture encouraged by
Government; employs 133,253 people; product 1897, 8,555 tons cocoons.
Livestock, 1897: Horses, 2,899,131; cattle, 13,486,519; sheep. 21.445,113;
hogs, 6,262,764 ; goats, 1,495,756. Extensive forests in north. Total area
under forests, 20,740, 913 acres. Value of fish taken 1896, $20,324,958.
Manufactures.— Leading manufactures, silk, wool, and cotton
textiles, wine and spirits, sugar, raw silk, and yarn. Number textile
factories 1896, 7,365; silk, 1,730; wool, 2,109; cotton, 321; carpet weaving,
229; for various manufactures of cotton, flax, mixed tissues, hemp,
jute.etc, 3,205. Wine product 1897, 702,747,606 gallons; cider. 234,014,000;
alcohol, 48,579,080. Sugar works, 358; output, 668,545 tons refined sugar.
Commerce.— General trade 1897: Imports. $1,027,500,000; exports
1960,620,000; special imports- for home use— $791, 200,000; exports— goods
■of French origin— $719,600,000. Value of chief imports: Raw textiles,
:$163,160,000; wine, $56,060,000; timber, $rA920.otHi; cereals, $49,480,000; coal,
coke, $37,900,000; chief exports: Textiles, $150,300,000; raw wool, silk, and
yarn, $57,980,000; wine, $46,500,000 ; fancy goods, $32,060,000; leather,
$20,560,000. Merchant marine: Vessels, 15,536— sailing, 14,301 ; men, 88,544.
In 1896, 81,027 vessels of 20,157,344 tons entered and 76,753 vessels,
16,345,396 tons, cleared French ports.
Minerals.— Value of products 1896, $69,018,516. Chief products: Coal
and lignite, 29,189,900 tons; iron ore, 3,409,372; zinc, 35.585; copper, 6,544;
nickel, 1,545; aluminum, 370. Numerous mineral springs occur.
Population 1896, 38,517,975; per square mile, 188; foreign, 1,027,491.
About 90 per cent of inhabitants French. Flemish predominate in
northeast; Breton in northwest.
Cities.— Paris, capital; population 1896, 2.536.834: largest city in
France, second in Europe. Lyons, 466,(128: seat of manufactures, notably
silk. Marseilles, 442,239; principal port of France and the Mediterra-
nean. Bordeax.r, 256,906; center of wine export trade.
Railways, Etc.— Total miles of railway 1S97. 25,770; owned by
State, 1,700 miles. Telegraph lines, 58,267 miles. Paris has 237 miles
of pneumatic tubes.
FRANCE — BELGIUM . 283
Education, Etc— Primary instruction free since 1881, obligatory
1882; school age, 6-13. Elementary schools. 1895-6, 89,111; enrollment,
6,253,631; estimated expenditure 1899, $4n,:>s.->,9l6. All forms of religion
tolerated. Sects having 100,000 adherents entitled to State allowance.
Large majority of inhabitants Roman Catholic. State allowances 1899:
Roman Catholic worship, $8,217,184; Protestant, $299,020; Jewish, S41.300.
Government, republican. Executive authority vested in President
—term 7 years— and Ministry. Legislative, in Senate and Chamber of
Deputies". Army, including Algeria and Tunis, 1898: Peace footing,
29,604 officers, 616.092 men. Navy second only to that of Great Britain;
officers, 1,733; petty officers and seamen, 40,589; fleet, 330 men-of-war
launched, 32 building.
BELGIUM. Bel'-ii-um.
Historical.— Kingdom at one time formed part of Rosaan and
Frankish domains; passed to Austria as Austrian Netherlands 1713;
conquered and annexed by France 1794; united with Netherlands, as
kingdom 1815; established as separate kingdom 1830; Limfeurg and
Luxemburg divided between Belgium and Netherlands 1839.
Area and Physical Features.— Area, 11,373 sq. miles. Surface
generally level; eastern division includes wooded region of Ardennes,
elevation 1,000 to 2,000 feet. Principal rivers: Meuse and Scheldt.
Climate temperate and healthful. Mean temperature Brussels,
January, 36.9 deg.; July, 65.7 deg.; year, 50.5 deg.; rainfall, 28 inches.
Agriculture, Etc.— Area under cultivation, 67 per cent of total.
Chief products 1897: wheat, 18,374,311 bushels; oats, 29,140,094; rye, 17,931,-
045; barley, 3,478,513; potatoes, 106,713,2*5; sugar beets, 32,053,735. Tobac-
co, 11,391,030 pounds. Forests cover 17 per cent of area. Late reports
give 271,974 horses, 1,382,815 cattle, 365,400 sheep,and 646,375 hogs.
Manufactures, Etc.— Textile industries— especially woolens and
linens— iron and glass manufactures lead. In 1896, 829,234 tons pig iron,
445,899 tons manufactured iron, 407,634 tons steel ingots, and 367,917
tbns steel rails produced. Firearms, machinery, etc., largely made.
Beet sugar output, 220,328 tons raw, 79,081 tons refined sugar. Alcohol
distilled, 12,022,340 gallons.
Commerce.— Value of imports 1897, S618,165,964; exports, $567,454,378. .
Chief imports: Cereals, raw textiles, drugs and chemicals, timber.
Principal exports: Tarns, linen and wool, coal, coke, raw textiles, glass..
Minerals.— Country rich in coal, iron, and zinc. Coal output, 1895, .
21,252,000 tons, value §40.402.000: iron, 307,031 tons, value, $283,564. Zinc, ,
$9,182; lead, $1,029,800; silver, $637,800. Number quarries 1,409.
Population 1897, 6,586,593; per square mile, 579; in proportion to>
area one of most densely populated countries. Agricultural population.
1,199,319. Official language French; in 1890, 2,485,072 spoke French only,,
2,744,271 Flemish only.
Cities.— Brussels, capital; population, 531,000. Antwerp, chief sea-
port and center of foreign trade; population, 267,900. Liege, manu-
factures machinery, hardware, firearms, etc.; population, 165,404. Ghent,,
seat of cotton industry; population, 159,218. Mechlin, 54,848.
Railways.— Railway in operation 1897, 2,851 miles— 2,056 miles;
owned by State. Length of telegraph lines, 3,955 miles.
Education, Etc.— Education backward: in 1890, 26.9 per cent of
adults illiterate. Primary education free. Public schools 1895,8,315; en-
rollment, 916,602; expenditures, $6,573,554. Free universities at Brussels
and Louvain. Roman Catholic religion prevails; churches number 5,622:.
Complete religious toleration exists.
Government. — A constitutional hereditary monarchy. Executive
vested in King. Legislative in King, Senate, and Chamber of Repre-
sentatives. Army : Peace footing 1898, 3,419 officers, 48,014 men.
MONACO.— Independent principality enclosed within Department,
of Alpes-Maritimes, Southern France. Area, s square miles: smallest
sovereign State of Europe. Population 1890, 13,3<>4. Towns:
Monaco, 3,292; Monte Carlo, 3,794; Condmnine, 6,208. Exports: Olive
oil, oranges, citrons, and perfume. Religion, Roman Catholic; other
churches excluded. Government, absolute monarchy. Revenue
mainly derived from gaming tablec.
184
r RANCE, c&^p
Belgium and ^>'
SWITZERLAND P^^^lWWi
Scale of Statute Miles.
| 100 130 200
Copyright, 1899, by Rand, McJfally 4 Co.
6° R., MC N. 4 C0.,ENGR'S,CHI.
2 50 4 >
Longitude
N
285
/
EUROPE.
SWITZERLAND.
Swit'-zer-land.
Historical.— Prehistoric Inhabitants, lake-dwellers; succeeded by
Helvetii. Country conquered by Caesar and added to Homan Empire
58 B. C. Settlements of Burgundians and Alemanni 5th century.
'Country largely belonged to German Empire 9th to 14th centuries.
Union to resist Hapsburg oppression 1291, defeated Austrians at Sem-
pach 1386. Swiss independence acknowledged by Maximilian I 1499.
Confederation subjugated by French, and Helvetic Republic formed
1798. Independence and neutrality secured 1815.
Area, 15,976 square miles, divided among 22 cantons. Greatest
length east to west, 208 miles; breadth, 156.
Physical Features.— Surface two-thirds mountainous, one-third
'elevated plain; Alps in south and east. Jura in north and west, region
between irregular upland diversified by lakes and valleys. Highest
peak, Matterhorn, 14,775 feet. Principal rivers: Rhine, Rhone. Lakes:
(Geneva, Neufchatel, Constance.
Climate presents great contrasts owing to wide range of eleva-
tion. Temperature of Bern, January, 29.4 deg.; July, 64.8 deg., year,
•46.8 deg.; rainfall, 39.61 inches. Lugano, January, 35.6 deg.: .July. 71.6
deg.; year, 53 deg.; rainfall, 63 inches. Great St. Bernard— highest inhab-
ited Alpine point— January, 17.4 deg.; July, 45.3 deg.; year, 29.7 deg.
Agriculture, Etc.— Of productive area large proportion under
grass and meadow. Chief agricultural crops, oats, rye, potatoes.
Pastoral interests predominate. Live stock 1896: Horses, 108,969; cattle,
1,306,696; sheep, 271,901; swine, 566,974; goats, 415,817. Principal agricul-
tural industries, manufacture of cheese— 51,040.440 pounds exported
1897— and preparation of condensed milk — 44,498,520 pounds exported.
Forest area 2,051.670 acres; about 1,119,270 acres under State supervision;
reduction of this area unlawful. There were 9,784,084 trees planted in
1897.
Manufactures second to agriculture in importance. Leading
industries: Textiles— especially silk and cotton— clocks, watches, ma-
chinery, wine, and spirits. Factories 1895, 4,933; employes, 200,002;
textiles employed 91,454 hands; watches, clocks, jewelry, 16,334; wood
industry, 11,347. Beer produced 1896, 41,350,474 gallons. Output of salt
manufactories, 52,022 tons; of cement works, 45,897 tons.
Commerce. -Value exports 1S97, $149,467,297. Silk, $40,788,261; cot-
tons, $24,995,980; clocks, watches, $20,753,063; cheese, $7,672,804; con-
densed milk, $3,955,042. Imports, $222,888,000. Foodstuffs, Meluding
wheat, $15,411,400; flour, $1,784,627: silk chiefly raw, S27,158,187; cotton,
$12,019,562; metals, $16,083,590.
Population -estimated— 1897, 3,082,989; per square mile, 1,929. Ger-
man spoken in 15 cantons, French 5, Italian 1, Romansh 1.
Cities.— Bern, capital, population, 49,030. Zurich, largest city, seat
of textile industries; population, 151,994. Basel, 89,687. Genera, 86,535,
center of watch and clock making; university founded by Calvin 1568.
Railways. Etc.— Railways in operation 1897, 2,351 miles; lines to
become State property after 1903. Telegraph lines, 5,614 miles— under
State control, 4,410 miles.
Education, Etc.— Primary education free and compulsory; law
rigidly enforced except in Roman Catholic cantons. Schools 1896, 5,067;
enrollment, 503,096; expenditures. $8,118,229. Universities. 5; students
1897, 2.935. Freedom guaranteed all faiths. Protestants 18S8, 1,716,548;
Catholics, 1,183,828; Jews, 8,069.
Government) Etc.— A federal republic. Legislative power vested
in Federal Assembly of 2 chambers— State and National Councils.
Executive in Federal Council— 7 members— chosen by Federal Assem-
bly; President and Vice-President of Council first magistrates of Repub-
lic. Maintenance of standing army unlawful. All men between 20 and
44 Mable to military service. Liable to service 1897, 527,074, actually in-
corporated, 242,529.
MAIjTA.— Island dependency of Great Britain in Mediterranean,
south of Sicilv; important naval base and port of call. Area, 95
square miles; 'population 1896, 176,231. Valetta, chief town and sea-
port: headquarters of British fleet in the Mediterranean.
ITALY. 28?
ITALY. It ale
Historical.— Invading Pelasgians from Greece and aborigines—
Umbrians, Oscans, Etruscans— combined, formed Latin race. Rome
founded 753 B. C; peninsula consolidated under Roman rule 3d cen-
tury B. C. Foundation of States of Church 756. Charlemagne crowned
Emperor at Rome 800. Kingdom of Naples founded 1059. Struggle
between popes and emperors llth-14th centuries. Period of foreign
interference— Spanish-Austrian predominating— 1494-1796. Cisalpine,
Ligurian, Roman republics founded 1797; Napoleon crowned King of
Italy 1805, abdicated 1814. Victor Emanuel proclaimed king 1861; tem-
poral power of Papacy ended 1870.
Area, 110,646 square miles, including Sicily, 9,936, Sardinia, 9,294.
Divided into 69 provinces.
Physical Features.— Apennines traverse the peninsula, cul-
minating point, Monte Corno, 9,580 feet; Alps north and west boundary,
Monte Kosa on Swiss border, 15,215 feet. Mt. Vesuvius— onlv active
volcano on mainland of Europe— 4,270 feet; Mt. Etna, Sicily, 10,869 feet.
Chief rivers: Po, Adige, Arno, Tiber. Lakes: Garda, Maggiore, Como.
Climate.— Mean temperature, Milan, January, 34.7 deg.; July, 77
.deg., year, 55.4 deg., rainfall, 39 inches. Rome, January, 44.8 deg.;
July, 76.6 deg.; year, 59.7 deg.; rainfall, 30.6 inches. Syracuse, Janu-
ary, 52.7 deg.; July, 79.5 deg.; year, 64.8 deg., rainfall, 21.1 inches.
Agriculture, Etc.— Wheat crop 1897, 84,232,500 bushels; corn,
57,953,500; rice, 17,682,500; tobacco, 13,693,050 pounds; hemp, flax, and
potatoes also produced. Area under vineyards 1895, 8,551,140 acres;
olives, 2,553,980; chestnuts, 1,017,640; yield, 7,240,750 bushels. Rearing of
silkworms 1895, employed 550,048 persons; product, 80.978.830 pounds
of cocoons. Live stock 1890: Cattle, 5,000,000; sheep, 6,900,000; goats,
1,800,000; swine, 1,800,000. Wool 1895, 21,558,285 pounds. Forest area
about 15,700 square miles; annual revenue averages 817,600,000.
Manufactures.— Silk most important textile: in 1SH5 industry em-
ployed 172,000 persons; raw silk produced 1896, 6,798,015 pounds. Other
industries cotton and woolen textiles, lace, leather, furniture, art goods,
etc. Wine produced 1897, 571,09S.ihiO gallons: olive oil, 28.380,000.
Commerce.— Value imports 1897, 8240,162,873: exports, 6223,163,128.
Leading imports: Raw cotton, 128,125,760; coal, §19,954,357; wheat,
$15,736,104; raw silk, S13.663.620. Exports: Raw silk, cocoons, etc.,
$59,538,678; wine. 811,695,820; olive oil, 811,571,988; hemp and flax, $8,831,-
24h; fruit, 87.952.248; sulphur, S6,819,713; also coral, marble, zinc ore.
Merchant marine 1896: 6,002 sailing vessels, 527,554 tons; 351 steamers,
237,727 tons.
Minerals.— Mines and quarries 1896, employed 74,800 persons.
Value minerals produced 1898, 811.1115.092. Principal minerals 1896: Sul-
phur, 2,738,057 tons; zinc, 118,171; iron, 203,966; lead, 33.705, besides cop-
per and manganese. Value of marble quarried, $3,00(1,000 annually.
Population 1898,31,667,946; per square mile, 286.21. Emigrants 1897,
299,899; to United States, 59,431; Argentina and Uruguay, 48,329.
Cities.— Rome, capital and ecclesiastical center; population, 487,066.
Naples, largest city; population, 536.073. Milan, center of silk industry
and trade; population, 470,558. Genoa, chief seaport; population, 228,862.
Turin, 351,855; Florence, 209,540: Venice, 155,8°9.
Railways in operation 1898, 9,592 miles. Telegraph lines: Govern-
ment telegraph, 23,318 miles; railway, 2,131.
* Education, Etc.— Elementary' education free; school age, 6-9.
Schools 1896, 2,813; pupils, 317,117; expenditures 1895, $12,605,432. Uni-
versities, 21—1 free; students 1898, 22,440. Roman Catholic nominally
State religion; freedom of worship granted all faiths. Almost all
Italians Roman Catholics. Protestants 1881, 62,000; Jews, 38,000.
Government, Etc.— Limited monarchy. Executive vested in King
and Council of Ministers. Legislative in King and parliament. Army
1897: Peace footing, 14,324 officers, 237,660 men. Navy: 285 war vessels,
1,731 officers, 22,261 petty officers and seamen.
SAN MARINO — Independence of Republic recognized by
Church 1231. Area, 32 square miles. One of smallest States of Europe.
Consists of a craggy mountain— Tltano, 2,420 feet— within Italian ter-
ritory Climate in winter severe but healthful. Population, 8,500,
generally engaged in agriculture and cattle trading. San Marino,
capital; population, 2,000. Governed by Council of 60 members.
£588
289
10
'
280 EUROPE.
GERMANY.
Historical.— Germane or Teutons, an Aryan race, first mentions]
4tli century B. C. German-Roman empire founded by Charlemagne 800;
dynasty extinguished 911; reign of Otto (936-977) most successful of
Middle Ages; prosperous succession of Hohenstaufen dynasty 1138-
l.'fis. Restriction of imperial power by electors 1273-1806; overthrow
of empire, and confederation of Rhine under Napoleon [,1806; dissolved
1813. Alliance of Austria and German Mate. [815: North German Con-
federation 1866; Franco-Prussian War 1870-71— Prussia leading factor,
joined by Southern Germany. William I, King of Prussia, elected
German Emperor in Reichstag on initiative of all reigning German
princes 1871.
A rea, 208,830 sq. miles. Divided into 25 States— 4 kingdoms, 6 grand
duchies, 5 duchies, 7 principalities, 3 free towns— t Imperial Territory
Physical Features.— Surface in north largely a lowland plain;
central and southern portions table-lands diversified by hills and moun-
tains. Highest elevation, Zugspiize, in South Bavaria, 9,71'
Schneekoppe, 5,274 feet, highest point north of the Danube. Principal
rivers. Rhine, Elbe, Oder, and Vistula.
Climate generally temperate and healthful; winters of upland
districts often severe; lower river valleys delightful throughout the
seasons. Mean annual temperature, 48 deg. Rainfall fairly uniform-
average for year, 27 inches; heaviest in Harz Mountains. Mean
temperature Berlin, January, 32.8 deg.; July, 66.7 deg.; year, 48.5 deg.;
rainfall, 29.98 inches. Konigsberg, year, 43 deg. Cologne, 50 deg.; rain-
fall. 23 inches.
Forests occupy 34,473,362 acres, or about 25 per cent of total area
of Empire. Forestry an important industry; scientifically conducted
understate supervision; furnishes an important revenue in main dis-
tricts; revenue of Prussia alone derived from forests, about 820,000,000
annually.
Agriculture, Etc.— Productive area 91 per cent of total; arable
lands and vineyards, 65,148,203 acres; grass and pasture, 2l.70S.350 acres.
Cereals largely raised; rye leading crop; vine, flax, and beet-root ex-
tensively cultivated. Principal crops 1897: Eve, 238.665,5(30 bushels;
oats, 273,25^,760; wheat, 93,249,935; barley, 88,058,000; potatoes, a staple
food of peasantry, 907,622,092; beet root, grown for manufacture of
sugar, and also as food for cattle. 391,109,392; hay, 12,616,432 tons.
Fruits and vegetables grown extensively. Area under vineyards,
287.520 acres; yield averages 386 gallons wine per acre. Valleys of
Rhine, Moselle, Neckar, and Main long celebrated for their wi;
Live 8tock.— Stock raising a prominent industry in many dis-
tricts. Cattle, horses, and sheep reared in large numbers. Saxony and
Silesia long renowned for excellence of their wools. Number of
domestic animals in Germany W, : Horses, 4,038,485; cattle, 18,490,772;
sheep, ]0,866,772; swine, 14,274,557. Dairy products and cured meats
exported.
Fisheries.— Sea fisheries comparatively unimportant; fisheries in
inland waters an important source of revenue in many districts-
salmon, trotu, carp, and pike principal fish taken. Latest reports give
total of 32.199 engaged in industry; sea and shore fisheries employed
12,224; fishing on inland waters, 19,975. In 1897 fresh fish exported
valued at $1,689,800.
Manufactures varied and of vast proportions; rapid development
of industries has given great, impetus to trade and commerce. In 1895
leading- industries in larger states employed 3,012,387 persons— textile
industries, 993,257; iron manufactures, 524,7t»7; machinery and instru-
ments, 532,672. Number of iron and steel works— Germany and Lux-
emburg— 1.560; finished iron produced, 8,139,194 tons; value. -.
Prussia center of industries; Germany surpassed only by United
States and Great Britain. Value of foundry products, 1896, Sll3.oll.-298.
Production of beer-root sugar important; factories. 399: raw sugar
produced. [.917.120 tons; reflned, 1,004.401: molasses, 377.410. Breweries
in operation, 7,682; output. 1,352,538,000 gallons of beer. Distilleries,
62,118; output, 68,222,000 gallons of alcohol.
GERMANY. 291
Commerce.— One of the foremost commercial countries. Value
imports 1897, SI, 176,217,594. Chief imports: Raw textiles, yarn, $154,-
449.496; cereals, §92,341,261; live stock, etc . $54,127,131; hides," 832.566.459;
coffee, §38.247,768; petroleum, $17,913,019. Exports, M'3.0l8,178; metals,
metal wares, machinery, etc.. 8194,726,425; textiles, $70,831,252; sugar,
854,83(1.673; woodemvare. $35,097,421; haheidashery, 8.'7.53t;.'..'71; hosiery.
819,622.826. Merchant marine of country, 1898: Nuuibir of Bailing
s, 2.520. tonnage, 855.571; steamers, 1,171, tonnage, 969,800. During
year 77.117 vessels of 16,489,970 tons entered, and ;7,734 vessels of
16,626,628 tons cleared the ports.
Minerals.— Among European countries Germany one of the richest
in mineral wealth. Prussia leading producer; coal and iron principal
minerals worked; country leads all others in output of zinc; yields
about one-half the world's annual production. Mining and metal
works support over 20,0n0.0\) inhabitants: iron mines employ 35.223
people; coal and lignite 354,708. Value mineral output Germany and
Luxemburg 1897, $204,871,500. Coal, 91.055,000 ions: lignite, 29,419,500; iron.
15,466,000; zinc, 663,900; copper, 700,600; lead, 15 >,20o : gold (value i, $1,649,-
406; silver, 83,270,272. Extensive deposits of excellent rock salt in
Prussia and several other states, 763.400 tons mined in 1897.
. Population 1895. 52,279.901; male, 25,661,250; female, 26.618,651: per
square mile, 250. Agricultural population. 18.06S.663. Emigrants iv'7,
24,631; to United States, 20,346; total to United States in past 25 years,
2,370,958. Nearly 90 per cent of inhabitants Germans; non-Germans,
8,403,390, 2.900,000 Poles.
Cities.— Berlin chief city, capital of Prussia and the Empire; third
city in Europe: population 1895, 1,677.304. Hamburg, principal seaport,
center of commerce and foreign trade; 625,552. Munich, capital of
Bavaria; industrial center, university, art museums, etc., celebrated;
407,307. Leipzig, publishing center. 399.'.'63. Dresden, capital of Saxony;
art collections renowned; 336,410. Cologne, railway center; 321,564;
Breslau, one of the principal commercial and manufacturing centers;
373,169.
Railways, Etc.— Railways operated 1896, 29,461 miles (Govern-
ment, 26,959); telegraph lines, 87,513.
Education, Etc.— Education highly advanced throughout the
Empire. Of army recruits, 1896-7 only 0.11 per cent unable ro read or
write. Primary education free and compulsory; school age. 6-14. Esti-
mated number of elementary schools 1-91, 56.5fu: pupils, 7,925,000; ex-
penditure, 857. S12,400. Secondary schools. 1,080, besides 181 normal, 32
technical schools. Naval academy at Kiel: military academies, Berlin
and Munich: schools of navigation, 47; military schools, 9: cadet insti-
tutions, 9. For higher education, 21 universities with 31,110 students
1897-8.
Religion.— All religions accorded complete equality. Relation be-
tween Church and State varies in different parts of Empire. In 1890
Protestants numbered 3U '26.810; Roman Catholics, 17,674,921; other
Christians, 145,540; Jews, 567,884.
Government, Etc.. a constitutional monarchy; King of Prussia
hereditary German Emperor, with supreme direction of militarj and
political affairs. Legislative power vested in two bodies the l nndes-
rath, representing the states in union, and Reichstag elected by the
people, standard of value, gold; old thalers (silver) still legal tender.
Defense.— Service in army or navy obligatory; substitution not
allowed. Peace footing, army 1S9S-9, 23.176 officers and 562,277 men;
estimated war strength, over 3,000.000 trained men. Navy consists of
163 war vessels, 25,M53 men, including B22 officers. Subsidized as auxiliary
cruisers: Fuerst Bismarck, Augusta Victoria (Hamburg-American);
Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, Kaiser Friederich III. Spree, Havel,
Lahn i North German Lloyd i.
GRAND DUCHY OF LUXEMBURG. Grand duchy under
Kim.' of Netherlands 1815. Included from 1815 to 1866 in d
manic Confederation Declared neutral territorj 1867. Area, '■'> Bq.
miles; population, 217,583, Catholic predominant. Important ma n»
n fact n res of leather and gloves, also woolen, cotton, and linen
factories, and breweries; Iron ore is worked. Railway 27o miles;
telegraph 457 miles. Government in hands of Grand duke.
292
10° Xongltud
// ,^# lff Qae jut^atk ^M^- A N D .» i -y>" K
5° H., MCN..& C0.,EN
293
S JS A
C4fi
BoKNHOLM
b
Wgo
-*W*^f ararfenwert J ,
«» I Stargkrd _,
, Shn<tidemithl, e\tt— "
'nge
46°)CXi"d3
RL1
Sctwetia
P° r :"£Bu^ buiuen
r.ron
^et?:
liber
,8en /W^* HtD0 ~
•• T ".. QtrUu
S_Uresden •. ° iiegnln
' «.<is.i*V. '*■%«,. Hirsc"hberi?
ZBreslau} J' ^2^
% ratz V > £3 V £6 "jK
s.
"Warsaw
T£ielee
a
[Miectow ft
Tarnt
i "3fe£
/ -v. .-yi_omiii
; SkradK^^\^
Germany
AND THE
Netherlands
Scale of Statute Miles.
50 100
Copyright, 189fl,ljj Rand, McNally 3c Co.
294 EUHol'K.
NETHERLANDS.
Historical.— In Middle Ages, Netherlands and Belgium divided
among Brabant, Flanders, Holland, and other duchies; united with
Burgundy 15th century; passed i o Hapsburg family 1177; later to Spain.
Revolution under William of Orange, and Pacification of Ghent 1567:
Union of Utrecht 1579; Dutch Republic acknowledged 1648; united
wiih England 1689; conquered by France H94; kingdom under Louis
Bonaparte 18J6; union with Belgium in Kingdom of Netherlands 1815;
revolution 1830. ended 1833; settlement with Belgium L889.
Area, 12,648 square miles divided among il provinces and 1,123
communes Greatest length, 196 miles; breadth, u)9.
Physical Features.— Surface tl a r -. one-fourth of area below sea
level; western pare lu to L2 feet below. Average elevation 37 feet:
highest— in souihwest— 787 feet. Abounds in inland waters; Drotected
from inundations by 1,500 miles of dykes. Length of navigable
waters excluding canals — about 3,000 miles. Chief rivers— Rhine,
Maas, Scheldt.
Climate humid and variable; winters severe. Mean annual
temperature, 49.8 deg.; January, 34.7 deg.; July, 65 deg.: rainfall, 27. 8
itii'hcs.
Auriculture, Etc.— Area under culture 2,267,143 acres. About 85
per cent of all estates less than fifty acres in extent; over 57 per cent
of estates tanned by their owners. Principal crops 1896: Oats,
573 bushels; rye, 13,174,785; wheat, 4,897,142: barley, 4,418,601;
potatoes, 80,546,338. Area of orchards and gardens 15i,670 acres;
cherries, apples, pears, and strawberries largely grown. Bulbs, shrubs,
and trees grown extensively. Area under forests, 613,505 acres,
chiefly in Gelderland.
Liive Stock. -bearing of live stock a prominent pursuit. Area
under pasture, 2.921,711 acres— over one-fourth of entire area of country
laid down toirrass or meadows. Number of cattle 1S9j>, 1,583,000; :
267.01X); sheep, 700,000; swine. 1,260,400. Dairy products excellent;
quality of butter and cheese unsurpassed: large quantities exported.
Fisher : es, especially herring, valuable. In 1897 industry engaged
5,318 vessels and 18,387 men. Product of herring fishery of North
Sea 1897, valued at 82.238,237: total number oysters produced, 40 million,
about one fourth or" amount exported to England.
Manufactures.— Shipbuilding and manufactures pertaining
thereto among the foremost industries; also distilling and brewing.
Other important industries include the manufacture of textiles, car-
pets, leather, and paper, making of brick and pottery, production of
gold and silver articles, diamond cutting. Latest reports give 514
distilleries and 49s breweries, numerous salt works and vinegar fac-
tories, 31 beet sugar manufactories with 10 Bugar refineries.
Commerce. Imports 1897, 8710,833,300; exports, $616,250,000. Chief
imports: Cereals, iron, steel, coal, textiles, coffee; exports, cereals,
butter, cheese, cattle. In l k 97. 11,098 vessels with an aggregate of
s, 399, 358 tons entered and cleared the ports. Merchant marine 612
vessels of 3(16,652 tons.
Population. 1897, 5,004,204; per square mile, 396. Foreigners,
47,838, of whom 28,767 were German. Inhabitants belong to Germanic
race-. Dutch the common language.
Cities.— The Hague, official capital; population, 1897, 1S7 545.
Amsterdam, commercial capital, seanort; 487,772. Rotterdam, sea-
port, 228.5:»7.
Railways, Etc.— Railway open, 1S97. 1,699 miles. Latest reports
give 1,90? miles of canals. Telegraph lines, state, 1897. 3.598 miles.
Education, Etc.— Public schools 1897, 3.208; enrollment, 513,639.
Expenditures Dutch Reformed (Presbyterian) to which
Court belongs, 2,194,619 adherents; Roman Catholics, 1,506,482; .Tews,
97.3. '4.
Government, Etc.- Hereditary constitutional monarchy. Ex-
ecutive vested in Sovereign; legislative in Sovereign and States Gen-
eral—composed of an upper and lower chamber. Gold legal tender,
and silver coins issued previous to 1875. Peace, footing of army, 27,834
men, 1,971 officers. Navy, 144 war vessels; 7,000 seamen, 535 officers.
AUSTRIA -HUNGARY. 295
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
Historical.— Early Inhabitants Boii, Daci, etc., Celtic tribes. Terri-
tory annexed to Roman Empire about 33 A. D.; overrun by Huns,
Avars, etc., 5th and 6tb centuries; conquered by Charlemagne, 791-96.
Magyars— of Finnish origin — and Ungri — Scythian tribe — settled In
Hungary, 889-890. Austria acquired by Ottocar of Bohemia, 1254; by
Rudolph von Hapsburg, Emperor of Germany, 1278; declared an arch-
duchy, 1453. Acquired Netherlands, 1477; Spain, 1498. Emperor Charles
V reigned over Germany, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, Spain. Nether-
lands, 1519-1556. Thirty Years' War— 1618-1648— resulted in the acknowl-
edged independence of Switzerland and Holland, cession of Alsace
to France, autonomy of German States. Seven Years' War, 1756-1763.
Emperor Francis of Germany assumed title of Emperor of Austria,
1304; joined allies against Napoleon, 1813. Austria head of German
Cofederation, 1815; retired, 1866. Austro-Hungarian Monarchy formed,
1867 Entered Triple Alliance with Germany and Italy, 1883.
Physical Features.— Three fourths of surface mountains or hills;
country traversed hy three great systems: Alps (Ortler Spitze, 12,800
feet i, Bohemian, and Moravian mountains, and Carpathians (Gerls-
dorf Spitze, 8,700 feet). ^Principal rivers: Danube— with its tributaries,
waters more than two-thirds of Empire— Dniester, Theiss, \ istula,
Elbe. Largest lake, Balaton, in Hungary.
Area of Austria, exclusive of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 115,903 square
miles: Hungary, including Croatia and Slavonia, 125,039.
Climate characterized by extremes of temperature, warmest region
alcng Adriatic coast Painful Last abundant in interiors of Eclnniii
and Moravia. Mean temperature Lemberg: January, 24.4 deg.: July, 65.4
deg.; year, 44.6 deg.; rainfall, 26.9 inches. Budapest: January, 29.4 deg.;
July, 71.1 deg.; year, 49.8 deg.; rainfall, 20.75 inches. Ragusa: January,
47.7 deg.; July, 77.2 deg ; year, G1.2 deg.; rainfall, 65.7 inches.
Commerce, including Bosnia and Herzegovina: Imports 1897, $302,-
120,000. Textiles, raw and manufactured, §57,012,4u0; hides and leather,
S17.414.S0U; grain, §16,074,400; metals and machinery, 815,614,400; fuel,
$12',552,S00. Exports. $3U6,4So,000. Timber, etc., 829,938,100: sugar. $24,552,-
800; live stock, $18,203,600; eggs, $17,568,400; grain, $15,990,000; Merchant
marine: Austria, 1897, 12,115 vessels of 215,258 tons: Hungary, 1898, 502
vessels of 68,879 tons. In 1896 116,271 vessels of 13,364,330 tons entered
the ports. Austria has 87 per cent of total shipping.
Government.— Austria-Hungary an hereditary dual Monarchy.
Common head of Monarchy Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary.
Each State has its own Parliament. Ministry, and Administration.
Affairs common to the two States: Foreign affairs, military and naval
affairs— excluding legislation concerning army— and finance relating to
common affairs. Army, 1898, peace footing, 24,583 officers, 333,628 men;
liable for war service, 4,000,000. Navy, 110 vessels— 20 armor clad.
AUSTRIA.
Agriculture, Etc.— Of total area 36.7 per cent arable; 32.6 per cent
forest; 23.8 per cent pasture and meadow. Cultivated area 1897, 69,596.-
034 acres. Leading crops: Wheat, 34,751,750 bushels; bailee. 18,218.500;
oats, 93,192,000; rye, 63,791,750; grapes, 624,910 acres — 61.050,000 gallons
wine; potatoes, 8,821,212 tons: sugar beets, 54,249,615; tobacco, 6,945;
hops, 9,261; flax, 41,100. Barley and wine chief agricultural exports. In
1890 8,469,223 persons engaged in agriculture and forestry. Fori Bts ad-
ministered under State by trained officials; area under pine, 1895, 16,866,-
185 acres; other tree.>,3,52n.62J acres. Live stock: 1,54-, 197 horses, s.iiT,,-
936 cattle, 3, 186,787 Sheep, 3,549,700 swine, 1,035,832 goats. Value St 94.800,000.
Manufactures, Etc.— In 1890 manufacturing industries employed
2,880,897 persons. Textiles, 296,481 persons 155.098 In Bohemia; metals
and metal wares, 99,353: glass and stone ware, 72,547—38,131 in Bohemia;
machinery, 57,129; chemicals, :;3.2i;t. Sugar factories, 1895. 68.836- tobacco,
33,000. Output of beer, 1895, 380,057.650 gallons; alcohol, 3n,l06,S6s gal-
lons; tobacco, 61,904.120 pounds. Value furnace products, 1896, $14,588,-
400-pig iron, 811,512,350; silver, $856,365; lead, $til0,886.
Minerals.— Country rich in metals and minerals. Value mineral
products, $35,143,177. Coal, $28,593,013; salt, $9,194,140; iron, $1,378,590;
silver, $768,613; lead, $423,425; gold, $19,364.
290
•uTn vy
L 'J Kegnit? ~V
unff Bun\laTI*# . A - **
longitude last ft
297
/f v, "S'* "Novibazar
f/;.;oxTEv- s
AUSTRI A-HU N G ARY.
Scale of Statute Miles.
5*J ion 200
Copyright, 1'800, LyTtand, McITaUy & Co.
EUROPE.
Population, 1890, 23,895,413; per square mile, 206. Germans, 8,461,580;
Bohemians, Moravians, Slovaks, 5,472,871; Poles, 3.719,232; Ruthcnlans,
3,105,221; Slovens, 1,176,672; Servians, Croatians, 644,936; Italian.-, Rou-
manians, etc.; 892,554.
Cities. — Vienna, capital, Beat of civil and military Government, com-
mercial and Industrial center of Monarchy; population, 1897,1,594,129.
Prague, Important commercial, manufacturing, and railway center;
pqpul ti [on, 364,632, Trieste, chief Beaport; population, nil, 886.
Railways, Etc.— Railway in operation, 1897, 11,371 miles;
line-, 1,594; companies 1 lines, 5,844; companies' lines worked by :
933. Telegrapb fines, 31. i s i miles.
Education*— Elementary education free and compulsory; -
age, 6-12 or u. in 1890 40 per cent of population illiterate. School
r.),440; pupils, 3,430,456. Has 8 state universities; students L896, I
Religion.— Freedom of worship accorded all legally reci
religious bodies. Latest reports of religious population give 18,
Roman Catholics, 2,sl4,iit>o Greek Catholics, 3.0UO Armenian Catholics,
8,000 Old Catholics, 545,000 Greek Oriental, 1,000 Armenian oriental,
436,000 Evangelical, 6,000 other Christians, 1,143,000 Jews, 5,0 10 ol I
HUNGARY.
Agriculture, Etc.— Agriculture, chief industry, together with
forestry employs 60.55 percent of population. Agricultural holdings,
1895, 3,411,686, comprising 79,863,053 acres— about 41 per cent arable, 28
per cent woodland, 23 per cent meadow and pasture. Leading crops,
1897: Wheat, 87,08;), 750 bushels; oats, 54,928,500; rye, 36,511,750; corn, 112,-
802,250; potatoes, 127,468,500; sugar beets, 1,427,340 tons; tol.acco.5u.s62
tons. Area under vineyards, 618,090 acres; wine product. 2 1 >.7;6.um gal-
lons. Forests under State administration. Area over 22,000,000 acres,
Export Of timber and forest products. 1896, 813,413,770.
Live Stock, Etc.— Horses, 2,308,457: a^ses, mules, 25.766; cattle,
6,738,365; sheep, 8,122.682; swine, 7,330,343; goats, 308,810. Silk culture
engaged 107,454 families in 1897; cocoons produced equaled 2,934. 600
pounds, value 1417,564. Bee culture followed in 11,819 communes; prod-
uct, 6,296,672 pounds honey, 438,060 pounds wax; value, 8478.539.
Manufactures include woodenware, clothing, metals, machinery,
textiles, crockery, glass, chemicals. Value furnace products, If
706,475; pig iron, §6,408,350: gold, 82,012,067; silver. 8614,643. Beer outj ut,
35,135,892 gallons; alcohol, 22.5S5.016 gallons; beet sugar, 165,475 tons; to-
bacco (State monopoly), 59s,7<H.i,inio cigars, 794,300,000 cigarettes.
Minerals.— Value mineral products, 1897, 89,860.050. Coal, 87,430,-
188; iron ore, 31,511,315. Mining and smelting employed 62,082 persons;
salt works, 2,208 persons.
Population in 1890, 17,463,791; per square mile, 140. included 7.426.-
730 Hungarians or Magyars; 2,107,577 Germans; 1,910,279 Slovaks; 2.591,VR'5
Roumanians; 3S3.392 Ruthenians; 1.551,000 Croatians; 1,057,264 Servians.
Cities.— Budapest capital —adjoining towns Pest and Buda incor-
porated 1873 under above title; Buda, seat of administration; Pest, com-
mercial district; population, 1890, 505,763. Fiume, chief port; 30.337.
Railways, Etc.— Railway open. 1897, 9,784 miles; State lines. 4,753;
companies', 1,763. Telegraph lines, 13,375 miles.
Education.— Elementary education free and compulsory; school
age. 6-12. Number schools, 1897, 1S.321; pupils, 2,437,330. In 1890 54.5 per
cent of population illiterate.
Religion.— All legally recognized religions equal. In 1S90 50 per
cent of population Roman Catholic, 12.17 per cent Greek Oriental, r,'.s2
per cent Helvetian Evangelical, 9.64 per cent Greek Catholic, 6.94 per
cent Augsburg Evangelical, 4.18per cent Jews, 0.35 percent Unitarians.
BOSNIA and HERZEGOVINA nominally provinces of Turkev;
occupied and administered by Austria-Hungary since 1878. Area. 28,-
262 square miles. Population 1,568.092, chiefly Servian Sir
Bosnia, capital and principal city; population 3S.083.
LIECHTENSTEIN.- Principality lying between Province of
Tyrol and Rhine: practically part of Austrian Empire, though not in-
corporated by treaty. Area. 65 square miles. Population— 1891,
9,434— agricultural and nearly all Catholics. Corn, wine, flax, fruit,
timber, chief products. Capital, Vaduz. Inhabitants pay no taxes, and
not liable to military service.
RUSSIA. 299
RUSSIA. R„ B h'-a.
H istorical.— Naine of Russia derived from Roxolani, Slavonic tribe.
Territory ancient Sarinatia; early overrun by Goths, Huns,
Magyars, etc. Varangians, Norse warriors, under Ruric, entered Nov-
gorod about S62. Christianity introduced 10th century. Mongol in
vasion and conquest 1240; freedom from Mongol rule 1480. Phenom-
enal development under Peter the Great 16^9-1725. Russo-Turkisb
wars 1768-74, 1789-92. War with Sweden 1788-90, with France 1798-1801.
More recent events include invasion of Russia l>v Napoleon, and burn-
ing of Moscow by Russians 1812. Crimean war 1853-56. Emancipation
of serfs 1861. Growth of Nihilism; Russian- America sold to United
States 1867. Alexander II assassinated 1S81. Famine 1891-2.
Area of Russian Empire, 8,660,395 square miles, comprising more
than one-seventh of total land surface of globe. Russia largest coun-
try in Europe, area 2,1.95,616 square miles, or over half of that of entire
Continent. Asiatic Russia— 6,564, 779 square miles— embraces over one-
third the total area of Asia.
Physical Features.- Surface of European Russia a succession
of lowland plains sloping gradually toward Baltic, Black, Caspian, and
White seas. Tundras — frozen marshy plains — occupv the north, im-
mense forests tha center, and steppes— open treeless plains— the smith.
Central plateau culminates in Valdai Hills ( 1,100 feet); Ural Mountains
geographical boundary between Europe and Asia (Tol-Pas 5,54n fret
highest point-; Caucasus on southern border line (Mt. Elbruz 1S.463
feet, highest elevation of Europe). Petchora (900 miles) most import-
ant river of Arctic basin, Neva of Baltic, Dniester (700 milesj and
Dnieper (1,200 miles) of Black Sea, and Volga (2,200 miles) and Ural
(1,150 miles) of the Caspian. Principal lakes: Ladoga (7,000 square
miles), largest in Europe; Onega, 3,763 square miles.
Climate varied owing to wide range of latitude; winters severe
everywhere; summers hot. Rainfall comparatively light ; varies from
25 inches near Baltic to 5.7 inches at Astrakhan. Mean temperature
Archangel, January, 7.7 deg.; July, 60.8 deg.; year, 32.1 deg.; rainfall,
15.6 inches. Moscow, January, 14 deg.; July, 66.5 deg.; year, 40.1 deg.;
rainfall, 21.1 inches. Sebastopol, February, 34.9 deg.; July, 74 deg.;
year, 54.4 deg.; rainfall, 15.2 inches.
Forests.— Crown forests of Russian Empire 1895, comprised 618,244,-
000 acres, net revenues, $10,875,000. More than one-third of European
Russia still occupied by forests; southern portion of forest region
covered with deciduous woods; in the north dense forests of conifer-
ous trees abound. Area, including those of Poland and Finland, 422,-
307,000 acres. Forests in each province, since 1888, protected through
especially appointed committee.
Agriculture chief industry of people. About 26 per cent of land
area of European Russia arable; nearly 16 per cent orchards, meadow,
and pasture; "Black Earth" district of south most fertile region of
Europe; embraces 367,000 square miles. Area of European Russia under
crops 1896, 170.253,400 acres; Poland, 10,234,650 acres. Products 1897:
Wheat, 6,805,000 tons; rye, 15,425,000: barley, 4,665,000; oats, 8,347,000;
various grains, 3,973,0: N); potatoes, 21,413,<>00: hay, including West Siberia
and North Caucasia. 33;208,000 tons: flax, 290,000 tons fiber, 645,000 tons
linseed; hemp, 301,500 tons fiber, 370,000 tons hempseed; average yield
of hops, 325 tons. Tobacco crop: Russia. Siberia. Caucasia, 1*95,63,170
tons. Area tinder vines, 16,000,000 acres (361,000 under proper culture) ;
wine product, 4,550.000 gallons.
Live Stock.— Vast numbers of cattle reared on the steppes. In 1888
Russia and Poland had 27,622,660 cattle, 48,220,115 sheep, 10,742,100
In 1891, 21,665,632 horses. Finland 1895,300,650 horses, l,4o:i,l-:j cattle,
1,067,384 swine, 129,984 reindeer, 14,540 go
Manufactures show marked increase since emancipation of serfs
1861. In 1893 manufactories, mines, etc., in Russian Empire, employed
1,406,775 persons; value of products, 81,319,498,250. Leading items:
Textiles, 8164,958,750; iron and steel, $125,124,750; machinery, 849,515,750.
Output of sugar works 1898,636,890 tons of refined Bugar; distilleries
18%, S2,2 I6,0oo gallons of alcohol; breweries 1893, 87,282,100 gallons of
beer. Flour mills 1895, averaged 35,100 tons flour daily. Tobacco,
cigars, cigarettes, etc., 1892, 1,073,080 hundred weight.
300
301
302 EUROPE.
Commerce.— Imports ism;, $392,426,250; exports, 1460.073,250. Lead-
ing Imports 1897: Machinery and metal goods, 839,602,500; raw metals,
i*'>,:;n-.'.MiK) ; raw cot i on, 833,5IS,SH> : raw wool and -ilk, *19,6?o,0O0: tea,
$8. 933, 500; textiles, 86,56l.5uo. Exports: Cereals and Hour, 8W6,676,500; Max,
•28,091,000; timber and woodenware. 82;. 390,500; linseed and grass Beed,
122,654,500; eggs and dairy products, ~ ir>.'.n 7.5(H): naplit ha, naphtha oils,
112,579,000; hemp, 85,61 »7,5(Ki; sugar, ?-5,l57.5m. Merchant marine 1898,
2,146 vessels of 272,023 tons. In ls97, 9,666 vessels above 20 tons — total
tonnage 7,758,848— entered the ports, in 1896, 18,055 vessels of 233,714
tons entered Caspian porta.
Minerals. —Must valuable deposits found in Ural Mountains; dis-
trict employs 232, 2s5 workmen. Total number engaged in mining and
metal work ls'95, I9s.:;5i. Petroleum output from Caspian fields 1896,
1,536,180,000 gallons. Gold mined 1895, 1,087,770 ounces; platinum, 116,-
820 ounces; silver, 284,630 ounces: lead, 412 tons; zinc, 4,951; copper,
5,570; pig Iron, 1,450,000; coal, 9,o>i9.00n : naphtha, 7,057,000; salt. 1,528,000.
Population of Russian Empire ism;, I2s.»i32.l73: per square mile, 15:
European Russia, including Poland and Finland, 106,191,795. Estimated
number .Jews, 3,5O0.otK). About forty languages and dialects spoken.
Cities.— St. Petersburg, capital and largest city; has extensive manu-
facturing and commercial interests. Contains St. Isaac's Cathedral,
Palace of Grand Duke Michael, winter palace, the Hermitage — a
museum— Imperial library, university, etc.; population 1897, 1,267,023.
Moscow, second capital and place of coronation: chief commercial and
railway center; first In manufactures; has numerous churches, the
Kremlin or citadel-fortified enclosure— containing Imperial Palace,
cathedrals, monastery, convent, arsenal, etc.; population, 988,614.
Railways, Etc.— Length of railway in Empire open for traffic
1898,27,644 miles; building, 7,424. State lines 1897, 17,000 miles. State
expenditure for railways 1896, 6139,141,646. State telegraph lines 1895,
78,396 miles; nineteen-twentieths of total system State property.
Education backward; only 20 per cent of recruits able to read and
write. Most schools under Ministry of Public Instruction. Imperial
treasury, 1896, supported 2.505 schools; local authorities. 2o,0e4. Primary
schools under Ministry of Public Instruction 18%, 29,14J: pupils, 2,138.180.
Religion.— Established religion of Empire Graeco-Russian, official-
ly Orthodox Catholic Faith. Emperor head of church. Restraints are
laid on Jews and dissenters; latter, estimated at 12,000,000 in Great
Russia, often severely persecuted; restricted liberty extended to only
those of " United Church": other religions may be freely professed.
Adherents of Greek Church, 1895, estimated at 75,000,000; United Church
and Armenians. 55.1 100; Roman Catholics, 8,300,000; Protestants,2,950,000;
Jews, 3,000.000; Mohammedans, 2,600,000.
Government an absolute hereditary monarchy. Entire legislative,
executive, and judicial power vested in Czar, whose will alone is law.
Estimated revenue of Empire 1899, 8734.564,100; expenditures. $731,329,616.
Army, peace footing, 36,000 officers, 860,000 men; war footing, 3,500,000.
Navv: 239 vessels. 2.627 officers, 29.85!) men.
POIjA N D.— Formerly a kingdom. First partition between Russia,
Prussia, Austria 1772: final partition 1795. Russian-Poland formed king-
dom under Russian Empire 1815; insurrections 1830-46-63; kingdom
ceased to exist 1864; incorporated with Russia 1868. Area. 49,159
square miles. Agriculture and cattle-breeding chief pursuits;
55 per cent of land arable. Has extensive forests: considerable
mineral wealth. 3fanufnctures employed 153,360 persons
value textiles produced, 1898, 829.113.500. Population. 9.455.913
cent Poles, 14 percent Jews: prevailing religion Roman Catholic.
Government administered by Governor-general having supremecon-
trol in civil and military affairs. Warsaw, capital-.population, (.33,209
FINIjAN I). -Grand-duchy, ceded to Russia by Sweden 1809.
Area, 144,255 square miles. Agriculture and cattle-breeding
chief pursuits. Forests cover 50.498.OOO acres; timber export. 189«,
8i5.sso.ooo. [Ylanufactures, 1895, employed 65,250 persons. Valueof
products, 836,563,665. Population. 2,520.437-86 per cent Finns. 13 per
cent Swedes. Education very advanced, only .04 per cent children
of school age without instruction, 1896. Lutheran religion predom-
inates. Executive government vested in a Senate, composed of
members appointed by Crown under presidency of Governor-general.
Helsingfors, capital; population, 77,414.
SWEDEN — NORWAY.
SWEDEN. Swe'-den.
Historical.— Ancient inhabitants — Finns— driven northward by
Scandinavians and Goths. Early historv obscure. Christianity Intro-
duced about 1000 A. D. Regular government established 1279. Sweden,
Denmark, and Norway united in one kingdom, 1397; independence re-
covered 1521. Reformation 1527. Gustavua Adolphus bead of P
taut cause in Germany 1628. Conspicuous in European politics through-
out 17th century. Norway united to Sweden 1814.
A rea. Etc.— Area. 172,876 suuare miles. Surface, an inclined plain
sloping toward Baltic Sea. diversified by narrow valleys and lakes;
culminating point, Kebnekaisse, 7,192 feet Principal rivers: Dal, Gotba.
Nearly one-tenth of area covered by lakes; largest, Wener, Wetter.
Climate healthful; range of temperature betwi en winter and sum-
mer, wide. Rainfall heaviest near coast. Mean temperature Stock-
holm, January, 26 deg.; July, 61 de.tr.; year. 41.4 des.- rainfall, 16.4 inches.
Jockmock. February, 6 deg.: July, 58.2 deg.; year. 29 3 deg.
Agriculture. Etc. About 8 per cent of land area cultivated; 47
per cent forest. Value cereals 1897, s71,6O1.00O. Chief crops: Oats, 56,-
666,225 bushels; rye, 22,870,100; barley, 13.861.375; wheat. 4.43 i>nn; pota-
toes, 54,374,375. Live stock: Horses, 512,406: cattle, 2,554.577; sheep,
1,298,732; pigs, 788,736. Forests of pine, fir, larch, etc.: products form
staple export.
Jttannfactares.— Most flourishing connected with iron, timber,
sugar, cotton. Pig iron 1896. 4^7,147 tons; bar iron, 321,615: lead, 1,674.
Commerce.— Imports 1896, .{-96,744,970. Textiles. #2o,S27.200; coal,
etc.. * 12. 18 1.000: metal goods. Sll.864,130; cereals, flour, $10,327,230. Ex-
ports, $91,876,420. Timber. $41,064,490; animals, §17.369.840: metals, etc.,
$14,083,980 Merchant marine 2,769 vessels of 496,819 tons. Entered pons,
32,711 vessels of 7.051.424 tons.
Minerals.— Country rich in minerals. Output of iron ore, 1896,
20,038,094 tons; silver and lead, 15,381; copper, 27,315; zinc, 44.041; coal,
225.878; gold, silver, lead, manganese, zinc nickel, cobalt, also occur.
Population in 1897, 5,009.632; per square mile. 28.7. Inhabitants,
except 24,548 foreign born, 19,505 Finns, and 6,846 Lapps, all Swedes.
Cities. -sto<:khotm, capital; commercial auu industrial center; popu-
lation 288,602. Gothenburg, principal port; 120,552
Railways, Etc.— Miles of railway 1897, 6.350; State, 2,283. State
telegraph 1896, 5,398 miles, private lines, 2,883 miles.
Education. Etc.— Elementary education free and compulsory.
Schools 1896, 11,342; pupils, 730,259. Expenditures, s4.355.6S0. Less than
.6 per cent of recruits illiterate. State religion. Lutheran, all others
tolerated. Evangelical Lutherans, 4,735,218; other Protestants, 44,378.
Government, Etc.— Constitutional Monarchy. Executive vested
in King and Council of State. Legislative in Parliament of two Houses.
Standard of value, gold. Army, 3,728 officers, 35,500 men.
NORWAY.
Nor'-wa.
Historical.— Aboriginal inhabitants, Lapps and Finns, early con-
quered or expelled by Germanic Goths. Native kings ruled -.
Christianity introduced 998. Reign of Canute 1028-1035. Subject to
Sweden 1319; to Denmark 1380; united with both 1397. Union with
Sweden 1814; nobility abolished 1822.
Area, Etc.— Area. 124,445 square miles. Surface, a serlesof ele-
vated plateaus: elevation of 57 per cent of area 1,000 feet or more (Gold-
hoopinger), 8,540 feet. Coast indented by fjords and fringed wit'i is-
lands: famous whirlpool, the Maelstrom, between two Lofoden Islands.
Lakes number 30,000. Principal rivers: Glommen, Laagen, Oticrn.
Climate dry and healthful: temperature modified by maritime
situation. Rainfall abundant on coast, scanty in interior Mean tem-
perature Chri8tiania, February, 23.7 deg ; July, 62.8 deg.; year, 41.6 deg.;
rainfall, 22.7 Inches. Bergen, February 32.3 deg.; July, 58.5 deg.; year,
44.2 deg.: rainfall, 67.72 indie.-. Tromso, February, 24.9 deg.; July, 51.8
deg.; year, 36 deg.; rainfall, 35.9 inches.
304
V
305
306 EUROPE.
Agriculture, Etc.— Unproductive area, 75 per cent of whole;
forests, 22 per cent; cultivated, 3 per cent. Value of cereals 189
380,940; potatoes, *6,697,92o. Live stock L891: 1,006.499 cattle, 1 , 1 1 7,524
sheep, 170,134 reindeer. Estimated foresi area 26,320 Bquare u
chiefly pine. Value timber exports 1897, 111,251,960.
Fisheries constitutes leading industry; employed 113,227 persons
1896. Value of catch, 17,263,062.
Commerce*— Imports 1897, 171,284,070. Breadstuffs,* 10331,630; lex-
rues, ss,795,?on. Kxports, $I:;,I2:;,:J5h : Timber and wooden goods, $16,652,
060; animal products, si 1,531, 5311. Merchant marine 1898,7,147'
of 1,552,199 tons, in 1896, 13,201 vessels of 2,906,946 tons entered.
Population 1891, 2,(100,917; per square mile, 16.1. Number of Lapps,
20,786; Finns, 9,378.
Cities.— < 'nristiania, capital chief city and seaport; population 1898,
203,337. Bergen, port, center of fishing industry; 53,684. Hamm
northernmost town of Europe; 3,000.
Railways, Etc.— .Miles of railway 1S97, 1,213, State, 1,120. State
telegraph, 5,474 miles; railway telegraph, 1,172 miles.
Education, Etc.— Primary education free and obligatory; expen-
diture si, 796, 123. Elementary schools, 5,983; pupils. 311,346; expenditure
81,796,123. National church Evangelical Lutheran, all others tolerated.
Government, Etc. Nominally a Constitutional Monarchy, virtu-
ally a Republic. Executive represented by King and Council oi 5
Legislative vested In Storthing— 114 members-elected by the people.
Standard of value, gold. Army 1894, 900 officers, 30,000 men.
DENMARK. Den mark
Historical.— First known inhabitants the Cimbri; expelled bv Jutes
and Angles; latter succeeded by Danes in 5th century. Viking age—
700-1050— included reign of Canute the Great, King of Denmark, Nor-
way, and England 1029-1035. Denmark mistress of the Baltic 1157-1227.
Denmark one kingdom with Norway and Sweden 1397-1412. Lost
Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg 1864.
Area, Etc.— Area, 15,289 square miles. Surface low, undulating
plains diversified by heaths, marshes, and lakes; highest altitude 560
feet. Numerous short streams; Guden longest. Climate tempered by
maritime situation. Mean temperature Copenhagen, January, 31 deg.;
July. 63 deg. , year, 44 deg.; rainfall, 21.5 inches.
Agriculture.— Productive area 80 per cent, 6 percent forest, re-
mainder arable, pasture, and meadow land. In 1896 2,876,000 acres under
grain; under clover, 656,600 acres; meadow, 2,247,000. Value of crops
1897, $86,354,870. Oats, 34,140,000 bushels; barley, 18,580,000: rye, 17.370,000;
wheat, 3,368.000; potatoes, 19,550,000. Daises more live stock in propor-
tion to its size than any other European country. Number horses 1896,
410,639; cattle, 1,696.190; sheep, 1,246,552; swine. 829,131. Hairy interests
enormous and constantly increasing. Leading export, butter
manufactures include spirits, beet sugar, bricks, pottery, ma-
chinery, tobacco, and gloves. In 1897, distilleries produced 3,586,000
gallons alcohol; breweries 1S96, 50,370,000 gallons of beer; beet sugar
factories, 48,345 tons of sugar. Fisheries employ 32,912 persons.
Commerce.— Imports 1897, $112,535,380; textiles. 813,317.550; metals
and hardware, s8.765.817; cereals. 516,426,250. Exports >^.:x\6is. butter,
eggs, lard, etc., S51, 197,126; animals, 87,469.000 .Merchant marine. 3,696
vessels, 356.108 tons In 1S97, 32.036 vessels of 2.712.224 tons entered.
Population 1890, 2,185.335; of Denmark proper 96.61 percent horn
in Denmark. Foreign-born only about 3 per cent of whole.
Cities.— Copenhagen, capital, commercial center and chief seaport;
population, 375.251; Aarhux, 33.308; Orterase, 30,277.
Railways. Etc.— Railway lines 1897, 1,532 miles; State, 1,087 miles.
State telegraph lines, 2,988 miles.
Education, Etc. — Education widely diffused. Elementary instruc-
tion free and compulsory. Number of schools, 2,940; pupils, 231,940.
Established church Lutheran, all other creeds tolerated. In 18902,154,-
484 Lutheran adherents, Jews numbered 4,080; Catholics. 3/47.
Government, Etc.— Constitutional Monarchy. Executive vested
in King and Council. Legislative in King and Riksdag or Diet con.
jointly. Standard of value, gold. Army 1899, 800 officers, 9,000 men.
THE BALKAN STATES. 307
THE BALKAN STATES.
RODIAN'IA consists of the Danubian principalities of Wallachia
and Moldavia, united 18®; union publicly proclaimed 1861; indepei
from Turkey confirmed 1878; raised to a kingdom 1881. Area,
square miles. Greater part of country level; western district hilly or
mountainous, with extensive forest!*. Area of crown forests, 2,301 270
acres; products yield $467,600 yearly. Danube Delta within Roumania-
country; well watered by its tributaries Climate one of extremes
and wide range. Extremes ou plains % deg. and-18 deg.; mean for
year 52.9 deg.; summer 72.5 deg.: winter 27.5 deg.; rainfall averag
inches yearly. Agriculture employs 70 per cent of population; of
total area 68 per cent productive. Principal products, 1897: Corn and
Wheat, 112,630.650 bushels; other grains, 36,701,225 bushels. Wine, 5,491,-
860 gallons; tobacco, 8.356,950 pounds. Colza, flax, and hemp also grown
Livestock. i s 97: Horses, 670,909; cattle. 2,138,315; sheep. 6>47.vir,-
swine. 1,079,312. Country rich in minerals, deposits chiefly in Car-
pathians; coal and petroleum worked: salt a State monopoly. 3Ianu-
faetures include paper, cement, sugar, woolens, and leather, im-
ports, IS97, $71.15*;, 40 i; chiefly textiles, metals, and metal goods. Exports,
$14,836,000; in 1897 cereals constituted 82 per cent of exports. Popula-
tion estimated at 5.Si>0.000, comprising about 4,500,000 Roumanians
300,000 Jews. 200,000 Gypsies, 50,000 Bulgarians, 20,000 Greeks
Bucharest, capital and center of trade, 232,000 inhabitants. Jassy, for-
mer capital of .Moldavia, seat of Greek archbishop and Roman Catholic
bishop; population 66,000. Gal ate on Danube, chief port of Roumania;
population 57,000. Railways State property; 1,800 miles open in 1898.
Telegraph lines, 4,290 miles 1897. Education backward: free and com-
pulsory where schools exist. Pupils in primary schools, I ■
school" expenditure. $1,828,105. Language a Latin dialect with many
Slavonic words. Predominating religion, Creek orthodox: esti-
mated adherents, 4,950,000; Roman Catholics, loO.oio; Protestants. .
Armenians, 15,0)0; .lews, 300,000; Mohammedans. 2n-30,(\0. Govern-
ment vested in King assisted by a Council of State, a Senate— 120
members, and Chamber of Deputies. Public debt. $224,969,905. Every
Roumanian between the ages of twenty-one and forty-six liable to
military service. Strength of army, 3,478 officers, 56,489 men. Navy,
22 vessels.
BULGA K I A colonized by Bulgarians, a Slavonic tribe, 6th century;
during 9th-10th century, and again in 12th, ihcir rule extended over
nearly all of Balkan Peninsula: annexed to ottoman Empire 1396. By
Treaty of Berlin 1S7S, constituted an autonomous principality under
suzerainty of Turkey: Eastern Ronmelia, now South Bulgaria, incor-
porated with State 1885. Area., 37,060 square miles. Balkans ti
country from east to west; country north chiefly a plain. Climate
characterized by wide range of temperature and abrupt chant
deg. to -2 at Sofia). Agriculture occupation of live-sevenths of
population, soil generally fertile; wheat principal crop; wine, tobacco,
silk, also produced; roses largely cultivated ou southern slopes o
kan>: attar of roses largely manufactured. Livestock. 1893: Sheep,
7.2211.256; goats, 1,263,772: cattle, 1,767,974; Bwine, 461,725. Leading manu-
factures, textile.-., cigars, cigarettes. Domestic products include
carpets, trimmings, ribbons, and hosiery. Commerce largely in
hands of Greeks, Austrians, Roumanians. Principal item, wheat;
other exports include live stock, woolens, attar of roses, and skins.
Value of exports. $11,958,102. Imports, $16,798,847; inosl important are
textiles, metal goods, and machinery. Minerals belong to ■
iron exists in large quantities; also gold, silver, n ipper.
and salt. Over 35,300,000 cubic feel of stone quarried annually. Coal
mines at Pernik worked bv government. Salt deposits near B
yield 12,000 tons annually. Population. 1893, 3,309.816, comprised 2,504,-
336 Bulgarians, 569,728 Turks, 60,018 Greeks. 51.754 Gypsies. Capital,
Sofia: population 16759.1. Philippovolis, founded 340 B C.byPhillpIl
of Macedon, former capital of Eastern Rouinella; population. I
Ruxtchuk. fortified town on Danube; has arsenal, port. and royal palace;
population, 37,171. Railways open, 1898, 612 miles; undi
Hon, 157. Telegraph, 1897, 3,250 miles, [n 1891
tons entered ports. Elementary education free, nominally obllga-
:;us
w
°i
%
w
H
3 3
fc
s rt
o
H
s
< §
CO
A
Li.
2
o
<
i *
w
to
u
1
w
J
w O
to
309
310 EUROPE.
tory; primary schools. L896, 1,585, with 847,605 pupils. National church,
Orthodox Greek; adherents, 1893, 2,606,786; Roman Catholics, 22,617;
Armenian Gregorians, 6,643; Protestants, 2,884. Government a con-
stitutional monarchy vested In a Prince, Council of Ministers, and a
Sohranje, or National Assembly. Military service obligatory from age
of twenty; about 16,000 recruits drafted annually; Mohammedans may
purchase exemption. Strength of army, 39,300 men. Navy, 13 v<
SEI1VIA settled by Serbs, 7th century; conquered by Turks, 1459;
ceded to Austria, 1718; regained by Turks, 1739; Independence practi-
cally established, 1829; recognized, 1878; proclaimed a kingdon
Area, 19,050 square miles. Surface largely mountainous; Morava,
largest river; Danube forms northern boundary. Forests still exten-
sive: are under government supervision; vast quantities cask staves
exported to France and Austria. Climate healthful and invigorating
but inclined to continental extremis. Agriculture chief industry;
56 per cent of area productive 1893. Corn and wheat leading crops;
yield, 1893, 18,078,347 bushels; other grain, 7.099,900 bushels; tobacco, 3,-
292.2S6 pounds; hemp, 10,969,500 pounds; flax, 1,237,226 pounds; wine,
9,261,516 gallons; fruit, chiefly plums, 828.508 tons. Large areas under
pasture; rearing of live stock greatest industry. Live stock, 1896:
Horses, 169,928; cattle, 922,399; sheep, 3,094,206; buffaloes, 7.471; swine,
9U4.416. manufactures include flour, carpets, beer, tile, and glass.
Value goods produced in 131 establishments, 1893, $435,400. Com-
merce chiefly with Austria-Hungary. Imports, 1897, $9,062,764, prin-
cipals textiles, hides, and skins; exports, Sll,os7,996 — 82 per cent ani-
mals and agricultural products. Mineral deposits valuable; include
coal, copper, zinc, lead, gold, silver, iron, and Qil shales. Population,
2.312,484; about 90 per cent Servians; other Slavs, 3,731; Roumanians,
159,510; Gvpsies, 46,212; Jews, 5,048. Servians outside of Servia number
about i.iiio.iin;!. Bil.qrude, capital; population, 59,494. Length of rail-
ways. 1897, 354 miles; telegraph lines, 2,522 miles. Elementary instruc-
tion compulsory; all schools under Ministry of Education, including
university, free; elementary schools 1894, 914; pupils, 77,175: attendance
compulsory. State religion; Greek Orthodox; adherents numbered
2,281,018 in 1895; Roman Catholics, 1891, 11,596; Protestants, 1.149; .lews,
4,652; Mohammedans. 16,764. Government administered by King,
council of 8 ministers, and National Assembly of Deputies. Public
debt, §81,907.500. Military service compulsory between the ages of
twenty-one and forty-eight. Army, 1897, consisted of 1,248 officers,
21.200 men. War strength 353,366 men— regular army 160,751; national
militia 192,615.
MONTENEGRO originally peopled by Servians who refused to
acknowledge supremacy of Turkey, 13S9; claimed independence and
waged war against the Turks over 400 years; absolute independence of
principalis acknowledged and territory doubled by Treaty of Berlin,
1878. Area, 3,680 square miles. Country consists of a series of ele-
vated ridges with lofty mountain peaks; originally co\ ered with dense
pine forests, hence Montenegro '"Black Mountain." Forests of beech,
oak, and conifers occupy large part of uncultivated area. Mean annual
temperature ranges from 61 deg. at Dulcigno, on the coast, to 28.5 deg.
on eastern plateau. Agricultural methods primitive: principal
crops, corn, tobacco, oats, and barley: on the coast belt and in the low,
warm valleys vine and olive cultivated: also fig, pomegranate, almonds;
in more elevated districts the temperate fruits. Live Stock raised
extensively; sheep and goats number 500,000; cattle. 60,000; swine. 8,000;
-. 3,i oo. Manufactures include only coarse woolens and other
art icles for home consumption. Exports, 1897, about $25u,000; imports,
867,500. Population. 22sj 00, almost entirely of Servian descent. Cap-
ital. OtiariP: population 2.920; Podgoritea, fortified town: population
6,534. Dulcigno. fortified coast town: seat of Roman Catholic bishop;
population 5,000. Length of telegraph, 400 miles. Education free
and compulsory; elementary schools. 10; pupils, 3,300. Church nomin-
allv independent of State. Number of Orthodox Greek churches. 177;
adherents, 201.067: Mohammedan. 19-13.840; Roman Catholic, 13-12.924.
Government an independent principality exercised under patriarchal
conditions: Prince assisted by Council and Ministry. No standing
army; ah able-bodied inhabitants trained as soldiers and liable to service.
Mohammedans exempt from military service upon payment of capita
tion tax.
TURKEY IN EUROPE. 311
TURKEY IN EUROPE.
Historical.— Peopled originally by Tartars, founders of Empire
in Asia Minor under Ottoman 1299; most of Balkan Peninsula conquered
"14th century; Constantinople taken 1453: zenith of power under Solyman
1520-66. Repulse toeforc Vienna 1683. War with Russia, 1876, resulted
disastrously to Turkey; by Treaty of Berlin, ! - us of Empire
greatly reduced. As a result of the late war with Greece Turkey
receives $20,000,000 indemnity.
Area, Etc.— Area of Empire, including States nominally si
1,576,077 square miles; of Turkey in Europe, 62 744 -quire miles. Sur-
face mountainous; chief ranges, Balkans. Pindus, and Dinaric Alps;
culminating point, Shar-Dagh, 9,800 feet. Chief rivers, Danube,
Maritza, and vardar; lakes, Scutari and Othrida.
Climate generally warm and delightful; subject to extremes in
mountainous regions; winter range, 32-43 deg.; summer, 71.5-82.5 dcg.
Rainfall, 28.40 inches. Mean temperature Constantinople. February,
41.7 deg.; July, 73.9 deg.; year, 57.6 deg. Rainfall, 28.23 in<
Agriculture, Etc.— Agricultural methods primitive: soil fertile.
Estimated area under cultivation, Ottoman Empire, 44.tM),uiu acres;
under forests, 21,000,000 acres -3,500,000 in European Turkey. Principal
products, fruits, nuts, tobacco, cereals, cotton, coffee, madder, opium,
gums, valonia. Wine product, 22,000,000 gallons annually; silk ci
1-^7. 9,922,500 lbs.; oil of roses, 4,410 lbs. Value Bosporus fisheries,
S 1,215,0)0; Mediterranean coast produces sponges; Red Sea, mother-of-
pearl; Persian Gulf, pearls.
Manufactures.— Rugs made on hand looms largely exported;
brass and copper utensils and paper and glass manufactured to limited
extent.
Commerce. -Imports, 1S98, $116,980,200; exports. §66.825,000. Lead-
ing imports, 1895: Textiles, $16,382,971; sugar, $6,480,890; cereals, flour,
$9,664,150; coffee, $4,210,984; quilts. $5,604,330; cotton yarn, $3,9
Beading exports: Grapes. $7,278,33 .>; other fruits, $4,203,490; silk, $5,568,-
580; cocoons, 81,912,360: olive oil. $2,572,580; mohair. -:■■.";,..' . opium,
82,522,630. Tobacco. 1893, 30,486,370 lbs. Merchant marine. is'.ts ; i.i::i;
vessels of 299,445 tons. There were 1S8,033 vessels of 38,409,144 tons
entered the ports.
Minerals include copper, lead, silver, iron, manganese chrome,
bitumen, sulphur, salt, alum. Coal abundant but little worked. Min-
ing laws restrictive.
Population of Empire, 38,790,736; of Turkey in Europe, 5,711,000.
Turks, Greeks, Albanians, equally numerous, constitute 70 per cent of
total; other races, Serbs, Bulgarians, Roumanians, Armenians, Mag-
yars, Gypsies, .Jews, and Circassians.
Cities,— Constantinople, capital, chief port and commercial center;
contains mosque of St. Sophia, built 558 A. D.; royal palace, univer-
sity, libraries, etc.; population, 873,565. Salonica, second in size; popu-
lation, 150,000. Adriatiople, center of large trade and manufactures,
70,881 .
Railways, Etc.— Railways in operation within Ottoman Empire,
1897, 2,5 12 miles. Telegraph lines, 21,800 miles.
Education, Etc.— Education encouraged by Koran; public schools
established in most towns; colleges with libraries attached to prin-
cipal mosques afford limited instruction. Free elementary school at-
tached to mosque.-. ti8). Mohammedans constitute one-half popula-
tion; other officially recognized religions, Roman Catholic, *
Armenian, Syrian and United Chaldean. Maronite, Protestant, Jewish.
Government, Etc.— Fundamental laws based on precepts of
Koran; will of Sultan absolute, if not in opposition to .Mohammedan
creed. Legislative and executive authority exercised under supreme
direction of Sultan by head of temporal government -(.rand Vizier,
and head of church — Sheik ul-Islam. total debt, $684,589,000. Gold
standard of value. Military Bervice compulsory on all Mohammedan
subjects; other inhabitants pay exemption tax. Strength of army,
700,620 officers and men. Navy, 50 vessels, 390 officers, 39,000 men.
312 EUROPE.
GrliEECE. Gres.
Historical.— Name derived from Graecus, an ancient king.
Authentic history begins 776 B. C. Period of greatest power 5th cen-
tury B. C. Became province of Roman Empire 146 B. < .: of Byzantine
Empire 395 A. D. Conquered by Turks, 1456; Incorporated with Turkish
Empire 16th century. Independence regained 1821-29; declared a king-
dom under protection of Great Britain, France, Russia, 1830. War
with Turkey, 189?, resulted in Greece accepting international control
in financial affairs and the payment of large Indemnity to Turkey.
Area) Etc.— Area, 25,014 square miles. Including islands, 3,149 square
miles; divided among 16 provinces. Surface mountainous throug
highest peak, Nkiona, 8,240 feet; most celebrated, Mt. l'arnassus, 8,065
feet. Principal rivers: Rhouphia, Salambria, Aspro, Vasllo.
Climate. — Chief characteristics, moderate temperature and dry
summers; during summer rainfall at Athens less than four-fifths of
an inch. Mean temperature Athens, January, 4U.4 deg.; July, 8<>. •
year, 63.1 deg. Rainfall, 15.04 inches. Corfu, January, 50 8 deg.; July,
80 deg.; year, 64.5 deg. Eainfall, 46.5 inches.
Agriculture, Etc.— Country mainly agricultural; soil unusually
fertile. Industry backward, owing to primitive methods. Productive
area, 1893, 5.563,100 acres; pasture 5,000,000 acres. Principal crop-.
Cereals, 20,250,000 bushels — wheat leads in importance, 7,000.000; cur-
rants most widely cultivated and most successful crop. \ ield 3"
pounds; figs, 60,000,000; olives, 15,000,000; tobacco, 16."u0,000. Silk cul-
ture followed in Messenia; product, 1897. 330,750 pounds of co
17,640 pounds of silk. Live stock, 1892: Sheep, 2,900,000; cattle, 360,000;
horses, 100,000. Forests cover 2,025,400 acres.
Manufactures.— Wine and olive oil industries most important;
wine product, 1893, 66,O0O,i ! OO gallons; powder and dynamite mills, 1896,
produced 842 tons powder, 112 tons dynamite; soap factories, 8,240 tons
olive soap; 27 smelting furnaces at work, 1897. Other manufactures in-
clude engines, glass, leather, flour, textiles, and spirits.
Commerce.— Imports, 1897, $21,944,212; exports, *15,500,942. Leading
imports: Cereals, textiles, coal; exports, currants, §6,113,600; ores,
$3,730,400; wine, $1,094,620. Merchant marine, 1898, 1,270 vessels of 326,041
tons. During year 4,560 vessels of 2,491,522 tons entered the ports.
Minerals.- Marketable ores, 1897: Manganese iron, 192,789 tons;
hematite, 136,811; zinc, 24,830; lead, various forms, 3S,235.
Populatiou, 1896, 2,433,806— about 2,200,000 Greeks, 100,000 Albanians;
in Ottoman Empire 5,900,000 Greeks, making total of race 8,100,000. .
Cities. — Athens, capital, is becoming industrial center. Contains
ancient acropolis or citadel with ruins of Parthenon and Erechtheum;
Academy of Sciences, modern; palace: government buildings; univer-
sity and museum of rare antiquities; population 111,486. Pirceus, port
42,1""
vays, Etc.— Railways in op
struction, 300. Telegraph lines— land and submarine— 1896, 5,0S7 miles.
of Athens; chief seaport; population
Railways, Etc.— Railways in operation, 1898, 591 miles; under con-
Educatiou, Etc.— Elementary education compulsory; law not
strictly enforced; of army recruits 30 per cent are illiterate. Number
elementary schools. 1892, 2,745; pupils, 139,3S5. State church Greek Ortho-
dox; Patriarch of Constantinople nominal head; toleration granted all
sects. Adherents of State Church, 1889, 1,902,800: other Christians,
mainly Catholics, 14,677; Mohammedans, 24,165: Jews, 5,792.
Government.— Executive power vested in King; legislative in
single chamber, called Boule, composed of 207 elected representatives.
Public debt, $139,052,890. Strength of army, 1896, 1,880 officers, 48,986
men. Navy, 45 vessels, 185 officers, 2,980 men.
CRETE, ancient Caudia, island in Mediterranean, forms autono-
mous province of Turkey. Area, 3,326 square miles. Surface moun-
tainous (Mt. Ida 8,060 feet). Excessive summer heat tempered by
north winds. One-third of area under cultivation. Products, olive
oil, soap, wine, fruits, silk, etc.; honey of Mt. Ida celebrated. Popu-
lation 294,190-200.000 Greek Orthodox, 88,000 Mohammedans. Official
language Greek. Canea capital; population 22,000. Executive power
vested in Governor, known as High Commissioner. Service in Muni-
cipal Guard compulsory.
ASIA. 313
ASIA. A'-shia.
Historical. — Asia regarded as birthplace of mankind; region of
Hindoo Koosh, according to oldest Asiatic Legends, first borne of man,
Great religions of the world had their origin in Asia— Judaism,
Christianity, and Mohammedanism among Semitic people; Zoroas-
triauism, Brahmiuism, and Buddhism among Aryans. Continei
of many ancient civilizations. Chinese claim an antiquity o
rears B. C. Assyrian and Babylonian empires, established by Semitic
tribes in valleys of Tigris and Euphrates, constituted earliest civiliza-
tion in Western Asia; annals dating from 2200 B. C. exist; zenith of
power 6th and 7th centuries B. C. Rise of Mohammedan power 6tb
century A. D.; climax under Harun-al-Rashid 9th century. Genghis
Khan (Mongol) conquered Central Asia 1218-21; Kublai Khan estab-
lished Mongol rule from Dneiper to Sea of Japan, Siberia to Malay
Peninsula, 13th century. Ottoman Empire founded in Asia Minor 1288;
Mogol Empire in India 1526. Beginning of British influence in Asia
17th century, greatly extended 1760-1858. Russian power dates from
16th century; now embraces more than one-third of continent. Politi-
cal influence balanced by British supremacy in south, Russian in north.
Area.— Total area. 17,074,050 square miles, or more than four times
that of Europe; one-third total land area of globe; islands, i,o:;;i,sno
square miles; peninsulas 3,300,000. Extreme length east and west, 5,990
miles; greatest breadth 5.360 miles.
Physical Features. — Central Asia occupied by vast table-land
of Thibet (9,000-16,000 feet) bounded on north by Kuenlun Mountains,
on south by Himalayas <Mt. Everest, 29,000 feet)"; plateau extends east
into China, west into Iran and Asia Minor. Second and lower table-
land to north includes Tarim and Desert of Gobi. Continent has four
great mountain systems: Altai, Hindoo Koosh, Himalaya, and Armen-
ian. North of Altais stretches the great plain of Siberia, broadening
westward to mountains of Persia and Afghanistan. Deserts of Arabia
and India principal detached plains. Chief rivers: Yang-tse-kiang,
Hoang-ho, Amoor, Mekong, Irawaddy, Ganges, and Indus flowing into
Pacific and Indian oceans; Obi, Yenisei, and Lena into Arctic; Tigris
and Euphrates into Persian Gulf. Largest fresh-water lake, Baikal;
Caspian and Aral seas regarded as lakes.
Climate.— Extremes of temperature everywhere greater than in
corresponding latitudes of Europe. Interior plateaus— remote from
sea influences— subject to great heat in summer and excessively cold
land-winds in winter; extremes of heat on Arabian and Indian plains.
Annual temperature ranges from 79 deg. (Rangoon) to 2 deg. (Verk-
hoiansk). Climate of east and southeast coasts modified by periodic.
ocean winds (monsoons). Rainfall insufficient in southwest and
interior portions; abundant in India, Japan, Eastern Archipelago.
Forests of Northern Asia differ chiefly in species from those of
Europe and America. Siberian steppes bounded south by for<
pine, birch, willow; poplars, elms, and maples border river courses.
Himalayas chief timber district: slopes clothed with forests of pine,
oak, walnut, maple; fig trees and banyans characterize lower ridges.
Teakwood found throughout India; exported chiefly from Burma.
