RAND, McNALLY & CO.'S POCKET ATLAS OF THE & ism k!» *•* SS. m j * V RAND -McN ALLY Pocket Atlas OF THE WORLD Historical — Political — Commercial CONTAINING COLORED MAPS OF ALL THE STATES VXD TERRITORIES IX THE EXITED STATES. THE PROVINCES OF THE DOMIXIOX OF OAXADA. AXD OF EVERY COUNTRY AXD CIVIL DIVISION UPON THE FACE OF THE GLOBE. PUBLISHERS, RAND, M C NALI.V & CO M P \ N Y. Chicago and New York. 1900 Rand-McNally Pocket Atlas of the World Copyright, 1900. by Rand, McNally & Co 2061309 CONTENTS. PAGE Abyssinia 353, 355 Aden 316,318 Adrar 348,350 Afghanistan 319. 321 Africa 343-366 Africa, Central 356-359, 362 Africa, Northeastern. ..352-355 Africa. Northwestern .. 346-351 Africa. South 360-366 Alabama 75-78 Alaska .__.:.... 187-190 Algeria 346. 348 Andorra 279, 281 284 Angola 356. 359, 360 Antarctic Regions 9. 10 Anticosti Island 193, 202 Arabia 315.316.318 Arctic Archipelago. 7, 8, 192, 193 Arctic Regions 7, 8 Argentine Republic 251-254 ■Arizona 171, 172 Arkansas .... 123-126 Ashantee 349. 350 Asia 313-342 Australia 371 -375 Austria-Hungary 295-298 Bahama Islands 10, 17 Balkan States 307-310 Baluchistan 323, 324 Basutoland 360, 363 Bpchuanaland 360, 363 Belgium 283-285 Bermuda Islands 10, 17 Bhotan 325. 326 ■femarck Archipelago . 368, 370 Bokhara 314. 316 Bolivia 248-250 Borneo 335,336-338 Bosnia and Herzegovina 296 -298 Bourbon Island 366 Brazil 243-246 British* 'entralAfi ica. 360,361,364 British Columbia 212-215 PAGE British East Africa 357, 358 British East Indies .... 335-338 British Guiana 244, 246 British Honduras 219, 22(1 British India 322 325 British Isles 264,265 British New Guinea 368, 370 British -North Borneo .. 337, 338 British Somali Land ... 353. 355 British South Africa ... 360, 361 Brunei .336-338 Bulgaria 307-310 California 175-178 Canada, Dominion of .. 192-216 Canary Islands 348, 350 Cape of Good Hope 360-363 Cape Verde Islands 350 Caroline Islands 368. 370 Cayenne (Fr. Guiana).. 244. 246 Celebes 335, 337. 338 Central A merica . _ 217 -221 Ceylon 324. 320 Channel Islands _ 267, 269 Chile 252, 253, 256, 25 i China.. 327-330 Cities of the United States. Principal .... 11, 14 Colombia 238-241 Colorado 167-170 Connecticut 35-37 Cook Islands 367, 369 285 Costa Rica 218, 219, 221 Crete 312 Cuba 210, 222-225 Curacao 241, 246 Cyprus 3is, 320 Dahomey 347, 349 Danish West Indies.... 229 Delaware 49, 50 Denmark 305. 306 Distriet of Columbia ... 59, 61 Dominion of Canada... 192-216 CONTEXTS. PAGE Dutch I • frica Prote< Ecuador Egyptian Soudan [g ■ ■ I 206-269 Eritrea Europe - Falkland Islands Fiji Islands ..... .3 Finland 300, 302 Florida 71-74 Formosa 333, 334 France.... - 2€ Franz Josef Laud 8, 10 French Guinea . .... 347, 349 French India 32 French Indo-Ohina .... 32 French Kongo 356, 362 French Soudan 347, 349 Friendly Islands 367, 369 Gaboon. 356, 362 Galapagos Islands. ... 239, 240 Gambia... 349,351 Georgia.. 67-70 German Fast Africa . . •'. German Southw. Africa, 360, 365 Germany 290-293 Gibraltar 2J Gilbert Islands 367, 369 Gold (oast 349, 350 Greece 309,312 and 7, 8, 12, 16 Guam Island . 3 Guatemala 21 Guiana -344, 240 Badramaut 318, 321 Haiti.. 22 Hawaii 378-381 Hemisphere, Land 7. 10, 12 Hemisphere, Northern. ..7, 8, 10 Hemisphere, Southern... 7. 9, lo Hemisphere, Water 7, lo, 13 Honduras Hongkong :: Idaho :- Illinois 95 98 Indenie.... 347,349 India 32 Indiana 91 '.'1 Indian Territory 136-138 Indo-China 829 Iowa 115-118 Ireland 2 - in th. Atlantic. 10 Isle of Man. 267, 268 Italian Somali Land ... 853, 355 Italy 287-289 Ivory Coast 347, 349 Jamaica 225, 228 Japan 331-334 Java... 335-338 Kaiser Wilhelm's Land. 3 Kamerun 356, ! Kansas 139-142 Keewatin Districl . 192, 193, 21 4 Kentucky Khiva 314 316 Klondike Region ... .192, 218 Kolguev 10, 300 Kongo Ind. State.. .356, 357, :359 Korea 32* Labrador 191,193 Ladrone Islands 368, 370 Lagos 349-351 Liberia 349. 351 Liechtenstein 2 Louisiana. 127-130 Low Archipelago 369, 370 Luxemburg 291, 292 Macao Island 329, 330 Madagascar ...361, 365, 366 Madeira Islands 348, 350 Magdalene Islands 1 Maine. Malaysia 335-342 CONTENTS. PAGE Malta 286, 289 Manica 361,365 Manitoba 208-211, 214 Marianne Islands 368, 370 Marquesas Islands.. 367, 369, 370 Marshall Islands 369, 370 Maryland 47-49 Massachusetts 31-34 Mauritius Island 366 Mexico 231-234 Michigan.. 99-106 Midway Islands 369 Minnesota 111-114 Miquelon 191 Mississippi 79-82 Missouri.. 119-122 Monaco 283, 285 Montana 155-157 Montenegro 303, 310 Morocco 347, 348 Mozambique 361 Natal 360, 361, 363 'Nebraska 143-146 Nejd 318, 320 Nepal 323-326 Netherlands, The 292, 294 Nevada 176-178 New Brunswick 196, 199 New Caledonia 367, 368 Newfoundland.....'.... 191, 193 New Guinea 368, 370 New Hampshire 27-29 New Hebrides 369, 371 New Jersey... 51, 54 New Mexico 172-174 .New South Wales 371-374 New York 39-42 New Zealand 376, 377 Nicaragua.. 218. 220, 221 Niger Coast Protectorate 349, 351 Niger Territories. 349, 351 North America 15-18 North Carolina 63-65 North Dakota 151-154 Northwest Territories 192, 193, 212, 213, 216 Norway 303-306 Nova Scotia 196-198 NovaZembla. 7,300 Obock and Somali Coast 353, 355 Oceania. 366,381 Ohio 87-90 Oklahoma.. 135-137 Oman. 318,321 Ontario. ....204-207, 210 OrangeRiver Colony 360, 364,365 Oregon 179-182 Paraguay 252,255 Pennsylvania 43-46 Persia 318-321 Peru 247-249 Pescadores 333, 334 Philippine Islands 339-342 Poland 301, 302 Portugal 279,280 Portuguese East Africa. 361, 365 Portuguese Guinea 319, 350 Portuguese India 323, 324 Prince Edward Island.. 197, 202 Prince Island 3 15, 350 Porto Rico ...227-230 Quebec 200-203,206 Queensland. 373-375 Reunion Island 366 Rhode Island 37, 38 Rhodesia 360,363 Rhodesia, Northern. 360, 363, 364 RiodeOro 348,350 Roumania. 307, 3J8 Russia 299-302 Salvador .217, 218, 220 Samoa Islands 369, 371 Samos 309, 315 San .Marino 287, 288 Santa Cruz Islands 367, 309 Santo Domingo 223, 224, 226 Sarawak 336, 338 Sardinia 289 CONTENTS. Scotland Senegal 346, Servia Siam Siberia 314, Sicily -. Sierra Leone Society Islands Socotra Island Sofala Solomon Islands Somali Land South America South Australia.... 372, South Carolina. South Dakota Spain Spitz bergen St. Helena St. Pierre and Miquelon St. Thomas Island Sumatra 335, Surinam (Dutch Guiana) Swaziland Sweden... Switzerland Tasmania Tennessee PAGE 270-273 347,349 30S, 310 325, 326 316, 317 289 349,351 367, 369 355 361, 365 368, 371 353, 355 235-25? 373, 375 64-66 147-150 27'8-281 7, 8 345, 366 191 345, 350 336, 338 244,246 360 303-305 285,286 376, 377 84-86 Texas Togoland Tonga Islands Tripoli.. 860, Tuamotu Islands Tunis Turkey in Asia. 315. 818, Turkey in Europe 806, Uganda Protectorate . . . United Kingdom United States Uruguay Utah Vaal River Colony Venezuela Vermont Victoria. Virginia Wake Island Wales. Washington Western Australia West Virginia Wisconsin World Wyoming Yukon District Zanzibar Protectorate.. PAGE 131-134 849, 861 369, 870 846, 848 320, 321 809, 811 262-277 18-22 263, 256 168 166 369, 864 240 -242 28-30 373, 374 59-62 366,368 266-269 183-186 372, 375 55-58 107-110 3-6 159-162 192, 216 357,358 INDEX OF TOWNS. (SEE PAGES FOLLOWING 382.) Alaoama 2 Montana 43 Alaska Territory 3 Nebraska 44 Arizona 3 Nevada 47 Arkansas 4 New Hampshire 47 California 5 New Jersev 47 Colorado 6 New Mexico Territory. 49 Connecticut 7 New York 49 8 52 District of Columbia... 8 North Dakota 55 Florida 8 Ohio 55 Georgia 9 Oklahoma Territory ... 60 Hawaii 11 Oregon 61 Idaho 12 Pennsvlvania 62 12 17 67 Indiana Rhode Island 68 Indian Territory 20 South Carolina 68 21 70 25 27 Tennessee Texas 71 Kentucky 73 Louisiana 30 Utah 75 Maine 31 Vermont 76 Maryland Massachusetts 31 76 32 Washington 78 Michigan 32 West Virginia 79 Minnesota 35 Wisconsin 81 Mississippi Missouri 38 40 63 THE WORLD. THE WORLD Form and Size of the Earth.— In form the earth is an ohlate spheroid— verv nearly a globe. Circumference, 24,900 miles. Diameter: Equatorial, 7,926 miles: polar, 7,899 miles; mean, 7,912.5. Area of surface, 196,940,400 square miles; volume, 259,880 million cubic miles; mean den- sity, 5.6. Total area within Arctic and Antarctic regions, 16,464,700 square miles; temperate regions, 102,244,654 sauare miles; within the Tropics, 78,231,046 square miles. t iand area of the world, 54,807,420 square miles— assuming that the un- explored Arctic regions comprise 250,000 square miles of land, and the Antarctic Continent has an extent of 2,500,000 square miles within the Antarctic Circle. Largest land area— 29,450,000 square miles, or three- fifths of total land surface— within the most habitable portions of the earth, the temperate regions ; land area of Tropics, 19,400,000 square miles. Strictly speaking, the land surface consists of two great con- tinental land masses— Western Continent and Eastern Continent— and Australia, an Island-Continent; more general division is into six conti- nents or grand divisions: North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. Geographically Europe is not a grand divi- sion, but a peninsula of Asia, and with the latter forms the largest con- tinuous mass of land, hence the title Eurasia, derived from Europe- Asia. In extent grand divisions of Eastern Continent are all greatest from east to west, those of Western Continent from north to south. Water.— The great expanse of water upon tbe earth's surface is grouped in five basins: Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic oceans. Area of oceans and inland seas connected with them, 142,132,- 980 square miles, or 72 per cent of total surface of the earth. Propor- tion of land and water, 2.59 square miles of water to each square mile of land. Distribution of land and water extremely unequal— about three- fifths of water south and two-thirds of land north of equator Average depth of ocean 12,900 feet, or about six times the average height of land. Greatest depth sounded, 27,930 feet. Supposed depth of 83 per ' cent, or 114,000,000 square miles of total ocean area, over 6,000 feet. Divisions of Water.— Area of Arctic Ocean estimated at 4,632,- 000 square miles, or 2.3 per cent of surface of globe. Drainage area large; comprises 5,772,000 square miles of mainland of America and Eurasia. Atlantic Ocean embraces an area of 34,301,400 square miles, or nearly one-fourth the total water area of the globe. In extent At- lantic greatest from north to south; length 9,000 miles, ayerage width only 3,600 miles ; greatest depth, " International Deep," off St. Thomas Islands, West Indies, 27,366 feet. Indian Ocean occupies an area of 28,615,600 square miles, very nearly one-fifth the total water area. Width, about 6,300 miles; extent of ocean almost equal both ways. Area of Pacific Ocean, 67,699,630 square miles; comprises nearly one-half the total water area. Pacific extends north and south 9,000 miles, east and west under equator, 12,000 miles. Greatest depth sounded, " Tuscarora Deep," north of Japan, 27,930 feet. Pacific Ocean characterized by large number of islands, both continental and oceanic. Area of Antarctic Ocean estimated at 5,731,350 square miles; depth 4,920 feet. Physical Features. -Viewed broadly in relief, most characteris- tic features of surface of Eastern Continent great table-lands and lofty mountains, of Western Continent vast plains. The highest mountains, most extensive plains, and greatest depressions in the world belong to the Eastern Continent. Among the Himalayas of Asia are peaks ex- tending 10,000 feet above the line of perpetual snow: its principal table- lands range between 2,500 and 16,000 feet above sea-level, area embraced equaling two-fifths of that of entire Continent; depressions of the Val- ley of the Jordan and Dead Sea far below sea-level. The vast lowland plains of the Western Continent— alternate forest and prairie— consti- tute by far the larger part of that Continent. The longest river in the world— the Mississippi with its affluent, the Missouri— and likewise the largest— the Amazon— as regards volume and extent of basin, belong to the Western Continent. The great fresh-water lakes or seas of the American Continent contain one-third of all the fresh water of the globe, and are without a parallel; the largest, Lake Superior, is the largest body of fresh water in the world. Climates all belong to one of two classes — maritime and conti- nental—according to nearness or distance of the sea, Average tern- 2 ^uWate ^MADAGASCAR jr\j PorOfatal OCEAN V t j^ne Xek Amsterdam Jlelbou Tasmania ™V World. C E A .V On Mercator Projection. Copyright, 1904. by Rand, McNally 4 Co. 20° C 40° 100 ' 1> 120 ' THE WORLD. peraturc primarily dependent upon latitude and altitude, and with in- fluence of sea most important factor in determining and modifying climate. Climate of "Western Continent slightly colder in correspond- ing latitudes than that of Eastern Continent, especially so In North America; Western also for most part moister— particularly in Tropics amount of rainfall generally far greater than in corresponding regions of Old World. Climate of Hawaii excellent example of insular climates; range throughout year does not exceed 5 or 6 deg. Verkhoyansk, Siberia - pole of cold for Asiatic Continent— an extreme continental climate; winter temperature sinks to 56 deg. below; summer, 60 deg.; annual range for year, 116 deg. Rainfall very unevenly distributed throughout the world; generally speaking more abundant in warm than cold countries, in maritime tracts than in inland regions, and in hilly and mountainous districts than in plains and lowlands. Average annual rainfall varies from 1.3 inches at Cairo, 13.7 Yakutsk, 22.17 Jerusalem, 25 London, 44.76 New York, 115.49 Yaldivia, 155.3 Caracas, to 474 inches at Cherra Punji, Assam, India— latter has heaviest known rainfall in world, occasionally over 20 feet falling during June. Snow line— lower limit of region of perpetual snow— varies in height with latitude, near- ness of sea, etc.; near the Poles snow line at sea-level; at the equator mean altitude of snow line about 16,000 feet. Population of the world as estimated by Ravenstein —exclusive of Polar regions— 189*\ 1,487,600,000; average number to a square mile, 31.5. Total number of inhabitants steadily increasing. Geographically population distributed most irregularly; density of grand divisions ranges between 1.4 and 107 to a square mile. Eastern Continent far more densely populated than Western Continent; more than three- fourths of all the inhabitants on the earth are in the Eastern Continent. Races.— Population of the World grouped in five divisions or classes: Caucasian or white race, Mongolian or yellow, Malavan or brown, Negro or black, and American or red. The white or dominant race numbers about 690,000,000, and now occupies almost the whole of Europe, the greater part of North America and Australasia, and large districts of Southern Africa, South America, and Northern Asia. Mongolian — natives of China, Siberia, Siam, Japan, Korea, etc.— 600,000,000; Malayan— found chieflvin Malay islands and peninsula, New Zealand, and Madagascar— 35,000,000; Negro— chiefly in Africa, with several millions in United States— 150,000,000; American— native Indian tribes— 12.000,000; mixed races, 13,000,000. Languages.— Number of different languages and dialects through- out the world very great, total exceeds 1,000. Only seven languages, however, employed by more than 50,000,000 people — Chinese, Hindoo- stani, English, Russian, German, Spanish, French. The greatest number —400,000,000— speak Chinese. Languages chiefly used in international commerce— English, Spanish, French, and German. English most widely used commercially and extending rapidly. Owing to great prog- ress of Spanish-American Republics of South America, Spanish as a commercial language advancing in importance. French generally used in international discussions and diplomatic affairs. Religions may be grouped in two great classes: Polytheism— a belief in a plurality of gods; Mon otheism— belief in one god. Principal religions embraced in Polytheism: Brahminism, the national religion of the Hindoos for more than 4,000 years; Buddhism, introduced by Gua- tama, an Indian prince, 2,500 years ago. embodying by far the greatest number of adherents of any religion. Monotheism is expressed in three forms: Judaism, Christianity— embracing three great sections, Protes- tantism, Roman Catholic, and the Greek Church— and Mohammedan- ism, founded over 1,250 years ago by Mohammed in Arabia Religious population estimated as follows: Christians, 448,000,000— Protestants, 137.000,000; Roman Catholics, 21fi.000.000: Greek Churches. 90,000000; Buddhists, 500.000,000; Mohammedans. 200.000,000: Brahmanists, 172,000,- 000: Jews. 7,000,000; pagans and others, 173.lXKi.000. Governments. — The inhabitants of the world are practically grouped under three forms of government-tribal, monarchical, and republican. The barbarous or savage races usually liye under tribal form; civilized nations under monarchical-either absolute or limited —or republican form. The nations of the Eastern Continent are almost all under monarchical forms, and, with but few exceptions, all countries of the Western Continent are republics. HEMISPHERES. HEMISPHERES. Distribution of Land over the earth's surface very unequal. Laud area of Northern Hemisphere— 38,500,000 square miles— nearly three times that of Southern; land area of latter only 13,500,000 square miles. Continental or Land Hemisphere contains 44,000,000 square miles of land, or eleven-thirteenths of entire land surface of globe; has five- and-a-half times as much land as Water Hemisphere; Oceanic or "Water Hemisphere has but 8,000,000 square miles of land. Eastern Hemi- sphere contains more than twice as much land as Western. Distribution of Water.— Water area of Northern Hemisphere, 60,000.000 square miles; of Southern Hemisphere. 85,W0,000 square miles, The Continental, or Land Hemisphere, has but 54,IHJ0,000 square miles of water area; Oceanic Hemisphere embraces almost two-thirds the entire water area of the globe, or 90.500,000 square miles; water area of West- ern Hemisphere nearly one-third greater than that of Eastern. ARCT1C~REG10NS. Arctic Ocean, a partially enclosed sea, washes northern coasts of America and Eurasia,- communicates with Atlantic by Davis Strait and by broad expanse of water between Greenland and Europe ; with Pacific by Bering Strait. In America forms Baffin Bay; in Eurasia, White Sea. Gulfs of Kara, Ob, and Yenisei. Lands within the Arctic Circle comprise 1.233.000 square miles; most Important, Greenland and Arctic Archipelago in America; Spitsbergen, Ncvaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Kolguev, Jan Maveu, and Lofoten islands, Europe; Lyakhov, New Siberia, Kotelnyi, and Wrangell Land islands, Asia. Greenland.— Discovered by Eric the Red. 986; colonized by Norse- men; rediscovered by Davis, 1585; recolonized by Danes, 1721. Recent explorers include Kane, Hill. Nares.Greel v. \ansen.lS88; Peary, 1889-92, 1893-95, and 1900-02. Interior a lofty plateau overspread by a glacier, height, 9,000 to 10.000 feet. Shores deeply indented by fiords; source of North Atlantic icebergs. Area about 46.740 English square miles; only 34.000 habitable. C'limate severe; country icebound October to about June. Inhabitants, chiefly Eskimos, on west coast between Cape Farewell and 73 cleg N.; largely engaged in whale and seal fisheries. Total number, 10.516— including 309 European officials and their families. Exports: Sealskins, blubber . cod-liver oil, and ivory; value of exports, 19(30, $91,800. Danish colony divided into two inspectorates: Godthaab, founded 1721, seat of inspector of South ; Godharn, south coast of Disco Island, seat of inspector of North. Arctic Archipelago of North America.— Islands belong to British North America. Area estimated at 502.440 square miles; islands entirely within Arctic Circle, 416.0UO; population about 1.000. Spitsbergen.— Discovered 1596 by Dutch under Jakob van Heems- kerk. Recentlv made base of Arctic expeditions, especially those of Nordenskjold and other Swedish explorers. Group belongs to Russia; comprises six larger and many smaller islands; most important island Western Spitsbergen, area 14,700 square miles. Surface almost entirely covered with ice and snow. Winter for ten months, when mercury freezes. Maximum temperature at Moel Bav. Julv, 39.3 deg.; minimum, February-49.86 deg. October 22 to February- 22 sun does not rise above horizon. Not permanently inhabited; frequented by Dutch, Danish, and Norwegian whalers. Numerous whales, seals, and white bears; reindeer in some parts. Smeerenbei g Bay affords best anchorage. "Novaya Zemlya (Nova Zemblai.— Discovered by English, 1553, visited by Barentz, 1594; explored by Count Lutke, 1821-24: visited in late years by numerous expeditions; crossed bv Grlnevetsky, 1878. Belongs to Russia. Surface elevated and mountainous, northern part covered by an ice-sheet. Area, 35.163 square miles. Average yearly tempera- ture west coast, 17 deg.; summer. 36.5 dei:.; corresponding latitudes on east coast still lower. On west coast influences of Gulf Stream felt. Brown and white bear, common and pular fox. and wolf found; walruses, seals, and dolphins swarm the coasts. About 2.000 hunters congregate each year near Cape Voronov. Permanent settlement of Samoyede families lately established at Karmakuly in Moller Bay. ^RN_HJ^ VC N. 4 CO. ENGR'S C - f copper in the world in Montana and on shores of Lake Superior, united States contains largest and most valuable coal deposits; Canadian coal fields also valuable. Iron ores of United state- and British North America of vast Importance. Petroleum wells of Appalachian system most productive and valuahlc In the world. Lead, antimony, quick- silver, salt, cobalt, nickel, zinc, platinum, and sulphur mined. Numer- ous varieties of excellent building stone, beautiful marbles, and fine roofing slate also abundant. Population 1895 (estimated), 97,270,000. Inhabitants comprise whites, chiefly European settlers and their descendants; nes descendants of slaves introduced from Africa; native Americans, Indians; and mixed races. Origin of prehistoric inhabitants (cave dwellers, mound builders, etc.) variously given. Natives now number only about 500,000; negroes on Continent and in West Indies 12,800,000. Governments.— Politically Continent divided among 8 indepen- dent republics— United States, Mexico, Guatemala. Honduras, Salva- dor, Nicaragua, Costa Pica, and Panama-and two English colonies- Dominion of Canada and British Honduras. The principal continental islands include the Republics of Cuba, Haiti, and Santo Domingo; United States Territory, Porto Pico; the English colonies, Newfoundland, Jamaica, and Bahama; and the Danish dependency, Greenland. British, Dutch, French, and Danish colonies exist among the minor islands. UNITED STATES. Historical.— Pegion probably visited by Northmen about 1000; by the Cabots, 1497-8; explorations made by Ponce de Leon, 1512; Ver- razano, 1524; De Soto, 1539-42, etc. Earliest settlements made by Span- iards at St. Augustine, Florida, 1565; by English at Jamestown, Vir- ginia, 1607; landing of Pilgrims at Plymouth, 1620: mouth of Missis- sippi reached by La Salle, 1682; river and surrounding country taken possession of in name of King of France. French and Indian war, 1754-63. Stamp Act passed by English Parliament, 1765, taxes, 1767, and Boston Port Bill, 1774, lead to Revolution, 1775, and the Declaration of Independence, 1776. Independence recognized by France, 1778; by Great Britain, 1783. Constitution adopted, 1787; new government inaug- urated, 1789; first capital. New York; removed to Philadelphia, 1790; to "Washington, 1800. Louisiana purchased from France, 1803; Florida ceded by Spain, 1819; Texas annexed, 1845: Mexican cession, 1848; Gads- den Purchase, 1853; Alaska Purchase, 1867; Hawaiian Islands annexed, 1898; Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippine Islands ceded bv Spain, 1898. Historical wars after Revolution include War of 1812 with Great Britain; Mexican, 1846-8; Civil, 1S61-5, and Spanish-American, 1898. Area of United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii. 3,025.049 square miles, divided among 45 States, 4 Territories, and the Federal District. Land and water area, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii, 2,970.038 and 55,562 square miles; extreme length Atlantic to Pacific, 2,780 miles; breadth, 1,600. Total area of national domain. 3,742.231. Public Domain, Etc.— Area of lands held by Government for settlers under settlement laws, exclusive of Alaska. 525,971.970 acres; surveyed, 301,979.307; unsurveved. 223.992.66:?. Area of public lands in Alaska, 367,983.506, all unsurveyed. The undisposed public lands lie in 22 States and 4 Territories. Lands taken up under Homestead Act, 1901, 4,342,747 acres: disposed for cash under various acts, 1.757.592. Public forests, exclusive of Alaska, comprised in 52 reservations; estimated area, 55.265.S85 acres; California forest reserves, 8,784,009 acres; Washington 6.920,800. Physical Features.— Most prominent natural features: The Atlantic Coast Plain, merging into the Gulf Coast Plain and Valley of the Mississippi; Appalachian Mountain Svstem between Atlantic Coast Plain and Mississippi Valley pounds, value §20,928, 15u ; in I'.hhi, 147,963^04 pounds, value ?4.799,796. Country excels In manufacture of machinery, electrical appliances, and agricultural implements; leads all others in E reduction of flour. Liquor manufacturing establishments 1900, reweries, 1,509; production, 39,330.849 barrels, distilled spirits, 109,245,187 gallons; domestic wines, 23,425,567 gallons. Among other Important industries are lumber, leather, glassware, pottery, etc. Commerce of vast extent and importance. In foreign commerce United States surpassed only by Great Britain and Germany. In 1900-01 balance of trade in favor of United States; total value of exports nearly twice as great as total imports; exports of domestic manufacture greater than imports of foreign manufacture. Value of exports. 81.460.462.So6; unmanufactured agricultural products, $943,811,020; manufactures, $412,- 155,066; mining products, §37,985,333. Total valueof importsof merchan- dise, $823,172,165. Trade with the United Kingdom amounted to $767,604,- 905; with Germany, $288,796,821; with France, $151,890,117; British North America, $142,574,763. Of imports into the United States 12.9 per cent carried in American vessels; of exports 7.1 per cent. Minerals a chief source of wealth. Total value of products, 1901, 81,086,529,521; metallic products, $518,268,377; non-metallic, $568,261,144. Gold output, 3,805,500 fine ounces; Colorado and California lead in pro- duction: silver, 55,214,000; Colorado and Montana leading; iron ore, 28,887,479 long tons; chief mining centers, Minnesota, Michigan, and Alabama; total copper output, 602.072,519 pounds; United States leads all other countries, producing more than one-half the total product of the world; richest districts in Montana, Lake Superior Region andArizona; coal mined, 261,873,675 long tons; Pennsylvania most prominent pro- ducer; petroleum, 69,389,194 barrels; chief fields lie in Ohio/West Virginia, and Pennsylvania; salt product, 20,566,661 barrels. Among other impor- tant minerals worked are lead, zinc, quicksilver, building stones, marbles, slates, etc. Population.— Immigration to colonies, 1624.9,000; population, 1733, 750,000; United States, 1800,5,308.483; 1850,23.191,876; 1900,76,303.387; male, 39,059,242; female, 37,244,145; native, 65,843,302; foreign, 10,460.085; white, 66.990,788; colored, 9,312,599— Africans, 8,840,789; Chinese, 119,050; Japa- nese, 86,000; Indians, 226,760. Number of Immigrants, 1821 to June 30, 1900, 19,023,356. Railways, Etc.— Steam power first employed in railway service, 1829. Miles 'in operation 1830, 23; 1850, 9,021; 1870! 52,922; 1880, 93.296; 1890, 166,698; 1900, 193.346; miles of line to each 100 square miles of territory, 6.51; miles per 10,000 inhabitants, 25.44. Capital invested. $11,491,034,000; net earnings, $557,622,217. Telegraph line, open 1901,237,000 miles. Bell tele- phone wire, 1,961,801 miles; Postal telegraph cable, lS4,232 miles ; long distance telephone, 167,410 miles. Defense.— Military and naval service voluntary. Numerical strength of the American armv, 1902, 66,497; officers, 3.820. In addition, the States militia numbered 7,521 officers and 9S,S18 men. Number enrolled in various wars: In Revolution number actually engaged in military service probably about 250,000 ; an approximate estimate, however, places it at 376,771; in War of 1812, 471.622; in Mexican War, 116,321 ; in Civil War, 2,326,168; in Spanish-American "War, 274,717. In 1901 navy comprised 2,066 officers, 24,593 enlisted men. Number of vessels regular navy, 252; including auxiliary navy, 307. Government.— Executive power vested in President— elected for a term of four years— assisted by Cabinet of nine members; Legis- lative in Congress consisting of Senate and House of Representatives. Each State represented in Senate by two Senators elected by Legisla- ture of State; in House of Representativesby members electeddirectly by people; number proportioned to population of State. Judicial includes Supreme, Circuit, and District courts, and Court of Claims. Supreme Court consists of Chief Justice and eight associate justices. MAINE 23 MAINE. "% n a e te T >5" ee Signifies " The Main" or " Mainland." Historical.— The most northeasterly of the United States and the New England group. Coast and rivers explored hy French, 1604 and 1605. Earliest settlement — by English — made 1607, at mouth of the Ken- nebec. Gorgtana (York) chartered 1624. Territory first called Acadia. Known as " District of Maine," 1652 to 1819; governed by Massachusetts. Long-standing dispute regarding northeast boundary settled in 1842, by Webster- Ashburton Treaty. "Maine Law," prohibiting manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors, passed 1851, permanently 1858. Tenth State admitted under the Constitution; admitted March 15, 1820. Area.— Total area, 33,040 square miles; land, 29,895 square miles, or 19,132.800 acres; water, 3.145 square miles; extreme length, 300 miles; breadth, 210. About equal in area to all other New England States combined. Counties number 16. Mt. Desert Island, noted for its picturesque scenery, contains 64,000 acres. Physical Features.— Atlantic coast-line, 278 miles; including in- dentations, 2,486. Over 1,600 lakes cover one-tenth area of State; eleva- tion 1,000 to 1,500 feet; source of magnificent water-power; Moosehead, the largest, area 120 square miles. Watershed extends east and west 150 miles from coast. Highest elevation, Mt. Katahdin, 5,200 feet. Only about one-third of State in south and in valley of St. John in north below 800 feet. St. John River drains 6,000,000 acres. Penobscot, the largest, estimated length 300 miles; Kennebec, 150 miles. State con- tains numerous summer resorts. Primeval forest covers three-fourths of State. Unrivaled scenery, climate, hunting, and fishing afford attrac- tions for all classes of tourists. Forests.— Chiefly pine, fir, spruce, and hemlock. Cedar, beech, birch, hard maple, and black and white ash abundant. "Wooded area, 23,700 square miles. Standing timber owned by lumbermen, 1900. 4.317.5 million feet; spruce, 2.575.6 million feet. Total cut, 849.686 thousand feet; spruce, 425,148; pine, 220,235. Spruce-bearing area averages 6,000 square miles. Pulp industry increasing. Climate.— Severe frosts extend through haif the year. Summers short; great depth of snow prevents freezing of ground; vegetation in spring rapid. Mean annual rainfall at Portland, 42.3 inches; mean annual temperature, 43.3 deg.; highest, 97.0 deg.; lowest, 17.0 deg. below. Game.— Deer found in each of the 16 counties; herds frequently destroy crops; number killed, 1901, 25,000; no apparent decrease. Vast extent of forests renders it difficult to protect game in summer. Numberof moose killed by visiting hunters, 1901, exceeded 200. Caribou rapidly approaching extinction. Streams famed for excellent trout. Inland cultivation of trout, salmon, white perch, black bass, etc., important. Live Stock.— One of the foremost Eastern States in raising live stock, especially horses. Value of farm animals, 1900 tl6,298,422. Number and value of live stock, June 1. 1900: Horses, 106.299, 87.u58.989; sheep, 420.116, 81.116,483; milch cows. 173.592, 85.060,048: other cattle, 165.255, $2,523,497; swine, 79,018, 8516,015. Wool clip, 1901, 1,509,594 pounds, washed and unwashed. Fisheries.— Among Xew England States Maine ranks second in fisheries. Capital and value of apparatus, 1898. 84.m3.053; value of prod- ucts, 82.654.919; lobsters lead, value 8992.855: clams, 8323.453; cod, 8314,255; herring, 8263.477; smelts, 8139.345; haddock, $132,351; hake.sl.34.444; mack- erel, 898,105; 1898, fisheries employed 16,954 persons. Lobster fisheries most valuable; Hancock and Washington counties chief producers. Herring industry extensive and valuable; greatest catch from Wash- ington. Lincoln, and Hancock counties. Principal salmon fishery on Atlantic seaboard centered upon Penobscot Elver and Bay. Canning Industries of great importance: capital invested. 1898,8911.850. Sardines first canned at Eastport. 1875; value of pack. 1898, 83,103.723, Agriculture. — Hay and potato crops of great excellence and quantity: both afford a large surplus for export; maize, buckwheat, and barley are grown. Production and value, 1901: Oats. 4,035,780 bushels, 82,017,890; corn, 522,720 bu., 8397.267; buckwheat. 807.399 bu. ,$387,562: bar- ley, 238.095 bu., 8159.524; wheat, 177,301 bu., $171,995; potatoes. 1!H 10,6.200.208 bu., $3,038,102, hay, 843,997 tons, $10,929,761. Apples, 1899. 1,421,773 bushels. 24 25 w S o £ 3 hH H * '< <0 £ HI o (0 O s « ^ A ^ ? fi/Ti'-i-- r "-^~ ^ - '-- - ~ % ^V ^ 26 UNITED STATES. Aggregate value of blueberries and huckleberries gathered from waste laud aud exported In fresh and canned state, very large. Manufactures.— Chiefly cotton goods, lumber, paper and pulp, woolen and leather goods, Hour, etc. Gross value of products, 1900, $127,361,485. Number of establishments reporting, 6,702; capital, 1122,918,826; employed 74,816 persons; cost of material used. $68,863,408. Output of pulp manufactories In 19oo, valued at $13.2J3,275; cotton goods, 814,(131,086; lumber and timber products, 813.489,401; woolen goods, $18,412,784. Stands eighth in value of ships built, 13,777,059. Tanning and finishing of leather one of the chiei Industries. Output of tanneries, §2,451,713; fish canning, $4,779,733. Quarries.— Maine ranks second, 1901, In the production of granite; value total output, $2,703,116; value of granite sold In rough state, $459,- 340; for building purposes, si, 501,797: cemetery purposes. 876.276; paving blocks, $401,189; crushed stone. £90,499; riprap, etc., S49.4SO; curbing and flagging, §124,535. Same year State ranked next to Pennsylvania and Vermont in slate; total value of output, $202,325; roofing squares, 20.791, value $111,295. In the value of all limestone products Maine ranked tenth; in the manufacture of lime, third: total value of limestone, 8715,272; lime. $709,251 Value of clay pmducts, 1901. #7:34.678; crude feld- spar, Maine and New York, 3,344 short tons, value $20,600. Apatite, mica, monazite, and infusorial earth or tripoli are known to exist. Population. -Hanked eleventh, In 1790, twelfth, in 1820: sixteenth, in 1850; thirtieth. 1890and 1900. Population 1790,96,540; 1820,298,335, 1850, 5S3.169 ; 1S90, 661,0%. Total population 1900. 694,466. Male, 350,995; female, 343.471; native, 601.136; foreign, 93.330; white, 692.226; colored, 2,240; Africans, 1,319; Chinese, 119; Japanese, 4; Indians, 798. Cities.— Portland, metropolis and seaport; settled by the English, 1632. Leading Industrial center in Maine: has flourishing manufac- tories, coasting trade, and fisheries; population 1900, 50,145. Lewiston, second in size; fine water power; $11,000,000 invested in manufactories; population 1900, 23,761. Bangor, port of entry and lumber depot, head of steam navigation on Penobscot River; population, 21.850. Bidrtleford, on Saco River, has important manufactures and large lumber trade; population, 16,145. Augusta, the capital, has large paper and pulp mills; population. 11.6S3. Railways.- In 1840 there were 11 miles of road; In 1850,245; 1860, 472; 1870. 7S6; 18%. 1,005; 1890,1.383; 1896, 1.718.53. Total number of passen- gers carried, 1900-01.6.171.014; tons orfreight.S.387.688: persons emploved upon steam railroad, 7,573. Mileage, June 30, 1901,1.918.41 or 6.42 miles to each 100 square miles of territory and 27.16 miles per 10,000 inhabitants. Education .-Public school enrollment, 1899-1900. 130,918; school age, 5-21: compulsorv school age, 7-15; expenditures, $1,712,795; value of school property, $4,699,475; textbooks furnished. Public high schools, 154; private high schools and academies. 33. Public, society, and school libraries, 111; volumes, 701.9S2; pamphlets, 115.915. Bowdoin College, Brunswick (Congregational), opened 1802 (Longfellow and Hawthorne graduated here, 1825); Colby College, "Waterville (Baptist), opened 1818, Congregational Seminarv, Bangor; Wesleyan Seminary, Rents Hill. Westbrook Seminary i Uiiiversalist). Peering; Bates College. Lewiston, founded 1863; Agricultural College, Orono; Industrial School for Girls, Hallowell. Political.— State and congressional elections, second Monday In September; presidential Tuesday after first Monday in November; number of Senators. 31; Representatives, 151; sessions, biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in January; limit of ses- sion, none; term of senators and Representatives, 2 years. Number of electoral votes, 6. Voters must be actual citizens, residents of State, county, town, and precinct. 3 months; registration required; ballot reform; women, paupers, and untaxed Indians excluded. Lietral Holidays.— January 1, February 22, May 30, July 4, first Monday in September, Thanksgiving, December 25. Ijegal.— Legal rate of interest. 6 per cent: by contract, rate unlim- ited. Statutes of limitation: Judgments, witnessed notes, personal action, 20 years; other debts, 6 years. Redemption from tax sale: Residents, 2 years after collector's return; non-residents, 18 months after sale. ^ NEW HAMPSHIRE. 27 NEW HAMPSHIRE. S5SCSS*.- Named after the County of Hampshire, England. Historical.— One of the thirteen original States- adopted and ratified the Constitution June 21, 1783; ninth State admitted. First settlements made by English, at Portsmouth and Dover, 1623; Exeter and Hampton settled 1638 and 1639 It was united to Massachusetts 1641; made a royal province 1679: in 1685 again united to Massachusetts, and not finally separated until 1741. State Constitutions were adopted 1776, 1784. and 1792; the latter twice amended, 1852 and 1877. Area.— Total area, 9,305 square miles; land, 9,005; water, 300; great- est length, 180 miles; breadth, 45 to 100 Counties, 10. Physical Features.— Surface mountainous in the north and west, and nowhere level to any extent. One-seventh of area occupied by White Mountains, the "Switzerland of America." Highest elevation, Mt. Washington, 6,293 feet Numerous beautiful lakes; area, 110,000 acres; Lake Winnepesaukee the largest, 22 miles long. Coast line, 18 miles. State has unlimited water power, utilized largely in manufactures. Climate.— Summer heat never excessive; winters, long and severe. Scenery and extreme healthfulness attract many summer tourists. Mean annual rainfall at Manchester, 43 1 inches; mean annual temper- ature, 45.9 deg.; highest, 96 deg.: lowest, 11 deg. below. Agriculture.— Hay and potatoes are staple crops. Tn 1900 there were 29,324 farms; value of land and improvements, sro.124.36u. Value of farm products average $17,000,000 annually. Productions and values, 1900: Corn, 934,768 bushels, §523,470; wheat, 8.085 bushels. $7,438; oats, 995.148 bushels, $378,156; hav, 596.n76 acres. 518.586 tons, $8 .038.083: pota- toes, 17.916 acres, 1.809.516 bushels, $959,043; tobacco, 1399, 109 acres, 181,644 pounds; apples. 1899, 1.978.797 bushels. Value of farm animals, June. 1900. $10,062,877. Wool clip, 1901, 424.567 pounds. Manufactures, Etc. — Manufacturing the prominent industry Chief manufactures cotton, woolen, and worsted goods. In 1900, 67 shoe firms employed 12,000 persons; value of output .$23,405,558. In 1895,240,000,- UOO feet of spruce were made into lumber and 40,000,000 into pulp. Prod- uct of fermented liquor, 1900, 294.076 barrels. Value of brick and tile, $435,013; potterv, $18,500. Popular name of State derived from its famous white granite. State ranks fifth in production; value of output, 1900, 1870,646; for building purposes, $299,418. cemeterv purposes. $242,026. Population.— Total population. 1790. 141.885. 1820. 244.161; I860. 326,073; 1890. 376.530. Population, census of 1900,411,588. Male, 205.379. female, 206.209; native, 323.481; foreign. 88.107- white, 410.791, colored, 797; Africans, 662; Chinese, 112; Japanese, 1; Indians, 22. Cities. — Manchester, largest city, and one of largest cotton and woolen manufacturing centers in the country. Population, census of 1900.56.987. Nashua has various important manufactures; particularly noted for cotton goods; population, 23,898. Portsmouth, only seaport in the State; noted for its excellent harbor; has ship-building, a famous summer resort; capital until 1807, population, 10.637 Concord, the capital, has many manufactories; near fine granite quarries; popu- lation, 19,632. Dover, important manufacturing center; population, 13.207. Railways.— First railway chartered In 1835: number miles in 18*0, 53; 1850. 467: 1855, 657; 1860, 661; 1865. 667, 1870, 736; 1875, 934, 1880, 1,015; 1885. 1,004; 1890, 1,146; July. 1900, 1,239.20. Education.— Public school enrollment. 1898-9. 65,193 ; expenditures, •1,051,265; text-books furnished; school age, over 5; compulsory school age, 8-14. Among educational institutions are included Dartmouth College, Hanover, founded by Congregationalists chartered 1769— Daniel Webster was graduated here in 1802; State Normal School, Ply- mouth; College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Durham. Political.— Number of Senators, 24; Representatives, 393, term, 2 years; number electoral votes, 4. Voters must be actual citizens; residents of the State, county, and town; registration required; ballot reform. Holidays.— February Z2. fast-day, May 30, July 4. first Monday in September, general election day, Thanksgiving, December 25. Legal.— Statutes of limitation ; Judgments, sealed instruments, mortgage notes, 20 years; accounts and promissory notes. 6 years; legal interest, 6 per cent. Redemption from tax sales, 2 years. 20 £ 1 £>, > V 30 UNITED STATES. VliiK-MO^I 1. "Green' Mountain state." From French words "vert," green, and "mont," mountain. Historical.— One of the New England States. Admitted to the Union March 4, 1791; first State admitted after the adoption Of the United States Constitution. First settlement made by emigrants from Massachusetts at Fort Dummer, near site of Brattleboro, 1721. "Green Mountain Boys," under Ethan Allen, bore an active part in Revolu- tionary "War. First State Constitution adopted 1777, second 17S6, third 1791; amended 1793, 1836, 1850, and 1870. Area.— Total area, 9,565 square miles; land, 9,135; water, 430; length, 158 miles ; breadth, 35 to 85 miles. Counties, 14. Physical Features.— Green Mountains traverse the State cen- trally from north to south; highest elevation, Mt. Mansfield, 4,430 feet. Over 100 miles of frontage on Lake Champlain ; noted for its scenery and many summer resorts. Connecticut River separates Vermont from New Hampshire ; drains 3,500 square miles. Climate.— Winters long and usually severe; summers short; air pure and cool. Mean annual rainfall at Burlington, 32.9 inches, mean annual temperature, 45.3 deg.; highest, 97 deg.; lowest, 25 deg. below. Agriculture.— Agriculture chief occupation of State; main prod- ucts hay, oats, potatoes, and corn. Excels in" dairj and fruit farming. State exceeds all others in t*e Droduction of maple sugar. Productions and values, 1900, oats, 3,719,677 bushels, 81,339,084; corn, 1.939.080 bushels, $969,540- wheat, 81.992 bushels. 363,954 ; hay. 1.066.524 tons. 311,785,090. Potatoes, 3,305,244 bushels, 81,322,098, tobacco. 1900. 158 acres. 291,390 pounds, apples, 1899, 1,176.822 bushels; maple sugar, 4,779,870 pounds.value $464,132 Value of live stock, June, 1900, $17,373,169. Wool clip. 1901, 1,226,880 pounds. Cheese, butter, and condensed milk factories. 1900, 255; value of products, $5,656,265; dairy products from farms, 89,321, 389. Manufactures, Etc.— In 1900, $48,547,964 invested in manufacturing enterprises. Chief articles produced: Lumber, dairy products, monu- ments, flour, and woolen goods. The quarries constitute chief wealth of State. In production of slate ranks second only to Pennsylvania. Value 1900, $917,462 ; roofing slate, 282,820 squares, value, §795.474. Leads In marble; value $2,484,852. over half value of all the States; fourth In granite, $1,113,788; value of limestone, $188,100; total stone output, $4,704,202. Population.— Total population in 1790. 85.425; 1820. 235.981; 1860, 315,098; 1890. 332,422. Total population, census of 1900, 343,641. Male. 175,138; female, 168,503: native. 298,894; foreign. 44.747; white, 342,771 ; colored, 870; Africans, 826; Chinese, 39; Indians, 5. Cities.— Burlington, metropolis, has a large lumber trade; near fine marble and limestone quarries-, population. 18,640. Rutland, second city in size, noted for its quarries of white marble; population, 11,499. Brattleboro has extensive manufactures; population, 5.297. Jfontpeher, the capital, population^, 266. Barre, leading center of granite industry; population, 8,448. Railways. — Railroad construction begun in 1846; in December, 1849, two lines completed— Burlington to Connecticut River. Total number miles in operation 1850, 290; 1860,554; 1870,614; 1880,914, 1890, 991.42; July, 1900, 1,012.11. Education.— Publicschoolenrollment.l899-1900,65,964;private.7.019; expenditure, $1,074,222; school age, 5-21; compulsory school age, 8-14; text books may be furnished. Educational institutions include: Nor- mal schools at Castleton, Randolph Center, and Johnson; University of Vermont, Burlington; Norwich Universitv, Northfield; Middlebury College, Middleburv; Vermont Industrial School, Vergennes. Political.— Number of Senators, 30; Representatives, 246; term, 2 years. .Number of electoral votes, 4. Voters must be actual citizens; residents of the State 1 year, town, 3 months, precinct, 30 days; regis- tration required; ballot reform; bribers excluded. Holidays.— January 1, February 22, May 30. July 4, August 16, first Monday in September, election day, Thanksgiving. December 25. Legal.— Statute of limitations: Judgments, sealed instruments, 8 years; simple promissory notes, 6; notes signed in presence of attest- ing witnesses, 14; accounts. 6. Legal Interest, 6 per cent. Redemption of tax sale, 1 year. MASSACHUSETTS. 31 MASSACHUSETTS. SSSK* Indian "About the Great Hills." Historical.— Sixth in order of the thirteen original States to adopt and ratify the Constitution, date, February 6, 1788. First permanent settlement made by English (Pilgrims) at Plymouth, 1620; by Puritans at Salem, 1628; at Boston, 1630. Massachusetts a member of New Eng- land Confederation, 1643 to 1684; King Philip's war occurred 1675 to 1676; witchcraft trials at Salem, 1692, twenty persons executed. Leader in revolutionary movement and in anti-slavery agitation. Boston Massacre took place in 1770; "Boston Tea Party," 1773, $100,000 of tea destroyed; April 19, 1775, battles of Lexington and Concord; June 17, battle Bunker Hill. First State Constitution adopted 1780; this, with various amendments, constitutes the law of the State. Area.— Total area, 8,315 square miles; land. 8,040; water, 275; length, northeast and southwest, 160 miles; breadth, 47 to 90 miles. Of the 69 islands, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket are chief. Counties, 14. Physical Features.— Taconic and Hoosac Mountains— "The Berk- shires"— in the west. Highest altitude, Mt. Greylock, 3,500 feet; other noteworthy elevations, Mts. Wachusett, Everett, Tom, Holyoke, and Sugar Loaf. Southeastern section is in some places level and sandy, others marshy The Merrimac, a tidal stream navigable to Haverhill, with the Connecticut, Housatonic, and numerous smaller streams, fur- nishes abundant water power which is extensively utilized. Atlantic coast line, including Cape Cod Peninsula, 300 miles. Chief harbors at Boston, Beverly, Salem, Marblehead, and New Bedford. Climate.— Winters severe; sudden climatic changes; chilling east winds prevail along the coast; droughts uncommon. Mean annual rainfall, Boston, 45 inches; mean annual temperature, 48.9 deg.; highest, 102 deg.; lowest, 13 below. Population.— Ranked fourth, 1790; fifth, 1810; eighth, 1840; seventh, 1870; sixth, 1890; seventh. 1900. Population, 1790, 378.787; 1810, 472,040; 1840, 737,699; 1870. 1.457.351; 1890, 2.238,913. Total population, census of 1900, 1805.346; male, 1.367.474; female, 1,437,872: native, 1.959,022; foreign, 846,324; white. 2.769,764; colored, 35,582; negroes, 31,974; Chinese, 2,968; Japanese, 53; Indians, 587. Cities.— Massachusetts has the second largest urban population in all the United States. Boston, capital and metropolis, one of the chief commercial and literary centers in the country ; has an extensive foreign and coasting trade; termimvs of many railroads and steamship lines. Population. 1900, 560.892; area. 43 square miles. Worcester, Taun- ton, and Springfield, centess of iron and steel industries; population, "Worcester. 118,421; area. 36 square miles. Population Taunton, 31,036; area, about 50 sq. miles. Springfield, seat of lareest arsenal and armory in United States; population, 62.059; area, 38 square miles. Lynn, principal center of boot and shoe industry; population, 68,513; area, 12 square miles. Lowell, Lawrence, Full River, and Holt/oke, chief centers of cotton industries. Cambridge, seat of Harvard University, the oldest college in America, founded 1636, chartered 1650. First printing press in America established at Cambridge; printing still a leading industry of the city. Population, 91,886. Agriculture.— Staples are hay, forage crops, and potatoes; corn and wheat grown for home consumption; land more profitably used for fruit and garden products. Connecticut and a few other valleys of un- surpassed fertility. Some of the salt marshes near the coast have been diked and promise to become good farming land. Number of farms, 1900, 37,715, acreage, 3,147.064. Production and value of crops, 1900: Corn, 1,545.346 bushels. 8834.487; oats. 550,786 bushels, $209,299; rye, 133,747 bushels, $100,310; potatoes, 2,261.454 bushels. 81.492.560; hay, 567.079 acies, 550,067 tons, $9.571. 166; tobacco, 1899. 3,827 acres; 6,406,570 pounds; apples, 1899, 3,023,436 bushels. Live Stock.— Number and value of animals, June, 1900: Horses, 75,034, value 85.826,457; sheep, 52,559. value 8193,596: milch cows. 184,562, value, $6,546,954; other cattle, 101. 382, value 81,583,963; swine, 78,925, value $549,617. Wool clip, 1901, 200,670 pounds. Fisheries.— Massachusetts leading fishing State of New England. Offshore bank fisheries most Important; shore fisheries vield about 20 per cent of total products. Capital invested, 1898, 113373,902. Total value of catch, $4,463,727; cod, $1,407,039; halibut, $547,410; haddock, 33 est from Gr t nvricl. » -r > >• ,,v j^ i X TUCKET *• ,, bor UND , ' f% #* Nantucket! ^4?fl Massachusetts * \_} n f* J> • Scale of Statute Miles T J C 40 1 ' rfH.i.jRan.l, McXallj&Cu. R., HCN. * CO., ENGB'S, Chi. 70° 34 UNITED STATES. $149,618; mackerel, $361, 864; oysters, lobsters, scallops, and whales also taken. Gloucester Boston, Provlucetown. and ~Se\v Bedford chief fishing: ports. Boston market, 1898: Fresh fish sold, 111,212,669 pounds, 14,118,922; salted and boneless. 25.926.505 pounds, 81,150.185; lobsters. 9.096,572 pounds, 81. 230,210 Products of Gloucester markets embraced 28,229,67? pounds of fresh, 26.131,752 pounds of salted, and 24,680,404 pounds of boneless fish. Manufactures.— Fourth In value of manufactures. Number of establishments In 1900, 29,180; capital, $823,264,287; wage-earners, 497,- 448; cost of material used, $552,717,955; products, 81.035. 1'.iS,9S'.i. Value of woolen manufactories, 881,041.537 Ranks first in cotton. First cotton mill established at Beverly, 1787. One of the first woolen mills established at Newbury, 1794. Shipbuilding is carried on mainly at Boston, Glou- cester, and Quincy. First in production of rubber boots and shoes, value 816,490,015; second in paper, $22,141,461, and flax, hemp, and jute products, 81 1,388 ,933. Silk factories, 191 K), 20. Brick and tile manufac- tured, $1,594,377; common brick, 81,123,586; pottery, $238,721; earthen- ware, $101,364; stoneware, $22,198. Distilled spirits, litOu-01, 1,681,812 gallons; fermented liquor, 1,827,915 barrels. Quarries. — Ranks first in production of granite; handsome dark granite found near Quincy; that located near Chester is suitable for monumental and architectural purposes. Total value of granite, 1900, $1,698,605; granite used in the rough, 8569,119; building purposes, $429,077; cemeterv work, 880,573; paving blocks, 8267.148. Marbles and limestone of Berkshire are wrought for building stone and manufac- ture of lime. New discoveries of fine marble have recently been made near Westfield. Total value of marble, 1900. $130,7:35: marble used in the rough, $5,950; for interior purposes, 810.961; building. 8107,604; cemetery, 8300. Value of limestone increased from 875,000 in 1895 to 8209.359 in 1900; most of the product made into lime. Most of the sandstone comes from "Worcester and East Long Meadow; value of product, 1900, 8153.427. Slate has been known to exist for some time; State has been a producer within the last few years only. Railways.— First railroad in the United States was constructed in Massachusetts; opened for traffic, at Quincy, 1827. In 1840 there were 301 miles; 1850, 1,035; 1865, 1,297; 1875. 1,817; 1*92, 2,100; July, 1900, 2,118.58, averaging 7.55 miles to each 10,000 inhabitants. Education, Etc.— Foundation of present system established 1617. Public school enrollment 1899-1900. 474,891; private, 79,295; school age no limit; compulsory school age, 7-14. Expenditures, 813.826,243; text-books furnished. Normal schools at Boston, Bridgewater, Frainingham, Salem, Westfield, Worcester, Cambridge, Fitchburg, etc. In 1900, 9 universities and colleges. Public high schools. 237; private secondary- schools^. Among the educational and State institutions are: Harvard University, Cambridge; Amherst College, Amherst; Williams College, Williamstown; Clark University, Worcester; Tufts College, Tufts College; Boston University, Boston. For women: Wellesley College, Wellesley, Smith College, Northampton; Mt. Holyoke College, South Hadley, Radcliffe College. Cambridge, all of first rank. Perkins' Institution and Massachusetts School for the Blind, both in South Boston; Massachusetts School for the Feeble- minded at Waverley, besides many other public and private educational and charitable institutions. Numerous denominational and parochial schools and academies. Legal Holidays.— February 22, April 19, May 30, July 4, first Mon- day in September, Thanksgiving, December 25. e Political.— State, congressional, and presidential elections, Tues- day after first. Monday in November. Number of Senators, 40; Repre- sentatives, 240; term, 1 vear; sessions, annual; meets first Wednesday in January; limit of session, none. Number of electoral votes, 15; voters must be citizens, residents of State 1 year, county and town 6 months, precinct 30 days; registration required; ballot reform. Paupers, non-taxpayers, and persons unable to read and write ex- cluded. Women vote for school committees. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, actions upon attested note, 6 years; unlimited contracts, 20 years; contracts not under seal, 6; legal rate of interest, 6 per cent; by contract on loans less than 81,000, 18 per cent; over $1,000, no limit. Redemption from tax sale, 2 years. CONNECTICUT. 35 CONNECTICUT. S^glU,... Indian "Quonektacat," upon the long river. Historical.— One of the thirteen original States. First settlements made in Connecticut Valley at Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield by emigrants from Massachusetts, 163:3-3(5. Sayhrook Colony founded by John Winthrop, 1635; New Haven founded 1638. Connecticut and New- Haven Colonies united under a charter granted 1662; charter adopted as a constitution 1776, and remained in force until adoption of present constitution in 1818. State capitals were Hartford and New Haven from 1701 to 1873, when Hartford became the sole capital. Area.— Total area, 4,990 square miles; land, 4,84=5; water, 145; average breadth east and west, 86 miles, length, 55. Counties 8. Physical Features.— Highest altitude, Bear Mountain, 2,355 feet. Atlantic coast line, 100 miles; State has large number good harbors. Connecticut, Housatonic, Thames, Yantic, and other rivers provide excellent water power, largely utilized. Climate.— Lowest temperature at New Haven, 14 deg. below; highest, 100 deg.; mean annual, 49.4 deg.; mean annual rainfall, in- cluding melted snow, 49.7 inches. Agriculture.— Valley of the Connecticut the most fertile region; famous for its excellent tobacco, which with hay forms the leading production. Fruit, potatoes, dairy products, and market gardening are important, Corn, 1900, 1,771,180 bushels, 8974.149; oats, 578,987 bu., 1208,645; rye. 239,802 bu., 8155,871; potatoes, 2,478.528 bushels. sl.734.97U; hay. 427.411 tons. S7.150.5S6; apples. 1899, 3.7. '8,931 bu.; tobacco. 10.120 acres, 16,930,770 pounds. 83.074.f"r22. Total value of farm animals, June, 1900, $10,247,634. Wool clip, 1901, 126.616 pounds. Manufactures.— One of the foremost States. Silk industry dates from 1732, ranks fourth in silk; number factories. 38; value of products, 812.378.9S1; cotton goods. si5.5iW.842; all textile products. S49.265.T52: brick and tile, including Rhode Island. 81.182,575; potterv, 861.250. Distilled spirits. 1900-01. 149,079 gallons, fermented liquor, 787.411 barrels; pig iron, 1901, 8,442 tons. Quarries.— Long known as a granite State; value, 1900, 8507,754. Noted for the excellence and beauty of its brown sandstone; value of output, 8192,593; limestone, $148,060; feldspar and quartz quarried quite extensively. Value total stone output. $848,407. Excellent iron ore mined; first forge in State erected near Salisbury, 1734. Population.— Ranked eighth, 1800; twenty-first, 1850; twenty-ninth, 1900. Population, 1800, 251.002; 1850, 370.792; 1890, 746,258. Population . 1900.908.420 Male. 454.294; female. 454,126; native, 670,210; foreign. 238.210; white, 892.424; colored, 15,996; Africans, 15,226; Chinese, 599; Japanese, 18; Indians, 153. Cities.— New Haven, metropolis, and important commercial and manufacturing center, often called the '-Elm City" from the number and beauty of its elms; population, census of 1900, 108,027. Hartford, capital, center of insurance business, book publishing, and manufac- tures; population. 1900,79.850. Bridgeport, port of entry and one of the chief manufacturing centers of the State; population, 1900, 70,996. Railways. — First railroad in operation, 1838; 1840, 102 miles; 1860,601; 1880,923; 1890. 1,006; July, 1900, 1,023.62. Education. — Public school enrollment, 1899-1900, 155,228; private, 31,190; expenditures, $3,189,249; school age not fixed bylaw; compulsory Bchool age, 7-16. Text-books may be furnished. Normal schools at New Britain, New Haven, and Willimantic. Yale College, established 1701; Trinity, 1824; Wesleyan, 1831; Hartford Theological Seminary; Berkeley Divinity School. Political.— Number of Senators, 24; Representatives, 255; term, 2 years. Number of electoral votes, 7. Voters must be actual citizens, residents of State 1 year, town 6 months; registration required; ballot reform. Persons unable to read and convicts excluded. Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 12 and 22, fast-day, May 30, July 4, first Monday In September, Thanksgiving. December 25. Legal.— Statutes of limitation : Judgments, no law; notes, negoti- able, 6 years; non-negotiable, 17 years; accounts and contracts not under seal, 6 years; verbal executory contracts, 3 years; redemption of tax sales, 1 year; legal interest, 6 per cent; by contract, any. 86 ^ 87 Haddam'f- Massapei: adlyme ^•^Mf^^.StoSingtgl "Ue^- J&lyard a«A /^vs^v--<\-A >< ± ^-^~^ / t: ''i ■ Judith 3? \niferoc^/Niaiitio Perry; "^T^ 13AF Y | r-^-v^Iontaulc-Pt. Pontf//,f B f- 0CK; Island V A J j\ - 1 Connecticut V, ^ # and Rhode Island. Scale of Statute Miles. 30 40 A ID 5 Copyright. 10Q4. by R i a I. McXally & Co. 38 UNITED STATES. RHODE ISLAND. S&Stffa.*- Named after the Island of Rhodes. Historical.— One of the thirteen original States, and the last to ratify the Constitution; ratification took place May 29, 1790. Possibly visited by the Northmen, 1000; visited by Verrazzano, 1524; first settle- ment made by Roger Williams at Providence, 1636; Portsmouth and Newport settled during 1688 and 1689. ProUdence Plantations, In Narragansett Bay. Incorporated 1643; charter for" Rhode Island and Providence obtained 1663; present state Constitution adopted 1842. Area.— Smallest State In the Union. Total area. 1,250 square miles, or 800,01)0 acres; land. 1.053 square miles, or 673,920 acres; water, 197; length, north 10 south, 48 miles; breadth, 35; counties. 5. Physical Features.— Highest altitude, at Durfee Hill, 805 feet. Atlantic coast-line deeply indented by Nat ragansett Bay. which covers an area of 300 square miles, and contains 15 islands. .Si any good har- bors; nearly all rivers furnish valuable water power for the numerous manufactories; many notable summer resorts along the coast. Climate mild and equable, being modified by the Atlantic. Mean annual rainfall at Block Island, 44.2 inches; mean annual temperature, 49.3 deg.; highest, 89 deg.: lowest, 4 deg. below. Agriculture.— Small area adapted to agriculture; chief products are hay, potatoes, and Indian corn. Corn. 1900. 262.3(4 bushels. 8175.744; potatoes, 698,232 bushels, $488,762. hay. 72.278 acres. 66,496 tons, si. 243.475. Total value of farm animals, June, 19(H), $2,281,817. Wool clip, 1901, 36,460 pounds. Fisberies.-Capital.1898 $957,142: product, $955,058. Clamsof Xarra- gansett Bay renowned; oyster planting in Providence River an impor- tant pursuit. Quantities of fresh fish taken for the New York market. Manufactures, Etc. Rhode Island exceeds all others in per capita value of products. Gross value, 1900. $184,074,378. Number of establishments, 4,189 ; average wage-earners. 96.528. Ranks second In cotton goods; in proportion to population, ranks first in production of cotton, woolen, and worsted; cotton industry dates from 1790-93. In 1900,218 establishments in textile industries; capital employed $97- 383,015; value of products, $78,133,258. Silk factories, 1900, 6. Value of brick and tile, with Connecticut, $1,038,722: distilled spirits, 1901, 149,079 gallons. Ranks third in output of rubber boots and shoes, value $8,034,417. Valut, of granite in 1900 was $444,316. Population. — The most densely populated of all the States; ranked fifteenth In 1790; thirty-fourth in 1900. Total population in 1790, 68,825; 1890, 34...506; 1900.428,556. Male. 210.516; female, 218 040; native, 294,037; foreign. 134,519; white. 419,050; colored, 9,506; Africans. 9,092; Chinese, 366; Japanese, 13; Indians, a5. Cities. -Providence, metropolis and capital: second city In New England; manufacturing center with considerable coasting trade; population, 1900. 175.597. Paictucket, has important manufactures of cotton goods, engines, etc.; cotton manufacturing established 1790; population, 1900, 39.231. Wbonsocket, has large woolen and cotton mills, population, 28.204. Newport, a former capital, and a fashion- able w atering place ; population. 1900, 22.034. Ruilways.-Length of roads; 1840, 50 miles; 1850,68:1860.108; 1870 136; 1875. 179: 1880, 210: in July, 1900, the total length was 211.79. Education.— Public school enrollment, 1899-1900. 67 .231 : private 16.162; expenditure, $1.7:33,488; school age, over 5; compulsorv school age, 7-15; text-books furnished. School year the longest of the States Public high schools, 19; private secondary schools, 14; free libraries 50. Brown University, Providence, founded 1764; Normal School Providence. Political.— State elections, annual. Number of Senators, 39; Rep- resentatives, ?2; term, 1 year. Number of electoral votes. 4. Voters must be actual citizens, residents of the State 2 years, town 6 months registration required; ballot reform. Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22. State election day, May 30, July 4, labor day. Thanksgiving. December 25. Arbor Day. Legal.— Statutes of limitation : Judgments and sealed instruments, 20year8; notes and open accounts, 6 years; redemption of tax sales, 1 year. Legal Interest rate, 6 per cent; by contract, any. ^ NEW YORK. 3d 1> Sh VV A VJ-Ki^. u Empire State." Named in honor of the Duke of York. Historical.— One of the thirteen original States; ratified the United States Constitution July 26, 1788; eleventh State to enter the Union In 1609, explorations made by Champlain in the north; in the south Hudson visited New York Bay and explored Hudson River as far as site of Albany. First settlements made by Dutch on Manhattan Island, lb 14; ^ew York (New Amsterdam) founded 1623. Devastated by Indian warfare 1641; captured by English 1664; retaken by Dutch 1673; restored to England 1674. State played an important part in the Revo- lutionary War and the War of 1812. State Constitution adopted 1777- present Constitution adopted 1846. Area.— Total area, 49,170 square miles; land, 47,620; water, 1.550- extreme length east to west, 412 miles; north to south. 311. Area of Long Island, 1,682 square miles. Number of counties, 61. Physical Features.— Boundaries comprise over 800 miles of navi- gable waterway. Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Champlain furnish 352 miles; Long Island Sound and the Atlantic Ocean, 246; river boundaries 231. ;New York belongs chiefly to the Hudson and St. Lawrence river systems; possesses a magnificent system of inland navigation and an extensive water power. Surface greatlv diversified. Adirondack Mountains in the northeast; Catskill, Highlands; Taconic, etc , in the south and east; highest altitude, Mt. Marcy, 5,344 feet. State contains many fine lakes and is noted for its picturesque scenery. Possesses many small but important islands. Climate.— Winter climate, particularly in the Adirondacks, usually very cold but healthful; snowfalls heavy; rainfall sufficient but not excessive. Mean annual rainfall at Albany, 37.9 inches; mean annual temperature, 48.2 deg. ; highest, 100 deg.; lowest, 18 deg below . Agriculture.— State ranks fourth in value of farm property; first, 1900, in production of potatoes, buckwheat, and broom corn, and pro- duces a quarter of the hops; second in rye, third in hay, fifth in oats sixth in barley. Sugar beets, 2,800 acres." Hav, 1900, 3.351.991 tons, value $4<,09d 4,4; corn, 17,236,032 bushels, 83.100,935; wheat, 6,496,166 bushels, !?--cf:^ ; barley. 3,751,734 bushels, 81.913,481. rye, 3,189,165 bushels, $1,. 3d ,933; buckwheat. 3,380.158 bushels. 81.869,690, potatoes, 27 481 356 bushels, 812,366,610, oats, 44.53S.974 bushels, 814,252.472; hops, 1599,17,332 • 340 pounds; tobacco, 11,307 acres, 13,958.370 pounds. Horticulture, Etc.— State leads all others in number and value of its nurseries. First nursery established previous to 1800. Apples, pears, grapes, plums, and small fruits are grown extensivelv. Western .New York the chief fruit district. State ranks second in" the Union in grape industry and third of the Eastern and Middle States in produc- tion of apples. Apples, 1899, 24.111,257 bushels. Live Stock.— New Tork ranks high in value of livestock. Number and value of farm animals, June. 1900: Horses, 628.438. 847.977,931, sheep 1.745.746.85.921.941; milch cows, 1.501,608,848,694,512: other cattle, 1.094,781, 814.040,662; swine, 676,639, 83.794,332. mules, 3,313, 8229,172. Ranks first as a dairy State; famous for its cheese and butter. Wool an important product; clip, 1901, 5,840,784 pounds. Fisheries.-In 1898 State fisheries employed 9,185 persons, 667 ves- sels, and 3,970 boats. Capital invested, 87.589,787; total value of products, 83,d45,189; of mollusks and crustaceans, 82,314,945. Oyster industry most important; value of yield, 81,985.029. Menhaden and bluefish valuable; shad taken from Hudson River. Lobster yield increasing Manufactures. — State leads all others. Establishments, 1900, 78,6d8; capital, 81.651,210,220; products , 82.175,726.900; wage-earners, 849,- 056 ; wages, 8408,855,652. Leading industries: clothing, value product, 8233.370,447: foundry and machine products, 896,636,517; printing and publishing, 895,2:32,051; textiles, 894,263.047; refined sugar and molasses, 890,680,487; liquors, 8-58.282,353; slaughtering and meat-packing, $57,431,- 293; tobacco, etc.. §53,660,580; lumber products. 845 533,234 ; paper and wood pulp, 826,715,628; flour, 842.796,310. Second in value of ships built. 18,647,371. Pig iron. 1901, 243,662 tons ; distilled spirits, 1900-01, 3,240,021 gallons; first in fermented liquor, 9,963,806 barrels; second in cigars, 1,291,273,550; first in flax, hemp, and jute goods, 811,674,669; third In artificial tee, 81,025,308, and oil refining, $27,184,524. Scale of Statute Miles. 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Copyright, 1904„"fy 3Un3. :>Ic>'alW & Co. 70° 41 ie^West from Greenwich. V^ Carleto '/> V ' '■ .n: X ,lone Jo-cv, ;u.y fag}*tts bu A Tort C; _otribay sStna Malone ^.~7r — CMoira ^J'rcscottV^XJ;' ->-; J7 [Norwoo'l j\io\ntain J lew TXm WW HoonXake * DefilbJ,r^§»^ JlU!nbow iU e J^ -Willis/ J °jL ..V^V^ableB SBILVER s ( IPond/ AY | a ™Sv Ch !^jH££^uppc*2al:.. Eliza* thjtbwn hK*t],oS ^v-^ci; aumo y : cA -.VS.' 1 ..lb I .Croxval'tA^l t0 « [Adams Cei JWhaseiike, s Inmaaj>'\V r ■ Cree-k ^&\aICE). t . Xiyht Zakes/ ,V- - »d Stratford^, \.f IcG ,V^r o^> reek 7 V/ Sdhuj^r^fle) Gt e6 5>* aratoga Spr: . ^filoversvUIe-./A '<< ->>''■ Johnstown Ballston)( U |*"Y . -Ca^snovfa-nr I /i I alwn"'-- ;~-^3>-, ^H^Z^xlvAmftSc eateles ^c, X Ar Va f er ^ Ue -^"/ HoWr* J°" F'^S^a 2 i-O^i? T'l l ^ x *trrf / /■c s ,i/rvfllo----v Caoaloharlc v ^ i ^'■ , ■ sXaV^,., RNf ? ®«^mel E yM^^!rlZ TfcKehBad Sprs. SCHENECTA^^^V . e U ^YF/vlVilte £'lmestcu // s T t ,V ari i -Jjrr ^ ■ , v^^ c * ^Kl .(Bath. j / rtland V. I -. yi>ewiierliu/> m .- ./ \\ orcester \i; j iui,,„, \uWy/U ., Vallsy^HV Alton aioa 42 UNITED STATES. Petroleum.— Western New York ranks among prominent oil- producing localities. New York production Increased from 912,948 barrels In 1895 to 1,300,928 barrels In 1900. Value of product, 1900, 81,759,501; of natural gas, £535,367. Minerals. —Iron ore Of excellent quality mined extensively. Total output for the State, 1900, 411.485 long tons, a loss of 0.5 percent from that of 1899. Total value at mines. $1,103,817 New York ranks second as a producer of magnetic Iron ore— discovered on Sterling Mountain as early as 1750; 345,714 long tons mined In 19oo Ranks first, 1900, among salt-producing States; principal districts. Onondaga, Warsaw, Genesee, and Ithaca. Total production. 7.897,071 barrels; valuc$2,171,418; rock salt, 1896, 173,663 tons. Ithaca district produced 74,000 barrels. Has extensive quarries of stone and marble. Thirty counties produce limestone; total value of output, 1900, $1,730,162; value of sandstone. 81.467,496. Total value of slate, $62,755, Including $58,360 for roofing; marble. $332,518; granite, $446,171. Marble especially excellent for out- side building. Population.— New York ranked fifth in population in 1790, third In 1800, second in 1810, and first from 1820 to 1900. Total population 1790, 340,120; 1830,1.918.60*; 1860. 3.^80.735: 1890,5,997,853; 1900, 7,268.894. Classi- fication: Male, 3,614,780; female, 3,654.114; native, 5,368.469; foreign, 1,900,425; white, 7,156,881; colored, 112,013; Africans, 99,232; Chinese, 7,170; Japanese, 354; Indians, 5,257. Cities.— New 'York, largest city of the western hemisphere and after London the largest in the world; as a commercial and financial center ranks second only to London. The State capital from 17^4 to 1797 and United States capital 1785 to 1790; population, 1900, 3,437,202. Buffalo, second city in State; has important lake commerce; chief commodities, grain, live stock, lumber, and coal; population, 352,387. Albany, capital, founded by Dutch, 1614; on Hudson River at head of navigation, important distributing point for grain and lumber; popu- lation, 94,151. Rochester, important center of manufactures, garden seeds, and nurseries; population, 162,608. Syracuse, prominent railway and manufacturing center; population, 108,374. Railways, Etc.— First railroad, Albany to Schenectady, opened 1831. Canals first planned 1761; Erie Canal begun 1817, finished 1825; 364 miles of canals; cost, $50,000,000. Number of miles of railroad in operation 1835, 104; 1850, 1,361; 1S&>, 2,682; 1875, 5,423; 1885, 7,370; 1890, 7,745; July, 1900, 8,121.03 miles. Education.— First schools est. by Dutch. Academy and classical school, est. 1659. Free grammar school, 1702. General school system org. 1812. State Normal school est. 1844. Present system est. 1867. Compulsory education, 1875. Public school enrollment. 1899-1900. 1.209,574; expenditures, $33,421,491. School age, 5-21; compulsorv, 8-16. School system controlled by Board of Regents, constituting "Univ. of State of N. Y." New York widely noted for higher institutions. Columbia College, formerly Kings College, opened 1754; Cornell University, opened 1868 ; New York University, 1831 ; Military Acadeinv. West Point, 1802; Union College, 1795; Hamilton. 1812; Colgate, 1819; Hobart, 1822; Rensselaer Poly. Inst.. 1824; Syracuse, 1871. For women: Elmlra, 1855; Vassar, 1865; Wells, 1868; Barnard, 18S9 — all of first rank. The- ological seminaries include: Auburn, 1819; General, 1817; Union, 1836. There are 16 State Normal schools. Political.— State elections annual. State, congressional, and presi- dential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number of Senators, 50; Representatives, 150. Sessions annual, meet first Wednes- day in January; limit of session, none; term of Senators, 2 years; Representatives, 1 year; number of electoral votes, 39. Term of Gover- nor, 2 years; salary, $10,000 annually; residence free. Voters must be actual citizens, residents of State 1 year, of county 4 months, town and precinct 30 days; registration required in cities of 5,000; ballot reform. Election bettors or bribers and convicts excluded. Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 12 and '22, May 30, July 4, first Monday in September, general election day, Thanksgiving, Decem- ber 25, Saturday afternoon. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, recovery of real estate, and sealed instruments, 20 years; open accounts and notes, 6 years; contracts not under seal, 6; redemption of tax sales, 2 years. Legal interest rate, 6 per cent; by contract, any. PENNSYLVANIA. 43 PENNSYLVANIA. IZSZStu*- Penn's "Sylvania," forest country. Historical.— One of the thirteen original States. Second to enter the Union. First settlements made hy the Swedes on Tinicum Island, 1643, and at Upland, Chester, 1648; passed under the rule of the Dutch of New Amsterdam, 1655. Became British territory, 1664. Permanently colonized by William Penn, 1682; land granted, 1681, by Charles II of England. Philadelphia founded 1682. Boundary dispute with Maryland settled by establishment of Mason and Dixon's line, 1767. First Con- tinental Congress met in Philadelphia, 1774. State Constitutions adopt- ed 1776, 1190, 1838, and 1873. Constitution of the United States adopted and ratified December 12, 1787. State was the scene of numerous im- portant events of the Revolutionary and Civil wars. Area.— Total area, 45.215 square miles: land, 44,985 square miles. or 28,790,4»X) acres ; water, 230; greatest length, east to west, 303 miles; north to south, 176 miles. Counties number 67. Physical Features.— Surface exceedingly varied. Appalachian Mountain svstem traverses State northeast to southwest; covers one- fourth entire area; Allegheny Range the highest, elevation, 2,000 to 2,800 feet: southeast comparatively level and low-lying. Principal rivers, Ohio, Susquehanna, Delaware, Allegheny, and Monongahela; Delaware navigable to Philadelphia. Only one of the thirteen original States without sea coast; coast line on Lake Erie, 45 miles. Climate.— Central and Northern uplands, winters long and cold, and occasional frosts in summer; Ohio Valley and southeast, summers long and hot; Susquehanna Valley, to the south, more equable climate. Mean annual rainfall at Philadelphia. 39.8 inches; mean annual temper- ature, 53.9 deg. ; highest. 10.3 deg.; lowest. 13 deg. below. Agriculture.— Over one-fifth the total population in the southeast engaged in agriculture. A leading State in the production of rye, hay, buckwheat, potatoes, orchard products, and tobacco. First in rye, 1900. 4.416.299 bushels, 82.340.638; second in buckwheat, 3.188.402 bushels. gr.753.62l; hav. sixth, 2.672.561 tons. $37,148,598; wheat. 20.281,334 bushels, 814.602.560; oat*, 38,000,872 bushels, 811,400,262; corn. 32.707.900 bushels, 814.71^.555; potatoes. 10,921.748 bushels, $5,788,526; tobacco, 1899, 27.760 acres, yield, 41 .502.620 pounds; second of Eastern States in production of apples, yield, 24.060,651 bushels. Market gardening and floriculture profitable industries. State contains many large nurseries. Live Stock.- Of the North Atlantic States, Pennsylvania ranks second only to New York in number and value of farm animals. June, 1900, horses numbered 590,981, value 840.948,827; mules. 38,059, 82.9u7.690; sheep, 1,531.066, $4,642,606; milch cows. 943.773, $29,141,561; other cattle, 953.U74. $13,921,630; swine, 1.107.981. $5,830,295. Dairy and wool products of great value; butter. 1899, 111.358.246 pounds; cheese, 11,124.210 pounds. Wool clip, 1901, 4.650,750 pounds. Manufactures.— State ranks second to New York in value of manufactures. In 1900, 52.185 establishments employed 733,834 wage- earners; combined capital, $1,551,548,712; gross value of products, 81.834,790,860. state leads all others in iron and steel industries. In 1900 produced 52 per cent of all steel ingots; 46 per cent of pig-iron, 54 per cent of total iron and steel products, over 39 per cent of tin and terne plate. Output of pig-iron, 19oo, 6.778,584 tons; value 8101.555,787; crude steel ingots. 6,361,586 tons. Total value iron and steel products, $434,445,200. Active tin. terne, and black plate establishments. 47; total value of products. 823,678,650. Glass factories. 119; capital, 828.287.1S7; value of products. $22.i ill. 1.30. First paper mill erected 1691 ; paper and pulp mills. 73; capital invested. 816.424.107: paper produced, 197.586 tons; aggregate value, 812.267.900. Cigar and cigarette establishments, 2.264; capital, * 13,836,368; output, 1,633,281,905; value 131,483,141. State leads in output of coke; ovens, 1900, 32.548: product, 13,798,893 tons; value $30,853,449. Second in value of clay products; first in lire-brick; total value brick and tile. 85.954.415 ; pottery, terra cotta, etc., $8,127,429. Leads in Portland cement; output, 1899, 3.217,965 barrels; value $4,290.- 620. Total value liquor products, $34,520,358. Textile Manufactu res. — Among the Middle States, Pennsyl- vania leads in cotton manufactures; is second in the I'nited States in 44 jPoTtJtowan Iong Point i> ?A SK f *K % % I J «hl Villas , belle I ^IZatc^^Hr ^^ ' ' ->7 <^/^ Ja \ g, ,t0W !^ ( sburg/ yftcklJV Sta.'j < Russell/ *•■—■« ^^^Varrcnj-" jKinzua Girar'f'YwT itVaterfor.l!} ,-^Corrj "Si "b^^^^ ' * : ii r ; i j^^^rxw/a Virrn Lrunzua. u summit ■' uiraoee ^/ L« * ' rSaWrstown^n #W Tl l!^ i?V /y*" ot R»Uo-_ \ *7>A Sn,cl, '^=^ Sw^Vj «?.M SMoalvilla ^vT>nn">,.iUidK > V ^ x^ WJcatinir Suroailt 1/ ij-ne jFfllerSiL P'calville ? Nv4)nnriap}s^ — ] \Ki„h&- , \l / C^r „t, TitusvillJ MHlsF ^, B ™ W"V-J i VYV«o« iKJ ;- •/, ,- l|»^Ml^^.Gil^on Somerset^- ;-93<£1^$£C^ FanneUsburgTV ..Aleppo rairUejW^i / ^CTJarrett V* /g : , ^cCoime.Uburs it.d. B4i4^ lZ a JnZ%^ m %>y^/^i £j?l S cove Tannery \j .A! I m M^bo 8 f 4±L W«"»i JiWe Tanner, " j r— ,L_>5^oint3Ianon ojSaliah iiryy^ - f^^d a le // t /' Jeans Cuve M erigw lj urg ° / ' er "j>c 45 '•'■ est from Greenwich. PENNSYLVANIA. Scale of Statute Miles. 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 CopyrigU. 13C4,T)y HanTl. llc^allj & Co. "WaltODN WIUI^^mt ""TfAtfeeDL. ' , . SuEquebanna ;i 'X Scott ~flL* n ° i°€» GiUetr/ P.SGA H Vj, Wapasengg .,- fA T homp-\Ce?y ^^ Tafksville Mansfield Troy* 4jf Jiffi ^•^7^&l^r lUnl Wif \ TowaDdaY^.< St.cvensrilk feSjift Cejl] C Damascus Run r- 1 J*"S ) U U?Vl?lusir- triou>> — fcV /Alba <.aL^Ionroe* rf'i ■— ^Jv^it nf • wOW-AlbanYl' k- /,; 4 v f • l V - J.'i-iVtl N <- J r SfcwberrjW W. &./fTi.^h^»51l."= W« „♦!,.., I ^rS3^ W'LKESf AHMt ^g. na n S F£rr '$y- aw"VPr. - T- -? , V **3Zfc£S3=c^ /H ^ es ^ ,e 2|flanticote "~ "r^^'B^U^^HaUs Beaton l shlcks-y^ ■ x-^ocfcuaven,, Jft c JkHtloaa Ubrightsrille "^i^*/;''^ Strou3s"buiJ i v»»"aU_ j^"Beaverto*^ ■"MoClnre /» ;' /"Paini«>rsvU!e JKfar ,J "yV^.~-w " x -'■-••^\T V ^'^\^;J.v ; a+\ temple ; ^"'r.li J.Pertasie^^^ i-- v - V-- - — -rr^-^g^W^y^U"^ /Ephrata TV-'^o^iNt.li 1 V X ^P^f\ & C0.,ENiR'S, 46 UNI TED STATES. wool and Bilk manufactures. In 1900, silk manufactories numbered 121, wltb 942,545 spindles, 12,949 looms, value of products, $31,072,096. Total value of textile products, $158,782,087. Mineral*. -State ranks anions the lirst In mineral wealth; coal, Iron, and petroleum lead In importance. Coal discovered In Schuylkill region 1790; first regular shipment made In 1820 to Philadelphia; leading State in production; output always exceeds 50 per cent of total coal product of the United States. Coal area: Anthracite. 180 square miles; bituminous, 9,ooo square miles. Total product, 1900, 137.210,241 short tons, value 3103,096.396. Anthracite, 57,367,915 tons, value 885,757,851; bituminous, 79,842,326 tons, value $77,438,545. State produced 51 per cent of coal mined in United States. Hanks fifth in production of iron ore, first In magnetite. Output. 1900, 877,884 long tons. Third in production and value of crude petroleum; output, 13.258.202 barrels, value 818,088,016. First in value of natural gas; value of output, 810,187,412. Salt in the northwest; total product, 981,770 barrels, value 8473,687. Quarries.— State has numerous quarries. Leads. 1900, in output of limestone; third In sandstone; furnished 64 per cent of total output of slate. Value of limestone product, 1900,83.800,318; sandstone, 81,043,321; slate, 82,713.598, including 82,277,192 roofing slate. Total stone product, $8,111,602. Population.— Ranked second in 1790 and 1800; third in 1810 and 1820; second from 1830 to 1900. Total population in 1790, 434.373; 1810, 810.091; 1850,2,311,786; 1890. 5.258 .014; 1900,6.302,115. Male, 3,204,541; female, 3.097,574; native, 5.316^65; foreign, 985.250; white, 6,141,664; colored, 160,451; Africans, 156,845: Chinese, 1,927; Japanese, 40; Indians, 1,639. Cities.— Philadelphia, "City of Brotherly Love," founded 1682; capital of United States, 1790 to 1S00; of State, until 1790; metropolis of Pennsylvania; third city in the United States in population and manu- factures; a leading center of foreign, domestic, and coastwise trade; population, 1900, 1,293,697. Pittsburg, " Smoky City," second in size and importance, with Allegheny, opposite, forms a leading center of iron, steel, copper, and glass industries of the countrv; population, 1900, 321,616; Allegheny, 129,896. Scranton, fourth city In size; center of great anthracite coal region; extensive manufactures of Iron, steel, machinery, etc. ; population, 102,026. Reading, flourishing railway and manufacturing center; population, 78,961. Harrisburg, capital, has large manufactures of iron and steel ; population, 50,167. Erie, on Lake Erie, is a port of entry; has important iron manufactories and a large trade; population, 52,733. Railways.— Earliest road operated, the "Switchback," a coal road, opened 1826. Philadelphia & Columbia and Portage roads, 118 miles, opened 1833-34. State had 754 miles in operation, 1840; 1,240, 1850; 1,800, 1855:2.598,1860; 3,728, 1865: 4,656. 1870; 5,868, 1875; 6,191, 1880; 7,746, 1885; 8,700.1890; July, 1900. 10.330.50 miles. Education. -Common school law enacted 1834. School age, 6-21; compulsory, 8-16, expenditure. 821.476.995; text-books furnished. Public school enrollment, 1,151,880. Normal Schools at Bloomsburg, Califor- nia, Clarion, East Stroudsburg, Edlnboro, Kutztown, Lockhaven. Mans- field, Millersvllle, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Shippensburg, Slippery Rock,West Chester, Indiana. Univ. of Pennsylvania, first opened 1740, and Girard College, Philadelphia: Lehigh University, Bethlehem; Lafayette College. Easton, Haverford College, Haverford; Dickinson College, Carlisle; Bryn Mawr College. Political.— State elections, annual; State, congressional, and presi- dential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November, number of Senators, 48; Representatives. 202; sessions, biennial, in odd-numbered years; meets first Tuesday in January; limit of session, none; term of Senators, 4 years; Representatives^ years. Number of electoral votes, 34. Voters must be actual citizens, residents of State 1 year, of pre- cinct 2 months; registration required, ballot reform. Non-taxpayers and political bribers excluded. Legal Holidays.— January 1, Februarv 12 and 22, Good Fridav. local elections. May 30. July 4, first Monday in September, general election day, Thanksgiving, December 25, and Saturday afternoons. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 5 years; contracts, notes, instruments not under seal, 6; personal action, 2; redemption of tax sales, 2 years, except in Incorporated cities. Legal Interest rate, 6 per cent; by contract, 6. MARYLAND. 47 MARYLAND. Jf&S'S&e State." Named in honor of Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I of England. Historical.— Seventh of the thirteen original States ; adopted the Federal Constitution, April, 1T8S. Charter issued to Lord Baltimore, June 20, 1632, remained in force until 1T76. First permanent settlement made at St. Mary's. 1634; colony noted for its religious toleration. Annapolis founded by Puritan refugees, 1649; Baltimore settled, 1730. State Constitutions adopted, 1776, 1851, 1864, and 1867. * Area.— Total area. 12,210 square miles; land, 9,860; water, 2,350; length, east to west, 196 miles; breadth, 9 to 120 miles; counties, 24. Physical Features.— State naturally divided in three sections: Mountainous region of Western Maryland; hilly country, Northern and Central Maryland; level areas of Eastern and Southern Maryland. Greatest altitude, Great Backbone Mountain, 3,400 feet. Chesapeake Bay divides State in two parts, Eastern and Western Shore. In pro- portion to area leads in extent of navigable waterways. Climate.— Mild and generally healthful. Mean annual rainfall at Baltimore, 43.8 inches; mean annual temperature, 55.3 deg.: highest* 103 deg. ; lowest, 7 deg. below. Agriculture.— Tobacco a staple crop from early colonial days. Eastern Shore seat of peach industry; small fruits, market gardening, and tobacco culture. Western Shore. Farm products, 1900: Corn, 15,232,- 802 bushels. value S6.245.449; wheat. 15,187,848 bushels. $10,783,352; oats, 1,783.116 bushels, 8552,859; hay, 302,292 tons. $4,247 ,203; potatoes, 1,269,455 bushels. $6S5,506; tobacco, 1899, 24.589,480 pounds, $1,438,169. Value of farm animals, S19,G36,844. Wool clip, 1901. 556.265 pounds. Fisheries.-Total investment in fisheries, 1897. nearly $6,000,000. Leading State in oyster industry; catch comprises about 80 per cent of total product. Crabs taken, 28,347,585; value $217,586. Shad and alewives most valuable fish. Shrimp, turtles, and terrapin taken. Manufactures.— Among the most important are clothing, flour, ,iion and steel, and shipbuilding. Iron works opened 1715; sugar re- fineries, 1784; glass factories, 1789. Important State in canning industry, has nearly 300 establishments; leads in tomatoes. Has 387 tobacco, cigar, and cigarette factories, tobacco, 1900, 12,348,971 pounds: cigars, 403.548,626: cigarettes, 1,423,850. Ranks first in manufacture of fertil- izers. Pig iron, 1900, 241,172 tons. Value brick and tile, $844,335. Minerals, Coal area, 550 square miles. Output. 1900, 4,024,688 short tons. Value of slate quarried, $128,673; roofingslate, $126,271. Value of granite, $486,822; value of limestone, $317,207. Marble, $70,000. Population. -Ranked sixth in 1790, twenty-sixth in 1900. Total population, 1790, 319,728; 1S90, 1.042,390, 1900, 1,190,050. Male, 589,275; female, 598,769; native, 1,094,110; foreign, 93,934; white, 952,424; colored. 235,620, African, 235,064, Chinese, 544, Japanese, 9; Indians, 3. Cities. — Baltimore, "Monument City," metropolis and seaport ; principal manufacturing center; large export trade and oyster fisheries. Population, 1900, 508,957. Annapolis," Clt& ot Anna," Queen Anne, cap- ital and port of entry; population 1900,8,525. Cumberland, second city, important railroad terminus and manufactures; population, 17,128. Railroads.— Baltimore & Ohio road begun 1828. 1830, 15 miles of road; 1840, including District of Columbia, 213 miles; 1860,386; 1870,671, 1885, 1,159; January, 1892, 1,269; July, 1900, 1,376.16. Education. -Public school enrollment, 1899-1900, 345,350; white, 268,060; colored. 72.290; expenditures, $2,912,527; 6chool age, 6-20; text- books furnished. Johns Hopkins university and Peabody Institute, State Normal School, and Woman's College of Baltimore, at Baltimore; United States Naval Academy, established 1845, Annapolis. Political.— State, congressional, and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November. Number of Senators, 27: Representa- tives^; electoral votes, 8. Voters must be actual citizens, residents of State 1 year, county 6 months; registration required; ballot reform. Letra 1 Holidays.— January 1, February 22, Good Friday, May 30, July 4, first Monday In September, general election day, Thanksgiving, Dec. 25, and every Saturday afternoon in Baltimore and Annapolis. Liegal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 12 years; notes and open accounts, 3 years; tax sales, 1 year; legal Interest, 6 per cent. 48 Ralnsburg ' Okouok, G I ■U„] ..;>v„ :v"-- UKOUUKO-. - SB y~< T Vr •I7«r, V? M = v , ,.•4. < aJL;^ /<• /-<\yi u°rJ M;,'.die'.ow-n 5(i^ ar 5 ,on i't t i7 aj1 r v c' ' .7 < >!/^0 N "^ O v^a^VrSUGAR LOAfi'GTkncI'. i / 0/=g "Winchester Trontiio "Woodstock* \v- ""^Maryland AND Delaware. Scale of statute Miles. o 5 10 20 30 Copyright. 1904, "by Randal eNaTh-i Co. =S2^r Sterling^™' **{|3-- ™ ■ ^ ga, - .l-arial ;. ighferii l = Doncaster A.JDelXUton TonuiH: l King George ^4$SJf 77 49 70 PAND, I4CNALLY* CO., tNGRAVEPS, CHICAGO. 50 UNITED STATES. DELAWARE. ««B?ue a Hen state." Named In honor of Lord dc la War, Governor of Virginia. Historical.— First of the thirteen original States to adopt and ratify the Constitution; ratification December 7, 1787. First permanent settlement made by Swedes near present site of Wilmington, 1638, Swedish settlements captured by Dutch, 1655; Dutch conquered by English, 1664. Territory included in the grant given to William Penn 1681. In 1703 the "Three Lower Counties" were recognized as a separate colony under the Governor of Pennsylvania. State Constitution formed 1776, new one adopted 1792; twice amended, 1831 and 1897. Area, 2,050 square miles; land, 1,960 square miles, or 1,254,400 acres; water, 90; extreme breadth, 36 miles; length, 110; counties, 3. Physical Features.— Surface generally level but hilly in the north; greatest altitude, Dupont, 282 feet. One-twentieth of surface composed of tidal marshes, partly reclaimed. Chief river, Delaware. Government Breakwater, Delaware Bay, begun 1828, has cost 82,721,992. Climate.— Peninsula almost surrounded by Chesapeake and Dela- ware bays and Delaware River. Climate, greatly modified by the surrounding waters, is mild; winters short. Annual temperature at Wilmington, 53 deg.; highest temperature, 93 deg.; lowest, 1 deg.; annual rainfall at Delaware Breakwater, 32.6 inches. Agriculture.— Soil and climate especially adapted for agricultural pursuits. Market gardening and the growing of peaches and small fruits for northern markets leading industries. Total value of farm property, 19*. S40.697.654 ; live stock. 36.750.287. Productions and values, 1900: Corn. 5.010.312 bushels, value $1,903,919; wheat. 1.479.139 bushels, Si, 035,397; oats, 332.724 bushels. $99,817; potatoes, 256.512 bushels. $153,907; hay crop, 44.441 tons, s6l9,952. Total value of farm animals, 1900, $3,733,- 335. Wool clip, 1901, 34.820 pounds. Manufactures center chiefly at Newcastle and Wilmington. Principal Industries: Shipbuilding, manufactures of iron and steel, leather, cars, flour, and cotton goods. Number of establishments reported in 1900 was 1.417; capital, $41,203,239; value of entire product, $45,387,630. In 1901, Delaware, Maryland, and District of Columbia produced 5,236,946 gallons of distilled spirits. There are numerous can- neries for fruit, vegetables, etc.; peas and oysters packed extensively. Population. — Population, 1890. 168,493; 1900, 184.735. Male, 94,158; female. 90,577; native, 170,925; foreign, 13,810 ; white, 153.977; colored. 30,758; Africans, 30,697; Chinese, 51; Japanese, 1; Indians, 9. Cities.— Wilmington, metropolis, has extensive manufactures of cars and car-wheels, paper, cotton, and machinery; excellent harbor and large yards for iron and steel shipbuilding. Noted Dupont Gun- powder Works six miles distant. Population. 1900, 76.508. Dover, the capital, has large canning factories and manufactures; population, 3,329. Newcastle, port of entry, has Important cotton, woolen, and iron manufactures; population. 3.380. Railways.— In 1835. State had 16 miles of road; 1855,56; 1S65. 134; 1875, 272; 18S5, 303, January 1. 1892. 320; July. 1900, 346.72. Delaware & Chesapeake Canal. 18}$ miles long; finished. 1829. Education.— Public school enrollmentfor 1891-2. 33.174; school age. 6-21 ; expenditure, 1899-1900. $217,126. Text-books furnished. Separate system of schools provided for colored children. Among various educational institutions are: Delaware College. Newark; Ferris Industrial School. Marshalltown; Weslevan Female College. Delaware Industrial School for Girls, and Public Normal School, Wilmington. Political.