Other trees of commercial importance, palm, sal, sandalwood, satin-
wood, etc. Dyewoods and medicinal gums obtained in Southern Asia.
Vegetation, Etc* — Vegetation rich and diversified. Herbaceous
plants abound in Siberia. Below 62d parallel soil generally adapted to
agriculture. Steppes and plateaus of western and central regions
abound in rich pastures, inhabitants wandering tribes chiefly engaged
in pastoral pursuits. Valleys of Armenia extremely fertile; India and
China leading agricultural countries: products of temperate and
tropical zones cultivated. Rice, sugar earn-. Indigo, hemp, cotton, tea,
various nuts and spices, native to Asia. Fruits grown comprise almost
all varieties. Other products, cereals, coffee, leguminous plants. Ani-
mals native to Asia— elephant, buffalo, camel, yak, reindeer, etc.—
largely utilized as beasts of burden.
Minerals.— Vast but undeveloped coal fields of china place it
among first coal countries of the world; Japan, Burma, and Bengal
rich in coal. Excellent iron ores found in China, Japan, India, and
Arabia. Malay tin mines unrivaled; tin said to be abundant in Japan.
>
814 ASIA.
Copper produced in China, India, and Japan; lead in China, Burma,
Turkcv, Arabia, and Persia; gold and sliver In Siberia, India, China,
Japan, Malay Peninsula, Persia, and Arabia. Precious stones widely
distributed. Burma produces ones! rubles In the world, besides sap-
pblres, Jade, amber, etc.; turquoises mined In Persia and Thibet: in
Altai and Ural Mountains jasper, malachite, and beryl abound. Petro-
leum, exported largely from Baku district, Caspian Sea, i- Important
product of Burma, and occurs In Slain and Euphrates Valley. Salt
abounds throughout Asia. Sulphur fouud In .Japan and Arabia. Kaolin
. deposits in china and Japan furnish material for pottery.
Population 1895 (estimated), 839,523,000, or more than half the
Inhabitants of the globe. Population Irregularly distributed; bo nth-
eastern portion of continent— about one-fourth total area— estimated
to contain seven-eighths of entire Asiatic population. Average den-
sity of remainder about 8 per square mile; parts in which greater den-
sity exists, eastern skirts of central plateau and parts of Asia Minor.
Religion*— Prevailing religions: Brahmlnlsm or Hindoolsm con-
fined to India; Buddhism prevailing beyond the Ganges and In China,
Japan, and Ceylon; Mohammedanism— in Western Asia. partly in India
and Eastern Archipelago. Estimated number Hindoos, Buddhists,
Confucians, etc.. 648,207,000: Mohammedans, 151,328,000; Christians,
26,493,000 (11,797.000 in Asiatic Russia): Jews. 253,0H>: others, 13,243,000.
Race.- Inhabitants usually grouped in three classes: Mongolian
race, including peoples of China. Thibet, Indo-China, parts of Siberia.
and dominant people of Turkey; Aryan race, embracing pe<
Hindoostan, Afghanistan, Baluchistan. Persia. Caucasus, besides Rus-
sians, Greeks, Armenians, etc., in Siberia; and Semitic race, including
Syrians, Arabians, Jews. Malays only in Malacca Peninsula.
Government.— Political divisions comprise three empires -China,
Korea, Japan: two absolute monarchies— Persia and Siam: the mon-
archy of Afghanistan; two independent States— Nepal and Bhotan; and
Russian, British, Turkish, Dutch, French, American, and Portuguese
possessions.
SIBERIA* an extensive territory belonging to Russian Empire.
Area, 4,833,496 square miles. Surface presents mountains, plateaus,
fertile plains, and treeless tundras; chief rivers, Obi, Yenisei, and Lena,
important channels of communication and trade; lakes numerous,
Baikal largest. Climate severe: winter? everywhere cold; Bummers
hot; mean temperature Verkhoiansk,pole of cold for Asia. January, -56
deg.; July, 60 cleg.; year, 2 deg., Blagovestchensk, January, -13 cleg.;
July, 72 deg.; year, 32 deg. Agriculture successfully carried on
below 62d parallel; prairies of southwest. Altai valleys, and Baraba
Steppe granaries of Siberia; cattle-breeding widelv followed. Manu-
factures and mining backward; 1,034,000 ounces gold extracted,
208,000 ounces silver: lead, copper, iron, coal mined in small quantities;
salt abundant: precious stones obtained. Imports chiefly manufac-
tured goods and groceries: exports live-stock products and furs.
Population, 5.727,09<>, including 3.760,1 >hi Russians. 2S4.00O Kalmucks,
230,000 Yakutes. 110.000 Tartars, 7S,"00 Lapps. Finns, etc., 50,000 Mongols,
10,000 Jews: annual immigration from Russia about 100,000; exiles 20,000.
Trans-Siberian railway built by Russian government at cost of 8150,-
000,000, practically completed to Stretinsk, the terminus. 4,600 miles
from St. Petersburg. Connects at Kidalova with Chinese Eastern rail-
wav. building rapidly through Manchooria to Port Arthur Tomsk,
commercial and intellectual capital of West Siberia; population 52,430;
Irkutsk, capital of East Siberia. 51.434.
BOKHARA.— Russian vassal State In Central Asia, ruled by
Ameer. Area, about H2,IK'0 square miles. Western part lowland; mid-
dle and eastern parts mountainous. Climate varied. Products are
corn, fruit, silk, tobacco, and hemp. Sheep, horses, and camels bred.
Minerals include gold. salt. alum, and sulphur Chief exports silk,
cotton, rugs, furs. etc. Population, about 2,500,000. Bokhara, capi-
tal, about 75,000 inhabitants. Religion Mohammedan.
KHIVA. — Russian vassal State in Central Asia, ruled by Khan.
Area, 22,320 square miles ; oasis watered by canals. 5.210 square miles,
rest steppe. Fertile districts produce grain, cotton, mulberries (for
silkworms), fruits and melons. Exports cotton. Estimated popu-
lation, 700,000, largely Turkomans. Mohammedanism prevails.
Khiva, capital; population 5,000.
V
TURKEY IN ASIA. 3JS
TURKEY IN ASIA.
Area. Divisions, Etc — Area, RKXOffJ square miles, comprising:
Asia Minor, lWjcftte; Armenia and Kurdistan, 12,491; Mesopotamia
100,205; Syria — including Palestine -109,509; Arabia, 173,700. Country
divided into vilayets or pashaliks, under same general government
as Turkey tn Europe.
Physical Features, Etc.— Characteristic features: Elevated
plateau of Asia Minor extending eastward into the highlands of Ar-
menia and Kurdistan (Mount Ararat, 16,920 feet); narrow plateau of
Syria traversed by two principal mountain chains- the .Mount Lebanon
of the Bible: vast plains of the Euphrates and Tigris; and the West-
ern Highlands of Arabia, chief rivers, Euphrates and Tigris; Jordan
most 'famous. Forest area. lT.r.Hn.nuii acres. Ash. evergreen, oak,
beech, planes, etc , ou mountains of Asia Minor; Lebanon Mountains
chiefly wooded with pines, oak, sycamore, and oleander.
Climate generally warm and pleasant but varies greatly owing to
inequalities of elevation. Extremes of Armenian table-land severe:
similar differences, less marked, in interior of Asia .Minor. Season- of
rain and drought occur regularly.
Agriculture, Ere. Soil of Asia Minor and valleys of Lebanon ex-
tremely fertile. Chief p oducts, tobacco, cereals, cotton, hemp, flax,
and fruits— oranges, dates, raisins, figs, almonds, etc Silkworms
largely raised; cocoons produced, 1896, 11,849,461 pounds; value, $2,71"v
585. Horses, cattle, sheep, and angora goats reared in large numbers.
Camel ordinary beast of burden. Wool produced, 1896, 39,000,000
pounds. Fisheries yield pearls, mother-of-pearl, and sponges.
Manufactures mostly domestic; include saddlery, swords, fire-
arms, leather, coarse linen, woolen ajid cotton goods shawls, carpets,
wine, silver and gold thread and laces; gold and silver filigree and
embroidery made by women.
Commerce. — Chief imports, coal, provisions, clothing, cereals,
ironware, oils, etc.; exports, grapes, wine, mohair, barley, cocoons,
opium, coffee, madder, valonia, etc. Value of imports, 1897, $37,023,013;
exports, $27,976,798.
Minerals include coal, iron, copper, alum, silver, had, emery,
chrome, and asbestos, and rock salt in Armenia and Asia Minor.
Mineral riches practically untouched.
Population. 16.823,50.1; Asia Minor, 9,238,900; Armenia and Kurdis-
tan, 2,472,4130; Mesopotamia, 1,35J,300: Syria, 2,711,900; Arabia, 1,050,000.
Turku, 6,800,000; Syrians and Arabs, 5.300,000; Greeks, 1,000.000.
Cities.— Smyrna, chief seaport; commercial center of the Levant;
seat of archbishoprics of Greek Orthodox, Soman Catholic, and
Armenian churches; population. 200.000. Hugdad, numerous manufac-
tures ; important transit trade; 145.00a Aleppo, extensive commerce
and manufactures: 127,000. Beirut, fortified seaport; good export trade;
chiefly silks; 130,000.
Railways.— First railway m Asiatic Turkey completed 1861; mile-
age, 1897, 1,496.
SAMOS.— Island principality off the coast of Asia Minor, under
sovereignty of Turkey. Important center of Greek commerce, civil-
ization, and art, 6th century B. C. Area I s " square miles. Surface
mountainous; valleys extremely fertile. Climate dry and bracing.
Products, wine, olive oil, grapes, and hides. Rich mines and quarries
exist. Population 51,7 15- Greels Christians. Vathy capital.
ARABIA most westerly of the three great peninsulas of Asia.
Area estimated al 1,2 10,00 > square miles ; one-third sandy desert. Sur-
face largely a table laud: average elevation, 3,500 feet; highest eleva-
tions in mountains of Oman in southeasl 19,900 feet) and Mt. Slnal
(8.535 feet i in northwest. Numerous oases in Interior. No permanent
rivers. Climate our of driest in the world; some parts entirely
rainless. Heat of plains excessive; mountainous regions of STemen
and Iladramaut temperate; winters of elevated regions of NTeJd rigor-
ous. Agricultural methods rude. Most fertile tracts In southwest.
In Yemen. Products Include dates, cereals, bananas, tamarinds, and
in southwest coffee, sugar, cotton, spices, drugs, gums, and r<
/
316
-o' c
•'-<s>:;
Scale of Statute Miles.
0100200 400 GOO 800 100 0.
Copyright, 1904. liyTRana,3Ic.S"ally & Co.
50° B
::i
. ■**• -^ r..v. -- ._ - " 'UriA. - /,.^
itir~5k
" M D N ^...rrri" . . » «
K*5^S^ A-^-aTT <*;-0-- f*_-. \ /^
c
<ESTA'N. o
Desert ^^
X z-ma£
: w^^l
JMADRAS A.snAMA>"j 6 * "
Pondicherry (Fr.) : U „
K»rikal(Fr?)_J- ■
g&ndy
5/Ceylon
d* **£
Ut^
« from Greenwich. *«/> S 1 *^
D90°
/
318 ASIA.
Interior plateau of the Nejd famous for its horses and camels. Man-
ufacl hits consist of hair tent-covers and bags and coarse linen and
woolen fabrics woven by Bedouin women, lias large trade by caravan
and sea from surrounding country. Minerals include silver, lead,
iron, sulphur, and precious stones. Population 5,000,000; about one-
fifth Bedouins or true Arabs, tent dwellers. Principal seaports Jeddah
in Kl Hejaz on Red Sea, population about 30,000; Maskat, In Oman.
largest town in Arabia, key to Persian Gulf; Aden, controlled by Brit-
ish, key to Red Sea; Hodeidah on Red Sea, port of Sana, latter
largest town In Yemen, center of great coffee district. Within the
Turkish province of El Heiaz lie the holy cities of the Mohammedans:
Mecca the birthplace and Medina the burial place of the prophet. Po-
litically Peninsula of Sinai belongs to Egypt; El Heiaz and Yemen on
the Red Sea, and El Hasa on the Persian Gulf vilayets of Turkey;
Aden in the south a British possession since 1839: remainder of coun-
try under independent rulers. Oman an independent sultanate in the
southeast and Iladramaut in south principal independent powers;
Nejd or Central Arabia under influence of Wahhabees.
CYPRUS.- Island in Mediterranean 60 miles west of Asia Minor;
under British administration; annual tribute to Turkey, $464,000.
Area 3,584 square miles. Surface mountainous. Climate generally
healthful. Soil fertile. Products, corn, cotton, linseed, olives, raisins,
fruit, silk, wines, etc. Valuable sponge fisheries off coast. Popu-
lation 209,286, mainly Greek Christians. Kicosia capital; population
12 515.
PERSIA. Per-sha
Historical.— Territory includes greater part of ancient Iran, be-
lieved to be first home of Aryan races. Kingdom founded by Cyrus
6th century B. C; overthrown by Alexander 334; era of Seleucides fol-
lowed. Parthian supremacy about 250. Second Persian empire 226
A. D.; climax of power 7th century. Conquered by Mohammedan
Arabs 641. Came under Seljukes 1038; Kharesmians 1194. Taken by
Mongols under Genghis Kahn 1223; ravaged by Timur 1399. Sun" dynasty
1501. Nadir Shah conquered India 1739. Reigning Turkoman dynasty
founded 1795. War with England 1856.
Area, 628,000 square miles divided into thirty-three provinces;
length north to south, 700 miles; east to west, 900.
Physical Features. — Surface an elevated plateau (6,000 to 8,500
feet) bordered on north, west, and south by lofty mountains. Interior
plateau largely an arid, treeless desert. Elburz Mountains north (Mt.
Demavend, 18.600 feet). Karun chief river. Uruiniah, in northwest, larg-
est lake. Maritime plains and mountain slopes clothed with line forests.
Trees embrace all varieties common to Europe, except conifers.
Climate subject to extremes; Mountain valleys mild and delightful.
Plains along Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea hot and unhealthful. Rain-
fall low; air generally dry and pure. *
Agricultural and pastoral pursuits chief industries. Valleys and
plains of the Karun extremely fertile. In northwest, wheat, barley,
maize, tobacco, cotton, tropical nuts and fruits are grown. Rice-
largest crop in Caspian provinces -sugar, opium, silk, dyes and drugs
important crops. Grapes trrown largely for raisins and wine. Wines
of Shiraz, Ispahan, and other districts famous. Fruits common to
temperate regions produced in profusion. Persian wheat crop, 1S97,
20,000,000 bushels; annual yield of silk. 606,100 pounds. Numerous mules,
horses, sheep, and goats; wool one of most valuable products.
Manufactures include shawls, carpets, dyes, wine, sugar, leather,
opium, silks, felts, copper and brass wares, glazed tiles, etc.; mosaic
work in bone and ivory, and enameling on metal done in Shiraz.
Commerce centers largely at Tabriz, Teheran, and Ispahan. Im-
ports chiefly textiles, glass, carriages, petroleum, sugar, tea. coffee,
and drugs. Estimated value of imports and exports 1^97-S. ?4o,000,000.
Spun and floss silk exported from Resht district, 1S97, 611,760 pounds,
value $669,658; dried cocoons, 390,000 pounds, value $160,380; opium,
PERSIA — AFGHANISTAN. 319
$3,&45,000; carpets, $6S0,400. Annual export of tobacco, 5,500 tons; cot-
ton, 9,934,400 pounds: wool. 7,714,000 pounds; other exports, dried fruits.
silk, pearls, turquoises.
HI iuerals.— Turquoise mines, Khorassan, yield 840,000 annually
Coal mined on Elburz slopes; lead in Ispahan-, marble quarried at
Azerbijan; petroleum abundant near Caspian Sea. Gold, copper, sil-
ver, lead, tin, sulphur, iron, manganese, and nickel occur; salt, borax,
and alum also produced. Pearl fisheries of Persian Gulf richest in the
world.
Population (estimated), 1S97, 9,000,000 (Europeans, 800); Nomads
include 260,100 Arabs, 720,000 Turks, 6?5,000 Kurds and Leks, 20,600
Baluchis and Gypsies, and 234,000 Lurs.
Cities.— Teheran, capital since close of ISth century, contains royal
palace and palaces of Persian nobility; has well furnished shops and
bazaars; population, 210,000. Tabriz, chief commercial center; contains
citadel and famous " Blue Mosque": population, 180,000. Ispahan -ur-
rounded by famous orchards and gardens; trade second only to Tabriz:
80,0-30.
Railway.— 6 miles -between Teheran and Abdulazim. Telegraph
line, 4,150 miles (3,400 belong to Government).
Edncatiou.— Majority of inhabitants taught only to read the Koran.
Colleges supported by public funds afford instruction in religion,
Arabic and Persian literature, etc.; numerous schools for children.
Polvtechnic school opened in Teheran 1849. Military colleges at
Teheran and Tabriz.
Religion.— Mohammedans predominate. Persian Mohammedans
about 8,000,000. Sunnis — Turkish Mohammedans - 800,000; Jews, 25,000;
Armenians, 45,000; ^estorians, 25,000.
Govern meut an absolute monarchy under a hereditary Shah.
Laws of country based upon precepts of Koran.
AFGHANISTAN. k«»m«*.
Belonged successively to the Greek and Persian empires: became an
independent power 1747; war with British 1838-42 and again in 1878.
Area, 215,000 square miles. Greater part of surface mountainous ;
elevation of plains with few exceptions over 4,000 feet with large areas
above 7,000. Principal mountain range Hindu Kush (23,000 feet).
Mountain ranges traversed by numerous passes often of great military
and commercial importance. Largest rivers. Halmund and Cabool.
Climate varied: generally healthful; subject to intense extremes of
heat and cold. Rainfall in winter slight: in summer rain seldom falls.
Agriculture largely dependent on irrigation. Valleys of Cabool and
Peshawur and district near Herat fertile regions. In most districts
cultivable crops yield two harvests during the year: spring crops
chiefly wheat, barley, peas, and beans; autumn, rice, millet, maize, and
arzun. Many characteristic plants abound, as madder and castor-oil;
others yielding various gum-resins, as asafetida— largely exported to
India; and leguminous plants and shrubs from which gums like the
well-known tragaeanth of commerce is obtained. Fruits produced in
greatest profusion: fresh or preserved staple food for large class; pre-
served fruits exported in large quantities, especially from Kandahar.
Domestic animals include camels, excellent horses, two varieties of
fat-tailed sheep, goats, etc. Manufactures Include munitions of
war, made at Cabool; silks, largely made at Kandahar; carp
Herat; felts, sheepskin '"postins," and rosaries. Chief imports, t<
indigo, sugar, drugs, and tea; exports largely wool, silk, fruit, nuts,
asafetida, horses, and spices, minerals abundani Iron, lead, anti-
mony, and sulphur produced: copper, gold, coal, and niter found.
Population estimated at 1,000,000 to 5.000,000 divided Into qui
tribe-. Afghans -Pathans— number oyer 2,50 ,000. Mohammedanism
prevailing religion. Cabool, capital, notable Btrateglc and commer-
cial center; population, 70,000. Herat, of great military and Btrateglc
importance; natural emporium of trade; 30,000. Kandahar, ctaiei emu-
menial center of south; 25,000. Government nominally monarch-
ical, under one hereditary prince (Ameer;.
dibUV
■=3 *" p "t- ^a?-4 ui?3# \SyE^ i *
Ln-T , !■■ Ki-t _.V
■
-. oYuzgat,,^
^^.l.kaar, . fi , J°« or « a .^V'-'gWas
Afium Karafusjar J'J-^ •
•44. * I %. SVazaretl
t£ Jaffa
v's'Gazzeh^ *7JteruAilciii
IAN
/ DE? %?,Ior^
zehV ' C^Priisnloiii
•^P^ \p)ea>l Sea *■&
BlAris!i 3»af /
r raf^gT l-okftERT^'.-.^' 7 - HOt \ ttWe».. ^..„j -^^gr3
^ ^T^^l^^daul 1 ^^1 H U F ob^; J«j££
// W-"vA ^DzatetvETaj 3I,rid ^ OR fctfkssafab A/
1 J^te^Jfc^-^'FA-^v^
I l»* 1
iv, Heejr° Ay^T' V- : v"' iJ5
>A .WElVTedje' ^v 1 A =Anev-
\ ^ A -^^Sedie^ 33 -.,° ia -ij /g -7 l ;*• .,. ° sha kri ,
' -JvEfHnura \\ -Bureidab^V
Cap^iboon<
=?T3cderB«»cin \ ;_ ^<»~ J*v
^10PIC_0F (CANCER^
* Ul aioslah f»«*o*
a«K " JKo6a<# -O CEllTauta/
ttadj Haifa "~"""N Y J"e<MaJ& .-» L^^ ^JaSehg &
* V*> V^ ^Iecca~ fiSNJE)** 3
Leet 3 l£^
.'■'••"> . i
\ a l 1 Yvi*hT£r.3Ar 1 .Sad.uaii
V3L' cooUa£r$j&k* \&&
\ NiiC" 11 l ^^ •^\^-
Cbaivan"
"S^pSS TURKEY IN ASIA,
Persia and
Afghanistan.
eaa>ow ■
:fiau,
[aril
'oadun'^Stein
OF^ pP 50°
Scale of Statute Miles
50 100 200 300 !
Copyright, 1899, by Rand , Mc.Vally & Co.
11
322 ASIA.
INDIA. Iu dia
Historical.— Settled by Aryans al early period. Prehistoric Hin-
doo l-riiniui) mi prseded by Buddhism 6th century B.C. Alexander in-
vaded Punjab 327-5. Hindoo worship ve\ Ived aa Brabmanl»in 500 A. l»
Mohammedan Invasions nth century. Conquered by Gcnghi-s Khan
1219. Visited by Vasco do Gama 1497; Portuguese established trade
1510. Mogol empire founded 1519. English, Dutch, and French Bast
India companies established 1600-2 1. British acquired Bomba
Calcutta 101)8. Decline of Mogol empire 1707; Persian invasion, Delhi
sacked, inhabitants massacred 1739. British successful In war with
French 1746-9. English acquire Lower Burma 1826; Punjab 1857. -
rebellion 1857. Sovereign v conferred on British Crown 1S5S ; Victoria
proclaimed Empressof India 1877. Upper Burma annexed 1891.
4 reu.— Total area, 1,559,603 square miles; British provinces, 964,993;
native States, 595,167.
Physical Features.— Himalayas on north most striking of great
natural features of India. Country consists of two great divisions:
Great lowland plain of the north, specially distinguished as llindo-
Stan, and plateau of the center and south-bordered by mountains of
moderate altitude-known as the Dec«an. Rivers divided into two
sections: Streams of southeastern slope draining into Bengal Bay-
Brahmapootra, Ganges, Mahanuddy, Godaveri, and Kistna; and Indus,
Nerbudda, and Tapti of southwestern slope draining into Arabian Sea.
Climate varies with elevation. Generally hot everywhere except
in mountain regions and on elevated table-lands. Heat of plains exces-
sive. Climate g-reatlv influenced by monsoons, periodical winds pre-
vailing throughout southern Asia. Malignant fevers prevalent on low-
land plains and iu forests. Mean temperature, Bombay, 80 deg.; rain-
fall, 71.4 inches. Calcutta, temperature, 78 deg.; rainfall, 65.6 inches.
Madras, temperature, 82 deg.; average rainfall, 49.1 inches.
Forests.— Dense forests still cover large districts; area, 63.969,955
acres. South of the conifer forests of the Himalayas are extensive
tracts of bamboo and sal; teak forests cover eastern slopes of the
Ghauts. Timber of northwest mostly deodar. Sandalwood, ironwood,
sissu, satiuwood, numerous palms (cocoanut, date, sago, and areca),
banian, and acacia trees found in various localities.
Igriculture supports seven-tenths of inhabitants. Area under
crop's, K>6-7, 177,456.9:29 acres; under rice, 66.-234.4S5; wheat. 16,183,987;
other cereals, 7S,:237.544; sugar cane 2,651,721; tea, 423,932 acres, chief
districts Assam and Himalayas; coffee, eastern slopes of Ghauts; cot-
ton, 9.45s.st-2 acres, mainlv on table lands; fibers, 2,817,101; jute leading
product Bengal: indigo 1.5S3,Stis, most abundant on northern plains and
in certain districts of Madras; opium culture Valley of Ganges and
Central India; pepper on mountains in south: cinchona near Mysore
and in Hi nalivas. Universal crops millet, pulse, oilseeds. Silk cul-
ture chiefly in Bengal. Fruits of temperate and tropical zones grown.
Animals.— Besides ordinary domestic animals India has the ele-
phant, camel, humped ox, yak, and Kashmir goat. Recent returns
give India r,i,oo,i.iiin) cows and bullocks, 13.000.000 buffaloes, 2,000,000
horses and donkevs, and 28,000,000 sheep and goats.
Manufactures.— Native manufactures of fine textiles — chiefly
silks, muslins, shawl*, and rues— and metal wares important. In 1896-7
were 151 cotton mills, having 37,303 looms, 3 975,719 spindles, and
148,997 employes. Over 30 jute and one hemp mill contained 12.784
looms, :25s,l5i spindles, and employed 91,389 persons. There were 5
woolen and 8 paper mills; product of latter. 38,5O0,0U0 pounds, value,
8l,si7,6»i>. Heer. 5.4-JS.3S3 eallons. In 1397, SI vessels of 2,975 tons built.
Commerce.— Chief imports, yarns, textiles, etc., metals and metal
waivs, provisions; exports,' ice. jute, tea, coffee, spices, indigo, cotton,
opium. Seaborne trade. 1897-8: Imports, s-391.4: 1.446: merchandise,
•235,713,472. Exports. $335,300,553; merchandise, $312,424,899
Minerals.— Coal, iron, and salt abundant; gold, copper, silver,
lead, antimony, tin, cobalt, and gems found; saltpeter and petroleum
alsoob rained. ' Output of collieries is>,7. 4.<>63,127tous; value. $3,9
Population '.-91. •JS7J23.3:,ti : British Provinces, 221,172,952; native
States. 65.950.39S. Average density W per square mile.
Cities.— Calcutta, founded 1686, capital since 1773, chief commercial
INDIA.
center of Asia; population, 1S91 861,764. Bombay, Becond commercial
and chief manufacturing center of India; population, 821,764. I, , i-
goon, third commercial city; population, 180,324. Madras, fourth
seaport in importance; Beat of various societies and educational insti-
tutions; population, 452,518 Hyderabad,. 115,039. Lucl now, 2; ;
Railways, Etc. — Mil miles;
owned ami worked by native States, 953. Telegraph line, 18,584 miles.
Education.— Educational institutions, 1897, 152,025; public,
private, (w.TS4; pupils. 4,&i6,870. Expenditure (publii
In British India about 22 per cent of boys of school age attend Bchool;
less than 3 per cent of girls. Head of national system, universities at
Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, Allahabad, and the Punjab. Normal
schools in everv Province. Engineering, art, and technical BCbools.
Religion.— Hindoos number nearly three-fourths of population;
together with Mohammedans comprise 92 per cent of whole. HI
1891,207,731,727; Mohammedans, 57,321,164; Buddhists— mostly in Burma
—7,131,361; Sikhs, 1,907,833; Jains. 1,416,638; Christians, 2,284.380.
Government vested in Secretary of State and Council for India
(in London); supreme authority in India vested in Governor-General
(Viceroy) appointed by Crown. Native States under their own rulers,
subject to British control, represented by residents or political agents.
BALUCHISTAN.— Brahuis dominant race, descendants of
Brahui Khans of Khelat, who established their power here at close of
17th century. Baluehis, nomads, far more widely spread. Area,
130,000 square miles. Country mountainous, largely arid table-lands.
Climate one of extremes; rainfall limited and uncertain. Agricul-
ture confined to valleys. Rice, wheat, barley, millet, tobacco, dates,
and other fruits grown. Camels, horses, cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and
goats reared. Exports include wood, hides, madder, dried fruit, and
tobacco. Coal mines worked; lead, copper, and petroleum exist. Popu-
lation, 500,000. Mohammedanism prevailing religion. Khelat,
capital; population 14,000. Quetta, important strategic point; popula-
tion, 27,300. Government nominally exercised by Khan of Khelat
under direction of agent of Governor-General of India.
"FRENCH INDIA.— French East India Company established
1664; settlement at Pondicherry 1668. Relics of French possessions in
India: Pondicherry on Coromandel Coast, Chandernagore on the
Hooghly, Karikal in Cauvery, and Tanaon in Godaveri Delta; and
Mahe, town on west coast. Area, 205 square miles. Rice, indigo,
tobacco, betel nut, and cotton cultivated. Chief export oil seeds,
Imports at Pondicherry and Karikal, 1897, $712,160; exports, §2,993,000.
Population. 286,913. 'Pondicherry, chief city and seat of government;
population, 49,052.
PORTUGUESE INDIA.— Portuguese first Europeans to visit
India and acquire territory there. First settlements established 1502.
Permanent settlement at Goa 1510. Portuguese possessions now com-
prise Goa, seaport of Daman, and island and town of Din, all on west
coast. Area, 1,558 square miles. Lands fertile. Climate hot and
unhealthfui. Products include rice, other grains, tropical fruits, pepper,
teak, medicinal plants. Numerous salt works, annual production over
12,000 tons. Iron abundant in Goa. Population, 572,290. New Goa
or Panjim, center of trade and seat of government.
NEPAL. Ne-pal'
Aboriginal inhabitants, Tartars or Chinese, conquered by Hindoos
14th centurv; country overrun by Ghurkas driven from Kajputana
by Mohammedans 1768. Dependency of Chinese Empire r.
Area, 54,000 square miles. Kingdom lies within the Himalayas, sur-
face comprises highland region (10,000 to 16,000 teen. Nepal Valley
(4,000 to 10,000), and southern lowlands BlopingtO Indian plain, inr-
c»t- rich in valuable woods. Climate ranges from arctic through
temperate to tropical. Agriculture widely pursued. Rice
culture and chief food plant; wheat, barley, ginger, Bugar-cane, pota-
obacco, also grown. Fruit abundant; orange, citron, peach,
oaerry, etc., cultivated. Domestic animals,
and Bheep. Chief imports: < attJe, etc., Bait, petroleum, leather and
metal wares, cotton goods; exports, drugs, resins, dyes, Jute, oil seeds,
:i'j|
■ ' V^M — '■
INDIA
_^ -Mnitoor r
Scale of Statute Miles.
SO 100 . SOO 300 400 ToWellTs %-. Atoll
Copyright; 1904, by Rani. McXally & Co. ' '"
-Mnuooy r,
Mow Atoll,.
326 ASIA.
spices, timber, saltpeter, etc. Minerals, iron, copper, sulphur, jas-
per, marble, and rock salt. Population 2.000,000 to 5,000,000: Ghur-
eas dominant race. Religion, Buddhism. Khatmando, capital; popu-
olatlon 50,oou. Government, military oligarchy.
BHOTA1N. Boo-t,n'.
Original Inhabitants, Tephos, conquered by colonists from Thibet,
17th century. Outrages on British subjects led to invasion by England,
1864, and annexation of tracts with passes to hills. ,\ rea, 16,800 square
miles. Country lieswlthin the Himalayas; forests extensive. Rice,
Indian corn, millet, musk, and silk chief products. Native ponlefi
noted for superior strength; large numbers reared. Manufactures
coarse cotton and woolen cloths, buffalo leather, guns, and fine steel
swords. Trade small, exports, wool, musk, caoutchouc, and ponies.
Population, about 35,000 Buddhism— of corrupt form— prevailing
religion. Punakha, capital. Authority nominally divided between
secular and spiritual heads of State.
CEYLON. Se-lon'.
Island settled by Portuguese 1505; conquered by Dutch about 1658;
became a British possession 1795: separate colony 170s. Area. 25,333
square miles. Surface of interior and south mountainous, .-ur-
rounded by lowland plain; highest altitude 8.300 feet. Climate warm
and uniform; unhealthful on coast. Over 10 per cent of population
engaged iu agriculture. There are 2.159,698 acres under cultivation.
Cocoanuts occupy 678,9)9 acres; rice and other grain, 728,112 acn
404,574; cocoa, coffee, cinchona, cinnamon, and tobacco largely grown.
In 1897 live stock comprised 4,007 horses, 1,289.536 cattle, 86,627 sheep,
155.495 goats. Exports, 1897, 317.615,610; tea, $9,714,756; cocoanut products,
$2,720,522; imports, $20,291,686; principal articles, rice and other grain, cot-
ton goods, and coal. Minerals include plumbago and precious stones.
Population, census of 1891, 3,009,461. Singhalese. 2,174,200: Tamils,
960,745; Moors, 205,588; burghers or European descendants, 23,663; Euro-
peans,6,545; remainder Malaysand Veddahs- aboriginal tribes. Colombo,
on western coast, capital and chief seaport; population 127,836; Kandv,
old native capital in interior, 20,558: Point de Galle, southern coast, 33,-
590; Trincomalee, northeast coast, 11,948. Nearly 300 miles of railway.
Predominant religion Buddhism. Buddhists, 1.877, '43; Hindoos, 615,-
932; Mohammedans; 211,995; Christians, 302,127. Number receiving in-
struction 1897, 184,506. Government schools, 474; unaided schools, 2,331;
There is a technical college, agricultural school, school of forestry, and
industrial schools. Government administered by Governor assisted
by Executive and Legislative Councils.
SI AM. Si-am'.
V
Siamese settled in upper valleys of Meuam middle of 7th century;
Ayuthia established 1350; trade with Europe opened 16th century. French
protectorate over Cambodia acknowledged 1867. Total area of Siam
84,600 square miles, comprising the basin of the Menam River ForesJs
in north include teak, rosewood, ebony, cedar, sapan, iron wood, resinous
shrubs, and wild indigo; on coasts, mangroves, banian, pandanus, areca,
cocoanut, and other palms and rattans abound. Climate hot but not
unhealthful. Mean temperature, Bangkok, 80.1 deg.; rainfall, 58.55 in.
Rice leading agricultural product; staple article of food and chief
export; other products, pepper, salt, dried fish, cattle, and sesame. < i it-
fee, cotton, hemp, and tobacco grown. Fruits abundant. Silk, cotton
cloths, shoes, gold and silver work, paper, tiles, jars, mats, arrack, and
sugar made. Value of imports, 1897, $7,961,382; exports, $10,250,297: rice
nearly 80 per cent of whole. Minerals gold. tin. iron. coal, siiver, petro-
leum, and gems. Population (estimated) 5,000,000. Bangkok, capita]
and onlv important seaport; chief manufacturing center: population,
250,000. 'Railway 1897, 179 miles. Telegraph line, 1,830 miles. Educa-
tion chiefiv in hands of Buddhist priests, under an English inspector.
Teachers' Normal College established, EB2. Siamese official language.
Buddhism predominant religion. <Jovernment vested in King,
advised by Cabinet. Military service obligatory. Army on peace foot-
ing, 4,000 to 5,000 men; war, 60,000.
CHINA. 827
CHINA, en'.,
Historical.— Trustworthy history dates from about the cia of
Confucius, 6th century B. < . T-in dynasty under which Great Wall was
built began 249 B. C. Man dynasty founded 206 B. C; al cl<
A. D. country divided into the "Three Kingdoms." Complete unity of
empire under Suy dynasty (590-618 ; period noted for promotion of
science, education, industry, and commerce. Country Invaded by
Tartars 9th to 11th centuries; north occupied by Jenghiz Kahn 1215
Mongol dynasty established 1280; Ming, 1368. Manclitis conquered
country and founded present dynasty 1643. War with Great Britain,
1840-42, resulted in cession of Hongkong and opening of treat] ports.
Amur country ceded to Russia 1858. War with Japan, 1894, resulted
in defeat of China, independence of Korea, and cession of Formosa
to Japan. In 1898 leases were granted on Port Arthur and Talien-
wan to Russia, Wei-Hai-Wei and mainland opposite Hongkong, Great
Britain, Klau-Chou, Germany, and Bay of Kwang-Chau, France
Area. --Total area. 4.218,401 square miles. China Proper, most
important division of Empire. 1,336,841 square miles.
Physical Features. — Surface generally mountainous, slopes
eastward from lofty table-lands of Thibet, Ranges of southeastern
region (trending with coast) short, irregular and intersected bj
numerous streams. Western and Central China traversed by Tliia'n
Shan and Kuenlun mountains (highest summit 20,33o feet >: southwest
separated from Iudia by Himalayas. Extensive fertile lowland plains
in east; traversed by Yang-tse-Kiang (chief commercial highway) and
Hoang-ho. Great Mongolian Desert in northwest.
Climate generally temperate but subject to wide annual range;
summers hot, winters severe. Mean temperature Pekin, 53.3 deg.;
rainfall, 18 inches; Shanghai, 62.5 deg.; Canton, 70.3; rainfall, 70 inches.
Forests largely contined to mountainous districts: those of Man-
churia most important; here pine, walnut, oak, and elm attain un-
usual size. Among valuable trees are the tallow, varnish, camphor.
Chinese pine and banian, funereal cypress, and silk mulberry. Chest-
nut, hazel nut. mulberry, and orange native. Palm largely cultivated
for its leaves: kuanlan for its pith, which yields an edible flour.
Agriculture.— Rice, sugar, cotton, indigo, etc., cultivated in south;
cereals, peas, and beans in north. Culture of tea and silk extensive ;
most productive tea districts south of Yang-tse-Kiang. Silkworms-
native to China — reared in large numbers: silk of Euperior quality
extensively produced. Opium grown in all provinces; cultivation ex-
tending rapidly. Vegetables, oil plants, and tobacco universal. Horti-
culture largely pursued. Farm animals, oxen and buffaloes.
Manufactures.— Chinese excel in manufacture of porcelain, silks.
emhroidery, and lacquered wares: carved goods— tortoise shell, Ivory,
horn— engraving, paper, ink also excellent.
Comui free.— Value of imports, 1897, 8128,098,917. Chief articles:
Opium, cotton, metals, oil, and kerosene. Exports, $130,871. 3;iti; tea,
$21,035,913; silk, 839,780,475. In 1S97, 44,500 vessels entered and cleared.
Minerals.— Coal in every province; anthracite deposits unrivaled.
Iron ores abundant. Copper, tin, lead, silver, granite, porcelain clay,
jasper, marble, porphyrv, and gems found. Salt extensively produced.
Papulation.- Recent estimate, 402.»>8i>.000; China Proper, 386,000,000.
Foreigners, 18;*7, 11,667. Majority of inhabitants Mongols; Manchus —
reigning family of that race— constitute only a small proportion.
Cities.-^- Pekin, capital, consists of two walled cities: Imperial city
and Chinese or commercial section; population aboul 1,000,000. Canton
a leading commercial city; manufactures extensive and varied popu-
lation 2,500,000; Shanghai, chief seaport; opened to Foreign trade 1842;
manufactures, silk, glass, paper, etc.; population about 586,000.
Railways, Etc.— There are 100 miles of railway open for traffic;
concessions granted for 3,000 miles. Imperial telegraph Lines rapidly
extending throughout the Empire. Rivers, connected with •
principal means of communication.
Education along certain lines very general, yet large numbers of
adults are illiterate. Larger cities have colleges for training candi-
dates for government appointments. Schools for extension oJ
330 ASIA.
ern languages and sciences greatly Increasing. Naval and military
schools connected with different arsenals.
Religion. — Chinese recognize three religions: Confucianism,
Buddhism, and Taoism. Confucianism mainly professed by higher
classes; majority of people Buddhists. Mohammedanism and < oris-
tianity both have large numbers of adherents.
(«overunient an absolute monarchy, supreme direction of Em-
pire vested in Priv/ Council. Buperlor offices equally divided among
Manchus and Chinese Each province ruled by Governor or Governor*
Genera] responsible to Emperor.
IION(JKO\(J, an island near mouth of Canton River ceded to
Creat Britain 1841; with Kowloon, on opposite mainland, ceded 1861,
forms British Crown Colony. Area, 29 square miles, center of large
trade; Chinese silk and tea trade largely through Hongkong. In
1897, 4,974 vessels of 6.063,640 tons entered the port. Population
221,441—8,545 white. Victoria capital, population 136,900.
MACAO ISLAND at mouth of Canton River ceded to Portu-
guese during latter half of 16th century. Area, 5 square miles. Trade,
chieflv transit, in hands of Chinese: opium principal article; value 1896,
$1,428,000. Population 1896, 78,627.
FRENCH INDO-CHINA.
French intervention began in Indo-China in 1787. Possessions now
comprise the colonies of Cochin-China (acquired 1862), Tongking (an-
nexed 1884), and the protectorates of Annam (acknowledged 1884) and
Cambodia (1863), together with the Laos territory ceded 1893 and 1896.
Total area, 353,000 square miles. Annam in great part mountainous
and heavily wooded; Cambodia and Cochin-China mainly vast alluvial
plains; deltas of Tongking and Cochin-China wide, fertile districts
densely populated. Mekong chief river. Climate governed by prev-
alence of monsoon winds; wet and dry seasons alternate. Rich in
agricultural resources. Sugar, cotton, tobacco, rice, and spices,
principal products of alluvial districts; maize, other cereals, coffee,
manioc, betel nut, and fruits also grown. Bamboo, excellent timber,
india rubber, copra, and dye and medicinal plants produced. Exports
to France, 1S97, 88,568,209; largely rice, fish, salt, sugar, and spices;
imports, $13,165,350. Minerals include gold, silver, tin, lead, and
copper, coal and salt. Population, 23,536,000; chiefly Mongols and
Malays. Saigon, chief seaport, capital of Cochin-China, and also of
French Indo-China; population, 90,000; Pnom Penh, capital of Cam-
bodia; 50,000; Hanoi, capital of Tongking; 150,000: Hue, capital citv of
Annam; 30,000. Buddhism prevails, Christians said to number 830,000.
Miles of railway, 120. Government administered bv a Governor-
General through a Lieutenant-governor and Residents General.
KOREA. Kore'-a.
History of great antiquity; country inhabited in 12th century B. C.
Claimed by China from 1122 B. C; present dynasty (Tsitsien) founded
1392; conquered by Japanese 1592; retaken by Koreans and Chinese
1598; second invasion, treaty relations established 1S76. Ports open to
other foreigners 1882; Chinese claim renounced and Korea declared in-
dependent 1S95. Area, 82,000 square miles. Surface mountainous;
greatest elevation 4,500 feet. Chief river Amnok. Climate in sum-
mer, though hot, modified by sea; winter cold very severe. Raiufall
June to September: on east coast 62 inches, west 32. Agriculture
chief industry; fruits, rice, beans, tobacco, ginseng, and cereals grown.
3Ianufactures chiefly coarse cotton cloth and paper. Value
of imported merchandise (open ports) 1897, $10,067,514. Exports,
$8,973,895; rice, $5,558,780. Gold to China and Japan 1S97. *2.034,079.
There are five treaty ports. In 1S97, 2,417 foreign vessels of 601,275 tons
entered. Minerals include gold, iron, coal, and copper. Popula-
tion, 10,52s,937; foreign 14,300. Seoul, capital, population 1897, 200,000;
Ping- Yang, 30,000. Schools subsidized by Government include
foreign schools and a number of native schools for small boys. Bud-
dhism and Confucianism prevail. Government hereditary monarchy;
ruler, Emperor, ratifies laws and resolutions submitted by Cabinet.
JAPAN. 331
JAPAY "Snnrise
Kingdom."
Historical.— An island empire of Asia. Pounded, according to
Japanese history, 660 B. C. Authentic history (hue- from 500 A. D.
Buddhism introduced from Korea about 550. Authority of Mikado
usurped by Shogun— military dignitary— 1192. Islands visited by Marco
Polo in the 13th century. Portuguese merchants and missionaries had
access to islands 1543 to 1638. Native Christians persecuted from 1624.
Country isolated except restricted trade with Dutch until American
expedition under Perry, 1853, resulted in signing of commercial treaty,
March 31, 1854. Commercial treaties with other countries followed.
Revolution of 180S overthrew power of Shognnate, reestablishing
authority of Mikado. Feudal system abolished 1871. Bonin Islands
annexed 1876. Suppression of Satsuma rebellion, istt. Ryukyu or
Loochoo islands annexed, 18T9. Constitution promulgated 1889. " War
with China. 1894-95, resulted, by Treaty of Shinonosekl, Pekin, l-'.<:>. in
independence of Korea and acquisition by Japan of Formosa and
Pescadores islands.
Area.— Geographically Japan comprises four principal Islands—
Nippon, Kyushu, Shikoku, Ezo (Hokkaido)— and about 4,000 smaller
islands. Area, excluding Formosa and Pescadores, 147,655 square
miles. Area of Formosa, 13,451 square miles: Pescadores, 49 square
miles. Politically the country is divided into 85 provinces.
Physical Features.— Islands all mountainous and volcanic.
Among the higher mountains several are volcanoes and extend above
snow line — Fujiyama, sacred mountain of Japan, the highest (12,425
feet i. Coasts deeply indented and of great extent; length of line,
17,150 miles. Rivers short with rapid fall in beds and abundant water;
of great value in plains for irrigation. Volcanic eruptions and earth-
quake shocks frequent. Hot springs numerous.
Climate temperate and healthful. Rainfall, abundant. Snowfall,
especially west of mountains, enormous. Range of temperature very
great. Mean temperature of Tokyo, January, 36.4 deg.; Augu-t. 77.6
deg.; year, 5G.3 deg. Rainfall, 60.4 inches. Hakodate, January, 27. '.i deg.;
August, 70.4 deg.; year, 46.5 deg. Rainfall, 44.5 inches. Nagasaki, Janu-
ary, 42.0 deg.; August, 80.5 deg.; year, 61.1 deg. Rainfall, 77. ti inches.
Agriculture the chief industry. Principal food crops: Rice-
occupying three-nftbs of grain area— acreage, 1896, 6,830,075; product,
179,65 ,843 bushels; wheat, 17.0 2.137 bushels; barley, 38,955.217 bushels;
rye, 29,396.483 bushels. Tea grown chiefly in the south of Nippon: pro-
duction, 18%, 70,386,168 pounds. Lacquer tree, furnishing material for
one of the oldest Japanese industries, largely cultivated in north of
island. Mulberries, grown in three-fourths of the provinces, furnish
one of principal products. Raw silk produced, 1896, 19,041,417 pounds;
cocoons, 9,118,813 bushels. Sugar, 51,444 tons. Vegetables, oranges,
peaches, apricots, grapes, pomegranates, melons, and chestnuts are also
grown. Live stock, unimportant: cattle, is'.i:,. 1,136,278; horses, 1,530,603.
llauufactures. Etc. -Textile industries rapidlv developing. In
1897 there were 65 cotton mills with 773.738 Bpindles, employing 12,672
male and 42,656 female, operatives. Cotton consumed, 20, 171.1 n pounds.
Number mills, 1898, 76. spindles, 1,086,082; looms, 2,900. Value silk and
cotton textiles, lS'.tS, 357.f»o,5'.M; cotton varn. product 7''., 22! tons. Cotton
yarn, 1896, 82,933 tons. In l-.u, 2..> .;>;i persons and 337,501 boats en-
gaged in fishing. Product: Salted flsh, 27,986 tons; dried, 66,258 tons;
fish manure, is 1.932 tons; fish oil, 6,289 ton-; seaweed. 2'.>.<W2 toii>. Mat eh
factories and paper mills numerous and important. Firearms, ordnance.
and ammunition u>ed in Imperial army manufactured at arsenals of
Tokyo and Osaka: Murata rifle, now used in army, Invented in .Japan.
Commerce.— value of impoi 87,471; exports, 160.746,356;
Imports, 1897, $109,431,000; export.-, |81,4u4,0 0. Chief exports: silk (raw
and wasto, silk goods, rice, tea, coal, and matches. Chief Imports:
Raw cotton, cotton yarn, cotton and woolen goods, sugar, and petro-
leum. Twenty-live percent of trade with China and Hongkong; 21 per
cent with United states: 17 per cent with Great Britain; 13percen1 with
France. First native steamship company established 1874. Merchant
navy, ls,97, comprised 570 steamers of foreign type, 227. Ml tons; 169
sailing vessels of foreign type, 25,485 tons; 668 native craft above 50 tons,
51,152 tons.
<
i &%£% t - 1 / ill'" £ 5 l^A^
I „&
! --.
5 -' t : - i / . *£ w *? few
334 ASIA.
Minerals.— Mineral wealth Importanl and being developed rapidly.
Rich in coal and iron. Coal production Increased from 196.000 tons in
l877to over h.ixm.ikhi in 1892; Increase of coal between 1892 and 1895 six-
fold; gold, threefold; silver, sevenfold; copper, fivefold; iron, twofold.
Sulphur product in ten years Increased from3.834,000 pounds to 15,700,000
pounds; graphite, 24,000 pounds to 10,098,000 pound.-. Kaolin abundant
for ancient and celebrated porcelain industry.
Population. 1895 (excluding Formosa and Pescadores), 12,270,620;
per square mile, 286. Classification: Male. 21,435.750; female, 20,924,870.
Foreigners, 8,246; Chinese, 3,642; English. 1,878; Americans, 1,022: Ger-
mans, 493; French, 391; Russians, 222; Portuguese, 127; Dut<
Japanese residents abroad, 46,277. Population of Formosa, 1,996,989;
Pescadores, 44,820.
Principal Cities.— In 1891 there were fi towns with more than
100,000 inhabitants; 11 with from 50,000 to 100,000; 17 with from 30,000 to
50,000. Tokyo (Yedo), capital; population, 1,268,930. Commerce and
manufactures important. Seat of Imperial University. Yokohama,
chief treaty port, with large foreign trade; population, 170.252; 17 miles
from Tokyo, with which it is connected by rail. Port of call or ter-
minus for Pacific Mail, Canadian Pacific, and other lines of steamers.
Kyoto, population, 340,101 ; until 1869, for centuries the residence of the
Mikado; contains Imperial palace; has manufactures of porcelain.
Osaka, population, 487,184; manufacturing and commercial center of
Japan; contains arsenal and mint. Nagasaki, population, 72,301; one of
chief commercial cities; exports, coal, rice, tea. camphor, and tobacco;
Desima Island, near by, seat of Dutch trade, 1640 to 1859.
Railways.— First railway, Tokyo to Yokohama, opened June, 1872;
total mileage, 1897, 2,505 (State railways, 632 miles; private, 1.S73 miles);
under construction. 1,500. State roa'ds, 4,481 miles; provincial roads,
15,362. Telegraph, 11,120 miles; submarine cable, 3S7 miles; telephone,
528 miles.
Education.— Elementary education compulsory. School age, 6-14.
Number of school age, 1895, 7,670,837; elementary schools, 26,631;
teachers, 73,182; pupils, 3,670,345. Special schools, 1,263; teachers. 8.250;
pupils, 64.94S. Kindergartens. 220; teachers, 482; pupils, 17,481. Technical.
97; teachers, 1,078; pupils, 14,806. There is an Imperial university and
49 normal schools. Libraries, 25; volumes, 441,034. Books published,
1895, 26,792; periodicals, 753; total issue, 409.429,528 copies.
Religion.— No State religion; absolute freedom of belief. Popular
religions: Shintoism or ancestor worship, and Buddhism. Roman
Catholics, adherents of Greek Church, and Protestants number about
20,000. Number Shinto temples, 1895. 190.754; priests. 14.927: students,
1,939. Buddhist temples, 71,821; priests, 53.275; students, 9,286.
Government.— A constitutional monarchy with an Emperor, an
Advisory Cabinet, Privy Council, and an Imperial Diet of two Houses,
members of Upper House being in part elected. Estimated revenue,
1898, $119,345,742; expenditures, $124,547,286; total debt, 1896, $205,167,568.
Imperial Diet controls finances and administration of justice. Stand-
ard of value, gold, established October, 1897: ratio to silver, 32J^ to 1.
Peace footing of army, 1897, 284,741, including 4,760 officers. Japan
maintains a staff college, military college, military school, cadet col-
lege, gunnery school, and school for non-commissioned officers; total
number of students, 2,400. Navy comprises 13,685 officers and men, 45
war vessels, 30 torpedo boats.
FORMOSA.— First visited by Portuguese, 1590: taken by Dutch,
1642; by Chinese, 1683; ceded to Japan, 1S95. Length. 245 miles; breadth,
65 miles. Geysers and sulphur springs numerous; rich in coal and iron.
Other resources include grain, camphor, sugar, tea, indigo, spices, and
fruits. Owing to abundant rice crop, known as the "Granary of
China." Chief exports, camphor and tea. Of American products, im-
ports of flour and petroleum show large increase. A line of railway
extends from Kelung to Tai-nan. Tai-wan, capital and principal sea-
port; population, estimated at 70.00(1; formerly seat of Dutch factory;
has 2 famous temples.
PESCADORES OR FISHERS' I ELANDS.- Group of 21
islands, notoriously dangerous to navigators. Jfakung, capital and
chief seaport; population, 12,000; has large fisheries; exports, fish, pork,
peanut oil.
MALAYSIA. 335
MALAYSIA.
Ma-la'- si-a.
Malaysia or Malay Archipelago comprises six large islands— Borneo,
Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Luzon, and Mindanao— and an almost innumer-
able number of minor islands. Politically, -with the exception ol the
Philippines (belonging to the United States), the Island of Labuan and
northwestern portion of Borneo (British), and the eastern portion of
Timurand neighboring Isle of Pulo Cambing (Portuguese), this vast
archipelago is controlled by the Dutch. Islands all of volcanic origin.
Surface of nearly all islands mountainous; extinct and active vol-
canoes numerous: Kinabalu, Borneo (13,680 feet), and Indrapura,
Sumatra (12,030 feet), highest elevations. Numerous short Btreams.
Interior of larger islands covered with dense forests abounding in
hardwoods— teak, ebony— of great commercial value, and numerous
aromatic plants and shrubs. Teak forests of Java belong to Govern-
ment, area 2,300 square miles. Other forest products are India rubber,
gums, resins, drugs, and spices. Cocoanut, other palms, and bam-
boos, abundant throughout the Archinelago, of far greater economic
value to the inhabitants. Climate of islands tropical; low coast
lands and forests hot and moist; higher regions temperate and health-
ful. Rainfall, governed by monsoons, heavv. Mean annual temper-
ature Batavia (Java), 78.6 deg.; rainfall, 70 inches. Sumatra, 75 deg.;
rainfall abundant. British Borneo, 74-S6 deg., rainfall, 102 inches.
Macassar (Celebes), 80 deg.; rainfall, 127 inches.
DUTCH EAST INDIES.
Region visited by Marco Polo 1292; by Portuguese 1525. Dutch East
India Company created 1602; trading stations established at Jam hi,
Sumatra, 1616; Batavia, Java, 1619; Macassar, Celebes, 1660; entire region
gradually came under control of Company; latter dissolved and terri-
tories transferred to State 1795. The Dutch possessions comprise the
largest, and, excluding the Philippines, the most valuable islands of
Malaysia. Total area, 736,400 square miles; Borneo, 284,630 (72 per
cent of entire area of island); Sumatra, 161.612; Celebes, 71,470; Java
and Madura, 50,554; Molucca Islands, 43,864; New Guinea, 151,789.
Soil generally of great fertility. Java chief agricultural district;
hulk of population engaged in industry. Greater part of island gov-
ernment property. Private estates chiefly in western part; area of
lands in hands of Europeans, 2,069,733 acres; Chinese, 639,999; other
Orientals, 34,856. Rice, sago, Indian corn, and fruits staple food of
inhabitants; coffee, sugar, tobacco, indigo, tea, cinchona, nutmegs,
cotton, and cocoanuts largely cultivated for export. Area cultivated
in Java and Madura, 1S%, S,950,399 acres; under rice, 4,828,642; Indian
corn, cotton, etc., 3,595.226; sugar cane, 213,349; tobacco, 258.930; indigo,
54,252. Sugar product 1897, 546,750 tons. Java one of chief coffcegrow-
ing countries of the world. Production of coffee in Dutch East
Indies 1896. 116.065,065 pounds. Cinchona (Java), 8,355,441 pounds.
Tobacco (Java, Sumatra, etc.), 63,942,375 pounds. Tea (.Java), 8,616,075
pounds. Indigo (Java), 1,587,781 pounds. Fruits include bananas,
melons, pomegranates, tamarinds, breadfruit, oranges, shaddocks, etc.
Buffaloes, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, and swine bred in all larger in-
lands. Horses never used for agricultural purposes; those bred in
Celebes- all exported highly esteemed. Live Stock chief wealth of
Javanese. In 1895 island contained 2,643,000 buffaloes, 2.572,000 oxen
and cows, and 485,500 horses. Manufactures chiefly domestic.
native women weave cotton, make mats, baskets, and earthenware.
Javanese most advanced in mechanical arts; excel in metal works;
Value of imports 1896, 867,339,453; total merchandise, 163,520,652; (pri-
vate, $60,822,120); total specie, 13.818.800; exports, $79,852,284: total
merchandise, $79,495,516 (private, 873,765,413). Exports (four-fifths to
the Netherlands) sugar, coffee, tea, rice, indigo, cinchona, tin, and
tobacco. Small export duty on coffee and tobacco; duty on sugar
abolished. In 1896, 3,905 steamers and sailing vessels, of l,.lo:!,ii-ju t,,ns,
entered Dutch East Indies. Gold, copper, and iron found in Borneo.
Sumatra, and Celebes; sulphur, tin, petroleum, coal, limestone, an. I
marble in Sumatra; diamonds, antimony, and other minerals m
Borneo. Valuable tin mines at Banca, Biliton, and Riouw worked
''J
[itnda K M t
o
o
•-•Burukan.' t °*\. ..J^v**/* A
" Croce\^^>L^BATAVlA - ,, /<V V, Li becki
337
jm Greenwich.
Malaysia.,
Scale of Statute Miles.
50 100 -200 **1 I
Copyright.- 1904. by Ran.l, Mc^ally 4 Co
r , r^ac-,Pouiio
HILIPPI^°T) M ^§g : ISLANDS
(U. S.) ^^^^kSJ^^^J&^mi,
OoboganlPt. ..' i (V 'Iloilop
•-. wV "Tumaran
#
j°-ty, )v yu,K u ;, -
ISD6
l v /i. A7~\V JBorongan
:alabac ^tMantan^oul
■y ^BRITISH
7-^:
Surigao
VateZ
r^'i^Iaharga ^^iIIt. CAUIAN
Jangoo^^^^^^^lSR
Sera.vg
a "r Deno^t^-L^nO^C. 8. Augustin
S- Si iUTu Is. gC^t aGO c "•
^CBiV- a v . JTeang.sIs.
"■ S«libat.oo„- Tl-LUR Is.
(Disappeared June 7th 1892.)) -^
<kj?± CELEBES SEA -£ b'/'W* 0110
Sa , L ;ah ySSS^i^^y
T Is . •»««« f ] fc S^^"™*!
££& iBoETON
O
i Se<jUETRaS
Johanrjes
Teleu Is.'
Anjour
St. Andrew
'"'A-'naOTCurrre^it I
' .ZMbriere ^*
^
„ J&walamel/
ACASSAJ^^^ . ST .^ ATT , rEW , Ig .
J 8;V&iiaj/er &r. Salayer I . '•Token Bes«y JByLA'.
Sbla
Hog I.« J -T-
-«.* -* „ T -JFLOiaS SEA cff- c t >r "gjla ;. . //Tr
- — ^ . p> U\fi / M"tyi.ie 1] ;£ — JzL
N
S S.I VI
Semao jWCoepang
<tf»*
•Banjoar,
Clartnce Strail^Palmerstoo
y
338 MALAYSIA.
yield 1896-97, 15,600 tons. Mineral oils produced 1896, 29,230,189 gallon.
Salt, only mineral worked ta .Java, Government monopoly. Popula-
tion, 1897, about 34,090,000; Java and Madura, 25,697,701, Borneo, i.w,-
578; Celebes, 1,997,860; Sumatra, 3,299,137. Last official records: Euro-
peans, 67,156; Chinese, KiO.oOO; Arabs, 24,000; other Orientals, 27,000; mi-
tives, 32,000,000, chiefly Malays. Batavia, Java, chief commercial renter
of Dutch East Indies: old or commercial town Mounded L619) built on
network of streams and canals; population, 1896, 105,000; Europeans
9,423. Smrabaya, 145,690; Europeans 6,988. Falembang, Sumatra,, on
Musi River; population, 55,000. Padang, seaport on west coast Suma-
tra, founded 1649; population, 40,000. Acheen, Sumatra, seaport in ex-
treme soutb; 35,000. Macassar, Celeb s, free harbor and a leading port
of Dutch East Indies; population, 20,000. Menado, Celebes, free port;
large trade with Bata\la and China; population, 4,000. Banjermasin,
capital of Dutch Borneo; seat of active trade in gold dust, diamonds,
spices, wax, drugs, rattans, etc.; population, 39,350. PonManak, Borneo,
free port since 1856: population 1887, 8,400. Length of railway (State
and private) open for traffic, 1896, 1,112 miles. Telegraph line, 6.699
miles. Public schools for Europeans, 1896, included middle class
schools (930 pupils), and elementary schools (attendance 14,280). There
were 2,970 pupils in private elementary schools. Schools for natives
included 4 normal (168 pupils) and 4 schools for sons of natives (220
pupils); and in Java and Madura Government elementary schools with
37,103 pupils, private with 20,753 pupils. In 1895 native schools in Out-
posts included Government schools with 41,656 pupils and private
schools with 24,085. Entire liberty granted all religions. Christians
among natives and foreign Orientals, 1896, 309,258. Missionaries, 114.
Mohammedanism prevailing religion of natives. Executive authority
of Dutch East Indies vested in Governor-General. Java divided into
22 residencies, each (except Krawang) ruled by Eesident having
almost absolute authority. The Outposts (other islands) administered
by Governors, Residents, Controleurs, etc.
BRITISH EAST INDIES
Comprise British North Borneo, Island of Labuan, and protector-
ates of Brunei and Sarawak. British North Borneo held under
grants from Sultans of Brunei andSulu; became a British protectorate
1888. Labuan placed under government of British North Borneo Com-
pany, 1889. Area, 31,106 square miles. Coast line 900 miles. Tobac-
co, coffee, cocoanut, india rubber, and ramie plantations established.
Sago, rice. Indian corn, sugar cane, cotton, ground and betel nuts, tapi-
oca, and sweet potatoes grown by natives. Value of imports, 18y7,
81,887,49S; exports, 82.942,293. Value of leaf tobacco exported, 1897,
81,686,173. Other exports are timber, rattan, india rubber, sago, birds'
nests, and pearls. Shipping entered, 95,300 tons; cleared, 94,168.
Minerals include gold and coal in paying quantities. Population,
175,000, principally Mohammedan settlers on coast, aboriginal tribes in
interior, and some Chinese traders and artisans. Sandakan, capital;
population. 7,000. Protestant and Roman Catholic missions established.
Region under jurisdiction of British North Borneo Company: admin-
istered by Governor at Borneo and Court of Directors in London.
Sarawak.— Part of territory obtained by Sir James Brooke from
Sultan of Brunei 1842; other accessions, 1861, 1885, and 1890: placed under
British protection 1888. Area, 50,000 square miles: coast line, 400
miles. Extensive level tracts along coast. Principal vegetable prod-
uct sago; Sarawak export of sago largest in world: cocoanuts also
abundant. India rubber and other forest products, obtained chiefly
in middle section, and gambler and pepper all largely exported. Value
of imports, 1896, 83.701.394; exports s3,557,S6S. Southern section rich in
minerals; antimony and quicksilver exported: coal abundant, also
gold and silver. Population, 300,000. K itching or Sarawak, capital;
population about 25,000. Catholic and Church of England missions
with schools at Kuchlng. Government administered by a Rajah.
Brunei placed under British protection 1888. Area, 3,000 square
miles. Products similar to those of North Borneo. Coal mined. Pop-
ulation, 50,000. Capital Brunei, on wide estuary of Brunei River;
population, 25,00. Head of government Sultan.
PHILIPPINES. 339
PHILIPPINES. < Vearl of tho Orient."
Named in honor of Philip II of Spain.
Historical.— Islands discovered byMagalhaes (Magellan) 1521; first
settlements by Spaniards made on Island of Cebu 1565. Spain took
formal possession of islands 1569; Manila erected into colonial capita]
1571. Conquest of islands attempted by Chinese 1574; various contests
with Dutch 1(106-42: Manila captured by English 1762; restored 1764.
Numerous native rebellions have occurred ; most important those of
1822, 1841, 1872. and 1896. War declared between United Slates and
Spain April, 1S9S: Spanish fleet in Manila Bay destroyed and arsenal
captured by Americans in May; city or" Manila surrendered August;
Philippines ceded to United States December. Native insurgents
protested against American occupation and warfare continued.
Area.— Number of islands in group about 2,000— many mere rocks
and uninhabited islets; cultivable or valuable for mineral or other
resources, between 400 and 500. Area, including Sulu Islands, esti
mated at 114,30*) to 115,300 square miles.
Physical Features.— Entire archipelago probably of volcanic
origin. Interior of all islands mountainous; many volcanoes exist;
Apo (10,280 feet), on Mindanao, and Halcon, Mindoro, highest eleva-
tions in Philippines. Between the numerous mountain chains are
luxuriant plains and wide, fertile valleys. Rivers and lakes numerous,
especially in larger islands. Coast line irregular, the numerous
creeks and bays forming many natural harbors; eastern coast steep
and rugged. Hot springs of iron and sulphur occur.
Climate continual summer. Hottest season from March to May;
most islands receive rain during southwest monsoon; rainy season,
beginning middle of April, lasts six months; dry season other half of
year. On all coasts facing Pacific Ocean seasons reverse of above;
hottest months June, July, and August. Temperature ranges from 60
deg. to 90deg., mean average 81 deg. Annual rainfall, Manila. 99 inches;
along eastern coast rainfall almost incessant. Greater part of archi-
pelago periodically disturbed by terrific hurricanes. Earthquakes
frequent. Islands in general healthful, excepting in marshy districts,
where malaria exists; rate of mortality low. Yellow fever unknown.
Forests extensive; practically untouched. Mountain ranges in
general thickly clothed with trees. Many varieties of rare hardwoods,
suitable for interior wood-working, manufacture of furniture, ship-
building, etc., abound; other trees afford dyewoods", gums, resins, and
flowers used in manufacture of perfumery. Numerous palms— includ-
ing cocoanut— and bamboos grow in profusion. Tropical fruits abun-
dant. Pineapples grown chiefly for fiber from which the beautiful pifia
cloth is woven. Among numerous bananas is included the .1//^/
texUlig, which furnishes the well-known Manila hemp (abaci) of com-
merce. Medicinal herbs and roots abound everywhere.
Agriculture.— Agricultural resources of country unsurpassed.
Large proportion of cultivable area entirely undeveloped. Boil of
extraordinary richness and fertility. All economic plants of tropics
successfully grown. Chief industries of Islands production of hemp,
sugar, copra, and tobacco. Leading product hemp, plant found wild
on all mountain slopes; cultivated most extensively in islands of Lej te
and Province of Albay, Luzon; product averages over 100,000 tons
annually. Sugar industry second in importance. ugar cane grown in
all parts of archipelago; chief centers ot production Luzon and N
yearly export of raw sugar over 200,000 tons. < ocoanut plantations
profitable. Production of copra — dried k< rnel of cocoanut con-
stantly Increasing. Culture of tobacco prominent. Plant Introduced
from Mexico In sixteenth century; finesl qualltj of tobacco grown
in northern provinces of Luzon; leaf from cast coa ranks
second. Coffee industry, owing to ravages of Insects, declined In value
from $4,000,000 to *M,ihw in lsiflf. Cacao nourishes in all hot, damp dis-
tricts. Bice generally staple food of natives; Indlancorn In llmitj
tricts in the south; sweet potato, or vain, also a favorite article ol rood.
Tropical fruits not cultivated; found In abundance on all the islands.
Live Stock.— Cattle, sheep, and goats introduced from Spain;
number in islands not large. Domestic pigs and chickens numerous
340
Tio u ^^ li s*
341
FokWa^ South cape
Bashee Channel
Bashee Is.i".
a
Batajjes Is. j9
Halintang Clu Babuy ^
Babpyaxes Is.oCalayas I.
laba? .; x ^ A-~ J cagua' voj..
Mr. PACSA-;,,^ ', 'if
Vigaiii : -
gltude T.:kSt from Oreenwlob.
CanaonLj
Lj: zosji
^ejarao
^-'/,
V<*!fe n
o
4Pt.Tumango
? v '^r^V. S. Ddefonso
S-C*f^3Baler
'I/ingdlan Say
v^
Balab^^^AI^lCAJOMALiG,>- ^ Ch**
^laniln B
•BtTSOXNGA i. <#
CiXAMlANESls.^n
Calamian/^1 -p, -Ngo
iWACA^J/ * 1, p ai
C*
0ROMBLO.V,V ^51 !\
^?}-a>- 4^ ; -
I. MA^ff^^ \SAMAH I.
.»» v €a^ogaiH2 Hw ; :/l?orougan
v - BujkaiTI.^ w| ■> ^
__Calmli P*. n -m I ~ /;.-Ba'ntav j an I/i T „}jSXyK.* <>HGuiuan
4r,uni?l. . ,ySu$'gau>lB.
' f^ -jBucasT
o
ToloS-7^ 1 '^ -.-Siii'i-uou j
BACON VOLMS? S 3 t - .
Ta ? oloPt.
ftU lt Point
'SZ' '7 7I(;| OKIA . p f- is.
JL T X D
" S
o v 8u ^0^ r l^ ® * x A p
JBastfanH^r.^-'; % « toft
Pujaga Bay "*^,
342 MALAYSIA.
in farming districts. Carabao, or water buffalo, principal b<
burden; oxen also used. Philippine ponies found In large numbers;
small in size, but possessed of great Bt rengtb and endurance.
Manufactures. Cigarsthe Btaple article of manufacture. Pifla
muslin of pure pineapple- leaf fiber, with rough cloth from -•
hemp fiber, and some Bpeclai cotton and woolen fabrics constitute the
textiles. Straw hats and mats and cordage manufactured. Rough
pottery, whitewood furniture, wood carving, bamboo furniture,
handsome embroideries, and work in Bilver and gold arc among local
industries. Preparation of copra for shipment rank- among the newer
industries; is one of the most promising pursuits in the Islands, fu-
ture of hemp industry of great Importance.
Commerce. -Value of imports. 1897, 817,342,990; exports, $41,
Principal imports: Flour, rice, wines, clothing, petroleum, coal, arms,
machinery, and iron. Principal exports 1897: Hemp, 818,040,760; -
S12.1»2S,0fK); copra, s4.U>2,9-jn : tobacco leaf. s-J.7sc.-2m: cigars, $1,694,600;
indigo, 1107,000; coffee, 196,000; rope, 863,400. Import* from United
States 1896, $162,446; 1897, $94,597; exports to United States 1896. 84,-
982,857; 1897, .■?l>:s.7in. Amount of hemp exported — chiefly to United
States— 1397, 12o,3'20 tons: sugar, chiefly to China and Japan, 226,342
tons; tobacco, chiefly to Europe, 15,695 tons.
Minerals.— Gold found in nearly all water courses. No
matic mining has been undertaken. Galena found in Luzon and Cebu;
most important deposits on Island of Marinduque. Iron containing
from 75 to 80 per cent pure metal abundant in Luzon. Cebu, and Panay.
Finest deposits, Bulacan Province, Luzon. Copper occurs in nearly
all the islands. Sulphur in neighborhood of active and extinct
volcanoes. Coal exists in many localities; extensive deposits in Cebu
and Batan; petroleum and lead also found in Cebu: lead mines partially
devEloped 'March -f fm? quality eslcfcs; quarried in limited quantities
Pearl fisheries of Sulu Islands a source of wealth.
Population estimated ' at 8,000.000. Inhabitants are Europeans
(25,000), Chinese (100.000), mixed races and natives. Native population
chiefly Malayan; some aboriginal tribes of Negritos.
Cities.— Manila, capital of islands, founded 1571 by Spaniards;
situated on western coast of Luzon, at junction of Pasig River and
Bay of Manila. Distance from Hongkong. 628 miles; two and a half
days by steamer. Old city surrounded by wall; contains cathedral of
17th century, other churches, archbishop's palace, monasteries, con-
vents, governor's palace, and numerous government buildings. Great
commercial center, Binondo, on north bank of Pasig. Retail trade
almost entirely in hands of Chinese; import and export trade chiefly
in the hands of foreigners. City contains a university, school of art,
an observatorv, and many educational and charitable institutions.
Population, including suburbs, about 30ti,iim. lloilo, second port of
Philippines, situated on southeastern coast of Island of Panay. Has
well-sheltered harbor with excellent anchorage. City has number of
foreign residents engaged in trade, and is the seat of several vice-
consulates. Inadequacy of communication with interior towns retards
development of port. Shipping center for Panay and Xegros islands.
Sugar, hemp, and sapan-wood exported. Population. 11,900. Ce*w,on
eastern coast of Cebu Island, third port. City a place of great histori-
cal interest. Capital of Colony from 1565 to 157L. Contains a fortress
built at time of first Spanish settlement. Former residence of Brig-
adier-Governor of Visayas and of Cebu Island. Is a cathedral city and-
a bishop's see. Hemp and sugar exported ; line pina stuffs also sold
here. Population about 12,000.
Railways, Etc.— Line from Manila to Dagupan. 123 miles. Tele-
graph 720 miles; 1894, total telegraph and cable from Manila to Hong-
kong and southern islands. 1,592 miles. Mail service between Manila
and Hongkong, and Manila and principal ports of southern islands.
Education, Etc.— Schools connected with all the churches. Edu-
cation principally in charge of priests. Spanish the official and com-
mercial language. Large number of dialects Bpoken. Exercise of any
religion other than Roman Catholic was forbidden.
Government. Etc.— Islands were divided among three govern-
ments: Luzon, the Visayas. and Mindanao with the Sulu Archipelago.
At present under military rule of United States.
AFRICA. 343
AFRICA
Historical. — Continent, with exception of Egypt and northern
coast, known to ancients as Lybia. Egypt— peopled from Asia seal
of earliest civilization; date of first dynasty and founding of Memphis
variously estimated as 5004 and 4400 B. C; conquest by Assyrians 7th
century. In 3d century Carthage disputed empire of the world with
Rome. Saracens conquered Northern Africa 637-709 A. it. Vascoda
Gama doubled (ape of Good Hope and explored coast 1197. South
Africa colonized by Dutch 1(352. Bruce disco\ ered source of Blue Nile
1772; Livingston made explorations in southeastern and central Africa
from 1840 to 1^73; Stanley in 1871, '74, "79, '87.
Area, including .Madagascar and other islands, 11,521,530 square
miles. Length north and south, 4,980 miles; east and west, 4,840 miles.
Physical Features. — Surface mainly plateau, diversified by
mountain chains; northern poition occupied by Sahara, greatest
desert of the globe. Principal mountain ranges: Atlas in northwest,
Drakensberg in southeast. Eastern plateau culminates in volcanic
cones— Kilimanjaro, 19,700 feet; Kenia, 18,400 feet— highest peaks of
Africa. Great rivers: Nile, flowing into Mediterranean; Niger and
Kongo into Atlantic; Zambezi into Indian Ocean. Largest lakes: Vic-
toria Nyanza, Tchad, Tanganyika, Nyassa, Rudolf.
Climate.— Hottest of the earth's divisions— only one-fifth of Africa
within the temperate zone. Mean temperature at sea level everywhere
above 68 deg. except in Barbary and South African coast region.
Rainfall in general scanty; regions of exceptional drought are Somali-
land, Sahara and Kalahari deserts; abundant only in western part of
equatorial area and portions of southern and southeastern coast.
Vegetation. Etc.— Fertile regions of north characterized by ever-
green oak, pine, cypress, and cork tree; cereals and semi-tropical
fruits are grown. Date-palm abundant; fruit constitutes chief food
of natives; deleb and douin palms found further south. Fertile oases
of Sahara abound in groves of palm and olive. Among cultivated
aud indigenous plants of Nile valley are papyrus, cotton, lotus, wheat,
rice. etc. Vegetation of Abyssinia resembles tnat of Southern Europe,
coffee plant native here. Principal wooded area- estimated by Stan-
ley 321,057 square miles -lies between Kongo and great lakes; dense
forests of this region contain trees of extraordinary height. Valuable
products of western and tropical Africa are coffee, gum copal, banana,
peanut, monkey-bread tree, tamarind and custard apple. In temper-
ate portions of south herbaceous plants and heaths abound.
Minerals.— Except in South Africa, the coast regions, and extreme
north, mineralogy of Continent little known. Gold fields of the Trans-
vaal richest known; furnish one-third of world's product; most valu-
able diamond mines in the world in South Africa. Iron, coal, copper,
and lead occur in Cape Colony and Natal, and excellent iron ores are
found in Algeria. Salt is most valuable product of the Sahara.
Population 1S95 (estimated) 137,038,000; negroes 100,680,000; Semites
16,890,0<X); flamites 12,340,000; Hottentots and Bushmen 500,000; Malays,
in Madagascar, 3,515,000; Europeans 1,716,000; Asiatics 345,000.
Religion.— Mohammedanism, introduced by Arabs, prevails in
North and East and in certain Soudan States; adherents, 60,061,000.
Orthodox Christians confined to European settlements In BOUth and
north; corrupted form of Christianity survives among Copts of Egypt
and Abyssinians: total, 6,208,000. Jews number 258,000: Buddhists, 335,-
000; Pagans, comprising natives of Central and South Africa, 70,078,000.
Races.— Africa native home of negro race, which occupies most of
Continent south of Sahara. Bantu tribes predominate, Including Kaffirs
of Cape Colony and Natal, Basutos, Bechuanas, Matabcles, Zulus,
Swazis, etc. Hottentots, formerly most powerful blacks of Central
Africa, now confined to southwest: among interior negro raci
Bushmen and Pygmies. Markedly different are Semitic and Bamltic
peoples of North and East— Berbers, Moors, and Arabs ol Barbarj and
Sahara, Egyptians, Abyssinians. Soma! (mixed race), and numerous
Jews in Atlas States. Dominant race of Madagascar, Malays
Political. -With exception of the sultanate of Morocco, the king-
dom of Abyssinia, and the republic of Liberia, the African continent
la divided, politically, among European powers.
844
345
346 AFRICA.
NORTHWESTERN AFRICA.
FRENCH POSSESSIONS. -Algeria.— Original inhabitants
Numidlans or Berbers, conquered by Romans and vandals. Turkish
possession L5l9to L710. Piratical power 16th to 19th centuries; d<
by United States 1815. Algiers taken by Franc
Kalis les subdued and Abd-el-Kader captured 1847. Area, 307,91 1 square
miles divided among three departments -Algiers, Oran. and Constan-
tine, and the Algerian Sahara. Algeria presents three distinct i
ultivated territory extending inland from the Mediterranean; the
mountainous regions beyond traversed by ranges of Tell or Little Atlas
(7.60J feet); and the Algerian Sahara extending indefinitely to the
south; latter a vast region of oases, each with numerous towns and
villages surrounded by groves of date-palm, fig, and olive. Chief
rivers Roumel and Shcliff. Climate on northern mountain slopes
equable; marshy plains unhealthful. Winters mild, rain abundant.
Forest area 8,119,230 acres; cork sold, 1896, 4,867,082 pounds, value
8132.3J1. Agriculture chief industry. Agricultural population,
3,482,358-205,642 bluropeans-in 1895 occupied 49,400,000 acres. Wheat
product, 1895-6, 25.985,817 bushels; barley 88,643,833; oats, 5,203,207; pota-
toes, millet, and legumes also grown in north; alfa, valuable fibre plant,
almost sole product of plateaus, 37,946 tons; flax and ramie produced;
tobacco, 12,534,792 pounds. Vine thrives; wine product 1896, 114,886,669
gallons. Other products: Olives (6,500,000 grafted trees), datc>, oil
seeds. Live -stock includes horses, mules, asses, camels, and cattle;
sheep most important domestic animal; number in colony, 7,891,979;
goats, 3,545,041. Value imports 1897, $52,611,271— animals and products,
timber, tissues, clocks, etc.; exports, 954,120,996; flour, $182,013; colonial
produce, 8931,715; metals, 81,004,894. Minerals valuable; iron most
important; value of ore mined 18%, 8511,100; zinc and lead, 8160,360;
antimony, 118,050; phosphate of lime, 8475,859. Population, 1896,
4,429,421; French, 318,137; other foreigners, 446,343; natives, 3,i
Algerian Sahara, 50,000. Algiers, capital, leading seaport and popular
winter resort; population, 82,585; Oran, 74,510; Constantine, 46,581.
Railway, 1897, 2,156 miles. Telegraph line, 1896, 5,025 miles. Prirnary
and infant schools, 1896, 1,278; pupils, 127,198. Other institutions
include communal colleges, lycees, and Algiers Academy. Natives
Mohammedans. Territory governed as detached part of France
through Governor-General, assisted by consultative ministry.
Tunis.— As part of Roman Africa region leading seat of Latin
Christianity. Invaded by French 1270; by Spanish, 1535; became a
Turkish province 1575; ruled by beys and long noted as a piratical
State. Occupied by France 1881. Area, 51,000 square miles. Physi-
cal features similar to those of Algeria. Atlas ranges separated by
wide, fertile basin of Mejerda, chief river. Valleys well watered; cork
forests important. Numerous rich, well populated oases. Climate
generally healthful; thermometer rarely rises to 92deg.; mean tempera-
ture winter or rainy season, 60 deg. Rainfall November to April.
Agriculture leading industry; cereals, fruits, olives, nuts, and the
vine cultivated. Olive trees, 12,000,000; annual value of oil, §2,950,000.
Date trees, 1,350,000; wine product, 1895, 5,017,900 gallons. Live stock,
1897. 2,088,180; cattle, 252,220; sheep, 907,642: goats, 612.621; camels,
112,265. Fisheries important; value of sardines, anchovies, sponges,
and sepia, 1895, $273,738. Manufactures chiefly wool fabrics, caps,
soap, and leather. Value imports, 1896, §8.824,464; exports, 86.556,431;
wheat, §1,710,000; olive oil, $760,000; barley, §570.000: cattle. 8380,000; wines,
$385,000; sponges, $228,000. Dates exported annually, $190,000. Miner-
als include zinc, iron. lead, copper, silver, salt, phosphate, and fine
marble. Population. 1,700,000, mostly Arabs and Berbers; 45.000
Europeans. Tun in, capital and seaport; has important textile manu-
factures; population. 145,000. Railway, 883 miles. Telegraph. 3.670
miles. Primary schools, 1895, 97 .Mohammedanism prevails. Gov-
ernment in nands of French Resident-General.
Senegal embraces a number of stations on Senegal River and the
coast from Cape Blanco south to the Gambia. Colonized by French
1637; held by British 1758 and 1800. Area, 115,S00 square miles. Sur-
face near Atlantic low; interior mountainous. Senegal important
^
NORTHWESTERN AFRICA. 347
waterway connecting coast with fertile countries oi interior. Climate
hot and unhealthful. Value of exp< included are
India rubber, dyewoods, palm nuts and oil, ivory, mahogany, ground
nuts, gums, etc.; imports, $4,750,1 U0; cliietly cotton goods, cutlei <
mid ammunition. Population, 2,000, St. Lou,,, capital and chief
town; population 20,000; Dakar, 2,000, and Ruflsgui Lmportanl trade
centers. Railway 1898, 246 miles; telegraph 574. Government
administered by Governor-General and Colonial Council.
French Guinea detached from Senegal 1890 and Brsi known as
Rivieres du Sud Colony. Coasi territory extends inland between Sierra
Leone and Portuguese possessions to Futa Jallon. Climate hot and
unhealthiul. Population 47,541. Konakry, Isle of Tombo, capital.
Ivory Coast or Indenie.— Annexed by France 1892-3. Colon]
extends inland between Liberia and British (.old Coast, embracing
Kong and other States on northeast. Eastern section flat and marshy;
gradual elevation toward west coast. Climate moist and hot.
Products include valuable woods, gold, india rubber, cotton, and pine-
apples. Commerce increasing; value exports, 1895, $851,800; im-
ports, $343,900. Coast settlements comprise Grand-Bassam, Assinie,
Grand La/1021, and Jackeville.
Dahomey stretches inland between Togoland and British Lagos;
frontier of interior undetermined. Area of coast and protected
inland colonies 14,000 square miles. Surface undulating plain.- and
plateaus partly covered with tropical forests. Inhabitants engaged in
agriculture; chief products palm-oil, Indian corn, cattle, ivory,
and india rubber. Annual export of palm-oil, 10,000 tons; palm
kernels, 20,000 tons. Total population, 550,000. Natives pure
negroes and fetich worshipers. Capital, Abomey; chief trading
centefs, Kotonou, Grand Pop o, and Whydah.
French Soudan embraces the countries of the Upper Senegal,
Upper and Middle Niger, and those extending inland from Senegal,
French Guinea, Indenie, and Dahomey. Country divided into annexed
territories-area, 54,000 square miles — aDd protectorates— 300,000
square miles. Interior an elevated plateau sloping north and east to
Great Desert. Climate tropical; dangerous for Europeans. Rainy
season April to October. Territory in great part fertile, well wooded
and watered; productions rice, other cereals, tobacco, cotton, sugar,
gums, and india rubber. Value of import-. 1897, 81,634,842; exports,
8907,683. Iron and gold found. Population annexed territories,
360,000; protectorates, 2.50o,0(.iO. Railway open Hon: Kayes to
Bafoulabe, 94 miles. Government vested in Superior Military < om-
mandant under authority of Governor of Senegal residing at Kayt S.
MOROCCO the Mauritania of the ancients; conquered by tin-
Arabs about TOO. Present dynasty, Scheriffs, pretended descendants
of Mohammed, established 1516. Most flourishing period of country
1579-1603. Slavery of Christians abolished 1814; piracy prohibited L817.
Area, estimated at 219,000 square miles; southern frontier toward
Sahara unsettled. Country comprises a "Tell*' or fertile region open-
ing upon the Atlantic, an elevated region bevond traversed by ranges
of Atlas Mountains (Ayashiu 14,150 feet), and the eastern or desert
region of Sahara. Coast district intersected by numerous Bhorl rivers,
Muluya largest. Climate warm and generally healthful. North-
west has sufficient rain from October to March: droughts not un-
common in southwest. Soil of coast region and mountain
fertile; yields abundantly under rudest cultivation. Products wheat,
barley, Indian corn, bemp, henna, and tropical and subtropical fruits;
dates a regular crop in south. Wealth of Arabs consists ol cattle,
hor-es, sheep, and ostriches. Manufactures comprise carpets,
fezes, leather, woolens, silks, ieweirv, saddlery, earthenware, etc.
Imports, 1897, including specie, -5..V1:;. 1— ; chiefly cotton goods and
provisions: exports; *:3,r>;o,Tls, including bi : : cattle and
wool, #721,865; goat skins, 1321,372; eggs, 1446,429. Mineral
posits— undeveloped-include iron, gold, sliver, manganese, antimony,
lead, etc.; fine amethysts found. Population. 5,000,000; mostly
Berbers and descendants of Al orthern capital: leading
commercial city; population 140,000. Morocco, southern capll
manufactures of morocco leather; 70,000. Tangier d chlel
center of trade; 30,000. Mequinez, royal residence; 30,000. Ednca-
348
v rr^wi — i
8 S £1
350 AFRICA.
tion limited to teachings from Koran. Mohammedanism predomi-
nant religion* Government absolute despotism; Sultan chief
of state and head of religion. Army comprises about 12,000 men
under European discipline and an additional force of 8,000 militia
and 10,000 Infantry.
SPANISH POSSESSIOXS.-Canary Islands-known to
Phoenicians; visited by Portuguese and Genoese during 14th century;
became a Spanish possession 1493. Administratively part of Spain.
Area of archipelago, 2,808 square miles. Surface mountainous,
diversified by plains and valleys. Climate equable. Mean temper-
ature Teneriffe, 70 deg.; highest, st deg.; lowest. 46 deg. Rainy -
November to February. Chief products sugar, cochineal, and wine;
other products, tobacco, silk, oil, wheat, barley, and tropical fruits.
Population, 287,7^8. Capital, Santa Cruzde Teneriffe; chief port,
Patmas. Religion Roman Catholic. Rio de Oro and Adrai —
area, 243,000 square miles; population, lOO.oeo — under governorship
of Canary Islands with sub-governor at Bio tie Oro.
PORTUGUESE POSSESSIONS. -Cape Verde Islands
discovered and colonized by Portuguese 1460. Area, 1,480 square
miles. Islands mountainous. Climate tropical; mean temperature,
71 deg.; September, 91.5 deg.; December, 58 deg. Islands subject to
droughts- rainy season August to September. Has flourishing cin-
chona plantations. Other products include coffee, cacao, tobacco,
sugar, brandy, palm-oil, fruits. Cattle, goats, pigs, numerous. Manu-
factures :. Salt, soap, linens pottery, and leather. Imports, 1896, 81,851,-
244; exports, $448,340. Iron and amber in southern islands. Popula-
tion, 114,130; of mixed race, descendants of Portuguese settlers and
negroes. Capital Porto Praya. Colony administered by Governor.
Portuguese Guinea. -On Senegambia coast surrounded on
land side by French possessions; includes Bissagos Archipelago and
Bolama Island. Area, 4,440 square miles. Chief products: india
rubber, wax, oil seeds, ivory, and hides. Imports, 1895, $328,280; exports,
$•256,360. Population, £20,000. Capital, Bolama: chief port, Btesao.
St. Thomas and Prince Iwlauds.-St. Thomas (Sao Thomg)
discovered by Portuguese 1470; with Prince Island (Ilha do Principe.),
its dependent, forms province of Portugal. Area, 360 square miles.
Volcanic and mountainous (Pico de Sao Thome 7,028 feet) with luxu-
riant vegetation. Climate unhealthful: more rain than on main-
land. Chfef products, coffee (St. Thomas 4,961,250 lbs.), cacao (Prince
1,323,000 lbs.), cinchona; sugar and vanilla also produced. Popu-
lation, 24,660; principally Creoles and Negroes. Capital, Oidade de
Sao Thome. Chief town and port (Prince Island) Sao Antonio.
Madeira Islands.— Islands known to ancients; visited by Arabs
12th century; re-discovered and colonized by Portuguese 1420. Area,
505 square miles. Very mountainous (Pico Ruivo, 6.060 feet). Notable
health resort for. European invalids. Mean temperature, 65 deg.;
highest, 85 deg.; lowest, 54 deg. Sugar-cane, tobacco, and all tropical
and European fruits grown; wines famous. Population, 130,584.
Funchal, capital, 18,778. An administrative district of Portugal.
BRITISH POSSESSIONS. — (.old Coast — Danish settle-
ments transferred to England, 1850; Dutch claims. L872; colonial gov-
ernment established 1374; Ashantee placed under British protection
1895-6. Area, 15,000 square miles ; including protectorate, 46,600.
Coast regions level: interior hilly. Soil fertile. Products: Palm-oil
and kernels, india rubber, kola nuts, and timber. Value imports,
1397, 84,425,224; exports, S5,16S,873; india rubber. 1896, sl.2S4.900. Gold
widely distributed. Population, 1.473.882 t50n Europeans). Akra.
capital and chief city: population 16.267; Cape roast Castle, 11,614. Tele-
graph, 623 miles. Education mainly in hands of religious bodies;
enrollment, 1^97,8.499. Government schools at Akra and Cape Coast.
Lagos.— Island permanently occupied by Great Britain, 1861: depen-
dency of Gold Coast until 1886. Area, including mainland, 1.500 square
miles; including Voruba— interior negro kingdom— 20,070. Chief prod-
ucts and exports: Palm oil and kernels, cotton, gum copal, ivory,
india rubber, coffee, and cocoa. Live stock, 1897: Sheep, 1,693; hogs,
2,680; cattle, 948; horses, 45. Value of imports, 1897, $3,744,683; exports,
NORTHWESTERN AFRICA, 85i
$3,942,338; palm oil and kernel-, exported, 1896 ,$2,441,300; rubber $1,689-
900. Populatiou, 100,000 (200 whites); Including rbruba, iooO.OOO
Lagos, capital and chief city; population, 32,500. Pagane predoii
Gambia.— Territory discovered by Portuguese 1447; fori
Usbed by English 1686; became British posse,-!, «n i>;5 ; annexed to
Siena Leone 1841; independent colony 1S88. Area, 2,700 squan
(settlement proper, 6t»j. Pruducts and exports: Groundnuts, bides,
beeswax, rice, cotton, corn, and india rubber. Value of imports 1897
$821,694; exports, $806,244. Population 50,000; settlement proper, 1894
14,978 62 wbiti - Balhurst, capital and chief city; population 6,000
Schools, 5; enrollment, 861. Mohammedans predominate.
Sierra Leone.— Northwest of Liberia. Unsuccessful attempt made
to colonize liberated slaves 17S7 ; territory annexed by England 1791-
became Crown colony 1807. Area, including Sberboro Island and ad-
joining territory, 30,000 square n,iles ; Sierra Leone proper, i.tmn
Surface of coast an undulating plain; interior elevated plateaus. For-
ests extensive. Soil fertile; rice yields abundantly in interior
plentiful; indigo practically wild. Exports include palm oil and palm
kernels, benni seed, ground and kola nuts, tropical fruits, india rubber,
copal, and hides. Value imports HO; exports. -
coanut-oil produced; workers in gold and silver numerous and skillful.
Population, 1891, 74,833 (whites 224): 1898, 250,000. Freetown, capital;
most important seaport (fortified) of WeBt Africa; population 30,033.
Enrollment in schools, 1896, 10.500. Paganism prevails.
Niger Coast Protectorate occupies most of Atlantic coast
from Lagos to Kamerun. Area. 3,000-4,000 square miles. Climate
hot. moist, and unhealthy. Products and exports: Palm oil and ker-
nels, groundnuts, ivory, india rubber, ebony, camwood, indigo, .
hides, and cacao. Imports: Textiles, hardware, spirits, tobacco, pro-
Visions, pottery, guns, etc. Value imports 1896-';. sports,
$3,108,932. Trading centers, Old Calabar (40,000), Opobo, Bonney, etc.
Training, industrial, and other schools established. Government
entrusted (i891 to Imperial Commissioner and Consul-General.
Niger Territories comprise region of Niger basin (except Niger
Coast Protectorate) between French and German spheres of influence;
Sokoto, Gando, Borgu, and part of Bornu obtained by treaties with
native tribes since 1882. Area, 500,000 square miles. Niger delta tin-
healthful: climate of interior better. Gando rich in agricultural
resources; cotton produced. Imports: Textiles, earthenware, hard-
ware, beads, tobacco, and salt; exports: Gums, bides, india rubber,
ivory, palm oil and kernels, etc. Population, 20,000,000-35,000,000.
Asaba, capital; Akassa and Gangana ports of entry. Government
administered by Royal Niger Company (chartered 1886).
GERMAN POSSESSION.— Togoland on Slav.- (Oast between
Dahomey and Gold Coast Colony. Declared a German protectorate
1884. Area 33,000 square miles. Coast low and unbealtbful, interior
salubrious. Maize, yams, tapioca, ginger, bananas grown; coffee cul-
ture introduced. Forest products, cocoa, palm oil, caoutchouc, dye-
woods. Exports, palm oil, gum. palm kernels. I'opulni ion 2
Lome chief town and port. Governed by imperial Commissioner.
WBERIA.— Countrv settled 1822 by free Negroes, Bent out under
American Colonization Society; declared independent 1847. Area,
14,360 square miles. Coast lands generally low and sandy; Interior
hills and mountains covered with beautiful forests, diversified by
well-watered, fertile valleys; largest rivers St. Johns and st. Pauls.
Climate unhealthful, seasons wet and dry; hottest month January;
heat mitigated by almost constant land and sea Inezes. < offee-
rettowned for its excellence- and ginger chief products. Maize, rice,
cotton, arrowroot, sugar cane, cereals, and vegetables readllj produced.
Fruits abundant and finely flavored. Value exports, 189
leading articles, coffee, palm oil and palm kernels, rubber, i
sugar, arrowroot, ivory, bides, and plassava; imports, -
tiles, clothing, provisions, hardware, tobacco, furniture, et< Popu-
lation, 1,065,000; 18,000 Americo-Llberians; remainder aboriginal in-
habitants. Monrovia, capital; population, tt - Krootown,
5.0ixi. Harper, 3,000. Regular system of common school*, i
tive vested in 1'resident assisted by Council of Minister.-. I
citizen between 16 and GO liable to military service.
352
Jl.of
®M
Y
%/,V „ Bereh\
D\£
JIBESTI or T Y ■
Tao i'EardaiT j; g
20^
*#+>& ME D 1% T /•: R II . 1 NJE A N
9W!
A R ( A
" a Tlatc/u of lit: LihtianJRtaM
I i y ;■, 600 f o 60y feet
"4 .'■ /,''\ /..-—■<<*;
(i/ttpj'ter A
rketelKerim ffii
Oasis ll sh
ofBahrith I.
Zuila
OORZOOK
Wair
;°Gatron , : / 0/
roTejerri /
£ | BY AN DESERT
,.vl,o
'Oasis! E G
fa/a*?*
^Ggbabo ( Gre °
■
TROPIC 0> CANCER
Second Ca
'^'■■■•■;..0{K
T E.D
•y
S E^R T T ah
X-
'•■-.
7
ft KaibrirQj
T'iiJ-'i Caiaracfi-£$' Toul . t
"■""<\^rayan g aJoa 7'^ '' \X°™
^ JANGA eiOrdeh^J^
"-JNEDI
i' *
•VSs-Safi. o Qm
sfe*
^
BanJala
; --Maxta'
T >. ifcuaka^f,
Terkama . '. -,
Tai "
KOfcDOKAff
el 01>e <1
snouasi, \TERTIT . aw »,.*^'»» Ifcjan' J vl
s XrV*"\ oLiffl.:- '.;*'"--i:Mesha %Jv"„ ,
*V-^--^~ Q Kai. V.De^Zibyr. • BONGO, <*x.'V Sj* ^
-rffc N?" •' Mbane» *..- %"Bekir JRumbi ! * V \
M bariqa
-DAR BANDA
353
'^'V? VK M# T Y'-'-H.'-: ^ V f toy
40 ' 50
12
354 AFRICA.
NORTHEAST AFRICA.
EGYPT earliest known Beat of civilization; renowned alike for
its great antiquity and former splendor. Modern history begins wltb
conquest by Mohammedans 638 A. D.; taken by Mamelukes 1260; be-
came Turkish province 1517. Invaded by Napoleon 1798; restored to
Turkey 1801. New era began with Mehemet All, rounder of present
dynasty; reigned L805 19. Suez Canal opened 1869. Natlverevolt under
Arabi Pasha, 1831, suppressed by British; English linaneial adviser
appointed Mahdists in Soudan revolted 1881 -85: conquer* d
Area, 400,000 square miles. Great natural features are River Nile
and Desert. The Nile has its source in Victoria Nyanza; by m; annual
inundation and deposit of loam is great fertilizer of Egypt; delta-
characterized by network of lagoons, fivers, and canals -comprise
square miles, chain of bills on the east separates Nile from Nubian
Desert, plateau 1,600 to 3,000 feet in height. Lybian Desert on the
west contains chain of fertile oases. Chiei lake, Birket-el-Kerun.
Climate Of ETpper Egypt continuously hot and dry; tart her north
hot season is April-November; temperate, December-March. Rain-
fall scanty, except in Delta. Mean temperature Cairo, January, 54
deg.; July, 95 deg.; year, 71 deg.; rainfall, 1.34 inches. Perennial
irrigation assures two or three crops annually; in winter, cereals;
summer, cotton, sugar, and rice; autumn, rice, maize, and vegetables.
Cultivated area, 1891; 6,330,224 acres; under.wheat, 1,252,316; maize and
durrah, 1,576,912; cotton, 897,372. Cotton yield, 1896, 341,034 tons; sugar,
1897,3,609,4.i3 tons. Date most important fruit, 3,452.674 productive
trees; tig, orange, lemon, and olive plantations exist. Domestic ani-
mals, including dromedary, horse, donkey, camel, sheep, and ox.
number 1,668,860 head. Manufactures chiefly cotton, linen, and
woolen textiles, leather, coarse pottery, glassware, embroideries, and
cigarettes. Total imports, 181)7, $64,245,620: textiles lead, value $16,
751,660; others— cereals, coal, metal, etc. Exports, $69,780,820; chiefly
raw cotton, $4:2,348,290; cereals, etc., $11,350,740; tobacco. $4,962,715.
Mineral resources limited; natron, salt, petroleum, sulphur, and
emeralds found. Quarries comprise granite, syenites, porphyry, mar-
ble, alabaster, limestone, and sandstone. Population, 1897, 9,811. ."42—
577,363 nomadic. Nile Valley and delta most densely peopled. Copts,
descendants of ancient Egyptians, dwell chiefly in Upper Egypt, I
capital, on Nile; founded bv Saracens, 970; contains museum' of antiqui-
ties, mosques, public buildings, etc.; population, 1897,570,062. A
dria, founded 332 B. C, commercial center and chief seaport; popula-
tion 319,766. Port Said, at mouth of Suez Canal; population 42,095.
Railways belonging to Stat< . 1899, 1,166 mites; to companies. 72 miles.
Government telegraph 1S97, 2,038 miles. Suez Canal, 87 miles long,
connects Mediterranean with lied Sea; gross tonnage, l s '.i7. 11,123,403;
receipts 814,158,259. Arabic language spoken. Schools under govern-
ment control. Copts support 1,000 elementary schools; teaching of
Coptic language compulsory; though no longer spoken. Coptic -till
used in liturgy. Dominant religion Mohammedanism. Moslems. 1897,
numbered 8,97S,775; Christians, 730,162 (608.446 Copts); Jews. 25,200.
Supreme religious and judicial authority vested in sheikh ul Islam.
Principality tributary to turkey. Power nominally in hands of Khedive
and Ministry, supported sine 1882 by British advisers. Army, reorgan-
ized 1882, under command of British general.
Egyptian Soudan extends from Egyptian frontier to Albert
Nyanza and from Red Sea to confines of Wadai. Area about 950,008
square miles. Population before revolt about 10,000,000. Chief
towns: Khartoum, capital; Omdurman, formerly Dervish capital;
Wadi/ Haifa. Convention of 1899 provides for Governor-General ap-
pointed by Egypt with consent of Great Britain.
TRIPOET a possession of Carthage, later of Rome; conquered
successively by Arabs and Turks; formed one of Barbary States; inde-
pendence secured 1711: reconquered by Turkey 1835, now a vilayet of
that country. Area, including oases. 398.900 square miles. Surface
mostly desert; mountainous in west and south. Coast line 800 miles;
chief harbor, Tripoli. Climate variable; abundant rainfall north
November-March. Fertile regions are mountain table-lands, oases,
NORTHEAST AFRICA. 855
and narrow coast belt. Products, fruits, vegetables, cotton, silk, to-
bacco, madder, castor oil, saffron, senna. Cattle, horses, and camels
reared, manufactures include clothing, skins, sacking, morocco
leather, potash, and earthenware. Value imports 1897, $l,706,248-cloth,
.tobacco, provisions, etc.; exports, si. 764, 991— ostrich feathers, skins,
hides, cattle, etc. Minerals salt and sulphur. Population 1,300,000
(Benghazi 500,000). Tripoli, capital, seaport, and commercial center;
population 30,000. Education neglected. Mohammedanism prevails.
ABYSSINIA visited by Portuguese 1492; the various small mon-
archies united in one kingdom 1855; overthrown by British 1868: Italian
protectorate declared 18S9; independence recognized 1896. Area, in-
cluding dependencies, etc., 150,000 square miles. Surface a succession
of lofty table-lands traversed by mountain ranges (Kas Dashan, 15.160
feet). Contains Lake Tana (elevation 6,1 10 feet; source of Blue Xile.
Gorges and ravines thickly wooded with valuable trees. Climate
generally temperate and healthful. Cotton, sugar cane, vine, and date
palm flourish in many districts; little land under cultivation. Chief
products, cereals, coffee, cotton, "tef ,■' sugar cane, hops, fruit. Pasto-
ral leading pursuits; large herds of cattle, sheep, and goats reared; ex-
cellent horses and long-wooled sheep in higher elevations. Manu-
factures comprise cotton and woolen cloth, and working of leather
and metals, etc. Caravan trade important; hides, skins, ivory, wax,
gum, coffee, gold, ostrich feathers, etc., exchanged for manufactured
articles. 3Iiuerals include sulphur, ro k sa t, gold, silver, antimony,
and iron. Population 3,500,000, chiefly Ethiopians. Anlcober leading
city commercially and politically, population 7,000. Gondar, ecclesias-
tical city of Abyssinia, 5.000. Besso and Sokoto, important trade cen-
ters. Education restricted to teachings of secular and regular
clergy. Abyssinians mostly members of Alexandrian Church. Gov-
ernment a feudal monarchy under an Emperor.
ITALIAN POSSESSIONS.— Eritrea-Colony of Eritrea
constituted 1890. Assab, occupied 1880. town and island of Massaua 1885.
Colony now embraces coast of Red Sea from Kas Kasar to Strait of
,Bab-el-Mandeb, 670 miles, extending inland about 2&» miles. Area 88,500
square miles Lands adapted to agriculture. Excellent pasturage
abundant; sheep, goats, oxen, and camels reared; meats, hides, and
butter produced. Pearl fisheries at Massaua and Dahlak Archipel-
ago; industry in hands of Banians (Indians). Annual value of pearls
taken, $17,500; mother-of-pearl, $152,000. Total imports to Massaua, 1896,
15,404,084. Population 450,ot.M, largely nomadic; Europeans, 1893, 3,452.
Massaua, on sterile coral island 200 yards from mainland, capital, forti-
fied seaport and important center of commercial exchange; population
7,775 (600 Europeans exclusive of garrison). Railway 33 miles. Tele-
graph line 381 miles. Administration autonomous; central govern-
ment represented by civil governor under Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Italian Somali Laud.- Sultanate of Obbia placed under Italian
protection February, 188a; protectorate extended in April and in 1892
and 1^96. By treaty of Adis Abeba, 1896, Italian dominion restricted to
strip of coast extending from Raa Alula to mouth of Juba River.
Area 100,000 square miles. Population 400,000.
BRITISH POSSESSIONS.-Britisu Somali Land
became a protectorate 1884. Region extends from Lahadu to Zivada,
with an area of 68,000 square miles. Value of imports, 1897-8, $1,671,184,
chiefly rice, textiles, and dates; exports, si, 681.730— skins, hides, ostrich
leathers, cattle, sheep, and gum. Population Mohammedans and
nomadic. Berbera chief town; population 30,000 (in trading season;.
Government administered by Political Agent and Consul.
Socotra Island captured, 1507, by Portuguese; Mohammedanism
supplanted Christianity in 17th century; annexed by British 1876. Area
L382 pquare miles. Dates and gums produced. Cattle, goats, and sheep
reared. Population about 12,000; mixed race, Arabs and Bedouins.
FRENCH POSSESSIONS.- Obock and Somali Coast
Protectorate acquired by France 1864. Situated on (iulr of Aden,
surrounded by Eritrea, Abyssinia, and British Somali Land. Area
8,640 square miles; extends inland about 40 miles. Trade chiefly with
interior countries. Population 30,000. Chief cities Obock and Tajoora.
356
10
Longitude -Ea
W*ra
l> \ >
SHR^.jYKabkat
is <i ><■ -BJJ Lifa.ie l v. Q.'-iMatala A Pa
».,°GujebaMjr Massenia Sandala I ' h »»
\ /
.TageleK . INgigmi) ,,, .
Gorki.,
. p Kan o,
^ - ' //KptLa Allah, ^ ,:'- -- -\ »o 1
Xi-ebedje'-\ /* (
Zongo _
^Rapids YzA* Benga
inyeUeV<?
UK*
ianz£ Modzia.Y" -Jv^
Mbanga
BAR BAN DA
^■"MuewardiejjH* —
8*»
- F ,R E N C #L *t M&GCo
c.
Lopez(\J
Fort Vaz^
vA
oi?::>N
;
,h: Ial^anDEH
rpaSfakabana 1 ^
^kur
jjjtotfa
t\J«
Kuii>jr;
LoangoT
IBananff
SanOi^--
»vangaf'TV > j^/^x,eopold\ville J V'-?'
"R k £ l> E
P.'yi — --
'WljMuehcJ'utQ'
%f Jia^songoJ
3AS1IILANGE
Ambmette^
AmbrizJ
St.TaulQabanaar>».» V*>^| \ ^i o ! ? \) &'\<£ \ / ' Milium)
rf ifNc^feflo ^Ia!an>e"VCMsange; • ■ ^fr' Ss^i™, S >
Malange
■^ MorroPt.'t;
4-/.^ifunda
^TX^r
357
CENTRAL
AFRICA.
Scale of Statute Miles.
100
" *•' i" y 4 ' : A~~i \2 A N Z I B A R
[AXTSMA
^t.^_Bi"A>'6JI
• j "6 ■
£*»&
66 t ^ " :,; ' ^uti
r I. (Br..
l'-es-Salaam
Kisiwani
^* -Magtambig.' .?*
o Sfuali
40
358 AFRICA.
CENTRAL AFRICA.
BRITISH EAST AFRICA comprises main portion of high-
lands of eastern equatorial Africa (Mt. Kenla 18,400 reel and Ruwen-
zorl 16,600, highest elevations), and the high plateau east and norl
of Victoria Nyanza. Surface In - gradually to lowland- of
coast; west and northwest to Valley of Upper Nile. Principal river
Nile; Tana and Juba chief rivers entering Indian Ocean. Baa many
interesting lakes, embraces northern half of Victoria Nyanza. Politi-
cally district divided among the protectorates of East Africa, Uganda,
and Zanzibar.
East Africa Protectorate includes the coast from Julia River
to German East Africa and inland to Uganda borders. Higher pla-
teaus, clothed with luxuriant grasses, especially adapted to stock rais-
ing. Value of imports, 1897-8, $2,098,468; exports, $511,015— ivory, india
rubber, cattle, goats, grain, copra, gum copal, hides and horns. Ship-
ping entered, 196,630 tons. Population, 2,500,000; includes 13,500
Asiatics, and 390 Europeans and Eurasians. Mombasa, capital and
chief city; has a fine harbor; population 24,700. Lamu and Eismayit
chief ports in the north; Vanga and Takaungu south. Railway,
1899, 260 miles. Telegraph line, 110 miles. Protectorate under control
of Commissioner and Consul-General.
Uganda Protectorate came under sphere of British influence
1894. Includes Uganda proper, Usoga to the east, and Unyoro and other
countries west within British sphere of influence. Soil fertile. Natives
skillful in pottery and w T orking in iron. Value of imports, 1895. 8104,-
342; exports, 8115,022. Mengo, capital. Protectorate administered by
Commissioner residing at Port Alive on Victoria Nyanza.
Zanzibar Protectorate.— Zanzibar an important Mohammedan
power under Imans of Maskat 16ii$-lS07: independence confirmed 1861;
placed under British protection 1890. Area, with Pemba, 1.020 square
miles. Surface undulating and well watered: soil fertile, carefully
cultivated; chief product cloves. Value imports, 1897, 85.799,519; ex-
ports, 85,781,786. In 1897,150 vessels of 24e,368 tons entered. Total
population, 200,000— Arabs dominant race— (Pemba 50,000); British
Indian subjects, 7,000. Zanzibar, free port; chief trade center in this
region; population 30,000. Mohammedanism prevails; Christian mis-
sions established. Protectorate governed through a native Sultan.
GERMAIN POSSESSIONS.-German East Africa — Ger-
man possessions in East Africa acquired 1S85 to 1890. Sphere of influ-
ence embraces a coast line of about 620 miles, stretches south from
British East Africa to Portuguese possessions and westward to Lakes
Nyassaand Tanganyika. Area, 38-1,000 square miles. Co«st belt low;
interior mountainous, forming wide plateaus with lofty isolated peaks;
Kilimanjaro, 19,700 feet, highest. Chief rivers Rueha and Ruvu. Vic-
toria Nyanza on the north. Forests of mangroves, coco palms,
baobab, tamarind, etc., cover coast regions; acacia, cotton tree, syca-
more, banian, etc., abound in higher sections. Coast lands oppressively
hot and unheal thful; interior climate less dangerous. Large areas
adapted to agriculture. Chief products: Millet, bananas, coco nuts,
cloves, castor oil, sugar cane, and vegetables. Natives have large
banana plantations, also cultivate Indian corn and pulse. On coast
lands German plantations of cacao, coco palms, vanilla, tobacco, and
india rubber established; in more elevated districts coffee is grown.
Among natives goat most common domestic animal; cattle and sheep
also reared. Value of imports, 1897, 81, 993.180; cottons, ironware, colo-
nial wares, rice. oil. and liquors lead; exports. 8946,910; ivorv, $386,860;
india rubber, 8205,160; sesame, $25,300; gum. $40,020. Minerals known
to exist are coal, iron, salt, and malachite. Native population,
4,000,000, mostly Bantus with Asiatic element near coast. Europeans,
1897, 922 (678 Germans). Chief seaports: Dar-es-Salaam 13,000: Bmia-
moyo 13,000; Kihca 10,000. Railway open from Tanga to Pongwe. 10
miles, under construction to Karagwe. Telegraph stations at nine
coast towns. Protestant mission societies. 7: Roman Catholic, 3. Pro-
tectorate administered by an Imperial Governor.
Kaiucrun region extends along coast of Bight of Biafra 199 miles;
surrounded inland by French Kongo and French and British spheres
CENTRAL AFRICA. 359
of influence. Region became German protectorate 1884. Area, 191,130
square miles. Surface of interior high plateaus sloping abruptly to
Atlantic coast lands: latter generally low with exception of lofty vol-
canic peaks of Kameruns (Mongo Ma Loba, 13,000 feet) rising near sea.
Rivers unfit for navigation. Lake Tchad on northern boundary.
Climate less unhealthful for Europeans than that of surrounding
territories. Coast regions clothed with luxuriant tropica", vegetation,
soil of great fertility. Tobacco, coffee, and cacao successfully estab-
lished. Coffee bushes 1895, 31,596; cacao trees. 364,820. Interior plateaus
abound in extensive savannas well adapted for rearing cattle. Value
of imports, 1S9T, 11,228,200; chiefly cottons, salt, rice, spirits, wood, and
tobacco; exports, 8852,380: rubber exported, $243,800: palm oil, 8234.41 Hi;
palm kernels, 8303,600; ivory, 885,100; cacao. 810,120; ebony, 825,53d. Gold
aud iron found. Population, 3,500,000; Bantu negroes near coast;
Sudan negroes inland. Whites, 1897, 253 181 Germans. Kamerun chief
town; Bitea, Victoria, and Campo important trading stations; chief
native settlements are Bell-town and Aqua-town. Government and
mission schools established. Protectorate under Imperial Governor.
KONGO INDEPENDENT STATE grew out of the Kongo
International Association, founded 18:35 by Leopold II, King of Belgi-
ans, and organized by Stanley, first Governor-General. Boundaries
of State defined by neutrality declarations 1885; State placed under
sovereignty of the King, who, 1889, bequeathed his sovereign rights to
Belgium. At the convention of 1890, between Belgium and the Inde-
pendent State, former reserved the right to annex the latter after ten
years. Area, 900,000 square miles. State embraces the larger portion
of the Kongo basin. Kongo River and its many tributaries great
natural features of country. Surface rises from low coast lands to an
interior elevation of 1500-1600 feet. Extensive forests in east.
Climate generally unhealthful, especially in river lowlands; changes
of temperature more frequent but fevers less dangerous on higher
elevations. Agriculture leading industry; tribes along the Kongo
and tributaries excellent fishermen and boatmen. Chief products,
rubber, ivory, palm nuts, and palm oil; coffee and tobacco thrive.
Commerce has extended rapidly. Value of imports 1897, $3,665,645;
chiefly clothing, provisions, metals, machinery, arms and ammunition;
experts, 36,194,772; rubber, 81,579.261; ivorv. 8934,131; palm nuts and palm
oil, $332,327. Population, 30,000,000, mostly of Bantu origin; many
pygmy tribes. Europeans, 1898, 1,678 (Belgians 1,060). Boma, capital,
and port on Kongo River; population 15,000: Banana, seaport on
Kongo River Kongo River navigable from mouth to Matadi, and
beyond Stanley Pool 1,000 miles; navigation between Matadi and Stanley
Pool impeded by rapids; towns connected by railway 250 miles in
length. Native religion fetichism; missions (67 stations) co-operate
with government in educational matters. Central government
at Brussels; local administered by a Governor-General.
ANGOLA.— Region discovered by Portuguese 1486. Possessions
extend from mouth of Kongo to Cunene River, over 1,000 miles; sur-
rounded inland by Kongo Independent State, British South- Africa,
and German Southwest Africa. Area, 484,000 square miles. Coast
regfon narrow, arid lowland, succeeded by uplands reaching to moun-
tains bounding an interior plateau. District west of Kongo basin
extremely mountainous; large, areas well wooded. Country well watered
by numerous rivers; Kuanza navigable over 200 miles. • Coast lands
unhealthful; climate of interior European in character. Soil fertile,
agriculture a flourishing pursuit. Oil palm not found below 10 deg.
south: coffee grows wild in nearly all hilly districts, chief export irom
Ambriz; cotton grown in district of Mossamedes, sugar in lowlands;
Other productions rubber, wax, vegetable oils, cocoanuts, oxen, fish,
and ivory. European domestic animals reared. Trade largely with
Portugal. Value of imports, 1896, $3,658,543, principally textiles; exports,
18, coffee and rubber leading articles. In L896, 286 vessels of 431,-
771 tons entered the four ports. Malachite, copper, salt, petroleum,
and iron found in large quantities; gold also exists. Population.
$,119,000; White population greater than in any other Central African
ion. St. Pttulde Loanda, capital and seaport; population about
14,000. Port Alexander Beat of fish salting industry. Railway open
1896, 230 miles; telegraph line, 430.
361
Gt.Comobo I.
% Y'fi St. LiZARi-s -i r' oM oRO » (, EB -) , N%
:t M"H ;•'-"•• '*y Islands «• »%i^l
erc/VO 3I0BI1XA I ;<( V ^ ? j J ^
, „ -4. k Port Badama/b j r -|y \ .^
■ti*0px£jjy?i ~y bique A ^emlatooka ~B*V J}\,
yC?*^ ; -->^AN008TASC. St. Andrewjj
vo . o ,
Cape Mashanca
5>f " -
7^—- <7T? B. • «0 (Sta. Marja)
» ~"< '3SI"*" j Vbazaruto I.
. <{,"'* SoBengcka I.
ife w ftTTT 7 6 Cape Udy Grey Vi' Fisherenamasay^S' ''
% V ?..$ -IU?/ Aumba /SStrod,^ r..„: \ S -
Turrl\ ,
Oiiiananaja'C
Tintingae ViST.MA RI E
aaibar/,'1. (fk.)
*>W \f7TJ llnntrn
iinatave
i'JoTorant
I'-i. . •■
M-i-:e
N -
«J, ASDBIAMBALJk|' J *~
'S EUROPA I.
Marofototra Pt.,4. i Manja.... v.~
'Co
Ihosvo j i?£,? l ''£ m ' ,0 h'lJeno
\y\ ■— ;<jf» ^anamani4a
"^/CMiaEM^^ ifi^t "^'jf i OPIC_ruUear\!->- : ' r /&} . %J Ambah V\
l^Manambato/
-v F '- Dauphin I
Point Barrow ^ Jxf^ndrahombe
Car*St.Maxy V '^ Ura *>
Inhapaliata River
Dtlagoa Bay
• CapeColatto
♦
Sta. Lucia Lake
i"»r <?ape
Sta. Lucia
tugcla River-
rmariUljurg
7
V T
IT
if d
C E
SOUTH AFRICA.
Scale of Statute Miles.
100 li'iQ 31)
Copyright, 1004, by Rand, M'jXally k Co.
tuie East from Greenwich.
362 AFRICA.
FRENCH KONGO AND GA BOON. -Kongo cowt dlscov-
ered In i5tn century by Portuguese. First trading post on Gaboon
established by French 1842; autbority extended to Cape Lopez m nfl
Ogowe River 1862; Interior between Ogowe and Kongo explored bj de
Brazza 1878-80, large tracts of country annexed; French claims recog-
nized by Berlin Conference i^.">. Region easl of Kamerun and north to
Lake Tchad conceded to French L894. Area, 197,001) square miles.
Country well watered and covered with extensive (brents. Kongo
and Mobangi rivers on eastern and southern frontiers. Climate gen-
erally healthful for Europeans. Richest region In tropical Africa;
Colony one of most promising. Cotton, tobacco, cinnamon, pepper,
gums, resins, and dyewoods produced. Exports, 1897: India rubber, 518
tons; ivory, 105; palm oil, 140: palm kernels, sue,; ebony, 1,748; mahog-
any, 3,421 ; coffee, kola nuts, piassaA a, and cocoa also exported. In 1897,
mi vessels of -.'.v.!, I i',i i tons entered the harbors. Estimated native pop-
ulation, 5,000,000; Europeans Desides garrison, 300. Libreville, capi-
tal and seaport. Schools for hoys, IS; girls, 7: total pupils. 800. Civil
and military government administered by Commissioner-GeneraL
SOUTH AFRICA.
CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.— Discovered by Portuguese 1487; col-
onized by Dutch 105O-2: immigration of Huguenots 1686; occupied by
British 1796, and again 1806; finally ceded to Great Britain 1815; repre-
sentative government obtained 1853; responsible government 1872;
Zulu War 1879. Area, including dependencies— East Griqualand,
Tembuland, Transkei, and Waltisch Bay— 221,311 square miles. Surface
rises from coast to interior by a series of terraces or plateaus separat-
ed by mountains ranging from 4,000-8,000 feet. Largest plateau, Great
Karroo (2,800-4,000 feet). Chief rivers. Orange and Olifants. < oast
line, 1,225 miles, contains few harbors. Climate generally healthful,
dry and temperate; hottest month usually January; coldest July.
Karroo plateau and Orange Kiver plains subject to droughts. Rain
falls in eastern districts in summer, in western in winter. Area of
lands disposed of up to 189S, 127.550. -ISO acres; area of undisposed lands,
49,453,840. Cultivable area extending through irrigation. Leading
agricultural products, 1898: Wheat, 1,950,831 bushels, oats, l.
barley, 907,920; mealies, 2,0(1(1,742; Kaffir corn, 1,140,615; rve, :■
tobacco, 3,931,277 pounds. Vine, extensively cultivated, yielded 4.861,-
056 gallons of wine, 1,387,392 gallons of brandy, and 2,577,909 pounds of
raisins; fruit trees. 4,195,624— peach, apple, pear, plum, apricot, orange,
lemon, and fig. lave Mock industry one of the two leading sources
of wealth; sheep farming ranks first: farms often comprise :;.
15,000 acres. Ostrich farming alsc successful. Farm animals,
19,842,293; sheep, 12.616.883; Angora goats. 5,316,767; cattle, 1,201,522;
ostriches, 239,451. Cape wool renowned for its excellence; yield 39,141,-
445 pounds; mohair, 8,115,370; ostrich feathers, 2U1,733. Manufac-
tories limited to flour mills, breweries, tanneries, tobacco factories,
etc. Industrial otablisbments, 1891, 2,230: capital, $7,605,399; value
annual product, §44,960,908. Commerce largely with United King-
dom. Value of imports. 1807. SS7.469.254, chiefly textiles, clothing, and
provisions; exports, S105.2ii8.620; raw trolu. 553,420,760; diamonds,
•21,648,267; wool, $7,274,345; Angora hair, $3.2s\4v.i : ostrich feathers,
$2,940,581. Minerals of vast importance. Diamond fields lead: dia-
monds first diM-overcd 1867; coal output constantly increasing; yield
1896, 117,969 short tons; copper output valuable. Manganese, lead, iron,
and zinc found. Population. 1891, including dependencies. 1.527,-
224 (colony proper 956. 1n>>: white:-. oTi"..'»>7. . capital, sea-
port: and railway terminus; population lsvn. 51,251 (with suburbs,
83,718'. Kimberley, diamond mining center: 28,718. Port Elizabeth,
seaport; 23,266. Length of railway 1897, 2,260 miles (359 private);
telegraph line (Government) 6,609. Education not compulsory.
In 1891 only 56.84 per cent of European population could read and
write. Total children school age* (5-14) 1891, 415,432. Aided schools.
1897, 2,315; enrollment, 120,019. Aided colleges, 1896, 5; students, 505.
No State church. Annual appropriation granted to Dutch Reformed,
Presbyterian, Episcopalian, and Roman Catholic churches; amount,
1896-7,831,031. Dutch Reformed, with 306,320 adherents, leading church.
SOUTH AFRICA.
Executive government vested in Governor (Commander-in-Chief
of army; and Executive Council appointed by Crown; Legislative in
Legislative Council and House of Assembly. Cape Mounted Riflemen
comprise 1,015 officers and men. Every able-bodied man between 18
and 50, within and beyond colonial limits, subject to military service.
NATAIj. — Discovered by Portuguese 1497; Dutch settlements
1719-21; British 15:24: Boer immigration (Pietermaritzburg founded)
1837; became a separate Crown colony 1S5G. A rea 35,000 square miles.
Surface rises in a succession of terraces to the Drakensberg; greatest
elevation Mont aux Sources, 11,150 feet. Colony well watered; Tugela
principal river. Climate in general pleasant and healthful; coast
subtropical; interior cooler. Hot, rainy season, October to April.
Soil of great fertility; subtropical coast belt produces sugar, bananas,
tobacco, tea, aTrowroot, coffee, etc.; interior, cereals. Area cultivated,
£45,950 acres (59\790 by natives); under tea, 2,664 acres; yield
848,930 pounds; sugar. 3i'>.5:)»''.8iA> pounds. Pastoral pursuits important;
sheep, cattle, and ostrich farming especially profitable; live stock
1897 included £40,821 cattle, 306,978 goat.-, 670,962 sheep, 48,681 horses.
Value exports, 1897, 17,882,545; wool, $2,206,949; hides, 8^4S,929; Angora
hair, $169,575; coal, $436,734. Imports, >29,0s0,242; haberdashery, iron
— wrought and unwrought— and machinery. In 1897 registered ship-
ping of colony comprised 29 vessels, of 3,653 tons, there were 780 ves-
sels of 1,246,390 tons entered, and 789 of 1,248,073 tons cleared. Min-
erals include coal— output, 1897, 243,960 tons gold, copper, lead, iron,
and building stone. 7'otal oopulation, 1898, 829,0051 61,000 Euro-
peans, 53,370 Indians, and 714,635 Kaffirs. Pitirrrn<irii\burg capital;
population 1898,24.595. Durban leading port and railway terminus;
17,900. Railway mileage 4S7. Government schools, 1897, 317; pu-
pils, 7,685. Schools for natives, 159; pupils, 8,542; Indian schools, 30;
pupils, l.'96L. Government administered by Governor, assisted by
Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly.
B A SU TO Jj AND. — Country placed under British protection
#1868; annexed to the Cape Colony 1371; erected into a separate govern-
ment under Resident Commissioner 1Ss4. Area 10,293 square miles.
Surface an elevated plateau broken by high mountains; drained by
Orange River. Climate healthful; winter in elevated districts
rigorous. Soil fertile; finest grain country in South Africa; wheat
and Kaffir corn largely grown. Extensive areas of well watered
luxuriant pasture for immense herds; wool an important product.
Horses, 1891, SI. 194; cattle. 320,934. Imports, 1897-8, §487,360: exports,
$673,110. Population, 1395, 250;000 (578 Europeans 1891); European
settlement prohibite 1. Maseru capital: population 862.
BECHUANACAND PROTECTORATE comprises the ter-
ritory lying between the Molopo and Zambezi rivers and extending
from tbe South African Republic and Matabeleland west to German
Southwest Africa. Area 213,000 square miles. Climate fine. Na-
tives engaged in agriculture and cuttle-rearing. Gold fields
near Tati. Population 200,000. Palachwe chief town: population
25,000. Railway extends from Buluwayo to Cape; telegraph line
connects with Fort Salisbury and the Cape. Government adminis-
tered by Resident Commissioner, acting under the High Commissioner.
RHODESIA embraces the territory wit lin the British sphere
of influence to the north of Bechu inaland and the South African
Republic. Divided into Northern and Southern Rhodesia by the Zam-
bezi. Area of Southern Rhodesia 174,728 square miles. Soil and
climate adapted to European cereals and vegetables; numerous trees,
Shrubs, and plants common to subtropical regions successfully grown.
Forests Of hardwood timber abound. India rubber, indigo, and
cotton Indigenous. Country rich in minerals; gold, silver, copper,
tin, lead, coal, plumbago, and antimony exist. Population esti-
mated at 240,000. Capital Salisbury; population l,8oo; linln inn/o com-
mercial center, present terminus of railway connecting with Cape
Town and projected to Cairo; population 5,000. Government
administered by B inmissioner and Executive Council.
CENTRAL AFRICA OR NORTHERN RHODESIA
embraces British territory north of the Zambezi extending east and
964 AFRICA.
west between the Portuguese possessions. Area, 251,000 square miles.
Northern plateau healthful. Large ureas suitable for stock raising.
Wheat and European fruits grown; region abounds in fiber plants,
affording materia] for new ami promising Industry. Gold and coal
found, under British South Africa Company; Resident Commissioner
at LiitliH.
BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA PROTECTORATE
Includes region on south and west shores of Laki Area,
42.21? square miles. Climate in general unfavorable to Euro]
Rice, oats, and barley grown. Culture of coffee extending: esti-
mated crop, 1897. 400 tons. .Merino sheep and Natal ponies Introduced.
Imports, ISDN, §42(i,uio, cotton <.'ot>ds, machinery, provisions, hardware,
etc.; exports, $133,34:5, ivory and coffee. Population, 1897, 845,295.
Blantyre chief town; population 6,100. Znmba seat of administration.
Administered by a Commissioner under Foreign Office.
VAAL RIVER COL.ONY.-A British colony known for-
merly as the South African Republic or Transvaal. Country settled
1848, by Boers who left the Cape Colony 1835, first settling in Natal. Inde-
pendence recognized 1852. Country annexed by Great Britaii
Revolted 1880-S1 and self-government restored under suzerainty of
Great Britain; in 1884 British control restricted to foreign affairs. War
declared against Great Britain October, 1899; Boers defeated and coun-
try annexed by the British in 1900. Area, 119,139 square miles. Coun-
try largely an elevated plateau (altitude from 3,000 to 4.000 feet) sloping
west and north from the Drakensberg to Limpopo River; chief rivers
Limpopo and Vaal. Forests confined chiefly to river courses and
mountain gorges. Climate generally healthful; ranges from temper-
ate through sub-tropical to tropical. Country adapted to agricul-
ture and grazing. Number of farms, 12,245; area cultivated, 50,000
acres. Maize, tobacco, the vine, and most European fruits and vege-
tables thrive. Chief industry of inhabitants rearing of live stock.
Manufactures include products of iron foundries, distilleries, brew-
eries, tanneries, potteries, sugar refineries, and saw and flour mills,
gunpowder and tobacco factories. Value of imports 1897, $104,562,900;
leading articles are clothing, machinery, railway material, iron wire,
plates, etc. Exports include gold, wool, cattle, hides, ostrich feathers,
ivory, etc. Richest mineral section of South Africa; gold leads in
importance; most productive field Witwatersrand. Silver, copper,
lead, plumbago, cobalt, iron, zinc, tin, bismuth, platinum, cinnabar,
limestone and coal exist. Value gold output 1884 to 18DT inclusive,
§260,919,068; 1897, 155,774,623; coal, $2,867,286. Population. 1898. 1,094,-
156; whites, 345,397. Pretoria, capital; white population 10,000; Jo-
kannesburg, founded 18S6, largest and most important town in South
Africa; mining center of Witwatersrand gold fields; population 1896,
102,1)78; whites, 50,907. Railway mileage 1898, 774. Telegiaph line,
2,000 miles. Schools number 429, with 11,552 pupils; expenditure,
86S1,789. State church Dutch Reformed; adherents 30,000; other Dutch
churches, 32,760; English Church, 30,000.
ORANGE RIVER COLON Y.-A British colony previous to
the Boer War known as the Orange Free State Republic. First set-
tled by Boers who emigrated from the Cape Colony in 1S36 and follow-
ing' years. Annexed by Great Britain 1S4S; independence de>
constitution proclaimed 1S54. War with Great Britain 1SD9 and 1900
resulted disastrously to the Republic and the country was annexed by
Great Britain. Area, 48,326 square miles. Surface undulating
plains and plateaus sloping gradually toward the west. Average ele-
vation, 4,50U feet; eastern boundary formed by the Drakensberg.
Country watered by numerous tributaries of Orange and Vaal rivers.
Climate temperate and healthful. Area adapted to agriculture
small; within certain sections, cotton, sugar-cane, rice, coffee, hemp,
maize, tobacco, and fruits are grown. Agricultural population
(white) 10,761. In 1890, 10.4D9 farms comprised 29,918,500 acres; area
cultivated, 250.600 acres. Pastoral pursuits chief source of wealth;
ostrich farming lucrative. Farm animals, 1890, 8,622,124; sheep,
6,619,992; goats, 858,155; ostriches, 1,461. Commerce conducted
through ports of the Cape Colony and Natal. Value of imports, 1S97,
SOUTH AFRICA. 365
$5,986,057; chiefly cereals, wool, horses, cattle, and merchandise;
exports, $3,719,416; diamonds, $2,143,085. Minerals include gold,
Iron, coal, lead, copper, plumbago, saltpetre; diamonds, garnets,
and other precious stones found. Total population, 1890, 207,503;
whites, 77,716. Bloemfontein, capital and chief town; population, 1890,
3,379. Railways open 366 miles. Telegraph line, 1,762 miles. System
of education, national; free for very poor children. Government
schools, 1897, 179; pupils, 7,390; private schools, 37; pupils, 650. Dutch
Reformed the leading church;, has 68,940 adherents. State grant for
religious purposes, $48,843.
PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA.- First Portuguese settle-
ments made on west coast 1505; colony formed 1891. Possessions
divided into three districts: Mozambique, Zambezia, and Lorenzo
Marquez; Inhambane districts, and Gaza (military district) now in-
cluded. Area, 301,000 square miles. Surface of coast low and
swampy, gradually rising toward interior, generally covered with
forests. Chief river Zambezi. Soil fertile. Natives largely engaged
in agriculture ; Indian corn grown extensively-. Coffee, cotton, and
sugar cane thrive. Industrial, commercial, agricultural, and mining
operations conducted by Zambezia Company. In 1S96 Zambezia River
plantations of Mozambique Sugar Company yielded 1,300 tons. Value
of imports at Mozambique, Beira, and Lorenzo Marquez, 1897, $7,359,-
609, chiefly cotton goods, spirits, beer, and wine. Exports, $1,137,390;
oil nuts, seeds, india rubber, ivory, indigo, gum, etc. Gold, copper,
iron, coal exist. Population, 3,120,000. Mozambique, capital; popu-
lation 7,000. Lorenzo Marquez, leading seaport; population 7,700— 1,700
Europeans. Guilimane, 8,000. Railway, 279 miles. Telegraph line
950 miles. Administered by a Commissioner. Manica and Sofala
region administered bv Mozambique Company under royal charter,
granting sovereign rights for 50 years from 1891.
GERMAN SOUTHWEST AFRICA.- Region annexed by
,Germany 1834. Possessions extend along Atlantic coast 930 miles,
exclusive of Walfisch Bay; adjoin Angola on north, British Central
Africa east, separated from the Cape Colony bv Orange River. Area,
322,450 square miles, divided into Damaraland and Great Namaqualand.
Agriculture limited, soil of southern district and large areas in east-
ern barren and desert. Pastoral pursuits chief industry. Natives have
large herds of cattle; sheep introduced from the Cape, and native goats
also reared. Value of imports, 1897, 81,187,618; exports, $302,957, guano
and ostrich feathers. Copper and gold have been found. Popula-
tion, -200,000 (whites, 1897, 2,628). Natives chiefly of Hottentot, Bush-
man, Bantu, and Damara races. Protectorate administered by Imperial
Commissioner; Great Windhoek, seat of administration. Chief har-
bors Sandwich and Angra Pequena.
MADAGASCAR. —Island known to the ancients and early
Arabs; first described by Marco Polo; re-discovered by Portuguese
1506. France asserted claim over island as early as 1642. Christian-
ity introduced 1810-28. War with France 1883-85 resulted in estab-
lishment of French protectorate; island and its dependencies declared
a French colony 1896 Area, with adjacent islands. 228,500 square
miles; length 975 miles; breadth 358. Interior generally elevated and
mountainous; coast regions and many parts of northern half of island
clothed with tropical forests; luxuriance of vegetation almost un-
rivaled; southern portion usually plateaus, with widely extending
savannas. Coasts hot and unhealthf ul; higher parts of interior more
moderate and less trying for Europeans. Agriculture and cattle-
breeding chief Industries. Rice, sugar cane, coffee, vanilla, cotton,
cacao, and sweet p latoes grown. Domestic manufactures include
weaving of silk and cotton and textures from rofia palm fiber. Im-
ports, cotton and metal goods, rum, crockery, etc.; value, 1896, $2,563,-
689; principal exports, cattle, hides and tallow, india rubber, Bugar,
vanilla, wax, gum copal, rice, and seeds; value $685,031. Minerals in-
clude gold, copper, iron, lead, sulphur, graphite and lignite. Popula-
tion, 3,500,000; dominant race Ilovas, of Malay origin. Antananarivo,
capital; population 100,000. Tamatare, chief seaport; population 6,000.
Telegraph line 180 miles. Schools ("mostly mission) 1,800; pupils 170,-
000. All forms of religion permitted; Protestants estimated to num-
366 OCEANIA.
ber -150,000; Roman Catholics, 50,000. Government administered by
Governor-General and Administrative < louncll.
MAURITIUS. Island la Indian Ocean, 500 miles east of I
gascar. Discovered by Portuguese 1505: confirmed as British pos-
session 1814. Area, 705 square miles. Climate unhealthful; mean
temperature Port Louis, January 79 deg.; July 68 deg.; year 71 deg.;
rainfall 52 Inches. Sugar cane, hemp, wheat, maize, yams, and manioc
grown. Chief export raw sugar. Population, 371,655; two-thirds
native. Spoken language French, official l-.nglisii. Port Louis capital;
population about 55,645. Government with dependencies, Rodrl-
gues. Diego Garcia, Seychelles Islands, vested In Governor and Ex-
ecutive Council.
REUNION or BOURBON. -Island about 110 miles southwest
of Mauritius. French possession since 1764. Area* 965 square miles.
Of volcanic origin, mountainous (Piton des Neges 10,070 feet). Cli-
mate agreeable; annual rainfall St. Benoit, 162.4 inches; .-;. Denis,
49.1. Agricultural products, sugar — 15,700 tons exported 1896— coffee,
cacao, vanilla, and spices. Live Stock, 27,215. Si. Denis, capital ,
population, 30,000; connected by railway, length 77 miles, with Point
des Galles, chief port, and St. Benoit. Population, 171,713.
ST. HELENA in South Atlantic about 1,200 miles from west
coastof Africa. Discovered by Portuguese 1502: belonged to East India
Company 1651 to 1834. Now a British colony. Napoleon I. imprisoned
here 1815 to 1821. Area, 47 square miles. Climate mild and
able; mean temperature for year, 71 deg. Value of imports 1897, 1171,-
825; exports, $21,570. Capital, Jamestown; population, 2,233.
OCEANIA.
Oceania, the fifth grand division of the globe, embraces the Continent
of Australia and the islands of the Pacific Ocean east to Easter Island
( 109 deg. W.). - Islands generally grouped in two great divisions: Aus-
tralasia and Polynesia. Australasia subdivided into Australia proper
and Melanesia, "islands of the blacks"; latter includes New Guinea,
Bismarck Archipelago, New Caledonia Island, and Solomon, Santa
Cruz, New Hebrides, and Loyalty groups. The Fiji Islands (Poly-
nesia), for convenience, are usually treated with Australia, as are New
Zeaiand and Tasmania. Polynesia, "many islands", comprises Poly-
nesia proper— Ellice Islands west, Palmyra north, and Low Archipelago
east— and Micronesia, "the little islands"; latter embraces the remain-
ing islands of Pacific, including Marianne and Ladrone west and Ha-
waiian east. Land area of Oceania 3,450,223 square miles— more than
three-fourths belonging to Australia. Most of the smaller islands and
groups are either of volcanic origin or of coral formation. Climate
of Oceanic islands in general delightful; temperature varies but slightly
throughout the year; tropical heat greatly modified by constant sea
breezes. Soil of volcanic islands extremely fertile: vegetation luxuri-
ant. Population (estimated) 5,952,000: according to race, 4,244,000
Europeans, 1,605,000 Australians and Polynesians. 73,000 Mongols. 15,000
Semites, 10,000 Asiatic Aryans, and 7,000 Malays. Politically the islands
of Oceania are divided among the United States, Great Britain, France,
Germany, and The Netherlands.
UNITED STATES POSSESSIONS.
For Hawaii, See Article Following
The Oceanic possessions of the United States comprise the Hawaiian
Islands, the Island of Wake, and (jnam, the largest and most impor-
tant of the Ladrone or Marianne group. Latter a fertile island about
100 miles in circumference, thickly wooded and well watered. Aguno,
on west coast, seat of the military governor.
BRITISH POSSESSIONS.
Besides the islands constituting Australasia, the principal groups,
and isolated islands belonging to Great Britain are Cook's or Ilervey's
Islands, Manihiki (12sq.m., pop. 1,000) , Tokelau (7 sq. m., pop. 1,050),
and Phoenix (16 sq, ui., pop. 59) groups. Ellice Islands, Gilbert Islands,
OCEANIA. 367
Santa Cruz Islands, British Solomon Islands, and the Islands of Pit-
cairn (2 sq. m., pop. 126), Fanning (15 sq. m., pup. 150), Maiden (35 sq.
in., pop. 168), and Christmas (234 sq. in., pup. 100). -New Hebrides Islands
jointly protected by Great Britain and r ranee.
COOK ISLANDS?.— Discovered by Cuok 1T7T. Taken under
British protection 1888. Group in Polynesia; comprises 6 islands and 9
Area 142 square miles. Cocoa-palms, bread-fruit trees, and
plantains abound; coffee, cottun, oranges, and copra produced. Total
population 8,400. Inhabitants Malays; skillful in various manufac-
ture-;. Laws administered by an Executive Council, of which native
kings or queens are members. British Resident at Baratonga.
GILBERT ISLANDS.— Discovered by Commodore Byron 1765;
re-discovered by Gilbert and Marshall 1788; annexed by Great Britain
1892. Group in Polynesia, north and south of equator west of long. 170
deg. E. Largest island, Taputeonan; must important, Butaritari; total
area 166 square miles. Cocoanuts, pandanus, bread-fruit, and taro
chief products. Population 22,000 to 25,000; inhabitants fishermen.
TONGA OR FRIENDLY ISLANDS discovered by Tasman
1643; visited by Cook 1777. Placed under British protection 1899.
Islands southeast of Fiji in lat. 20 deg. S. Area 374 square miles.
Yield plantains, bananas, coffee, cocoanuts, arrowroot. Value of im-
ports, 1897, $362,366, drapery, provisions, timber, etc.; exports, $315,370,
copra, green fruit, and fungus. Natives produce fishing nets, tapa—
textile from bark— copra, mats, etc. Population, 1893, 17,500; for-
eigners, 250. Nukualofa capital and chief port.
ELLICE ISLANDS.— Discovered by Americans 1319. Annexed
by Great Britain 1892. Islands north of Fiji, lat. 10 deg. S. Area
14 square miles. Chief pruducts copra and guano. Population 2,400;
inhabitants Christianized.
SANTA CRUZ ISLANDS.— Discovered by Mendana 1595; vis-
ited two centuries later by Carteret, who called them Queen Charlotte
Islands. Group —7 in number— lies in Melanesia, southeast of Solomon
.Islands. Area 337 square miles; population 5,650.
FRENCH POSSESSIONS
Comprise New Caledonia and dependencies, and the Society Islands,
the Austral Islands, and the Marquesas, Low or Tuamotu, Gambier,
and Tubuai groups, and the Island of Pvapa.
SOCIETY ISLANDS_discovered by Spanish 1606; visited by Capt.
Wallis 1767; by Cook 1769. Under French protection since 1842; Wind-
ward group annexed 1880; Leeward 1885. Archipelago in eastern portion
of Polynesia. Area 630 square miles (.Tahiti, 412; Moorea, 50). Islands
mountainous; well watered by numerous streams. Area under culti-
vation in Tahiti and Moorea, 7,000 acres; chief productions vanilla,
coffee, copra, and sugar. Value of imports, 1897, 8722,121; exports,
$593,626; mother -of -pearl, 8214,269; vauilia, §169,869; copra,8130,347. Popu-
lation of Tahiti, 10,237; Moorea, 1,596. Papeete chief town and port;
9,804. Inhabitants nominally Christians. Government vested in a
Governor and Consulting Council.
NEW CALEDONIA (French penal colony) discovered by Cook
1774; seized and colonized by French 1853. island and dependencies—
Isle of Pines, 53 square miles, Loyalty Archipelago, 756 square miles,
Huon and Chesterlield islands, betweei and Fiji, and Wallis
Archipelago, northeast of Fiji. Area 6,000 square miles. Products,
cereals, pineapples, coffe >n, manioc, vanilla,
vines, etc. Number of can:.-. 1897, 120,000. Value of imports
§1,774,172; chief articles, apparel, wines, Bpirits, provisions, etc. Kx-
11,109,470, nickel, preservi irome, and silver lead ore.
Minerals include coal, nickel, lead ore, chrome, and cobalt. Value of
[ported, 1897, 1741,000. Population I 96, 51,033^natives, 27,345;
penal, 10,757. Noumea, capital and seaport; population 6,679. Govern-
ment vested in Governor, with Council-General and municipal councils,
MARQUESAS.— Four of the islands discovered by Mendana 1596;
others by < ook 1774. Under French protection since 1842. Group com-
prises 13 islands in Polynesia, lat. 8 and 11 deg. b., long. 140 W. Area
368
309
170
Cube I
XlSI 1NSKY I.
BbookL
J L.AYSAN T.
„ GARDNER 1 ,
" £ OF
JToNOLL'
CANCER
AJI (U. S.)
VakeT
10. B.)
^Ts:
SDWICH IS.)
3Iabshal
..HOWLAXD I
^.t)almyeaT.
.Tanning I,
g> Christmas I. EQU
Ellice'
Is.
IPhcenix.Is.
-•• TbKELAClS.
Navigators Is.e )C J>>«> UGeb.)
EBKIDEg jV^L
Ten \-z.-CZ_ ^
uils
Itrnnu
(c. s.)
Society Ts'.
S I
Islands
( French)
, tuamotu ob
' " Low
•. Archipelago
• Tong
'Trie.-
. CookIs.
_Al-stral'I
TROPIC
OBFOLK 1.
5 6 u
A
pfOBTH ISLAND
^TcbuatL
T E
C I
J 1
Chatham! () 6, Jjj
.( Br.)
A N
longitude Vest from Greenwich
IS0 o »-.«"
140 »
370 OCEANIA.
480 square miles. Surface mountainous. Products pulse, yams, sugar
cane, bambdbs, cocoanuts, wild cotton, etc. Live ".lock and vege-
tables exchanged for tobacco and munitions of war. Population
M>\\ ARCHIPELAGO OR TUAMOTU ISLANDS
covered 1797; French missionaries settled at Mangareva i
over s *» in cumber, lie between lat. 14 and 24 deg. s. and long 135
deg. W. Group forms a dependency of French possession of Tahiti.
Total area 330 square miles. Very Uttle productive soil. Popnla-
tiou 7,000-8,000. French Resident at Rotoana, on Fakarava Island.
GERMAN POSSESSIONS
Embrace the northeastern portion of New Guinea (Kaiser tt'ilhelm's
Land), Bismarck Archipelago, the northerly part of the Solomon
group. Marshall Islands, the Marianne or Ladrone Islan
of Guam), and the Caroline Islands.
CAROLINE ISLANDS.— Discovered by Portuguese 1526; named
for Charles II of Spain 16S6: Spanish claims contested by Englisl
awarded to Spain by Pope 1885, Ceded to Germany 1899. Group con-
sists of 700l8lands lying east of Philippines. Area 270 square miles.
Chief products oranges, bread-fruit, eoeoanuts, cloves, and BUgar cane.
Population about 32,000. Western capital Yap, eastern Poru
MARIANNE OR LADRONE ISLANDS discovered by Ma-
gellan 1521; occupied by Spain 166S; with exception of (.nam. ceded to
Germany 1893. Group lies directly north of Caroline and east of Phil-
ippine islands. Area 420 square miles. Population 10,172.
MARSHALL ISLANDS. -Annexed to Germany 1885-6. Group
of 33 coral islands— in two chains— east of Caroline Islands. Area 158
square miles. Coco palms cultivated. Copra chief article of trade; pro-
duction, 1897, 2,366 tons. In 1897, 84 vessels of 12,333 tons entered.
Population 13,000. Europeans, 74. Jaluit chief island, seat of German
Imperial Commissioner.
BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO. — Discovered by Dampier
1699 and named New Britain Islands. Became a German protectorate
and renamed 1884. Archipelago lies northeast of New Guinea
Area, including Admiralty Islands, 20.000 square miles. Soil and cli-
mate suited to tropical productions. Natives agriculturist.-. Cotton
plantations established by Germans; yield, 1897, 77,360 pounds; cocoa-
nut trees, 46,200. Value of imports, 1897. $161,000; chief exports,
nuts, copra, and cocoanut fibers. Population about 188,000. Matupi
trading station for New Guinea Company.
ISLANDS OCCUPIED JOINTLY.
NEW GUINEA discovered by Portuguese 1511; named Papua
in 1526: New Guinea 1545. Visited by Dutch 1676. Circumnavigated by
Dampier 1699. Dutch took possession of country west of 141 d -
1828. Southeastern portion became British protectorate 1884; a (town
Colony 1888, German protectorate established in northeast 1884. Total
area about 312,000 square miles. Interior wide plains and lofty moun-
tains; greatest elevation 16,000 feet. Chief rivers Baxter and Fly
Northern coast mountainous; southwestern low and marshy. Coast
line deeply indented; has fine harbors Climate hot; rainfall abundant.
Dens-- forests contain cedar, sandalwood, ebony, india rubber, areca
and sago palms, bamboos, etc. Soil adapted to tobacco, rice, tea, sugar
cane, coffee, cotton, fruits, etc. Germans have established cotton and
tobacco plantations. Bananas, yams, sweet potatoes, and taro, chief
food of natives. largely cultivated. Horses, cattle, and goats reared.
Chief industries wood carving and manufacture of rope and pottery.
Leading imports food stuffs, tobacco, drapery, and hardware: exports,
copra, pearl-shell, trepang, gold, pearls, and sandalwood. Gold, coal,
and plumbago found. Population about l.ser.mi. Area of British
New Guinea, 90,540 square miles; population 350,000. Government
administered by Lieutenant-Go v< rnor. New.South Wales, Victoria, and
Queensland furnish funds and have a voice in its affairs. Port Mort s&y.
capital; population 1,500. Kaiser Wilhelin's Land-German New
Guinea— area 70,000 square miles; population about 110,000. In hands of
German New Guinea Company. Stephansort seat of government.
AUSTRALIA. 371
S V1IO \ ISIjANDS.— Earliest explorations by Bougainville 1768;
Christianity introduced 1S30. Neutrality and independence guaranteed
by Great Britain. United States, aud Germany 1889. Islands divided be-
tween Germany and United States 1899. In middle of Pacinc -about 400
miles northeast of Fiji; the largest, Savaii and Upolu. belong to Ger-
many, Tutuila and adjacent islands to United States. Total area 1,701
square miles. Chief products sugar, coffee, cotton, maize, tropical
fruits. Value of imports 1S97, $320,1011; exports, s-232,497. Population
31,000 (Upolu 16,600, Savaii 12,500, Tutuila 3,750). Foreigners, 1895, 400.
Apia chief trading center; population 3,742. Pagopagc, Tutuila, fine
natural harhor. Natives— Polynesians — are Christians.
NEW HEBRIDES discovered by Spanish 1606; explored and
named by Cook 1774. Group northeast of New Caledonia, stretches
northwest and southeast 500 miles. Area 5,700 square miles. Chief
products rice, maize, tobacco, bread fruit, cocoanut, manioc, sugar,
coffee, cotton, cacao, vanilla, fruits, bamboo and palms. -Population
about 80,000. Islands under joint protection of France and England.
SOLOMON ISLANDS discovered by Mendana 1567-8; re-discov-
ered bv Bougainville 1768. Archipelago in Melanesia, 500 miles east of
New Guinea. Area 16.950 square miles, in large part covered with
thick forests. Chief commercial products tortoise shell, copra,
ivory nuts, and sandalwood. Germany has Bougainville and depen-
dencies in the north; southern portion of group under British rule;
Choiseul and Isabel ceded to Great Britain by Germany 1899.
AUSTRALIA.
Historical.— Discovered by Portuguese 1601. Visited by the
Dutch 1606. New South Wales visited and named by Captain Cook
1770; British penal colony established at Sydnev, 1788; at Brisbane,
Queensland, 1S25. First occupation of Western Australia 1S26; settle-
ment made at Portland, Victoria, 1834; at Adelaide, South Australia,
1836. Convict transportation restricted to Van Diemen's Land (Tas-
mania) 1839. Copper discovered in South Australia 1845; gold in New
South Wales aud Victoria 1851. Commonwealth of Australia created
. federation of States of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland,
South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania. 2sew Zealand,
Fiji, and British New Guinea did not enter federation. Government
of Colony administered by a Governor-General appointed by the Crown.
Physical Features.— Eastern portion mountainous; Great Divid-
ing Chain, extending north and south, culminates in Australian Alps
(Mt. Kosciusko. 7,336 feet). Interior mainly level or rolling plains.
Western portion vast sandy desert, mountainous toward the coast.
Chief rivers rise on western slope of Alps; Murray Kiver most im-
portant. Largest fresh water lake, Alexandrina; numerous salt lakes
occur. Climate generally warm, dry, and healthful ; south temperate,
north tropical. Interior subject to prolonged drought andhoat. Rain-
fall abundant only on portions of north, northeast, and southeastern
coasts; rainy season. May to August. Seasons reversed from those of
Northern hemisphere, December being midsummer, June midwinter.
Mean temperature Melbourne, January, 65 cleg.; July, 47 deg. ; year, 57
deg. Rainfall. 26 inches. Brisbane, January, 78 deg. ; July 58 deg.; year,
69 deg. Rainfall, 52 inches.
NEW SOUTH WALES, oldest Australian state. Explored
and named by Captain Cook 1770. First settlement— penal— made at
Botany Bay 1788. Responsible government established 1855. Ana,
310,700 square miles. Forests cover one-fourth of surface; Male
timber reserves, 5,488,800 acres. Cultivated area, 1898, 1,831,829 acres;
leading crops, cereals, tobacco, and potatoes. Yield: Wheat, 10,560,111
bushels; maize. 6,713,060 bushels; tobacco, 1,371,800 pounds. Oranges
and grapes principal fruits grown. Area under vines, 8,083 acres;
under oranges, 13,943 acres; wine product, 1899, 864,514 gallons; oranges,
7,839,216 dozens. Pastoral aud agricultural pursuits engage 120,014
372
Roebourn
VW E S T E H N
TROpTc OF CAPRICORN
R
'• I J 6l - A "o usta ^ f | ""
THE GREAT . .-^^
i F $ T IR jL L I A
L„.?'V .[jr.- VICTORIA DESERT
Prim)
8 r.
on
'-Vs, °GnukjlduDgi.ig I v., jj£kc -.':.
L^ArNew Castle -t.
-Trcmantl^ -lorLoBora^i
hSta.^i Dempster St!
A "Pen- "
DurJ'las / Sea* ,
Hills ="=> yPt. Culver ^N*^
.-> y r\„s-r-»J- : Eastern- Group *
^ Bora
,'jarrahdale o> <r„
35unburj £i ^YUliamsburg
3u a seltM^-^ mup
tBroct
Paring Spring, a Puthtb
NUULARBAR, PLAIN -pylch
Kuln&y - Pidinga
Colone
AU STRALI A.
On Mepcator Projectiom.
Copyright, 1004, by Rana, McNally & Co.
373
^
SautnarezR.M
AVreckR.
T
Spring
?■-*,::
REAT STON^A \Cot
DESERT '"Durban. Downs ••„
At^^.— (■ ^ r -" ,, Hnoeerford A\^, or |
1!,- 4 T.-' T ~ : \'"""\ wontiLouUha// |I B ™
it V" 1, ^; ; . C^ -^ \°WaUoonA it Great
&*&Sr4^ irym^Y™"'"?*^^
- ^..^p" a tt a r^\J^Go!,,<,, J^nr^yonn: ^^i-f^/ Botany Bay
DE ^"(feeJ,""!"'"''" - ^~"\' : CCootan'.'iTnd J"
>°
.^vTIIroo Promonto
n Wfl *"g x flfrS
ala
Eden
C. Howe
WaClacootaJnlet
r
374 OCEANIA.
P er . S n?£ s \. Block-raisin* and production of woo] chief Indi
in 189. horses in State numbered 498,000; can
43,952,900; value wool export, |44,616,400. Manufactures principally
machinery, textiles, clothing, preserved meats, ete. \__n •■•-.■He capital
invested, 1897. s;s,!i,-,r,r,(ii); persons e,n|, loved, 50,883. Imports, iv.o
1105,677,500; exports, 1116,030,200, chiefly gold coin, wool. bfd<
coal. In 1898 number of vessels entered and cleared the port
total tonnage, 6,919,928. Mineral resources valuable and extei
gold deposits widely distributed; output, isa7, s.-,,-jv.i,;oo; f . 0: ,
23,950 square miles; also rich in silver, copper, lead, tin, and iron
Total value of minerals raised in State to close of year 1898 s5')9 26; -
145; coul, $171, 606,025; gold to close of year imiT, >222. 111,-55'- copper
*2l,756,715; tin, 831,232,090. Estimated population, 1808, 1,:
Sydney, capital and chief port of Stale, oldest city of Australia;
population 417,250. Broken mil, silver mining center, 20,790 Wew
Cattle, second seaport, 15,150. Railway open 1898, 2,775 mih
ernment, 2,091 miles. Telegraph, 12,778 miles. Elementary education
compulsory; age 6-14; free to poor. State Schools, is;*?; 2,790; enroll-
ment, 226,157; there were 956 colleges and private schools wit:
students. All religions tolerated; Church of England predominates
About two-thirds of the people Protestants; at last census Koman
Catholics numbered 286,911; Church of England adherents, 502.980
Responsible government established 1855.
VICTORIA, originally a part of New South Wales; erected into a
separate colony 1851. Most densely populated of Australian States.
Area, S7,SS4 square miles. Forests extensive and valuable;
abound in beautiful and durable woods suitable for shipbuilding
carriage, cabinet work, etc.; red gum most valuable; State timber
reserves cover an area of 4,800,000 acres. Agriculture growing in
importance; chief products, cereals, hops, tobacco, liber plants, vine,
and olive; area under crops, 1898, 3,170.920 i.ercs. Live stock, 1891
included 434,470 horses, 1,782,880 cattle, 12,692,843 sheep; value wool
export, 1897. 819,411.370; dairy industry has made marked progress;
number of milch cows, 1897, 457,924; amount of butter produced .
990 pounds. Manufactures, 1897, employed 50,754 persons; capital
invested, 859,959,760. Imports, 1S97, 875,108.760: exports, sSl.354.S0i', prin-
cipally gold— including specie- and wool. In 1897, 1,888 vessels of 2 437 -
190 tons entered, and 1,882 vessels of 2,428,182 tons chared the ports.
Registered shipping comprised 259 sailing vessels of 40,637 tons, and
149 steamers of 55,737 tons. Mineral wealth very great; State leads
in production of gold; estimated number of miners working in gold
fields, 1S97, 32,820; value of output, $15,800,170; aggregate value of
product, 1851-97, $1,202,320,390; other mincra.s, coal, lignite, silver, tin
andiron. Population, 1S98 (estimated), 1,169,434; at last census 97
per cent of population British subjects by birth; 63 per cent native
Victorians. Melbourne, capital and chief seaport; leading commer-
cial city of southern hemisphere; population 458,610; most populous
city in Australasia, Ballarat, 46,137. Railways belong to State-
in 1897, 3.130 miles open. Telegraph lines, 6,947 miles. Primary
education free and compulsory; age 6-13 years; state schools, l BTe
enrollment, 238.308. No State religion; 75 per cent of population
Protestants, 22 per cent Catholic. Constitution dates from 1854.
QUEENSLAND.— Eastern shore discovered by Cook, 1770; first
explorations made lb23; first settlement established 1825; became a
separate colony 1859. Area, 668,497 square miles. Forests co\er
about one-half the total surface: cedar, cypress, and pine most uselul
timbers. Agriculture nourishes on eastern seaboard: leading grain
crop, maize; area under crop, ls97. 1<>9 721 acres; yield, 2,803,172 bus! < la-
under wheat, 59,875 acres; 1,009.293 bushels; sugarcane occupied
acres; sugar product of 65,432 acres, 97,916 tons; cotton, tobacco.) ice
tropical and semi-tropical fruits successfully cultivated; total area
under crops, 371.857 acres; under pasture. 245,917,300 acres. Live
stock. 1897. included 479.280 horses, 6,089,013 cattle, 17,797,880 sheep
Wool the staple production of the State. Value of wool export
$12,195,400. Manufactures principally sugar, preserved and frozen
meats, meat extract, etc. Imports, 1897, $26,305,870; exports, $44,185 960-
AUSTRALIA. 375
leading articles gold, wool, and preserved meats. Registered ship
ping in 1897 comprised 133 sailing vessels of 9,874 tons, and 90 steamers
of 12,884 tons. During \ ear 642 vessels of 569,610 tons entered, and
65 i of .Vv.vJ.'ii tons cleared the ports, in the roasting trade, 6,646 vessels
Of 3,579,255 tons entered, and 6,552 of 3,583,524 tons cleared. Min-
eral.-*, chief source of wraith, include gold, coal, tin, copper, silver,
lead, and opals: approximate value of output. 18:*r, $14,780,000. Amount
of gold mined from 1858— date of discoverv— to close of year 1-97,
12,006,918 ounces; production for 1897,807,928 ounces; coal, 358,407 tons.
Population* 189S i estimated i, 493,701; Chinese and Polynesians,
3, 12,000. Brisbane, capital, leading city and chief
18,000; Aborigines,
5,738. Rock
State: in 1397, 2,609 miles open for
port; population 48,738. Rockhampton, port and mining center,
11,629. Railways belong to St '
traffic. Telegraph lines, 10,090 miles. Primary education free;
elementary schools, 1897, 797; attendance, 59-748. All religions equal;
75 per cent of population Protestant, 18 per cent Catholic. Responsi-
ble government established 1859.
J^OITH AUSTRALIA, proclaimed a British Province 1836;
second in size of Australian States. Area, including Northern
Territory. 903,690 square miles. Forests cover 12,428 acres. Cli-
mate compares favorably with that of Southern France and Italy.
Wheat chief agricultural crop; State third in production.
Total area cultivated, 1897, 2,604,122 acres; under wheat, 1,522,668 acres;
yield, 1898-99, 8,778,900 bushels. Wine product, 1,47:5,216 gallons; sugar
cane, English fruit, oranges, lemons, almonds, and olives successfully
grown. Live stock, 1397, included 164,820 horses, 540.149 cattle,
and 5,032.540 sheep. Wool export. J4.837.600. Manufactories
chiefly brass and iron, farming implement factories, flouring mills;
aggregate employes. 12,685. Imports. 1897, $34,634,230; exports, $33,673,-
090; leading articles, wool, wheat, flour, and copper. Registered
shipping of State, 1897, comprised 326 vessels of 1.785,673 tons. Dur-
ing year 1,178 vessels of 1,774,476 tons entered, and 1,191 vessels of
1,785,673 tons cleared the ports. Chief minerals copper and silver;
gold, iron, and lead also obtained; value copper exported, 1897, $1,158,-
000; total mineral product Northern Territory, si, 783,500. Total
population, 1898, 358,224; Northern Territory, 4,820; Chinese, 3,848;
Aborigines, 3,134. Adelaide, capital and commercial center; popu-
lation 146,125. Mount Gambier center agricultural district, popu-
lation with adjoining District Councils, 7,000. Total railway in
operation, 1,370 miles -146 in Northern Territory. Telegraph lines,
5,862 miles. Education free and compulsory. Schools 1897, 278;
61.643 pupils. All religious equal; Protestants in 1891, 191,846;
Catholics, 47,179; Jews, 840. Constitution proclaimed 1856.