— Number of Senators, 17; Representatives. 34; term of Senators, 4 years; Representatives. 2 years. Number of electoral votes, 3. Voters must be actual citizens and county tax-payers, residents of State, 1 year, county and town l month, precinct 30 days. No registra- tion; ballot reform. Idiots, insane, paupers, and criminals excluded. Women may vote on school matters. Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 12 and 22. May 30. July 4, first Monday In September. Thanksgiving. December 25. Notes due on any holiday must be paid the preceding day. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments. 20 years: contracts not under hand, book accounts, 3; bills, notes under hand, 6. Legal interest rate, 6 per cent. NEW JERSEY. 51 NEW JERSEY. "ShaTp Z Back S State.'* Named after the Isle of Jersey. Historical.— One of the thirteen original States; became a member of the Union December 18, 1787; third of the States in point of order to ratify United States Constitution. Earliest settlements made by Dutch, at Bergen, 1617-20, settlement made by Swedes on Delaware River, 1683; Fort Nassau on Delaware erected by Dutch, 1655, who compelled Swedes to acknowledge their rule; country passed to English with New York, 1664. Became a royal province, 1702. Scene of numerous battles of the Revolution, 1777-8, State hearing a most patriotic part during the war. State Constitution adopted, 1776; present Constitution, 1844. Area.— Total area, 7,815 square miles, divided into 21 counties; land area, 7,525 square miles; water, 290; extreme length north to south, 167 miles; average breadth, 50. Physical Features.— Northern part of State traversed by Kitta- tinny, or Blue Ridge, and Highland ranges of Appalachian system; altitude 1,000 to 1,750 feet above sea level; highest elevations in the Kittatinny range, which extends continuously from extreme north to Delaware Water Gap. Highland range comprises numerous detached ridges, the surface of which varies greatly. Central part of State some- what rolling; southern, largely a sandy plain, sloping to the sea and partly covered with pine forests. Besides the Hudson— locally, North River— the Delaware, forming most of the western boundary, the most important river; eastern sections of State drained by streams flowing directly into Atlantic; western, by tributaries of Delaware River and Bay Coast line, 120 miles; including bays, 540. Tidal streams along eastern shore, from Sandy Hook to Cape May, afford important inland navigation and safe harbors for light draught vessels; Hudson River and Raritan, Newark, and New York bays provide good harbors in the northeast. Points of interest: Passaic Falls, Delaware Water Gap, Schooleys Mountain, and numerous small but beautiful lakes in the northern highlands. 'Climate temperate; southern part of State influenced bv ocean; sea- shore healthful; Cape May to Sandy Hook a succession of noted summer resorts; Lakewood, near Trenton, famous winter resort. Mean annual rainfall, Atlantic City, 42.7 inches. Temperature, 51.9 deg.; highest, 99 deg.; lowest, 7 deg. below. Agriculture, Etc.— Agriculture a leading Industry. Market gar- deningand floriculture flourish. South well adapted to raising of grapes and small fruit. State especially noted for its sweet potatoes— yield averages over 2,000,000 bushels per vear— cranberries, vegetables, and small fruits. Productions and values, 1900: Corn, 8.493,012 bushels, S3.821.855; wheat. 2.344,582 bushels. 81,734,991: oats, 2,812,089 bushels, 1871.748; white potatoes, 3,342,015 bushels, 82.005,209, rye, 1,029,000 bushels, 3565,950; buckwheat. 160,080 bushels, 894.447; hay, 499,102 tons, 88,010,587; cranberries, 1899, 240.221 bushels. Live Stock. — Number and value of farm animals, June. 1900: Horses, 94,024, value, 87,582.274; mules, 4,931, value, §356,492; milch cows, 157.407, value, 85,840.288 , other cattle, 82,577, value, 81,358,879; sheep, 47,730, value, 8202,480; swine, 175,387, value, 8926,179. Total value domestic animals, 816,269,548. Wool clip, 1901, 131.815 pounds. Fisheries.— Mostly deep sea. Menhaden and anchovy abound; food fish taken include blueflsh, sheepshead, Spanish mackerel, and many fresh-water fish; shad fisheries important; many oyster beds; most important, those in Newark, Raritan, Barnegat, and Delaware bays. Bushels of oysters marketed. 1898, 1,342,021, value, 81,309,411 Manufactures important. In silk industry State leads all others in investments and in products. Higher grades of silk manufactured almost exclusively in New Jersey. Number of silk factories, 1900, 180. Capital nearly 330.ooo.o00; number of persons employed, 24.157; wages paid, 39.232.5:32: value of output, 839,966,602. an increase of 89,200,000 in a decade. In 1900, 15,431 manufacturing establishments reported an Invested capital of 35o2.824.oh2: value of materials used, 836o.945.s43; value of goods produced, 8611,748,933; wages paid, 8110,088,605. Capital and value of products of reported manufacturing establishments, 1900: Brewing, 827,014,496, value 115413,085; foundry and machine prod- ucts, 831,550,687, value, 832.621,229; woolen and worsted, 816,630,519, 52 54 , UNITED STATES. value, 111.570,114; cotton poods, including small wares, 114,899,291; value, w;,!t:« i, 7f><>; capital, Iron and steel Industries, #19,971 JOB? pro-hut-, s21.:mi. i\W; rubber goods, hard and soft, #6,078,155, Value, #8,458,274: leather, #9,906,119, Yalue #13,747,155; value of oil refined, ranking second #29,649,460; shoes, #3,158,266, value #6,978,043. Dyeing and finishing textiles, #11,600,695; value $10,488,963. In 1900 ranked third clay-working State. Number of operating firms reporting, 149; value of product, #10,786,678. Common brick. 894,654,000, value, $1,809,806; pressed and colored brick, 37,825,000, value #609,819. Value of pottery produced, #5,070,566; drain tile. $27,660. Hanks second in production of Portland cement; output, 1899, 892.167 harrels, value #1,338.250. Number of tobacco factories, 1900, 12 ; cigar factories, 486; combined output, calendar year, lln.285.085 cigars, 962,090 cigarettes, 6,068.400 pounds of plug tobacco, 4,313,628 pounds line cut, 7,925,606 pounds of smoking, and 4,182,573 pounds of snuff. Output of pig iron, 1900, 150,002 long tons, value #2,521.066. Minerals abundant; iron and zinc ores, green sand, glass sand, fire and pottery clays worked. In 1900 State ranked third in pro- duction of magnetite iron; total iron output, 34-1.247 long tons, value, $956,711. Output manganiferous zinc residuum, 87.110 long tons, value, $34,844. Value of granite output, $1,170,555; of this, $828,621 represents value of trap rock. Total value of limestone, #170.006; sandstone, $198,234. Production of raw clay, #467,881. Mineral springs reporting, 9; product. 525.500 gallons, value of waters, $207,135. Population.— State ranked ninth in population in 1790. nineteenth In 1850, twenty-first in 1860, eighteenth in 1890, and sixteenth in 1900. Total population, 1790. 184.139; 1850, 489,555; 1860, 672.035; 1890,1,444,938. Population, 1900, 1,883.669. Classification: Male, 941,760, female, 941,909; native, 1,451,785; foreign, 431.884; white, 1,812,317; colored, 71,352; Afri- cans, 69,844; Chinese, 1,393; Japanese, 52; Indians, 63. Cities.— Newark, metropolis, important railway and manufactur- ing center; port for foreign and coasting trade; population, census of 1900,246,070. Jersey City, second insize;terminusof railway andsteam- ship lines; hasfjlarge tobacco manufactories; population, 206.433. Pater- son, "Lyons of America," third; noted for manufactures of silk; other prominent manufactures are cotton and woolen goods, iron, steel, and foundry and machine shop products; population, 105,171. Camden, flourishing centerof manufactures and shipbuilding; population. 75,935. Trenton, capital; leading industry, manufacture of Iron and steel; has extensive rolling and woolen mills, iron and tool works, and rubber and chain factories; population, 73,307. Hoboken, 59,364. Railways.— State had 99 miles of road in 1835; 186, 1840; 560, 1860; 1,125, 1870; 1*684, 1880; 2.099, 1890; January. 1901, 2,242. Number of miles of railway to each 36 square miles of territory, 10.33; number of miles to each 10,000 inhabitants, 11.89. Education.— Public school enrollment, 1899, 322.575; total expen- diture, $6,918,319; school age, 5-20; compulsory school age, 7-15; text- books furnished. Public high schools, 1899-1900,96; private secondary schools, 74. Princeton University— opened at Elizahethtown. 1746— Princeton; Rutgers College, New Brunswick, Seton Hall College, South Orange; Bordentown Female College, at Bordentown; Normal Schools, Newark, Paterson, and Trenton. Industrial School for Girls, Trenton. Baron de Hirsch Agricultural and Industrial School, Wood- bine, opened, 1894. Political.— State elections annual. State, congressional, and presi- dential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number of Senators, 21; Representatives, 60; sessions, annual, meeting, second Tuesday in January; limit of session, none; term of Senators, 3 years; Representatives, 1 year. Number of electoral votes, 10. Term of Gov- ernor^ years; salary, #10,000 annually Voters must be actual citizens, residents of State, 1 year, county, 5 months; registration required. Official ballot in envelope, each party having a ticket. Paupers, Idiots, insane, and convicts excluded. Limited woman suffrage. Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 12 and 22, May 30, July 4, first Monday in September, general election day, Thanksgiving. De- cember 25, and every Saturday afternoon. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments. 20 years; mortgage notes, sealedcontracts, 16; contracts not under seal. 6; notes and open accounts, 6 years; redemption of tax sales. 1 year. Legal interest rate, 6 per cent. V WEST VIRGINIA. 55 WEST VIRGINIA. JJEffiT^-i*.- Historical.— State formed from western and northwestern parts of Virginia, which rejected the ordinance of secession of April 17,1861. Representatives from forty counties, repudiating ordinance, met In convention at "Wheeling., June 11, and organized a State Government. Provision made for a new State to be called Kanawha. Constitutional convention met at Wheeling, Nov. 24. N ame of proposed State changed to West Virginia, Dee. 3. Constitution ratified by people. May 3. 1862; consent of legislature given for formation of new State. May, 13. West Virginia admitted into the Union, June 20, 1863. Seat of government at Wheeling until April, 1ST0; Charleston until 1875; "Wheeling until 1885 when Charleston again became the capital. Area.— Total area, 24.780 square miles; land, 24,645; water, 135; ex- treme length , 240 miles ; breadth, 160. Counties, 55. Physical Features.— Surf ace largely mountainous or hilly; State traversed by numerous parallel ranges of Appalachian system; great- est altitude, Spruce Mountain, 4.860 feet. Country slopes westward to Ohio River which forms navigable boundary for 300 miles; with excep- tion of Potomac, forming part of boundary between the State and Maryland, and its affluents, rivers all tributary to Ohio. The numer- ous streams furnish valuable water power and some inland navigation. State famed for beauty and grandeur of its mountain scenery and val- uable mineral springs. Forests.— Total wooded area, 18,400 square miles; comprises about 73 per cent of land area. Timber noted for its magnificent size, excel- lent quality, and great variety, especially of hardwoods. Chief among hardwoods are oaks, black walnut and cherrv, oaks most plentiful, covering about one-third of total area. Forests of white pine and spruce on mountain ranges. Timber cut, 1900. 780,453,000 feet B. M.; sawed lumber produced. 773.161.000 feet B. M.; hardwood, 570,208,- 000 feet Cs7.2o7.623i; oak, a54,443,000 feet. Besides timber, forest prod- . ucts include sumach, tanner's bark, charcoal, and valuable medicinal ' plants. Climate agreeable and healthful without great extremes. Winters generally short and not severe; summers long; heat of valleys modi- fied by general elevation of surface. Mean annual rainfall at Parkers- burg, 42.0 inches ; mean annual temperature, 53.9 deg. ; highest, 99 deg.; lowest, 11 deg. below. Agriculture.— Agricultural resources extensive. State contains large areas of arable land. Corn the leading crop of the State, hay, etc., next in value. Tobacco an important crop; large areas especially adapted to the culture. Grapes, apples of superior quality, peaches, pears, plums, and all small fruits do well. In 1900 farms occupied 10,- 654.513 acres; area under improvement 5.498,981 acres; value of prod- ucts about 844.800.000. Yield and value of farm products, 1900: Corn 19.299.708 bushels, value. 89.649.854; wheat. 4,452,8!»5 bushels, s3,428.729; oats, 2.768.451 bushels. $941,273: rve. 127.796 bushels. 881,789; white pota- toes, 3.029.120 bushels. *1.544,S51; hav 547 .600 tons. s7.337.840; buckwheat. 223.953 bushels, 8125.416; tobacco. 1899. 3.087.140 pounds, value 8228,620. Farm Animals.— Live stock interests extensive; State particu- larly adapted to stock raising, especially to the raising of sheep. Finest grazing region in the valley of the Kanawha River. Blue grass indigenous in many counties, other natural grasses cover hill and mountain slopes. Number of mules, asses, and burros, i9oO. ll,470,value, 8740.368; cattle, 639.782. value. 8!4.05S.427: sheep. 963.843, value. 82.664.556; hogs. 442,844, value, si .389.808. Wool noted for its superior quality; wool clip, 19ul. 2.326.500 pounds. Dairy interests advancing rapidly. Manufactures. — Abundant water-power, timber, and minerals afford excellent natural advantages for manufacturing industries. Manufactures include iron and steel products, glass, pottery, leather, cotton and woolen goods, lumber, tobacco, wagons and carriages, canned goods, etc. In July, 1900. State had 23 cotton looms. 296 woolen looms, and 472 wool knitting machines. In 1898. woolen industry gave employment to 5,000 people. Output of pig iron. 1901. 166.597 gross tons; total value of iron and steel products. 1900, was 116.514,212. State ranks second in production of coke; coking coal among the most valuable i the world; product, 1900, 2,358,499 short tons, value 14,746,688; establish J 56 ',] lxmfpvtit Weat from Green |\^JWirr f ntoT#»h< Llbertj Kn-ji|vi ille 2Je« Mitt\uhi\}&f ° li'.tletonV? 'Uniojto»n. \_ Moores yikjr V.- Burton y, . Conawaj ' K^_^7T Tate well E S S I E E > E- 90, 3,128. July, 1901. 3.851.94. Education. -Public school enrollment. 1899-1900, 400,452: whites, 142.413; colored, 64.505, school age. 6-21; expenditure. 8931.143. Six State Normal Schools and 15 colleges, including University of North Caro- lina, North Carolina College, Trinity College, Biddle University, Davidson College. Political.— State elections biennial; State, congressional, and presi- dential elections first Thursday in August. Senators, 50; Representa- tives, 120; term, 2 years; sessions, biennial. Electoral votes, 12. Voters must be actual citizens, residents of State 1 year, of county 90 days; registration required. Convicts, Idioi s, and insane excluded. Legal Holiday**.— January 1 and 19, February 22, May 10 and 20, July 4, first Monday in September, Thanksgiving, December 25. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, sealed instruments, foreclosure of mortgage, 10 years; contracts, personal actions, 3. Redemption of tax sales— purchaser can demand deed 1 year after sale; action to recover land must be brought within 3 years from date of sheriff's sale. Legal Interest, 6 per cent. 64 Imrj \m „°'^\ .TaHulal, Tails" V"^,/^'" 7~ft1^ Q- ,>HtrU i CO., EN3MVERS, 66 UNITED STATES. SOUTH CAROLINA. Bjfi2K8S> Named in honor of Charles I of England Historical.— One of the thirteen original States, ratified National Constitution 1788. First attempted settlement made hy French Hugue- nots at Port, Royal 1562. Earliest permanent settlement made hy English in 1670; Charleston founded 1679-80. Separated from North Carolina 1700; became a royal colony 1729. First State Constitution, 1776. Scene of various battles and military operations during Revolu- tion and Civil War. Present Constitution adopted 1896 ; amended, 1901. Area.— Total area, 30.570 square miles; land. 30,170; water, 400; aver- age length, 189 miles, breadth, 160. Counties, 41. Physical Features.— Surface mountainous in the northwest; hilly and undulating in interior; level near the coast. Atlantic coast line, 200 miles. Principal harbors Charleston and Port Royal. Climate, mild and genial; sand hill belt dry and equable; Interior healthful; rice swamps malarious; mountain region exceptionable. Mean annual rainfall, Charleston, 56.7 inches; mean annual tempera- ture, 66.3 deg.; highest, 104 deg.; lowest, 7 deg. above. Agriculture.— Products include cotton, rice, corn, potatoes, tobacco, fruit, and early vegetables. Sea Islands produce superior cot- ton. Figs and pomegranates flourish in lower counties; peaches and grapes everywhere; climate adapted to ellk culture and tea. Rice, 1899, 47,360,128 pounds, $1,366,528. Corn, 1900, 13,129,127 bushels, value 88,402,648; wheat, 2,142,828 bushels, 82,164,256; oats, 4,023,149 bushels, 81,931,112, hay, 145,798 acres, 192,453 tons, §2,213,210; potatoes, 335.946 bu., 8335,946. Cotton area exceeds 2,000,000 acres; yield, 1900, 357.318.760 pounds, value $32,515,054. Value of farm animals, $19,167,229. Wool clip, 1901, 239,097 pounds. Manufactures rapidly increasing in importance, particularly cotton; aggregate capital of mills, 1900. $39,258,946; value of output, $29,723,919; number of mills, 80; employes, 30,200; wages. $5,066,840. Value of brick and tile manufactured in 1900, 8573,438. Lumber mills, 729; value of products $5,207,184. Distilled spirits, 1900-01, 142.007 gallons. Rice hulling, leather tanning, and manufacture of phosphate ferti- lizers important pursuits Mines. — In the southwest are immense beds of finest porcelain clay with large deposits of glass sand. State ranks second in produc- tion and value of phosphate rock; output of mines, 1900, 329,173 tons, lowest in many years , total value $1,041,970. Value of limestone, $38,415; granite, 8500,802. Coining value of gold mined, $121,000. Population.-1790. 249,073; 1890,1,151,149; 1900,1,340,316. Male, 664,895; female, 675,421; native, 1,334,788; foreign, 5.528; white, 557,807; colored, 782,509; Africans, 782,321; Chinese, 67; Indians, 121. Cities. — Charleston, metropolis and one of chief commercial centers of South; numerous fertilizer manufactories and rice mills, exports cotton, lumber, rice, tar, etc.; population, census of 1900, 55,807. Columbia, capital, founded 1790; seat of University of South Carolina, opened 1805; population, 1900, 21,108. Greenville, most important point in northwestern section; population, 11,860. Railways.— Miles in operation, 1S35 and 1840, 137; 1850, 289; 1860, 973; 1870,1,139; 1880,1,486; 1890,2,296; July. 1900. 2,817.93. Educational. — Present school system organized 1868. Public school enrollment, 1900, 281,981; colored, 110,947; school age. 6-21; ex- penditure, $894,004. South Carolina College is the State institution of higher learning Public Normal Schools at Rockhill Political.— Number of Senators, 41. Representatives. 124: term of Senators, 4 years; Representatives, 2 years. Number of electoral votes, 9. Voters must be actual citizens, residents of State 2 years, of county 1 year, town and precinct 4 months; registration required. Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22. May 10 or Memorial day, June 3, July 4, first Monday in September, general election day. Thanksgiving, December 25 and two succeeding days. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments and sealed instruments, 20years; recovery real property, 10; contracts not under seal, 6; open accounts, 6; notes, 6; redemption of tax sales, 6 months. Legal interest rate, 7 per cent, by contract, 8. GEORGIA. 67 GEORGIA, ^ jea 8 Cracker State." Named in honor of George II of England. Historical.— One of the thirteen original States; last settled, but fourth in point of time to ratify the Constitution of the United States. Settled by English colonists under Oglethorpe; first permanent settle- ment made at Savannah February 1, 1733; became a Royal Province 1752. First State Constitution adopted February 5, 17n; others, 1785, 1865, 1368, and 1877. Adopted and ratified the National Constitution 1783. State seceded Januarv, 1361; readmitted December, 1870. Popu- larly designated the Empire State of the South. Area.— Total area, 59,475 square miles; land, 58,930 square miles or 37,747,200 acres; water, 495 sq. miles; extreme length north to south, 320 miles, breadth, 256, contains 137 counties. Physical Features.— State naturally divided into Upper Geor- 'a, traversed by Blue Ridge Mountains — highest altitude, lit. Enota, ,,798 feet; Middle Georgia, surface hilly and undulating; and Lower Georgia — much the larger part of the State — level. Numerous navi- gable rivers furnish over 1,500 miles of inland navigation; Savannah and Chattahoochee most important. The many falls and rapids afford abundant water power. Atlantic coast line 128 miles, with bordering Islands and sounds, 480 miles. Upper Georgia is celebrated for its fine mountain scenery and numerous beautiful cascades. Climate, varying. Sub-tropical in the south; mild and invigorat- ing in the middle section; exceptionally healthful in the mountainous section, where among the lower elevations are numerous excellent winter resorts. Mean annual temperature at Atlanta, 61.3 deg.; highest, 100 deg.; lowest, 8 deg. below. Savannah, winter, 51 deg.; extreme, 12 deg.; summer, 82 deg.; exteme, 105 deg. Mean annual rainfall at At- lanta, 52 inches; Savannah, 52.3 inches. Forestry and Lumber.— Valuable forests cover a large area; resources important and varied; annually supply more than 200,000,000 feet of timber. Georgia yellow or pitch pine and live oak the most valuable of those varieties found in the country. Other varieties of oak, cedar, cypress, hickory, etc., abound. Extensive pine forests one of chief sources of natural wealth; besides lumber, over $8,000,000 of naval stores — resin and turpentine — are produced annually. Lumber Industry important; value of product, 19uo. §13,704,923. Agriculture.— Nearly all productions of temperate and sub-tropic- al regions are cultivated successfully. Cotton is the great staple and Georgia one of the foremost cotton-producing States; ranked second in production and value in 1900. Other staple crops are corn, rice- State occupies third place among rice-producing States— and sweet potatoes, annual average yield about 5,000,000 bushels. Diversified farming becoming more general, and market-gardening now a leading and profitable pursuit. Over 120,000 acres devoted entirely to the growing of watermelons. Sugar cane is cultivated in Lower Georgia, and tooacco and peanuts are important crops in many parts of the State. Yield and value of farm products, 1900: Corn, 39,114.5:30 bushels, value al9.44S.132; wheat. 5.011,133 bushels, S4,760.576; oats, 7,010,040 bushels, $3,434,920; hav. 112,556 acres, 190.237 tons. $2,425,522, potatoes, 5.762 acres, 391.816 bushels, $301,698; cotton, 574,846,470 pounds; value $53,551,808; rice, 11,174,562 pounds, value $338,567. Horticulture.— Georgia leads all Southern States in value of fruit products. State especially famous for its peaches ; Georgia com- mercial peach orchards largest in the country; industry one of most prominent in State. All fruits of temperate climate grown success- fully in northern sections; sub-tropical fruits — figs, oranges, lemons, pineapples, and bananas — grown in south. Viticulture a profitable «uid rapic'ly growing industry — large areas are being devoted to grapes and wine-making is becoming an important pursuit, Live Stock.— During the past decade great improvement has been made in all grades of farm animals, and dairying has become an in- dustry of importance. Number and value of farm animals. June, 1900: Horses, 127,407, value $7,092,228, mules, 207,321, $14,454,822; sheep, 336,278, $438,363; milch cows, 276,024, $4,658,971; other cattle, 623,467 $4, 169,527; swine, 1,424,298, $2,577,950; wool clip, 1901, 1,086,136 pounds. Manufactures.— Fourth, in 1900, of Southern States in Importance r 69 70 UNITED STATES. of manufacturing industries; interests show a notable development throughout the State, particularly cotton, woolen, and Iron. In 1900, State had over $25,600,000 invested In cotton and woolen In- dustries; mills, 98; hands, 20,117; output, 120,266,712. Among Southern cotton-manufacturing States Georgia ranks third. Number of cotton mills in operation, 1900, 68; knitting, 16; woolen, 14. In 1900, 43 mills engaged in manufacture of cotton-seed oil and meal; value of the out- put was $8,064,112. Iron and steel industries developing rapidly; brick- making and manufacture of terra cotta attracting much attention: production of commercial fertilizers important. Manufacture of lumber and naval stores a leading industrv— first in turpentine and rosin, 88,110,468. Cigar factories, 1900.34; 3,814,544 cigars; manufactured ice, 131,236 tons, $455,699; distilled spirits, 1900, 178,580 gallons; fer- mented liquor, 124,025 barrels. Mineral resources varied and abundant, though largely unde- veloped. Gold, iron, and coal lead in importance. Output of gold mines, 1900. 5,644 fine ounces, value $116,700. Manganese ore, 3,447 tons, value $26,816. Entire coal product comes from the northwestern section of State; largest output in 1893, 372,740 short tons. In 1900, 315.557 short tons were mined, value $370,022. Extensive beds of fine marble exist-output of quarries ranks second only to that of Ver- mont in value; industry one of the most flourishing In the State. Marble noted for beauty and durability. Value of output, 1900, $631,241. Building stone and slate are abundant. Granite quarries fur- nished products valued at $380,434. Mineral springs, Including saline, sulphurous, chalybeate, and other medicinal waters, are numerous. Population.— Ranked thirteenth in 1790; tenth in 1830; twelfth, 1890; eleventh, 1900; total population in 1790, 82,548; 1830, 516.823; I860, 1,057,286; 1890, 1,837,353; 1900, 2,216,331. Male, 1,103,201; female, 1,173,130; native, 2,203,928; foreign, 12,403; white, 1,181,924; colored. 1,035,037; Africans, 1,034,813; Chinese, 204; Japanese, 1; Indians. 19. Cities.— Atlanta, the capital, founded about 1845. An Important railroad center, with a large trade In cotton, tobacco, etc. Has manv large manufactories of cotton, iron, lumber, etc.; population, census of 1900,89,872. Savannah, incorporated as a city 1789; tnird cotton port in the country; has one of the finest harbors in the South ; large trade In rice, resin, turpentine, and lumber ; population, 1900, 54,244. ..4 ugusta, at the head of navigation on the Savannah River; founded 1735; third city in size in the State; important railroad and cotton manufacturing center; population, 1900, 39,441. Macon, commercial and manufactur- ing center. Seat of various educational institutions ; population, 23,272. Columbus, large cotton market; seat of largest cotton and woolen manufactories in the State ; has numerous other important manufac- tures ; population, 17.614. Railways.— Number of miles in 1840, 185; 1850, 643; 1855, 1,020; 1865. 1,420; 1875,2,264; 1885,3,116; 1891,4,826; 1896,5,335.36; July, 1900, 5,651.72 miles. Education.— Present school system went into effect 1873. Public school enrollment, 1899-1900, 482,673; expenditure, $1,980,016: school age, 6-18. Among educational Institutions are: Mercer University, Macon; Emory College, Oxford; Atlanta University, Atlanta; Industrial School for Negroes; State School of Technology, Atlanta; State University Athens, organized 1785, opened 1801, has branch agricultural colleges at Hamilton, Milledgeville, Thomasville, and Dahlonega. Public Normal Schools at Athens and Milledgeville. Political.— State elections biennial, first Wednesday in October. Congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number of Senators, 44; Representatives, 175; term, 2 years; sessions, annual, meeting fourth Wednesday of October; limit of session, 50 days. Number of electoral votes, 13. Voters must be actual citizens, residents of State 1 year, of county 6 months; regis- tration required in some counties. Idiots, insane, and criminals ex- cluded. Legal Holidays.— January 1 and 19, February 22, April 26 (Memo- rial Day), July 4, first Monday in September, Thanksgiving, fourth Thursday in November, December 25. .Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 7 years; instruments under seal, 20; open accounts, 4; promissory notes, 6; personal actions, 2; redemption of tax sales, 1 year. Legal interest rate, 7; by contracts. FLORIDA. 71 FLORIDA. S^-*** Peninsular State." After Easter Sunday; Spanish, Paescua— Florida. Historical.— Mainland discovered by Ponce de Leon, Easter Sun- day, 1513. Explored by De Narvaez, 1528; by De Soto, 1539. Settled by Spaniards at St. Augustine in 1565 : Pensacola founded by French, 1696. Florida ceded to Great Britain, 1763; retroceded to Spain, 1783 ; ceded to United States 1819. Territory organized, 1822; admitted as a State, March 3, 1845; fourteenth State admitted; seceded January 10, 1861; new Constitution, 1865; readmitted, 1868. Area.— Total area, 58.680 square miles; land, 54.240 square miles, or 34,743,600 acres; water, 4,440 sq. miles; extreme length. 700 miles; length of peninsula. 275 miles; average breadth, 90 miles. Contains 45 counties. Unappropriated public lands, 1,435,314 acres; lands reserved, 19,259. Physical Features.— State consists largely of a peninsula stretching north to south, between the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Surface generally level, elevation nowhere exceeds 300 feet above sea level. Lands classified as high and low hummock, swamp, and savanna, and covered with pine forests. Coast line, 1,200 miles j numerous inlets and bays and good harbors. Most important rivers, Appalachicola, Suwannee, St, John, and St. Mary's. Forests.— There are extensive forests of long-leaved pine, live-oak, red cedar, cypress, and hickory. In the extreme south many varieties of trees are found which grow nowhere else in the United States. Total wood area, 37.700 square miles; estimated amount of standing yellow pine exceeds 6,000 miliion feet; timber owned, 5,918,500,000 feet; cut, 1900, 824,328,000 feet. Sawed lumber produced, 790,373,000 feet. Climate in general mild and equablo. Continuous summer heat of Southern and Southwestern Florida tempered by constant sea breezes. Uniform winter climate of dry pine regions especially beneficial to Invalids. State has a high repute »s a winter health resort. Mean annual rainfall at Jacksonville, 54.0 inches; mean annual temperature, 69.7 deg.; highest temperature, 104 deg. ; lowest, 10 deg. above. 'Agriculture.— Florida is essentially an agricultural State; corn and rice are the chief cereals; other Important crops are cotton, sweet potatoes, peanuts, and tobacco. Value of farm property, 190U, $53,929,064; farm products, 1899,118,309,104; total farm acreage, 4,363,891; improved, 1,511,653. Yield and value of principal products: Corn. 5,311,050 bush- els, value 82,»'69,509; cotton, 23,419,607 pounds, $3,254,279— sea-island r2,091, 936— Florida producing a large percentage of all sea-island cotton g.own; sweet potatoes, 2.049,784 bushels, $398,282; peanuts, 967,927 bush- els, $699,712, tobaccd, 1,125,600 pounds, $254,211. Growing of vegetables and garden products for Northern markets a leading and profitable pursuit. Total value vegetables raised, $3,016,067; sweet potatoes most valuable; grown chiefly in Alachua, Marion, and Leon counties. Dry peas, second in importance, value f 171.702. Soil and climate peculiarly adapted to the culture of cassava for the manufacture of starch, glucose, and tapioca, and that of sisal hemp for making rope, cordage, and bagging. Horticulture.— Florida has a large area adapted to the growth offrults. Of semi-tropical fruits grown, the orange is the most Im- portant, Pineapple culture has assumed large proportions; industry centeis in Brevard and Dade counties. Area in fruit farms, 1900, 235,120 acres, value of property, $11,503,696; fruit crop, 1899, $1,384,787; tropical fruit, J945.607. Large decrease in production of fruit due to severe cold of 1894-5 and 1899. Orange trees, 1900, 2,552,541; fruit pro- duced, 1899, 273,295 boxes. Pineapple plants, 14,578,597; fruit, 2,863,140. Number of orchard trees more than doubled since 1S90; value of prod- uct, 1899, $192,893; peaches most important. Small fruits valued at $189,867; most of area devoted to strawberries. Other products are guavas, pomeloes, limes, lemons, and nuts. Live Stock, Etc.— Special attention is being given to improvement of live stock. Large, well-watered tracts of grazing land and a superior climate render stock-raising one of the most promising pursuits of the future. Number and value of farm animals, 1900: Horses, 42,811, value r2,290,139; mules, 13,664, $1,1/74,974; stock cattle. 672,131, $5,295,500; sheep, 124,520, Sift ,261; goats, 21,054, $43,705; hogs, 4^4.277. $7u2>27; milch cows, 78,830, $1,048,849; wool clip, 1901, 410,616 pounds, $76,210. Value of 72 G V 1 J? o > FLORIDA. Scale of Statute Miles. 10 %0 40 CO 8.0 ]Q Copyright, 1904,T)y JUn^.TVIc^Iallj & Co. , It CO., AENQH'S, I 73 D IE ; OWeno^^^AJl /Cumberland I. ISLANDS^ ^ £ ^ Cape Romano 's "=3,^. - ^ -,— .^^.r ^17 Ten Thousandth Islands °\>> °^J ;. "^W/S 74 UNITED STATES. poultry, 1899-00, 8574,703 Eggs sold and used, 4,214,186 dozen, value 8553 ,52 >. Value of dairy products, farm, $1,468,603. Milk, 9,640,434 gal- lons, butter, 1,386,445 pounds, honey and wax, 709,830 pounds. Fisheries.— An Important source of wealth. Coast fisheries have a combined capital, 1895. of $1,329,937 ; fishermen, 6,154 ; vessels, 21. ; ; bouts, 2,379; catch 87,086,768 pounds; value $1,209,725. Fish caught, 1900, 177,950 barrels, value $983,000. Catch includes red snapper, mul- let, trout, shrimp, green turtle, and oysters. Florida the only State having spouse fisheries. All sponge fisheries employ 156 vessels, 228 boats and 2,245 men ; total investment, $594,598. Yield 365,000 pounds, value $567,600. Manufactures are chiefly pine lumber, naval stores, cigars, palmetto hats, and braid. Value of tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes manufactured, 1900, $10,891,286. In 1900, 400 single account cigar factories produced 180,764,083 cigars, and 712,320 cigarettes; output of 11 other factories, 17,975 pounds of smoking tobacco. Annual pioduction of cigars manufactured at Key "West valued at about $5,000,000. Output of all the manufacturing industries for 1900 amounted to $38,189,894; output of saw, planing, and shingle mills $777,782; lumber products, $10,848,403; ice factories, $437,382; fertil- izer works, $555,394; tar and turpentine, $7,794,101; publishing, etc., $603,410. Total value of brick and tile, $140,604; common brick, $136,779; pottery, with Georgia, $24,383. Minerals.— Phosphate rock, discovered 1888, Is the most impor- tant of the mineral resources. Florida has been the chief source of the world's supply. Output, 1900, 706,243 tons, value $2,983,312. Shipments, 1899-00, 348,556 tons. Gold exists in the north. Lime- stone or coquina stone is quarried chiefly for making lime; numer- ous deposits of fuller's earth are found throughout the State. Population.— Total population, 1880, 269,493; 1890, 391,422; 1900, 528.542. Male, 275,246; female, 253,296; native, 504,710; foreign, 23.832; white, 297,333; colored, 231 ,209; Africans, 230,730; Chinese, 120; Japanese, 1; Indians, 358. Cities.— Jacksonville, largest city; prominent railway, steamboat, and commercial center; head of ocean navigation; favorite winter re- sort; population, 1900,28,429. Key West, southernmost town of United States; important naval station; has extensive cigar manufactories; population, 17,114. Pensacola, seaport and one of largest lumber markets in the country; other exports— fish, fruit, and vegetables. United States navy yard near by; population, 17,747. Tampa has im- portant import and export trade; large cigar factories; population, 15,839. St. Augustine, oldest city in United States; notable winter resort; population, 4,272. Tallahassee is the capital; population, 2,981. Railways.— Number of miles of road In 1850-55,21; 1860,402; 1875, 484; 1885, 1,654; 1891, 2.573; 1896, 3,125.65; July, 1900, 3,299.06 miles. Education.— In 1899-00, the total enrollment In the public schools of the State was 108,874; of these pupils, 67,077 were white and 41.797 were colored. The total expenditure for schools was $765,777. School age 6-21. Public high schools, 33, private secondary schools, 9. Among educational institutions are: John B. Stetson University, now affiliated with the University of Chicago; Rollln's College. Winter Park; Florida State Agricultural College, Lake City ; Senii- narv West of the Suwanee River, Tallahassee ; East Florida Seminary, Gainesville; State Normal School for colored students, Tallahassee; for white pupils, De Funiak Springs. Political.— State, congressional, and presidential elections. Tues- *day after first Monday in November ; number of Senators, 32 ; Repre- sentatives, 68; sessions, biennial, in odd-numbered years, meets Tuesday after first Monday in April ; limit of session, 60 days ; term of Senators, 4 years ; Representatives, 2 years. Number of electoral votes, 5. Voters must be citizens or declared intention, residents of State 1 year, of county 6 months; registration required. Idiots, insane, criminals, bettors on elections, and duelists excluded. Legal Holidays.— January 1 and 19, February 7 and 22, April 26, June 3, July 4, first Monday in September, general election day, Thanks- giving, December 25. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, written contracts under seal, 20 years ; written contracts not under seal, 5; verbal con- tracts, 3; open accounts, 4; notes, 5; redemption of tax sales, 2 years. Legal interest rate, 8 per cent ; by contract, 10. ALABAMA. 75 ALABAMA, "Cotton State." Indian — " Here we rest." Historical.— Visited by Europeans under De Soto, 1547. First set- tled by French near Mobile Bay, 1702; Mobile founded, 1711. Part of territory ceded to England, 1763; to the United States, 1783; remaining territory ceded by Spain to United States, 1819. Originally a part of Georgia, became part of Mississippi Territory 1804; Territory of Ala- bama organized, 1817; admitted to the Union, December 14, 1819; the ninth State admitted. Seceded, 1861; re-admitted, July, 1868. Area.— Total area, 52,250 square miles; water, 710; land, 51.540; ex- treme length, 336 miles; breadth, 200 miles. Counties, 67. Reserved land, 52,820 acres. Physical Features. —State consists of four distinct divisions, widely divergent in climate, surface, soil, and productions: The Cereal Belt— Valley of the Tennessee; Mineral and Cotton— Black— Belts; and the Forest or "Piny Woods" Region. Allegheny and Cumberland mountains traverse State in northeast. Highest point in State, Mt. Che- aw-ha, 2,407 feet. Alabama and Tombigbee rivers traverse the State from north to south, Tennessee River, in north, from east to west. State excels in number of valuable waterways. Over 2,000 miles of inland steam navigation. Extent of seacoast, 58 miles. Forests.— The magnificent forests form one of the most valuable sources of wealth. Area under timber, 24.512,000 acres. Pine, oak, wal- nut, poplar, gum, hickory, cypress, and red cedar are abundant. North of the Gulf are vast areas covered with extensive forests of long-leaf pine. Large quantities of lumber and turpentine are produced. Cut of pine, 19t)0, exceeded 1,000,000,000 feet. Climate comparatively equable. Summer heat in northern sec- tions tempered by the mountains. Sub-tropical region toward south subject to perpetual sea breezes. Hill region especially healthful and agreeable, abounding in numerous mineral springs. Unusual dryness of air and soil in Pine district renders it peculiarly attractive as a win- ter health resort. Average temperature Northern Section: Yearly, 60 deg.; summer, 75 deg.; winter, 42 deg. Central Section: Yearly, 63 deg.; summer, 81 deg.; winter, 49 deg. Southern Section: Yearly, 63 deg., sum- mer, 80 deg.; winter, 52 deg. Average rainfall: State, 52.5 inches; North- ern Section, 50.5; Central Section, 50.3; Southern, 56.6. Agriculture. — In spite of its great mineral wealth Alabama is essentially an agricultural State. The development of the industry commands especial interest from the State, ten agricultural stations and schools having been established to provide instruction in scientific agriculture. Cotton the great staple, Alabama ranking fourth in pro- duction. Indian corn is second in importance. Wheat, oats, barley, and rye produced in the northern sections. Tobacco culture impor- tant in the north; marsh and upland rice and sugar cane grown in the south. Sweet potatoes cultivated throughout the State; yield, 1900; nearly 3,5O0,OUO bushels, Alabama occupying fourth place as a producer. Yield and value of other crops: Corn, 29,355,942 bushels, 817,026,446, wheat, 916.a51bu., 8815.552, oats, 4, 380,754 bu., 81.927.532 ; potatoes, 417,933, bu., 8342,705; hay, 94.061 tons, 8992.344. Area under cotton, 1899, 3,202,1:35 acres; yield, 1,106,840 commercial bales; value, with seed, 842,069,677 tobacco.31 1,950 pounds, valued at 855.581. The production of rice in 1899 was 926,946 pounds; sugar, 13,765 pounds; molasses, 2,672,4:38 gallons. Horticulture.— Large areas of the State especially adapted to the culture of tree and small fruits and the vine. All the hardier fruits- pears, apples, peaches, plums, grapes, etc.— are grown to perfection in the northern section. Soil and climate of the hill regions singularly like those of the European sections famous for their wines. Large and increasing areas are devoted to culture of the vine. Manufacture of wine is a profitable and growing pursuit. Oranges, figs, and other tropical fruits produced along the Gulf coast. Total value of fruit, 1899. 8621,545; nuts, 86,315. Live rStock.— Of late years the improvement of breeds and enlarge- ment of herds has shown steady and notable increase. Numerous fine herds of Jersey cows are established. Number and value of farm ani- mals, June, 1900: Horses, 152,643; value, 17,906,121; mules, 198,889, $13,239,368; milch cows, 279 263. 85,512.910; other cattle, 520.411, 84,280,616; N r • 78 UNITED STATES. Bheep, 219,356, 82~9,898; swine, 1,848,158, 84,648,117. Wool clip, 867.004 pounds. Manufactures.- Iron manufactures lead In Importance; State ranks fourth In production of pig iron. In I'.mii, 45 furnaces produced 1,225,212 tons of pie iron; Birmingham district alone had about four- teen furnaces; daily output nearly 2.700 tons. The manufacture of basic steel from phosphoric irou is likewise an important industry of Birmingham. In 1901 Alabama ranked second in production of coke; production, 2, 148.911 short tons, value 86.062,616. Textile manufactures are being extended rapidly. In 1890 State had 13 establishments for manufacture of cotton goods. In 1900, number of cotton mills, 31; looms, 8,549; spindles, 411,328 ; Alabama ranking fourth in lmportam-e among Southern States. Cigar factories, 1900,21; output, 7.370.5V.) ; snuff produced, 197.856 pounds. Distilled Bpirits, 1901, 160,409 gallons; fermented liquors, 63,938 barrels. Gross value of manufactured prod- ucts, census reports, 882,793,804 ; iron and steel, 817,392.483 ; lumber, etc., $12,867,551 Minerals.— The Mineral Belt is the largest of the four sections into which State is divided. Mineral deposits practically inexhaustible and but slightly developed. Almost all principal minerals exist. Coal, iron, and stones most important of those worked. Proximity of coal, Iron, and limestone renders Alabama one of the cheapest fields In the world for manufacture of iron. Coal area, 8.650 square miles ; Warrior field, 7,800 square miles; Coosa, 415 square miles; Cahaba, 435. State ranks fifth in production. Output of mines, 1897, 5.893.770 tons; 1901, 9,099,052 tons; value, s 10.000,892. Coal largely manufactured into coke for use in production of pig iron. In 1901 State ranked third in production of iron ore. Ore mined, 2.801.732 tons; red hematite, 2,070,422 tons; brown, 731.310 tons. Gold mined, 150 ounces , value §3,100. Valuable deposits of lead ore exist. Other minerals are copper, ochre, white and colored marble. Population.— Ranked nineteenth In 1820; thirteenth, 1860; seven- teenth, 1880 and 1890; and eighteenth in 1900. Population. 1820, 127.901: 1860, 964.201; 1890, 1.513.017. Population, 1900, 1.828,697; male, 916.764; female, 911,933; native. 1,814.105; foreign, 14.592; white. 1.001,152; colored, 827,545; Africans, 827,307; Chinese, 58; Japanese, 3; Indians, 177. Cities.— Mobile, the metropolis, founded by the French, 1711; only seaport in the State; one of the chief ports in the country for export of cotton; has a large trade in timber, naval stores, and coal; population, census of 1900, 38,469. Birmingham, a prominent railway center and one of the foremost iron manufacturing cities in the country; popu- lation, 38,415. Montgomery, the capital, on the Alabama River, has a flourishing trade, especially in cotton; population, 30,346. Anniston, a manufacturing town in an important iron region; population, 9.695. Rail ways.— Number of miles In operation, 1850. 183; 1860, 743; 1870, 1,157; 1880, 1,843; 1890, 3,422.20, 1S95, 3.664.45; 1896. 3.680 48; June, 1901, 4,415.78. Assessment value of railroads, 1900. 850,577,913. Education.— Public school enrollment, 1899-00. 376.423, white, 234,- 000; colored, 142.423; school age, 7-21; public high schools, 62; private secondary schools, 92. Educational institutions: University of Ala- bama, Tuscaloosa, has an endowment of 8300.000. Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes, Normal; Industrial School, Monte- vallo; Normal Schools, Florence, Jacksonville, Livingston, and Troy (white); Tuskegee Normal and Industrial College and Huntsville and Montgomery Normal Schools for colored students. Political.— State elections, quadrennial, second Tuesday in Janu- ary. Congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November ; number of Senators, 33; Representatives. 105, term of Senators, 4 years; Representatives, 4 years; sessions, quad- rennial, meeting on the second Tuesday in January ; limit of session, 60 days. Number electoral votes, 11. Voters must be actual citizens or declared intention, resident of State 2 years, of county 1 year, pre- cinct or ward 3 months; registration required; convicts, idiots, and the Insane excluded. Ballot reform. Legal Holidays.— January 1 and 19. Mardi Gras, February 22, April 26. Good Friday, June 3, July 4, first Monday in September, Thanksgiving, and December 25. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 20 years ; sealed in- struments, real actions, 10: open accounts, 3, notes, stated accounts, 6 ; redemption of tax sales, 2 years. Legal interest rate, 8 per cent. MISSISSIPPI. 79 > MISSISSIPPI. S^atoT&ate." Indian Origin — " Great Long River." Historical.— First visited byDe Soto, 1540; by Joliet and Marquette, 1673 ; La Salle, 1682. First settlement made at Biloxi by Iberville, 1699. Natchez founded 1716. Territory ceded to English by France, 1763: part ceded to United States, 1783; remainder acquired, 1811. Mississippi Territorv organized, 1798. Admitted as a State, December 10, 1817; the seventh admitted to the Union; seceded January, 1861; readmitted, 1870. Various events of Civil War occurred within its borders, notably the siege of Vicksburg. Present Constitution adopted 1890; limits right of suffrage to those who can read the Constitution. Area.— Total area, 46,810 square miles ; land. 46.340, or 29.657.600 acres ; water 470 square miles; extreme length north and south, 330 miles; greatest breadth, 188 miles. Counties, 75. Physical Features.— Surface hilly in part, but generally level, State consisting largely of an undulating plateau sloping gently to the south and west. The "Yazoo Delta"— the low alluvial region lying along and between the Yazoo and Mississippi rivers— contains 7,000 square miles. Coast line on Mississippi Sound, 85 miles; water frontage on Mississippi River, 500 miles. Mississippi drains a large portion of State— with Yazoo, Tallahatchie, Yalobusha, and others, furnishes a large amount of navigable waterway. Forests.— Nearly one-half the State is still under forest. Yazoo Delta alone contains over 4,000.000 acres of land, covered by a dense growth of timber. Stand of yellow pine about 24,000,000,000 feet. Oak, cypress, pine, and black walnut, with numerous other varieties of wood, furnish unlimited supplies of raw materials for manufactures. The amount of lumber and timber manufactured and exported from Pasca- goula, 1901-02, was valued at 82.834 .291. Climate nearly sub-tropical. Summers long— heat tempered by sea breezes in south and variable winds prevailing throughout the State. Winters colder than those in same latitude on Atlantic Coast, but only in exceptional seasons does frost occur in south. Mean annual rainfall at Vicksburg. 55.7 inches; mean annual temperature, 65.9 deg.; highest, 101 deg. ; lowest, 1 deg. below. A griculture the chief industry; 61 per cent of total area of State included in farm3. Mississippi, in 1900, ranked third in production and value of cotton Otner staple productions are corn and sweet potatoes, corn ranking second in importance to cotton. Rice and sugar cane are grown in the south. Hay, oats, peas, cotton-seed, and peanuts are also produced. Truck-farming is an important and growing industry. Strawberries, melons, and vegetables are produced for Northern mar- kets. The cultivation of jute promises to be a successful and profit- able pursuit. Land under improvement, 1900, 7,594.428 acrec, average sizeof farms, 82.6 acres. Productions and values, 1900: Corn, 25,231 ,998 bushels, value 814,634.559; oats, 2.390,052 bushels, 81,099,424; hay, 57,098 acres, yield 99.922 tons, 8994,224; potatoes, 5.259 acres, 347,094 bushels, 8288,088. Cotton produced. 1900, 500,838,425 pounds; value 844,- 918,946; value of cotton-seed, 88,015,408. Horticulture.— Orchard products of "Western Mississippi long famous for superior qualities, especially peaches and pears; industry has attained new prominence, large areas being devoted to extension of orchards. Plums, pears, apricots, grapes, nectarines, and peaches, with many varieties of apples, may be grown successfully throughout the State. In the Gulf region oranges, ttgs,!:nd olives reach perfection. Large quantities of figs are canned; cultu e of figs and pomegranates is a growing source of wealth. Pecan culture also becoming a profit- able industry. Value of fruit raised, 1899, 8621.630. Liive Stock.— Excellent pasturage abounds throughout the State. During the past decade live stock and dairying have rereived constantly increasing attention. Native cattle have been greatly improved, and numerous herds of full-blooded Jersey and other tine cattle are to be found. Dairy-farming has become a profitable industry; native milk and butter now constitute Important articles of trade. Number and value of farm animals, June, 1900: Horses. 229,311, value 810.8^2.851; mules, 214.259, $14,128,807; sheep, 312,632, 8534,935; milch cows, 299,318 80 81 \ J 82 UNITED STATES. §6,403,246; other cattle, 574,038, $5,662,675; swine, 1,290,498, '$2,963,573. Wool clip, 1901, 1,148,958 pounds. Fisheries.— Commercial fishing conducted in interior waters and along the Gulf Coast. Salt and fresh water fish ahundant ; among the more important are trout, red snapper, hlue fish, pompano, Spanish mackerel, and shad. Oysters, shrimp, and soft and hard shell crabs are abundant and are an important source of wealth. Diamond-hack ter- rapin are f ound'in the marshes. The canning of oysters and shrimp la a growing and profitable pursuit. Yearly output, about 5,000,000 cans of oysters and 500,000 cans of shrimp. Gulf fish of superior quality; fisheries constitute an important industry, employing about 1,800 persons. manufactures as a whole are as yet of minor importance. Pro- duction of cotton goods, cotton-seed oil and meal, and sawing and planing of lumber the chief industrial pursuits. Production of naval stores, brick and tile, and agricultural implement manufactories, and flouring mills offer employment to increasing numbers. Value lumber and timber products, 1900, 815,656,110. Number of cotton mills, 6, number spindles, 75,122; aggregate capital, $2,210,000; total number employes, 1,675. Value of all clay productions, 1900, $546,741. Value of common brick, 8510,600; pressed, 812.775, vitrified, 81,750; drain tile, 81,035; pottery, $20,201. Distilled spirits, Mississippi and Louisiana, 1900-1901, 848,549 gallons; fermented liquor, 220,604 barrels. Population. — Ranked twentieth in 1800; twenty-second In 1830; fourteenth, I860: twenty-first, 1S90; twentieth, 1900. Total population in 1800, 8,850; 1830, 136,621; 1860, <79 1,305; 1890,1,289,600; population cen- sus of 1900, 1.551,270. Male, 781.451, female, 769,819; native, 1,543,289; foreign, 7,981; white, 641,200; colored, 910,070; Africans, 907,630 ; Chi- nese, 237 ; Indians, 2,203. Cities.— Vtetoburg, metropolis of the State and chief city on Mis- sissippi River between Memphis and New Orleans; has large export trade in cotton and important and growing manufactures; population, 1900, 14,834 Jackson, the capital, on the Pearl River, 183 miles north of New Orleans; important railway and manufacturing center, with a large trade in cotton; population, 7,816. Natchez, on the Mississippi River, one of the oldest towns in the State; has large export trade in cotton; population, 12,210. Meridian, railway center; leads in value of manufactured products; population, 14,050. Greenville, popularly known as the " Queen City of the Delta;" flourishing industrial and railway center and important river port in the great cotton region; has large cottonseed-oil and saw and planing mills, and ice and brick manufactories; population, 7,642. Railways.— First railroad built, 1840. Number of miles in opera- tion, 1850, 75; 1860, 862; 1870, 990; 1880, 1,127, 1891, 2,471; July, 1900, 2,919.90 miles, averaging 18.82 miles per 10,000 inhabitants and 6.30 miles per 100 square miles. Education. — Public school enrollment, 1899, 360,177; private, 14,021; school age, 5-21; expenditure, 81,306,1S6. Public high schools, 100; private secondary schools, 43. Among educational institutions is the University of Mississippi, opened 1848, University. Public Normal Schools are maintained at Holly Springs, Abbeville, Louisville, Blue- springs, Sherman, and "Walnutgrove; Alcorn Educational and Mechan- ical College (colored); Agricultural and Mechanical College, Agricul- tural College; Tougaloo University, with normal, industrial, model, intermediate, and primary departments, instructing colored stu- dents mostlv; Mississippi College, Clinton; Rust University, Holly Springs. Political.— General elections, quadrennial, Tuesday after first Mon- day in November; number of Senators, 45; Representatives, 133, ses- sions biennial, in even-numbered years; meets Tuesday after flrst Mon- day in January; limit of session, 30 days ; term of Senators and Repre- sentatives, 4 years. Number of electoral votes, 9 Voters must be actual citizens, residents of State 2 years, county, town, and precinct 1 year; registration required; ballot reform. Idiots, insane, criminals, Indians not taxed, and delinquent taxpayers excluded. Legal Holidays.— January 1, July 4, Thanksgiving, and Decem- ber 25. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 7 years ; open ac- counts, verbal contracts, 3; notes, 6; redemption of tax sales, 2 years. Legal interest rate, 6 per cent ; by contract, 10. KENTUCKY. 83 KENTUCKY. "Blue Grass State.- Indian origin— At the head of the river. Historical.— Earliest explorations by John Findlay, 1767. First visited bv Daniel Boone, 1769. Harrodsburg, first settlement, founded 1774; Boonesboro laid out, April, 1775; became a county of Virginia, 1776; part of United States Territory south of the Ohio, 1790. Admitted as a State, June 1, 1792: second State admitted after formation of Gov- ernment. Four constitutions, 1792, 1800, 1S50, and 1891. Area. — Total area, 40,400 square miles; land, 40,000; water, 400; length, east to west, 458 miles; extreme width, 171. Counties, 119. Physical Features.— Surface an elevated plain sloping from southeast to north and west; average elevation over 1,000 feet; great- est, 3,500. Navigable waters form 813 miles of boundary. State contains many natural curiosities; Mammoth Cave most widely known. Climate mild and healthful. Annual average rainfall for State, 48 Inches. Mean annual rainfall at Louisville, 45.8 inches; mean annual temperature, 57.1 deg. ; highest 107 deg. ; lowest, 20 deg. below. Agriculture a leading pursuit. Foremost State in tobacco and hemp. Farm products, 1900: Tobacco. 314,28S,050 pounds; hay, 390,064 tons; barley, 37.523 bushels; potatoes, 2.SO7.490 bushels; cotton. 39.500 pounds; wheat. 12,442,846 bushels; oats, 9,309.293; corn. 69,267.224. Hemp, in 1899, 10,303,560 pounds; grass and clover seed, 278,680 bushels. Apples, peaches, grapes, and small fruits abundant Live Stock.— Breeding of fine cattle, horses, and mules an im- portant industrv ; Kentucky famous for its trotting and running horses. Value of thoroughbreds, 1897, 8717.483. Value of farm live stock, 1900, $73,739,106; wool clip, 1901. 2.323.215 pounds. Manufactures show notable advance. State first in output of fine whiskies— 1900, 21,511,608 gallons; third in chewing and smoking to- bacco. Value of all products, 1900. §154,605,115. Louisville alone. 1900, nearly 880.000,000. Value of manufactured tobacco, total $21,922,111; flouring mill products, 814,515,161; lumber and timber products, $13,774,911. Minerals.— Coal most important; area, 15.680 square miles— east- ernfield, 11,180; western, 4.500. Output, 1900, 5,328,964 tons. Fields rich in cannel coal. Output of iron ore, 1901, 68,462 tons; value of natural gas, $194,032. Gold, silver, and zinc found. Vast beds of onyx, sand- stone, and limestone exist. Mineral springs numerous; many are f amouB health resorts. Population, 1790.73,677; 1890,1.858.635; 1900.2,147,174. Male. 1,090,227; female, 1,056.947; native, 2.096.925; white, 1,862.309; colored, 284,865. Cities.— Louisville, chief city In State and largest tobacco market in Union; population, 1900, 204.731. Covington, population, 42,938. JVeic- port, population. 28,301; on Ohio River opposite Cincinnati. Lexington, chief railroad center of interior Kentucky; population, 26,369. Frank- fort, capital; large trade in tobacco, whisky and lumber; population, 9,487. Bowling Green, largest city in Southern Kentucky; large export trade in mules and fine horses; population, 8,226. Railways.— First railway— Lexington to Frankfort— 15 miles, completed 18:35. Mileage, 1850, 78; i860, 534; 1890, 2.946; 1900, 3,059. Education.— Enrollment in public schools, 1900-01, 438,322; expendi- tures exceed 82,500,000. School age, 6-20; compulsory law age. 7-14. Educational institutions: Georgetown College, Georgetown; Central University, Richmond; Centre College, Danville; Kentucky Univer- sity, and S'tate Agricultural and Mechanical College— its farm the home of Henry Clay, Lexington; Normal Schoql for Colored. Frankfort. Political.— Number of Senators, 38; Representatives, 100; term of Senators, 4 years; Representatives, 2 years. Electoral votes, 13. Voters must be actual citizens; residents of State 1 year, county 6 months, precinct 60 days-, limited registration. Legal Holidays.— February 22, July 4, first Monday in September, Thanksgiving, December 25, and public fast days. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, written contracts except negotiable instruments, 15 years; verbal contracts, negotiable instru- ments, 5; merchants* accounts, 2. Redemption of tax sale made by paying 15 per cent penalty on tax and additional 30 per cent interest per annum from sale. Legal interest, 6 per cent, Kentucky and Tennessee. Scale or Statute Miles. V> ?" :ju 40 50 m 70 -• Cop/right, 1004, "by Rana.DWdWanj k I ral'i 1 1 I'ily Pairfli ia fQU. Vcrni ' 'a: i.-.,;, Car ^' JMurply Iff ,. Cape Girar\lji Delta Hep sTjcij-jj-Cf cxi^^Xji- '""7 S.Col%®^j\j /Mayfie - y — ^-— ^-"" jn */ JVycrJs caiarxHi: . „: IX A , oJBearSlriiigoV y^Heb 5l ;i.-^.=miT- A- vi^^-^f^T^S^^^^/.V-lSfr*.. IjtbRiUeJ >s'M*r J l TrtntoiJ)> L/itwood" , &H 7 o// , ' if//^\, a 'c r/ ' |neo ,r A Pi K n.»N»liJM mD f^'^tt^K^"^ ^Medina ^larks^Ble^U,/ 1 .- -.«< /j.e%"\»T tl r CenVervilltf SPerr/ville L £^s£[c Unde n IciCol i.-uil da ft^i»e/Gr yffa -»-\SmyTu -Franklii? - igfl o^Mu nionviUe, ^^S 1 U'in, -V-i g^H^tungtJS rVrae^xT' - ', P • °a (» Ian d ^ */.«'T/,. Henderson 'SCil rijrf /fvW Clifton *»vW} "■ i*4i V ?'A* /^• VDei ^ 00 „., „ •Tcone/r^vifle • le~Betiiel\ s, ;>o»avannali »har)i iiawre/nl-churc .''VFajettevili ■kor/Val^j^Selnibr Philinej c^T / Wulaskj/SfirSe irf a J'i*w«5Mfe TI est Point?oXWia« T» "33™3»^2 Iron City/ 'Booueville /TuscuiriTjiit om Uretnwicn. so" O!, Green " ' Jt lorseCave oColul] o Edmonton 'V •/r^Vi i;tl "' k -\\ ■' ' fherea IBeatqirtiUe 3fec JNV^ 3I' .• -PikevUle „ immitiille -r.H\tW f<& A [-j'\ 0/ /~L/tnens IGSA/EBS CHICA UNITED STATES. TENNESSEE. T8 "" os ' " Volunteer State." Indian — signifies, " River of big bend." Historical.— Permanent colony established at Fort Loudon, on Little Tennessee River, 1756. Leading settlements by colonists from Virginia and North Carolina, 1769. Territory of Tennessee formed, 1794; admitted as a State, June 1, 1796, third State to enter Union after adoption of Federal Constitution. Scene of many important events of Civil War. Seceded February, 1861. Readmitted February, 1870. Area.— Total area, 42,050 square miles; land, 41,750; water, 300; ex- treme length, 432 miles ; width, 109. Counties, 96. Physical Features.— Naturally divided Into three parts, East, Middle, and West Tennessee. Surface mountainous in East, Alleghanies (height 5,000 to 6,000 feet), and Cumberland Plateau (elevation 2,000 feet); lower in Middle and West. Highest altitude in State, Mount Guyot, 6,636 feet. Extent and importance of navigable waters notable : over 2,200 miles of available waterway. Forest lands, 17,000,000 acres. Climate.— Winters generally short and mild ; summers long ; heat tempered by general elevation of State. Rainfall plentiful. Mean annual rainfall at Nashville, 50.1 inches ; mean annual temperature, 59.4 deg ; highest, 104 deg ; lowest, 10 deg. below. Agriculture. — Principal products: Cotton, In 1900, 106,267.060 pounds, value 39,530,826; wheat, 11,696,088 bushels; oats, 5,810,166; corn, 56,997,880; hay, 313,432 tons; tobacco, 49,157.550 pounds, peanuts, 1899, 747,668 bushels, $392,648 ; sweet potatoes, 1,571,575 bushels, $883,620 To- tal value of fruit crop, $2,193,318 ; orchard, $1,479,915. Apples and small fruits grown in abundance. Value of all live stock, 1900, $60,818,605. Poultry, 1899, $4,282,740. Estimated value of milk, butter, and cheese, on farms, $8,028,466. Wool clip, 1901, 1,253,032 pounds Manufactures. — Iron industries include blast furnaces, foundry and machine shops, rolling mills, and nail factories. Value of manu- factured products, 1900, $108,144,565. Pig iron produced in year 1901, 337,139 long tons, coke, 404,017 tons, value $952,782. Ammoniated phos- phate, 409,653 tons, $1,192,090. Value of sawed lumber, 1900, $11,832,596. Minerals. — Gold discovered 1831; output to 1900 about 8200.000. Coal area, 5, 100 square miles; output, 1900,3,708.562 tons, value $4,223,082. Iron belt, 5,400 square miles along Tennessee River; output, 1900, 594,171 tons, value $669,087; copper, 116,000 tons. State leads in mar- ble for Interior decoration; value of output,s424.054,liine8tone,8238,505; output of phosphate rock, 1900, 454,491 long tons, value $1,328,707. Population. -1790, 35,691; 1890. 1,767,518; 1900, 2,020,616. Male, 1,021,224; female, 999,392, native, 2,002,780; white, 1,540,186, colored, 480.430; Africans, 480,243; Chinese, 75, Japanese, 4; Indians, 108. Cities.— Nashville, capital, chief center of manufactures and third hardwood market in the world ; prominent educational center ; pop- ulation, 1900, 80.865. Memphis, largest city and largest commercial center on Mississippi River between St. Louis and New Orleans ; population, 102,320. Knoxrille, leading commercial and industrial centerofEa6t Tennessee ; population, 32.637 Chattanooga, important commercial, railway, and manufacturing city ; population, 30,154. Railways.— First railroad -Nashville to Chattanooga— completed 1853. Miles open, 1855, 466; 1865, 1,296; 1875, 1,630; 1885, 2,151; July, 1900, 3,136.95. Education. — Enrollment. 1899-00, 485.354; expenditure, 81,751,047; school age, 6-21. Educational institutions: University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Vanderbilt University and University of Nashville, Nash- ville; and University of the South, Sewanee. Political.— State elections biennial; State, congressional, and presi- dential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November. Senators, 33; Representatives, 99; term, 2 years; sessions biennial. Electoral votes, 12. Voters must be actual citizens, residents of State 1 year, of county 6 months; limited registration; ballot reform. Convicts excluded. Legal Holidays.— January 1, Februarv 22, Good Friday, May 30, July 4, first Monday in September, general election day. Thanksgiving, December 25. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 10 years; open ac- counts, contracts, 6 ; notes, 6 ; redemption of tax sales, 2 years. Legal interest rate, 6 per cent. OHIO. 87 OHIO. O-hi'-o. " Buckeye State." Indian—" Beautiful." Historical.— Earliest explorations made by French under La Salle about 1680. In 1748, English traders established themselves near pres- ent site of Piqua. Territory claimed by both French and Eugllsh 1751-63; ceded to Great Britain 1763; became part of United States 1783. First permanent settlement made at Marietta 1788. Columbia estab- lished 1188, Fort Washington 1789, Losantiville 1790, the three now in- cluded in Cincinnati. Became part of Northwest Territory 1787; ad- mitted to the Union 1803; fourth State admitted after formation of Government; present limits established 1836. Area.— Total area, 41,060 square miles; land, 40,760; water, 300; breadth, 225 miles; length, 205. Counties, 88. Physical Features.— General surface an undulating plain divided by main watershed into two unequal slopes; waters of the northern and smaller slope flow into Lake Erie; the southern into the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. State has a large extent of lake and river frontage. Frontage on Lake Erie, 230 miles; on Ohio River, 436. Muskingum River navigable for hX> miles. Highest elevation.Bellefontaine, Logan County, 1,540 feet; lowest in the southwest, 440 feet; mean, 750 feet. Climate of Northern Ohio modified by influence of Lake Erie. Mean average temperature, 48 deg. to 50 deg.; Southern Ohio mild and healthful, though subject to sudden and severe changes; average tem- perature, 52 deg. to 54 deg. Mean annual rainfall at Columbus, 38.9 Inches; mean annual temperature, 52.3 deg.; highest, 103 deg.; lowest, 20 deg. below. Agriculture.— One of the leading agricultural States. In 1900 ranked third in production of winter wheat, sixth in potatoes, seventh in corn. Area under cultivation, 1899, 10.239.866 acres Crops, 1900: Corn, 106.890,188 bushels, value S36.342.664; wheat, 8,523,876 bushels, value $6,051,952; oats, 40.340.534 bushels, value $10,488,539; barley, 622.566 bushels, value $267,703; rye, 513,023 bushels, value $282,163, buckwheat, 147.632 bushels, value $85,627; potatoes, 12,561.584 bushels, value $5,024,634, hav. 1.559.242 acres, 1,652.797 tons, value $18,263,407. Tobacco crop, 1399."was 56.242 acres. 52.484.457 pounds : flax, I 3.500 acres, 31,797 bushels of seed, 1,838,781 pounds of fiber; broom corn, 907 acres, 669,475 pounds of brush. Horticulture, Etc.— Extensive capital invested in horticulture, | floriculture, and viticulture. Ohio wines rank high among American I vintages. Total value of fruits, 1899, $8,901,22(1; orchard fruit, $6,141,- 118; small fruit. $1.767.:357; grapes, $992,745. Fruit trees, 21,832,223; in- crease, 60.3 per cent since 1890. Area under orchards, 370,769 acres. Products: Apples, 20,617.480 bushels; pears, 244,565; peaches, 240,686; | cherries, 192.954; plums, 81,435. Vineyards, 22,955 acres; grapes gath- | ered, 79.173.900 pounds. Strawberry most important small fruit; prod- uct, 17,916,080 quarts. Value of maple sugar and syrup, $665,226. Live Stock, Etc.— Live stock and live-stock products of great value; State ranks second in number and value of swine. Area under pasture, 5,?22,389 acres. Number and value of farm animals, June, 1900: Horses, 878,205. s5h.15D.245; milch cows, 818.239, S24.725.S82; other cattle, 1,235,074, $21,834,864; mules, 16,771, $941,211; sheep, ! 4,1/20.628. $10,956,308; hogs, 3.188,563. $11,813,168; wool clip, 1901, 13.370.553 | pounds Milk sold for family use, 1900, 40.590.560 gallons. Milk pro- duced, 425.870.394 gallons; butter on farms, 79.551,299 pounds; cheese, 1,167.001 pounds; total value dairv products. $25,383,627- Eggs gathered, 91,766,630 dozens; value. $10,280,769; poultry, $8,847,009. Honey pro- ! duced, 1.980,530 pounds; wax. 34,620 pounds. Fisheries.— Ohio occupies first place in Lake Erie fisheries. I Interest in fish culture increasing rapidly In 1901, 85,000,000 pike ; perch were hatched and liberated in Lake Erie waters. Black I bass, marble cat, and crappies are hatched for inland waters. Total i Lake Erie catch, 1899. 58,393,864 pounds; Ohio boats employed, 1896, I 179; men, 463. Interior fisheries in Grand, Licking, Lewistown, I and Loramie reservoirs, and in Ohio River. Catch, 1896, 1,239.308 ! pounds; black bass. 185.853 pounds. Fisheries of Grand Reservoir — i largest artificial body of water in the world— equal in extent all others I In State. 90 UNITED STATES. Manufactures. — One of the foremost manufacturing States. Many prominent and growing Industries. Growth due to great natural advantage* and wealth of raw material. Industrial establishments Include rolling mills, agricultural implement, Iron and paper manufactories, glass factories, breweries, distilleries, etc In i'.too, 32,398 establishments report a combined capital of $605,792,266; value of products manufactured, 8S32.43s.ll3. Capital Invested In brew- eries, $31,444,509; agricultural Implements, 823.628,442. Output of Iron and steel manufactures. 8138,985,256. In 1900, State ranked first In value of pottery produced; ranked second introduction of pig Iron. Output of pig Iron, 2,559,691 tons; coke, 72,116 short tons, value 8194,042. Lime and cement, 12,709,481: brick and tile, $9,731,305; pottery, 36,994,805 — white granite, 81,143,990; art pottery, 8428,795. Portland cement works, 6; 534,215 barrels, $667,769. Cigars made, 658,819,883; tobacco, 19,818,539 pounds. In 1900 the State ranked third in produc- tion of distilled spirits, and fifth in fermented liquors. Output distilled spirits, 9,518,850 gallons; fermented liquor, 3.1/28.116 barrels; vinous, 2,131 ,908 gallons. Oleomargarine, 1901 16,436.961 pounds. Uliuerals.— Sandstone underlies over one-half the total area. State leads all others in value of sandstone quarried; limestone, quarried in thirty-two counties, second in importance; minerals Include coal, iron, glass sand, clays, salt, oil, and gas. Coal area, 10,000 square miles; out- put, 1900, 18,988,150 short tons, value 819.292.246. Valuable deposiis of clay worked for pottery, earthenware, and brick. Value of limestone quarried, 1900, 81,969,387; sandstone, 81.(583,980; salt (fourth State), 1,425.283 barrels, 8696,326; iron ore, 61,016 tons; crude petroleum, 22.362,- 730 barrels, value 824.091,601. Ranks third in production of natural gas; value of output, 82.178,234. Mineral waters, 1901, 6,431,410 gallons. Population.— Ranked eighteenth in 1800; fourth, 1830; third, 1870; fourth, 1890 and 1900; population, 1800, 45.365; 1830, 937,903; 1870, 2,665.260: 1890,8,672,316, 1900, 4.157,545 Male, 2.102.655, female, 2,054.890; native, 3,698,811, foreign, 458,734; white, 4,060,204: colored, 97,341 ; Afri- cans, 96,901; Chinese, 371; Japanese, 27; Indians, 42. Cities.— Cleveland, metropolis of Northern Ohio, settled 1796; an Important railroad and steamboat center; has large iron and steel manufactories and oil refineries; population, 1900, 381,768. Cincinnati, metropolis of Ohio Valley, founded 1788; has extensive trade by rail- road and river; population, 325,902. Toledo, on Lake Erie, has a fine harbor; an important commercial center; population, 131,822. Colum- bus, capital, prominent railroad center; population, 125,560. Dayton, on Great Miami River, in vicinity of important limestone quarries; population, 85,333. Youngstown, flourishing manufacturing town, out- let of region rich in iron, coal, and limestone; population, 44,885. Railways.— First railroad built and operated west of New York- Erie & Kalamazoo, Toledo to Adrian, Mich.— constructed 1836. Number miles, 1840, 30: 1850,575; 1855, 1,486; 1860, 2.946; 1865,3,331: 1870,3.538; 1875. 4,461; 1880, 5,792; 1885,7,304; 1890, 7,988; June, 1896, 8.726.29; June, 1900, 8,807.27, averaging 21.18 miles to each 10,000 inhabitants. In 1896 there were 600 miles of canals in Ohio. Education. — Public school enrollment, 1899-1900, 829,160; expendi- ture, 813,335,211; school age, 6-21; compulsory school law age, 8 to 14-16, unless at work; text-books may be furnished. Publ'c high schools, 67S; private secondary schools, 49. Ohio State University, Columbus; Ohio University, Athens; Oberlin College, Oberlln; Miami LTniversity, Oxford, Western Reserve University and Case School of Applied Science, at Cleveland. Political.— State elections annual State, congressional, and presi- dential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November, number of Senators, 33; Representatives, 110; term, 2 years; sessions, biennial, in odd-numbered years, first Monday in Januarv; limit of session, none. Number of electoral votes, 23. Voters must be actual citizens, residents of State 1 year, county 30 days, town and precinct 20 days; limited registration; ballot reform. Idiots, insane, and convicts, unless re- stored to citizenship, excluded. Women may vote on school matters. .Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22, May 30, July 4, first Monday in September, general election day, Thanksgiving, Dec. 25. Legal.— Judgments; Recovery of real estate, 21 vears; written con- tracts, 15, unwritten, 6 ; personal actions, 1. Redemption of tax sales, 2 years. Legal Interest, 6 per cent; by contract, 8. INDIANA. 91 INDIANA. Sjj&E?- State.' Derived from "Indian." Historical.— Originally apart of New France. Visited by Jesuits, 1672. First permanent settlement made by French at Vincennes, 1702. Ceded to Great Britain, 1763; Vincennes captured by Colonel Clark of Virginia, 1779; ceded to United States, 1783; became part of Northwest Territory. 1787. Indians defeated by Harrison at Tippecanoe, 1811. Indiana Territory organized, 1800; admitted into the Union, December 11, 1816. State constitutions adopted 1816 and 1851, the latter having since been modified. Area.— Total area, 36,350 square miles; land, 35,910; water, 440; extreme length, 276 miles; average breadth, 145 miles. Counties, 92. Physical Features.— Surf ace generally level and undulating, State occupying a broad table-land inclining gradually toward the south- west. Highest altitude in Randolph County, 1,208 feet; lowest at Deeds, Miami County, 83 feet; mean average, 735 feet. Has 60 miles of coast-line on Lake Michigan and 550 miles of navigable river boundary. Ohio River forms entire southern boundary; Wabash, most important river, drains three-fourths of entire area. Climate.— Generally healthful but variable; northerly and north- westerly winds prevail in winter. Mean annual rainfall at Indianapolis, 43.0 inches; mean annual temperature, 52.7 deg. ; highest, 106 deg.; lowest, 25 deg. below. Agriculture leading industry. Valleys of Wabash, White, and Whitewater rivers most fertile sections. In 1900 Indiana ranked next to Kansas in production of winter wheat, sixth in corn, and fourth in oats. Crops, 1900: Wheat, 6,411,702 bushels, value 84,488,191; corn, 153.200.800 bushels, value $49,024,256; oats, 44,866,035 bushels, value $10,- 319,188; rye, 485,722 bushels, value 8242,861; barley, 185,533 bushels, value 887.201; buckwheat, 70,154 bushels, value $42,794; hay, 1,663,452 tons,value 816.218.657, tobacco, 6,882,470 pounds, $445,658; Irish potatoes, 9,060,529 bushels, $3,443,001; sweet potatoes, 1899, 3,989 acres, 239,487 bushels; sorghum, 7,955 acres; peppermint, 879 acres. Horticulture.— Apples, pears, plums, peaches, and small fruits cultivated extensively. Peach district along the Ohio and in south- western and eastern sections. Wine culture begun by Swiss settlers of Vevay,1813. Value of fruit crop, 1899, $4,630,169; orchard fruit, 83,166,338; smallfruit, $1. 113,527; grapes, $350,304. Total number orchard trees, 1900, 14,048,345; apples, 8,624,593; peaches, 2,925.526; cherry, 896,641, pear, 868,- 184; plum, 723,815; apricot, 9,586. Fruit produced in bushels, 1899: Apples, 8,620,278, pears, 231 ,713, cherries, 228,485, plums, 131,529; peaches, 69.333; apricots, 757. Dried and evaporated fruit, 494,860 pounds. Live Stock.— Stock raising and dairy farming important indus- tries. Acres under pasture, including woodland, 3.506,7:38. Amount of milk produced on farms, 1899, 263,457.239 gals., butter, 51,042,396 pounds; cheese, 178,733 pounds; total value of poultry, $8,172,993; eggs, $7,441,- 944. Number and value farm animals, June, 1900: Horses, 751.715, value $40,641,988; mules, 66,717, $3,717,083; sheep, l,742.0u2, 85,794.976; milch cows, 574,276, 818,285,504; other cattle, 1,110.202, $22,678,940; swine, 3,763,- 389,813.804,893, wool clip, 1901, 6,635,837 pounds. Manufactures.— The notable growth in manufacturing industries has been due largely to the discovery and development of natural gas. Slaughtering and meat-packing most important industry in State. Number of glass factories, 1900, 110; capital, $12,775,389, value products, $14,757,883; wages paid, $7,226,1)47; employes numbered 13,015. Tin and terne plate establishments^; daily capacity tin plates, 380,050 pounds; terne, 71,950 pounds. Refineries: Petroleum, 1; linseed oil, 2; lard, 3; sugar and molasses, 19; zinc, 3. Number of woolen mills, 1900, 22; prod- uct, $1,658,965; cotton mills, 5, 81,341,597. Value of pottery, $325,900; total brick and tile, $3,532,450. State ranks third In production of dis- tilled spirits; output, 1900-01, 18,885.398 gallons, fermented liquor, 892,- 277 barrels; still wines, 35.500 gallons valued at $18,400, value of vinegar and cider, $105,745. Value of agricultural implements, manufactured, 1900, about $6,500,000, engines, etc., $17,228,096, furniture. $8,769 ,500; iron and steel products, $19,388,481; paper and paper goods, 84 ,556,020; railway construction, etc., $20,000,000; wagons, etc., $12,742,243; meat packing, etc., $43,862,273; planing mills, $5,088,669, flouring and grist mill 94 UNITED STATES. products, $30,150,766; factory-made clothing, 14.824,547; printing and publishing, 88,427,763. Value all textile goods, 85,561,460. Maple syrup, 1899, 179,576 gals.; maple sugar, 51,900 pounds. Rough lumber, 1900, 977,878 thousand feet, 1*. M.; sawed, 1,036,999 thousand feet, B. M. In 1900 State ranked fifth In fruit and vegetable packing. A large pottery baa recently been established at Brazil. Mineral Resources.— Coal mines, quarries of building stone, clay deposits, petroleum, and natural gas wells are the State's most valuable resources. Salt and medicinal springs are found in the south. Coal measures are bituminous. Including Indiana block— 600 square miles— coking and cannel coals; total area, 6,450 square miles. In 1900 State ranked second in natural gas, fourth in petroleum, and sixth in production of coal. Coal mines, 1897, 115, output, 1900, 6,484,086 short tons, value 86,687, 137. Area of natural gas, 2,850 square miles, value of output, 87,254,539. Development and output of oil fields increasing steadily. Number of wells producing, 1900,6,113; total production valued at 84,693,983. New developments in Grant and Blackford counties. Quarries.— In 1900 State ranked sixth In clay products and building stone. Number of stone quarries, 1897, 37, 2.494 acres; stone quarried, 30,079 carloads; employes, 4,386. In 1900, Indiana ranked next to Penn- sylvania in total value of limestone, but first in value of stone for building and (1901) flagging and curbing; value, 82,344,818; for road- making, 81,639,985. Value of oolitic limestone output, 1897, 82,300 .om. Population.— Ranked twenty-first in 1800; eighth in 1890 and 1900. Total population in 1800, 5,641; 1890, 2.192,404; 1900, 2,516,462. Male, 1,285,404, female, 1,231,508, native, 2.374,341; foreign, 142,121; white, 2,458,502, colored, 57,960; Africans, 57,505; Chinese, 207, Japanese, 5; Indians, 243. Cities.— Indianapolis, capital and metropolis, one of most Im- portant distributing points in Central States; chief industries, meat packing, manufactures of iron, flour, furniture, wagons, and liquors. Population, 1900, 169,164. Emnsrille, second city in size, commer- cial center of southwestern part of State; has important manu- factures; population, 59,007. Ft. Wayne, on the Maumee, leading Industrial and business center of Northeastern Indiana; population, 45,11s." Terre Haute, commercial, manufacturing, and educational center, population, 36,673. South Bend, important manufacturing town on St. Joseph River; population, 35,999. New Albany, flourishing manufacturing town, large glass manufactories; population, 20,628. Railways.— Miles in operation, 1846, 22; 1850, 111; 1855, 1.406; 1860, 2,163, 1865,2.217; 1870,3,177, 1875,3,963; 1S80, 4.373, 1885, 5.614; 1890, 6,106; June, 1896, 6,373; June, 1900, 6,470.61, 18.02 miles per 100 square miles. Education.- Common school system in operation since 1853. Public school enrollment, 1900,564,807, school buildings, 10.038; value 823.244.630; compulsory school age, 8-14. Text-books furnished to Indigent chil- dren. Purdue University, Lafayette, opened 1874; State University, Bloomington, opened 1824; De Pauw University, Greeucastle; Rose Polytechnic Institute, Terre Haute: University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame; Public Normal Schools, Indianapolis and Terre Haute. Political.— State elections biennial. State, congressional, and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; num- ber of Senators, 50; Representatives, 100; sessions biennial, in odd-num- bered years, Thursday after first Monday in January; limit of session, 61 days; term of Senators, 4 years; Representatives, 2 years. Number of electoral votes, 15. Voters must be citizens or declared intention, residents of State 6 months, county and town 60 days, precinct 30 days; registration not required; ballot reform. Convicts excluded. Limited woman suffrage. Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22, May 30, July 4, first Monday in September, Thanksgiving, December 25, public fast, and election. JLegal.-Statutes of limitation: Personal actions, 2 years; open accounts, contracts not in writing, 6; promissory notes, written evi- dence of debt, 10; other written contracts, judgments, real actions, 20. Redemption of tax sal**- 2 years. Legal interest, 6 per cent; by con- tract, 8. ILLINOIS. 95 J- J-jIj-LN Olo. "Prairie or Sucker State." From Indian " Illini," men, and French, " ois," tribe of men. Historical.— Eighth State admitted into the Union. First visited bv Marquette and Joliet in 1673. Fort St. Louis founded by La Salle in 1679. French settled at Cahokia and Kaskaskia, 1682 ; ceded to Great Britain 1763 ; United States 17S3 ; became part of Northwest Territory 1787; Indiana Territory 1800. Illinois Territory organized 1809; State admitted to the Union 1818; Kaskaskia first capital; seat of government removed to Vandalia 1818 ; to Springfield 1837. Black Hawk War 1832. Mormon troubles 1840-44. Second constitution adopted 1848 ; present constitution ratified 1870. Area.— Total area, 56,650 square miles; land, 56,000; water, 650; greatest length, 385 miles ; breadth, 218. Counties, 102. Physical Features.— One of the most level States in the Union. Occupies a great plain, sloping almost imperceptibly from highest section in north on Lake Michigan to southern extreme, 350 feet abov?) sea level. Greatest elevation in the State is about 1.145 feet; average for State, 500 feet. Mississippi River forms entire western boundary; extent of frontage, 700 miles; Wabash River on the east and Ohio on the south. Illinois has 4.000 miles of navigable streams ; Illinois River the largest within the State. Important artificial waterway — Chicago Drainage Canal. Chicago to Joliet, 40 miles — affording Lake Michigan an outlet to Mississippi River through channel of Illinois, opened January 2, 1900. Estimated minimum discharge, 300.000 cubic feet per minute; maximum. 600.000 cubic feet. Cost of work, $33,000,000. Coast-line on Lake Michigan, 60 miles. Climate, throughout the State, generally healthful and bracing. Mean annual ra'nfall at Springrfield. 38.0 inches; mean annual temper- ature, 52.8 deg., highest temperature. 107 deg. ; lowest. 22 deg. below. Mean annual rainfall Chicago, 37.57 inches; mean annual temperature, 49.4 deg.; January, 25.5 deg.; July, 72.9 deg. Annual rainfall, Cairo, 46.74 inches; tempeiature, 57.8 deg. .Agriculture.— State has 42.(100 square miles of land suited to growth of cereals. In 1900, first in production of oats, second in corn, fourth in potatoes. Winter wheat in south and southwest; central sections produce most corn. Soil especially adapted to culture of sugar beet; beet-sugar factorv, with a capacity of 700 tons, estab- lished at Pekin. Area and vield of farm products. 1900: Corn, 264,- 176.226 bushels, value $84,536,392; oats, 133.642.884 bushels, value $30,- 737.S63; wheat. 17.982,068 bushels, value 811.5(J8.524; broom corn. 21.590 acres, value §575,7:32; Irish potatoes. 15,296.104 bushels, value $6,271,403; sweet potatoes. 300.570 bushels, value $216,984; tobacco, 4.474 acres, 2,689.306 pounds, value 8197.425; hay. 2.119.419 tons, value 817,803,120; honey, 421.469 pounds, value 856.540; bee-hives. 55,101. Hoi'ticulture established 1840-50. One of the foremost States engaged in the industrv. Most productive fruit areas are toward the southern section. Apple trees, 13.430.006; peach, 2.448.013; pear, 795.551; cherrv. 727,973. Fruit produced. 1899 : Apples, 9,178. 15U bushels; cherries, 2< 4.279 bushels; plums, 157.941 bushels; pears, 133,745 bushels; peaches, 66.805 bushels. Value of strawberries, 1901, 848,707; water- melons, $46,759. )Live Stock and Dairy.— Area under pasture, 4,669,270 acres Number and value of farm animals, June, 1900: Horses. 1.350,219, value 869.698,100; mules, 124.644. $7,420,511; sheep, 1,030,581, 83,076,642; milch cows. 1.007.604, $34,279,218; other cattle. 2.096.346, 847,891.689; swine, 5,915.468.823,616,781. Total value $186,856.o2u. Wool clip. 1901, 4,103,021 pounds. Value of dairy products, 1899, $29,638,619; milk produced, 457.106.995 gallons; butter, 52.493,450 pounds; cheese, 323.485 pounds. Eggs, 86.402.670 doz«ns; value, $8,942,401; poultry. $11,307,599. Fisheries.— The large water-courses within the State or along its boundaries afford an abundant and varied supply of food-fishes. Among the interior States Illinois leads all others in extent and value of fisheries. Ranks first in fishing population, capital invested, and extent and value of catch. Number of persons employed, 1,650; capi- tal invested, $156,000; catch, 11. 500,000 pounds; value •883,000. Manufactures.— Chief manufacturing cities of Illinois are Chi- cago, Peoria, East St. Louis, Joliet, Kockford, Pekin, Moline. In 1900 UNITED STATES. there, were 88,860 establishments In State, employing 489,452 pernors; capitalization, $776,829,598; wages and salaries paid. $284,848,426; value of products, $i,25'.).57i.in5. Total value of manufactured products of Chicago, 1900, was $888,736,811. In 1901, 41,610,286 pounds of oleomar- garine manufactured in stale, state leads all others In manufacture Of distilled spirits; product, 1900-01, 39,357,780 gals.; ranks third In fer- mented liquor; product, 3,680,323 barrels: value of wine produced, census report, $13,265: sorghum syrup. 903,369 gallons, value $309,127. Illinois one of the foremost States in production of steel; output of Bessemer steel Ingots, 1900, 1,115,571 long tons: rails, about iun.ijuu tons; wire nails. Indiana and Illinois. 2,195,672 kegs. Ranks third In production of pig iron, output 1,469,530 tons. Value of brick and tile, S6,932.ns6 : common brick, 83,981,577; fire proofing, §76,347; pottery, $776,773, lime. $246,575. Minerals.— Coal first discovered near Ottawa, 1698. Illinois sec- ond only to Pennsylvania In production of bituminous coal; area, 37,000 square miles, dumber of counties producing coal In 1900, 58; mines and openings, 915; total output of all mines. 25,767,981 short tons; number of shipping mines, 350; output. 26.635.319 tons; output of local, mines, l.liis.r,u:; tons; total tons of lump coal, 13.321,124. The aggregate home value of total product, s25.4is.its3. Total number of employes, 44.143. In 1900 Illinois ranked fourth in total value of limestone and second in value of limestone for building purposes; total value, $1,881,151; sandstone, 819,141. Petroleum, 250 barrels, value 81 500; spelter. Indiana and Illinois. 38,750 short tons. Population.— Kanked twentv-fourth in 1810 and 1820; eleventh in 1850, fourth in 1880; and third in* 1890 and 1900. Total population, 1810, 12.282: 1S50. 851.470; ISSii. 3.077.S71 : 1890.3.s26.351. Population, census 1900, 4.821.550. Male, 2,472,782; female. 2.348.768: native, 3.854.803: foreign, 966,747; white, 4.734.S73; colored, 86,677; Africans, 85,073; Chinese, 1,503; Japanese, 80; Indians, 16. Cities.— Chicago, situated on Lake Michigan, is the metropolis of Illinois and second city in size In the United States; has avast lake commerce and large export trade by rail; extensive manufacturing industries. Population, 1900, 1,698,575 ; area, 189 square miles. Spring- field, capital; manufactures include cars, tobacco, and foundry and lumber products ; center of coal industry. Population, 1900, 34.159. Peoria, second city in size, has an extensive grain trade ; chief indus- tries, distilling and manufacture of agricultural implements and glucose. Population, 1900, 56,100. Quincy, population, 1900, 36,252. Bockford, population, 31.051. Railways.— Illinois ranks first in railway mileage. State has 6 per cent of total mileage of United States. Number of miles of railway in 1850,111; 1860, 2,790; 1870, 4.823; lSSo. 7.S.Y1; 1890. 10,115.90; 1895, 10.620.19, July, 1900. 11,002.93. Per 100 square miles of territory. 19.65. Education.— School system founded 1855: township high schoois first established 1867. Public school enrollment, 1899-1900. 958,911; pri> vate, 142,496, expenditure, 817.757.145. School age. 6-21: compulsory school age, 7-14. Text-books furnished to indigent children. Public high schools, 344. Northwestern University, Evanston; University of Chicago, 1892: University of Illinois, Urbana; Illinois College, 1829; oth- ers: LakeForest; Lincoln; Knox; Roekford (women); i normal schools. Political.— State, congressional, and presidential elections, Tues- day after first Monday in November: number of Senators, 51: Repre- sentatives, 153; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Wed- nesday after first Monday in January; limit of session, none; term of Senators 4 years; Representatives 2 years. Electoral votes, 27. ""> oters must be actual citizens; residents of State 1 year, of county 90 days, town and precinct 30 days; registration required: ballot reform; con- victs, unless pardoned, excluded. Women vote on school matters. Legal Holidays.— January 1st, February 12th, February 22d, May 30th, Julv 4th, first Monday in Sentember, any day appointed by Governor or President for Fast or Thanksgiving. December 25th. If Sundav, then Monday is holiday. Notes payable on Saturday. Legal. —Statutes of limitation: Judgments, actions for recovery of land,20years; written evidence of indebtedness, 10 years; unwritten contracts, personal actions, 5 ; redemption of tax sales. 2 years. Legal Interest, 5 per cent; by contract, 7; usury forfeits entire interest, MICHIGAN. 99 MTnTTTfl A AT Mish'-e-gan. ±U,Al_y_Ll.HJr^l> • "Wolverine State." Indian— signifies "Great Sea." Historical.— Explored by Champlain 1615. Colonized by Jesuit missionaries under leadership of Marquette, at Sault Ste. Marie, 1668. French formed treaty of friendship with Indians and took formal pos- session of country 1671; ceded it to Great Britain 1763; British held ter- ritory after the Revolution until 1796. Detroit founded 1701. Michigan formed part of the Northwest Territory, organized 1787; became a part of Indiana Territory 1802; Michigan Territory formed 1805. Scene of active warfare during "War of 1812-15; Detroit surrendered to British 1812; abandoned by them 1813. Michigan became a State, January 26, 1837— the twenty-sixth State; thirteenth admitted under the Federal Constitution. Present constitution adopted 1850. Area.— Total area, 58,915 square miles; land, 36,755,200 acres, or 57,430 square miles, water, 1,485 square miles. Average width of Lower Pen- insula, 200 miles; length north to south, 300. Upper Peninsula — area, 22.580 square miles: length east to west, 318 miles; width, 30 to 164 miles. Total number of counties in State, 83. Physical Features.