WESTERN AUSTRALIA. — Largest Australian State.
Area, 975,920 square miles. Estimated forest area, 20,400,000 acres;
jarrah . noted for its durability, covers vast tracts: tim-
ber especially valuable for bridge building and harbor work; sandal-
wood, abundant in southwest, long an article of export. Agricul-
ture limited, owing to lack of labor and means of transport: large
tracts of fertile soil exist; cultivated area, 1897, 133,182 acres; principal
cereal, wheat: fruits grow luxuriantly; culture of vine extending.
Live stock, 1S97: 62,222 horses. 244,970 cattle. 2,210,742 sheep. Value
wool exported. * 1.426,840. Pearl fisheries important. Imports, 1897,
$31,194,300; exports. $19,148,870, chiefly gold, pearls, sandalwood, and
timber. Registered shipping ; —els of 9,710
There were 721 vessels of 1,196,760 tons entered, and 707 of
1,181,072 ton s cleared the ports. Minerals leading source of wealth;
gold export, 1897, $12,465,780; iron, tin, copper, galena also obtained.
Estimated population, 1898, exclusive of atoriglnes, 161,921.
Perth, capital and trade center; population 37,929; Fremantle, chief
port, 17,000. Railways open, 1898, 1,456 miles; state 992 miles.
Education compulsory: government schools, 1897, 167; pupils. 12,257.
-Ml religions equal; Protestants, 1891, 32,894; Catholics, 12,464.
Obtained responsible government 1890.
NEW ZEALAND. 377
TASMANIA.— Discovered by Tasman 1642 and named Van Die-
men's Land; British penal colony established 1804; transportation
of criminals ceased 1853. Renamed Tasmania 1856. Estimated area,
including Macquarie, 26.385 square miles. Surface in general moun-
tainous (.Cradle Mountain, 5,069 feet). Derwent most important river.
Climate mild and delightful; mean temperature about 55 deg.; mean
summer temperature, 62 deg.; winter, 47 deg. Rainfall, 25 inches.
Extensive forests, abounding in beautiful cabinet woods and other
valuable timbers, exist; blue gum most valuable tree. Cultivated
area, 1897, 530,719 acres. Chief cereal, vheat; yield. 1898, 1,668,341
bushels; oats, 1,102,285 bushels; hops, 596,'<72 pounds. Fruit, notably
apples and pears, largely grown for export; value, 1897, 81,112,625.
Live stock, 1898: 29,898 horses, 159,486 cattle, 1,588,610 sheep, 43,520
pigs; value wool export, 81,047,930. Fruit-preserving a leading in-
dustrv; ore smelting works, breweries, tanneries, etc. Imports, 1897,
86,646,570; exports, SS,47S,0o0; leading articles wool, gold and silver,
tin, fruit, timber, hops. Minerals include gold, silver, tin, copper,
galena, and coal; value gold and silver exported, 1897. 82.173,270; cop-
per and pyrites, 81,542,740. Population, 1891, 146,667; aborigines
extinct. Hobart, capital; population, 24,905; Lavnceston, 17,108.
Education compulsory. There are 282 elementary public schools,
with 21,759 pupils; about 25 per cent of population illiterate. All re-
ligions equal; Protestants, 1891, 110,950; Catholics, 25,805.
NEW ZEALAND AND FIJI.
NEW ZEALAND.— Sighted and named by Tasman, 1642; visited
by Cook 1769 ; recognized as British possession 1814. First colonial settle-
ment made at Wellington 1840. Colony comprises North, Middle or
South, and Stewart Islands and adjoining islets; area 104,471 square
miles. Large islands mountainous (Mt. Cook, 12,349 feet); rivers
abound, few navigable. Climate healthful; rainfall most abundant
on west coast; mean temperature, Wellington, January, 62 deg.; July,
47 deg.; year, 55 deg. Rainfall, 52 inches. Forests cover 31,250 square
miles; kauri pine most valuable for timber and gum. Two-thirds of
area suitable for agriculture and grazing; area under cultivation,
1895, 883,545 acres. Wheat and oats principal crops. Yield, 1897:
Wheat, 5,670,000 bushels; oats, 9,736,000 bushels. Olive, vine, and
semi-tropical fruits successfully grown. Stock-raising chief
industry; horses 1898, 252,834; cattle, 209.165; sheep, 19,687,954; pigs, 186,-
027; value wool exported, 1897, 821,593,680. Leading manufactures
freezing and preserving meats. Value of preserved meat, 1897, 87,849,-
960. Imports, 1898, $40,000,370; exports, 851,143,190. Islands rich in min-
erals; gold, silver, coal, kauri gum, manganese, and antimony ob-
tained; value of gold mined, 189S, 85,252,160; total mineral output, 1897,
88,359,830. Population, 1896, exclusive of aborigines, 703,360; Maoris,
39,854; Chinese, 3,711. Wellington, on the North Island, capital, popu-
lation, with suburbs, 41,758; Auckland, port of call for California mail
steamers; population, with suburbs, 57,616. No state church ; Protes-
tants, 1896, 545,176; Catholics, 98,804; Jews, 1,549. Education compul-
sory; age 7-13 years; primary schools, 1,585; pupils, 132,197.
FIJI ISLANDS.— Discovered by Tasman 1643; ceded by native
chiefs to Great Britain 1874. Islands of volcanic origin, with lofty
mountains, and well wooded. Croup comprises more than 200 islands ;
area, 8,045 square miles; largest, Viti Levu, 4.250; Vanua Levu, 2,600.
Climate warm but healthful; mean temperature, about 80 deg.,
extremes lie between 60 deg. and 94 deg. Sugar, copra, bananas, pea-
nuts, chief products. Cattle run wild; horses, sheep, and Angora goats
reared. Imports, 1897, 81,208,916; drapery and food stuffs lead In value.
Exports, 82,098,840; value of sugar. §1,619,150; copra, 8350,910. Estimated
population, 1897, 121,798; 3,401 Europeans. Suva, on Viti Levu, cap-
ital; has 580 European inhabitants. Public schools at Suva and Le-
vuka; pupils, 1897, 171. Education of natives conducted chiefly by
Wesleyan mission; in 1897 schools numbered 1,978, with 34,043 pupils.
Wesleyan mission churches 95,056 attendants; Catholic, 9,325.
378 OCEANIA.
HAWAII.
Ila-wi'-e.
V
Historical. Islands visited by Spaniards 1542: rediscovered by
Cook lTTs, and named Sandwicli Islands in bonor of the tben flrsl lord
of the admiralty ; during Second visit, IT79, Cook murder* d by the na-
tives Trade with Datives established by fur traders from America en
route to china L786. Islands united Into a kingdom under Kameha-
mehal, 1791 Idolatry abolished 1819. American missionaries Bettled
in islands is:jo. First tn-aty with United States 1826; first constitution
proclaimed 1840; more liberal one 1887; Reciprocity treaty, practically
establishing tree trade with United States, ratified 1875. Reigning
deposed. nru\ Islonal government formed 1893, Republic proclaimed July
4,1891; annexed to United states 1898; Hawaii Territory created 1900.
Arcsi, 6,449 square miles. Group practically eomprises -even in-
habited islands and eleven smaller rocks or shoals. Hawaii. l,015square
miles; Maui, 728 sq. miles; Oahu, 600 square miles; Kauai, 544 sq miles;
Molokai, 261 sq. miles; Lauai, 135 sq. miles; Niihau,97 sq. mile.-; and
Kahoolawe, 69 sq. miles.
Physical Features. — Chain extends from northwest to south-
east; islands mountainous and of volcanic formation— partly sur-
rounded by reel's. Surface broken and diversified by many \
and streams; Hawaii and Kauai, especially, well supplied with rivers.
Mosl prominent physical features of group, volcanoes of Mauna Kea.
13,953 feet — quiescent — and Mauna Loa, 13,750 feet — still active — on
Island of Hawaii; tKilauea, on same island, 16 miles south, largest active
volcano in the world; circumference of its oval-shaped crater ;i miles:
depth, l,000feet. Mountains on other islands range from 4,000 to 5,000
feet: extinct craters abound clothed with luxuriant vegetation.
Climate of all healthful and equable; within the tropics, but lying
in mid-ocean with prevailing winds northeast trades, perpetual summer
without enervating heat; extreme heat and eases of sunstroke un-
known. Temperature varies according to elevation and position;
mean average, 71.5 deg.; highest, 89 deg.; lowest, 54 deg.; average
daily range at Honolulu, 11 deg. Rainfall abundant: annual average on
windward side, 176.82 inches; on leeward side. 51.21 inches. Islands
lie outside cyclone belt; severe storms accompanied by thunder and
lightning rare.
Forests.- Higher elevations of mountains covered with dense for-
ests, especially windward slopes. Excellent ship timber and manv
ornamental woods abound. Much fuel cut. Attention now being paid
to practical forestry in the islands and the increase of the f(
steps being taken to protect them from ravages of roaming cattle.
Forest products. 1899. 8125.094. reported >>\- 172 farmers.
Agriculture.— Climate favorable to nearly all products of tropics
and temperate zone. Hawaiian sugar plantations most productive In
the world. Include 8 per cent of farms, but cover three-fourths of
cultivated land, employ 87 per cent of agricultural class, and contribute
four-fifths the value of all crops. In 1899, 2.239.376 tons; value, with
sugar and molasses made on spot . 81*. 762,996. Rice, X5.442.4dU pounds.
$1,562,051 ; coffee (production rapidlv increasing), 2.297,000 pounds, $246,-
181; taro. the great native food. 169.1323 ba<rs. 8177,*43: bananas. 141.653
bunches, SV2.620: pineapples. 116.560. 89,160: oranges. 3.368 hoxes. *6 714;
all crops, 821,417.516: animal products. $623,215. Total value of farm
property (June 1, 1900), $74,084.9$*; 2.273 farms. 2.609.613 aer-s— 294,545
acres improved. Over 97 per cent farming area in 116 farms of 1,000
acres or over; white farmers occupy 80 percent of farm area, with
92 per cent of total value. Irrigation large lv neeessarv. except on
island of Hawaii: has already transformed the islands. System exten-
sive and built at great expense. Percentage of farm area irrigated.
1900,28; land value, 63 per cent that of all farms All rice and small
fruits, three-fourths of taro, two-thirds of bananas, over half the pine-
apples, and about half the sugar are grown by irrigation.
liive Stock.— Cattle and other European domestic animals intro-
duced by Vancouver and succeeding navigators. On Hawaii herds of
wild cattle roam the mountain forests. Hunted chiefly for their horns
and hides. Animals on farms, 1900: Horses, 12.9*2, 844 1',661; mules,6,506,
8590.501: dairy cows, 4,028, $127,820; young cattle, 42,025, $324,576; other
cattle, 56,737, $833,130; sheep, 102,098, $133,883; swine, 8,057, $49,576; value
HAWAII 379
all live st >ck. 82.523.47:). Exports of 1899 included 33.848 pounds tallow,
15,282 sheepskins. 357,501 pounds wool, 23.019 goat and deer skins.
Commercial and Naval Importance.— Islands occupy central
position in North Pacific Ocean. Situated 2,089 nautical miles south-
west of San Francisco, 4,640 northwest of Panama, 3,800 northeast of
Auckland. New Zealand. 4.950 east of Hong-kong, 3,440 from Yoko-
hama, and 4.:..". • east of Manila; have steamer connection with Amer-
ican Continent. Australasia. China, and Japan. Commercially. Hawaii
Important as place of call and depot for ships' supplies; from naval
Standpoint the great strategic base of Pacific.
Commerce.— Notable increase in trade since adoption of reci-
procity policy, 1S75. \ alueof imports. i^76.8l.Ml.77o; exports. 82.241,041;
import- . exports, §22,628 .ow. Value of imports from
Great Bi itain. $1,159554; Australia and New Zealand. 8453.727; Canada,
$136585. Chief imports, groceries and provisions, clothing, grain, tim-
ber, machinery, hardware, and cotton goods. No dir.-ct exports to
Great Bi itain. Value of sugar exported, 1900. 823.771.344; coffee. $176.-
749; hides and tallow, 8S2.192. Of total exports. 99.6 > percent was taken
by the United Stat s. in 1899, 656 ships, of 786.842 tons, entered at
Hawaiian poits. Merchant marine. 1897. comprised 62 vessels of 34.066
tons. Wharfage accommodation at Honolulu being greatly enlarged.
Population census of 1832, 130,313; 1853, 73.138: 1872, 56.897; 1890,
89.990; 1900, 154,001: Male, 106,369; female. 47.632: native born. 63.221:
foreign. 90,78 : white, 66,890—37,656 Hawaiians or part Hawaiians. 28,819
Caucasian -.415 South Sea Islander.-; colored. 87. Ill— Negro, 233; Chinese,
25.767: Japanese, 61,111. Total increase since 1-32. 23.688.
Cities.— Honolulu, capital, chief seaport, and center of commerce;
situated on south coast of Island of Oahu— best cultivated and most
populous and nourishing of group. Fine natural harbor, formed by
|agoon \\ ith depth of 22 teet ; ample room for large number of vessels;
wharf 600 feet long; facilities for ship repairs. Public buildings
handsome and commodious; many beautiful residences with nuineious
churches, asylums, and hospitals, public library with lo.OoO volumes.
Length of streets and drives. 67 miles. Has six English newspapers
besides those in Hawaiian. Portuguese. Japanese, and Chinese lan-
guages Business chiefly carried on by Americans and Europeans.
Population. 39.303 Hilo, second in importance; seaport on east coast
of Hawaii— largest island of group. Population, about 2,000. Lahaina,
on western coast of Maui: only safe port on island, population, 1.000.
Railways, Etc.— There are KiO miles of railway in the islands of
Hawaii. Maui, and Oahu; used chiefly to ca ty plantation products to
point- of shipment. Length of telegraph line. 250 miles; lines estab-
lished throughout Maui and Hawaii, and extend between Hawaii and
Oahu and around Oahu. Telephones largely used in Honolulu; city
a so has an eiectric railway. Mai conl system of wireless telegraphy
used between the islands of Oahu. Molokai, Lanai, and Maui since
March, 1901; two months later was extended to Hawaii.
Education.— Hawaiian language reduced to writing and first book
published in Hawaiian. 1822. Native seminary founded, 1831. Excel-
lent system of free public schools (English) established throughout
the islands. Primary education compulsory; school age. 6 to 14. In
hools numbered 189, with 544 teacher-, 282 American, 130 Hawaiian
or part Hawaiian. 66 British. Number of pupils. 15.490: Hawaiians,
5.:;- : V; half -castes, 2,721 ; Portuguese. 3.822; Asiatics. 2.455. Of Hawaiians
and part Hawaiians, over 87 per.cent can read and write.
Religion.— AH forms permitted. In 1896. Protestants numbered
2.3.773: Roman Catholics. 26.363; Mormons, 4,886; Buddhists, 44,306.
(loveruiiient, Etc.— Government of the Territory vested in a
governor appointed by the Pre-ident. Legislature, general elections,
etc . like those of the other Territories. All legislative proceedings
in English, v 11 whites, all persons of African descent, and all
Hawaiians. citizen- of Hawaii imniediatelv prior to its annexation
to 1'nited States, declared citizens of Dnited state-, number of
registered electors, 1897. 2,687. lie venue. 1900-01, $2,140,297; expenditure,
tal debt, 1900, $4,937,464, Deposited in postal savings banks,
• '".3,981. For military purposes islands attached to Department of
»rnia. Regiment of 8 companies, numbering 476 officers and men.
Since 188 1 only gold coins of United states legal tender for more than
y Hawaiian and United States silver coins for smaller amounts.
380
158°
•21 -? Q
£">£ Kahuku
o,<? Waimea B.
Waialau;
**
-^paenaPt
"2\| Makual
"l\Lahilahi(^
y ■ K Walantt
ft
Cahuku Ranch ..sJt-^i***
KLait Bay
Ka/iana Hay O/^J
' )Pt -,r 7 *°>',o°
o,7,e 7/<xrW Ov v *
► MokajjnPena ^o^V
fatVua /?a.v «?• ',4 "> S A
Qiaimanalo / . ,
^
« *'°^
^°>'
v/y-t
»> /«? <?
^2^?%B& .Inch. < V - „--° ^N> &&* &
te*
V lae o JKa Laau j
-vrtlKacni I
s ', •*' \ * > N - > f0 fllKaenaPt..^>£-£" ^Ulj
4
K-.'.ma'ai 3
\ <?%
\ ¥<
a*"
,*>
#
<
^>
Puuwai Pt.,
Sinclairs,
Kona Pt
l'amTi.V>''C'
(1 .,1. .In '..I V-f /
Pahau Pt. w *L/Cape Kawalhoa
WESTERN ISLANDS
OF
" Hawaii,
ON SAME SCALE AS MAIN MAP.
Ilanuihaulu Bay
l J b /Kauai Pt.
VKawelikoa Pt.
■jS&
381
POPULATION
OF THE
UNITED STATES
CENSUS OF 1900
BY
STATES, COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS,
BOROUGHS, AND VILLAGES.
In the following tables are given all the incorporated
cities, towns, boroughs, and villages of each State and
Territory for which the population in 1900 is returned
separately, from that of the townships to which they
belong, by the census enumerators. These places are
arranged alphabetically under States and Territories, and
furnish a complete list of all cities, towns, boroughs, and
villages that appear in the Twelfth Census of the United
States.
Copyright, 1901, by
RAND, McNALLY & COMPANY,
Cuicago and New York.
y
ALABAMA.
ALABAMA.
Autauga ..
Baldwin ..
Barbour. ..
Bibb - .
Blount
Bullock ._.
Butler
Calhoun ..
Chambers.
Cherokee.
Chilton ...
Choctaw ..
Clarke
Top. 1900
.... 17,915
.... 13,194
. .. 85,152
18,48
.... 23,119
. , 31,944
... 25,761
.... 34,874
... 82,554
.... 21,096
.... 16,522
.... 18,136
.... 27,790
Population, 1,828,697.
COUNTIES.
Pop, MOO
... 21,189
Dale
Dallas ...
Dekalb ..
Elmore. .
Escambia
Etowab ..
Fayette .
. 26,099
, 11,820
.. 27,361
.. 14,182
Clay 17,099 Jefferson
Franklin 16,511
Geneva.. 19,096
Greene 24,182
Hale 31,011
Henry 36,147
Jackson 30,508
140,420
Cleburne 13,206
Coffee 20.972
Colbert 22.341
Lamar. 16,084
Lauderdale.... 26.559
Lawrence 20,124
Conecuh ..
Coosa
Covington
Crenshaw ._
17.514
16,144
15.846
19.668
Cullman 17.849
Lee
Limestone ..
Lowndes
Macon
Madison
31.826
35.651
23. 126
43.Ti.l2
Top. 1900
Marengo
Marion [4,494
Marshall ...
Mobile
Monroe
Montgomery.
Morgan .....
Perry
Pic k: us
Pike 2ft. 172
Randolph 21,647
Russell
St. Clair
Shelby
Sumter 32,710
Talladega....
Tallapoosa.... 29,675
Tuscaloosa ... 36.147
Walker 25.162
Washington .. 11,184
Wilcox 35,631
Winston 9,554
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWXS, AND VILLAGES.
Abbeville
Alabama City.
Alexander
Andalusia
Anniston
Ashford.
Ashland
Ashville
Attalla
Athens
Auburn
Avondale
Banks
Batesville
Berry Station.
Bessemer
Birmingham..
Boiling
Brantley
Brewton
Bridgeport
Brookside
Brnndidge
Calera
Camden
Camp Hill
Carbon Hill ...
Cardiff
Carrollton
Cast lei icrrv ...
Center
Centerville
Cherokee
Childersburg .
Chulaflnnee...
Citronelle
Clanton
Clavton
Clio
2,276
1,061
551
9,695
286
422
362
1,692
1,010
1,447
3.1 I6U
198
137
245
6.358
38.415
253
175
390
1.3*2
1.247
658
537
770
830
562
278
167
282
422
261
372
34
696
611
<ii>S
Coal City
Collinsville . .
Columbia
Columbiana..
Cordova
Courtland
Cuba
Cullman
Dadeville ....
Dayton.
Decatur
Deer Creek...
Demopolis ...
Dothan
Dundee
Eastaboga ...
Eden
Edwardsville
Elba
Elkmont
Ensley
Enterprise ...
Eufaula
Eunola
Eutaw.
Evergreen ...
Falkville
Faunsdale
Fayette
Fitzpatrick ..
Flint
Florence
Fort Deposit.
Fort Pajrne...
Fruithurst ...
Fulton
Furman
Gadsden
Gainesville ..
Gaylesville...
509
524
1,132
1.075
567
1.255
1,136
427
3.114
332
2.61 16
3,275
249
398
177
448
635
174
2,100
610
4.5:32
132
884
1,277
343
333
452
447
229
6.4;8
1,078
1.037
874
140
184
4,282
'817
266
Geneva
Georglana
Girard
Goodwater ...
Gordon
Graysvllle
Greensboro...
Greenville
Guin
Gurley
Haleysville
Hamilton
Hardawav
Hartford
Hartsell
Headland
Heflin
Highland Park
Hillsboro
Hubson City..
Hollins
Holly Pond...
Hollywood
Horse Creek ..
Huntsville
Hurtsboro
Ironaton
Irondale
Jackson
Jacksonville..
Jasper
Jemlson
Jenifer
Joppa
Kennedy
Kinsey
Lafayette
Lanett..
Langston
Leighton
1.032
567
3,840
728
356
319
2,416
3.162
249
831
165
235
200
382
670
602
460
467
256
292
3i)68
407
7:35
526
1 .( 39
1.176
1.661
249
331
130
166
342
1 ,620
2,909
270
506
ALASKA — ARIZONA.
Alabama — Continued
Pop. 1900
Lineville 211
Livingston ... 851
Louisville 4iii
Luverne 731
McFall 820
Madison Station 412
Marion 1,698
Mid'and City.. 304
Midway 430
Millport 357
Mobile 38,469
Monroevflle. . . 423
Montgomery.. 30,346
Mooresville .. 150
Morris 187
Moulton 290
Muscadine 132
Newbern 564
New Decatur . 4.437
New Hope 208
Newton 457
Nortbport 424
Oakinan 503
Oneonta. 583
Opelika 4.245
Oxanna 1.184
Oxford 1,372
Ozark 1.570
Pop. 1900
Paint Rock... 394
Pell City 98
Ph«.eni\ 4,163
Pickensville .. 241
Piedmont 1,745
Pinckard 711
Pineapple 623
Pollard 267
Pratt City 3,4S5
Prattville 1,929
Ragland 309
Reform 198
Renfroe 180
Repton 170
Riverside 300
Roanoke 1.155
RockMills.... 42(i
Russell ville .. 1,602
Rutledge 346
Scottsboro ... 1.014
Seale 386
Seddon 229
Selma.. 8,713
Sheffield 3,333
Springville ... 496
Stevenson 560
Sulligent 303
Sylacauga .... 880
SL Top. 1900
Talladega 5,056
Thomasville .. 686
Thompson 145
Town Creek .. 280
Townly 124
Trinity Station 191
Trov 4,097
Trussville .... 742
Tusealoosa ... 5,094
Tuscumbia ... 2,348
Tuskegee 2,170
Union Springs 2,634
Unioutown ... 1.047
Vernon 291
Vienna 70
Vincent 765
Walnut Grove 251
Warrior 1,018
Wetumpka.... 562
Whiteoak
Springs 475
Wilsonville— . 1,095
"Wmfleld 316
WoodlaAvn .... 2,848
Wyeth City... 299
York Station.. 528
ALASKA. Population, 63,592.
DISTRICTS. popl9fl0
Northern 30.569
Southern 33 023
Pop. 1900
TOWNS.
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Anvik....
166
Karluk
470
Sealevel
Apollo ...
...'.. 87
Kasaan
Seldovia ..
149
Chomly ..
Kenai
290
Shakan
93
Circle ....
230
Ketchikan
460
Sitka
.... 1,396
Clarance .
Killisnoo
172
Skagway...
.... 3,117
Council...
Klawock
131
Snettisham
Dolomi...
Kodiak
341
Star
Douglas..
825
Eoserefsky ...
135
Sumdum ...
.... 137
Dvea
261
Loring
168
Sunrise
130
Eagle
458
Metlakalitla...
465
Tanana
186
Eaton
76
Nome
12.4S6
Teller
Ellamar...
Nushagak
324
Tyoonok..
.... 107
Fort Wrangel.
Orca
173
t dakta
Golovin..
185
Petersburg
Unalaska .
.... 4-;s
Grindall..
'."".'. 85
Rampart
Revilla
211
175
Haines ...
Valdez
.... 315
Homer ...
Safety
Yakutat
.... 247
Jackson..
Saint Michael.
857
York
Juneau
1,864
Sandpoint
16
ARIZONA. Population, 122,931.
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
Apache 8,297 Maricopa 20,457 Santa Cruz . 4.545
Cochise 9,251 Mohave 3,426 Yavapai. 13,799
Coconino.... 5.514 Navajo 8,829 Yuma 4,115
Gila 4,973 Pima 14,689 San Carlos In-
Graham 14,162 Pinal 7,779 dian Keserv'n 3,065
ARKANSAS.
Arizona— Continued.
[INCORPORATED CITIES AND TOWNS.
Chloride 465
Flagstaff 1,271
Globe 1,495
Jerome 2,861
Mesa 722
Nogales 1,761
Phoenix 5,54-1
Pima
Prescott 8,559
Solomonvllle . 629
Terape ....
Thatcher 644
Tombstone ... 6441
'I UC80D
Wlnslow 1,800
Yuma 1,519
ARKANSAS. 1'opiiliiiion, 1,311,564.
Pop. 1900
Arkansas 12,978
Ashley 19,734
Baxter 9.298
Benton 31,011
Boone 16,396
Bradley 9,651
Calhoun 8,539
Carroll 18,848
Chicot. 14,528
Clark 21.289
Clay 15,886
Cleburne 9,628
Cleveland 11,620
Columbia 22,077
Conway 19,772
Craighead 19,505
Crawford 21,270
Crittenden ... 14.529
Cross 11,051
Dallas 11,518
Desha 11,511
Drew 19,451
Faulkner 20.780
Franklin 17.395
Fulton 12,917
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Garland 18,773
Grant 7,671
Greene 16,979
Hempstead ... 24.101
Hot Spring.... 12,748
Howard 14,076
Independence. 22.557
Izard 13,506
Jackson 18,383
Jefferson 40,972
Johnson 17,448
Lafayette 10,594
Lawrence 16,491
Lee 19,409
Lincoln 13.389
Little River... 13,731
Logan... 20,563
Lonoke 22.544
Madison 19,864
Marion 11,377
Miller 17,558
Mississippi ... 16,384
Monroe 16,816
Montgomery.. 9,444
Nevada 16,609
Pop 1900
Newton
Ouachita
Perry. 7594
Phillips 26,561
Pike 10,301
Poinsett 7,025
Polk 18,352
Pope 21,715
Prairie 11,875
Pulaski 63,179
Randolph 17,156
St. Francis.... 17.157
Saline 13,122
Scott 13,188
Searcy 11,988
Sebastian
Sevier 16,339
Sharp 12.199
Stone 8,100
Union 22.495
VanBuren .... 11,220
Washington .. 34,256
White... 24,864
Woodruff 16,304
Yell 22,750
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES.
Alexander
173
Alma
440
Altus
500
Antoine
197
Arkadelphia . .
2,739
Arkansas City.
1,091
Ashdown
400
Atkins
745
Augusta
1,040
Austin Station
196
Bald knob
707
Barring Cross.
389
Batesville
2,3^7
Bearden
341
Beebe
904
Beebranch
122
Belleville
552
Benton
1,025
Bentonville ...
1 ,843
Berryville
Blackrock
551
1,400
Blvthesville...
802
Bonanza
906
Booueville
988
Bradford
222
Brinkley
1,648
Bryant
113
Buckner
400
Cabot 294
Camden 2,840
Cargile 417
Carlisle 212
Centerpoint... 334
Chester 174
Clarendon 1,840
Clarksville .... 1,086
Cleveland 202
Clinton 297
Coalhill 1,341
Collins 212
Conway 2,008
Corning. 1,041
Cottonplant... 458
Danville 600
Dardanelle.... 1.602
De Queen 1,200
Dermott 467
Desarc 640
Devall Bluff... 605
Dewltt 318
Douglas 117
Drvden 637
Dyer... 343
Eldorado 1,069
Emmet 217
England 368
Eureka Springs 3,572
Fayetteville... 4,061
Fordyce 1,710
Forrest 1.361
Fort Smith.... 11,587
Frostville ....
Fulton 504
Gentry City... 419
Grandglaize... 54
Gravett 447
Green Forest.. 469
Greenway 163
Greenwood . .
Gurdon 1.045
Hackett
Hamburg 1,21*0
Hardy. 347
Harrlsburg... . 462
Harrison 1,551
Hartford 460
Hazen 429
Helena
Hollvgrove.... 391
Hope 1,644
Horatio 625
Hot Springs... 9.973
Hoxie 125
Huntington ... 1 ,298
CALIFORNIA.
Abkansas — Continued.
Pop. 1900
Imboden 411 Mountainliome
Jacksonport .. 265 Mountainview
Jamestown... 130 Mount Nebo ..
Jonesboro 4,5o3 Mulberry.
Judsonia
Junction
Kingsland. ..
Knobel
Kress
Lake City
Lamar
Little Rock ..
Lockesburg ..
London
Lonoke
Luxora 943
McCrory 225
McNeil 260
Magazine 897
Magnolia 1,614
600 Murfreesboro.
1,251 Nashville
364 Nettleton
410 Newark
NewLewisvilie
2'4
434
474 Osceola.
Pop. 1900
363
226
361
200
928
613
315
548
Newport 2,8
9.V3
848
196
3,324
836
300
597
703
Pine Bluff 11,496
,307 Ozark
550 Palestine..
268 Paragould.
951 Paris
943 Perryville.
225 Piggott
Pike City
Plummerville.
Malvern 1,582 Pocahontas..
Mammoth
Spring.
Mansfield
Marianna
Marked Tree..
Marshall
Marvel
Maynard
Melbourne
Mena
Mineralsprings
Monticello
Morrillton
1,707
i 52
Portia
Portland
Pottsville
Powhatan
Prairiegrove ..
296
967
400
426
192
249
551
260 Prescott 2,005
391
a5S
256
168
383
520
333
138
453
1,707 Rogers 2,158
Princeton ..
Quitman
Rector
3,423 Redfield ....
278 Rej-no
1,579 Risen
Pop. 1900
Russell .T. 200
Russellville... 1,832
St. Francis,... 420
St. Paul 345
Savre 300
Searcy. 1,995
Sedgwick 309
Sheridan 210
Shiloh.. 190
Siloam Springs 1,748
Springdale.... 1,251
Stamps 1,021
StarCitv 251
Stephens 407
Stuttgart 1.258
Sugarloaf 552
Sulphur Rock 213
Sulphur
Springs 315
Swifton 206
Texarkana.... 4.914
Tuckerman... 260
Upland 385
Van Buren 2,573
Waldo 929
Waldron 487
Walnutridge.. 845
Warren.. 954
Washington .. 374
Westpoint .... Ill
Wilmar 844
Wilmot 378
Wvnne 1,629
Yellville 578
CALIFORNIA. Population, 1,483,053.
Pop. 1900
Alameda 130,197
509
11,116
17.117
11.200
7,364
18.046
Alpine
Amador
Butte
Calaveras
Colusa
Contra Costa
Del Norte 21408
Eldorado 8.986
Fresno 37,862
Glenn 5.150
Humboldt .... 27.104
Invo 4,377
Ke'rn 16,480
Kings 9,871
Klamath
Lake 6.017
Lassen 4.511
Los Angeles. ..170,298
Madera 6,364
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Marin 15,702
Mariposa 4,720
Mendocino.... 20,465
Merced 9,215
Modoc 5,076
Mono 2.167
Monterey 19,380
Napa 16.451
Nevada 17,789
Orange 19,696
Placer 15,786
Plumas. 4.657
Riverside 17,897
Sacramento... 45,915
San Benito
SanBernardiii .
Sin Diego 35.090
San Francisco 342,782
San Joaquin .. 35,452
Pop. 1900
San Luis
Obispo 16,637
San Mateo .... 12,094
Santa Barbara. 18,934
Santa Clara.... 60,216
Santa Cruz 21,512
Shasta 17,318
Sierra 4,017
Siskiyou 16,962
Solano 24,143
Sonoma 38,480
Stanislaus 9,550
Sutter 5,886
Tehama 10,996
Trinity 4,383
Tulare 18.375
Tuolumne .... 11,166
Ventura 14,367
Yolo 13,618
Yuba 8,620
INCORPORATED CITIES AND TOWNS.
Alameda 16,464 Bukersfield.... 4,836 Cloverdale .... 750
Anaheim 1,456 Belvedere 434 Colton 1,285
Antioch 674 Benicla 2.751 Colusa 1.141
Areata 952 Berkeley 13,214 Corona 1,434
Auburn 2,050 Calistoga 690 Coronado ... .
Azusa 863 ChiCO 2,640 Crescent City. 699
COLORADO.
Califobnia— Contln
Pop. 1900
Dixon 783
Downievllle .. BOO
Elsinore - 279
Emeryville... 1,016
Escondldo 755
Etna 500
Eureka 7,827
Ferndale 846
Fort Bragg.... 1,590
Fort Jones.... 356
Fresno 12,470
Gilroy 1,820
Grass Valley.. 4,719
Hanford 2,929
Hayward 1,965
Healclsburg... 1,869
Hollister 1,315
Hornitos 205
Kelseyville.... 994
Kern 1,291
Lakeport 726
Lincoln 1,061
Livermore 1,493
Lompoc 9?2
Long Beach... 2,252
Los Angeles.. 102,479
Los Gatos 1,915
Martinez 1,380
Marvsville .... 3.497
Merced... 1,969
Modesto 2,024
Monrovia 1,205
Monterey 1,748
ued.
Pop. 1900
Napa .. 1,086
National City. 1,086
Nevada City . 8,250
Oakland 66,960
Oceanslde 880
Ontario 722
Orange 1,216
Pacific Grove. 1.411
Pal") Alto 1,658
lena 9.117
Paso Robles .. 1.221
Petaluma 3,871
Placervllle.... 1,748
Pleasanton 1,100
Pomona 5,526
Potter Valley. 563
Red Bluff 2.750
Redding.. 2,946
Redlands 4,797
Redondo Beacb 855
Redwood 1,653
Rio Vista .... 682
Riverside 7.978
Rocklin 1,050
Sacramento... 29.282
St. Helena... 1,582
Salinas 3.304
SanBernardino 6,150
San Diego 17,700
SanFrancisco. 342.782
San Jacinto... 583
San Jose 21,500
San Juan 449
Pop. 1800
Ban Leandro.. 2,258
San Luis Obispo 3/121
Ban Mateo .... 1,832
San Pedro 1,787
Ban Rafael
Santa An. 1,938
Santa Barbar -
lara ... 8,650
Santa Crnz
Santa Monica 8,057
Santa Rosa.. 6,678
Bausalito 1,628
Selma 1,08.3
Sonoma ....
Sonora 1,922
SouthPasadena 1.001
Stockton 17.5IW
Suis'un 625
Tulare 2,216
Ukiah 1,850
Vacaville 1,220
Vallejo 7,965
Ventura 2.470
Visalia 3,085
Watsonville .. 3,528
Wheatland... 492
Whlttier 1.590
Willits 791
Willows 893
Winters 785
Woodland 2,886
Yreka 1,254
COLORADO. Population, 539,700.
Pop. 1900
Arapahoe 153,017
Archuleta 2,117
Baca 759
Bent.... 3,049
Boulder 21,544
Chaffee 7,085
Cheyenne 501
Clear Creek... 7,032
Conejos 8,794
Costilla 4,632
Custer 2,937
Delta 5,487
Dolores 1,134
Douglas 3,120
Eagle 3,008
Elbert 3,101
El Paso 31,602
Fremont 15,636
Garfield 5,835
Gilpin 6,690
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Grand 741
Greenwood
Gunnison 5.331
Hinsdale 1,609
Huerfano 8,395
Jefferson 9,306
Kiowa. 701
Kit Carson.... 1,580
Lake 18.054
La Plata 7,016
Larimer. 12,168
Las Animas... 21,842
Lincoln 926
Logan 3.292
Mesa 9,267
Mineral 1,913
Montezuma... 3,058
Montrose 4,535
Morgan 3,268
Otero 11,522
Pop. 1900
Ouray 4.731
Park 2,998
Phillips 1.583
Pitkin. 7.020
Prowers 3.7K6
Pueblo 34.448
Rio Blanco.... 1,690
Rio Grande... 4,080
Routt 3.661
Saguache 3,853
San Juan 2.342
San Miguel. .. 5.379
Sedgwick 971
Summit 2.744
Teller 29.002
Washington... 1.241
Weld 16.808
Yuma 1,729
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWXS, AXD VILLAGES.
Aguilar 69S
Akron 351
Alamosa 1.141
Alma... 297
Altman 659
Anaconda 1,059
Animas ..
Antonlto.
Argo
Bellvue. .
Berkeley .
Rerthoud
99
707
Aspen 3.303 BlaekHawk.. 1,200
Basalt
Bed Rock.
Bonanza 141
Boulder 6,150
CONNECTICUT.
Colorado— Continued.
Pop. 1900
Breckenridge . 976
Brighton 366
Brush 381
Buena Vista.. 1,006
Burlington 183
Canon City 3,775
Carbondale ... 173
Castle Rock... 304
Central City .. 3,114
Colorado Citv. 2,914
Colorado Sp'gs 21,085
Como 407
Conejos 348
Cortez 125
Craig 133
Creede v city) - 938
Creede (town) 235
Crested Butte. 988
Cripple Creek. 10,147
Dallas 50
DeBeque 83
Del Norte 705
Delta 819
Denver 133,859
Dolores 108
Dubois 23
Durango 3,317
Eagle 124
Eaton 384
Edith 282
Eldora 395
Elizabeth 215
Elyria 1,384
Empire 276
Erie 697
Eureka 39
Evans *
Fairplay 319
Fletcher 202
Florence 3,728
Florissant 131
Fort Collins .. 3.053
Fort Lupton.. 214
Fort Morgan.. 634
Freshwater... 77
Fruita 126
Georgetown.. 1,418
Gillett 524
Gilman 222
Glenwood Sp'gs 1,350
Pop. 1900
Globeville .... 2,192
Gulden City... 2,153
Goldfleld 2,191
Gothic 20
Granada 204
Grand Junct'n 3,503
Granite 250
Greeley 3,023
Green Moun-
tain Falls... 40
Gunnison.. .. 1,200
Gypsum 76
Hessie 17
Holly 364
Holyoke 451
Hooper 177
Hotchkiss. ... 261
Hot SulDhur
Springs 60
Idaho Springs. 2,502
Ironton 71
Irwin 26
Jamestown... 164
Julesburg 371
Lafayette 970
La Jara 208
La Junta 2,513
Lake City 700
Lamar... 987
Las Animas... 1,192
LaVeta 254
Lawrence 299
Leadville 12.455
Littleton 738
Longmont 2,201
Louisville 966
Loveland 1,091
Lyons 547
Manassa 739
Mancos 383
Manitou. 1,303
Marble 101
Meeker 507
Montclair 415
Monte Vista.. 556
Montezuma .. 40
Montrose 1.217
Monument 156
Nevadavllle... 823
Newcastle 431
Pop. 1900
Ophir 127
Ordway 138
Ouray 2,196
Pagosa Springs 367
Palmer Lake.. 166
Pitkin 203
Platteville .... 263
Poncha Spri'gs 97
Portland 69
Pueblo 28,157
Red Cliff 256
Red Mountain 30
Rico.... 811
Rldgway 245
Rifle 273
Rockvale 870
Rocky Ford... 2,018
Rosita 110
Saguache 73
St. Elmo 64
Salida 3,722
San Rafael.... 700
Saw Pit 94
Sheridan 442
Silver Cliff.... 576
Silver Plume.. 775
Silverton 1,360
So. Canon City 958
Spencer 52
Springfield.... 44
Sterling 998
Sugar City .... 689
Telluride 2,446
Tin Cup 64
Trinidad 5,345
Valverde 665
Victor (city).. 1.174
Victor (town) 4,986
Villa Grove... 103
Walden 141
Walsenburg .. 1,033
Ward.. '300
Westcliffe 256
West Creek... 161
White Pine ... 69
Windsor 305
Woodland P'k 269
Wray 271
Yuma 139
CONNECTICUT. Population, 908,420.
COUNTIES.
Pop 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
Fairfield 184,203 Middlesex 41.760 Tolland 24,523
Hartford 195.480 New Haven. ..269.163 Windham 46,861
Litchfield 63,672 New London.. 82,753
INCORPORATED CITIES AND BOROUGHS.
Ansonia 12,681 Danielson 2,823 Litchfield 1,120
Bethel 2.561 Derby. 7,930 Meriden 24,296
Branford 2.473 Fenwick 23 Mlddletown... 9,589
Bridgeport ... 70,996 Greenwich.... 2,420 Naugatuck. .. 10,541
Bristol 6,268 Guilford 1,512 New Britain .. 25,998
Colchester.... 358 Hartford 79350 New Canaan
Danbury 16,537 Jewett City... 2,224 New Haven .
8
DEL. — DIST. OF COL— FLA.
Connecticut— Continued.
Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
New London.. 17.548 Shelton 2,887
Newtown 254
Norwalk 6,125
Norwich 17,251
Southlngton.. 3,411
SouthNorwalk 6,591
Stafford Springs 2,460
Putnam .. .. 6,667 Stamford 15,997
Rockville 7,287 Stonington ... 2,278
DELAWARE. Population,
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
.... 32,762 Newcastle ....109,697
Kent.
Pop. 1900
Torrington
Walllngford .. 6,737
Waterbury.... 45,859
\\v-r Haven
Wllllmantlc.
Wlnsted 6,804
181,735.
Pop. 1900
Sussex 12,276
Brldgeville ...
613
Camden
5S6
Cheswold
201
Clayton
819
Dagsboro . .:.
190
Delaware
. 1,132
Delmar
444
Dover
. 3,329
Felton
400
Frankford ...
. 423
Frederica
706
Georgetown .
. 1,658
INCORPORATED CITIES AND
Harrington... 1,242
Kenton 192
Laurel 1,825
Leipslc 305
Lewes. 2.259
Little Creek.. 259
Magnolia 208
Middletown... 1,567
Milford 2,500
Mlllsboro 391
Milton 948
Newark 1,213
TOWNS.
Newcastle .... 3,380
Newport 657
Odessa 575
PortPenn 205
Rehoboth .... 198
St. George .... 325
Seaford 1,724
Smyrna 2,168
Townsend .... 399
"Wilmington .. 76,508
Wyoming 450
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
The District ..278,718 Washington ..218,196 Georgetown .. 14,549
FLORIDA. Population, 528,542.
Pop. 1900
Alachua 32,245
Baker 4,516
Bradford 10,295
Brevard 5,158
Calhoun 5,132
Citrus 5,391
Clay 5,635
Columbia 17,094
Dade 4,955
DeSoto 8,047
Duval 39,733
Escambia 28,313
Franklin 4,890
Gadsden 15,294
Hamilton 11,881
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Hernando 3,638
Hillsboro 36,013
Holmes 7,762
Jackson 23,377
Jefferson 16,195
Lafayette 4,987
Lake 7,467
Lee 3,071
Leon 19,887
Levy 8,603
Liberty 2,956
Madison 15,446
Manatee 4,663
Marion 24,403
Monroe 18,006
Pop. 1900
Nassau 9,654
Orange 11.374
Osceola 3,444
Pasco 6,054
Polk 12,472
Putnam 11,641
St. John.. 9,165
Santa Rosa.... 10,293
Sumter. 6,187
Suwanee 14.554
Taylor 3.999
Volusia 10,003
Wakulla 5.149
Walton 9,346
Washington... 10,154
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES.
Anthony
Apalachicola.
Apopka
Arcadia
Aucilla
Bartow
Bellair
Belleview
Brooksville ..
Carrabelle
Cedar Keys ..
Chipley
Citra
Clear Water
Harbor
198
Cocoa
382
Fort AYhite ...
3,077
Crescent City .
352
Gainesville ...
. 3,
218
Dade City
509
Goldsboro ....
799
Daytona
1,690
Green Cove Sp'gs
173
De Land
1.449
Hampton
1,983
Deleon Springs
183
Hawthorn
113
Dunedin
113
High Springs..
Interlaken ....
. 1,
137
Dunnellon
700
641
Eatonville
e
Jacksonville ..
923
Eau GalUe ....
Jasper
739
Eustis
411
Key West
17,
652
Federal Point.
172
Kissimmee....
1.
322
Fernandina ...
3,245
Lake Butler...
Fort Brook ...
1,135
Lake City. ....
Lake Helen...
• 4,
343
Fort Meade ...
261
GEORGIA.
Florida — Continued.
Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
Lakeland 1,180 Ocala ... 3.380 Ran Mateo.... 267
Lake Maitland 136 Orange City.. 365 Sneads 368
Leesburg 765 Orange Park.. 245 Starke 972
Live Oak 1,659 Orlando 2.4*1 Tallahassee... 2.981
Maclenny 350 Ormond 595 Tampa.. 15,839
Madison". 849 Palatka 3.301 Tarpon Springs 541
Manatee 254 Palatka Heights 354 Tavares 113
Marianna 900 Palmetto 569 Titusville 756
.Melbourne.... 131 Pensaeola 17.747 Vernon 141
Miami 1,681 Plant City. •_. 720 Welaka. 215
Micanopy ... 645 Port Tampa City 1,367 West Palm Beach 564
Milton . . 1,204 PuntaGorda.. 860 West Tampa.. 2.355
Monticello .... 1,076 Quincv 847 "White Springs 690
Myers 943 St. Augustine. 4.272 Wildwood 244
New Augustine 693 St. Petersburg 1.575 Williston 184
New Smyrna.. 543 Sanford. 1,450 Winter Park.. 366
GEORGIA. Population, 2,216,331.
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
Appling 12.336 Favette 10,114 Newton 16,734
Baker 6.704 Flovd 33.113 Oconee... 8,602
Baldwin 17.768 Forsvth 11.550 Oglethorpe ... 17,881
Banks 10.545 Franklin .17.700 Paulding 12.969
Bartow 20.823 Fulton.. 117.363 Pickens 8,641
Berrien 19.440 Gilmer.. 10,198 Pierce 8,100
Bibb 50.473 Glascock 4.516 Pike 18.761
Brooks IS.606 Glynn 14.317 Polk.. 17.856
Bryan 6,122 Gordon .14.119 Pulaski 18,489
Bulloch 21.377 Greene 16,542 Putnam 13.436
Burke 3n.lfi5 Gwinnett 25,585 Quitman 4,701
Butts . .. 12.805 Habersham... 13,604 Rabun 6,285
Calhoun 9.274 Hall.... .20,752 Randolph 16.847
Camden 7.669 Hancock 18.277 Richmond .... 53.735
Campbell 9.518 Haralson 11.922 Rockdale 7.515
Carroll 26.576 Harris... 18,009 Schley 5.499
Catoosa 5.823 Hart. 14.492 Screven 19.252
Charlton 3.592 Heard .11.177 Spalding 17.619
Chatham 71.239 Henry 18.602 Stewart 15,856
Chattahoochee 5,790 Houston 22.641 Sumter 26.212
Chattooga.... 12.952 Irwin 13.645 Talbot 12.197
Cherokee 15.243 Jackson 24,039 Taliaferro .... 7.912
Clarke.... 17,708 Jasper.. 15.0:33 Tattnall 20.419
Clay... 8.568 Jefferson 18.212 Taylor 9,846
Clayton .... 9.598 Johnson 11,409 Telfair 10,083
Clirich 8,732 Jones 13.358 Terrell. 19,023
Cobb.. 24.664 Laurens .25.908 Thomas ..31.076
Coffee 16.169 Lee 10.344 Towns. 4.74*
Colquitt 13.636 Liberty... 13,093 Troup .24,002
Columbia 10.653 Lincoln 7.156 Twiggs 8.716
Coweta.. 24.9SO Lowndes 20,036 Union.... 8.481
Crawford 10,368 Lumpkin 7,433 Upson.... 13.670
Dade 4.578 Me Duffle 9,804 Walker 15,661
Dawson 5.442 Mcintosh 6.537 Walton 20.942
Decatur 29.454 Macon 14.093 Ware 13,761
Dekalb 21.112 Madison 13,224 Warren 11.463
Dodge 13.975 Marion lo.osn Washington .. 28.227
Doolv 26,567 Meriwether... 23,339 Wayne 9.449
Dougherty ... 13.679 Miller. 6.319 Webster 6,618
Douglas.; 8,745 Milton 6.763 White 5,912
Early 14,828 Mitchell 14.767 Whitfield 14.509
'i Monroe 2o.6S2 Wilcox 11.097
Effingham B,334 Montgomery.. 16,359 Wilkes 20,866
Elbert .. 19,729 Morgan 15313 Wilkinson .... 11,440
Emanuel 21.279 Murray. 8.623 Worth 18,664
Fannin 11,214 Muscogee...
10
GEORGIA.
Georgia — Continued.
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES.
Pop. 1900
Abbeville 1,152 Cbokee
Acree
Ac worth ...
Adalrsvllle.
Add
Adrian
Alkeuton.
Pop. 1900 Pop
120 Frankl'n
159 Clarkesville .. 481 Frazler
937 Clarkston 362 Gainesville...
616 Claxton 553 Geneva
?2i Clayton 199 Georgetown..
833 Cochran 1,581 Gibson
136 Cohutta 283 Glennville ....
263 Gordon
517 Grantvllle ....
3io Colquitt 820 Graysvllle ....
74 Columbus 17.614 Greensboro ..
7,674 Coiner 836 Greenville
245 Concord 231 Griffin
Albany 4,606 Coleman
Allapaha 429 College Park
Alpharetta
Alto
Americus
Andersonville
Arabi
Arlington
Ashburn
1900
218
264
348
29S
269
505 Conyers 1,605 Grovet wn ...
755 Cordele 8,473
1,301 Cornelia 16
Athens 10,245 Covington
Guy ton.
Hanlra ...
2,062 Hamilton
Atlanta .89,872 Crawford 308 Hampton.
161
Auburn
Augusta
Austell
Bainbridge
Baldwin
Ball Ground ..
Barnesville ...
Barnett
Barrington
Bartow
Battle Hill....
Baxley
Bellton...
Blackshear
Blairsville
Blakely 804
Blue Ridge..
Bluffton
Bolingbroke
Boston
Bowdon
Bowersville.
Crawfordville
39,441 Culloden
648 Culverton
2.641 dimming
130 Cusseta.
597 Hapeville
334 Harlem
283 Harmony Grove
239 Harrison
Harrisonville.
302 Cuthbert 2.641 Hartwel
3,036 Dahlonega .
381 Dalh
1,255 Hawkinsville
644 Hazlehurst...
34 Dalton 4.315 Helen;
286 Danielsville...
223 Darien
488 Davisboro.
194 Hephzibah
1.739 Hillsboro.
387 Hilton Station
257 Dawson 2.926 Hiram
876 Dawsonville.. 217 Hogansville.
141 Decatur 1.418
Demorest
1.148 Denuard
312 DeSoto.
Dexter
22 Doerun
307 Donalsonville
294 Douglas
157
Homer
560 Homerville...
16 Hoschton
250 Irwinton
199 Jackson.
J akin.
325 Jaki
519 Jasper.
617 Jefferson.
100 Dublin
291 Dulutb
2,987 .lesup.
336 Jonesboro
Bowman 367 Douglasville.. 1,140 Jenkinsburg..
Bras well ..
Bremen . .
Brew ton ..
Bronwood.
Brunswick
Buchanan .
292 Eastman. 1,235 Kennesaw
359 East Point.... 1.315
9,081 East Rome.
359 Eatonton ..
Buckhead 240 Edgewood 1,285 KnoxvlHe.
Buena Vista... 1.161 Elberton 3,834 Lafayette.
1,352 Elko. 171 La Grange
Kingston.
671 Kirkwood.
1,823 Kite.
Buford
Butler...
Cairo
Calhoun.
Camak ..
Camilla .
Canton .
707 Ellaville
690 Ellijay
851 Emerson
115 Etna
1,051 Fairburn
847 Fairmount..
Carlton.. 277 Fayetteville
474 Lake Park
Laronla.
Lawrencevllle
128 Learv
761 Leesburg
191 Leslie
4:30 Lexington
1,817 Lincolnton
141 Lithia Springs
257 Lithonia
523 Locust Grove.
581
111
Carnesville ... 305 Fitzgerald
Carrollton .... 1.998 Five Forks
Cartersville... 3,135 Flint stone
Cave Springs.. 824 Flovilla....
Cecil 394 Flowery Branch 420 Loganville ....
Cedartown.... 2.823 Folkston 167 Louisville
Chauncev 422 Forsyth 1,172 Louvale..
Chickamauga. 95 Fori'Gaines .. 1.305 Lovett ...
Chipley 459 Fort Valley... 2,022 Lula
1.511
815
537
500
302
418
468
430
527
1.454
322
711
1,672
2,103
604
541
179
104
105
893
221
434
290
227
1,487
267
379
726
255
805
512
699
156
300
491
4.271
319
699
853
413
213
635
221
330
254
431
1,009
53
114
217
GEORGIA.
11
Georgia — Continued.
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Pop.l
Lumber City.
760
Pendergrass ..
232
Summit
264
Lumpkin
. 1,470
Pentield
375
Sumner
333
Luthersville .
209
Pepperton
500
Suwanee
247
. 284
. 584
650
330
Swainsboro ...
Sycamore
895
Lyons.
Pinehurst
274
McDonough ..
. 683
Plains
346
Svivania
545
Mcintosh
. 262
Powder Springs 280
Sylvester
552
McRae
1,020
Powellville ...
79
Talbotton
1,131
Machen
210
Preston
146
Talking Rock.
102
Macon
. 23.272
Princeton
244
Tallapoosa
..2.128
Madison
. 1,992
Quitman
Raccoon Mills
2,281
Tallulah Falls
134
Marietta
4.446
441
Taylorsville ..
139
Marshallville .
879
Reidsville
257
Temple
397
Martin
160
Resaca
128
Teunille
1,121
Maysville
453
Reynolds
436
The Rock
18D
Meansville
155
Rhine
191
Thomaston
1.714
Meigs
617
Richland
1,014
Thomasville ..
5.322
Mesena
124
Riddleville....
178
Thomson
1,154
Metcalf
259
Ringgold
437
Tifton.
1,384
MldvUle
275
Rising Fawn..
212
Tilton..
194
Milledgeville .
4,219
Roberta .
252
Toccoa..
2,176
Millen...
411
Rochelle
793
Toomsboro ...
50
Milner
440
Rockmart
575
Trenton.
349
Mineral Bluff.
158
Rome
7,291
Trion Factory
1,926
Molina
394
Roopville
109
Tunnelhill....
302
Monroe.
1,846
Roswell
1.329
Turin.
196
Montezuma. ..
903
Royston
579
Tybee
381
Monticello
1,106
Ruckersville..
99
Ty Ty
175
Moreland
229
Rut ledge
469
I nadilla
524
Morgan
240
St. Charles
66
Valdosta
5,613
Moultrie
2,221
St. Marys
529
Vidalia
503
Mountairy
310
Sandersville ..
2.023
Vienna
1,035
Mt. Vernon ...
573
Sasser
322
Villa Rica
576
Mountville
224
Savannah
54.244
Waco
345
Mystic
97
Seney
121
Wadley
630
Nashville
293
Senoia
782
Waleska
170
Nellievllle ....
476
Seville
1,277
Waresboro
269
Nelson
254
Shady Dale....
300
Warrenton
1,113
Newborn
. 695
Sharon
216
Warthen
148
New England
%
Sharpsburg ...
137
v\ ashington ..
3.300
City
138
Shellman
584
Wassaw
592
Newnan
3.654
Smithville
597
Watkinsville .
351
Newton
329
Smyrna
238
Waycross
5.919
Norcross
797
Social Circle..
1,229
Waynesboro ..
2,030
North Rome..
960
Sparks
683
West Buford..
211
Norwood
299
Sparta
1,150
Weston
273
Oakland City.
823
Spring Place..
213
West Point
1,797
Ochlockonee .
244
Springvale
166
W T higham
392
Ocilla
805
Statesiioro
1,197
Whitehall
660
Oconee
27
Statham
172
White Plains .
290
Oglethorpe
545
Stellaville ....
171
Whitesburg. . .
29c,
Omaha
152
Sterling
97
Willacoochee.
471
Oxford
800
Stillmore
741
Winder
1.1 4r,
Palmetto
620
Stone Mountain
835
Woodbury
566
Parrott
267
sugar Valley..
231
Woodstock ...
•Jit;
Patterson
314
Summerville,
"W rightsville..
1.127
Pavo
262
Chattooga Co.
486
YatesviHe ....
283
Pearson
336
Summerville Rich-
Young Harris.
342
Pelham
945
mond Co
.3,245
Zebulon .
361
HAWAII. Populati
on, 154,001.
ISLANDS.
Pop. 1
Pop. 1900
Pop N l£
Hawaii
46,843
20,562
Maui
25,416
172
Molokai )
Lanai )
Oahu
2,504
Kauai
Niihau
58,504
CIT
Honolulu
39,306
Hilo
3,500
Lahaina
1,000
12 IDAHO — ILLINOIS.
IDAHO. Population, 161,772.
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
Ada 11,559 Cassia 3,951 Lemhi 3,446
Bannock 11,702 Custer 2,049 Lincoln 1,784
Bear Lake 7,051 Elmore 2,286 Nez Forces.... 13.7I8
Bingham 10,447 Fremont 12,821 Oneida
Blaine 4,900 Idaho 9.121 Owvhee
Boise 4,174 Kootenai 107.21 6 Shoshone 11,950
Canyon 7,497 Latah 13,451 "Washington... 6,882
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES.
Albion 306 Idaho Falls ... 1,262 Placerville .... 230
Bellevue 356 Juliaetta 287 Pocatello 4,016
Boise 5,957 Kendrick 490 Post Falls 287
Bonners Ferry 349 Lewiston 2,425 Rathdruin 407
Caldwell 997 Malade 1.050 Eexburg 1,081
Coeur d'Alene 508 Montpelier.... 1,444 St. Anthony .. 411
Franklin 435 Moscow 2,484 Salmon 398
Genesee 731 Mountain Home 529 Soda Springs.. 428
Grangeville... 1,132 Nampa 793 Troy 285
Harrison 702 Paris 906 Wallace 2,263
Idaho City.... 390 Payette 614 Weiser 1,364
ILLINOIS. Population, 4,821,550.
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
Adams 67,058 Hardin 7,448 Morgan 35,006
Alexander .... 19.384 Henderson .... 10,836 Moultrie 15,224
Bond... 16.078 Henry 40,049 Ogle 29.129
Boone 15,791 Iroquois 38,014 Peoria 88,608
Brown. 11,557 Jackson 33,871 Perry 19,830
Bureau.. 41,112 Jasper 20,160 Piatt 17,706
Calhoun 8,917 Jefferson 28,133 Pike 31,595
Carroll. 18,963 Jersey 14,612 Pope 13,585
Cass 17.222 Jo Daviess.... 24,533 Pulaski 14.554
Champaign.... 47,622 Johnson 15,667 Putnam 4.746
Christian 32,790 Kane 78,792 Randolph 28,001
Clark 24.033 Kankakee 37.154 Richland 16,391
Clay 19,553 Kendall 11,467 Rock Island... 55.249
Clinton. 19,824 Knox 43,612 St. Clair 86,685
Coles 34,146 Lake 34,504 Saline 21,685
Cook 1,838,735 Lasalle 87,776 Sangamon .... 71.593
Crawford ....19,240 Lawrence 16.523 Schuyler 16429
Cumberland .. 16.124 Lee 29,894 Scott 10.455
Dekalb 31,756 Livingston.... 42,035 Shelby 32.126
Dewitt 18,9?2 Logan. 28,680 Stark 10,186
Douglas 19,097 McDonough .. 28,412 Stephenson ... 34,933
Dupage ..:.... 28.196 McHenry 29.759 Tazewell 33.221
Edgar. .28,273 McLean 67,843 Union 22.610
Edwards 10.345 Macon 44,003 Vermilion 65,635
Effingham 20.465 Macoupin 42,256 Wabash 12,583
Fayette. 28,065 Madison. 64,694 Warren 23,163
Ford :. 18,359 Marion 30.446 Washington... 19.526
Franklin 19,675 Marshall 16,370 Wavne 27,626
Fulton 46,201 Mason 17,491 White. 25,386
Gallatin 15,836 Massac. 13,110 Whiteside 34.710
Greene 23,402 Menard 14.336 Will. 74.764
Grundy 24.136 Mercer 20,945 Williamson ... 27.796
Hamilton 20.197 Monroe 18,847 Winnebago... 47.845
Hancock 32,215 Montgomery.. 30,836 Woodford 21*823
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES.
Abingdon 2,022 Albany 629 Algonquin.... 550
Addieville .... 190 Albion 1.162 Alhambra .... 368
Addison 591 Aledo 2,081 Alma 418
Adeline 216 Alexis 915 Alpha 355
ILLINOIS.
13
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Altamont ...
.. 1.335
Bethany.
873
Alton
.. 14,210
Biggsville
417
Altona
633
Bingham
273
Alto Pass ...
.. 518
Bird
335
Alvin
.. 368
BishopHill...
315
Amhoy
.. 1,826
Blandinsville .
995
Andalusia...
.. 326
Bloomingdale.
235
Andover
.. 238
Bloomington .
23,286
Anna
.. 2,618
Blue Island ...
6,114
Annawan
.. 428
Blue Mound...
714
Antioch
. . 523
Bluffs.
539
Apple Eiver.
.. 576
Bolton
479
Areola
.. 1,995
Bone Gap
496
Arenzville ...
.. 462
Bonfield
165
Argenta
.. 525
Bourbonnais ..
595
Arlington
400
Bowen
528
Arlington
Braceville
1,669
Heights ....
.. 1,380
Bradford.
773
Arrowsmith .
317
Bradley
1.518
Arthur
.. 858
Braid wood
3.279
Ashkum
.. 429
Breese
1,571
Ashland
.. 1,201
Bridgeport
487
Ashley
953
Brighton
660
Ashmore
.. 476
Brimneld
677
Ashton
756
Bristol ..
427
Assumption..
. . 1,702
Broad well
202
Astoria
. 1,684
Brocton
613
Athens
. 1,535
Brooklyn. Mas-
Atkinson
762
sac Co
865
Atlanta
.. 1.270
Brooklyn, Sainl
Atwood
. 698
Clair Co
1,019
Auburn
.. 1,281
Brookville
422
Augusta
. 1.143
Brought on
327
Aurora
. 24.147
Browning
455
Ava__
984
Browns
421
Avervville ...
. 1,573
Brussels
270
Avlston
387
Bryant
355
Avon
. 809
Buckley
490
Baldwin
381
Buda
873
Bardolph
.. 387
Buffalo
531
Barrington...
. 1.162
Bunker Hill...
1,279
Barry...
. 1.643
Bureau
545
Bartelso
. 274
Bushnell
2,490
Bartlett
. 360
Butler
292
Basco
. 318
Byron
1.015
Batavia
_ 3,871
Cabery
SS5
Batchtown...
360
Cable
697
Bath
. 330
Cairo
12.566
Baylis..
340
Cambridge
1,345
Beardstown..
. 4,827
Campbell Hill.
497
Beecher
410
Camp Point...
1,260
Beeeher Citv.
340
Campus ...:...
226
Beechwood . .
. 854
Canton
6.564
Belknap
372
Cantrall
Belle Prairie.
129
Capron
f>i,-j
Bellerive
. 370
Carbondale ...
3,318
Belleville ...
. 17,4s 1
Carbon Hill...
Bellflower ...
356
Carlinville
3,502
Bellinont
624
Carlyle
1,874
Belvidere
. 6,937
Canni
2,939
Bement
. 1,484
Carpentersville
Benson
361
Carrier Mills .
127
iville ..
874
Carrollton ..
2,355
Bentlev .
Cartervllle
Benton
. 1,841
Carthage
2,104
Berlin
256
Cary
398
Bethalto
. 477
Casey
1,500
Pop. 1900
Caseyville .... 449
Catlin 697
Cedarvllle . .. :;77
Central City,
Grundy Co .. 290
Central City,
Marion Co... 615
Centralia 6,721
Cerro Gordo.. 1,008
Chad wick 505
Champaign 9,098
Chandlerville. 940
Channahon ... 261
Chapin 514
Charleston ... 5,488
Chatham 629
Chats worth .. 1,038
Chebanse 555
Chenoa 1,5'2
Cherry Valley 349
Chester 2.832
Chesterfield .. 377
Chicago 1,698,575
ChicagoHeights 5,11
Chillicothe.... 1,699
Chrisinan 905
Cisco 360
Cisne 400
Cissna Park... 623
Claremont .... 226
Clarke City .. 621
Clay City 907
Clayton.. 996
Clifton 652
Clinton 4,452
Coal Citv 2,6o7
Coal Valley. .. 259
fjsatsburg S91
Cobden 1,034
Coffeen... 963
Colchester.... 1,635
Colfax 1,153
Collinsville... 4.021
Columbia 1,197
Columbus 196
Compton 428
Cordova 414
Cornell 521
Cortland 261
Couirerville .. 650
Cowden 751
Creal Springs . 940
Crescent City. 371
Creston 381
Crete 760
Cro8sville 523
Crotty i Seneca
P.O.) - 1,036
Crvstal Lake 950
Cuba 1,198
Cullom.. 156
Dahlgren 452
Dakota 269
Dallas Citv.... 970
Dalton City.
Dana 310
Danfortb 407
,
14
ILLINOIS.
Illinois — Continued.
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Danvers
607
Evansvllle ...
668
Danville ...
16,864
K\ ergreen P'k
445
Davis
398
419
Dawson
574
Exeter.
288
Decatur
30,754
Fairbury
2,187
Deer Creek. ..
•J! IS
Fairfield
2,888
Dekalb
. 5,904
Fairm<>unt
928
DeLand
411
Falrvlew
501
Delavan
1,304
Fancher
157
Depue
488
Farina __
693
De Soto
560
Fanner
1,664
Des Plaines...
1,666
Fannersville .
315
Detroit
149
Farmington .
1,729
Dewitt
258
Fayettevllle ..
282
Diamond
672
Ferris
269
Dieterieh
382
Fidelity
222
Dixon.
7,1(17
Fieldon.
259
Dolton.-..
1,229
Fillmore
500
Dongola
681
Findlay
479
Donnellson. ..
268
Fisher.
614
Dover
247
Fithian
309
Downers Grov
e 2,1(13
Flanagan
509
Dubois
335
Flat Kock
315
Dundee
2.765
Flora
2,311
Duquoin
4,353
Forest City. ..
309
Durand
571
Forrest
952
Dwight
2,015
Forreston
1,047
Earlville
1,122
Fort Sheridan.
1,575
East Alton....
454
Fosterburg
130
E. Carondelet.
222
Frankfort. .
250
EastDubuque,
1,146
Franklin
687
East Dundee,
FranklinGrove
681
(Dundee P.O.) 1,417
Franklin Park
483
E. Gales burg..
663
Freeburg
1,214
Easton
335
Freeport
13.258
East Peoria...
899
Fulton ..
2.685
East St. Louis.
29,655
Galatia
642
Eddyville. ..
162
Galena
5,005
Edge wood ...
412
Galesburg ...
is.imr
Edinburg. ..
1,071
Galva .
2.682
Edison Park..
344
Gardner
1.H36
Edwardsville .
4,157
Geneseo ...
3,356
Effingham
3,774
Geneva
2.446
Elburn
606
Genoa
1,140
Eldara.
249
Georgetown ...
988
Eldorado
1,445
Germantown,
Elgin
22.433
VermilionCo
1,782
Elizabeth
659
Germantown,
Elizabethtown
668
Clinton Co..
Elkhart
553
Gibson
2,054
Elkville
465
Gilberts
222
Ellis Grove. ..
280
Gillespie
873
Ellisville
219
Gilman
1.441
Elmhurst
1,728
Girard
1,661
Elmwood
l .582
Gladstone
433
El Paso.
1,441
Glasford
409
Elsah
220
Glasgow
235
Elvaston
308
Glencoe
1,020
Elwood
244
Glen Ellyn....
793
Emden
330
Godfrey..
29
Emington
206
Godley
329
Entield
971
Goleonda
1,140
Equality
898
Golden
516
Erie
768
Golden Gate ..
345
Essex
385
GoodHope
430
Eureka
1,661
Gorevllle
406
Evanston
19,259
Grafton
988
Pop. 1900
Gralnvflle 390
(.rand Ridge 999
(.rami TOWOl
Granite 3,122
Grant, Park . 442
Granville ... 830
Grape Creek.. 610
Grayslake .... 116
Grayville 1,948
Greenfield .
Greenup 1,085
Greenvlew 1,019
Greenville .... 2,504
Grldley ... .. 716
Grlggsvllle ... 1,4(4
Grossdale 1.111
Gross Point... 609
Hamburg 908
Hamilton 1,344
Hamletsburg.. 280
Hammond 481
Hampshire.... 760
Hampton. 374
Hanover 785
Hardin 494
Harlem 4,085
Harrisburg *,202
Hartsburg 269
Harvard 2,602
Harvel 357
Harvey... 5,395
Havana 3,268
Hebron 611
Hecker . _ 200
Henderson... 170
Hennepin 523
Henry. 1,637
Hernck 421
Herrin 1,559
Herscher 3S4
Hettick 259
Hey worth 683
Highland 1,970
Highland Park 2,&)6
Hillsboro 1.937
Himrod 426
Hinckley 587
Hindsboro .... 343
Hinsdale 2,578
Hodgkins 195
Hollowayville. 207
Homer 1,080
Homewood ... 352
Hoopeston .... 3,823
Hopedale 600
Hoyleton 352
Hudson 378
Huev 267
Humboldt 319
Hume 598
Huntley 60S
Hutsonville... 743
Illiopolis 744
Ina 317
Indian ola 381
Industry 463
Ipava 749
ILLINOIS.
15
Illinois — Continued
Pop. 1900
Iroquois 427
Irving 67S
Ir\ intrton 241)
Itasca 256
Iuka 421
Ivesdale 476
Jacksonville.. 15,078
Jeffersouville. 386
Jersevville .. 3,517
Jeweit :«2
Johnson vllle.. 268
Johnstown 787
Joliet 29,353
Jonesboro 1,130
Kampsville ... 330
Kane 588
Kangley l,im
Kankakee 13,595
Kansas... 1,049
Kappa 17")
Kaskaskla 177
Keithsburg ... 1,566
Keinpton 409
Kenihvorth... 336
Kenney 584
Kewanee 8,382
Kevesport 500
Kinderhook... / 370
Kingston 305
Kingston Mines 509
Kimnundy 1,221
Kinsman 174
Kirkland 636
Kirk wood .... 1,008
Knoxville 1.^57
Lacon... 1,601
Ladd 1,324
Lafavette ... 283
Lagrange 3,969
Lagrange Park 730
LaHarpe 1.591
Lake Bluff.... 490
Lake Forest .. 2,215
Lake Zurich .. 215
LaMoille 576
Lanark. 1,306
Lansing 830
La Prairie 182
La Rose 146
Lasalle 10,446
Latham 429
Lawrencevflle 1,300
Leaf River .... 507
Lebanon 1,812
Lee 287
Leland 634
Lemont 2.449
Lena 1,252
Lenzburg 343
L'Erable 135
Lerna 396
Leroy 1,629
Lewistown 2,504
Lexington 1,415
L'berty. 499
Liberty vllle... 864
Lima 280
Pop. 1900
Lincoln 8,962
Lisbon 279
Litchfield 5,918
Little York... 334
Loami 481
Lockport 2,659
Loda 668
Lombard 590
London Mills. 528
Long Point... 284
Loraine 349
Lostant 480
Louisville 646
Lovington 815
Ludlow 306
Lyndon 430
I.ynnville . ... 176
Lvons 951
McHenry 1,013
McLean 532
McLeansboro. 1,758
Macedonia 315
Mackinaw 859
Macomb 5,375
Macon. 705
Madison 1,979
Magnolia 264
Mahomet 515
Makanda 528
Maiden 309
Malta 507
Manchester... 430
Manhattan ... 393
Manito 561
Mansfield 708
Manteno 932
Maple Park... 391
Maquon 475
Marengo 2.005
Marine 666
Marion 2,510
Marissa 1.086
Maroa. 1.213
Marseilles 2.559
Marshall 2,077
Martinsville .. 1,000
Martinton 319
Marysville .... 764
Mascoutah 2,171
Mason.. 369
Mason City.... 1,890
Mattison 449
Mattoon 9,622
Maywood 4,532
Mazon 447
Mechanicshurg 476
Medora... 449
Melrose Park.. 2,592
Melvin 550
Mendon 627
Mendota
Meredosia 700
Metamora 758
Met calf 429
Metropolis City 4,069
Milan 719
Milford 1,077
Pop. 1900
Mill Creek
Milh-dgevllle
Millersburg.
Millington ...
Mill Shoals..
Millstadt
Milton.
Mineral
Minier
Minonk 2,545
Minooka 424
Modesto. 299
Mokena 281
Moline 17.248
Momence 2,026
273
633
305
■k,;
(if,!)
1.172
420
339
746
Monee
Monmouth
Montgomery..
Monticello
Montrose
Morgan Park .
Morris.
402
7.460
350
1,982
300
2.3:29
4,273
Morrison 2,308
Morrisonville.
Morton
Morton Grove
Mound City...
Mound Station
Mt. Auburn
Mt. Carmel.
Mt. Carroll.
Mt. Erie....
Mt.Greenwood
Mt. Morris .
Mt. Olive...
Mt. Pulaski
Mt. Sterling
Mt. Vernon
Mt. Zion.
Moweaqua
MulberryGrove
Muncie
Murphysboro .
Murrayville...
Naperville
Naples
Nashville
Nauvoo 1,321
Nebo 508
Neoga 1,126
m
894
564
2,705
178
235
4.311
1.965
308
190
1.048
2.935
1.643
1 .960
5. 2 16
370
1,478
632
324
6,463
467
2.6-29
2,184
Neponset
Newark
New Athens
New Baden .
New Berlin .
New Boston
New Burnside
New Canton
New Dongla
New Grand
Chain
New (irantsb'g
New Haven _.
New Holland.
Newman
New Memphis
New Minden.
516
410
856
510
533
703
451
2-27
429
a58
1,166
249
226
16
ILLINOIS.
Illinois— Continue*
Pop. 1800
New Salem.... 2»o
Newton ...... 1,680
New Windsor. 473
Nlantic 654
Nhes 514
N lies Center.. 629
Nilwood 1,878
Noble 597
Nokomis l.::;i
Nora 312
Normal 3,795
Norris City ... 863
North Alton .. 904
North Chicago 1,150
No.chiliicothe 417
North Peoria.. 2,358
Nunda 604
Oakford 338
Oakland 1,198
Oakley 99
Oblong 743
Oconee 316
Odell 1,000
Odin. 1,180
O'Fallon 1,267
Ogden 419
Ohio 461
Okawville 544
Old Marissa... 216
Olmsted 268
Olney. 4,260
Omaha 569
Onarga 1,270
Oneida... 785
Oquawka 1,010
Orangeville... 343
Oregon 1,577
Orion. 584
OrlandPark.. 366
Oswego 618
Ottawa 10,588
Otterville 208
Owaneco 255
Palatine 1.020
Palestine 979
Palmer 299
Palmyra 813
Pana' 5,530
Panola 148
Papineau 188
Paris 6,105
Parkersburg . . 211
Park Ridge ... 1,340
Patoka 640
Pawnee 595
Pawpaw 765
Paxton 3.(66
Pay son 465
Pearl f22
Pearl City .... 437
Pecatonlca 1,045
Pekin 8,420
Peoria 56,100
Peoria Heights 309
Peotone 1,008
Percy 660
Perry 642
1'op. 1900
Pern
-
Phllllpstown.. UK)
Philo
Plnckni
Piper i
Plttsneld .
Plalnneld 920
Plainvllle 296
Piano ... . 1,684
Pleasant Hill . 890
PleasantPlaim
Plymouth. .
Pocahontas
Polo 1,869
Pontlac 4,266
Pontoosnc 299
Poplar Grove. 323
Port Byron.... 732
Prairie City... 818
Prairie du
Rocher.... 347
Princeton 4,023
Princeville.. . 735
Prophetstown 1,143
Pulaski 424
Quincy 36,252
Raleigh 333
Ramsey 747
Rankin 754
Ransom. 339
Rantoul 1,207
Rapids City... 212
Raymond 906
Redbud. 1.169
Reddick 261
Redmon. 282
Renault 217
Reynolds 329
Richmond 576
.Richview 444
Ridge Farm... 933
Ridgely 1,169
Eldgway 839
Ridott 212
Ripley 298
Riverdale 558
River Forest.. 1,539
River Grove.. 333
Riverside 1,551
Riverton 1,511
Rlverview 406
Roanoke 966
Roberts 44<!
Robinson 1,683
Rochelle
Rochester 365
Rock City 174
Rockbridge. .. 588
Rock Kalis... 2.176
Rockford 31,051
Rock Island .. 19,493
Rockton 936
Rockwood 169
Rome 229
Romeoyille. .. 113
Roodbouse.... 2.351
Pop. 1806
Rose vine .. i,oi4
Roslcla
Rossvllle 1,495
Ruma
Rusbvllle
Rnssellville . 258
Rutland 898
Badorns. .. 840
Sailor Springs 479
Salem 1,642
Saline
Sandoval 1,258
Sandwich. .
Ban Jose 179
169
Saunemin 350
Savanna
Saybrook ...
Scales Mound. 418
Sciota 238
Scottvllle 364
Sears
Seatonville. .. 9o9
Secor
Seneca 1,036
Shabbona. ..
Shannon
Shawneetown 1,698
Sheffield
Shelbyville. .. 3.546
Sheldon. 1,108
Sheridan
Sherrard
Shlpman 396
Shumway 258
Sibley..." 414
Sideii ::»;
Sidney 564
Sigel
Simpson 187
Smithboro .... 314
Smithlield .... 420
Smithton 4o5
Somonauk 630
Sorento 1,000
South Danville 898
South Elgin... 515
South Holland 766
So.Wilmington 711
Sparland
Sparta 2,941
Spillertown... 848
Spring Bay.... 128
Springerton... 444
Springfield ... 34,158
Spring Forest
!'.:;;u ( irden Wi
Spring Valley. 6,214
St. Anne 1,000
st. Augustine 229
St. Charles 2,675
St. David
St. Elmo 1,050
St.Fraucisyille 591
St. Jacob 4»U
St. Joseph ...
St. Libory 820
INDIANA.
17
Illinois— Continued.
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
St. Mary
52
Tremont
768
West Brooklyn
879
Ste. Marie
406
Trenton
1,706
West Chicago.
1,877
Stanford
601
Troy
1,080
West Dundee.
Staunton
2,786
Troy Grove...
316
(Dundee P. O.) l,i
Steeleville
562
Tuscola
2,569
West'nSprings
Westfleld
662
Steger
712
Union
322
820
Sterling
6.8o'.i
Upper Alton..
Urbana
2,373
West Freeport
724
Stewardson.. .
677
5,728
WestHammond 2,935
Stockton
946
Utlca
1,150
West Point ...
277
Stonington....
438
Vandal ia
2,665
West Salem...
700
Strasburg
392
Varna
403
Westville
1,605
Strawn
224
Venedy
177
Wheaton
2,345
Btreator
14.079
Venice
2.450
Wheeler
2H6
Stronghurst...
762
Vergennes
416
Wheeling
331
Sublette
306
Vermilion
305
Whiteball ....
2,030
Sullivan
2,399
Vermont
1.1:15
Williamsfield .
447
Summerfield..
360
Versailles
524
Wiliiamsville _
573
Summit
547
Victoria
329
Willisville ....
398
Sumner
1.26S
Vienna.
1.217
Wilmette
2,300
735
111
552
2,280
Wilmington,
Will Co
Swedona
Virden
1,420
Sycamore
Table Grove..
3.653
Virginia.
1,600
Wilmington,
376
"ft aggoner
268
Greene Co. ..
213
Tallula
639
"VValdron
295
V incbester ...
1.711
Tamaroa
853
Walnut
791
Windsor
866
Tampico
807
Walsh ville.—
130
Winnebago
405
Tavlorville....
4.248
Wapella
442
Winnetka
1 1 .833
Tennessee
327
Warren
1,327
Winslow
405
Teutopolis
498
Warrensburg .
503
Winstanley
Tbebes
417
Warsaw. _?
2.335
Park.
1,055
Thotnpsonville
398
Wasbburn
703
Witt.
428
Tbomson
467
Washington...
1.459
Woodhull
774
Tilton....
474
"W ataga
545
Woodland
331
Time...
125
^ aterloo
2,114
Wood lawn
350
TinlevPark...
Tiskilwa
300
Waterman
358
Woodson
255
965
Watseka
2.5IJ5
Woodstock ...
2.5(12
Toledo
818
Watson
341
Worden
544
Tolono
845
wauconaa
397
Wyanet
902
Toluca
2.629
A\ aukegan
9.426
Wyoming
1,277
Tonica
497
Waverly
1,573
Xenia
800
Topeka
160
Wavne City...
522
Yates City
650
Toulon
1,057
V avnesville ..
528
York
85H
Towanda
467
Weldon.
536
Yorkville
413
Tower Hill....
615
Wenona ......
1,486
INDIANA. Population, 2,516,462.