— State consists naturally of two peninsulas separated by Straits of Mackinac— width four miles — and surrounded in great part by Lakes Superior, Huron, and Michigan. Entire coast line, 1,600 miles. Surface of Upper Peninsula rugged and mountainous, especially in the west; eastern portion heavily timbered or covered with grasses, and interspersed with numerous lakes; the Tahquamenon, the largest river, enters Lake Superior from the east. Numerous streams in the west contain many falls and rapids, affording much valuable water-power. Menominee River largest and most important; Michi- gamme and Sturgeon next in importance. Highest elevation Porcupine Mountain, 2,023 feet. Surface of Lower Peninsula generally undulating; in the south and west are prairie lands; northern portion hilly; highest elevation 574 feet; lakes and streams abound; principal rivers, Muskegon, Grand, Kalamazoo, St. Joseph, and Saginaw; all furnish much valuable wjater-power, largely utilized. State has many natural lake harbors. Michigan includes a large number of islands, chief of which are Isle Royal and Grand Island in Lake Superior; Drummond and Sugar, Lake Huron, and the Manitou group, Lake Michigan. Throughout the islands, shores, and inland lakes are located many attractive and nota- ble summer resorts. Forests and jL umber.— Forests, one of the most important sources of wealth. Second to Wisconsin in the lumber industry. In- terests have chiefly centered in Lower Peninsula, which contained most extensive pine forests in the country, with large tracts of cedar and hardwoods. Four-fifths of entire area of Upper Peninsula heavily timbered. Pine and white cedar cut extensively. The large and valu- able tracts of hardwoods practically untouched; spruce and white poplar furnish wood pulp for extensive paper manufactures, and some maple or birch are cut. Among the leading lumber centers of Lower Peninsula are Bay City, Saginaw, Muskegon, Manistee, and Traverse City; Upper Peninsula — Menominee, Escanaba, Manistique, St. Ig- nace, Ford River, and Munising. Estimated amount of standing tim- ber in pine and hemlock, 1896, 18 billion feet; white pine, 6 billion. Timber owned, 14.546.KJO.000 feet B. M. Cut, 1900, 3.462,152,000 feet. Sawed lumber produced. 3,018.338.000 feet; value §35.865,616. Aggre- gate rough lumber, 3,012.057.000 feet; total value $35,784,606. Climate of Lower Peninsula greatly influenced by surrounding lakes; winters milder than in States in same latitude on west side of Lake Michigan. Climate of Northern Peninsula cold and rigorous, but more uniform than in Lower Peninsula, where sudden changes are not rare; atmosphere clear, bracing, and invigorating. Healthfulness of region attracts many visitors afflicted with bronchial and pulmonary diseases. Rainfall abundant and very evenly distributed throughout the year. Mean annual temperature: Detroit, 48.3 deg.; highest, 101 deg.; lowest, 24 deg. below; annual rainfall, 32. : J . inches. Highest temperature: Marquette, 100 deg.; lowest, 27 deg. below; precipitation, 32.4 inches. Agriculture the leading occupation in Lower Peninsula. In Upper Peninsula industry has received less attention, but number of farms and cultivated area are steadily increasing. Total number of 100 3 =5 l/> 2 o 2 Ul a .X 2: !u DC Ul fed I .Hf 1 " 3 < 101 5: z BL. !_ i* 1 102 U NITED STATES. ■ farras In State, 1900, 203,261 : total area, 17,561,698 acres; average number of acres In each farm, 86.40. Area of Improved land. 11,799.250 acres; unimproved, 5,762,448 acres. All cereals yield abundantly In the Lower Peninsula, and, with the exception of cirri are grown success- fully in Upper Peninsula. Root crops of superior quality are pro- duced in large quantities. Michigan is especially famous for potatoes grown, particularly those from Lake Superior and Grand Trs Bay regions. Culture of sugar beet has proven highly successful; second producing State. Area devoted to beet culture, 1900. was 37.034 acres; yield, 205,925 tons; total cost of beets grown. $9u2..7.)2. In 1901, Michigan ranked eighth in production of oats, third in rye, and fourth In buckwheat. Other products, flax, hops, sorghum. Farm products, 1900: Wheat, 9,271,764 bushels, value 86,397.517; barlev. 904,806 bushels, value $425,259; corn, 38,888,460 bushels, value $14.3S8,730 ; oats, 33,689,536 bushels, value $8,759,279, hay, 1,727,617 tons, value $16,325,981; potatoes, 16.6:30,941 bushels, value 84,324,025 ; rye. 1,041.068 bushels, value $499,713; beans, 1899, 1,806,413 bushels, value $2,361,020. Horticulture one of the most profitable industries in the State. Soil and climate of the Lower Peninsula adapted to the cultivation of all orchard and garden fruits of the temperate zone. "Fruit Belt" comprises particularly the western counties bordering on Lake Michi- gan, where peaches are largely grown. Apples the most important crop; pears, plums, and cherries abundant; grapes flourish throughout the State. Berries yield large annual crops; constantly increasing areas devoted to the culture; strawberry ranks first; raspberry, red and black, and blackberry following. Cranberry acreage large, especially around St. Joseph. Market gardening, truck farming, commercial floriculture, and the nursery industry important and growing pursuits. Value fruit crop, 1899, S5.S59.362; orchard, $3,675,845; small, $1,680,840; grapes, $503,268. Fruit produced: Apples, 8,931,569 bushels; peaches, 339.i:3;; plums. 213,682; cherries, 194.541 ; pears. 170,702. Strawberry area, 10.837 acres; product, 18,384,340 quarts. Trees, 1900, 22,502,414; apple, 10,927.899; peach, 8,104,415. Live Stock.— Number and value of farm animals, June, 1900: Horses, 586,559, 835.903.557; sheep, 2,747.609. $7,162,664: milch cows, 563.905, 817.281,805: other cattle, 812,503, $10,883,451; swine. 1.165,200, $4,588,898; mules, 2.916, 8158,475. Wool clip, 1901, 10.555,942 pounds. Fisheries.— Commercial fisheries of Michigan among the most important in the country. Industry employs 4.500 men ; annual catch nearly 3,3000,000 pounds. Whitefish and lake trout most valuable of food-fish taken; other important varieties found in the bordering lakes and inland waters are pike-perch, herring, suckers, perch, and sturgeon. Report for 1897 gives total catch for year, 32.602,745 pounds, value. $709,831; whitefish, 4.639,014 pounds, £136.777; lake trout. 6,580.454 pounds, 8246,121; herring, 12,957,646 pounds, 898,510; sturgeon, 184,881 pounds, $64,030. Fish culture, under management of State Fish Com- mission, has become an important enterprise. State has stations at Northville, Detroit, Alpena, Sault Ste. Marie. Eggs collected at North- ville and sub-stations, 1900-01. 218.546,092: lake trout, 13.779,000; white- fish, 203,560,000; brook trout, 1,019.442. Eggsand fish shipped. 189.919,627; whitefish, 177.495,000; lake trout, 11,280.000; brook trout, 1,001,3S0. Manufactures include lumber, salt, furniture, agricultural imple- ments, carriages, wagons, sash, doors, fiour, etc.; shipbuilding an im- portant factor in Industries of State. 1900 reports give total value of manufactured articles as $.356,944,082. Lumber the most prominent of the manufacturing interests. Michigan. Wisconsin, and Minne- sota produce over one-fourth the total output of the United States, Value of sawmill products, over $42,500,000: planing-mill products, $18,292,013. Furniture manufactories among the most extensive in the country. Manufacture of salt an important industry. First salt made in I860; State ranked first, 1901, with 37.6 per cent of the total amount; output, 7,729,641 barrels, value $2,437,677. Output of pig iron, 1901, 170.762 tons; production Bessemer pig, 39.941 tons. Brick and tile manufactured, 1900, $1,147,378; common brick. $863,250; pressed, 848,411; vitrified paving brick, 860.000; drain tile, 8114.747: pottery, $34,317; Portland cement, 775 .(XX) barrels. Amount of malt liquors, produced, 1900,911,268 barrels; total value exceeds $5,290,000. Xumberof silk factories, 1900, 2. In 1900 there were 9 beet-sugar establishments, capitalized at over $4,000,000. Production, 33,708,283 lbs; value $1,600,284. MICHIGAN. 103 Minerals.— Michigan has an inexhaustible store of mineral wealth. Iron ore? the most valuable, ranked, 1901, next to Minnesota in production. Iron country consists of three well-defined districts— Marquette. Menominee, and Gogebic ranges, deposits lie in western half of Northern Peninsula, ranges treacling nearly east and west. First shipments of iron ore made in 1856. Total output of iron ore, 1895. 5312,444 tons- 1901, 9,654,067 tons, or 33.42 per cent of total product of United States. Of this amount about 97.23 per cent was red hematite ore. 2.42 per cent was magnetite, and .34 per cent was brown hematite. Copper mines in State next in importance to the iron. Mineral or Copper range extends from Keweenaw Point, Northern Peninsula, southwesterly parallel with Lake Superior Dis- trict contains some of the richest copper mines in the world ; Lake Superior ores, unexcelled in quality, command the highest prices in home and foreign markets. First mention of Lake Superior copper mines made bv Legarde 1636. Attention first directed to Isle Royal 1640. First attempts at copper mining 1770-2. Lake Superior region first visited by Dr. Houghton 1830. Organization of companies and location of permits began in 1842. Lake Portage region, explored 1846-7, became prominent 1860. Mining on Ontonagon range began in 1S43 ; output unimportant until 1847. In I s ") district yielded largest mass of native copper ever discovered : weight of nugget over 563 tons ; value over 1500,000. Calumet and Hecla. the largest and richest copper mines in the world, discovered 1866. From lSs} inclusive to 1901 inclusive, Lake Superior mines produced 2,124.323,652 pounds of copper, 1883, 59,702,404 pounds : 1893, 112,605,078 pounds ; 1901. 156.289.481 pounds. Coal area comprised 6,700 square miles: total product. 1901, 1.241.241 tons, 11,753,064. Salt wells opened in Saginaw Vallev. 1859, State greatest producer in 1901 ; output. 7,729,641 barrels, value 82,437.677. Gold dis- covered 1881. near Ishpeming: regular mining begun 1882; 1900, 1,403 fine oz. $29,000. Vein discovered at Michipicoten. r 97. Silver occurs with copper mined. Gypsum, 1900, 129.654 short tons. $285,119. Building Stones.— Large quantities of sandstone, unsurpassed for building purposes, are found along Lake Superior coast; in 1900 the value of sandstone quarried was 81:52.650. Beautiful serpentines are quarried near Marquette. Limestone, granite, mica, marble, glass sand, and asbestos deposits are found Brick and tile clays exist throughout the State, and are largely utilized. Total value of lime- stone, $425,636; used for road-making. §62.815. Population.— Total population, 1810, 4.762; 1840.212.267; 1860,749.113; 1890. 2.003.889. 1900, 2,420.982. Male. 1.248.905; female, 1.172.077; native, 1.879.329; foreign. 541.653; white. 2.398.563; colored, 22,419; Africans, 15316: Chinese, 240; Japanese. 9; Indians. ^354. Cities.— Detroit, port of entry on Detroit River, largest city in the State, and an important railway center; has an extensive American and Canadian trade in grain, wool, copper, pork, etc. State capital 1837 to 1847 ; population. 1900, 285.704. Grand Rapids, at head of navi- gation on Grand River, second city in size ; fine water-power, utilized largely in t'.e manufacture of lumber, furniture, wagons, woodenware, etc.; population, 87 ,565. Saginaw, prominent railway center.with flour- ishing industries, lumber and foundry products lead ; population, 42,345. Bay Citif, an important lake port on Saginaw River near its mouth; most important industrial enterprises, lumber and salt; one of the six principal lumber centers of the Xorthwest; population, 27.628. Jack- son. a nourishing city on Grand River; population, 25.180. Muskegon, on Muskegon River, near Lake Michigan, has large trade by water and rail; chief export lumber; population, 20,818. Lansing, capital, on Grand River; center of a fine agricultural region and has important manufacturing industries: population, 16.485. Menominee has large lumber and planing mills; population. 12,818. Ishpeming, in vicinity of extensive iron mines, one of chief centers of iron industry, has smelting works, foundries, etc.; population. 13.255. Sault 8te. Marie, at rapids Of St. Mary River, near outlet of Lake Superior. Here is the famous Soo Canal and a great international bridge; Falls furnish magnificent water-power; principal manufactures, lumber and its products; popu- lation. li>..~>.;>. Marquette, on Lake Superior, has a good harbor and Is the principal port for the great iron district: population, 10,058. Esca- naba, on Green Bay, one of the largest ore shipping ports in the world; Important trade in'lumber and fish; population, 9,549. 104 Lougitnde West fro 106 UNITED STATES. Railways, Etc.— First railroad chartered 1832. Michigan Central completed, Detroit to Ypsllanti, 1838 Miles in operation. 1840. 59; i860, 779; 1870, 1,638; 1880, 8,988; 1890. 7,108; July, 1900, 8,195.18. Sault Kte. Marie Canal, over 1 mile long, 100 feet wide, 21 feet deep, begun 1853; first used 1855; extensions were opened in l sk ^i and In 18 o. Education, Etc.— Public school enrollment, 1899, 198,665; private, 15,568; expenditure, s6 .539,1 46; school age. 5-30; compulsory, 7 -15; text- books furnished. Educational Institutions include University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Detroit College, at Detroit; Normal schools at Ypsllanti. Marquette, and Mt. Pleasant; Agricultural College near Lansing; Michigan Mining School, Houghton. Political.— State elections, biennial. State, congressional, and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November. Num- ber of Senators, 32; Representatives, 100: term, 2 years; sessions biennial, first Wednesday in January; limit of session, none Number of elect- oral votes, 14. Voters must be citizens or declared intention, residents of the State and county 6 months, district 20 days; registration required; ballot reform. Aliens who have not declared intention 6 months pre- vious to election, Indians, and duelists excluded. Women vote on school matters. Legal Holidays.- January 1, February 22, May 30, July 4, first Monday in September, Thanksgiving, December 25. When holiday falls on Sunday the following Mondav is observed. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 10 years; open accounts, 6; notes, 6, redemption of tax sales, 1 year. Legal interest rate, 5 per cent, by contract, 7. Production of Iron Ores in United States in 1900. TON'S. TOSS. Michigan 9,926,727 Montana, Nevada, Utah, Minnesota 9,834.399 N.Mexico, andWyoming 132.277 Alabama .2,759.247 Ohio... 61,016 Virginia and West Vir- Kentucky 52,920 ginia 921,821 Missouri 41,366 Pennsylvania 877,684 Connecticut and Massa- Wisconsin 746,105 chusetts 31,185 Tennessee 594.171 Maryland 26,223 New York 441.485 Texas 16,881 Colorado. 407,084 Iowa •_ 2,137 New Jersey 344.247 Georgia and N.Carolina 336,186 Total 27,553,161 World's Production of Iron Ore, 1895. TONS. TONS. United States ...15,957,614 Sweden 1,904,662 Great Britain.... 12,615,414 Belgium. 312,637 Germany and Luxem- Italy 183,371 burg 12,349,600 Canada 91,783 Spain 5,514,339 Cubaand other countries 1,386,044 France 3,679,767 Faissia 2,700,000 Total 59,035,404 Austria-Hungary 2,340,173 Copper Production of Michigan for Ten Years. Tons. TONS. 1891 ...: '- 50,992 1896 64,073 1892 54,999 1897 64,858 .1893 ".... 50,270 1898 66.291 1894" 51.031 1899 65,803 1895 " 57,137 1900 64,938 The World's Copper Production, 1900. TONS. TONS. UnitedStates 270.588 British America 10.346 Spain and Portugal 53.522 Peru Japan 27,840 Russia 8.000 Chile 25.7(H) South Africa 6,720 .Australia 22.500 All other countries 11,435 Mexico 22,050 — -— - Germany 2o,410 Total... 487,331 WISCONSIN. 107 WISCONSIN. 5S8ESW" Indian— "Wild Rushing Channel." Historical.— Earliest explorations made by French, 1634; Jesuit missions founded at La Pointe, 1665; Green Bay, 1669. First settlers located on present site of Prairie du Chien, 1726; trading post estab- lished at Milwaukee, 1785; citv founded, 1835. Portage City founded, 1793. Lead regions discovered by Le Sueur, 1700; developed, 1822-32. Region included in Northwest Territory, 1787, and afterward in Indian Terri- tory; became part of Illinois Territory, 1809; Michigan Territory, 1818. Wisconsin Territory organized April 20, 1836. Admitted into the Union, May 29, 18J8. Seventeenth State admitted and the last formed out of the old Northwest Territory. Area.— Total area, 56,040 square miles; land, 54,450; water, 1,590; ex- treme length, north to south, 300 miles; east to west, 250. Counties, 71, Reserved land, 365,353 acres. Physical Features.— Surface an elevated rolling plain of wood- laud and prairie, sloping generally to the south and east. Elevation of State ranges from 610 feet to about 1,800. Shore line on Lakes Superior and Michigan over 500 miles. Wisconsin remarkable for number of interior lakes; eastern and western portions of State contain 2,000. Many of them are noted summer resorts. Mississippi River forms the southwestern boundary for 250 miles; Fox, Wisconsin, and Chippewa rivers furnish extensive and valuable water power. Climate.— Winters long and somewhat severe; severity tempered, however, by the healthful character of the dry, stimulating atmos- phere. Summers warm. Mean summer temperature varies from 70 deg. In south to about 60 deg. in north; winter, 25 deg. in south to 15 deg. in north. Average annual rainfall about 30 inches. At Milwaukee, 32.1 inches; mean annual temperature, 45.2 deg.; highest, 100 deg.; lowest, 25 deg. below. Agriculture.— State well adapted to the growing of cereals; third, 1900, in oats, rye, and potatoes, fourth in barley. Cereals: Corn, 49.547.240 bushels; wheat crop. 13.166,599 bushels; barley crop. 6,259.179 bushels; oats, 61.971.552 bushels. Excellent tobacco, hops, and tlax, and large crops of hav and potatoes are grown. Area under grass, 1900, 1,059,438 acres; hay produced, 1,218,354 tons; potatoes, 151,647 acres, 15,619,641 bushels; rve, 3.010,437 bushels: flaxseed, 1899, 140,765 bushels, 8143,239; tobacco, 45,500.480 pounds. $2,898,091. Horticulture.— Total value of fruit crop, 1899, 81,117,683; small fruit, 88:35,119; orchard fruit, S267,391 Apple trees, 1900. 2.557,265; cherry, 273.740; plums and prunes, 94.338; pear, 26,766. Fruit produced, 1899: Apples, 303,373 bushels; cherries, 31,067 bushels; plums, 12,166 bushels; cranberries, 111,098 bushels; strawberries, 7.343,740 quarts. Live Stock and Dairy.— stock-farming is a leading and profit- able pursuit. Number and value of farm animals, 1900: Horses, 555.756, value $34,316,475; mules, 4.490. 8243,495; sheep, 1,675.453, 84,510,350: milch cows, 998.397, 829.642,522; other cattle. 1.315.7ns, 8 17. 206 .893; swine, 2.014,- 631, 87.580,423. Wool clip, 1901, 4,712.500 pounds. Dairying an important industry; second in list of cheese-producing States and second in number of creameries. Value of dairy products on farms, 1899, 826,779,721; value of factory products, $20,120,147. Fisheries.— Inland lakes and streams contain numerous varieties of excellent fish. Wisconsin Fish Commission, established 1874, an- nually stocks the waters with trout, whitefish, pike, and carp. Hatch- eries located at Madison, Milwaukee and Bayfield. Wall-eyed pike the most valuable. Number pounds whitefish, lake trout, herring, blue fins, etc., taken in Lake Michigan, 1896, 9,953,000; in Lake Superior, 7,8SO,200; Green Bav, 26.32s.ooo. Total pounds taken in Wisconsin waters, 46,361. -jo 1 ), value 81.015,595. Manufactures.— Chief manufacturing cities are Milwaukee, Su perior, La Cross-, Oshkosh, and Racine Principal products lumber, flour and feed, machine Bhop and foundry products, beer and malt liquors, wagons and carriages, packed meats, and leather. Number of manufacturing establishments in 1900 was 16,187; capital. 8X30,588,779; value of products, $360,818,942; employes, 152,836; wages paid, 870,000.- 000. State ranked eighth. 1900, in manufacture of flour; fourth In fermented liquor. Pig iron manufactured, about 217,451 tons. Coke, 108 109 * 9 , 9 J*h the I , i % t {till §1 51 if I I < 1 gg-S 5 & I 110 UNITED STATES. 48,000 short tone, value $240,000. Value of brick and tile, $1,072,179; pot- tery, $293,395; lime. $442,5%. Fermented liquor, L900-0! . 3,240,71 1 barrels; distilled spirits, 2,426 ,613 gallons. In 1900, flouring mills yielded an out- put valued at 82(5.327,942; value lumber and timber products. 157,684,816; tanneries, value $20,074,373; malt liquors, value 119394,709; textiles, $4,238,242; boots, etc., $4,791,684; foundry and machine shop products, value $22,252,730; meat packing, $13.601 425; paper and wood pulp i ranks fifth), 110,895.576; planimr mills, value $s. 400.695; iron and steel, value $8,905,226; furniture, value $8,721,823; agricultural implements, value $7,886,363 ; railway shop construction, value $6,956,341 ; carriages, wagons, etc., value $6,306,823. Lumber.— Lumbering next to agriculture the leading Industry; became prominent about 1870. In 1880 Wisconsin ranked next to Penn- sylvania and Michigan; 1890 occupied second place; 1900 first. White pine forms two-thirds of total cut; estimated stand white pine, 1S97, 17,000.01)0,1)00 feet; cut since 1897, 7,500,000,000 feet. Timber owned, 10,387,800,000 feet; white pine, 4,747,600,000 feet; Norway pine, 2,518,700,- 000 feet; hemlock, 1,718,200,000 feet; white oak, 813,600,000 feet. Cut, 1900, $3,560,828,000 feet. Output of hardwood rough lumber was 570,00 '.- 000 feet valued at 87.207.623. Minerals. — Wisconsin ranks high among iron-producing States. Magnetic ores are found in the Menominee Region, while ores mined in the north are peculiarly well adapted for making Bessemer steel. In 1900 State ranked fourth in production of red hematite; all iron ores, 746,105 tons, $2,081,2?2. Lead, zinc, and copper are found; good building stone and excellent clay are abundant. Xearly one-half the counties produce limestone. Value of output, $989,685. Value of granite, $407,711; sandstone, $81,571; raw clay, $40/723; mineral waters, $1,261,312. Population, 1840, 30,945; 1870, 1,054,670; 1890, 1,686,880. Population, census of 1900,2,069.042; the classification was: Male, 1,067,562; female, 1,001,480; native, 1,553,071; foreign, 515.971; white, 2.057,911; colored, 11,131 ; Africans, 2,542. Chinese, 212 ; Japanese, 5 ; Indians, 8,372. Cities.— Milwaukee, largest city, prominent railway, manufactur- ing, and commercial center; has immense flour mills, numerous brew- eries, and pork-packing establishments; population, 1900, 285,315. Superior, second city, prominent industrial and commercial center; chief manufactures, iron and steel; shipbuilding important industry; a leading port for shipments of iron ore, lumber. and grain: population, 31,091. Racine, on Lake Michigan, has a flourishing trade in grain; manufactures farm implements, etc.; population, 29,102. La Crosse has numerous manufactories and an important trade in lumber, pop- ulation, 28,895. Madison, capital; well-known summer and health re- sort, seat of State University; population, 19,164. Oshkoxh, on Lake Winnebago, at mouth of Fox River; prominent lumber center: popula- tion, 28,284. Sheboygan, on Lake Michigan, has extensive manufac- tures, large export trade in grain, and dairy interests; population. 22 ,962. Railways.— First railway in State, 20 miles in length, constructed 1850; number of miles in operation, 1855, 187; 1860, 905; 1870, 1,525; 1880, 3,155; 1890, 5,615. July, 1900, 6,530.52 miles. Education.— In southern and central parts of the State, outside of cities, the district system is universal; in newer counties, town- ship system common. Public school enrollment, 1899-1900. 445,142, pri- vate, 52,658; expenditure, $5,493,370; school age, 4-20; compulsory school age 7-14; text-books may be furnished. Public high schools, 231; pri- vate secondary schools, 23. University of Wisconsin, Madison, opened, 1849; State Public School, Sparta. Political.— Number of senators, 33; Representatives, 100; term of Senators, 4years; Representatives. 2 years. Number of electoral votes, 13. Voters must be actual citizens or declared intention, residents of State 1 year, county, town or precinct 10 days; registration required in larger cities; ballot reform. Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22. May 30, July 4. first Monday in September. Thanksgiving, December 25, and general elec- tion. Arbor Day and Bird Day by proclamation. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, sealed instruments. 20 years; recovery real property, 10; unsealed contracts. 6; personal action, 2. Redemption of tax sale, 3 years. Legal interest, 6 per cent; by contract, 10. MINNESOTA. Ill MINNESOTA. g^ggS. £2Z2S5Si Indian— " Minne Sotah," signifies "Cloudy "Water." Historical.— Section east of Mississippi River formed part of North- west Territory, acquired 1783; .section west part of Louisiana Purchase. Visited by French fur traders 1659; explored by Hennepin 1680; forts established on Lake Pepin 1688 and 1727. Explorations by Major Long 1817-1823; Fort Suelliug established 1819. Minnesota Territory organized with nearly twice its present area 1849. Entered Union under present limits l-.5<.'thirty-secoud State. Scene of Indian massacres 1861-5. Area, S3.365 square miles; land, 79,205; water, 4,160; extreme length, north and south, 380 miles; breadth varies from 337 in north to 183 in center and 282 in south. Counties, 83. Unappropriated land, 3,553,143 acres, unsurveyed 2,019,508 acres. Physical Features.— Surface in general an undulating plain; elevation varies from about 2,400 feet in Mesabi Range in the north to 602 feet, base level of Duluth ; average elevation of State, 1,000 feet. Mississippi River rises in State, flows through or alone border 797 miles; forms 134 miles of eastern boundary; navigable within the State, 540 miles. Red River < of north) constitutes C79 miles of western boundary; navigable 250 miles. Minnesota River most important tributary of Mississippi in State; length about 450 miles. Estimated lakes, 7,000. Climate extremely healthful; winters usually long and cold; severity markedly tempered by extreme dryness of the atmosphere; summers warm and comparatively moist. Mean annual rainfall at St. Paul, 27.5 inches; mean annual temperature, 43.6 deg. ; highest, 104 deg. ; lowest, 41 deg. below. Agriculture the leading industry, two-thirds of State adapted to pursuit. Wheat occupies largest acreage; other cereals and root crops largely grown. Over one-third of flaxseed produced in United States grown in vicinity of St. Paul, Duluth, and Minneapolis. Culture of sugar beet advancing; area devoted to industry 1899,2,114 acres; quantity produced, 15,959 tons, valued at $59,826. In 1900 State ranked second in wheat, third in barley, sixth in rve, seventh in oats. Area and vield of products 19oo: Wheat crop. 51. 50j ,251 bushels, value $32,450,- 829; buckwheat. 143.460 bushels, value . 3-81, 772; corn, 31.794,703 bu., value $9,220,465; oats, 41,907,046 bushels, value SIO.u57.691; potatoes. 8.636.053 bushels, value $2,590,817; barley crop, 7,275.251 bushels, value $2,764,595: hay, 1,423,344 tons, value S9.892.241; rye, 1.036,444 bushels, value *435,306. Horticulture, Etc —Fruit culture receiving increased attention; apples, plums, grapes, and small fruits do well. Chief grape-producing counties, Cottonwood, Hennepin, Houston, and Nicollet; apple coun- ties, Freeborn, Goodhue, Houston, Olmsted, and Winona. Area under grapes, 1899, 230 acres; product, 573.300 pounds. Apple trees, 1900, 875,905; plums, etc., 191,313. Fruit produced, 1899:' Apples, 120.143 bushels; plums, 21,820; strawberries, 2,506,(20 quarts. Total value of fruit crop, 8464,212. Live Stock and Dairy interests Important. Value of animal products, 1899, $45,522,367; eggs. $4,437,148. Cattle, horses, sheep, and swine largely raised; southwestern sections particularly adapted to wool growing. Slaughtering and pork packing important industries. Farm animals June, 1900: Horses, 696,409. value $42,255,044: sheep, 589.878, $1,740,088; milch cows. 753.632, $21,513,337: other cattle, 1,118.693, $14,735,- 621; swine, 1,440,806, $5,865,590; mules, 8.339, $436,580. Wool clip, 1901, 2,679.978 pounds. Great progress in dairying. In 1893, 201 creameries and 93 cheese factories produced 35 .864 .832 pounds of butter and 1,675,- 525 pounds of cheese. Butter factories, 1900, 538; cheese, 47; factory butter, 41,174,469 pounds; value $7,735,345; cheese, 3,285,019 pounds, value, $245,954. Butter, cheese, and milk on farms valued at $16,623,460. Fisheries*— Among the interior states commercial fisheries of Minnesota next in importance to those of Illinois and Louisiana. Most extensive fisheries m Mississippi River and Lake of Woods, fisheries of St. Croix River, Big Stone, and many other lakes also important. Catch chiefly sturgeon, buffalo-fish, catfish, and pike. No reliable statistics to date. Men, 1894. 936; catch, 6,401,280 pounds, value $162,782. Lake sturgeon. 1,137,053 pounds. $34322; buffalo-fish, 1,587,802 pounds, $31,228; wall-eyed pike, 651,850 pounds, $20,128; catfish, 747,274 pounds, V 113 / 114 UNITED STATES. $18,200; common whitefish. 413,119 pounds, $10,359; pike, 896,165 pounds, «io,o42; shovel-nose sturgeon, 443,893 pounds. $8,868; sauger, 150595 pounds, $0, 29.269 tons; brick and tile manufactured was si, 103 .302 ; potterv, $293,395. Manufacturing establishments, 1900,11.114; employes; 84.553. Fermented liquor, 1900-01, 738,325 bbls. Gross value of products, $262,655,881. Lumber.- -Industry started. 1821; became important, 1880-1890. Estimated stand of white pine. 1899, 11 or 12 billion feet. Timber owned, 7,991,100,000 feet; white pine, 4,29o,ooo.oo ' feet; Norway pine, 2,623,300,- 000 feet; spruce, 894.000,000 feet: hardwoods, 1S3.ooo.ikk) feet. Cut, 1900, 2.441,198.000 feet; white pine, 2.250.841,000 feet. Sawed lumber pro- duced, 2,312.: .38.000 feet, value $28,637,800; conifer— rough. 2,279,663,000 feet, value. $27,863,684; shii.gles, 49S.Suo.oiki, value s6S3,2o7. Production of lumber at Minneapolis, 1870 to 1900. 8.77o,590.4(K)feet : shipments, 1899, 492,975.000 feet. Total lumber cut, Duiuth District, 1881 to 1900,5,634,- 364,800 feet: 1899, 731,600,000 feet. minerals.— In 1900 second in production of iron ore; output 9,834,- 399 long tons, or35.70 per cent of entire product of United States, valu- ation $24,384,393, all red hematite, in which State ranks first with 43 per cent total. Copper along Lake Superior; salt springs in Red River Val- ley; peat deposits throughout State. Quarrying important industry. In 1900 fourth in output of sandstone. $267,000: limestone. 8441.554; granite, $221,684; rock cement manufactured, 1^99,113.98'i bb Is., $56,793. Population.— Total, 1850. 6.077: 1S90, 1.301,826; 1900, 1.751.394: Male, 932,490: female, 818,904; native, 1.246.076; foreign. 505.318: white. 1.737,- 636; colored, 14,358; Africans, 4,959; Chinese, 166; Japanese, 51; Indians, 9 182 Cities.— Minneapolis, on Mississippi River at Falls of St. Anthony, largest city; has large lumber and flour mills, latter most extensive in the world; population, 202,718. St. Paul, capital, second city in size; head of uninterrupted steam navigation on Mississippi River , extensive commercial and manufacturing interests; population, 163,065. Dnhith, on Lake Superior, head of navigation on Great Lakes and prominent railway terminus; large grain trade and important shipbuilding inter- ests; valuable deposits of iron, granite, and freestone near by; popu- lation, 52,969. Winona, on Mississippi River, has large trade in wheat; has flour and sawmills, foundries, etc.; population. 19,714. Stillwater, on St. Croix River, seat of State Penitentiary; population, 12,318. Railways. -First railroad, St. Paul to St. Anthony-10 miles- completed July. 1862. Mileage, 1870, 1,092; 1SS0, 3,151; 1390, 5,545 ; June, 1896, 6,155.85; July, 1900, 6,942.57. Mt Education.— Public school enrollment, 1899-1900, 399.20 1 ; expendi- ture, $5 .630,013: pupils in private schools. 20.073. School age. 5-21. compul- sory, 8-16. Public high schools, 115. University of Minnesota. Minne- apolis, opened in 1S6S; State public school, Owatonna. established 1885. Normal Schools at Winona. Mankato, St. Cloud, Moorhead. and Duiuth. Political.— State elections biennial. State, congressional, and presi- dential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November: Senators. 64; Representatives, 114; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years: meet first Wednesday in January; limit of session. 90 days; term of Senators, 4 years; Representatives. 2 years. Number of electoral votes, 9. A oters must be citizens or declared intention, residents of State 6 months, precinct 30 davs: registration required; ballot reform. Idiots, insane, and convicts excluded. Women vote on school matters. Legal Holidays. -January 1, February 12 and 22, Good Friday, May 30, Arbor Day, July 4. first Monday in September, general election day, Thanksgiving. December 25. Legal.- Statutes of limitation: Judgments. 10 years; foreclosure of mortgage, real actions, 15; contracts, 6; redemption of tax sales, 3 years; legal interest rate, 7; by contract, 10, IOWA. 115 lO W A • « Hawkeye State. » Indian— From Algonquin ajawa, "Across " or " Beyond." Historical. —Visited by Marquette and Joliet in 1673. First at- tempted settlement made near present site of Dubuque by French, 1783. Formed part of Louisiana purchase of 1803 and of Missouri Ter- ritory. First permanent settlements made at Dubuque, Fort Madison, and Burlington, 1833. Des Moines established 1843. Iowa Territory organized June, 1S38. State admitted to the Union, December 28, 1846. Twenty-ninth State; sixteenth admitted after adoption of the Constitu- tion. State Constitution adopted 1S46; present Constitution, 1857. Area.— Total area, 56.025 square miles; land, 55,475 square miles, or 85,856,000 acres; water, 550; length, east and west, 300 miles; breadth, 2u3; 99 counties. Physical Features.— Iowa lies entirely within the Frairie Region of the Mississippi Valley; surface generally undulating; mean eleva- tion, 9-25 feet; highest, near Spirit Lake, 1,694 feet; lowest, 444 feet. Mississippi and Missouri rivers form the eastern and western bounda- ries, Doth navigable. Principal interior rivers: Des Moines, draining 10,000 square miles, Iowa, and Little Sioux. Many of the streams pro- vide good water power. Climate.— Winters severe, with heavy snowfalls; summers short and not. Dry, clear atmosphere modifies severity of seasons and renders climate unusuallv healthful. Rainfall abundant but not always evenly distributed. Mean annual rainfall at Des Moines, 33.1 inches; mean annual temperature, 49 deg. ; highest, 104 deg.; lowest, 30 deg. below; average summer temperature, 70.5 deg. Agriculture the main occupation of the people. Iowa one of the leading agricultural States. Soil and climate particularly adapted to the industry. Ranked first in 1900 in corn and hay. second in oats and barley, fifth in potatoes and rye, seventh in wheat. Number of acres under crop, 17.504.840; meadows, 1901, 2,691,550; pasture, 8,107.440 Crops, 1900: Corn, 305,859,948 bushels, value 882,582.186; wheat, 21,798, 223 bushels, value $12,860,952; oats. 130,572,138 bushels, value $26,114,428; barley. 11.7U8.S22 bushels, value $4,332,264; rye, 1.806,570 bushels, value $74u.094; buckwheat. 148.800 bushels, value 195,232: potatoes, 14.004.576 bushels, value 85.181.693; hay. 5.006,470 tons.value $34.043.996— U. S. agri- cultural returns. State reports for 1900 give the production of flax as 1.222.980 bushels, value $1,834,470; sweet potatoes, value $275,000; tim- othy and clover seed, value $1,175,000; sorghum, value S275.OO0: corn fodder, value $9,500,000; pasturage, $30,000,000; straw and other forage, $4,000,000. Less than 1 per cent of soil unfit for cultivation. Horticulture.— Apples grown in abundance; pears, grapes, and small fruits cultivated successfully Value of orchard and vine- yard products. 1899. $2,016,127; small fruits, $878,447. Area devoted to nurseries, 1899, 6.285 acres; value of trees and plants sold, $619,092. Number of orchard trees in the State in 19o0, with yield in 1899: Apple trees, 6,869.588, 3.129.862 bu.;pear trees, 104.046. 5,014 bu.; peach trees, 516.145, 6.481 bu.; plum trees. 1.302.217,186,312 bu.; cherry trees. 791.327, 118.743 bu.; apricot trees, 6.809.378 bu. Grapes. 740.390.fKK) lbs.; raspber- ries and Logan berries, 3,604,210 qts. Fruit culture is growing rapidly. Live £lock interests of great importance and increasing annu- ally in value. State leads in number of swine. Number and value of farm animals, June, 1900: Horses, 1.392.573. value 877.72o.577; mules, 55.747, 13,586,761; sheep, 1,056,718. 83,956.142; milch cows. 1,423.648, $46,- 349.012; other cattle, 3,943,982, $96,116,890; swine, 9,723,791, $43,764,176: wool clip, 1901, 4,726.599 pounds. Dairy and Poultry.— These pursuits rank among the most Im- portant in the State. The number of creameries in 1900 was 816; the amount of butter shipped, 85,380,154 pounds. Value of dairy product, factory . output, was $15346.077: capital employed was $3,459,017. Out- put from farms. 1899, 61 .789 .288 pounds; cheese. 306,429 pounds: value of poultry. $9,491,819; eggs, 99,621,928 dozen, value •10,016,707; honey, 2^39,784 pounds, $305,183; all milk produced, 535,872,240 gallons. I'i-lieries.— Among interior States Iowa commercial fisheries occupy a prominent place. Industry especially important on the Mississippi River: catfish most valuable. Capital invested 1894, $46,710; total catch. 4.079,704 lbs., value .$124,851; catfish, 985,983 lbs., $43,931/ 116 XongHuae"West from C 117 \ ?\\\ Copyright, 1904, hy Hand, McNally 4 Co fa 118 UNITED STATES. buffalo fish, 1,350,144 pounds, $33,209; drum, 704,744 pounds, 815,917; wall- eyed pike, 98,823 pounds, 86,117; carp, 203,377 pounds, 15,218; blacS 37,635 pounds, 12,445; pearl shells, 148,000 pounds, 82,072, eels pounds, 41,612. Man u Iju-i u r«*s.— Manufacturing industries important. Principal articles manufactured: Flour, packed meats, dairy products, lumber, etc., cars, etc., printing. foundry products, carriages, food preparations, etc. Number of establishments, 1900, 14,819- total value products manu- factured, $164,617,877. Slaughtering most important; value of product, $25.<;95.o44; product of dairy factories, $15,846,077. Value of brick and tile manufactured, §2,254,662; pottery, 836,589; stoneware. 125,739. Fer- mented liquor, 1900-01, 259,336 barrels; distilled spirits, 321 gallons. Number of cigar factories having one account, 661; pounds of tobacco used for cigars, 1,001,363, number of cigars made, 90.976,313. Minerals.— Coal and lead are the chief minerals, coal leading in importance. Fields underlie one-third of total area; chief mining regions extend across southern section of State. Twenty-four coun- ties produce commercial quantities; output, 19ol, 5.617.499 tons, value, 87.822,605; employes, 12.653; average number days mines were active, 218. Lead district in northeastern part of State covers 700 square miles. Mines near Dubuque have been most productive, ores yield- ing 70 per cent of lead. Limestone quarried chiefly in eastern and southeastern parts of State ; value of output, 1900, 8586.410. Gypsum worked near Ft. Dodge. Iowa and Kansas. 160.620 tons, value 8543,910. Total value of sandstone quarries, over 819,000. Total value of all stone produced, 1901, 8791.825. Population. — Kanked twenty-ninth in 1840; twentieth, 1860; tenth, 1880 to 19(.)0. Total population, 1900, 2,231,853: Male, l,156.vl'.»; female, 1.075.004; native. 1.925,933; foreign, 305,920; white, 2,218,667; col- ored, 13,186; Africans, 12,693. Cities.— Des Moines, capital and largest city; prominent railway and manufacturing center with an important trade; population, 1900, 62,139. Dubuque, second city in size and oldest place in State: exten- sive commercial and manufacturing center in a lead mining district; population, 1900, 36.297. Davenport, on Mississippi River, is a large distributing center with flourishing manufacturing industries; popula- tion, 35,254. Sioux City, on Missouri River, 88 miles northwest of Omaha, important railway, trading, and manufacturing center; popula- tion, 33,111. Council Bluffs, a flourishing city on Missouri River, is center of several trunk line railways; population. 25,802. Cedar Rapids, & city of rapid growth and with an extensive trade; population, 25,656. Burlington, on Mississippi River, an important manufacturing and railway center in vicinity of coal fields; population, 23,201. Railways.— In 1855 there were 68 miles of railroad; 1860, 655; 1865, 891; 1870,2,683; 1875,3,850; 1880,5,400; 1885, 7,525; 1892, 8,506; July, 1900, 'Education.— Public school enrollment, 1898-99, 554.992: average attendance. 364,409; expenditure, $7,9 "8.060; school age 5-21. Public high schools, 344; private secondary schools, 35. Among educational institutions are: State University, Iowa City; Agricultural College at Ames; Iowa College, Grinnell; Cornell College, Mount 'S ernon; Drake University, Des Moines. Public Normal Schools at Boones- boro, Cedar Falls. Dexter. Hawarden, and Rockwell City. Political.— State elections annual: State, congressional and presi- dential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November. Number of Senators. 50; Representatives. KX); term of Senators. 4 years; Rep- resentatives. 2 years. Number of electoral votes. 13. Voters must be actual citizens;' residents of State 6 months, of cunty 60 days; Legis- lature meets biennially in even years: registration required; ballot reform. Idiots, insane, and criminals excluded. Women vote on school matters. Legal Holidays.— January 1. February 22. May 30. July 4, first Monday in September, general election days. Thanksgiving, Decem- ber 25. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Unwritten contracts, open ac- counts, 5 years; written contracts, action to recover real estate. 10; judgments, 20; redemption from tax sale, 3 years. Legal interest, 7 per cent ; by contract, 8. MISSOURI. 119 MISSOURI. Mi 9 . 8 oo'.ree. Indian— signifies " Muddy." Historical.— French settled at Fort Orleans (near Jefferson City), 1719; St. Genevieve founded by French 1755; St. Louis founded 1764. Ceded to Spain in 1763; retroceded to France 1800; formed part of Louisiana Purchase of 1803; included in Louisiana Territory 1805; Ter- ritory of Missouri organized 1812. Act enabling Missouri to enter the Union as a slave State— known as Missouri Compromise — approved June, 1821. Eleventh State in order of admission. Received present limits 1835. Constitutions adopted 1820, 1865; amended 18>i9 and 1875. Area.— Total area, 69,415 square miles; land, 68.735 square miles, or 48,796,000 acres; water, 680; extreme length, north and south, 275 miles; average breadth, 245 miles; counties, 115. Physical Features.— Missouri River principal natural feature; crosses the State in an easterly direction, dividing it into two sections. Surface of Northern Missouri broken and hilly, with many fine valleys. Southern Missouri crossed by Ozark Mountains; surface east of ele- vated region generally fertile lowlands, well timbered; west consists of prairie lands. Highest altitude, Mansfield, 1,697 feet. Principal rivers, Mississippi and Missouri, affording nearly 1,000 miles of navi- gable waterway; frontage on Mississippi, 500 miles. Forests, Etc.— State is well wooded, except in the northern and western sections. Oak, walnut, sycamore, hickory, locust, and pecan are found. Shipments of lumber 1897. 3ti5.32o.523 i'eet; loes, 14,742,ooo, walnut logs, 3,168,000; piling, 13.986,000; cross-ties, 4,053,686. About 27U.OOO acres of unappropriated land subject to entry ; largely underlaid with minerals and covered with good timber; lands especially adapted to stock-raising and the growing of fruits, vegetables, aud tobacco. Climate, in general mildly temperate and healthful; subject at times to extreme and rapid changes. Average temperature usually ranges colder in north than south. Summer temperature 75 deg. in northwest to 78.30 deg. in southeast; winter 28.30 deg. in northwest to 39.30 deg. southeast. Mean annual rainfall at St. Louis, 41.1 inches; temperature, 56.1 deg.; highest, 106 deg.; lowest, 22 deg. below. Agriculture.— Staple products: Cereals, tobacco, and fruit. Ranks fourth State in the country in production of corn. Other products: Sorghum, hay, potatoes, flax, and castor beans. Cotton raised in the southeast. Area and yield of farm products. 1900: Corn, 6,453,943 acres, 180,710,404 bushels; oats, 901,291 acres, 24.695.373 bushels; wheat crop, 1,507,737 acres, 18.S46.713 bushels; hay, 2,145.748 acres, 2,768,015 tons; potatoes. 108.677 acres. 10.106.961 bushels; Max, 60,000 acres, 54U,ooo bushels; barley, 14,830 bushels; tobacco, 7,585,000 pounds: cotton, 13,362,- 789 pounds, value, §1,198,475; seed, 13,362 tons; rye, 9,607 acres, 134,498 bu., value §21.51!); buckwheat, 2.399 acres, 31,187 bushels, value 868,594. Shipments: 1898, flax, 34.512,810 lbs.; cotton, 24.0lo,9oo lbs. ; cotton-seed products, 15,844,000 lbs.; castor beans. 1.114.055 lbs; hay, 2,919,4:35 bales. Horticulture one of the most profitable pursuits in the State. Fruit farms in Southwestern Missouri important source of wealth; apples and peaches grown extensively. Great increase in number of trees since 1890: Apples trees, 20,040,399, show an increase of 145.9 per cent; peach, 4.557,365, an increase of 127.9 per cent; apricot, 16,190, an Increase of 15.9 per cent; cherry, 679,985, an increase of 78.4 per cent; Pear trees (548,202) have increased more than sixfold, and plum and prune trees (745.187) nearly fivefold since 1890. Total value fruit crop, 1899, $4,309,813; orchard fruit, 82.944,175; small fruit, 81,050,811; grapes, 8314.807, including raisins, etc. Fruit produced, 1899: Apples, 6,496.136 bushels; plums, 111.603; cherries, 62.708; peaches, 61,006; pears, 58,449; apricots, 583. Area under small fruit, 14,860 acres; strawberries most important. Viticulture revived with notable results. Area in nurser- ies, 9,650 acres. Live Stock.— Stock raising one of the most prominent Industries of Missouri. Poultry farming a profitable and growing pursuit in southwestern section. Dairy farming a constantly increasing source of wealth. Number and value of domestic animals, June, 1900: H rees, 967.0.-;;, si-ji9l.SH; mules. 283,519, »15,482,282; sheep, 1 087,213, 18,850,846; milch cows, 765,386, ?23.:>14.794. Total neat cattle. 2.97X.5S9. $75,656,807; swine, 4,524,604, $16,533,935. Wool clip, 1901, 3,938,935 pounds, value 120 e TJruUeyville fi-Oasstilto .'^\o«J* i\'asTibunAAP-/lny r-> Ga y 122 UNITED STATES. 1763.172. Value of animal products, 1899, 997,841, 944; dairy products 115,042,860; poultry, 19,525,252; eggs gathered, 85,203,290 dozen, value 18,815,871. Value of honey and wax, $:;i8,6ol. Fisheries.— Missouri Is one of the foremost of the fishing States of the Interior. The waters of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers afford the principal sources of supply. One-half the catcli is repre- sented by buffalo-fish; next in order of Importance are catfish, crapple, drum, black bass, suckers, and paddlefish. Total catch for year 3.-21,- 054 pounds, value $119,786; buffalo-fish, 1,72 1,078 pounds, value $11,354. Manufactures are among the most extensive in the Union. St. Louis, chief seat of the industries. Greatest amount of capital invested in flouring mills, packing-houses, breweries, manufactories of ma chlnery, tobacco, lumber and timber, clothing factories, car and print- ing works. Ranks first in manufacture of chewing and smoking tobacco; output, 78,472,546 pounds. Ranks sixth in production of fermented liquor. Pig Iron product, 1900, with Colorado, 159,204 tons. Brick and tile, $8,665,093. Common brick, $1,057,497; pressed, 1228,070; vitrified, $252,783; fancy, $42,096; fire brick, $510,166. Pottery, $71. 471. Manufacturing establishments, 19Ui», 18,754; capital Invested $249,888,- 581; gross value of products, $385,492,784. Values: Slaughtered prod- ucts, $43,040,885; tobacco, $27,847,432; flour, etc., $26,393,928. Minerals.— State is rich in mineral wealth; coal, lead, Iron, and zinc are mined; quarries of limestone and sandstone are worked; glass sand, kaolin, and fire clay are plentiful. Deposits of onyx found in Ozarks. Gold has been discovered in St. Charles and Montgomery counties; pearls in Ponime de Terre and Osage rivers. Total value of stone output, 1900, $1,272,747; limestone, $1,079,343: granite. $139,103; sand- stone, $53,401; raw clay, $247,204; mineral waters, $138,820. Coal area, 26,700 square miles; output, 3.540,103 tons, value $4,280,328. In 1901 State ranked third in production of zinc; output, 26.166,000 pounds; total.1882- 1901 inclusive, 483,146,000 pounds. Value of natural gas, 1901, $1,328. Population.— Ranked twenty-third in 1S10 and 1820; thirteenth, 1850; fifth, 1870 to 1900. Total population, 1810. 20.845; 1850, 682.044; 1890, 2,679,184; 1900,3.106.665: Male, 1,595,710; female, 1.510,955; native. 2.890,- 286; foreign, 216,379; white, 2,944.843; colored, 161,822; Africans, 161,234; Chinese, 449; Japanese, 9; Indians, 130. Cities.— St. Louis, metropolis, financial, commercial, and manufac- turing center of State and Mississippi Valley ; fourth city of the Union. ' Population, 575,238. Kansas City, second city in size and commercial importance, has a large wholesale trade and extensive meat packing industry; population, 163,752. St. Joseph, on Missouri River in north- western part of State; important railroad and commercial center; pop- ulation, 1890, 52,324; 1900, 102.979. Joplin, enterprising citv in center of great zinc and lead mining district; population, 26,023; increase since 1890, 161.7 per cent. Springfield, principal citv in Southwestern Mis- souri; population, 23,267. Jefferson City, capital, population, 9,664. Railways.— First road operated in State, 1849— Independence & Missouri-4 miles. Mileage, 185% 139; 1860, 817; 1870,2,000; 1880,3,965; 1890, 6,142; June, 1896, 6,608.47; July, 1900, 6.875.04 miles. Education.— Public school system adopted 1839; public school enrollment, 1899-1900,719,817; white, 685,276; colored. 34,540: private, 15 ,000; expenditure, $7,816,050; school age, 6-21; public high schools, 234. State University at Columbia opened 1841; Lincoln Institute, Jefferson Citv, for education of colored teachers. Normal Schools at Kirksville,War- rensburg, and Cape Girardeau. Political.— State elections, biennial. State, congressional, and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; num- ber of Senators, 34; Representatives, 142; sessions biennial, in odd numbered years, meets first Wednesday in January: limit of session, 70 days; term of Senators, 4 years; Representatives, 2 years. Number of electoral votes, 18. Voters must be citizens or declared intention: residents of State 1 year, county, town, and precinct 60 days; registra- tion required in cities of 100,000 or over; ballot reform. United States soldiers, inmates of asylums, poorhouses, and prisons excluded. Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22, May 30, July 4, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, December 25, and any general or State election. Legal.— Statutes of limitation : Judgments, action on written evi- dence of debt, 10 years; contracts, 5; personal action, 2. Legal interest, 6 per cent; by contract, 8. ARKANSAS. 123 ARKANSAS . « 'Bear^State. » Arc, a bow— prefixed to Kansas. Historical.— Originally a part of Louisiana cession of 1803. Visited by De Soto 1541: by Marquette 1673. Settled by French 16S5; claimed by Spain 1763-1800. Formed part of Louisiana Territory until 1812; of Missouri Territory until 1819, when Arkansas Territory, then including Indian Territory, was organized. Became a State June 15, 1836; the twelfth State admitted to the Fnion. Scene of active military operations during Civil War; seceded May 6, 1801; readmitted 1868. \rea, 53.850 square miles; land, 53,045; water, 805; length, north to south, -240 miles; average breadth, 228 miles. Public lands subject to entry, 3.00S.215 acres. Reserved land, 2.560 acres. Physical Features.— Surface generally rolling; slopes gradually from swampy valley of Mississippi in east to hilly section in west, cul- minating in Ozark Mountains. Highest altitude, Mt. Magazine and Mt. Fourche, 2.800 feet each. Mississippi frontage, 300 to 400 miles Arkan- sas River flows southeasterlv through state, 700 milts, draining an area of 11,270 square miles; navigable 465 miles. White River drains 17,400 square miles. Ouachita drains 11,800; state has about 3.000 miles of waterway navigable throughout the greater part of the year. Numer- ous mineral springs are found ; the most famous, Hot Springs, in Gar- land County, temperature, 93 deg. to 168 deg.; elevation, 60u feet. Forests.— Large part of State heavily wooded; estimated area of forest lands, 2S.8iXi,ij()0 acres. Pine lands cover one-fourth the total area. Pine and oak the most abundant and useful woods; black walnut the most valuable; excellent cypress, largely used for shingles, found along swampy river bottoms ; ash and yellow poplar abundant; sweet gum on bottom lands of southern section. Climate temperate, and, throughout the highlands, healthful; low- lands subject to malaria. Extremes of heat and cold not great, yet sudden and considerable variations of temperature not uncommon. Southerly winds prevail. Rainfall abundant. Mean annual rainfall, ,Little Rock, 53.6 inches; mean annual temperature, 62.2 deg.; highest, 106 deg. ; lowest, 12 deg. below. Agriculture a leading industrv ; farm lands unexcelled ; arable area, 28,490,980 acres, in farms, 16.636.719: chief productions, cotton, corn, hay, and cereals. Cotton grown for shipment in southern and southeast- ern sections. Large area devoted to corn; estimated area adapted to Its growth, 6,000,01 A) acres. Wheat successfully grown throughout the State; large proportion of crop produced in northern section; oats, barley, millet, sorghum, cowpeas, buckwheat, rice, broom corn, etc., grown. Market gardening profitable. Farm productions. 1900: Corn, 2.380.313 acres, 45.225.947 bushels, value *19.447,157: wheat, 266.279 acres, 2,639,418 bushels, sl.748.122: oats, 317.1)57 acres, 7,038.665 bushels. 82.463,- 533, rye, 1,715 acres. 19.722 bushels. $14,200; potatoes. 29.553 acres. 2,127.816 bushels, si. 212.855: hav. 140.233 acres. 22.8.5-0 tons. 82.022,933; cotton, 1899, 1.641.855 acres. 709.880 bales. 824.671,445; tobacco, l.s.87 acres, 831,700 pounds, 885,395; cotton seed, 340,530 tons, value 83,382,368. Horticulture.— Arkansas ranks high among the fruit States. Hor- ticulture a prominent pursuit. Area especially adapted to fruit cul- ture, 19,000,000 acres. Fruits common to temperate zone successfully grown in all sections, cultivation extending rapidly. State especially famous for its apples, varieties grown in northwestern section unex- celled in quality and size. Peaches, pears, plums, grapes, melons, and berries flourish. Strawberries of tine flavor and unusual size grown extensively; large shipments made to Northern markets. Hillsides and valleys produce fine grapes. Viticulture a promising industry. Com- mercial vineyards show a steady and notable increase. Live Stock.— During recent years improved breeds of cattle have b^en introduced. Excellent tame grasses are grown, and much has been done to encourage the commercial manufacture of butter and cheese; several successful creameries have been established. Farm animals, June, 19D0: Horses. 253,590, value 110,164,494; mules, 177,480. 810,212.889- Bheep, 256,929, $437,317; inUch cows, 312.577. ~i.U.»>ni ; other cattle.. 5.81,958, $5,535,826; hogs, 1,713,307, 82,981.3 09: wool clip, 19ol, 717.234 pounds. Fisheries.— Natural fishery advantages excellent; numerous large water courses abounding in food fishes. Waters of Arkansas and "White rivers afford most extensive fishing. Buffalo fish and other suck- 124 longitude West from Qrecnvr I- Sy^-^—S __0_ OassvM* iThomasville Spring Hilr- ^o^'Chula -C ed ^,"7" "l ° Kl * k ^orthpoint o. "ich Mountain' Buck Knob o.Story oGladatone-. j^ TTLE ROCK* 1-^ 1^\° r Quito °3S^^U^J\ oCedarGladeW^^CoUegeyillel JT° . ,'¥"7'^? o-&T^ 3llita **sJ^7r!l Mountain. ViUeyViW--*' Mountain ToYl?) / -~ / Zf- s 3Tater S ^iT^ '».iX (,0)a-nal Boar^CampMt. Ida HOT Sppf NGS^^^ j. Caddo Gap . _/ 6 . ■ P«"<=r^wrfiitaff / SFt. Logan .Rock Creek v.H,>s^_ Jf? A^\ l'*"^' ' ^ ^So b /tK ? W e ^ P ine^^% ^ New Hope Withersp Vandefwoon -teGranjnci LJGildhajm j* '^^aS?M^ man ^^n e a eSb0ro o '^^k^^P^g^^ ^li?^ 125 ENGB'S, CHICAGO. 90' 126 UNITED STATES. era constitute about half the catch ; next In Importance are catfish and drum. Total Investment In fisheries, 1894,136,564. Total catch,:; pounds, value 91164)11; black bass, 160,271 pounds, value. -vim-, : buffalo- nsh. 1,626,290 pounds, 930,828; catti-h. >mh. :,<:•> pounds. 983,007: crapple, 158,078 pounds, 18.121; fresh-water drum, 579,642 pounds, $15,053, white bass, 64,690 pounds, $3,797 Manufactures.— Manufacturing establishments, 1900, 1,794, capi- tal Invested, $35,960,640; gross value of products, $44. (3,783. Leading Southern state in lumber; manufacture of lumber and timber products gives employment to 15,895 wage-earners, or 60 per cent of total wage- earners of State; capital invested. 1900, $21. 727 .710; value of products, $23,959,983 or 53. 1 per cent of total products. Sawed lumber produced, 1,623.987.000 feet. B. M.; rough lumber, 1,151,831,000 feet, hardwood rough lumber, 444. 102.000 feet; shingles, 3-19.522,oo<». Value of Hour, etc., S3.los.709; cotton-seed oil and cake, $2,874,864; planing mill products, $2,266,522; cars and general shop work. $2,095,447; cotton, ginning si. 261,- 097; printing and publishing, 9839,787; brick and tile, 9351,732. Minerals.— State especially rich in minerals. Coal area, 5.824,000 acres; large deposits of cannel coal in western and northwestern dis- tricts; undeveloped deposits of anthracite in Ozark and Kavanaugh mountains. Zinc is found; marble, limestone, granite, and other build- ing stones cover vast areas; whetstone, oilstone, grindstone, and chalk deposits worked. Value of granite, 1900. $62,500. Acres containing iron, manganese, zinc, copper, antimony, and other ores. 7,124,000; con- taining ocher, clays, kaolin, gypsum, slate, etc., 3450,000. Production of manganese, 145 long tons, value $1.5:50; value of limestone. 971,407. Total production of coal mines, 1900, 1.447,945 tons, value .■sl.653.6i*. Gold and silver recently found in paying quantities near Eureka; pearls found in Saline. St. Francis, and other rivers. Population.— Total. 1820.14.255: I860. 435,450, 1890, 1.128,179; 1900, 1.311.564; male. 675.312: female. 636.252; native. 1.297.275; foreign. 14.289. white, 944,580, colored, 366,984; African, 366,856; Chinese, 62; Indians taxed, 66. Cities.— Little Rock, on Arkansas River, capital, and most impor- tant railway and commercial center of State; has an extensive trade in cotton and manufactures of cotton-seed products. Population, census of 1900, 38,307. Fort Smith, on Arkansas River, in western part of State, second city; outlet for extensive coal mines; center of im- portant fruit-growing district; population, 11,587. Pine Bin if. on Arkansas River, near Little Rock, has large trade in cotton; population, 11,496. Hot Spring*, 60 miles southwest of Little Rock, famous health resort; noted for thermal springs; population, 9,973. Eureka Springs, well-known health resort, in a picturesque region of the Ozark Moun- tains; population, 3,5?2. Helena, on Mississippi River: population. 5.550. Railways.— State tributary to the St. Louis system. Main line of Missouri Pacific runs diagonally through State. Miles in operation, 1860,38; 1875, 740; 1855. 1,792; 1S94, 2,343.91- July, 1900. 3,350.86 miles. Education.-Enrollment in public schools, 1899-1900, 314.662: white, 230,345; colored, 84,317 ; expenditure, $1,369,810; school age. 6-21. Pub- lic high schools, 61; private secondary schools. 21. Enrollment private schools, 1899-1900, 7,808. Educational institutions include the Univer- sity of Arkansas, Fayettevitle, first opened in 1872, with an experi- mental farm of more than 200 acres. Branch Normal School at Pine Bluff. Political.— State elections biennial, first Monday in September; congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; Senators, 32; Representatives. 100; term of Senators, 4 years; Representatives, 2 years; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years; meets second Monday in January : limit, 60 days. Number elec- toral votes, 9. Voters must be actual citizens or declared intention, residents of State 1 year, county 6 months, of precinct 1 month; regis- tration prohibited by constitution; ballot reform. Idiots, and convicts unless pardoned, excluded. . . Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22, July 4, Thanksgiving, December 25, and any day appointed for fast. Legal.— Statutes of limitation : Judgments, 10 years ; action for pos- session of real estate, 7; written instruments. 5; unwritten contracts, personal actions, 3. Redemption of tax sale. 2 years. Legal interest, 6 per cent ; by contract, 10. LOUISIANA. , 127 LOXJIblArS A. "Creole State." Named in honor of Louis XIV of France. Historical.— Visited by De Soto, 1541; Marquette, 1673; La Salle, 1682; settled by French under Iberville and Bienville about 1700; first settlement in present State at New Orleans, 1718. Territory reverted to French crown 1732, ceded by France to Spain 1763; retroceded to France 1800; purchased by United States 18u3; Territory of Orleans organized March, 1804; admitted to the Union April 30, 1812; fifth State admitted after formation of Government; seceded, 1861; New Orleans taken by Federals, 1862; State readmitted, 1868. Area.— Total area, 4S,720 square miles; land, 45,420; water, 3,300; extreme length east to west, 300 miles; breadth, 240. Counties, 59. 'Unsurveved land, 65,0is acres, reserved, 1,468,434 acres. Physical Features.— Surface chiefly a great plain sloping from north and northeast to Mississippi Delta. State naturally divided into two parts — the uplands and the alluvial and swamp regions of the coast. Delta occupies about one-third of total area. Coast Belt- marshy region— extends inland about 30 miles. Highest point at New Arcadia, 362 feet above sea level; average elevation, 75 feet . • Mis- sissippi River flows through and along border of State 600 miles. Total river navigation, 3,782 miles, Louisiana surpassing all other States in extent of navigable waterways. Gulf coast line, 1.250 miles. Forests.— Extensive area's throughout State densely wooded; esti- mated area, 18,000,000 acres. Of merchantable woods pine most im- portant; lumber in great demand for shingles, car and bridge building. Swamp regions of Mississippi River contain large areas of valuable cypress. Along gulf coast are numerous groves of live oak, timber especially valuable for shipbuilding; several tracts reserved by United States for repair of navy- Other woods include gum, walnut, ash, hickory, and magnolia. Lumber is shipped to the Western States, Mexico, Central and South America. , Climate is semi-tropical; in the lowlands unhealthful. Summers long and hot; winters more severe than in corresponding latitudes on Atlantic Coast. Rainfall abundant everywhere; on the coast annually exceeds 60 inches; decreases toward interior, averaging 50 inches in northern section. Mean annual temperature at New Orleans, 69.2 deg.; highest, 102 deg.; lowest, 17 deg. above. Shreveport, winter, 45 deg.; extreme, 1 deg.; summer, 83 deg.; extreme, 107 deg. Average annual rainfalrat New Orleans, 60.5 inches; Shreveport, 52.2 inches. Agriculture the leading pursuit. Sugar, rice, cotton, and Indian corn the 6taple crops. Sugar cane first cultivated in United States near New Orleans, 1751. Louisiana foremost State in Union in pro- duction of sugar and rice; produces nearly all cane sugar and molasses of United States and more than two-thirds total yield of rice. Area under susrar cane, 1899, 276,966 acres. Sweet potatoes an important crop; yield, 1899, 1,865,482 bushels. Tobacco of superior quality grown. Market gardening a profitable pursuit ; early vegetables in large quanti- ties produced fur Northern markets; increasing areas devoted to the industrv. In 1900, 25,151 acres were devoted to hav; vield, 50,302 tons, value $473,839; potatoes, 7,709 acres, 5.19,630 bushels, $436,308; area under corn crop. 1,453.094 acres, yield 24,702.598 bushels, value 812.351,299; oats, 34.119 acres, 614,142 bushels, $245,657; cotton, 337,516,078 pounds, value $30,270,973. Horticulture.— Fruits common to temperate regions grown in north. Oranges and figs lead in commercial importance; peaches and most other semi-tropical fruits cultivated successfully in south. Truck fanners produce large quantities of strawberries for market. Figs grown extensively for canneries; one of most valuable crops; yield of matured flgtrees averages from 20 to 50 bushels each. Large areas being set to pecans; industry a promising one; nuts are of superior quality. Orchard trees. 1900, 1,168,792; peaches produced, 1899, 153,808 bushels; apples, 68.735 bushels. lave Stock.— Louisiana especially adapted to raising live stock; has large areas of excellent pasturage well watered by numerous streams. Owing to mild winters, stock kept on range throughout the J ear. The value of farm animals in June, 1900, was placed at $27,757,301: Lorses, 194,372, value $6,624,617; mules, 143,970, $10,636,982; sheep, 219,- / 128 Xongitude VTt De ^ Cor." V«jS^ L >te^^ WW2* .Almada /Newton^, V.c--' Taylor) linger Be, oiQuincey ihingtoni ChataMoier 'PortJBMr/ * "jEvonl* inaerEunlSe7 P eloU3as fT, 'vLeoavifie X*g . Camp /J? /V- China / /Grau_a C»t eau^^ltussoflu ~3>ry Crl'ek^^Oberlin. JRamsays ' Pearl o fitf- .-.Camp /^ M^<* ^HacSei Iks alcasiem s -W, S° Wngl ?ort-Art) Sdbini. Johnsor SabineTa.' s Abbevlli I-^-- Creolc f- ' Jt I £ A,cvj)^ Clunkr ~I(Vi- >— ;- ■■■-- ^ ^^^^i2 ra BIan ca " Tot; V . s^~~^ < U a j^2re^>-'^' Santa Lucia '>l " fiA°A T. 3>" X Sa n Ma rtine '.v Ja ,35ar3toir terlingV TOWER HILL%5^ ~*' Sterling o '7«j>\JKle ao|rS o SanAngelo-^ 75. 8herwooa Q | MO.NUME-.- ToyahTaTe ^fe olllndt; ^le ThanlomL e> >°Hembrie \ tij 'i.-a e Hndsto Tort Stockton I \/" mDne \^ldoraa © e Fort Davis Fort Lancaster; <•>-—- )S®^ "RyauVJ ,£iP ine Marathon 3 "^ iCsandersoV\ Softer 3 ^ mon5 Xr^--^lozi^\ ?i :Bx .Langtij^ THE PANHANDLE OF TEXAS ON SAME SCALE. ^te^ ell "coldwa'ter Octree ^t\ O ' X EalIa ™ u f @ T, "Lipscomb 0O . [ m W»«P<* Han3f0r3 Glade? Panhandle -£ic^ >^ V<0 Panhandle m ) Ola Plata JvCaiWon ^V^gSlarendoii; Scale of Statute 1020 40 _ 60 80 ,100, Copyright, 1904, ^T Sana. "M J02' 133 y 134 UNITED STATES. - Anions wool-producing States, TexaH ranks high; clip, 1901, 15,061,634 pounds; scoured wool, 4,519,390 pounds. Manufactures*— State has great natural advantages and abun- dance of raw material for manufactures. Numerous Industries i eceiv- lng Increased attention. In 1900, 12,289 manufactories in the State: value of material used, 167,102,769; products, 1119,414,982; employ's, 51,712. Leading products: Lumber and planing mill, cotton-seed oil and cake, flour, harness, etc. Largest cotton-seed oil mills in coun- try. Cotton mills have been opened ; those at Galveston the most Important. In 1899, sugar product 2.789,250 pounds, $134,074. Pig Iron, 1900,9,78!) tons; Portland cement, 1900, 26,000 barrels, $52.ooo, brick and tile, $1,083,553; brick, $964,743; pressed, $36,605; pottery, $81,464. Dis- tilled spirits, 1901, 10.382 gallons; fermented liquor. 385,443 barrels Second in value of artificial ice, 1900, 231.450 tons. $1,168,640. Minerals. — Though largely undeveloped the mineral resources are among the richest In the country. There are extensive deposits of iron and coal. Large iron furnaces established at Rusk and New Birmingham. Coal output, 1900, 968,373 tons, value $1,581,914. Copper, lead, and silver ores are found most abundantly in trans-Pecos region; gold exists, also, and new discoveries have been made near Dal- las. In 1900,53 ounces were mined; value $1,100; silver, 447.400 ounces, value $295,988. Salt springs and lakes numerous, salt product, 1899, 312,436 barrels. Oil exists in large quantities; fields near Corsicana and Beaumont especially valuable; total output, 1901, 4,393,658 barrels, value, $1,247,351. Quicksilver, Brewster Countv, 3,45.t>77 mules. l.7o9.752 neat cattle. 71,358 sheep, and 584.878 hogs. Wool clip, 1901,201.500 pounds. Minerals.— Coal mined in Pawnee and other counties. Good building stone and excellent clay abound; immense gypsum beds in Blaine County; valuable salt deposits; asphaltum near Fort Sill: exten- sive deposits of cement being worked. Gold found in Wichita Mts. Population, 1890.61.834: 19m. 398.331: Male. 214.359; female, 183.972; native. 382.651; foreign. 15.680: white, 3*37 .524; colored, 30,807; African, 18.831: Chinese. 31; Indians. 11.945. Cities.— Oklahoma, a flourishing city on North Fork of Canadian River: population, 19oo, 10.037 Guthrie, capital, on Cimarron River; population. 1900, 10,006. Shawnee, 3,462. Military posts at Fort Reno and Fort Sill. Kailways.-Mileage. 1895,463; July, 1900, 827.88; 2.13 miles per 100 square miles; 20.79 per l.oOo inhabitants. Education.— School population. 1900, 99,602: total expenditures, $686,019: value of school propertv. 8760.973. School age. 6-21. Territorial University, Norman: Agricultural and Mechanical College, Still- water; Normal Schools. Edmond and Alva. Colored Agricultural and Mechanical College , Langston ; Chillocco Indian School . Kay County. Political.— Number of Assemblymen. 26; Councilmen, 13; term of each, 2 years. Sessions biennial; term, 60 days; meets first Tuesday in January. One delegate in Congress. Voters must be residents of Territory 6 months, county 60 days, district 30 davs. Registration re- quired. Indians holding tribal relations are disqualified. Legal Holidays.— January 1. February 22, Arbor Day, May 30, July 4, Thanksgiving, December 25, and all elections. Legal.— Statutesof limitation: Written contracts, Syears; unwritten contracts, 3; personal actions, 2. Redemption of tax sale, 2 years. Taxes are perpetual lien on real property. Legal rate of interest, 7 per cent; by contract, 12. 136 '- »• ' K _A W incheater/ Manebji l^^jf L ^^n7ro»>S. s ,»Mir-ii,/ Manchester o\b ,Ljle/„ "".V* \ RED HILLi/,i£ \ o v/ »//,.;, , V „ ' , /Uenfrow^x <"*\ F,„„ o i #LaUlle >& '■•/%- ( " ,,b " r ' \B*thel />■„„„ *«> v ->>-OVhitelior8c /'."L^S^^r^T/r^ Hom-rvill?' > ^<-9il_3^ ^"^ >b *V Noer - ^" oCiiiter \B««" e '- EagleiChiefy o^rt Supply * %--; Whitehead Ga s e Peratm mon 7 8h ««neli Hackbenj „ " \ h Goodwin -WeBW Riley , Lemcra „ c j naiirail /«. i roll PlynWutlA (y^.IIoylCr'l Slheridan J\ "Ural / S ' 1 '*\ Ili 'K WfatainUien- 5Iin f"/ *\A^-7V \ ' Berlin Sweetwater q ' ... ■_ *- ral / T \ \„ Mountain! ,\\ash / u.- y\ o to^v^ r/o*y jW oomingtoni Oladge °Reea t ta \*i 7/r. -•/ /~ | / Erin 75 ^^^^*; ***** «*^ . vMarlow ^** fcft esj pCHIC 2> (5 s . ! /Duncan Hennepin W * $ll Alm: - — '"- «-*'**• > ^- Ma 4^ :• V%.K IOWA sA/* 111 " • L X&^Wflfeir \ ^^ \Varv/eno / fe: \#'. ~/r> -"/l A* I ' oDryden /*>\. )«■ c H Kfe. . * >s x f /<-'\ ^ k IVlarrin Anrnn O \ >1 111..- I l*_! 1 ' ^V ^ ^ / /l . k I He 3s /'' / M . N *\\« ' \e ' Comanche ARBU ~^ (71/ a pVch e sV \M fo oT V -y^N^ ^ ^SfX: <\S /.„._. e Hewitt WESTERN PORTION OF OKLAHOMA. SCALE Or STATl'Tn MJLES. ^^ ^. * \]l /Addington /^~^^ ) ^k Atlce . Reck )i e i ^ R y ap A ti imons ^ -^' CourtnijT ^ 13? -v^JV Arkiui Caie/fChifuc - inole p Welch *' 'w>< V- -, s \% "~ <£. ""/■Yunuuoco ■•AjVp I NpivKirW P A/\ S^lK^, " U/C *^-N I \ 2 /BlIshv/C^b,n/rf\ ;£/-£, _ »>^\. l*\ 1*^ Paoli / Center \ /*■• Ada" * \Goodlana Millau' «X\J»ak land) «j. J° c"S* <,^. V u L ,ckiville Clearcivek "*> o i 01 OverWk " 188 UNITED STATES. INDIAN TERRITORY. Historical.— Territory formed part of Louisiana purchase in 1803, and Texas acquisition, 1815; portion of a much larger area of public lands set apart for the Indians by Congress in 1834. Five Civilized Tribes removed from their original homes as follows: Cherokee (from Georgia), Creek (Alabama and Georgia), Choctaw (Southern Alabama and Mississippi), and Chickasaw (Northern Alabama and Mississippi), 1833-1838; Seminole (Florida), 1846. Various small tribes of Reservation Indians have been settled in extreme northeast of Territory. Area.— Total area, 31,400 square miles; 31,000 square miles, or 19,840,- 000 acres, of land, and 400 square miles of water. Physical Features.— Surface generally level or undulating, with many fertile prairies and rich valleys; in the south are Sansbois, Shaw- nee, and Wichita Hills, continuations of Ozark Mountains. Highest altitude, Sugar Loaf, 2,600 feet. Chief rivers— Arkansas, draining the north; Red River, draining the south, navigable along entire southern boundary. Climate.— Mild and healthful; summers lonr and hot, with ample rainfall; winters usually short, with little snow. Mean annual tempera- ture at Fort Gibson, 60 deg. Mean annual rainfall, 33.3S inches. Agriculture the chief industry; next in importance are herding cattle and lumbering. Large portions of Territory are fertile, well watered, and timbered. Principal agricultural products are Indian corn, cotton, wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, flax, sorghum cane, and fruit. Cotton, cultivated south of Canadian, on Arkansas and Red Rivers, next to corn the most important crop; area, 1897, 141,124 acres, yield 46,308,240 pounds, value $2,986,881; area. 1898, 459.19? acres. Shipments of baled hay are important; supply inexhaustible. North of Canadian and Arkansas rivers, apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, and small f ruits flourish. Minerals and Manufactures.— Coal area, 20.000 square miles; mining centers within the Choctaw Reservation. Output, 1900, 1,922,- 298 tons, value $2,788,124. Chickasaw Nation leads in manufacturing industrv; total capital in Territory, 1900, S2.624.265; value products, $3,892, ILL Manufacture of flour, etc., most important; product of 61 mills valued at $1,198,472. Value cotton-seed oil and cake, $451,656; planing mill products, $424,399; cotton ginneries, 187; value products, $345,751. Population. — Total population of the Five Civilized Tribes, 1890. 66.289. Population of Territory, 1890, 180,182; 1900, 392.060; male, 208.952, female, 183.108, native, 387.202: foreign, 4.858; white, 302,680; colored, 89,380; negro, 36,853; Chinese. 27; Indians. 52.500. Cities.— Tah lequa/i, capital of Cherokee Nation; population, 1,482. Okmulgee, Creek; Atoka, Choctaw; Tishomingo, Chickasaw; Wewoka, Seminole; Muskogee, Creek Nation (4.254) and Ardmore, Chickasaw (5,681), important trading centers. Railways.— In 1896. there were 1,182 miles of road; in 1900, 1,323 miles, 4.27 miles per 1(H) square miles. Education well advanced. Number public high schools, 1899-00. 4; secondary students, 157; elementary pupils, 349. Private secondary schools, 11; secondary students, 381; elementary pupils, 1,450. There are several colleges. Indian schools, under supervision of general superintendent, with supervisors in Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Cherokee Nations. Two boarding schools, maintained by federal gov- ernment, at Quopaw Agency and Wyandotte. Political.— Territory unorganized. Five Civilized Tribes practic- ally self-governing. Each Nation has a principal or governor, elected for 2 to 4 years. There is a Legislature or National Council consisting of 2 houses, meeting annually, and a judiciary. Tribal courts have been abolished in the Creek and Cherokee Nations. Tribal govern- ments will, as the law exists to-dav, terminate March 4, 19o6. All the Indians in Indian Territory are citizens of the United States, having been made so by the act approved March 3, 190L liesal.— Statutes of limitation: Action on unwritten contract, 3 years; promissory notes not under seal, 5; promissory notes under seal, 10. Execution on judgment within 10 years from decree neces- sary to fix lien. Legal rate of interest, 6 per cent; by contract, 10. KANSAS. 139 KANSAS. Kan '- zas - " Sunflower State." Indian— signifies, " Smoky Water." Historical.— Country visited by Spaniards, 1541: by French, 1719; part of it included in Louisiana purchase of 1803. Southwestern Kansas Mexican territory until 1848. First trading post established, 1800. From 1821 to 1834 constituted portion of Indian Country. Kansas Territory organized, 1854. Admitted into the Union January, 1861 ; the twenty- first State admitted. Kansas bore a prominent part during the Civil War and suffered greatly from border raids. Area.— Total area. 82,080 square miles; land, 81,700, water, 380; average length. 400 miles, breadth, 200; has 105 counties. Reserved land. 987,875 acres. Physical Features.— Geographical center of the United States exclusive of Alaska and newly acquired territory. Surface mostly rolling prairie, sloping to the Missouri River; soil generally fertile. Elevation ranges from 700 feet in the east to about 4,000 feet in the west. The Missouri— only navigable river— forms the eastern boundary for 150 miles; an Important commercial highway. Principal rivers, Kansas and Arkansas. Former with its tributaries drains more than half the State. The numerous streams afford abundant water power for factory and irrigation purposes. Climate exceptionally healthful. There is wide range of tempera- ture. Winters short; severity tempered by unusual dryness of the atmosphere. Summer heat modified by constant breezes ; nights uni- formly cool. Rainfall relatively small but evenly distributed; average for year increasing. Mean annual rainfall at Leavenworth, 38.4 inches; temperature. 53.5 deg.; highest, 107 deg.; lowest, 29 deg. below. Agriculture.— State ranks high in all agricultural products; in 1900, first in wheat, second in hay, fourth in rye, fifth in corn and bar- ley, and sixth in oats. Area and production of farm products, 1900: Wheat, 4.660.376 acres, 82,488.655 bushels; hay, 3,054,137 acres, 4,031,461 tons; barley, 194,7a5 acres, 4,186,802 bushels; rye, 126,479 acres, 1,922,481 bushels; corn, 8,624.770 acres, 163,870,630 bushels; oats, 1,362,783 acres, 43,063.943 bushels; potatoes, 100.642 acres, 7.246.224 bushels; flax, 4,186,- 802 busnels, 1,693,238 bushels flaxseed. Soil and climate favorable to the growing of tobacco, castor beans, cotton, sugar beets, and alfalfa; constantly increasing areas are being devoted to these pursuits. Silk culture is receiving attention. Sorghum produced, 1900, 1,622.963 gallons, valued at §551,807; Kaffir corn, 1,966,217 tons, value $5,756,285; alfalfa, 276,008 acres; acres under cotton, 163; product, 48,400 pounds, value $2,420. Irrigators, 1899, 929; area irrigated, 23.620 acres. Value farm products, 1899, $209,89.->.542; live stock, 1900, $190,956,936. Horticulture.— In 1900, 7.430.767 bearing apple trees, 3,196,790 peach, 880,670 cherry. 690,930 plum. 205,388 pear There were 2,792 acres in nurseries, 3.833 under blackberries, 2,655 raspberries. 1,818 straw- berries. There were 5,664 acres vineyards, producing 118,000 gals wine, $88,540. Garden products marketed, $818,663; horticultural, $457,725. Live Stock, Etc.— Stock-raising ranks second only to the growing of cereals as a source of wealth. State well adapted to sheep husbandry and dairy-farming Number and value of farm animals, June, 1900: Horses, 979,695, value 843,758,334; mules, 118,704, $6,507,916; sheep, 262,- 013, $833,827; milch cows. 676.456, $22,191,123; other cattle, 3,814.622, $95,449,678; swine, 3,594.859, $17,076,904; wool clip, washed and unwashed, 1901, 1.495.896 pounds: scoured. 493,646. Total value of domestic animals, 1900, 8186.317,248; dairy products, $7,459,693. Dairy interests date from 1882-3. Industry a profitable and growing pursuit. First separator creamery established 1886. Cheese, butter, and condensed milk factories, 1900, 171; capital, $1,139,595; value of products, $3,652,530. Manufactures.— Though not distinctly a manufacturing State Kansas has many important industrial establishments. In 1900, 7.830 manufacturing establishments reported a combined capital of $66,- 827,362; employes, 39,053; annual wages, 816.317,689. Meat-packing houses, flouring mills, car works, foundries, zinc smelting and refin- ing, creameries, and soap factories, etc., lead in importance. Value of the productions of 11 meat-packing establishments, $76,829,139; of 533 flouring mills, $21,926,768. Oleomargarine manufactured, 1901, 16,- 360,484 pounds. Capital invested in 94 foundries, 82,450,324; value of 140 "J rKiJcterville,^ .ion #1 T 6^ "*" . v e . Te.rjtou.3 R^m,,, 5^Si«ChantiHy„ Eminence o '<-ti7Z : Cfs is.** • o V'-' 70 /-" ^)>^1S5 ^3 -P Xinslej }^- -&£ VO^' oTishcr oShockej cS% v „._ > ^ 6D - 1 __ tt . Appomattox,, 3vanT»oe 6 -Ensigno T >fej. '> l "'- V 7 "SantaEe ^~™'S% oLawsou Jiloom,^^ Men jpearriM >v > v ■.Vv- "Montezuma EorTTo. ''eJ- ^< >%.<>%&* Springvalep — ^££**»W o Nickel /a Sun S^-c i-^-' ~H";i_ VC Amber Aetna. *g£ Hatelto Kiowa/* «v u»J8a Vj^Palmerlr .. Clifton Kimeo •'i ii ni: 40 ■-°'.% ^ &< ■'.v-'"T V 3 ,'"'"''s^n > '^'estmoreland'i ja ' c -'- ^ I iv..-:ti. •TAVEt mar 1 ^•: JKa .. g2 e e a ° Louisville t, • : ^-JV^t^7 : \MaiicTies i Vr«^/0S'iea Pa5 ^•^ 7»- *"l \A fl^^^PisAerriHe^^feafe: \ Baldwin/ Sfenoi -A. Ch Xo;t '■ r V l_2"?ton ^Dunlap f § tr ^ \-AmericuVbReadi "e "< jlkjtnlijMt Stark r" Latham^ «6e\d t .^V' ^v^e* '^• N a'erf' Ill ' i /p en ' lenc ? Cedar^<— 5^-,\;V 142 UNITED STATES. products, $2,804,268. The total output of Kansas salt plants was 2,238,878 barrels, value 81,076,945; third salt-producing State. Value of brick and tile, $1,012,689; lime, $3,192. Value of hydraulic cement, 1900 $100,000. Kansas and Indian Ter. (1900-01) produced 22,468 gals, of distilled spirits and 9,022 bbls. of fermented liquor. In 1900, 169 cigar factories used 461,120 lbs. of tobacco; output, 25,275,533 cigars; tobacco factories manufactured 2,818 lbs.of plug and 42.051 lbs. smoking tobacco. Minerals.— Lead, zinc, and coal are the chief minerals. In 1900 Kansas ranked first in output of zinc; largest lead and zinc mining camp in the world Is in Cherokee County. Bituminous coal area, 17,000 square miles; centers of industry, Cherokee, Crawford, Leaven- worth, and Osage counties. Petroleum and natural gas industries of southeastern sections growing rapidly in importance; estimated area of fields 8,500 square miles, lola and Coffeyville gas fields most profit- able. An inexhaustible supply of glass sand exists near Atchison. Value of zinc and lead, 1899, Galena-Joplin mines, $10,715,307. In 1900, Kansas produced 62,136 short tons of zinc spelter, or 50 per cent of total product of United States. Output of zinc ore from the Galena (Kansas) district in 1900, 45,043 short tons, valued at $1,202,054; lead output, 5,059 tons, valued at $245,905 ; production 1894-1900: Zinc, 1.359,258 tons; lead, 201 ,070 tons, value both ores, $41,717,118. Value of natural gas in 1900, $356,900, yield of petroleum, 74,714 barrels, value $69,142. Petroleum produced from 1889 to 1900, inclusive, 516,593 bbls. Value coal mined, 190). $5,454,691; salt, $1,076,945; clay goods, $1,016,750; gypsum,with' Iowa, $904,263; limestone, $339,466; sandstone, $55,173. Population.— Ranked thirty-third In 1860, twentieth, 1880; nine- teenth, 1890; twenty-second, 1900. Total population in 1860, 107.206; 1880, 996,096, 1890, 1,427,096. Total population, 1900, 1,470.495: Male, 768.719; female, 701,779; native, 1,343,810, foreign, 126,685; white.1,416,319; colored, 54,176; Africans, 52,003; Chinese, 39; Japanese, 4; Indians, 2,130. Cities.— Kansas City, commercial metropolis of the State, and a prominent railroad center ; has extensive stock yards, meat-packing establishments, smelters, foundries, etc.; population, 1900, 51,418. Topeka, the capital, is an important railway center, with extensive manufactures; population, 33,608. Wichita, on the Arkansas River, leading city of Southern Kansas; has glass factories, flour, planing, and woolen mills, carriage factories, etc. ; population, 24,671. Leaven- worth, on the Missouri River, railway and commercial center, with ex- tensive manufacturing industries; population, 20,735. Atchison, has an important trade by rail and river, and many flouring industries; population, 15,722. Lawrence, seat of University of Kansas; popula- tion, 10.862. Fort Scott, center for mining and shipping of bituminous coal; population, 10,322. Pittsburg has Important zinc and silver smelting works ; population, 10,112. Railways.— The Union Pacific first line to enter State; completed 40 miles of road in 1863-4. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe reached Kansas, 1873. Road in operation, 1870, 1,501 miles; 1875, 2,150; 1880, 3,400; 1885, 4,520; in July, 1900, 8,719.36 miles. Education.— Free schools have been conducted since 1855. Public school enrollment, 1899-00, 389,583; expenditure. $4,622,364: school age, 5-21; compulsory school age, 8-14. Educational institutions: University of Kansas, Lawrence, opened 1866 : State Normal School at Emporia, opened 1865; State Agricultural College near Manhattan; Industrial School for Girls at Beloit. Political.— State elections biennial. State, congressional, and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November. Num- ber of Senators, 40; Representatives, 125; sessions biennial, in odd-num- bered years; meets second Tuesday in January; limit of session, 50 days; term of Senators, 4 years; Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 10. Voters must be citizens or declared intention- resi- dent of State 6 months; county, town, and precinct, 30 days; registration requirea in cities only. Idiots, insane, and convicts excluded. Legal Holidays.-January 1, February 22. Arbor Day. May 30, July 4, first Monday in September, general election day, Thanksgiv- ing, and December 25. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 5 years; actions for re- covery of real property sold on execution, 5 years; all others, 15; writ- ten contracts, 5; others, 3; personal action, 2. Redemption from tax sales, 3 years. Legal rate of interest, 6 per cent; by contract, 10. NEBRASKA. 143 NEBRASKA. S'iteS^ 'Black- water State." Indian— "Water Valley." Historical.— Country probably visited by Spaniards In sixteenth centurv. French missionaries and traders entered the Territory about the middle of the seventeenth century. Formed part of the Louisiana Purchase of 18*13 and of Missouri Territory. Visited by Lewis and Clarke 1804-5. Government exploration by way of Platte Valley made under Major Long in 1820. First settlement made by whites at Belle- vue 1847. Nebraska Territory organized 1854; admitted Into the Union 1867, the twenty-fourth State admitted. Bellevue the first capital; seat of government removed to Omaha 1855; to Lancaster— now Lincoln— 1867. Area.— Total area, 77,510 square miles; land, 76.840, or 49.177.600 acres ; water, 670 square miles , length from east to west, 413 miles ; north to south, 208. Counties, 90, Reserved land, 69,642 acres. Physical Features.— The surface Is an undulating plain sloping gently toward the east. Highest altitude is Niobrara Summit, 5,323 feet. Average eastern elevation, 1,400 feet; western, 2,312 feet. State notable for its numerous broad shallow streams. Characteristic feature of the surface, many fertile bottom lands and valleys; one-fourth the entire area consists of well-watered valleys. The Missouri Elver, the only navigable stream, forms the entire eastern and northeastern boundary, frontage, 500 miles; Platte River crosses the State from west to east. Next in importance are the Niobrara and Republican rivers. Climate usually temperate throughout the State. Elevation of surface and purity of the clear, dry atmosphere render it unusually healthful. Average summer temperature, eastern section, 73 deg., western slightly higher; winter about 20 deg., though somewhat lower In northwest and higher in southeast, Mean annual rainfall, Omaha, 31.7 inches; rainfall favorably distributed for farmer, no rain falling in winter; mean annual temperature varies from 46 to 51 deg; highest, 106 deg.; lowest, 32 deg. below. Agriculture the leading industry. Soil in eastern section natur- ally adapted to agriculture ; irrigation rapidly developing western sec- tions. Total miles of ditch supplied by gravity in 1899 was 1,701; area irrigated, 148,5:38 acres; value of crops raised under irrigation amounted to $982,615. Farm area, 1900:59.911,779 acres ; improved, 18.432, 595 acres; value farm property, $747,950,057 ; products (1899), $162,696,386. Total area devoted to crops comprised 15,153, 956 acres of which 79.7 per cent was devoted to cereals ; value of crops, 892.469.326 ; 81.9 per cent value of cereals. Nebraska is one of the leading States in the production of corn. Yield and values, 1901: Corn, 109,141,840 bushels, 858,936.594 ; wheat, 42.006.885 bushels, 122,683,718 ; oats, 39,065,222 bushels, S14.454,132; barley, 1,188,688 bushels, $487,362 ; rye, 2,332,125 bushels, 81.072,778; hay and forage, 1899, 3,517.495 tons, $11,230,901 ; potatoes, 7,817,438 bushels, $1,734,666; sweet potatoes, 48.224 bushels, 827,933 ; flax-seed, 54,394 bush- els, $53,793 ; broom-corn, 2,733,290 pounds, 8106,252. Soil and climate are especially adapted to the culture of sugar beets ; tbis industry is im- portant and extending rapidly; area under beets, 8.662 acres; value of product, $222,258. Alfalfa, castor beans, tobacco, hemp, and chicory are grown with excellent results. Honey produced, 1899, 866,200 pounds ; wax, 16,090 pounds ; total value 8105,676. Horticulture.— Fruit growing an important and growing Indus- try. All fruits indigenous to temperate climates grown under natural conditions in eastern and southeastern sections, under Irrigation in central and western sections. Apples the chief crop ; plums, peaches, and small fruit may be raised in abundance. Area under grape vines, 2,766 acres ; small fruits, 1,171 acres. Estimated number of fruit trees, 1900, 6,240,118. Apple trees, 3,877,329 ; peach, 1,055,959 ; cherry, 607,017; plum, 542,450, pear, 58,047. Fruit produced, 1899 : Apples, 1,343,497 bush- els ; cherries, 54,047 ; plums, 42,314 ; peaches, 8,753. Live Stock and Dairy.— Large proportion of area specially adapted to grazing. Stock-raising an industrial pursuit second only to agriculture In Importance. State ranks among the prominent meat- producing States of the West, Number and value of farm animals. June, 1900: Horses, 795,318, value 836,663,359; mules, 55,124, $3,171,460; sheep, 511,273, $1,678,498; milch cows, 512,544; 817,192,120; total neat 144 JDoiTinrton^-N oBaya\rJ ^.Tawlett ll °Orlan,lo " — N Cam P Clark JiiarnaburgV-^ PP"^ -&- °?/ x?* Freep 5> S&S^gP »o ^ lena Omega Trjon o iilac o Xemle^o Ganajx* "P"™ Sgi^T A?l cx D ^'o ^cornfield .J^'T^SSO/ o^A* /£\ « E Pine n;0n ^S^- ^^*^^^^^Al5H^>^^SHQ&on o/ lda Grov , a- Pine ^5^- $?$& 'S^gS 11 J ^*fiS5^- : »r_!--S> ;i ^»5S>CipP 011 7 3 da ( TercJi ° lN f™j^ « Hammona Staffurd^^ Plainv iragg Iiviii^NVr-^ -., J Dff oS^van Clearwater 5 ^^^" K~ •J^^Tin-Mde-lPender - .. , , Carroll Apos ' 2rmi° JElrin; _Lvon JBartlett F&ifeaR*^? ». Arcadiaft- ^•^\Jb. N Q BravtoD \"i ^;:>':^^^S*Si:-S4i5 ^^V^^AVVtWMi HAi/ r Shelby S5&&\ Shelto^;^^^^^X.^Ur^r^^ T ^ J T ;wif5? Crete/ „ J-UFF*S ^-Mboldi ^/Verdo 146 UNITED STATES. cattle, 3,176,243, $82,409,498 ■ swine, 4,128,000, $18,660,932. Wool clip, 1901, 2,471,153 pounds, value $365,731. Cheese, butter, and condensed milk: factories, 93. Milk produced on farms, 190,477,911 gallons; butter, 34,- 518,659 pounds , cheese, 264,430 ; total value, $8,595,408. Eggs, 41,132,140 dozen, value $4,068,002 , poultry, $3,499,044. Value animals slaughtered, $4,508,457. Manufactures.— Milling and packing of meat and meat products leading pursuits, engaging extensive capital; factory dairy prod- ucts, saddlery, liquors, and lumber and planing mill products also im- portant. Beet sugar factories at Norfolk, Grand Island, Ames, and Leavitt; sugar produced, 1902-3, 22,890.000 pounds; area In beets. 11,193 acres. Manufacture of chicory a new and promising pursuit; under plant, 1899, 124 acres ; quantity produced, 1 ,314,000 pounds. Value of brick and tile, 1900, $839,815; product of 391 harness and saddle manufac- tories, $1,783,712; 19 breweries, $1,433,501; 8 meat-packing establish- ments, $71 ,018,339; 141 cigar factories, $702,037; 45 carriage and wagon factories, $248,182. First iron works at Omaha, 1879. Capital invested In brick and tile, 1900, $1,275,5X3; railroad shop construction, $3,635,267, printing and publishing, $2,885,583; saddlery and harness, $1,340,511; dairy factories, $952,185; planing mill products, $378,966; in flour and feed mills, $4,335,934. Malt liquors produced, 1900, 218,161 barrels. Minerals.— Coal mined in the southwestern and northeastern parts of the State. Output comparatively small. Limestone quarried chiefly in Cheyenne, Gage, and Pawnee counties; value of output, 1900, $107,305. Salt basin near Lincoln covers an area of twelve by twenty-five miles; waters of springs contain 29 per cent of pure salt. Population.— Nebraska ranked thirty-ninth in population in 1860, thirty-sixth in 1870, twenty-sixth in 1890, and twenty-seventh in 1900. Total population, 1860, 28,841; 1870, 122.993; lssn. 452.'4o2; 1890,1,058,910; 1900,1,066,300: Male, 564,592; native, 888,953; white, 1,056,526; colored, 9,774; Africans, 6,269; Chinese, 180, Japanese, 3; Indians, 3,322. Cities.— Omaha, metropolis and former capital, founded, 1854; has flourishing trade; manufactures include, malt liquors, lumber and planing mill products, bakery goods, etc.; population, 1900, 102,555. Lincoln, capital, railroad center with good trade in grain and cattle; population, 1900, 40,169. South Omaha is one of the largest stock mar- kets in the United States; population, 1900,26,001. Beatrice, railroad center in good farming region; near magnesian limestone quarries and deposits of brick and earthenware clay; population 7,875. Railways.— First road to enter the State, Union Pacific, chartered 1862; work begun 1863, and by May, 1S66, 75 miles had been completed west of Omaha; in July, 125 miles; May, 1869, the entire road was open to Ogden, Utah. Burlington & Missouri was completed to Kearney Junction, 1872. Mileage, 1870, 705; 1875, 1,127; 1880, 1,953; 1885, 2,963; 1890, 5,407; June, 1900, 5,684.85, averaging 53.31 miles to each 10,000 inhabitants. Educational.— Public school enrollment, 1899-00, 288,227, expendi- ture, $4,403,222; school age, 5-21; compulsory school age, 8-14; text-books furnished. Nebraska claims lowest rate of illiteracy of any State In the Union. "Free attendance" law provides for education of pupils in neighboring high schools whose education can not profitably be continued in home district. The University of Nebraska Is at the head of the State educational system, with Agricultural College, Lincoln; State Normal School, Peru; Boys' Industrial School, Kear- ney; Girls' Industrial School, Geneva. Political.— State elections biennial. State, congressional, and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; num- ber of Senators, 33; Representatives, 100; term, 2 years ; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered vears, meets first Tuesday in January; limit of session, 60 days. Number of electoral votes, 8. Voters must be citizens or declared intention; residents of State 6 months, of county 40 days, town 10 days, precinct 10 days; registration In all the large cities. Idiots, insane, and convicts, unless pardoned, excluded. Women vote at school elections. ■ Holidays.— January 1, February 22, April 22 or Arbor Day, May 30, July 4, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, December 25, and Fast days when so appointed. T ^ , Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 5 years; foreclosure mortgage, recovery real property, 10; personal actions, 1. Legal in- terest rate, 7 per cent; by contract, 10. SOUTH DAKOTA. 147 SOUTH DAKOTA. ^^^^SZ Indian— Dahkotah, "Leagued." Historical.— Territory originally part of Louisiana purchase of 1803; became part of Minnesota Territory, 1849; from 1854-64 a portion was Included in Nebraska. First explorations made by Lewis and Clarke, 1804-5. First settlement made at Sioux Falls, 1856. Dakota Territory organized March 2, 1861. State Constitution adopted October 1, 1889. Twenty-seventh State admitted to the Union; admitted Nov. 2, 1889. Area.— Total area, 77,650 square miles; land, 76.850 square miles, or 49.696.iX»0 acres; water, 800 sq. miles ; breadth, 380 miles, length, 245. Counties, 59. Appropriated land, 24.534,450 acres; ansurveyed land, 397,866; reserved land, 12,802.946. Physical Features.— The surface of South Dakota is an undu- lating plain about equally divided by the Missouri Paver; eastern sec- tion generally level or rolling; western, rolling, with numerous hills and buttes. terminating in the southwest in the Black Hills. Highest altitude, Harney Peak, 7.216 feet. Elevation of Big Stone Lake, 967 feet. Western and central sections drained by the Missouri and its tributaries; within the eastern section lie mainly the valleys of the James and Big Sioux rivers. The most characteristic of the " Bad Lands" or "Mauvaises Terres"— so called because of the difficulty with which they are traveled— covering an area of 100 square miles, are be- tween the Cheyenne and White rivers, east of the Black Hills. Among notable natural features are the well-known Hot Springs in Fall River County and Wind Cave, said to rival in extent the famous Mammoth Cave of Kentucky. Forests.— Black Hills area well wooded; Norway pine most abun- dant and valuable ; black and white spruce in the valleys of the north- ern and central sections of this locality. Black Hills forest reserve, 967,680 acres. Outside the Black Hills there is little timber except the woodlands bordering the streams and lakes. Much attention is being given to tree planting and there are now more than 130,000 acres planted with elder, ash, maple, and other trees. Climate drv, healthful, and bracing; sunshine almost incessant; aver- age number cloudy days in year, 60. Variations in temperature greater than in Atlantic States in same latitude. Winters long, but severity modified by dryness of the atmosphere; summers mild and pleasant. Rainfall sufficient to mature crops, but uncertain in distribution. Underground supply of water usually abundant; artesian wells numer ous, especially in James River Valley. Mean annual rainfall at Tank ton, 26.8 inches; mean annual temperature, 46.3 deg.; highest, 103 deg lowest, 34 deg. below. Agriculture.— Agriculture the leading industry; value farm prop- erty, 1900, $297,525,302. Soil especially adapted to the production of the cereals; wheat the staple crop; finest wheat grown in the James River Valley. Corn an important crop, particularly in the South; oats in the valleys of the Sioux and James rivers. Excellent flax, barley, hay, sor- ghum, potatoes, and garden vegetables are produced. The hardier fruits are successfully grown, especially in the Black Hills section. From the more favored sections are exported apples, grapes, currants, goose- berries, etc. Much attention is given fruit culture; horticulture inter- ests promoted by organized societies. Many of the river valleys and the lowlands of the Black Hills yield annually large crops of wild hops. Production of corn, 1900, 1,200.697 acres, 32,418,819 bushels; wheat, 2,920,244 acres, 20,149.684 bushels; oats, 588,524 acres. 12.653.266 bushels; hay, 1,749.319 acres, 2,064.1% tons; potatoes. 55.217 acres, 4.030,841 bushels; flax, 1898. 300,000 acres. 2,550,000 bushels flaxseed. Live Stock.— Stock-raising a profitable industry throughout the State. Cattle and horses of South Dakota of superior quality, owing to an invigorating climate, abundance of pure water, and excellent character of native grasses. Sheep husbandry and the raising of swine are promising pursuits in all parts of the State. Number and value of farm animals. June, 1900: Horses. 480.768, value 820.085,687; mules. 6,804, value 8345.609; sheep, 775,236, value 82,434,206; milch cows, 270,634, value 88.400.H18; other cattle, 1,276,166, value 829,447,115; swine, 823,120, value 83,540,072; wool clip, 1901, 2,777,190 pounds. Manufactures.— Great natural advantages and a wealth of raw 148 <3 Bellefourobe '^pe--itfij». J'oluntebi' •fe-"P^tfaT7hitewoocl '^ k Sturgia icy q^O^-SlIM SJTTES V i'"^- SLIM BJTTES C/ '^,RESERV A TION \r*& A i — 'C >lTamer " i: 1 .!'" AT Tort Bennett/ i Leslie Tt. Sully r i- U ■ „1 Keystone {Heri™™ / ** .■^^/Cr-' Bovine ( owlin v'Ni..-. tltahta vV" Jlot rtfton ' r0vS \E U n 1 fora Joelrichs Dakota JcA larrisun £\ (Crawford Jft£l Jf& r ^ g j ] "~™* ®4P RESERVATION 'Orcupwe Igffaniier ) EUTTF ~ P. ^yVrdinoreC (,'/. . J _Pine"Rid»e ^haclron Hemingford SOUTH DAKQl Scale of Statute Miles. 5" 10 20 30 10 50 60 70 Copyright, 1904, by Rami, McSally & C 149 \ Alpha Sutherland Eureka llenrtalp j-^r,. / l£jjl=--^ — iy-Ku iiaoi ^WhUerockn ■ • iT— -.#7 * /fe^fe?^** , " ^ on "2\2 s Wmship^Snvo///. Burchyr BrUton ^«Wen Cra^d If <£\ ton City \TT-,, oMlrtel >. »-^ a .Ki/l/mout/ /Spaiu Frani V f^W' I -H - .4 fi JVestport*:o #* *£ */laa 3 fotcl * leller\* l^T - Wl **/>? Mw K: blanket -«oi c \ Putney I ,Hoveu ^-" be ^° 5fie yf> U fe Ury L nle fluy" SoutushoreV^TlbaJVi 5 les I ^PembroKe ' l Mellette faniecke ^ imnt ^ „a j-g^'g nz(ji.^°X?.'^ -Danforth n ^\V- x V\v' Glendale 3>«n IBatea -«><§y ncan ° We3':n2-on^ ? ^tefturi Springs nvaTley <" ,->••" *^° V Carthage W> gj? « - £ Sotch&ty Pr^l^rkstoVn OacomaiSS^ttVwM^. Houston /)nfl (~1 f /55 — ■*- - £°ReJ Lake "Bijou ^>^> ~%<£ $ V ^VMonroe fW'Doltonv \ i>„ Mil'townS „ n o^. „«\ ,„•/ ■ TynJiaTrT ^ ' V ~£ . & *> '/ aTjonda ; o^/YANKTOrAi^'GayvUleSpiak 4 150 UNITED STATES. materials afford superior facilities for pursuit of Industrial enterprises. The milling industry Is the most extensive and Important in the State. Number and capacity of flouring mills extending rapidly. Dairying Is a prominent pursuit and a growing source of wealth. The State has 122 creameries and 14 cheese factories. Manufacture of brick and terra cotta is becoming a profitable Industry. Value brick and tile manufactured, 1900, 846,150. Cement and lime are made from rock found In different localities throughout the State. Portland cement manufactured, 1900, 88,000 barrels, value 876,000. Number of manu- facturing establishments, 1900, 1,639; value of land and buildings, 82,180,472, assessed value of real estate, 8132,562.815; average number of employes, 3,432; total wages, si ,730,642; cost of material used, 87,827,- 110; value of entire product, 812,231,239. Minerals.— The BlackHllls region Is exceedingly rich In minerals; wealth of resources largely undeveloped. Gold mining began in the Hills in 1873; value of production, 1900, 86,177,600; silver, 8332,444. In 1900 State ranked fourth In production of gold and eighth In silver. Gold output, 298.842 line ounces, year's decrease of 14.120 , silver, 536,200 fine ounces, year's Increase of 390,600; coinage value, 1900 product, $693,- 269. Valuable deposits of tin have been located around Harney's Peak and in Nigger Hill region; Black Hills produced first metallic tin in America. Copper, lead, mica, cement, gypsum, clays, and building stones also found in abundance. Most extensive beds of fuller's earth yet opened In the West are in South Dakota. Natural gas, petroleum, and coal exist , salt is found in the oil district. Productive limestone quarries are in Lawrence and Custer counties; value of output,1900, 847,762. Inexhaustible quantities of the finest granite exist in the southeastern part of the State. Total value of granite quarried, 8114,115. Output of mica, 123,090 pounds sheet. 80 tons scrap. Copper output, 15,147 pounds, value of sandstone, $12,675 Population. — Ranked thirty-seventh in 1900. Population, 1890, 328,808; 1900,401,570: Male, 216,164, female, 185,406; native, 313,062, white, 380,714, colored, 20,856; African, 465; Chinese, 165; Japanese, 1; Indians, 20,225. Cities.— Siotix Falls, commercial metropolis and largest city in State. Situated at falls of Big Sioux River, near important granite quarries; has numerous industrial establishments; population, 1900, 10,266. Yankton, on the Missouri River, 200 miles by water above Omaha, has flour and steam saw mills, breweries, machine shops, etc.; steamboats ply the fiver to Fort Benton ; population, 4,125. Lead, pop- ulation 6,210, and Deadwood, 3,498, in the heart of the Black Hills, are flourishing towns with important mining interests. Pierre, the capital, a thriving city in center of the State, on the Missouri River; an im- portant live-stock market; population, 2,306. Railways.— First railroad entered the State, 1872. Mileage, 1890, 2,610.41; 1893,2,792.15; July, 1900, 2,849.83. Education. — Public school enrollment, 1899-00, 96,822; Private, 1893-4, 1,888, school age, 6-21; compulsory school age, 8-14; expenditure, 81.598,757. Public high schools, 61; private secondary schools, t. Edu- cational institutions Include University of South Dakota, opened at Vermilion, 1882; State Normal Schools at Madison, Spearfish, and Springfield; Agricultural College and farm of 320 acres is located at Brookings; School of Mines, Rapid City; School for Deaf Mutes, Sioux Falls; State Reform School, Plankinton. . Political.— State elections biennial. State, congressional, and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November, Num- ber of Senators, 45; Representatives 87; sessions biennial in odd- numbered years; meets Tuesday after first Monday m January; limit of session, 60 days; term of Senators and Representatives, 2 Years. Number electoral votes, 4. Voters must be citizens or declared mten- Son residents of State 6 months, county 3 months town and precinct 10 days registration limited. Idiots, insane, and convicts, unless Pa £e°gal'Ho C iiaays.-January 1, February 2-2, July 4, first Monday in September general election day, Thanksgiving, December 2a. Teeal.-Statutes of limitation: Judgments, recovery real prop- er^? sealed instruments, 20 years; contracts. 6; personal actions, 2; redemption of taxes, 2. Legal interest rate, 7 per cent; by contract, 12. NORTH DAKOTA. 151 NORTH DAKOTA.^£ e »t££ Indian— Dahkotah, "Leagued." Historical.— Xorth Dakota formed part of the Louisiana purchase of 1803. Exploring expedition of Lewis and Clarke spent the winter of 1804-5 among the Mancian Indians, near the present site of Bismarck, Pembina settled by Lord Selkirk, 1812. American Fur Company domi- nant factor in this section from 1832. Dakota Territory, including parts of Wyoming and Montana, organized 1861; area reduced, 1868. Admitted to the Union Xovember 2, 1889. The twenty-sixth State to enter after tlie adoption of the Federal Constitution. Area.— Total area, 70,795 square miles; land, 70,195 square miles, or 44,924,8)30 acres; water, 600 square miles; breadth, 360 miles; length, 210. Counties. 45. Unappropriated lands, 16,956.491 acres; surveyed, 11.973.738 acres: reserved. 3.370.491. Lands already taken up, 24.583.u98 acres. Government land offices at Minot, Devils Lake, Grand Forks, Bismarck, and Fargo. Physical Features.— Surface is mostly level and rolling, with many fertile hills and broad alluvial valleys. In the west and south- west are the "Bad Lands." Country well watered. Missouri River and its tributaries drain the western and southwestern sections; northern and eastern sections drained by the Mouse and Red rivers. Greatest elevation, at Fryburg Spur. 2.768 feet. Between the Red and Missouri rivers is a grassy plain— the Coteau du Missouri— of 30,000 square miles. Lakes abound in almost every county. Devils Lake, a picturesque sheet of salt water in the northeast, with no visible outlet, has an ele- vation of 1,434 feet above sea level. Length nearly 50 miles; greatest width. 12 to 15 miles. On tbe north shore are the Chautauqua grounds, on the south, historical Fort Totten, now occupied by an Indian indus- trial school. Timber.— Wooded area of State covers about 384,000 acres; timber found mostly on Turtle Mountains and a few other hills and in narrow strips along the Missouri River and other streams. Government 'greatly encouraging planting of trees. Climate remarkably healthful. Atmosphere dry and stimulating, with generally clear skies and brilliant sunshine. "Winters sometimes severe with occasional blizzards. Summer and autumn peculiarly delightful. Rainfall sufficient if distribution is seasonable; greatest in south and west. Mean annual rainfall at Bismarck, 18.4 inches; mean annual temperature, 39.9 deg.; highest, 106 deg. ; lowest, 44 deg. below. Agriculture the chief source of wealth. State noted for pro- duction of wheat. Wheat farms of 30,000 acres not uncommon. Other cereals, flax, and all root crops, especially potatoes yield abundantly. About three-fourths of wheat produced in State grown In James River Valley. Flax cultivated for seed and oil. Area in farms, 1900. 15.542 acres; under improvement, 9.644.520 acres, chief products: Wheat, 2,689.1/23 acres, 13.176.213 bushels; oats. 611,581 acres, 6,299.284 bushels; barley. 243.761 acres, 1.998.840 bushels; rye, 16.152 acres, 83,990 bushels; corn, : 23.824 acres. 381. 184 bushels; potatoes, 29.555 acres, 1,536.860 busheis, flax. 1899, 773,999 acres; 7.766,610 bushels of flaxseed; hay and forage, 1,748.213 tons, value $5,182,917. Value of farm products, $64,252,494-, of farm property, 1900.8255 .266 .751, an increase of 164 per cent in ten years. Orchard fruits grown almost exclusively in eastern half of State; total number of trees, 7.329, one-third in Walsh County. Currants the most important among the small fruits. Live Stock.— Stock-raising second only to agriculture in impor- tance. Estimated area of natural grazing lands. 40,000,000 acres. Live stock — particularly cattle and sheep — and dairy interests centered mostly in the Mouse River country and the grassy hills to the south- west Particular attention given to breeding of cattle and horses. Number and assessed valuation of farm animals, 1900: Horses. 359.948, value 822.72s.5ll . mules. 6,880, 1476,366; cattle, 657434, 815.810,637; sheep, 681,952. $1,967,136; bogs, 191,798, $930,470; total value of live stock, $41,951,- 659; of this amount 53.6 per cent represents the value of horses. Wool Clip, 1901, 2.921,204 pounds. Dairies, Etc.— Introduction of creameries and cheese factories increasing the value of cows and giving new impetus to the dairy Interests of State. Increased wealth of State through dairies on farms. 152 Scale of Statute Miles. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Copyright, 1904,~l>j Sand. ^TrNilly £ Co. 103° 153 RAND, MO NAUY * CO., £HGH't>, CHICAGO. 97" m UNITED STATES. 12,858. Receipts from factory-made cheese, $21,291; creamery butter, $95,232. During the year, 8 cheese factories produced 225,899 pounds ut cheese, and 18 creameries produced 463,188 pounds of butter. Value of milk and milk products, 1697, $2,500,000. Mill? Bold to cream- eries and cheese factories, ll.ssi.liil pounds, value $66316. Home products, 1899: Butter, 9,178,815 pounds; cheese, 70.881 pounds, eggs, ;.1:',s,ihii» dozen; value of poultry, $594,751: animals sold, $3,902j074; Slaughtered, $1,578,588: honey and wax, 81,149. Manufactures.— Production almost entirelv domestic and for local consumption. Report of 1900 gave number of Industrial firms as 1,130; capital employed, 85,396,490; employes, 2,5(56; value of materials used, $5,615,792; products, $9,183,114. Flouring and grist mill products the most important; total number of mills In State, 1900, 97. Flour, lumber, and woolen mills located at Grand Forks. Development of the valuable clay deposits a growing occupation; value of brick and tile manufactured. 1900, $92399. minerals.— Entire country west of Missouri, and large part of total area underlaid with deposits of lignite coal. Coal excellent for heating purposes and possesses superior qualities for gas making. Mining operations are mainly along the Northern Pacific Railway, west of the Missouri River. Output of mines for 1900, 129.883 short tons, value $158,348, an increase of one-third over the output of 1899. Salt springs exist in the Red River Valley. Population.— North Dakota ranked forty-second In 1860; fortieth, 1880, forty-first, 1890 and 1900. Total, I860. 4.837; 1880. 135,177: 1890, 182,719. Population, 1900. 319,146: Male. 177.493; native. 206,055; white, 311,712; colored, 7,434; African, 286; Chinese, 32, Japanese, 148; Indians, 6,968. Cities.— Fargo, on the Red River, is the metropolis and railroad center, with good trade; manufactures agricultural implements; population, 1900, 9,589. Grand Fork*, commercial center of Northeast Dakota; has large lumber mills and Is the seat of the University of North Dakota; population, 7,652. Bismarck, capital, a thriving city on Missouri River, population, 3,319. Jamestown, 98 miles east of Bismarck, railway junction in artesian well belt of James River Valley; population, 2,853. Railways.— The first railway— the Northern Pacific— entered the State January 2, 1872; miles of road completed that year, 272. Miles of road January 1, 1892, 2,218. June 30, 1900, 2.731.22, being 3 89 miles of line to each 100 square miles, 85.59 miles to each lo.ooO inhabitants. In 1901, railroad property was valued at $19,970,000. During certain seasons the Missouri and Red rivers afford important highways for commerce and trade. Education.— Public school enrollment, 1899-00, 77,686; private, 1893-4, 400; expenditure, 81.440,892: school age, 6-20; compulsory, 7-14. Public high schools, 1899-00. 27; private secondary, 2. Among the edu- cational institutions are the University of North Dakota at Grand Forks, opened 1884; State Normal Schools at May ville and Valley City; State Agricultural College, Fargo; School for the Deaf and Dumb, Devils Lake; School of Mines, Grand Forks; Fargo College, Fargo, Red River Valley Universltv, Wahpeton; State Manual Training School, Ellendale, School of Forestry, Bottineau; School of Science, Wahpeton; Reform School, Maudan. About 100 traveling libraries in use In schools Political.— State elections biennial. State, congressional, and Presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November. Num- er of Senators, 40; Representatives, 100; term of Senators, 4 years; Representatives, 2 years; sessions, biennial, in odd-numbered years, meets first Tuesday after first Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days. Number of electoral votes, 3. Voters must be citizens or de- clared intention, or civilized Indians, residents of State 1 year, of county 6 months, of precinct 90 days; registration required in cities of 3,000 or over Idiots, insane, convicts, and U. S. soldiers excluded. Women may vote on school matters. Legal II oil days.— January 1, February 12 and 22, May 30, July 4, Thanksgiving and public fast, December 25, and general State or National election. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 10 years: contracts, obligations, liability , 6, redemption of tax sales, 3 years. Legal interest rate, 7 per cent; by contract, 12. MONTANA. 155 ArOYT A \ T A Mon-ta'-nah. UJ-VALN J-j^^^Jl. "Stubtoe" or " Treasure " State. Spanish— "Mountainous." Historical.— First explored by Lewis and Clarke, 1804-6. Trading post established on Yellowstone River, 1809; Fort Union built by American Fur Company, 1S27; Fort Benton, 1846. First settlers located, 1862. Territory organized, 1864. Admitted to Union, November 8, 1889. Area, 146,080 square miles; land, 145,310; water, 770; average length, east to west, over 535 miles; breadth, 275. Counties, 27. Area of forest reserves, 4,348,800 acres. Physical Features.— Two natural divisions: Western Montana, traversed by Rocky Mountains, contains many broad, fertile valleys and basins; Eastern Montana comprises plateaus and undulating plains. Elevation of plains, 2,000 feet above sea level; mountain valleys, 3,000 to 5,000 feet. Highest altitude, Mount Douglas, 11,300 feet. Chief rivers, Yellowstone and Missouri. Climate, dry, healthful, exhilarating; sunshine almost c.ontinu- ous. Winters generallv mild, but subject to extreme and rapid changes. Snowfall light except on mountains. Mean annual rainfall, Helena, 13 inches; temperature, 43deg.-, highest, 103; lowest, 42 below. Agricultnre, etc.— Farms. 1900. 13.370; area. 11.844.454 acres; im- proved, 1,736,701. Irrigation is necessary in many sections. Cereals, vegetables, and fruits nourish. Value wheat crop, 190u. 81.177.277; oats. 81.U78.869; hay. 85.138. 725; potatoes. 8339,547. Live stock second only co mining in importance. In 1901. Montana ranked first in num- ber of sheep and extent of wool clip Cattle. 1900, 96S.387, 825.362,016; sheep. 6.170,453. 81S.165.404; wool clip, 1901, 3ii.553.990 lbs. Horticulture receiving increased attention. Flathead. Missoula, Ravalli, and Madison counties, chief fruit districts. Orchard trees, 1900,579.874; apple. 5:30.976; cherry, 20,164: plum, 18.449, pear, 8,422. Ap- ples produced. 1899, 43,939 bushels; strawberries, 532,260 quarts. Manufactures.— Natural advantages great. Establishments, 1900, 1,080, capital. 84u.945.846; gross value products, 857,075,824. Copper snielting and refining most important; capital invested, 826,824.298. Lumber and timber products, malt liquors, foundry products, and slaughtering important. minerals.— Mineral resources inexhaustible. Mining chief indus- try. In 1900, Montana fourth in lead, fifth in gold, second in silver. Leads all other States in production of copper. Gold mined. 1900, 277.266 Ounces, value $4,698,000; silver, 14.195.4(H) ounces. 818.353,648; copper. 27u.738.489 pounds, over $44,000,000; lead smelted, 1899. 10.277 shorttons, coalouiput. 1900. 1,661,775 tons, $2,713,707: limestone. 8141.093. Population, 187U. 20.595; 1890. 132.159: 1900, 243.1329: Male. 149,842; lemale 93.487; native. 176.262; foreign. 67.067; white. 226.283; colored, 17,U46, African, 1,523; Chinese. 1.739; Japanese. 2,441; Indians, 11,343. Cities.— Butte, important railway center, second in manufactures; city one of the greatest mining camps known ; population, 1900, 30,470. Helena, capital, third city in size; seat of United States assay office; population, 10.770. Great Falls, second city; many flourishing indus- tries, population. 14.930. Anaconda, seat of large copper smelting and refining works, population, 9.453. Missoula, population, 4,366. Railways.— First railroad entered Territory, March, 1880, number of miles completed, 1880. 1U6: 1890. 2.195; July. 19ou. 3.ulu.32. Education.— Public school system established 1872. Number of dis- tricts. 1899-00.696; total enrollment, 39.430; expenditure. $854,069 School age. 6-21: compulsory school age, 8-14. State University, Missoula; Agricultural College. Bozeman: Indian School, Fort Shaw; School of Mines. Butte; State Normal. Dillon. Political.— State elections biennial. Senators, 26; Representatives, 78; sessions biennial, first Mondav in January: limit, 60 days. Electoral votes, 3. Voters must be citizens, residents of State 1 year, county 6 months, town and precinct 30 days; registration required. Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22, Arbor Day, May 30, July 4, first Monday in September, general election day, Thanksgiving, December 25. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 10 years; contracts, 8; open accounts, 3; redemption of tax sales, 3; legal interest, 10 per cent; by contract, any. 156 1 ';,.^Kr Springe \ J^o'^L^ ^SX"^ >& «*!* ,i. "R 113* f 157 K A ^/^\'eron3^^ MTS . tiger ByTT E_. "Y>^^~^a ri - ; ^^K £?W^ Vfc "W sap** /rr A^ih^uT Cinnabar Cooke ®R e d Lodlge f ..jAberdeen r^-oj 3ran^enberg 7^ k alaka/ I [ddy // Trankl-.D /f ( ^soiiST ;obrhe»a _ , A \ Mafitocth Rot Spnngy ^ V V% , T^tU^ L0W8T0NE ^i Jr^Kt r^' ^^ In ~ ~ ' ft./*-** 1 -2: Of, 6W r^\ *# ^Buffalo A ^2s?% S! — 2 , C opTTigbt,1904,'bj3Und,Jlc'Nillj k Co. K V 158 UNITED STATES. IDAHO, l'-dah-ho. Indian— "Gem <>f the mountains." Historical.— Formed part of Oregon Country acquired 1792-1819. Coeurd'Alene Mission established 1842. First permanent settlements, I860, when gold was discovered <>n Oro Fino Creek. Originally a part of Oregon Territory ami later of Washington Territory. Idaho Terri- tory. Including what is now Montana and part of Wyoming, organized 1868; present limits established 1888. state Constitution adopted 1889. Admitted Into the Union. July 3, L890 Forty-third state. A rea.— Total area. SI, sou square miles; land, 84,290; water, 510, length of western border, 485 miles; Wyoming border, 13o miles; southern Border, 800 miles; northern, 4."> miles. Counties, 21. Pnysica I Features.— Country a vast plateau. Surface diversified by numerous mountain ranges, broad and fertile hills and valleys, and extensive prairies. Altitude varies from 647 feet at Lewiston, to 13,691 feet In Teton Mountains; mean elevation of State, 4,700 feet. Snake River drains two-thirds the area of the State. Othei large rivers fur- nish abundance of water for irrigating purposes. Great Shoshone, American, and Salmon Falls notable natural features Estimated area of wooded lands, 22,400,000 acres, vellow pine predominates. Climate invigorating and healthful. Intensity of heat and cold markedly influenced by the dry, rarefied atmosphere. Mean annual rainfall at Boise, 18.1 inches; temperature, 50.9 deg.; highest, 107 cleg.; lowest, 28 deg below. Agriculture.— Soils of Idaho among the most productive in the world. In southern section irrigation generally necessary to success- ful plant growth. Irrigated area under cultivation, 5t)8,lS3 acres. South- eastern section best suited to general farming. Products. 1900: Wheat, 8,104,029 bushels; oats, 1,849,845 bushels; hay. 659.108 tons; potatoes, 684,080 bushels. Culture of sugar beet successful. Horticulture an important pursuit; rapidly extending in com- mercial importance. Fruits unexcelled in quality and flavor; all de- ciduous varieties of temperate zone, grown. Area under orchards, 1890, 2,640 acres; 1900, 35,284. Value of orchard products. 1899, $365,224. Live Stock industry important. Estimated area of grazing land, 25,ixiO,(ioO acres. Value of farm animals, 1900, $21,389,853; wool clip, 1901, 20.836.250 pounds. Minerals.— Mining the chief industry. Value of ores produced since 1860. nearly $200,000,000. Coeur d'Alene district the richest. State leads in production of lead ranks ninth in gold, and fourth In silver. Output of four leading metals, 1900, about 114,000,000; gold, 83.433 fine ounces, value sl.724.7(Hi; silver, 6,429,100 ounces, value $3,986,042. Out- put of lead, 85,444 short tons: copper, 290,162 pounds. Population, 1890,84.385, 1900,161,772; native, 137.168; white, 154,495; negroes, 293, Chinese, 1.467; Japanese, 1,291; Indians. 4.226. Cities. — Boise, capital and chief city; in vicinity of rich gold and silver mines; seat of United. States assay office; population, 1900, 5,957. Poattello, 4,046; Moscow, 2,484; Lewiston, on Snake River, important trading center; population. 2.425. Wallace, 2,265. Montpelier, outlet for Bear Lake Valley; population. 1.444. Railways.— Miles in operation, 18S0, 206; 1885, 794; 1S90, 946; July, 1900, 1,261.28 miles. Education.— Public school enrollment, 1899-1900. 36.669; expendi- ture, $400,043; school age, 5-21; compulsory school age. 8-14; text-books furnished. University of Idaho at Moscow; Normal Schools at Lewis- ton and Albion. Political.— State elections, biennial. Number of Senators, 21: Rep- resentatives, 49; term, 2 years; sessions, biennial in odd-numbered years, meets first Monday after January 1st: limit of session, 60 days. Electoral votes. 3. Voters must be actual citizens, residents of State 6 months and of county 3 months, town 30 days, precinct 10 days; regis- tratlon required. Women may vote. Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22, Arbor Day, July 4, general election day, Thanksgiving. December 25. L.earal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 6 years; instruments in Writing, 5; contracts not in writing. 4; redemption of tax sales, 2 years. Legal interest rate, 7 per cent; by contract, 12. WYOMING. 159 WYOMING, wio mtag Indian— Maughwanwame— signifies "Broad Valley." , Historical.— Territory taken mainly from Louisiana purchase of 1803: in part from Mexican cessions, and territory defined by treaty with Great Britain 1816. Named for historic Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania. Visited by Spanish adventurers and Jesuit missionaries about the middle of the sixteenth century. Exolored by Fremont about 1842; Cheyenne settled 1S6T. Territory organized from portions of Dakota, Idaho, and Utah, Julv 25, ISfiS. State Constitution adopted 1889; admitted into Union July 10, 1890; thirty-first State admitted. Area.— Total area, 97,890 square miles; land, 97,575 square miles or 62,448,000 acres; water, 315 square miles; length, 350 miles; breadth, 275. Total area of public lands subject to entry, 47,656.896 acres; unsur- veyed. 4.8S7.309. Reserved land. 7.995.018 acres. Physical Features.— Surface greatly diversified; largely an ele- vated plateau crossed by ranges of Rocky Mountain system; mean elevation not less than 6.400 feet; highest'altitude. Fremont's Peak, 13,790 feet; lowest about 500 feet above sea level. Big Horn Mountains in north, Wind River and Absaroka in west; Laramie and Medicine Bow in the southeast. Southwest drained by Green River; northwest by Yellowstone and Snake rivers; north by Big Horn; southeast by North Platte and Laramie rivers. Rivers not valuable for navigation, but furnish power and water for irrigation. Numerous small lakes in western part of State. Contains an unusual number of mineral springs. Yellowstone National Park.— A region, mainly in Wyoming, set apart as a public pleasure ground and game preserve by act of Con- gress 1872. First visited 18o6. Explorations made under Washburne 1870, more extensive under Hayden 1871. Great Continental Diyide crosses southern part of Park. Area about 3,348 square miles. Surface an el- evated plateau in center of Rocky Mountain system, elevat ion 7,000- 11,000 feet. Large tracts are covered with dense forests. Region has been one of recent remarkable volcanic activity. Park is famous for its scenery; noted for its extensive geysers, boiling springs, canons, etc. Embraces headwaters of Yellowstone — branch of Missouri — and Snake — branch of Columbia River. Besides Yellowstone Lake, near center of Park, elevation 7,741 feet, are Shoshone, Lewis, and Heart lakes. Grand Canon and Falls of Yellowstone among its most inter- esting features. Highest elevations, Mt. Humphreys, 11,000 feet, and Table Mountain. 10,800- feet. Within the Park are found the larger game— buffalo, elk, antelope, and bear. Forests, with exception of high plains in Yellowstone Park, usually confined to mountains, wooded area. 8.000J 100 acres distributed through- out the State. Best timber found on Big Horn, Laramie Range, Med- icine Bow, and Sierra Madre Mountains; timber limit about 10.000 feet above sea level. Yellow and white pine and white spruce are the prin- cipal woods. Public forests comprise 3.273,640 acres; Yellowstone Na- tional Park Timber Land Reserve. 1.239 .040 acres ; Big Horn Forest,l,147,- 840 acres; Teton Forest, 829,440 acres; Crow Creek Forest, 56,320 acres. Climate in general mild and healthful. Atmosphere dry, clear, and rare: summers short and cool; winters long and severe in the higher altitudes; temperature varies with elevation. Rainfall slight; mean annual rainfall at Cheyenne, 12.2 inches; mean annual tempera- ture, 44.9 deg.; highest, 100 deg.; lowest, 38 deg. below. Agriculture.— Estimated area of land capable of cultivation under irrigation, 12,00(1,000 to 15,000,000 acres. Agriculture increasing as irrigation is extended; Wyoming surpasses all other States in num- ber of available streams. A large proportion of the alkali soil, espe- cially that of the sagebrush and grease wood wastes, produces abun- dantly under irrigation. Below an altitude of 7,500 feet, cereals- ex- cept Indian corn — vegetables, tame grasses, and other products of Western and Central States may be grown; in Fremont County, at an altitude of 5,300 feet, small berries and grapes grow quite readily. The valleys of the large streams, particularly the Platte, afford the best natural conditions for farming. Promising industries are the raising of sugar beets, tobacco, and small fruits. Improved farm area, 1900, 792.332 acres. Productions and value, 19t)0: Hay, 293.718 acres, yield 493,- *46 tons, value $3,602,156; potato crop, 3,921 acres, 388,179 bushels, value V 160 M\ O/x 'VN "Jlarttnan o ^j "j£ YOMIN C Scale of Statute Mili 1 o Ma Von S 10 20 30 4" 50 Copyright; 1904, "by TUnB. McNail BISHOP mt. \ ' B »t?io 161 a.i , Oil City Berthaton Roclc "Winthrop iw Hide But Tan Tassels" Guthrie } GlenO^ Treelanf^^ Guthrie j> S^a^^^^T 8 ■• Vt Toltec o i^iS BuckhonU Laraaii^iX^^^ys?? ' >rTieausV evie l ' ' 5GA& '"Ssratuza jgj&ckfele >kSB^* /ScluluSpu. Ildowfield Bo3lerW^iJ^' te /iron lbiU« "Wyomir./V;jV"-Vltu4 _Biu^W;&ummi?' at ton / n (Osl-^ — a»"*. \ % I f ill i^ , 166 UNITED STATES. attention Having been given to trio Improvement of breeds; total amount of clip, WW, 16,828,044 pounds. l-'isii and Game.— Fisheries of Utah Lake most Important j princi- pal catch, blackness and carp. Bear and Pangultcb lakes and Ogden and Weber rivers next in importance; suckers, trout, and whiteflsh principal tlsb taken. Fish hatchery near Murray opened 1899. Catch Id public waters, 1899 and 1900, 1,010374 pounds sale value$68,391. Value of wild ducks, grouse and venison sold, 1900,912,483. Elk. antelope, and mountain sheep, and many game birds, Including various kinds of native grouse are becoming extinct. Manufactures.— Salt Lake City, Lehl, Ogden, and Provo chief manufacturing centers. Number of industrial establishments, 1900, 1,400; wage-earners, 6,615; wages paid, 83,388,370; capital, 814,650.948; gross value products, 821,215,783. Smelting and refining of ores most important industry, manufacturing for outside markets. Flour, etc., second in importance, value of products, $1,829,840; output of car con- struction and repair shops, si ,306,591. Beet sugar industry of increasing importance; value products, 81,037,355; malt liquors. $432335: canned fruit and vegetables, §300,349; foundries, etc., 8217,392; lumber and timber products, 8214,187. Manufacture of salt, boots and shoes, con- fectionery and woolen goods important. Minerals.— In 1900, Utah ranked third In production and value of silver, third in production of lead ore, fourth (.of the Western States) In copper, and sixth in salt. Total value of gold, silver, lead, and copper, 1901, 817.580,457; gold, $3,817,420, silver, $6,801,816; lead. 83,210,967; cop- per, $3,750,254. Copper produced from 1883 to 1900 inclusive, 54,286,388 pounds; 1900, 18,354,726 pounds; lead, 1894 to 1900 Inclusive, 247.940 short tons; 1900, 48,044 tons. Coal area extensive; immense deposits of coal still undeveloped; output 1901, 1,382,470 tons, value 81,631,314. Carbon County produces about95 per cent of total output. Extensive deposits of salt around Great Salt Lake and at Nephi and Sallna; total output, 1900, 249,128 barrels, value 8151,662. Vast stores of building stone in many varieties exist. Total value of output. 1900, $81,652; sandstone, 866,733; limestone, $12,749. Only sulphur obtained in the United States, 1900, taken from Louisiana and Utah; output 3.525 tons.value, 888,100. Lubri- cating, illuminating, and fuel oils are found; gilsonite mined. Population.— State ranked thirty-fifth in population in 1850. fortieth in 1890, forty-third in 1900. Total population, 1850. 11,380; 1890, 207,905. Population, 1900, 276.749, an Increase of 33 per cent since 1890: Males, 141,687, females, 135,062; native, 222,972: foreign, 53,777; white, 272,465; colored, 1,284; Africans, 6?2; Chinese, 572; Japanese, 417; Indians. 2,623. Cities.— Salt Lake Cit//, capital and metropolis, founded by Mor- mons under Brlgham Young in 1847; manufactures malt liquors, con- fectionery, cars, boots and shoes, clothing, etc.; population, 1900, 53,531, Ogden, Important railroad, commercial, and manufacturing center; population, 16,313. Provo is a manufacturing town and seat of Insane Asylum; population, 6,185. Logan, center of important educational interests; population, 5,451. Park City, one of the most prominent mining centers In Utah; population, 3,759. Railways.— Union Pacific Railway completed to Ogden, March 3, 1869 Number of miles in operation, 1870, 257-; 1875,515; 1880,842; 1885, 1,138; 1890, 1,265; July, 1900, 1.547.42 miles. Education.— Public school enrollment 1899-00, 73.042; private, 1,728; expenditure. 81. 073.586; school age. 6-18; compulsory, 8-14. Educational institutions; University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Agricultural College. Logan; State Industrial School. Ogden. Political.— General elections biennial. State, congressional, and national elections Tuesday after first Monday in November. Number of Senators, 18; Representatives, 45; term, 2 years; sessions biennial, In odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January, limit, 60 days, Voters must be citizens, residents of State 1 year, county 4 months, town 60 days; registration required, women qualified voters; idiots, insane, and those guilty of treason disqualified. Legal Holidaysc— January 1, February 22, Arbor day, May 30, July 4 and 24, first Monday in September, Thanksgiving and fast days, and December 25. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 8 years; written con- tracts, 6; unwritten contracts, open accounts, 4. Redemption of taxes, 4 years. Legal interest rate, 8 per cent ; by contract, no limit. COLORADO. 167 COLORADO. "Centennial State." Spanish— "Red or Colored." Historical.— Territory acquired under Louisiana purchase of 1803 and Mexican cession of 1848. First explorations made by Spaniards under Coronado, 1540. United States Government expeditiun under Major Pike, 1806; Long's expedition, 1820; Fremont's, 1S42-4. First set- tlement made by trappers on present site of Denver, 1858. Colorado Territory organized, 1861; State admitted into Union, August 1, 1876. Twenty-fifth State admitted. Area.— Total area, 103,925 square miles; land, 103,645 square miles or 66,332,S00 acres; water, 2S0 square miles; length, east and west, 380 miles; breadth, 280; appropriated land, 21,538,185 acres; unsurveyed, 4,396,055 acres; reserved, 5,694,161 acres. Counties, 60. Physical Features.— Surface comprises three great natural di- visions: The great plains of the east, mostly treeless, average eleva- tion, 5,000 feet; the well-watered and timbered foothills west of the plains, 6.500 to 8.000 feet; the Rocky Mountain region covering nearly entire western half of State and including many of highest peaks of system— Pikes. Longs, Harvard, the famous Mount of the Holy Cross, and, highest in altitude, Massive Mountain, 14,424 feet. State has a number of notable natural "parks," the beat known are North Park, area 2,600 square miles; Middle Park, 3,000; South Park, 2,200; San Luis, 9,400. Platte, Arkansas, and Rio Grande are principal rivers. Lowest lake, T.OuO feet above sea level; highest, 9.500 feet. Forestry.— Wooded area comprises about 13,000,000 acres; some of the largest forests in northern portions of State. Yellow and white pine and spruce predominate; the two former are used largely for lum- ber; pinon used chiefly for fuel and charcoal; small streams bordered with cottonwood, red oak, black cherry, etc. State abounds in orna- mental trees and shrubbery. Timber culture receiving attention; ex- periments prove that black walnut and other trees of commercial v-alue may be grown on the plains. Climate varying, chiefly with altitude, but healthful. Pure, dry, and bracing air between the extremes of summer and winter; skies clear. Favorite resort for invalids and pleasure-seekers; heat never oppressive. Rainfall throughout greater part of State averages less than 15 inches; within limited areas and at great elevations exceeds 20 inches. Mean annual rainfall, Denver, 14.5 inches; temperature, 49.7 deg.; highest, 105 deg.; lowest, 29 deg. below. Agriculture.— Large areas capable of cultivation under irrigation; possibilities of industry limited only by water supply as soil yields generously. Area irrigable farming land, 5,000,000 acres; under irriga- tion, 1,611,271 acres. Leading crops, wheat, oats, alfalfa, and potatoes; all cereals except rice, garden products, and fruits easily grown. Area under orchards, 1899, 43,528 acres; total value fruit amounted to $689,678. Western slope adapted to peaches and grapes. Culture of sorghum, hops, broom corn, sugar beets, and tobacco receiving atten- tion. Productions and value of leading farm crops, 1900: Hay, 799,611 acres, 1,783,133 tons, value 813,551,811; wheat, 318,899 acres, 7,207,117 bushels, 84.828,768; corn, 167,839 acres, 3,188,941 bushels, $1,530,692; oats, 99,768 acres, 3.272,390 bushels, $1,407,128; potatoes, 33,273 acres, 1,863,288 bushels, $1,527,896. Live Stock.— Cattle-raising and sheep husbandry extensive pur- suits; western slopes, covered with nutritious grasses, afford unexcelled grazing. Area of non-irrigated meadow lands, 1,000,000 acres. Col- orado one of great wool-producing States. Poultry and all dairy prod- ucts promising sources of profit. Number and value of farm animals, June, 1900: Horses, 236,546, $7,308,726; sheep, 2.(144.814, 85,584,897; milch cows, 100,116, $3,797,997; other cattle, 1.333.2U2, 131,734,741; hogs, 101,198, $482,722; mules, 6,784, $325,547. Wool clip, 1901, 8,254,019 pounds. Fish and Game.— Colorado waters are beiiiK rapidly restocked by the three State fish hatcheries— Denver hatchery near Platte River, nine miles from Denver; Gunnison hatchery, Gunnison; La Plata hatchery, twelve miles from Duraugo. Lakes and streams stocked principally with black spotted mountain, eastern brook, and rainbow trout. Owing to protection, all kinds of game— elk, deer, antelope, mountain sheep, etc.— rapidly increasing; most highly prized, elk and lougitu !> WMt ff.rn 169 103 ■ , J *&■ x ) * ^J tff^ 8 £? /^£ jMS %££2F*^v1 Bryant" . £ I »W b ^\[^>J^-^is^j^l5f5S ^-rOgraQ,. I "Burden Pincwoo.1 K&i&-& / s"* ja '•{'VOis— £-• ' • X <^^f i "j:j cjlitis v | > 170 UNITED STATES. grizzly bear, most numerous, mule deer and antelope. Grizzly, brown, and black bear plentiful in western Colorado Manufacture*. -Manufacturing industries steadily Increasing In number and Importance. Abundance of raw material and great natu- ral advantages afford exceptional facilities. Metal industries lead. Denver and Pueblo chief centers, especially for smelting and iron works, foundries, and rolling mills. Value of all manufactured prod- ucts, 1900, 1102,880,137; 142 per cent Increase In decade, total capital, 162,825,472. Foundry products, $3,986315; flouring mills, $4,528,062, meat- packing, $3,562,357. Total value of finished lion and steel products, 895. I iolorado, the leading Western State in production of coke; establishments, 1900, 12; ovens, Including 86 gas retorts, 1,488, product, 618,755 short tons; value at ovens, •1,746,732. Value brick and tile. ^l'»7,- 238 Production of pig Iron about 112.843 long tons In all. Value of malt liquors produced, $2,042,863, lumber and timber products. $1,627,605. Fruit canning and beet sugar Industries of growing importance; value of canned fruit, $343,394. Minerals.— One of the richest States in Union in mineral wealth. Mining a leading industry. Gold, silver, lead, and copper most Impor- tant minerals. In 1900 State ranked first In production of gold and sil- ver. Value of mineral output, 1898, $42,646,344, 1899, $48320342; gold, 1900, 1.394 .622 ounces. $28,829,400; silver. 20,483,900 ounces. $12,700,018; out- put of lead, 82.137 short tons, output of copper. 7.826.949 lbs. Coal- bearing area, 2,913 square miles; miningoutput, 1900. 5.244.364 tons.value $5,858,036, manufactured into coke, 1900, 970,490 short tons. Petroleum, 1900,317385 barrels, value $3-23.434. nearly all of the production refined at Florence; natural gas, 1900, 81,800; iron ore 407,084 tons; value at mines, $1,510,831, value of granite quarried, §143,054; limestone, $160,587; sandstone, $119,658. Population, 1860, 34,277; 1890, 412,198; 1900, 539,700: Male, 295,332; female, 244,368; native, 448.545; foreign, 91,155; white, 529.046; colored, 10,654; African, 8,570; Chinese, 599; Japanese, 48; Indians. 1,437. Cities,— Denver, "Queen City of the Plains," capital and largest city, settled, 1858; important railway and commercial center; popula- tion, 1890, 106,713, 1900, 133,859. Pueblo, second city, center, of fine agricultural and stock-raising region; has manufactures of iron, steel, and large lead smelting works; population, 1900, 28,157. Colorado Springs, prominent rahway center and notable health resort, near foot of Pike's Peak — Manitou Springs, "Saratoga of the West," five miles distant-population, 21,085. Leadville, smelting and refining center for lead and silver ores, population, 12.455. Cripple Creek, center of Important mining district, population, 10.147. Boulder, population, 6,150. Trinidad, mining center in vicinity of Raton coal fields; popula- tion, 5.345. Railways.— Earliest railroad in State— the Denver Pacific— com- pleted from Denver to Cheyenne, Wyo., 1870. Total number of miles in operation in 1870, 157; 1875, 807; 1880, 1,570; 1890, 4.291; July, 1900, 4,587.25. Education.— Public school enrollment, 1899-1900, 117,555; total ex- penditure, $2,793,648. School age, 6-21; compulsory school age, 8-14. Text- books furnished indigent children. Public high schools, 44; private secondary schools, 6. State Industrial School and School of Mines, Golden; Colorado College, Colorado Springs; State University, Boulder; Agricultural College, Fort Collins; Normal School. Greelev. Political.— State, congressional, and presidential elections, Tues- day after first Monday in November. Number of Senators, 35; Repre- sentatives, 65; sessions, biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in January; limit of session, 90 days, term of Senators, 4 years; Representatives, 2 years. Number of electoral votes, 4. Voters must be residents of State 6 months, of county and town 90 days, pre- cinct 10 davs ; registration required; Australian ballot. Convicts, un- less restored to citizenship, excluded. Right of suffrage extended to women, 1893. Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22, Arbor Day, May 30, July 4, Admission Day, first Monday in September, Thanksgiving, December 25, general election day, and Saturday afternoon. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Actions of debt founded upon con- tract, judgments, sealed Instruments, 6 years; redemption of tax sales, 3 years. Legal interest rate, 8 per cent; by contract, no limit. ARIZONA. 171 ARIZONA. Ar-i-zo'-na. Meaning uncertain— said to be corruption of Pirna "Orlison," Little Creeks. Historical.— Comprises territory acquired from Mexico chiefly at cession of 1848, but partly iucluded in Gadsden purchase 1853. Visited by Spanish explorers 152(5; visited by American trappers 1824; by General Fremont 1S49. Yuma founded 1854. Territory organized 1863; capital established at Prescott 1864; Tucson 1867: Phoenix 1889. Area, 113,020 square miles; 112,920 land; 100 water; extreme length, 375 miles; breadth, 340. Counties, 13; Indian reservations, 11. Physical Features.— Surface consists mainly of high plains. Elevation of more than half the area above 5,000 feet. Mogollon and Gila mountains in east; highest altitude, San Francisco Mountain, 12,794 feet. Chief river, Colorado; most noted gorge, Grand Canon of Colorado, walls of which rise from 3,000 to 6,000 feet sheer from water's edge. Petrified forest in Apache County a notable feature; contains finest and largest known specimens of silicified wood. Climate tropical in southwestern section, temperate in valley regions, and frigid in elevated mountain districts. Air dry and clear. Mean annual rainfall, Prescott, 16.1 inches; temperature, 53.3 deg.; highest, 100 deg.; lowest, 18 deg. below. Agriculture, Etc.— Agriculture increases in importance as irri- gation extends. Area, 1900, excluding Indian farms, 1.891,985 acres; now under canal irrigation, 185.396 acres Cereals and potatoes grown in all parts. Sugar-beet, tobacco. ramie, sugar-cane, peanuts, and cot- ton successfully cultivated. Staple crops: Corn, 1899. 204.748 bushels, value $151,564, barlev. 458.776 bushels. 8223,985; wheat crop. 440.252 bush- els. §276.639; hay. 177.831 tons, si .361,422. Horticulture an important and profitable pursuit. Oranges, lemons,figs, olives , dates, and almonds grown in south. Large quantities of apricots and grapes shipped from Salt Kiver Valley Strawberries ripen in valley every month in year. Fine apples, peaches, apricots, nectarines, and grapes grown in north in limited quantities. Live Stock interests extensive and flourishing. Estimated area grazing lands. 35.000.000 acres. Climate favorable to high-grade stock. Number and value of animals. 1900: Horses. 125.063. si. 701. 905: sheep. 861,- 761, 81.837.794; milch cows, 17,965.8577.693; other cattle, 724,670. S10.7SVt.773; swine, 18,103.880.587, mules. 4.077. 8123.539; wool clip, 1901,5.013,435 lbs Minerals source of great wealth. Ranks high in production of gold and silver; second of Western States in production of copper. Gold mined. 1900,202,856 ounces.value S4.193.4iX): silver, 2,995,500 ounces; copper. 118,317.764 pounds, total lead output, 1899, 3,377 tons. Fuie cop- per from 1895 to 1900 inclusive. 554.700.114 pounds. Population. 1870,9,658; 1890,59,620; 1900. 122,931: Male. 71, 795: female, 51,136; native, 98.698; foreign. 24.233, white, 92.903: colored, 30.02S; African, 1.848; Chinese, 1,419: Japanese, 281, Indians. 26,480. Cities.— Tucson, metropolis, founded 1560; population, 1900, 7.531. Phoenix, capital, center of important agricultural and mining dis- tricts, population, 5.544. Jerome, population, 2.861, and Globe, 1,495, centers of copper mining districts. Prescott, outlet of gold and silver mining district, population, 3,559. Railroads all constructed since 1877. Miles of road In 1880, 349; 1890, 1.094; 1894. 1.355.46. July, 1900, 1.511.89. Education.— Expenditure for public schools, 1900-01. 1300,439; en- rollment. 17,817 pupils; private, 1,483; school age, 6-18. University of Arizona, at Tucson; Normal Schools, Tempe and Fla^gstaff. Political.— Territorial elections biennial. Tuesday after first Mon- day in November Number of Senators, 12; Representatives. 24; term, 2 years; sessions biennial, meets third Monday in January; term, 60 days. Voters must be actual citizens, residents of Territory 1 year, county and precinct, 30 days: registration required. Legal Holiday;*.— January 1, Arbor Day, February 22, May 30, July 4, Thanksgiving. December 25, general election day and Sundays. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 5 years; written con- tracts.!; verbal contracts, open accounts, 3; written instruments exe- cuted without Territory, 4; personal actions, 1 and 2, redemption from tax sale, 1 year. Legal rate of interest, 6 per cent; by contract, any. J 172 H tSTBeaverdam f ji lj?X ~* \ — f \ Hanging R>ch°h JacZbsJW, S> Navajo Spr . Cave Dwelling \ ^ AVA JJOE !? I irilches Pool. M A?"„r ... :; )& '■ i\ Wattrpocket >%^JUcMonu .O „ ifoen A va , X l» ■ RainlTank '<>? — \ip r 4tt > fy- ° Charming TJalek^Rfo ft, e Je'onfc Jc!^^Vo o SinimonsrjIpg5Il 0I j 5^ City Walker oJnV^'^. pple >fl » <■>. Aubrey City °i Bi \ Bue M azatzal Snowfldke CUy t -Alexandf^r f^ Q ' jjjf Congress J^Bradshaw Gillett \i Toresl Dale Seymour^. A l„ ._, _, „ Fort Apache -Ehrenberg *qua J> 2Qr tfX?. "K-^ ^^£-A CVC^fe, Glote ( _ Mesa K^'^fKj TemVe a "Sl.verCiU 4* Florence" ( t\V t«utt lodruff St.John'i A Springerville 2?itirioto<> 1 Mia ,i «. > N t o^ \X oiK««T«i«w 5 ilama 27 J? ARIZONA '" AND INEW MEXICO, Scale of Statute Miles. oj m •:<-> _■■ : ' so on 10 Copyright,, 1904, by Rand, McNally & Co. Saguarro * -•$ ° _^ n anccS V_jV ^^ ° San r t S. LouiS £ V 173 Xongi^ude West from. Greenwich. I) > r \ 174 UNITED STATES. NEW MEXICO. Nu Mek'-Hi-ko. Originally applied only to City of Mexico. Aztec "Mexltl," Aztec god of war. Historical.— Eastern two-thirds of Territory originally formed part of Texas; western portion acquired by Mexican cession of 1848 and Gadsden purchase IKS. Visited by Nunez 1 r,:j7 ; by Coronado 154L Territory explored and named {few Mexico by Bonlllo 1581. Banta !•'<■ flrst visited by Europeans about 1542; capital of New Mexico since 1640. Territory organized September I860; reduced to present limits 1866. Area, 122,580 square miles; land, 122,460; water, 120; average breadth, 335 miles; eastern boundary, 845; western boundary, 390. Comities. 21. Physical Feature*.— Surface a plateau ranging from 3,000 to 6.000 feet in elevation, bearing many isolated peaks which tower above snow line. Eastern New Mexico, a continuation of Texan plain, drained by Rio Grande, Pecos, and Canadian rivers, rising gradually to Iloeky Mountains. Highest altitude, Cerro Blanco, 14,269 feet. Climate healthful; air dry and clear with bright skies; winters severe In elevated portions; rainfall, limited to summer, scanty. Mean annual rainfall Santa Fe, 14.2 inches; temperature, 49.3 deg.; highest, 97 deg.; lowest, 13 deg. below. Agriculture chiefly confined to irrigated areas, which yield abun- dantly Farm products, 1900: Hay, 77,341 tons, value 8765,676; potatoes, 18,544 bushels. 321,140; corn, 554,752 bushels $355,041; wheat, 3.847.347 bushels. 2.616.196; oats. 229.994 bushels. 8110,397. Culture of sugar-beets prominent industry in Pecos Valley, area devoted to culture, 1899, 1,298 acres. Horticulture advanced in Pecos and other irrigated valleys. Apples, peaches, apricots, grapes, figs, pomegranates, and melons grown. Live Stock.— Cattle and sheep comprise chief live-stock inter- ests Number and value of farm animals, June, 1900: Horses, 131.153, 82.220.469; mules, 5,311, 8183,132; sheep, 924,761, SI. 901, 764; swine, 20,426, $81,644; milch cows. 16,775. 8510.048; other cattle. 975,084, 817,467,883; total value, 831.644,179 Wool clip, 1901, 15.725.000 pounds. Manufactures include beet sugar, coke, etc , and the products of flouring, quartz, and lumber mills. Two smelting and refining estab- lishments, (1900); one copper, one lead; total products valued at nearly 81,000,000 Same year there were four wool scouring establish- ments Value railway shop work, 81-069,280; flour, etc., $551,108. Minerals abundant. Large deposits of iron ore in Grant County. Precious stones, especially turquoise, are found, production Increas- ing. Sandstone and limestone quarried. Copper, 1900, 4.169.400 pounds; lead, 1899, 4,856 tons; gold, 1900. 40.292 ounces, value 8832.900; silver, 434,- 300ounces. Coal output. 1900, 1.299.299 tons, value 81,776,170. Population, 1850, 61.547, 1890. 153 593; 1900, 195,310: Male, 104,228: female, 91.08?; native, 181,685; foreign. 13.625. white, 180,207; colored, 15,103; Africans, 1,610: Chinese. 341; Japanese, 8; Indians. 13.144. Cities.— Santa Fe. capital, one of oldest cities in the United States; population, 1900, 5,603. Albuquerque, metropolis, population, 6,238. Las Vegas, railroad center; population 3.552. Eaton, population, 3,540, and Silver City, 2,735. in important mining districts Railways.— First railroad constructed— Atchison. Topeka& Santa Fe— 1879 Number of miles in operation, 1880, 643; 1890, 1,338; Janu- ary. 1898. 1,502.07, July. 1900. 1.752.52. Education.— Public school system established 1884. Total enroll- ment In all schools. 1901-02, 42.925; expenditure. 8723.048; school age, 5-21; compulsory, 8-16. State University. Albuquerque; Agricultural Col- lege, Las Cruces; School of Mines. Socorro. Political.— Territorial elections biennial. Tuesday after first Mon- day in November. Number of Senators. 12; Representatives, 24; term, 2 years; sessions biennial, meets third Monday in January, limit, 60 days. Voters must be actual citizens; residents of Territory 6 months, county, 3; registration required. Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22, Arbor Day, July 4, Thanksgiving, December 25. Legal. —Statutes of limitation; Judgments, 7 years; promissory notes, written contracts. 6; open accounts, unwritten contracts, per- sonal actions, 6; redemption from tax 6ales, 3. Legal interest rate, 6 per cent; by contract, 12. CALIFORNIA. 175 CALIFORNIA. Sga&ft*,.. Name derived from imaginary island in old Spanish romance. Historical.— Originally formed part of Mexican cession. Explored by Spanish, 1542; English, 1579. San Diego founded by Spanish mission- aries, 1769. Territory became part of Mexico, 1822. Pioneers from United States entered, 1826. Fremont's expedition, 1844-5. Ceded to United States 1848. State Constitution ratified November, 1849. Ad- mitted to Union September 9, 1850; eighteenth State admitted. Area, 15S.360 square miles; land, 155,980; water, 2,380; length, 770 miles- breadth, 330. Counties, 57. Physical Features.— Coast line on Pacific about 1,000 miles. State traversed by Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges, highest altitude Mount Whitney, 14,898 feet. Northern section drained bv Sacramento River, southern by San Joaquin. Principal lakes Tulare, Tahoe, Mona, and Clear. Extensive forests of redwood, pine, oak, and fir, chiefly in Northern California; redwood belt of Coast Range most valuable. Climate mild and equable ; atmosphere dry and clear; rainy season, November to April. Rainfall ranges from 40 inches in northern to 16 in central and 10 in extreme southern section. Mean annual rainfall, San Francisco, 23.7 inches; temperature, 56.6 deg.; highest, 100 deg.; lowest, 29 deg. above. Agriculture, Etc.— All products of temperate and semi-tropical climates nourish. Cereals lead in importance. Leading State in sugar- beets First in (1900) barley, second in hops, third in wheat, fifth in hay Barley. 14.85(5.170 bushels, value 16,388,153; wheat. 28.543.628 bushels, $16,555,304: corn, 1.351,975 bushels, 1824,706; oats. 1.477.771 bushels, 8679,- 775; rye. 51/2 580 bushels. 3291,496; potatoes, 2,788,032 bushels, $1,477,657; hay. 2,708,171 tons, s22.o7l.594: sugar-beets. 63.878 acres. 354,942 tons. 81.585.h53; hops. 1899. 59,000 bales. Sheep are noted. Value of farm animals. 19ou. 865.000.000; wool clip, 1901. 12,318.950 pounds. Horticulture verv important. Area under fruit trees, 1899, 600,529 acres; number of trees, 1900, 37.134,930, including 8,996,459 semi-tropical; of the latter over 62 per cent were orange and 17 per cent olive. Plum and prune trees. 9,823.713, peach, 7.472.393; orange, 5,648.714; apricot, 4.244.384, olive. 1.5:30.161; pomelo. 80.918. Value fruit and nuts, 1899, r29.72-2.779 including value of 117.935.727 pounds dried and evaporated fruits, $7.2l9,o82, grapes, 85.622,825, nuts. 81.142.675 Raisin product. 71.568.000 pounds. Fruit canned. 1900. 162,190.382 pounds Fisheries.— California ranks sixth as a fishing State Industry constantly developing; quantity and variety of food and game fishes steadily increasing. Capital invested in commercial fisheries, 1899, 82.774.493; catch, 74,559.019 pounds, value 82,551.451; Salmon fishery most important branch of industry, increasing yearly; Chinook salmon most valuable variety; catch. 7,084.8S5 pounds, value $255,249; value of cannedtish, 1900, $341 .668: salted. 8445.969 Shrimp, cod, flounders, craDS, smelt, rockfish taken. Whale fishery, 8456.463; oysters. 8867,000. Manufactures.— Establishments, 19uo, 12,58*; capital. 205,395,025; gross value products, $302,874,761. Refining sugar and molasses most Important; value products, $15,909,998. State second In manufacture of beet-sugar; value output $3,499,996. Slaughtering anb meat packing second industry; 58 establishments, value products, $15,717,712; 313 establishments manufacture lumber and timber products — capital, $28,236,332, value products. -*13.764.647. Wheat flour output, 2,660,238 bar- rels, value, 7.952.867; canned and preserved fruits and vegetables, $13,- 081,829; foundry products. 12.047.149; liquors, 9,261,600— malt, 748.917 barrels, value $5,085,462; vinous, 19.u89.043 gallons Beet sugar, 1900: granulated, 115,686,356 pounds; butter, farm, 20,853,360 pounds. Minerals.— One of the richest mineral regions in the world. Gold leads, first discovered. 1848. In 19uu, State ranked second in produc- tion; output. 765409 ounces, value 815.816.200; silver, 941,400 ounces, commercial value 9583,668; petroleum. 4.U99.484 barrels, $3,863,225; Quick- silver. 2,013.250 pounds, $1,209,786; coal. 171,708 tons, $523,231; copper out- put, 28.511.225 pounds. Value of mineral waters, $512,310. Total stone, 81,390.572; granite, $738,993; limestone. $407,489. Value of oase metals and inferior minerals. 1901. exceeded $15,000,000. •) 170 Or. ^ v i. ■;- -r^ZL o! ^ir,3.^^ sh& c **&+.& ° Fin fc<. «ns i^^fl^^/ p ?a°. fill °^ e c \?J Urn V 177 *-- if Pi > 5 w 178 UNITED STATES. Population, I860, 92J597; 1*90, 1,208,130; 1900. 1,485,053: Male, 820,531: female, 664,522; white, 1,402,727; colored, h2,326: Africans, 11,045; Chinese, 45,753, Japanese, 10,191; Indians, 15,877. Cities. — Son Francisco, metropolis of Pacific Coast, a leading port; seat of a United States mint ; population, census of 1900, 342,782. Los Angeles, second city, center of fruit and wine district of Southern California; notable winter health resort, population, census of 1900, 102,479. Oakland, opposite Ban Francisco, important trade and manu- facturing center; population, 66,960. Sacramento, capital, prom- inent railway center, with manufactures and large trade in fruit; pop- ulation, 29,282. Sun Jos/', center of important agricultural and horti- cultural district; population, 21,500. Pasadena, well-known winter health resort near Los Angeles; population, 9,117. Railways.— First railway In State, Sacramento Valley. Incor- porated 1852; 8 miles completed 1855. Railway mileage, 1865, 214 ; 1875, 1,503; 1885, 3,015; July, 19(H). 5,751.04 miles. Education.— Public school enrollment, 1899-00, 269,736: private ,23,304. Expenditure, sti.909.35l. School age, 6-21; compulsory, 8-14. Indigent children furnished text-books. Public and private educational and charitable institutions numerous. Including University of California (State), Leland Stanford, Jr., University and Mills College (women). Political.— State and federal elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November. Number of senators, 40; Representatives, 80; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years; meets in January; limit of session, 90 days, term of Senators, 4 years; Representatives, 2. Number of elec- toral votes, 9. Voters must be actual citizens, resident of State 1 year, county 90 days, precinct 30; registration required; ballot reform. Idiots, Chinese, and convicts excluded. Legal Holidays.— January land24, February 22, May 30, July 4,first Monday in September, general election day .Thanksgi viug. December 25. Legal. —Statutes of limitation: Judgments, 5 years, written instru- ments^; action or contract not in wilting, or executed out of State, 2; personal action, 1. Redemption of tax sale, 1 year. Legal interest rate, 7; by contract, any. NEVADA, "stiver state." Spanish— Snowy Historical.— Part of Mexican cession of 1848. Explored 1883. First permanent settlement in Carson Valley, 1850. Nevada Territory organ- ized March, 1861. State admitted Oct. 31, 1864. Area, Etc.— Total, 110,700 square miles; land, 109,740; water, 960; extreme length, 485 miles, breadth, 310 Counties, 14. An elevated plateau traversed by mountain ranges; consists in great part of interior basin with no outlet to the sea. Highest altitude Wheeler Peak, 13,058 feet; general elevation, 5,000 feet. Principal river Humboldt. Popu- lation, 1900, 42,335. Climate extremely dry. Mean annual rainfall, "Winnemucca, 8.5 inches; temperature, 48 6 deg ; highest, 104 deg.; lowest. 28 deg. below. Agriculture.— Under irrigation, valleys and natural meadows highly productive; wheat, hay. and vegetables grown. Value of princi- pal crops. 1899, 12,887 .569 Stock-raising next to mining the leading industry. Farm animals. 1900, $12,093,608; wool clip. 1901, 4,437.000 lbs. Minerals.— From 1871 to 1879 outrauKed all other States and Terri- tories in production of precious metals. Coining value of gold mined, 1900, $2,006,200; silver mined, 1,358,700 ounces. Lead, copper, and man- ganese mined; salt. soda, bismuth, niter, sulphur, and borax exist Cities, Etc.— Reno, seat of State University and Agricultural Col- lege, population. 4,500. Virginia City, pop., 2.695. Carson City, capital, population. 2. 100. Miles railroad. 1900. 909. Public school enrollment, 1899-00, 6.616; expenditure. $224,622. Political.— State elections biennial. Senators, 15; Representatives, 30- term of Senators. 4 years; Representatives, 2. Electoral votes, 3. Voters must be citizens or declared intention, residents of State 6 months, of county, town, and precinct, 30 days; registration required. Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 22, May 30, July 4, October 31, general election day, Thanksgiving, December 25. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Written contracts, judgments, 6 years; open accounts, unwritten contracts, 4. Redemption from tax sale, 1 year. Legal rate of interest, 7; by contract, any. OREGON. 179 OREGON. Or'-e-gon. "Beaver" or "Sunset" State. Algonquin— wau-re-gan— " Beautiful Water." Historical.— Originally included in Oregon country, occupied iointly by Great Britain and United States until treaty of 1846. Visited by Drake 1558. Mouth of Columbia River discovered and explored by Captain Gray 1792; river originally called Oregon, name afterward applied to countrv through which it flowed. Partly explored by Lewis and Clarke 1S04-5. Trading post founded at Astoria 1811; Willamette Vallev settled 1834. Oregon Territory, including present States of Washington and Idaho, organized 1848; constitution forbidding slavery and immigration of negroes adopted 1857. Admitted to Union, Feb. 14, 1859; thirty-third State; twentieth admitted under the Constitution. Area, 96,030 square miles; land, 94,560; water, 1,470; average length, 360 miles; breadth. 260. Unappropriated land, 33,784,023 acres; unsur- veyed, 10,141,659; reserved, 5,500.821. Oregon has three public forests; aggregate area, 4.739.440 acres Counties, 33. Physical Features.— State has 330 miles of seacoast. with many deep harbors. Traversed north and south by Cascade Mountains; high- est elevations, Mt. Hood, 11.225 feet, Mt Jefferson, 10,200 feet. Consists physically of three divisions: Eastern Oregon— comprising all counties east of Cascades— Western, and,Southern Oregon. Two-thirds of East- ern Oregon table-land, with an average elevation of 3,000 feet; Blue Mountains in northeast, average height, 7,000 feet. Coast range trav- erses Western and Southern Oregon, elevation 1,0U0 to 4,000 feet. Prin- cipal river, Columbia, forms 300 miles of northern boundary. Forests.— Wooded area. 54.300 square miles. Forests are chiefly in Cascade Mountains; especially heavy in northern part of State. East of Cascades, greatest timber growths are on the high plateaus and In the Blue Mountains in the northeast. Red fir, hemlock, cedar, and spruce predominate in the west; yellow pine, east. Total timber stand 225 .000,000.000 feet; red fir, I5o,noo.ooo.(ioo feet; yellow pine, 40,000,- 000.000 feet. Cut, 1900, 740.419,000 feet. Sawed lumber, 734,538,000 feet, value $6,691,214 Climate varies with topographical features. Western Oregon mild and equable, with heavy winter rainfall; east of the mountains great extremes of temperature are common. Mean annual rainfall at Port- land, 46.8 inches; temperature, 53.1 deg.; highest, 1<>2 deg.; lowest, 2 deg. below. At Umatilla, mean annual precipitation, 9.81 inches; mean tem- perature, 52.9 deg.; Januarv. 32.3 desr.; Julv, 74 deg. Agriculture.— Within the fertile valleys of the Willamette and Umpqua. and those watered by the Columbia and Snake rivers, are vast areas of farming lands. State ranks second on Pacific Coast in agricul- ture. Wheat, oats, barley, corn, hops, and all kinds of vegetables yield abundantly. Excellent sugar beets are successfully produced; flax fiber of superior quality grown. Farm products, 1900: Wheat, 16,198.012 bushels, value $8,908,907; barley, 9U5.928 bushels, £380,490; oats, 3.2«.77o bushels, 81.345.936; corn. 317.147 bushels, 8180,774; potatoes, l,692.ir20 bushels, 8761.409; hay, 1,677,085 tons, 811,404,178; rye, 94.040 bushels. $57,364; hops, 1899, 14.755,577 pounds, 8937.513; sugar-beets, 14,462 tons Horticulture one of the foremost industries of the State. Through- out Willamette and numerous smaller valleys, and also the irrigated lands east of Cascades, apples, peaches, pears, prunes, grapes, and other fruits flourish; figs grow in southwest. Nut-bearing trees, particularly French walnut, increasing in number. Fruit area. 1899,72,260 acres. Orchard fruits produced, 1.514,228 bushels; apples. 873.980, plums, etc , 959,821; pears, 112,225: peaches. 101.190. Value of orchard fruits, 89o6,oi5, Jackson and Douglas counties contributing one-third; grapes, *i62.543; small fruits. :*386,632, strawberry most important. Number of orchard trees. 1900, 6,314,232; apple. 2.825.898; plum and prune, 2.517.523. Live Stock.— Interior counties of Eastern Oregon deveted almost exclusively to live-stock industry. Dairying carried on extensively. Domestic animals, 1900. Neat cattle. 700,303, value 815, 164.897; milch cows, 122,447, $4,093333; horses, 287,932, $8,651,060; mules, 7,446, 8318,249. sheep, 8,040,291, 87.563,447; swine, 281,406, $1,057,037. Total value, 833.172.342. Value animal products, 1899. 816.284,282; milk, 48,582,968 gallons; butter, 8.107.45O pounds, cheese. 467.256. Value of eggs, 81.162,071 , poultry, 8826, 687; animals slaughtered, 81,565,895. Wool clip, 1901, 16,169,320 pounds 180 ■ TTv^&M" ^ Arl ScALE 0F Stati l e MT? , > i »k»»» m »--. ffary ? 5 v "° -y * v w/ ^.** - '^1 •e**'" Goldena !*>. Cannon JJi-.vi, ^) l TVc/talcm TillamooTc 1'iilainU^r k #c y Sl#PfsXSf' ■■■■■- -a e Ami Hilly & Co.. Tngr-av, V 181 * k - WARNERS ^ Or ' ' ' , , i MXisas I- Is. rvy- us" lsj UNITED STATES. Fisheries.— Fish abound In the rivers Bbad and oysters success- fully planted Id Mate waters. Canning of salmon an important In- dustry; Columbia River factories have greatest output. Fisheries employ 5,643 persons, 82 vessels, and 1,880 boats; cash capital invested, 81 561,000; total Investment, 18497,643. Fish canning and preserving establishments. 1900,24; tish canned, 10,409,002 pounds, salmon, 15,915,- 852 pounds. Yield of fisheries, 1899, 22,818,411 pounds, value |855,75U Salmon catch, 21,373,905 pounds, value $S29,S24; clam-. 979,290 pounds, value 19,484; crawfish, 116,400 pounds, $7,760. Cattish, halibut, flounders, and herring are also taken. DI a n u fact in es- — Extensive and valuable water power, with abun- dance of raw material, affords excellent facilities for manufacturing Industries Chief manufacturing center, Portland. Lumber, flour, and canned fish principal products Meat packing and woolen manufactures are prominent industries. Shipbuilding industry Important. Wood pulp, straw, and other paper manufactured. Woodenware factories, tan- neries and creameries are numerous. Lumber and timber products, 1900, $10,352,167; rlouring-miH products, 16,364,023; value of brick and tile manufactured, 8227,141; slaughtering and meat-packing, 81,638,480: woolen goods, 8937, 824; fermented liquor, 1900-01, 391 .755 barrels; distilled spirits, Oregon and Washington, 5,056 gallons. Output of beet-sugar, 1902, 2 500,000 pounds. Minerals.— Important and varied. First settlements due to dis- covery of gold. Principal minerals mined, gold, silver, and coal. Cop- per, lead, platinum, nickel, iron, quicksilver, antimony, building stone, limestone, and brick and pottery clays also found. Total gold and silver mined in State largely from interior counties Gold, 1890, 81 ,087.000; 1900, Si 694,700; silver. 1890,8129,199; 1900, 115,400 ounces, coinage value. 8149,204. Commercial value, 871.548. Coal mines, 1897, 8 ; output 1900, 58,864 tons, 8220,000; total stone, $21,663. Population.— Ranked thirty-fourth in 1850: thirty-eighth. 1870 and 1890; thirty-fifth in 1900. Total population, 185C, 13,294; 1S70. 90,923; 1890, 313.767,1900,413,536: Male, 232.985; native, 347.778, white, 394,582; African, 1,105; Chinese, 10,397; Japanese, 2,501; Indians, 4,951. Cities.— Portland, on Willamette River, at head of ship navigation Chief city in State and second on Pacific Coast, prominent railway center and terminus of several steamer lines, manufactures and exports extensive; population, 1900, 90,426. Salem, capital, on "Willa- mette River, center of important educational interests; has large manufactures of woolens, flour, and tobacco; population, 1900, 4,258. Astoria, flourishing town on Columbia River, principal industry salmon canning; population, 1900, 8,381. Railways.— Number miles, 1870, 159; 1880, 508; 1887, 1,290; 1890, 1,427.95; June, 1897. 1,529.59 miles; July, 1900, 1,723.S0 miles, being 1.82 miles of line for each 100 square miles of territory. The Cascade locks and canal enable boats to pass the cascades of the Columbia River. Education.— Public school enrollment. 1S99-00. S9.405; expenditures. 81.594,420. Pupils in private schools, 10,744. School age. 6-21, compulsory school age, 8-14. Public high schools, 1901, 34; private secondary, 16; Graded schools, 1898, 245. University of Oregon. Eugene; Willamette University, Salem; State Agricultural College, Corvallls, State Normal Schools as Weston, Monmouth, Drain, and Ashland, Oregon State Reform School and the School for the Deaf, Salem. Political.— General election first Monday in June. Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, members of Legislature and Con- gress biennially. Number Senators, 30; Representatives. 00; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years; meeting second Monday in January; limit. 40 days; term of Senators. 4 years; Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 4. Voters muot be citizens of the United States, and residents of the State 6 months; regisr ration required; ballot reform. Women vote on school matters. Soldiers of the United States army, idiots, Chinese, insane, and convicts unless pardoned, excluded, Legal Holidays.— January l.February22. May 30. July 4. first Mon- day in September, general election day. thanksgiving, December 25. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, sealed instruments, recovery of real property, 10 years; contracts not under seal, 6. Re- demption of tax sales. 8 years. Legal interest, 6 per cent; by contract, 10. Usury forfeits principal and interest. WASHINGTON. - 183 WASHINGTON. ^S&gWte... Named in honor of the First President. Historical. — Region formed central part of Oregon Country claimed by both Great Britain and the United States; northern bound- ary line established 1846. Discovered by Juan de Fuca 1592; visited by Spanish 1775; by Cook 1778. Columbia River ascended by Captain Gray 1792; by Lewis and Clarke 1804-5. Fur traders settled near mouth of Columbia 1811. Settled by missionaries 1836-7; Port Townsend founded 1S50; Territory of Washington organized, Seattle platted, 1853. Admitted to Union November 11, 1889, twenty-ninth State admitted. Area.— Total area, 69,180 square miles; land, 66,880; water, 2,300; length east to west, 36U miles ; breadth, 240. Counties, 36. Unappropri- ated land, 11,913,164 acres; unsurveyed, 6,299,221. Physical Features.— Cascade Mountains divide the State in two unequal parts, Eastern and Western Washington ; three-fifths of entire area comprised in Eastern Washington. Highest elevations, Mt. Rainier, 14,526 feet; Mt. Baker, 10,827 feet. Coast-line, 1,860 miles- Pacific, 180; straits, about 80; Puget Sound, including indentations, 1,600. Puget Sound, most characteristic factor of Western Washington, noted for its great depth and many fine harbors; area, 2,000 square miles. Columbia River, principal natural feature of Eastern Washing- ton, with its tributaries— Snake, Spokane, Okanogan, and Yakima— drains almost entire section; forms large part of southern boundary. Forests.— Vast forests of State one of its most valuable resources. Estimated area of wooded lands, 3u.0OO.0oo acres; standing timber, 195,- 688,000,000 feet. Most extensive forests in Western Washington. West- ern slope of Cascades heavily wooded, fir predominates, timber of east- ern slope includes blue and yellow pine, tamarack, fir, and white cedar. Climate generally healthful; of Western Washington moist and uniform, with heavy winter rainfall; Eastern Washington, hot, dry summers, with generally short, cold winters. Mean annual rainfall Olympia, 53.1 inches; temperature, 50.2 deg.; highest, 97 deg.; lowest, 2 deg. below. Game.— Large game consists of elk, in Olympics; mule deer in mountains of Eastern Washington; Virginia deer in brushy bottom lands; black-tail deer throughout Western Washington; black and brown bear and mountain goats in Cascade Mountains. Mountain sheep seldom found. Furbearing animals include otter, beaver, muskrat, martin, mink, fisher, coon, skunk, and wolverine. All kinds of grouse, quail, partridge, water fowl, and marsh birds abound. Agriculture.— Eastern Washington the great grain district; foot- hills of Cascades in southern and central sections yield all cereals, fruits, and vegetables of temperate zone; sections farther east when irrigated unsurpassed in productiveness. In Western Washington wheat and hops are important products; oats, barley, and hay, with all hardier fruits except the peach and grape successfully grown. Excellent flax produced in Puget Sound region. Farm products, 1900: Wheat, in which State ranks fourth, 25.096.661 bushels, value $12,799,297; corn. 106.140 bushels, 162,623; oats, 3.016,266 bushels, si. 206.490; barley, 1.386.267 bushels. S540.644; rye, 39.169 bushels, $22,718; potatoes, 1,839,644 bushels. $864,633: hay, 846,491 tons, $S ,041 ,664; hops, 36,000 bales, ranking third. Cultivation of the sugar-beet increasing. Horticulture an important and growing industry. Whitman, Yakima. Spokane, and Walla Walla the chief fruit counties. Extensive prune orchards in Western Washington; large areas in Eastern Wash- ington devoted to peaches. Pear, plum, cherry, and apple orchards in various sections. Area under fruit, 1899, 92,487 acres; value product, $1.3.53,375. Under orchard trees, 89,261 acres; value crop, $999,487; small fruits, $326,616; grapes, $27,242. orchard crop, 1,174,779 bushels; apples, 728.978; plums and prunes, 229,207; peaches, 80,990. Apple trees, 1900, 2,735.824; plum and prune, 1,290.845. Strawberry Important. ljive Stock.— Two-thirds of Eastern, and a large part of Western Washington adapted to grazing. Cattle, horses, and sheep raised in large numbers. Raising Angora goats promises to become a profitable pursuit. Number and value of farm animals, June, 1900: Horses, 243.- 985, value $8,550,434; mules, 2,690, $1:38,185; sheep, 929.873. $2,450,929; milch cows, 107,232, *4,076J89; other cattle, 287,691, $5,363,849; swine, 181,535, 184 185 Greenwich. 120 ^o^ Gudl'jidt* % KWLaTcc ^T HapidsM ^V> paha^ V^ellensbIrg jr w -.iaii S51&.3S; ?^M-- Sl^^^L ^^5S/^^<°?/ U7 °' \ £ ' ^.Anatone«l ■j&Kp Washtngton- iJe^efjo' " V * M&™ SCALE ° F STATUTE MlLES - -r- _-.■ >^ J/O ^>-^ n , 10 oa 30 jo SO ■-^o\L"matilla ? ToaTcum B M 20 30 40 o'O ^k* fl. * v o^n&0' i ml I |Y» ^^ Copyri s 1.t.l904, XjlUnil HaFaHj ft C ; G) Dou^sWO N I 1-"- UN0, HOMILY i CO., ENGRAVEBS, CWICASO.' |]g 186 UNITED STATES. 1880,704; wool clip, 1901, 4,888,000 pounds Dairying rapid! In Importance. Factory butter, 1900; 8.198,421 pounds; cheese, 1,482,12 pounds; condensed milk, 1,982,500 pounds. Fisheries.— Leading Pacific Coast State In fishing industry, salmon fisheries leading branch, great recent development in salmon-canning in Northern Washington; other important catches, oysters, halibut, clams, crabs, Bmelt, sturgeon, etc. Amount invested In fishing indus- try, 1899,16,601,243; employes, 9,911; vessels. 101; boats, 2,566; 120,587,726 pounds, value r,'.s?1.4.',s. \'jil tie of catches, 1899- Chinook salmon. £*?,- 120, blue-hack. $007,514; silver, 1364,287; steelhead, $69,242: dog. 1109,940, hump-back. $i:tt.u59; oysters, $174,567; sturgeon, $3,907; halibut, $191,220; clams, 823,248; smelt, 89.810; crabs, 811,119. Manufactures.— Manufacturing establishments, 1900, 3,631; gross value products, $86,795,051. Lumber and timber products most im- portant; establishments, 778; employes, 15.696, or 46 4 per cent of total wage-earners; value of products 830,286,280 or 34.9 per cent of total products. Characteristic products of mills, red fir lumber and cedar shingles. Second industry, manufacture of flour, etc.; output of 85 establishments valued at 86,875,672, an increase of 179.4 per cent during decade Slaughtering and meat packing of third importance; value products, 84,892,857. Fish canning and preserving ranks fourth, output of 36 establishments valued at $4,831,038, an increase of 820.2 per cent In ten years Other leading industries and value of products: Foundry, etc., $2,257,643; printing, etc., si, 855,730; ships and boats, 81,505,649; cars, etc., $1,479,680; malt liquors, $1,230,525; planing mill products, $1,257,369; dairy products, factory, $1,190,239. Sawed lumber output, 1.429,032,000 feet; shingles. 4.337.992,000; value $5,S53.437. Minerals.— Coal and valuable mineral deposits equally distributed throughout the State In 1900 Washington ranked twelfth among gold- producing States, among silver eleventh; gold mined, 34,743 ounces, value $718,200; silver, 224,500 ounces, commercial value $139,190. Prin- cipal coal-producing State on Pacific Coast ; output. 2,474,093 tons, $4,700,- 0(58. Total value of stone output, $378,032, limestone, 8249.163; sand- stone, $68,133, granite, $48,900. Copper, lead, arsenic, zinc, molybdenum, nickel, marble, and other minerals and stone are found. Population.— Ranked fortieth in I860, forty-second in 1880, thirty- third in 1900. Total, 1860, 11.594; 1880, 75,116; 1890, 349.390; 1900, 518,103: Male. 304,178; native, 406,739: white. 496.304; colored, 21,799; African, 2,- 514; Chinese, 3,629; Japanese, 5,617; Indians, 10,039. Cities.— Seattle, metropolis, on eastern shore of Puget Sound; fine deep-water harbor; has large manufactures of lumber, shingles, and machinery; important trade in lumber, coal, hops, and fish; population, 1900, 80,671. Tacoma, second city, at head of Puget Sound; fine harbor; prominent commercial and manufacturing center; fish packing and manufacture of lumber important industries; population, 1900, 37,714. Spokane, center of a great wheat-producing section and of mineral dis- trict of Eastern Washington; population, 36,848. Wallawalla, outlet of a flourishing agricultural district, population, 10,049 Olympia, capital, situated at head of Puget Sound; population, 4,082. Railways.— Miles of railway In operation, 1875, 110; 1880, 289; 1885, 776, 1890, 1,998; June, 1900,2,913.57. Education.— Public school expenditure, 1897-8, $1,795,795; enroll- ment, 97,916; school age, 6-21; compulsory. 8-15. High schools, 1900-01, 47. Other educational institutions— State University. Seattle: Normal Schools, Ellensburg and Cheney; Agricultural College. Pullman. Political.— State elections biennial. State and federal elections Tuesday after first Monday in November. Number of Senators, 42; Representatives, 94; term of Senators, 4 years. Representatives, 2; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years; Electoral votes, 4. Voters must be citizens or declared intention, residents of State 1 year, county 90 days, town and precinct 30 days. Registration limited; ballot reform. Indians not taxed excluded. Legal Holidays.— January 1, February 12 and 22, May 30, July 4, first Monday in September, general election day, Thanksgiving, De- cember 25. Legal.— Statutes of limitation: Judgments, written contracts, 6 years; recovery real property, 5; unwritten contracts, open accounts, personal action, 3; redemption of tax sales, 3. Legal interest rate, 7 per cent; by contract, 12. ALASKA. • 187 ALASKA • A-las'-ka. Corruption of aboriginal " cO-akshak," "great land" or •' main land." Historical.— First visited by Russians under Bering 1741; Alaskan shore explored by Cook 1778; first permanent Russian settlement on Kodiak Island 1784: settlement established on present site of Sitka 1799- destroyed 1802; re-established 1804. Charter granted Russian-American Fur Company 1799; twice renewed; expired 1864. Alaska purchased by United States in May. 1867. for S7.200,000. District Government pro- vided, 1884, Federal Judicial District, 1900. Area of the Territory. 590.884 square miles; extreme length, 1,100 miles; breadth, 800. Islands number about 1,500; aggregate area, 31,205 square miles; most important, Alexander group — embracing Baranof and Prince of Wales islands — Kodiak Island, and the Aleutian and Pribllof groups,, Physical Features.— Surface divided into three distinct districts: Yukon or Northern, Aleutian or Middle, and Sitkan. Yukon district, between river and Arctic Ocean, characterized by rocky hills and broad marshy plains ; Aleutian district includes Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands ; interior covered with forests j islands treeless, with remarkable wealth of grasses ; Sitkan district largely mountainous and densely timbered. Coast abounds in islands, usually mountainous; Aleutian chain extends into Pacific Ocean nearly 1,500 miles. Coast line affords many excellent harbors; estimated length, 26.364 miles. Yukon, principal river; largest entering Pacific Ocean-, length about 2,000 miles; nearly three-fourths continuously navigable for river steamers; second largest river, Kuskokwlm; estimated length, 600 miles. Coast Range mountains extends into Southern Alaska, and Includes Mount St. Elias, 18.024 feet, and Mount "vVrangell, 17,500; farther inland is Mount McKinley, with an elevation of 20,464 feet. Many glaciers; Muir and Malaspina most notable. • Forests.— Timber area large. One-fourth the interior below an altitude of 1,000 feet heavily wooded. Forests in Southeastern Alaska dense, as far west as Yakutat Bay; from interior of Kenai Peninsula timber line of mainland follows coast line, at distances varying from 100 to 150 miles, to mouth of Yukon. Forests mainly coniferous; Sitka spruce predominant tree; yellow cedar rare but valuable; hemlock, balsam fir, and scrub pine found in scattered bodies; white birch occa- sionally in spruce area; alder and willow in all lowlands; poplar in nearly all timbered sections south of Arctic Circle. Forests practically untouched, owing to Government prohibiting exportation of timber. Climate.— Climates of coast and interior differ widely. That of Southeastern Alaska— and in a measure entire coast climate— greatly modified by Japanese Current; enormous rainfall of this section due to same cause; average number of clear days during year, 66. Approaching interior of mainland winters cold excessive, summers longer and warmer; rain and snow less frequent. At Sitka, coldest month, January; temperature, jjl.4 deg.; warmest, August; temperature, 54.9; annual rainfall, 81 inches. At St. Michaels, near mouth of Yukon, coldest month, February; average temperature, 2.3 deg. below; warmest month, July; mean temperature, 53.6 deg. Mean temperature in Klon- dike: Spring, 14.22 deg.; autumn, 17.37 deg.; summer, 59.67 deg.; winter, 30.80 deg. below; in 1896, temperature nine days was 50 deg. below. Point Barrow, most northerly point in United States, mean summer temperature, 36.8 deg. ; mean winter, 17.05 deg., with occasional periods when temperature is from 40 to 50 degrees below zero. Agriculture.— Tillable land in Southeastern and Southwestern Alaska estimated at 2,500,000 to 3,200,000 acres; Yukon district, 460,000 acres. Southeastern and Kodiak regions, including Cook's Inlet, most promising district. Cultivated areas practically confined to small patches yielding hardier garden vegetables, putatoes, turnips, onions, etc. Twelve farms. 1900, 159 acres ; total wealth, $15,686; value of prod- uce and live stock 1899, $15,807. Grasses among the most valuable plant products; timothy, Alaska redtop, blue grass, orchard grass, wild barley, and rye flourish. Berries of fine flavor, abundant. Vegeta- bles and hay may be grown in many sections of Yukon district. Live stock, limited to a few cows, pigs, and poultry, found in villages; rein- 188 ^^M^-f %Xi|f] tCjiEK ^«TT \^&$h '"ALASKA. f Statute Miles, 290=1 Inch. 100 50 '50 100 150 20-1 250 ~ J gattu f^ 165° Copyright, 1004, ~jy Rand. McXally & Co. V 190 UNITED STATES. deer, furnishing clothing, used In transportation, and as food, most use- ful domestic animal. Number of deer, 1900,8323; belonging to Govern- nient, (14-1. Central and Arctic Alaska abounding In long, fibrous white moss— natural food of reindeer— capable of sustaining vast numbers. Fisheries.— One of the most valuable natural resources ot Alaska. Salmon, of which there are half a dozen species, tin' most Important; halibut, herring, and cod taken In commercial quantities; cod fishing banks among the largest known. Largest banks are Portlock, Shuma- gln, Albatross, Slime, and Balrd, depths range from 15 to 5u fathoms. Canning districts are on Kodiak Island and Chlgnik Bay. In 1900 there were in Alaska 36 fish canning establishments with a total capital of 18,208,328 and employing 2.092 persons; value of products, 83.821,136. Fish canned, 52.011.552 pounds, value, 83,608.738. Fish salted, 5,689,100 pounds value, 1212,898; cod. 687,500 pounds, value 127,500. Market value of total salmon catch exceeded 86.000,000. A comparatively new but wasteful Industry Is the salting of salmon; one of the best-known salterles is near Tyonek, on Cook Inlet. Minerals.— Mining chief occupation throughout Alaska. Fine gold exists in nearly all Alaska rivers. Principal deposits of South- eastern Alaska In vicinity of Juneau. Gold first discovered in Yukon district on Stewart and Lewis rivers, 1885; richest deposits— excepting the Klondike, on border of Alaska— those of Forty Mile Creek, dis- covered in 1886, and Birch Creek, 1S93. In Western Alaska most valua- ble deposits those of Cape Nome region and of Cape York, 120 miles distant, discovered 1898. Gold mined in Alaska, 1899, 264,104 fine ounces, value 85,459,500; silver, 140,100 fine ounces, coining value 8181,- 140. Value of gold produced in Yukon district— including United States and British territory— season of 1898-99 about 820,000,000. Yield of platinum from Yukon district important. Most valuable coal deposits on east shore of Cook Inlet; petroleum fields along coast of Cook Inlet also worked. Coal beds exist at Norton Sound, Cape Lls- burne, and Admiralty, Prince of Wales, and Baranof islands. Copper mined on Prince of Wales Island ; copper-gold claims on Cape Fox are being exploited; valuable deposits also found in White Horse cop- per district. Iron is known to exist in many parts of the Territory. Fur Industry.— Most valuable fur-bearing animals, sea-otter, seal, beaver, silver and blue fox, mink, and marten. Value of sealskins taken, 1867 to 1890, nearly $33,000,000; other furs, 816,000,000; furs shipped from Territory, 1892, 81,550,000. Owing to threatened destruction of seal fisheries, Government taking stringent measures for their preser- vation. Pribilof Islands chief resort of the fur-seal. Total arctic catch, 1901,24,127; Bering Sea, 10,314: Copper Island, 3,838; coast, 8.985. Population.— Total, 1890, 32,052: 1900, 63.592: Male, 45,872, female, 17,720; white, 30,507; Alaskans, 29,536, including 2.449 half-breeds; Chinese, 3,116; others, 433. Native races, Esquimaux, Athabascans, Aleuts, and Thlinkets. First two occupy interior and north and west coast; Thlinkets south coast; Aleuts, parts of Alaska Peninsula, Shu- magin Islands, and Aleutian Chain. Cities.— Nome, in gold-mining region between Norton Sound and Bering Sea, largest town In Alaska; famous for its rich beach diggings, discovered 1898; population 12,486. Skagway.&t head of Lynn Canal, second in size; point of departure for gold-seekers bound for Yukon over Chilkoot and White passes; first college in Alaska established here 1899, population, 3,117. Juneau, leading commercial and trading center; progressive town with good buildings; population. 1864. Sitka, on Baranof Island, capital, seat of oldest Greek Church in United States, and of an industrial school; residence of the Governor; popu- lation, 1,396. WrangeU, near mouth of Stikine River, important point of departure for traders and miners bound for interior; population, 868. St. Michael, on Norton Sound, flourishing trading post for Yukon and Arctic districts; population, 857. Douglas, on Douglas Island, near Juneau, location of Treadwell gold mine; population, 825. Political, Etc.— Alaska governed by civil code passed 1900. Fed- eral judicial district with three divisions. No local legislature nor delegate to Congress. Homestead laws extended to Alaska, 1898. Land offices at Sitka, St. Michael, and Rampart. Telegraph between St. Michael and Nulato, Eagle and Dawson. Cables between St. Michael and Nome, Juneau and Skagway. NEWFOUNDLAND. 191 NEWFOUNDLAND. Nu'.fund.land>. Historical.— Country discovered by Cabot 1497 During 16th century settlements madebv both English and French, between whom constant strife existed. Island ceded to Great Britain 1713; certain fishing rights retained by French a source of dispute; question still un- settled.retards development of the Island. Representative Government granted 1S32. responsible established 1855. Railway mileage 1S97. 