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
Adams 22.232 Dubois 20,357 Jasper 14,292
Allen 77,270 Elkhart ...45.052 Jay 26.818
Bartholomew. 24.594 Fayette 13.495 Jefferson. 22.913
Benton 13.123 Floyd 30,118 Jennings 15,757
Blackford .... 17.213 Fountain 21.446 Johnson 20,223
Boone ....26.321 Franklin 16.388 Knox 32,746
Brown 9,727 Fulton 17.453 Kosciusko .... 29. H>9
Carroll 19.953 Gibson 30,099 Lagrange 15,284
Cass 34.545 Grant .54,693 Lake..
Clark 31.835 Greene 28.530 Laporte 38,386
Clay 34,285 Hamilton 29,914 Lawrence .25,729
Clinton 28,202 Hancock . 19,189 .Madison 70,470
Crawford. 13.476 Harrison 21,702 Marion .197,227
Daviess 29,914 Hendricks 21.292 Marshall 25.119
Dearborn 22.194 Henry 25,088 Martin 14,711
Decatur 19,518 Howard 28.575 Miami 28,344
Dekalb 25.711 Huntington... 28,901 Monroe 20,878
Delaware 49,624 Jackson 26,633 Montgomery.. 29,388
18
INDIANA.
Indiana — Continued
Pop. 1900
Morgan 30,457
Newton 10,448
Noble 23,588
Ohio 4,724
Orange 16,854
Owen 15,149
Parke 23,000
Perry 18,778
Pike 20,486
Purler 19,175
Posey 22,388
Pulaski 14,083
Putnam 21,478
Pop. 1900
Randolph 28,653
Ripley
Push 20,148
St. Joseph ...
Scott 8,807
Shelby 26,491
Spencer
Stark.- 10,431
Steuben 15,219
Sullivan 26,005
Switzerland... 11,840
Tippecanoe .
Tipton 19,116
Pop. 1900
Union 6,748
Vanderburg .. 71,769
Vermilion ..
Wabash 28485
Warren 11,871
Warrick
Washington... 19,409
Wayne 38,970
Wells
White 19,138
Whitley
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES.
Alamo
241
Albany
2,116
Albion
1 524
Alexandria ...
7,221
Alton
233
Ambia
438
Amboy
402
Anderson
20,178
Andrews
746
Angola
2.141
Arcadia
1.413
Argos
Ashley
1,307
1,040
Atlanta
1,000
Attica
3.005
Auburn
3.396
Aurora
3,645
Avilla
658
Baiubridge ...
431
Bates ville
1,384
Battle Ground
150
Bedford
6,115
Bern
1.037
Birdseye
476
Bloomneld....
1,588
Bloomiugdale .
505
Bloomington..
6,460
Bluffton
4,479
Boon ville
2,849
Boston
134
Boswell
824
Bourbon
1.187
Bowling Green
432
Brazil
7,786
Bremen
1,671
Bristol ..
546
Broadrippie ..
487
Bronson
177
Brook
677
Brooksburg...
149
Brookston
949
Brookville ....
2,037
Browns burg...
676
Brownstown ..
1,-685
Bryant
884
Bunker Hill...
568
Burnettsville..
497
Butler
2,063
Cadiz
253
CainbridgeCity
1.754
Campbellsburg
672
Cannelburg —
280
Cannelton 2.188
Carbon 951
Carlisle 699
Carmel 498
Carthage 1.028-
Castletou 199
Cayuga 832
Center Point.. 600
Ceuterville.... 785
Chalmers 462
Charlestown.. 915
Chesterton ... 7ss
Chrisney 513
Churubusco... 884
Cicero..*. 1,603
ClarksHill .... 539
Clarksville.... 2.370
Clay City 1,503
Claypool 399
.Claysburg 116
Clifford 233
Clinton 2.918
Cloverdale 44".
Cochran 858
Colfax 767
Columbia City 2,975
Columbus 8,130
Connersville .. 6,836
Converse 1.415
Corydon 1,610
Covington .... 2.213
Crandall. 137
Crawfordsville 6,649
(rothersville . 765
Crown Point.. 2.336
Culver 505
Cvnthiaua 502
Dale 624
Dana 898
Danville. 1,802
Darlington ... 727
Decatur 4.142
Delphi 2,135
Dillsboro 465
Dublin 698
Dunkirk 3,187
Dunreith 205
Earl Park 563
East Chicago.. 3.411
East Connersville 556
EastGermantown
305
Eaton 1,567
Edlnburg 1,820
Elizabeth . .. 271
Ellzabethtown 407
Elkhart _ 15,184
Klb-ttsville 70S
Elnora 9o8
Elwood 12.9.50
English 649
Etna Green ... 420
Evansvllle .... 59,007
Fairmount 3,205
Farmersburg . . 625
Farmland 870
Flora 1.209
Forest Hill 152
Fort Branch .. 849
Fort ville 1,006
Fort Wayne... 45.115
Fountain City. 455
Fowler ".. 1.429
Francesville".. 596
Frankfort .... 7,100
Franklin 4,006
Frankton 1.464
Fredericksburg 281
Fremont 7o9
Fieneh Lick .. 260
Garrett 3,910
Gas City 3.622
Geneva 1.076
Georgetown .. 350
Goodland 1,205
Goshen 7,810
Gosport
Grandview ... 822
Greencastle .. 3,661
Greendale 473
Greenfield .... 4,489
Greensboro .
Greensburg. .. 5,084
Greentown 1.2 s 7
Greenville .... 309
Greenwood ... 1,503
Hagerstown .. 963
Hamlet ISS
Hammond 12.376
Hanover 377
Hardinsburg.. 210
Hartford City. 5.912
Hartsville .... 499
Hazelton 758
INDIANA.
in
Indiana — Continued
Pop. 1900
Hebron 794
Hillsboro 500
Hobart _ 1.390
Hope 1,088
Howell. 1,421
Hudson 558
Huntingburg.. 2,527
Huntington... 9,491
Indianapolis ..169.164
Ingalls 542
Irvington 1.799
Jamestown... 640
Jasper 1,863
Jeflersonville. 10,774
Jonesboro .... 1,838
Jonesville 268
Judson 186
Kendabville .. 3,354
Kennard 417
Kentland 1,006
Kewanna 646
Keystone 250
Kirklin 624
Knigbtstown . 1,942
Knightsville .. 1,171
Knox 1,466
Kokomo 10,609
Laconia 135
Ladoga 1,176
Lafavette 18,116
Lagrange 1,703
Lagro. 456
Lanesville 324
Lapel 869
Laporte 7,113
Laurel 600
Lawrenceburg 4,326
Leavenworth . 655
Lebanon 4,465
Leesburg 390
Lewisville .... 404
Liberty 1,449
Ligonier 2,231
Linden 572
Linton 3,071
Little York.... 224
Livonia 200
Logansport ... 16,204
Loogootee .... 1.382
Lowell 1,275
Lynn 705
Macy 314
Madison 7,835
Marengo 700
Marion 17,337
Markle 729
Martinsville .. 4,038
Mauckport.... 290
Mentone 757
Meroni 478
Michigan City. 14,850
Rfichigantown 417
Middleburv ... 572
Mlddletown... 1,801
Milan 422
Milford. Kosci-
usko Co 905
Pop. 1900
Milford, Deca-
tur Co 211
Millersburg... 481
Millhousen 265
Milton 682
Mishawaka 5,560
Mitchell 1.772
Modoc 221
Monon 1,160
Monroe City .. 688
Monroeville... 690
Monterey 261
Montezuma... 1.172
Montgomery.. 616
Monticello .... 2,107
Montpelier.... 3,405
Moorefleld .... 113
MooresHill ... 338
Mooresville... 974
Moreland 309
Morocco 920
Morristown ... 565
Mt. Auburn... 163
Mt. Carmel.... 153
Mt. Etna 175
Mt. Vernon.... 5,132
Muncie 20,942
Nappanee 2,208
Nashville 393
New Albany... 20,628
New Amsterdam 200
Newburg. 1,371
New Carlisle.. 597
Newcastle.... 3,406
New Harmony 1,341
New Haven ... 950
NewMiddletown 167
New Palestine 444
Newpoint 451
Newport 610
New Richmond 357
New Ross 284
Noblesville.... 4.792
Normal City... 868
North Judson. 944
North Liberty. 504
North Manchester
North Salem .
North Vernon. 2,823
Oakland City.. 1,991
Odon 923
Oldenburg .... 957
Orestes 778
Orleans 1,236
Osgood 1,035
Ossian 529
Owensville.... 1,019
Oxford 949
Paoli 1,186
Paragon 413
Parker 909
Patoka 71(1
Patriot 108
Pendleton 1,512
Pennville 773
Peru 8,463
Pop. 1900
Petersburg 1,751
Pierceton 886
Pine 279
Plymouth 3,656
Poneto 332
Port Fulton... 1,101
Portland 4,798
Posey ville .... 628
Princeton 6,041
Redkey.. 2,206
Remington.... 1.120
Rensselaer 2,255
Reynolds 393
Richmond 18,226
Ridgeville 1,098
Risingsun 1,548
Roachdale 942
Roanu 631
Roanoke 536
Rochester 3,421
Rockport 2,882
Rockville 2,(U5
Rosedale 865
Rossville 598
Royal Center.. 657
Rushville 4,541
Russell ville... 298
Salamonia 168
Salem .. 1,995
Saltilloville... 207
Scottsburg 1,274
Sellersburg ... 761
Seymour 6,445
Shelburn 523
Shelby ville.... 7,169
Sheridan 1,795
Shirley 381
Shirley City... 236
Shoals 683
Silver Grove.. 598
Silver Lake 504
South Bend ... 35.999
South Delphi.. 247
South Peru.... 495
Southport 285
South Whitley 1,113
Spencer 2,026
Spiceland 590
Spring Grove.. 113
St. Joe 483
St. Leon 369
St. Meinrad.... 525
State Line 174
Staunton 693
Stinesville .... 288
Stranghn 186
Sullivan 3,118
Sulphur Springs 262
Summitville .. 1,482
Sunman . 870
ei 1,162
Syracuse ....
Tell City 2,680
Tennyson 302
Terre Haute... 36,673
Thorntown.... 1,511
Tipton 3,764
20
INDIAN TERRITORY.
Indiana —Continued
Pop. 1900
Troy 599
Union City.... 2,710
Opland .. 1,208
Valparaiso ...
Van Buren 965
Veedersburg.. 1,638
Vera Cruz 199
Vernon 557
Versailles 501
Vevay 1,588
Vinoennes 10,249
Wabash 8,618
Wakarusa 917
"VValkerton.... 1,037
Walton 498
Warren 1,523
Top. 1900
Warsaw ....
Washington
Waterloo 1,244
Waveland 648
Way net own... 757
West College Corner
392
Westneld 670
West Harrison 304
West Lafayette 2,302
West Lebanon 688
West Madison. 182
Westport 614
West Shoals... 380
West Terre Haute 651
Westville 468
Pop. 1900
Wheatfleld.... 806
Whlteland .... su
Whitewater... US
Whiting ...
Wllllamsporl . 1,248
Wlnamac.. .
Winchester
Windfall 0S7
Wlngate . tSl
Winslow 586
Wolcott 825
Wolcottvllle . 650
Woodruff Place 477
Worthington.. 1*448
ZIonsville 765
INDIAN TERRITORY. Population. 392,060.
NATIONS AND RESERVATIONS.
Pop. 1900
Pop.
Cherokee 101,754 Ottawa Keser-
Chickasaw.... 139,260
Choctaw 99,781
Creek 40,674
2,205
ration
Peoria Reser-
vation 1.180
Seminole 3,786 QuapawReser-
Modoc Reserva
tion.
vat ion
son
Pop
Seneca Reser-
vation
Shawnee Res-
ervation
Wyandotte
Reservation.
1 H i
1900
970
297
1,213
Ada
Adair
Afton ....
Alderson.
Allen
Antlers ..
INCORPORATED TOWNS, ETC.
101 Comanche 547 Indianola
268 Connervllle... 189 Johnson..
606 Cornish 307 Kemp ....
800 Cowlington ... 272 Kiowa....
350 Cumberland .. 34:3 Kosoma. .
1,000 Davis. 1,346 Krebs
Ardmore 5,681 Dewey
Atoka 1,150 Dougherty
105 Lebanon
437 Leflore..
Bailey 100 Duncan 1,164 Lehigh
Bartlesville .
Beebee
Berwyn
Bethel.
Bluejacket.
Bokoshe
Braden
698 Dura
100 Earl
276 Ego.
150 Elk.
Bristow
Buck
Caddo
Calvin
Cameron
Campbell
Canadian
Caney
Carbon
Catoosa
Center
Centralia
Checotah...
Chelsea
Chickasha
Choteau
Claremore
Coalgate
Colbert
Collinsville...
Elmore
153 Einet
100 Erin Springs
103 Eufaula
626 Fairland ....
510 Fame
930 Fort Gibson.
205 Foster
316 Gans
100 Goodland ...
522 Good water...
125 Gowen
350 Graham
241 Grant
500 Grove
100 Hanson
sor> Hartshorne .
566 I lea Id ton
3,209 Heavener...
160 II
S55 Holdenville
2,614 Holder .
127 Houston
2,969 Lenapah
225 Leon
100 Linn.
152 Loco.
192 Long Grove.
342 McAlester ..
200 McGee
757 McMillan ...
499 Mannsville..
100 Marietta ....
617 Marlow
im Miami
136 Midland
Ill Millcreek ...
150 Minco
106 Muldrow....
* 115 Muskogee...
100 Nowata
314 Oakland
182 Oakman
2,352 Oberltn
im Ochelata ...
234 Oconee
rv. 262 Okmulgee.
m Ola
112 oologah...
100 Orr
155
204
221
100
117
2,300
185
166
1,500
154
221
125
100
215
646
209
163
198
842
1,016
1,527
150
115
400
465
4.254
498
mi
100
120
100
115
1,000
177
376 Howe.
626 Overbrook .
IOWA.
% \
Indian Territory -
Pop. 1900
Panama 300
Paoli 234
Pauls Vallev.. 1.467
Peoria 144
Petms 115
Pontotoc 366
Poteau 1,182
Pry or Creek.. 495
Pu'rcell 2,277
Purdy... 200
Ramona 150
Ravia.. 128
Reagan. 200
Redfork 130
Redoak 100
Reray 100
Roff 195
Rush Springs. 518
Ryan 1,000
Salllsaw 965
Sansbois 891
Sapulpa. 891
IOWA.
Pop. 1900
Adair 16,192
Adams 13,601
Allamakee.... 18,711
Appanoose 25,927
Audubon 13,626
Benton... 25,177
Blackhawk.... 32,399
Boone 28,200
Bremer. 16,305
Buchanan 21,427
Buena Vista .. 16,975
Butler. 17.955
Calhoun 18,569
Carroll 20,319
Cass 21,274
Cedar.... 19,371
Cerro Gordo.. 20.672
- Continued.
Pop. 1900
Sayanna 300
Scipio. 100
Shadypoint ... 104
Silo 246
South McAles-
ter 3.479
Spiro 543
Sterrett 575
Stigler 200
Stilwell 779
Sulphur Springs
1,198
Sutter 200
Tahlequah .... 1.482
Talala 135
Talihina. 748
Tamaha 237
Terral. 285
Texanna 100
Thackeryille.. 154
Thomasyille.. 400
Tishomingo... 210
Population, 2,231,853.
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Tulsa 1.390
Tuskahoma... 106
Tussy 125
Vian._ 296
Vinita 2,339
Vireton 150
Wagoner 2,372
Walker 100
Wapanucka... 130
Webbers Falls 211
Welch 334
Westville 296
Whitefield .... 171
Wilburton .... 3,000
Willis.... 104
Wilson 100
Wister 313
Woodford 130
Wyandotte ... 224
Wynnewood.. 1,907
Floyd ...
Franklin
Fremont
Greene . .
Grundy 13,75'
Guthrie 18,729 Osceola
Hamilton 19,514 Page
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
...17.754 Monona _ 17,9HU
... 14,996 Monroe 17.985
... 18,546 Montgomery.. 17,803
... 17,820 Muscatine 28.242
O'Brien 16,985
. 8,725
. 24,187
Hancock 13,752 Palo Alto 14.354
Hardin 22.794 Plymouth 22,209
Harrison 25,597 Pocahontas... 15.339
Henry 20,022 Polk 82,624
Howard 14,512 Pottawattamie 54.
Humboldt 12,667 Poweshiek.
19,414
16,570
17. "07
12,440
13,401
27.750
43.832
Cherokee
Chickasaw
Clarke
Clay
Clayton ...
Clinton ...
Crawford 21,685
Dallas 23,058
Dayis.... 15,620
Decatur 18,115
Delaware 19,185
Des Moines 35.989
Dickinson 7,995
Dubuque 56,403
Emmet 9,936
Fayette 29,845
Ida 12.327 Ringgold 15.325
Iowa . 19,544 Sac 17.639
Jackson. 23,615 Scott. 51.558
Jasper 26,976 Shelby 17.932
Jefferson 17,437 Sioux 23,337
Johnson 24,817 Story.... 23.159
Jones. 21,954 Tama 24.585
Keokuk 24.979 Taylor... 18,784
Kossuth 2-2.720 Union 19,923
Lee 39,719 Van Buren.... 17.354
Linn 55.392 Wapello 35,426
Louisa 13,516 Warren 2".376
Lucas 16,126 Washington... 20,718
Lyon.. 13.165 Wayne 17.491
Madison 17.710 Webster.. 31.757
Mahaska 34.273 Winnebago.. . 12.725
Marion. 24,159 Winneshiek... 23.731
Marshall 29.991 Woodbury .... 54,610
Mills 16,764 Worth ....10,887
Mitchell 14,916 Wright 18,227
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES.
Ackley 1,445 Agency
Ackworth.
Adair.
134 Ainsworth
408 Alden.
404 Algona
Adel 1,213 Albia
879 Akron 1,(129 Allerton.
2.S-9 Allison
Afton 1,178 Albion 440 Alta
709
2.911
950
463
861
IOWA.
Iowa — Continued.
Pop. 1900
AltaVista 179
Alton 1,009
Altoona 328
Alvord 249
Ames 2,422
Anamosa 2,891
Andrew 278
Angus 333
Anita 968
Anthon... 437
Arlington 427
Arcadia 405
Arion 192
Arlington 863
Armstrong 9u7
Arnolds Park. 251
Arthur 162
Ashton. 513
Athelstan 255
Atlantic 5,046
Auburn 293
Audubon 1,866
Aurelia 621
Aurora 331
Avoca 1,627
Ayrshire 329
Badger 240
Bagley 355
Baldwin 254
Bancroft 839
Barnes City . . . 274
Barnum 175
Bassett 149
Batavia 533
Battle Creek.. 542
Baxter. 427
Baxter 41
(P.O.Muchakinock)
Bayard 494
Beacon 953
Beam an 266
Bedford 1,977
Belle Plaine... 3,283
Belle vue 1,607
Belmond 1,234
Bennett 238
Benton 192
Bentonsport .. 254
Bernard 113
Birmingham.. 622
Blairstown 592
Blanchard 520
Blencoe 279
Blockton 704
Bloomfield.... 2.105
Bode 409
Bonaparte .... 898
Bondurant 297
Boone
Bovden.. 336
Braddyville... 236
Bradgate 223
Bravton 141
Brazil 615
Breda 395
Brighton 807
Bristow 317
Pop. 1900
Britt i,r.m
Brooklyn l.iss
Buffalo 372
Buffalo Center B7S
Burlington .. . 28,201
Burt 501
Bussey - 550
Calamus 287
Cal lender 399
Calmar 1,003
Calumet 113
Camanche 713
Cambridge 667
Cantril 356
Carlisle 553
Carroll 2,882
Carson 632
Cascade 1.266
Casey.. '568
Castana 355
Cedar Falls... 5,319
Cedar Rapids.. 25,656
Center J unct.. 255
Center Point.. 674
Oenterville.... 5,256
Central City.. 623
Chariton 3.989
Charles City... 4,227
Charter Oak... 772
Chelsea 419
Cherokee 3,865
Cliillicothe.... 216
Churdan. 626
Cincinnati 1,212
Clarence 675
Clare 374
Clarinda 3,276
Clarion 1,475
Clarksville.... 849
Clearfield 698
Clear Lake.... 1,706
Clermont 513
Cleveland 202
Clinton 22,698
Clio 218
Coburg 164
Coggon 498
Coin 574
Colesburg 274
Colfax 2,053
College Spr'gs 693
Collins 540
Col,, 391
Columbus City 388
Columbus Jet. 1,099
Conrad. 483
Conway 34S
Coon Rapids.. 1,017
Coralville 125
Corning 2.145
Correctionville 935
Corwith 651
Corydon 1.477
Council Bluffs 25,802
Crawfordsville 268
Cresco 2.806
Creston 7,752
Pop. 1900
Cromwell ...
Crystal Lake . 240
Cumberland 591
Gushing 237
Dakota
Dallas Center. 625
Danbury 480
Davenport .... 35,254
Davis City .... 617
Dayton 753
Decatur City.. 367
Decorah 3,246
Dedham
Deep River.... 403
Defiance 387
Delinar 592
Delta 691
Denison 2,771
Denver 102
Des Moines... 62,139
De Soto 345
Dewitt 1,383
Dexter 795
Diagonal 383
Donnellson ... 270
Doon 545
DowCity 462
Dows 818
Drakesville... 238
Dubuque 36,297
Duinont 433
Duncoinbe 350
Dunkerton ... 217
Dunlap 1.355
Durant 560
Dyersville 1,323
Dysart 902
Eaglegrove ... 3,557
Earlham 630
Earling 340
Earlvllle 618
Early 579
East Peru 252
Eddyville 1,230
Edenville 476
Edge wood 565
Elberon 344
Eldon. 1,850
Eldora 2,233
Eldridge 207
Elgin 635
Elkader 1,321
Elkport 326
Elliott 516
Ellston 242
Ellsworth 319
Elma 976
Emerson 502
Emmetsburg.. 2,361
Ep worth 549
Essex 710
Estherville.... 3,237
Exira... 851
Fairbank 644
Fairfield 4,689
Farley 513
Farnfington... 1,332
IOWA.
23
Iowa — Continued.
Top. 1900
Farnhamville. 348
Farragut. 514
Fayette 1,315
Floyd 353
Fonda 1,180
Fontanelle.— 853
Forest City ... 1,758
Fort Atkinson 261
Fort Dodge... 12,162
Fort Madison. 9,278
Foster 205
Franklin. 210
Fredericksburg 565
Frederika 170
Fremont 542
Galva 45G
Garden Grove. 651
Garner .. 1,288
Garrison 482
Garwin 470
George
Germanla 384
Oilman 465
GilmoreCity.. 687
Gladbrook.... 842
Glenwood 3,040
Glidden 733
Goldneld 628
Goodell 254
Gowrie 681
Graettinger... 388
Grafton 156
Grand Junction 1,113
Grand Mound. 355
Grand River.. 326
Grant City.... 249
Granville 351
Gravity 549
Gray 180
Greeley 488
Greene... 1.192
Greenfield .... 1,300
Grimes 186
Grinnell 3,860
Griswold 900
Grundy (enter 1,322
Guthrie Center 1.193
Guttenberg... 1,620
Hamburg 2,079
Hamilton 538
Hampton 2.72?
Hancock 276
Harcourt 192
Harlan 2.422
Harper 269
Harris 217
Hartley 1,006
Hastings 404
Havelock 397
Hawarden 1,810
Hawkeye 518
Hazelton 500
Hedrick 1,035
Henderson 211
Hepburn lis
Hillsdale 244
Holland 175
Pop. 1900
Holstein 870
Holy Cross 115
Hopeville 145
Hopkinton ?H7
Hornick 284
Hosper. 415
Hubbard 676
Hudson 359
Hull 626
Humboldt .... 1.474
Huineston 945
Ida Grove 1,967
Imogene 296
Independence. 3,656
Indianola 3,261
Invood 477
Ionia 3uG
Iowa City 7,987
Iowa Falls .... 2,840
Ireton 545
Irwin.. 295
Jackson Junction 171
Janesville 311
Jefferson 2,601
Jesup 690
Jewell 947
Jolley. 266
Kalona 530
Kamrar 223
Kellerton 458
Kellogg 653
Kelley 187
Kensett 459
Kenwood 283
Keokuk 14,641
Keosauqua 1,117
Keota 996
Keystone 406
Kingsley 720
Kinross 132
Kirkman 203
Kirkville 402
Klemme 262
Knowlton .... 267
Knoxville 3,131
Lacona 496
Ladora 239
Lake City 2,703
Lake Mills .... 1.293
Lake Park 541
Lakeyiew 591
Lamoni 1,540
Lamont 636
LaMotte 272
Lansing.. 1,438
Laporte 1,419
Larch wood 450
Larrabee 125
Laurens 853
Lawler. 646
Le Claire 997
Ledyard 257
Le Grand 408
Lehigh 806
Leland 215
Le Mars 4.146
Lenox 1,014
Pop. 1900
Leon 1,905
Lester 225
Letts as?
Lewis 613
Lhnespring ... 605
Linden. 314
Lineville 690
Lisbon 956
Liscomb 338
Little Koek ... 399
Little Sioux... 427
Livermore 618
Logan 1.377
Lohryille 597
Lone Tree .... 600
Lorimor. 587
Louden 544
Low Moor 318
Lucas 1.132
Luverne 534
Luzerne 169
Lvnnville 347
McGregor 1,498
Mclntire 427
Macedonia 295
Macksburg 235
Madrid 1,021
Malcom 404
Mallard 292
Malvern 1,166
Manchester... 2,887
Manilla 773
Manly 359
Manning 1,169
Manson 1.424
Mapleton 1.099
Maquoketa 3,777
Marathon 059
Marble Hock.. 573
Marcus 718
Marengo 2,007
Marion 4,102
Marne 410
Marshalltown. 11.544
Martelle 158
Martinsburg .. 332
Marysville .... 322
Mason City.... 6.746
Massena 475
Matiock 94
Maurice.. 28o
Maxwell 810
Maynard 495
Mechanicsville 703
Mediapolis 725
Melbourne 366
Melrose.. 400
Menlor.. 428
Meriden 432
Merrill
Meservey 193
Miles 385
Mllford 485
Milo 585
Milton 849
Minburn 317
Minden 328
24
IOWA.
low \ — Continued.
Pop. 1900
Missouri Valley 4,010
Mitch. -11 245
Mitchellville.. 768
Modale 383
Mondauiln . .
Monmouth
Monona (574
Monroe 917
Montelth 57
Montezuma... 1,210
Montlcello.... 2,104
Montour 502
Montrose 74s
Moorbead 2oo
Moravia 632
Morning Sun.. 948
Morrison 17(5
Moulton 1.4:20
Mt.Ayr. 1,729
Mt. Pleasant.. 4,109
Mt. Vernon... 1,629
Moville 507
Murray 949
Muscatine 14,073
Mystic 1,758
Nashua 1,268
Neola 921
Nevada 2,472
XewAlbin.... 543
Newell 762
New Hampton 2,339
New Hartford 570
New London.. 1,003
New Market .. 600
New Providence 268
New Sharon... 1,252
Newton 3,682
New Vienna .. 245
Nichols.. 398
Nora Springs.. 1,209
North English 683
North McGregor 616
Northwood ... 1,271
Nor walk 287
Norway 533
Oakland.. 913
Ocheyedan.... 599
Odeholt 1,432
Oelweln 5,142
Ogden 993
Olin... 692
Ollie 238
Onawa 1,933
Onslow 2(53
Orange City... 1,457
Orient. 359
Orleans 92
Osage 2,734
Osceola 2,505
Oskaloosa 9,212
Ossian. 670
Oto 396
Ottumwa 18,197
Oxford 664
Oxford Junction 780
Pacific Junction 732
Packwood .... 284
Pop. 1900
Panama 221
Panora 954
ParkerBburg .. 1,164
Parnell 818
Paton
Patterson . it;:{
Paulllna 617
Pella 2,623
Perry 3,986
Persia 361
Peterson 521
Tin-son 358
Pilot Mound .. 315
Plainfleld 320
Pleasanton 164
Pleasant Plain 2S0
Pleasantville.. 738
Plover... 187
Pocahontas . . . 625
Polk 438
Pomeroy 910
Portsmouth... 316
Postville 9S4
Prairie City... 808
Prescott 446
Preston 593
Princeton 456
Primghar 814
Protivin 136
Pulaski 308
Quincy 106
Kadcliffe 645
Randalia 117
Randolph 373
Rathbun 270
Redding 311
Redneld 509
Red Oak 4,355
Reinbeck 1.203
Remsen 835
Renwick 350
Riceville 804
Richland 534
Ridgeway 371
Rippev.. 395
Riverside 698
Riverton. 687
Rock Falls.... 124
Rockford 1,080
Rock Rapids.. 1,766
Rock Valley.. 1,054
Rockwell 830
Rockwell City 1,222
Rodney 173
Roland 557
Rolfe 994
Rome 255
Rose Hill 253
Rudd. 381
Russell 636
Ruthven 787
Sabula 1,029
Sac City 2.079
Salem 548
Salix 387
Sanborn 1,247
Schaller 661
Pop. 1900
Schleswig 288
Scranton ...
Searsboro 269
Seymour. 1,708
Shannon City. 380
Sheffield 688
Shelby 092
Sheldabl 178
Sheldon
Shell Rock.... 839
Shellsburg .... 511
Shenandonh... 3,573
Sibley 1,289
Sidney 1.113
Sigourney 1,952
Silver City .... 438
Sioux (enter.. 810
Sioux City .... 33,111
Sioux Rapids.. 1,005
Slater 426
Sloan 643
Smithland 435
Solon 397
South English. 319
Spencer 3,095
Spillville 356
Spirit Lake.... 1,219
Springbrook.. 107
Springville.... 599
St. Ansgar .... 698
St. Anthony .. 174
St. Charles.... 412
St. Olaf... 124
St. Paul 65
Stacyville 490
Stanhope 297
Stanton 404
Stan wood 415
State Center .. 1,008
Steamboat Rock 410
Storm Lake... 2,169
Story City 1,197
Stratford 458
Strawberry Hill 164
Sfcrawberry
Point 1.012
Struble 172
Stuart 2.079
Sumner 1.437
Superior 1S7
Sutherland 722
Swaledale 240
Swan 406
SweaCity 328
Tabor 934
Tama 2,649
Templeton .... 321
Thaver 394
Thompson .... 450
Thornbarg... . 267
Thornton 299
Thor 274
Thurman 409
Tingley 488
Tipton 2,513
Titonka 224
Toledo 1,941
KANSAS. 25
Iowa — Continued.
Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
Traer 1,458 Waterloo 12,580 What Cheer... 2,746
Tripoli 655 Waucoma 540 Wheatland.... 475
Union 589 Waukee 292 Whiting 572
Urbana 3-23 Waukon 2.153 Whitteinore .. 522
Ute 407 Waverlv 3,177 Whitten 217
Vail.... 578 Wayland 394 Williams 500
Valley Junction 1,700 Webster City . 4,613 AVilliamsburg 1,100
Vauhbrn 4^4 Wellnian 654 Wilton Junc-
Vanraeter 407 Wellsburg 203 tion . 1,233
Vanwert 306 Wesley 730 Windsor 143
Victor 612 West Bend.... 538 Winfield 820
Villisca 2,211 West Branch.. 647 Winterset 3,039
Vincent 163 West Burling- Winthrop 618
Vinton 3,499 ton 1,044 Wiota 218
Volga City .... 444 Westchester.. 209 Woodbine 1,255
Wadena 170 West Decorah 531 Woodburn.... 467
Walcott 362 Westgate 260 Woodward.... 550
Walker 505 West Liberty . 1,690 VVoolstock .... 274
Wall Lake .... 659 West McGregor 100 Worthington . 288
Walnut 878 West Mitchell. 207 Wyoming 794
Wapello 1,398 West Point.... 654 Yorktown .... 170
Washington... 4,255 Westside 396 Zearing 388
Washta 431 West Union... 1,935
KANSAS. Population, 1,470,495.
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900 Pop. 190C Pop. 1900
Allen 19.507 Greeley 493 Osborne 11.844
Anderson 13.938 Greenwood ... 1« 196 Ottawa 11,182
Atchison 28.6(36 Hamilton 1,426 Pawnee 5.084
Barber 6,594 Harper 10,310 Phillips 14,442
Barton.. 13,784 Harvey 17,591 Pottawatomie 18.470
Bourbon 24,712 Haskell 457 Pratt... 7.085
Brown 22,369 Hodgeman.... 2,032 Rawlins 5.241
Butler 23.363 Jackson 17,117 Reno 29,027
Chase _. 8.246 Jefferson 17.533 Republic. 18,248
Chautauqua... 11.804 Jewell 19,420 Rice 14.745
Cherokee 42.694 Johnson 18,104 Riley 13,828
Cheyenne 2,640 Kearnev 1,107 Rooks 7,960
Clark 1,701 Kingman 10.663 Rush 6,134
Clay. _ 15,833 Kiowa 2.365 Russell 8,489
Cloud 18.071 Labette 27.387 Saline 17,076
Coffey.. 16.643 Lane. 1,563 Scott... 1,098
Comanche.... 1,619 Leavenworth . 40.940 Sedgwick.... 44,037
Cowley 30.156 Lincoln 9,886 Seward .... 822
Crawford 38,809 Linn 16,689 Shawnee .53,727
Decatur . 9,234 Logan 1.962 Sheridan 3,819
Dickinson 21.816 Lyon 25,074 Sherman. 3.341
Doniphan 15,079 McPherson ... 21.421 Smith.. ..16,384
Douglas 25.096 Marion.. 20.676 Stafford 9.829
Edwards 3,682 Marshall 24.355 Stanton 327
Elk. 11,443 Meade .. 1.581 Stevens 620
Ellis 8,626 Miami. . 2L641 Sumner 25,631
Ellsworth 9.626 Mitchell 14.647 Thomas .. 4,112
Finney 3.469 Montgomery.. 29.039 Trego 2.722
Ford 5,497 Morris 11.967 Wabaunsee ... 12.813
Franklin 21.354 Morton 304 Wallace. 1,178
Geary 10.744 Nemaha 20.376 Washington .. 21,963
Gove 2,441 Neosho 19,254 Wichita 1.197
Graham 5,173 Ness 4.535 Wilson ...15,621
Grant 422 Norton 11,325 Woodson ia,022
Gray 1,264 Osage. 28,659 Wyandotte 53,227
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES.
Abilene 3,507 Altamont 546 Americus .332
Alma 966 Alton 287 Anthony 1,179
Alinena 491 Altoona 299 Arcadia..
26 KANSAS
Kansas —Continued.
Pop- 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
Argentine 5,878 DelphOB 648 Havs 1,136
Argonia 309 Denton 247 Hazelton 143
ArkansasClty 6,140 Dexter 880 Hepler 215
Arlington... . S12 Dighton... 194 Herington 1,607
Ashland 493 Dodge 1,942 Hiawatha 2,829
Assaria 214 Donlpban . . 196 Highland 780
Atchison 15,723 Douglass.. 755 Hill 468
Attica 311 Downs . 938 Hillshoro...
Atwood 186 Dunlap 4no Holsington.. 78S
AugUBta 1,197 Edgerton 310 Holton
Axtell .. 651 Edna.... 371 Hope
Baldwin 1,017 Effingham 634 Horace 90
Barnes .... 383 El Dorado 3,466 Ilorton 3.398
Baxter Springs 1,641 Elk... 709 Howard 1,207
Seattle 633 Ellinwood .... 760 Hoxle 250
Belle Plaine... 551 Ellis 932 Hugoton 54
Belleville 1.833 Ellsworth 1,549 Humboldt 1,402
Beloit... 2,359 El wood 623 Hunnewell.... 233
Bennington... 389 Empire 2,258 Huron... 200
Bird . 88 Emporia 8,223 Hutchinson... 9,379
Blue Mound... 738 Englewood 181 Independence. 4.851
Blue Rapids... 1.10O Enterprise.... 798 Inman 352
Bluff .__. 200 Erie 1,111 Iola 5,7W
Bonner Springs 609 Eskridge 612 Irving.. 366
Brainerd 70 Eudora 640 Jamestown... 4i»)
Bronson 361 Eureka 2,091 Jetmore 230
Brookville.... 292 Everest. 502 Jewell 736
Buffalo ".. 299 Fairview 395 Johnson 15
Burden 519 Fall River 371 Junction 4,695
Burlingame... 1,436 Florence 1,178 Kanopolis 240
Burlington.... 2,418 Fontana 237 Kansas Citv... 51,418
BurrOak 671 Ford 82 Kincaid 364
Burrton 627 Fort Scott .... 10.322 Kingman 1,785
Caldwell 1,574 Frankfort 1,167 Kinslev 780
Caney 887 Fredonia 1,650 Kiowa.. . 765
Canton. 493 Freeport 83 Kirwin 586
Carhondale ... 625 Frontenac 1,805 La Crosse 536
Cawker 816 Fulton . 424 Lacvgne 1,037
Cedarvale 932 Galena 10.155 Laharpe 610
Centralia 655 Galva 300 Lakin 259
Chanute 4,208 Garden 1,590 Lancaster 292
Chapman 627 Gardner 475 Larned 1,583
Chenev .. ... 429 Garnett 2.078 Lawrence 10.862
Cherokee 1.326 Gaylord 302 Leavenworth . 20,736
Cherry vale.... 3.472 Geneseo 466 Lebanon 590
Chetopa 2.019 Geuda 218 Lebo_ 605
Cimarron 237 Girard 2,473 Lecompton.... 408
Circleville .... 223 Glasco 509 Lenora 247
Clay Center... 3,069 Glen Elder.... 481 Leonardville.. 335
Clearwater.... 368 Goddard 225 Leon 527
Clifton 609 Goffs 365 Leoti 151
Clyde... 1,157 Goodland 1,059 Le Rov 772
Coffey ville.... 4.953 Gove 162 Liberal 426
Colby 641 Grainfield 115 Libert v 314
Cold water .... 263 Great Bend... 2.470 Lincoln 1,262
Colony 483 Greeley 394 Lindsborg 1,279
Columbus 2.310 Greenleaf 854 Lin wood 349
Colwlch .. 225 Greensburg... 343 Little River... 457
Concordia 3,401 Grenola 666 Logan 449
Conway Springs 714 Gypsum 552 Lonsrton 564
Coolidge .. 288 Haddam 355 Louisburg 665
Corning 425 Halstead 914 Louisville 336
Coronado .... 10 Hamlin 258 Lucas 277
Cottonwood Falls 842 Hanover 987 Lyndon 1,004
Council Grove 2.265 Harper 1,151 Lyons 1.736
Courtland 286 Hartford 553 McCracken ... 312
Cuba 445 HavensviHe... 437 McCune 657
KENTUCKY.
27
Kansas — Continued.
Pop. 1900
McLouth 529
McPherson.... 2.996
Macksville.-. 248
Madison 683
Manhattan.... 3,438
Mankato 890
Marion 1.854
Marquette 489
Marysville .... 2,006
Meade 326
Medicine Lodge 917
Melvern 469
Meriden 433
Midland 164
Miltonvale ... 396
Minneapolis... 1,727
Moline 695
Moran... 464
Morganville... 350
Morrill 400
Mound 809
Mound Ridge . 557
Mound Valley. 533
Mount Hope .. 327
Mulvane 667
Muscotah 462
Narka 258
Neodesha 1.772
Neosha Falls.. 763
Ness 505
Netawaka 330
Newton 6,208
Nickerson 1,038
Norton... 1,202
Nortonville... 700
Norwich 311
Oaklev 269
Oberlfn 937
Ogden 232
Oketo 347
Olathe 3,451
Onaga 598
Oneida 279
Osage 2,792
Osawatomie .. 4,191
Osborne 1.075
Oskaloosa 978
Oswego 2,208
Ottawa 6,934
Pop. 1900
Oxford 567
Paola 3,144
Parker 306
Parkerville ... 146
Parsons 7,<W2
Pawnee Pock. 210
Peabody 1,369
Perry 464
Phillipsburg.. 1,008
Pittsburg 10,112
Plainville 378
Pleasonton.... 1,097
Pomona 547
Powhatan 237
Pratt 1,213
Prescott 298
Quenemo 682
Randall 268
Randolph 372
Reading 304
Republic 241
Ritchfield 61
Robinson 493
Rosedale 3,270
Rossville 555
Russell... 1.143
Sabetha 1.646
Salina... 6,074
Santa Fe 128
Scainmon 1,549
Scandia 598
Scott 212
Scranton 1,099
Sedan 1,067
Sedgwick .... 622
Seneca 1,816
Severance 424
Severy 489
Sharon 116
Sharon Springs 180
Silver Lake.... 259
Smith Center . 1,142
Soldier 302
Solomon 817
South Haven.. 411
South Hutchin-
son 225
Spearville 157
Spivey. 134
Pop. 1900
Springhill .... 580
St. John 869
St.Marya 1,390
St. Paul 1,047
Stafford 1,068
Sterling 2,002
Stockton 1,030
Strong... 1,128
Summerfield _. 505
Sylvan Grove . 319
Sylvia 220
Syracuse 460
Thayer 542
Tonganoxle... 848
Topeka 33.608
Toronto 695
Tribune 62
Troy... 947
Udall 282
Ulysses 40
Pniontown... 293
Vallev Center. 343
Vallev Falls .. 1.078
Vermilion 362
Vining 245
Wakeeney .... 394
Wakefield 322
Walnut 603
Walton 174
Wamego 1.618
Washington... 1.575
Waterville .... 610
Wathena 798
Waverly 586
Weir 2,977
Wellington... 4.245
Wellsville 4-17
Westmoreland 620
Wetmore 434
White 532
White Cloud.. 713
Whitewater... 267
Whiting 384
Wichita 24,671
Willis 187
Wilson 939
Windom 146
Winfield 5.554
Yates Center.. 1.634
KENTUCKY. Population, 2,147,174.
Pop. 1900
Adair 14,888
Allen 14,657
Anderson 10,051
Ballard 10,761
Barren 23,197
Bath 14,734
Bell 15,701
Boone 11.170
Bourbon 18,069
Boyd 18,834
Bovle 13,817
Bracken 12,137
Breathitt 14,322
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Breckinridge.. 20,534
Bullitt 9,602
Butler 15,896
Caldwell 14.510
Calloway 17.(',:«
Campbell 54,223
Carlisle 10,195
Carroll 9,825
Carter 20.228
Casey 15.141
Christian 37,962
Clark 16.694
Clay 15,364
Pop. 1900
Clinton 7,871
Crittenden .... 15,191
Cumberland .. 8,962
Daviess 38,667
Edmonson .... 10,080
Elliott [0,387
Estill 11,669
Fayette 42.071
Fleming 17.074
Floyd. 15.552
Franklin 20,852
Fulton 11.546
Gallatin 5,163
28
KENTUCKY.
12,042
I 3.239
83,204
19,878
r.'.j:.:.
15,482
8,914
22.93;
«».s:vs
K BNTTJOKT — Colli in
Pop. 1900
Garrard
Grant ...
Graves
Grayson
Green ...
Greenup.
Hancock
Hardin ..
Harlan...
Harrison 18,570
Hart 18,390
Henderson .... 33,901
Henrv 14,620
Hickman 11,743
Hopkins 30,995
Jackson 10,561
Jefferson 232.519
Jessamine 11,925
Johnson 13,730
Kenton 63,591
Knott 8,704
Knox 17.372
Larue 10,764
Laurel 17,592
Lawrence 19,612
Lee 7,988
Leslie 6,753
ued.
Pop- 1900
Letcher 9,178
Lewis
Lincoln 17,
11,854
25.991
9.319
12,448
Livingston
Logan
Lyon
McCracken
McLean ....
Madison . .. 25,607
Magoffin.. 12,006
Marion 16,290
Marshall 13,692
Martin 5,780
Mason 2o,446
Meade 10,583
Menifee 6,818
Mercer 14.1*
Metcalfe 9,988
Monroe 13,053
Montgomery.. 12,834
Morgan 12,792
Muhlenberg... 20,741
Nelson 16.587
Nicholas 11.952
Ohio 27,287
Oldham 7.078
Owen 17,553
Pop. 1900
Owsley
Pendleton 11.'.) 17
Perry
Pike
Powell 6,448
Pulaski
Robertson... . 1,900
Rockcastle.... 12,416
Rowan
Russell 9,695
Scott
Shelby
Simpson 11,624
Spencer 7,406
Taylor 11,075
Todd 17,871
Trigg 14,073
Trimble
Union 21,826
Warren 29,970
Washington... 14,182
Wayne 14,892
Webster 20,097
Whitley 25,015
Wolfe 8,764
Woodford 13,134
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES.
Adairville
720
Bromley
543
Corinth
331
Albany
234
Brookville
565
Corydon
782
Alexandria
359
Brownsville...
234
Covington
42.D38
Allensville ...
430
Bryantsville ..
92
Crab Orchard.
385
Anchorage ...
421
Buffalo
347
Crescent Hill..
442
Arlington
584
Burgin
Burkley.
703
Crittenden ...
199
Ashland..:
6,800
184
Crofton
278
Athens
186
Butler
506
Cromwell
Auburn
697
Cadiz
881
Cropper..
162
Augusta.
1,718
Cairo
155
Curdsville
Bagdad
190
Calhoun
631
Cynthiana
3.257
Bandana
205
California
292
Danville
4,285
Barbourville. -
1,010
Calvert..
127
Dawson
Bardstown
1,711
Campbellsburg
191
Springs.
935
Bard well
1.512
Campbellsville
1,341
Dayton
6,104
Barnsley
380
Campton
276
Deanfield
365
Beattyville....
696
Caneyville
294
Defoe
123
Beaver Dam ..
552
Cannier
246
Dexter
221
Bedford
307
Carlisle
1.377
Dixon
569
Bellevue
6,332
Carrollton
2,205
Dover
819
Benton
664
Carrsville
278
Drakesboro ...
228
Berea
762
Casevville
217
Dublin
99
Berry
Bethlehem
250
Catlettsburg..
3,081
Dunmor
77
66
Cave City ....
538
Dunnville
139
Birmingham ..
291
Centertown ..
201
Dycusburg ...
219
Blackford
243
Central City . .
1,348
Earlington
3.012
Blaine.
134
Central Cov-
Eastview
127
Blandville ....
277
ington
2,155
Eddy ville
1.210
Bloomneld...
385
Cerulean
Eden
412
Bonnieville ...
270
Springs
190
Elizabethtown
1,861
251
168
('lav
450
585
Elizaville
Elkhorn
199
Boston
Clay City
87
Bowling Green
8,2-26
Clinton
1.462
Elkton
1,123
Bradfordsville
301
Cloverport
Columbia
1,656
Elsmere
519
Brandenburg .
218
654
Eminence —
1,018
Bremen
180
Columbus
1,235
Erlanger
453
Briensburg . .
107
Concord
200
Ezel
149
Brodhead
337
Corbin
1,544
Fairfield
206
KENTUCKY.
29
K kxtucky — Continued
Pop. 1900
Fairview 61
Fallsburg 159
Falmouth 1,134
Farmers 341
Farmington... 118
Flat Gap 106
Flemingsburg 1,268
Florence 258
Ford 731
Fordsville .... 586
Foster 148
Frankfort 9,487
Franklin 2,166
Fredonia 196
Frenehburg .. 210
Fulton.. 2,860
Georgetown .. 3,823
Germantown . 407
Gest 126
Ghent 569
Glasgow 2,019
Glasgow Junc-
tion 224
Glencoe 226
Gordonsville.. 117
Gracev 142
Grange 143
Grata 246
Gr.iyson 606
Greensburg... 564
Greenup 711
Greenville.... 1,051
Guthrie 807
Hanson 549
Hardin 240
Hardinsburg.. 689
Hardy ville.... 166
Harrodsburg . 2,876
Hartford 785
Hawesville.... Lull
Hazel Green.. 225
Henderson.... 10,272
Hickman 1,589
Hickory Grove 250
Highland Park 993
Hillsboro 227
Hindman 331
Hiseville 178
Hodgensville . 825
Hopkinsville.. 7,280
Horse Cave ... 867
Huntsville .... 120
Hustonville .. 425
Hyden 369
Independence. 193
Irvine... 260
Irvington 385
Jackson 941
Jeffersonville. 84
Jellico 322
Jonesville 168
Junction City. 817
Kirkmanville. 126
Kimttsvllle ... 209
Kuttawa 858
Lafavette 199
La Grange 646
Pop. 1903
Lamasco 184
Lancaster 1,640
Latonia 1,882
Lawrenceburg 1,253
Lebanon 3,043
Lebanon Junc-
tion 599
Lee City 171
Leitchneld.... 914
Lenoxburg ... 81
Lewisburg 239
Lewisport 328
Lexington 26,369
Liberty 450
Lisman 526
Livermore 869
Livingston 605
Lockport 166
London 1.147
Louisa.. 1.099
Louisville "204.731
Ludlow 3,334
Lynnville 56
Me Henry 550
McKee 106
Mackville 171
Madisonville.. 3.628
Manchester... 398
Mannsville ... 104
Marion 1,064
Mart insburg . . 148
Mayfleld 4,081
Mays Lick 237
Maysville 6.423
May town 106
Middleburg ... 182
Middlesboro .. 4,162
Midway 1,045
Milburh 272
Millersburg. . . 862
Milton. 324
Minerva >«J 105
Monterey 3TU
Monticello 546
Morehead 1.100
Morganfleld .. 2.046
Mor^antown . 587
Mortons Gap.. 885
Mt. Carmel.... 144
Mt. Eden Ill
Mt. Olivet 352
Mt. Pleasant .. 557
Mt. sterling.. 3,561
Mt. Vernon ... 422
Mt.^Yashington 1.093
Munfordville 140
Murrav .. 1,822
Nebo 237
Nepton 293
New castle 462
New Columbus 129
Newfoundland 12
New Haven
New Hope
New Libert v 260
Newport . 28,301
Nicholasville . 2,393
Pop. 19:0
North Middle-
town 434
North Pleasure-
ville 228
Olive Hill 291
Owensboro 13,189
Owenton _ 1,014
Owingsville .. 958
Paducah 19,446
Paintsville ... 541
Paradise 107
Paris 4,603
Patesville .... 253
Pellville 145
Pembroke 654
Penrod 80
Perryville .... 431
Petersburg 503
Pewee Valley. 464
Pikeville 508
Pineville 2,072
Pleasureville . 272
Poole 198
Poplar Plains. 236
Port Royal.... 174
Prestonsburg. 409
Prestonville .. 228
Princeton 2,556
Proctor 217
Providence... 1,286
Prvorsbu'rg . . . 250
Quincy 364
Pvaywick 140
Render 426
Richmond .... 4,653
Richpond 88
Robard. 399
Rochester 431
Rockport 525
Rocky Hill.... 120
Rosewood 82
Rosine... 224
Rowland 390
Rowletts 198
Rumsey 283
Russell _. 743
Russell ville... 2,951
Sacramento... 434
Sadieville 532
Salem 216
Saloma 64
Salyersville... 265
Sanders 218
Sardis 257
Scottsville.... 824
Sebree. 1.477
Sharpsburg 182
Shelbyville 3,016
Shepherdsville 277
Sherburne ... .">i
Siinpsonville.. 203
Skilesville ..
Slauglitersville 583
Smithland 579
Smiths Grove in
Somerset .
Sonora 256
30
LOUISIANA.
Kentucky— Continued.
Pop. 1900
Top. 1900
Pop. 1300
South Caa*ollton 152
Tyrone
850
Wesl Point....
489
Spottsville.... 541
1 nlontown ...
1,582
White Plains..
200
Springfield .. . l,oi6
Upton ?..
I2S
Whltesburg
194
Springvllle
\ anceburg
1,161
Whitesvllle...
449
st. Charles.... 753
Vanderburg ..
111
Wiekliffe
St. Belena 170
Versailles ... .
Willard
578
Stamping Ground 378
Vine Grove ...
Williamsburg.
1 . 195
Stanford . 1,651
Wrul.lv
168
"W imamstown
618
Stanton 192
Walnut Grove
99
Winchester
5,964
Stephensport . 241
Walton
538
wingo
418
Sturgis.. 1,258
\\ arsaw
785
\\ oodDurn
226
Taylorsville .. 615
Washington ..
Water Valley .
..,..
Woodbury
167
Tllton .... .... 108
■j:, i
Worthviile
228
Tompklnsvllle 866
West Covington 1,606
Yoseinite
201
Trenton 600
West Liberty
205
Turners Station 176
West Louisville
210
LOUISIANA
Pop 1900
Acadia 23,483
Ascension 24,142
Assumption... 21,620
Avoyelles 29,701
Bienville...:.. 17.588
Bossier 24,153
Caddo 44,499
Calcasieu 30,428
Caldwell 6,917
Cameron 3.952
Catahoula 16,351
Claiborne 2 ',029
Concordia .... 13,559
De Soto 25,063
East Baton
Rouge 31,153
Population, 1,381,6
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Iberville 27.(mm;
Jackson. 9,119
Jefferson 15,321
Lafayette 22,825
Lafourche 28,882
Lincoln 15,898
Livingston
,5.
8,100
12.322
16,634
33.216
2S7.H »4
Madison.
Morehouse...
Natchitoches
Orleans
Ouachita 20,947
Plaquemines.. 13,039
Pointe Coupee 25,777
Rapides 39.578
Red River 11,548
Pop. 1900
St. James 20,197
St. John the
Baptist 12,330
St. Landry .... 52,906
st. Martin
St. Mary 34,145
St. Tammany . 13.335
Tangipahoa..
Tensas
Terrebonne ..
Cnion
Vermilion ...
Vernon 10,327
Washington... 9.628
Webster 15.125
West Baton
17,625
19,oT0
24,464
18,520
-.20,705
East Carroll .
11,373
Richland
11,116
Rouge
West Carroll..
10,285
East Feliciana 20,443
Sabine
15.421
:;..W5
Franklin
8,890
St. Bernard
5,031 *
West Felici na
15.994
12.9U2
St. Charles....
St. Helena
9,072
8,479
Winn
9,648
Iberia
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES
Abbeville
1.536
Crowley^
4,214
Kent wood
1.313
Alexandria
5,646
Donaldsouville
4,105
Lafayette
3.314
Amite
1.517
Erath
215
Lake Charles..
6,680
Arcadia .
924
Eunice
316
Lake Provi-
Arnaudville. . .
327
Evergreen
322
dence
1.256
Bastrop
i87
Farmerville...
458
Leesville
1,148
Baton Rouge..
1 1 .'269
Frankliuton ..
236
Lockport
401
Bayou Sara
755
Franklin
2,692
Logansport ...
688
Benton
463
Gibsland
558
Madlsonville..
779
Berwick
713
Grand Cane...
385
Mandeville
1,029
Bienville
263
Grand Coteau.
521
Mansfield
847
Boyce
832
Greensburg ...
315
.Mansura
408
Breaux Bridge
654
Gueydan
376
Many ...
354
Broussard
29C
Hammond
1,511
Marksville
837
Bunkie ..
873
Harrisonburg.
303
Marthaville ...
228
Carencro
445
Haughton
194
Melville
Church Point.
278
Homer
1,157
Mer Rouge....
465
Clinton
960
llouma
Minden .......
1,561
Colfax
190
Jackson
'2.012
Monroe
5,438
Columbia
382
Jeanerette
1.905
Montgomery..
158
Cottonport
505
Jenning-
1.539
Morgan
2,382
Coushatta
600
J unction City.
339
Napoleonville.
945
Covington ....
1,205
Kenner
1.253
Natchitoches .
2.388
MAINE — MARYLAND
31
Louisiana— Continued.
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Pop. 19G0
New Iberia
. 6,815
Provencal
246
Thibodaux ....
3,253
New Orleans..
.237,104
Rayne
Robeline
1,007
Yidalia
1.022
New Roads
770
164
Ville Platte ...
163
Oak Ridge ....
348
Roseland
1,320
V\ ashiugton...
1,197
Oberlin
. 213
Ruston
1,324
"W aterproof ...
298
Opelousas
2,951
Shreveport ...
16.013
Welsh
-
Pineville
617
Slaughter
259
A\ est Monroe.
775
Plain Dealing
Plaquemine .
258
. 3,590
Slidell
1,129
1,059
White Cattle..
Wilson
1,850
St.Francisville
470
Pleasant Hill.
300
St. Joseph
717
Toungsville...
200
Pollock
637
St.Martinville.
1.926
Zacbary
465
Ponchatoula.
711
Tangipahoa...
297
Zwolle
276
MAINE. Populafiou, 694,466.
COUNTIE
S.
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Pop.]
Androscoggin
. 54.242
Knox
30,406
Sagadahoc
2o.:teo
Aroostook ...
. 60,744
Lincoln
19.689
Somerset
33.M9
Cumberland .
.100.6S9
Oxford
32,238
Waldo
24.185
Franklin
. 18.444
Penobscot
76.246
T\ ashington ..
45.232
Hancock
. 37.241
Piscataquis ...
16,949
York
64,885
Kennebec
. 59.117
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES.
Auburn ._
. 12,951
Fairfield
2.238
Phillips
774
Augusta
. 11,683
Farmington...
1.251
Pittsfield
2,208
Bangor
. 21.850
F.ort Fairfield.
1,469
Portland
50.115
Bath...
. 10,477
Freeport
759
Presque Isle..
1.256
Belfast
. 4.615
Gardiner
5, 501
Rangeley
563
Biddeford
. 16.145
Hallowell
2,714
Rockland
8,150
Brewer
. 4 835
Lewiston.
23.761
Rumford
2,595
Bridgton
. 1,552
Lincoln
868
Saco
6,122
Brunswick...
. 5,210
Madison
1,850
Skowhegan ...
4.266
Calais
. 7.655
Monmouth
312
South Paris...
1.457
Clinton
. 448
Norway
2,034
South Portland
6,287
Eastport
. 5.311
Old Town
5.763
Waterville
9,477
Ellsworth
. 4.297
Paris Hill
251
Westbrook
7,283
MARYLAND. Population,
1,188,044.
COUNTIE
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Allegany
. 53.694
Charles
17.662
Prince George 29.898
Anne Arundel 39,620
Dorchester
27.962
Queen Anne ..
18,364
Baltimore
. 90,755
Frederick
51.9-20
Somerset
25.923
Baltimore City508,957
Garrett
17.701
St. Mary
Calvert
. lu.223
Harford
2^.269
Talbot
20.342
Caroline
. 16.248
Howard
if,. 7i5
Y\ ashington...
45,133
Carroll
. 33.860
Kent
18 786
"\\ icomico
Cecil
. 24,662
Montgomery..
30,451
Worcester
20,865
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES.
Aberdeen
600
Burkittsville..
229
Deer Park
293
Annapolis
. 8.525
Cambridge ...
5,747
Delmar
659
Baltimore ...
.508,957
Cecllton.
447
Denton
900
Barnesville ..
125
Centerville
. 1,231
East New Mar-
Belair
961
Charlestown ..
244
ket
282
Berlin
. 1.246
Chesapeake ...
1,172
Easton
3,074
Blshopville ..
24::
Chestertown .
3,008
Elkton
2.512
Blandensburg
463
Church Hill ..
368
Elllcott City ..
1,331
Bloomlngton
395
Ciear Spring..
Crlsneld
474
Emmitsburg .
849
Boonsboro ...
. 700
. 3,165
Federalsburg .
539
Bowie
41:;
Crumpton
207
Frederic k ....
9.296
Bridgetown .
50
Cumberland ..
. 17,128
1- rostburg
5,274
Brookevllle .
185
Damascus
L48
h ankstown ...
559
Brunswick...
. 2,471
Darlington
260
Gaithersburg .
547
32
MASSACIirsKTTS-MlclIHi.W.
Maryland — Continued.
Pop. 1900 Pop
Gafretl Park.. 175 Manchester...
Girdletree .... 836 Mlddletown...
Grantsvllle ... 175 Millington
Greensboro... 641 Mountain Lake
Hagerstown... 13,591 Park ...
Bampstead .. 4n<> Mt. Airy
Hancock 824 New Windsor.
Havre de Grace 3,423 Northeast.
Hlllsboro.
Hurlock
Byattstown
Hyattsville.
Keedysvllle.
Kensington.
Laurel
196 Oakland
280 Ocean City.
81 Oxford
1,222 Perryville..
426 Piscataway
477 Pocomoke .
2,079 Poolesville
Laytonsville .. 148 Port Deposit..
Leonardtown . 463 Preston
Loch Lynn Princess Anne
Heights 215 Queenstown ..
Lonaconing... 2,181 Kidgely
1900
609
665
406
260
332
ISO
969
1,170
865
1,243
95
2,124
236
1,575
192
854
:;71
713
Pop. 1900
Rising Sun
Bockvllle i.no
Salisbury
Sharpsburg 1,080
Shaiptow n 528
Smltnsburg .. MB
Snow Hill ... . 1,596
St. Michaels . 1,043
Sudlersville ... 221
Takoma
Taneytown 665
Thunnont
Trappe 279
Union Bridge. 663
UppeT Marl-
boro.. . 449
Walkersvllle.. 359
Westernport-. 1,998
Westminster.. 3.199
Williameport . 1,472
MASSACHUSETTS. Population, 2,805,346.
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Barnstahle ...27.826 Franklin..
Berkshire 95,667 Hampden.
Bristol 252,029 Hampshire
Dukes 4,561 Middlesex
Essex 357,030 Nantucket
Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
... 41 .209 Norfolk 151 ,539
...175,603 Plymouth ....113.985
... 58.820 Suffolk .611.417
....565,696 Worcester ....346,958
1.006
IX
Beverly 13
Boston 560
Brockton 40
Cambridge ... 91
Chelsea 34,
Chicopee 19
Everett 24
Fall River ....104.
Fitchburg .... 31.
Gloucester ... 26,
Haverhill 37,
COPvPOPvATED
Holyoke
Lawrence
Lowell
Lynn
Maiden
Marlboro
Medford
Melrose
New Bedford .
Newburyport .
Newton
CITIES.
45.712
North Adams
24,200
(■-2.559
Northampton
18,643
94.9(59
Pittsfleld ....
21.766
68.513
Quincy
23.S99
33.664
Salem
35.956
13.609
Somerville ..
61.643
is. -Ml
Springfield....
62.H59
12,962
Taunton
31.036
62.442
Waltbam
23,481
14,478
Woburn
14.254
33,587
Worcester
118,421
MICHIGAN,
Population, 2,420,982.
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Alcona 5,691
Alger. 5,868
Allegan 33,812
Alpena 18,254
Antrim 16,568
Arenac 9,821
Baraga 4,320
Barry 22,514
Bay 62,378
Benzie. 9.6S5
Berrien 49,165
Branch 27,811
Calhoun 49,315
Cass 20,876
Charlevoix.... 13,956
Cheboygan.... 15.516
Chippewa 21.338
Clare 8,360
Clinton 25,136
Pop. 1900
Crawford 2,943
Delta 23,881
Dickinson 17,890
Eaton _. 31,668
Emmet 15,931
Genesee 41,804
Gladwin 6,564
Gogebic 16,738
Grand Tra-
verse 20,179
Gratiot 29,889
Hillsdale 29,865
Houghton 66,063
Huron 34.162
Ingham 39,818
Ionia 34.329
Iosco 10,246
Iron 8,990
Isabella 22,784
Pop. 1900
Jackson 48,222
Kalamazoo.... 44,310
Kalkaska 7,133
Kent 129,714
Keweenaw 3,217
Lake 4.957
Lapeer 27,641
Leelanau 10,566
Lenawee 48,406
Livingston.... 19,664
Luce. 2,983
Mackinac ... 7,703
Macomb 33,244
Manistee 27,856
Marquette 41,239
Mason 1S.885
Mecosta.. 20.693
Menominee ... 27,046
Midland 14,439
MICHIGAN.
33
Michigan — Continued.
Fop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
Missaukee 9,308 Ontonagon.... 6. 197 Schoolcraft.. 7,889
Monroe 32,754 Osceola 17.S59 Shiawassee..
Montcalm 32,754 Oscoda 1,468 St. Clair
Montn.orencv 3,234 Otsego
Muskegon 3T.i>3G Ottawa
Newaygo 17.673 Presque Isle
Oakland 44,792 Roscommon
Oceana 16,644 Saginaw
Ogemaw. 7,765 Sanilac
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES.
6,175
89,667
8,821
1.787
81.222
35,035
St. Joseph 23,ss9
Tuscola
Van Buren .... 33,274
Washtenaw ... 47,761
Wayne 34s,793
Wexford 16,845
Capac 547
2,006
1,000
Addison. 470
Adrian 9,654 Caro
Albion 4,519 Carrollton .
Algonac 1,216 Carson City
Allegan 2,667 Carsonville.
Allouez 1,000 Caseville
Alma... 2,047 "
Almont 718
Alpena 11,802
Ann Arbor .... 14,509
Armada 863
Ashley 617
Athens 583
Atlantic Mine 2,500
Augusta 541
Au Sable 1,116
Bad Axe 1,241
Baldwin 343
Bancroft 528
Bangor 1,021
Baraga 1,185
Bark River.... 700
Eastlake 3.000
400
507
Casnovia 277
Cass City 1,113
Cassopolis 1,330
Cedar Springs. 950
Centerville 645
Central Lake.. 1,307
Champion 700
Cnarlevoix.... 2,079
Charlotte. 4,092
Cheboygan.... 6,489
Chelsea 1,635
Chesaning 1,244
Clare 1.326
Clarkston 360
Clayton 370
Clifford 339
Battle Creek.. 18,563 Climax 398
Bay Citv 27,628 Clinton 1,038
BayMills 1.200
640
6,216
1,014
6S7
457
534
1,226
660
429
Corunna 1,510
Clio.
Coldwater
Coleman
Coloma .
Columbiaville.
Concord.
Constantine...
Beacon 1,200
Bear Lake 448
Beaverton .... 1,000
Belding 3,282
Bellaire 1.157
Bellevue 1,074
Benton Harbor 6,562 Coopersville
Benzonia 484 Copemish
Berrien Springs
Bessemer
Big Rapids
Birmingham ..
Blissneld
Bloomingdale.
Boardman
Boyne
Boyne Falls...
Breeds ville ...
Brighton
Britton
Bronson
Brooklyn
Brown City
1,2»>?
379
298
912
431
236
781
345
1,176
494
603
Buchanan 1,70s
Burlington.... 334
Burr Oak Til
Byron
Cadillac ...
Caledonia..
Calumet 15,000
Camden 376
3,911 Croswell
4.686 Croton
1,170 Crystal Falls.
606
59
3,231
269
374
751
844
1,356
440
132
5. '.-'.17
427
Custer.
Dansville
Davison
Dearborn
Decatur
Deckerville ...
Deerfield
Delrav 4.573
Detroit 285,704
Dexter 900
Douglas 444
Dowaglac 4,151
Dryden
Dundee 1,118
Dnrand 2,134
Eagle... 142
East i ; rand
Rapids 466
East Jordan... 1,205
East Tawas
Eaton Rapids
Eau Claire ...
Edmore
Elk Rapids...
Elkton
Eloise
Elsie
Emmet ... ...
Empire
Escanaba 9,549
Essexville 1,639
Evart 1,360
Farmington... 530
Farwell 535
Fennville 454
Fenton 2,408
File Lake 456
Flint 13,103
900
1,7
2.103
281
642
1.350
471
701)
576
265
6 19
Flushing
Forestville
Fowler
Fowlerville ...
Frankenmuth
Frankfort 1,465
Fraser 252
Fremont 1,331
426
946
1.100
311
329
240
Fruitport .
Gagetown.
Gaines
Galesburg.
Galien
Garden
Gaylord. 1,561
Gladstone
Gladwin.
Glenwood
Gobleville ....
Grand Haven.
Grand Ledge..
Grand Marais.
Grand Rapids. 87,565
Grandville.... 457
Grant 214
Grass Lake 648
Grayling 1.517
Greenville .... 3,381
Grossepoint...
point
Farms
Halfway
Hancock
Hanover
Harbor Beach.
440
466
775
999
505
4,743
2.161
1.000
34::
817
1,050
1,149
Harbor Springs 1,643
84
MTOTTTOAN.
Michigan Continued
Pop. 1900
Harrletta 419
Earrison 647
Harrlsvllle.... 403
Harl 1,184
Hartford 1.077
Hastings _ 3,172
Top- 1900
Marine... 8,829
Marlon 741
Marlette 996
Marquette .... 10,058
Marshall 4,370
Mason I 82
Hermansvllle.
1,500
Mass
750
Hersey
827
Mayville
825
Hesperia
474
Mecosta
416
Highland Park
427
Memphis
Mention
586
Hillinan
253
777
Hillsdale
4,151
Menominee ...
12,818
Holland
7,790
Merrill
459
Holly
1,419
Metamora
313
Homer
1,097
Michigamme..
1,200
Houghton
3,359
Mirldleville ...
829
Howard City..
1,398
Midland
2,363
Howell
2,518
450
1,141
Hubbardston..
Milford
1,108
Hudson..
2.403
Millington ....
638
Iinlav City
1,122
Minden City..
408
Ionia
5,209
Monroe
5,043
Iron Mountain
9,242
Montague
998
Iron River
1,482
Montrose
348
Ironwood
9,705
Morenci
1,334
Ishpeming
13,255
Morley
334
Ithaca
2.1)20
Morrice
476
Jackson
25,180
Mt. Clemens ..
6,576
Jonesville
1,367
Mt. Morris
416
Kalamazoo ...
24,404
Mt. Pleasant..
3,662
Kalkaska
1,304
419
Muir ...
566
Kingsley
Munising
2,014
Kingston
286
Muskegon
20,818
Laingsburg ...
690
Muskegon
Lake Ann
241
Heights
1.012
Lake City
816
Nashville
1,164
Lake Linden..
2,597
Naubinway ...
87
Lake Odessa..
1,037
Negaunee
6,935
Lakeview
935
Newaygo
1,172
L'Anse
620
New Baltimore
922
Lansing
16,485
Newberry
New Buffalo ..
1,015
Lapeer
3,297
629
Laurium
5,643
New Haven...
489
Lawrence
598
Niles
4,287
Lawton
942
North Adams .
422
Leonard
335
North Branch.
654
Le Roy
375
North Muske-
Leslie
1,114
gon...
513
Lexington
619
Northville
1,755
Linden
543
Norway
4,170
Lisbon.
187
Oakley
231
Litchfield
645
Olivet
800
Lowell
Onaway
1.204
Ludington
7,166
Onekama
274
Luther
837
Ontonagon
1.267
Lyons
McBain
656
Opechee
1,700
709
Orion
756
McBride
289
Oscoda
1,109
Mackinaw
665
Otisviile
291
Mackinaw City
564
Otsego
2.1 173
Mancelona
1,226
Otter Lake
212
Manchester ...
1.209
Ovid
1,293
Manistee ...
14,260
Owosso
8,696
Manistique
4.126
Oxford
1,172
Manton
895
Palmer
799
Maple Rapids .
579
Parma
420
Marcellus
1,025
Paw Paw
1,465
_ 4 Pop. 1900
Pentwater .... 1,061
Perrlnton 830
Perry 641
Petersburg ... 46S
Petoskey 5,285
Pewamo 446
Pierson 215
Plnckney .. 500
Plnconnlng ... 729
Plalnwell 1,318
Plymouth 1.474
Pontlac 9,769
Port Austin... 507
PortHope 319
Port Huron... 19,158
Portland. 1,874
Port Sanilac.. 314
Potterville.... 495
Qulncy 1,563
Reading 1,0%
Red Jacket.... 4,668
Reed City 2,051
Reese 416
Republic 1,275
Richland 312
Richmond 1,133
River Rouge.. 1,748
Rochester 1,535
Rockford 711
Rogers 544
Romeo 1,580
Roscommon .. 465
Royal Oak.... 468
Saginaw 42,345
Saline 584
Sand Lake 326
Sanilac Center 578
Saranac 768
Saugatuck 707
Sault Ste.
Marie 10,538
Schoolcraft... 859
Scottville 554
Sebewaing 1,243
Shelby. 1,081
Shepherd 635
Sheridan 437
Sherman 427
Sherwood 366
South. Frank-
fort 639
South Haven.. 4,009
Southlake Lin-
den.. 1,000
South Lvon... 657
Sparta.! 1,126
Spring Lake... 696
Sprin sport 559
St. Charles .... 1,317
St. Clair 2,543
St. Ignace 2,271
St. Johns 3.388
St. Joseph .... 5,155
St. Louis 1,989
Stambaugh 695
Standish 829
Stanton 1,234
MINNESOTA.
35
Mich ioan — Continued.
Pop. 1900
Stephenson... 395
Steveusville .. 250
Stockbrldge... 677
Sturgis 2,465
Sunfield 451
Buttons Bay... 398
TawasCity.... 1,228
Tecumseh 2,400
Tekonsha 573
Thompson
Thompson ville 893
Three Oaks... 994
Three Rivers.. 3,550
Traverse Citv. 9,407
Trenton 1,167
Pop.
Tustin
Ublv
Union City
Unionville
Utlca..
Vandalia
Vassar
Yermontville .
Vernon
Yiekshurg
Wakefield
Warren
Watervliet
Wayland ......
Wayne
1900
303
432
1.514
427
562
407
1.832
684
536
972
1,191
350
619
_ Pop. 19C0
Webberville .. 346
West Bay City 13,119
West Branch.. 1.412
"West end 1.200
Westphalia.... 374
White Cloud.. 595
Whitehall 1,481
White Pigeon, 705
Williamston .. 1,113
Woodland 319
Wyandotte.... 5,183
Yale 1,125
Ypsilanti 7,378
Zeeland 1,326
Zilwaukee.... 1,000
MINNESOTA. Population, 1,751,394.
Pop. 1900
Aitkin 6,743
Anoka 11,313
Becker 14.375
Beltrami 11,030
Benton 9,912
Bigstone 8,731
Blue Earth.... 32.263
Brown 19,787
Carlton 10,017
Carver 17.544
Cass... 7,777
Chippewa 12,499
Chisago 13.248
Clay.... 17,942
Cook 810
Cottonwood . . 12.069
Crow Wing.... 14.250
Dakota. 21,733
Dodge.... 13.340
Douglas 17.964
Faribault 22,055
Fillmore 28,238
Freeborn 21,838
Goodhue 31.137
Grant 8,935
Hennepin 228,340
Houston _ 15,400
Hubbard 6,578
Isanti 11,675
INCORPORATED
Ada 1,253
Adams 573
Adrian 1,258
Afton 350
Aitkin 1,719
Akely 200
Albany 517
Albert Lea 4.500
Alden 636
Alexandria ... 2.681
Alpha 209
Amboy 432
Annandale 481
Anoka 8,769
Appleton 1,184
Argyle 829
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Itasca 4.573
Jackson 14.793
Kanabec 4,614
Kandiyohi .... 18,416
Kittson 7,889
Lac qui Parle. 14,289
Lake 4.654
Lesueur 20,234
Lincoln 8.966
Lyon 14.591
McCleod 19.595
Marshall 15.698
Martin 16.936
Meeker 17,753
Millelacs 8,066
Morrison 22,891
Mower 22,335
Murray n.9il
Nicollet 14.774
Nobles 14.932
X on nan 15.045
Olmstead 23.119
Ottertail 45.375
Pine.... 11.546
Pipestone 9,264
Polk 35.429
Pope 12,577
Ramsey 170.554
Red Lake 12,195
CITIES, YILLAGES,
Arlington 712
Ashby 279
At water 588
Audubon 349
Austin 5.474
Avoca 338
Avon 162
Badger 164
Bagley 248
Balaton 209
Barnesvllle ... 1,326
Barnuin 391
Barrett 237
Battle Lake... 420
Beards] ey 449
Beaver Creek. 186
Pop. 1900
Redwood 17,261
Renville 23.693
Rice. 26.080
Rock 9,668
Roseau 6,994
Scott 15,147
Sherburne 7,281
Sibley. 16.S62
St. Louis 82,932
Stearns 44,464
Steele 16,524
Stevens 8,721
Swift 13.503
Todd 22.214
Traverse 7.573
Wabasha. 18.924
Wadena 7,921
Waseca 14,760
Washington .. 27,808
Watonwan.... 11,496
Wilkin 8,080
Winona 35,686
Wright. 29,157
Yellow Medicine
14,602
W r hite Earth Indian
Reservation. 3,486
BOROUGHS, ETC.
Beaver Falls.. 189
Belgrade 450
Belle Plaine... 1.121
Bellingham... 380
Belview 254
Bemidji 2,183
Benson 1,525
Benton. 52
Bertha 277
Bigelow 250
Big hake 177
Bird Island ... 846
Blwablk 1,299
Blooming Prairie 855
Blue Earth City 2,900
Bovd 335
86
MINNESOTA.
m i s -. B80T \ -Continued.
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Pop. 190(1
Bralnerd
7,524
Dumont
236
Green Isle
Brandon
Dundas
199
Grey]
813
Breckinridge .
Dundee
217
Groi e l
Brewster
234
Eagle Bend ...
547
Hallock
Bricelyn
166
Eagle Lake ...
Halstad
142
Brooten
259
East Grand
Hamburg
Browervllle...
466
Forks
2,077
Hamilton
179
Brownsdale
261
Easton
318
Hammond
Browns Valley
721
Echo
Hampton . .
196
Brownsville ..
453
Eden Valley ..
604
Hancock
415
Brownton
454
Edgerton
15' 1
Hanlev Falls..
Buffalo
1,040
389
749
198
Hanover
Hanska
259
Buffalo Lake.
Elba
200
Butterfield— .
332
Elbow Lake...
625
Hardwick
-.-.v..
Byron
347
Elgin
344
Harmony
517
Caledonia
1,175
;;;
Elizabeth
Elk Liver
186
831
Harris
710
Cambridge.—
Hartland
317
Campbell
239
Ellsworth ....
454
Hastings ...
3,sn
Canby
1,100
Lin lore _.
924
Hawley
Cannou Falls .
1,239
Ely..
3.717
Havfield
139
Canton
312
Elyslan.
459
Hector
654
Carlton
449
Emmons
179
Heidelberg....
114
Carver
583
Erskine
156
Henderson
904
Cass Lake
546
Evansville
483
Hendruin
350
Chanhassen...
175
Eveleth
2,752
Henning
54.-.
Chaska
2,165
Excelsior
717
Herman
550
Chatfield
1 .426
Eyota
424
Heron Lake...
928
Chisago City..
200
Fairfax
642
Hewitt
311
Chokio
309
Fairmont
8,040
Hibbing.
2,481
Clara City
465
Faribault
7,868
High Forest ..
139
Claremont
317
Farmington ..
733
Hinckley
459
233
437
Farris
135
6,072
Hoffman
Hokah
270
Clarkfield
Fergus Falls..
536
Clear Lake
222
Fertile
587
Holding
191
Clearwater
271
Fisher.
410
Holland
255
Cleveland
179
Floodwood ...
224
Hopkins
1,648
Climax
259
Fond du Lac.
300
Houston
542
Clinton
346
Forest Lake ..
241
Howard Lake.
7:;:
Clitherall
167
Foreston
. 263
Hutchinson...
2,495
Cloquet
3,072
Fort Snelling.
250
Iona
Cokato
684
Fosston
864
Iron Junction
118
Cold Spring...
486
Fountain
294
Isanti
250
Cologne
238
Franklin
439
Jackson
1,756
Columbia Heights
Frazee
1,000
Janesville
1 .254
123
Freeport
313
Jasper
559
Comfrey
280
Frontenac
230
Jeffers
216
Cordova
95
Frost
215
Jordan
1.270
Cottonwood ..
549
Fulda...
886
Kasota
764
Courtland
174
Garden Lit v.. .
200
Kasson
1.112
Crookston
5,359
Gaylord
608
Kellogg
228
Crystal
1,0T4
Geneva
218
Kennedy
158
Cyrus
Danvers
197
112
Ghent
119
545
Kensington ...
Ken von
207
Gibbon.
1,202
Dassel...-
568
Glencoe
1.780
Kerkhoven
411
Dawson
962
Glendale
210
Kilkenny
245
Deer Creek ...
275
Glenville
351
Kimball Prairie S
Deer River
251
Glenwood
1,116
Kinbrae
137
De Graff
165
Glyndon
250
La Crescent...
250
Delano
967
Golden Valley
681 1
Lake City
2.744
Delavan
321
Goodhue
241
Lake Benton..
Detroit
2,060
Good Thunder
51 15
Lake Crystal..
1.215
Dexter
278
Graceville
856
Laketield
862
Dodge Center.
942
Granada ......
309
Lake Park
570
Donnelly
164
Grand Marais.
a h i
Lakeville
373
250
285
Grand Meadow
Grand Rapids.
477
1,428
Lambert on
Lanesboro
(524
Dresbach
1,102
Duluth
52,969
Granite Falls .
1,214
La Prairie
88
MINNESOTA.
37
Minnesota — Continued.
Pop. 190D
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
772
New Munich..
136
Shakopee
2,047
Lester Prairie.,
418
New Pavnesville 485
Shelby
200
1,931
Newport
3o7
Sherburne
891
Lesueur Center
478
New Prague ..
1,228
Shevlin
172
Lew is ton
S71
New Richland
750
Silver Lake...
321
385
New Trier
126
Slavton
883
Litchfield
2.280
New Ulm
5.403
Sleepy Eye....
2.046
Little Falls ...
5.7 74
New York Mills
353
Sol way...
South Park....
177
1,385
Nicollet
330
250
Lothrop
38
North Branch.
1.211
South St. Paul
2,322
260
2.223
Northfieid ....
North Mankato
3,210
939
South Still-
water
Luverne
1,422
Lvle
488
North St. Paul
1.110
Sparta ___•
950
Mabel
494
Norwood
500
Springfield
1,511
Mcintosh
569
Odessa
204
Spring Grove.
491
McKinley
262
Olivia
970
Spring A alley.
1.77M
1.272
Ortonville
1.247
St. Charles....
1.304
1,336
Osakls
917
St. Cloud
8.663
Madison Lake
300
Osseo.
346
St. Hilaire
840
Magnolia
176
Ottawa.
246
St. James
2,607
10.51)9
Owatonna
5,561
St. Joseph ....
549
Mantorville...
602
Parkei> Prairie
200
St. Louis Park
1.325
Maple Lake...
470
Park Rapids ..
1.313
St. Martin
170
Mapleton
1,003
Pavnesville ...
373
St. Michaels..
305
Marietta
144
Pelican Rapids
1,033
St. Paul :
L 63 .065
562
Perham
1,182
St. Paul Park.
1.173
Marshall
2,088
Peterson
206
St. Peter.