633. Area, 42. 734 square miles, including coast of Labrador, 49,734. Ex- treme width, about 3u0 miles; length, about 419 Physical Features.— Surface diversified by hills, rivers, and lakes. Chief rivers. Exploits and Gander, largest lake, Grand. Coast line, 1.200 miles. The "Grand Bank" extends eastward from New- foundland about 600 miles; most extensive submarine plateau known. Extensive pine forests; lumbering and shipbuilding growing industries. Climate healthful and milder than that of Canada; summers short and warm , southern coast subject to fogs. Mean annual temperature St. John's, 40.09 deg.; February. 23.6 deg.; August, 60.5 deg.; mean rain- fall, 40.74 inches; snowfall. 121.64. Agriculture, Etc.— Arable land, 5,000,000 acres; under cultivation 1891. 64,494; chief products, potatoes, other root crops, hay, barley, and oats; apples, plums, cherries, and small fruits grown. Extensive tracts suitable for grazing. Cattle 1891, 23.S22; sheep, 60,840. Fisheries engage 54.755 persons. Cod fisheries most extensive in the world, principal grounds over the "Grand Bank" and off coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador; total catch 1900, I45.669.6t>4 pounds. Ex- port dried codfish, 1900, valued at over 85,600.000. Value of seal fisheries 8595.935. Province important in propagation of lobsters; amount pro- duced valued at 8441.202. Herring fisheries productive; products val- ued at 8245.869. Salmon fisheries increasing in importance, owing largely to catch along Labrador coast; total value. 8103,698. Commerce.— Value of imports 1900. 87.702.545; leading articles are flour and other provisions, textiles, hardware, leather, etc.; exports, $8,863,960, fish products, copper, and iron ores. 3Iinerals.— Copper deposits extensive; iron ore and coal, and val- uable deposits of silver and lead found; gold, asbestos, and petroleum exist. Building stones, marble, and roofing slate abundant. Population 1891. 197.934. including Labrador andl42Indians.202.040; estimated. 1900, 208.000; Labrador coast. 4,100. Cities.— St. John's, capital and fortified city; fine harbor: nearest North American seaport to Europe; population with suburbs, 29,007 Harbour Grace, second in importance. 6.466. Carbonear, 4,127. Education, Etc.— Aided schools 1900.694; pupils. 36.322; expendi- ture. 1158,151. Roman Catholics number, 72.696; Church of England adherents, 69.324-, Methodists. 53.276; Presbyterians. 1,449; others, 4,795. Government.— Newfoundland with Labrador a Crown Colony; Government administered by Governor, assisted by an Executive Council, Legislative Council, and House of Assembly. L.AB R A DOR. —Visited by Norsemen about the year 1000; by Cabot 1497; Cortereal 1501; Hudson 1610. Annexed to Newfoundland 1763; placed under Government of Lower Canada 1774; re-annexed to New- foundland 18i)9. Area of peninsula. 530,000 square miles. Newfound- land portion limited to narrow strip— 10 miles wide— along coast. Sur- face rugged; coast irregular, with many good harbors; interior a vast table-land. Climate rigorous; ice-bound throughout winter; summer pleasant. Fisheries valuable. Exports cod, salmon, herring, seal and whale oil, and furs. Population, 4.100 Eskimos, whites, and Indians, chiefly along coast. Nain and Hopedalt leading settlements. Hudson Bay Company has several posts. ST. PIERRE AND MIQI'ELOX- Islands conceded French possessions 1713. Area of group. 93 square miles; St. Pierre, 10; Great and Little Mlquelon. 83; largely unsuited to agriculture. Cod fishery leading industry. Value of imports 1900, 81.771.947; exports, $2,558,816. Population of Colony, 6,250; St. Pierre, 5,700; Mlquelon, 550. St. Pierre chief town; population. 3,000; during fishing season, 15,000. Seat of Colonial College, number pupils in all schools, 1,355. Government administered by Governor, Council-General, and Municipal Councils. 192 Dominionof Canada AND Newfoundland Scale of Statute Miles. 5" 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10 00 Copyright, 1904, "by Rand, McNallj * Co. 110 5 100°" 193 AUV 4 CO., EliR'S, O 194 DOMINION OF CANADA. DOMINION OF CANADA. Historical.— Earliest explorations by English under Cabot 1497-8. First Important explorations and permanent settlements made by French— Carder's explorations L534-35-40. Champlaln's 1603-8. Quebec founded 1608. Trade with Indians established in northwest by Hud- son's Bay Company (English) 1670. Halifax founded by English 1749; Quebec captured by English under Wolfe 1759; country ceded to Gnat Britain 17*13. Dominion of Canada formed by confederation of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia provinces 1867; Northwest Territories acquired 1869: Manitoba admitted 1870; British Columbia 1871; Prince Edward Island 1873. Area, 3,653,946 square miles, comprising all territory of North America north of the United States except Alaska and Newfoundland. Length of coast line, 11,400 miles. Physical Features.— Great natural features of Eastern Canada, the Laurentian .Mountains, St. Lawrence River, and Hudson Bay; of Central Canada, the great treeless plains of Northwest Territories; Western Canada, the Saskatchewan— Nelson and Mackenzie rivers with their numerous large lakes— Winnipeg, Athabasca, Great Slave, Great Bear, etc.— and the Rocky Mountains. Surface of Eastern Canada largely plains and undulating lowlands, in great part heavily wooded; Central chiefly prairie land; Western a region of lofty moun- tains with intervening valleys and vast primeval forests. Climate varies greatly, owing to wide extent of territory. Ex- tremes of heat and cold greater than in corresponding European latitudes. Broadly speaking, climate of north severe, south genial and temperate, everywhere healthful. Atlantic Gulf Stream and Japan Current of Pacific modifying influences in coast lands. Rainfall de- creases toward interior. Average for Nova Scotia, 38.9 inches; snow- fall, 86.5; Manitoba, 9.6 and 59; British Columbia, 41.1 and 42.6. Forests cover an area estimated at 1,248,798 square miles; consti- tute one of chief sources of wealth; lumbering a leading industry. Surface of Eastern Canada, except the Arctic Plains to the north and a limited area under cultivation, covered by vast forests, chiefly of pines and firs; many useful and valuable deciduous trees also found. Magnificent forests, in which conifers predominate, cover a great part of British Columbia; the Douglas fir— commercially Oregon pine— frequently reaches a height of from 250 to 300 feet, exceeding 8 feet In diameter. Value of forest products 1891, $80,071,415; forest exports, 1900, valued at s32,79o,910. Agriculture, Etc.— Industries of the country chiefly agricul- tural and pastoral. Chief agricultural districts: Valleys of the Red, Athabasca, Saskatchewan, and Peace rivers, and extensive areas In British Columbia and Eastern Canada. Area of occupied land, 1891, 60,287,730 acres; improved, 28,537,242; under crop, 19,904,826; gardens and orchards, 464,462. Wheat produced 1891, 42,144,779 bushels; oats, 82,515,413; barley, 17,148,19S; corn, 10,675,886; potatoes, 52,653,704; turnips, etc., 49,555,902; peas and beans, 15,514,836; buckwheat, 4,886,122; hops, 1,126,230 pounds; tobacco, 4,277,936. Fruit-growing an important in- dustry in Eastern Canada: apples, pears, plums, peaches, apricots, grapes, etc., grow luxuriantly; product 1891, 6cS,864,l81 pounds; extensive areas in British Columbia also adapted to fruit culture. Dairy-farm- ing and stock-breeding have made great progress; cheese and butter largely manufactured, former an important item in export trade, averaging nearly $20,000,000 annually. Extensive areas throughout the eastern and western sections specially adapted to the industries. Area under pasture, 15,284,788 acres. Fisheries of Canada most extensive in the world. Lakes, rivers, and 8,000 miles of shore fisheries yield an almost inexhaustible supply of fresh and salt water fish. Commerciallv, cod most valuable catch on Atlantic coast, salmon on Pacific. Herring, mackerel, lobster, seal, etc., also valuable. Trout abundant everywhere. Total value of fishery products 1900, $21,557,639; fresh water. §2,052,453; cod, $3,599,515; DOMINION OF CANADA. 195 salmon, $3,893.217 — canned. 12,913,858; herring, 81.853.237: lobster, $3,055,350 ; fur seal, $562,845. Total fishermen, S1,U64; value of apparatus, $10,990,125. Manufactures have made notable advance since adoption of pro- tective policy in 1879 : capital invested increased from about $165,000,000 in 1831 to $355,000.0w in 1391. Saw and flouring mills, foundries and machine shops all rank high. Wood-pulp mills also established; owing to great amount of spruce, poplar, etc., future of pulp industry must prove of vast importance to Dominion. Textile industries now have a greater aggregate capital than flouring mills ; cottons lead. Leather and sugar refining important in Quebec and Nova Scotia, canning of fish in British Columbia. Commerce. —Foreign trade largelv with Great Britain and United States. Value of exports 1901, $196,457,632; to Great Britain. §105, 323,956; United States. $72,352,230: imports, 1901, $190,415,525; from United States for home consumption, si 10.485.008 : Great Britain. $43,018,164. Leading articles of export : Animals and their produce. $55,495,311; wood and wood manufactures, $30,009,857; minerals. £40.355.050; manufactures, $41,045,694; fisheries, $10,720,352. Chief imports, textiles and iron and steel manufactures. Sea-going shipping entered and cleared, 14,543,062 tons. Minerals.— Mining now ranks among the most prominent industries of Dominion. Mineral resources of country rich and varied. Gold mined extensively in Yukon District, British Columbia, and Nova Scotia. Vast deposits of coai in Atlantic and Pacific regions; coal and lignite area. 100,000 square miles: mined chiefly in Nova Scotia and Vancouver Island. British Columbia. Output of coal mines, 1901, 6.186,286 tons; of copper mines. 40,951,196 pounds; nickel, 9.189,047 pounds; lead. 50,756,440 pounds; petroleum fields, 588.528 barrels. Value of mineral products, 1901, $69,407,031; coal, $14,671,122; gold, $24,462,222; silver. $2,993,668, copper, $6,600,104; nickel. $4,594,523. lead, 82,199.7*7; petroleum. $953,415, asbestos, $1,186,434. gypsum, $340,148; salt, $262,323 ; iron ore, $762,284; building stone, 1900, $1,520,000. 'Population in 1800. 240.000; 1881.4,324.810, 1891,4.833.239; census of 1901,5.371.315. Increase. 1881-91. 11.76 percent. Average density for each square mile. 1.75. Increase, 1891-1901,10.44 per cent. Indians, 190], 93.319. Over 87 per cent of inhabitants, or 4,671,805 persons, natives of British North America; foreign born, 699.510, 390.016 from Great Britain: 127.891 born in United States; English speaking, about 3,450,- 000, French, 1,405,000. Railways, Etc.— First railway opened July, 1836. Railway in operation, 19ol, 18,140 miles. Cost of construction of canals to June, 1901 , $8 1 .404.544. System of inland navigation largest and most impor- tant in the world: length, canal, river, and lake, over 2,700 miles. Telegraph lines, 35,627 miles— 5,433, Government. Government, Etc. — Executive government vested in the King, administered through a Governor-General -appointed by the Crown for five years— aided by a Privy Council. Legislative power rests with a Parliament, consisting of a Senate of 81 members— appointed by the Governor-General for life— and a House of Commons; members of latter elected by the people. Quebec always has 65 members, number for other provinces proportioned to population as compared with that of Quebec. The seven provinces forming the Dominion have full powers to regulate their own local affairs; each has its separate Parliament and a Lieutenant-Governor, appointed bv the Governor- General. Standard of value, trold. Revenue, 1901, $52,514,701, expendi- ture, $46,866,368, gross debt. $354,732,433; net. $26* .430,004. No gold coin- age. English sovereign and United States gold coins legal. Capital of Dominion, Ottawa. Defense. — Imperial army consists of garrison of 2.000 troops at Halifax. Dominion has a large militia tune. All British subjects between 18 and 60 liable to service. Active militia 1902, 38.090 officers and men. Royal Military College at Kingston, founded 1875. Naval defense in hands of Imperial authorities. There are 13 ships on North America and West Indies Station and 7 on Pacific. 196 197 IongituileTVe9t from Greenwich. Gr If L F . ."JF ■ BvEOSl.^ *• Bird Rocks QtS^SffiP*- Ca P e MAGDALEN ISLANDS / rf< (Quebec) GEINDST0N B^pALR.GHTl. Z j* M?% E N C IE \> "NewJBrunswick, Nova Scotia & Prince - Edward Island Scale of Statute Miles. 5 10 20 30 40 50 00 70 80 90 100 Copyright, 1004, by Rand, McNally & Co. 198 DOMINION OF CANADA, NOVA SCOTIA. S„,vaSko<- 8 hia. Historical*— Visited by Cabots 1497; Port Royal (Annapolis) settled by French 1604; British claimed country by right of discov- ery; ceded to France 1667; retroceded to Great Britain 1713; Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island annexed to Nova Scotia 1763; latter Bepar- ated 1770; Cape Breton 17*>1 but reannexed 1819. Responsible Gov- ernment introduced 1848; Nova Scotia one of original provinces of Dominion 1867. Area, 20,600 square miles, including Cape Breton 3,120 square miles. Length, 860 miles; average breadth, 65 miles. Physical Features.— Surface diversified by lofty hills, broad valleys, numerous lakes and rivers. Chief river, Annapolis. Cobequid Mountains in the north, (1,200 feet.) Coast line, 1,200 miles; shores abrupt and irregular, with many inlets and fine harbors, especially in southeast; deep water close to land. Forests abound in excellent timber; area, 6,464 square miles; lumbering and ship-building important. Climate, modified by Gulf Stream, temperate and healthful; more equable than that of any other Province. Dense fogs on Atlantic coast. Mean annual temperature Halifax, 42.6 deg.; January, 22.1 deg.; August, 63.8 deg.; mean rainfall, 47.17 inches; snowfall, 83.81 inches. Agriculture, Etc. -Western part of Province very fertile. Exten- sive area of salt marshes around Bay of Minas; produces large crops of salt-hay and cultivated grasses. Grain, root crops, and hay excel- lent and abundant. Fruits of temperate zone flourish. Annapolis Valley noted for its apples. Land occupied 1891, 6,080.695 acres: under crop, 969.548; pasture, 994.113; gardens and orchards, 30,036. Latest returns give yield of apples for year as 1,051,592 bushels. Live Stock.— Large area adapted to rearing of sheep and cattle. Cheese, butter, and condensed milk factories increasing. Farm animals 1891: Horses, 65,047, cattle, 324,772; sheep, 331,492: swine, 48,048. Fish eries by far the most important in Dominion. Value of product 1900, §7.809,152; cod. $2.294,160>lobsters, ai.S98.729; herring. 3376.476: mack- erel, 81,248,626; haddock. |489,667; hake, $389,657; exports. 1901. 3lu.720.a52; fishing apparatus. s3,278,623. Number of vessels and boats engaged, 7,754; men receiving bounty, 16,628. Manufactures limited but increasing in variety and value. Devel- opment facilitated by excellent natural advantages and abundance of raw material. Approximate number of establishments. 1893. 10.873; employes. 37.065; capital invested. 820,907.614 ; wages paid. 37.55o.u92 ; value of products. 832,577,354. Minerals very important. Coal area, 635 square miles; output 1901, 4,099,200 tons, value s9.150.0O0; value of gold output. 8604,500; gypsum, 1900, 138,612 tons, value 8108.828; iron ores of superior quality; output, 1900, 18,940 short tons. Building stone deposits extensive. Population 1901. 459.574. Province ranks second in density; aver- age per square mile, 22. Indians. 1900, 2.018. Inhabitants descendants of French Acadians. English. American Loyalists, and Scotch immi- grants. Increase 1891-1901 about 2 per cent. Cities.— Halifax, capital and chief winter port; principal naval station and headquarters of Imperial army in British North America; population, 1901, 40,832. Dartmouth, 4,806. Yarmouth, 6,430. Sydney, seaport and chief town on Cape Breton Island: in vicinity of extensive coal mines; fishini; principal Industry; population. 9.909. Railwavs, Etc.— Railway mileage close of 1900.927. Number of sailing ships and steamers. 2.020: light stations, 189. Education free and non-sectarian. Public schools.1901. 2.387; pupils, 98.410; in'county academies, 1,635: in Normal schools. 240; model schools. 114. Victoria school of Art. Dalhousle College and University, at Hali- fax; TJniversitv of Kings College. Windsor Religion.— Latest reports give total number of Roman Catholics in Province as 129.57S; P-esbvterians. 106.319; Baptists. 74,978; Church of England, 66,067; Methodists, 57.490. Government vested in Lieutenant-Governor assisted by an Ex- ecutive Council, a Legislative Council, and a Legislative Assembly. Province has 10 Senators and 20 Representatives in Dominion Parlia- ment. NEW BRUNSWICK. 199 NEW BRUNSWICK. NnBnmz'-wik. Historical.— Country settled by French 1639, and formed part of Acadia or New France until ceded to Great Britain 1713; first British settlers emigrated from Scotland 1764. Erected into separate colony 1784; became one of original provinces of Dominion 1867. Area, 28,200 square miles; land, 28,100; water, 100. Length north to south, about 200 miles; breadth, 160. Physical Features.— Surface generally undulating, elevation slight; highest point, 2,170 feet, St. John River, chief natural feature, drains 9,000,000 acres of Province; Miramichi next in importance. Lakes numerous but small. Coast line, 500 miles, indented by large bays and fine harbors. Dense forests of pine, cedar, spruce, etc., cover large areas in north and northwest; leading source of wealth. Climate healthful; subject to great extremes; climate of southern coast modified by surrounding waters; subject to dense fogs. Mean annual temperature St. John, 40.4 deg.; January, 18.5 deg.; August, 60.3 deg.; mean rainfall, 40.74 inches. Agriculture.— Soil exceedingly fertile; capable of producing bar- ley, oats, rye— wheat in some sections— hay, vegetables, and great variety of fruits. Area of occupied land 1891, 4,471,250 acres; improved, 1.509,790; under crops, 1,018,704; pasture, 479,607; gardens and orchards, 11,479. Crops 1901: Oats, 184,114 acres, 4,944,992 bushels; potatoes, 37,527 acres, 4,077,478 bushels; buckwheat, 1,479,477; turnips, 2,099,940; wheat, 478,886; barley, 99,540 bushels. Live Stock.— Excellent natural facilities for rearing live stock. Horses 1891, 59.773; cattle, 204,692; sheep, 182.941; swine, 50,945. Increas- ing activity in dairy interests. Cheese factories, 1901,56; product, 1,887,- 370 pounds, value $175,205. Butter factories, 35; butter, 542,626 pounds. Total value of cheese and butter exported 1900, $170,000. ' Fisheries valuable; Province ranks next to Nova Scotia and British Columbia In extent and value of products. Value of fishing apparatus, 1900, §2.361, i J87, number of vessels and boats, 904; men receiving bounty, 2,074. Total catch. 83,769,742, herring, 8919.619; salmon, $246,540; cod, $345,618; lobster, $506,383; smelts, $393,152; sardines, $293,944, haddock, $90,621; fish exports, $731,392. Oysters and lobsters in great quantities and of excellent quality. Manufactures.— Excellent transportation facilities, nearness of coal supplv and of markets favor development of Industrial enter- prises. Chief manufacture, lumber. Salmon, lobster, and oyster canning of great importance. Textile and paper mills, iron works, etc., established. Minerals varied. Coal area, 6,500 square miles: bituminous deposits particularly valuable. Coal output. 1901,17,630 tons; gypsum, 1900, 112,- 294 tons, value $145,850. Petroleum, antimony, manganese, iron ore, silver, gold, and plumbago exist. Recent increased interest in mineral development. Population 1901, 331,120, of whom 313,178 were natives of British North America. Density per square mile exceeds 11. Cities. — St. -John, important seaport with extensive maritime and manufacturing interests; population, 1901, 40,711. Predericton, capital and port of entry; population, 7,117. Portland (now part of St. John) contains steam sawmills, shipyards, and iron foundries; near rich plum- bago mines. Mo/icton, port of entry: population, 9,026. Railways, Etc.— Number miles of railway, 19uo, 1,438. Number of sailing ships and steamers, 1901. 937. Education, Etc.— Schools free and non-sectarian. Public schools, 1901, 1,741; enrollment, 60,420; In grammar schools, 949; in Normal schools, 196. Expenditures, 1600,840. University of New Brunswick, Frederirton. Members of leading religious creeds 1901: Roman Cath- olic, 125.698; Baptist. 65.444; Church of England, 41,767; Presbyterian, 39,424; Methodist, .35,973. Government administered by Lieutenant-Governor and an Execu- tive Council. Pepresented in Dominion Parliament by 10 Senators and 14 Representatives. 200 03' ' Ruisseau a Scm \\ \ ^y .St.Telicife Madeleine. _. Zake Jlamel . ~ - Dou-la3to» IBarachois 'lc"3Ialb: '< Cape iMcchegama i 'JE ti eg // J ZL.JCakebonga JZ.'JfaJ7iamcnyTio:-;.:-;77; duties collected on all imports, $10,661,669. Value of exports. $93.54' >.6i 19. Minerals.— Quebec rich in minerals; deposits of gold found in District of Beauce ; copper in eastern townships. Valuable de- posit of hematite iron ore near Hull ; large deposits of chromic iron discovered in Coleraine 1895. Asbestos occurs in large quantities, especially in Megantic, Arthabaska, Beauce, Brome, Ottawa, Rich- mond, and Wolfe counties. Petroleum recently found in paying quantities in Gaspe County. Phosphate rock mines, in Ottawa Valley, have been extensively worked. Mica of superior quality exists In 204 :j V -. Cliiton -^BayfielfoJ/ > p '*"^lttlT e rtWW ater1oo \(}j ;„■& 205 > 206 DOMINION OF CANADA. Baguenay district; also found in Ottawa and Pontiae districts. Peat deposits large and valuable. Limestone area, 30.000 square miles. Lead, silver, and platinuin exist in abundance. Iron ore mined, 1900, 19,000 short tons. Silver, 1901, 87,(500 ounces, value $22,165. Copper ex- ported, 1900, 2,000 pounds; salt, 800 bushels. Population, 1901, 1,648,898. Province ranks fifth in density of pop- ulation; average number of persons per square mile. 4.7. Number of Indians in Province 1901, 9,166. Over three-fourths of population of French descent, retaining original language and customs. Olticial proclamations printed in both French and English. Cities.— Jfontreal, metropolis and chief commercial city of Canada; situated on Island of Montreal at head of ocean navigation: population, 1901, 267,780. Quebec, capital and second city in size. Founded by French 1608: ceded to Great Britain 1763. Most strongly fortified city on western continent; important seaport with large exports of lumber; shipbuilding a leading industry. Population 1901,68,840. J/"'/ has ex- tensive manufactures of lumber and woodenware; population, 1901, 13,993. Sherbrooke contains breweries and flour mills, manufactures of paper, textiles, and machinery; population 11,765. Three Rivera, pop- ulation 9.981. Levis, population 7,783. Railways, Etc.- Number of miles of railway 1867.523; 1900. 3.414, or 1 mile to each 100.8 square miles of area. Number of sailing ships and steamers. 1,265; light stations. 123; light ships. 7. Education under control of Superintendent of Public Instruction, assisted by council of 35 members. Separate schools are maintained for Roman Catholics. Number of elementary schools. 1901, 5,245; pupils, 201.124; expenditures. 81,868.477. Funds secured partly by local taxation, partly by Government grants. More than 4,000 of the schools, with over 1?2,000 pupils, were Iioraan Catholic institutions. Among other educational institutions are 557 model schools, 168 academies, 4 normal schools, 19 classical colleges, 4 universities, 7 schools of arts and man- ufactures, and 5 agricultural and dairy schools. Religion. Roman Catholic the prevailing religion; about 86 per cent of entire population adherents of that faith. Numbers of leading denominations census of 1901: Roman Catholic, 1.429.186; Church of England, 81,345; Presbyterian. 57.952; Methodist, 42,014; Baptist. .8.393. Government.— Executive vested in a Lieutenant-Governor ap- pointed by the Governor-General, assisted by an Executive Council, which is composed of 7 members. There is a Legislative Council of 24 members ana a Legislative Assembly of 74 members. Province repre- sented in Dominion Parliament by 24 Senators and 65 Representatives. Post Office Savings Banks established 1867; total number, 1901, 152; depositors, 22,887; amount on deposit, $6,635,775. ONTARIO. On-ta'-ri-o. Historical.— Region around Lakes Ontario and NTiplssing visited by Champlain 1615. around Lake Superior by fur traders 1660; Lake Huron district claimed by Perrot f > >r France 1671. Niagara founded by La Salle 1679. Toronto founded 17 19. Territory originally formed part of Province of Quebec ; became a separate province in 1791 under name of Upper Canada; reunited to Quebec 1S41: separated 1867, and entered the new Dominion as Province of Ontario. Area.— Total. 222.000 square miles — land. 219.650; water, excluding Great Lakes, 2,350; area of large lakes and frontier waters of the St. Lawrence, 27 .094 square miles. The greatest length of Ontario from east to west is about 1,000 miles. Physical Features.— Surface generally undulating; greatly diversified by rivers and lakes. Laurentian Mountains— elevation 1.5O0 to 2,100 feet near Lake Superior— extend from near Kingston to south- east, extremity of Georgian Bav; Blu ■ Mountains south of Georgian Bay; elevation 1,900 feet. Southern portion of Province drained by St. Lawren e and Ottawa rivers. Ottawa forms 400 miles of northeastern boundary; navigable 250 miles. Water front extends along Great Lakes and connecting waters about 3,000 miles; contains many good harbors. Region north and west from Lake Ontario abounds in lakes; largest, Simcoe, Nipissing, Nipigon, and Lake of the Woods. ONTARIO. 207 Climate generally pleasant and healthful: extremes modified by dry, clear atmosphere, and in southwest by extent of adjoining waters Mean annual temperature, Windsor, 48.1 deg.; January, 23.4 deg.; July, 72.6 deg.; mean rainfall, 23.55 inches; snowfall, 51.92 inches; altitude, 604 feet. Mean temperature, Port Arthur, 35.5 deg.; January, 6.0 deg.; July, 62.S deg.: altitude, 642 feet. Forests.— Northern Ontario clothed with dense forests abounding in valuable timber. Large areas covered with white pine, commercially the most valuable tree; spruce, next in importance, found almost everywhere in large quantities; affords the most desirable material for wood pulp; pulp mills at Sault Ste. Marie said to be largest in the world. Other valuable timber trees are oak, ash, elm, maple, hickory, larch, balsam fir, linden, sycamore, black cherry, walnut, and butternut. Province derives large annual revenue from lease of forests on Crown Lands to lumbermen. Agriculture leading industry. Cleared land, 1900, 13,000,000 acres; under crops, 9,000,000; total value of land. $574,727,610. Agricultural college near G-uelph has done much to promote improvements in all branches of farming. Yield of principal product in bushels. 1901 : Fall wheat, 16,017,029; spring wheat, 5,498,751; barlev, 16,761,076; oats, 78,334,- 490; rye, 2,547,313; peas, 10.089.173, buckwheat/1,757,071; beans, 824.122; potatoes, 18,116.637; mangel-wurzels, 29.683.324; carrots, 3,199,967; turnips, 68,288.467; corn, 24,838,105; clover and hay, 4,632,317 tons; tobacco, 1900, 2,854.900 pounds. Horticulture.— Fruit farming successfully pursued in southwest. Province noted for its superior apples; grown largely in all lake counties. Area under orchard and garden 1897, 337.441 acres ; vineyards, 11,100. Bearing apple trees, 1896, 5,913,906; young trees. 3,548,085; esti- mated yield, 55,895,755 bushels Beaiing plum trees, 700,000; cherry, 500,000; pear, 500,000, peach, 500,000; grape vines, 2.000,000. Live Stock, Etc.— Stock raising and dairy farming are constantly increasing source of profit. Special attention is given the breeding of fine cattle and sheep. Area under pasture, 1900, 2,694,600 acres. Value ,of farm animals, 1900, $123,274,821; poultry, 82,727.363; wool clip, $894,112. Number of horses. 1900,617,309; cattle, 2,429.330; sheep, 1,797,213; hogs, 1,771,641; poultrv, 9,541,241. Wool clip. 5,805,921 pounds. Bees, 216,734 hives ; value including outfit, $1,139,559; value per hive, $5.26. Ontario one of foremost dairy countries. Dairy schools at Guelph, Kingston, and Strathroy, important factors in advancement of In- dustry. Manufacture of cheese has attained large proportions; development of industry continuous and rapid; product of superior quality ; exports large and continually increasing First factory erected in 1864; number of factories, 1900, 1.173; product, 127,789,543 pounds; value, $13,023,025. Butter of excellent quality made; cream- eries, 1900, 308 • butter, 9,041,468 pounds, value, $1,819,290. Fisheries of the Great Lakes among the most extensive in the world Chief catches, herring, whitefish, and salmon-trout. Waters of Rainy River District support important and extensive fisheries; center of industry. Lake of the Woods ; staple fish, sturgeon. Amount of fish caught in Ontario waters 1883 to 1894, nearly 294. 000,000 pounds; value $17,660,000. Total catch 1900, 25.698,591 pounds, value. $1,333,293. Hatch- eries doing good work ; fry deposited in Ontario waters nearly 99,000,000. Manufactures.— The abundant water-power, found almost every- where, affords unusual facilities for manufactures; Province rapidly becoming an important industrial center; produces 60.5 per cent of the total output of Dominion manufactures. Leading manufacturing cities, Kingston, London, Hamilton and Toronto; principal produc- tions, agricultural implements, railway rolling stock, lumber, iron, cottons, woolens, furniture, leather, paper, etc. Capital invested in man- ufacturing industries 1893, $182,603,340; employes, 170,226; value of products, $245. n m. 267. Value of cement manufactured. 1900, $698,015; lime. $544,0( JO, drain tiles and brick, $1,589,328; pressed brick, $141,369; sewer pipe, $130,635; pig iron, $936,066; pottery, $157,449. Minerals.— Mineral resources varied and widely distributed. Not- able iron deposits in Eastern and Northern Ontario and west of Port Arthur. Most important gold regions those of Rainy River District; valuable deposits exist in Eastern Ontario and vicinity of Lake Superior. Discovery of natural gas at PortColborne 1885; Lake Erie counties most productive. Petroleum discovered 1862; richest districts Oil Springs Manitoba. C0Lt , j Scale of Statute Miles. pin*! Hi J 5 10 20 30 40 5,0 60 ■^Edopyrlgiit, r.".ii,i,jK:uni McNallj'&Co. "i & ^^,. Pacific Canadian-" J Wa u t. f S ' ,cv jvyartinyilleV * I _. RiUr ' ^ e,t\ Hilton oru^s^r-^: -^C'.carwlter Monte flore -T TURTLE , St. John _ ~^9 HaD1 210 DOMINION OF CANADA. and Petrolia; silver on Isle Koyal and other Lake Superior points. Nickel and copper near Sudbury; platinum on north BDore 01 Lake Union, corundum in Hastings County. Bait urea, L ,200 sq. miles; clays, in leu. asbestos, and building atone abundant. Value of Koid mined 1897, -iv.i.'.".ii Total value of mineral products 1900, $9,298,624. Petroleum and oils most valuable: output valued at $1,684,827; gold, $297,861; silver, $96,::67; natural gas, $392,823; salt, $324,477; Iron ore, 8111,805; nickel, 1756,626; copper, $319,681 ; building stone, $650,342. Population, census of 1901, 2,182,942; average density for each square mile, 9.8. Of total population, 1,858,788 were natives of British North America, and 239.872 of British Islands. Cities. - Toronto, se'&t of Provincial Government. Founded under name of York 1793; incorporated under name of Toronto 1834 ; became capital 1858. Chief seat of trade of Province and an important educa- tional center; population, 1901, 208,040. Hamilton, nourishing city at head of navigation on Lake Ontario, has extensive commerce; pop- ulation 1901,52,634. Ottawa, capital of Dominion, residence of Gover- nor-General; has Roman Catholic Cathedral and is seat of Ottawa University. The extensive industries of city mainly connected with the lumber trade. Population 1901, 59,928. London, manufacturing and commercial center, 37,981. Kingston, important naval and military station; seat of University, Royal Military College, etc.; has various manufactures; shipbuilding carried on. Population 17,961; Brantford, 16.619, St. Thomas, 11,485; Belleville, 9,959. Railways, Etc.— An unrivaled system of lakes, rivers, and canals, and numerous railways afford excellent means of communica- tion. Total number miles of railway in Province 1900, 6,812. Education, Etc.— School system under control of Minister of Edu- cation. Law provides for maintenance of separate schools for Roman Catholics. Education practically free; attendance compulsory between the ages of 7 and 13. Public schools 1900, 6,010; enrollment, 4(12.494; average attendance, 263,181; expenditure, $4,587,083; included were 355 Roman Catholic separate schools with 42.397 pupils. High schools, 131; pupils, 21,723; average attendance, 12.956; expenditure, $718,602. There are 55 model schools, 55 kindergartens, 5 art schools, and 371 libraries. Universities at Toronto, Kingston, and Ottawa. School of Mining, Kingston. Religion.— Number of members of leading denominations, census of 1901: Methodist, 666,360; Presbyterian, 477,383; Church of England, 367,940; Roman Catholic, 390.355; Baptist, 116,180. Government.— Executive Government vested In Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, aided bv an Executive Council of 8 members; Legislative in an Assembly of 94 members, elected for 4 years; sessions annual. Province represented in Dominion Parliament bv 24 Senators and 92 Representatives. Revenue, $4,466,044; [expenditures, $4,038,834. Pro- vincial debt 1901, $3,510,790. Number of Post-Office Savings Banks 1901, 501; depositors, 105,215; amount on deposit, $25,118,025. MANITOBA. Manitoba Historical.— Earliest explorations within the territory made by French; fort built at mouth of Assiniboine by Chevalier de la Verandrve 1731. First visited by English traders 1767; various rival companies formed; companies later united in Northwest Company and finally merged into Hudson Bay Company. Lands along either side of Assiniboine and Red rivers purchased from Hudson Bay Company by Lord Selkirk 1811; Colony, known as Red River Settlement and also as Assiniboia, founded 1812; territory repurchased by Hudson Bay Company 1836; transferred to Imperial Government 1869; to Cana- dian 1870, during which year as Province of Manitoba it entered the Dominion. Area, 73,956 square miles— land, 64,066 square miles; water. 9,890. Physical Features.— Surface in general consists of a series of successive levels— locally known as "steppes" or benches— the lowest lying near the great rivers, sometimes subject to overflow. Lands are chiefly prairie. In Laurentian districts of north and east, surface broken and hilly, abundantly watered, and with good timber and occa- sional broad, fertile tracts; mineral resources reported valuable, MANITOBA. 211 region as yet unexplored. Principal rivers: Assiniboine, Red — both navigable — English, Souris, and Pembina. Among the large lakes are Manitoba, Winnipeg, and "Winnipegosis. Climate healthful but one of great extremes. Cold of winters modified by clear, dry atmosphere; summers hot, subject to frequent thunder and hail storms and liable to earlv frosts. Average snowfall of Province, 62 inches. Altitude of Winnipeg, 740 feet; mean temper- ature, 32.7 deg.; January, 5.2 deg. below; July, 66.1 deg.; mean rainfall, 15.21 inches; snowfall, 49.16. Agriculture the chief occupation of the people. Resources of country very great; soil exceedingly fertile and unusually productive, especially in Red River Valley, Total area of cultivable land about 37,000,000 acres: area occupied, 6,000,000 acres; actually under cultivation 1900.3.517,930; resident farmers, 34,261. Experimental farm at Brandon, operated at expense of Dominion Government, has been of great value In development of agriculture. Industry encouraged and methods greatly improved through efforts of Farmers' Institutes. Staple crop, wheat': <>ats. barley, hons, flax, hemp, trasses, potatoes, and other root crops also grown. Total yield of wheat 1901,50,502.085 bushels; oats, 27.796.5^S- barlev. 6,536,155; potatoes, 4 797.433; other roots, 2.925,362; flax, 266,420; rye, 62.261: peas. 16.349: total grain crop, 85. 163,509 bushels. Wheat per acre* 25.1 bushels; oats, 40.3 bushels; barley. 24.2 bushels. Horticulture.— Among cultivated fruits are found raspberries, strawberries, gooseberries, currants, and crab apples, with occasion allv a few standard apples. Indigenous fruits, found usually upon wooded or scrub land, are plums, several varieties of cherries, rasp- berries, black currants, gooseberries, blueberries, and grapes; excellent cranberries in marshy districts, and strawberries— found upon the open prairie— are abundant. Live Stock* Etc. -Country affords excellent natural advantages for the stock grower. In the Red River Valley and other districts are large areas of fine pasture lands with an abundant supply of good water. Rearing of cattle the chief branch of this industry; export of beef cattle an important item in the trade of the Province; horses rank nexr to cattle in importance; hogs and sheep are also commanding attention; poultry raising profitable in all farming communities. Num- ber of horses 1900. 118.629; cattle, 237,560; sheep, 25,816; pigs, 77,912. Beef cattle exported 1898, 12,525; hogs, 23,100. Poultrv marketed byfarmers, 172,125; turkevs, 31.455; geese, 13,010; chickens, 127,660. Dairy Farming has developed rapidly during recent years. Number of creameries and cheese factories shows a noteworthy in- crease; extension of industry and production of higher grade of goods encouraged bv Government methods: all creameries and cheese fac- tories in operation visited regularly by Dairy Superintendent employed by Provincial Government ; during the winter a dairy school conducted at Winnipeg furnishes practical instruction free to all residents of Province. Output of establishments and increase in amount and value of products steadily advancing; in 1897 there were 49 cheese factories and 28 creameries, chiefly in older settled districts and owned by farmers. Value dairv products 1901, $530,773. Creamery butter produced 1901, 2,460,650 pounds," valued at $442,425; cheese made in factories, 1,039,- 392 pounds, having a gross value of $88,348. Manufactures rapidlv developing with increasing population and improved business facilities. Number of industrial establishments 1891, 1,031; emploves, 4,403; working capital of $2.56l.s36: aggregate wages, $1,905,981; value of product, $10,155,182. Industrial establish- ments include furniture and carriage manufactories, breweries, meat- curing and packing establishments, and cigar factories. Flour mills, with total capacitv of 10.400 barrels, established in all larger towns. Oatmeal mills at Winnipeg, Brandon, Portage la Prairie, and Pilot Mound. Railway shops at Winnipeg, Portage la Prairie, and Brandon. Population in 1871, 25.228; 1881, 62.260; 1901, 254.947. d.-noting an Increase of 66 per cent since 1891. Toial rural population, 184,714; urban, 70,233 Cities.— Winnipeg, the capital, a flourishing city situated at junction of Assiniboine and Red rivers, most Important railway center In Canada west of the Great Lakes. Lies within the center of the great wheat- growing district of Manitoba, and is the commercial and educational center of Manitoba and the Canadian Northwest. Rise of city re- J 212 130 J HXJtWEPl * REGION >• Scott t^fe^ ( ?<*SSi / C Scott ^k^-_) ; .5-,//' ^Cli^^OT British ColumbiA^^ St",^ ___. ^ NI ^ r °° TKA UTS?''.' - Territories. Scale of Statute Miles. 50 100 150 200 25 Copyright, lOOQjIKana.'McXally & Co. .AM -^V Ju an ite jti ■ A-C.natteoV \\i-, : ,- U * Ty> lOV 130° 213 y V 214 DOMINION OF' CANADA. markably rapid. Population 1871 , 211; 1881, 7,985; 1901, 42,840. Brandon, second city in size and Importance, railroad and agricultural center; Important grain market; baa number of large elevators; population, 5,880 Portagela Prairie, Important town on the Canadian Pacific at the junction of the Manitoba & Northwestern Railway; population. 8,901. West Selkirk, on the Red River, center of fine agricultural district; population, 2,188 Railways* Etc.— Number Of miles of railway In the Province, 1901, 2,056, an average of 1 mile of track to every 31.1 square miles of area. Telegraphic communication established with the Inked States 1872. Red Iiiver Important means of communication; Assinibolne also navi- gable. Number of sailing ships and steamers, 130; net tonnage, 7,445; steamers, 88; gross tonnage, 6,751 Education. -Educational institutions well established throughout Province. Schools free and non-sectarian; supported by Government grants and taxes levied on municipal lands. Number of schools 19ol, 1,416; school population, 63,881; pupils, 51 ,888; average attendance. 27.550; Government grants, 1900, SU3.452; total receipts, sl,310,8o5; expenditures, $1,272,617. Normal School, Winnipeg, Provincial Normal teachers, 6; local, 13. Collegiate institutes for advanced education tributary to public schools at Winnipeg, Portage la Prairie, and Brandon; total enrollment, 818 Number of libraries. 8; books, 34,730. Religion.— No State church. Number of members of leading churches census 1901: Presbyterians, 65.310; Church of England, 44,874; Methodists, 49,909; Romau Catholics, 35,622; Baptists, 9,098. First missionary, Reverend Pere Messager, visited the country 1731; first Church of England bishopric created 1849. Government.- Executive government administered by Lieuten- ant-Governor, assisted by an Executive Council of 5 members; Legis- lative Assembly consists of a single chamber of 40 members. Province represented in Dominion Parliament by 4 Senators and 7 Representa- KEEWATIN DISTRICT created out of territories 1876, and erected into separate government under Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba. Name of Indian origin, signifies " north wind." District stretches along west shore of Hudson Bay and includes greater part of bay. Area, 756,(X)i.i square miles— land, 498,000; water, 258,000. Country rough and bleak, largely sterile with occasional forests of good timber; contains many large rivers and lakes which drain into Hudson Bay. Rich in minerals — deposits of iron important — re- sources entirely undeveloped. Fur-trading chief industry; fisheries of some importance. Inhabitants Icelanders and Indians, few and scattering. BRITISH COLUMBIA. Historical. — Mainland occupied and entirely under control of Hudson Bay Company previous to 1858. Vancouver Island leased by Company 1849; reverted to Crown and became a Crown Colony 1858; during same year mainland erected into a colony under title of British Columbia; Vancouver Island incorporated with British Columbia 1866; Colony admitted into Dominion of Canada 1871. Area.— Total area, 383,300 square miles; length, 764 miles; breadth, 400. Vancouver Island, 15,937 square miles; Queen Charlotte Islands, 5,000 square miles. Physical Features.— Three principal mountain ranges traverse mainland northwest to southeast. Rocky Mountains in east contain 12 elevated passes; greatest altitude. Robson Peak, 13,700 feet; west of Rockies, separated by wide valley 600 miles lontr, are the Gold Ranges, with many elevations of 10,000 feet; Coast Range averages 100 miles in width, mean elevation 6,000 to 7,000 feet. Greatest elevation on Vancouver Island, 7,484 feet. Country between Gold and (oast Ranges great interior plateau. Lakes numerous. Principal rivers: Fraser, Columbia, Stikine, Liard, and Peace. Pacilic coast line, includ- ing indentations, 12,000 miles, noted for number of bays, passages, and islands. Burrard Inlet most important harbor on mainland; at Esqui- mau, on Vancouver Island, is the Imperial Naval Dockyard. Climate.— Southwest characterized by mild winters, cool, dry sum- mera, southwest winds, and heavy fogs; interior subject to extremes; BRITISH COLUMBIA. 215 winters in northern sections severe. Highest temperature at Esqui- mau 1896, 86.4 deg.; lowest, 16.7 deg.. mean annual, 47.73 deg.; rainfall, 38.77 inches; snowfall, 41.9 inches, Highest temperature at Mission Valley, upper mainland, 98 deg., lowest, 17 deg. helow; mean annual, 43.40 deg.; rainfall, 5.52 inches; snowfall, 59.7. Average rainfall Nicola Lake— interior plateau— 12 inches. Forests, Etc.— Forests among most valuahle resources of Province. Coasts as far north as Alaska covered with dense growth of valuahle timber. Estimated wooded area, 285,554 square miles. Trees attain gigantic size on west slopes of Coast Ranges; among the most valuable are Oregon pine or Douglas fir, red and yellow cedar, and white spruce. Available timber 1898, 40 to 100 billion feet. Sawmills 1897,90; capacity, 1,693,000 feet daily; timber cut for year, 105,939,397 feet; exported. 66,984,564 feet. Agriculture, Etc.— Principal agricultural districts Fraser Valley, southwestern portion of Vancouver Island, and Okanagon District; aggregate area of cultivable lands about 500,000 acres. In the latter are still more extensive areas suitable for grazing only. Throughout the Province, however, are large areas of open country, chiefly pas- toral or requiring irrigation for crops. Area under cultivation small; farming methods still somewhat primitive. Country adapted to cereals, fruits, grasses, hops, flax, sugar beet, tobacco, and vegetables. Special attention given to fruit culture at New Westminster and Yale. Large tracts of excellent pasture; interest in dairy farming growing rapidly. Fisheries.— Among natural resources fisheries second only to min- ing. Salmon canning and fur sealing most valuable branches of industry. Deep-sea fisheries important and steadily developing. Salmon, herring, halibut, cod, oysters, crabs lead in value. Value of fishing apparatus. 19i to. 82 ,987.104; catch, 84,878,820; salmon, 83,391,744; halibut, 8213.050; herring. $48,350; cod, 827,425; oysters, 812.000; smelts, 84,325: all other varieties, 81.181.926. Total value of fish products, 1869-1899, in- clusive, $65,404,768. In 1896, 55 salmon canneries represented an invest- ment of 82,000,000; salmon packed, 1900, 585,413 cases; Frazer River district, 316,522. Value of all fishery products exported from British Columbia, 1900, was 83,443,037; revenue from fisheries, S53,195. Seals caught, 16,438. "Uinerals the chief source of wealth. Gold found throughout the Province ; richest district Cariboo. Coal deposits large and widely dis- tributed: Comox— area about 300 square miles— and Xanairno — 200— most important fields; extensive deposits also in Crow's Nest Pass. Silver, lead, and copper mined: cinnabar ledge operated at Kamloops Lake. Large iron deposits on Texada Island; platinum, gypsum, asbestos, plumbago, and mica exist. Value of total mineral produc- tion up to and including 1S9S. si23.417.326. Total value of mineral out- put, 1900, 16.344.751; lead. 82.691,887; copper, 81 ,615,289 ; coal, 1901, $1,712,- 715; gold, 85.596.700; silver. 82.762.230. Population increased from 49.459 in 1881 to 178,657 in 1901: Cana- dians, 144.994; Chinese. 14,201 ; Americans, 10,070; Japanese. 3.511. Cities.— Victoria, on Vancouver Island, capital and oldest city in Province: large shipping trade and an extensive wholesale business; population 1901. 20.S21. Vancouver, on mainland, terminus of Canadian Pacific Railway, has chief harbor— Burrard Inlet— port of call for Aus- tralian and Oriental steamers; center of British Columbia lumber trade, population, 26,196. New Westminster has important manufac- tures and \aluable trade in lumber and salmon; population 1901,6.490. ffanaimo, on Vancouver Island, center of coal mining industry; good harbor and large trade in coal, population, 6,130. Rowland, an impor- tant mining center; population. 6,159. Railways. Etc. — Miles of railway 1901, 1.408; 1 to each 271 square square miles of area. Telegraph line, 691 miles. Education, Etc. — Schools undenominational and mostly sup- ported by Government. Instruction free; attendance compulsory. In 1901 there were 258 common, 55 graded. 5 high, and 42 Indian schools; total average attendance, 15,334; expenditure. 8351,852. At census of 1901 there were 40.672 Church of England adherents. 34.227 Roman Catholics, 34.176 Presbyterians, 25.021 Methodists, 6,506 Baptists. Government in hands of Lieutenant-Governor, an Executive Council, and a Legislative Assembly. Represented in Dominion Par- liament by 6 Representatives and 3 Senators. 216 DOMINION OF CANADA. NORTHWEST TERRITORIES. Historical.— Territory tributary to Hudson Hay granted to Hod- son's Baj Company 1670: North West Company chartered 1783; two companies united [821. Fort Selkirk established 1848. Territory ac- quired by Dominion 1869. Keewatln District created out of territories 1870. Gold discovered ou Stewart River 1885; Klondike discoveries 1896-7. Provisional districts of Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Athabasca formed 1882; Ungava, Mackenzie, and Franklin 1895) Yukon 1898; latter made separate territory under Commissioner. Within the leading districts over 1,900 miles of railway track are laid. Area.— Athabasca, 251,300 square miles; Saskatchewan, 114.000; Al- berta, 100,000; Assiniboia, 90,340; Yukon, 198,300. Ungava, Mackenzie, and Franklin about 1,019,200 square miles. Physical Features.— Kocky Mountains in extreme northwest; Reindeer or Caribou in Northern Athabasca. Southern portion gener- ally level, lauds mainly prairie; eastern extremely uneven, large portion occupied by Hudson Bay. Numerous large lakes Great Bear. Great Slave, and Athabasca largest. Two great river systems, one draining into Arctic Ocean, the other into Hudson Bay. Mackenzie the great Arctic river; Churchill, Nelson* and Severn tributaries of Hudson Bay. Climate ranges from comparatively mild winters and hot, dry summers of Alberta to rigorous climate of far north. Rainfall varies with locality. Altitude of Battleford, Saskatchewan, 1,615 feet; mean temperature, 34.2 deg.; Julv, 65 deg.; January, 1.3 deg. below. Altitude Macieod, Alberta, 2,400 feet; mean temperature, 42.6 deg.; Jan- uary, 14.4 deg.- July, 67.4 deg. Mean temperature Dawson: Spring, 14.22 deg.; summer, 59.67 deg.; autumn, 17.37 deg.; winter, 30.80 deg. below. Agriculture.— Agricultural possibilities of large areas very great; fertile belt of Saskatchewan 64,400 square miles. Chief product wheat; largest wheat area in valleys of Athabasca and Peace rivers. Area occupied in Assiniboia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan 1891, 2,910,144 acres; cultivated, 194,773. Cultivated land East and West Assiniboia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan 1894, 437,254 acres, wheat crop, 1901, 12,076,343 bushels; oats, ll.113.0ti6; barley, 736,749. Liive Stock.— Grazing lands chiefly in Alberta and southern part of Assiniboia; climate favorable to the raising of horses and cattle; rearing of cattle especially important in Alberta. Total number of live stock, 1891, 373,002. In 1894 there were in Assiniboia. Alberta, and Saskatchewan 78,717 horses, 283,077 cattle, 243,929 sheep, and 29.266 pigs. Minerals.— Vast deposits of gold, coal, lignite, petroleum, and iron ore. Richest gold mines Klondike region. Yukon. Value of gold mined 1900, including output of Y'ukon fields, s22.2S0.0O0. Coal abundant, Al- berta fields especially important and extensively worked. Copper ore and galena found in Coppermine Valley. I lot mineral springs at Banff. Population of Alberta, Assiniboia. and Saskatchewan, 1901. 158.940; including Yukon and other territory, 211.649; Americans. 16.240; Rus- sians, 13,017; Austro-Hungarlans, 6,156; Gerriians, 1,082. Cities* — Begina, Assiniboia District, capital of Territories: head- quarters of the mounted police ; population 1901, 2,645. Calgary. Alberta District, center of stock-raising and irrigated district, and distributing point for miners' supplies; population. 1901. 4.152. Battle- ford, Saskatchewan, on Canadian Pacific Railway, at junction of 'Battle and Saskatchewan rivers, 513. Edmonton, in Alberta, outlet of important agricultural and mining district: population, 2,626. Chief city of Yukon Territory, Dawson, established 1-90; population, 9,142. Education, Etc.— Education under control of the Commissioner of Education. Separate schools for Roman Catholics. Public schools, 1901, 562; total enrollment. 23,087; legislative expenditure. $162,215. Indian schools, 69; enrollment, 2.220. In 1901 there were 25,412 members of the Church of England in the Territories, :5k. 1 189 Roman Catholics, 27,806 Presbyterians, 22,208 Methodists, and 5,402 Baptists. Government administered by a Lieutenant-Governor and an Ex- ecutive Council. Council consists of three members of the Assembly selected by the Governor and re-elected by the people. Represented in Dominion Parliament by 2 Senators and 4 Representatives. V CENTRAL AMERICA. 217 CENTRAL AMERICA. Central America comprises the region extending from Mexico to Isthmus of Panama. Politically, country divided among the republics of Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Kica, and Panama, and the Crown Colony of Great Britain, British Honduras. Physical features similar to those of Mexico; ele- vated plateaus in center with low coast plains. Mountains in narrowest part of south stretch from sea to sea; in northern part extend from northwest to southeast; slope toward the Pacific steep; tableland on east, diversified surface with gradual slope to Atlantic. Volcanoes numerous; earthquakes frequent and often violent. Climate of ele- vated lands temperate and healthful; low coast lands hot and insalubri- ous. Rainfall abundnnt everywhere, on Atlantic slopes almost constant. GUATEMALA conquered by Spaniards 1524; constituted kingdom of vice-royalty of Xew Spain; became independent 1821; formed part of Confederation of Central America 1824; republic established 1847. Area, 63,400 square miles, divided into 22 departments. Dense forests abound; trees and plants similar to those of Eastern Mexico. Agri- culture encouraged by legislation. Coffee most important production; bananas also produced in large quantities; Indian corn, wheat, rice, cacao, cotton, cocoanuts, and tobacco— about 2,500 acres devoted to culture — grown. Farm animals numerous; about 500,000 cattle, 62,000 horses, 42,000 mules; sheep also reared. Manufactures include woolen and cotton goods, cement, brick, earthenware, furniture, cigars, and preparation of ramie. Commerce largely with United States, Great Britain, and Germany. Value of imports 1S97, §8,584.821 (gold); from United States, $2,296,790; chiefly cottons, cereals, spirits, iron, and railway and telegraph material. Exports, §19,775,800 (silver); coffee, 818,875,700; bananas, $77,548; hides, $205,965. In 1897, 614 vessels of 782,076 tons— mostly from United States— entered the ports of the Republic. Among minerals, gold, silver, and salt mined; deposits of lead, tin, copper, and sulphur exist. Population 1897,1,535,632. About 60 per cent pure Indians. Foreign population 1893, 11,331. Official language, Spanish. Chief city and capital, Guatemala la Nueva, founded 1775; population, 32,102, nearly all of European origin; Totonicapan, popula- tion 25,196; Quezaltenango, founded 1524; population, 22,265. Length of railways in operation, 336 miles; under construction, 100 miles. Telegraph lines, 3,093 miles. Education free and compulsory. Gov- ernment primary schools 1895, 1,266; enrollment, 75,020; expenditure, $95,062: private schools, 49; institutions for special instruction, 19. Prevailing religion Roman Catholic; all other creeds tolerated. Government administered by President elected for a term of six years; not eligible for following period; legislative power rests with National Assembly. Cost of army one-tenth of total public expendi- ture; active army, 7,000 officers and men; effective, 56,900 men 18 to 30 years of age: reserve, 30,000 men 30 to 50 years. SALVADOR conquered by Spanish 1524; independence pro- claimed 1321; member of Central American Federation until 1853, when it became an independent republic. Estimated area, 7,225 square miles; number of departments, 14. Tropical forests abounding in valuable timber, resins, gums, and medicinal plants cover Pacific slopes. Agriculture chief industry; Indian corn staple food-plant; coffee, sugar, cacao, indigo, tobacco, and tropical fruits produced abundantly. Commerce chiefly with United States, Great Britain, Germany, and France. Value of imports 1896, $1,459,596; leading articles, cottons, spirits, iron goods, flour, and silk goods; exports, *3,263,73S: coffee, $2,553,913; tobacco, $129,570; indigo, $427,275; balsams, $40,399. During year 338 vessels entered and cleared the ports. Min- erals abundant; gold, silver, copper, coal, iron, tin, zinc, and mercury worked; number mines and quarries in operation, 180. Population 1894, 803.534; whites about 20,000: Salvador most populous ol Central American Renublics; San {Salvador, <>r Nue.r.a San Salvador, capital, founded 1523;~r<'pf:itedlv devastated by earthquakes; population 25,000. La Zi6*/*/w/ principal seaport. Railway In operation, 72 miles; tele- graph line, 1,724 miles. Education free and compulsory. Primary schools 1S93, 585; pupils, 29,427; higher schools, 18; pupils, 1,200. Execu- 218 CENTRAL AMERICA. tive Government rests with President; legislative with Congress. Active army, 4,000 men; militia, 18,000. Gold standard adopted 1897. HONDURAS discovered by Columbus 1502; formed part of King- dom of Guatemala -vice-royalty of Spain — until 1821; withdrew from Confederation of Central America 1839 and established Independent republic. Area about 43,000 square miles, divided Into 15 depart- ments. Tropical forests cover Atlantic slopes and large part of lowlands; mahogany, rosewood, logwood, brazilwood, sarsaparilla, and vanilla abound; in higher elevations, pines. Agriculture gradually developing; culture of bananas leads in importance; tobacco, sugar, Indian corn, and coffee produced; rice, wheat, and indigo successfully frown. Cattle reared extensively. Commerce largely with United tates. Imports chiefly manufactured goods: value 1896-97.81,421,409. Value of exports, $1,154,600; precious metals, $468,700; cattle, $307,380; bananas and other agricultural products, 8365,805. Honduras richest in minerals of all Central American States. Gold, silver, platinum, copper, nickel, lead, zinc, iron, and antimony found in nearly every department; coal also exists. About 17 important mining companies in operation. Estimated annual value of gold dust produced, $240,000. Population 1895, about 400.000; aboriginal Indians and descendants of Europeans, chiefly of Spanish origin. Tegucigalpa capital, population 12,600. Chief ports, Truxillo and Onion, on Gulf of Honduras. In 1897, 60 miles of railway in operation. Telegraphs, 2,732 miles. Edu- cation free and compulsory; instruction entirely secular. There are a university, 11 colleges, and 683 schools with 23,76'; students. Prevailing religion Roman Catholic; freedom guaranteed all creeds. Govern- ment administered by President, elected by popular vote; legislative power entrusted to Congress of Deputies. Active army, 500 men; militia, 20,000. Standard of value, American gold dollar. NICARAGUA.— Region discovered by Columbus 1503; visited by Spaniards 1523; under dominion of Spain until 1821; became one of Federated Republics of Central America 1824; independent republic established 1839. Area, estimated, 49,200 square miles; departments, 13. Largest of Central American States. Forests cover all eastern slopes and coast lands. Mahogany and other valuable woods abundant; oaks and conifers in elevated districts. Agricultural products include coffee— most important— cacao, bananas, sugar, and tobacco. Cattle reared in large numbers; total in Republic about 400,000. Chief occupations of inhabitants cultivation of coffee and rearing cattle. Commerce principally with United States, Great Britain, and Ger- many. Value of imports 1897, $2,571,360; principal articles, cottons, wooiens, spirits, flour, and hardware. Exports, $2,975,925; coffee, $1,725,- 000; gold, $550,000; silver, $255,000; rubber, $80,000; hides, $52,500. Min- eral products, gold, silver, copper, iron, and tin; exports 1897 included 36.000 ounces gold in bar and dust; more than 100 mines worked by American companies. Population 1897, 42C, 000, including 40,000 un- civilized Indians. Managua, on Lake Managua, capital; population, 18,000; Leon, the largest citv; population, 34,000; principal seaport San Juan del Norte (Greytown), Atlantic terminus of projected ship-canal; Corinto chief port on Pacific. Length of railways in operation, 91 miles; important lines under construction. Length of telegraph wires, 1,245 miles. Ship-canal to connect Atlantic and Pacific oceans first mentioned 1550; partial surveys made at various periods; work— at present suspended— actually begun 1889-94. Length of canal, 169.4 miles; natural waterways of Lake Nicaragua and San Juan River to be utilized; length of artificial channel, 26.7 miles. Education in back- ward condition. In 1894 there were 1,020 schools with 20,000 pupils; 3 higher schools. Executive Government vested in President; leg- islative power vested in Congress of a single House. Active army, 2,000 men; reserve, 10,000; national guard, 5,000. Standard of value, gold. COSTA RICA.— Spanish Colony established 1520; under vice- royalty of New Spain formed province of Guatemala; became inde- pendent 1821; member of Confederation of Central America 1824 to 1829. Area, 23,000 square miles, divided among 5 provinces and 2 territories. Boundaries with Colombia and Nicaragua In dispute, settled by arbitration during 1900. Dense forests, remarkable for hard- woods cover the highlands, especially to the northeast; India-rubber CUBA. 210 tree-ferns, vanilla, and cacao met with: cedrela or West India cedar, largely employed in cigar boxes and pencils, abundant; on higher ele- vations oaks and conifers. Agriculture extending; most important products, coffee— culture begun 1817— and bananas— 18.80; staple food- plants, Indian corn and beans with rice, potatoes also grown; sugar cane, cacao, and the yucca, from which starch is manufactured, indig- enous. Live stock includes nearly 350,000 cattle, 77,000 horses, and about 3,000 sheep: extensive grassy plains in southwest: excellent pastures also in highlands. Commerce with United States, Great Britain, and Germany. Value of imports 1896, S4,650,6O0; chief articles, cottons, flour, tobacco, and iron, wrought and unwrought. Exports, $5,818,274; coffee, 64.201.692; other products, bananas, hides and skins, cedar, and other valuable woods. In 1898 Costa Rica had 3 merchant steamers, 600 tons, and 2 sailing vessels, 551 tons; during 1896, 476 vessels of 471,125 tons entered the harbors of Limonand Punta Arenas, and 475 vessels of 473,929 tons cleared. Several districts especially rich in gold and silver; other minerals, copper, lead, mercury, sulphur, and coal; mining industry- at present inactive. Population 1892, 243,205: male, 122,48*."); female, 120,725; foreigners. 6,289: annual immigra- tion since 1894 about 1,000. San Jose, capital, founded 1738; seat of cathedral and university; population. 25.000; Alajuela connected by rail with Limon (4,000) — chief port of Atlantic coast — population. 10,000. Punta Arenas principal Pacific port; population, 5,000. Railways 170 miles. Education free and compulsory; law rigidly enforced; primary schools 1897, 327, with 21,91 3 pupils ; for higher education, 5 estab- lishments. State religion Roman Catholic; entire religious liberty accorded. Executive (Government vested in President; legislative power in Chamber of Representatives. Regular army, 600 men and 12.000 militia ; war footing, 34,000 militia. Gold standard adopted 1896. PAN A3IA.— Formerly a department of Colombia; independence de- clared and Republic established 1903. Area, 31,571 sq. mi. Commerce chiefly with United States. Leading products, india rubber, nuts, and coffee. Population, 300,000. Capital Panama; population, 25,000. BRITISH HONDURAS. —Possession of countrv long dis- puted by Spaniards; conceded British territory 1783. Area, 7,562 square miles. Extensive forests of valuable timber abound; mahog- any, logwood, cedar, and pine most important. Agricultural products include coffee, bananas, plantains, cocoanuts, Indian corn, sugar cane, and tobacco. Elevated districts afford excellent pasturage for cattle. Commerce about equally divided between United States and Great Britain. Value of imports 1897, 81,422,097; exports, 81.404,387; principal exports, mahogany— 6,777,382 feet 1897— logwood, fruit— to New Orleans— and sugar; large transit trade in india-rubber, coffee, and sarsaparilla. During 1897, 641 vessels of 194,144 tons entered, and 633 of 196,189 tons cleared, the ports. Population. 31,471; white, 462; colored, 33,815. Belize, capital; population, 7.000. Government grant for education 1897. 614,162; schools numbered 46; enrollment, 3,693. Government vested in Governor assisted bv Executive and Legisla- tive Councils. United States gold adopted as standard of value 1894. CUBA. &&, Pearl of the Antilles." From Cubanacan— native name of central region. Historical.— Discovered by Columbus 1492; first settlements made by Spanish 1511: countrv during sixteenth century repeatedly invaded and plundered by buccaneers and slavers; held by English 1762-63; in- surrections among the slaves 1812 and 1844; filibustering expeditions under Lopez 1348-52; ten vears'war 1868-78; at close Cuba granted repre- sentation in Spanish Cortes. Slavery definitely abolished 1886. Revolu- tion 1895,resulted in Spanish-American War. relinquishment of island by Spain, and independence of country under protection of United States. Area. Largest of West India islands. Area, 41,655 sq. mi., divided among 6 provinces; length. 760 miles; breadth in narrowest part, 21 miles; in widest, 111; average breadth, 60 miles. Its dependencies, the Isle of Pines and more than 1.200 cays, contain about 5,633 sq. mi. Physical Features. — Island divided into two parts by great marshy depression— width about 47 miles — extending from north to f 220 r~~x_.. . TlV e Jl„,,, Town V 221 \4l^:&r CSS ;iiitro Gulf £,*•** C. Malo 222 CUBA. south coast, In about 79 deg. west. Traversed by broken ranges of mountains, principal mountainous region in southeast; highest point, Pico Turquino, 8,070 feet. Western part largely an elevated region diversified by low, forest-clad hills and mountains, and well-drained, gently Sloping plains, (oast lands, especially in south, marshy. Island well watt-red; longest rivers In south; principal one.i auto. Coastline, including all indentations, more than 6,500 miles; fringed by numerous coral reefs and islands; large number of excellent harbors. Climate in mountainous regions healthful throughout year; on lowlands, summers hot, humid, and insalubrious. Yellow fever prev- alent on coasts; rarely found in interior. Year divided into wet and dry seasons; former from May to October; latter from November to May. Mean temperature, Havana, 77 dee., in interior, 73.4 deg. High- est temperature on record in Havana, 100.6 deg.; lowest 49.6 deg.; mean annual rainfall 52 inches. Forests among most valuable resources of island; extend over large areas and include an unusual number of hard woods. Uncleared forest land estimated at more than 13,000,000 acres. Mahogany, ebony, lignum-vitae, logwood, cedar, and pines abundant. Mahogany and cedar lead in value for lumber. Cuban mahogany most valuable in market; palms also plentiful, surpass in economic value all others, owing to their manifold uses. Agriculture.— Soil of almost inexhaustible fertility and highly favorable climatic conditions entitle Cuba to rank among the foremost agricultural countries of the world. Resources, largely undeveloped. Sugar culture leading industry; previous to late war [yearly product reached over one million tons. Tobacco second only to sugar. Plant Indigenous to island. Cultivation began 1580. Cuban tobacco superior to all others. Before 1894-'95 production of leaf tobacco reached 61,173,- 800 pounds; finest tobacco produced in Province of Pinar del Rio. Indian corn, manioc, rice, and both sweet and Irish potatoes abundant. All well-known tropical fruits with many other varieties flourish; fruit culture one of most promising pursuits in future development of island. Commercially, bananas, oranges, pineapples, cocoanuts, lemons, and limes have lead. Fiber plants, many of superior quality, numerous; best known henequin. Grasses grow almost everywhere; food, water, and climate all favorable to breeding of live stock; in 1891 estimated number of cattle, 2.485,766; horses and mules, 584,725; pigs, 570,194: sheep, 78,494; at close of 1898 practically nodomestic animals on the island. Commerce.— Commercial relations greatly impaired during past two years. Principal exports, sugar, tobacco, cigars and cigarettes; minor exports, rum, mahogany and other woods, honey, beeswax, and tropical fruits. Chief imports, rice, jerked beef, and flour. Value of total imports for year ending April, 1896, §66,166.754; of exports, 894- 395,536; 1893, exports to United States alone amounted to $98,706,506; Imports from United States, $24,157,698. Export of cigars decreased from 250,467,000 in 1889 to 123,417.000 in 1897: exports of tobacco leaf increased 50 per cent; amount, 1896, 16,823,000 pounds. In 1894, 3,181 vessels of 3,538,539 tons cleared from Havana and eight other ports. Minerals limited in number. Mining districts chiefly in east- ern part; Santiago Province leading producer. Iron the most important mineral worked; output 1897, 452.559 tons; ore brown hematite especially adapted for making Bessemer steel. Copper mining existed as early as 1524; center of district, El Cobre, near Santiago; ores ranked among finest in the world; industry has declined but deposits still held to be rich. Manganese mines of Santiago of great importance. Asphaltum of excellent quality found in every province; in some, deposits are inexhaustible. Coal, petroleum, and salt also found. Mineral springs abound; principal ones, sulphur springs near Havana. Population census of 1899, 1.572.797: white, 1,072,797; colored, 520,400 —234,738 Negro, 270,805 mixed, 14.857 Chinese. Of total population 89 per cent born in island, 8 per cent in Spain. At taking of late census, 83 per cent claimed Cuban citizenship, only 1 per cent protection of Spain; 5 percent citizenship other than Cuban, remainder In suspense. Cities*— Havana, capital; population, 235.981; commercial center of "West Indies: stronglv fortified. Has fine navy vard and arsenal; many notable buildings, including a cathedral; large markets; public parks; educational institutions; extensive tobacco manufactories. Distance from Key West, 90 miles; from New York, 1,240. Matanzas, second com- V HAITI. 223 mercial city and one of most healthful cities on Island; has sugar fac- tories, distilleries, machine and railway shops, etc. Population, 36,374. Santiago de Cuba, the second oldest, and, historically, the most inter- esting city in Cuba; its harbor is one of the tinest in the world, and city has a flourishing trade; chief seat of Catholic Church in Cuba; outlet for most important mining district. Population, 43,090. Cienfuegos, with one of safest harbors on south coast, is commercially one of chief towns of Cuba. Population, 30,038. Puerto Principe, center of great grazing district, 25,102 Pinar del Rio, chief tobacco town, 8,880. Railways.— There are 1,135 miles of railway; private branch lines connect all important sugar estates with main lines. Telegraph lines 1898, 2,300 miles; under control of Government. Education extremely backward; number of illiterates very large; of white Cuban citizens — males of voting age — 51 per cent unable to read, of colored 74 per cent. In 1899 only one-sixth the children of school age attended school, of these, but two thirds in public schools. Under military government of United States, public school system completely reorganized; at the end of year, public schools numbered 3,000, teachers 3.500. pupils receiving instruction, 130,000; expenditures for year, over $4,000,000. Spanish prevailing language spoken. Religion.— State religion Roman Catholic; other creeds were tol- erated under certain restrictions. Government, both civil and military, administered by a military Governor-General appointed by the United States; Havana and each of the six provinces have military Governors, who receive instructions from the Governor-General. HAITI. Ha ti Carib word— signifies rough land. Historical.— Island discovered by Columbus 1492; colonized by Spaniards under Columbus 1493, French settlements established in western part of island during 17th centur . Natives exterminated by middle of 18th century and negro slaves imported; revolution of negroes 1791-93. Entire island governed by Toussaint Louverture from 1795, who proclaimed its independence 1801. Complete expulsion of French effected 1804. Spanish or eastern part of island separated from Republic of Haiti and became Republic of Santo Domingo 1844. Area of island, 28,249 square miles. Santo Domingo Reoublic, eastern and larger portion, 18,045 square miles; divided among 6 prov- inces and 5 maritime districts; Haiti Republic, 10,204 square miles. Extreme length, 405 miles; width, 165 miles. Physical Features.— Surface varied; island traversed by four principal mountain chains intersected by numerous fertile valleys and plains; Loma Tina, Santo Domingo (10,300 feet), highest elevation in West Indies. Coast line, deeply indented, affords many excellent harbors. Magnificent forests, rich in rare cabinet and dye woods, clothe the mountains. Minerals varied and abundant but practically unworked. Climate similar to that of other West India islands; in elevated localities perpetual spring; extremes of temperature, Santo Domingo, 60 deg. and 95 deg.; Port au Prince, 63 deg. and 104 deg. HAITI.— Chief agricultural products, coffee, cotton, cacao, sugar, and some tropical fruits. Commerce largely with United States. Principal exports 1897: Coffee, 73,0.37,397 pounds; cacao, 2,120,242 pounds; logwood, 112.756,225 pounds; other exports, mahogany, cotton, hides, skins, and honey; imports, manufactured goods, flour, rice, beer, and fancy articles. Value of exports 1897, 812,549,848; imports, §6,363,798. In 1897, 793 vessels of 1,133,530 tons entered and cleared the principal ports. There are no manufactures and no railways. Over nine-tenths of population negroes and remainder mulattoes. Esti- mated number, 960,000. French the prevailing language. Port au Prince, capital and chief city; has excellent harbor; population from 40,000 to 60,000. Cape Haitien, population 29,000. Elementary educa- tion free; system still very imperfect; there are 400 national schools and 5 public lycees. Iteligion nominally Roman Catholic. Execu- tive Government of Republic vested in President; legislative in National Assembly of 2 houses. Term of President, 7 years, usually cut short by Insurrections. Army of 6,828, chiefly infantry. 224 CUBA, Jamaica and Haiti Islands. Scale of Statute Miles. 50 100 150 Copyright, 1004, "bj3Und,3rcJIall.T & Co. i ^ A *4 ^ <$> XlTTLE CaTMAS MS rf> Grand Cayman (Br.) ►VVV^^TISS A N T O D QM I NG'Or >isao °t,^>_ „ N *SS C-4 B I B ^ ^C^Va^S^tA^ 50 100 15 r Alta Tela J* 1. ' — — ' ==' V USSAU. ^' _J^ '° i Cat Island ^AV^»/^f^ ! ^ (BRITISH) ^\ \ r 5 ■ .-£^^Sf$>-\^\*p. del Diamante ,*S» Bagged Islands y '■ V^ -~ « Maroo^^Y?-^/ JAMAICA ^Vey'/ 2". ; - ;-Hat ^""^IPort Ant mio (isurrisH) * Kingston TedB0CaV8 qJ0BTLANd"E0CK R ANoJhC MALlY 4 CO., E NGfioEHS, 220 JAMAICA. SANTO DOMINGO.— Countrj very fertile; over nve-sixths of entire area cull Ivable A gricull are and forestry leading Industries. Cattle rearing and dairy industry receiving attention. Large sugar plantations and factories successfully established In south and ■■ ••'■:. ipal products, tobacco, coffee, cacao, cotton, and sugar cane, Commerce small owing to prohibitory duties. Principal e Sugar, 80,soo,2li) pounds; tobacco. •;,:;:;•.'. i I -, p.. mid- cacao, I pounds: roller, 2,487,400 pounds j mahogany, 264,254 feet; logwood, hides, goatskins, honey, also exported. Principal Imports: Cotton good.-, hardware, earthenware, breadstuff's; about 45 per cent from United States. Value 1896, $1,775,000. Population mixed race of original Spanish Inhabitants and the aborigines, of negroes and of mulattoes; official estimate 1938, 010,000. Spanish language prevails. Primary education free and obligatory. Number of schools 1889, about 900. State religion Roman Catholic; other forms permitted under re- strictions. Santo Domingo, founded 1104, capital; population 1892, 24,150. Puerto Plata, chief port; population, 4,500. Railway* open, 116 miles. Telegraph lines, 4S0 miles. Executive Government vested in President; term four years; legislative in National Con- gress of 22 Deputies. Small army of infantry, cavalry, and artillery; navy, six small gunboats. United States gold dollar, standard of value. JAMAICA. Ja-ma'-ka. Indian—" Island of springs." Historical.— Discovered by Columbus 1494; colonized by Spain 1510; became an English possession 1055. Area.— Largest of British West Indies. Area, 4,200 square miles; including dependent islands— Turks and Caicos— 4,424 square miles. Physical Features, Etc.— Surface diversified by picturesque mountains and fertile valleys. Highest elevation of Blue Mountains- principal range— 7,423 feet. Island well watered by numerous rivers; has many excellent ports and harbors. Minerals unimportant; deposits of copper, lead, and iron exist in limited quantities. Mineral springs abound. Climate superior to that of most "West India islands. Temperature varies according to altitude and exposure. Humidity scarcely felt even on sea coasts. On lowlands temperature ranges from 80 deg. to 88 deg.; on mountain tops, 45 deg. to 50 deg. Agriculture chief industry; principal products, sugar cane, coffee, bananas, cocoanuts, corn, cacao, pimento, nutmeg, and all kinds of tropical fruits and vegetables. Area under cultivation 1897, 003,560 acres; under pasture, 498,910. Rearing cattle and horses important in north. Cinchona introduced in 1880; over 5,000 acres under culture. Commerce.— Principal exports: Bananas, oranges, coffee, rum, ginger, pimento, raw sugar, logwood. Chief imports: Cotton manufac- tures, dried and salted lish. flour, ale, and beer. Total value of exports 1897, 88,070,841— one-half going to United States; of imports, 87,039,432. Two thousand bushels of salt produced yearly on Turks and Caicos islands, exported chiefiv to United States, Canada, and Newfoundland; islands have small sponge fishery. Population 1891, 039.491, including 14.092 white, 488,024 black, and 121,955 colored or half-breed; male, 305,948; female, 333,543; estimated population 1897, 700,394. Cities. — Kingston, capital and leading seaport; population, 46,542. Spanish Town, second city, 5,019. Railways all in southern part of island; length of line, 185 miles. Telegraph lines, 937 miles. Education, Etc.— In 1897-98 there were 913 Government schools; enrollment, 98,205. High and industrial schools, also 2 normal schools, supported by Government. No established church. There are 41,872 adherents of Church of England, 35,033 members of Baptist Church, 24,429 of Methodist, 11,370 Presbyterian, 9,300 Roman Catholic, and 2,400 of Church of Scotland. Government administered by Governor, appointed by Crown, assisted by Privy Council and Legislative Assembly. Army numbers 1,790 officers and men; volunteer militia, 392. Legal coinage that of Great Britain; various American coins also current. PORTO RICO. 227 PORTO RICO. Porto Re ko Spanish— signifies "rich harbor." Historical.— Discovered by Columbus 1493, and named by him Porto Rico; invaded and conquered by Spaniards under Ponce de Leon 1509-11; natives revolted under Spanish oppression and were prac- tically exterminated within a century; negroes imported as slaves. Three years' war for independence ended in defeat 1823. Island granted representation in Spanish Cortes 1870; slavery abolished 1873; Porto Rico given autonomous government with executive vested in Governor-General 1897. At close of Spanish-American War, 1898, island formally ceded to United States. Area, including dependencies — Islands of Vieques, Culebra,Mona, etc.— 3606 square miles. Porto Rico is fourth in size of the Greater Antilles. Length, 95 miles , breadth, 35. Distance from both New York and Cadiz 1,500 miles. Number of departments 7. Island of Vieques, about 13 miles northeast of Porto Rico, 21 miles long and 6 miles wide ; Culebra 7 miles long; Mona, west of main island, in Mona passage. 7 miles long and 2 wide. Physical Features.— Surf ace broken by mountain ranges, extend- ing in general from northeast to southwest; altitudes range from 1,500 to 3.600 feet; highest elevation, El Yunque, 3.487 feet. Tops of mountains all cultivable. Island well watered by numerous rapid- flowing streams; longest rivers in north; estimated number of long rivers. 51; small streams, creeks, etc., 1.200. Coasts generally regular but with many inlets and lagoons; few good harbors; coast line less than 350 miles. Medicinal and hot springs found throughout the island; most important, the one at Coamo. Climate.— Porto Rico most healthful region of Western Hemi- sphere within the torrid zone. Temperature rarely reaches 90 deg., never falls below 50 deg.; during summer never above 95 deg. on sea- coast. Mean temperature San Juan, 80.7 deg.; during January and February, 76.5 deg.; July and August, 83.2 degrees. Rainfall copious; heaviest north of mountains; fields frequently inundated by excessive downpour; south of mountains, country subject to droughts. Mean annual rainfall, 64.5 inches. Yellow fever unknown in interior towns of higher altitude; occurs occasionally- in coast towns; never epidemic. Forests.— Hills covered with tropical forests, including limited areas of rare, fine woods; mahogany, ebony, cedar, logwood, etc., occur; trees and plants furnishing many valuable dyewoods. gums, and resins abound; annotto, used in United States to color butter and cheese, grows wild everywhere; medicinal plants in great variety, and a wide range of tropical fruits found throughout the island. Agriculture.— Soil extremely fertile and intensely cultivated. Plantations chiefly on coast plains and in valleys of rivers; irrigation, necessary to successful cultivation of large part of land in southern districts, un8ystematically carried on. Culture of coffee now the lead- ing Industry; plant introduced from Martinique 1722; area under growth, 1901. 166.164 acres, chiefly in Ponce, Mayaguez, and Arecibo; grown largely on waste hillsides; the annual yield averages about 60,- 000,000 pounds. Sugar, introduced from Canaries through Santo Do- mingo, also a staple production; area under sugar cane, 82,678 acres; principal districts, Ponce, Juan, Diaz, Island of Vieques, Arecibo, and San German; estimated yield, 1901-2, 100,000 tons; during late years culti- vation greatly diminished through excessive land tax, increasing use of beet sugar, etc. Soil, climate, and labor all favorable to large produc- tion. Tobacco, 1902, 9,000,000 pounds, owing to careless methods of culture and curing, product inferior in quality to that of Cuba; under favorable circumstances, industry capable of enormous development. Other products: Rice, Indian corn, cacao, vegetables, and fruits. Principal food plants of natives, plantain, banana, sweet potato. All tropical and semi-tropical fruits reach perfection. Oranges, cocoanuts, and pineapples exported; limes, citron, and shaddock (grape fruit) abundant; guava grows luxuriantly in low lands and in mountainous districts; pomegranates, fig*, date palms, and tamarinds grow readily. Live Stock.— Extensive district in northeast especially adapted for raising cattle; pastures, covered with luxuriant grasses and 228 longitude "Weat 31 from Greenwich, 66 '30' Si f L ^i Guanaj de Joyuada ^ **&&*& _ ■H ^T W ETAS DE C ,'oORDg L^Sta[ Ana J»** l v "'"' //jii 5£& 3£k PO>* NC-t -t;j »*C A i@$ri JB B E A ft A T L A N T }+G* . C Copyright, 1902, bj Rani,.McNally Si Co. V 229 , fffa&<$W ^QRTO Rico. W^&'ifi I «P^° Scale of Statute r*- - O rJLf VX >^ o 5 to 30 Miles. ) Copyright, 1898, byHana, McXally & Co. 0:, _ Islands EAST OF Porto Rico. scale OF STATUTE-MILES 5 10 2p 3 JSLA CULEBEA ^ *■> (U. 8.1_. „. , ATO St.Th65as AXHCAOaT.^ . r>. *? *• A 3 P O X, I SLA DE 'V, V\ "VIEQUES ^ (U. S.J V CARIBBEAN ZFreaeri) 1. Sta.Cbuz •*c^' 95 230 PORTO RICO, abounding 111 running water: estimated area, 1,203.206 acres. Nearly 400,000 bead of cattle fa 1897. Principal drafl animal of Island a superior breed of oxen, especially adapted to conditions of the country. Native horses also raised Island of Vieques large producer or beef cattle. Manufactures*— Industrial enterprises limited. Sugar making, coffee mills for preparing coffee for shlpment,chocolate manufactories, and the manufacture of leather, straw hats, baskets. rush pack saddles, cigars, cigarettes, and acoarse grade of plug tobacco most Important. Commerce.— Chief imports, textiles, provisions, iron and and manufactures of wood, etc.; total value, 1900-01, S9 .367.230; *7.1l4.- 909 from United states. Exports. 18,668.816: 15,661,137 to United - Sugar most important; value 19oi I calendar) about $6,000,000. manu- factured tobacco, >»;:,;;. i:li ; oranges, 8101,836; stravvand palm leaf, $114,- 646; Free trade with United states proclaimed 1901. Minerals.— Mineral resources little known. Valuable salt deposits worked at Guanica, Salinas, and Cabo Rojo. Sulphides of copper and magnetic oxides of iron found in large quantities. Gold found In many mountain streams; worked by natives by primitive processes. Marble, carbonates, lignites, and amber also occur; the two latter chiefly at Utuado and Moca. Clays of superior quality plentiful. Population.— Porto Rico most populous island of West Indies. Population, census of 1899, 953.243; over 98 per cent native born; of for- eigners in the island more than half natives of Spain. Colored popula- tion about 38 per cent of total, or 363,817 persons— 59,390 negroes, 304,332 of mixed blood, 75 Chinese. Cities.— Population of island mainly rural, only about 21 per cent of inhabitants, or 203.792 persons, dwell in cities and towns; less than 9 per cent in cities exceeding S.000 inhabitants, a much smaller propor- tion than in Cuba and the United States. San Juan, on narrow island off northern coast, capital and leading city, has best harbor on island. Former residence of Spanish Captain General; the "Palace" now the official residence of the civil governor; has finest public buildings, leading schools, most prosperous churches, and largest barracks for soldiers. Its great military hospital, under efficient management of Americans, a model institution. Population, 32,048. Ponce, on south- ern coast, most progressive and one of most healthful places. Playa, the seaport, two milec distant, seat of custom house and all consular offices. City second commercially, but bids fair to become chief trad- ing center; has hospitals, average schools, a theater, cathedral, and only Protestant church in Porto Kico. Seat of official chamber of commerce. Population, 27,952. Mayaguez, on -western coast, most healthful of all the cities. Commercially third in importance; Indus- trially the leading center. Has coffee mills, chocolate manufactories, and a number of minor industries. Population, 15.187. Caguas and Cayey, on the great military road, in heart of tobacco district, largest tobacco towns. Arecibo, large coffee town on north coast. Aguadilla, north of Mayaguez, also exports coffee. Yauco, coffee town on south coast. Guayama and Humacoa, important sugar towns in southeast- ern section. Fajardo, on east coast, has good harbor. Railways in operation, 137 miles-, under construction, about 170 miles. Military road begun by Spanish Government, 1880,80 miles. San Juan to Ponce. United States has built over 100 miles of road. There are 470 miles of telegraph lines; submarine cable to St. Thomas and .lamaica. Recent harbor improvements made at San Juan. Education has been backward: statistics show large proportion of inhabitants to be illiterates. By the census of 1899 there were 659.294 persons 10 years of age and over, of whom 509,498, or over 77 per cent, were unable to read. Under administration of United States, schools have been opened throughout the island; 733 in 1901. Kelision. — Roman Catholic the prevailing religion. Island con- tains 71 cathedrals; appropriation for the Church, 1897-98, about $92,000. nearly 5 per cent of entire revenue of island Government.— Representation since May, 1901. Administered by a Governor and Cabinet, appointed by the President Executive Council constitutes upper legislative house and has 11 members: lower house. 85 members. Absolute power of veto over all legislative and administrative acts of the insular government held by U. S. Congress. V MEXICO. 231 MEXICO. Mek'-si-ko. Historical.— Early inhabitants Aztecs and other Indian races. Conquered by Spanish under Cortez 1521. Independence from Spain declared 1813; warfare with Spain until revolution of Iturbide 1821, when last Spanish Viceroy was deposed; empire under Iturbide pro- claimed 1822; Republic established 1824; war with United States 1846-8 resulted in loss of New Mexico and California; Santa Anna as Dicta- tor 1853-55. Invasion of French 1863; empire under Maximilian (upheld by French troops) 1864-67. French troops withdrawn, Maximilian exe- cuted, republic restored, 1867. Present constitution adopted 1857, amended 1887, 1890. Mexico, archaeologically, the most interesting section of North America. Numerous ruins of the ancient civiliza- tion exist; especially remarkable are those of Uxmal and Palenque. Area, 767,005 square miles, including 1,420 square miles of islands. Divided into 27 States. 2 Territories, and the Inderal District of Mexico. Physical Features.— Surface a plateau rising from low coast plain by succession of terraces to 6,000 to 9,000 feet above sea level. Country diversified by mountain chains and many isolated peaks, all of volcanic origin; three rise above perpetual snow: Orizaba, 18,314 feet; Popocatepetl, 17,300 (both active volcanoes), and Iztaccihuatl, 16,960; Orizaba, with exception of Mt. Logan, highest mountain in North America. Sierra Nevada Mountains traverse Peninsula of Lower California; within this region earthquakes frequent. Country sparingly watered; rivers generally unimportant; Kio Grande, forming boundary between Mexico and United States, most valuable; Santiago, second in importance. Lakes numerous, usually of little value; Chapala, in Jalisco, largest; area over 1,300 square miles. Climate.— Climate varies with altitude from coast to interior, generally healthful at an elevation of 2,000 feet above sea level. Rainfall abundant on maritime slopes south of tropic ; ranges from 79 to 118 inches annually; plateau dry everywhere. Mean temperature City of Mexico, 60 deg.; highest, 89 deg.: lowest, 28}4 deg. Low plain ' along coast hot and unhealthf ul. Mazatlan, mean temperature. 75 deg.; highest, 94 deg.; lowest, 49 deg.; rainfall, 62 inches. Colima, mean temperature, 78 deg.; rainfall, 4 inches. Forests.— Estimated area, 2.121,012 acres. Mountain slopes covered with dense forests of rare and valuable trees and plants; included are building and cabinet timbers, dyewoods, and medicinal plants of great commercial value. Among the most important trees are mahogany, ebony, brazil-wood, logwood, palm, cocoanut, pine, cedar, and oak; rub- ber-tree, native to Chiapas and Tabasco; heniquen, Yucatan ; ixtle, valuable fiber plant, San Luis Potosi; cinchona, on slopes of Orizaba Mountains; mulberry tree, introduced by Cortez, cultivated extensively for silkworms. *Value of woods exported, 1891, $1,726,527, mahogany to Great Britain, 1898, $398,070; rubber. 372,559. Agriculture.— Farming methods primitive. Industry encouraged by government distribution of vines, olive and fruit trees, seeds, and silkworms. Principal food crops of central plateau, corn, wheat, beans, barley, and rice. In southern and southeastern States coffee and to- bacco extensively grown; in Yucatan heniquen fiber (sisal hemp) pro- duced in large quantities: rubber-tree and cinchona also cultivated. Other products are cotton, cane sugar (introduced by Cortez), indigo, cochineal, sarsaparilla. cacao, vanilla, and the maguey plant, from which pulque, the national drink, is made; maguey plantations valued at 114,000,000. Orange culture important and growing industry, cul- ture of tea encouraged. Yield of chief agricultural products, 1896: Indian corn, 71,242,133 bushels; wheat, 601,782 tons; rice. 41.275 tons; coffee, 13,2)4 tons; cacao, 1,313 tons; tobacco, 15,875 tons; heniquen, 531,319 tons: cotton, 29,185 tons. Government offers special induce- ments for establishment of agricultural colonies. Number of settle- ments, 34; established by government, 13: colonists, 6,926; by companies having government approval, 21; colonists, 4.091. Live Stock.— Cattle raised extensively in Mexico for United States market. Value of 20,574 cattle ranches, 1515,000,000. Returns show on an area of 300,000 square miles in Northern Mexico, 1,500,000 cattle, 2,500,000 goats, 1,000,000 horses, and 1,000,000 sheep. * All values are given in Mexican money. 232 106° Longitude Wei 233 100" from Greenwich. 234 MEXICO. Manufacturer. — Industries growing In Importance. Mexico's vast resources attracting foreign capital; Investments during the 4 years ending 1897, $l,000,o00,ooo ; American capital, 8*15,310,000 ; English, $213,- 802,225; French and German, $441,387,775. Number of establishments for making sugar, brandy, etc., 1893, 2,899; output, 1896: Sugar, 71,429 tons; panocha (coarse-grade sugar), 62,688 tons; molasses, 52,749 tons; brandy, 124,602,651 gallons; rum, 7,237,692 gallons. Cotton factories, 1896, numbered 107; looms, 13,826; spindles, 448,156; raw cotton consumed, 53,273,397 pounds. Other industries, tanning, and manufacture of cigars, cigarettes, soap, pottery, hardware, chocolate, etc. Commerce chiefly with United States. Value of imports, 1897-98, 143,603,492; from United States, $21,490,604; Great Britain, France, and Germany, 118,323,415; exports, 8128,972,749; to United States, $91,974,616; Great Britain, France, and Germany, 827,091,387. Chief imports: Agri- cultural and mining machinery, woolen and cotton goods, furniture, liquors, groceries, railway material, and carriages. Chief exports: Precious metals, 875,042,332; heniquen, 811,564,519; coffee, $10,649,119; cabinet woods, $3,597,069; cattle, $4,507,327; hides, $3,590,477; tobacco, $4,489,768. Merchant marine, 1896, 52 steamers, 222 sailing vessels; entered at ports, 10,194 vessels; aggregate tonnage, 3,659,485. Minerals the chief wealth of Mexico. Mining region comprises 80 per cent of area, yields 20 per cent of world's production of gold and silver. Other minerals are lead, copper, platinum, iron, mercury, tin, cobalt, bismuth, zinc, sulphur, petroleum, salt, etc. In 1894 there were 3,167 mining enterprises, two-thirds belonging to Mexicans. Value of precious metals exported, 1897-98: Silver, $35,721,275; silver coin, 818,214,989; silver ore, $11,137,996; gold, $6,364,308. Population, 1895,12,632,427; 1900,13,570,545; white race constitutes 19 per cent, mixed races 43 per cent, Indians, 38 per cent. Race dis- tinction abolished by constitution of 1824; greater part of mixed races and Indians still uncivilized; out of a population of 13,000,000 only about 3,700,000 are taxable. Spanish is the prevailing language. Principal Cities.— Mexico, capital and chief city, founded by Aztecs 1325; finest city in Spanish America; has cathedral founded 1573, national palace, library— 265,000 volumes,— museum, and a military academy; connected by rail with New Orleans; population, 329.774. Puebla, second city, founded 1532; important railway center; has thriv- ing trade, potteries, and iron and bronze works, population, 88,684. Guadalajara, one of chief cities, has various manufactories; seat of a mint; contains university and an academy of painting; population, 83,934. Leon, flourishing manufacturing town; population, 58,426. Vera Cruz, principal seaport; founded by Cortez near present site; port of export for large part of Mexican products; population, 24,085. Railways, Etc.— Miles of railway in operation, 1890, 4,648; 1898, 7,700; tramway, 127; telegraph, 42,150—28,220 belonging to the govern- ment; miles of telephone, 7,459. Education.— In 1890 15,000 persons within the City of Mexico could read only; 176,000 could neither read nor write. Ruling class, of Span ish descent, highly cultured. School expenditures 1895, $3,973,737 Primary schools, 7,380; secondary, 34; professional, 36; average attend ance, 338,066. Attending higher schools, military and naval colleges 21,000. Public libraries, 102; museums, 24; newspapers, 456—10 in Eng lish, 1 in French. Religion.— Prevailing religion Roman Catholic; all others tolerated, church independent of State, and no ecclesiastical body can acquire landed property. In 1889 there were 10,112 Roman Catholic churches and chapels, and 119 Protestant churches. In 1890 there were 320,143 Catholics and 2,623 Protestants in the City of Mexico. Government, a federal republic modeled on that of the United States. Legislative power vested in Senate— 2 members from each State —and House of Representatives— 227 members. President elected for term of 4 years; by constitutional amendment of lS90.mavbe re-elected indefinitely Estimated revenue, 1898-99. $52,109,500; expenditure .852,089.- 485; debt, 1S96, $183,206,679. Mexico has 4 mints (annual coinage about $25,000,000) and 7 Federal assay offices. Gold sent to mints and assay offices, 1886 to 1896 inclusive. 668,052 ounces; value, $16,673,116, silver, 197,020,184 ounces; value. $313.401, 731. Standard of value, silver Num- ber of banks. 17. Peace footing of arm v. 3.36.; officers. 34,000 men; war footing, 3,500 officers, 14;J,000 men. Navy small- 90 officers, 500 men. SOUTH AMERICA. SOUTH AMERICA. Historical.— Discovered by Columbus 1498, landing effected near mouth of Orinoco; continental character ascertained before 1515. Northern coasts explored by Vespucci 1499-1500; Brazil discovered 1500 by Cabral; mouth of Rio de la Plata entered 1508. Straits of Magellan discovered 1519; Peru conquered by Pizarro 1532. First settlement at Rio de Janeiro by French 1558; occupied by Portuguese 1567. English, Dutch, and French settled in Guiana 1613-74. Nearly entire country conquered by Spanish and Portuguese. Spanish colo- nies revolted 1810. War of Independence waged against royalist Spanish armies hnally resulted in establishment of various republics. Area, 6,834,563 square miles including dependent islands; greatest length from north to south, 4,592 miles, breadth, 3,230. Continental islands include Falkland, South Georgia, Tierra delFuego, Patagonian Archipelago, Chiloe, Juan Fernandez, Marajo, and Galapagos, with some smaller ones in Caribbean Sea. Physical Features.— Andes Mountains extend along entire western coast; noted for numerous high volcanoes; Aconcagua, 22,S60 feet, highest; Parime system traverses plateau between plains of Orinoco and Amazon. Brazilian system near eastern coast. Average elevation of highest plateau 13,000 feet; of continent, 2,490 feet. In Interior a series of great plains opens upon Atlantic; includes llanos of Orinoco, selras of Amazon, and pampas of Rio de la Plata. Length of coast line 15,700 miles. Largest river, Amazon; extreme length about 3,900 miles; estuary widens to 180 miles; navigable 2,200 miles; extent of basin, 2,320,000 square miles. Orinoco, 1,570 miles; basin, 365,000 square miles. Rio de la Plata, large estuary formed by union of Parana and Uruguay rivers; drains 1,240,000 square miles. Largest lakes, Maracaybo in Venezuela; Titicaca in Peru and Bolivia. Climate.— More than two-thirds the surface within the tropics. Climate greatly affected by Andes; vegetation and rainfall of the two sides present striking contrasts; rainfall east of mountains generally abundant; west deficient, and in certain sections fails entirely; in extreme south, however, west of mountains fairly well watered and wooded; east bleak and arid. Climate of portions within torrid zone modified by trade-winds, high mountains, etc. In basin of Amazon perpetual summer; region comparatively healthful. Interior of lowlands heat intense; on plateaus moderate. Forests.— Tropical forests cover vast areas; in extent and density surpass those of any other region. The many valuable trees include mahogany, rosewood, Brazilwood, logwood, gum trees, which furnish copal for varnish, and caoutchouc or india rubber, native to Brazilian forests. Among medicinal and other plants of value are cinchona or Peruvian bark, and coca, both well-known articles of commerce; Yerba mate, or Paraguay tea, characteristic of Paraguay; the shrub from which ipecacuanha is obtained ; excellent sarsaparilla from Uruguay, and vanilla from various localities. Agriculture.— Coffee, sugar, and cotton grown in eastern portions of Brazil and nearly all countries in region of Andes; cereals in tem- perate regions of elevated sections; wheat an important article of commerce from Argentine. Cacao, tobacco, indigo, rice, potatoes — indigenous to Peru and Chile — and yams cultivated extensively in various localities. Cassava, yielding manioc, Brazilian arrowroot, and tapioca, most important food plant in tropics; cassava and Indian corn staple food plants. Bananas, oranges, limes, lemons, pineapples, dates, figs, olives, and grapes abundant. The vast pampas of the south, covered with luxuriant grasses, afford excellent pasturage. Rearing of live stock the great industry of the region; leading source of wealth in Argentine its great herds of horses, cattle, and sheep; cattle reared also in large numbers in Brazil and Uruguay. Commerce with Great Britain, United States, France, and Ger- many, extensive. Chief exports, coffee, largely from Brazil, also the staple from Venezuela; wheat, chiefly from Argentine and Chile; cacao the staple from Ecuador; Yerba mate, Paraguay; cocaine and coca leaves, Peru; animals and their products— meat, meat extracts, hides and skins, wool, tallow, and bones— from Argentine, Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay; mineral products— gold, silver, copper, nitrate, etc.; 336 Sffi ^ 238 SOUTH AMERICA. fonst products— rubber, cabinet woods, nuts, etc. Imports principally cottons, woolens, iron and machinery, and provisions. Minerals.— Continent contains inexhaustible stores of mineral wealth. Andes regions abound in gold and silver. Richest gold fields now mined those of Colombia, Guiana, Chile, Venezuela, and Brazil; annual output about 500,000 ounces, Colombia leading with nearly 170.000 ounces. Silver mining most active in Bolivia, Peru, Chile, Colombia, and Argentine; annual output, 18,148.000 ounces, Bolivia about 15,000,000 ounces. Diamonds found in Brazil and Bolivia; Brazil fields have yielded some of most celebrated stones in the world Rich emerald mines in Colombia. Other precious stones are opal, topaz, and garnet; lapis lazuli, jasper, alabaster, and marbles also occur. Platinum, mercury, lead, coal, iron, zinc, tin, and sulphur mined. Copper mines of Chile among the most important in the world; output nearly 40,000 tons annually. Petroleum abundant, especially in Peru and Ecuador. Coal mined extensively in Chile; annual production, 10,000,- 000 tons; country possesses vast stores of nitrates, borax, and salt. Population consists of descendants of conquerors — Spaniards and Portuguese— mixed races, and Negroes. Native population, Indian, far more numerous in South America than in North America; mixed races chiefly of European and Indian blood. Estimated population 1895, 39,153,000— Europeans, 11.054,000 ; Indians and mixed races, 18,080,- 000; Negroes, 9,841,000; Asiatic, 178,000. Spanish prevailing language throughout the Continent except Brazil where Portuguese is spoken. Indian languages and dialects almost innumerable. Religion.— Dominant religion of all South American countries Roman Catholic; with exception of Ecuador and Peru all other creeds tolerated. Classification: Christians, 37,266,000; Mohammedans, 6,000; Jews, 8,000; Buddhists, etc., 130,000; heathens, 1,173,000. Government. — Politically South America is divided among ten republics and three European colonies: Republics of Venezuela, Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentine Republic in the east; Chile, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia in west; Bolivia and Paraguay inland; colonies of British Guiana, Surinam (Dutch), and Cayenne (French) in north. COLOMBIA. Colom bea Historical.— Country first visited by Spanish 1531; became a Spanish presidency 1563; vice-kingdom 1719; vice-royalty, including Ecuador and Venezuela, 1740. War for independence 1810-21; Republic of Colom- bia formed 1819; Republic of New Granada established 1831. Name Confederation of Granada adopted 1858; United States of New Granada 1861; United States of Colombia 1863; after revolution of 1855, Republic of Colombia. ,_ m Area, 482,048 square miles, of which 473,202 square miles are north of equator. Divided into 8 departments. Physical Features, Etc. —West traversed by three ranges of Andes; highest elevation, Mount Tolima, 18,270 feet. Surface of east consists of broad plains sloping to Orinoco and Amazon rivers. Principal rivers of west, Magdalena and Cauca. Extensive forests yield many valuable products: India rubber, Tolu balsam, copaiba, vegetable ivory, cinchona— first studied here 1793— and coca. Climate entirely tropical. Warmer regions toward Caribbean Sea, in the Magdalena Valley, eastern slopes of Andes, and the llanos; the latter the hottest. On elevated plateaus temperature moderate; low, hot, swampy lands very unhealthful. Rainfall heavy; in some districts continuous. Mean temperature Bogota, 57.9 deg.; rainfall. 43.62 inches. Agriculture, Etc.— Large area of arable land; small proportion under culture. Chief products coffee, cacao, and tobacco; sugar, maize, manihot, wheat, potatoes also thrive. Grazing in central districts. Cattle in Colombia, 3,465,000; sheep, goats, and swine, 3,487.000. Commerce.— Value of imports 1897, 816.679,500; exports, $13,290,000. Chief imports, provisions, textiles, and iron and steel goods. Chief export, coffee; value of shipments from Barranquilla 1897. $5. 373.130; other exports gold and silver, cacao, cotton, tobacco, live animals, hides, dve-stuffs, india rubber, and timber. Minerals varied and of great value. Value of gold exported from Antioquia— chief district— $200,000 annually. Annual value of gold and COLOMBIA — ECUADOR. silver output, $4, 115,000. Copper, platinum, iron, lead, mercury, cinna- bar— 14 mines — emeralds — 7 mines— also produced. Yearly value of emeralds §100,000. Coal and petroleum deposits extensive. Salt mines north of Bogota government monopoly; great source of revenue. Population.— Inhabitants, whites — of Spanish descent— mixed races, and Indians. Estimated population, 1895, 3,700,000, including 150,000 uncivilized Indians. Cities.— Bogota, capital; founded by Spanish 1538; population 110,000. Chief commercial towns— Barranquilla, on the Magdalena, 40,000; Medellin, in important mining region, 40,000; Bucaramanga, 20,000, and Cucuta, 10,000, large coffee centers. Railways, Etc.— Railways open 1897, 400 miles; about 270 miles under construction. Telegraph 1894, 6,835 miles. Education, Etc.— Primary education gratuitous, but not compul- sory; schools, 1,817; pupils, 89,000; normal schools, 14, students, 600; for secondary instruction, 34 public and numerous private colleges. Has national university and four universities belonging to Departments. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholic; other forms permitted. Government. Etc. — Executive rests with President— chosen for 6 years— assisted by cabinet. Legislative in Congress of two houses. Strength of national army determined by Act of Congress each session. Law of 1894 provides for redemption of paper currency, free coinage of gold, and coinage of small silver pieces in European mints. ECUADOR. Ek'-wa-do, Historical.— At time of Spanish conquest, 1533-34, greater part of country subject to Incas of Peru. Created Kingdom of Quito and attached to vice-royalty of Peru 1554; Spanish rulers expelled and country entered Colombian Confederation 1822-23; republic proclaimed under present name 1830. Country has since suffered greatly from polit- ical revolutions. Boundaries between Colombia and Peru in dispute. Area, exclusive of territory in dispute, 120,000 square miles; area claimed, 273,150 square miles— Galapagos Islands, 2,869 square miles. Physical Features.— Country traversed north to south by Andes; contains some of highest peaks in South America and numerous volcanoes; highest elevations, Chimborazo, 20,660 feet; Cotopaxi, 19,48u feet; between the mountains are several elevated table-lands. Principal rivers tributaries of Amazon; Napo and Putumayo largest. Coast line 2,000 miles; affords many good harbors. Vast equatorial forests exist, affording excellent woods and medicinal plants. Climate in highlands of western section healthful; temperature moderate; hot, rainy season from December to May; rains most abun- dant in March. All lowlands hot; low coast lands unhealthful July coldest month; mean temperature, Quito, 55.6 deg.; Esmeraldas, 82 deg. Agriculture.— Coast lands fertile. Cacao great commercial crop; plantations large; rice also grown. Coffee cultivated on slopes. Sugar cane and tobacco in Province of Guayaquil; tropical fruits, Esmer- aldas; wheat, barley, Indian corn, etc., on plateaus. Yucca roots chief food of Indians. Cattle, horses, and sheep largely reared in high- lands. Rubber industrv important. Commerce, Etc.— Value of imports 1897, 87,849,764; exports, $13,- 627,076. Chief imports, cotton, other textiles, provisions; chief export, cacao; value exported from Guayaquil 1897, $4,670,550; coffee, 4243,698; rubber, $229,642; straw hats, $72,93(1; hides, $101,585; specie, $145,950. Minerals.— Ecuador rich in gold: worked at Zarama and Esmeral- das. Rich silver ore also found; petroleum abundant but hardly worked; valuable deposits of copper, iron, lead, and coal numerous. Population, 1,271,861; whites, 100,000; mixed races, 300,000; Indians, 870,000. Cities.— Quito, capital of Republic and ancient capital of Incas. Altitude, 9,350 feet; population, 80,000. Guayaquil, chief seaport and trade and manufacturing center; population, 50,000. Cttenea, third city; has cathedral and university; population 25,000. Railways, Etc. — Railway open, Durau to Guayaquil, 58 miles; projected to Sibambe,58 miles. Telegraph, 1,242 miles. Education, Etc.— Primary instruction free and compulsory. 240 241 .from Greenwich. IT S5r " E »;W",su^f V^ .^SlL WINDWARD in- ISLA.N.DS ." V )J Grenada r^llh a Barbados (Be.) Serpent's JTouth T>ZLTA OF THE ORIXo[cO RIVER P< Mocomoco ~gr — r S. Thonaar Pv^»> BaTarua/ < ° IBarcello^fjfariua ■J'.Q ^ ^M>> ioZ^t 1 K* »Z*£v» I 'abatinga $> Crato W f Efiiha 242 SOUTH AMERICA. Primary schools, 1,088; secondary, 96; for higher education, 9; num- ber of teachers, 1,498; pupils, 68,380. University, commercial and technical schools at Quito and Guayaquil. Religion, Roinan Catholic; no other tolerated. Government, Etc.— Executive vested in President (term four years). Legislative in Congress of two houses, members chosen by Roman Catholic adults who can read and write and have certain income. Army numbers 3,341 officers and men; national guard 30,000. Coin of country minted in United states, England, and Peru. Govern- ment monetary commission reported in favor of gold standard. VENEZUELA. Ven-e-zweMa. Historical.— Country discovered by Columbus 1498; first settlement at Cumana 1520; Spanish dominion continued until series of insurrec- tions 1810-1821, resulted in country entering Colombian Confederation. Republic of Venezuela proclaimed 1830. Since, there have been num- erous civil wars and several changes of the constitution. Southern boundary in dispute. Area, 593,943 square miles, divided into 8 States, 1 Federal district, 2 national settlements, and 8 territories. Physical Features.— Country mountainous in north and west; central portion bordering Orinoco vast grassy plains; surface south- east mountainous with dense forests. Entire course of Orinoco within the country. Lake Maracaybo in north. Delta of Orinoco, basin of Maracaybo, and mountainous districts covered with forests. Products, rubber, copal, sarsaparilla, cinchona, tonka beans, timber, dye-woods. Climate at elevations of 2,000 feet that of temperate zone; at 7,000 feet, cold. Hottest districts the llanos, and mountainous regions on north coast and near Guiana. Low, marshy regions very unhealthful. Rainfall abundant on slopes under trade-winds; alternate wet and dry seasons on llanos. Floods of Orinoco April to August. Mean tem- perature on north coast, 84 deg.; Caracas, 77 deg.; Merida, 59 deg. Agriculture leading industry, engages one-fifth the population. Coffee — cultivated since 1784 — chief commercial product; estates number 33,000; area under cultivation, 1&1.000 to 200,000 acres. Cacao — indigenous to Merida — 5,000 estates. Indian corn, the staple food product, yields four crops annually. Tobacco, cereals, and potatoes largely grown in highlands; sugar cane, cotton, indigo, and tropical fruits in lowlands and valleys. Vast numbers of cattle, sheep and goats, swine, horses and mules reared on the llanos. Number of cattle 1895, 5,000,000; amount of wool 1896, 15,000,000 pounds. Commerce.— Chief imports: Provisions, dry goods, hardware, coal, kerosene, timber, and machinery. Value of exports, 1895-96, $21,- 176,477. Coffee, 44,667 tons; cocoa, 4,047; rubber, 339; quina bark, 68,297 pounds; hides, 3,440,109 in number; gold— from Yuruari— 43,500 ounces. Minerals.— Gold found in all parts; richest deposits in Yuruari Territory. Copper, silver, and coal deposits near Barcelona; inex- haustible salt mines, worked by government on Peninsula of Araya. Asphaltum, petroleum, iron, lead, tin, sulphur, and kaolin abundant. Population 1891, 2,323,527; male, 1,737,139; female, 1,186,388; native Indian, 326,000. Evidences of an older civilization exist in rock pic- tures, ceramic remains, and ruins of buildings. Cities.— Caracas, capital; important commercial center: popula- tion 72,429. La Guayra, leading seaport: population 12,000. Valencia, finely situated commercial center; population 3S.654. Maracaybo, sea- port; export trade large: seat of National college; population 34,284. Railways, Etc.— In 1898 there were 505 miles of railway in opera- tion and 1,000 miles under consideration; telegraph lines, 3.S82 miles. Education, Etc.— Education free and compulsory. Primary schools 1891, 1,566; pupils 1889, 100,026. Normal schools, 4; universities, 2; Federal colleges, 22. National library, Caracas. State religion, Roman Catholic; other creeds tolerated. Government, Etc.— Executive vested in President chosen for two years. Legislative in Congress of two bouses. Permanent army 3,600 men. Every citizen from 18 to 45 enrolled in national militia. Law of 1896 provides for issue of gold coin and gold certificates; issue of paper currency and coinage of silver and nickel to cease. BRAZIL. 243 BRAZIL. Brazi,. Historical.— Discovered and claimed for Spain by PInzon 1499. French settled Rio de Janeiro 1558. Occupied by Portuguese 1567; be- came subject to Spain 1578; Portuguese authority restored 1640. Slavery of Indians prohibited 16S0. Rio de Janeiro became capital 1762. Royal family of Portugal fled to Brazil 1807; Colony declared a kingdom 1815; proclaimed independence of Portugal 1822. Negro slavery abolished 1888. Republic proclaimed under title "United States of Brazil" 1889. Area, 3.209,87S square miles; length, 2,644 miles; breadth, 2,707 miles. In territorial extent the fifth nation in the world. Divided into 20 States and 1 Federal District. Physical Features.— Country consists of two distinct physical regions: Tropical lowlands of north and west and temperate uplands of center and south; northern and western districts include the "Selvas," or forests, drained by the Amazon and its tributaries; eastern and southern districts mountainous. Mountains and large portion of Ama- zon basin covered with forests; among valuable woods and plants are India rubber, Brazilwood, cacao, rosewood, mahogany, bananas, and vanilla. Brazil noted for large, navigable rivers; length of Amazon within Brazil, 2,000 miles; drains 800,000 square miles; San Francisco important river of east; Parana of south; Uruguay and Paraguay rivers on west. Coasts generally regular and unbroken; length, 3,700 miles. Climate.— With exception of extreme southern province, Brazil entirely within the tropics. Uplands relatively cool and agreeable. Heat excessive along coast and on lowlands of north. Near the equator, two regular seasons, wet and dry; interior subject to long dry season. Mean annual temperature, Rio de Janeiro, 74 deg.; rainfall, 59 inches; mean annual temperature, Para, 80 deg.; rainfall, 68 inches. Agriculture.— Country rich in agricultural resources; products Of the soil and forests chief sources of wealth. Brazil chief coffee producer of world; crop, 1897-98, 10,000,000 bags. Sugar cane and cotton Important products in the north; European plants and mate— Paraguay tea— in temperate zones; tobacco, maize, manioc, nuts, and fruit also largely grown; princ'pal product of Amazon Valley, rubber. Cattle industry important; number killed, 1898, 340,000. Manufactures developing rapidly. Capital in cotton mills, 116,000,000; number 155. Woolen factories for rugs, felts, flannels, etc., at Rio de Janeiro, Nictheroy, Maranhao, Porto Allegre, and Rio Grande do Sul; silk mills Petropolis; flour mills, Rio de Janeiro. Number of sugar factories, 30; product Pernambuco, 1896-97, 245,553,990 pounds. Large production of rum and alcohol. Flourishing breweries, tanner- ies, and fruit-preserving establishments in Rio Grande do Sul. Commerce chiefly with the United States, Great Britain, France, and Germany. Value of imports, 1897, 8104,818,827; exports, 8130,015,808. Chief imports are agricultural implements, machinery, cottons, woolens, coal, provisions, petroleum, and spirits. Value of coffee exported, 1897, $81,470,418; rubber, $23,950,612; tobacco, $3,835,491; hides, $2,148,356; cacao, $2,041,273. Sugar exported, 1897, 139.255 tons: cotton, 15,996 tons; dried beef from Rio Grande do Sul, 40,781,615 pounds; tallow, 5,239,229. Merchant navy, 1898, 573 vessels, tonnage, 182,262. Minerals.— Resources great but little utilized; coal mines worked in Rio Grande do Sul; gold in Minas-Geraes and Bahia; iron exists in immense quantities in Minas-Geraes and Sao Paulo; marble abundant. Diamonds first found 1789; largest fields in Minas-Geraes; otber precious stones, silver, lead, zinc, iron, manganese, copper, etc., also found. Population, 1890, 14,333,915. White population largely of Portu- guese descent. In northern provinces Indian element predominates; in eastern negroes numerous. Cities.— Rio de Janeiro, capital, largest city, and principal seaport and commercial center; second city in South America; chief coffee market of the world; population, 1890,522,651. Bahia, second; contains cotton, tobacco, and sugar factories, and shipyards; population, 174,412. Pernambuco, has large export trade in sugar, fruits, cocoanuts, and cotton; population, 111,556. Para, or Belem, center of Amazon River trade; exports rubber, cacao, hides, nuts, etc.; population, 50,064. Railways open 18%, 8,662 miles; under construction, 4,963; survey, 4,670. Telegraphs under government control; line, 1895, 10,143 miles. y 244 245 s i k* < 3 |lf *— 1 N < < D O 2 h CQ P ° 81 1 £ ^ ols < 3 Sfl-* 1 \\ W?\«*c.Wic ocxaP -p # 4 C 246 SOUTH AMERICA. Education, Etc.- Primary Instruction free, but nowhere com- pulsory; in Federal District ti under municipality; in States, under municipal and State authority. Public and private schools, 1889, 7,500; pupils, 300,000. Illiterates, 84 per cent of population. Government, Etc.— Executive authority exercised by President; term, four years; not eligible for succeeding term; legislative, vested in National Congress. Each State has its own government, distinct and Independent in local affairs. Professed standard of value, gold. Mili- tary service compulsory. Army, 1897, 28,160 men and officers. Navy, 52 vessels and 8,500 men of all classes. GUIANA. Ghe-a'-na. A region extending from Orinoco to Amazon River; received Its name from a tribe of Indians. Politically divided among Venezuela, Brazil, Great Britain, The Netherlands, and France. Coasts of Colonial Guiana low and swampy. Interior undulating plains, dense forests of valuable timber, and low mountains; intersected by numerous rivers; Corentyn boundary between British and Dutch Guiana; Essequibo, longest river, between Dutch and French territory. Mt. Roraima, 7,500 feet, highest elevation. Climate of coasts and lowlands hot, moist, and unhealthful; uplands and more elevated districts of interior, temper- ate and agreeable. Mean annual temperature, Georgetown, 79.5 deg.; rainfall, 95.03 inches; temperature, Paramaribo, 81.7 deg.; rainfall, 107.95 inches; temperature, Cayenne, 80.3 deg.; rainfall, 129.12 inches. BRITISH GUIANA.— Discovered by Columbus 1498; first settled by Dutch 15S0; finally ceded to Great Britain 1814; slavery abol- ished 1834. Boundary with Brazil undetermined. Area, (estimated) 109,000 square miles. Under cultivation, 1891, 79.278 acres; under sugar cane, 69,814. Soil adapted to cocoanuts, coffee, cacao, fiber plants, and tropical fruits. Chief product, sugar. Rum, molasses, rice, and balata also produced and exported. Value of exports. 1897-98, #8,669,093: Sugar, 34,974,321; molasses, 347,730; rum. 8644,367. Imports, $6,235,263. Country rich in gold; .output. 1897-98, 125,080 ounces, value 32,218,278; output, 1886 to '96, 313,590,018. Population, 1896-97,285,315. Georgetown, capital; population, 1891, 53,176. Railways, 40 miles; telegraph and cable, 546. Schools, 209; pupils, 28,268. Governor (appointed by Crown) assisted by an Executive Council and a legislative body. SURINAM or DUTCH GUI AN A. -Visited by French 1640= settled by English 1652; acquired by Dutch from English in exchange for New Amsterdam (New York) 1674; dispossessed bv Great Britain 1804; restored 1814; slavery abolished 1863. Area, 46,060 square miles. Chief products, sugar and cacao; rice, maize, sweet potatoes, yams, balata, coffee, and tropical fruits also produced. Sugar production, 1896, 22,859,643 pounds; cacao, 6,794,026 pounds. Bananas, 1897, 562,949 bunches; coffee, 617.925 pounds; rice, 295,290: rum, 262,694 gallons; molasses, 359,454. Output of gold, 1896, 27,207 ounces; export, 3479,440. Population, 1896, 64,372. Paramaribo, capital and center of colonial trade; population, 30,000. Public schools, 1896, 19; pupils, 2,283; private schools, 35; pupils, 4,847. Entire religious liberty. Government administered by Governor, assisted by a Council. CURACAO.— Colony of six islands belonging to Netherlands. Area, 403 square miles Chief products, maize, pulse, cattle, etc. Population, 1S96, 49,599 Seaport, Willemsted, population, 10,000. Ruled by Governor and Council appointed by Sovereign. CAYENNE or FRENCH GUIANA.-Visited by French 1604; settled 1626; invasion of Portuguese 1809; nominally restored to France 1814; final surrender 1817. Regular penal colonies established 1853. Area, 46,850 square miles (estimated); greatest length, 280 miles; breadth, 220. Soil adapted to all grains and tropical fruits. Chief products, sugar cane, tafia, cacao, coffee, spices, etc. Gold mined; exported, 1896, 101,938 ounces. Population. 22.714 (estimated); num- ber of liberated convicts and inmates of penitentiaries, 4,500. Cayeiine, on Island of Cayenne, capital and chief seaport; population, 12,351. Colony under Governor, assisted by a Council-General and Municipal Councils ; represented in France by one Deputy. PERU. 247 PERU. Pe-roo' Historical.— Under Incas and their predecessors civilization highly developed. Conquered hy Spaniards 1533-4; as viceroyalty of Spain became, 1542, center of government of all South America; Colombia seceded 1717; native rebellions 1740, 1780, 1814; secession of Chile 1810-17. Peru declared independence 1821; Spain Anally defeated 1824; war with Bolivia 1841; slavery abolished 1854; war with Chile 1879-81; Chile annexed Province of Tarapaca and occupied Tacna and Arica 14 years. Area, 463,747 square miles, divided into 19 departments. Nego- tiations in progress to determine ownership of Tacna and Arica. Physical Features.— Surface largely an elevated plateau trav- ersed by chains of Andes. Coast region arid, intersected by few mountain streams. High plateau of central section includes western part of Lake Titicaca. Extensive wooded plains in northeast, together with eastern slopes, drained by Amazon— principal river— and its tributaries. Highest elevation, Misti Volcano, 18,538 feet. Source of Amazon within Peru. Earthquakes frequent and severe. Climate.— Coast lands hot and unhealthful; in some localities no rainfall from 20 to 80 years; fogs frequent from April to October; higher elevations mild and salubrious; eastern slopes and valleys of Cordilleras wet and hot. Average summer temperature Lima, 84 deg.; winter. May to November, 56 deg. Mean temperature Cuzco, 59 deg. Agriculture, Etc.— Cotton, coffee, and sugar chief productions. Principal coffee-growing districts in Central Peru. Coast region chief sugar district; area under culture, 187,000 acres. "Wheat and oats grown in upland valleys. Cotton, cacao, tobacco, rice— yield 1897, 9,458,280 pounds— Indian corn, olive, and vine also grown. Valuable medicinal plants cultivated; most important coca district region around Trujillo; trees on 9 estates number 2,700,000. Introduction of European domestic animals successful; sheep rapidly increasing in number. Native animals include llama, alpaca, vicuna, and guanaco. Manufactures chiefly coarse cottons, woolens, leathers, fine cloaks and blankets, Panama hats, gold and silver jewelry. Olive oil, cocaine, and rum extensively produced; also kerosene of superior quality; monthly output, 200,000 gallons. Sugar 1897, 105,000 tons. Commerce.— Value of imports 1897, $9,002,024; exports, $15,512,691. Chief imports, cotton and woolen goods, wrought and unwrought iron, machinery, etc. Annual value of chief exports: Sheep wool, $5,000,000; alpaca wool, $2,000,000; goat skins, $300,000; gold, $20,000; silver, $3,000,000; lead, $20,000; copper, $1,600,000; chemicals, drugs, and dyestuffs, $7,500,- 000. Coffee, 1897, 1,239 tons; coca leaves, 1,088,562 pounds; cocaine, 9,274 pounds; value of both, $1,173,066. Minerals abound in inexhaustible quantities. Silver chief mining industry; production, 1897, 3,300,000 ounces; value, $4,728,780; all miner- als, $5,346,000. Gold found in most departments; copper in coast lands and on plateaus; mercury, antimony, lead, galena, tin, gypsum, asphal- tum, sulphur, coal, and limestone deposits occur. Petroleum abun- dant in vast region in northwest. Inexhaustible deposits of salt. Population at last census, 2,621,844. Aborigines about 57 per cent; mixed races 23 per cent; remainder chiefly descendants of Spaniards. Cities.— Lima, capital and leading commercial city; founded by Piz- arro 1535; population, 1891, 103,556. Callao, chief port; destroyed by earthquake 1746: population, 15,000. Arequipa, cathedral town of great wealth; population, 35,000. Cuzco, leading center of most populous de- partment of Peru; population. 20,000. Paita, second port; celebrated resort with fine harbor; extensive commerce: population, 5,000. Railways, Etc.— Length of railways 1895, 924 miles; owned by State, 800. Telegraph lines 1897, 1,933 miles. Education, Etc. — Elementary education compulsory. Private high schools under direction of English, German, and Italian staffs. Lima university. San Marcos— oldest in America— school of mines and civil engineering, and military school near Lima. State religion Roman Catholic; others tolerated to limited extent. Government entrusted to President; term four years; legislative in a Senate and House of Representatives. Peace strength of army, 3.K5T men and officers. Mint closed to coinage of silver; importation of silver coin prohibited. 248 longUod* "West K E \C U A\D^»0 \ »^&J*L BOUNDARY CI Chincha 1slaND8% t Guano j Peru and Bolivia. Scale of Statute Miles. 50 100 200 30 Copyright, 1904,T)y JUna. MeNally & Co. -$> ■^ Jfejilfo: 249 E G RJL-N) C i VS5 £■■- Inc jguasi M t . r^^. »■■ MCN.fr CO. ens 250 SOUTH AMERICA. BOLIVIA • B5-livM-a. Historical.— Country conquered by Incas in 13th century. During Spanish dominion first under vlceroyalty oi Lima as rpper Peru; then, 1776, under vlceroyalty of Buenos Ayres. War of independence 1809-25; finally successful under Bolivar. In 1878 allied with Peru against Chile; defeated and ceded seaboard and nitrate deposits to Chile. Area, 597,271 square miles, divided into 9 departments; length, 1,000 miles; breadth. 750. Physical Features. — Western section, traversed by Andes, comprises loftiest and largest plateau in America; Titicaca on western boundary most elevated lake of South America; altitude, 12,500 feet: area, 3,261 square miles. Northern and eastern regions consist of vast undulating plains and high valleys of Amazon Basin. Llanos and pampas of Southeastern Bolivia merge into the Gran Chaco in north. Volcanoes numerous. Highest elevations — Mount Sahama, 22,350 feet; Sorata, 21,286 feet; Illimani, 21,060 feet. Principal rivers— Mamore and Pilcomayo. Climate in valleys tropical; rains constant. Higher altitudes, tem- perature moderate; wet and dry seasons; summer season, December to May. Mean annual temperature La Paz, 50 deg.; altitude 12,250 feet. Agriculture, Etc.— Eastern Bolivia and valleys fertile. Tropical fruits, coffee, cacao, tobacco, and sugar cane nourish in valleys; vines cultivated on southern slopes of mountains. Barley, beans, potatoes, and quinoa— a staple food plant— grown on western plateau; wheat near Lake Titicaca. In upper Andean forest belt flourish valuable woods for building— mahogany— dyeing, and tanning. Coca, india rubber, copal, sumach, sarsaparilla, copaiba, and textile palms produced ; cinchona plants— cascarilla, calisaya, etc.— cultivated. Cattle, sheep, and llamas numerous; in colder regions alpaca. Commerce carried on chiefly through Chilean ports. Value of imports 1897, $10,270,182; of expurts. 39,710,954. Chief imports— provi- sions, wines, hardware, textiles, and clothing. Value of principal exports, 1897: Silver. 86,585,936; tin and bismuth, $1,665,956; copper, $1,155,400; rubber, $589,036; other exports: Gold, wool, hides and skins, coffee, coca, and cinchona. Minerals chief wealth of country. Silver leads in value; richest mines at Huanchaca 72 miles southwest of Potosi; output, 1894, 8,468,727 ounces; all districts, 14,519,296 ounces. Tin second; usually found wherever silver is worked; chief center, Huanuni district east of Lake Aullagas. Annual production about 4,000 tons. Excellent copper mined in Corocoro, 50 miles southwest of La Paz; annual yield about 3,000 tons. Petroleum produced in valley of Pilcomayo. Large salt deposits in south of Bolivia. Population (estimated ) 1893, about 2,000,000; whites, 500,000; mestizos or mixed races, 500,000; aboriginal or Indian, 1,000,000. Cities.— -to Paz, capital, commercial center and largest city of Republic; estimated population, 40,000. Cochabamba, population 25,000. Sucre, official capital, near silver and platinum deposits, 20,000. Potosi, near famous Cerro de Potosi silver mines; altitude, 13,000 feet; 20,000. Oruro, center of silver and tin district; altitude, 12,117 feet; 15,000. Railways, Etc.— About 500 miles of railway within Bolivia; transportation chiefly by steam navigation, mules, donkeys, and llamas. Telegraph line, 2,260 miles. Education, Etc.— Primarv instruction free and nominally com- pulsory. Primary schools, 1897, 366; expenditures, $60,850; private, primary, and industrial schools, 203; for secondary instruction, 17 insti- tutions; for higher education, 6 universities; has militarv and schools of arts and trades. State religion Roman Catholic; exercise of other forms permitted. Government vested in President— Commander-in-Chief of Army; term four years; Vice-Presidents, 2. Legislative power in National Congress of two Chambers. Militarv service compulsorv from 21 to 50 years of age. Standing army, 2,000 men; total number men in army and reserve forces 82,000. Standard of value, silver. Annual issue at Potosi mint about 1,500,000 bolivianos; actual value, $654,000. ARGENTINE. 251 ARGENTINE. Ar-jenMSn. Historical.— Colonized by Spain middle of 16th century; created a viceroyalty 1776; proclaimed independence as United Provinces of La Plata 1816; name changed to Argentine Confederation 1825. War with Paraguay 1865-70. Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego divided be- tween Argentine and Chile 1831; boundary between Argentine and Chile in south in dispute; arbitration regarding boundary submitted to Great Britain not yet completed. Area, 1,125,086 square miles, divided among 14 provinces and 9 terri- tories. Total area of provinces, 515,815 square miles; of territories, 1,262,380 square miles. Physical Features.— Greater part of country immense grassy plain; central and eastern part of plain includes the region of the pampas; northern forms larger part of extensive tract called the Gran Chaco; western region inojuutainous; Argentine Patagonia more ele- vated and varied in character. Rio de la Plata— Parana and Uruguay sources— chief river system. Several large and beautiful lakes in south: innumerable small ones throughout the pampas. Aconcagua, highest peat in South America, within the boundary. Climate.— With exception of small tract in north entire country within temperate zone. In extreme north heat oppressive; plains tem- perate, subject to drouth; extreme south cool. Rainfall decreases from north to south and from east to west. Mean temperature Buenos Ayres: January, 75.6 deg.; July, 50 deg.; year, 63 deg ; rainfall, 34 inches. Temperature Corrientes: January, T9.3 deg.* July, 61 deg.; year, 70.6 deg.; rainfall, 52 inches. Rainfall Salta, 25 inches; San Juan, 3 inches. Forests.— Large areas are covered with magnificent forests of rich hard woods. Over SO per cent of entire area of Santiago del Esterro occupied by dense forests; sawing of its valuable woods the leading in- dustry of the Province; over two hundred steam sawmills in operation within its borders. Throughout the Andine zone are interminable thick forests and luxuriant vegetation. Agriculture, Etc.— The Republic rapidly becoming a great agri- cultural country. In 1895 area available for cultivation estimated at 240.000,000 acres; under cultivation, 15,000,000 or 6.2 percent of total culti- vable land. Chief products: Wheat, 1897, 5.500.000 acres, yield 1,500,000 ton>: maize, flax, 400.000 tons; alfalfa.1892. 5,000,0o0 tons; tobacco, 12,320,- 000 pounds; rice,7, 168,000. Number sugar plantations, 1895. 2.749; total area of plantations 82.000 acres: sugar product Tucuman— principal district —1898, 60,000 tons. Area under vines, 71,135 acres. Excellent European and indigenous fruits abundant; peach, apple, and orange trees now grow wild in many places; olives, figs, and raisins extensively produced in various provinces. Live i^tock.— Stock-raising chief industry. Argentine almost un- rivaled as a grazing country. Vast herds of cattle, sheep, horses, etc., reared. Pasturage afforded by central plains practically unlimited. Cattle. 1395,21,702,000; sheep, 74,330,000; horses, 4,447.000; goats and other animals, 3.885.0O0. Cattle slaughtered, 1897, 340,100 head. Production of wool one of greatest industries; Buenos Ayres Province chief seat of industry. In vicinity of Andes the llama— one province alone employs nearl y* 50,000 -guanaco, and vicuna abound. Manufactures.— Progress of manufactures notable. Industrial establishments, 1895. included 532 flour mills. 852 wineries, 108 distiller- ies, 48 sugar mills, 41 breweries, and 811 furniture factories. Chief manufactures, sugar, liquors, and animal products— jerked beef, frozen sheep carcasses, hides and skins, leather, tallow, bones, etc.- starch, chocolate, salt. The export of frozen sheep has become an industry of great importance; at present five large factories are in working opera- tion. Wine product, 42,267,200 gallons; alcohol, 478,800 gallons; raisins, 10,582 tons. Minerals.— All the Andine Provinces extremely rich in minerals, especially In gold, silver, and copper; coal, iron, salt, petroleum. asphalt, "kaolin, marble, and sulphate of lime also found in great quantities. Mining industry almost entirely undeveloped; salt the only mineral worked to any great extent. Petroleum is produced in 25:} / O 3 V y 254 SOUTH AMERICA. the Province of Mendoza, here also are the important TJspallata copper mines; the extensive coal deposits along base of Andes practi- cally untouched. Commerce of Argentine lias increased with great rapidity, foreign commerce nearly doubled in last decade. Imports, 1898, $107,42-8, 'Mi); exports,:? 133,829, 158. Leading articles of Import are cotton and other textiles, olive oil. coal, iron, hardware and machinery. Principal ex- ports are pastoral or agricultural, forest, and mineral products. Value of animals and animal products exported, 1897, 871,082,744; agricultural products, $22,402,914; forest, 81,851, K>3; mineral, 8155,225; gold and silver coin and bullion, $4,738,644. Nearly 500,000,000 pounds of wool and 75,000,000 pounds of sheep skins exported; frozen mutton, over 100,000- 000 pounds— nine-tenths to British markets. In 1897, 6,827 steamers of 5,522,933 tons and, 3,536 sailing vessels of 541,091 tons engaged in foreign trade entered the ports. Merchant shipping of Republic in 1898 com prised 86 steamers, 39,976 tons net, and 157 sailing vessels, 39,695 tons net. Population, 1895, 3,954,911; male, 2,088,919; female, 1,865,992. Foreign ers, 886,895; Italians, 492,636; Spaniards, 198,685; French, 94,098; English 21,783; Germans, 17,143; Swiss, Portuguese, Austrians, etc., 62,045. Larger proportion of white race than in countries to the north. Marked in crease of population in late years largely due to immigration. Number of immigrants arrived 1873-97, 2,063,232. Spanish prevailing language throughout the country. Cities.— Buenos At/res, capital of Republic; first settled by Span- iards 1535; definitely founded 1580: first city in size of South Amer- ica; has large export trade and Important manufactures; contains a cathedral, university, and military school; population, 1898, 753,000. Rosario, on Parana River northwest of Buenos Ayres, second in com- mercial importance, an important railway terminus; has an extensive river and foreign trade; population, 1895, 94,025. Cordoba, capital of Cordoba Province; a leading commercial center; seat of a University, founded 1813, and of a National Observatory; population, 47,609. La Plata, 22 miles southeast of Buenos Ayres, one of most progressive cities in Republic; has most important port; population, 45,410. Tucu- man, leading city of the north; population, 34,300. Railways, Etc. -Railways connect the principal cities with the capital; length of line open, 1880, 1,536 miles; 1897, 9,270; capital, $510,- 643,296. Telegraph line, 1896, 25,345 miles. Education, Etc.— Primary education free, secular, and compul- sory; school age, 6-14. Public schools, 1896, 2,681; private, 1,034; total pupils, 264,294. Normal schools, 35 with 10,949 pupils; lvceums, 16; uni- versities at Cordova, Buenos Ayres, and La Plata with" a total of 2,500 students. School of Mines, 2 agricultural colleges, and a naval and a military school. State church, Roman Catholic; all other creeds are tolerated. Government, Etc.— Executive power vested in President —Com- mander-in-Chief of army— elected for six years; President assisted by a cabinet of eight ministers; President and Vice-President must be Roman Catholics and Argentine by birth; not eligible to re-election. Legislature vested in Congress of two houses. Effective army, 1897, 29,513 officers and men; national guard, 480,000 men. Navy, 614 exec- utive and other officers with 4,128 seamen and a battalion of marine Infantry. Professed standard of value, gold; money in circulation inconvertible paper currency. FALKLAND ISLANDS.— About 300 miles east of Straits of Magellan. Discovered 1592. Belonged successively to France and Spain; became a British possession 1833. Area, 6,500 square miles; East Falkland, 3,000; West Falkland, 2,300; about 100 smaller islands, 1,200. Islands treeless, but well covered with grass. Highest eleva- tion Mount Adam, 2,315 feet, Climate, healthful, though bleak; temperature in winter ranges from 30 deg. to 50 deg.; summer 40 to 60. Sheep farming leading industry. Area of pasturage. 2,325,154 acres. Live Stock on island, 742,311; sheep, 732.010. Exports, wool, hides, Skins, *and tallow; imports, provisions, clothing, timber, etc. Popula- tion. 1897,2,050. Principal town Stanley, population, 694. Govern- ment administered by the Governor, assisted by an Executive and a Legislative Council. PARAGUAY. 255 PARAGUAY. Par'-a-gwi Historical.— Settled by Spaniards 1536-37; attached to vice-royalty of La Plata 1TT6. Independence declared 1811. War with Brazil, Argentine, and Uruguay 1S65. Territory west of Paraguay River (Paraguayan Chacol claimed by Argentine, conceded to Republic 1878. Area, 98.000 square miles, divided among 23 counti'-s or part Kins. Physical Features, Etc.— Surface largely undulating plains; interior low hills or mountains richly wooded. Principal rivers, Paraguay, Parana, and Pilcomayo. Valuable minerals exist but are unworked; iron abundant in south, marble in north; gold, copper, manganese, and excellent building stone also abundant. Climate, semi-tropical and healthful; temperature of summer months, December to February, ranges from 55 deg. to 100 deg. ; winters mild; occasional frosts occur at night. Mean annual temper- ature, 75 deg.; rainfall abundant; greatest in September and October. Forests.— Greater part of country densely wooded; forests rich in rare and valuable woods and plants; timber and other products an important source of wealth; contain an immense number of hard wood and other timber trees; several species of dye wood; other trees yielding resins and gums, as india rubber, varnish, and quebracho, for tanning; also the valuable shrub Yerba mate, the leading article of commerce; medicinal plants abound in great variety, also numerous fibrous plants. Agriculture the principal source of wealth; soil of greater part of Paraguay of almost inexhaustible fertility. Yerba mate, or "Paraguayan tea" most distinctive and most important product of country ; gathering and preparing the tea for market the leading industry. Tobacco extensively produced throughout the Republic. Staple food crops, Indian corn and manioc. Cotton indigenous to the soil; largest staple grown successfully: sugar cane, coffee, rice, beans, etc., also produced. Soil, climate, and rainfall all favorable for fruit growing. Oranges of large size and excellent flavor produced in profusion; bananas, grapes, and other fruits abundant. Immigration encouraged; 10 agricultural settlements or colonies successfully established; number of colonists, 3,219. Live Stock.— Rearing of live stock a profitable industry; large areas of excellent pasture favor a wide development; annual increase estimated at 50 per cent. Number of animals 1896, 2,552,619 — cattle, 2,102,680. 3Iauufactures, Etc.— Chief products, flour, cigars, beer, cafia — native rum — soap and leather. Imports, 1897, $2,115,320; exports, 812,391,957. Chief imports, textiles, wine, and rice. Value of chief exports. 1897: Mate, $5,475,633; tobacco, 8595,609; oranges, 8146.4S5; timber. $1,164,162: hides, $1,959,293. In 1897, 367 vessels with an aggre- gate tonnage of 132,592 entered the port of Asuncion. Population (estimated >, 1895, 432.000. Inhabitants chiefly mixed races, descendants of Spaniards and Guarany Indians. Official lan- guage, Spanish; common language corrupt form of Guarany. Cities.— Asuncion, capital and largest city in Republic, founded 1536: seat of a cathedral and a National college; population, 1895, 45,000. Villa Rica, second in size and commercial importance; center of noted tobacco region; population, lO.ooo. Concepcion, flourishing town on Paraguay River, 250 miles northeast of Asuncion; population 10,000. San Pedro, 50 miles south of Concepcion, 8,000. Railways, Etc.— Railway from Asuncion to Pirapo, 156 miles. Telegraph line, 360 miles. Education, Etc.— Education free and compulsory. Public and private elementary schools, 1896, 358; pupils, 2:5,0(10. Private schools are subsidized by Council of Education. National college at Asuncion. State church, Roman Catholic; exercise of other religions permitted. Government, Etc.— Executive authority vested in a President elected fori years; legislative vested in a Congress of two Houses, a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. Army— maintained chiefly for internal defense— consists of 82 officers and 1,345 men; every citizen between 20 and 35 years of age liable to military service. Paper money chief circulating medium gold at premium of "about 660 per cent. 256 SOUTH AMERICA. URUGUAY. Oo-roo'-gw,. Historical.— First settled by Spanish Jesuits in 17th century; later by Spanish and Portuguese colonists; as Spanish province annexed to viceroyalty of La Plata 177(5; united with Brazil 1821; revolted 1825; Inde- pendence recognized 1828; Republic constituted and slavery abolished 1830. Area.— Smallest South American Republic. Area, 72,110 square miles, divided among 19 departments. Physical Features, Etc.— Coast region low; interior extensive grassy plains traversed by low mountain ridges. Uruguay principal river; forms western boundary; basin of its chief tributary, Rio Negro, occupies entire central portion. Numerous lakes and extensive swamps in east. Climate of Central Uruguay extreme and dry. Two distinct sea- sons—hot, November to April; cold, May to October. Rainfall most abundant during transition from one season to the other. Mean tem- perature, Montevideo, 62 deg.; January, 73 deg.; July, 51.8 deg.; maxi- mum, 105 deg.; minimum, 21 deg.; rainfall, 43 inches in 36 days. Agriculture, Etc.— Most characteristic feature of country the vast pastures. Rearing of cattle, sheep-farming, and agriculture leading industries. Cereals, tobacco, fruit, and vine cultivated. Olives and all vegetables and fruits of Europe successfully grown. Estimated yield of wheat, 1897, 300,000 tons. Number of cattle 1895-96, 5,881,402; horses, 392,246; sheep, 16,397,484. Value of flocks and herds, $73,038,000. Cattle slaughtered, 1897, 670,900; wool clip, 68,920,000 pounds American ostrich reared in large numbers. Commerce.— Imports, 1897. $20,097,582; exports, $30,199,160. Value of animal products exported, 1897, $26,884,575; live animals, $781,778; hides and skins, $6,633,981; wool, $12,402,802; jerked beef, $4,312,904: extract of beef, 81,182,810; tallow, $1,299,130; agricultural products, $1,202,674; coin, $3,116,877. Minerals.— Gold exists in Northern Departments; several mines in active operation. During the eleven years, 1885-95, output of gold mines, 862,756 ounces; output 1896, 43,200 ounces; 1897, 67,380 ounces. Other min- erals include silver, lead, copper, manganese, iron, coal, and graphite. Population, 1897 (estimated), 840,725. About seventy per cent of population native born. Cities.— Montevideo, capital and commercial center; population, 249,251. Salto, limit of navigation on Uruguay River; population, 10,000. Paysandu exports preserved meats; population, 7,000. Jfahlonado, seaport and naval station; population, 5,000. Railways, Etc.— Railways in operation, 1896, 1,026 miles. Tele- graph line, 1897, 4,380 miles. Education. — Primary, compulsory. Public elementary schools, 1896, 533; enrollment, 51,312. Private schools, 379; pupils, 22,689. Uni- versity, Montevideo. State religion, Roman Catholic; others tolerated. Government, Etc.— Executive vested in President; term, 4 years. Legislative vested in Parliament of two houses. Permanent army con- sists of 233 officers and 3,222 men. Standard of value, gold. CHILE. Che'-li. Historical. - Invaded by Spaniards 1535-36; Santiago founded 1541; war with Araucanians (1641) extended over more than one century. War of independence against Spain 1810-26. Independence declared 1818; recognized by Spain 1846. War with Bolivia and Peru 1>7H-S1; civil war 1891-92. Straits of Magellan are neutral. Area, 290,829 square miles, divided into 23 provinces, subdivided into 74 departments and 1 territory. Extreme length over 2,800 miles; average width, north of Valdivia, not more than 100 miles. Physical Features.— Country lies between crest of Andes and the Pacific Ocean. Chilean Andes, eastern boundary, great natural feature of country Surface consists of three distinct divisions: Saline pampas of north traversed by volcanic highlands; Central Chile diver- sified by well-watered ;Jains and valleys— parallel ranges of mountains CHILE. 257 extend from this region to sea; Southern Chile, a region of large lakes, islands, and glaciers, with dense forests. Climate.— North dry and arid; rain falls at Copiapo once a year, at Atacama sometimes not for 50 years; great differences of temperature. Central region temperate; mean temperature, Valparaiso, 57 deg.; rainfall, 13 inches; temperature Santiago, 55 deg.; rainfall, 16.5 inches. Southern region very damp; mean temperature Valdivia, 51.5 deg.; rainfall, 8 feet, Temperature at Straits of Magellan, 5 deg.; 175 rainy days: at Cape Horn, 300 rainy clays; rainfall, 9 feet in 41 days. Forests.— Large areas within the northern division devoid of plants. Forests begin in central portion of second division, south of latitude 35 deg. dense forests extend throughout the third region to Cape Horn. Over 200 native timbers have been classified and exhibited. By far the larger number of trees are evergreens, which here attain gigantic size. Woods valuable for building, ornamental work, and ship building exist in great abundance. Agriculture leading industry; engages about one-half the popula- tion. Central region chief agricultural district. Annual wheat product. 28,500,000 bushels; Indian corn, barley, and oats, 8,500,000 bushels; beans, beet root, tobacco, and fruits— oranges, pomegranates, figs, olives, and grapes— also important. Silk product, 11,000 pounds. Potato native to Southern Chile. Large numbers of cattle, horses, sheep, goats, etc., reared annually. Manufactures include sugar, wine, brandy, cider, wool, linen, paper, glass, earthenware, leather, soap, etc. Industrial establishments in Department of Valparaiso, 1895, 417; employes, 12,616. Most important were sugar refineries, breweries, carriage and cart works, sawmills, and machine shops. Commerce. — Imports, 1897, 849,782,131, exports, §49,213,141. Chief imports: Sugar, textiles, arms and machinery, wine and tobacco. Value of chief exports, 1897: Nitrate, §28,470,784— nearly 40 per cent goes to Germany; silver, $3,208,670; copper, 82,061,490; iodine, 81,846,321; wheat, 81,975,726. Commercial navy, 1897, 160 vessels of 80,275 tons. In 1896, 2,193 vessels— tonnage 3.315,426— engaged in foreign trade entered, and 2,346 -tonnage 3,961,996— cleared the ports of Chile. Of vessels engaged in coasting trade a total tonnage of 6,656,603 entered. Minerals.— Northern district the mining region; nitrate deposits most extensive in world; area, 220,356 acres; estimated to contain 231,- 600,000 tons; product, 1898, 1,254,000 tons; salt and borax also important; large deposits of guano along coast, Copper inexhaustible; annual output of mines. 88,200,000 pounds; coal, 9,841,517 tons; silver, 3,930,000 ounces; gold, 13,230 ounces; mercury, lead, coal, and other minerals mined. Population, census of 1895, 2,712,145; number of inhabitants per square mile, 9.3. Indians number about 50,000. Foreign population, 87,077. Estimated population, 1897, 3,049,352. Central district most populous; northern and southern regions thinly peopled. Immigration encouraged by the Government; yearly number of immigrants small; flourishing German and Swiss colonies in south. Cities.— Santiago, capital; largest city on Pacific coast of South America; has many public institutions; population, 1897,302,131. Valpa- raiso, chief commercial and manufacturing city; most important seaport on Pacific coast of South America: population, 139,038. Conception has large trade; population, 49,607. Talca, noted throughout the country for its handsome and durable woolen ponchos; population, 39,613. Railways, Etc.— First State in South America in railway con- struction. Length of lines, 1897, 2,661 miles, including 1,233 miles of State railway. Telegraph lines, January, 1898, 12.445 miles. Education, Etc.— Education free; not compulsory. Public primary schools, 1897, 1,321; enrollment, 109,058. Private schools, 411; attendance, 18,052. Total State expenditure, $2,027,887. University and National Institute, Santiago. National library contains S6.000 books and 24,048 manuscripts. State church, Roman Catholic ; by Constitution all others respected and protected. Government, Etc. — Executive power exercised by President, elected for 5 years, assisted by Council of State and a Cabinet or Ministry; President not eligible to re-election. Legislative power vested in National Congress. Strength of regular army can not exceed 9,000 men; number in national guard, 1898. 29,282; every Chilean from 20 to 40 years subject to service. Standard of value, gold. 258 EUROPE. EUROPE. U'-rop. Historical.— Authentic history begins with first Olympiad, period of Olympic games, in Greece 776 B. C. Greece mistress of civilized Europe and Roman Republic founded 6th century. Zenith of Roman power 96-180 A. D. Empire embraced Italy, Spain, Gaul, Britain, Balkan Peninsula, Greece, etc. Empire divided into Eastern and Western 395. Barbarians pillaged Rome 5th century. Empire of Charlemagne, 8th century, extended from Elbe to Ebro, North Sea to Adriatic; from it were formed France, Italy, Germany 9th century. Normansi Northmen) established in France 10th century, conquered England 1066. Turks masters of Byzantine Empire 15th century. Union of Christian power in Spain 1479; climax 16th century. Reformation beginning with Wy- cliffe (England 1380) and Huss (Bohemia 1412) spread in Germany, Swit- zerland, France, Hungary, Bohemia, Scandinavia, Netherlands, Scot- land, and England 16th century. Napoleon conquered Italy, Austria, Prussia, SpaiD, Holland, and smaller States 1796-1807; Russia, England, Sweden, Prussia, Austria, united to crush Napoleon 1813-14; balance of power restored 1815. Area.— Total area, 3,797,410 square miles or one-fourteenth of land surface of globe; continental, 2,740,000; island, 191,000; peninsulas, 866,210. Extreme length east and west 3,370 miles; greatest breadth 2,400 miles. Physical Features.— Europe geographically only a large penin- sula of Asia. Mainland may be divided into three regions: The mountain or highland region of the north west.comprising the Scandinavian Penin- sula; the mountainous country south, embracing the Iberian and Alpine systems; and between these the vast lowland plain— covering two-thirds the Continent— stretching eastward from the English Channel to the Ural, and in Russia extending from the Black Sea to the Arctic Ocean. The principal rivers derive their waters from two widely distant centers: The Alps, from which flow some of the largest rivers in Europe— the Danube, Rhine, Rhone, and Po; and the Valdai Hills, whence comes the Volga, the longest of European rivers. The chief lakes lie in two great groups: The Baltic group, comprising the Russian and Scandinavian lakes, and the Alpine, chiefly in Switzerland and Italy Climate.— Europe lies almost wiiolly within the temperate zone, less than one-seventeenth north of Arctic Circle. Climate of Continent characterized by freedom from sudden and extreme changes of tem- perature to which other grand divisions are subject. Owing to great extent of maritime boundaries and extreme irregularity of outline, climate markedly influenced by the sea. Equatorial currents of air and water render Western Europe warmer and more humid than Eastern Europe; latter subject to dry, cold northeast winds; climate of Medi- terranean peninsulas in general mild and equable. Mean temperature ranges from 68 deg. (Portugal) to 32 deg. (Russia >. Rainfall decreases from south to north and from west to east, though not regularly; with exception of Southeastern Russia and Central Spain generally everywhere sufficient for cultivation. Forests.— The sub-arctic zone of vegetation, comprising Scandi- navian Peninsula north of lat. 64 deg., Russia north of lat. 62 deg., characterized by prevalence of pine, spruce, and birch; central zone, between lat. 48 and 64 deg., subdivided into that of beech and oak, chestnut and vine; southern zone — with some exceptions a region of perpetual verdure -comprises southern peninsulas and Mediterranean coast of France, distinguished by the olive, the cork tree in Spain and Portugal, and great variety of su'b-tropical vegetation. Scandinavian Peninsula, Northern Russia, the Alps, and the Carpathians, heavily wooded regions. Most countries of Europe now have government departments for control and preservation of forests. Agriculture? Etc.— Continent adapted to all food plants of tem- perate zone. Chief cereals cultivated from pre-historic times; wheat, barley, millet, since Stone Age, having been found beside lake dwel- lings in Switzerland. Area adapted to wheat comprises four-sevenths of Continent, northern limit of cultivation, lat. 57-58; Russia and France principal wheat-growing countries, hardier grains— rye, barley, oats— grown in most sections, ripen in Western Norway as far north as lat. 69; in Russia, lat. 60-62. Flax and hemp widely cultivated. Many plants introduced from other countries now domesticated; potato and EUROPE. 259 tobacco — from America — widely grown; maize a valuable crop in Austria, Italy, and Spain. From Asia came the vine, fig, apricot, orange, lemon, mulberry, rice, and cotton. Sub-tropical fruits grow luxuriantly in France and southern peninsulas. Area adapted to culture of vine comprises about three-sevenths of Europe; limit of cul- tivation 50 deg. north; Italy, Spain, and France most favored regions. Commerce.— Continent surpasses all others in extent and value of trade and commerce. Owing to extensive coast line, unusual number of larger indentations, and long rivers, Europe naturally adapted to commerce. Increase in aggregate value of imports and exports, 1800-50. $1,740,000,000; 1850^39, $3,413,700,000; 1839-97 (approximate), *1,719,400,000! Leading exports of British Isles, France, Germany, and to large extent of Holland and Belgium, manufactured goods; of all other European countries exports chiefly products of soil, forest, or sea. Immense quantities of breadstuffs imported from North America: meat from Australia, North and South America; cotton and wool from United States, India, and Australia. Staples of Baltic trade, wood, timber, flax, hemp, wheat, oats; imports, coal and textiles. Black Sea trade, wheat and petroleum; exports of Danube trade, cereals, tallow, etc.; imports, English manufactured goods. Staple Mediterranean trade, wine, fruits, olive oil, metals; imports, textiles, cereals. Minerals.— Europe abundantly supplied with useful metals; de- posits of precious metals limited. Coal mines of Great Britain most valuable mineral deposits of Continent; Germany, Belgium, and France also have extensive coal fields. Iron produced in greatest quantities in Great Britain, Germany, and Austria; highest grade obtained in Sweden; Spain also rich in iron. Lead mined in various localities, principally in Germany and Spain. Germany alone produces half the zinc supply of the world. Spain has richest copper mines in Europe. Tin obtained only in Cornwall and the Hartz Mountains; mercury confined to Spain —most important mines— Austria, and Germany. Most extensive salt deposits found in Austria-Hungary; large quantities obtained by evap- oration from salt springs and lakes in England and Russia. Gold found in paying quantities in the Ural and Hartz mountains; silver in Germany, Russia, Austria, and Sardinia. Population, 1895, 373,949,000. Modified by wastes of Russia and Scandinavia, average for Continent about 57 inhabitants to square mile. Belgium, with 579 inhabitants per square mile, most denselv populated country; Norway, most thinly peopled, density but 16 per square mile. According to Levasseur's estimates, increase of population 1800-60 was 115.600,000; from 1860-90, 59,600,000. Total emigrants from Europe 1S16-S8, 27,205,000; emigrants to United States 14,963,000: to Australia, Canada, and Argentine, between one and two millions respectively. Religion.— More than 95 percent of inhabitants of Europe Chris- tian. In the south one-half the Christians Roman Catholics; remainder about equally divided between Protestants and adherents of Greek Church. Mohammedanism religion of Turks and some other inhabi- tants of the east. Jews scattered over entire Continent. Roman Catholics number about 148,900,000; Protestants, 78,700,000; adherents of Greek Church, 30,000,000; Jews, 6,000,000; Mohammedans, 6,900,00". Race.— Majority of inhabitants of Indo-European, or Aryan stock. Principal branches: Germans, or Teutons, inhabitants of Germany, Scandinavia, Great Britain, Holland, and parts of Belgium; Italic, or Romanic races occupy Italv, Spain, Portugal, France Roumania, parts of Belgium and Switzerland; Slavonic races predominate in Russia, Bohemia, Servia, Bulgaria; Thraco-Hellenic, including Greeks and Albanians, in south of Balkan Peninsula; Celts— now confined to iso- lated districts of British Isles and Brittany— formerly occupied France, Spain, British Isles, parts of Italy and Germany. Of non-Arjan races the Finns and Lapps of the north, Magyars of Hungary, and Turks belong to minor branches of Mongolian stock. Jews are of Semitic race. Basques in western Pyrenees a distinct people. (■overninents.— Political divisions of Europe comprise: Four empires— Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey, eleven king- doms—Great Britain and Ireland, Norway and Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece, Roumania, and Servia; three republics— France Switzerland, San Marino; three principalities— Bulgaria, Monaco, Montenegro; the protected republic of Andorra, and the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg. 260 r£4X3b| '''■>,-, o%^TAV ? V *^V/ e ^f{ED zr^ -*£sJp O OP 5 10° E N 201 F M pkropol "^ Sevastopol^-' ^ rvK»c: ^_ lCK s^^>o Or iffl& -r ~ ■ 3$\ NSC A » \ EUROPE. ^lWi| ,J F V '^O) 9 SO 100 *0° *°C 400 SQO { Copyrlgl.t, 1004,-05 Itana,^n.Xally&0o. Caneg CRETE^ •-MI2 THE UNITED KINGDOM. THE UNITED KINGDOM. Historical.— The United Kingdom comprises England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and adjacent Islands, and the dependencies of [ale of Man, and Channel Islands. Wales, Scotland, and Ireland formerly distinct countries. Conquest of Ireland commenced 1170, ended 1691; Wales conquered 1282, formally annexed 1586; England and Scotland united 1608, Parliaments united 1707; Parliaments Of Great Britain and Ireland united 1801; Isle of Man, alternately held by Scotland and England, purchased for British Crown 17(55, all privileges ceded 1S29; Channel Islands, geographically a part of France, dependencies of British Crown since Norman Conquest. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, colonies, and foreign possessions, together form the British Empire. Total area of the Empire, 11,371,391 square miles, or about one-fifth of all the land on the globe; population, 383,- ss3,c,s."), or nearly one-fourth the total inhabitants of the world. Exten- sion and consolidation of British Empire without a parallel in history. Area.— Total area, 120,979 square miles; Great Britain and Ireland, 120,677; Isle of Man, 227; Channel Islands, 75. Physical Features.— The British Isles lie nearly in center of the Land Hemisphere; have free access by water to most remote countries. Coast line contains many indentations, affording excellent harbors for the largest vessels. Numerous rivers furnish facilities for internal communication. Surface diversified; presents varied scenery of much grandeur and beauty. Culminating point, Ben Nevis, 4,406 feet. Climate mild and equable compared with continental countries in same latitude. Mean temperature of central portion, 49 deg.; of Unst, Shetland, 44.5 deg.; of Cornwall, extreme south, 51.5 deg. Rainfall abundant; average about 34 inches; great diversity at different stations. Agriculture.— Of total area, 58.5 per cent is cultivable and pasture land. Area and yield of principal crops, 1897: Wheat, 1,936,041 acres, 56,295,000 bushels; barley, 2,206,424 acres, 72,613,000 bushels; oats. 4,211,523 acres, 163,555,000 bushels; beans and peas, 421,385 acres, 11, 899,000 bushels; potatoes, 1,182,679 acres, 4,106,000 tons; turnips, 2,142,087 acres. 29,786.000 tons. Area under flax, 1898, 35,391 acres; hops, 49,735; small fruits. 69,753; clover and mature grasses, 6,164,078; permanent pasture, 27.950,152. Live Stock.— Reports of 1898 give total number of horses as 2,030,948; cattle. 11.108,606; sheep, 31,030,468; hogs. 3,705.277. Fisheries in 1895 engaged 26,923 boats, with 114,320 men. In 1897, 777,916 tons of fish, exclusive of shell fish and salmon, were taken; value of catch, $39,680,085; of shellfish, 82,287,405. Manufactures.— Textile, metal, and shipbuilding industries of United Kingdom most extensive in the world. Approximate value of textiles produced annually, §850,000,000: cotton, 8500,000,000; woolen, $250,000,000; linen, 8100,000,000. Average consumption of raw materials 1896-8: Cotton, 1,668,000,000 pounds; wool. 624,000,1X10; flax, 236,000,000. Number of textile factories, 1890, 7,109: cotton, 2,538; wool, 1,793; flax, 375; silk, 625; lace, 403, and hosiery, 257. Total number of spindles, 53,641,062; power looms, 822,489; persons employed, 1,084,631; males. 428,082: females, 656,549. Value of exports of metals and articles manufactured therefrom, 1898, 8255,855.600. In 1897 shipyards launched for United King- dom 1,054 vessels of 482,267 tons; sailing vessels, 518, tonnage, 66,729; steam vessels, 536, tonnage, 415,538; for foreigners. 142 steam vessels of 130,027 tons, and 72 sailing vessels of 22,916 tons. Number of war ships launched, 48; for United Kingdom, 33. Other important industries are manufacture of earthenware, porcelain, glass, chemicals, leather, clocks, and watches. Manufacture of beer, ale, and whisky extensive; capital invested equals total employed in textile industries. Annual pro- duction of 27,000 English breweries, 1,100,000,000 gallons of malt liquor. Minerals.— Total value of chief metallic minerals, 1897, 819,266,945; of metals from British ores, 861,340,455. Iron ore mined in 1897, 13,787,878 tons; value 816,088,975; lead, 35.33S tons, 81,377,045; tin, 7,120 tons, 81,271,090. Value of other chief metallic minerals: Copper, 893,530; zinc, 8345,770: bog iron, 88,905: copper precipitate. 811,600: gold, 835.925: silver, 8113,070. Non-metallic minerals: Coal, 202,129,931 tons. $298,700,045; clays, 12,705,106 tons, 87,265,640: sandstone, 4,964,109 tons. $7,623,000; slate. 609,194 tons, 88,247,880; limestone, 11,003,524 tons, 85,779,965; salt, 1,903,493 tons, THE UNITED KINGDOM. 263 £,104,490; oil shale. 2,223,745 tons, $2*779,680; granite, 1,847,323 ions, $2,768,020; basalt, 2,353,554 tons, $2,206,955. Value of chalk, $817,975; gravel and sand, §556,060; gypsum, §344,890: arsenic, $427,645; barytes, $120,585; ochre, 864, 985; various others, §168,145. Persons employed in mining industry, is.97. 728,713; working underground, 558,305. Commerce.— Value of imports, ls; Majestic, Teutonic (White Star); Empress of India, of China, of Japan (Canadian Pacific Railway). Cost of army 1897, 896,645,000; of navy, 8104.450,000. 205 m e ? -7 ' H « >= =4 %* c& £ 26B THE UNITED KINGDOM. ENGLAND AND WALES. Historical.— Earliest known race, Celt*; monuments of primeval inhabitants are found, notably at Stonehenge and Avebury. Lead* Ing events in history include: Invasions of Julius Csesar 54 and 55 B.C.; subjugation of the Celtic Britons by the Romans 43 A. D. and succeeding years; abandonment by Romans 410; invasions i>v tin- jutes, Angles, and Saxons beginning 149 I?); Christianity Introduced 597; rule of Canute the Dane 1016-42; Norman conquest under William I 1066; commencement of Plantagenet line under Henry II nr>4: Wales sub- dued by Edward I 1276-84; united to England 1536: granting of Magna Charta 1215; first Parliament assembled 1265. Reformation under Henry VI1I 1534; succession of Stuart line, and union of the two crowns under James I of Scotland 1603; accession of William and Mary 1689; union of England and Scotland 1707; accession of Hanoverian dynasty, George I 1714; loss of United States 1783; union with Ireland 1801; ac- cession of Victoria and separation of Hanover 1837; war with Russia 1853-56; assumed control of Indian possessions 1858. Area of England, 50.867 square miles; greatest length, 363 miles; greatest breadth, 320 miles; Wales, 7,442 square miles. Physical Features.— Surface of England diversified by moun- tains, hills, and valleys; watered by numerous rivers and streams; gen- erally level or undulating in east, south, and center; mountainous in southwest. Highest point Sea Fell Pike, 3,210 feet. Principal rivers, Thames, H umber, and Severn. Surface of Wales generally mountain- ous; Vale of Glamorgan only considerable level district; Snowdon, 3,590 feet, highest point. Dee, Severn, and Wye rise in Wales. Climate temperate and healthful; general moisture and frequent rain due to insular position. Mean average temperature London, 50.55 deg.; summer, 63.8 deg.; winter, 37.3 deg.; mean. Penzance. 52 deg.; sum- mer, 62 deg.; winter, 43 deg. ; Carlisle, 48 deg.; summer, 59 deg.: winter, 38 deg. Average rainfall, 34 inches; east coast 24 inches, west 144 inches. Agriculture.— Area of cultivable and pasture land in England, 32,- 527.0(H) acres. Number of holdings or farms over 1 acre in size, 1895, 380,179; area, 24,844,688 acres; number in Wales, 60,288, area, 2,838,359 acres. Estimated gross rental of lands, England and Wales, 8134,408,915. Principal grains cultivated, wheat, oats, barley, and rye. Wheat grown chiefly in eastern counties; product less than one-third the quantity required for home consumption. Hemp and flax important products. Hops grown extensively, especially in Surrey and Kent; area of hop gardens, 50,000 to 65,000 acres. Fruit largely cultivated. lAve Stock.— Domestic animals among the finest in the world. Great attention given to breeding fine horses, cattle, and sheep. Latest reports give number of horses, 1,242,000; cattle, 5,322,000; sheep, 29,910,000; pigs, 2.613,000. Fisheries employ over 40,000 men. Catch, 1898, exclusive of salmon, 404,002 tons, value $28,781,025; largely taken on east coast of England. Manufactures of cotton and woolen yarns and textiles rank first among important industries. In 1890 there w T ere 6,180 textile facto- ries; total number of spindles, 50,221,216; power looms. 722,406; persons employed, 858,252. Metal industries the most extensive in the world. Manufactures of chemicals and leather next in importance; manufac- ture of earthenware, glass, paper, watches and clocks, etc., important. Commerce.— Foreign commerce extends to all parts of the globe; distinguishing features, imports of raw materials and exports of manufactured goods. Value of imports, 1897. S2,030,7S5,000; exports, $1,351,095,000. Trade of England and Wales 90.8 per cent of entire trade of United Kingdom. Minerals. — Country contains vast stores of mineral wealth. Mining one of chief industries. Coal andiron lead; tin, copper, lead, and zinc also worked. Slate quarried extensively in Wales. Valuable clays, building stones, granites, and marbles produced in various local- ities. Value of products, England, 1897, $251,428,000; Wales, $58,893,070. Coal output, England, 143,487,862 tons: Wales. 29,424,048 tons. Population.— Total population, 1891, 29.002,525; average per square mile, 498. Increase 1881-91, 16 per cent; in towns of over 50,000. 51 per cent. Population of England, 27,483,490; males, 13,291,402; females, ENGLAND AND WALES. 267 14,192,088; Wales 1,519,035; males, 761,499; females, 757,536. In 1891, In AN ales and Monmouthshire, 51.2 per cent, spoke Welsh and English and 28.6 per cent Welsh only; in 1881, 70 per cent spoke English and Welsh. Cities.— London, capital of England and scat of government of British Empire; largest and most important city of the world, and leading business and financial center. Among objects of interest are: Houses of Parliament, British Museum, Westminster Abbey, Tower of Loudon, National Gallery, South Kensington Museum, St. Paul's Cathe- dral, etc. Population, census 1891, 4,211,056. Estimated, Greater London, 1898, 6,408,321; total area, 690 square miles; London proper, " The City," day copulation, 301,386: night, 37,694; area about one square mile. Liver- pool, second commercial port of England; terminus of numerous steam- ship lines; docks extend seven miles along Mersey Paver; leading indus- tries, shipbuilding and manufactures of rope, sugar, iron, etc. Population, 1891, 517,980; 1898, 633,645. Manchester, chief manufacturing center of England; one of principal centers of cotton manufacture in the world. Other industries, manufacture of silk and woolen textiles, machinery, and chemicals. Population, 1891, 529,560; 1898, 539,079. Birmingham, fourth in size and second in manufactures; one of chief centers in world for hardware manufactures. Population, 1891, 478,113; 1898,510,343. Leeds, seat of woolen and cloth manufactures; linen and iron industry also important. Population, 1891, 367,505; 1898.416,618. Sheffield, seat of cutlery trade, celebrated from early times. Popula- tion, 1891, 324,243: 1898, 356,478. Railways, Etc.— Length of lines open, 1S98, 14,818 miles. Canals, 3,050 miles, 1.024 miles belonging to railways; total traffic, 34,325,179 tons. Education.— In 1898 there were 2,502 school boards, embracing a population of 19.918,110, and 785 school attendance committees, popu- lation, 9,084,415. Elementary education compulsory; school age. 5-14. Number of board schools, 1897, 5,539; average attendance, 2,023,850. Parliamentary grant, 1898, for primary schools, 837,826,795; additional income derived from endowments, fees, local rates, etc. Receipts of school boards in England and Wales. 1897, S5o.362.590. For higher edu- cation England has three universities, comprising 43 colleges, and 15 detached colleges. Teachers, 1898, 1,104; students, 16,734; five colleges for women, with 79 teachers and 629 students. Religion.— Established Church of England, Protestant Episcopal; all other forms tolerated. Church governed by 2 archbishops, 33 bishops, 29 deans, and 90 archdeacons: a majority of the people its adherents. Estimated annual income, about §36,250,000, $27,345,855 from ancient endowments. Other prominent religious bodies: Roman Catholic, 1,500,000 adherents; Methodists, 801,000 members; Baptists, 365,000; Congregationalists, 360,000; Presbyterians, 71,441, and Salvation Army. Government, Etc.— Geographically divided into 52 counties or shires; government represented in each by Lord Lieutenant and High Sheriff, appointed by the Crown; for purposes of local government, 62 administrative counties, each governed by a County Council. Postal Savings Banks in 1897 received 8173,860,350; paid out $140,239,475; capital, 8526,276,265. ISLE OF 3IAN.— Originally peopled by the Manx, a Celtic race; alternatelv possessed by Scotch and English; purchased for British Crown 1806. Area, 227 square miles. Climate, mild. Herring, cod, and mackerel fisheries extensive. Mineral products, lead, zinc, copper; lead mines richest in Kingdom. Population, 55,608. Native Manx and English both taught in schools. Douglas, capital and largest town. Religion, Established Church of England. Island governed by Lieut. -Governor appointed by Crown; has its own laws; two supreme judges, deemsters. CHANNEL ISLANDS, dependencies of British Crown since Norman Conquest. Area, 75 square miles. Climate, mild and equable. Agricultural and Pastoral. -Oranges, melons, ti^'s flourish; apple orchards extensive; famous tor cattle, especially Al- derney and Guernsey breeds. Popul.it ion, 92.234: Native language old Norman patois; official language still French; English generally spoken. St. ffelier, capital of Jersey— largest island— busy seaport and well-known watering place. Islands governed under ancient charters; Jersey separately under Lieut. -Governor; Guernsey and its dependencies, Alderney, Sark. etc., a Lieut. -Governor in common. 368 2(>9 *j*|S 270 THE UNITED KINGDOM. SCOTLAND. Skot'-land. ^ Historical.— The name Scotland, "Land of the Scots," became general about 950; Albyn, the name given by native Picts and Scots; Roman name, Caledonia. At the time of the Roman invasion the country was divided among Celtic tribes, invasions of Roman Britain by Picts and Scots, fourth and fifth centuries. Kingdom founded by Dalrlad Scots and a settlement of Angles in the southeast in sixth cen- tury. Conversion of Picts begun by Columba, who founded monastery of lona about 5(55. Kingdom of Albania, or Scotia, founded in ninth century by union of Picts and Scots. Raids and settlements in Ork- neys and Shetland's by Norsemen, eighth to eleventh centuries. Country invaded by Edward I of England, 12%. Independence of Scot- land secured under Robert. Bruce by victory of Bannoeklmrn, 1314: reign of Mary, Queen of Scots, 1542-67; reformation, 1560. Accession of James VI of Scotland to throne of England as James I, 1603. Legisla- tive union of two kingdoms of England and Scotland, 170?; Jacobite Insurrections, 1715 and 1745-46. Area.— Area, 29,785 square miles, including 186 islands— area, 3,700 square miles. Extreme length, 288 miles; extreme breadth, 175 miles, least breadth, 32 miles. Country divided into 33 civil counties Physical Features.— Surface extremely mountainous Country naturally divided into Highlands, embracing northern and western sec- tions, and Lowlands, comprising southern and eastern district*. Mountains divided into three groups: Grampians, or Central High- lands, chief range, Ben Nevis (4,406 feet) highest elevation in British Isles; Northern Highlands (Ben Attow, 4,000 feet). Southern Highlands (Broadlaw, 2,700 feet). Chief rivers are Tweed, Forth, Tay, Dee, and Spey, flowing into North Sea, and Clyde, entering Atlantic Ocean. The Highlands abound In lakes celebrated for their beauty; Loch Lomond, the most famous, is the largest and finest in Great Britain; others noteworthy are Lochs Katrine, Awe, Leven, Ness, Shin, and Maree. Coast line remarkably broken by far-reaching estuaries and lochs; total length, 2,500 miles. Coasts fringed with numerous islands; principal groups, Orkneys, Shetlands, Hebrides— including Staffa, with its famous cavern, Fingal's Cave— and islands of the Firth of Clyde. Climate slightly colder than that of England, especially in High- lands, where winter is more severe and rain most abundant. Mean annual temperature: Edinburgh, 47.1 deg.; Aberdeen, 49.1 deg.; "SYick, 46.9 deg. Rainfall, 28 inches. Average rainfall on east coast, 22 to 23 inches; on west coast, 30 to 44 inches; at Greenock, 61.8 inches; Ben Nevis, 128 inches. Agriculture.— Productive area limited; agricultural districts in flourishing condition. Of total- area, 25 per cent, 4,771.250 acres, culti- vable and pasture land; 4.5 per cent woods, copice, etc.; 70.5 per cent mountain, heath, water, etc. In 1891 249,124 persons were engaged in agriculture. Number of agricultural holdings or farms of over one acre, 1895, 79.639; aggregate area, 4,894,466 acres. Principal grain crops oats, barley, and wheat; staple crop oats; excellent wheat grown in southern district. Potatoes and turnips cultivated largely. Live Stock, Etc.— Chief industry of Highlands rearing of cattle; large numbers also reared in southern Lowlands; Clydesdale famous for its. cart horses; Shetland Islands for ponies; Ayrshire for fine cattle. Sheep industry extensive; Scotland famous for two breeds: Cheviot, grown for wool; black-faced, for mutton. Latest reports give 189,000 horses, 1,185,000 cattle, 7, 361, (XX) sheep, and 159,000 pigs. Deer more abundant than in England; deer forests cover 4.020 square miles. Fisheries form one of the chief industries. Surrounding seas swarm with fish; herring, cod. and haddock taken in enormous quanti- ties, chiefly on east coast. Rivers and lakes supply large numbers of salmon and trout. Number engaged In Industrv, 1S96. 40.793: amount of catch-exclusive of shellfish— 189S, 327,261 tons, value $9,382,475. Manufactures.— Scotland chiefly a manufacturing and commer- cial country. Industrial population, 1891, 1,032,404. Manufacture of cotton, woolen, and linen textiles important and long-established industries. In 1S90 there were 742 factories, with 2,413.735 spindles and 71,471 power looms; 46,386 male and 108,205 female operatives. Ship- building, and manufacture of heavy iron goods, machinery, and SCOTLAND. 271 locomotives, leading industries; more iron and steel ships built at Glasgow, on the Clyde, than at any other port in the Kingdom. Other manufactures are paper, glass, pottery, and chemicals. Commerce similar to that of England. Imports, chiefly raw ma- terials and colonial produce. Exports, manufactured goods, agricul- tural products, coal, iron, and tish. Value of imports, 1897, 8172,100,000; exports, 8116,955,000. Minerals.— Mineral resources extensive; coal and iron lead in importance; extensive deposits exist in Lowlands. Lead and copper also mined; good building stone and granite quarried. Coal output 1897. 29.082,996 tons. Value of all mineral products, §48,637,010. Population.— Scotland much less populous than England: Low- lands far more densely peopled than Highlands. Total population, 1891, 4.025,647; males, 1,942,717: females, 2.082,930; number per square mile, 134. One-third of the inhabitants living in towns. Increase, 1881-91, was 7.8 per cent; in towns of over50.00u inhabitants, 34 per cent. Estimated population, 1898. 4,249,946. People of Highlands and Low- lands two distinct races. Language of Lowlands resembles English; that of Highlands, called Gaelic, a distinct dialect, gradually becoming less prevalent. In 1S91, 6.32 per cent of population could speak Gaelic; in 1881, 6.20 per cent. Cities* — Edinburgh, capital, on the Firth of Forth: an important literary and publishing center. Contains university founded by James VI, 1582; Holyrood Palace, former residence of Scottish kings; Edin- burgh Castle— ancient citadel and palace: Parliament House, now seat of Supreme Law Courts: Advocates Library: National Gallery; St. Mary's Cathedral; Scott Monument, etc. Population, 1891, 264.796; esti- mated, 1898, 295,628. Glasgow, largest city and seaport, and first in wealth and commercial importance. Terminus of several transatlantic lines of steamers; Clyde here made navigable for largest vessels. Has extensive shipbuilding interests and manufactures. Cathedral of St. Mungo, built in 13th century; Glasgow University, founded 1450, has library of over 175,000 volumes. Population, 1891, 618,052; estimated, 1898, 724,349. Dundee, important seaport, with extensive coasting and foreign trade; principal center of jute manufactures in Great Britain. Population 1891, 155,675; estimated, 1S98, 164,575. Aberdeen, principal city of Northern Scotland, and a leadiug commercial center; varied manufactures, ship- building yards, etc. Population, 1891, 123,327: estimated, 1898, 143,381. Railways, Etc. --Miles of railway 1898, 3,447: capital invested 1897, §769,437,975; receipts, 852,194,785. Canal— latest available reports— 153 miles, 84 miles belonging to railways; traffic, 1,456,361 tons; revenue, $345,945; expenditure. 8213,425. Education. — Elementary education made free for compulsory standard, 1889; compulsory age, 514. Number of public schools 1897, 2.705; average attendance, 523,744. Parliamentary grant for primary schools 1898, 85,360,975; receipts of school boards 1897— including higher class schools— from grants, endowments, local rates, etc., 812,066,895. Higher education provided for bv 4 universities, comprising 5 col- leges, and 2 detached colleges. Number of students 1898, 6,094; teachers, 343: number of training colleges 1898, 8; students, 984. Religion.— Established Church of Scotland. Presbyterian. Number of churches, chapels, etc., 1898, 1,767; communicants, 641,803. Annual endowment, 81, 750.000. Free Church, formed from Disruption 1843, larg- est bodv of dissenting Presbvterians. Churches, 1898, 1,060; ministers, 1,280; members, 290,789; income. 83, 332,000. Cnited Presbvterian churches, 383; ministers, 620; members, 195.631; income 1897, 8i.wi.570. Episcopal Church has 7 bishops, 337 clergy, 331 churches and missions, 111,958 ad- herents. Roman Catholic, 2 archbishops, 4 bishops, a bishop-auxiliary, 443 priests, 345 churches, 365,000 communicants. Government, Etc.— Scotland forms one kingdom with England, but has a distinct code of law, and a Presbyterian Established Church. Largest administrative division civil county or shire; chief officials of each county, the Lord-Lieutenant —who is also High Sheriff — and the Sheriff-Principal, both appointed by the Crown. The Lord-Lieutenant represents the Crown for military purposes; Important judicial and administrative authority rest.- with the Sheriff-Principal. Local revenue 1897-8. $56,447,735; expenditure, 857,580.5X0. In 1897 postal savings banks had a capital of 119,679,630; amount received, |7,385,615; paid out, 14,774,910. Number of soldiers distributed throughout Scotland, 3,947. I 3 4?£ Eh # i, capital and chief seaport: population 1890, 301,206. Oporto, population 138,860, center of wine trade. Education, Etc. -Education backward. In 1890, 79.2 percent of population illiterate. Compulsory law not enforced. Primary schools 1890, 5,339; pupils, 237,791. Expenditures 1898-99, 81.272.880. One univer- sity, 1,000 students 1898. State religion Roman Catholic, all others toler- ated. Protestants number only 500; chapels at Lisbon and Oporto. Government, Etc. -Constitutional monarchy Executive rests with King and Cabinet of 7 minister-: Legislative in fortes— Chamber of Peers, Chamber of Deputies. Peace footing of army, 86,397 officers and men. Navy comprises 83 vessels and about 5,060 officers and men. Railways, 1897, 1,464 miles-State, 507 miles. Telegraph lines, 4,584 miles. 380 loQgitule from Greenwich, SPAIN AND -— j™^-^ %£ P ORTUGA L. ^ o^fff '" . U i Scale of Statute Miles. -angi|r { |r e f uau Scale of Statute Miles 5" "_ _ -i° 10 ° 15 CopyTi?Lt,lS99 ) "by Rand, TMcNallj & Co. A EUROPE. FRANCE. Fra„a Historical.— Early inhabitants Iberians and Celts. Territory in- cluded In ancient Gallia or Gaul; in part made province of Roman Empire 118 B. C: conquest completed by Julius Caesar 58-50. Franks- allied German tribes— established monarchy under Clovis. 5th century A. D., became dominant people, giving name to country. Formed part of Charlemagne's Empire 708-814. Separate monarchy established, nucleus of modern France 9th century, settlement of Normans (North- men) 10th century. Crusades 12th century. Huguenot wars 1562-9H; mas- sacre St. Bartholomew IS72. Power greatly extended 17th century. Seven Years' war 1754-63; Canada lost 1759. Revolution began 1789. Re- public established 1792. Napoleonic wars 1T9H-1S15. Empire proclaimed under Napoleon 1804; overthrown and Bourbons re-established 1815. Second republic 1848; second empire 1852. Engaged in Crimean war 1852. Franco-Prussian war and overthrow of second empire 1870-71. Area, 264,092 square miles; divided into 87 departments. Extreme length, 660 miles; breadth, 540. Physical Features.— Surface of northwestern portion consists of plains and lowlands; southeastern of elevated plateaus and mountains. Principal mountain ranges, Alps— Mont Blanc, 15,780 feet — Jura, Vos- ges, Cevennes, Auvergne, and Pyrenees; rivers, Seine, Loire, Garonne, and Rhone. Length of coast line, 1,500 miles. Climate temperate and healthful. Rainfall relatively small hut evenly distributed. Mean temperature of Paris, January, 36 deg. ; July, 66 deg.; year, 51 deg.; rainfall, 19.68 inches. Nice, January, 45 deg.; July, 73 deg.; year, 58 deg. Mean rainfall Bordeaux, 34 inches. Agriculture, Etc.