4.302
Maynard
245
Pierz
358
St. Vincent ...
256
Mazeppa
556
Pine City
993
Staples
1.504
Meire Grove..
165
Pine Island...
832
Starbuck
469
Melrose
1.768
Pipestone
2.536
Stephen..
513
Menabga
413
Plainview
1,038
Stewart
407
282
Plato
232
Stewartville..
830
74
62
196
1,278
Stillwater
Stockton
12.318
Mesaba
Preston
200
Milaca
1.204
Princeton
1.319
Swanville
244
Milan
396
Prior Lake
148
Taopi
115
Millville
149
Proctorknott .
7S4
Taylors Falls.
535
Minneapolis ..202.718
Rainy Lake...
7
Thief River
372
Raymond
2-2
Falls
1,819
Minneota
777
Red Lake Falls
1.--5
Thomson
207
Minnesota City
242
Red Wing
7.525
Tintah
220
Minnesota Lake 518
Redwood Falls
1,661
Torah
416
Minnetonka ..
101
Reeds _
449
Tower
1.366
Montevideo...
Montgomery..
2.146
979
1.075
1,911
Rice
232
Trosky
215
Monticello
818
Richmond
600
Truman
261
Montrose
305
Robbinsdale ..
520
Twin Yallev..
356
Moorhead
3.730
Rochester
6.-43
Two Harbors.
3,278
Moose Lake...
35 1
Rockford
340
Tyler
515
7-5
Rollingstone .
301
Flen
317
Morgan
Morris
204
1.934
Rose Creek ...
21 4
Vermilion
100
Morristown...
589
Rosemount ...
182
Verndale.
672
Morton
Rothsav
296
Vernon Center
311
Motley
Mountain Iron
Round Lake..
Royalton
226
214
4 70
664
Villard
249
Mountain Lake
! 959
Rush City
Rusbford
981
\ irginia
2,962
M unlock
275
1,062
"W abasha
2,528
Nary
94
Ruthton
323
\\ abasBO
178
131
Rutledge
363
Waconia
72S
25''.
Sacred Heart.
5:58
"\\ adena
1.520
274
Sanborn
351
Waite Park...
311
351 1
Sandstone
1.1-9
Walker
500
750
Sauk Center..
2.2-20
v\ alnut, Grove
: 417
New London..
363
Sauk Rapids..
1,391
Waltham
150
New Market ..
137
Sedan
153
\\ arreu
1,276
MISSISSIPPI.
Mi -. nesota— Continued.
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Waseca
3,103
West St. PauL
1,880
\\ atertown ...
490
w balan
134
Watervllle....
1,260
Wheatland
185
W a! kins
".Till
Wheaton
1,132
Watson
KIT
White Bear
Waverly
642
Lake
W ayzata
276
M llder.
174
Welcome
549
Wlllmar
3,40!)
Wells
2,017
wniow River
466
Wesely
West ('uncord.
249
Wlndom
1 ,944
635
Winnebago
West Minne-
City
1,816
apolis
1,648
Winona
10,711
Wlnsted..
Wlnthrop ....
WlntoD
Wood Lake ..
Woodstock ,
Worthlngton
Wykofl
Young Amer-
ica ..
Zuinbro Falls
Pop- 1900
818
810
'.if, i
318
178
Zunibrota 1,119
MISSISSIPPI. Population, 1,551,270.
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
Adams 30,111 Itawamba 13,544 Perry. 14.682
Alcorn 14,987 Jackson 1(5,513 Pike... 27.545
Amite 20.708 Jasper 15,394 Pontotoc 18,274
Attala 26,248 Jefferson 21,292 Prentiss. 15,788
Benton 10,510 Jones .17,846 Quitman 5,435
Bolivar 35,427 Kemper 20,492 Pankin 20,955
Calhoun .16,512 Lafayette 22.110 Scott.. 14,316
Carroll 22,116 Lauderdale... 88,150 Sharkev 12,178
Chickasaw.... 19,892 Lawrence 15.103 Simpson 12.800
Choctaw 13,036 Leake 17,360 Smith 13,055
Claiborne 20,787 Lee 21,956 Sunflower 16,084
Clarke 17,741 Leflore 23,834 Tallahatchie . . 19,600
Clay 19,563 Lincoln .21,552 Tate 20,618
Coahoma 26,293 Lowndes 29.095 Tippah 12,983
Copiah 34.395 Madison .32,493 Tishomingo... 10,124
Covington .... 13,076 Marion... 13,501 Tunica 16.479
De Soto 24,751 Marshall 27,674 Union 16.522
Franklin 13,678 Monroe 31,216 Warren 40,912
Greene 6,795 Montgomery.. 16.536 Washington .. 49,216
Grenada 14,112 Neshoba 12.726 Wayne 12,539
Hancock 11.886 Newton 19,708 Webster.. 13.619
Harrison 21,002 Noxubee 30.846 Wilkinson .... 21.453
Hinds 52,577 Oktibbeha .... 20.183 Winston 14.124
Holmes 36,828 Panola 29,027 Yalobusha .... 19.742
Issaquena 10,400 Pearl Paver.. _ 6,697 Yazoo 43,948
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, ETC.
Abbeville 255 Biloxi 5,467 Charleston.
Aberdeen
Ackerman
Albertson
Amory
Areola
Arkabutla
Artesia.
Ashland
Austin
Baird
Baldwyn
Banner
Batesville
Bay St. Louis.
Beauregard...
Belen
Belleprairie...
Belzoni
Benoit
Benton
Bentonla
3,434 Binnsville
706 Black Hawk..
200 Blue Mountain
1,211 Blue Springs..
375 Bogue Chitto .
265 Bolton
343 Booneville
162 Boyle
142 Brandon
300 Brookhaven ..
560 Brooksville...
114 Buena Vista ..
556 Burnsville
2,872 Byhalia
Caledonia
250 Chester.
127 Chesterville
466 Chulahoma..
198 Clarksdale ..
582 Cleveland...
600 Clinton
1,050 Coahoma
538 Coffeeville..
775 Coldwater ..
2,678 Columbia....
612 Columbus...
225 Como
222 Conehatta ..
760 Corinth 3,861
201 Courtland 282
177 Canton 3.4it4 Crawford 389
200 Carrollton .... 540 Crystal Springs 1,093
263 Carthage 416 Cumberland.. 89
200 Cascilla 166 De Kalb 240
251 Cedar Bluff ... 193 Desoto 858
167 Centerville ... 590 Duck Hill 242
480
132
112
57
1.773
479
354
171
467
557
507
6.484
475
149
MISSISSIPPI.
Mississippi — '
Continued.
Pop. 1900
Pop
.1900
Pop. 1900
Duncan
172
Leland
762
Quitman
Raleigh
498
Durant
1,766
Leota Landing
350
200
East Side
3-21
Lexington
1,516
Randolph
162
170
Liberty ..
392
Raymond
483
Edwards
586
Lodi
29
Red P.anks
79
Ellisville
1,899
Lostown
220
Rienzi
230
Enterprise
739
Louisville
505
Ripley
653
Estabutehie...
400
Love
131
Robinsonviile.
200
Eudora
91
Lula
174
Rodney
448
Eupora
724
Lumberton
1,509
Rollins Fork..
400
Farrell
200
Lyon
McComb
166
Rosedale
622
Favette
604
4,477
Roxie
214
304
McCool
317
Sallis
195
Forest
761
Maben
2S2
Saltillo
209
Fort Adams ..
210
Macon
2,057
Sandersville ..
357
Fostoria
1,422
Madison Station 323
Sardis _
1,002
French Camp.
259
McHenry
3.50
Sarepta
172
Friar Point ...
750
McLaurin
300
Satartia
146
Fulton
171
Magnolia
1,038
Scoby.
Scooba
146
Gainesville ...
227
Martin
151
286
Gallman
189
Mathiston
170
Scranton
2.0-25
Gattman
111
Maversville...
250
Seminary
500
Glenallen
150
Mavhew
139
Senatobia
1,156
Glendora
200
Meadville
250
Shannon
434
Gloster.
1,661
Meridian
14.050
Sharon
173
Goodman
442
Michigan City
70
Shaw
422
Greenville
7,642
Mississippi City
534
Shelby
250
Greenwood ...
3.026
Moorehead
437
Sherman
300
Grenada
2.568
Mosspoint
1,900
Shubuta.
451
Gulfport
1,060
Morton
200
Shuqualak
600
477
Mound Bayou.
Mount Olive ..
287
Sidon
148
Guntown
325
246
Slate Springs..
189
Hamburg.
222
Mt. Pleasant..
139
Smithville ....
150
Handsboro
840
Myrtle
165
Starkville
1,986
Hardy Station.
145
Natchez
12,210
State Line
379
Harperville...
130
Nesbitt.
192
Steencreek
225
Harrison
180
Xettleton
570
Stewart
165
Harriston
285
New Albany ..
1.033
Stonewall
750
Hattiesburg ..
4.175
Xewton
537
Sturgis..
203
Hazlehurst.. .
1,579
Xorfleld
347
Summit
1,499
Heidelberg....
228
North Cairollton 189
Sumner
200
Hermanville..
230
Oakland
209
Sunnyside
250
563
Ocean Springs
Okolona
1,255
101
H<ckorv
626
2,177
Tchula
398
Hickory Flat .
Hollandale
204
Olive Branch .
198
Terry..
481
325
Orvisburg
435
Thornton
46
Holly Springs.
2,815
Osvka _.
784
Tillatoba.
115
Hollywood
291
Oxford
1,825
Toccopola
249
Houlka
104
Pachuta
131
Tocowa
114
Houston
677
Paris
105
Tom Xolen
87
Howard
114
Pascagoula ...
708
Troy
144
203
2,028
Tula
119
Indianola
630
Paulding
229
Tunica
485
Ittabena
416
Pearlington...
850
Tupelo
2.118
Iuka.
882
Pelahatchie...
326
Tutwiler
142
7,816
Pheba
300
Utlca...
540
Jonestown
317
Pickens
504
Yaiden'.
474
Kilmichael....
227
Pittsboro
254
Yam-leave
76
Knoxville
200
Plantersville..
187
Verona
456
Kosciusko
2,078
Pleasant Hill..
230
\ icksburg
14,834
Kossuth
162
Pontotoc^
1,010
Wall Hill
65
Lake
236
Pope
172
Walnut drove
207
Lafayette Springs 124
Poplar Springs
89
Walthall
170
Lamar
70
Poplarvflle
990
"\\ ashington...
240
Lauderdale ...
288
Port Gibson ..
2,113
"\\ aterford
128
Laurel
. 3,193
Potts Camp...
\\ ater Valley .
3,813
Learned
138
Purvis
564
"W av eland
520
40 MISSOURI.
M [88IS8IPP1 Continued.
Pop. 1900 I'. )( ). 1900 Pop 1900
Waynesboro.. 416 WestPoInt.... 8,198 Winona...
Webb 128 w est* ll)e 200 Woodvllle .. 1.013
Weir 91 WestStatlon.. L96 Yazoo city 1,944
Wesson 8,279 Wiggins . 280
MISSOURI. Population, 3.106.665.
COl NTIES.
Pop.1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
Adair. 21,728 Grundy 17,832 Perry 15,184
Andrew 17,332 Harrison 24,398 Pettis
Atchison .16,501 Henrv 28,054 Phelps . .. I4J94
Audrain 21,160 Hickory 9,985 Pike 25,744
Bam. _ 25.532 Holt. 17,083 Platte 16,193
Barton 18,253 Howard 18,337 Polk 23,255
Bates 30,141 Howell... 21.834 Pulaski 10,394
Henton 16,556 Iron 8,716 Putnam 16,688
Bollinger 14.(551) .Jackson 195,198 Ralls 12.287
Boone 28.642 Jasper 84.01K Randolph 21.142
Buchanan 121.838 Jefferson 25,712 Ray
Butler 16.769 Johnson '.. 27,843 Reynolds 8,161
Caldwell. 16,656 Knox 13.47!) Ripley.. 18,18«
Callaway 25.984 Laclede 16.523 St. Charles.... 21.171
Camden 13,113 Lafayette 31.679 St. Clair 17,907
CapeGirardeau 24.315 Lawrence 31.662 Ste. Genevieve 10.359
Carroll 26,455 Lewis 16,724 St. Francois... 24.051
Carter.. 6,706 Lincoln .18,352 St. Louis ..50,040
Cass 23 636 Linn 25,503 St. Louis City 575,238
Cedar. 16,923 Livingston .... 22.302 Saline '
Chariton 2(5.826 McDonald 13.574 Schuyler 10,840
Christian 16.639 Macon _ 33.018 Scotland 13,282
Clark 15,383 Madison. 9,975 Scott 13,092
Clav 18.903 Maries 9,616 Shannon 11.247
Clinton 17.363 Marion 26,331 Shelby ...16,167
Cole 20.578 Mercer 14,71)6 Stoddard 24.669
Cooper 22.532 Miller 15,187 Stone.
Crawford 12.959 Mississippi.... 11.837 Sullivan
Dade 18.125 Moniteau 15.931 Taney 10.127
Dallas 13,903 Monroe 19.716 Texas 22,192
Daviess .21.325 Montgomery.. 16,571 Vernon 31.619
Dekalb.. 14,418 Morgan 12.175 Warren 9.919
Dent 12,986 New Madrid.. 11,280 Washington .. 14.263
Douglas 16.802 Newton. .27.001 Wavne 15,309
Dunklin 21.706 Nodaway 32.9:38 Webster 16,640
Franklin. 30.581 Oregon 13,906 Worth 9,832
Gasconade.... 12.298 Osage ....14.096 Wright 17,519
Gentry... 20.554 Ozark 12,145
Greene . 52,713 Pemiscot 12,115
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, ETC.
Adrian 629 Annapolis 195 Aurora Sp'gs.. 900
Advance. 221 Anniston 155 Auxvasse 337
Agency 380 Appleton City 1,133 Avalon. 444
Alba... 224 Appleton 99 Bancroft 50
Albany 2,025 Arbela 169 Baring 241
Alclrich 189 Arcadia 205 Barnard 362
Alexandria;.. 536 Archie 285 BellCity 100
Allenville 148 Ardmore 385 Belton 1,005
Alma.. 248 Armstrong.... 461 Benton 234
Alpha 45 Arrow Ruck.. 358 Benton City... 116
Altamont 288 Ashburn 312 Bernie. 333
Altenburg 222 Ash Grove.... 1.039 Bertrand 266
Alton 468 Ashland 401 Bethany 2.093
Altona 24 Ashley 360 Bethel 235
Amazonia 407 Atlanta 400 Bevier. 1,808
Amoret 215 Augusta 238 Bigelow 195
Amsterdam... 142 Aurora 6,191 Billings 702
MISSOURI.
41
Missovki — Continued.
Pop. 1900
Birchtree 535
Birmingham.. 217
Bismarck T< »S
l'.lackburn 458
Blackjack..... 303
Blackwater... 283
Blairstown.... 291
Blendsville ... 1,000
Blodgett -21)9
Bloomfield.... 1,475
Blue Ridge.... 123
Blue Springs.. 468
Blythedale.... 315
Bugard 276
Bolckow 378
Bolivar 1.869
Bonneterre ... 3,719
Boonvlle 4.377
Bos worth 401
Bowling Green 1,902
Brashear 401
Bravmer 767
Breekenridge. 1,012
Bremeville ... 78
Bridgeton 178
Bronaugh 190
Brookfleld .... 5,484
Browning J26
Brownington . 407
Brunswick.... 1,403
Bucklin 642
Buckner 234
Buffalo 757
Bunceton 856
Burlington
Junction.. 759
Burnham 72
Butler. 3,158
Cabool 471
Cagle. 700
Cainesville.... 743
Cairo 173
Caledonia! 166
Calhoun 561
California 2,181
Callao 498
Camden 392
Camden Point. 170
Cameron 2,979
Campbell 737
Canton 2,365
CapeGirardeau 4,815
Cardwell 502
Carl Junction. 1,177
Carrollton 3,854
Carterville.... 4.44.")
Carthage 9.416
Caruthersville 2,315
Cassville 702
Cedar City .... 287
Center 300
Centt-rview ... 375
Centralia 1,722
Centropolis... 500
Chamois 726
Charleston.... 1.893
Chilllcothe.... 6,905
Pop.
Chula
Clarence
Clark
Clarksburg ...
Clarksdale .. .
Clarksvllle
Claryvllle
Clayton
Clearmont
Clinton
Clyde
Coffeyburg
Cole Camp
College Mound
Collins
Columbia
Commerce
Concordia
Conway
Corder
Corning .
Cottonwood
Point
Cowgill
Craig ...
Creighton
Crystal City ..
Cuba
Cunningham..
Currvville
Cyrene
Dadeville
Dalton
Danville
Darlington
Dawn
Dearborn
Deepwater
Dekalb.
Des Arc
Desloge
De Soto
Dewitt
Dexter
Diehlstadt ....
Dixon
Doerun
Doniphan
Dover
Downing
Drexel
Dudley ..
Duenweg
Eagleville
EastLynne
Eastori
East Prairie...
Edgerton
Edina
Edinburg
Eldon
Eldorado
Springs
Elmer
Elmo
Elsberry
Elvins
1900
2S2
1,1S4
223
509
334
843
122
76
348
5.061
250
390
648
230
260
5.1151
588
889
272
5:38
240
147
357
1,104
552
160
271
223
174
369
500
567
1,201
362
180
500
5,611
550
1.862
156
500
956
1,508
242
501
453
229
1,523
292
353
227
300
5:54
1,605
133
379
2,137
236
300
816
550
Pop. 1900
Eolia... 158
Essex 16S
Ethel 397
Eversonville.. 51
Everton 630
Excelsior
Springs 1,881
Exeter 438
Fairfax 666
FairHaven.... 88
Fair Play 407
Farber 247
Farmington .. 1,778
Fayette 2,717
Fenton 160
Ferguson 1,015
Festus 1,256
Fillmore 225
Fisk 800
Flat River .... 1,500
Florissant 732
Forrest City .. 632
Forsyth 204
Foster 347
Frankford .... 700
Fredericktown 1,577
Freeman 260
Fulton 4,883
Gainesville 222
Gallatin 780
Gait 582
Garden City... 574
Gayoso 118
Gentry 147
Gibbs 168
Gilliam 347
Gilinan 447
Glasgow 1,672
Glenwood .... 434
Golden 875
Gordonville... 125
Gorin 87
Gower 392
Graham. 384
Granby 2,315
Grandin 579
Graniteville .. 846
Grant City.... 1,406
Greencastle... 390
Green City.... 477
Greenfield.... 1,406
G-reen Ridge.. 389
Green Top.... 284
Greenville 1,051
Greenwood... 230
Guilford 235
GunnCitv 147
Hale 665
Hallsville 157
Hamilton 1,804
Hannibal 12,780
Hardin 669
Harris 336
Harrisonville. 1,844
Hartville 445
I Far wood 240
Hayti 419
42
MISSOURI.
Missouri — Continued.
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Henrietta
385
Lebanon
2,125
Hermann
1,575
Summit.
1 .453
Hlhhard
Lewlston
358
Hlgbee
1,151
Lexington
1,190
Higglnsvllle .
2,791
Liberal...
532
HillsboTO
254
Liberty
2*407
Holcomb
189
Licking
193
Holden
2,126
Lincoln
357
Holiday
585
34
491
Hollywood
Linn Creek ...
340
Bolt
839
Linneus
878
Hopkins
m
Lithium
93
Horncrsville ..
240
Lockspring ...
246
Houston
514
Lock wood
749
Houstonia
307
Longtown
108
Humansyille..
1,055
Louisiana
5,131
Hume
540
LowryCity
467
Humphreys ...
393
Lucerne
292
Hunnewell
473
Ludlow
300
Huntsville
1,805
Lurav
194
Hurdland
322
Lutesvllle
525
Iberia
264
6,974
McFall
Macon
544
Independence.
4,068
Indian Springs
55
Madison
538
I ronton
797
Maitland
805
Jackson
1,658
Maiden
1,462
Jackson
172
Malta Bend....
431
Jacksonville ..
195
Manchester...
301
Jameson
335
Mansfield
494
Jamesport
728
Marble Hill....
295
Jamestown ...
344
Marceline
2.638
Jasper
627
Marionville ...
1,290
Jefferson Barracks
Marquand
331
500
Marshall
5,086
Jefferson City-
9,664
Marshrield
964
Jennings
743
Martinsburg ..
345
Jerico
443
Martinsville ..
108
Johnstown
75
Marvville
4,577
Jonesburg
407
Mavsville
925
Joplin
26.023
Mayview
Meadville
423
Kahoka
1.818
760
Kansas City...
163.752
Melbourne
129
Kearney
621
Memphis
2.195
Kennetc
1,509
Mendon
252
Keytesville ...
Kidder
1,127
Mendota
320
357
Mercer
340
Kimmswick...
212
Merwin
250
King City
905
Metz
159
Kingston
655
Mexico
5,099
Kingsville ....
323
Miami....
581
Kirksville
5,966
Middletown...
375
Klrkwood
2,825
Milan
1.757
Knob Lick
209
Miller
148
Knobnoster ..
673
Minden Mines
335
Knox City
365
Mine Lamotte
800
Kosekonong ..
213
Mineola
128
La Belle
966
Missouri City.
398
Laclede
770
Moberly
8,012
Laddonia
619
Mokane
331
La Grange
1,507
Monet t
3.115
Lamar
2,737
Monroe City ..
1.929
Lamonte
637
Montevallo ...
157
Lancaster
980
Montgomery
La Plata
1,345
City
2,026
Laredo
286
Monticello
287
Lathrop
1,118
Montrose
613
Lawson
635
Montserrat ...
184
Pop. 1900
Mooresville . 300
Morehouse ... 900
Motley
Morrison 276
Moselle 141
Mound ( ity
Moundville
MountainGrove 1.001
Mt.Moriah.... 412
Mt. Vernon.... 1,206
Napoleon 132
Naylor 202
Neck City 374
-ville.... 114
Nelson 468
Neosho 2,725
Nevada 7,461
Newark.. 265
Newburg 481
New Cambria. 352
New Dekalb.. 362
.New Florence 424
New Franklin. 1.158
New Hamburg 110
Newhampton . 261
New Haven... 883
New London.. 881
New Madrid.. 1,489
New Market.. 182
New Melle... 370
NewOffenburg 100
Newtonia 355
Newtown 291
Norborne 1,189
Novelty.. 267
Oak Grove.... 408
Oak Ridge.... 252
Odessa 1.445
O'Fallon 450
Old O i chard.. 400
Oleau 254
Oran l.«7
Oregon.. 1,032
Oronogo 2,073
Orrick. 391
Osborn 386
Osceola 1,037
Otterville...
Ozark.... 830
Pacific 1,213
Palmyra v!.323
Papihsville.... 142
Paris 1,893
Parkville. 931
Parnell 432
Pattonsburg.. 1,065
Paynesville... 351
Perry 624
Perr'wille 1,275
Phelps City... 167
Philadelphia.. 211
Pickering 300
Piedmont 858
Pierce Citv.... 2,151
Pilot Grove... 631
Pilot Knob ... 455
Platte City.... 744
MONTANA.
4::
Missouri — Continued
Pop. 1900
Plattsburg .... 1,878
Pleasant Hill.. 2,002
Pocahontas... 100
Point Pleasant 153
Polo 539
Poplar Bluff.. 4,321
Portage 427
Portage des
Sioux 242
Portageville .. 427
Portland 146
Potosi 638
Prairie Home. 196
Princton 1,575
Prosperity .... 530
Purdin 229
Purdv 434
Puxico.. 413
Queen City.... 770
Quitman 356
Randolph 92
Ravanna 295
Eavenwood... 285
Bavmore 271
Renick 196
Repubic 856
Revere.. 161
Rich Hill 4,053
Richland 736
Richmond 3,478
Ridge way 648
Rineland 153
Roanoke 147
Rocheport .... 593
Rockport 1,080
Rockville 580
Rolla 1,600
Roscoe 181
Rosendale 448
Rush Hill 181
Rushville 412
Russellville... 295
Rutledge 292
St. Catherine.. 112
St. Charles.... 7,982
St. Clair 189
Ste. Genevieve 1,707
St. James 575
St. Joseph 102,979
St. Louis 575,238
St. Marys 576
St. Peters 334
Pop. 1900
Salem 1,481
Salisbury 1,847
Sarcoxie 1,126
savannah 1,8^6
Schell City... . 668
Sedalia. 15,231
Scnath 211
Seneca 1,043
Seymour 527
Sheffield 300
Shelbina 1,733
Shelbwille ... 777
Sheldon 474
Sheridan 347
Sikeston 1.077
Silex 210
Siloam Springs 98
Skidmore 561
Slater 2,502
Sligo 486
Sniithton 420
Smithville .... 427
South Gorin.. 319
South Greenfield 297
Southwest .... 691
Sparta 300
Spencerburg.. 86
Spickardsville 584
Spoonersville . 140
Sprague 156
Springfield.... 23,267
Stan berry 2,654
Steelville 686
Stewartsville . 616
Stockton 555
Stotesbury 154
Stotts City.... 902
Stoutsville.... 196
Sturgeon 708
Sullivan 714
Summersville. 187
Sumner 477
Sweet Springs 1,080
Syracuse 175
Tarkio 1,901
Thaver 1,276
Tiff City 164
Tina 368
Tipton 1,337
Tracy 209
Trenton 5,396
Triplett 342
Pop. 1900
Troy 1,153
Turney 186
Toscumbia.— 225
Union 744
Union Star.... 439
Unionville .... 2.050
Urich. 445
Vandalia 1,168
Versailles 1,240
Virgil City .... 42
Wakenda 329
Walker 479
Walnutgrove . 420
Warrensburg . 4,724
Warrenton 770
Warsaw 743
Washburn .... 169
Washington .. 3,015
Watson 233
Waverly 722
Weatherby... 228
Weaubleau ... 274
Webb City.... 9,201
Webster Groves 1,895
Wellington.... 520
Wellston 1,000
Wellsville .... 1,160
Wentworth ... 238
WentzviPe.... 519
Westboro 303
W r estline 131
Weston 1,019
Westphalia ... 370
West Plains... 2,902
Wheatland.... 300
Wheeling 381
Whitewater... 122
Whiting 244
Williamstown. 221
Williamsville. 215
Willow Springs 1,078
Windsor.. 1,502
Winfield 440
Winigan 134
Winona 495
Winston 457
Wittenburg... 114
Worland 113
Wright City .. 336
Wvaconda 507
Zeitonia 320
MONTANA. Population, 243,329.
Pop. 1900
Beaverhead... 5,615
Broadwater... 2,641
Carbon 7.533
Cascade 25.777
Choteau 10,966
Custer 7,891
Dawson 2.443
Deerlodge 17,393
Fergus 6,937
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Flathead 9.375
Gallatin 9,558
Granite 4,328
Jefferson 5,330
Lewis and
Clarke lit. 171
Madison 7,695
Meagher 2,526
Missoula 13,964
Pop. 1900
Park 7.341
Ravalli.. 7,822
Silveibow 17.685
Sweet Grass.. 3,086
Teton 5,080
Valley.... 4.355
Yellowstone.. 6,212
Crow Indian
Reservation. 2,660
44
NEBRASKA.
Montana — Continued.
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, ET(
Pop. 1S00 _ Pop. 19D0 _ Pop
Anaconda 9,45.3 Fort Benton
Basin 300 Fort Keogh
Belt 1,160 Glasgow . .
Blgtlmber 600 Glendive....
Bluings 8,221 Granite 300 Stevensvllle
Boulder 922 Great Falls.... 14,980 Stockett
Bozemain 3,419 Gunderson
Burlington 344 Hamilton .
1,034 Phlllpsburg.
en Red Lodge
458 Sandcoulee
; :o Sheridan
1,075 Sun River.
1,257 Townsend.
Butte 30,470 Havre 1,033 Twin Bridge ..
Carroll 549 Helena 10,770 Victor
Chinook 310 Kalispel 2,526 Virginia City..
Columbia Falls 620 Lewistown 1,096 Walkerville...
Deerlodge 1,324 Livingston.... 2,778 Whitehall
Dillon 1,530 Marysville .... 1,489 White Sulphur
East Helena.. 750 Miles City 1.938 Springs
Forsyth 308 Missoula 4,366
FortAssinnibolne... Neihart 833
1900
996
2,152
600
581
846
500
316
416
4(H)
136
56S
2,621
446
NEBRASKA. Population, 1,066,300.
Pop. 1900
Adams 18,840
Antelope 11,344
Banner 1,114
Blaine.. 603
Boone 11,689
Boxbutte 5,572
Boyd.... 7,332
Brown 3,470
Buffalo 20.254
Burt.. 13,040
Butler.. 15.703
Cass 21,330
Cedar 12,467
Chase 2,559
Cherry 6,541
Cheyenne 5,570
Clay 15,735
Colfax 11,211
Cuming 14.584
Custer 19,758
Dakota 6,286
Dawes 6,215
Dawson 12.214
Deuel 2,630
Dixon 10,535
Dodge 22,298
Douglas 140,590
Dundy 2,434
Fillmore 15,08?
Franklin 9,455
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Frontier 8.781
Furnas 12,373
Gage 30,051
Garfield 2,127
Gosper 5,301
Grant 763
Greeley 5,691
Hall 17,206
Hamilton 13.330
Harlan 9,870
Hayes 2.708
Hitchcock.... 4,409
Holt 12,224
Hooker 432
Howard 10,343
Jefferson 15,196
Johnson 11,197
Kearney 9,866
Keith 1,951
Keyapaha 3.076
Kimball 758
Knox 14,843
Lancaster 64,835
Lincoln 11,416
Logan 1160
Loup 1.305
McPherson 517
Madison 16,976
Merrick '.(.255
Nance 8,222
Pop. 1900
Nemaha 14,952
Nuckolls 12.414
Otoe 22,288
Pawnee 11,770
Perkins. 1,702
Phelps 10,772
Pierce 8.445
Platte 17.747
Polk 10.542
Ked willow.... 9,604
Richardson... 19,614
Rock 2,809
Saline 18,252
Sarpv. 9,080
Saunders 22.085
Scotts Bluff... 2.552
Seward 15,690
Sheridan 6,033
Sherman 6,550
Sioux.. 2.055
Stanton 6.959
Thayer 14.325
Thomas 628
Thurston 6,517
Valley.. 7.339
Washington .. 13,086
Wavne 9.862
Webster 11.619
Wheeler 1.362
York 18,205
INCORPORATED CITIES. TOWNS, VILLAGES, ETC
Adams 417
Ains worth 605
Albion.. 1,369
Alexandria 332
Allen 236
Alliance 2,535
Alma 923
Alvo 161
Amherst 183
Anselmo 145
Ansley 468
Arapahoe 701
Arcadia ..
Arlington
Ashland..
Ashton
Atkinson.
Atlanta ..
Auburn ..
Aurora ...
Ay oca
Axtell
Ayr
Bancroft.
374
579
1.477
251
595
150
2,664
1 ,921
2 5
32: i
141
733
Barada
Barneston
Bartley.
Bassett
Battle Creek..
Bayard
Bazile Mills...
Beatrice
Bearer
BeaverCrossing
Bee
Beemer
147
250
307
270
506
250
155
7,875
911
359
175
455
NEBRASKA.
4r,
Nebraska — Cunt inu
Pop. 1900
Beklen 197
Belgrade 200
Bell wood 410
Belvidere 458
Benedict '2 , .>-2
Benkelman.... 296
Bennett 495
Bennington... 229
Benson 510
Berlin 150
Bertrand 344
Bethany. 330
Bladen 270
Blair 2,970
Bloomtield .... 678
Bloouiington.. 488
Blue Hill. 823
Blue Springs.. 786
Boelus 300
Bradshaw 365
Brainard 384
Brock.... 543
Broken Bow.. 1,375
Brownville.... 718
Bruning 255
Bruno 191
Burchard 297
Burr 150
Burwell 460
Butte 350
Cairo 224
Calhoun. 340
Callaway 406
Cambridge.... 840
Campbell 368
Carleton 309
Carroll 252
Cedar Bluffs .. 371
Cedar Rapids . 559
Central City .. 1.571
Ceresco 226
Chadron 1,665
Chapman 209
Chappell 177
Chester 439
Clarks 554
Clarkson 344
Clay Center... 590
Clearwater.... 198
Cody 150
Coleridge 471
College View. 865
Colon 193
Columbus 3,522
Concord 175
Cook 278
Cordova 149
Cortland 390
Cozad 7:19
Crab Orchard. 258
Craig 462
Crawford 731
Creighton 909
Creston 337
Crete 2,199
Culbertson 422
Curtis 435
ed.
Pop. 1900
Dakota City .. 521
Danburv ...... 219
Dannebrog 301
Davenport 446
David City.... 1,845
Dawson 322
Davkin 189
Decatur 800
Deshler 258
Dewitt 662
Diller. 399
Dixon 157
•Dodge 554
Doniphan 473
Dorchester.... 521
Douglas 253
Dubois 307
Dunbar 2l>8
Dundee.. 400
Dwight 160
Eagle 297
Kd'dvville 101
Edgar 1,040
Elba 257
Elgin.. 451
Elk Creek 347
Elkhorn 299
Elm Creek .... 301
Elmwood 544
El wood 377
Emerson 617
Endicott 234
Eustis 232
Ewing 275
Exeter 673
Fairbury 3,140
Fairfield 1,203
Fairmont 784
Falls City 3,022
Farnam 218
Farwell 130
Filley 248
Firth 307
Florence 688
Fort Crook.... 646
Fort Niobrara 200
Franklin 756
Fremont 7.241
Friend 1,200
Fullerton 1.464
Gandy 260
Garrison 217
Geneva 1,534
Genoa 913
Gering 433
Germantown . 194
Gibbon 660
Giltner 285
Glenville 246
Gordon 542
Gothenburg... 819
Grafton 287
Grand Island 7,554
Grant 162
Greeley Center 552
Greenwood ... 516
Gresham 297
Pop. 1900
Gretna 466
Gross 325
Guide Bock... 416
Haigler 250
Dallam 160
Hampton 317
Harbine 2'H>
Hardy 345
Harrisburg 200
Harrison 168
Hartington ... 971
Harvard 849
Hastings 7,188
Havelock 1,480
Hayes Center. 250
Hay Springs .. 345
Hebron 1,511
Hemingford .. 133
Henderson 208
Herman 321
Hickman 382
Hildreth 249
Hulbrook 150
Holdrege 3,007
Holmesville... 272
Holstein.. 267
Homer 341
Hooper 840
Hoskins. 175
Howard City.. 183
Howe 173
Howell 515
Hubbard 90
Hubbell 375
Humboldt 1,218
Humphrey.... 869
Huntington... 282
Hyannis 250
Imperial 258
Indianola 626
Ithaca. 255
Jackson 339
Jansen 271
Juhnsun 352
Julian 206
Juniata.. 543
Kearney 5.634
Kenesaw 5i>4
Kennard 275
Kimball 254
Laurel 514
Lawrence 406
Lebanon 243
Leigh 439
Lexington 1,343
Liberty 450
Lincoln 40.169
Lindsay 316
Llnwood 317
Litchfield 240
Lodgepole .:.: 200
Long Pine 186
Loomie 210
Lorton 150
Louisville 788
Loup 826
Lushton 150
46
NEBRASKA.
Nebraska — Continued.
Top. 1900
Lynch 381
Lyons 847
McCook 2,445
McCool Junc-
tion 276
Madison 1,479
Madrid
35
Malmo
259
Marquette
210
Martinsbnrg ..
154
Mason City ...
211
Mavwood
200
Mead
330
Meadow Grove
237
Merna
141
Milford
542
Millard
323
Miller
194
Milligan
283
Minden
1,238
Monroe
214
Morse Bluffs..
177
Murdock
221
Murray
150
Naper
94
Nebraska City
7,380
Nehawka
300
Nellgh
1,135
Nelson
978
Nemaha
400
Newcastle
331
NewmanGrove
696
Newport
208
Niobrara
459
Norfolk.
3,883
North Bend...
1,010
North Loup...
420
North Platte..
3.640
Oak
165
Oakdale
585
Oakland
1,008
Odell
359
Ogalalla
355
Ohiowa
319
Omaha 102,555
O'Neill
1,107
Ong
185
Ord
1,372
Orleans
656
Osceola
882
Osmond
501
Overton
255
Oxford
787
Palisade
176
Palmer
225
Palmyra
301
Panama.
171
Papillion
594
Pawnee
1,969
Paxton
160
Pender
943
Pop 1900
Petri 848
Petersburg... 478
Phillips 186
Pierce 770
Pilger 250
Plainview 603
Platte Center. 392
Plattsmouth.. 4,964
Pleasanton 103
Plymouth 195
Ponca 1,043
Prague 324
Preston 149
Prosser 160
Pagan 208
Randolph 850
Ravenna 808
Raymond 200
Red Cloud.... 1,554
Republican ... 386
Reynolds 260
Richland 160
Rising City ... 499
Riverton 327
Roca 177
Roekville 158
Rogers 124
Roseland 227
Rulo 877
Rushvllle 483
Salem 533
Sargent 250
Schuyler 2,157
Scotia 267
Scribner 827
Seward. 1,970
Shelby 425
Shelton 861
Shickley 372
Shubert 303
Sidney 1,001
Silver Creek.. 291
Sioux 150
Snyder 229
South Auburn 400
Southbend 141
South Omaha 26,001
South Sioux City 889
Spalding 148
Spencer 135
Springfield.... 400
Snringview ... 188
St. Edwards... 625
St. Helena .... 151
St. Paul 1.475
Stamford 150
Stanton 1,052
Staplehurst... 211
Steelburg 313
Steel City 313
Steinauer 213
Pop. 1900
Stella r.is
Sterling 782
Stockham .... [69
Stockyille .... 269
Strang 234
Stratton 225
Stromsburg... 1,154
Stuart 382
Sumner 210
Superior 1,577
Surprise 210
Sutton 1,365
Swanton 266
Syracuse 861
Table Rock... 852
Talmage 489
Tamora ; 139
Taylor 150
Tecumseh 2.005
Tekamah 1,597
Thedford 150
Tilden 533
Tobias 672
Trenton 329
Ulysses 563
Unadilla 243
Union 282
University
Place 1,130
Upland 281
Utica 487
Valentine 811
Valley 534
Valparaiso 614
Yerdigre 200
Yerdon 340
Waco 310
Wahoo 2,100
Wakefield 755
Wallace 130
Waterloo 345
Wauneta 181
Wausa 441
Waverly 266
Wayne' 2.119
Weepine Water 1.156
Western 412
West Lincoln . 220
Weston 426
West Point... 1,890
Wilber 1,054
Wilcox 266
Wilsonville... 296
Winside 400
Wisner 963
Woodlake 152
W T ood River.. 589
Wvmore 2,636
York 5,182
Yutan 263
NEVADA— NEW HAMP.-NEW JER. 47
NEVADA. Population, 42,335.
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
830 Humboldt 4,4(53 Ormsby 2,893
.... 1,534 Lauder 1.534 Storey 3,673
" Lincoln 3,284 Washoe 9,141
Churchill
Douglas..
Elko
Esmeraldi
Eureka 1,954 Nye
1,972 Lyon
2.268 White Pine.
1,140
1,961
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, ETC.
Austin
Battle Moun-
tain
Belmont
Carlin
Carson City..
Cherrycreek .
Dayton
Delamar
Elko
170
152
100
2,100
139
451
500
630
Ely
Eureka
Gardnerville
Genoa
Golconda
Hawthorne .
Lovelocks ...
Moapa
Paradise Valley 447
Pioche 125
203
500
260
200
423
412
1,010
25
Reno 4,5
Tusearora.
Verdi
Virginia City.
Wadsworth...
Wells
Winnemucca .
Yerington
450
156
2,695
1,000
254
900
182
NEW HAMPSHIRE. Population, 411,588.
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Belknap 19.526 Grafton 40,844 Rockingham.. 51,118
Carroll 16,895 "
Cheshire 31,321
Coos.
29,4118
Hillsboro 112,640 Strafford 39.337
Merrimack.... 52,430 Sullivan 18,009
INCORPORATED CITIES.
Berlin 8,886 Keene 9,165 Portsmouth... 10,637
Concord 19,632 Laconia 8,042 Rochester 8,466
Dover ...13.207 Manchester ... 56,987 Somersworth . 7,023
Franklin 5,846 Nashua ...23,898
NEW JERSEY. Population, 1,883,669.
COUNTIES.
Pop 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop 1900
Atlantic 46,402 Gloucester.... 31,905 Ocean 19.747
Bergen 78.441 Hudson 386,048 Passaic. 155,202
58,241 Hunterdon.... 34.507 Salem 25,530
95.365 Somerset 32.948
79,762 Sussex 24,131
Burlington
Camden 107,643 Mercer ...
« ape May 13,201 Middlesex
Cumberland .. 51,193 Monmouth.... 82,057 Union
Essex.
,053 Morris.
,156 Warren.
99,353
37,781
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, ETC.
Absecon
530
Bayonne
32,722
Branch ville... 526
Allendale
694
Beach Haven .
239
Bridgeton 13,913
Allenhurst
165
Belleville
3,000
Brigantine 99
Allentown
695
Belmar
902
Brooklyn 75
An jrlesea
161
Belvidere
1,784
Burlington.... 7,392
Arlington
4,784
Bergen fields ..
729
Caldwell 1.867
Asburv Park ..
4,148
Beverly
1,950
Camden 75,985
Atlantic City..
27,838
Bloomfield....
9,668
Cape May 2,257
Atlantic High-
Bogota
■.'r,:
Cape May Point 158
lands
1,383
Boonton
8,901
Carlstadt 2,574
Avalon
93
Bordentown ..
4,110
Carteret 1,100
Barnegat
1,019
Boundbrook . .
2,622
Cedarville 1,057
Bay head
247
Bradley Beach
982
Chatham 1,361
48
NEW JERSEY.
NBW J HUSKY -
Continued.
Pop. 1900
Po
>. 19P0
Clicsilliurst ...
288
Lambertvllle .
4,687
Chester
713
Lav( lei te ... .
21
Claj ton
Cliflside Park
1,951
Leonla
804
968
I luden
41 12
i P.O.* Liffside)
Llnwood
495
Clinton.
816
Little Kerry ...
1,240
Collingswood.
1,688
486
LodJ
1,917
Creasklll
Long Branch. .
8,8?2
Deal
70
Longport
80
Deckerton
1,806
Madison
3.7.", 1
Delford .
746
Manasquan ...
1,500
Dover
5.938
Matawan
1,511
Dumont
(143
Maurice River
100
Dunellen
1,239
Mays Landing.
1 .359
East Millstone
447
May wood
536
East Newark..
2,5()0
Medford
1,100
East Orange ..
2 1,51 Mi
Merchantville.
1,608
East Rutherford 2,640
Metuehen
1,786
Egg Harbor...
1,808
Midland Park.
1,348
Elizabeth
52,130
Millburn
2,100
Elmer
1.140
Millstone
200
Englewood .. .
6,253
Milltown
561
Englewood Cliffs 218
Millville
10,583
Englishtown..
410
Montclair
13,962
Fairvlew
1,003
Montvale
416
Fan wood
399
Moorestown ..
3,000
Fieldsboro
459
Morristown ...
11,267
Flemington...
2,145
Mountainside.
367
Florence
1,282
Mt. Arlington.
275
Florhain Park.
752
Mount Holly..
4.500
(P.O.Afton)
Neptune City .
1,009
Fort Lee
1,617
Netcong.
941
Franklin Furnace 913
Newark
246.070
Freehold
2,934
NewBrunswick20.006
Frenchtown ..
1,020
New Durham .
1,500
Garfield
3,504
New Egypt
900
Glassboro
2,000
Newport
1,017
Glen Ridge....
1,960
New Providence 565
Glen Rock
613
Newton
4,376
Gloucester City 6,840
North Arlington 290
Guttenberg ...
Hackensack ..
3,825
North Caldwell 297
. 9,443
North Plainfield 5,009
Hackettstown
2,474
North Spring
Haddonfield...
2,776
Lake
361
Hamnionton ..
3,481
Nutley
3,000
Harrison
10,596
Ocean City....
1.307
Harvey Cedars
39
Ocean Grove..
2,754
Hasbrouck
OldTappan...
269
Heights
1,255
Orange
24,141
Hawthorne ...
2,096
Oxford
2,040
Hainietta
447
Palisades Park
644
Hibernia
1,400
Palmyra
1,000
High Bridge ..
1,377
Park Ridge
870
Highlands
1,228
Passaic
27,777
Hightstown...
1,749
Paterson
105,171
Hoboken
59.3(14
Paulsboro
1,717
Holly Beach ..
569
Pemberton
771
Hopewell
980
Penngn vi'
1,826
Irvington
5.255
Pennington ...
733
Island Heights
316
Perth amboy.
17,699
Jamesburg
1 063
Phillipsburg ..
10,052
Jersey City ...
206.433
Plainfield
15.369
Junction
91 IS
Pleasant ville..
2,182
Kearney
10.896
Point Pleasanl
Keyport
Lakeview
3.413
Beach
746
1,572
Pompton Lakes 847
Lakewood
2,800
J ort Morris...
997
Pop. 1900
Port Oram .... 2,069
Princeton...
Rahway 7,935
Rarltau 3,244
Red Bank . .. 5,428
Ridgeneld.. ,
Ridgewood ... 2,685
Riverside 561
Riverton 1,832
Rockaway .... 1,488
Rocky Hill.... 854
Roselle 1,652
Rutherford ... -4.111
Saddle River.. 415
Salem 5.sn
Seabright 1,198
Sen Isle City.. 310
Seaside Park.. 73
Secaucus 1,036
Soniers Point . 308
Somerville.... 4,843
South Amboy. 6,349
South Atlantic
City 69
South Round-
brook 883
South Cape May 14.
South Orange. 4,608
South River... 2,792
Springfield.... 959
Spring Lake... 526
Stockton 590
Summit 5,302
Surf City 9
Swedesboro... 1.183
Tenafly 1,746
Toms River... 1,800
Totowa 562
Trenton 73.307
Tucker ton .... 1.500
Undercliff 1,006
(P.O.Edgewaten
Union _ 15.187
(P.O.Weehawkenj
Upper Saddle
River .326
Vailsburg 2,739
Verona 1.260
Vine I and 4.370
Wailington ... 1,8 12
Washington... 8,580
Wenonah 498
West Cape Mav 696
Westfield .* 3,500
West Hoboken 23,094
West New York 5.267
(P.O. Taurus)
West Orange.. 6,889
West wood .... 828
Wildwood 150
vVilliamstown. 1.549
Woodbine l.'.oi
Woodbridge .. 2,000
Woodbury .... 4,087
Woodeliff 329
Woodridge ... 582
Woodstown... 1,371
NEW MEXICO- NEW YORK.
40
NEW MEXICO. Population, 195,310.
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
Bernalillo 28.630 Lincoln 4.1)53 Sierra 3,158
Chaves 4.773 Mora 10,304 Socorro 12.195
Colfax KM50 Otero 4,791 Taos 10,889
Donna Ana.... 10,187 Rio Arriba.... 13.777 Union 4,528
Eddy... 3.229 San Juan 4,828 Valencia 13,895
Grant 12,883 San Miguel.... 22.053
Guadalupe.... 5.429 Santa Fe 14,658
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS. ETC.
500 Pinos Altos...
,946 Ranches Taos.
,120 Raton
550 Roswell
521 San Marcial...
550 Santa Fe
,200 Silver City ....
552 Socorro
Alamogordo ..
Albuquerque .
Anton Chico..
Bernalillo
Bland
Carlsbad
Cerrillos
Clayton
Deming
Eddy
Fannington ..
Fort Bayard ..
1.050
6.23S
790
450
400
963
491
330
1,136
963
300
509
Fort Wingate.
Gallup 2
Gardiner 1
Gibson
Hillsboro
Isleta
Lascruces 1
Las Vegas 3
Lincoln 1
Lordsburg
"Mora 1
OldAlbuquerque
,000 Springer...
350 Taos
250 Whiteoaks .
650
977
397
3.540
2,049
973
6,603
2.735
1,512
350
1,225
710
NEW YORK. Population, 7,268,894.
Pop 1900
Albany 165.571
Allegany 41.501
Broome 69,149
Cattaraugus .. 65.643
Cayuga 66,234
Chautauqua... 88.314
Cliemung 54,063
Chenango 36,568
Clinton. 47^30
Columbia 43.211
Cortland 27,576
Delaware 46,413
Dutchess 81,670
Krie .4^3.686
Essex 30,707
Franklin 42.853
Fulton 42.842
Genesee 34.561
Greene 31.478
Hamilton 4,947
Herkimer 51,049
INCORPOR
Adams 1.292
Addison 2,080
Afton 722
Akron L585
Albany 94,151
Albion 4,477
Alden 607
Alexander ... 230
Alexandria Bav 1.511
Alfred 756
Allegany 2,060
Altamont 689
Altmar 416
Amltyville.... 2,03S
Amsterdam... 20,929
COUNTIES.
Pop. 190C
Jefferson 76.748
Kings 1,166.582
Lewis 27,427
Livingston 37,059
Madison 40,545
Monroe 217,854
Montgomery.. 47,488
Nassau 55,448
New York... 2,050.600
Niagara 74,961
Oneida 132,800
Onondaga 168,735
Ontario 49,605
Orange 103,859
Orleans 30,164
Oswego 70,881
Otsego 48,939
Putnam 13,787
Queens 152,999
Rensselaer.... 121,697
Richmond .... 67,021
Pop 1900
Rockland 38,298
Saratoga 61,089
Schenectady.. 46,852
Schoharie 26,854
Schuyler 15,811
Seneca 28.114
St Lawrence L 89,083
Steuben 82,822
Suffolk 77,582
Sullivan 32,306
Tioga... 27.951
Tompkins 33,830
Ulster 83,422
Warren 29.943
Washington... 45,624
Wavne 48,660
Westchester.. 184,257
Wyoming 30,413
Yates 20,318
VTED CITIES,
Andes
Andover
Angelica
Angola
Antwerp
Arcade
Ardsley
Argyle
Athens
Attica
Auburn
Ausable Forks
Avoca
Avon
Babylon
VILLAGES, ETC.
365 Bainbridge
954 Baldwin
978 Baldwinsville.
712 Balston Spa...
939 Rata via
887 Bath
4ii 1 Bath-on-Hudson
264 (P. O. Albanj
2.171 Bavshore
1.7S5 Belleville
80,845 Belmont
1,200 Bergen
1,006 Binghamton ..
1,601 Black River...
2,157 Blasdell
1,092
1.021
2.992
3.923
9. IS)
4.994
2,504
2.842
884
1,190
624
9,347
949
415
50
NEW YORK.
Nkw York — Continued.
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Bolivar
1,208
Croton-on-
Glennam
600
Boonvllh
1,745
Hudson
1,533
Glen Park
494
Brewster
1,192
Crownpoint . . .
978
Glens Kails ...
12,613
BrldgehamptOE
i 1,394
< aba
1,502
Gloversvllle ..
18349
Bridge water..
269
Dansville
1 1
Brighton
888
Delhi
(.ouvcrneur...
8,699
Brocton
900
Dcpew
:i.:;t:i
Gowanda
2,143
Bronxville
579
Deposit
2,051
Granville
Brooklield
485
De Iiuvter
628
Grassy Point..
Greatbend
1,008
Brownvllle
767
Dexter
'.u:.
"Id
Buffalo 352,387
Dobbs Ferry ..
Greene
1.236
Burdett
409
Dolgevllle
j 915
Green rsiand .
4.770
Caledonia
1,073
Dresden
(P. o.Troy)
Cambridge
1,578
Dry den
699
Greenport
2,366
Camden
2,370
Dundee
1,291
Greenwich
l ,869
Cainillus
567
Dunkirk
11,616
Groton
1344
Canajotiarie...
2,101
Earlville
711
Hagaman
646
Canandalgua..
6,151
East Aurora ..
2,366
Hamburg
1,683
Canaseraga ...
685
EastBloomfield 890
Hamilton
Canastota
3,030
East Randolph
644
Hammondsport 1,169
Candor
1,123
East Rockaway 739
Hancock
1,283
Canisteo
2,077
East Syracuse
2.509
Hannibal
410
Canton
2,757
Eastwood
341
Harrisville
639
Cape Vincent.
1,310
Edwards
373
lla^tings-upon-
Carthage
2,895
Elba
395
Hudson
2,002
Castile
1,088
Elbridge
549
Haverstraw...
5,985
Castleton
1,214
Elizabethtown
491
Hempstead ...
3,582
Cato
350
Ellenville
2,879
Henderson
374
Catsklll
5,484
Ellicottville ..
886
Herkimer
5.555
Cattaraugus ..
1,382
Ellisburg
292
Hennon
503
Cayuga
390
Elmira
35.672
Hicksville ....
1,632
Cazenovia
1,819
Elmira Heights 1,763
Highland
1.570
Celoron
506
(P. O. Elmira)
Highland Falls
2,237
Central Square
364
Esperance
290
Hillburn
824
Champlain
1,311
Fabius
387
Hilton
486
Charlotte
1,400
Fairhaven
610
Hobart
C 550
Chateaugay...
973
Fairport
2,489
Hulland Patent
352
Chatham
2.018
Falconer
1,136
Holley
1,380
Chaumont
738
Farmingdale..
900
Homer
2.381
Cherry Creek.
701
Farnham
262
Honeove Falls
1.175
Cherry Valley
772
Favetteville..
1.304
Hoosick Falls.
5,671
Chester
1,250
Fishkill
589
Hornellsville .
11,918
Chittenango..
787
Fishkill Landing
Hoiseheads...
1.901
Churchville...
505
8.673
Hudson
Clayton
1,913
Fonda
1.145
Hunter
431
Clayville
568
Forestvllle
623
Huntington...
3.028
Cleveland
689
Forks
1,000
Ilion
5.138
Clifton Springs
1,617
Fort Ann
431
Inwood
2,000
Clinton
1,340
Fort Covington
. 822
Trvington
2.231
Clintonville...
244
Fort Edward .
3.521
Islip
1,735
Clvde
2.507
2.327
Fort Plain
Frankfort
2.444
2,664
Ithaca...
Jamestown ...
13,186
Cobleskill
. .
Coevmans
963
Franklin
473
Johnstown
10,130
Cohocton
879
Franklinville.
1,360
Jordan
1,118
Cohoes
23,910
Fredonia
4.127
Keeseville ....
2,110
Cold Spring...
2.067
Freeport
2,612
Kenmore
318
Constableville
450
Freeville
440
kinderhook...
913
Cooperstown .
2,368
Friendship
1.214
Kingston
24,535
Copenhagen ..
587
Fulton
5,281
Lacona
388
Corfu
401
Fultonville ...
97?
Lake wood
574
Corinth
2.039
Gal way
177
Lancaster
3,750
Corning
11,061
Garnervllle ...
1,000
Lansingburg..
12,595
Cornwall
1,966
Geneseo
2.400
(P. O. Troy)
Cornwall-on-the-
Geneva
10,433
Larcbmont ...
945
Hudson
1,000
Gilbertsville..
476
La Salle
661
Cortland
9,014
Glasco
1,100
Laurens
233
Coxsackie
2,735
Glencove
3,750
Lawrence
558
NEW YORK!. 51
New York — Continued.
Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
Leroy 3.144 Newfield 378 Port Chester.. 7.440
Lestershire ... 3,111 New Hartford 1,0U7 Port Dickinson 379
Lewiston 697 New London.. 177 Port Ewen 1,211
Liberty 1.760 Newpaltz 1,022 PortHenry... 1,751
Lima 949 Newport 610 Port Jefferson 2,026
Limestone 732 New Uochelle. 14,720 Port Jervis ... 9,385
Lindenhurst .. 1,265 New York ..3,437,202 Port Leyden.. 746
Lisle 392 Manhattan 1, S5( 1,093 Portville 748
Little Fails... 10.381 Bronx 2W.507 Port Washington
Little Valley.. 1.085 Brooklyn ..1,166,582 1,044
Liverpool ... 1,133 Richmond... 67.021 Potsdam 3,843
Livonia Station 865 Queens 152,999 Poughkeepsie. 24,029
(P.O.Livonia") New York Mills 2.552 Prattsburg.... 713
Lockport ..16.581 Niagara Falls. 19,457 Prospect 333
Lowville 2.352 North Olean.. 1,549 Pulaski 1,493
Lyons . 4,300 (P.O. Olean) Randolph 1,209
Lyons Falls... 470 North Pel ham 684 Red Creek.... 480
McGrawville.. 750 (P.O. Pelham) Red Hook 857
(P. O. McGraw) Northport... . 1,794 Remsen 389
Ma edon 592 North Tarrytown Rensselaer .... 7,466
Madison 321 4,241 (P.O.Albany)
Malone .. 5,935 North Tonawanda Rhinebeck .... 1.494
Mamaroneck.. 4,722 9,069 Richburg 34?
Manchester 711 Northville .... 1.046 Richfield Sp'gs 1,53?
Manlius 1,219 Norwich 5,766 Richmondville 651
Mannsville.... 352 Norwood 1,714 Richville 331
Marathon 1,092 Nunda 1,018 Kiverhead .... 2,017
Marcellus 589 Nyack 4.275 Rochester 162,608
Margaretville. 640 Oakfield 714 Rockton 1,052
Massena 2.032 Ogdensburg... 12,633 Rockville Center
Matteawan .. 5,807 Olean 9,462 1,884
Mayfield . 589 Oneida 6,364 Rome 15,313
Mayville . 943 Oneida Castle. 291 Rosendale 1.840
Mechanicsville 4.695 Oneonta 7,14? Roslyn 1,251
Medina 4,716 Oriskany 1,010 Rossler 1,005
Meridian 335 Oriskany Falls 811 Rouse Point.. 1,675
Mexico 1.249 Oswego 22.199 Roxbury 418
Middleburg . 1,135 Oswego Falls. 2,925 Rushville 416
Middleport.... 1,431 Otego 658 Rye... 1,051
Middletown . 14.522 Ovid 624 Sacketts Harbor 1,266
Middleville ... 667 Owego 5,039 Sag Harbor... 1,969
Milford 532 Oxford 1,931 Salamanca.... 4.251
Millbrook 1,027 Oyster Bay 1,750 Salem.. 1,391
Millerton 802 Painted Post.. 775 Sandy Creek.. 692
Mineville 1,844 Palatine Bridge 360 Sandy Hill ... 4,473
Mohawk 2,028 Palmyra 1,937 Saranac Lake. 2,594
Monroe 796 Panama 359 Saratoga Sp'gs 12,409
Montgomery 973 Parish 548 Saugerties 3,697
Monticello .... 1,160 Patchogue .... 2,926 Savannah 573
Montour Falls 1,193 Pawling 781 Savona 611
Mooers 527 PeelSkill 10,358 Sayville 1,954
Moravia 1,442 Pelham 303 Schaghtieoke. 1,061
Moriah 1,400 Penn Yan 4,650 Schenectady .. 31,682
Morris 553 Perry 2,763 Schenevus .... 613
Morristown... 466 Phelps 1,306 Schoharie .... l.otxj
Morrisville.... 624 Philadelphia.. 873 Schuylerville. 1,601
Mt. Kisco .... 1,346 Philmont 1,964 Sea Cliff 1,558
Mt. Morris.... 2.410 Phoenix 1,5:52 Seneca Falls. 6,519
Mt. Vernon... 21,228 Piermont 1,153 Sharon Springs 567
Naples 1,048 Pike 458 Sherburne.... 899
Nassau 418 Pine Hill 425 Sherman 760
Nelliston 634 Pine Plains... 550 Shortsville.... 922
Nelsonville ... 624 Pittsford 1,000 Sidney 2,331
Newark 4,578 Plattsburg .... 8,4.54 Sidney Creek . 1,944
Newark Valley 818 Pleasantville.. 1,204 Silver Springs. 667
New Berlin... 1.156 Poland 370 Sinclairville .. 557
Newburg 24,943 PortByron... 1,013 SingSing 7,939
52 NORTH CAROLINA.
New York — Continued.
Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. '90
Skaneateles... 1,495 Trumansburg. 1.225 Watervliet... ll.::.l
Sloan 878 Tullv 574 (P. O. West Trovi
Smyrna 300 TupperLake.. 2,(mn» Watklns 2,949
Sodas. 1,028 Turin.. 86S Waverly I I 5
Solvay .. 3.493 Unadilla 1,172 Wayland 1,307
(P.O.Syracuse) Union 982 Weedsport .... l."25
Southampton. 2,289 Union Springs 994 Wellsburg ....
SouthGlensKalls2,025 Unionville .... 454 Wellsville..
South Nyack.. 1,601 UpperNyack. 516 West Carthage 1,185
(P.O. Nyack) (P.O. Nyack) (P. O. Carthag
Southold 1,292 Utica 56,383 Westneld
Spencer 707 Valatie 1,300 W. Haverstraw 2,079
Spencerport .. 715 VanEtten.... 474 Westpolnl 1.2 o
Spring Valley. 1,028 Vernon 380 West Salamanca 483
Springvllle ... 1,992 Verplanck .... 1,515 West Wlnfield 771
St. Johnsville. 1,873 Victor 649 Whitehall . 4,377
St Regis Falls 879 Victory Mills . 795 White Plains.. 7.899
Stamford 901 Voorheesville. 554 Whitesborc ... ' .'.'.".-■
Stillwater 1,007 Walden 3.147 Whitney Point B07
Suffern 1,619 Walton 2,811 Williams Bridge 1.685
Syracuse 108,374 Wappingers Falls Williamson ... 563
Tannersville.. 593 3,504 Willianisville . 905
Tarrytown ... 4,770 Warrenshurg . 2,000 Wilson... 612
Theresa . 917 Warsaw 3,048 Windsor 739
Threemlie Bay 430 Warwick 1.735 Wolcott 1.279
Ticonderoga • 1,911 Washingtonville 667 Woodhull.. . 343
Tlvoli ... 1,153 Waterford 3,146 Worcester .... 1.020
Tonawanda... 7,421 Waterloo 4.256 Wurtsboro .... 450
Trenton 298 Watertown ... 21,696 Yonkers 47.931
Troy 60,651 Waterville .... 1,571 Youngstown.. 517
NORTH CAROLINA. Population, 1,893,810.
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
Alamance .... 25.665 Franklin 25,116 Pasquotank... 13,660
Alexander ...10,960 Gaston 27,903 Pender 13.381
Alleghany ... 7,759 Gates.. 10.413 Perquimans .. 10,061
Anson ..... 21,870 Graham 4,343 Person. 16.685
Ashe " . ..19,581 Grantville .... 23.263 Pitt
Beaufort. .26,404 Greene 12,038 Polk 7,004
Bertie . ..20,538 Guilford 39,074 Randolph 28.232
Bladen . 17,677 Halifax 30.793 Richmond 15,855
Brunswick 12.657 Harnett 15.988 Robeson 40,871
Buncombe 44,288 Haywood 16,222 Rockingham .. 88.H-3
Burke 17.699 Henderson .... 14,104 Rowan 31.066
Cabarrus. 22,456 Hertford 14.294 Rutherford... 25,101
Caldwell 15,694 Hyde 9,278 Sampson .26.380
Camden 5,474 Iredell 29,064 Scotland 12.558
Carteret 11,811 Jackson 11.853 Stanly 15,220
Caswell 15.028 Johnston 32.250 Stokes 19.866
Catawba 22,133 Jones 8,226 Surry 25.515
Chatham 23,912 Lenoir 18.639 Swain 8.401
Cherokee 11.860 Lincoln 15,498 Transylvania. 6.620
Chowan ..10.258 McDowell .... 12,567 Tyrrell 4,986
Clay 4.532 Macon 12.104 Union 27.156
Cleveland 25,078 Madison 20.644 Vance 16,684
Columbus 21,274 Martin 15.383 Wake 54,f*6
Craven 24.160 Mecklenburg. 55.268 Warren 19,lfl
Cumberland... 29.249 Mitchell 15.221 Washington... 10.CU8
Currituck 6.529 Montgomery . 14.197 Watauga 13,417
Dare 4.757 Moore 23,622 Wayne 31.856
Davidson 23.403 Nash 25.478 Wilkes •-.'". -;.'
Davie 12,115 New Hanover. 25.785 Wilson 2S.5P6
Duplin 22,405 Northampton . 21.150 Yadkin 14^)83
Durham. 26,233 Onslow 11,940 Yancey 11.464
Edgecombe... 26,591 Orange 14.690
Forsyth .35,261 Pamlico 8,045
NORTH CAROLINA.
53
North Carolina— Continued.
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, ETC.
Pup. 1900
Aberdeen 559
Advance 273
Ahoskie 302
Aioeuiarle .... 1,382
Alexis. 92
Apex 349
Aivlidale 182
Arden 137
Ashboro 992
Asbeville 14,694
Aulander 342
Aurora 314
Auu'vville .... 61
Avon a53
Avden 557
Bakersville ... 511
Bath 400
Battleboro .... 229
Bayboro. 292
Beaufort 2,195
B.-lliaven 383
Belmont 145
Benson 384
Bessemer City 1,100
P.ethel 457
Biglick 132
Butmore 71
Blackcreek ... 196
Black. Mountain 200
Blowing Rock 331
Boardman 604
Boone 155
Boonville ,183
Bostic 97
Brevard 584
Bridgersville.. 42
fP.O Wilbanks)
Brvson City... 417
Burgaw 387
Burlington ... 3,692
Burnsviile .... 207
Camden 268
Cameron 218
Canton 230
Caroleen 1,706
Carthage 605
Cary 333
Castalia 163
Catawba 169
Cedar Falls ... 272
Central Falls.. 444
Cerrogordo 123
Chadbourn 243
Chapel Hill.... 1,099
Charlotte 18,091
Cherrwille ... 1,008
China Grove.. 887
Ciar.'inont 160
C ayton 754
Cl'-v.land 198
Clinr<»n 958
244
Co erain 207
CJollettsviQe... 57
Columbia 382
Pop. 1900
Columbus 334
Concord 7,910
Conetoe. 132
Conoho 115
Conover 413
Cornwall 300
Cranberry 350
Creswell 224
Cronly 78
Cumberland... 343
Dallas 514
Davidson College 904
(P.O.Davidson;
Davbrook 260
Denver 199
Dillsboro 279
Dobson 327
Dover 331
Dunn 1,072
Durham 6,679
East Bend 444
East Durham . 2.000
Edenton 3,046
Edward 99
Elizabeth City 6,348
Elizabethtown 144
Elkin 860
Elk Park 498
Ellenboro 1?2
Elm City 560
Elon College.. 638
Enfield. 361
Enochville 93
Eureka 123
Everetts 127
Fairbluff 328
Fairfield 476
Faison 308
Falkland 139
Farmville 262
Farrar 554
(P.O.Tarboro)
Favetteville .. 4,670
Flatrock 319
Forest City ... 1,090
Forestville.... 157
Four Oaks .... 171
Franklin 335
Franklinton... 761
Fremont 435
Garysburg 269
Gastonia 4.610
Gatesville 200
Germanton ... 129
Gibson ville ... 521
Glen Alpine... 137
Gold Hill 514
Gold Point.... 124
»ro .... 5,877
Graham
Granite Falls . 277
Greensboro ... 10,035
Greenville 2,565
Grifton 229
Grlmesland ... 277
Pop. 1900
Grover 171
Halifax 306
Hamilton 493
Hamiet 639
Hardin Factory 205
(P.O.Hardin)
Harrellsville.. 109
Hawriver 1,025
Hayesville .... 142
Henderson 3,746
Hendersonville 1,917
Henrietta 1,250
Hertford 1,382
Hexlena 13
Hickory 2.535
Highlands 24?
High Point.... 4,16S
Hildebran 109
Hillsboro 707
Hobgood 122
Hoffman 184
Holl v Springs. 219
Hookerton 1:39
Hope Mills.... 881
Hot Springs ... 445
Huntersville.. 533
Inanda 150
Ingold 86
Jackson 441
Jacksonville.. 309
Jamestown ... 250
Jamesville 235
Jefferson 230
Jerome 61
Jonathan 264
Jonesboro 640
Keelsville .... 43
(P.O. Eobersonville,
Kelford 167
Kenansville... 271
Kenly 260
Kernersville .. 652
Kevser.. 180
Kings Mountain 2,062
Kinston 4.106
Kittrell 168
LaGrange 853
Lasker 121
Lattimore 108
Laurelhill .... 400
Laurinburg ... 1.334
Lawndale 500
Leaksville .... 688
Leicester 126
Lenoir 1,296
Lewiston 163
Lexington 1,234
Liberty 3o4
Lflesville 213
Lillington.. . •;.
Lllllngton 87
l'.i i Longcreek)
Llncolnton 828
Littleton 1.200
Louisburg 1,178
54
NORTH CAROLINA.
North Cakoli.w — Continued.
Pop. 1900
Lowell 290
Lucaina 286
Lumber Bridge 181
Lumberton 849
McAdenvllle 1,144
MeFarlau 112
Macon 157
Madison. 813
Magnolia 464
Maiden 614
Manly 176
Manteo 312
Margaretsville 123
Marion 1,116
Marlboro Ill
(P.O.Farmville)
Marshall 337
Mars Hill 289
Marshville.... 349
Matthews 378
Maxton 935
Mayodau 904
Maysville 98
Mebane 218
Middleburg... 169
Milton 490
Mlnthlll 192
Mocksvllle.... 745
Monroe 2,427
Montezuma... 219
Mont-ford 196
Mooresboro... 144
Mooresville... 1,533
MoreheadCity 1,379
Morganton ... 1,938
Morrisville.... 100
Morven ... 447
Mountain Island 450
Mt. Airy 2,680
Mt. Gilead .... 395
Mt. Holly 630
Mt. Olive 617
Mt. Pleasant.. 444
Murf reesboro . 657
Murphy 604
Nazareth 254
Nashville 479
Newbern 9,090
New London.. 299
Newport 328
Newton 1,583
Newton Grove 75
North Durham 644
(P.O.Durhain)
North Wilkes-
boro 918
Norwood 663
Oakridge 161
OldFort 253
Oriental 300
Oxford 2,059
Pactolus 52
Palmvra 131
Pantego 253
Parkers burg.. 57
Pop. 1900
Parmele BS6
Peauuland 156
Pendleton 86
Pikeville 168
Pilot Mountain 710
Pine Level .... 266
Plnevllle 585
Plttsboro 424
Plateau 99
Plymouth 1,011
Point Caswell. 77
Polkton 276
Polloksvllle... 198
Powellsville .. 44
Princeton 281
Prince ville.... 552
Raleigh 13,643
Ramoth 351
(P.O.Asheville)
Ramseur 769
Randleman ... 2,190
Red Springs... 858
Reidsville .... 3,262
Rennert 133
Richfield 73
Ricblands .... 160
Rich Square... 232
Ridge wav 250
Ringwood 98
Roanoke Rapids 1,009
Roberson ville. 275
Rockingham .. 1,507
Rocky Mount. 2,937
RockyMountM 1118605
(P O. Rocky Mount)
Rolesville 155
Roseboro 63
Rowland 357
Roxboro. 1,021
Roxobel 227
Rutherfordton 880
Salem 3,642
(P.O.Winston-Salem)
Salisbury 6,277
Saluda 211
Sanford 1,044
Saratoga 123
Scotland Neck 1,348
Seaboard 287
Selma 816
Snallotte Citv. 149
Shelby 1,874
Siler 'City 440
Smithfield 764
Snowliill 405
South Biltmore 312
Southern Pines 517
South Gaston. 44
South Mills... 4-2o
Southport 1.336
South Wadesboro 154
(P.O. Wadesboro)
Sparta 501
Spencer Moun-
tain Mills.... 243
Pop. 1900
Springhope..
St. Lewis 100
Stanley 441
Star 211
Stateavllle .... 8,141
Stonevllle ..
Stonewall 168
Swansboro .
Sylva
Tarboro
Taylorsvllle... 413
Thomasvllle .. 751
Tillerv 258
Town' Creek . 85
Trenton
Trinity. 271
Trinitv Park.. 68
(P.O.Durhain)
Troy 878
Tryon.... 324
Union Citv.... 432
(P. O. Ashpole)
Union. 176
\ ? anceboro 291
Vandemere ... 169
Waco 1H0
Wadesboro 1,546
Wakefield .... 112
Wake Forest
College 823
(P.O.Wake Forest)
Wallace 218
Walnut Cove.. 336
Warrenton ... 836
Warsaw 576
Washington .. 4,842
Wax haw 752
Wavnesville .. 1.307
Weaverville .. 329
AYeldon 1.433
West Hickory. 231
(P.O.Hickory)
Whitakers .... 388
Whitehall .... 114
Whiteville .... 634
Wilbanks 46
Wilkesboro ... 635
Williamston .. 912
Wilmington... 20.976
Wilson 3.525
Windsor 597
AVinfall 222
Winston. 10.008
(P.O. Winston-Salem)
Wmtervil'e... 243
Winton 688
Woodland 242
Worthville.... 467
Wrightsvflle
Beach 22
(P.O.Wrightsvillei
Yadkin College 210
Yadkinville... 292
Yancevville... 350
Youngs ville .. 345
NORTH DAKOTA — OHIO.
;>r>
NORTH DAKOTA. Population, I L9,l 16.
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Barnes
13.159
Lamoure
6,048
Rolette
7.995
Benson
8,320
Logan
1,625
Sargent
6.039
Billings
975
Mc Henry
Mcintosh
5.253
Stark
7.621
Bottineau
7.532
4,818
Steele
5.S-S
Burleigh
6,081
McLean
4.791
Stutsman
9,143
Cass
28.025
Mercer
1,778
Towner .......
6,491
Cavalier
12.5SH
Morton
8,069
Traill
13,107
Dickey
6,061
Nelson
7,316
Walsh
20.2SS
Eddy
3.330
Oliver
990
Ward
7,961
Emmons
4,349
Pembina
17,869
Wells.
8,310
Foster
3,770
Pierce
4,765
Williams
1,530
Grand Forks..
24.459
Ramsey
9,198
Standing Rock
Griggs
4.744
Ransom
6,919
Indian Reser-
Kidder
1.754
Richland
17,387
vation
2,208
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, ETC
201
150
Fargo
Fessenden
9,589
355
Milton
384
Anamoose
Minnewaukon
432
Aneta
275
298
Fingal
Forest River..
376
252
Minot
1,277
Ardoch
Minto
860
Arvilla
199
641
Forman
Galesburg
257
198
Neche
682
Bathgate
New Rockford
698
Bisbee
269
Gardner
266
Xew Salem
229
Bismarck
3,319
Glenullin
272
North wood
697
888
150
Grafton
Grand Forks..
2,378
7,652
Oakes .
668
Bowbells
Oberon
217
Bowdon
175
Hamilton
224
Omemee _
165
Bowesmont ...
180
Hankinson
713
Osnabrock
228
Braddock
150
Hannah
596
Page ...
309
Buffalo
213
Harvey
590
Park River....
1,088
Buxton
300
Hatton
430
Pembina
929
Cando
1,061
Havana
198
Petersburg.. .
182
Canton
98
Hebron
182
Pisek
132
(P. 0. HenseD
Hillsboro
1,172
Portland
524
Carrington
1,000
Hoople
174
Reynolds
389
Casselton
1,207
Hope
606
Rolla
400
Cavalier
671
Hunter
407
Rugby..
487
Christine
168
Inkster
376
Rutland
217
Churchs Ferry
264
Jamestown ...
2,853
Sanborn
259
C on way
216
Kenmare
300
Sharon
172
Cooperstown..
648
Kindred
348
Sheldon
318
Courtney
Crary
346
a io
463
576
Shevenne
St. John
247
Lakota
168
Crystal
385
Lamoure
457
St. Thomas....
661
Davenport
245
Langdon
1,188
Steele
185
Dazey
Devils Lake...
218
Larimore
1.235
Thompson
269
1,729
Leeds
349
Tower City....
468
Dickinson
2,076
Lidgerwood...
585
Towner
331
Drayton
688
Lisbon
1.046
Valley City ...
2.446
Edgeley
306
Mandan
1,658
"W ahpeton
2,228
Edinburg
286
Mapleton
322
Walhalla
377
Ellendale . ...
750
Muwille
1,106
Washburn
268
Emerado
2::S6
Mc Henry
Williston
763
Enderlin
636
Michigan
309
Willow City ..
476
Fairmount
284
Milnor
. 322
Wimbledon...
226
OHIO. Population, 1,137,545.
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Adams 26,828 Athens..
Allen 47,976 Auglaize
Ashland 21,184 Belmont
Ashtabula 51,448 Brown ..
Pop- 1900 Pop. 1900
;.!0 Butler 56.870
.... 31,192 Carroll 16,811
.... 60,875 Champaign.... 26,642
. .. 28,237 Clark 58,939
56
OHIO.
Ohio — Continued.
Pop. 1900
Clermont 31,610
Clinton 24,202
Columbiana... 68,590
Coshocton 29,437
Crawford 83,915
Cuyahoga 439,120
Darke. 42,532
Defiance 26,387
Delaware 26*401
Erie 37,650
Fairfield 34,259
Fayette 21.725
Franklin. 164,460
Fulton 22,801
Gallia 27,918
Geauga 14,744
Greene 31,613
Guernsey 34,425
Hamilton 409,479
Hancock 41,993
Hardin 31,187
Harrison 20,486
Henrv 27,282
Highland 30.982
Hocking. 24,393
Holmes 19,511
Pop. 1900
Huron 82,830
Jackson 34,249
Jefferson 14,351
Knox 27,768
Lake 21,680
Lawrence 39,534
Licking 4:.oli)
Logan 30,420
Lorain 54^57
Lucas 153,559
Madison 20,590
Mahouiug 70,134
Marion. 28,678
Medina 21. '.OS
Meigs 28.620
Mercer 28,021
Miami 43,105
Monroe 27.031
Montgomery ..130.140
Morgan ....... 17,905
Morrow 17,879
Muskingum... 53,185
Noble 19*466
Ottawa 22,213
Paulding 27.528
Perry 31,841
Pup. 1930
Pickaway .. 2; ,010
Pike
Portage
Preble
Putnam
Richland
Rosa 10,940
Sandusky . 34,311
Scioto .....
Seneca - 41,163
Shelby 24,625
Stark' 94.747
Summit 71.715
Trumbull ..
Tuscarawas ... 53.751
Onion
Van Wert 30,3 >1
Vinton 15.S9U
Warren
Washington .. 4s .245
Wayne
Williams 24,958
Wood . 51.555
Wvandot 21425
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, V
Aberdeen
711 Baltimore.
Ada 2,576 Bar ber ton
Adamsville
Addyston
Adelphi ..
Agosta
460
4.354
3,721
811
571
620 Batavia 1,029
201 Barnesville
1,513 Barnhill....
510 Barton
Akron 42,728 Batesville
Albany 548 Beach City..
Alexandria ... 420 Beallsville...
Alger 402 Beaver
Allentown 123 Beaver Dam
Alliance. 8,974 Bedford
Alvordton
312
364
554
262
477
1,480
9,912
Amanda.
Amelia . .
Andover
Anna
Ansonia
Antioch
482 Bellaire ...
570 Bellbrook....
525 Bellecenter ... 962
815 Bellet'ontaine . 6,649
451 Bellevue 4.101
676 Bellville 1,039
422
334
212 Belmont
Antwerp 1,206 Belmore
Applecreek ... 387 Benton Ridge.
Arcadia 425 Berea
Arcanum 1,225 Bergholz
Archbold.
Arlington
958
738
Berlin
Berlin Heights
359
2,510
690
500
157
4.0S7
ArlingtonHeights3G0 Bethel 850
Arnettsville
Ashland ...
Ashley
Ashtabula. .
Ashville....
Athalia
Athens 3
Bettsville
Beverly
700 Blakeslee
12,949 Blanchester ..
654 Bloomdale
346 Bloomingburg
Bloomville
492
712
239
l.>s
740
636
819
Attica
At water.
Avon
Bainbridge
Bairdstown ...
Baltic
094 Bluff ton 1,783
500 Bolivar. 075
530 Bond Hill 1,081
954 Boston 200
298 (P O. Owensville)
520 Botkins 420
ILLAGES, ETC.
Bourne ville... 356
Bowerston . ..
Bowersville... 870
Bowling Green 5,i>67
Bradford 1.254
Bradner 1,148
Brecksville ... 500
Bremen 466
Bridgeport 3.W3
Brilliant 040
Brink Haven.. 850
Bristolville ... 540
Brookfield .... W0
Brookside 249
Brookville .... 809
Broughton.... 220
Bryan 3.131
Buchtel.. 2.001
Buckeye City. 247
Buevrus 0.560
Burbank 325
Burton. 727
Butler 507
Butlerville ... 125
Byesvllle 1,267
Cadiz 1.755
Calais 114
Caldwell 927
Caledonia 682
Cambridge.... 8,2 II
Camden 905
Campbell BflO
Canal Dover.. 5 422
Canal Fulton L172
Canal Winches-
ter 602
Cantield 072
Cannelville... 281
Canton 30,667
OHIO. 57
Ohio — Contin
ued.
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1500
Cardington....
. 1,354
Cygnet
896
Fremont
8,439
. 1,816
Dalton
666
276
Carlisle
161
Danville
298
Galion
7,282
earn. 11
223
Darbyville ....
250
Gallipolls
5,4:12
Carrollton
. 1.271
Dayton
85.3:53
Gambter
75 L
Carthage
. 2,559
De avert own ..
154
Garrettsvillo
1,145
Casstown
262
Deerfield
484
Geneva
2.342
Castilia
. 560
Deersville
256
Genoa
824
Catawl a
231
Defiance
7,579
Georgetown ..
1,529
Catawbalsland 750
Degraff...
1,150
Germantown .
1,702
Cecil
326
Delaware
7,940
Gettysburg ...
246
Cedarville
. 1,189
Delhi
829
Gibsonburg ..
1,791
Celina
. 2,815
Dell Roy
Delphos
400
Gilboa ...
346
Centerburg ...
706
4,517
Girard
2,630
Centerville ...
198
Delta
1.230
Glandorf
749
(P 0. Thurman)
Dennison
3,763
Glendale
1,545
Chagrin Falls.
1.5S6
Desbler
1,628
Glenmont
209
Chambersburg 169
Dexter City...
278
Glenroy _
950
Chardon
1,360
Donnelsville ..
200
Glenville.
5,588
Chattield
298
Doylestown ..