— One-half the population engaged in agricul- ture. Area under crops, etc., about 93,000,000 acres. Wheat and other cereals grown in northern and central districts, olive and vine in south. Chief products 1897: Wheat, 238,975,241 bushels; oats, 220,561,209; rye, 46,651,591; barley, 39,884,790; buckwheat, 25,774,192; potatoes, 415,922,333; beets, 728,602,533. Area under vines, 4,010,210 acres; estimated value of chestnuts, walnuts, olives, apples, plums, and mulberry leaves, $34,226,- 550; orange and lemon crop, $228,071. Silk culture encouraged by Government; employs 133,253 people; product 1897, 8,555 tons cocoons. Livestock, 1897: Horses, 2,899,131; cattle, 13,486,519; sheep. 21.445,113; hogs, 6,262,764 ; goats, 1,495,756. Extensive forests in north. Total area under forests, 20,740, 913 acres. Value of fish taken 1896, $20,324,958. Manufactures.— Leading manufactures, silk, wool, and cotton textiles, wine and spirits, sugar, raw silk, and yarn. Number textile factories 1896, 7,365; silk, 1,730; wool, 2,109; cotton, 321; carpet weaving, 229; for various manufactures of cotton, flax, mixed tissues, hemp, jute.etc, 3,205. Wine product 1897, 702,747,606 gallons; cider. 234,014,000; alcohol, 48,579,080. Sugar works, 358; output, 668,545 tons refined sugar. Commerce.— General trade 1897: Imports. $1,027,500,000; exports 1960,620,000; special imports- for home use— $791, 200,000; exports— goods ■of French origin— $719,600,000. Value of chief imports: Raw textiles, :$163,160,000; wine, $56,060,000; timber, $rA920.otHi; cereals, $49,480,000; coal, coke, $37,900,000; chief exports: Textiles, $150,300,000; raw wool, silk, and yarn, $57,980,000; wine, $46,500,000 ; fancy goods, $32,060,000; leather, $20,560,000. Merchant marine: Vessels, 15,536— sailing, 14,301 ; men, 88,544. In 1896, 81,027 vessels of 20,157,344 tons entered and 76,753 vessels, 16,345,396 tons, cleared French ports. Minerals.— Value of products 1896, $69,018,516. Chief products: Coal and lignite, 29,189,900 tons; iron ore, 3,409,372; zinc, 35.585; copper, 6,544; nickel, 1,545; aluminum, 370. Numerous mineral springs occur. Population 1896, 38,517,975; per square mile, 188; foreign, 1,027,491. About 90 per cent of inhabitants French. Flemish predominate in northeast; Breton in northwest. Cities.— Paris, capital; population 1896, 2.536.834: largest city in France, second in Europe. Lyons, 466,(128: seat of manufactures, notably silk. Marseilles, 442,239; principal port of France and the Mediterra- nean. Bordeax.r, 256,906; center of wine export trade. Railways, Etc.— Total miles of railway 1S97. 25,770; owned by State, 1,700 miles. Telegraph lines, 58,267 miles. Paris has 237 miles of pneumatic tubes. FRANCE — BELGIUM . 283 Education, Etc— Primary instruction free since 1881, obligatory 1882; school age, 6-13. Elementary schools. 1895-6, 89,111; enrollment, 6,253,631; estimated expenditure 1899, $4n,:>s.->,9l6. All forms of religion tolerated. Sects having 100,000 adherents entitled to State allowance. Large majority of inhabitants Roman Catholic. State allowances 1899: Roman Catholic worship, $8,217,184; Protestant, $299,020; Jewish, S41.300. Government, republican. Executive authority vested in President —term 7 years— and Ministry. Legislative, in Senate and Chamber of Deputies". Army, including Algeria and Tunis, 1898: Peace footing, 29,604 officers, 616.092 men. Navy second only to that of Great Britain; officers, 1,733; petty officers and seamen, 40,589; fleet, 330 men-of-war launched, 32 building. BELGIUM. Bel'-ii-um. Historical.— Kingdom at one time formed part of Rosaan and Frankish domains; passed to Austria as Austrian Netherlands 1713; conquered and annexed by France 1794; united with Netherlands, as kingdom 1815; established as separate kingdom 1830; Limfeurg and Luxemburg divided between Belgium and Netherlands 1839. Area and Physical Features.— Area, 11,373 sq. miles. Surface generally level; eastern division includes wooded region of Ardennes, elevation 1,000 to 2,000 feet. Principal rivers: Meuse and Scheldt. Climate temperate and healthful. Mean temperature Brussels, January, 36.9 deg.; July, 65.7 deg.; year, 50.5 deg.; rainfall, 28 inches. Agriculture, Etc.— Area under cultivation, 67 per cent of total. Chief products 1897: wheat, 18,374,311 bushels; oats, 29,140,094; rye, 17,931,- 045; barley, 3,478,513; potatoes, 106,713,2*5; sugar beets, 32,053,735. Tobac- co, 11,391,030 pounds. Forests cover 17 per cent of area. Late reports give 271,974 horses, 1,382,815 cattle, 365,400 sheep,and 646,375 hogs. Manufactures, Etc.— Textile industries— especially woolens and linens— iron and glass manufactures lead. In 1896, 829,234 tons pig iron, 445,899 tons manufactured iron, 407,634 tons steel ingots, and 367,917 tbns steel rails produced. Firearms, machinery, etc., largely made. Beet sugar output, 220,328 tons raw, 79,081 tons refined sugar. Alcohol distilled, 12,022,340 gallons. Commerce.— Value of imports 1897, S618,165,964; exports, $567,454,378. . Chief imports: Cereals, raw textiles, drugs and chemicals, timber. Principal exports: Tarns, linen and wool, coal, coke, raw textiles, glass.. Minerals.— Country rich in coal, iron, and zinc. Coal output, 1895, . 21,252,000 tons, value §40.402.000: iron, 307,031 tons, value, $283,564. Zinc, , $9,182; lead, $1,029,800; silver, $637,800. Number quarries 1,409. Population 1897, 6,586,593; per square mile, 579; in proportion to> area one of most densely populated countries. Agricultural population. 1,199,319. Official language French; in 1890, 2,485,072 spoke French only,, 2,744,271 Flemish only. Cities.— Brussels, capital; population, 531,000. Antwerp, chief sea- port and center of foreign trade; population, 267,900. Liege, manu- factures machinery, hardware, firearms, etc.; population, 165,404. Ghent,, seat of cotton industry; population, 159,218. Mechlin, 54,848. Railways.— Railway in operation 1897, 2,851 miles— 2,056 miles; owned by State. Length of telegraph lines, 3,955 miles. Education, Etc.— Education backward: in 1890, 26.9 per cent of adults illiterate. Primary education free. Public schools 1895,8,315; en- rollment, 916,602; expenditures, $6,573,554. Free universities at Brussels and Louvain. Roman Catholic religion prevails; churches number 5,622:. Complete religious toleration exists. Government. — A constitutional hereditary monarchy. Executive vested in King. Legislative in King, Senate, and Chamber of Repre- sentatives. Army : Peace footing 1898, 3,419 officers, 48,014 men. MONACO.— Independent principality enclosed within Department, of Alpes-Maritimes, Southern France. Area, s square miles: smallest sovereign State of Europe. Population 1890, 13,3<>4. Towns: Monaco, 3,292; Monte Carlo, 3,794; Condmnine, 6,208. Exports: Olive oil, oranges, citrons, and perfume. Religion, Roman Catholic; other churches excluded. Government, absolute monarchy. Revenue mainly derived from gaming tablec. 184 r RANCE, c&^p Belgium and ^>' SWITZERLAND P^^^lWWi Scale of Statute Miles. | 100 130 200 Copyright, 1899, by Rand, McJfally 4 Co. 6° R., MC N. 4 C0.,ENGR'S,CHI. 2 50 4 > Longitude N 285 / EUROPE. SWITZERLAND. Swit'-zer-land. Historical.— Prehistoric Inhabitants, lake-dwellers; succeeded by Helvetii. Country conquered by Caesar and added to Homan Empire 58 B. C. Settlements of Burgundians and Alemanni 5th century. 'Country largely belonged to German Empire 9th to 14th centuries. Union to resist Hapsburg oppression 1291, defeated Austrians at Sem- pach 1386. Swiss independence acknowledged by Maximilian I 1499. Confederation subjugated by French, and Helvetic Republic formed 1798. Independence and neutrality secured 1815. Area, 15,976 square miles, divided among 22 cantons. Greatest length east to west, 208 miles; breadth, 156. Physical Features.— Surface two-thirds mountainous, one-third 'elevated plain; Alps in south and east. Jura in north and west, region between irregular upland diversified by lakes and valleys. Highest peak, Matterhorn, 14,775 feet. Principal rivers: Rhine, Rhone. Lakes: (Geneva, Neufchatel, Constance. Climate presents great contrasts owing to wide range of eleva- tion. Temperature of Bern, January, 29.4 deg.; July, 64.8 deg., year, •46.8 deg.; rainfall, 39.61 inches. Lugano, January, 35.6 deg.: .July. 71.6 deg.; year, 53 deg.; rainfall, 63 inches. Great St. Bernard— highest inhab- ited Alpine point— January, 17.4 deg.; July, 45.3 deg.; year, 29.7 deg. Agriculture, Etc.— Of productive area large proportion under grass and meadow. Chief agricultural crops, oats, rye, potatoes. Pastoral interests predominate. Live stock 1896: Horses, 108,969; cattle, 1,306,696; sheep, 271,901; swine, 566,974; goats, 415,817. Principal agricul- tural industries, manufacture of cheese— 51,040.440 pounds exported 1897— and preparation of condensed milk — 44,498,520 pounds exported. Forest area 2,051.670 acres; about 1,119,270 acres under State supervision; reduction of this area unlawful. There were 9,784,084 trees planted in 1897. Manufactures second to agriculture in importance. Leading industries: Textiles— especially silk and cotton— clocks, watches, ma- chinery, wine, and spirits. Factories 1895, 4,933; employes, 200,002; textiles employed 91,454 hands; watches, clocks, jewelry, 16,334; wood industry, 11,347. Beer produced 1896, 41,350,474 gallons. Output of salt manufactories, 52,022 tons; of cement works, 45,897 tons. Commerce. -Value exports 1S97, $149,467,297. Silk, $40,788,261; cot- tons, $24,995,980; clocks, watches, $20,753,063; cheese, $7,672,804; con- densed milk, $3,955,042. Imports, $222,888,000. Foodstuffs, Meluding wheat, $15,411,400; flour, $1,784,627: silk chiefly raw, S27,158,187; cotton, $12,019,562; metals, $16,083,590. Population -estimated— 1897, 3,082,989; per square mile, 1,929. Ger- man spoken in 15 cantons, French 5, Italian 1, Romansh 1. Cities.— Bern, capital, population, 49,030. Zurich, largest city, seat of textile industries; population, 151,994. Basel, 89,687. Genera, 86,535, center of watch and clock making; university founded by Calvin 1568. Railways. Etc.— Railways in operation 1897, 2,351 miles; lines to become State property after 1903. Telegraph lines, 5,614 miles— under State control, 4,410 miles. Education, Etc.— Primary education free and compulsory; law rigidly enforced except in Roman Catholic cantons. Schools 1896, 5,067; enrollment, 503,096; expenditures. $8,118,229. Universities. 5; students 1897, 2.935. Freedom guaranteed all faiths. Protestants 18S8, 1,716,548; Catholics, 1,183,828; Jews, 8,069. Government) Etc.— A federal republic. Legislative power vested in Federal Assembly of 2 chambers— State and National Councils. Executive in Federal Council— 7 members— chosen by Federal Assem- bly; President and Vice-President of Council first magistrates of Repub- lic. Maintenance of standing army unlawful. All men between 20 and 44 Mable to military service. Liable to service 1897, 527,074, actually in- corporated, 242,529. MAIjTA.— Island dependency of Great Britain in Mediterranean, south of Sicilv; important naval base and port of call. Area, 95 square miles; 'population 1896, 176,231. Valetta, chief town and sea- port: headquarters of British fleet in the Mediterranean. ITALY. 28? ITALY. It ale Historical.— Invading Pelasgians from Greece and aborigines— Umbrians, Oscans, Etruscans— combined, formed Latin race. Rome founded 753 B. C; peninsula consolidated under Roman rule 3d cen- tury B. C. Foundation of States of Church 756. Charlemagne crowned Emperor at Rome 800. Kingdom of Naples founded 1059. Struggle between popes and emperors llth-14th centuries. Period of foreign interference— Spanish-Austrian predominating— 1494-1796. Cisalpine, Ligurian, Roman republics founded 1797; Napoleon crowned King of Italy 1805, abdicated 1814. Victor Emanuel proclaimed king 1861; tem- poral power of Papacy ended 1870. Area, 110,646 square miles, including Sicily, 9,936, Sardinia, 9,294. Divided into 69 provinces. Physical Features.— Apennines traverse the peninsula, cul- minating point, Monte Corno, 9,580 feet; Alps north and west boundary, Monte Kosa on Swiss border, 15,215 feet. Mt. Vesuvius— onlv active volcano on mainland of Europe— 4,270 feet; Mt. Etna, Sicily, 10,869 feet. Chief rivers: Po, Adige, Arno, Tiber. Lakes: Garda, Maggiore, Como. Climate.— Mean temperature, Milan, January, 34.7 deg.; July, 77 .deg., year, 55.4 deg., rainfall, 39 inches. Rome, January, 44.8 deg.; July, 76.6 deg.; year, 59.7 deg.; rainfall, 30.6 inches. Syracuse, Janu- ary, 52.7 deg.; July, 79.5 deg.; year, 64.8 deg., rainfall, 21.1 inches. Agriculture, Etc.— Wheat crop 1897, 84,232,500 bushels; corn, 57,953,500; rice, 17,682,500; tobacco, 13,693,050 pounds; hemp, flax, and potatoes also produced. Area under vineyards 1895, 8,551,140 acres; olives, 2,553,980; chestnuts, 1,017,640; yield, 7,240,750 bushels. Rearing of silkworms 1895, employed 550,048 persons; product, 80.978.830 pounds of cocoons. Live stock 1890: Cattle, 5,000,000; sheep, 6,900,000; goats, 1,800,000; swine, 1,800,000. Wool 1895, 21,558,285 pounds. Forest area about 15,700 square miles; annual revenue averages 817,600,000. Manufactures.— Silk most important textile: in 1SH5 industry em- ployed 172,000 persons; raw silk produced 1896, 6,798,015 pounds. Other industries cotton and woolen textiles, lace, leather, furniture, art goods, etc. Wine produced 1897, 571,09S.ihiO gallons: olive oil, 28.380,000. Commerce.— Value imports 1897, 8240,162,873: exports, 6223,163,128. Leading imports: Raw cotton, 128,125,760; coal, §19,954,357; wheat, $15,736,104; raw silk, S13.663.620. Exports: Raw silk, cocoons, etc., $59,538,678; wine. 811,695,820; olive oil, 811,571,988; hemp and flax, $8,831,- 24h; fruit, 87.952.248; sulphur, S6,819,713; also coral, marble, zinc ore. Merchant marine 1896: 6,002 sailing vessels, 527,554 tons; 351 steamers, 237,727 tons. Minerals.— Mines and quarries 1896, employed 74,800 persons. Value minerals produced 1898, 811.1115.092. Principal minerals 1896: Sul- phur, 2,738,057 tons; zinc, 118,171; iron, 203,966; lead, 33.705, besides cop- per and manganese. Value of marble quarried, $3,00(1,000 annually. Population 1898,31,667,946; per square mile, 286.21. Emigrants 1897, 299,899; to United States, 59,431; Argentina and Uruguay, 48,329. Cities.— Rome, capital and ecclesiastical center; population, 487,066. Naples, largest city; population, 536.073. Milan, center of silk industry and trade; population, 470,558. Genoa, chief seaport; population, 228,862. Turin, 351,855; Florence, 209,540: Venice, 155,8°9. Railways in operation 1898, 9,592 miles. Telegraph lines: Govern- ment telegraph, 23,318 miles; railway, 2,131. * Education, Etc.— Elementary' education free; school age, 6-9. Schools 1896, 2,813; pupils, 317,117; expenditures 1895, $12,605,432. Uni- versities, 21—1 free; students 1898, 22,440. Roman Catholic nominally State religion; freedom of worship granted all faiths. Almost all Italians Roman Catholics. Protestants 1881, 62,000; Jews, 38,000. Government, Etc.— Limited monarchy. Executive vested in King and Council of Ministers. Legislative in King and parliament. Army 1897: Peace footing, 14,324 officers, 237,660 men. Navy: 285 war vessels, 1,731 officers, 22,261 petty officers and seamen. SAN MARINO — Independence of Republic recognized by Church 1231. Area, 32 square miles. One of smallest States of Europe. Consists of a craggy mountain— Tltano, 2,420 feet— within Italian ter- ritory Climate in winter severe but healthful. Population, 8,500, generally engaged in agriculture and cattle trading. San Marino, capital; population, 2,000. Governed by Council of 60 members. £588 289 10 ' 280 EUROPE. GERMANY. Historical.— Germane or Teutons, an Aryan race, first mentions] 4tli century B. C. German-Roman empire founded by Charlemagne 800; dynasty extinguished 911; reign of Otto (936-977) most successful of Middle Ages; prosperous succession of Hohenstaufen dynasty 1138- l.'fis. Restriction of imperial power by electors 1273-1806; overthrow of empire, and confederation of Rhine under Napoleon [,1806; dissolved 1813. Alliance of Austria and German Mate. [815: North German Con- federation 1866; Franco-Prussian War 1870-71— Prussia leading factor, joined by Southern Germany. William I, King of Prussia, elected German Emperor in Reichstag on initiative of all reigning German princes 1871. A rea, 208,830 sq. miles. Divided into 25 States— 4 kingdoms, 6 grand duchies, 5 duchies, 7 principalities, 3 free towns— t Imperial Territory Physical Features.— Surface in north largely a lowland plain; central and southern portions table-lands diversified by hills and moun- tains. Highest elevation, Zugspiize, in South Bavaria, 9,71' Schneekoppe, 5,274 feet, highest point north of the Danube. Principal rivers. Rhine, Elbe, Oder, and Vistula. Climate generally temperate and healthful; winters of upland districts often severe; lower river valleys delightful throughout the seasons. Mean annual temperature, 48 deg. Rainfall fairly uniform- average for year, 27 inches; heaviest in Harz Mountains. Mean temperature Berlin, January, 32.8 deg.; July, 66.7 deg.; year, 48.5 deg.; rainfall, 29.98 inches. Konigsberg, year, 43 deg. Cologne, 50 deg.; rain- fall. 23 inches. Forests occupy 34,473,362 acres, or about 25 per cent of total area of Empire. Forestry an important industry; scientifically conducted understate supervision; furnishes an important revenue in main dis- tricts; revenue of Prussia alone derived from forests, about 820,000,000 annually. Agriculture, Etc.— Productive area 91 per cent of total; arable lands and vineyards, 65,148,203 acres; grass and pasture, 2l.70S.350 acres. Cereals largely raised; rye leading crop; vine, flax, and beet-root ex- tensively cultivated. Principal crops 1897: Eve, 238.665,5(30 bushels; oats, 273,25^,760; wheat, 93,249,935; barley, 88,058,000; potatoes, a staple food of peasantry, 907,622,092; beet root, grown for manufacture of sugar, and also as food for cattle. 391,109,392; hay, 12,616,432 tons. Fruits and vegetables grown extensively. Area under vineyards, 287.520 acres; yield averages 386 gallons wine per acre. Valleys of Rhine, Moselle, Neckar, and Main long celebrated for their wi; Live 8tock.— Stock raising a prominent industry in many dis- tricts. Cattle, horses, and sheep reared in large numbers. Saxony and Silesia long renowned for excellence of their wools. Number of domestic animals in Germany W, : Horses, 4,038,485; cattle, 18,490,772; sheep, ]0,866,772; swine, 14,274,557. Dairy products and cured meats exported. Fisheries.— Sea fisheries comparatively unimportant; fisheries in inland waters an important source of revenue in many districts- salmon, trotu, carp, and pike principal fish taken. Latest reports give total of 32.199 engaged in industry; sea and shore fisheries employed 12,224; fishing on inland waters, 19,975. In 1897 fresh fish exported valued at $1,689,800. Manufactures varied and of vast proportions; rapid development of industries has given great, impetus to trade and commerce. In 1895 leading- industries in larger states employed 3,012,387 persons— textile industries, 993,257; iron manufactures, 524,7t»7; machinery and instru- ments, 532,672. Number of iron and steel works— Germany and Lux- emburg— 1.560; finished iron produced, 8,139,194 tons; value. -. Prussia center of industries; Germany surpassed only by United States and Great Britain. Value of foundry products, 1896, Sll3.oll.-298. Production of beer-root sugar important; factories. 399: raw sugar produced. [.917.120 tons; reflned, 1,004.401: molasses, 377.410. Breweries in operation, 7,682; output. 1,352,538,000 gallons of beer. Distilleries, 62,118; output, 68,222,000 gallons of alcohol. GERMANY. 291 Commerce.— One of the foremost commercial countries. Value imports 1897, SI, 176,217,594. Chief imports: Raw textiles, yarn, $154,- 449.496; cereals, §92,341,261; live stock, etc . $54,127,131; hides," 832.566.459; coffee, §38.247,768; petroleum, $17,913,019. Exports, M'3.0l8,178; metals, metal wares, machinery, etc.. 8194,726,425; textiles, $70,831,252; sugar, 854,83(1.673; woodemvare. $35,097,421; haheidashery, 8.'7.53t;.'..'71; hosiery. 819,622.826. Merchant marine of country, 1898: Nuuibir of Bailing s, 2.520. tonnage, 855.571; steamers, 1,171, tonnage, 969,800. During year 77.117 vessels of 16,489,970 tons entered, and ;7,734 vessels of 16,626,628 tons cleared the ports. Minerals.— Among European countries Germany one of the richest in mineral wealth. Prussia leading producer; coal and iron principal minerals worked; country leads all others in output of zinc; yields about one-half the world's annual production. Mining and metal works support over 20,0n0.0\) inhabitants: iron mines employ 35.223 people; coal and lignite 354,708. Value mineral output Germany and Luxemburg 1897, $204,871,500. Coal, 91.055,000 ions: lignite, 29,419,500; iron. 15,466,000; zinc, 663,900; copper, 700,600; lead, 15 >,20o : gold (value i, $1,649,- 406; silver, 83,270,272. Extensive deposits of excellent rock salt in Prussia and several other states, 763.400 tons mined in 1897. . Population 1895. 52,279.901; male, 25,661,250; female, 26.618,651: per square mile, 250. Agricultural population. 18.06S.663. Emigrants iv'7, 24,631; to United States, 20,346; total to United States in past 25 years, 2,370,958. Nearly 90 per cent of inhabitants Germans; non-Germans, 8,403,390, 2.900,000 Poles. Cities.— Berlin chief city, capital of Prussia and the Empire; third city in Europe: population 1895, 1,677.304. Hamburg, principal seaport, center of commerce and foreign trade; 625,552. Munich, capital of Bavaria; industrial center, university, art museums, etc., celebrated; 407,307. Leipzig, publishing center. 399.'.'63. Dresden, capital of Saxony; art collections renowned; 336,410. Cologne, railway center; 321,564; Breslau, one of the principal commercial and manufacturing centers; 373,169. Railways, Etc.— Railways operated 1896, 29,461 miles (Govern- ment, 26,959); telegraph lines, 87,513. Education, Etc.— Education highly advanced throughout the Empire. Of army recruits, 1896-7 only 0.11 per cent unable ro read or write. Primary education free and compulsory; school age. 6-14. Esti- mated number of elementary schools 1-91, 56.5fu: pupils, 7,925,000; ex- penditure, 857. S12,400. Secondary schools. 1,080, besides 181 normal, 32 technical schools. Naval academy at Kiel: military academies, Berlin and Munich: schools of navigation, 47; military schools, 9: cadet insti- tutions, 9. For higher education, 21 universities with 31,110 students 1897-8. Religion.— All religions accorded complete equality. Relation be- tween Church and State varies in different parts of Empire. In 1890 Protestants numbered 3U '26.810; Roman Catholics, 17,674,921; other Christians, 145,540; Jews, 567,884. Government, Etc.. a constitutional monarchy; King of Prussia hereditary German Emperor, with supreme direction of militarj and political affairs. Legislative power vested in two bodies the l nndes- rath, representing the states in union, and Reichstag elected by the people, standard of value, gold; old thalers (silver) still legal tender. Defense.— Service in army or navy obligatory; substitution not allowed. Peace footing, army 1S9S-9, 23.176 officers and 562,277 men; estimated war strength, over 3,000.000 trained men. Navy consists of 163 war vessels, 25,M53 men, including B22 officers. Subsidized as auxiliary cruisers: Fuerst Bismarck, Augusta Victoria (Hamburg-American); Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, Kaiser Friederich III. Spree, Havel, Lahn i North German Lloyd i. GRAND DUCHY OF LUXEMBURG. Grand duchy under Kim.' of Netherlands 1815. Included from 1815 to 1866 in d manic Confederation Declared neutral territorj 1867. Area, '■'> Bq. miles; population, 217,583, Catholic predominant. Important ma n» n fact n res of leather and gloves, also woolen, cotton, and linen factories, and breweries; Iron ore is worked. Railway 27o miles; telegraph 457 miles. Government in hands of Grand duke. 292 10° Xongltud // ,^# lff Qae jut^atk ^M^- A N D .» i -y>" K 5° H., MCN..& C0.,EN 293 S JS A C4fi BoKNHOLM b Wgo -*W*^f ararfenwert J , «» I Stargkrd _, , Shn £3 V £6 "jK s. "Warsaw T£ielee a [Miectow ft Tarnt i "3fe£ / -v. .-yi_omiii ; SkradK^^\^ Germany AND THE Netherlands Scale of Statute Miles. 50 100 Copyright, 189fl,ljj Rand, McNally 3c Co. 294 EUHol'K. NETHERLANDS. Historical.— In Middle Ages, Netherlands and Belgium divided among Brabant, Flanders, Holland, and other duchies; united with Burgundy 15th century; passed i o Hapsburg family 1177; later to Spain. Revolution under William of Orange, and Pacification of Ghent 1567: Union of Utrecht 1579; Dutch Republic acknowledged 1648; united wiih England 1689; conquered by France H94; kingdom under Louis Bonaparte 18J6; union with Belgium in Kingdom of Netherlands 1815; revolution 1830. ended 1833; settlement with Belgium L889. Area, 12,648 square miles divided among il provinces and 1,123 communes Greatest length, 196 miles; breadth, u)9. Physical Features.— Surface tl a r -. one-fourth of area below sea level; western pare lu to L2 feet below. Average elevation 37 feet: highest— in souihwest— 787 feet. Abounds in inland waters; Drotected from inundations by 1,500 miles of dykes. Length of navigable waters excluding canals — about 3,000 miles. Chief rivers— Rhine, Maas, Scheldt. Climate humid and variable; winters severe. Mean annual temperature, 49.8 deg.; January, 34.7 deg.; July, 65 deg.: rainfall, 27. 8 itii'hcs. Auriculture, Etc.— Area under culture 2,267,143 acres. About 85 per cent of all estates less than fifty acres in extent; over 57 per cent of estates tanned by their owners. Principal crops 1896: Oats, 573 bushels; rye, 13,174,785; wheat, 4,897,142: barley, 4,418,601; potatoes, 80,546,338. Area of orchards and gardens 15i,670 acres; cherries, apples, pears, and strawberries largely grown. Bulbs, shrubs, and trees grown extensively. Area under forests, 613,505 acres, chiefly in Gelderland. Liive Stock. -bearing of live stock a prominent pursuit. Area under pasture, 2.921,711 acres— over one-fourth of entire area of country laid down toirrass or meadows. Number of cattle 1S9j>, 1,583,000; : 267.01X); sheep, 700,000; swine. 1,260,400. Dairy products excellent; quality of butter and cheese unsurpassed: large quantities exported. Fisher : es, especially herring, valuable. In 1897 industry engaged 5,318 vessels and 18,387 men. Product of herring fishery of North Sea 1897, valued at 82.238,237: total number oysters produced, 40 million, about one fourth or" amount exported to England. Manufactures.— Shipbuilding and manufactures pertaining thereto among the foremost industries; also distilling and brewing. Other important industries include the manufacture of textiles, car- pets, leather, and paper, making of brick and pottery, production of gold and silver articles, diamond cutting. Latest reports give 514 distilleries and 49s breweries, numerous salt works and vinegar fac- tories, 31 beet sugar manufactories with 10 Bugar refineries. Commerce. Imports 1897, 8710,833,300; exports, $616,250,000. Chief imports: Cereals, iron, steel, coal, textiles, coffee; exports, cereals, butter, cheese, cattle. In l k 97. 11,098 vessels with an aggregate of s, 399, 358 tons entered and cleared the ports. Merchant marine 612 vessels of 3(16,652 tons. Population. 1897, 5,004,204; per square mile, 396. Foreigners, 47,838, of whom 28,767 were German. Inhabitants belong to Germanic race-. Dutch the common language. Cities.— The Hague, official capital; population, 1897, 1S7 545. Amsterdam, commercial capital, seanort; 487,772. Rotterdam, sea- port, 228.5:»7. Railways, Etc.— Railway open, 1S97. 1,699 miles. Latest reports give 1,90? miles of canals. Telegraph lines, state, 1897. 3.598 miles. Education, Etc.— Public schools 1897, 3.208; enrollment, 513,639. Expenditures Dutch Reformed (Presbyterian) to which Court belongs, 2,194,619 adherents; Roman Catholics, 1,506,482; .Tews, 97.3. '4. Government, Etc.- Hereditary constitutional monarchy. Ex- ecutive vested in Sovereign; legislative in Sovereign and States Gen- eral—composed of an upper and lower chamber. Gold legal tender, and silver coins issued previous to 1875. Peace, footing of army, 27,834 men, 1,971 officers. Navy, 144 war vessels; 7,000 seamen, 535 officers. AUSTRIA -HUNGARY. 295 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. Historical.— Early Inhabitants Boii, Daci, etc., Celtic tribes. Terri- tory annexed to Roman Empire about 33 A. D.; overrun by Huns, Avars, etc., 5th and 6tb centuries; conquered by Charlemagne, 791-96. Magyars— of Finnish origin — and Ungri — Scythian tribe — settled In Hungary, 889-890. Austria acquired by Ottocar of Bohemia, 1254; by Rudolph von Hapsburg, Emperor of Germany, 1278; declared an arch- duchy, 1453. Acquired Netherlands, 1477; Spain, 1498. Emperor Charles V reigned over Germany, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, Spain. Nether- lands, 1519-1556. Thirty Years' War— 1618-1648— resulted in the acknowl- edged independence of Switzerland and Holland, cession of Alsace to France, autonomy of German States. Seven Years' War, 1756-1763. Emperor Francis of Germany assumed title of Emperor of Austria, 1304; joined allies against Napoleon, 1813. Austria head of German Cofederation, 1815; retired, 1866. Austro-Hungarian Monarchy formed, 1867 Entered Triple Alliance with Germany and Italy, 1883. Physical Features.— Three fourths of surface mountains or hills; country traversed hy three great systems: Alps (Ortler Spitze, 12,800 feet i, Bohemian, and Moravian mountains, and Carpathians (Gerls- dorf Spitze, 8,700 feet). ^Principal rivers: Danube— with its tributaries, waters more than two-thirds of Empire— Dniester, Theiss, \ istula, Elbe. Largest lake, Balaton, in Hungary. Area of Austria, exclusive of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 115,903 square miles: Hungary, including Croatia and Slavonia, 125,039. Climate characterized by extremes of temperature, warmest region alcng Adriatic coast Painful Last abundant in interiors of Eclnniii and Moravia. Mean temperature Lemberg: January, 24.4 deg.: July, 65.4 deg.; year, 44.6 deg.; rainfall, 26.9 inches. Budapest: January, 29.4 deg.; July, 71.1 deg.; year, 49.8 deg.; rainfall, 20.75 inches. Ragusa: January, 47.7 deg.; July, 77.2 deg ; year, G1.2 deg.; rainfall, 65.7 inches. Commerce, including Bosnia and Herzegovina: Imports 1897, $302,- 120,000. Textiles, raw and manufactured, §57,012,4u0; hides and leather, S17.414.S0U; grain, §16,074,400; metals and machinery, 815,614,400; fuel, $12',552,S00. Exports. $3U6,4So,000. Timber, etc., 829,938,100: sugar. $24,552,- 800; live stock, $18,203,600; eggs, $17,568,400; grain, $15,990,000; Merchant marine: Austria, 1897, 12,115 vessels of 215,258 tons: Hungary, 1898, 502 vessels of 68,879 tons. In 1896 116,271 vessels of 13,364,330 tons entered the ports. Austria has 87 per cent of total shipping. Government.— Austria-Hungary an hereditary dual Monarchy. Common head of Monarchy Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. Each State has its own Parliament. Ministry, and Administration. Affairs common to the two States: Foreign affairs, military and naval affairs— excluding legislation concerning army— and finance relating to common affairs. Army, 1898, peace footing, 24,583 officers, 333,628 men; liable for war service, 4,000,000. Navy, 110 vessels— 20 armor clad. AUSTRIA. Agriculture, Etc.— Of total area 36.7 per cent arable; 32.6 per cent forest; 23.8 per cent pasture and meadow. Cultivated area 1897, 69,596.- 034 acres. Leading crops: Wheat, 34,751,750 bushels; bailee. 18,218.500; oats, 93,192,000; rye, 63,791,750; grapes, 624,910 acres — 61.050,000 gallons wine; potatoes, 8,821,212 tons: sugar beets, 54,249,615; tobacco, 6,945; hops, 9,261; flax, 41,100. Barley and wine chief agricultural exports. In 1890 8,469,223 persons engaged in agriculture and forestry. Fori Bts ad- ministered under State by trained officials; area under pine, 1895, 16,866,- 185 acres; other tree.>,3,52n.62J acres. Live stock: 1,54-, 197 horses, s.iiT,,- 936 cattle, 3, 186,787 Sheep, 3,549,700 swine, 1,035,832 goats. Value St 94.800,000. Manufactures, Etc.— In 1890 manufacturing industries employed 2,880,897 persons. Textiles, 296,481 persons 155.098 In Bohemia; metals and metal wares, 99,353: glass and stone ware, 72,547—38,131 in Bohemia; machinery, 57,129; chemicals, :;3.2i;t. Sugar factories, 1895. 68.836- tobacco, 33,000. Output of beer, 1895, 380,057.650 gallons; alcohol, 3n,l06,S6s gal- lons; tobacco, 61,904.120 pounds. Value furnace products, 1896, $14,588,- 400-pig iron, 811,512,350; silver, $856,365; lead, $til0,886. Minerals.— Country rich in metals and minerals. Value mineral products, $35,143,177. Coal, $28,593,013; salt, $9,194,140; iron, $1,378,590; silver, $768,613; lead, $423,425; gold, $19,364. 290 •uTn vy L 'J Kegnit? ~V unff Bun\laTI*# . A - ** longitude last ft 297 /f v, "S'* "Novibazar f/;.;oxTEv- s AUSTRI A-HU N G ARY. Scale of Statute Miles. 5*J ion 200 Copyright, 1'800, LyTtand, McITaUy & Co. EUROPE. Population, 1890, 23,895,413; per square mile, 206. Germans, 8,461,580; Bohemians, Moravians, Slovaks, 5,472,871; Poles, 3.719,232; Ruthcnlans, 3,105,221; Slovens, 1,176,672; Servians, Croatians, 644,936; Italian.-, Rou- manians, etc.; 892,554. Cities. — Vienna, capital, Beat of civil and military Government, com- mercial and Industrial center of Monarchy; population, 1897,1,594,129. Prague, Important commercial, manufacturing, and railway center; pqpul ti [on, 364,632, Trieste, chief Beaport; population, nil, 886. Railways, Etc.— Railway in operation, 1897, 11,371 miles; line-, 1,594; companies 1 lines, 5,844; companies' lines worked by : 933. Telegrapb fines, 31. i s i miles. Education*— Elementary education free and compulsory; - age, 6-12 or u. in 1890 40 per cent of population illiterate. School r.),440; pupils, 3,430,456. Has 8 state universities; students L896, I Religion.— Freedom of worship accorded all legally reci religious bodies. Latest reports of religious population give 18, Roman Catholics, 2,sl4,iit>o Greek Catholics, 3.0UO Armenian Catholics, 8,000 Old Catholics, 545,000 Greek Oriental, 1,000 Armenian oriental, 436,000 Evangelical, 6,000 other Christians, 1,143,000 Jews, 5,0 10 ol I HUNGARY. Agriculture, Etc.— Agriculture, chief industry, together with forestry employs 60.55 percent of population. Agricultural holdings, 1895, 3,411,686, comprising 79,863,053 acres— about 41 per cent arable, 28 per cent woodland, 23 per cent meadow and pasture. Leading crops, 1897: Wheat, 87,08;), 750 bushels; oats, 54,928,500; rye, 36,511,750; corn, 112,- 802,250; potatoes, 127,468,500; sugar beets, 1,427,340 tons; tol.acco.5u.s62 tons. Area under vineyards, 618,090 acres; wine product. 2 1 >.7;6.um gal- lons. Forests under State administration. Area over 22,000,000 acres, Export Of timber and forest products. 1896, 813,413,770. Live Stock, Etc.— Horses, 2,308,457: a^ses, mules, 25.766; cattle, 6,738,365; sheep, 8,122.682; swine, 7,330,343; goats, 308,810. Silk culture engaged 107,454 families in 1897; cocoons produced equaled 2,934. 600 pounds, value 1417,564. Bee culture followed in 11,819 communes; prod- uct, 6,296,672 pounds honey, 438,060 pounds wax; value, 8478.539. Manufactures include woodenware, clothing, metals, machinery, textiles, crockery, glass, chemicals. Value furnace products, If 706,475; pig iron, §6,408,350: gold, 82,012,067; silver. 8614,643. Beer outj ut, 35,135,892 gallons; alcohol, 22.5S5.016 gallons; beet sugar, 165,475 tons; to- bacco (State monopoly), 59s,7v Napoleon, and burn- ing of Moscow by Russians 1812. Crimean war 1853-56. Emancipation of serfs 1861. Growth of Nihilism; Russian- America sold to United States 1867. Alexander II assassinated 1S81. Famine 1891-2. Area of Russian Empire, 8,660,395 square miles, comprising more than one-seventh of total land surface of globe. Russia largest coun- try in Europe, area 2,1.95,616 square miles, or over half of that of entire Continent. Asiatic Russia— 6,564, 779 square miles— embraces over one- third the total area of Asia. Physical Features.- Surface of European Russia a succession of lowland plains sloping gradually toward Baltic, Black, Caspian, and White seas. Tundras — frozen marshy plains — occupv the north, im- mense forests tha center, and steppes— open treeless plains— the smith. Central plateau culminates in Valdai Hills ( 1,100 feet); Ural Mountains geographical boundary between Europe and Asia (Tol-Pas 5,54n fret highest point-; Caucasus on southern border line (Mt. Elbruz 1S.463 feet, highest elevation of Europe). Petchora (900 miles) most import- ant river of Arctic basin, Neva of Baltic, Dniester (700 milesj and Dnieper (1,200 miles) of Black Sea, and Volga (2,200 miles) and Ural (1,150 miles) of the Caspian. Principal lakes: Ladoga (7,000 square miles), largest in Europe; Onega, 3,763 square miles. Climate varied owing to wide range of latitude; winters severe everywhere; summers hot. Rainfall comparatively light ; varies from 25 inches near Baltic to 5.7 inches at Astrakhan. Mean temperature Archangel, January, 7.7 deg.; July, 60.8 deg.; year, 32.1 deg.; rainfall, 15.6 inches. Moscow, January, 14 deg.; July, 66.5 deg.; year, 40.1 deg.; rainfall, 21.1 inches. Sebastopol, February, 34.9 deg.; July, 74 deg.; year, 54.4 deg.; rainfall, 15.2 inches. Forests.— Crown forests of Russian Empire 1895, comprised 618,244,- 000 acres, net revenues, $10,875,000. More than one-third of European Russia still occupied by forests; southern portion of forest region covered with deciduous woods; in the north dense forests of conifer- ous trees abound. Area, including those of Poland and Finland, 422,- 307,000 acres. Forests in each province, since 1888, protected through especially appointed committee. Agriculture chief industry of people. About 26 per cent of land area of European Russia arable; nearly 16 per cent orchards, meadow, and pasture; "Black Earth" district of south most fertile region of Europe; embraces 367,000 square miles. Area of European Russia under crops 1896, 170.253,400 acres; Poland, 10,234,650 acres. Products 1897: Wheat, 6,805,000 tons; rye, 15,425,000: barley, 4,665,000; oats, 8,347,000; various grains, 3,973,0: N); potatoes, 21,413,<>00: hay, including West Siberia and North Caucasia. 33;208,000 tons: flax, 290,000 tons fiber, 645,000 tons linseed; hemp, 301,500 tons fiber, 370,000 tons hempseed; average yield of hops, 325 tons. Tobacco crop: Russia. Siberia. Caucasia, 1*95,63,170 tons. Area tinder vines, 16,000,000 acres (361,000 under proper culture) ; wine product, 4,550.000 gallons. Live Stock.— Vast numbers of cattle reared on the steppes. In 1888 Russia and Poland had 27,622,660 cattle, 48,220,115 sheep, 10,742,100 In 1891, 21,665,632 horses. Finland 1895,300,650 horses, l,4o:i,l-:j cattle, 1,067,384 swine, 129,984 reindeer, 14,540 go Manufactures show marked increase since emancipation of serfs 1861. In 1893 manufactories, mines, etc., in Russian Empire, employed 1,406,775 persons; value of products, 81,319,498,250. Leading items: Textiles, 8164,958,750; iron and steel, $125,124,750; machinery, 849,515,750. Output of sugar works 1898,636,890 tons of refined Bugar; distilleries 18%, S2,2 I6,0oo gallons of alcohol; breweries 1893, 87,282,100 gallons of beer. Flour mills 1895, averaged 35,100 tons flour daily. Tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, etc., 1892, 1,073,080 hundred weight. 300 301 302 EUROPE. Commerce.— Imports ism;, $392,426,250; exports, 1460.073,250. Lead- ing Imports 1897: Machinery and metal goods, 839,602,500; raw metals, i*'>,:;n-.'.MiK) ; raw cot i on, 833,5IS,SH> : raw wool and -ilk, *19,6?o,0O0: tea, $8. 933, 500; textiles, 86,56l.5uo. Exports: Cereals and Hour, 8W6,676,500; Max, •28,091,000; timber and woodenware. 82;. 390,500; linseed and grass Beed, 122,654,500; eggs and dairy products, ~ ir>.'.n 7.5(H): naplit ha, naphtha oils, 112,579,000; hemp, 85,61 »7,5(Ki; sugar, ?-5,l57.5m. Merchant marine 1898, 2,146 vessels of 272,023 tons. In ls97, 9,666 vessels above 20 tons — total tonnage 7,758,848— entered the ports, in 1896, 18,055 vessels of 233,714 tons entered Caspian porta. Minerals. —Must valuable deposits found in Ural Mountains; dis- trict employs 232, 2s5 workmen. Total number engaged in mining and metal work ls'95, I9s.:;5i. Petroleum output from Caspian fields 1896, 1,536,180,000 gallons. Gold mined 1895, 1,087,770 ounces; platinum, 116,- 820 ounces; silver, 284,630 ounces: lead, 412 tons; zinc, 4,951; copper, 5,570; pig Iron, 1,450,000; coal, 9,o>i9.00n : naphtha, 7,057,000; salt. 1,528,000. Population of Russian Empire ism;, I2s.»i32.l73: per square mile, 15: European Russia, including Poland and Finland, 106,191,795. Estimated number .Jews, 3,5O0.otK). About forty languages and dialects spoken. Cities.— St. Petersburg, capital and largest city; has extensive manu- facturing and commercial interests. Contains St. Isaac's Cathedral, Palace of Grand Duke Michael, winter palace, the Hermitage — a museum— Imperial library, university, etc.; population 1897, 1,267,023. Moscow, second capital and place of coronation: chief commercial and railway center; first In manufactures; has numerous churches, the Kremlin or citadel-fortified enclosure— containing Imperial Palace, cathedrals, monastery, convent, arsenal, etc.; population, 988,614. Railways, Etc.— Length of railway in Empire open for traffic 1898,27,644 miles; building, 7,424. State lines 1897, 17,000 miles. State expenditure for railways 1896, 6139,141,646. State telegraph lines 1895, 78,396 miles; nineteen-twentieths of total system State property. Education backward; only 20 per cent of recruits able to read and write. Most schools under Ministry of Public Instruction. Imperial treasury, 1896, supported 2.505 schools; local authorities. 2o,0e4. Primary schools under Ministry of Public Instruction 18%, 29,14J: pupils, 2,138.180. Religion.— Established religion of Empire Graeco-Russian, official- ly Orthodox Catholic Faith. Emperor head of church. Restraints are laid on Jews and dissenters; latter, estimated at 12,000,000 in Great Russia, often severely persecuted; restricted liberty extended to only those of " United Church": other religions may be freely professed. Adherents of Greek Church, 1895, estimated at 75,000,000; United Church and Armenians. 55.1 100; Roman Catholics, 8,300,000; Protestants,2,950,000; Jews, 3,000.000; Mohammedans, 2,600,000. Government an absolute hereditary monarchy. Entire legislative, executive, and judicial power vested in Czar, whose will alone is law. Estimated revenue of Empire 1899, 8734.564,100; expenditures. $731,329,616. Army, peace footing, 36,000 officers, 860,000 men; war footing, 3,500,000. Navv: 239 vessels. 2.627 officers, 29.85!) men. POIjA N D.— Formerly a kingdom. First partition between Russia, Prussia, Austria 1772: final partition 1795. Russian-Poland formed king- dom under Russian Empire 1815; insurrections 1830-46-63; kingdom ceased to exist 1864; incorporated with Russia 1868. Area. 49,159 square miles. Agriculture and cattle-breeding chief pursuits; 55 per cent of land arable. Has extensive forests: considerable mineral wealth. 3fanufnctures employed 153,360 persons value textiles produced, 1898, 829.113.500. Population. 9.455.913 cent Poles, 14 percent Jews: prevailing religion Roman Catholic. Government administered by Governor-general having supremecon- trol in civil and military affairs. Warsaw, capital-.population, (.33,209 FINIjAN I). -Grand-duchy, ceded to Russia by Sweden 1809. Area, 144,255 square miles. Agriculture and cattle-breeding chief pursuits. Forests cover 50.498.OOO acres; timber export. 189«, 8i5.sso.ooo. [Ylanufactures, 1895, employed 65,250 persons. Valueof products, 836,563,665. Population. 2,520.437-86 per cent Finns. 13 per cent Swedes. Education very advanced, only .04 per cent children of school age without instruction, 1896. Lutheran religion predom- inates. Executive government vested in a Senate, composed of members appointed by Crown under presidency of Governor-general. Helsingfors, capital; population, 77,414. SWEDEN — NORWAY. SWEDEN. Swe'-den. Historical.— Ancient inhabitants — Finns— driven northward by Scandinavians and Goths. Early historv obscure. Christianity Intro- duced about 1000 A. D. Regular government established 1279. Sweden, Denmark, and Norway united in one kingdom, 1397; independence re- covered 1521. Reformation 1527. Gustavua Adolphus bead of P taut cause in Germany 1628. Conspicuous in European politics through- out 17th century. Norway united to Sweden 1814. A rea. Etc.— Area. 172,876 suuare miles. Surface, an inclined plain sloping toward Baltic Sea. diversified by narrow valleys and lakes; culminating point, Kebnekaisse, 7,192 feet Principal rivers: Dal, Gotba. Nearly one-tenth of area covered by lakes; largest, Wener, Wetter. Climate healthful; range of temperature betwi en winter and sum- mer, wide. Rainfall heaviest near coast. Mean temperature Stock- holm, January, 26 deg.; July, 61 de.tr.; year. 41.4 des.- rainfall, 16.4 inches. Jockmock. February, 6 deg.: July, 58.2 deg.; year. 29 3 deg. Agriculture. Etc. About 8 per cent of land area cultivated; 47 per cent forest. Value cereals 1897, s71,6O1.00O. Chief crops: Oats, 56,- 666,225 bushels; rye, 22,870,100; barley, 13.861.375; wheat. 4.43 i>nn; pota- toes, 54,374,375. Live stock: Horses, 512,406: cattle, 2,554.577; sheep, 1,298,732; pigs, 788,736. Forests of pine, fir, larch, etc.: products form staple export. Jttannfactares.— Most flourishing connected with iron, timber, sugar, cotton. Pig iron 1896. 4^7,147 tons; bar iron, 321,615: lead, 1,674. Commerce.— Imports 1896, .{-96,744,970. Textiles. #2o,S27.200; coal, etc.. * 12. 18 1.000: metal goods. Sll.864,130; cereals, flour, $10,327,230. Ex- ports, $91,876,420. Timber. $41,064,490; animals, §17.369.840: metals, etc., $14,083,980 Merchant marine 2,769 vessels of 496,819 tons. Entered pons, 32,711 vessels of 7.051.424 tons. Minerals.— Country rich in minerals. Output of iron ore, 1896, 20,038,094 tons; silver and lead, 15,381; copper, 27,315; zinc, 44.041; coal, 225.878; gold, silver, lead, manganese, zinc nickel, cobalt, also occur. Population in 1897, 5,009.632; per square mile. 28.7. Inhabitants, except 24,548 foreign born, 19,505 Finns, and 6,846 Lapps, all Swedes. Cities. -sto<:khotm, capital; commercial auu industrial center; popu- lation 288,602. Gothenburg, principal port; 120,552 Railways, Etc.— Miles of railway 1897, 6.350; State, 2,283. State telegraph 1896, 5,398 miles, private lines, 2,883 miles. Education. Etc.— Elementary education free and compulsory. Schools 1896, 11,342; pupils, 730,259. Expenditures, s4.355.6S0. Less than .6 per cent of recruits illiterate. State religion. Lutheran, all others tolerated. Evangelical Lutherans, 4,735,218; other Protestants, 44,378. Government, Etc.— Constitutional Monarchy. Executive vested in King and Council of State. Legislative in Parliament of two Houses. Standard of value, gold. Army, 3,728 officers, 35,500 men. NORWAY. Nor'-wa. Historical.— Aboriginal inhabitants, Lapps and Finns, early con- quered or expelled by Germanic Goths. Native kings ruled -. Christianity introduced 998. Reign of Canute 1028-1035. Subject to Sweden 1319; to Denmark 1380; united with both 1397. Union with Sweden 1814; nobility abolished 1822. Area, Etc.— Area. 124,445 square miles. Surface, a serlesof ele- vated plateaus: elevation of 57 per cent of area 1,000 feet or more (Gold- hoopinger), 8,540 feet. Coast indented by fjords and fringed wit'i is- lands: famous whirlpool, the Maelstrom, between two Lofoden Islands. Lakes number 30,000. Principal rivers: Glommen, Laagen, Oticrn. Climate dry and healthful: temperature modified by maritime situation. Rainfall abundant on coast, scanty in interior Mean tem- perature Chri8tiania, February, 23.7 deg ; July, 62.8 deg.; year, 41.6 deg.; rainfall, 22.7 Inches. Bergen, February 32.3 deg.; July, 58.5 deg.; year, 44.2 deg.: rainfall, 67.72 indie.-. Tromso, February, 24.9 deg.; July, 51.8 deg.; year, 36 deg.; rainfall, 35.9 inches. 304 V 305 306 EUROPE. Agriculture, Etc.— Unproductive area, 75 per cent of whole; forests, 22 per cent; cultivated, 3 per cent. Value of cereals 189 380,940; potatoes, *6,697,92o. Live stock L891: 1,006.499 cattle, 1 , 1 1 7,524 sheep, 170,134 reindeer. Estimated foresi area 26,320 Bquare u chiefly pine. Value timber exports 1897, 111,251,960. Fisheries constitutes leading industry; employed 113,227 persons 1896. Value of catch, 17,263,062. Commerce*— Imports 1897, 171,284,070. Breadstuffs,* 10331,630; lex- rues, ss,795,?on. Kxports, $I:;,I2:;,:J5h : Timber and wooden goods, $16,652, 060; animal products, si 1,531, 5311. Merchant marine 1898,7,147' of 1,552,199 tons, in 1896, 13,201 vessels of 2,906,946 tons entered. Population 1891, 2,(100,917; per square mile, 16.1. Number of Lapps, 20,786; Finns, 9,378. Cities.— < 'nristiania, capital chief city and seaport; population 1898, 203,337. Bergen, port, center of fishing industry; 53,684. Hamm northernmost town of Europe; 3,000. Railways, Etc.— .Miles of railway 1S97, 1,213, State, 1,120. State telegraph, 5,474 miles; railway telegraph, 1,172 miles. Education, Etc.— Primary education free and obligatory; expen- diture si, 796, 123. Elementary schools, 5,983; pupils. 311,346; expenditure 81,796,123. National church Evangelical Lutheran, all others tolerated. Government, Etc. Nominally a Constitutional Monarchy, virtu- ally a Republic. Executive represented by King and Council oi 5 Legislative vested In Storthing— 114 members-elected by the people. Standard of value, gold. Army 1894, 900 officers, 30,000 men. DENMARK. Den mark Historical.— First known inhabitants the Cimbri; expelled bv Jutes and Angles; latter succeeded by Danes in 5th century. Viking age— 700-1050— included reign of Canute the Great, King of Denmark, Nor- way, and England 1029-1035. Denmark mistress of the Baltic 1157-1227. Denmark one kingdom with Norway and Sweden 1397-1412. Lost Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg 1864. Area, Etc.— Area, 15,289 square miles. Surface low, undulating plains diversified by heaths, marshes, and lakes; highest altitude 560 feet. Numerous short streams; Guden longest. Climate tempered by maritime situation. Mean temperature Copenhagen, January, 31 deg.; July. 63 deg. , year, 44 deg.; rainfall, 21.5 inches. Agriculture.— Productive area 80 per cent, 6 percent forest, re- mainder arable, pasture, and meadow land. In 1896 2,876,000 acres under grain; under clover, 656,600 acres; meadow, 2,247,000. Value of crops 1897, $86,354,870. Oats, 34,140,000 bushels; barley, 18,580,000: rye, 17.370,000; wheat, 3,368.000; potatoes, 19,550,000. Daises more live stock in propor- tion to its size than any other European country. Number horses 1896, 410,639; cattle, 1,696.190; sheep, 1,246,552; swine. 829,131. Hairy interests enormous and constantly increasing. Leading export, butter manufactures include spirits, beet sugar, bricks, pottery, ma- chinery, tobacco, and gloves. In 1897, distilleries produced 3,586,000 gallons alcohol; breweries 1S96, 50,370,000 gallons of beer; beet sugar factories, 48,345 tons of sugar. Fisheries employ 32,912 persons. Commerce.— Imports 1897, $112,535,380; textiles. 813,317.550; metals and hardware, s8.765.817; cereals. 516,426,250. Exports >^.:x\6is. butter, eggs, lard, etc., S51, 197,126; animals, 87,469.000 .Merchant marine. 3,696 vessels, 356.108 tons In 1S97, 32.036 vessels of 2.712.224 tons entered. Population 1890, 2,185.335; of Denmark proper 96.61 percent horn in Denmark. Foreign-born only about 3 per cent of whole. Cities.— Copenhagen, capital, commercial center and chief seaport; population, 375.251; Aarhux, 33.308; Orterase, 30,277. Railways. Etc.— Railway lines 1897, 1,532 miles; State, 1,087 miles. State telegraph lines, 2,988 miles. Education, Etc. — Education widely diffused. Elementary instruc- tion free and compulsory. Number of schools, 2,940; pupils, 231,940. Established church Lutheran, all other creeds tolerated. In 18902,154,- 484 Lutheran adherents, Jews numbered 4,080; Catholics. 3/47. Government, Etc.— Constitutional Monarchy. Executive vested in King and Council. Legislative in King and Riksdag or Diet con. jointly. Standard of value, gold. Army 1899, 800 officers, 9,000 men. THE BALKAN STATES. 307 THE BALKAN STATES. RODIAN'IA consists of the Danubian principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, united 18®; union publicly proclaimed 1861; indepei from Turkey confirmed 1878; raised to a kingdom 1881. Area, square miles. Greater part of country level; western district hilly or mountainous, with extensive forest!*. Area of crown forests, 2,301 270 acres; products yield $467,600 yearly. Danube Delta within Roumania- country; well watered by its tributaries Climate one of extremes and wide range. Extremes ou plains % deg. and-18 deg.; mean for year 52.9 deg.; summer 72.5 deg.: winter 27.5 deg.; rainfall averag inches yearly. Agriculture employs 70 per cent of population; of total area 68 per cent productive. Principal products, 1897: Corn and Wheat, 112,630.650 bushels; other grains, 36,701,225 bushels. Wine, 5,491,- 860 gallons; tobacco, 8.356,950 pounds. Colza, flax, and hemp also grown Livestock. i s 97: Horses, 670,909; cattle. 2,138,315; sheep. 6>47.vir,- swine. 1,079,312. Country rich in minerals, deposits chiefly in Car- pathians; coal and petroleum worked: salt a State monopoly. 3Ianu- faetures include paper, cement, sugar, woolens, and leather, im- ports, IS97, $71.15*;, 40 i; chiefly textiles, metals, and metal goods. Exports, $14,836,000; in 1897 cereals constituted 82 per cent of exports. Popula- tion estimated at 5.Si>0.000, comprising about 4,500,000 Roumanians 300,000 Jews. 200,000 Gypsies, 50,000 Bulgarians, 20,000 Greeks Bucharest, capital and center of trade, 232,000 inhabitants. Jassy, for- mer capital of .Moldavia, seat of Greek archbishop and Roman Catholic bishop; population 66,000. Gal ate on Danube, chief port of Roumania; population 57,000. Railways State property; 1,800 miles open in 1898. Telegraph lines, 4,290 miles 1897. Education backward: free and com- pulsory where schools exist. Pupils in primary schools, I ■ school" expenditure. $1,828,105. Language a Latin dialect with many Slavonic words. Predominating religion, Creek orthodox: esti- mated adherents, 4,950,000; Roman Catholics, loO.oio; Protestants. . Armenians, 15,0)0; .lews, 300,000; Mohammedans. 2n-30,(\0. Govern- ment vested in King assisted by a Council of State, a Senate— 120 members, and Chamber of Deputies. Public debt. $224,969,905. Every Roumanian between the ages of twenty-one and forty-six liable to military service. Strength of army, 3,478 officers, 56,489 men. Navy, 22 vessels. BULGA K I A colonized by Bulgarians, a Slavonic tribe, 6th century; during 9th-10th century, and again in 12th, ihcir rule extended over nearly all of Balkan Peninsula: annexed to ottoman Empire 1396. By Treaty of Berlin 1S7S, constituted an autonomous principality under suzerainty of Turkey: Eastern Ronmelia, now South Bulgaria, incor- porated with State 1885. Area., 37,060 square miles. Balkans ti country from east to west; country north chiefly a plain. Climate characterized by wide range of temperature and abrupt chant deg. to -2 at Sofia). Agriculture occupation of live-sevenths of population, soil generally fertile; wheat principal crop; wine, tobacco, silk, also produced; roses largely cultivated ou southern slopes o kan>: attar of roses largely manufactured. Livestock. 1893: Sheep, 7.2211.256; goats, 1,263,772: cattle, 1,767,974; Bwine, 461,725. Leading manu- factures, textile.-., cigars, cigarettes. Domestic products include carpets, trimmings, ribbons, and hosiery. Commerce largely in hands of Greeks, Austrians, Roumanians. Principal item, wheat; other exports include live stock, woolens, attar of roses, and skins. Value of exports. $11,958,102. Imports, $16,798,847; inosl important are textiles, metal goods, and machinery. Minerals belong to ■ iron exists in large quantities; also gold, silver, n ipper. and salt. Over 35,300,000 cubic feel of stone quarried annually. Coal mines at Pernik worked bv government. Salt deposits near B yield 12,000 tons annually. Population. 1893, 3,309.816, comprised 2,504,- 336 Bulgarians, 569,728 Turks, 60,018 Greeks. 51.754 Gypsies. Capital, Sofia: population 16759.1. Philippovolis, founded 340 B C.byPhillpIl of Macedon, former capital of Eastern Rouinella; population. I Ruxtchuk. fortified town on Danube; has arsenal, port. and royal palace; population, 37,171. Railways open, 1898, 612 miles; undi Hon, 157. Telegraph, 1897, 3,250 miles, [n 1891 tons entered ports. Elementary education free, nominally obllga- :;us w °i % w H 3 3 fc s rt o H s < § CO A Li. 2 o < i * w to u 1 w J w O to 309 310 EUROPE. tory; primary schools. L896, 1,585, with 847,605 pupils. National church, Orthodox Greek; adherents, 1893, 2,606,786; Roman Catholics, 22,617; Armenian Gregorians, 6,643; Protestants, 2,884. Government a con- stitutional monarchy vested In a Prince, Council of Ministers, and a Sohranje, or National Assembly. Military service obligatory from age of twenty; about 16,000 recruits drafted annually; Mohammedans may purchase exemption. Strength of army, 39,300 men. Navy, 13 v< SEI1VIA settled by Serbs, 7th century; conquered by Turks, 1459; ceded to Austria, 1718; regained by Turks, 1739; Independence practi- cally established, 1829; recognized, 1878; proclaimed a kingdon Area, 19,050 square miles. Surface largely mountainous; Morava, largest river; Danube forms northern boundary. Forests still exten- sive: are under government supervision; vast quantities cask staves exported to France and Austria. Climate healthful and invigorating but inclined to continental extremis. Agriculture chief industry; 56 per cent of area productive 1893. Corn and wheat leading crops; yield, 1893, 18,078,347 bushels; other grain, 7.099,900 bushels; tobacco, 3,- 292.2S6 pounds; hemp, 10,969,500 pounds; flax, 1,237,226 pounds; wine, 9,261,516 gallons; fruit, chiefly plums, 828.508 tons. Large areas under pasture; rearing of live stock greatest industry. Live stock, 1896: Horses, 169,928; cattle, 922,399; sheep, 3,094,206; buffaloes, 7.471; swine, 9U4.416. manufactures include flour, carpets, beer, tile, and glass. Value goods produced in 131 establishments, 1893, $435,400. Com- merce chiefly with Austria-Hungary. Imports, 1897, $9,062,764, prin- cipals textiles, hides, and skins; exports, Sll,os7,996 — 82 per cent ani- mals and agricultural products. Mineral deposits valuable; include coal, copper, zinc, lead, gold, silver, iron, and Qil shales. Population, 2.312,484; about 90 per cent Servians; other Slavs, 3,731; Roumanians, 159,510; Gvpsies, 46,212; Jews, 5,048. Servians outside of Servia number about i.iiio.iin;!. Bil.qrude, capital; population, 59,494. Length of rail- ways. 1897, 354 miles; telegraph lines, 2,522 miles. Elementary instruc- tion compulsory; all schools under Ministry of Education, including university, free; elementary schools 1894, 914; pupils, 77,175: attendance compulsory. State religion; Greek Orthodox; adherents numbered 2,281,018 in 1895; Roman Catholics, 1891, 11,596; Protestants, 1.149; .lews, 4,652; Mohammedans. 16,764. Government administered by King, council of 8 ministers, and National Assembly of Deputies. Public debt, §81,907.500. Military service compulsory between the ages of twenty-one and forty-eight. Army, 1897, consisted of 1,248 officers, 21.200 men. War strength 353,366 men— regular army 160,751; national militia 192,615. MONTENEGRO originally peopled by Servians who refused to acknowledge supremacy of Turkey, 13S9; claimed independence and waged war against the Turks over 400 years; absolute independence of principalis acknowledged and territory doubled by Treaty of Berlin, 1878. Area, 3,680 square miles. Country consists of a series of ele- vated ridges with lofty mountain peaks; originally co\ ered with dense pine forests, hence Montenegro '"Black Mountain." Forests of beech, oak, and conifers occupy large part of uncultivated area. Mean annual temperature ranges from 61 deg. at Dulcigno, on the coast, to 28.5 deg. on eastern plateau. Agricultural methods primitive: principal crops, corn, tobacco, oats, and barley: on the coast belt and in the low, warm valleys vine and olive cultivated: also fig, pomegranate, almonds; in more elevated districts the temperate fruits. Live Stock raised extensively; sheep and goats number 500,000; cattle. 60,000; swine. 8,000; -. 3,i oo. Manufactures include only coarse woolens and other art icles for home consumption. Exports, 1897, about $25u,000; imports, 867,500. Population. 22sj 00, almost entirely of Servian descent. Cap- ital. OtiariP: population 2.920; Podgoritea, fortified town: population 6,534. Dulcigno. fortified coast town: seat of Roman Catholic bishop; population 5,000. Length of telegraph, 400 miles. Education free and compulsory; elementary schools. 10; pupils, 3,300. Church nomin- allv independent of State. Number of Orthodox Greek churches. 177; adherents, 201.067: Mohammedan. 19-13.840; Roman Catholic, 13-12.924. Government an independent principality exercised under patriarchal conditions: Prince assisted by Council and Ministry. No standing army; ah able-bodied inhabitants trained as soldiers and liable to service. Mohammedans exempt from military service upon payment of capita tion tax. TURKEY IN EUROPE. 311 TURKEY IN EUROPE. Historical.— Peopled originally by Tartars, founders of Empire in Asia Minor under Ottoman 1299; most of Balkan Peninsula conquered "14th century; Constantinople taken 1453: zenith of power under Solyman 1520-66. Repulse toeforc Vienna 1683. War with Russia, 1876, resulted disastrously to Turkey; by Treaty of Berlin, ! - us of Empire greatly reduced. As a result of the late war with Greece Turkey receives $20,000,000 indemnity. Area, Etc.— Area of Empire, including States nominally si 1,576,077 square miles; of Turkey in Europe, 62 744 -quire miles. Sur- face mountainous; chief ranges, Balkans. Pindus, and Dinaric Alps; culminating point, Shar-Dagh, 9,800 feet. Chief rivers, Danube, Maritza, and vardar; lakes, Scutari and Othrida. Climate generally warm and delightful; subject to extremes in mountainous regions; winter range, 32-43 deg.; summer, 71.5-82.5 dcg. Rainfall, 28.40 inches. Mean temperature Constantinople. February, 41.7 deg.; July, 73.9 deg.; year, 57.6 deg. Rainfall, 28.23 in< Agriculture, Etc.— Agricultural methods primitive: soil fertile. Estimated area under cultivation, Ottoman Empire, 44.tM),uiu acres; under forests, 21,000,000 acres -3,500,000 in European Turkey. Principal products, fruits, nuts, tobacco, cereals, cotton, coffee, madder, opium, gums, valonia. Wine product, 22,000,000 gallons annually; silk ci 1-^7. 9,922,500 lbs.; oil of roses, 4,410 lbs. Value Bosporus fisheries, S 1,215,0)0; Mediterranean coast produces sponges; Red Sea, mother-of- pearl; Persian Gulf, pearls. Manufactures.— Rugs made on hand looms largely exported; brass and copper utensils and paper and glass manufactured to limited extent. Commerce. -Imports, 1S98, $116,980,200; exports. §66.825,000. Lead- ing imports, 1895: Textiles, $16,382,971; sugar, $6,480,890; cereals, flour, $9,664,150; coffee, $4,210,984; quilts. $5,604,330; cotton yarn, $3,9 Beading exports: Grapes. $7,278,33 .>; other fruits, $4,203,490; silk, $5,568,- 580; cocoons, 81,912,360: olive oil. $2,572,580; mohair. -:■■.";,..' . opium, 82,522,630. Tobacco. 1893, 30,486,370 lbs. Merchant marine. is'.ts ; i.i::i; vessels of 299,445 tons. There were 1S8,033 vessels of 38,409,144 tons entered the ports. Minerals include copper, lead, silver, iron, manganese chrome, bitumen, sulphur, salt, alum. Coal abundant but little worked. Min- ing laws restrictive. Population of Empire, 38,790,736; of Turkey in Europe, 5,711,000. Turks, Greeks, Albanians, equally numerous, constitute 70 per cent of total; other races, Serbs, Bulgarians, Roumanians, Armenians, Mag- yars, Gypsies, .Jews, and Circassians. Cities,— Constantinople, capital, chief port and commercial center; contains mosque of St. Sophia, built 558 A. D.; royal palace, univer- sity, libraries, etc.; population, 873,565. Salonica, second in size; popu- lation, 150,000. Adriatiople, center of large trade and manufactures, 70,881 . Railways, Etc.— Railways in operation within Ottoman Empire, 1897, 2,5 12 miles. Telegraph lines, 21,800 miles. Education, Etc.— Education encouraged by Koran; public schools established in most towns; colleges with libraries attached to prin- cipal mosques afford limited instruction. Free elementary school at- tached to mosque.-. ti8). Mohammedans constitute one-half popula- tion; other officially recognized religions, Roman Catholic, * Armenian, Syrian and United Chaldean. Maronite, Protestant, Jewish. Government, Etc.— Fundamental laws based on precepts of Koran; will of Sultan absolute, if not in opposition to .Mohammedan creed. Legislative and executive authority exercised under supreme direction of Sultan by head of temporal government -(.rand Vizier, and head of church — Sheik ul-Islam. total debt, $684,589,000. Gold standard of value. Military Bervice compulsory on all Mohammedan subjects; other inhabitants pay exemption tax. Strength of army, 700,620 officers and men. Navy, 50 vessels, 390 officers, 39,000 men. 312 EUROPE. GrliEECE. Gres. Historical.— Name derived from Graecus, an ancient king. Authentic history begins 776 B. C. Period of greatest power 5th cen- tury B. C. Became province of Roman Empire 146 B. < .: of Byzantine Empire 395 A. D. Conquered by Turks, 1456; Incorporated with Turkish Empire 16th century. Independence regained 1821-29; declared a king- dom under protection of Great Britain, France, Russia, 1830. War with Turkey, 189?, resulted in Greece accepting international control in financial affairs and the payment of large Indemnity to Turkey. Area) Etc.— Area, 25,014 square miles. Including islands, 3,149 square miles; divided among 16 provinces. Surface mountainous throug highest peak, Nkiona, 8,240 feet; most celebrated, Mt. l'arnassus, 8,065 feet. Principal rivers: Rhouphia, Salambria, Aspro, Vasllo. Climate. — Chief characteristics, moderate temperature and dry summers; during summer rainfall at Athens less than four-fifths of an inch. Mean temperature Athens, January, 4U.4 deg.; July, 8<>. • year, 63.1 deg. Rainfall, 15.04 inches. Corfu, January, 50 8 deg.; July, 80 deg.; year, 64.5 deg. Eainfall, 46.5 inches. Agriculture, Etc.— Country mainly agricultural; soil unusually fertile. Industry backward, owing to primitive methods. Productive area, 1893, 5.563,100 acres; pasture 5,000,000 acres. Principal crop-. Cereals, 20,250,000 bushels — wheat leads in importance, 7,000.000; cur- rants most widely cultivated and most successful crop. \ ield 3" pounds; figs, 60,000,000; olives, 15,000,000; tobacco, 16."u0,000. Silk cul- ture followed in Messenia; product, 1897. 330,750 pounds of co 17,640 pounds of silk. Live stock, 1892: Sheep, 2,900,000; cattle, 360,000; horses, 100,000. Forests cover 2,025,400 acres. Manufactures.— Wine and olive oil industries most important; wine product, 1893, 66,O0O,i ! OO gallons; powder and dynamite mills, 1896, produced 842 tons powder, 112 tons dynamite; soap factories, 8,240 tons olive soap; 27 smelting furnaces at work, 1897. Other manufactures in- clude engines, glass, leather, flour, textiles, and spirits. Commerce.— Imports, 1897, $21,944,212; exports, *15,500,942. Leading imports: Cereals, textiles, coal; exports, currants, §6,113,600; ores, $3,730,400; wine, $1,094,620. Merchant marine, 1898, 1,270 vessels of 326,041 tons. During year 4,560 vessels of 2,491,522 tons entered the ports. Minerals.- Marketable ores, 1897: Manganese iron, 192,789 tons; hematite, 136,811; zinc, 24,830; lead, various forms, 3S,235. Populatiou, 1896, 2,433,806— about 2,200,000 Greeks, 100,000 Albanians; in Ottoman Empire 5,900,000 Greeks, making total of race 8,100,000. . Cities. — Athens, capital, is becoming industrial center. Contains ancient acropolis or citadel with ruins of Parthenon and Erechtheum; Academy of Sciences, modern; palace: government buildings; univer- sity and museum of rare antiquities; population 111,486. Pirceus, port 42,1"" vays, Etc.— Railways in op struction, 300. Telegraph lines— land and submarine— 1896, 5,0S7 miles. of Athens; chief seaport; population Railways, Etc.— Railways in operation, 1898, 591 miles; under con- Educatiou, Etc.— Elementary education compulsory; law not strictly enforced; of army recruits 30 per cent are illiterate. Number elementary schools. 1892, 2,745; pupils, 139,3S5. State church Greek Ortho- dox; Patriarch of Constantinople nominal head; toleration granted all sects. Adherents of State Church, 1889, 1,902,800: other Christians, mainly Catholics, 14,677; Mohammedans, 24,165: Jews, 5,792. Government.— Executive power vested in King; legislative in single chamber, called Boule, composed of 207 elected representatives. Public debt, $139,052,890. Strength of army, 1896, 1,880 officers, 48,986 men. Navy, 45 vessels, 185 officers, 2,980 men. CRETE, ancient Caudia, island in Mediterranean, forms autono- mous province of Turkey. Area, 3,326 square miles. Surface moun- tainous (Mt. Ida 8,060 feet). Excessive summer heat tempered by north winds. One-third of area under cultivation. Products, olive oil, soap, wine, fruits, silk, etc.; honey of Mt. Ida celebrated. Popu- lation 294,190-200.000 Greek Orthodox, 88,000 Mohammedans. Official language Greek. Canea capital; population 22,000. Executive power vested in Governor, known as High Commissioner. Service in Muni- cipal Guard compulsory. ASIA. 313 ASIA. A'-shia. Historical. — Asia regarded as birthplace of mankind; region of Hindoo Koosh, according to oldest Asiatic Legends, first borne of man, Great religions of the world had their origin in Asia— Judaism, Christianity, and Mohammedanism among Semitic people; Zoroas- triauism, Brahmiuism, and Buddhism among Aryans. Continei of many ancient civilizations. Chinese claim an antiquity o rears B. C. Assyrian and Babylonian empires, established by Semitic tribes in valleys of Tigris and Euphrates, constituted earliest civiliza- tion in Western Asia; annals dating from 2200 B. C. exist; zenith of power 6th and 7th centuries B. C. Rise of Mohammedan power 6tb century A. D.; climax under Harun-al-Rashid 9th century. Genghis Khan (Mongol) conquered Central Asia 1218-21; Kublai Khan estab- lished Mongol rule from Dneiper to Sea of Japan, Siberia to Malay Peninsula, 13th century. Ottoman Empire founded in Asia Minor 1288; Mogol Empire in India 1526. Beginning of British influence in Asia 17th century, greatly extended 1760-1858. Russian power dates from 16th century; now embraces more than one-third of continent. Politi- cal influence balanced by British supremacy in south, Russian in north. Area.— Total area. 17,074,050 square miles, or more than four times that of Europe; one-third total land area of globe; islands, i,o:;;i,sno square miles; peninsulas 3,300,000. Extreme length east and west, 5,990 miles; greatest breadth 5.360 miles. Physical Features. — Central Asia occupied by vast table-land of Thibet (9,000-16,000 feet) bounded on north by Kuenlun Mountains, on south by Himalayas 814 ASIA. Copper produced in China, India, and Japan; lead in China, Burma, Turkcv, Arabia, and Persia; gold and sliver In Siberia, India, China, Japan, Malay Peninsula, Persia, and Arabia. Precious stones widely distributed. Burma produces ones! rubles In the world, besides sap- pblres, Jade, amber, etc.; turquoises mined In Persia and Thibet: in Altai and Ural Mountains jasper, malachite, and beryl abound. Petro- leum, exported largely from Baku district, Caspian Sea, i- Important product of Burma, and occurs In Slain and Euphrates Valley. Salt abounds throughout Asia. Sulphur fouud In .Japan and Arabia. Kaolin . deposits in china and Japan furnish material for pottery. Population 1895 (estimated), 839,523,000, or more than half the Inhabitants of the globe. Population Irregularly distributed; bo nth- eastern portion of continent— about one-fourth total area— estimated to contain seven-eighths of entire Asiatic population. Average den- sity of remainder about 8 per square mile; parts in which greater den- sity exists, eastern skirts of central plateau and parts of Asia Minor. Religion*— Prevailing religions: Brahmlnlsm or Hindoolsm con- fined to India; Buddhism prevailing beyond the Ganges and In China, Japan, and Ceylon; Mohammedanism— in Western Asia. partly in India and Eastern Archipelago. Estimated number Hindoos, Buddhists, Confucians, etc.. 648,207,000: Mohammedans, 151,328,000; Christians, 26,493,000 (11,797.000 in Asiatic Russia): Jews. 253,0H>: others, 13,243,000. Race.- Inhabitants usually grouped in three classes: Mongolian race, including peoples of China. Thibet, Indo-China, parts of Siberia. and dominant people of Turkey; Aryan race, embracing pe< Hindoostan, Afghanistan, Baluchistan. Persia. Caucasus, besides Rus- sians, Greeks, Armenians, etc., in Siberia; and Semitic race, including Syrians, Arabians, Jews. Malays only in Malacca Peninsula. Government.— Political divisions comprise three empires -China, Korea, Japan: two absolute monarchies— Persia and Siam: the mon- archy of Afghanistan; two independent States— Nepal and Bhotan; and Russian, British, Turkish, Dutch, French, American, and Portuguese possessions. SIBERIA* an extensive territory belonging to Russian Empire. Area, 4,833,496 square miles. Surface presents mountains, plateaus, fertile plains, and treeless tundras; chief rivers, Obi, Yenisei, and Lena, important channels of communication and trade; lakes numerous, Baikal largest. Climate severe: winter? everywhere cold; Bummers hot; mean temperature Verkhoiansk,pole of cold for Asia. January, -56 deg.; July, 60 cleg.; year, 2 deg., Blagovestchensk, January, -13 cleg.; July, 72 deg.; year, 32 deg. Agriculture successfully carried on below 62d parallel; prairies of southwest. Altai valleys, and Baraba Steppe granaries of Siberia; cattle-breeding widelv followed. Manu- factures and mining backward; 1,034,000 ounces gold extracted, 208,000 ounces silver: lead, copper, iron, coal mined in small quantities; salt abundant: precious stones obtained. Imports chiefly manufac- tured goods and groceries: exports live-stock products and furs. Population, 5.727,09<>, including 3.760,1 >hi Russians. 2S4.00O Kalmucks, 230,000 Yakutes. 110.000 Tartars, 7S,"00 Lapps. Finns, etc., 50,000 Mongols, 10,000 Jews: annual immigration from Russia about 100,000; exiles 20,000. Trans-Siberian railway built by Russian government at cost of 8150,- 000,000, practically completed to Stretinsk, the terminus. 4,600 miles from St. Petersburg. Connects at Kidalova with Chinese Eastern rail- wav. building rapidly through Manchooria to Port Arthur Tomsk, commercial and intellectual capital of West Siberia; population 52,430; Irkutsk, capital of East Siberia. 51.434. BOKHARA.— Russian vassal State In Central Asia, ruled by Ameer. Area, about H2,IK'0 square miles. Western part lowland; mid- dle and eastern parts mountainous. Climate varied. Products are corn, fruit, silk, tobacco, and hemp. Sheep, horses, and camels bred. Minerals include gold. salt. alum, and sulphur Chief exports silk, cotton, rugs, furs. etc. Population, about 2,500,000. Bokhara, capi- tal, about 75,000 inhabitants. Religion Mohammedan. KHIVA. — Russian vassal State in Central Asia, ruled by Khan. Area, 22,320 square miles ; oasis watered by canals. 5.210 square miles, rest steppe. Fertile districts produce grain, cotton, mulberries (for silkworms), fruits and melons. Exports cotton. Estimated popu- lation, 700,000, largely Turkomans. Mohammedanism prevails. Khiva, capital; population 5,000. V TURKEY IN ASIA. 3JS TURKEY IN ASIA. Area. Divisions, Etc — Area, RKXOffJ square miles, comprising: Asia Minor, lWjcftte; Armenia and Kurdistan, 12,491; Mesopotamia 100,205; Syria — including Palestine -109,509; Arabia, 173,700. Country divided into vilayets or pashaliks, under same general government as Turkey tn Europe. Physical Features, Etc.— Characteristic features: Elevated plateau of Asia Minor extending eastward into the highlands of Ar- menia and Kurdistan (Mount Ararat, 16,920 feet); narrow plateau of Syria traversed by two principal mountain chains- the .Mount Lebanon of the Bible: vast plains of the Euphrates and Tigris; and the West- ern Highlands of Arabia, chief rivers, Euphrates and Tigris; Jordan most 'famous. Forest area. lT.r.Hn.nuii acres. Ash. evergreen, oak, beech, planes, etc , ou mountains of Asia Minor; Lebanon Mountains chiefly wooded with pines, oak, sycamore, and oleander. Climate generally warm and pleasant but varies greatly owing to inequalities of elevation. Extremes of Armenian table-land severe: similar differences, less marked, in interior of Asia .Minor. Season- of rain and drought occur regularly. Agriculture, Ere. Soil of Asia Minor and valleys of Lebanon ex- tremely fertile. Chief p oducts, tobacco, cereals, cotton, hemp, flax, and fruits— oranges, dates, raisins, figs, almonds, etc Silkworms largely raised; cocoons produced, 1896, 11,849,461 pounds; value, $2,71"v 585. Horses, cattle, sheep, and angora goats reared in large numbers. Camel ordinary beast of burden. Wool produced, 1896, 39,000,000 pounds. Fisheries yield pearls, mother-of-pearl, and sponges. Manufactures mostly domestic; include saddlery, swords, fire- arms, leather, coarse linen, woolen ajid cotton goods shawls, carpets, wine, silver and gold thread and laces; gold and silver filigree and embroidery made by women. Commerce. — Chief imports, coal, provisions, clothing, cereals, ironware, oils, etc.; exports, grapes, wine, mohair, barley, cocoons, opium, coffee, madder, valonia, etc. Value of imports, 1897, $37,023,013; exports, $27,976,798. Minerals include coal, iron, copper, alum, silver, had, emery, chrome, and asbestos, and rock salt in Armenia and Asia Minor. Mineral riches practically untouched. Population. 16.823,50.1; Asia Minor, 9,238,900; Armenia and Kurdis- tan, 2,472,4130; Mesopotamia, 1,35J,300: Syria, 2,711,900; Arabia, 1,050,000. Turku, 6,800,000; Syrians and Arabs, 5.300,000; Greeks, 1,000.000. Cities.— Smyrna, chief seaport; commercial center of the Levant; seat of archbishoprics of Greek Orthodox, Soman Catholic, and Armenian churches; population. 200.000. Hugdad, numerous manufac- tures ; important transit trade; 145.00a Aleppo, extensive commerce and manufactures: 127,000. Beirut, fortified seaport; good export trade; chiefly silks; 130,000. Railways.— First railway m Asiatic Turkey completed 1861; mile- age, 1897, 1,496. SAMOS.— Island principality off the coast of Asia Minor, under sovereignty of Turkey. Important center of Greek commerce, civil- ization, and art, 6th century B. C. Area I s " square miles. Surface mountainous; valleys extremely fertile. Climate dry and bracing. Products, wine, olive oil, grapes, and hides. Rich mines and quarries exist. Population 51,7 15- Greels Christians. Vathy capital. ARABIA most westerly of the three great peninsulas of Asia. Area estimated al 1,2 10,00 > square miles ; one-third sandy desert. Sur- face largely a table laud: average elevation, 3,500 feet; highest eleva- tions in mountains of Oman in southeasl 19,900 feet) and Mt. Slnal (8.535 feet i in northwest. Numerous oases in Interior. No permanent rivers. Climate our of driest in the world; some parts entirely rainless. Heat of plains excessive; mountainous regions of STemen and Iladramaut temperate; winters of elevated regions of NTeJd rigor- ous. Agricultural methods rude. Most fertile tracts In southwest. In Yemen. Products Include dates, cereals, bananas, tamarinds, and in southwest coffee, sugar, cotton, spices, drugs, gums, and r< / 316 -o' c •'-:; Scale of Statute Miles. 0100200 400 GOO 800 100 0. Copyright, 1904. liyTRana,3Ic.S"ally & Co. 50° B ::i . ■**• -^ r..v. -- ._ - " 'UriA. - /,.^ itir~5k " M D N ^...rrri" . . » « K*5^S^ A-^-aTT <*;-0-- f*_-. \ /^ c "j 6 * " Pondicherry (Fr.) : U „ K»rikal(Fr?)_J- ■ g&ndy 5/Ceylon d* **£ Ut^ « from Greenwich. *«/> S 1 *^ D90° / 318 ASIA. Interior plateau of the Nejd famous for its horses and camels. Man- ufacl hits consist of hair tent-covers and bags and coarse linen and woolen fabrics woven by Bedouin women, lias large trade by caravan and sea from surrounding country. Minerals include silver, lead, iron, sulphur, and precious stones. Population 5,000,000; about one- fifth Bedouins or true Arabs, tent dwellers. Principal seaports Jeddah in Kl Hejaz on Red Sea, population about 30,000; Maskat, In Oman. largest town in Arabia, key to Persian Gulf; Aden, controlled by Brit- ish, key to Red Sea; Hodeidah on Red Sea, port of Sana, latter largest town In Yemen, center of great coffee district. Within the Turkish province of El Heiaz lie the holy cities of the Mohammedans: Mecca the birthplace and Medina the burial place of the prophet. Po- litically Peninsula of Sinai belongs to Egypt; El Heiaz and Yemen on the Red Sea, and El Hasa on the Persian Gulf vilayets of Turkey; Aden in the south a British possession since 1839: remainder of coun- try under independent rulers. Oman an independent sultanate in the southeast and Iladramaut in south principal independent powers; Nejd or Central Arabia under influence of Wahhabees. CYPRUS.- Island in Mediterranean 60 miles west of Asia Minor; under British administration; annual tribute to Turkey, $464,000. Area 3,584 square miles. Surface mountainous. Climate generally healthful. Soil fertile. Products, corn, cotton, linseed, olives, raisins, fruit, silk, wines, etc. Valuable sponge fisheries off coast. Popu- lation 209,286, mainly Greek Christians. Kicosia capital; population 12 515. PERSIA. Per-sha Historical.— Territory includes greater part of ancient Iran, be- lieved to be first home of Aryan races. Kingdom founded by Cyrus 6th century B. C; overthrown by Alexander 334; era of Seleucides fol- lowed. Parthian supremacy about 250. Second Persian empire 226 A. D.; climax of power 7th century. Conquered by Mohammedan Arabs 641. Came under Seljukes 1038; Kharesmians 1194. Taken by Mongols under Genghis Kahn 1223; ravaged by Timur 1399. Sun" dynasty 1501. Nadir Shah conquered India 1739. Reigning Turkoman dynasty founded 1795. War with England 1856. Area, 628,000 square miles divided into thirty-three provinces; length north to south, 700 miles; east to west, 900. Physical Features. — Surface an elevated plateau (6,000 to 8,500 feet) bordered on north, west, and south by lofty mountains. Interior plateau largely an arid, treeless desert. Elburz Mountains north (Mt. Demavend, 18.600 feet). Karun chief river. Uruiniah, in northwest, larg- est lake. Maritime plains and mountain slopes clothed with line forests. Trees embrace all varieties common to Europe, except conifers. Climate subject to extremes; Mountain valleys mild and delightful. Plains along Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea hot and unhealthful. Rain- fall low; air generally dry and pure. * Agricultural and pastoral pursuits chief industries. Valleys and plains of the Karun extremely fertile. In northwest, wheat, barley, maize, tobacco, cotton, tropical nuts and fruits are grown. Rice- largest crop in Caspian provinces -sugar, opium, silk, dyes and drugs important crops. Grapes trrown largely for raisins and wine. Wines of Shiraz, Ispahan, and other districts famous. Fruits common to temperate regions produced in profusion. Persian wheat crop, 1S97, 20,000,000 bushels; annual yield of silk. 606,100 pounds. Numerous mules, horses, sheep, and goats; wool one of most valuable products. Manufactures include shawls, carpets, dyes, wine, sugar, leather, opium, silks, felts, copper and brass wares, glazed tiles, etc.; mosaic work in bone and ivory, and enameling on metal done in Shiraz. Commerce centers largely at Tabriz, Teheran, and Ispahan. Im- ports chiefly textiles, glass, carriages, petroleum, sugar, tea. coffee, and drugs. Estimated value of imports and exports 1^97-S. ?4o,000,000. Spun and floss silk exported from Resht district, 1S97, 611,760 pounds, value $669,658; dried cocoons, 390,000 pounds, value $160,380; opium, PERSIA — AFGHANISTAN. 319 $3,&45,000; carpets, $6S0,400. Annual export of tobacco, 5,500 tons; cot- ton, 9,934,400 pounds: wool. 7,714,000 pounds; other exports, dried fruits. silk, pearls, turquoises. HI iuerals.— Turquoise mines, Khorassan, yield 840,000 annually Coal mined on Elburz slopes; lead in Ispahan-, marble quarried at Azerbijan; petroleum abundant near Caspian Sea. Gold, copper, sil- ver, lead, tin, sulphur, iron, manganese, and nickel occur; salt, borax, and alum also produced. Pearl fisheries of Persian Gulf richest in the world. Population (estimated), 1S97, 9,000,000 (Europeans, 800); Nomads include 260,100 Arabs, 720,000 Turks, 6?5,000 Kurds and Leks, 20,600 Baluchis and Gypsies, and 234,000 Lurs. Cities.— Teheran, capital since close of ISth century, contains royal palace and palaces of Persian nobility; has well furnished shops and bazaars; population, 210,000. Tabriz, chief commercial center; contains citadel and famous " Blue Mosque": population, 180,000. Ispahan -ur- rounded by famous orchards and gardens; trade second only to Tabriz: 80,0-30. Railway.— 6 miles -between Teheran and Abdulazim. Telegraph line, 4,150 miles (3,400 belong to Government). Edncatiou.— Majority of inhabitants taught only to read the Koran. Colleges supported by public funds afford instruction in religion, Arabic and Persian literature, etc.; numerous schools for children. Polvtechnic school opened in Teheran 1849. Military colleges at Teheran and Tabriz. Religion.— Mohammedans predominate. Persian Mohammedans about 8,000,000. Sunnis — Turkish Mohammedans - 800,000; Jews, 25,000; Armenians, 45,000; ^estorians, 25,000. Govern meut an absolute monarchy under a hereditary Shah. Laws of country based upon precepts of Koran. AFGHANISTAN. k«»m«*. Belonged successively to the Greek and Persian empires: became an independent power 1747; war with British 1838-42 and again in 1878. Area, 215,000 square miles. Greater part of surface mountainous ; elevation of plains with few exceptions over 4,000 feet with large areas above 7,000. Principal mountain range Hindu Kush (23,000 feet). Mountain ranges traversed by numerous passes often of great military and commercial importance. Largest rivers. Halmund and Cabool. Climate varied: generally healthful; subject to intense extremes of heat and cold. Rainfall in winter slight: in summer rain seldom falls. Agriculture largely dependent on irrigation. Valleys of Cabool and Peshawur and district near Herat fertile regions. In most districts cultivable crops yield two harvests during the year: spring crops chiefly wheat, barley, peas, and beans; autumn, rice, millet, maize, and arzun. Many characteristic plants abound, as madder and castor-oil; others yielding various gum-resins, as asafetida— largely exported to India; and leguminous plants and shrubs from which gums like the well-known tragaeanth of commerce is obtained. Fruits produced in greatest profusion: fresh or preserved staple food for large class; pre- served fruits exported in large quantities, especially from Kandahar. Domestic animals include camels, excellent horses, two varieties of fat-tailed sheep, goats, etc. Manufactures Include munitions of war, made at Cabool; silks, largely made at Kandahar; carp Herat; felts, sheepskin '"postins," and rosaries. Chief imports, t< indigo, sugar, drugs, and tea; exports largely wool, silk, fruit, nuts, asafetida, horses, and spices, minerals abundani Iron, lead, anti- mony, and sulphur produced: copper, gold, coal, and niter found. Population estimated at 1,000,000 to 5.000,000 divided Into qui tribe-. Afghans -Pathans— number oyer 2,50 ,000. Mohammedanism prevailing religion. Cabool, capital, notable Btrateglc and commer- cial center; population, 70,000. Herat, of great military and Btrateglc importance; natural emporium of trade; 30,000. Kandahar, ctaiei emu- menial center of south; 25,000. Government nominally monarch- ical, under one hereditary prince (Ameer;. dibUV ■=3 *" p "t- ^a?-4 ui?3# \SyE^ i * Ln-T , !■■ Ki-t _.V ■ -. oYuzgat,,^ ^^.l.kaar, . fi , J°« or « a .^V'-'gWas Afium Karafusjar J'J-^ • •44. * I %. SVazaretl t£ Jaffa v's'Gazzeh^ *7JteruAilciii IAN / DE? %?,Ior^ zehV ' C^Priisnloiii •^P^ \p)ea>l Sea *■& BlAris!i 3»af / r raf^gT l-okftERT^'.-.^' 7 - HOt \ ttWe».. ^..„j -^^gr3 ^ ^T^^l^^daul 1 ^^1 H U F ob^; J«j££ // W-"vA ^DzatetvETaj 3I,rid ^ OR fctfkssafab A/ 1 J^te^Jfc^-^'FA-^v^ I l»* 1 iv, Heejr° Ay^T' V- : v"' iJ5 >A .WElVTedje' ^v 1 A =Anev- \ ^ A -^^Sedie^ 33 -.,° ia -ij /g -7 l ;*• .,. ° sha kri , ' -JvEfHnura \\ -Bureidab^V Cap^iboon< =?T3cderB«»cin \ ;_ ^<»~ J*v ^10PIC_0F (CANCER^ * Ul aioslah f»«*o* a«K " JKo6a<# -O CEllTauta/ ttadj Haifa "~"""N Y J"e V^ ^Iecca~ fiSNJE)** 3 Leet 3 l£^ .'■'••"> . i \ a l 1 Yvi*hT£r.3Ar 1 .Sad.uaii V3L' cooUa£r$j&k* \&& \ NiiC" 11 l ^^ •^\^- Cbaivan" "S^pSS TURKEY IN ASIA, Persia and Afghanistan. eaa>ow ■ :fiau, [aril 'oadun'^Stein OF^ pP 50° Scale of Statute Miles 50 100 200 300 ! Copyright, 1899, by Rand , Mc.Vally & Co. 11 322 ASIA. INDIA. Iu dia Historical.— Settled by Aryans al early period. Prehistoric Hin- doo l-riiniui) mi prseded by Buddhism 6th century B.C. Alexander in- vaded Punjab 327-5. Hindoo worship ve\ Ived aa Brabmanl»in 500 A. l» Mohammedan Invasions nth century. Conquered by Gcnghi-s Khan 1219. Visited by Vasco do Gama 1497; Portuguese established trade 1510. Mogol empire founded 1519. English, Dutch, and French Bast India companies established 1600-2 1. British acquired Bomba Calcutta 101)8. Decline of Mogol empire 1707; Persian invasion, Delhi sacked, inhabitants massacred 1739. British successful In war with French 1746-9. English acquire Lower Burma 1826; Punjab 1857. - rebellion 1857. Sovereign v conferred on British Crown 1S5S ; Victoria proclaimed Empressof India 1877. Upper Burma annexed 1891. 4 reu.— Total area, 1,559,603 square miles; British provinces, 964,993; native States, 595,167. Physical Features.— Himalayas on north most striking of great natural features of India. Country consists of two great divisions: Great lowland plain of the north, specially distinguished as llindo- Stan, and plateau of the center and south-bordered by mountains of moderate altitude-known as the Dec«an. Rivers divided into two sections: Streams of southeastern slope draining into Bengal Bay- Brahmapootra, Ganges, Mahanuddy, Godaveri, and Kistna; and Indus, Nerbudda, and Tapti of southwestern slope draining into Arabian Sea. Climate varies with elevation. Generally hot everywhere except in mountain regions and on elevated table-lands. Heat of plains exces- sive. Climate g-reatlv influenced by monsoons, periodical winds pre- vailing throughout southern Asia. Malignant fevers prevalent on low- land plains and iu forests. Mean temperature, Bombay, 80 deg.; rain- fall, 71.4 inches. Calcutta, temperature, 78 deg.; rainfall, 65.6 inches. Madras, temperature, 82 deg.; average rainfall, 49.1 inches. Forests.— Dense forests still cover large districts; area, 63.969,955 acres. South of the conifer forests of the Himalayas are extensive tracts of bamboo and sal; teak forests cover eastern slopes of the Ghauts. Timber of northwest mostly deodar. Sandalwood, ironwood, sissu, satiuwood, numerous palms (cocoanut, date, sago, and areca), banian, and acacia trees found in various localities. Igriculture supports seven-tenths of inhabitants. Area under crop's, K>6-7, 177,456.9:29 acres; under rice, 66.-234.4S5; wheat. 16,183,987; other cereals, 7S,:237.544; sugar cane 2,651,721; tea, 423,932 acres, chief districts Assam and Himalayas; coffee, eastern slopes of Ghauts; cot- ton, 9.45s.st-2 acres, mainlv on table lands; fibers, 2,817,101; jute leading product Bengal: indigo 1.5S3,Stis, most abundant on northern plains and in certain districts of Madras; opium culture Valley of Ganges and Central India; pepper on mountains in south: cinchona near Mysore and in Hi nalivas. Universal crops millet, pulse, oilseeds. Silk cul- ture chiefly in Bengal. Fruits of temperate and tropical zones grown. Animals.— Besides ordinary domestic animals India has the ele- phant, camel, humped ox, yak, and Kashmir goat. Recent returns give India r,i,oo,i.iiin) cows and bullocks, 13.000.000 buffaloes, 2,000,000 horses and donkevs, and 28,000,000 sheep and goats. Manufactures.— Native manufactures of fine textiles — chiefly silks, muslins, shawl*, and rues— and metal wares important. In 1896-7 were 151 cotton mills, having 37,303 looms, 3 975,719 spindles, and 148,997 employes. Over 30 jute and one hemp mill contained 12.784 looms, :25s,l5i spindles, and employed 91,389 persons. There were 5 woolen and 8 paper mills; product of latter. 38,5O0,0U0 pounds, value, 8l,si7,6»i>. Heer. 5.4-JS.3S3 eallons. In 1397, SI vessels of 2,975 tons built. Commerce.— Chief imports, yarns, textiles, etc., metals and metal waivs, provisions; exports,' ice. jute, tea, coffee, spices, indigo, cotton, opium. Seaborne trade. 1897-8: Imports, s-391.4: 1.446: merchandise, •235,713,472. Exports. $335,300,553; merchandise, $312,424,899 Minerals.— Coal, iron, and salt abundant; gold, copper, silver, lead, antimony, tin, cobalt, and gems found; saltpeter and petroleum alsoob rained. ' Output of collieries is>,7. 4.<>63,127tous; value. $3,9 Population '.-91. •JS7J23.3:,ti : British Provinces, 221,172,952; native States. 65.950.39S. Average density W per square mile. Cities.— Calcutta, founded 1686, capital since 1773, chief commercial INDIA. center of Asia; population, 1S91 861,764. Bombay, Becond commercial and chief manufacturing center of India; population, 821,764. I, , i- goon, third commercial city; population, 180,324. Madras, fourth seaport in importance; Beat of various societies and educational insti- tutions; population, 452,518 Hyderabad,. 115,039. Lucl now, 2; ; Railways, Etc. — Mil miles; owned ami worked by native States, 953. Telegraph line, 18,584 miles. Education.— Educational institutions, 1897, 152,025; public, private, (w.TS4; pupils. 4,&i6,870. Expenditure (publii In British India about 22 per cent of boys of school age attend Bchool; less than 3 per cent of girls. Head of national system, universities at Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, Allahabad, and the Punjab. Normal schools in everv Province. Engineering, art, and technical BCbools. Religion.