1,057
Glouster
2,155
Chester Hill..
480
Dresden
1,600
Gnadenhutten
547
Chesterville ..
230
Dublin
275
Grafton
1,098
Chicago June
Dunkirk
1,222
Grand Rapids.
549
tion.
2,34S
Dupont...
370
Granville
1,425
Chickasaw
310
East Cleveland
2,757
Graysville
174
Chillicothe....
12,976
East Liverpool
16.485
Green Camp ..
369
Cincinnati
325.902
East Palestine
2.493
Greenfield
3,979
Circleville ....
6,991
Eaton
3.155
Greenspring ..
816
Clarington
905
Edgerton
1,043
Greenville
5.501
Clarksburg
551
Edison
347
Greenwich
849
Clarksville....
465
Edon
740
Grove City
656
Cleveland
.381,768
Eldorado
358
Groveport
519
Cleves
1,328
Elgin
208
Grover
30S
Clifton
262
Elida
440
Grover Hill...
655
Clinton
186
Elmore
1,025
Gypsum
540
Clvde
2.515
Elm wood Place 2,532
Hainden
838
Coalgrove
1,191
Elyria
8,791
Hamersville ..
242
Coalton
1,625
Empire
509
Hamilton
23,914
627
• 378
295
600
Hamler
Hanging Rock
574
College Cornei
Euclid
665
College Hill...
. 1,104
Evansport
400
Hannibal
610
Coll in wood ...
3,639
Evanston
1,716
Hanover
314
Columbiana...
1,339
Fairfield
312
Hanoverton...
399
Columbus
125.560
Fairport
2.073
Harrisburg
247
ColunibusGrove 1,935-
Fairview
291
Harrison
1,456
Commercial
Farmersville .
440
Harris ville
250
Point
245
Fayette
886
Harrod
370
Congress
198
Favetteville ..
323
Hartford
414
Conneaut
7,133
Felicity
695
Hartwell
1.8:53
Continental ..
1,104
Fernbank
310
Harvevsburg..
435
Convoy
Coolville
690
Findlay
17,613
Haskins
449
315
Five Points...
176
Haviland
186
Copley
243
Fletcher
375
Hayesville
332
Corning
1,401
Florida.
276
Hebron
455
Cortland
620
Flushing
653
Hemlock
581
Corwin
131
Forest.
1,155
llicksville
2,520
Coshocton
6,473
Fort Jennings
322
Higginsport...
650
< ovington
1,791
Fort Recovery
1,097
Hilliard
376
Crestline
3,282
Fostoria
7,730
Hillsboro
4,535
Creston
893
Frankfort
717
Hiram
659
Cridersvilie ..
581
Franklin
2,724
Holgate
1,237
Crooksville ...
8.35
Frazeysburg .
730
Hollansburg . .
275
Croton
536
Fredericksburg 511
Holmcsville. ..
304
Crown City...
284
Frederlcktown
890
Home City
868
Cumberland ..
618
Freeport
690
Hopedale
866
Custar
293
Freeport
815
HoytHville
Hubbard
431
Cuyahoga Falls 3,186
(P.O. PrairieDepotj
1,230
58
OHIO.
Ohio — Continued.
Pop. 1900
HuuHon 988
Buntaville.... 408
Huron 1.70S
HydePark^... 1,691
Independence. 850
[rondale. 1,186
[ronton 11,868
Ithaca 113
Ivory dale 518
Jackson 4,672
Jackeonboro.. 77
Jackson Center 644
.Jacksonville . 1,047
Jamestown ... 1,205
Jefferson 1,319
Jeffersonvllle. 790
Jenera 237
Jeromeville... 308
Jerry City 555
Jerusalem 245
Jewett 74:3
Johnstown 638
Junction City. 443
Kallda 622
Kellevs Island 1.174
Kennedy Heights 209
(P. O. Kennedy;
Kent 4.541
Kenton 6,852
Kettlerville... 145
Killbuck 370
Kimbolton.... 245
Kingston 735
Kingsville .... 782
Kinsman 826
Kirby 187
Kossuth. 153
Lafayette 316
(P. O. Herring)
Lagrange ■ 528
Lakeview 553
Lakewood 3,355
Lancaster 8,991
Larue 997
Lattv 444
Laura 378
Laurelville 450
Lebanon 2,867
Leesburg 7s:i
Leesville 209
Leesville Cross
Roads 178
Leetonia 2.744
Leipsic 1,726
Lewisburg 560
Lewisville .... 170
Lexington 44S
Liberty Center 606
Lima 21.72:]
Limaville 156
Lindsey 614
Lisbon 3,330
Lithopolis 358
Little Sandusky 181
Lockington ... 210
Lockland 2,695
Lodi 846
Pop. 1930
Logan
London 8,511
Lorain _.'_... 16,028
Loramle in
Loudonvllle .. 1,581
Louisville.. .. 1*374
Loveland 1,260
Lowell 381
Lowellville ... 1,137
Lower Salem . 190
Lucas 306
Lynchburg 907
McArthur..... 941
McClare 660
McComb 1,195
McConnelsville 1,825
McGuffey 452
Macksburg 448
Madison .• 768
Madison vllle.. 3,140
Magnetic Springs 194
Magnolia 431
Malnevllle 288
Malinta 357
Malta 845
Malvern 709
Manchester... 2,003
Mansfield 17,640
Mantua. 743
(P. O. Mantua Sta-
tion)
Marblehead... 997
Marengo 242
Marietta 13,348
Marion 11,862
Marseilles 251
Marshallville.. 357
Martinsburg .. 238
Martins Ferry. 7,760
Martinsville... 338
Marvsville .... 3,048
Mason 629
Massillon 11.944
Maumee 1,856
Mechanicsburg 1,617
Medina . 2,232
Melrose 383
Mendon 599
Mentor 624
Mesopotamia . 632
Metamora 263
Miamisburg... 3,!>4l
Middlefield.... 650
Middlepoint .. 604
Middleport.... 2.799
Middletown... 9,215
Midland 338
Midvale 491
Midway 274
Mifflin' 1S5
Milan 653
Milford 1,149
Milford Center 682
Millbury 284
Milledgevllle . 201
Miller City.... 163
Millersburg... 1,998
Pop. 1900
Milton i i
Miltonsburg .. i:50
Milie,-;,: I
Miueisville .
Mill. TV.,
Mingo Junction 2,954
Minster. 1,465
Mogadore 561
Monday 420
Monroeville... 1.211
Montezuma... :ii"
Monrpelier.... 1,869
Morris town ..
Morrow 869
Moscow 475
Mt. Airy 400
Mt. IJlaiichard 456
Mt. Cory ...... 312
Mt.Eaton 232
Mt. Gilead.... 1,528
Mt. Healthy.. 1,354
Mt. Orab 561
Mt. Pleasant.. 626
Mt. Sterling... 986
Mt. Vernon ...
Mt. Victory .. 734
Mt. Washington 781
Murray 1,118
Mutual 163
Napoleon 3,639
Nashville 266
National Military
Home 5.^94
Navarre 963
Nelsonville ... 5,421
Nevada 889
Neville 265
New Albany .. 224
Newark 18.157
New Athens .. 435
New Berlin 550
N ew Bloomington 399
(P. o. Agosta)
New Bremen.. 1.318
Newburg 5,909
(Sta. F, Cleveland
P.O.)
New Carlisle.. 995
New Comers-
town 2,659
New Concord . 675
New Holland . 692
New Knoxville 436
New Lebanon. 145
New Lebanon. 224
(P. O. Potsdam)
New Lexington 1,701
New Lexington 265
(P.O.Highland)
New London.. 1,180
New Madison. 590
New Matamoras 817
New Paris 790
New Philadel-
phia 6,213
New Richmond 1,916
OHIO. 59
Ohio — Continued.
Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
New Rlegel... 298 Plymouth 1.154 Smithville .... 474
New salem... 180 Po'land 370 Somerset 1,124
NewStraits- Polk 232 Somerville.... 300
ville 2,300 Pomeroy 4,639 South Bloomfield 223
Newton Falls. 732 Portage. 546 South Brooklyn 2,343
New Vienna.. 805 Port Clinton .. 2,450 South Charles-
New Washington 824 Port Jefferson 355 ton 1.096
New Waterl'ord 687 Portsmouth... 17.870 South Point... 281
Nev 289 Port Washington 424 South Salem.. 264
Nlles 7,468 Port William. 200 South Solon... 319
North Amherst 1,758 Powhatan Point 578 So uth Webster 415
North Balti- Prairie Depot. 815 South Zanesville 567
more 3,561 Proctorville... 523 Sparta 215
North Bend... 532 Prospect 983 Spencerville .. 1,874
North George- Put in Bav 317 Springboro 433
town 600 Quaker City... 878 Springfield .... 38,253
North Lewis- Quincy 642 Springhills... 157
burg. 846 Racine 327 Spring Valley . 522
North Robinson 200 Harden 443 St. Bernard ... 3.3*4
Norwalk 7,074 Ravenna 4,003 St. Clairsville. 1,210
Norwich 253 Rawson 473 St. Henrv 682
Norwood 6,480 Reading 3.076 St. Louisville . 285
Nottingham.. 939 Rendville 790 St. Marys 5.359
Oak Harbor.. 1,631 Republic. 656 St. Paris 1.222
Oak Hill 825 Revnoldsburg. 339 Steubenville . . 14,349
Oakley 528 Richmond 373 Stockport 376
Oakwood 342 Richmond 332 Strasburg 461
Oberlin 4,082 (P. O.Grand River) Struthers 613
Ohio 862 Richwood .... 1,640 Stryker.. l,2o6
OlmstedFalls. 330 Ridgeway 447 Sugar Grove.. 350
Orbiston 520 Ripley 2,248 Summerfield .. 511
Orrville 1,901 Rising Sun.... 660 Sunbury 464
Orwell 750 Rochester 167 Swanton 887
Os^orn 948 Rock Creek... 478 Sycamore 853
Osgood 224 Rockford 1.207 Svlvania 617
Osn'aburg 558 Rockport 2.038 Syracuse 1,622
Ostrander 401 Rocky Ridge.. 414 Tallmadge .... 660
Ottawa 2,322 Rocky River.. 1.319 Tarlton 3*8
Ottoville 369 Rogers 287 Taylorsvttle... 543
Otway 274 Roseville 1,207 Terrace Park. 290
Oxford 2.i 1)9 Rossville 251 Thorn 374
Painesville.... 5,024 Rushsvlvania . 552 (P. O. Thornvillei
Palestine 210 Rushville 257 Tiffin. 10,989
Palmyra 291 Russellville ... 394 Tippecanoe... 1,708
Pandora. 409 Sabina 1,481 Tiro 293
Pataskala 675 Salem 7.5*2 Toledo 131,822
Patterson 219 Salesville 286 Tontogany .... 352
Paulding 2,0*0 Salineville .... 2.353 Toronto..' 3,526
Payne. 1,336 Sanrluskv 19.664 Trenton :;*7
Peebles 763 Sarahsviile.... 279 Trimble 625
Pemberville .. 1,081 Savannah 290 Troy 5,881
Peninsula.... 579 Scio 1,214 Tuscarawas... 412
Perrysburg ... 1,766 Sciotoville .... 1,300 Uhrichsville.. 4,582
Perrvsville ... 513 Scott 547 Union City.... 1.2*2
Petersburg 513 Sebring 387 Uniontown... 245
Philo 543 Senecaville ... 623 (P. (). Fultonhann
Pickerington . 263 Seven Mile... 256 Unionville Center259
Pierpont 537 Seville 602 Upper Sfcndusky 3.855
Pi eton 625 Shawnee 2.966 Drbana
Pioneer 603 Shelby 4,685 Utlca 826
Piqua 12,ir<J Sherodsville .. 926 Van Buren.... 367
Plain City 1,432 Sherwood.... 455 Vandalia 284
Plainfield 255 Shiloh 597 Vanlue
Pleasant City. I,oo6 Snreye 1,043 Van Wert 6,482
Pleasant Hill.. 557 Sidney 5,688 Venedocia .... 199
Pleasant Ridge 953 Sinking Spring 238 Vermilion .... 1.1*4
Pleasantville.. 501 Smithfield .... 503 Versailles .... 1,478
60 OKLAHOMA.
Ohio — Continued.
Pop. 1930 Top. 1900 Pop. 1900
Vinton 804 West Elkton.. 215 Willouphby 1,15:5
W ads worth ... 1,764 Western 8tar . 14s Willshire... 508
Wakeman .... 874 Westervllle... 1,462 Wilmington 3,613
Waldo 278 West Farming- Wilmot .
Wapakoneta.. S,915 ton 516 Winchester 375
Warren 8,52!) West Jefferson 803 (P. O. Gl
Warsaw 458 West Leipsic . 346 Winchester
Washington... 374 West Liberty. 1,236 Windham
Washington WestManchester 384 Wlnton Place 1,219
Court House 5,751 West Mansfield 875 Woodsfield. . L801
Washington- West Middleburg 288 Woodstock . 825
ville 1,092 West Miilgrove 236 Woodvllle .... 831
Waterville .... 703 West Milton.. 904 Wooster 6,063
Wauseon 2.148 Weston 953 Worthington 443
Waverly 1,854 West Rushville 161 Wren .. 242
Waynesburg.. 613 West Salem... 656 Wvnant 360
Waynestield .. 542 West Toledo.. 1,500 Wyoming 1,450
Wavnesville.. 723 West Union... 1,033 Xt : nia 8,696
Webster 204 West Unity... 897 Yellowsprings 1,371
Wellington... 2,094 West Wheeling 444 Youngstown.. 44,885
Wellston 8.045 Wharton 439 Zaleski . 577
Wellsville 6,146 White House.. 621 Zanestield 278
West Alexandria 740 Wilkesville.. . 223 Zanesvllle 23,538
West Cairo... 338 Williamsburg. 1,002 Zoar 290
West Carrollton 987 Williamsport . 547
OKLAHOMA. Population, 398,331.
COUNTIES.
Pop 1900 Pop 1900 Pop. 1900
Beaver ?,05l Kingfisher 18,501 Woodward.... 7.469
Blaine 10,658 Lincoln 27,007 Law Indian
Canadian 15,981 Logan. 26.563 Reservation. 768
Cleveland .... 16,388 Noble 14.015 Kiowa. Coman-
Custer 12,264 Oklahoma .... 25.915 one, and Ap-
Day 2,173 Pawnee 12,366 ache Indian
Dewey 8,819 Payne 20,909 Reservation. 4,968
Garfield 22.076 Pottawatomie 26.412 Osage Indian
Grant 17.273 Roger Mills ... 6,190 Reservation. 6,717
Greer 17.922 Washita lo.ool Wichita Indian
Kay .22,530 Woods 34,975 Reservation. 1.420
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, ETC.
Altus 750 Crescent 139 Kremlin 250
Alva 1,499 Cross. 300 Lahcma 275
Anadarko 124 Cushing 226 Lamont 197
Arapahoe 253 Dale 145 Langston 251
Arlington 135 Deercreek 206 Lexington 861
Augusta 350 Dover 197 Luther 351
Beaver. 112 Earlsboro 600 McLoud 498
Bellemont 114 Edmond 965 Manchester... 158
Berlin 60 Elreno 3,383 Mangum 1.500
Billings 406 Enid 3,444 Marshall 250
Blackwell 2,283 Gage 130 Medford 551
Braman 249 Garber 317 Moore 129
Burnett 98 Geary 950 Moral 137
Carnev 117 Guthrie .10,006 Mulhall 564
Cashion 297 Hennessey .... 1,367 Nardin 566
Chandler 1,430 Independence. 64 Newkirk 1,754
Cheyenne 450 Ingalls 265 Noble 349
Choctaw 347 Jefferson. 3oo Norman.. 2.225
Cleveland 211 Jennings 165 North Enid... 205
Clifton.. 147 Jones 184 Okarche 428
Cloudchief.... 200 Kaw Agency.. 290 Okeene 250
Columbia 107 Keokuk Falls. 198 Oklahoma City 10,037
Cordell 275 Kildare 335 Orlando 300
Coyle 420 Kingfisher.... 2,301 Osage 665
OREGON.
61
Oklahoma — Continu
Pop. 1900
Parkland 126
Pawhuska 805
Pawnee 1,464
Peckbam 147
Perkins 719
ied.
Pop 1900
Ripley 474
Seward 136
Shawnee 3,462
Stillwater 2.431
Stroud 8(H)
Pop. 1900
Waklta. 275
Watonga 315
Waukomis 6S8
Weatherford.. 1,017
We lis ton . 383
Perry.. 3.351
Pcnca 2,528
Pond Creek... 822
Taloga 415
Tecumseh 1,193
Tonkawa 707
Wood 30
Woodward.... 1,135
Yukon 811
Ralston 155 Tryon 117
Renfrow 129 Union 284
OREGON. Population, 413,536.
Pop.i930
Baker 15,597
Benton 6,706
Clackamas 19,658
Clatsop 12,765
Columbia 6.237
Coos.... 10.324
Crook 3.964
Curry 1,868
Douglas 14,565
Gilliam 3,201
Grant 5,948
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Harney 2,598
Jackson 13,698
Josephine 7,517
Klamath 3,9:0
Lake 2,847
Lane 19,604
Lincoln 3,575
Linn 18,603
Malheur 4,203
Marion 27,713
Morrow 4,151-
Pop. 1900
Multnomah... 103,167
Polk 9,923
Sherman 3,477
Tillamook 4,471
Umatilla 18,019
Union 16,070
Wallowa 5,538
Wasco 13,199
Washington .. 14.467
Wheeler 2,443
Yamhill 13,420
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, ETC
Adams
263
Creswell
224
Hubhard
213
Albany
Amity
3,149
292
Dallas
1 271
Huntington ..
Independence
821
Damascus
127
909
Antelope
249
Dayton
293
lone
223
Arlington
Ashland
388
Drain
193
Island City
310
2,634
Drewsey
125
Jacksonville..
653
Astoria
8,381
Dufur
336
Jefferson
273
Athena
703
Dundee
124
John Day
282
Aumsville
178
Elgin
603
Joseph
237
Aurora
li2
Empire
185
Junction City.
506
Baker City
6,663
Enterprise
396
Kerby
165
Bandon
645
Eola____
79
Klamath Falls
447
Bay City
203
Eugene
3,236
Lafayette
359
Beaver Hill...
119
Falls City
269
La Grande
2.991
(P. O. Coquille)
Flora
137
Lakeview
761
Beaverton .. .
249
Florence
222
Latourell Falls
168
Brownsville...
69S
Forest Grove _
1,096
Lebanon
922
Buena Vista ..
139
Fort Kalmatn
167
Long Creek ...
123
Burns
547
Fossil
288
Lostine
174
Butteville
127
Galescreek ...
142
McMinnville..
1.420
Canby
372
Gardiner
286
Marshneld
1,391
Canyon City ..
345
Gaston
182
Medford
1,^91
Canyonville...
210
Gervais
224
Milton
804
Carlton
145
Goble
188
Milwaukee
129
Carson
221
Goldbeach
83
Mitchell
135
Cascade Locks
248
Gold Hill
385
Molalla
142
Central Point.
322
Granite
245
Monmouth
606
Clatskanie
311
Grass Valley..
196
Monroe
258
Clatsop
176
185
Grants Pass..
Greenville
2,290
144
335
Coburg
Montavilla
750
Condon
230
Gresham
165
Mt. Angel
537
Connor Creek.
50
Haines
11?
Mt. Tabor
3,000
Coquille
?28
Halsey
294
Myrtle Creek.
189
Cornelius
246
Harney
Harrlsburg
82
Myrtle Point..
530
Cornucopia ...
176
502
Nehalem
59
Corvallis
1,819
Heppner
1,146
New berg
945
Cottage Grove
971
Hilgard
148
New Era
143
Cove
223
Hlllsboro
980
Newport
North Powder
Z56
Crawfordsville
212
Hood Kiver ...
766
185
PENNSYLVANIA.
Oregon — Con tin ii <-il .
Pop. 1900
North Yamhill 254
Oakland 368
Olney 134
Ontario 415
Oregon City .. 8,494
Orient 50
Oswego 500
Pendleton 4,406
Philomath .... 843
Pilotrock L69
Portland 90,426
Port Oxford .. 227
Prairie City... 213
Prlneville .... 656
Rainier 522
Richland 135
Riddle 131
Roseburg 1,690
Top. 1900
Sal. mm 4/258
Bclo - 846
Scotts Mills .. nil
Seaside 191
Shanlko
Bhedds 201
Sheridan 466
Sherwood ill
Silverton 656
Sodavllle 178
Springfield.... .353
St. Ili'lens 258
st Johns 810
St Paul.. 143
Stayton 324
Summervllle.. 184
Sweet Home .. 172
Tangent 84
Pop. 1900
The Dalle- . 8,542
Tillamook
Toledo 302
Troutdale 158
Turner 289
Union 983
Vale
Vernonia....
Wallowa 213
Warrenton 214
W asco
Waterloo....
Weston 626
Willlamina ... 178
Woodburn .
Woods 148
Yaquina 289
Yoncalla 310
PENNSYLVANIA. Population, 6,302,115.
Pop. 1900
Adams 34,496
Allegheny 775.058
Armstrong 52,551
Beaver 56,432
Bedford. 39,468
Berks.... .159,615
Blair.. ._ 85,099
Bradford 59,403
Bucks 71,190
Butler 56.962
Cambria 104,S37
Cameron 7,048
Carbon 44,510
Center 42,894
Chester |K>,695
Clarion 84.288
Clearfield 80,614
Clinton „■ 29.197
Columbia 39.896
Crawford 63,643
Cumberland... 50,344
Dauphin 114,443
Delaware 94.7^2
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Elk 32,903
Erie 98,473
Fayette 110,412
Forest 11.039
Franklin 54.902
Fulton 9,924
Greene 28,281
Huntingdon... 31,650
Indiana 42,?56
Jefferson 59,113
Juniata 16.054
Lackawanna .193,831
Lancaster 159,241
Lawrence 57,042
Lebanon 53,827
Lehigh 93,893
Luzerne 257.121
Lycoming 75,663
McKean 51,343
Mercer 57,387
Mifflin 23.160
Monroe 21,161
Montgomery ._ 138,9915
Pop. 1900
Montour 15.526
Northampton. 99,687
Northumber-
land 90,911
Perry
Philadelphia l
Pike
Potter 30,621
Schuylkill 172.927
Snyder 17,304
Somerset .... 49,461
Sullivan. 12.134
Susquehanna.. 40,043
Tioga
Union 17,592
Venango 49.648
Warren ..' 38,946
Washington... 92.181
Wayne 30,171
Westmoreland 160,175
Wyoming 17.152
York 116,413
INCORPORATED CITIES, BOROUGHS, ETC.
Adamsburg... 184
Adamstown... 597
Akron _.. 653
Alba... 154
Albion 695
Aldan 296
Alexandria ... 406
Aliquippa 620
Allegheny ....129,896
Vllentown 35,416
Altoona 38,973
Ambler l.f-84
Apollo 2,924
Applewald 122
(P.O. Kittanning)
Archbald 5,396
Arendtsville .. 393
Armagh 131
Arnold 1,426
Arona 382
Ashlaud 6.438
Ashley 4,046
Ashville 393
Aspinwall 1,231
Atglen 404
Athens 3,749
Attleboro 377
(P. O. Langhorne)
At wood 153
Auburn 845
Austin 2,300
Avalon 2,130
(Sub.-Sta. Alle-
« ghenyP O.)
Avoca 3,487
Avondale 640
Avonmore 630
Baden 427
Bangor 4,108
Barnesboro ... 1,482
Bath. 731
BeallBYille ..
Bear Lake 275
Beaver 2.348
Beaver Falls.. 10,054
Beaver Meadow.1,378
Bechtelsville . 881
Bedford 2,167
Beech Creek.. 449
Bellefonte .... 4,216
Bellevernon... 1.901
Bellevue 3.416
(Sta.AlleghenvP.O.)
Bell wood 1.545
PENNSYLVANIA.
63
Pexnsylvaxi
a — Continued
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Pop. J900
Ben Avon
859
Catav issa
2,023
Daisy town
435
Bendersville ..
342
Center Hall...
537
(P.O.Johnsto
wn |
Benson
249
Centerport ...
141
Dale
1.503
(P.O. Hollsopple)
Centerville
260
(P.O.Johnstown)
BentlevvHle ..
613
Centerville ...
746
Dallas
543
Benton
635
(P.O.EastBethle-
Dallastown ...
1,181
Berlin
1,030
hem>
Dalton
681
Bernville
344
Centralia
2,048
Danville
8,042
Berrvsburg ...
398
Chanibersburg
8.864
Darby
3,429
Berwick
8,916
Chapman
319
Darlington
270
Berwick
345
(P. O. Chapman
Dauphin
566
(P.O. Abbottstown)
Quarries)
Dawson
S25
Bethany
130
Charleroi
5,930
Dayton
431
Bethel
107
Cherrvtree ...
312
Deemston
428
(P.O.Wheeler)
(P. O. Grant)
Delano
977
Bethlehem ...
7,293
Chester
33.988
Delaware Wa-
Big Run
879
Chester Hill ._
710
tergap
469
Birdsboro
2.264
(P.O. Philipsb
urg)
202
Delta
684
Birmingham ..
240
Chest Springs.
Derry
2,347
Blain
326
Chicora
1,014
(P.O.Derry Station)
Blairsville ....
3,386
Christiana
828
Dickson
4.948
Blakelv
3.915
Clarendon
1,092
Dillsburg
732
(P.O.Peckvi
lie)
Clarion
2,004
Donegal
157
Bloomfield....
772
Clarksville
220
Dorrance
2,211
(P.O.Xew Bloom-
(P O. Clark)
Dover
438
field)
Clavsville
856
Downington ..
2,133
Blooming Val-
Clavville
2 371
Dovleston
3.034
ley
177
(P O. Lindsey)
Driftwood
509
Bloomsburg...
6,170
Clearfield
5.0S1
Dubois
9,375
Blossburg
2,423
Clifton Heights
2.330
Duboistown...
650
Bolivar
486
Clintonville...
262
Dudley
290
Bovertown
1,709
Coal Center...
742
Dunbar
1,662
Braddock
15.654
Coaldale
348
Duncannon ...
1,661
Bradford
15,029
(P.O SixmileRun
Duncansville .
1,512
Bridgeport
3,097
Coalmont
182
Dundaff
159
Bridgeport
1.805
Coalport
938
Dunmore
12.5S3
(P.O.Brownsville)
Coatesville
5,721
Duquesne
9.036
Bridgewater ..
1,347
Cochranton...
640
Duryea
Dushore
1,500
(P.O.West Bridge-
Cokeville
674
884
water*
College Hill...
890
Eaglesmere ..
312
Brisbin
666
(P.O.Beaver Falls)
East Bangor ..
-, '.is:;
Bristol
7.1H4
Collegeviile...
611
EastBerlin
668
Broadford
1,124
Collingdale ...
603
East Brady
1,233
Broadtop Citv
258
Columbia
12,316
East Cone-
Brockwavvill'e
1,777
Columbus
&34
maugh .....
2.175
Brookville
2.472
Colwyn
1,226
(P.O.Conemai
ugh)
Brownsville ..
1.552
Confluence
871
East Greens-
Brvn Mawr
1,650
Conneaut Lake
343
burg
1,050
Burgettstown.
961
Conneautville.
920
(P.O.Greensburg)
Burlington ...
179
Connellsville'.
7.160
East Greenville 894
Burnside
647
Conoquenessing 343
East McKees-
Butler
10.853
Conshohocken
5,762
port
873
California
2,009
Coopersburg ..
556
East M a u c h
Callensburg. ..
248
Cooperstown..
243
Chunk
3,458
Cambridge
Coplay
1,581
Easton
.V..23S
Springs
1,495
Coraopolis
2,555
East Pittsburg
-,-s:;
Camp Hill
360
i lorry
5.3f,'.i
East Prospect.
292
Canonsburg. . .
2.714
Corsica
293
East Side
210
Canton
1.525
Coudersport ..
3,217
(P.O.Whitehaven)
Carbondale ...
13.536
Courtdale
120
East Strouds-
Carlisle
9,626
P.o.pringle)
burg
2,64-8
Carmichaels ..
456
Covington
450
Eastvale
256
Carnegie
7,330
< irafton
East Washing-
Carrolltown...
790
< ressona
1,738
ton
1,051
Casseiman
150
Crose Roads...
167
(P.O.Washington)
Cassville
168
Curllsville
131
Ebensburg
1,574
Catasauqua ...
3,963
Curwensville .
1,937
Eddy stone —
776
64
PENNSYLVANIA.
Pennsylvania — < ontlnwed.
Pop. 1900
Edenburg 704
(P.O. Knox)
Edge wood . .. 1,189
(P. O. Edgewood
Park)
Edinboro 691
Edwardsville . 5.165
(P.O.Edwardsdale)
Elco 850
Elderton 293
Eldred 963
Elgin... 138
Elizabeth 1,866
Elizabethtown 1,473
Elizabethville 838
Elkland 1,109
Elliott 3,345
Ellwood City. 2.243
Elmhurst 444
Eniaus 1,468
Einlenton .... 1,190
Emporium 2,463
Emsworth .... 958
Enon Valley.. 395
Ephrata 2,451
Erie 52,733
Esplen 2,364
(P.O.McKees Rocks)
Etna 5,384
Evans City.... 1,203
Everett 1,864
Exeter 1,948
Factory ville.. 659
Fairchance ... 1,219
Fairfield 305
Fairview 327
Fairview 235
(P O Baldwin)
Fallston 549
Fawn Grove.. 202
Fayette City.. 1,595
Felton 226
Ferndale 224
Finleyville.... 447
Fleetwood .... 978
Flemington... 864
Ford City 2,870
Forest City ... 4,279
Forksville .... 152
Forty Fort... 1,557
Fountain Hill. 1,214
(P.O. South Beth-
lehem)
Frackville .... 2,594
Frankfort
Springs 128
Franklin 961
(P.O.Conemaugh)
Franklin 7.317
Franklintowi . 250
Fredonia 437
Freedom 1.7S3
Freeland 5.254
Freemansburg 596
Freeport 1,754
Friendsville.. 110
Galeton 2,415
Pop. 1900
Gallitzln ... 2^9
Garreti
Gaysport . BOfl
(P.O.Hollidaysburg)
Geneva 215
Georgetown .. 271
Gettysburg ... 8,495
Gllberton ... 4.373
Girard 954
Glrardvllle ... 8,666
Glasgow 172
(P.O.SmlthsFerry)
Glenl)urn 307
Glen Campbell 1,626
Glendon. 704
(P. O. Easton)
Glentieid 905
Glen Hope .... 220
Glenolden 873
Glen Hock.... 1,117
Goldsboro 385
(P.O. fitters)
Gordon 1,165
Gouldsboro ... 93
(P.O.Thornhurst)
Grampian 600
Grand Valley . 388
Gratz 489
Great Bend... 836
Greencastle... 1,463
Greenlane 272
Greensboro... 399
Greensburg... 6,508
Greentree 678
Greenville .... 4,814
Grove City.... 1,599
Halifax 618
Hallstead 1.404
Hamburg 2,315
Hanover 5,302
Harmony 645
Harrisburg.... 50,167
Harrisville.... 319
Hartleton 237
Hartstown 186
Hastings 1,621
Hatboro 823
Hatfield 528
Hawley 1,925
Ha,zleton 14,230
Hellertown 745
Hollidaysburg 2,998
Homer City . . . 570
Homestead 12.554
Honesdale 2,864
Honeybrook .. 609
Hookstown ... 259
Hooversville.. 465
Hopbottom... 326
Hopewell.... 182
(P. O. Hopewell
Cotton Works)
Hopewell 482
Houtzdale 1,482
Howard 563
Hughestown.. 1,548
(P. O. Pittstown)
Pop. 1900
Hughesvllle... 1.528
irulin.-ville 451
Hummelstown 1.7SB
Huntingdon.
Hyde Park..,. 312
Hydetown ...
Hyndman 1.212
Indiana. 4,112
Irvona
Irwin 2,453
.ho -k-on Center 276
Jacksonville.. 82
(P.O Kent)
Jamestown... 834
Jeannette
Jeddo
Jefferson 374
(P.O. Codoru8)
Jefferson 311
Jenkintown... 2,091
Jennertown... 96
Jerinyn 2,567
Jersey Shore.
Johnsonburg .
Johnstown.... 35,9:36
Jonestown 571
Juniata 1,709
(P.O.Kipple)
Kane 5.296
Karns Citv.... 265
Kennett Square 1.516
Kingston
Kittanning ... 3.'.»02
Knoxville 3.511
(P.O. Mount Oliver)
Knoxville 862
K utzto \vn 1 ,328
Latlin 2.54
Lancaster 41.459
Landingville .. 244
Landisburg ... 300
Lanesboro 821
Langhorne — 801
Lankiiorne
Manor 222
(P.O. Langhorne)
Lansdale 2.754
Lansdowne ... 2,630
Lansford
La Plume 274
Laporte. 442
Latrobe 4Mt
Laurel Run ... 696
(P.O. Olivers Mills)
Lawrenceville 4^6
Lebanon 17.ti28
Leechburg.... 2.459
Lehighton .... 4.S29
Lenhartsville. 144
Leravsville ... 375
Lewfsber v ... 228
Lewisborg.... 3.457
Lewistown 4,451
Lewisville .... 619
(P O. Ulysses)
Libert v 263
Ligonier 1,259
PENNSYLVANIA.
65
Pennsylvania — Continued.
Pop. 1900
Lilly 1,276
Linesville .... 661
Lititz 1,637
Little Meadows 213
Littlestown. . 1,118
Livermore 175
Liverpool 653
Look Haven.. 7,210
Lockport 225
iP.O.Platea)
Loganton 432
Loganville 343
Long Branch . 273
(P.O.Roscoe)
Loretto 240
Ludwiek 901
(P.O.Greensburg)
Lumber City.. 224
Luzerne 3.817
Lykens. 2,762
McAdoo 2,122
McConnellsburg 576
McDonald .... 2,475
McEwensville 208
McKeesport .. 34.227
McKees Rocks 6.352
McSherrystown 1,490
McVeytown .. 520
Macuhgie 692
Madison. 464
Mataaffey 741
Mahanoy City 13,504
, Mai vera 975
Manchester... 507
Manheira 2,019
Manns Choice 312
Manor 684
i P.O. M.anor Station)
Manorville 453
Mansfield 1,847
Mapleton 612
(P, O. Mapleton
Depot)
Marcus Hook. 1,209
Marietta 2,469
Marion Center 294
Marklesburg.. 260
(P O. Aitch)
Markleysburg 210
Mars 777
Martinsburg.. 590
Marysville.... 1,463
Masontown... 466
Munch Chunk. 4.029
Mayfleld 2i300
Meadville 10,291
Mechanicshurg 3,841
Meclianicsburg 161
i I'.i >. Brush Vallevi
Media.... 3,075
Mercer 1,804
Mercersburg.. 956
Meshoppen... 609
Meversdale ... 3,024
Mlddleboro... 207
P. O. MeKean)
Middleburg... 513
Pop. 1900
Middleport.... 540
Middletown... 5,608
Mifflinburg.... 1,436
Mifflintown... 953
Milesburg 594
Milford 884
Millersburg... 1,675
Mlllerstown... 950
(P. O. Chicora)
Millerstown... 555
Mill Hall 1,010
Millheim 612
Millvale 6,736
(P. O. Bennett)
Mill Village... 321
Millville 593
Milton 6.175
Miners Mills.. 2,224
Minersville ... 4.815
Monaca 2,008
Monessen 2,197
Monongahela . 5,173
Monroe 385
(P.O.Monroeton)
Montgomery.. 1,063
Montooth 796
(P. O.Glenshaw)
Montoursville 1,665
Montrose. 1,827
Moosic 1,227
Morrisville.... 1,371
Morton 889
Mt. Carbon... 252
(P. O.Pottsville)
Mt. Carmel ... 13,179
Mt, Holly
Springs 1,328
Mt. Jewett.... 1,553
Mt.Joy 2,018
Mt. Morris.... 345
Mt. Oliver 2,295
Mt. Pleasant.. 4,745
Mt. Union 1,086
Muncy 1.934
Nanticoke .... 12,116
Narberth 847
Nazareth 2,304
Nelson 542
Nescopeck 1,100
New Albany .. 425
New Alexandria 364
New Baltimore 201
New Berlin... 61C
New Bethle-
hem 1,269
New Brighton 6,820
New Buffalo.. 171
Newburg 340
Newburg 314
(P. O. Lajose)
Newcastle .... 28,339
New ( enteiville 105
(P. o. Glade )
New Columbus 202
New Cumber-
land 1,035
New Florence 800
Pop. 1900
New Freedom 550
New Galilee.. 327
New Haven... 1,532
New Holland . 902
New Hope .... 1,218
New Kensing-
ton 4,665
New Lebanon. 185
New Milford.. 715
New Oxford.. 663
New Paris 205
New Philadel-
phia 1,326
(P.O.Silvercreekj
Newport 1,734
New Ringgold 228
Newry. 350
New Salem.... 241
(P. O. York New
Salem)
New Salem.... 381
(P. O. Delmont)
Newton Hamil-
ton 384
Newtown 1,463
Newville 1.655
New Washing-
ton 213
New "Wilming-
ton . 791
Nicholson 893
Norristown ... 22,265
North Belle-
vernon 810
(P.O. Belle Vernon)
North Brad-
dock 6,535
(P. O. Braddock)
North Charleroi 425
(P. O. Charleroi i
Northeast .... 2,068
North Irwin. . . 403
(P. O. Irwin)
Northumber-
land 2,748
North Wales.. 1.287
North Washing-
ton 1.473
(P.O.Washington)
North York... 1,185
(Sub.-Sta.YorkP.O.)
Norwood 1,286
(P. O. Norwood
Station)
Oakdale 1.147
Oakland 1,008
(P.O.Susquehanna)
Oakmont 2,323
Ohiopyle 423
Oil City 18,264
Old Forge 5,680
Olyphant. 6,180
Orangeville... 439
Orbisonia <'.->:{
Orrstown 245
Orwigsburg... 1,518
66
PENNSYLVANIA.
Pennsylvania —Continued.
Pop. 1900
Osburn 362
(P.O.Sewlckley)
Osceola
(P.O.OsceolaMIlls)
Osceola 698
<>x toid 2,032
PaloAlto .... 1.7D7
(P. o. Pottsville)
Parkers Land-
in- 1,070
Parkesburg... 1,788
Parnassus.. .. 1,791
Parryvllle 723
Phi-sous 2,529
Patterson 817
Patterson
Heights 272
(P.O.Beaver Falls)
Patton 2,651
PenArgy] 2,784
Penbrook 864
Penn 763
(P.O.Penns Station)
Pennsburg 1,032
Perkasle 1,803
Petersburg ... 731
Petrolia 350
Philadelphia 1,293,697
Phtlipsburg . . . 3.266
Phoenixville.. 9,196
Picture Rocks 614
Pinegrove 1,084
Pitcairn 2,601
Pittsburg 321,616
Plttston 12,556
Pleasantville . 671
Pleasantville . 218
(P.O.Alumbank)
Plymouth 13.649
Point Marion . 575
Polk 1,037
Portage 816
Port Allegany 1,853
Port Carbon... 2,168
Port Clinton .. 47*
Portersville... 196
Portland 490
Port Royal.... 546
Port Vue 1,803
(P.O McKeesport)
Pottstown . 13,696
Pottsville 15,710
Pronipton 258
Prospect 361
Prospect Park 1,050
(P. O.Moores)
Punxsutawney 4.375
Quakertown .. 3.014
Quarry ville... 565
Queenstown .. 69
Railroad 213
Rainsburg 219
Ramey .. 866
Rankin 3,775
(.Sub -sta. Brad-
dock P. O )
Reading 78,961
' TJ Pop 1900
Red Lion 1,887
Renovo 4jOB2
Reynoldaville . 3:485
Rlcevllle 207
RIchlandtown 285
Ridgway 3.515
Ridley Park... 1,284
Riinersburg .. i-;
Riverside 418
Roaring Spring 1,344
Rochester 4,688
Rock Bill.. .. 495
(P. 0. Hockhill
Furnace)
Rockledge 512
Rockwood 685
Rome. 233
Roscoe 1,854
Rosedale 386
(P.O.Johnstown)
Rosevllle 215
(P.O. Rutland)
Rouseville .... 516
Roxhury 808
(P.O.Jonnstown)
Royalton 1,106
Royersford.... 2,607
Rutledge 369
Saegerstown.. 607
Salisbury 980
(P.O.Elklick)
Salladasburg . 261
Saltillo 377
Saltsburg 828
Sandy Lake... 632
Saxonburg 807
Saxton 937
Sayre 5,243
Scalp Level ... 450
Schellsburg .. 312
Schuylkill
Haven 3,654
Scottdale 4,261
Scranton .102.026
Selinsgrove... 1.326
Sellersville ... 1.247
Seven Valley.. 428
Sewlckley .... 3,568
Shade Gap 138
Shamokin .... 18,202
Sharon 8,916
Sharon Hill ... 1,058
Sharpsburg... 6,842
Sliarpsville.... 2,970
Sheaklevville. 164
Shelocta 92
Shenandoah .. 20.321
Sheridan 2,948
(P.O Sheridanvillei
Shickshinny .. 1.456
Shippensburg.
Shippenvllle .. 813
Shiremanstown 5(4
Shirleysburg.. 230
Shrewsbury .
Silverdale .... 255
Siverly 783
m , Pop. 1900
Slatlngton .... 3,773
BUgO 505
SUpperyrock . 993
Snicthport .... 1,704
Smlcksburg... 2:57
Smlthneld....
Snydertown .. 276
Somerfleld .... 178
Somerset 1,884
Souderton 1,077
Smith Bethle-
hem 13541
South Bethlehem 183
(P. O. New Beth-
lehem)
South Canons-
burg 610
(P. O. Canonsburg)
Southeast
Greensburg . 620
(P O. Greensburg)
South Fork.... 2,635
South Greens-
burg 700
(P. O. (rreensburg;
South Philips-
bur- 497
(P.O. Philipsburg)
South Renovo. 425
(P. O. Renovo)
South Washing-
ton 1,230
(P.O.Washington)
South Waverlv 1.215
(P.O.Waverlv,N.Y.)
Southwest
Greensburg. 831
(P. O.Greensburg)
South Williams-
Port 3,328
Spangler 1.616
Spartansburg. 488
Speers 369
Springboro 603
Spring City... 2,566
Springfield.... 834
(.P.O. East Spring-
field)
Spring Garden 1,015
(P. O. Mutzig)
Spring Grove . 1,005
(P.O. Springforge)
St. Clair. 4.638
St. Clairsville. 102
St. Marys 4,295
St. Petersburg 482
Starrucca 404
State College.. 851
Steelton 12,086
Stewartstown. 573
Stillwater .... 177
Stockdale 731
Stoneboro 1,061
Stoystown 306
Strasborg. 916
Strattanville.. 262
Stroudsburg .. 3,450
PORTO RICO.
67
Pmthsylvahi a— Continued.
Pup. 1900
Sugar Grove.. 511
Sugaruotch... 1,887
Bnmmerhill... 591
Summerville.. 380
Suniii.it Hill .. 2,986
Sunbury 9,810
Sunville 92
Susquehanna . 3,813
Swarthmore... 903
Swissvale 1,716
Swoyersville.. 2.2<i4
(P. (). Maltby)
Sylvania 203
Tamaqua 7.267
Tarentum 5,472
Tatamy 260
Taylor 4.215
Telford, borough ■ 181
(P. O. Telford;
Thompsontown 273
Thomson 309
Three Springs 196
Throop 2,204
Tidioute 1.237
Tioga 524
Tionesta 815
Titusville 8,244
Topton 542
Towanda 4,663
Tower City.... 2.167
Townville 327
Trappe 324
Tremont 1.947
Trout ville 3U8
Troy 1,450
Tullytown .... 528
Tunkhannoek. 1.305
Tunnelhill.... 674
(P.O.Gallitzint
Turbutviiie .. 390
Turtle Creek.. 3,262
Twilight ...... 136
(P.O. Speers)
Tyrone 5,847
Union City.... 3.104
Uniondale 351
Uniontown 7,344
Uniontown 359
(P.O. Pillow)
Union ville.... 360
(P.O.Fleming)
Upland 2,131
T'rsina 423
Utica 268
Valencia 149
Pop. 1900
Vallonia 533
Yandergrift... 2,076
Vandergrift
Heights 1.910
(P.O. Yandergrift i
Yandling. 765
Venango 233
Verona
Versailles 870
(P.O.McKeesporti
Volant 120
Wallaceton... 289
"Wampum 816
Warren 8,043
AVarrior Run.. 965
(P. O. Peely)
Washington... 7,670
Washington... 577
(P. O. Washing-
tonboro)
Washingtonville 212
Waterford .... 767
Watsontown . 1,898
Wattsburg.... 351
Waverly 489
Way in art 432
Waynesboro .. 5,396
Wavnesburg.. 2.544
Weatherly 2,471
Weissport 601
Wellersburg.. 158
Wellsboro 2,954
Wellsville 296
West Alexander 462
West Bethle-
hem 3,465
(P.O. Bethlehem;
West Browns-
ville 742
West Chester. 9,524
West < onsho-
hocken 1,958
West Easton.. 1,000
(P. O. Easton)
West Elizabeth 747
West End 329
(P. O. Oil City)
Westfield 1,180
West Grove... 929
West Hazleton 2,516
<l\ O. Hazleton i
West Leesport 1.275
West Liberty. 1,281
(P.O.Fettermani
West Middlesex 930
Pop. 1900
West Middletown 241
West Millville 559
(P.O.Hawthorne
Westmont .... 499
(P.O.Johnstown -
West Newton. 2,467
Westover 654
West Pittston. 5,846
(P O. Pittston)
West Iievnolds-
ville 774
(P O.Keynoldsville)
WestSunbury. 251
West Telford.. 534
(P O. Telford)
West Washing-
ton.. 2,693
(P.O. Washington)
West Wyoming 1,344
(P. O. Wyoming)
Wheatland 655
Whitehaven .. 1,517
Wilkesbarre .. 51.721
Wilkinsburg . 11,886
(Jnd.-Sta. Pitts-
burg P. O.)
Williamsburg. 935
Williamsport . 28,757
Williamstown 2,934
Wilmerding .. 4,179
Wilmore 264
Wind Gap 711
Winterstown . 217
Winton 3.425
Womel.-dorf .. 1,136
Woodbury .... 226
Woodcock .... 109
Wortbington.. 398
Worthville ... 154
Wrightsville.. 2.266
Wyalusing 525
Wyoming 1,909
Yardley 714
Yates." 433
Yeadon 689
Y'oe 525
York 33,708
York Haven.. 824
York springs . 352
Yorkville ..... 1.125
(P O.Pottsvillei
Youngstown.. 771
Voungsville .. 836
Zelienople .... 903
PORTO RICO. Population, 953*343.
Pop. 1899
Aguadilla.... 99,645
Arecibo 162,308
Bayamon 160,046
Adjuntas. 1.963
Aguada 1,135
Aguadilla 6,425
DEPARTMENTS.
Pop. 1899
Guayama .... 111,986
Humacao ....
CITIES.
AguasBuenas 1,809
Aibonito ...
Anasco 2,483
Pop. 1899
Mayaguez 127,566
Ponce 203,191
Arecibo 8,00?)
Arroyo 2,187
Bayamon 2.21s
(is RHODE ISLANO-RO. CAROLINA.
Pobto Rioo — Continued.
Pop. 1900
Barceloneto
... 1,459
Cabo Bojo _
2,1 1 1
Caguas
... 5,450
Carolina
... 2,177
Cayey
Ceiba
. 8,763
... 1,214
Ciales
... 1,356
Cldra
... 1,084
Coamo .
... 3,244
Comerio
... 1,191
Corozal
... 1,057
Fajardo
... 3.114
Guavaina ..
... 5,334
Gurabo
... 1,309
Humacao ..
... 4,428
JuanaDiaz.
... 2,246
Pop. 1900
Jancoa 2,026
Lares :;,",! I
Manafl ... .. 4,494
Marlcao 1,179
Maunabo IJfli
Mayaguez 15,187
Moca 1,470
Morovla 1,064
Naguabo. 1312
Pat i lias 1,360
Pefiuelas 1,129
Ponce 27,952
Quebradillas.. 1,166
Rincon 1,074
Rio Grande... 1,285
I*"C 1930
Rio Pledras 2,249
Sabana Grande 2,581
. 1,198
Pan German , . 3,954
San Juan 32,048
-an Lorenzo
San Sebastian. 1,700
Santa Isabel.. 1,112
Toa Baja ... i,»»i
Trujlllo Alto.. 1.025
Utuado 8419
Vega Ana
V< ga Baja..
Vieques 2,646
Yabucoa 1 838
Yauco
RHODE ISLAND. Population, 428,556.
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
Bristol 18,144
Kent 2D ,'.i76
Newport 32.599
Providence ...328,683
Washington... 24,154
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, ETC.
Anthony 1,253
Arctic 1,277
Ashton 2,107
Auburn. 1,581
Block Island.. 1,400
Bristol 6.901
Centerville ... 1,270
Central Falls. 18,167
Chepaeiiet .... 1,309
Coventry 5.279
Cranston 13.343
East Greenwich 2,775
East Provi-
dence 12,138
Harris ville ... 1,531
Hope Valley.. 1,311
Hopkinton 2,602
Jameston 1,498
Lonsdale 4.500
ManvUle 5,000
Middletown... 1,457
(P. O. Newport)
Natick 2.325
Newport 22.034
New Shoreham 1,396
(P.O. Block Island)
Pascoag 2.010
Pawtucket.... 39,231
Phenix 2.194
Portsmouth .. 2405
Providence ...175,597
River Point... 2,000
Riverside 1,271
Saylesville.... 1.263
Smithfield .... 2,107
Tiverton 2,977
Vallev Falls... 3.31S
Wakefield 2,170
Warren 5,108
Warwick. 21,316
Westerly 7.541
Woonsocket.. 28,204
SOUTH CAROLINA. Population, 1,340,316.
Pop. 1900
Abbeville 33,400
Aiken 39.032
Anderson 55,728
Bamberg 17.296
Barnwell 35,504
Beaufort 35,495
Berkeley 30.454
Charleston.... 88,006
Cherokee 21.359
Chester 28.616
Chesterfield... 20,401
Clarendon .... 28,184
Colleton 33,452
Darlington.... 32,388
COUNTIES.
Pop 1900
Dorchester ... 16,294
Edgefield 25,478
Fairfield 29.425
Florence 28,474
Georgetown .. 22,846
Greenville .... 53.490
Greenwood ... 28,343
Hampton 23,738
Horry 23.364
Kershaw 24,696
Lancaster 24,311
Laurens
Lexington .... 27,264
Marion 35,181
Pop. 1900
Marlboro 27,639
Newberry 80,182
Oconee 23,684
Orangeburg... 59,663
Pickens 19,375
Richland 45,589
Saluda 18,966
Spartanburg.. 65,560
Sumter 51,237
Union 25,501
Williamsburg
York 41.684
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, ETC.
Abbeville .
Aiken
Alcolu
3,414
Athens 107
(P.O. Travelers Rest)
Allendale 1.
Anderson 5.498
315 Bamberg.
Beaufort
Belton....
4.110
Appleton. 265 Bath
Barnwell 1,329
Batesburg 971
1.533 Bennettsville. 1,929
Bish.-pville... 715
Blacksburg... 1,285
Blackstock ... 181
SOUTH CAROLINA.
South Cabolina — Continued.
Pop. 1900
Pop 1900
Pop. 1900
Blaokville ....
1,116
Fort Lawn
126
McClellanville
540
Blenheim
176
Fort Mill
1 ,394
McColl
1,311
Bluff ton
325
Fort Motte.. -
3JJ8
McCormick...
237
Bordeaux
165
Fountain Inn .
m
Magnolia
210
Bowman
134
Gaffney
3,937
.Manning
1,430
Bradley
289
Gaston
115
Marion
1,831
Branchville ..
1,101
Georgetown ..
4,138
Marten
296
Brookland
1.089
Getsinger
165
Maryville
546
(P.O.NewBrookland)
Glendale
210
(P.O.('harleston)
Branson
342
Glenn Springs
187
Mayesville
761
Calhoun
309
Gourdin
250
Midway
138
(P.O. Fort Hill)
Govan.
113
Millettville ...
210
Camden
2.441
Graniteville ..
850
Modoc
77
Cameron
320
Gray Court ...
181
Monks Corner.
202
Campobello...
Carlisle
203
Greelyville ...
252
Montmorenci .
240
358
Greenville ....
11,860
Moultrieville..
511
Cartersville...
290
Green Pond...
285
Mt. CarineL. .
318
Central
349
Greenwood ...
4.^24
Mt. Pleasant..
2.252
Chapin
187
Greers
648
Mountville ....
120
Charleston
55,807
(P.O.Greer Depot)
Mullins
828
Cheraw
1.151
Grover .
59
Newberry
4.(i(i7
Cherokee Falls 636
Hagood
215
Nichols
82
Chester
4,075
Haile Goldmine
s 189
Ninety Six
414
Chesterfield ..
308
50
Hamburg
Hampton
205
536
North
368
Chlcora
Norway
218
Clarendon
97
Hardeeville.
365
Olar
196
Clifton
1.600
Harleyville .
243
Orangeburg...
4. 155
Clinton
1,869
Hartsville..
7(4
Pacolet..
365
Clio
508
Heath Springs
266
Parksville
143
961
394
Helena..
Hickory Grove
269
289
Peak
Pecks
156
Cokesbury
87
Columbia ...
21.108
(P.O.Hickory)
(P, O. Bowyer)
Converse
2,000
Hodges
257
Pelzer
1.275
Conway
7(io
Holly Hill
256
Pendleton
568
Cope
80
Holtonhead...
180
Perry
76
Coronaca
236
Honea Path...
617
Pickens
44!)
Cowpens
692
459
3.028
Inman
294
153
193
Piedmont
Pineville
Port Royal
3.548
Cross Hill
Irene
■!'. K)
Darlington....
Irino
601
Denmark
m
1,015
Iva
253
44
Princeton
Prosperity
Reedy River
241
Dillon
Jacksonhoro
592
Donalds
229
Jefferson
180
Doversville ...
147
Johnston
865
Factory
Reevesville ...
•204
(P.O.Dovesv
ille)
Jonesville .
51 18
137
Due West
631
Eelton
76
Reidville
162
Dunbar
115
Kershaw
627
Richburg
240
Duncans
149
Kiugstree
760
Ridgeland
663
Easley
903
195
Kline
93
375
Rklirespring. ..
Ridsreville
411
Eastover
LakeCity
250
Eau Claire
714
Lamar
220
Ridgeway
Rock Hill
334
(P.O.Columbia)
Lancaster.
1.477
5,485
Ebenezer ...
331
Landrum
263
Bockton
324
(P 0. Old Point)
Langley
895
Rowesville
252
Edgefield
1 ,775
570
Latta
4.^3
4,029
Sallys
Saluda
241
Edisto Island.
Laurens
289
Ehrhardt
215
Leesvllle...
538
Sampit
300
Elko
252
Lewiedale
Lexington
173
806
Scotia
Scranton
258
Ellenton
Elloree
413
Libcrf.
368
Sellers
27«
Enoree
220
Lincoln^ ilk- ..
400
Seneca
920
Enterprise .. .
225
Little Mounta
Sharon
150
Eutawville ...
305
Little Rock
90
Siegllngvllle..
134
Fairfax
801
Livingston
79
Simpson vllle..
195
Falrplay
195
Longtown
223
Sinoaks
Florence
4,647
Lowndesville .
•.Ml
Smyrna
is
Foreston
224
Lowryvilli-
258
Societyhill .
450
Forkshoals
165
Lucknow
122
Spartanburg..
1 1 ,396
70
SOUTH DAKOTA.
South Cabolin \ < ontlnued.
Springfield
SprlngHill
St.George. ..
SI. Matthews .
St. Stephens
Summerton
Summerville..
Sumter
Swansea
Sycamore
Tatum.
Tiinmonsville:
Tlrzab
Travellers Rest
Trenton
I'<-I'.1900
344
72
576
758
2.-><i
23t;
Trio
Troy
rimers. ..
Onion ...
Vances
Varnville
Pop,
2.420 Verdery
5,673 '
239
79
200
131
106
2U6
Wagener.
Walhalla
Walterboro ...
Wards
Waterloo
Wedgefleld.;..
Wellford
Westminster..
1900
168
263
150
5.400
si
872
ISO
192
1,807
1,491
185
189
240
346
857
Pop. 1900
West Union... 289
Westville 123
White Bock .. 71
Whltmlrea .... 181
Wllliamston .. 9yi
Willington.... 861
Wllllston 617
WiimslM.ru 1,765
Woodford 206
Woodruff 596
Woodward 243
Yemassee 426
Yorkville 2,012
SOUTH DAKOTA. Population, 401,570.
Pop. 1900
Armstrong 8
Aurora 4,011
Beadle 8,081
Bonhomme ... 10,379
Brookings 12,561
Brown. 15,286
Brule 5.4(H
Buffalo. 1.790
Butte.. 2,907
Campbell 4,527
Charles Mix... 8,498
Clark. 6,942
Clay. 9.316
Codington 8,770
Custer 2,728
Davison 7,483
Day.... 12,254
Deuel 6,656
Douglas. 5,012
Edmunds 4,916
Fall River.... 3.541
Faulk.. 3,547
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Grant 9,103
Gregory ._ 2,211
Hamlin 5.945
Hand. 4,525
Hanson 4,947
Hughes... 3,684
Hutchinson... 11,897
Hyde 1,492
Jerauld 2,798
Kingsbury.... 9,866
Lake 9.137
Lawrence 17,897
Lincoln 12.161
Lyman 2.632
McCook.. 8,689
McPherson... . 6,327
Marshall 5,942
Meade 4,907
Miner 5,864
Minnehaha.... 23,926
Moody 8,326
Pennington... 5,610
Pop. 1900
Potter 2,988
Roberts 12.216
Sanborn 4.464
Spink 9,487
Stanley 1,341
Sully 1,715
Turner 13.175
Union 11.153
Walworth .... 3,839
Yankton 12,649
Cheyenne
River Indian
Reservation 2.357
Pine Ridge In-
dian Reser-
vation. 6,827
Rosebud In-
dian Reser-
vation 5,201
Standing Rock
Indian Res.
(part of) .... 1.658
INCORPORATED CITIES. TOWN
Aberdeen 4.087
Alcester 381
Alexandria.... 680
Alpena 153
Andover 225
Arlington 314
Armour
Artesian
Asliton
Atnol
Aurora
Baltic
Bangor
Bath
Belle Fourche
Be restore!
Big Mone
Bijou Hills....
Blunt
Bowdle.
Bradley
Bridge water ..
Bristol
912
339
274
130
280
220
269
156
451
1.046
590
130
246
622
180
Britton
Brookings
Bruce
Bryant
Buffalogap...
Butler.
Canastota
Canova
Canton
Carthage
Castalia
Castlewood..
Cavour
Centerville.-.
Central City .
Chamberlain.
Chancellor ...
Claremont ...
Clark
Clear Lake...
Column
Colton
Columbia
S, VILLAGES, ETC.
519 Conde.
.346 Custer
158 Davis
405 Deadwood
160 Dell Rapids...
130 Delmont
263 De Smet
169 Doland
,943 East Sioux Falls
265 Edgemont
180 Erhngton
430 Egan
98 Elk Point
871 Elkton
560 Emery
874 Erwin '
138 Estelline
120 Ethan..
684 Eureka
491 Fairfax
213 Fairview
130 Faulkton
143 Flandreau
195
59it
151
3. 4'. IS
1.255
210
749
235
232
479
36
5:6
1,081
578
247
131
357
190
961
190
170
539
1,244
TENNESSEE.
71
SofTii Dakota
Pop
Fort Bennett .
Fort Pierre ...
Fort Randall..
Frankfort
Frederick
Freeman
Galena
Garretson
Gary
Gavville
Geddes
Gettysburg ...
Greenmont . . .
Groton
Harrison
Harrold
Hartford
Hecla
Henry
Hermosa
Hetland
High more
Hill City
Hitchcock
Hot Springs...
Howard.
Hudson
Hurley
Huron.
Ipswich
Irene
Iroquois
Jefferson.
Keystone
Kimball
Lake Preston.
Langford
Lead
Lebanon
Lennox
— Continued.
. 1S0O Pop. 1900
245 Leola 193
395 Lesterville.... 244
130 Letcher 130
198 Madison. 2.550
251 Manchester... 130
525 Marion 338
240 Mellette 354
500 Menno 556
345 Mllbank. 1,426
ISO Miller.. 544
203 Mitchell 4,055
4(Ki Monroe. 170
139 Montrose 375
700 Mound City... 231
291 Mt. Vernon... 222
5? Northville .... 243
423 Oldham 222
160 Olivet. 156
191 Onida 150
77 Parker 893
162 Pierpoint 240
376 Parkston 596
602 Pierre. 2,306
135 Plankinton.... 465
1.319 Platte. 300
588 Prairie Queen 162
400 Pukwana 229
444 Ramona 172
2.793 (P.O. Ramona)
397 Rapid City.... 1,342
229 Redfleld 1,015
276 Revillo 187
364 Roscoe 92
700 Roswell. 50
453 Salem 741
706 Scotland 964
239 Sioux Falls... 10,266
6,210 Sisseton 928
190 S.Sioux Falls. 114
591 (P. O. Sioux Falls)
Pop. 1900
Southshore ... 210
Spearnsh 1,166
Spencer 332
Springfield.
St. Lawrence . 115
Strandburg ... 130
Sturgls l.iou
Summit.. 237
Terraville 540
Terry 800
Toronto 447
Tripp 366
Twinbrooks... 180
Tyndal) 1,167
Valley Springs
Vermilion .... 2.183
Viborg 222
Vienna ill
Volga 396
Wakonda 220
Warner 180
Watertown... 3.352
Waubay 430
Webster 1,506
Went worth... 181
Wessington... 220
Wessington
Springs 320
Westport 206
White 454
White Lake... 264
White Rock... 170
Whitewood ... 311
Willow Lakes. 210
Wilmot. &52
Wolsey 122
Woonsocket .. 648
Worthing 213
Yankton 4,125
TENNESSEE. Population, 2,020,616.
Pop. 1900
Anderson 17,634
Bedford 23.845
Benton 11,888
Bledsoe 6,626
Blount 19,206
Bradley 15,759
Campbell 17,317
Cannon 12,121
Carroll 24,250
Carter
.. 16,688
Cheatham
.. 10,112
Chester
. 9,896
Claiborne....
. 20,696
Clay ....
. 8,421
Cocke
. 19,153
Coffee
. 15.574
Crockett
. 15,867
Cumberland .
. 8,811
Davidson
.122,815
Decatur
. 1H.439
Dekalb.
. 16,460
Dickson
. 18,635
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Dyer 23,776
Fayette 29,701
Fentress 6,106
Franklin 20.392
Gibson 39,408
Giles 33,035
Grainger 15,512
Greene 30,596
Grundv 7,802
Hamblen....
Hamilton 61,695
Hancock 11.147
Hardeman .... 22.976
Hardin 19.246
Hawkins 24,267
Haywood... . 25,189
Henderson 18,117
Henry
Hickman 16,367
Houston ... 6,476
Humphreys .
Jackson 15,089
Pop. 1900
James 5.407
Jefferson 18,590
Johnson 10,589
Knox
Lake 7,368
Lauderdale ... 21.971
Lawrence ... 15,402
Lewis 4,455
Lincoln 26,304
London 10^38
McMinn .... 19,163
McXairv 17,760
Macon.. 12,881
Madison 36,833
Marion.. 17,281
Mar-hall.. 18,763
Maury . 42,703
7. VM
Monroe...
Montgomery.. 36,017
Moore 5,706
Morgan 9,587
72
TENNESSEE.
Tennehsick
Pop. 1900
Obion 28,286
Overtoil 18,363
Perry
Pickett 5,366
Polk 11,357
Putnam 16,890
Rhea L4.818
Roane 22,738
Robertson ... 25,029
Rutherford ... 33,543
Continued.
Pop. 1900
Scott 11,077
Sequatchie..
Sevier
Shelby .... ... 153,557
Smith ..... 19,026
Stewart 15,224
Sullivan 21.9:55
Simmer .. ... 26,072
Tipton
Trousdale 6,004
Pop. 1800
Unicoi 5,851
Union .
VanBuren.. 8,126
Warren 16,410
Washington
Wayne 12,988
Weakley
White "...
Williamson.. 26,429
Wilson 27,078
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, ETC.
Adamsville ... 462
Alexandria... 680
Ashland City . 446
Athens 1,849
Bartlett 200
Bellbuckle ... 665
Bells.. 758
Blnghamton .. 382
(P. O. Memphis)
Bluff City 548
Bolivar 1,035
Bonair 991
Bristol 5,271
Brownsville ..
2.645
Camden
399
Cardiff
103
Carthage
522
Cave Bluff ....
152
Cedarhill
460
Centerville ...
719
Charleston
480
Charlotte
717
Chattanooga..
30.154
Clarksville....
9.431
Cleveland
3.858
Clifton
639
Clinton
1,111
Coalcreek
2,480
Collierville...
829
Columbia
6,052
Cookeville
1.500
Covington
2,7b7
Cowan
544
Crossville
428
Cumberland City 490
Cumberland Gap 480
Dandridge
473
Dayton
2.004
Dec-herd
799
Dicbsoii
1 363
Double Springs
149
Dover
400
Dresden
700
Ducktown
1,200
Dyer
1,204
Dyersburg
3,647
Elizabethton .
1,200
Erin.
-\tt»
Fayetteville..
2,708
Franklin
2,180
Gadsden
229
Gainesboro
477
Gallatin
2,409
Gallaway
77
Gates 167
Germantown . 270
Goodlettsville 531
Grand Junction 393
Graysville .... 518
Creeneville... 1,817
Greenfield.... 1,250
Halls.... 395
Harriman 3,442
Hartsville 850
Henderson.... 1,600
Hill City 2.500
Humboldt 2,866
Huntingdon... 1,332
Iron City 331
Jacksboro 621
Jackson 14,511
Jellico 1,283
Johnson City . 4,645
Jonesboro 854
Kenton. 480
Kingston 548
Knoxville 32,637
Lafayette .... 460
La Follette ... 366
La Grange ... 355
Lawrenceburg 823
Lebanon 1,956
Lenoir City ... 1,250
Lenox 327
(P.O. Memphis)
Lewisburg 1,421
Lexington 1.332
Livingston.... 480
Longview 180
Lookout Moun-
tain.. 452
Loudon 875
Lynchburg 417
McKenzie .... 1.266
McMinnville.. 1.980
Manchester... 1.074
Martin 1.730
Maryville 2.3K
Mason 44s
Memphis 102,320
Middleton . 287
Midway 78
(P. O. Erin)
Milan 1,682
Morristown. . 2,973
Mossycreek. .. 1.250
Mt. Pleasant.. 2,007
Murfreesboro. 3,999
Nashville .... 80,865
Newbern 1,433
Newport 1,630
New Provi-
dence 715
Obion ... 1,034
Oliver Springs 658
Ooltewah 448
Paris... 2,018
Petersburg 411
Pulaski 2,838
Raleigh 279
Rheatown 158
Richmond 73
Ridgedale .... 1,145
Ripley.. 1,640
Rives 450
Rockwood .... 2.899
Rogersville... 1,386
Rutherford... 672
Salecreek 543
Savannah 2,000
Selmer. 588
Sevierville.... 619
Sharon 570
Shelby ville... 2,236
Smithville .... 647
Soddy 1,200
Somerville 777
South Fulton. 455
(P.O. Fulton. Kv.i
South Pitts-
burg 1,789
Sparta 895
Spring City... 640
Springfield.... 1.732
Sweetwater... 1,716
Thorn as town.. 186
(P. O. Cemetervi
Toone '241
Tracy City.... 2,100
Trenton.."....
Trezevant BO
Trov 416
Tuliahoma ....
Union City.... 3.407
Walling. 78
Wartrace 642
Waverlv 786
Whiteside 540
WhiteviUe .... 468
White well .... 2,000
Winchester... 1,338
Woodbury 468
TEXAS. 73
TEXAS. Population 3.0iS,710.
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
Anderson 28,015 Ector 381 Knox 2,322
Andrews 87 Edwards 3,108 Lamar 48,627
Angelina 13,481 Ellis 50,059 Lamb 31
Aransas 1.716 El Paso 24,886 Lampasas 8,625
Archer 2,508 Erath 29.966 Lasalle 2,303
Armstrong.... 1,205 Falls 33,342 Lavaca __ 28,121
3a 7,143 Fannin 51,793 Lee 14,595
Austin 20,676 Favette 86,542 Leon 18,072
Bailev_ 4 Fisher 3,708 Liberty. 8,102
Bandera 5.332 Floyd. 2,020 Limestone .... 32,573
Bastrop ..26.845 Foard.. 1,568 Lipscomb 790
Baylor 3.U52 Fort Bend .... 16,538 Live Oak 2,268
Bee 7.720 Franklin 8.674 Llano.... 7,301
Bell 45.535 Freestone 18,910 Loving 33
Bexar 69,422 Frio 4,200 Lubbock 293
Blanco 4,703 Gaines 55 Lvnn 17
Borden. 776 Galveston .... 44.116 McCulloch .... 3,960
Bosque 17,390 Garza. 185 McLennan .... 59.772
Bowie 26.676 Gillespie 8,229 McMullen 1,024
Brazoria 14.S61 Glasscock 286 Madison 10,432
Brazos 1S.S59 Goliad 8,310 Marion 1U.754
Brewster 2.356 Gonzales 28,882 Martin 332
Briscoe 1,253 Gray 480 Mason 5,573
Brown 16.019 Gravson 63.661 Matagorda.... 6,097
Burleson 18.367 Gregg... 12,343 Maverick 4,066
Burnet ..10.528 Grimes 26,106 Medina 7,783
Caldwell 21.765 Guadalupe .... 21,385 Menard 2,011
Calhoun 2.395 Hale. 1,680 Midland 1.741
Callahan 8.768 Hall 1,670 Milam .39,666
Cameron 16,095 Hamilton 13.520 Mills 7.851
Camp 9,146 Hansford 167 Mitchell 2.855
Carson. 469 Hardeman.... 3,634 Montague .... 24,800
Cass .22.841 Hardin 5,049 Montgomery.. 17,067
Castro. 400 Harris .63,786 Moore 209
Chambers 3.046 Harrison 31.S78 Morris. 8,220
Cherokee 25.154 Hartlev 377 Motley 1,257
Childress 2,138 Haskell 2.637 Nacogdoches . 24.663
Clay 9,231 Hays... 14,142 Navarro 43,374
Cochran 25 Hemphill 815 Newton 7,282
Coke 3.430 Henderson .... 19,970 .Nolan 2.611
Coleman 10.077 Hidalgo 6.837 Nueces 10,439
Collin 50:087 Hill 41.355 Ochiltree 267
Collingsworth 1.233 Hockley 44 Oldham 349
Colorado 22,203 Hood 9.146 Orange 5.905
Comal 7.1)08 Hopkins 27,950 Palo Pinto .... 12.291
Comanche .... 23.009 Houston 25.452 Panola 21.404
Concho 1,427 Howard 2.528 Parker.: 25,823
Cooke 27,494 Hunt 47.295 Parmer 34
Coryell 21.308 Hutchinson... 303 Pecos 2,360
Cottle 1.002 Irion 848 Polk ...14.417
Crane.. 51 Jack 10.224 Potter
Crockett 1.591 Jackson 6.094 Presidio
Crosby 788 Jasper 7,1:38 Rains.... 6,127
Dallam 146 .leff Davis .... 1,150 Randall 963
Dallas 82.726 Jefferson 14.239 Red River 29,898
Dawson. 37 Johnson 33.819 Reeves 1,847
Smith... 843 Jones 7.053 Refugio 1,641
15.219 Karnes. 8,681 Roberts....
Denton 28.318 Kaufman 38,376 Robertson 31,480
Dewitt... 21.311 Kendall 4,103 Rockwall ..
Dickens 1,151 Kent 899 Runnels....
Dimmit 1,106 Kerr... 4,980 Rusk....
Donley 2.756 Kimble 2,508 Sabine.....
Duval 8.4S3 King 490 San August ln<
Eastland 17,971 Kinney 2,447 San Jacinto ... 10,277
74 TEXAS.
Texas — ( lonl Inued.
I'..p. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
SanPatrlClb 2,872 Taylor 10,499 Ward 1,451
SanSaba 7,569 Terry. 48 Washington
Schleicher .. 515 Throckmorton 1,750 Webb
Scarry .. 4,158 TltUB . 12,292 Wharton 16,942
Shackelford 2,461 ToinGreen ... 6,804 Wheeler 896
Shelby 20,452 Travis 47,386 Wichita .... 5,806
Sherman . ... nil Trinity 10.976 Wilbarger.... 5,759
smith 37,370 Tyler 11,899 Williamson
Somervell..... 3,498 Opshur 16,266 Wilson 18,961
Starr 11.469 Upton 48 Winkler 60
Stephens 6,466 Uvalde 4,647 Wise 27,116
Merlin- .. 1,127 Valverde 5,263 Wood 21,048
Stonewall 2,183 Van Zand*.... 25,481 Yoakum 26
Sutton 1.727 Victoria 13,678 Young 6,540
Swisher 1,227 Walker .15,813 Zapata 4,760
Tarrant 52,376 Waller 14,246 Zavalla 792
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, ETC
Abilene 3.411 Collinsville ... 666 Grand Saline.. 864
Alice. 887 Columbus 1.824 Grandview ... 713
Alvarado 1.342 Comanche .... 2,070 Granger 841
Alvin 986 Commerce.... 1.800 Greenville.... 6,860
Alvord 1,023 Content 1,009 Groesbeck .... 1,462
Amarillo. 1.442 Cooper 1,518 Halletsvllle ... 1,457
Angus 898 Corpus Christi 4.703 Hearne 2.129
Antelope 789 Corslcana 9,313 Hempstead... 1,849
Aransas.. 79!) Cotulla.. 1,016 Henderson 1.653
Arlington 1,079 Crawford 443 Henrietta 1,614
Athens 1,235 Crockett 2,612 Hico 1,480
Atlanta 1,301 Cuero 3.422 Hillsboro 5,346
Austin 22.258 Dallas 42,638 Holland 678
Baird 1,502 Decatur. 1,562 Honey Grove. 2,483
Ballinger 1,128 De Leon 807 Houston 44,633
Bartlett 957 Denison 11,807 Houston Heights 800
Bastrop 2,145 Denton 4.187 Howe 531
Beaumont 9.427 Detroit 1,056 Hubbard 1,608
Beeville 2,311 Dodd 369 Huntsville .... 2,485
Belcher.. 305 Dublin 2,370 Iowapard 792
Bellville 1,076 Eagle Lake... 1,107 Italy 1,061
Bells 474 Eastland 596 Itasca 1.277
Belton 3,700 Edna 1.144 Jacksboro 1,311
BigSpring .... 1,255 Elgin 1,258 Jacksonville.. 1.568
Blooming Grove 585 El Paso 15,906 Jefferson 2,850
Blossom 874 Ennis... 4,919 Kaufman 2,378
Bonham 5,042 Farmersville.. 1,856 Kerens 735
Bowie 2.600 Ferris. 904 Kerrville 1,423
Brackettville. 925 Flatonia 1,210 Killeen 780
Brandon 457 Floresville .... 895 Kosse 717
Bremond 808 Forney 1,165 Ladonia 1,409
Brenham 5,968 Fort Davis.... 1,061 La Grange.... 2,392
Bridgeport 900 Fort Worth... 26,688 Lampasas 2,107
Brownsville... 6,305 Franklin 869 Lancaster.... 1.045
Brownwood... 3,965 Fredericksburg 1.632 Laporte 537
Bryan. 3,589 Frost 621 Laredo... 13.4-29
Burnet 1.003 Gainsville 7.S74 Leonard 750
Caldwell 1.535 Galves*on 37,7^9 Liberty... 865
Calvert 3.322 Garland 819 Livingston .... 1,024
Cameron 3,341 Garrison 530 Llano 1.462
Carthage 956 Gatesville 1.865 Lockhart 2,3<»6
Celeste 671 Giddings 1.278 Lone Oak 496
Childress 692 Gilmer 1.758 Longview 3,591
Cisco 1.514 Georgetown.. 2.790 Lott 614
Clarendon 949 Goldthwaite .. 1.282 Lufkin 1.527
Clarksville.... 2,069 Goliad 1,261 Luling 1,349
Cleburne. 7,493 Gonzales 4,297 McGregor 1.435
Coleman". 1,362 Graham 878 McKinnev .... 4.342
Colorado 1,874 Granbury 1,410 Mansfield 694
UTAH.
75
Texas — Continued.
Pop. 1900
Marble Falls
Marl in . ..
Marshall ..
Meridian .
Mesquite..
Mexia
Midland ..
Midlothian
Milford ...
875
3,092
7.855
923
406
2393
893
- .
653
Mineola 1.725
Pop. 1900
. . . . 400
Mineral Wells
Montague
Morgan
Mount Pleasant
Mount Vernon
Nacogdoches .
Naples
Navasota
Nevada
New Braunf als
Nocona
Oak Cliff
(Sta. Dallas P. O.)
Orange 3.835
Palestine 8.297
Palmer 480
Paris 9,353
Pearsall
Pecos
Pilotpoint...
Pittsburg ...
Piano.
Port Arthur.
2.048
579
766
1.096
972
1 ,827
905
3>57
356
2.097
961
3.630
639
1,168
1,783
1.S04
900
Pottsboro
Quanah ..
Ravenna .
Richmond
Riogrande
Rockdale.
Rockport.
Rockwall 1.245
Rogers
Roundrock
Rovse City....
Rusk
Sabine Pass...
San Antonio..
San Augustine
SanElizario...
San Felipe
San Marcos...
Savoy
Schulenburg..
Sealy..
Seguin
Seymour 1.475
Sherman 10,243
Shiner 845
Smithville .... 2.577
Spanish Fort.. 247
Springtown .
St. Jo
Stephenville
Sulphur Springs 3.6:35
Sweetwater... 670
Tavlor 4,211
1 .651
290
1,187
2.'*7
2.515
1.153
1,138
503
846
363
53.321
261
1.426
241
2.292
343
1,149
1.0S4
2.421
51S
825
1.902
Pop. 1900
Tehuacana 382
Temple 7,065
Terrell 6,330
Texarkana .... 5.256
(V.n. exaikana.Ark.)
Thurbur 1.453
Tom Bean 299
Trenton 420
Troupe 724
Tvler 8,069
Uvalde... 1,889
Valley Mills... 519
Van Alstvne.. 1,940
Velasco 942
Vernon 1,993
Victoria 4,010
Waco
Walton
Waxahachie .
Weatherford.
Weimar
West
894
4.215
4.786
1.337
851
Wharton 1,
1.243
1.804
2,480
1,347
899
1,549
773
3,499
846
Ysleta 1,562
Whitesboro ..
Whitewrieht..
Wichita Falls.
Wills Point....
Winnsboro
Wolfe City....
Wylie
Yoakum
Yorktown.
UTAH. Population 276,749.
Beaver ...
Boxelder
Cache
Carbon
Pop. 1900
.... 3.613 Juab
.... 10,009
.... 18,139
5.004
Davis 7.996 Piute
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
.... 10.0S2
Kane 1,811
Millard; 5,678
Morgan. 2,045
Emery
Garfield
Grand 1,149
Iron 3.546
4.657
3.40M
Rich
Salt Lake
San Juan
Sanpete _
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, ETC
1.954
1.946
77.725
1.023
16,313
Pop. 1900
Sevier 8,451
Summit. 9,439
Tooele 7,361
Uinta 6,458
Utah 32,456
Wasatch.. 4.736
Washington... 4.612
Wayne I,9u7
Weber.... 25,239
Alpine.
520 Deseret
AmericanFork 2.732 Draper
215
362
1,701
530
BinghamCanyon 1,193
Aurora
Bear River
Beaver
Benjamin
236
325
Elsihore 625
Emerv 256
Ephraim 2,086
Escalante
Eureka.
531
Heber 1.534
Helpen
Holden 293
Holliday
Hooper 386
Huntington... 653
3,(85 Huntsville
890
Bountiful
Brigham ...
Castle Dale.
Castlegate .
Cedar City .
Centerville.
Charleston .
ClrclevDle. .
Clarkston ..
Coalville ...
Corinne
1.442 Fairview 1.11
2.-59
559
789
Farmington.
Ferron
968
Fillmore 1,
1,425 Frisco
321 Fountain Green
234 Glenwood
219 Goshen
Granger.
Grants vllle
Gunnison
27 s
81 H
Hyd.'park 268
Hyrum 1,652
Joseph 343
Kamas 231
216 Kanab 71(1
755 Kanush 391
122 Kavsville ....
645 Layton
384 LehlCity....
Lewlston .... 499
829 Loa 216
76
VERMONT— VIRGINIA.
UTAH — Continued.
Pop. 1900
Logan 5,451
Mammoth 585
Manti 2,408
Mapleton 278
Mayfleld 209
Mention 494
Mercur 2,351
Midway 719
Millcreek 1,500
Millvllle 224
Minersville.... 437
Moab 269
Monroe 1,057
Morgan 600
Moroni 1,224
Mt. Pleasant . . 2.372
Murray 2,137
Nephi 2,208
Newton 429
North Ogden.. 820
Ogden 16,313
Pop. 1900
Ophir 209
Orangevllle ... 891
Orderville 290
Pangultch .... 883
Paradise 5%
Park City 3.751)
Parowan 1,039
Payson... 2,636
Peoa 236
Plain City 815
Pleasant Grove 2,460
Price 539
Providence 877
ProvoCity .... 6,185
Randolph 312
Redmond 451
Richfield 1.969
Richmond 1,111
Riverton 318
Robinson. 302
St. George .... 1,600
Pop- 1900
Salem
Salina 847
Salt Lake City. 58,531
Sandy . ... 1,080
Santaquin 889
Bciplo .....
Scofleld 612
Silver City..
Smithfield 1,494
Spanish fork-
Spring City.... 1,135
Sprlngvllle.— 3,422
Stockton 226
Taylorsville... 170
Tooele 1,200
Vernal 664
Washington... 529
Wellsville 908
West Jordan.. 337
Willard 580
VERMONT. Population, 343,641.
Addison
Bennington
Caledonia .
Chittenden
Essex
Pop. 1900
... 21,912
21,705
24.381
39,600
8,056
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Franklin 30,198
Grand Isle .... 4,462
Lamoille 12,289
Orange 19,313
Orleans 22,024
Pop. 1930
Rutland 44.209
Washington .. 36,607
Windham 26.660
Windsor 32,225
INCORPORATED CITIES AND VILLAGES.
Barre 8,448
Barton 1,050
Barton Land-
ing 677
Bellows Falls. 4.337
Bennington .. 5,656
Bennington
Center 215
Bradford 614
Brattleboro... 5,297
Burlington.... 18,640
Cabot 226
Chester 950
Derby 297
Derby Line... 309
Enosburg Falls 954
Essex Junction 1,141
Fair Haven ...
Hardwick
Hyde Park ....
Johnson
Ludlow
Lyndon Center
Lyndonville...
Middlebury. ..
Montpelier....
Morrisville
Newport
North Benning-
ton
Northfield ....
North Troy...
Plainfleld
Proctor ...
2,470
Randolph
1,540
1 ,334
Readsboro
658
422
Richford
1.513
587
Rutland..
11.499
1,454
St. Albans
6.239
232
St. Johnsburv.
5,666
1 .274
Springfield
2.010
1.897
Stowe
500
6,266
S wanton
1,168
1,262
Vergennes
1,753
1,874
AVaterbury
1.597
AVellsIiiver...
565
670
West Derby...
913
1.50S
A\ ilmington ..
410
562
Windsor
1,656
341
Winooski
3,783
2,013
Woodstock ...
1,234
VIRGINIA. Population, 1,854,184.
Pop. 1900
Accomac 32,570
Albemarle .... 28.473
Alexandria 6.430
Alleghany .... 16,330
Amelia 9,037
Amherst 17,864
Appomattox.. 9.662
Augusta 32.370
Bath 5,595
Bedford 30.356
Bland 5,497
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Botetourt 17.161
Brunswick.... 18.217
Buchanan .... 9,692
Buckingham.. 15,266
Campbell 23,256
Caroline 16.709
Carroll 19.303
Charles City.. 5.040
Charlotte 15,343
Chesterfield .. 18,804
Clarke 7,927
Pop. 1900
Craig 4.293
Culpeper 14,123
Cumberland .. 8.996
Dickenson 7.747
Dinwiddie .... 15.374
Elizabeth City 19,480
Essex 9,701
Fairfax 18,580
Fauquier. 23.374
Floyd 15,388
Fluvanna 9,050
VIRGINIA.
77
Virgin ia — Continued
Pop. 1900
Franklin 25,953
Frederick 18,239
Giles 10,793
Gloucester...
Goochland.... 9,519
Grayson
Greene 6,214
Greenesville.. 9,758
Halifax.. 37,191
Hanover 1 1,618
Henrico 80,062
Henry 19,265
Highland 5X47
Isle of Wight. 13,102
James City.... 3,688
King and Queen 9,265
King George., 6.918
King William. 8,380
Lancaster 8,949
Lee 19,856
Loudoun 21,948
Louisa. 10.517
Lunenburg 11,705
Madison 10,216
Mathews 8.239
Mecklenburg . 26.551
Middlesex...,
Montgomery..
Nansemond .. 23,078
Nelson 16,075
NewKent 4,865
Norfolk 50,780
Northampton. 13,770
Northumber-
land 9,846
INCORPORATED
Abingdon 1,306
Accomac 625
Alexandria ... 14,528
Almagro
Amelia 380
Amherst 590
Arlington .... 900
Ashland 1.147
BartonHeights 763
Basic City 1.270
Bedford City.. 2,410
Belfield...:... 493
Belle Haven.. 331
Berkley 4,988
BerryvlUe...
Big Stone Gap. 1,617
Blacksburg... 768
Blacketone ... 58a
Bond 295
(P. O. Coeburn)
Bowling Green 45S
Boydton
Boykins....
Brfdgewater.. 384
Bristol 4,579
(P. O. Bristol,
Teun.i
Broadway 400
Brookneal .... 370
Buchanan 716
Pop. 1900
Nottoway 12,366
Orange 12.571
Page 13,794
Patrick 15,403
Pittsylvania .. 46,894
Powhatan 6,824
Prince Edward 15,045
Prince George 7,752
Princess Anne 11,192
PrinceWilliam 11,112
Pulaski 14,609
Rappahannock 8,843
Richmond 7,088
Roanoke 15,837
Rorkbridge.. 21,799
Rockingham . 33,527
Russell 18,031
Scott 22.094
Shenandoah .. 20,253
Smyth 17.121
Southampton. 22,848
Spottsylvania. 9,239
Stafford 8,097
Surry 8,409
Sussex 12,082
Tazewell 23.3S4
Warren 8.837
Warwick 4,888
Washington .. 28.995
Westmoreland 9,243
Wise 19,653
Wythe 20,437
York 7,482
City of Alexandria
14,523
CITIES. TOWNS, V
Buena Vista.. 2,388
Burkeville .... 510
Cape Charles . 1.040
Charlottesville 6,449
Chase City 542
Chatham 918
Chincoteague
Island 2,740
Christiansburg 659
Cliurchland ... 250
City point...;.. 409
Claremont 505
Ciarksville ... 723
Clifton Forge. 3,212
Clinchport 183
Clintwood 255
Clover 4U0
Coeburn 295
Collicrstown . 376
Colonial Beach 453
Columbia 210
Courtland .
Covington .... 2,950
Crewe.
Culpeper 1,618
Danville 16,520
Dayton 425
Dublin 410
Duffleld 98
Dumfries 100
Pop. 1900
City of Bristol 4,579
City of Buena Vista
2,388
City of Charlottes-
ville 6,449
City of Danville
16,520
City of Fredericks-
burg 5,068
City of Lynchburg
18,891
City of Manchester
9,715
Citv of Newport
News... 19,635
City of Norfolk
46,624
City of Petersburg
21.810
City of Portsmouth
17,427
City of Radford
3.344
City of Richmond
85,050
City of Roanoke
21,495
City of Staunton
7,289
City of Williams-
burg 2.044
City of Winchester
5,101
ILLAGES, ETC.
East StoneGap 349
Eastville 313
Edinburg 512
Elkton 511
Emporia 1,027
Ettricks 991
Fairfax 373
Fairport 850
Falls Church.. 1.007
Farmville .... 2.471
Fincastle 052
Floyd 402
Fort Myer .... 000
Fortress Monroe
1,000
Franklin 1,143
Fredericksburg 5,068
Front Royal .. 1,005
Ity 521
Gilmerton .... 577
Glade Spring . 301
i lie .... 511
(P. O. Wise)
Glen Wilton.. 155
Gloucester .. 465
Gordonsville.. 603
Goshen. 253
I P.O.Goshen Bridge)
Graham . 1,554
Grundy 200
78
WASHINGTON.
Vim; i ma — Continued
Pop. 1900
Hamilton 364
Hampden Sidney 450
Hampton 2,764
Harrisonburg. 3,521
Heathsville... 525
Herndon 692
HlUsboro 131
Holland 183
Holstein Mills 50
Honaker 295
Houston 687
Iron Gate 392
Ivanhoe 660
James River.. 1,400
Jonesville 437
Keysville 82
Lawrenceville 760
Lebanon 325
Leesburg 1,513
Lexington 3.203
Longdate 810
Louisa 261
Lovettsville .. 97
Lowmoor. 989
Luray.... 1.147
Lynchburg.... 18,891
McDowell 136
McGaheysville 375
Madison 405
Manassas 817
Manchester... 9,715
Marion 2,045
Martinsville .. 2,384
Matoaca 661
Mechanicsburg 113
Middleburg... 296
Middletown... 423
Midlothian 300
Millwood 400
Monterey 246
Mt. Crawford . 330
Mt. Jackson .. 472
Mt. Sidney.... 197
Pop. 1900
National Soldiers
Borne 3.om
Newbern 152
Newcastle 299
New Hope 124
New Markel
Newport New
Newriver Depot 685
Norfolk 46.624
Northside 584
(P.O. Bartonhelgbts)
North Tazewell 320
Norton 654
Occoquan 297
Onancock 938
Orange 536
Parksley 450
Pearisburg 464
Pennington Gap 899
Petersburg.... 21.810
Phoebus 2,094
Pinners 2.500
Pocahontas... 2,789
Port Royal.... 193
Portsmouth... 17.427
Pulaski 2,813
Radford 3,344
Reedville 145
Remington.... 198
Richlands 475
Richmond .... 85,050
Ridgeway 332
Ri vert on 650
Roanoke 21,495
Rocky Mount. 612
Roundhill 351
Rural Retreat. 800
Rustburg 352
Salem 3.412
Saltville.. 1,051
Scottsville.... 1.248
Seddon 249
(P. O. Bland)
Pop 1900
Shenandoah
Shendon 381
(P. o. Grottoes)
Slngerglen .... lift
Smithlield .... 1,225
Smlthville .
Snowy illc 291
South Boston
South Norfolk 1,000
sperrvville ... 378
Staunton 7,289
Stevens City.. 490
Strasburg..... 690
Stuart
Suffolk
Tacoma 247
Tappahannock 554
Tazewell 1,096
Timberville... 173
Upperville..
Urbanna 500
Vienna 317
Vinton 1.438
Virgilina. 200
Warrenton 1.627
Washington... 300
Waterford .... 383
Waverly 493
Waynesboro .. 856
"West Clinton
Forge 367
(P.O. Clifton Forge)
West Norfolk. 600
West Point.... 1,307
"Wiehle 51
Williamsburg. 2.044
Winchester... 5.161
Winterpock... 656
Woodstock.... 1.069
Wytheville ... 3,003
Yorktown 151
WASHINGTON. Population, 51S,103.
Pop. 1900
Adams 4,840
Asotin 3,366
Chehalis 15,124
Chelan 3,931
Clallam 5,603
Clarke 13,4i9
Columbia 7,128
Cowlitz 7,877
Douglas 4,926
Ferrv 4.562
Franklin 486
Garfield 3,918
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Island 1,870
Jefferson 5.712
King 110.053
Kitsap 6,767
Kittitas 9.7(14
Klickitat 6.407
Lewis 15.157
Lincoln 11,969
Mason 3.810
Okanogan 4,689
Pacific 5.983
Pierce 55.515
Pop. 1900
Pan Juan 2,928
Skagit 14.272
Skamania 1,688
Snohomish 23.950
Spokane 57.542
Stevens 10,543
Thurston 9,927
Wahkiakum .. 2.S19
Wallawalla ... 18.680
Whatcom 24.116
Whitman 25,360
Yakima 13,462
INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS. VILLAGES, ETC.
Aberdeen 3.747 Ballard 4,568 Bothell 216
Anacortes 1,476 Biglake 210 Bremerton.... 220
Arlington 852 BlackDiamond 570 Bucklcv 1.014
Asotin 470 Blaine 1.592 Bucoda 366
Auburn 489 Bossbuvg 247 Burlington... 227
WEST VIRGINIA.
"Wasuingtox-
-Continued.
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Camas
520
Harrington ...
(84
Rltzville
761
Carbonado
730
Hoqulam
2,608
Roche Harbor.
25 1
Castle Rock...
750
Iiwaco
58 1
Rockford
133
Cathlauiet
219
Kalama
554
Rosalia
379
Centerville
800
Kelso
694
Roslyn
2,786
Centraiia
1,600
Kent
755
Seattle
0,671
Chehalis
1,775
Kettle Falls...
2'.I7
Sedro "Woolley
885
Chelan
330
Kirkland
264
Shclton
838
Cheney
781
La Conner
564
SMney ...
254
Chewelah
437
Latah
253
(P.O. Port Orchard)
Clarkston
480
Leavenworth .
299
Snohomish
2,101
Cle Elum
296
Loomis
428
South Bend...
711
Colfax
2,121
Lowell
478
South Park ...
560
Colton
251
Lynden
Marcus
365
South Prairie.
351
Columbia
337
Spangle
331
Colville
594
Marysville
7-28
Spokane
-
Concully
251
Medical Lake.
516
Sprague
695
Cosmopolis
1,004
Montesano
1,194
Springdale
25 1
Cou.ee City ...
308
Mt. Vernon ...
1.120
Stanwood
596
Coupeville
540
Xew Whatcom
6.834
Steilacoom*...
1,015
Creston
250
(Pop. as re-enumer-
Sultan
312
Davenport
1,000
ated, 9,135
Sumas
319
Dayton
2.216
Northport
787
Sumner _
531
East Spokane.
369
North Yakima.
3,154
Tacoma
37.714
Edmonds.
474
Oakesdale
928
Tekoa
717
Edwall
250
Ocosta
166
Toledo
285
Elberton
297
Olvmpia
3,863
Tumwater
270
Ellensburg ...
1,737
Orting...
728
Uniontown
4(14
Elma
894
Palouse
929
Utsaladdv
210
Enumclaw
245
Paaco.
254
Vancouver ...
3.12C.
Everett
7,8:38
Pataha City...
157
Waltsburg
1,011
Fairfield
413
Pomeroy
953
Wallawalla ...
10,049
Fairhaven
4,228
Port Angeles..
2,321
Wallula
251
Farmington ..
434
Port Orchard .
197
"Waterville ....
482
Fernhill
300
PortTownsend
3.443
Waverly
529
Fremont
998
Prescott
325
Wenatcb.ee. ...
451
Friday Harbor
282
Prosser
229
Wilbur
595
Garfield
697
Pullman
1,308
AVilkeson
363
Oilman
700
Puyallup
1,884
Winlock
655
(P. O. Issaquab)
Eearden
303
"iakima City ..
287
Goldendale
738
Renton
412
Hamilton
392
Republic
2,050
WEST VIRGINIA. Population, 938,800.
Pop. 1900
.... 14.198
.... 19.469
.... 8,194
.... 18.904
.... 7,219
Barbour.
Berkeley
Boone.
Braxton .
Brooke ...
Cabell 29.252
Calhoun 10,266
Clay 8.248
Doddridge .... 13,689
Fayette 31,987
Gilmer 11,762
Grant 7.275
Greenbrier.... 20,683
Hampshire.... 11.806
Hancock 6,693
Hardy 8,449
Harrison 27.690
Jackson 22,987
Jefferson 15,9:35
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Kanawha 54,696
Lewis 16,9S0
Lincoln. 15,434
Logan 6,955
McDowell 18,747
Marion 32,430
Marshall 26.441
Mason 24,142
Mercer 23.023
Mineral ....
Mingo. _ 11.359
Monongalia... 19,049
Monroe 13,130
Morgan - 7,294
Nicholas 11,403
Ohio 18,024
Pendleton 9,167
Pleasants 9,846
Pocahontas... 8,572
Pop. 1900
Preston 22,727
Putnam 17,330
Raleigh
Randolph 17,670
Ritchie 18,901
Roane
Summers 16,265
Taylor 14,978
Tucker
Upshur 14,696
"Wavne 23,619
Wetzel ...
Wirt 10,284
W 1
Wyoming ..
so
WEST VIRGINIA.
Wbs i Virginia— Continued.
ENCOfcPORATED CITIES, town-. TILLAGES, ETC.
Pop. 1900
Addison 297
Alderson 518
Alvy 896
Amos 518
Ansted 1,090
Aracoma 444
(P O. Logan)
Austen 289
Barboursville. 4-29
Bayard 540
teckley 342
ielington 430
Benwood 4.511
Berkeley Springs 781
Bethany 245
Beury 449
Beverly 464
Blacksville ... 180
Bluefleld 4.044
Bolivar. 781
Bramwell 825
Brandonville.. 68
Bridgeport.... 464
Brooklyn 632
(.P.O.IS'ew Martins-
ville)
Bruceton 80
(P.O.Bruceton Mills)
Bnckhannon.. 1,589
Buffalo 364
Cairo 653
Cameron 964
Cannelton 342
Caper ton 356
Centerville. _. 156
(P. O. Alma)
Central City.. 1,580
(Sta. Huntington
P.O.)
Ceredo 1.279
Charleston.... 11.099
Charles Town. 2,392
Claremont 593
Clarksburg 4.(150
Clay 413
Clifton 427
Coalburg 519
Cowen 257
Crescent 382
Culloden 99
Davis..' 2,391
Dingess. 354
Dobbin 4%
Eatrle 1,200
Eastbank 468
Eeknian 996
Elizabeth 657
Elk Garden... 581
Elktaorn 1,123
Elkins 2,016
Ellenboro 330
Elm Grove.... 768
Fairmont 5,655
Fairview...:.. 407
(P. O. Wayne)
Pop. 1900
Farming
Fayetteville
Fetterman ... f96
Fort Gay .... 832
Frankford .... 188
Franklin
Freeman 813
Friendly
Glenville :::>-;
Gormania 344
Grafton 5,650
GrantsvUle ... 225
Greenmont ... 349
(P.O.Morgantown)
Guyandot 1,450
Hamlin 380
Handley
Harpers Ferry 896
Harrisville...'. 472
Hartford 515
Hawks Nest... 109
Hedgesville... 342
Henderson 304
Hendricks 317
Henry (P.O.Clay) 339
Hillsboro " 204
(P O. Academy)
Hill Top * 263
(P. O. Redstar)
Hinton 3,763
Hundred 261
Huntington... 11,923
Hurricane 240
Independence. 206
Janelew 324
Junior 335
Kanawha 659
Kenova... 863
Keyser 2,536
Keystone ....
Kingwood Too
Lazearvilte— . 408
Leatherwood.. 123
(P.O.Wheeling)
Leon 250
Lewisburg .... 872
Littleton 509
Macdonald.... 890
McDowell 1.241
McMechen .... 1,465
Maiden 389
Mammoth... . 390
Mannington... 1,681
Marlington.... 171
Martinsburg .. 7,564
Mason 904
Maybeury 1,679
Middlebourne. 403
Middle way.... (66
Milton. ' 582
Monongab .... 1,786
Montana Mines 410
Montgomery.. 1.594
Moorefiekl .... 460
Morgantown.. 1,895
Pop. 1900
Moundsville .. 5,862
Mt. Hope 351
Newburg 751
NewC umber land2,196
New Haven . 580
New Martins-
ville 1,089
Xuttallburg... 395
Oceana 187
Parkersburg .. 11.703
Parsons 618
Paw Paw 693
Pennsboro 738
Peterstown ... 167
Philippi 685
Pickens. 490
Piedmont 2,115
Pleasant Valley 180
(P.O.Wheeling)
Poca 362
Point Pleasant 1,934
Powellton 503
Powhatan 439
Primtvtown... 358
Quinnimont... 618
Ravenswood.. 1.074
Raymond City 690
Keedy.... 300
Ripley 579
Rivesville 164
Romney 580
Ronceverte ... 968
Rowlesburg. 652
Salem 746
Seneca 723
(P.O. Morgantown)
Shepherdstown 1,184
Sherrard 323
Shinnston 535
Sistersville.... 2,979
South Elkins.. 206
(P. O. Elkins)
So. Morgantown 405
(P.O. Morgantown)
Spencer 737
Springfield.... 143
St. Albans 816
St. George .... 152
St. Marys 825
Stonecl'if t 359
Summersville. 223
Sutton 864
Talcott 360
Terra Alta .... 616
Thomas 2.126
Thurmond.... 447
Triadelphia ... 287
Troy 148
Tunnelton 479
Union 256
Vivian 619
wardensville. 152
Watson' 18
(P.O. Capon Springs)
Welch 442
WISCONSIN.
81
West Virginia — Continued
Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900
Wellsburg 2,588 West Union... 623 Williamson... 710
West Colombia 205 Wheeling 38,878 Williamstown. 403
West Millord . ls7 White Sulphur Winfield 338
Weston 2,560 Springs 518 Winona 2,340
WISCONSIN
Pop. 1900
Adams it. 141
Ashland 20,176
Barron 23.677
Bayfield .... .. 14,392
Brown 46,359
Buffalo 16,765
Burnett 7,478
Calumet 17,078
Chippewa 33,037
Clark 25,848
Columbia 31.121
Crawford
Dane
Dodge
Door
Douglas
Dunn
Eau Claire ..
Florence . ..
P'ond du Lac
Forest
Grant.
,Green 22.719
Green Lake ... 15,797
17.2^;
69.4.S5
46.631
17.5S3
36.335
25.(143
31,692
3,197
47.5S9
1.396
SS.syi
Population
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Iowa 23,114
Iron 6.616
Jackson 17,466
Jefferson 34,789
Juneau 20,629
Kenosha 21,707
Kewaunee 17.212
LaCrosse 42,997
Lafayette 20,959
Langdale 12.553
Lincoln... 16,269
Manitowoc... 42,261
Marathon 43,256
Marinette .... 30,822
Marquette .... 10,509
Milwaukee.... 330.01 7
Monroe 28,103
Oconto 20,874
Oneida 8,875
Outagamie.... 46.247
Ozaukee 16.363
Pepin 7.905
Pierce 23,943
Polk 17,801
•2,069,042.
Pop. 1900
Portage 29,483
Price... 9,106
Racine 45.644
Kichland 19,483
Rock 51.203
Sauk 33,006
Sawyer. 3,593
Shawano 27.475
Sheboygan .... 50,345
St. Croix 26,830
Taylor... 11,262
Trempealeau . 23,114
Vernon
Vilas
Walworth ...
Washburn
Washington..
Waukesha ...
Waupaca
Waushara
Winnebago ..
Wood 25,865
28.351
4,929
29.259
5,521
23.5S9
35.229
31,615
15.972
58.225
INCORPORATED CITIES, VILLAGES, ETC.
Abbotsford .
Ableman
Albany
Algonia
Alloues.
Alma
Altoona
Amery
Amherst
Antigo
Appleton
Arborvitae..
Arcadia
Argyle
Ashland
Auburndale.
443
430
797
1,738
731
1,201
721
905
558
5,145
15.085
528
1,273
525
13,074
241
Augusta 1,256
Avoca
Baldwin ..
Bangor
Baraboo.. .
Barron
Bayfield...
Beaverdara
Belleville .
Belmont...
Beloit
Benton
Berlin 4,489
Blrnamwood.. 475
Blackcreek ... 400
5(J9
10,436
546
Black River
Falls
Blair
Blanchardville
Bloomer
Bloomington..
Boscobel
Boyd
Brandon
Brillion
Brodhead
Browntown...
Buffalo
Burlington
Butternut
Cadott
Cambria
Cameron
Campbellsport
Camp Douglas
Cashton
Cassville
Cedarburg
Cedar Grove
Chetek
Chilton
Chippewa Falls
Clear Lake
Clinton
Clintonville...
Colby
1,938
438
573
811
611
1.637
674
663
855
1,584
246
254
2.526
700
840
561
394
588
432
510
979
1 ,626
327
531
1,460
8,094
527
871
1 ,658
667
Columbus 2,349
Commonwealth 700
Cuba City 636
Cudahy. 1,366
Cumberland...
1,328
Dane
280
Darlington ...
1,808
Danford
450
Deertteld
515
Delavan
2,244
Depere
4,038
De Soto
387
Dodgeville
1,865
Drummond ...
471
Durand
1,458
Eagle.
324
Eagle River...
1,200
Eau Claire
17,517
Edgar
478
Edgerton
2,192
Elkhart Lake
464
fP.O. Elkhart)
Elkhorn
1,731
Ellsworth
1,063
Kirov
1,685
Embarrass
270
Bvansvllle
1,864
Fallcreek
527
Falrchild
947
Fennlmore
1,083
Florence 1,
82
WISCONSIN.
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Fond (in Lac ..
15,110
- in
706
Fori Atkinson
8,048
Mar-tj field ....
. 5 .'J 10
Fountain City
1,081
Mar toon
. 1,400
Fox Lake
890
Mauston
. 1,718
Fredonia
630
Mayville
. 1,815
Fremont
263
Mazomanle ..
91 Q
Galesville ...-.
Mcliord
. 1,758
Genoa
467
Mellen
577
Glenwood
1,789
Mcna.-ha
GUdden
571
Menominee ...
5,655
Grafton
478
Menomonee Falls 687
Grantsburg ...
612
Merrill
. B.537
Gratiot
335
Mcrrillan
739
Grand Rapids.
4,498
Merrimack...
. 350
Green Bay
1S.HSI
Milton
685
Greenwood ...
708
Milton Junction 681
Hammond
404
Milwaukee...
.2-5.315
Hartford
1,632
Mineral Point
. 2,991
Hartland
629
Mishicott
557
Hayward
1,864
Mondovi
. 1.20S
Hazel Green..
442
Montello
B57
Highland
913
Monroe
. 3,927
Hilhert
497
Montfort
627
Hillsboro
785
Monticello...
559
Horieon
1,376
Mosinee
657
Hortonville ...
913
Mt. Horeb ...
864
Hudson
3.259
Mukwonago .
491
Hurley
2,267
Muscoda
743
Hustisford
540
Necedah
. 1,209
Independence.
630
Neenah
. 5.954
Iola
558
Neillsvllle ....
. 2,104
Iron River
1,007
Nekoosa
745
Jacksonport ..
450
New Glarus..
515
Janesville
13,185
Xew Lisbon..
. 1.014
Jefferson
2.584
New London.
. 2. 742
Juneau
891
New Richmond 1.631
Kaukauna
5,115
North Freedom 485
Kendall.
460
NorthGreenfieldl,006
Kenosha
11,606
North Miiwau
kee
Kewaskum
679
1.049
Kewaunee
1,773
Northport
348
Kiel
924
Nor walk
357
Kilbourn City.
1,134
Oakfleld
466
La Crosse
2S.895
Oconomowoc .
. 2.880
La Farge
488
Oconto
. 5,646
Lake Geneva .
2,585
Odanah
. 1.000
Lake Mills....
1,387
Omro
. 1,358
Lake Nebage-
Onalaska
. 1,368
main
1,010
Ontario
. 389
Lancaster
2.403
Oregon
. 697
Lavalle
386
Orfordville....
277
Linden
543
Osceola
466
Little Chute..
944
Oshkosh
. 28.284
Lodi
1,068
Osseo
472
Lomira
492
Packwaukee..
237
Lone Rock
512
Palmyra
716
Lowell
333
Pardeeville...
rsa
Loyal..
645
Pence
421
Lvnxville
322
Pepin
407
McMillan
200
Peshtigo
Pewaukee
1,719
Madison
19.164
714
Maiden Rock .
304
Phillips
. 1,820
Manawa
744
Pittsville
634
Manitowoc
11,786
Plaiuneld
728
Marathon
528
Platteville....
. 3.340
Marinette
16,195
Plover
. 319
Marion
602
Plymouth
. 2,257
Pop. 1900
Portage 5,459
Port Edwards. 581
Port Washington
3,010
PotOSi 434
Poynette. 888
Prairie duChien 3,232
Prairie dn Sac 696
Prentice
Prescott 1,002
Princeton .... 1.202
Racine 29,102
Randolph 738
Readstown 403
Reedsburg.... 2,225
Reedsviile.... 428
Reeseville .... 393
Rhinelander .. 4,998
Riblake 622
Rice Lake .... 3,002
RichlandCenter 2,321
Rio.... 479
Ripon 3,818
River Falls ... 2,008
Rochester 296
Rome 263
Rosendale .... 296
Sauk City 810
Scandinavia .. 320
Schleisingerville 549
Schofleld 573
Seymour 1,026
Sharon 945
Shawano 1.863
Shebovgan ... 22.962
Sheboygan Falls
1,301
Shelbv.. 780
Shell Lake.... 1,500
ShullBburg.... 1,250
Soldiers Grove 680
South Milwaukee
3,392
Sparta 3,555
Spencer 526
Spooner 486
Spring Green . 621
Spring Valley. 1,021
St. Croix Falls 622
St. Francis.... 742
St. Xazainz ... 518
Stanley.. 2,387
Star Prairie... 269
Stevens Point. 9.524
Stoughton 3.431
Stratford 253
Sturgeon Bay. 3.3?2
Sun Prairie ... 938
Superior 31.091
Theresa. 355
Thiensville ... 303
Thorp 838
Titrerton 723
Tomah 2.840
Tomahawk.... 2,291
Trempealeau . 609
Turtle Lake... 326
WYOMING.
83
Wisconsin —
Continued.
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Two Rivers..
. 3.7^4
Waupun... .. 3,185
weyauwega .. 911
[ nil m Center
. 287
w ausau - . . 12,354
Whlteflah Hay 512
I nion Grove.
. 520
AVausaukee ... 1,48(5
Whitehall 600
Verona
. 228
Wautoma 508
Whitewater... 3,405
Viola _.
. 432
wauwatosa... 2,842
Wilson 393
Viroqua
. 1,950
Wauzeka 471
Wilton 400
"W aterloo
. 1,137
Wayside 271
wmneconne.. 1,042
Watertown ..
. 8.437
West Bend.... 2,119
Wittenberg... 798
A\ aukau
289
Westboro 600
wonewoc 811
"Waukesha ...
. 7.419
Westby 524
Woodboro 338
Waunakee ...
443
Westtield 7iki
Wrightstown . 420
Waupaca
. 2,912
West Salem... 725
Wyocena 351
WYOMING. Population, 92,531
COUNTIES.
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Pop. 1900
Sweetwater... 8,455
Uinta 12,223
9,589 Laramie 20.181 Weston 3,203
3.337 Natrona 1,785
3,137 Sheridan 5,122
Albany 13,084 Fremont 5.35'
Bighorn 4.328 Johnson 2,361
Carbon ...
Converse .
Crook
Yellowstone
National Park 369
Afton.
Aladdin
Almy
Atlantic City
Auburn
Baggs
Basin...
Battle
Beulah
Bighorn
Buffalo
Cambria
Carbon
Casper.
Cheyenne
Clearmont. ..
Cody
Cokeville
Dayton
Diamondville
INCORPORATED CITIES.
449 Dixon
106 Douglas
250 Encampment .
235 Evanston
100 Fairview
156 Fort Bridger..
489 Germania
132 Gillette
117 Glenrock
154 Green River...
710 Guernsey
750 Hanna ._
634 Hartville
883 Hyattville
14,087 Kemmerer
154 Lander
170 Laramie
138 Lusk
137 Mammoth Hot-
897 springs
TOWNS, ETC.
189 Mannville ....
734 Medicine Bow
579 Meeteetse
2.110 Newcastle
100 Opal
129 Otto
110 Parkman
151 Piedmont
297 Pinebluff .
1,361 Ranchester ...
515 Rawlins
172 Rock Springs..
210 Saratoga
157 Sheridan
832 Sundance
737 Sweetwater...
8.207 Thermopolis ..
180 Tie Siding
Wheatland
131
106
168
245
756
127
134
115
109
135
172
2.317
4.363
672
1,559
2! a
290
299
182
327
s
K
POPULATION
CHIEF CITIES
FOREIGN COUNTRIES
FROM THE LATEST OFFICIAL CENSUS
RETURNS.
Name. Country. Pop.
Aachen, Germany 133,235
Aalborg. Denmark 19,508
Aalesund, Norway 8,406
Aarhuns, Denmark 33,308
Aberdare, England 43,357
Aberdeen. Scotland 153,108
Acanceh, Mexico 22.916
Accrington, England 43,095
Adelaide (with suburbs), So.
Australia 162,261
AdisAbbeba. Abyssinia 3,000
,Adrianople, Turkey in Europe 81,000
Aclua, Abyssinia 3,u00
Agra, India ...188,300
Agram, Austria-Hungary 61,002
Aguascalieutes, Mexico 30,872
Ahmadabad, India 180,673
Airdrie, Scotland 22,288
Aix la Chapelle (Aachen),
Germany 135,235
Ajmere, India 75,759
Akama-ga-seki, Japan 42,786
Akita, Japan 29,477
Akkra. Gold Coast 16,267
Albay, Philippines 34,000
Alburv. New South Wales ... 5,820
Alcano, Italy 37,697
Alcov. Spain 31,099
Aleppo, Turkey in Asia 127,149
Alessandria. Italy 71.293
Alexandria. Egypt 319,766
Algiers, Algeria 96,784
Alicante, Spain 49.463
Aligarh, India 70,172
Alkmaar, Netherlands 18,275
Allahabad, India 175.74S
Almeria, Spain 46,806
Most. Belgium
Altenburg, Germany 87,106
Altemlor I', Germany 63.272
Altona, Germany 161.507
Alwar, India 56,740
Ambato, Ecuador 10,000
Amersfoort, Netherlands ...- 19,089
Amherst, Nova Scotia 4.963
Ainlens, France 90,038
Name. Country. Pop.
Amritsar, India 162,548
Amsterdam , N etherlands 510,853
Ancona, Italy 56,825
Andeiiecht. Belgium 32,240
Andria, Italv 36,795
Angers, France 82,966
Angostura, Venezuela 11,686
Angouleme. France 36.955
Ankober, Abyssinia 7,000
Antananarivo, Madagascar. . . 50,000
Antwerp, Belgium. 282,018
Aomori, Japan 28,029
Apeldoorn, Netherlands 25.761
Aquila, Italy... 21,215
Arad, Austria-Hungary 56.260
Arbroath, Scotland 22,372
Arequipa, Peru... 35,000
44,350
34 ,050
56.812
2K.S82
(85)
Arezzio, Italy
Argao, Philippines ....
Armagh, Ireland
Arnhem, Netherlands
Ascoli Piceno, Italy ..
Ashton-under Lyne, England 43,890
Asti, Italy 33,468
Aston Manor, England 77.310
Astrakhan, Russia. 113,001
Asuncion, Paraguay 45,000
Athens, Greece 111,486
Athlone, Ireland.. 6.712
Aubervilliers, France... 31,125
Auckland (with suburbs),
New Zealand 67,226
Augsburg, Germany 89,109
Aussig, Austria-Hungary .... 87,265
Avellino, Italv. 23.790
Avignon, France 16,209
Ayr, Scotland 28,624
Ayuthia, Siam 50,000
Azui, Argentine Republic... 9,494
Badajoz, Spain 28,912
Bagdad, Turkey in Asia 145,000
Bahla, Brazil .. .. ..174,412
Bahia Blanca, Argentine Re-
public 9,025
Baku, Asiatic Russia 112,253
Ballarat, Victoria 25,448
>
FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
(Tame. Country. Pop.
Ballarat, Bast, Victoria .. 18,262
Bamberg, Germany . „ 41,820
Banain, French Indo-Chlna 28,000
Bangalore. India 159,030
Bangkok, Siara 250,000
Banjermas.Mii, Dutch East
Indies 15,082
Barcelona, Spain 509,589
Barcelone, Venezuela 12,785
Barellly, India 117,483
Barf r&8h (Balf rush), Persia. 50,000
Barl, Italy 79,693
Barlll, Philippines 20,914
Barletta, Italy .... 31,994
Barmen, Germany 141 .947
Barnsley, England 41,083
Baroda, India 103,782
Barquislmeto, Venezuela 31,476
Banranqullla, Colombia 40,000
Barrow-in Furne.ss, England. 57.584
Basel, Switzerland 112;842
Batangas, Philippines 39.358
Batavia, Dutch East Indies.. 114 ,566
Batli, England 49,817
Bathurst, Gambia. 8,800
Bathurst, New South Wales . 9,227
Bauang | Bauan), Philippines 39,659
Beirut. Turkey in Asia. 120,000
Belem (Para), Brazil . . 50,064
Belfast, Ireland 348,965
Belfort, France 32,112
Belgrade, Servia 59,494
Belize, British Honduras 6,972
Bellarv, India 57,700
Belleville, Ontario. 9,117
Benares, India 203,095
Bendigo, Victoria 31.020
Benevento. Italy 24,650
Bergamo, Italy 45,785
Bergen, Norway 72,179
Bergerhout, Belgium 29,575
Berlin, Germany ...1,888.326
Berlin, Ontario 9,747
Bern, Switzerland 63,994
Bernburg, Germany. 34.427
Besancon, France 55,266
Beuthen, Germany 51,409
Beziers, France 52,077
Bhadnagar, India 57,653
Bhagalpur, India 75,278
Bharrpur, India 42.997
Bhopal, India 70,338
Bialystok, Russia. 63,927
Bielefeld, Germany 63,044
Bienne (Piel), Switzerland ... 22,052
Blkaner, India 53,071
Bilbao. Spain 74,098
BIRan (Binang), Philippines. 19.786
Birkenhead. England 110,926
Birmingham, England 522,182
Blackburn, England 127.527
Blackpool. England 47.346
Blackrock, Ireland 8,719
Blantyre, British Central
Africa Protectorate 6,100
Bloemfontein, Orange River
Colony 3.379
Bocbum, Germany 65,554
Name. Country. Pop.
Bogota, Colombia 120,000
Bola le Due f*8 Hertogenljosch),
Netherlands
Bokhara, Asiatic Russia 100,000
Bologna, Italy ■ 152,009
Bolton, England 168.205
Boma, Kongo Free State 15,300
Bombay. India 770.843
Bona. Algeria 34498
Bonavista, Newfoundland. . 8,551
Bonn, Germany
Boo tie, England 58,558
Boras, Sweden 15,125
Borback, Germany 17.217
Bordeaux, France 257,471
Borgerhont, Belgium 29,575
Boulder. Western Australia. 4.601
Boulogne-sur-Mer, Frame. . 49,089
Boulogne-sur-Seine, France.. 47.16s
Bourges, France 46.138
Bournemouth. Pmglaud 47,003
Bradford, England 279,809
Braga, Portugal 23.089
Bra'i'la(Brahilov), Roumania. 58.392
Brandenburg. Germany 49,263
Brandon, Manitoba 5.380
Brantf ord. Ontario 16,619
Brasso, Austria-Hungary .... 36,646
Bray, Ireland 6.888
Breda, Netherlands 26,096
Bremen, Germany 163.418
Brescia. Italy 70,618
Breslau , Germany 422,738
Brest, France 81,948
Bridgetown. West Indies.... 25,000
Brighton, England 123,478
Brisbane iwitn suburbs),
Queensland . 119,428
Bristol. England. 328.842
Broach. India 42.298
Brockville. Ontario 8,940
Broken Hill. New So. Wales.. 27.518
Bromberg, Germany 52.154
Bruges. Belgium 53.050
Brunei, British Borneo 25,000
Brunn. Austria-Hungary 109,346
Brunswick (Braunschweig),
Germany 128477
Brunswick. Victoria 24.182
Brussa. Turkey in Asia 76,303
Brussels (with suburbs), Bel-
gium 570.844
Bucaramanga, Colombia 30,000
Budapest, Austria-Hungary. .732,322
BudweiS, Austria-Hungary.. 39,328
Buenos Aires. Argentine Re
public 663.854
Bukharest, Roumania 282,071
Burauen, Philippines 21.000
Burgos. Spain 30,856
Burnley, England 97.044
P.urton oil-Trent, England... 50,386
Bury, England 58,028
Cadiz. Spain _ 70.177
Caen, France 44.524
Cagllari, Italy 53.734
Cairo. Ftr.pt .
Calais, France 59,793
V
FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
^7
Name. Country. Pop.
Calbayog. Philippines 30,250
Calcutta (with suburbs). In-
dia ...1,121,664
Calgary. Alberta 4,052
Calicut. India 75,510
Callao. Peru 16.0(H)
Caltanissetta. Italy 44,600
Campeche. Mexico 16.64?
Candia. Crete 22.331
Canea (Khania>, Crete 21,025
Cannes. France 34.151
Canton, China.. 2,500,000
Cape Coast Castle. Gold Coast 11,614
Cape Haitien. Haiti 29,000
Cape Town (with suburbs >.
Cape of Good Hope 83,718
Caracas. Venezuela. 72,429
Carbonear. Newfoundland... 4.127
Carcar (Karkat >. Philippines 30,300
Cardenas. Cuba 21,940
Cardiff. England 164.420
Carlisle, England 45.47s
Carlow, Ireland 6.619
Carlscrona, Sweden 23,648
Carlsruhe, Germany 96,976
Carrick-on-Suir. Ireland 5,608
Cartagena, Colombia 20,000
Cartagena. Spain 86,245
Caserta. Italy 32,726
Cassel. Germany 106,061
Castelion.Spain 31,272
Catania. Italy 149.694
Catanzaro, Italy 31,887
,Cawnpoor. India 197,000
Cavenne. French Guiana 12.300
Cayes. Haiti 25,000
Cebu. Philippines.. 35.243
Celava. Mexico 21.245
Cesena. Italv . 37,578
Cetinje. Montenegro 2,920
Cette. France 33,1 165
Chandernagore, French India 25,395
Chang-chow, China 800,000
Chang-sha, China 300.000
Chapra, India 45,392
Charleroi, Belgium 24,426
Charlottenburg, Germany ...189,290
Charlottetown, Prince Ed-
ward Island. 12.i)8o
Charters Towers, Queensland 4.597
Chatham, England 40,753
Chatham, New Brunswick... 4,868
Chatham, Ontario ... . 9,068
Cheltenham. England 49.439
Chemnitz, Germany 206,584
Cherbourg, France 42,952
Chhong-ju, Korea 63,863
Chlba, Japan 26533
Chieta, Italy... 26,406
Chihuahua. Mexico... 18579
Chilian, Chile
Chlnandega. Nicaragua 12,000
Ching-tu. China soo.ooo
Chin-ju. Korea 55.110
Chinkiang. China 14o.»kio
Chlvilcov. Argentine Republic 1 1,682
Chon-ju. Korea
Choong-Klng, China 300,000
Name. Country. Pop.
Cbristchurcb I with suburbs),
New Zealand 57,04i
Christiania, Norway 225,686
Cbristiansand, Norway.... 12,813
Christiausund. Norway 10,881
Cienfuegos. Cuba 80,088
Cludad Guzman. Mexico 17.374
Clermontterrand. France . . . 52,0] 7
Clonmel, Ireland 8,480
Clontarf, Ireland 5,104
Coatbridge. Scotland 36,98]
Coban. Guatemala 24.475
Coblenz. Germany.. 45.146
Cocanada. India 47. s sti
Cochabamba, Bolivia 29,530
Coiinbatore. India 52,931
Coimbra. Portugal 16.985
Coleraiue, Ireland 6,845
Colima. Mexico 18,977
Collingwood. Victoria
Coimar, Germany 36,796
Cologne (Koln), Germany .. 372529
Colombo, Cevlon .158.093
Como, Italy 38,902
Concepcioh, Chile 39,83?
Concepcion, Paraguay 15,000
Concordia. ArgentineRepublic 11.695
Conjevarain, India. 46,140
Constantine, Algeria 51,997
Constantinople, Turkey in
Europe ".....1.125,000
Coo'gardieAVestem Australia 4.249
Copenhagen. Denmark. .375.251
Coquimbo, Chile.. 15.712
Cordoba, Argentine Republic 47,609
Cordoba, Spain... 57.313
Corfu, Greece 17,918
Cork. Ireland 75,978
Cornwall. Ontario 6,?o4
Corrientes, Argentine Re-
public 16,129
Coruna, La. Spain 4U.501
Cosenza, Italy . 21,420
Courtrai, Belgium 35,510
Coventry. England . 69,877
Covilha, Portugal 17.562
Cracow. Austria Hungary ... 91.329
Craiova, Roumania 45,438
Crefeld, Germany.. ...106,928
Cremona, Italv 87,661
Crewe. En-land 42,075
Croydon. England 133,885
Csaba. Austria-Hungary ... 37547
Cucuta, Colombia ... ... 10,000
Cuddalore, India.
Cuenca, Ecuador 25,000
Cueno. Italy
Culiacan, Siexico io.4s?
Cuttack, India 50,878
CUZCO, Peru ... 20,000
Czeld, Austria-Hungary 80,106
Czernowitz. Austria-Hungary 67,622
Dacca, India ... ... 90,679
Damascus, Turkey in .\>la 154,000
Damletta. Egypt 81,515
Danzig. Germany 1 10539
Darbbangab, India 65,990
Darlington, England 44,496
88
FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
Name. Country. Pop.
Darmstadt, Germany 73,019
Dartmouth. Nova Scotia 4,806
Dawson, Yukon VI" I
Debreezen, Austria-Hungary 75,006
Delft, Netherlands 81,589
Delhi, India 208,385
Derby, England 105,785
Dessau, Germany 50,851
Deventer, Netherlands 26.212
Devouport, England 69,674
Dijon, France 70,428
Djokjokarta, Dutch East In-
dies. 58,299
Dordrecht, Netherlands .. .. 3s.3s6
Dortmund, Germany 142,418
Douai, France 84,918
Dover, England 41,782
Drammen, Norway 20,687
Dresden, Germany 395.819
Drogheda, Ireland 12,675
Dublin (with suburbs),
Ireland.. ..373,179
Dudley, England 48,809
Dulsburg, Germany 92,729
Dulcigno, Montenegro 5,000
Diinaburg (Dvinskt, Russia.. 72.231
Dundalk, Ireland 13.067
Dundee, Scotland. 160.871
Dunedin ( with suburbs ) , Ne w
Zealand 52,390
Dunfermline, Scotland _ 25.250
Dungarvan. Ireland 5,263
Dunkirk, France 4( 1.329
Durango, Mexico 26,425
Durban, Natal 39.245
Diisseldorf, Germany 213.767
Eastbourne. England 43.837
East Ham, England 95.989
Echternach, Luxemburg 4,133
Ecija, Spain 23.992
Ede, Netherlands 15.195
Edinburgh, Scotland 316.479
Edmonton, Alberta 2,626
Edmonton, England 46,899
Elch, Luxemburg 5.590
Eidsvold, Norway 8.144
Ekaterinoslav, Russia. .121 ,216
Elberfeld, Germany I5i;.'.i87
Elbing, Germany 52.510
Elche, Spain 27.075
Elizabetgrad, Russia 61.841
Elmina, Gold Coast 10.530
Elverum, Norway 7.810
Enfield, England". 42.73s
Ennis. Ireland 5.460
Enniscorthy, Ireland 5,648
Enniskillen, Ireland 5.570
Enschede, Netherlands 24.353
Erfurt, Germany 85,190
Esch, Luxemburg 6,101
Essen, Germany ..118.SU3
Ettelbruck, Luxemburg 3,651
Estrada, La. Spain 24.7iX)
Evora. Portugal 15.134
Exeter, England 46,940
Faenza, Italy __ 36.620
Faizabad, India.. 74,076
Falkirk, Scotland 29,271
Name. Country. Pop.
Falmouth, Jamaica 2,517
Farnham, Quebec 8,11 i
Faruknabad, India
l-'ayoum, Medinet el, Egypt
Felegyhaza, A.usl ria-Hungary 38,406
Fermoy, Ireland 6,469
Fernie, British Columbia .... 1,640
Ferozepore, India .. 50.487
Ferrara. Italy
Ferrol, Spain
Fez, Morocco 140,000
Firenze, Italy 204,960
Fitzroy, Victoria 3L610
Flume, Austria-Hungary. .
Flensburg, Germany
Florence, Italy 204,950
Flushing. Netherlands
Foggia, Italy
Footscray , Victoria 18,301
Forli, Italy 43,457
Forst. Germany 32.011
Fort de France, West Indies. 1 5 ,274
Frankforti on Main (Germany 288,489
Frankfort i on Oder (Germany 61,835
Fredericia, Denmark 10,044
Fredericton, New Brunswick 71.117
Fredrikshald, Norway 11,217
Fredrikstad, Norway 12.451
Freetown. Sierra Leone 30,033
Freiburg, Germany 61,506
Fremautle (with suburbs),
Western Australia 20,448
Fribourg, Switzerland 12.239
Fuchau, China 650,008
Fukuoka, Japan 66,190
Funchal, Madeira 18,778
Fiinf kirchen, Austria - Hun-
gary 43.982
Furth, Germany 54.142
Galatz, Roumania 62.678
Galle, Cevlon 37.226
(.alt. Ontario „. 7,866
Galway, Ireland 13.414
Gardaia, Algeria 30,324
Gateshead. England 109,887
Gaya, India 71.186
Geelong ( with subs.), Victoria 23,311
Getle, Sweden 28,308
Gelsenkirchen, Germany 36,937
Geneva. Switzerland 104,044
Genoa, Italy 234,800
Georgetown, British Guiana. 53,176
Georgetown. Prince Edward
Island 1,123
Gera, Germany 45,640
Ghazipur, India 39.186
Ghent (Grand). Belgium 163,030
Gibraltar, Gibraltar 24,701
Gifu. Japan 30.942
Gijon, Spain 43.392
Gilly, Belgium 20,150
Girgentl, Italy.... 25,069
Glasgow, Scotland 760,423
Gleiwitz, Germany 52,872
Gloucester, England 47.943
Goave. Haiti 25,000
Gondar, Abyssinia 5,000
Gorakhpur, India 63,059
FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
Name. Couutry. Pop.
Gorlitz. Germany 80,932
Gotha. Germany 84,618
Gottenborg, Sweden
Gouda, Netherlands 22,085
Goulburn, New South Wales. 10,618
Goran, Scotland 70.351
Grahams lowu. tape of Good
Hope 10,498
Granada, Nicaragua 19,000
Granada. Spain
Granny. Quebec 3,773
Gratz. Austria Hungary 138,030
Graudenz, Germany 32,800
Great Yarmouth. England... 51,250
Greenock. Scotland
Greenwich. England
Greenwood, British Columbia 1,359
Grenoble, France... 68,052
Grimsby (.Great Grimsby;,
England 63.138
Groningen. Netherlands 66,537
Grosswardein | Nagyvarad),
Austria-Hungary 50,177
Guadalajara. Mexico 83,934
Gualeguaychu. Argentine Re-
public 13,282
Guanabacoa. Cuba . 13,965
Guanajuato, Mexico 39,404
Guatemala. Guatemala 72,102
Guayaquil. Ecuador 50,000
Guben, Germany 33,096
Guelph, Ontario" 11,496
Guinobatan, Philippines 20,500
gwalior, India ._ 104,033
yurpie, Queensland 12,1 100
Haarlem. Netherlands 64,079
Hagen. Germany 50,609
Hagony. Philippines 90,120
Haidarabad, India 446,291
Hai-ju. Korea 59,358
Hakodate,, Japan 78,040
Halberstadt, Germany 42,792
Halifax, England 104,933
Halifax, Nova Scotia 40,832
Halle-on-Saal, Germany 156,61 1
Halmstad, Sweden 15,139
Hambon, Germany
Hamburg, Germany
Ham-heung. Korea
Hamilton, New South Wales. (5.127
Hamilton, Ontario 52,634
Hamilton, Scotland 32,775
Hammerfest, Norway 2,162
Hammersmith. England 112,245
Handsworth. England 52,921
Hang-Chow, China 700,000
Hanley, England 61,524
Hanoi. Freucb [ndo-China
Hanover, Germany
Hanyang. China 4uii.im)
Harar, Abyssinia 35,000
Harbour Grace, Newfound-
land 6,466
Harburg, Germany 19,155
Harper, Liberia 3,000
Hastings, England
Hathras. India
Havana, Cuba
Name. Country. Pop
Hawthorne, Victoria 21,339
Heidelberg, Germany 40,119
Heilbrom, Germany..
Helder. Netherlands 25,159
Helsingl.org. Sweden
Helsingfors, Finland 77.4S4
Helsingdr, Denmark.. 11.082
Herat. Afghanistan 45,000
Herisau, Switzerland 13,476
Heruiopolia, Greece 17,894
Hildesheim, Germany 42,973
Hilversum, Netherlands 19,443
Himeji, Japan 35,282
Hindmarsh, South Australia. 10,011
Hirosaki, Japan
Hiroshima. Japan 122,306
Hobart (with subs.), Tasmania 41,412
Hof , Germany 32,782
Hornsey, England
Horsens, Denmark... 17,290
Howrah, India 157.^47
Hubli, India 58,149
Huddersfleld, Fngland 95,008
Hue, French Indo -China 50,353
Hull. Quebec 13,993
Ilford, England 41.240
Iloilo,Philippines 11,900
Indore, India 92,329
Inverness. Scotland 21.193
Ipswich, England 60.022
Ipswich, Queensland 7,750
Iquique, Chiie ._ 33,031
Iquitos, Peru 12,000
Irapuato. Mexico 18.593
Irkutsk. Asiatic Russia 51,481
Ispah m. Persia 80,000
Ixelles. Belgium 45,409
Jabalpur, India 89,708
Jaen, Spain 25,929
Jaffna, Ceylon 33,860
Jai pore , India. 159.55! )
Jalapa, Mexico 18,168
Jaroslav, Russia
Jas-v. Koumania 78,067
J au fa. Peru 15,000
Jaunpur, India 42.532
Jerez de la Frontera. Spain .. 60,004
Jerusalem. Turkey in Asia . . 51,00 I
Jhansi, India 55,288
Jitomir, Russia 05452
Jodhpur, India 60,437
Johannesburg, Transvaal 102,078
Joliette, Quebec
Jonkoping, Sweden 22,176
Jullundur. India 66,202
Kabul (Cabool), Afghanistan. 60,000
Kagoshima. Japan. .. 53^81
Kaisariyeh. Turkey in Asia.. 72,000
Kaiserslautern, Germany 48,306
Kalamal ... 14,298
Kalgoorlie. Western Australia 6,652
Kampen, Netherlands . 19.0*4
Kauazawa. .Japan
Kandahar, Afghanistan ..
Kamlv. Ceylon
Karachi, India 115,407
Karikal, French India
Kasan, Russia 181,506
90
FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
Name. Country. Pop.
Kaschau (Kassa), Austria-
Hungary 10,102
Kassel (Cassel), Germany 106.001
Kasvln, Persia 40,000
Kecskemet. Austria-Hungary 57,812
Keighley, England 41,51,5
Kennati, Egypt
Kensington, Eugland 176,628
Kerbela, Turkey in Asia 66,000
Kermanshah, Persia 40,000
Kharkof , Kussia 174,840
Khatmando, Nepal 50,000
Khelat, Baluchistan.. 12,000
Khiva, Asiatic Kussia 6,000
Kief, Kussia .247,432
Kiel, Germany.. ...107,938
Kilkenny, Ireland 10,493
Killarney, Ireland 5,510
Kilmarnock, Scotland 34,161
Kimberley ,C'ape or Good Hope 28,718
Kings Norton, England 57,120
Kingstown, Ireland 17,356
Kingston, Jamaica 46,542
Kingston, Ontario 17,961
Kingston-upon-Hull, England 240,618
Kirkcaldy, Scotland 34,064
Kirman, Persia. 40.000
Kishenef , Kussia 108,796
Klausenburg, Austria-Hun-
gary ... 40,295
Kobe, Japan 215.780
Kochi, Japan 36 511
Kofu, Japan 37,561
Kokand, Asiatic Kussia 82,054
Kokura, Japan 27,501
Kolomea, Austria-Hungary.. 34,188
Kolozskaro, Austria-Hungary 32,729
Kolozsvar, Austria-Hungary. .49,295
Konigsberg, Germany 187,897
Kouigshutte, Germany 57,875
Kottbus, Germany 39,327
Kragouyevatz, Servia 13,870
Krakau (Cracow,), Austria-
Hungary 91,323
Krefeld (Crefeld). Germany. 106,928
Kronstadt, Austria-Hungary. .30,724
Kuchiug, British Borneo 25,000
Kumamoto, Japan. 61,463
Kumbakonam, India 59,688
Kwang-yen, French Indo-
china. 43,000
Kyoto (Saikyo), Japan .353,139
l'Abbaye, Switzerland 10,966
La Chaux de Fonds, Switzer-
land 22,456
Lachine, Quebec 5,561
Laeken, Belgium.. 24,623
Lagos, Lagos Ter., Africa 41,847
Lagos, Mexico 14.716
La Guayra, Venezuela. 11.000
Lahore, India lv! ,058
Laibaeh, Austria-Hungary... 3l,547
Lancaster, England *. . .. 40,329
Lancaster, New Brunswick. . 3,000
Lan-chow .China 400,000
Landsburg, Germany 33.597
Landskroua, Sweden 14.134
Laoag, Philippines 37,094
Name. Country. Pop.
La Paz, Bolivia 62,320
La Plata, Argentine Republic 15410
Larissa. Greece 15,878
La Rocnelle.France 31,818
Latacunga, Ecuador 10,000
Launceston (.with suburbs),
Tasmania 26,430
Laurvlg, Norway 11.261
Lausanne, Switzerland 55,978
Lauzon, Quebec 3.416
Lecce, Italy
Le Creuzot, France 80,541
I. ecus, England
Leeu warden, Netherlands 82482
Leghorn (Llvorno), Italy .
Le Havre, France 129,044
Leicester. England 211,574
Leipzig, Germany 455,089
Leith, Scotland.
le Mans, France 62,948
Lemberg. Austria-Hungary. .159.877
Leon, Mexico 58,426
Leon, Nicaragua 35.000
Leskovatz, Servia 13,165
Lethbridge, Yukon District. . 2,279
Lewis, Quebec 7.783
Leyden, Netherlands 53,657
Leyton, England 98.899
Libau, Kussia. 64,505
Liege, Belgium 171.031
Liegnitz. Germany 54,8:39
Lille, France 215.431
Lima. Peru 100,000
Limerick, Ireland 38,085
Limoges, France
Linares, Spain 35.233
Lincoln, England 48,784
Linden, Germany 50.623
Lindsay. Ontario 7,008
Linkoping, Sweden 14489
Linz, Austria-Hungary 58,791
Lipa. Philippines 40,738
Lisbon, Portugal 301,206
Lisburn, Ireland. 11.459
Little Glace Bay, Nova Scotia 6,945
Liverpool, England 684.947
Lobtau, Germany.. 33,807
Loanda, Angola 14,000
Lodz, Kussia 315,209
Loja, Ecuador 10,000
London. England 4,536.063
London. Ontario 37,981
Londonderrv, Ireland 39,873
Lorca, Spain 59.624
Lorient, France 44,062
Louie, Portugal 14,448
Lourenco Marouez, Portu-
guese East Africa 8,000
Louvain, Belgium 42,100
Lubeck, Germany
Lucca, Italy 74.718
Lucknow, India 268,961
Ludwigshafen, Germany 61,905
Lugo, Spain 25,568
Lund, Sweden 16,257
Lurgau. Ireland 11.777
Luxemburg, Luxemburg 19,909
Luzern, Switzerland 29,145
FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
91
Name. Country. Pop.
Lyons, France 453,145
Maastricht. Netherlands 34,220
Macassar, Dutch East Indies. 80,1)00
Macerata, Italy 22,806
Madras, India 5; i9,»9 ?
Madrid, Spain 512,150
Madura, India 10..,:>01
Maebashi, J apan 34,495
Magdeburg, Germany 229,663
Magog, Quebec 3,516
Mahdera-Mariam, Abyssinia. 4,000
Mahe, French India.. 8,349
Mainz, Germany 84.335
Maisonneuve, Quebec 3,958
Maitlaud, New South Wales. lu,085
Mako, Austria-Hungary 33,122
Malaga, Spain 125.579
Malmo, Sweden 59,714
Managua, Nicaragua 25.000
Manchester, England 513,969
Mandalay , India 182,498
Mangalore, India 43,821
Manila, Philippines 350.00 J
Mannheim, Germany 140,384
Manresa, Spain 25,121
Mansourah, Egypt 36,131
Mantova iMontua), Italy 29,160
Manzanillo, Cuba 14,464
Maracaibo. Venezuela 34,2-84
Maranhao, Brazil 29,308
Maria Theresiopel (SzabadKa),
Austria-Hungary 82,122
Marsala, Italy 36,935
'Marseilles, France ...494,769
Maryborough, Queensland... 10,000
Masay a, Nicaragua 20,000
Maseru, Cape of Good Hope.. 862
Massa, Italy 26,325
Massaua, Eritrea 20,000
Matab6n (Malabunj, Philip-
pines ...:.... 25,000
Matamoros, Mexico 17,564
Matanzas, Cuba 36,374
Matsumoto, Japan... 31,324
Matsuyama, Japan 36,545
Matsuye, Japan 34,651
Maulmain, India 55,785
Mayaguez, Porto Rico 15,187
Mechlin (Malines i, Belgium. 55,530
Medellin. Colombia 40,000
Medina, Turkey in Asia 48,000
Meeroot, India 118,642
Meiderich, Germany 33,684
Mekinez, Morocco 56,000
Mekka, Turkey in Asia 60,000
Melbourne (with suburbs),
Victoria 494,129
Mendoza, Argentine Republic 28,302
Mercedes, Argentine Republic 9,269
Mercedes, Uruguay 11,000
Merida, Mexico.... 36,9&5
Merthyr Tydfil, England 69,227
Meshed, Persia 45.IKXI
Messina, Italy 149,823
Metehuala, Mexico - 13,101
Metz, Germany
Mexico, Mexico 32'.».774
Miagao, Philippines 22,100
Name. Country. Top.
Middelburg, Netherlands. ISJBSi
Middlesborough, England.... 91,317
Milan, ltalv ...491,460
Mile End (St. Louis of Mile
End), Quebec 10,933
Milltown, New Brunswick .
Minsk, Russia 91,494
Mirazapur. India ".9,787
Miskolcz, Austria-Hungary .. 43,096
Mito, Japan 33,778
Modena, Italy 64,941
Moji, Japan 25,274
Molenbeek, Belgium 50,204
Mombasa, British East Africa 20,000
Monaco. Monaco 3.292
Monastir, Turkey in Europe. 45,000
Moncton, New Brunswick . .. !»,ir26
Monghy r , India 35,883
Monrovia (.with Krootowni,
Liberia 5,000
Mons, Belgium 55,599
Montauban, France _ 30,603
Monte Carlo, Monaco. 3.794
Montego Bay Jamaica 4,803
Monterey, Mexico 45,695
Monte v ideo, Uruguay 252,000
Montlucon, France 35,095
Montpellier, France 76,364
Montreal, Quebec ...267.730
Mooltan, India 74,562
Moradabad, India 75,176
Morelia, Mexico 33,890
Morioka, Japan. 32,989
Morocco, Morocco 50,000
Moscow, Russia 988,614
Moss, Norway 8,051
Mosul, Turkey in Asia 61,000
Motherwell, Scotland 30,423
Motul, Mexico 17,995
Mount Morgan, Queensland.. 7,000
Mozambique. Portuguese East
Africa 7,000
Miihlhausen, Germany. 33,433
Mulhausen. Germany 89,012
Mulheim, Germany 45,085
Mullingar, Ireland 5.323
Muncheu-Gladiiacli. Germany 58,014
Munich (Munchen), Ger-
many 499.959
Minister, Germany 63,776
Murcia, Spain 108,408
Muttra, India 59,574
Muzaffftrpur (Tirhut), India. 45,499
Mysore, India 68,151
Nagano, Japan 31,319
Nagasaki. Japan 107,422
Nagoya, Japan — 244.145
Nagpur, India 124,599
Nana, Japan 85,453
Xamur. P.Hu'ium - 32,110
Naiiaiuio. British Columbia.. 6,130
Naiicv. France 102,463
Nantes, France 128,849
Naples, Italy
Nam. Japan
Nassau, Jamaica 12,584
Neepawa, Manitoba 1*418
Negapatam, India 56,455
f
92
FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
Name. Country. Pop.
Nelson, British Columbia 5,273
Neuchatel, Switzerland 20.097
Neullly, France... 86,481
Newcastle, New Brunswick . 2,60'!
Newcastle, New South Wales 14,250
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Eng-
laud 214,803
New Glasgow, Nova Scotia . . 4,447
Newport, England 67,290
New Ross, Ireland... 5,847
Newry, Ireland 12,587
Newtown Ards, Ireland 9,197
New Westminster, British
Columbia 6,499
Nice, France 125,099
Nicosia, Cyprus 12.515
Nicsic, Montenegro 3,500
Niigate, Japan 53,306
Nijmegen, Netherlands 42,756
Nikolayev, Russia 92.000
Nimes. France 80.355
NlSCh, Servia 21.524
Nizhni-Novgorod, Russia 95,124
Norrkoping, Sweden 40.472
Northampton, England 87,"021
North Sydney, Nova Scotia.. 4,646
Norwich. England 111,728
Nottingham, England 239,753
Novara, Italy 44,928
Nuremberg, Germany 261,022
Nyir Egyhaza, Austria-Hun-
gary 33,038
Oaxaca, Mexico 32.437
Oberhausen, Germany 42,148
Odense, Denmark 3! .1.277
Odessa . R ussia 405,041
Oedenburg, Austria-Hungary 41,858
Offenbach, Germany 50.508
Okayama, Japan 58,1 125
Oldham, England 137.238
Omsk, Asiatic Russia 37.470
Oodeypore, India 45,595
Oporto, Portugal 138,860
Oran, Algeria 85,081
Orebro, Sweden 21,151
Orel, Russia 69,858
Orenburg, Russia 72,740
Orihuela, Spain 26,951
Orizaba, Mexico. 31,512
Orleans, France 67.539
Oruro, Bolivia 15.200
Osaka, Japan .821.235
Osnabriick, Germany 51.574
Ostende, Belgium 38.481
Otaru. Japan _ 56,961
Otsu, Japan 34,225
Ottawa. Ontario 59,928
Oudah, India 79,200
Ouro Preto, Brazil 59.249
Ovar, Portugal 11.002
Ovledo, Spain 46,376
Owen Sound. Ontario 8,776
Oxford. England 49.413
Pachuca, Mexico 40,487
Padang, Dutch East Indies .. 32,088
Padova (Padua), Italy 82,288
Paisley, Scotland 79,355
Paita, Peru 5,000
Name. Country. Pop.
Palembang.Dutcb East Indies 53,788
Palermo, Italy 810,852
Palma, Spain
Pamplona, Spain.
Tan. nil... Colombia 3Oj000
Panjln.Goa
Paraguarl, Paraguay 10,000
Paramaribo. Dutch Guiana 31,200
Parana, Argentine Republic. 24,098
Paris, I- ranee 2,660,559
Parma, Italy 49,370
Parramatta.New South Wales 12,568
Partlck, Scotland. ,
Paslg, Philippines 22.000
Patlala. India.. 55,856
Patna, India 135,172
Patras, Greece 37,958
Pau. France 34,692
Pavla. Italy 35,372
Paysandu, Uruguay 26,000
Pecs, Austria-Hungary 43,982
Pekalongan, Dutch East In-
dies _ 36,816
Pekln, China 1,300,000
Pembroke, Ontario 5,156
Pergamlno, Argentine Re-
public 9,540
Perigueux, France. 31.399
Pernambuco, Brazil 111,556
Perpignan, France 35,757
Perth, Scotland 32,872
Perth (with suburbs;, West-
ern Australia 27,553
Perugia, Italy 61.453
Pesaro, Italy 25.115
Peshawar, India.. 84,191
Peterborough, Ontario 11.239
Pforzheim. Germany 43,097
Philippopoiis. Bulgaria 41,063
Flaceuza, Italy 36,064
Pietermaritzhurg, Natal 24.595
Pilsen, Austria-Hungary 68,079
Pinar del Rio, Cuba 8,880
Ping rang. Korea 74.213
Piraus. Greece 42.169
Pisa. Italy... 01,279
Pistoja, Italy 54.002
Plauen, Germany
Ploesci, Roumania 42,687
Plymouth, England 107,509
Pnum Penh, French Indo-
China 50,000
Podsforitza, Montenegro 0.534
Point de Galle, Ceylon 37.326
Poiute a Pitre. West Indies.. 17.242
Poia, Austria-Hungary 45.205
Ponce,Porto Etco.... 27,952
Pondichery, French India 41.253
Ponta Deliada, Azores 16,767
Pontianak. Dutch East Indi. -
Poona. India 111,385
Port Adelaide. So. Australia. 20,089
Portadown, Ireland 8,430
Portage la Prairie. Manitoba
Port an Prince. Haiti. 40,000 to 60,000
Port Elizabeth, Cape of Good
Hope 23.266
Porte Pirie, South Australia. 7,983
FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
93
Name. Country. Pop.
Portiers, France 39,565
Port Louis (with suburbs),
Mauritius Island 52,517
Porto Alegre, Brazil 52,421
Port of Spain. West Indies .. 34,037
Port Said. Egypt 42,095
Portsmouth, England 189,160
Posen, Germany 117,014
Potosi, Bolivia 15,900
Potsdam, Germany 59,814
Povoa de Varzim, Portugal . . 12,057
Prague (Prag), Austria-Hun-
gary 201,859
Prahran, Victoria 41,161
Pressburgi Pozsony) , Austria-
Hungary 65.867
Preston, England 112,982
Pretoria, Transvaal 10,000
Prince Albert, Saskatchewan 2.193
Przemvsl, Austria-Hungary.. 46,295
Puebla, Mexico. 88,684
Puerto Plata, Santo Domingo 15." KX)
Puerto Principe, Cuba 25.102
Punakha, Bhotan 5,000
Pyrgos, Greece 12,705
Quebec, Quebec 68,840
Queenstown, Ireland 9.082
Queretaro, Mexico 34.576
Quezaltenango, Guatemala .. 22.2(15
Quito, Ecuador 80,000
Bampur, India 77,862
Banders, Denmark 16,617
Bangoon, India 232.326
Ttathmines, Ireland 32,472
Bat Portage, Ontario 5,203
Ravenna. Italy 63,839
Rawal Pindi, India 73.795
Reading, England 72.214
Begensburg, Germany 45,426
Reggio Caiabria, Italy 44^417
Reggio Emilia. Italy 59.176
Regina. Assiniboia 2,645
Regla, Cuba 11,363
Reichenberg, Austria -Hun-
gary 34,099
Reims, France 107,773
Remscheid, Germany 58,108
Rennes, France 74,006
Reus, Spain 26,752
Revelstoke, British Columbia 1,6 o
Rheden, Netherlands 18,814
Rheydt, Germany 34,034
Rhondda (Ystrad-y-fodwg),
England 113,735
Richmond, Victoria 37,722
Riga, Russia 256,197
Rimini, Italy 36,846
Riobamba, Ecuador 12,000
Rio Cuarto, Argentine Re-
public 10,825
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ..522,651
Bixdorf, Germany 90,421
Boanne, France .. 34,568
Bobertsport. Liberia 1.2DO
Bochdale, England 83.112
Rochefort, France 35,528
Rockhampton, Queensland .. 16,ouu
Rome, Italy 463,000
Name. Country. Pop.
Rosario, Argentine Republic. 91,669
Rossland, British Columbia .. 6,159
Rostock, Germany 54,713
Rostov. Russia 119,889
Rotherham, England ">l.:;is
Rotterdam, Netherlands
BoubaLx, France 124,660
Rouen, France ..115,914
Roulers, Belgium 20,617
Bustchuk. Bulgaria 37.174
Saga, Japan 32,753
Sagua la Grande, Cuba 12,728
Saharanpur, India 63,850
Saigon, French Indo-China... 37.565
Sakai, Japan 50,203
Salamanca, Mexico 13,121
Salamanca, Spain 24,156
Salem, India 70,627
Salerno, Italy.. 42,736
Salt ord, England 22' 1,956
Saloniki, Turkey in Europe ..105.0(A)
Salta, Argentine Republic... 16.ti72
Saltillo, Mexico 26,801
Salto, Uruguay 15,000
Salzburg, Austria-Hungary.. 33.067
Samara, Russia ■ 91,672
Samarang, Dutch East Indies 82,962
San Carlos, Philippines 23,934
Sandakan, British Borneo.... 7,000
SanFernando, Spain 28,951
San Jose, Costa Rica 25.0U0
SanJuan, Argentine Republic 10*410
San Juan, Porto Bico 32,048
San Luis. Argentine Republic 9.826
San Luis Potosi , Mexico 69.050
San Nicolas, Argentine Re-
public 12.550
San Pedro, Guatemala 11,189
San Salvador, Salvador 50,000
San Sebastian, Spain 35,975
Santa Clara, Cuba 13,763
Santa Cruz, Bolivia ... 12,100
Santa Cruz de Teneriffe, Ca-
nary Islands 33.421
Santa Fe, Argentine Republic 22.244
Santander, Spain 50,64! I
Santiago, Chile 256.413
Santiago de Cuba. Cuba 43,090
Santiago del hstero, Argentine
Republic 9,517
Santo Domingo, Santo Do-
mingo 25,000
Santo Espiritu, Cuba 12,6%
Sao Paulo, Brazil 64,934
Sao Salvador, Brazil ...174,412
Sapporo, Japan
Saragossa, Spain 98,188
Saratov, Uussia 137,109
Sarnia, Ontario 8,176
Italy
Saugor, India 45,655
Bault Ste. Marie. Ontario 7,169
Savanna la Mar. Jamaica.
Schaerbeek, Belgium ....
Schaffhausen, Sw Itzerland
Schiedam, Netherlands 27,126
Schoneberg, Germany
Schwerin, Germany 38,667
94
FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
Name. Country. Pop.
Scutari, Turkey lu Kurope... 30,000
Selkirk, Manitoba 2,460
Sendai, Japan 83,325
Seoul, Korea 190,330
Seraing, Belgium 89,102
Serampur, India 44,689
Setubal, Portugal 17,581
Seville, Spain 146,205
Slialijaliaupur. Iudla 75,662
Shanghai, China 586.000
Sheffield, England 380,71?
Sherbrooke. (Quebec 11 ,765
Shizuoka, Japan.. 42,172
Sholapur, India 74,521
Slalkot, India 05.087
Siang-tan, China 1,000,000
Sibouga, Philippines 23,455
Siena, Italy 28,678
Singan Fu, China 1,000,000
Siout, Egypt 42.078
Skien, Norway. 8.979
Sligo, Ireland K 1.862
Smethwick, England 54.5»;o
Smichow, Austria-Hungary.. 32.093
Smith"s Falls, Ontario 5,155
Smyrna, Turkey in Asia 200,000
Sofia, Bulgaria 46,593
Solothurn (Soleure), Switzer-
land _ 10,106
Sorel, Quebec 7,057
Souris, Prince Edward Island 1,140
Southampton, England 104,911
South Melbourne, Victoria... 40.637
Southport, England 48.087
South Shields, England 97.267
South wark, England 200.128
Spandau, Germany.. 65,014
Spanish Town, Jamaica 5.019
Springhill, Nova Scotia 5.178
Srinagar, India 122.536
St. Boniface, Manitoba. 2.019
St. Catharines, Ontario 9.946
Ste. Cunegonde, Quebec 10.912
St. Denis, France 59.KS4
St. Denis, Reunion Island.... 82.850
St. Etienne, France 146.671
St. Gallen. Switzerland 36,344
St. Gilles, Belgium 41,948
St. Helens, England 84,410
St. Henri de Montreal, Quebec 21.192
St. Hyacinthe, Quebec 9.210
St. Jerome, Quebec 3.619
St. John, New Brunswick ... 40.711
St. John, Quebec 4,030
St. John's (with suburbs),
Newfoundland. 29.007
St. Kilda, Victoria 20.544
St. Nazaire, France 34.671
St. Nicolas, Belgium 30.288
St. Petersburg, Russia 1,132,677
St. Pierre, West Indies. 25.792
St. Quentin, France 50.150
St. Stephen, New Brunswick 2.840
St. Thomas, Ontario 11.485
Stavanger, Norway 23.899
Stettin, Germany .210,680
Stockholm. Sweden 302.462
Stockport, England 78,871
Name. Country. Pop.
Stockton-on-Tees, England .. 51,47(1
Strabane, Ireland 5,018
si raeebnrg, Germany 150,268
Stratford, Ontario 0,(08
Stuttgart, Germany 176.318
su chow, China 500,000
Sucre (Chuquisaca), Bolivia
Suez. Egypt... 10,559
Suminerside, Prince Edward
Island 2,875
Sunderland, England 146,565
Snndsvall, Sweden 14,490
Surabaya, Dutch East Indies 124,529
Surakerta, Dutch East Indies 104,589
Surat, India 11- ,864
Suva, Fiji Islands ... 850 Europeans
Swansea, England 94,514
Swindon, England 44,996
Sydney (with suburbs;, New
South Wales 488,382
Sydney, Nova Scotia 9,909
Syracuse, Italy 32,076
Szabadka, Austria-Hungary. 82,122
Szegedin, Austria-Hungary . .102.991
Szentes, Austria-Hungary... 31.303
Taal, Philippines 33.378
Tabriz, Persia 200,000
Tai-ku, Korea 44,712
Tai-wan, Formosa 70,000
Takamatsu, Japan 34,416
Takaoka, Japan 31.490
Takasaki, Japan 30,893
Talca, Chile 33,232
Tamatave, Madagascar. 5.000 to 7.000
Tamworth.Xew South Wales. 5,802
Tanauan, Philippines 20,036
Tangier, Morocco 30,000
Tanjore, India 57.605
Tantah, Egypt 57,289
Tarija, Bolivia. 11,940
Tarnopol, Austria-Hungary.. 30,415
Tarragona, Spain 25,a58
Tashkend, Asiatic Russia.... 156.414
Tavira, Portugal 11.558
Tegucigalpa, Honduras 12,600
Teheran, Persia 220.000
Tekax, Mexico 18.346
Temax, Mexico 16,807
Temesvar. Austria-Hungary. 53,033
Teramo, Italy... 24,578
The Hague (S'Gravenhage),
Netherlands ..206,022
Three Rivers. Quebec 9,981
Tientsin, China 1,000.000
Tifiis, Asiatic Russia 160.645
Tilburg, Netherlands 40,628
Tilsi, Germany 34.538
Tipperarv, Ireland 6,391
Tiruovo, Bulgaria 25.295
Tlemcen, Algeria 34.866
Tokushima, Japan 61,501
Tokyo, Japan 1.440.121
Toledo, Spain 23.465
Toluca, Mexico 23.150
Tomsk. Asiatic Russia 52.430
Tonsberg, Norway 7.247
Toowoomba, Queensland 14,000
Torino, Italy 335,639
FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
95
Name. Country. Pop.
Toronto, Ontario 208,040
Toronto Junction. Ontario... 6,091
Totonicapam. Guatemala .... 25,196
Tottenham, England 102,519
Tottori, Japan '28.496
Toulon, France ..101,172
Toulouse, France 147,696
Tourcoing. France 79,468
Tournai, Belgium 36,886
Tours, France 64.443
Townsville, Queensland 11.000
Tovama, Japan 59,558
Tralee. Ireland 9,318
Trapani. Italy _ &V257
Treves (Trier), Germany.... 43,324
Treviso, Italy 34,004
Trichinopolv. India 104,690
Trieste. Austria-Hungary.... 134. 143
Trikala, Greece 21.149
Trinidad, Cuba 11.120
Tripoli . Tripoli 20,000 to 30.000
Tripolis. Greece 10.465
Trondlijem, Norway 29.162
Troyes. France 53.159
Truro, Nova Scotia 5,993
Tsu, Japan 33,287
Tucuman, Argentine Repub-
lic 34,305
Tula, Mexico 19,421
Tula, Russia. 111.148
Tunis (with suburbs), Tunis. 153,000
Turin (Torino), Paly.. 335.639
Twillingate, Newi mndland . 3.585
Tynemouth, England 51.514
Edine, Italv 37,933
Ulm, Germany 42,860
Unley, South Australia 18.152
Upsala, Sweden 22,818
rrumiah. Persia 40,000
Utrecht, Netherlands 102.086
Utsu-no-miva, Japan 32,069
Vaduz, Liechtenstein 1,139
Valdes, Spain... 23.194
Valencia del Cid, Spain 204,768
Valencia, Venezuela 38,654
Valenciennes, France 31.007
Valladolid, Spain 68,746
Valleyfleld (Salaberry), Que-
bec 11.055
Valparaiso, Chile 122,447
Vancouver, British Columbia 26.133
Varna, Bulgaria 28.174
Vasarhely, Austria-Hungary.. 60,883
Velez-Malaga, Spain 23.453
Vellor, India 43,458
Venice iVenezlai, Italy 151.841
Vera Cruz, Mexico 24.085
Verona, Italy 74.261
Versailles. France 54.081
Vervlers, Belgium 52,496
Vevey, Switzerland 32,982
Vicenza, Italy 44.261
Victoria, British Columbia... 20,816
Victoria, Hong Kong 136,900
Vienna, Austria-Hungary ..1,674,957
Villa Rica, Paraguay 25,000
Name. Country. Pop.
Vilna, Russia 159,568
Vincennes, France 30,336
Vitoria, Spain... 30,514
Vlaadingen. Netherlands .... 16,661
Vlissingen, Netherlands 18,893
Volo. Greece 16,232
Voronezh, Netherlands 84.146
Wakauiatsu, Japan 29.2(H)
Wakavama. Japan 63,667
Wakefield. England 41.544
"Wallasey. England 53,580
Walsall, England 86,440
Waltharnstow, England 95.125
Warrington, England 64.241
Warsaw, Russia 638,208
Waterf ord, Ireland ... 26.743
Wellington (with suburbs),
New Zealand 49,344
West Bromwich, England ... 65.172
West Ham, England 267,308
West Hartlepool, England. .. 62.614
Westmount, Quebec 8.856
Wexford, Ireland 11.154
Wickham, New South Wales 7.752
Wigan, England 60,770
Wiesbaden, Germany 86,086
Wi-ju, Korea 32.044
Willesden, England 114,815
Wiltz, Luxemburg 3,859
Wimbledon. England 41,604
Windsor, Nova Scotia. 3,398
Windsor, Ontario 12,153
Windhoek. German South-
west Africa 1.500
Winnipeg, Manitoba 42,340
Winterthur, Switzerland 22,321
Witten, Germany 33,514
Wolverhampton, England ... 94.179
Woodstock, New Brunswick. 2.984
Woodstock. Ontario 8,833
Woolwich, England .117,165
Worcester, England 46,623
Worms, Germany 40.714
Wuchang, China 800,000
Wurzburg. Germany... 75.497
Yamada, Japan 27 ,990
Yamagata, Japan 35.300
Yarmouth. Nova Scotia 6.430
Yezd, Persia 80.000
Yokka-ichi, Japan 25.220
Yokohama, Japan 193,762
Yokosu, Japan 24.750
Yonezawa, Japan 30.719
York, England
Zaandam, Netherlands 21.116
Zacatecas, Mexico
Zagazlg, Egypt 35.715
Zamboanga, Philippines 21,800
Zante, Greece 14,650
Zanzibar, British East Africa 80,000
Zapotlanejo. Mexico 20,270
Zutphen. Netherlands..
Zurich, Switzerland
Zwickau, Germany 55,825
Zwolle, Netherlands 30,560
\
000 002 404