— Hindoos number nearly three-fourths of population; together with Mohammedans comprise 92 per cent of whole. HI 1891,207,731,727; Mohammedans, 57,321,164; Buddhists— mostly in Burma —7,131,361; Sikhs, 1,907,833; Jains. 1,416,638; Christians, 2,284.380. Government vested in Secretary of State and Council for India (in London); supreme authority in India vested in Governor-General (Viceroy) appointed by Crown. Native States under their own rulers, subject to British control, represented by residents or political agents. BALUCHISTAN.— Brahuis dominant race, descendants of Brahui Khans of Khelat, who established their power here at close of 17th century. Baluehis, nomads, far more widely spread. Area, 130,000 square miles. Country mountainous, largely arid table-lands. Climate one of extremes; rainfall limited and uncertain. Agricul- ture confined to valleys. Rice, wheat, barley, millet, tobacco, dates, and other fruits grown. Camels, horses, cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats reared. Exports include wood, hides, madder, dried fruit, and tobacco. Coal mines worked; lead, copper, and petroleum exist. Popu- lation, 500,000. Mohammedanism prevailing religion. Khelat, capital; population 14,000. Quetta, important strategic point; popula- tion, 27,300. Government nominally exercised by Khan of Khelat under direction of agent of Governor-General of India. "FRENCH INDIA.— French East India Company established 1664; settlement at Pondicherry 1668. Relics of French possessions in India: Pondicherry on Coromandel Coast, Chandernagore on the Hooghly, Karikal in Cauvery, and Tanaon in Godaveri Delta; and Mahe, town on west coast. Area, 205 square miles. Rice, indigo, tobacco, betel nut, and cotton cultivated. Chief export oil seeds, Imports at Pondicherry and Karikal, 1897, $712,160; exports, §2,993,000. Population. 286,913. 'Pondicherry, chief city and seat of government; population, 49,052. PORTUGUESE INDIA.— Portuguese first Europeans to visit India and acquire territory there. First settlements established 1502. Permanent settlement at Goa 1510. Portuguese possessions now com- prise Goa, seaport of Daman, and island and town of Din, all on west coast. Area, 1,558 square miles. Lands fertile. Climate hot and unhealthfui. Products include rice, other grains, tropical fruits, pepper, teak, medicinal plants. Numerous salt works, annual production over 12,000 tons. Iron abundant in Goa. Population, 572,290. New Goa or Panjim, center of trade and seat of government. NEPAL. Ne-pal' Aboriginal inhabitants, Tartars or Chinese, conquered by Hindoos 14th centurv; country overrun by Ghurkas driven from Kajputana by Mohammedans 1768. Dependency of Chinese Empire r. Area, 54,000 square miles. Kingdom lies within the Himalayas, sur- face comprises highland region (10,000 to 16,000 teen. Nepal Valley (4,000 to 10,000), and southern lowlands BlopingtO Indian plain, inr- c»t- rich in valuable woods. Climate ranges from arctic through temperate to tropical. Agriculture widely pursued. Rice culture and chief food plant; wheat, barley, ginger, Bugar-cane, pota- obacco, also grown. Fruit abundant; orange, citron, peach, oaerry, etc., cultivated. Domestic animals, and Bheep. Chief imports: < attJe, etc., Bait, petroleum, leather and metal wares, cotton goods; exports, drugs, resins, dyes, Jute, oil seeds, :i'j| ■ ' V^M — '■ INDIA _^ -Mnitoor r Scale of Statute Miles. SO 100 . SOO 300 400 ToWellTs %-. Atoll Copyright; 1904, by Rani. McXally & Co. ' '" -Mnuooy r, Mow Atoll,. 326 ASIA. spices, timber, saltpeter, etc. Minerals, iron, copper, sulphur, jas- per, marble, and rock salt. Population 2.000,000 to 5,000,000: Ghur- eas dominant race. Religion, Buddhism. Khatmando, capital; popu- olatlon 50,oou. Government, military oligarchy. BHOTA1N. Boo-t,n'. Original Inhabitants, Tephos, conquered by colonists from Thibet, 17th century. Outrages on British subjects led to invasion by England, 1864, and annexation of tracts with passes to hills. ,\ rea, 16,800 square miles. Country lieswlthin the Himalayas; forests extensive. Rice, Indian corn, millet, musk, and silk chief products. Native ponlefi noted for superior strength; large numbers reared. Manufactures coarse cotton and woolen cloths, buffalo leather, guns, and fine steel swords. Trade small, exports, wool, musk, caoutchouc, and ponies. Population, about 35,000 Buddhism— of corrupt form— prevailing religion. Punakha, capital. Authority nominally divided between secular and spiritual heads of State. CEYLON. Se-lon'. Island settled by Portuguese 1505; conquered by Dutch about 1658; became a British possession 1795: separate colony 170s. Area. 25,333 square miles. Surface of interior and south mountainous, .-ur- rounded by lowland plain; highest altitude 8.300 feet. Climate warm and uniform; unhealthful on coast. Over 10 per cent of population engaged iu agriculture. There are 2.159,698 acres under cultivation. Cocoanuts occupy 678,9)9 acres; rice and other grain, 728,112 acn 404,574; cocoa, coffee, cinchona, cinnamon, and tobacco largely grown. In 1897 live stock comprised 4,007 horses, 1,289.536 cattle, 86,627 sheep, 155.495 goats. Exports, 1897, 317.615,610; tea, $9,714,756; cocoanut products, $2,720,522; imports, $20,291,686; principal articles, rice and other grain, cot- ton goods, and coal. Minerals include plumbago and precious stones. Population, census of 1891, 3,009,461. Singhalese. 2,174,200: Tamils, 960,745; Moors, 205,588; burghers or European descendants, 23,663; Euro- peans,6,545; remainder Malaysand Veddahs- aboriginal tribes. Colombo, on western coast, capital and chief seaport; population 127,836; Kandv, old native capital in interior, 20,558: Point de Galle, southern coast, 33,- 590; Trincomalee, northeast coast, 11,948. Nearly 300 miles of railway. Predominant religion Buddhism. Buddhists, 1.877, '43; Hindoos, 615,- 932; Mohammedans; 211,995; Christians, 302,127. Number receiving in- struction 1897, 184,506. Government schools, 474; unaided schools, 2,331; There is a technical college, agricultural school, school of forestry, and industrial schools. Government administered by Governor assisted by Executive and Legislative Councils. SI AM. Si-am'. V Siamese settled in upper valleys of Meuam middle of 7th century; Ayuthia established 1350; trade with Europe opened 16th century. French protectorate over Cambodia acknowledged 1867. Total area of Siam 84,600 square miles, comprising the basin of the Menam River ForesJs in north include teak, rosewood, ebony, cedar, sapan, iron wood, resinous shrubs, and wild indigo; on coasts, mangroves, banian, pandanus, areca, cocoanut, and other palms and rattans abound. Climate hot but not unhealthful. Mean temperature, Bangkok, 80.1 deg.; rainfall, 58.55 in. Rice leading agricultural product; staple article of food and chief export; other products, pepper, salt, dried fish, cattle, and sesame. < i it- fee, cotton, hemp, and tobacco grown. Fruits abundant. Silk, cotton cloths, shoes, gold and silver work, paper, tiles, jars, mats, arrack, and sugar made. Value of imports, 1897, $7,961,382; exports, $10,250,297: rice nearly 80 per cent of whole. Minerals gold. tin. iron. coal, siiver, petro- leum, and gems. Population (estimated) 5,000,000. Bangkok, capita] and onlv important seaport; chief manufacturing center: population, 250,000. 'Railway 1897, 179 miles. Telegraph line, 1,830 miles. Educa- tion chiefiv in hands of Buddhist priests, under an English inspector. Teachers' Normal College established, EB2. Siamese official language. Buddhism predominant religion. : southwest separated from Iudia by Himalayas. Extensive fertile lowland plains in east; traversed by Yang-tse-Kiang (chief commercial highway) and Hoang-ho. Great Mongolian Desert in northwest. Climate generally temperate but subject to wide annual range; summers hot, winters severe. Mean temperature Pekin, 53.3 deg.; rainfall, 18 inches; Shanghai, 62.5 deg.; Canton, 70.3; rainfall, 70 inches. Forests largely contined to mountainous districts: those of Man- churia most important; here pine, walnut, oak, and elm attain un- usual size. Among valuable trees are the tallow, varnish, camphor. Chinese pine and banian, funereal cypress, and silk mulberry. Chest- nut, hazel nut. mulberry, and orange native. Palm largely cultivated for its leaves: kuanlan for its pith, which yields an edible flour. Agriculture.— Rice, sugar, cotton, indigo, etc., cultivated in south; cereals, peas, and beans in north. Culture of tea and silk extensive ; most productive tea districts south of Yang-tse-Kiang. Silkworms- native to China — reared in large numbers: silk of Euperior quality extensively produced. Opium grown in all provinces; cultivation ex- tending rapidly. Vegetables, oil plants, and tobacco universal. Horti- culture largely pursued. Farm animals, oxen and buffaloes. Manufactures.— Chinese excel in manufacture of porcelain, silks. emhroidery, and lacquered wares: carved goods— tortoise shell, Ivory, horn— engraving, paper, ink also excellent. Comui free.— Value of imports, 1897, 8128,098,917. Chief articles: Opium, cotton, metals, oil, and kerosene. Exports, $130,871. 3;iti; tea, $21,035,913; silk, 839,780,475. In 1S97, 44,500 vessels entered and cleared. Minerals.— Coal in every province; anthracite deposits unrivaled. Iron ores abundant. Copper, tin, lead, silver, granite, porcelain clay, jasper, marble, porphyrv, and gems found. Salt extensively produced. Papulation.- Recent estimate, 402.»>8i>.000; China Proper, 386,000,000. Foreigners, 18;*7, 11,667. Majority of inhabitants Mongols; Manchus — reigning family of that race— constitute only a small proportion. Cities.-^- Pekin, capital, consists of two walled cities: Imperial city and Chinese or commercial section; population aboul 1,000,000. Canton a leading commercial city; manufactures extensive and varied popu- lation 2,500,000; Shanghai, chief seaport; opened to Foreign trade 1842; manufactures, silk, glass, paper, etc.; population about 586,000. Railways, Etc.— There are 100 miles of railway open for traffic; concessions granted for 3,000 miles. Imperial telegraph Lines rapidly extending throughout the Empire. Rivers, connected with • principal means of communication. Education along certain lines very general, yet large numbers of adults are illiterate. Larger cities have colleges for training candi- dates for government appointments. Schools for extension oJ 330 ASIA. ern languages and sciences greatly Increasing. Naval and military schools connected with different arsenals. Religion. — Chinese recognize three religions: Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism. Confucianism mainly professed by higher classes; majority of people Buddhists. Mohammedanism and < oris- tianity both have large numbers of adherents. («overunient an absolute monarchy, supreme direction of Em- pire vested in Priv/ Council. Buperlor offices equally divided among Manchus and Chinese Each province ruled by Governor or Governor* Genera] responsible to Emperor. IION(JKO\(J, an island near mouth of Canton River ceded to Creat Britain 1841; with Kowloon, on opposite mainland, ceded 1861, forms British Crown Colony. Area, 29 square miles, center of large trade; Chinese silk and tea trade largely through Hongkong. In 1897, 4,974 vessels of 6.063,640 tons entered the port. Population 221,441—8,545 white. Victoria capital, population 136,900. MACAO ISLAND at mouth of Canton River ceded to Portu- guese during latter half of 16th century. Area, 5 square miles. Trade, chieflv transit, in hands of Chinese: opium principal article; value 1896, $1,428,000. Population 1896, 78,627. FRENCH INDO-CHINA. French intervention began in Indo-China in 1787. Possessions now comprise the colonies of Cochin-China (acquired 1862), Tongking (an- nexed 1884), and the protectorates of Annam (acknowledged 1884) and Cambodia (1863), together with the Laos territory ceded 1893 and 1896. Total area, 353,000 square miles. Annam in great part mountainous and heavily wooded; Cambodia and Cochin-China mainly vast alluvial plains; deltas of Tongking and Cochin-China wide, fertile districts densely populated. Mekong chief river. Climate governed by prev- alence of monsoon winds; wet and dry seasons alternate. Rich in agricultural resources. Sugar, cotton, tobacco, rice, and spices, principal products of alluvial districts; maize, other cereals, coffee, manioc, betel nut, and fruits also grown. Bamboo, excellent timber, india rubber, copra, and dye and medicinal plants produced. Exports to France, 1S97, 88,568,209; largely rice, fish, salt, sugar, and spices; imports, $13,165,350. Minerals include gold, silver, tin, lead, and copper, coal and salt. Population, 23,536,000; chiefly Mongols and Malays. Saigon, chief seaport, capital of Cochin-China, and also of French Indo-China; population, 90,000; Pnom Penh, capital of Cam- bodia; 50,000; Hanoi, capital of Tongking; 150,000: Hue, capital citv of Annam; 30,000. Buddhism prevails, Christians said to number 830,000. Miles of railway, 120. Government administered bv a Governor- General through a Lieutenant-governor and Residents General. KOREA. Kore'-a. History of great antiquity; country inhabited in 12th century B. C. Claimed by China from 1122 B. C; present dynasty (Tsitsien) founded 1392; conquered by Japanese 1592; retaken by Koreans and Chinese 1598; second invasion, treaty relations established 1S76. Ports open to other foreigners 1882; Chinese claim renounced and Korea declared in- dependent 1S95. Area, 82,000 square miles. Surface mountainous; greatest elevation 4,500 feet. Chief river Amnok. Climate in sum- mer, though hot, modified by sea; winter cold very severe. Raiufall June to September: on east coast 62 inches, west 32. Agriculture chief industry; fruits, rice, beans, tobacco, ginseng, and cereals grown. 3Ianufactures chiefly coarse cotton cloth and paper. Value of imported merchandise (open ports) 1897, $10,067,514. Exports, $8,973,895; rice, $5,558,780. Gold to China and Japan 1S97. *2.034,079. There are five treaty ports. In 1S97, 2,417 foreign vessels of 601,275 tons entered. Minerals include gold, iron, coal, and copper. Popula- tion, 10,52s,937; foreign 14,300. Seoul, capital, population 1897, 200,000; Ping- Yang, 30,000. Schools subsidized by Government include foreign schools and a number of native schools for small boys. Bud- dhism and Confucianism prevail. Government hereditary monarchy; ruler, Emperor, ratifies laws and resolutions submitted by Cabinet. JAPAN. 331 JAPAY "Snnrise Kingdom." Historical.— An island empire of Asia. Pounded, according to Japanese history, 660 B. C. Authentic history (hue- from 500 A. D. Buddhism introduced from Korea about 550. Authority of Mikado usurped by Shogun— military dignitary— 1192. Islands visited by Marco Polo in the 13th century. Portuguese merchants and missionaries had access to islands 1543 to 1638. Native Christians persecuted from 1624. Country isolated except restricted trade with Dutch until American expedition under Perry, 1853, resulted in signing of commercial treaty, March 31, 1854. Commercial treaties with other countries followed. Revolution of 180S overthrew power of Shognnate, reestablishing authority of Mikado. Feudal system abolished 1871. Bonin Islands annexed 1876. Suppression of Satsuma rebellion, istt. Ryukyu or Loochoo islands annexed, 18T9. Constitution promulgated 1889. " War with China. 1894-95, resulted, by Treaty of Shinonosekl, Pekin, l-'.<:>. in independence of Korea and acquisition by Japan of Formosa and Pescadores islands. Area.— Geographically Japan comprises four principal Islands— Nippon, Kyushu, Shikoku, Ezo (Hokkaido)— and about 4,000 smaller islands. Area, excluding Formosa and Pescadores, 147,655 square miles. Area of Formosa, 13,451 square miles: Pescadores, 49 square miles. Politically the country is divided into 85 provinces. Physical Features.— Islands all mountainous and volcanic. Among the higher mountains several are volcanoes and extend above snow line — Fujiyama, sacred mountain of Japan, the highest (12,425 feet i. Coasts deeply indented and of great extent; length of line, 17,150 miles. Rivers short with rapid fall in beds and abundant water; of great value in plains for irrigation. Volcanic eruptions and earth- quake shocks frequent. Hot springs numerous. Climate temperate and healthful. Rainfall, abundant. Snowfall, especially west of mountains, enormous. Range of temperature very great. Mean temperature of Tokyo, January, 36.4 deg.; Augu-t. 77.6 deg.; year, 5G.3 deg. Rainfall, 60.4 inches. Hakodate, January, 27. '.i deg.; August, 70.4 deg.; year, 46.5 deg. Rainfall, 44.5 inches. Nagasaki, Janu- ary, 42.0 deg.; August, 80.5 deg.; year, 61.1 deg. Rainfall, 77. ti inches. Agriculture the chief industry. Principal food crops: Rice- occupying three-nftbs of grain area— acreage, 1896, 6,830,075; product, 179,65 ,843 bushels; wheat, 17.0 2.137 bushels; barley, 38,955.217 bushels; rye, 29,396.483 bushels. Tea grown chiefly in the south of Nippon: pro- duction, 18%, 70,386,168 pounds. Lacquer tree, furnishing material for one of the oldest Japanese industries, largely cultivated in north of island. Mulberries, grown in three-fourths of the provinces, furnish one of principal products. Raw silk produced, 1896, 19,041,417 pounds; cocoons, 9,118,813 bushels. Sugar, 51,444 tons. Vegetables, oranges, peaches, apricots, grapes, pomegranates, melons, and chestnuts are also grown. Live stock, unimportant: cattle, is'.i:,. 1,136,278; horses, 1,530,603. llauufactures. Etc. -Textile industries rapidlv developing. In 1897 there were 65 cotton mills with 773.738 Bpindles, employing 12,672 male and 42,656 female, operatives. Cotton consumed, 20, 171.1 n pounds. Number mills, 1898, 76. spindles, 1,086,082; looms, 2,900. Value silk and cotton textiles, lS'.tS, 357.f»o,5'.M; cotton varn. product 7''., 22! tons. Cotton yarn, 1896, 82,933 tons. In l-.u, 2..> .;>;i persons and 337,501 boats en- gaged in fishing. Product: Salted flsh, 27,986 tons; dried, 66,258 tons; fish manure, is 1.932 tons; fish oil, 6,289 ton-; seaweed. 2'.>.. Mat eh factories and paper mills numerous and important. Firearms, ordnance. and ammunition u>ed in Imperial army manufactured at arsenals of Tokyo and Osaka: Murata rifle, now used in army, Invented in .Japan. Commerce.— value of impoi 87,471; exports, 160.746,356; Imports, 1897, $109,431,000; export.-, |81,4u4,0 0. Chief exports: silk (raw and wasto, silk goods, rice, tea, coal, and matches. Chief Imports: Raw cotton, cotton yarn, cotton and woolen goods, sugar, and petro- leum. Twenty-live percent of trade with China and Hongkong; 21 per cent with United states: 17 per cent with Great Britain; 13percen1 with France. First native steamship company established 1874. Merchant navy, ls,97, comprised 570 steamers of foreign type, 227. Ml tons; 169 sailing vessels of foreign type, 25,485 tons; 668 native craft above 50 tons, 51,152 tons. < i &%£% t - 1 / ill'" £ 5 l^A^ I „& ! --. 5 -' t : - i / . *£ w *? few 334 ASIA. Minerals.— Mineral wealth Importanl and being developed rapidly. Rich in coal and iron. Coal production Increased from 196.000 tons in l877to over h.ixm.ikhi in 1892; Increase of coal between 1892 and 1895 six- fold; gold, threefold; silver, sevenfold; copper, fivefold; iron, twofold. Sulphur product in ten years Increased from3.834,000 pounds to 15,700,000 pounds; graphite, 24,000 pounds to 10,098,000 pound.-. Kaolin abundant for ancient and celebrated porcelain industry. Population. 1895 (excluding Formosa and Pescadores), 12,270,620; per square mile, 286. Classification: Male. 21,435.750; female, 20,924,870. Foreigners, 8,246; Chinese, 3,642; English. 1,878; Americans, 1,022: Ger- mans, 493; French, 391; Russians, 222; Portuguese, 127; Dut< Japanese residents abroad, 46,277. Population of Formosa, 1,996,989; Pescadores, 44,820. Principal Cities.— In 1891 there were fi towns with more than 100,000 inhabitants; 11 with from 50,000 to 100,000; 17 with from 30,000 to 50,000. Tokyo (Yedo), capital; population, 1,268,930. Commerce and manufactures important. Seat of Imperial University. Yokohama, chief treaty port, with large foreign trade; population, 170.252; 17 miles from Tokyo, with which it is connected by rail. Port of call or ter- minus for Pacific Mail, Canadian Pacific, and other lines of steamers. Kyoto, population, 340,101 ; until 1869, for centuries the residence of the Mikado; contains Imperial palace; has manufactures of porcelain. Osaka, population, 487,184; manufacturing and commercial center of Japan; contains arsenal and mint. Nagasaki, population, 72,301; one of chief commercial cities; exports, coal, rice, tea. camphor, and tobacco; Desima Island, near by, seat of Dutch trade, 1640 to 1859. Railways.— First railway, Tokyo to Yokohama, opened June, 1872; total mileage, 1897, 2,505 (State railways, 632 miles; private, 1.S73 miles); under construction. 1,500. State roa'ds, 4,481 miles; provincial roads, 15,362. Telegraph, 11,120 miles; submarine cable, 3S7 miles; telephone, 528 miles. Education.— Elementary education compulsory. School age, 6-14. Number of school age, 1895, 7,670,837; elementary schools, 26,631; teachers, 73,182; pupils, 3,670,345. Special schools, 1,263; teachers. 8.250; pupils, 64.94S. Kindergartens. 220; teachers, 482; pupils, 17,481. Technical. 97; teachers, 1,078; pupils, 14,806. There is an Imperial university and 49 normal schools. Libraries, 25; volumes, 441,034. Books published, 1895, 26,792; periodicals, 753; total issue, 409.429,528 copies. Religion.— No State religion; absolute freedom of belief. Popular religions: Shintoism or ancestor worship, and Buddhism. Roman Catholics, adherents of Greek Church, and Protestants number about 20,000. Number Shinto temples, 1895. 190.754; priests. 14.927: students, 1,939. Buddhist temples, 71,821; priests, 53.275; students, 9,286. Government.— A constitutional monarchy with an Emperor, an Advisory Cabinet, Privy Council, and an Imperial Diet of two Houses, members of Upper House being in part elected. Estimated revenue, 1898, $119,345,742; expenditures, $124,547,286; total debt, 1896, $205,167,568. Imperial Diet controls finances and administration of justice. Stand- ard of value, gold, established October, 1897: ratio to silver, 32J^ to 1. Peace footing of army, 1897, 284,741, including 4,760 officers. Japan maintains a staff college, military college, military school, cadet col- lege, gunnery school, and school for non-commissioned officers; total number of students, 2,400. Navy comprises 13,685 officers and men, 45 war vessels, 30 torpedo boats. FORMOSA.— First visited by Portuguese, 1590: taken by Dutch, 1642; by Chinese, 1683; ceded to Japan, 1S95. Length. 245 miles; breadth, 65 miles. Geysers and sulphur springs numerous; rich in coal and iron. Other resources include grain, camphor, sugar, tea, indigo, spices, and fruits. Owing to abundant rice crop, known as the "Granary of China." Chief exports, camphor and tea. Of American products, im- ports of flour and petroleum show large increase. A line of railway extends from Kelung to Tai-nan. Tai-wan, capital and principal sea- port; population, estimated at 70.00(1; formerly seat of Dutch factory; has 2 famous temples. PESCADORES OR FISHERS' I ELANDS.- Group of 21 islands, notoriously dangerous to navigators. Jfakung, capital and chief seaport; population, 12,000; has large fisheries; exports, fish, pork, peanut oil. MALAYSIA. 335 MALAYSIA. Ma-la'- si-a. Malaysia or Malay Archipelago comprises six large islands— Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Luzon, and Mindanao— and an almost innumer- able number of minor islands. Politically, -with the exception ol the Philippines (belonging to the United States), the Island of Labuan and northwestern portion of Borneo (British), and the eastern portion of Timurand neighboring Isle of Pulo Cambing (Portuguese), this vast archipelago is controlled by the Dutch. Islands all of volcanic origin. Surface of nearly all islands mountainous; extinct and active vol- canoes numerous: Kinabalu, Borneo (13,680 feet), and Indrapura, Sumatra (12,030 feet), highest elevations. Numerous short Btreams. Interior of larger islands covered with dense forests abounding in hardwoods— teak, ebony— of great commercial value, and numerous aromatic plants and shrubs. Teak forests of Java belong to Govern- ment, area 2,300 square miles. Other forest products are India rubber, gums, resins, drugs, and spices. Cocoanut, other palms, and bam- boos, abundant throughout the Archinelago, of far greater economic value to the inhabitants. Climate of islands tropical; low coast lands and forests hot and moist; higher regions temperate and health- ful. Rainfall, governed by monsoons, heavv. Mean annual temper- ature Batavia (Java), 78.6 deg.; rainfall, 70 inches. Sumatra, 75 deg.; rainfall abundant. British Borneo, 74-S6 deg., rainfall, 102 inches. Macassar (Celebes), 80 deg.; rainfall, 127 inches. DUTCH EAST INDIES. Region visited by Marco Polo 1292; by Portuguese 1525. Dutch East India Company created 1602; trading stations established at Jam hi, Sumatra, 1616; Batavia, Java, 1619; Macassar, Celebes, 1660; entire region gradually came under control of Company; latter dissolved and terri- tories transferred to State 1795. The Dutch possessions comprise the largest, and, excluding the Philippines, the most valuable islands of Malaysia. Total area, 736,400 square miles; Borneo, 284,630 (72 per cent of entire area of island); Sumatra, 161.612; Celebes, 71,470; Java and Madura, 50,554; Molucca Islands, 43,864; New Guinea, 151,789. Soil generally of great fertility. Java chief agricultural district; hulk of population engaged in industry. Greater part of island gov- ernment property. Private estates chiefly in western part; area of lands in hands of Europeans, 2,069,733 acres; Chinese, 639,999; other Orientals, 34,856. Rice, sago, Indian corn, and fruits staple food of inhabitants; coffee, sugar, tobacco, indigo, tea, cinchona, nutmegs, cotton, and cocoanuts largely cultivated for export. Area cultivated in Java and Madura, 1S%, S,950,399 acres; under rice, 4,828,642; Indian corn, cotton, etc., 3,595.226; sugar cane, 213,349; tobacco, 258.930; indigo, 54,252. Sugar product 1897, 546,750 tons. Java one of chief coffcegrow- ing countries of the world. Production of coffee in Dutch East Indies 1896. 116.065,065 pounds. Cinchona (Java), 8,355,441 pounds. Tobacco (Java, Sumatra, etc.), 63,942,375 pounds. Tea (.Java), 8,616,075 pounds. Indigo (Java), 1,587,781 pounds. Fruits include bananas, melons, pomegranates, tamarinds, breadfruit, oranges, shaddocks, etc. Buffaloes, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, and swine bred in all larger in- lands. Horses never used for agricultural purposes; those bred in Celebes- all exported highly esteemed. Live Stock chief wealth of Javanese. In 1895 island contained 2,643,000 buffaloes, 2.572,000 oxen and cows, and 485,500 horses. Manufactures chiefly domestic. native women weave cotton, make mats, baskets, and earthenware. Javanese most advanced in mechanical arts; excel in metal works; Value of imports 1896, 867,339,453; total merchandise, 163,520,652; (pri- vate, $60,822,120); total specie, 13.818.800; exports, $79,852,284: total merchandise, $79,495,516 (private, 873,765,413). Exports (four-fifths to the Netherlands) sugar, coffee, tea, rice, indigo, cinchona, tin, and tobacco. Small export duty on coffee and tobacco; duty on sugar abolished. In 1896, 3,905 steamers and sailing vessels, of l,.lo:!,ii-ju t,,ns, entered Dutch East Indies. Gold, copper, and iron found in Borneo. Sumatra, and Celebes; sulphur, tin, petroleum, coal, limestone, an. I marble in Sumatra; diamonds, antimony, and other minerals m Borneo. Valuable tin mines at Banca, Biliton, and Riouw worked ''J [itnda K M t o o •-•Burukan.' t °*\. ..J^v**/* A " Croce\^^>L^BATAVlA - ,, /r "gjla ;. . //Tr - — ^ . p> U\fi / M"tyi.ie 1] ;£ — JzL N S S.I VI Semao jWCoepang - ^ Ch** ^laniln B •BtTSOXNGA i. <# CiXAMlANESls.^n Calamian/^1 -p, -Ngo iWACA^J/ * 1, p ai C* 0ROMBLO.V,V ^51 !\ ^?}-a>- 4^ ; - I. MA^ff^^ \SAMAH I. .»» v €a^ogaiH2 Hw ; :/l?orougan v - BujkaiTI.^ w| ■> ^ __Calmli P*. n -m I ~ /;.-Ba'ntav j an I/i T „}jSXyK.* <>HGuiuan 4r,uni?l. . ,ySu$'gau>lB. ' f^ -jBucasT o ToloS-7^ 1 '^ -.-Siii'i-uou j BACON VOLMS? S 3 t - . Ta ? oloPt. ftU lt Point 'SZ' '7 7I(;| OKIA . p f- is. JL T X D " S o v 8u ^0^ r l^ ® * x A p JBastfanH^r.^-'; % « toft Pujaga Bay "*^, 342 MALAYSIA. in farming districts. Carabao, or water buffalo, principal b< burden; oxen also used. Philippine ponies found In large numbers; small in size, but possessed of great Bt rengtb and endurance. Manufactures. Cigarsthe Btaple article of manufacture. Pifla muslin of pure pineapple- leaf fiber, with rough cloth from -• hemp fiber, and some Bpeclai cotton and woolen fabrics constitute the textiles. Straw hats and mats and cordage manufactured. Rough pottery, whitewood furniture, wood carving, bamboo furniture, handsome embroideries, and work in Bilver and gold arc among local industries. Preparation of copra for shipment rank- among the newer industries; is one of the most promising pursuits in the Islands, fu- ture of hemp industry of great Importance. Commerce. -Value of imports. 1897, 817,342,990; exports, $41, Principal imports: Flour, rice, wines, clothing, petroleum, coal, arms, machinery, and iron. Principal exports 1897: Hemp, 818,040,760; - S12.1»2S,0fK); copra, s4.U>2,9-jn : tobacco leaf. s-J.7sc.-2m: cigars, $1,694,600; indigo, 1107,000; coffee, 196,000; rope, 863,400. Import* from United States 1896, $162,446; 1897, $94,597; exports to United States 1896. 84,- 982,857; 1897, .■?l>:s.7in. Amount of hemp exported — chiefly to United States— 1397, 12o,3'20 tons: sugar, chiefly to China and Japan, 226,342 tons; tobacco, chiefly to Europe, 15,695 tons. Minerals.— Gold found in nearly all water courses. No matic mining has been undertaken. Galena found in Luzon and Cebu; most important deposits on Island of Marinduque. Iron containing from 75 to 80 per cent pure metal abundant in Luzon. Cebu, and Panay. Finest deposits, Bulacan Province, Luzon. Copper occurs in nearly all the islands. Sulphur in neighborhood of active and extinct volcanoes. Coal exists in many localities; extensive deposits in Cebu and Batan; petroleum and lead also found in Cebu: lead mines partially devEloped 'March -f fm? quality eslcfcs; quarried in limited quantities Pearl fisheries of Sulu Islands a source of wealth. Population estimated ' at 8,000.000. Inhabitants are Europeans (25,000), Chinese (100.000), mixed races and natives. Native population chiefly Malayan; some aboriginal tribes of Negritos. Cities.— Manila, capital of islands, founded 1571 by Spaniards; situated on western coast of Luzon, at junction of Pasig River and Bay of Manila. Distance from Hongkong. 628 miles; two and a half days by steamer. Old city surrounded by wall; contains cathedral of 17th century, other churches, archbishop's palace, monasteries, con- vents, governor's palace, and numerous government buildings. Great commercial center, Binondo, on north bank of Pasig. Retail trade almost entirely in hands of Chinese; import and export trade chiefly in the hands of foreigners. City contains a university, school of art, an observatorv, and many educational and charitable institutions. Population, including suburbs, about 30ti,iim. lloilo, second port of Philippines, situated on southeastern coast of Island of Panay. Has well-sheltered harbor with excellent anchorage. City has number of foreign residents engaged in trade, and is the seat of several vice- consulates. Inadequacy of communication with interior towns retards development of port. Shipping center for Panay and Xegros islands. Sugar, hemp, and sapan-wood exported. Population. 11,900. Ce*w,on eastern coast of Cebu Island, third port. City a place of great histori- cal interest. Capital of Colony from 1565 to 157L. Contains a fortress built at time of first Spanish settlement. Former residence of Brig- adier-Governor of Visayas and of Cebu Island. Is a cathedral city and- a bishop's see. Hemp and sugar exported ; line pina stuffs also sold here. Population about 12,000. Railways, Etc.— Line from Manila to Dagupan. 123 miles. Tele- graph 720 miles; 1894, total telegraph and cable from Manila to Hong- kong and southern islands. 1,592 miles. Mail service between Manila and Hongkong, and Manila and principal ports of southern islands. Education, Etc.— Schools connected with all the churches. Edu- cation principally in charge of priests. Spanish the official and com- mercial language. Large number of dialects Bpoken. Exercise of any religion other than Roman Catholic was forbidden. Government. Etc.— Islands were divided among three govern- ments: Luzon, the Visayas. and Mindanao with the Sulu Archipelago. At present under military rule of United States. AFRICA. 343 AFRICA Historical. — Continent, with exception of Egypt and northern coast, known to ancients as Lybia. Egypt— peopled from Asia seal of earliest civilization; date of first dynasty and founding of Memphis variously estimated as 5004 and 4400 B. C; conquest by Assyrians 7th century. In 3d century Carthage disputed empire of the world with Rome. Saracens conquered Northern Africa 637-709 A. it. Vascoda Gama doubled (ape of Good Hope and explored coast 1197. South Africa colonized by Dutch 1(352. Bruce disco\ ered source of Blue Nile 1772; Livingston made explorations in southeastern and central Africa from 1840 to 1^73; Stanley in 1871, '74, "79, '87. Area, including .Madagascar and other islands, 11,521,530 square miles. Length north and south, 4,980 miles; east and west, 4,840 miles. Physical Features. — Surface mainly plateau, diversified by mountain chains; northern poition occupied by Sahara, greatest desert of the globe. Principal mountain ranges: Atlas in northwest, Drakensberg in southeast. Eastern plateau culminates in volcanic cones— Kilimanjaro, 19,700 feet; Kenia, 18,400 feet— highest peaks of Africa. Great rivers: Nile, flowing into Mediterranean; Niger and Kongo into Atlantic; Zambezi into Indian Ocean. Largest lakes: Vic- toria Nyanza, Tchad, Tanganyika, Nyassa, Rudolf. Climate.— Hottest of the earth's divisions— only one-fifth of Africa within the temperate zone. Mean temperature at sea level everywhere above 68 deg. except in Barbary and South African coast region. Rainfall in general scanty; regions of exceptional drought are Somali- land, Sahara and Kalahari deserts; abundant only in western part of equatorial area and portions of southern and southeastern coast. Vegetation. Etc.— Fertile regions of north characterized by ever- green oak, pine, cypress, and cork tree; cereals and semi-tropical fruits are grown. Date-palm abundant; fruit constitutes chief food of natives; deleb and douin palms found further south. Fertile oases of Sahara abound in groves of palm and olive. Among cultivated aud indigenous plants of Nile valley are papyrus, cotton, lotus, wheat, rice. etc. Vegetation of Abyssinia resembles tnat of Southern Europe, coffee plant native here. Principal wooded area- estimated by Stan- ley 321,057 square miles -lies between Kongo and great lakes; dense forests of this region contain trees of extraordinary height. Valuable products of western and tropical Africa are coffee, gum copal, banana, peanut, monkey-bread tree, tamarind and custard apple. In temper- ate portions of south herbaceous plants and heaths abound. Minerals.— Except in South Africa, the coast regions, and extreme north, mineralogy of Continent little known. Gold fields of the Trans- vaal richest known; furnish one-third of world's product; most valu- able diamond mines in the world in South Africa. Iron, coal, copper, and lead occur in Cape Colony and Natal, and excellent iron ores are found in Algeria. Salt is most valuable product of the Sahara. Population 1S95 (estimated) 137,038,000; negroes 100,680,000; Semites 16,890,0, oil seeds. Live -stock includes horses, mules, asses, camels, and cattle; sheep most important domestic animal; number in colony, 7,891,979; goats, 3,545,041. Value imports 1897, $52,611,271— animals and products, timber, tissues, clocks, etc.; exports, 954,120,996; flour, $182,013; colonial produce, 8931,715; metals, 81,004,894. Minerals valuable; iron most important; value of ore mined 18%, 8511,100; zinc and lead, 8160,360; antimony, 118,050; phosphate of lime, 8475,859. Population, 1896, 4,429,421; French, 318,137; other foreigners, 446,343; natives, 3,i Algerian Sahara, 50,000. Algiers, capital, leading seaport and popular winter resort; population, 82,585; Oran, 74,510; Constantine, 46,581. Railway, 1897, 2,156 miles. Telegraph line, 1896, 5,025 miles. Prirnary and infant schools, 1896, 1,278; pupils, 127,198. Other institutions include communal colleges, lycees, and Algiers Academy. Natives Mohammedans. Territory governed as detached part of France through Governor-General, assisted by consultative ministry. Tunis.— As part of Roman Africa region leading seat of Latin Christianity. Invaded by French 1270; by Spanish, 1535; became a Turkish province 1575; ruled by beys and long noted as a piratical State. Occupied by France 1881. Area, 51,000 square miles. Physi- cal features similar to those of Algeria. Atlas ranges separated by wide, fertile basin of Mejerda, chief river. Valleys well watered; cork forests important. Numerous rich, well populated oases. Climate generally healthful; thermometer rarely rises to 92deg.; mean tempera- ture winter or rainy season, 60 deg. Rainfall November to April. Agriculture leading industry; cereals, fruits, olives, nuts, and the vine cultivated. Olive trees, 12,000,000; annual value of oil, §2,950,000. Date trees, 1,350,000; wine product, 1895, 5,017,900 gallons. Live stock, 1897. 2,088,180; cattle, 252,220; sheep, 907,642: goats, 612.621; camels, 112,265. Fisheries important; value of sardines, anchovies, sponges, and sepia, 1895, $273,738. Manufactures chiefly wool fabrics, caps, soap, and leather. Value imports, 1896, §8.824,464; exports, 86.556,431; wheat, §1,710,000; olive oil, $760,000; barley, §570.000: cattle. 8380,000; wines, $385,000; sponges, $228,000. Dates exported annually, $190,000. Miner- als include zinc, iron. lead, copper, silver, salt, phosphate, and fine marble. Population. 1,700,000, mostly Arabs and Berbers; 45.000 Europeans. Tun in, capital and seaport; has important textile manu- factures; population. 145,000. Railway, 883 miles. Telegraph. 3.670 miles. Primary schools, 1895, 97 .Mohammedanism prevails. Gov- ernment in nands of French Resident-General. Senegal embraces a number of stations on Senegal River and the coast from Cape Blanco south to the Gambia. Colonized by French 1637; held by British 1758 and 1800. Area, 115,S00 square miles. Sur- face near Atlantic low; interior mountainous. Senegal important ^ NORTHWESTERN AFRICA. 347 waterway connecting coast with fertile countries oi interior. Climate hot and unhealthful. Value of exp< included are India rubber, dyewoods, palm nuts and oil, ivory, mahogany, ground nuts, gums, etc.; imports, $4,750,1 U0; cliietly cotton goods, cutlei < mid ammunition. Population, 2,000, St. Lou,,, capital and chief town; population 20,000; Dakar, 2,000, and Ruflsgui Lmportanl trade centers. Railway 1898, 246 miles; telegraph 574. Government administered by Governor-General and Colonial Council. French Guinea detached from Senegal 1890 and Brsi known as Rivieres du Sud Colony. Coasi territory extends inland between Sierra Leone and Portuguese possessions to Futa Jallon. Climate hot and unhealthiul. Population 47,541. Konakry, Isle of Tombo, capital. Ivory Coast or Indenie.— Annexed by France 1892-3. Colon] extends inland between Liberia and British (.old Coast, embracing Kong and other States on northeast. Eastern section flat and marshy; gradual elevation toward west coast. Climate moist and hot. Products include valuable woods, gold, india rubber, cotton, and pine- apples. Commerce increasing; value exports, 1895, $851,800; im- ports, $343,900. Coast settlements comprise Grand-Bassam, Assinie, Grand La/1021, and Jackeville. Dahomey stretches inland between Togoland and British Lagos; frontier of interior undetermined. Area of coast and protected inland colonies 14,000 square miles. Surface undulating plain.- and plateaus partly covered with tropical forests. Inhabitants engaged in agriculture; chief products palm-oil, Indian corn, cattle, ivory, and india rubber. Annual export of palm-oil, 10,000 tons; palm kernels, 20,000 tons. Total population, 550,000. Natives pure negroes and fetich worshipers. Capital, Abomey; chief trading centefs, Kotonou, Grand Pop o, and Whydah. French Soudan embraces the countries of the Upper Senegal, Upper and Middle Niger, and those extending inland from Senegal, French Guinea, Indenie, and Dahomey. Country divided into annexed territories-area, 54,000 square miles — aDd protectorates— 300,000 square miles. Interior an elevated plateau sloping north and east to Great Desert. Climate tropical; dangerous for Europeans. Rainy season April to October. Territory in great part fertile, well wooded and watered; productions rice, other cereals, tobacco, cotton, sugar, gums, and india rubber. Value of import-. 1897, 81,634,842; exports, 8907,683. Iron and gold found. Population annexed territories, 360,000; protectorates, 2.50o,0(.iO. Railway open Hon: Kayes to Bafoulabe, 94 miles. Government vested in Superior Military < om- mandant under authority of Governor of Senegal residing at Kayt S. MOROCCO the Mauritania of the ancients; conquered by tin- Arabs about TOO. Present dynasty, Scheriffs, pretended descendants of Mohammed, established 1516. Most flourishing period of country 1579-1603. Slavery of Christians abolished 1814; piracy prohibited L817. Area, estimated at 219,000 square miles; southern frontier toward Sahara unsettled. Country comprises a "Tell*' or fertile region open- ing upon the Atlantic, an elevated region bevond traversed by ranges of Atlas Mountains (Ayashiu 14,150 feet), and the eastern or desert region of Sahara. Coast district intersected by numerous Bhorl rivers, Muluya largest. Climate warm and generally healthful. North- west has sufficient rain from October to March: droughts not un- common in southwest. Soil of coast region and mountain fertile; yields abundantly under rudest cultivation. Products wheat, barley, Indian corn, bemp, henna, and tropical and subtropical fruits; dates a regular crop in south. Wealth of Arabs consists ol cattle, hor-es, sheep, and ostriches. Manufactures comprise carpets, fezes, leather, woolens, silks, ieweirv, saddlery, earthenware, etc. Imports, 1897, including specie, -5..V1:;. 1— ; chiefly cotton goods and provisions: exports; *:3,r>;o,Tls, including bi : : cattle and wool, #721,865; goat skins, 1321,372; eggs, 1446,429. Mineral posits— undeveloped-include iron, gold, sliver, manganese, antimony, lead, etc.; fine amethysts found. Population. 5,000,000; mostly Berbers and descendants of Al orthern capital: leading commercial city; population 140,000. Morocco, southern capll manufactures of morocco leather; 70,000. Tangier d chlel center of trade; 30,000. Mequinez, royal residence; 30,000. Ednca- 348 v rr^wi — i 8 S £1 350 AFRICA. tion limited to teachings from Koran. Mohammedanism predomi- nant religion* Government absolute despotism; Sultan chief of state and head of religion. Army comprises about 12,000 men under European discipline and an additional force of 8,000 militia and 10,000 Infantry. SPANISH POSSESSIOXS.-Canary Islands-known to Phoenicians; visited by Portuguese and Genoese during 14th century; became a Spanish possession 1493. Administratively part of Spain. Area of archipelago, 2,808 square miles. Surface mountainous, diversified by plains and valleys. Climate equable. Mean temper- ature Teneriffe, 70 deg.; highest, st deg.; lowest. 46 deg. Rainy - November to February. Chief products sugar, cochineal, and wine; other products, tobacco, silk, oil, wheat, barley, and tropical fruits. Population, 287,7^8. Capital, Santa Cruzde Teneriffe; chief port, Patmas. Religion Roman Catholic. Rio de Oro and Adrai — area, 243,000 square miles; population, lOO.oeo — under governorship of Canary Islands with sub-governor at Bio tie Oro. PORTUGUESE POSSESSIONS. -Cape Verde Islands discovered and colonized by Portuguese 1460. Area, 1,480 square miles. Islands mountainous. Climate tropical; mean temperature, 71 deg.; September, 91.5 deg.; December, 58 deg. Islands subject to droughts- rainy season August to September. Has flourishing cin- chona plantations. Other products include coffee, cacao, tobacco, sugar, brandy, palm-oil, fruits. Cattle, goats, pigs, numerous. Manu- factures :. Salt, soap, linens pottery, and leather. Imports, 1896, 81,851,- 244; exports, $448,340. Iron and amber in southern islands. Popula- tion, 114,130; of mixed race, descendants of Portuguese settlers and negroes. Capital Porto Praya. Colony administered by Governor. Portuguese Guinea. -On Senegambia coast surrounded on land side by French possessions; includes Bissagos Archipelago and Bolama Island. Area, 4,440 square miles. Chief products: india rubber, wax, oil seeds, ivory, and hides. Imports, 1895, $328,280; exports, $•256,360. Population, £20,000. Capital, Bolama: chief port, Btesao. St. Thomas and Prince Iwlauds.-St. Thomas (Sao Thomg) discovered by Portuguese 1470; with Prince Island (Ilha do Principe.), its dependent, forms province of Portugal. Area, 360 square miles. Volcanic and mountainous (Pico de Sao Thome 7,028 feet) with luxu- riant vegetation. Climate unhealthful: more rain than on main- land. Chfef products, coffee (St. Thomas 4,961,250 lbs.), cacao (Prince 1,323,000 lbs.), cinchona; sugar and vanilla also produced. Popu- lation, 24,660; principally Creoles and Negroes. Capital, Oidade de Sao Thome. Chief town and port (Prince Island) Sao Antonio. Madeira Islands.— Islands known to ancients; visited by Arabs 12th century; re-discovered and colonized by Portuguese 1420. Area, 505 square miles. Very mountainous (Pico Ruivo, 6.060 feet). Notable health resort for. European invalids. Mean temperature, 65 deg.; highest, 85 deg.; lowest, 54 deg. Sugar-cane, tobacco, and all tropical and European fruits grown; wines famous. Population, 130,584. Funchal, capital, 18,778. An administrative district of Portugal. BRITISH POSSESSIONS. — (.old Coast — Danish settle- ments transferred to England, 1850; Dutch claims. L872; colonial gov- ernment established 1374; Ashantee placed under British protection 1895-6. Area, 15,000 square miles ; including protectorate, 46,600. Coast regions level: interior hilly. Soil fertile. Products: Palm-oil and kernels, india rubber, kola nuts, and timber. Value imports, 1397, 84,425,224; exports, S5,16S,873; india rubber. 1896, sl.2S4.900. Gold widely distributed. Population, 1.473.882 t50n Europeans). Akra. capital and chief city: population 16.267; Cape roast Castle, 11,614. Tele- graph, 623 miles. Education mainly in hands of religious bodies; enrollment, 1^97,8.499. Government schools at Akra and Cape Coast. Lagos.— Island permanently occupied by Great Britain, 1861: depen- dency of Gold Coast until 1886. Area, including mainland, 1.500 square miles; including Voruba— interior negro kingdom— 20,070. Chief prod- ucts and exports: Palm oil and kernels, cotton, gum copal, ivory, india rubber, coffee, and cocoa. Live stock, 1897: Sheep, 1,693; hogs, 2,680; cattle, 948; horses, 45. Value of imports, 1897, $3,744,683; exports, NORTHWESTERN AFRICA, 85i $3,942,338; palm oil and kernel-, exported, 1896 ,$2,441,300; rubber $1,689- 900. Populatiou, 100,000 (200 whites); Including rbruba, iooO.OOO Lagos, capital and chief city; population, 32,500. Pagane predoii Gambia.— Territory discovered by Portuguese 1447; fori Usbed by English 1686; became British posse,-!, «n i>;5 ; annexed to Siena Leone 1841; independent colony 1S88. Area, 2,700 squan (settlement proper, 6t»j. Pruducts and exports: Groundnuts, bides, beeswax, rice, cotton, corn, and india rubber. Value of imports 1897 $821,694; exports, $806,244. Population 50,000; settlement proper, 1894 14,978 62 wbiti - Balhurst, capital and chief city; population 6,000 Schools, 5; enrollment, 861. Mohammedans predominate. Sierra Leone.— Northwest of Liberia. Unsuccessful attempt made to colonize liberated slaves 17S7 ; territory annexed by England 1791- became Crown colony 1807. Area, including Sberboro Island and ad- joining territory, 30,000 square n,iles ; Sierra Leone proper, i.tmn Surface of coast an undulating plain; interior elevated plateaus. For- ests extensive. Soil fertile; rice yields abundantly in interior plentiful; indigo practically wild. Exports include palm oil and palm kernels, benni seed, ground and kola nuts, tropical fruits, india rubber, copal, and hides. Value imports HO; exports. - coanut-oil produced; workers in gold and silver numerous and skillful. Population, 1891, 74,833 (whites 224): 1898, 250,000. Freetown, capital; most important seaport (fortified) of WeBt Africa; population 30,033. Enrollment in schools, 1896, 10.500. Paganism prevails. Niger Coast Protectorate occupies most of Atlantic coast from Lagos to Kamerun. Area. 3,000-4,000 square miles. Climate hot. moist, and unhealthy. Products and exports: Palm oil and ker- nels, groundnuts, ivory, india rubber, ebony, camwood, indigo, . hides, and cacao. Imports: Textiles, hardware, spirits, tobacco, pro- Visions, pottery, guns, etc. Value imports 1896-';. sports, $3,108,932. Trading centers, Old Calabar (40,000), Opobo, Bonney, etc. Training, industrial, and other schools established. Government entrusted (i891 to Imperial Commissioner and Consul-General. Niger Territories comprise region of Niger basin (except Niger Coast Protectorate) between French and German spheres of influence; Sokoto, Gando, Borgu, and part of Bornu obtained by treaties with native tribes since 1882. Area, 500,000 square miles. Niger delta tin- healthful: climate of interior better. Gando rich in agricultural resources; cotton produced. Imports: Textiles, earthenware, hard- ware, beads, tobacco, and salt; exports: Gums, bides, india rubber, ivory, palm oil and kernels, etc. Population, 20,000,000-35,000,000. Asaba, capital; Akassa and Gangana ports of entry. Government administered by Royal Niger Company (chartered 1886). GERMAN POSSESSION.— Togoland on Slav.- (Oast between Dahomey and Gold Coast Colony. Declared a German protectorate 1884. Area 33,000 square miles. Coast low and unbealtbful, interior salubrious. Maize, yams, tapioca, ginger, bananas grown; coffee cul- ture introduced. Forest products, cocoa, palm oil, caoutchouc, dye- woods. Exports, palm oil, gum. palm kernels. I'opulni ion 2 Lome chief town and port. Governed by imperial Commissioner. WBERIA.— Countrv settled 1822 by free Negroes, Bent out under American Colonization Society; declared independent 1847. Area, 14,360 square miles. Coast lands generally low and sandy; Interior hills and mountains covered with beautiful forests, diversified by well-watered, fertile valleys; largest rivers St. Johns and st. Pauls. Climate unhealthful, seasons wet and dry; hottest month January; heat mitigated by almost constant land and sea Inezes. < offee- rettowned for its excellence- and ginger chief products. Maize, rice, cotton, arrowroot, sugar cane, cereals, and vegetables readllj produced. Fruits abundant and finely flavored. Value exports, 189 leading articles, coffee, palm oil and palm kernels, rubber, i sugar, arrowroot, ivory, bides, and plassava; imports, - tiles, clothing, provisions, hardware, tobacco, furniture, et< Popu- lation, 1,065,000; 18,000 Americo-Llberians; remainder aboriginal in- habitants. Monrovia, capital; population, tt - Krootown, 5.0ixi. Harper, 3,000. Regular system of common school*, i tive vested in 1'resident assisted by Council of Minister.-. I citizen between 16 and GO liable to military service. 352 Jl.of ®M Y %/,V „ Bereh\ D\£ JIBESTI or T Y ■ Tao i'EardaiT j; g 20^ *#+>& ME D 1% T /•: R II . 1 NJE A N 9W! A R ( A " a Tlatc/u of lit: LihtianJRtaM I i y ;■, 600 f o 60y feet "4 .'■ /,''\ /..-—■<<*; (i/ttpj'ter A rketelKerim ffii Oasis ll sh ofBahrith I. Zuila OORZOOK Wair ;°Gatron , : / 0/ roTejerri / £ | BY AN DESERT ,.vl,o 'Oasis! E G fa/a*?* ^Ggbabo ( Gre ° ■ TROPIC 0> CANCER Second Ca '^'■■■•■;..0{K T E.D •y S E^R T T ah X- '•■-. 7 ft KaibrirQj T'iiJ-'i Caiaracfi-£$' Toul . t "■""<\^rayan g aJoa 7'^ '' \X°™ ^ JANGA eiOrdeh^J^ "-JNEDI i' * •VSs-Safi. o Qm sfe* ^ BanJala ; --Maxta' T >. ifcuaka^f, Terkama . '. -, Tai " KOfcDOKAff el 01>e <1 snouasi, \TERTIT . aw »,.*^'»» Ifcjan' J vl s XrV*"\ oLiffl.:- '.;*'"--i:Mesha %Jv"„ , *V-^--^~ Q Kai. V.De^Zibyr. • BONGO, <*x.'V Sj* ^ -rffc N?" •' Mbane» *..- %"Bekir JRumbi ! * V \ M bariqa -DAR BANDA 353 '^'V? VK M# T Y'-'-H.'-: ^ V f toy 40 ' 50 12 354 AFRICA. NORTHEAST AFRICA. EGYPT earliest known Beat of civilization; renowned alike for its great antiquity and former splendor. Modern history begins wltb conquest by Mohammedans 638 A. D.; taken by Mamelukes 1260; be- came Turkish province 1517. Invaded by Napoleon 1798; restored to Turkey 1801. New era began with Mehemet All, rounder of present dynasty; reigned L805 19. Suez Canal opened 1869. Natlverevolt under Arabi Pasha, 1831, suppressed by British; English linaneial adviser appointed Mahdists in Soudan revolted 1881 -85: conquer* d Area, 400,000 square miles. Great natural features are River Nile and Desert. The Nile has its source in Victoria Nyanza; by m; annual inundation and deposit of loam is great fertilizer of Egypt; delta- characterized by network of lagoons, fivers, and canals -comprise square miles, chain of bills on the east separates Nile from Nubian Desert, plateau 1,600 to 3,000 feet in height. Lybian Desert on the west contains chain of fertile oases. Chiei lake, Birket-el-Kerun. Climate Of ETpper Egypt continuously hot and dry; tart her north hot season is April-November; temperate, December-March. Rain- fall scanty, except in Delta. Mean temperature Cairo, January, 54 deg.; July, 95 deg.; year, 71 deg.; rainfall, 1.34 inches. Perennial irrigation assures two or three crops annually; in winter, cereals; summer, cotton, sugar, and rice; autumn, rice, maize, and vegetables. Cultivated area, 1891; 6,330,224 acres; under.wheat, 1,252,316; maize and durrah, 1,576,912; cotton, 897,372. Cotton yield, 1896, 341,034 tons; sugar, 1897,3,609,4.i3 tons. Date most important fruit, 3,452.674 productive trees; tig, orange, lemon, and olive plantations exist. Domestic ani- mals, including dromedary, horse, donkey, camel, sheep, and ox. number 1,668,860 head. Manufactures chiefly cotton, linen, and woolen textiles, leather, coarse pottery, glassware, embroideries, and cigarettes. Total imports, 181)7, $64,245,620: textiles lead, value $16, 751,660; others— cereals, coal, metal, etc. Exports, $69,780,820; chiefly raw cotton, $4:2,348,290; cereals, etc., $11,350,740; tobacco. $4,962,715. Mineral resources limited; natron, salt, petroleum, sulphur, and emeralds found. Quarries comprise granite, syenites, porphyry, mar- ble, alabaster, limestone, and sandstone. Population, 1897, 9,811. ."42— 577,363 nomadic. Nile Valley and delta most densely peopled. Copts, descendants of ancient Egyptians, dwell chiefly in Upper Egypt, I capital, on Nile; founded bv Saracens, 970; contains museum' of antiqui- ties, mosques, public buildings, etc.; population, 1897,570,062. A dria, founded 332 B. C, commercial center and chief seaport; popula- tion 319,766. Port Said, at mouth of Suez Canal; population 42,095. Railways belonging to Stat< . 1899, 1,166 mites; to companies. 72 miles. Government telegraph 1S97, 2,038 miles. Suez Canal, 87 miles long, connects Mediterranean with lied Sea; gross tonnage, l s '.i7. 11,123,403; receipts 814,158,259. Arabic language spoken. Schools under govern- ment control. Copts support 1,000 elementary schools; teaching of Coptic language compulsory; though no longer spoken. Coptic -till used in liturgy. Dominant religion Mohammedanism. Moslems. 1897, numbered 8,97S,775; Christians, 730,162 (608.446 Copts); Jews. 25,200. Supreme religious and judicial authority vested in sheikh ul Islam. Principality tributary to turkey. Power nominally in hands of Khedive and Ministry, supported sine 1882 by British advisers. Army, reorgan- ized 1882, under command of British general. Egyptian Soudan extends from Egyptian frontier to Albert Nyanza and from Red Sea to confines of Wadai. Area about 950,008 square miles. Population before revolt about 10,000,000. Chief towns: Khartoum, capital; Omdurman, formerly Dervish capital; Wadi/ Haifa. Convention of 1899 provides for Governor-General ap- pointed by Egypt with consent of Great Britain. TRIPOET a possession of Carthage, later of Rome; conquered successively by Arabs and Turks; formed one of Barbary States; inde- pendence secured 1711: reconquered by Turkey 1835, now a vilayet of that country. Area, including oases. 398.900 square miles. Surface mostly desert; mountainous in west and south. Coast line 800 miles; chief harbor, Tripoli. Climate variable; abundant rainfall north November-March. Fertile regions are mountain table-lands, oases, NORTHEAST AFRICA. 855 and narrow coast belt. Products, fruits, vegetables, cotton, silk, to- bacco, madder, castor oil, saffron, senna. Cattle, horses, and camels reared, manufactures include clothing, skins, sacking, morocco leather, potash, and earthenware. Value imports 1897, $l,706,248-cloth, .tobacco, provisions, etc.; exports, si. 764, 991— ostrich feathers, skins, hides, cattle, etc. Minerals salt and sulphur. Population 1,300,000 (Benghazi 500,000). Tripoli, capital, seaport, and commercial center; population 30,000. Education neglected. Mohammedanism prevails. ABYSSINIA visited by Portuguese 1492; the various small mon- archies united in one kingdom 1855; overthrown by British 1868: Italian protectorate declared 18S9; independence recognized 1896. Area, in- cluding dependencies, etc., 150,000 square miles. Surface a succession of lofty table-lands traversed by mountain ranges (Kas Dashan, 15.160 feet). Contains Lake Tana (elevation 6,1 10 feet; source of Blue Xile. Gorges and ravines thickly wooded with valuable trees. Climate generally temperate and healthful. Cotton, sugar cane, vine, and date palm flourish in many districts; little land under cultivation. Chief products, cereals, coffee, cotton, "tef ,■' sugar cane, hops, fruit. Pasto- ral leading pursuits; large herds of cattle, sheep, and goats reared; ex- cellent horses and long-wooled sheep in higher elevations. Manu- factures comprise cotton and woolen cloth, and working of leather and metals, etc. Caravan trade important; hides, skins, ivory, wax, gum, coffee, gold, ostrich feathers, etc., exchanged for manufactured articles. 3Iiuerals include sulphur, ro k sa t, gold, silver, antimony, and iron. Population 3,500,000, chiefly Ethiopians. Anlcober leading city commercially and politically, population 7,000. Gondar, ecclesias- tical city of Abyssinia, 5.000. Besso and Sokoto, important trade cen- ters. Education restricted to teachings of secular and regular clergy. Abyssinians mostly members of Alexandrian Church. Gov- ernment a feudal monarchy under an Emperor. ITALIAN POSSESSIONS.— Eritrea-Colony of Eritrea constituted 1890. Assab, occupied 1880. town and island of Massaua 1885. Colony now embraces coast of Red Sea from Kas Kasar to Strait of ,Bab-el-Mandeb, 670 miles, extending inland about 2&» miles. Area 88,500 square miles Lands adapted to agriculture. Excellent pasturage abundant; sheep, goats, oxen, and camels reared; meats, hides, and butter produced. Pearl fisheries at Massaua and Dahlak Archipel- ago; industry in hands of Banians (Indians). Annual value of pearls taken, $17,500; mother-of-pearl, $152,000. Total imports to Massaua, 1896, 15,404,084. Population 450,ot.M, largely nomadic; Europeans, 1893, 3,452. Massaua, on sterile coral island 200 yards from mainland, capital, forti- fied seaport and important center of commercial exchange; population 7,775 (600 Europeans exclusive of garrison). Railway 33 miles. Tele- graph line 381 miles. Administration autonomous; central govern- ment represented by civil governor under Minister of Foreign Affairs. Italian Somali Laud.- Sultanate of Obbia placed under Italian protection February, 188a; protectorate extended in April and in 1892 and 1^96. By treaty of Adis Abeba, 1896, Italian dominion restricted to strip of coast extending from Raa Alula to mouth of Juba River. Area 100,000 square miles. Population 400,000. BRITISH POSSESSIONS.-Britisu Somali Land became a protectorate 1884. Region extends from Lahadu to Zivada, with an area of 68,000 square miles. Value of imports, 1897-8, $1,671,184, chiefly rice, textiles, and dates; exports, si, 681.730— skins, hides, ostrich leathers, cattle, sheep, and gum. Population Mohammedans and nomadic. Berbera chief town; population 30,000 (in trading season;. Government administered by Political Agent and Consul. Socotra Island captured, 1507, by Portuguese; Mohammedanism supplanted Christianity in 17th century; annexed by British 1876. Area L382 pquare miles. Dates and gums produced. Cattle, goats, and sheep reared. Population about 12,000; mixed race, Arabs and Bedouins. FRENCH POSSESSIONS.- Obock and Somali Coast Protectorate acquired by France 1864. Situated on (iulr of Aden, surrounded by Eritrea, Abyssinia, and British Somali Land. Area 8,640 square miles; extends inland about 40 miles. Trade chiefly with interior countries. Population 30,000. Chief cities Obock and Tajoora. 356 10 Longitude -Ea W*ra l> \ > SHR^.jYKabkat is <■ -BJJ Lifa.ie l v. Q.'-iMatala A Pa ».,°GujebaMjr Massenia Sandala I ' h »» \ / .TageleK . INgigmi) ,,, . Gorki., . p Kan o, ^ - ' //KptLa Allah, ^ ,:'- -- -\ »o 1 Xi-ebedje'-\ /* ( Zongo _ ^Rapids YzA* Benga inyeUeVN ; ,h: Ial^anDEH rpaSfakabana 1 ^ ^kur jjjtotfa t\J« Kuii>jr; LoangoT IBananff SanOi^-- »vangaf'TV > j^/^x,eopold\ville J V'-?' "R k £ l> E P.'yi — -- 'WljMuehcJ'utQ' %f Jia^songoJ 3AS1IILANGE Ambmette^ AmbrizJ St.TaulQabanaar>».» V*>^| \ ^i o ! ? \) &'\<£ \ / ' Milium) rf ifNc^feflo ^Ia!an>e"VCMsange; • ■ ^fr' Ss^i™, S > Malange ■^ MorroPt.'t; 4-/.^ifunda ^TX^r 357 CENTRAL AFRICA. Scale of Statute Miles. 100 " *•' i" y 4 ' : A~~i \2 A N Z I B A R [AXTSMA ^t.^_Bi"A>'6JI • j "6 ■ £*»& 66 t ^ " :,; ' ^uti r I. (Br.. l'-es-Salaam Kisiwani ^* -Magtambig.' .?* o Sfuali 40 358 AFRICA. CENTRAL AFRICA. BRITISH EAST AFRICA comprises main portion of high- lands of eastern equatorial Africa (Mt. Kenla 18,400 reel and Ruwen- zorl 16,600, highest elevations), and the high plateau east and norl of Victoria Nyanza. Surface In - gradually to lowland- of coast; west and northwest to Valley of Upper Nile. Principal river Nile; Tana and Juba chief rivers entering Indian Ocean. Baa many interesting lakes, embraces northern half of Victoria Nyanza. Politi- cally district divided among the protectorates of East Africa, Uganda, and Zanzibar. East Africa Protectorate includes the coast from Julia River to German East Africa and inland to Uganda borders. Higher pla- teaus, clothed with luxuriant grasses, especially adapted to stock rais- ing. Value of imports, 1897-8, $2,098,468; exports, $511,015— ivory, india rubber, cattle, goats, grain, copra, gum copal, hides and horns. Ship- ping entered, 196,630 tons. Population, 2,500,000; includes 13,500 Asiatics, and 390 Europeans and Eurasians. Mombasa, capital and chief city; has a fine harbor; population 24,700. Lamu and Eismayit chief ports in the north; Vanga and Takaungu south. Railway, 1899, 260 miles. Telegraph line, 110 miles. Protectorate under control of Commissioner and Consul-General. Uganda Protectorate came under sphere of British influence 1894. Includes Uganda proper, Usoga to the east, and Unyoro and other countries west within British sphere of influence. Soil fertile. Natives skillful in pottery and w T orking in iron. Value of imports, 1895. 8104,- 342; exports, 8115,022. Mengo, capital. Protectorate administered by Commissioner residing at Port Alive on Victoria Nyanza. Zanzibar Protectorate.— Zanzibar an important Mohammedan power under Imans of Maskat 16ii$-lS07: independence confirmed 1861; placed under British protection 1890. Area, with Pemba, 1.020 square miles. Surface undulating and well watered: soil fertile, carefully cultivated; chief product cloves. Value imports, 1897, 85.799,519; ex- ports, 85,781,786. In 1897,150 vessels of 24e,368 tons entered. Total population, 200,000— Arabs dominant race— (Pemba 50,000); British Indian subjects, 7,000. Zanzibar, free port; chief trade center in this region; population 30,000. Mohammedanism prevails; Christian mis- sions established. Protectorate governed through a native Sultan. GERMAIN POSSESSIONS.-German East Africa — Ger- man possessions in East Africa acquired 1S85 to 1890. Sphere of influ- ence embraces a coast line of about 620 miles, stretches south from British East Africa to Portuguese possessions and westward to Lakes Nyassaand Tanganyika. Area, 38-1,000 square miles. Co«st belt low; interior mountainous, forming wide plateaus with lofty isolated peaks; Kilimanjaro, 19,700 feet, highest. Chief rivers Rueha and Ruvu. Vic- toria Nyanza on the north. Forests of mangroves, coco palms, baobab, tamarind, etc., cover coast regions; acacia, cotton tree, syca- more, banian, etc., abound in higher sections. Coast lands oppressively hot and unheal thful; interior climate less dangerous. Large areas adapted to agriculture. Chief products: Millet, bananas, coco nuts, cloves, castor oil, sugar cane, and vegetables. Natives have large banana plantations, also cultivate Indian corn and pulse. On coast lands German plantations of cacao, coco palms, vanilla, tobacco, and india rubber established; in more elevated districts coffee is grown. Among natives goat most common domestic animal; cattle and sheep also reared. Value of imports, 1897, 81, 993.180; cottons, ironware, colo- nial wares, rice. oil. and liquors lead; exports. 8946,910; ivorv, $386,860; india rubber, 8205,160; sesame, $25,300; gum. $40,020. Minerals known to exist are coal, iron, salt, and malachite. Native population, 4,000,000, mostly Bantus with Asiatic element near coast. Europeans, 1897, 922 (678 Germans). Chief seaports: Dar-es-Salaam 13,000: Bmia- moyo 13,000; Kihca 10,000. Railway open from Tanga to Pongwe. 10 miles, under construction to Karagwe. Telegraph stations at nine coast towns. Protestant mission societies. 7: Roman Catholic, 3. Pro- tectorate administered by an Imperial Governor. Kaiucrun region extends along coast of Bight of Biafra 199 miles; surrounded inland by French Kongo and French and British spheres CENTRAL AFRICA. 359 of influence. Region became German protectorate 1884. Area, 191,130 square miles. Surface of interior high plateaus sloping abruptly to Atlantic coast lands: latter generally low with exception of lofty vol- canic peaks of Kameruns (Mongo Ma Loba, 13,000 feet) rising near sea. Rivers unfit for navigation. Lake Tchad on northern boundary. Climate less unhealthful for Europeans than that of surrounding territories. Coast regions clothed with luxuriant tropica", vegetation, soil of great fertility. Tobacco, coffee, and cacao successfully estab- lished. Coffee bushes 1895, 31,596; cacao trees. 364,820. Interior plateaus abound in extensive savannas well adapted for rearing cattle. Value of imports, 1S9T, 11,228,200; chiefly cottons, salt, rice, spirits, wood, and tobacco; exports, 8852,380: rubber exported, $243,800: palm oil, 8234.41 Hi; palm kernels, 8303,600; ivory, 885,100; cacao. 810,120; ebony, 825,53d. Gold aud iron found. Population, 3,500,000; Bantu negroes near coast; Sudan negroes inland. Whites, 1897, 253 181 Germans. Kamerun chief town; Bitea, Victoria, and Campo important trading stations; chief native settlements are Bell-town and Aqua-town. Government and mission schools established. Protectorate under Imperial Governor. KONGO INDEPENDENT STATE grew out of the Kongo International Association, founded 18:35 by Leopold II, King of Belgi- ans, and organized by Stanley, first Governor-General. Boundaries of State defined by neutrality declarations 1885; State placed under sovereignty of the King, who, 1889, bequeathed his sovereign rights to Belgium. At the convention of 1890, between Belgium and the Inde- pendent State, former reserved the right to annex the latter after ten years. Area, 900,000 square miles. State embraces the larger portion of the Kongo basin. Kongo River and its many tributaries great natural features of country. Surface rises from low coast lands to an interior elevation of 1500-1600 feet. Extensive forests in east. Climate generally unhealthful, especially in river lowlands; changes of temperature more frequent but fevers less dangerous on higher elevations. Agriculture leading industry; tribes along the Kongo and tributaries excellent fishermen and boatmen. Chief products, rubber, ivory, palm nuts, and palm oil; coffee and tobacco thrive. Commerce has extended rapidly. Value of imports 1897, $3,665,645; chiefly clothing, provisions, metals, machinery, arms and ammunition; experts, 36,194,772; rubber, 81,579.261; ivorv. 8934,131; palm nuts and palm oil, $332,327. Population, 30,000,000, mostly of Bantu origin; many pygmy tribes. Europeans, 1898, 1,678 (Belgians 1,060). Boma, capital, and port on Kongo River; population 15,000: Banana, seaport on Kongo River Kongo River navigable from mouth to Matadi, and beyond Stanley Pool 1,000 miles; navigation between Matadi and Stanley Pool impeded by rapids; towns connected by railway 250 miles in length. Native religion fetichism; missions (67 stations) co-operate with government in educational matters. Central government at Brussels; local administered by a Governor-General. ANGOLA.— Region discovered by Portuguese 1486. Possessions extend from mouth of Kongo to Cunene River, over 1,000 miles; sur- rounded inland by Kongo Independent State, British South- Africa, and German Southwest Africa. Area, 484,000 square miles. Coast regfon narrow, arid lowland, succeeded by uplands reaching to moun- tains bounding an interior plateau. District west of Kongo basin extremely mountainous; large, areas well wooded. Country well watered by numerous rivers; Kuanza navigable over 200 miles. • Coast lands unhealthful; climate of interior European in character. Soil fertile, agriculture a flourishing pursuit. Oil palm not found below 10 deg. south: coffee grows wild in nearly all hilly districts, chief export irom Ambriz; cotton grown in district of Mossamedes, sugar in lowlands; Other productions rubber, wax, vegetable oils, cocoanuts, oxen, fish, and ivory. European domestic animals reared. Trade largely with Portugal. Value of imports, 1896, $3,658,543, principally textiles; exports, 18, coffee and rubber leading articles. In L896, 286 vessels of 431,- 771 tons entered the four ports. Malachite, copper, salt, petroleum, and iron found in large quantities; gold also exists. Population. $,119,000; White population greater than in any other Central African ion. St. Pttulde Loanda, capital and seaport; population about 14,000. Port Alexander Beat of fish salting industry. Railway open 1896, 230 miles; telegraph line, 430. 361 Gt.Comobo I. % Y'fi St. LiZARi-s -i r' oM oRO » (, EB -) , N% :t M"H ;•'-"•• '*y Islands «• »%i^l erc/VO 3I0BI1XA I ;<( V ^ ? j J ^ , „ -4. k Port Badama/b j r -|y \ .^ ■ti*0px£jjy?i ~y bique A ^emlatooka ~B*V J}\, yC?*^ ; -->^AN008TASC. St. Andrewjj vo . o , Cape Mashanca 5>f " - 7^—- <7T? B. • «0 (Sta. Marja) » ~"< '3SI"*" j Vbazaruto I. . <{,"'* SoBengcka I. ife w ftTTT 7 6 Cape Udy Grey Vi' Fisherenamasay^S' '' % V ?..$ -IU?/ Aumba /SStrod,^ r..„: \ S - Turrl\ , Oiiiananaja'C Tintingae ViST.MA RI E aaibar/,'1. (fk.) *>W \f7TJ llnntrn iinatave i'JoTorant I'-i. . •■ M-i-:e N - «J, ASDBIAMBALJk|' J *~ 'S EUROPA I. Marofototra Pt.,4. i Manja.... v.~ 'Co Ihosvo j i?£,? l ''£ m ' ,0 h'lJeno \y\ ■— ;- : ' r /&} . %J Ambah V\ l^Manambato/ -v F '- Dauphin I Point Barrow ^ Jxf^ndrahombe Car*St.Maxy V '^ Ura *> Inhapaliata River Dtlagoa Bay • CapeColatto ♦ Sta. Lucia Lake i"»r . Region easl of Kamerun and north to Lake Tchad conceded to French L894. Area, 197,001) square miles. Country well watered and covered with extensive (brents. Kongo and Mobangi rivers on eastern and southern frontiers. Climate gen- erally healthful for Europeans. Richest region In tropical Africa; Colony one of most promising. Cotton, tobacco, cinnamon, pepper, gums, resins, and dyewoods produced. Exports, 1897: India rubber, 518 tons; ivory, 105; palm oil, 140: palm kernels, sue,; ebony, 1,748; mahog- any, 3,421 ; coffee, kola nuts, piassaA a, and cocoa also exported. In 1897, mi vessels of -.'.v.!, I i',i i tons entered the harbors. Estimated native pop- ulation, 5,000,000; Europeans Desides garrison, 300. Libreville, capi- tal and seaport. Schools for hoys, IS; girls, 7: total pupils. 800. Civil and military government administered by Commissioner-GeneraL SOUTH AFRICA. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.— Discovered by Portuguese 1487; col- onized by Dutch 105O-2: immigration of Huguenots 1686; occupied by British 1796, and again 1806; finally ceded to Great Britain 1815; repre- sentative government obtained 1853; responsible government 1872; Zulu War 1879. Area, including dependencies— East Griqualand, Tembuland, Transkei, and Waltisch Bay— 221,311 square miles. Surface rises from coast to interior by a series of terraces or plateaus separat- ed by mountains ranging from 4,000-8,000 feet. Largest plateau, Great Karroo (2,800-4,000 feet). Chief rivers. Orange and Olifants. < oast line, 1,225 miles, contains few harbors. Climate generally healthful, dry and temperate; hottest month usually January; coldest July. Karroo plateau and Orange Kiver plains subject to droughts. Rain falls in eastern districts in summer, in western in winter. Area of lands disposed of up to 189S, 127.550. -ISO acres; area of undisposed lands, 49,453,840. Cultivable area extending through irrigation. Leading agricultural products, 1898: Wheat, 1,950,831 bushels, oats, l. barley, 907,920; mealies, 2,0(1(1,742; Kaffir corn, 1,140,615; rve, :■ tobacco, 3,931,277 pounds. Vine, extensively cultivated, yielded 4.861,- 056 gallons of wine, 1,387,392 gallons of brandy, and 2,577,909 pounds of raisins; fruit trees. 4,195,624— peach, apple, pear, plum, apricot, orange, lemon, and fig. lave Mock industry one of the two leading sources of wealth; sheep farming ranks first: farms often comprise :;. 15,000 acres. Ostrich farming alsc successful. Farm animals, 19,842,293; sheep, 12.616.883; Angora goats. 5,316,767; cattle, 1,201,522; ostriches, 239,451. Cape wool renowned for its excellence; yield 39,141,- 445 pounds; mohair, 8,115,370; ostrich feathers, 2U1,733. Manufac- tories limited to flour mills, breweries, tanneries, tobacco factories, etc. Industrial otablisbments, 1891, 2,230: capital, $7,605,399; value annual product, §44,960,908. Commerce largely with United King- dom. Value of imports. 1807. SS7.469.254, chiefly textiles, clothing, and provisions; exports, S105.2ii8.620; raw trolu. 553,420,760; diamonds, •21,648,267; wool, $7,274,345; Angora hair, $3.2s\4v.i : ostrich feathers, $2,940,581. Minerals of vast importance. Diamond fields lead: dia- monds first diM-overcd 1867; coal output constantly increasing; yield 1896, 117,969 short tons; copper output valuable. Manganese, lead, iron, and zinc found. Population. 1891, including dependencies. 1.527,- 224 (colony proper 956. 1n>>: white:-. oTi"..'»>7. . capital, sea- port: and railway terminus; population lsvn. 51,251 (with suburbs, 83,718'. Kimberley, diamond mining center: 28,718. Port Elizabeth, seaport; 23,266. Length of railway 1897, 2,260 miles (359 private); telegraph line (Government) 6,609. Education not compulsory. In 1891 only 56.84 per cent of European population could read and write. Total children school age* (5-14) 1891, 415,432. Aided schools. 1897, 2,315; enrollment, 120,019. Aided colleges, 1896, 5; students, 505. No State church. Annual appropriation granted to Dutch Reformed, Presbyterian, Episcopalian, and Roman Catholic churches; amount, 1896-7,831,031. Dutch Reformed, with 306,320 adherents, leading church. SOUTH AFRICA. Executive government vested in Governor (Commander-in-Chief of army; and Executive Council appointed by Crown; Legislative in Legislative Council and House of Assembly. Cape Mounted Riflemen comprise 1,015 officers and men. Every able-bodied man between 18 and 50, within and beyond colonial limits, subject to military service. NATAIj. — Discovered by Portuguese 1497; Dutch settlements 1719-21; British 15:24: Boer immigration (Pietermaritzburg founded) 1837; became a separate Crown colony 1S5G. A rea 35,000 square miles. Surface rises in a succession of terraces to the Drakensberg; greatest elevation Mont aux Sources, 11,150 feet. Colony well watered; Tugela principal river. Climate in general pleasant and healthful; coast subtropical; interior cooler. Hot, rainy season, October to April. Soil of great fertility; subtropical coast belt produces sugar, bananas, tobacco, tea, aTrowroot, coffee, etc.; interior, cereals. Area cultivated, £45,950 acres (59\790 by natives); under tea, 2,664 acres; yield 848,930 pounds; sugar. 3i'>.5:)»''.8iA> pounds. Pastoral pursuits important; sheep, cattle, and ostrich farming especially profitable; live stock 1897 included £40,821 cattle, 306,978 goat.-, 670,962 sheep, 48,681 horses. Value exports, 1897, 17,882,545; wool, $2,206,949; hides, 8^4S,929; Angora hair, $169,575; coal, $436,734. Imports, >29,0s0,242; haberdashery, iron — wrought and unwrought— and machinery. In 1897 registered ship- ping of colony comprised 29 vessels, of 3,653 tons, there were 780 ves- sels of 1,246,390 tons entered, and 789 of 1,248,073 tons cleared. Min- erals include coal— output, 1897, 243,960 tons gold, copper, lead, iron, and building stone. 7'otal oopulation, 1898, 829,0051 61,000 Euro- peans, 53,370 Indians, and 714,635 Kaffirs. Pitirrrnds, machinery, provisions, hardware, etc.; exports, $133,34:5, ivory and coffee. Population, 1897, 845,295. Blantyre chief town; population 6,100. Znmba seat of administration. Administered by a Commissioner under Foreign Office. VAAL RIVER COL.ONY.-A British colony known for- merly as the South African Republic or Transvaal. Country settled 1848, by Boers who left the Cape Colony 1835, first settling in Natal. Inde- pendence recognized 1852. Country annexed by Great Britaii Revolted 1880-S1 and self-government restored under suzerainty of Great Britain; in 1884 British control restricted to foreign affairs. War declared against Great Britain October, 1899; Boers defeated and coun- try annexed by the British in 1900. Area, 119,139 square miles. Coun- try largely an elevated plateau (altitude from 3,000 to 4.000 feet) sloping west and north from the Drakensberg to Limpopo River; chief rivers Limpopo and Vaal. Forests confined chiefly to river courses and mountain gorges. Climate generally healthful; ranges from temper- ate through sub-tropical to tropical. Country adapted to agricul- ture and grazing. Number of farms, 12,245; area cultivated, 50,000 acres. Maize, tobacco, the vine, and most European fruits and vege- tables thrive. Chief industry of inhabitants rearing of live stock. Manufactures include products of iron foundries, distilleries, brew- eries, tanneries, potteries, sugar refineries, and saw and flour mills, gunpowder and tobacco factories. Value of imports 1897, $104,562,900; leading articles are clothing, machinery, railway material, iron wire, plates, etc. Exports include gold, wool, cattle, hides, ostrich feathers, ivory, etc. Richest mineral section of South Africa; gold leads in importance; most productive field Witwatersrand. Silver, copper, lead, plumbago, cobalt, iron, zinc, tin, bismuth, platinum, cinnabar, limestone and coal exist. Value gold output 1884 to 18DT inclusive, §260,919,068; 1897, 155,774,623; coal, $2,867,286. Population. 1898. 1,094,- 156; whites, 345,397. Pretoria, capital; white population 10,000; Jo- kannesburg, founded 18S6, largest and most important town in South Africa; mining center of Witwatersrand gold fields; population 1896, 102,1)78; whites, 50,907. Railway mileage 1898, 774. Telegiaph line, 2,000 miles. Schools number 429, with 11,552 pupils; expenditure, 86S1,789. State church Dutch Reformed; adherents 30,000; other Dutch churches, 32,760; English Church, 30,000. ORANGE RIVER COLON Y.-A British colony previous to the Boer War known as the Orange Free State Republic. First set- tled by Boers who emigrated from the Cape Colony in 1S36 and follow- ing' years. Annexed by Great Britain 1S4S; independence de> constitution proclaimed 1S54. War with Great Britain 1SD9 and 1900 resulted disastrously to the Republic and the country was annexed by Great Britain. Area, 48,326 square miles. Surface undulating plains and plateaus sloping gradually toward the west. Average ele- vation, 4,50U feet; eastern boundary formed by the Drakensberg. Country watered by numerous tributaries of Orange and Vaal rivers. Climate temperate and healthful. Area adapted to agriculture small; within certain sections, cotton, sugar-cane, rice, coffee, hemp, maize, tobacco, and fruits are grown. Agricultural population (white) 10,761. In 1890, 10.4D9 farms comprised 29,918,500 acres; area cultivated, 250.600 acres. Pastoral pursuits chief source of wealth; ostrich farming lucrative. Farm animals, 1890, 8,622,124; sheep, 6,619,992; goats, 858,155; ostriches, 1,461. Commerce conducted through ports of the Cape Colony and Natal. Value of imports, 1S97, SOUTH AFRICA. 365 $5,986,057; chiefly cereals, wool, horses, cattle, and merchandise; exports, $3,719,416; diamonds, $2,143,085. Minerals include gold, Iron, coal, lead, copper, plumbago, saltpetre; diamonds, garnets, and other precious stones found. Total population, 1890, 207,503; whites, 77,716. Bloemfontein, capital and chief town; population, 1890, 3,379. Railways open 366 miles. Telegraph line, 1,762 miles. System of education, national; free for very poor children. Government schools, 1897, 179; pupils, 7,390; private schools, 37; pupils, 650. Dutch Reformed the leading church;, has 68,940 adherents. State grant for religious purposes, $48,843. PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA.- First Portuguese settle- ments made on west coast 1505; colony formed 1891. Possessions divided into three districts: Mozambique, Zambezia, and Lorenzo Marquez; Inhambane districts, and Gaza (military district) now in- cluded. Area, 301,000 square miles. Surface of coast low and swampy, gradually rising toward interior, generally covered with forests. Chief river Zambezi. Soil fertile. Natives largely engaged in agriculture ; Indian corn grown extensively-. Coffee, cotton, and sugar cane thrive. Industrial, commercial, agricultural, and mining operations conducted by Zambezia Company. In 1S96 Zambezia River plantations of Mozambique Sugar Company yielded 1,300 tons. Value of imports at Mozambique, Beira, and Lorenzo Marquez, 1897, $7,359,- 609, chiefly cotton goods, spirits, beer, and wine. Exports, $1,137,390; oil nuts, seeds, india rubber, ivory, indigo, gum, etc. Gold, copper, iron, coal exist. Population, 3,120,000. Mozambique, capital; popu- lation 7,000. Lorenzo Marquez, leading seaport; population 7,700— 1,700 Europeans. Guilimane, 8,000. Railway, 279 miles. Telegraph line 950 miles. Administered by a Commissioner. Manica and Sofala region administered bv Mozambique Company under royal charter, granting sovereign rights for 50 years from 1891. GERMAN SOUTHWEST AFRICA.- Region annexed by ,Germany 1834. Possessions extend along Atlantic coast 930 miles, exclusive of Walfisch Bay; adjoin Angola on north, British Central Africa east, separated from the Cape Colony bv Orange River. Area, 322,450 square miles, divided into Damaraland and Great Namaqualand. Agriculture limited, soil of southern district and large areas in east- ern barren and desert. Pastoral pursuits chief industry. Natives have large herds of cattle; sheep introduced from the Cape, and native goats also reared. Value of imports, 1897, 81,187,618; exports, $302,957, guano and ostrich feathers. Copper and gold have been found. Popula- tion, -200,000 (whites, 1897, 2,628). Natives chiefly of Hottentot, Bush- man, Bantu, and Damara races. Protectorate administered by Imperial Commissioner; Great Windhoek, seat of administration. Chief har- bors Sandwich and Angra Pequena. MADAGASCAR. —Island known to the ancients and early Arabs; first described by Marco Polo; re-discovered by Portuguese 1506. France asserted claim over island as early as 1642. Christian- ity introduced 1810-28. War with France 1883-85 resulted in estab- lishment of French protectorate; island and its dependencies declared a French colony 1896 Area, with adjacent islands. 228,500 square miles; length 975 miles; breadth 358. Interior generally elevated and mountainous; coast regions and many parts of northern half of island clothed with tropical forests; luxuriance of vegetation almost un- rivaled; southern portion usually plateaus, with widely extending savannas. Coasts hot and unhealthf ul; higher parts of interior more moderate and less trying for Europeans. Agriculture and cattle- breeding chief Industries. Rice, sugar cane, coffee, vanilla, cotton, cacao, and sweet p latoes grown. Domestic manufactures include weaving of silk and cotton and textures from rofia palm fiber. Im- ports, cotton and metal goods, rum, crockery, etc.; value, 1896, $2,563,- 689; principal exports, cattle, hides and tallow, india rubber, Bugar, vanilla, wax, gum copal, rice, and seeds; value $685,031. Minerals in- clude gold, copper, iron, lead, sulphur, graphite and lignite. Popula- tion, 3,500,000; dominant race Ilovas, of Malay origin. Antananarivo, capital; population 100,000. Tamatare, chief seaport; population 6,000. Telegraph line 180 miles. Schools ("mostly mission) 1,800; pupils 170,- 000. All forms of religion permitted; Protestants estimated to num- 366 OCEANIA. ber -150,000; Roman Catholics, 50,000. Government administered by Governor-General and Administrative < louncll. MAURITIUS. Island la Indian Ocean, 500 miles east of I gascar. Discovered by Portuguese 1505: confirmed as British pos- session 1814. Area, 705 square miles. Climate unhealthful; mean temperature Port Louis, January 79 deg.; July 68 deg.; year 71 deg.; rainfall 52 Inches. Sugar cane, hemp, wheat, maize, yams, and manioc grown. Chief export raw sugar. Population, 371,655; two-thirds native. Spoken language French, official l-.nglisii. Port Louis capital; population about 55,645. Government with dependencies, Rodrl- gues. Diego Garcia, Seychelles Islands, vested In Governor and Ex- ecutive Council. REUNION or BOURBON. -Island about 110 miles southwest of Mauritius. French possession since 1764. Area* 965 square miles. Of volcanic origin, mountainous (Piton des Neges 10,070 feet). Cli- mate agreeable; annual rainfall St. Benoit, 162.4 inches; .-;. Denis, 49.1. Agricultural products, sugar — 15,700 tons exported 1896— coffee, cacao, vanilla, and spices. Live Stock, 27,215. Si. Denis, capital , population, 30,000; connected by railway, length 77 miles, with Point des Galles, chief port, and St. Benoit. Population, 171,713. ST. HELENA in South Atlantic about 1,200 miles from west coastof Africa. Discovered by Portuguese 1502: belonged to East India Company 1651 to 1834. Now a British colony. Napoleon I. imprisoned here 1815 to 1821. Area, 47 square miles. Climate mild and able; mean temperature for year, 71 deg. Value of imports 1897, 1171,- 825; exports, $21,570. Capital, Jamestown; population, 2,233. OCEANIA. Oceania, the fifth grand division of the globe, embraces the Continent of Australia and the islands of the Pacific Ocean east to Easter Island ( 109 deg. W.). - Islands generally grouped in two great divisions: Aus- tralasia and Polynesia. Australasia subdivided into Australia proper and Melanesia, "islands of the blacks"; latter includes New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, New Caledonia Island, and Solomon, Santa Cruz, New Hebrides, and Loyalty groups. The Fiji Islands (Poly- nesia), for convenience, are usually treated with Australia, as are New Zeaiand and Tasmania. Polynesia, "many islands", comprises Poly- nesia proper— Ellice Islands west, Palmyra north, and Low Archipelago east— and Micronesia, "the little islands"; latter embraces the remain- ing islands of Pacific, including Marianne and Ladrone west and Ha- waiian east. Land area of Oceania 3,450,223 square miles— more than three-fourths belonging to Australia. Most of the smaller islands and groups are either of volcanic origin or of coral formation. Climate of Oceanic islands in general delightful; temperature varies but slightly throughout the year; tropical heat greatly modified by constant sea breezes. Soil of volcanic islands extremely fertile: vegetation luxuri- ant. Population (estimated) 5,952,000: according to race, 4,244,000 Europeans, 1,605,000 Australians and Polynesians. 73,000 Mongols. 15,000 Semites, 10,000 Asiatic Aryans, and 7,000 Malays. Politically the islands of Oceania are divided among the United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, and The Netherlands. UNITED STATES POSSESSIONS. For Hawaii, See Article Following The Oceanic possessions of the United States comprise the Hawaiian Islands, the Island of Wake, and (jnam, the largest and most impor- tant of the Ladrone or Marianne group. Latter a fertile island about 100 miles in circumference, thickly wooded and well watered. Aguno, on west coast, seat of the military governor. BRITISH POSSESSIONS. Besides the islands constituting Australasia, the principal groups, and isolated islands belonging to Great Britain are Cook's or Ilervey's Islands, Manihiki (12sq.m., pop. 1,000) , Tokelau (7 sq. m., pop. 1,050), and Phoenix (16 sq, ui., pop. 59) groups. Ellice Islands, Gilbert Islands, OCEANIA. 367 Santa Cruz Islands, British Solomon Islands, and the Islands of Pit- cairn (2 sq. m., pop. 126), Fanning (15 sq. m., pup. 150), Maiden (35 sq. in., pop. 168), and Christmas (234 sq. in., pup. 100). -New Hebrides Islands jointly protected by Great Britain and r ranee. COOK ISLANDS?.— Discovered by Cuok 1T7T. Taken under British protection 1888. Group in Polynesia; comprises 6 islands and 9 Area 142 square miles. Cocoa-palms, bread-fruit trees, and plantains abound; coffee, cottun, oranges, and copra produced. Total population 8,400. Inhabitants Malays; skillful in various manufac- ture-;. Laws administered by an Executive Council, of which native kings or queens are members. British Resident at Baratonga. GILBERT ISLANDS.— Discovered by Commodore Byron 1765; re-discovered by Gilbert and Marshall 1788; annexed by Great Britain 1892. Group in Polynesia, north and south of equator west of long. 170 deg. E. Largest island, Taputeonan; must important, Butaritari; total area 166 square miles. Cocoanuts, pandanus, bread-fruit, and taro chief products. Population 22,000 to 25,000; inhabitants fishermen. TONGA OR FRIENDLY ISLANDS discovered by Tasman 1643; visited by Cook 1777. Placed under British protection 1899. Islands southeast of Fiji in lat. 20 deg. S. Area 374 square miles. Yield plantains, bananas, coffee, cocoanuts, arrowroot. Value of im- ports, 1897, $362,366, drapery, provisions, timber, etc.; exports, $315,370, copra, green fruit, and fungus. Natives produce fishing nets, tapa— textile from bark— copra, mats, etc. Population, 1893, 17,500; for- eigners, 250. Nukualofa capital and chief port. ELLICE ISLANDS.— Discovered by Americans 1319. Annexed by Great Britain 1892. Islands north of Fiji, lat. 10 deg. S. Area 14 square miles. Chief pruducts copra and guano. Population 2,400; inhabitants Christianized. SANTA CRUZ ISLANDS.— Discovered by Mendana 1595; vis- ited two centuries later by Carteret, who called them Queen Charlotte Islands. Group —7 in number— lies in Melanesia, southeast of Solomon .Islands. Area 337 square miles; population 5,650. FRENCH POSSESSIONS Comprise New Caledonia and dependencies, and the Society Islands, the Austral Islands, and the Marquesas, Low or Tuamotu, Gambier, and Tubuai groups, and the Island of Pvapa. SOCIETY ISLANDS_discovered by Spanish 1606; visited by Capt. Wallis 1767; by Cook 1769. Under French protection since 1842; Wind- ward group annexed 1880; Leeward 1885. Archipelago in eastern portion of Polynesia. Area 630 square miles (.Tahiti, 412; Moorea, 50). Islands mountainous; well watered by numerous streams. Area under culti- vation in Tahiti and Moorea, 7,000 acres; chief productions vanilla, coffee, copra, and sugar. Value of imports, 1897, 8722,121; exports, $593,626; mother -of -pearl, 8214,269; vauilia, §169,869; copra,8130,347. Popu- lation of Tahiti, 10,237; Moorea, 1,596. Papeete chief town and port; 9,804. Inhabitants nominally Christians. Government vested in a Governor and Consulting Council. NEW CALEDONIA (French penal colony) discovered by Cook 1774; seized and colonized by French 1853. island and dependencies— Isle of Pines, 53 square miles, Loyalty Archipelago, 756 square miles, Huon and Chesterlield islands, betweei and Fiji, and Wallis Archipelago, northeast of Fiji. Area 6,000 square miles. Products, cereals, pineapples, coffe >n, manioc, vanilla, vines, etc. Number of can:.-. 1897, 120,000. Value of imports §1,774,172; chief articles, apparel, wines, Bpirits, provisions, etc. Kx- 11,109,470, nickel, preservi irome, and silver lead ore. Minerals include coal, nickel, lead ore, chrome, and cobalt. Value of [ported, 1897, 1741,000. Population I 96, 51,033^natives, 27,345; penal, 10,757. Noumea, capital and seaport; population 6,679. Govern- ment vested in Governor, with Council-General and municipal councils, MARQUESAS.— Four of the islands discovered by Mendana 1596; others by < ook 1774. Under French protection since 1842. Group com- prises 13 islands in Polynesia, lat. 8 and 11 deg. b., long. 140 W. Area 368 309 170 Cube I XlSI 1NSKY I. BbookL J L.AYSAN T. „ GARDNER 1 , " £ OF JToNOLL' CANCER AJI (U. S.) VakeT 10. B.) ^Ts: SDWICH IS.) 3Iabshal ..HOWLAXD I ^.t)almyeaT. .Tanning I, g> Christmas I. EQU Ellice' Is. IPhcenix.Is. -•• TbKELAClS. Navigators Is.e )C J>>«> UGeb.) EBKIDEg jV^L Ten \-z.-CZ_ ^ uils Itrnnu (c. s.) Society Ts'. S I Islands ( French) , tuamotu ob ' " Low •. Archipelago • Tong 'Trie.- . CookIs. _Al-stral'I TROPIC OBFOLK 1. 5 6 u A pfOBTH ISLAND ^TcbuatL T E C I J 1 Chatham! () 6, Jjj .( Br.) A N longitude Vest from Greenwich IS0 o »-.«" 140 » 370 OCEANIA. 480 square miles. Surface mountainous. Products pulse, yams, sugar cane, bambdbs, cocoanuts, wild cotton, etc. Live ".lock and vege- tables exchanged for tobacco and munitions of war. Population M>\\ ARCHIPELAGO OR TUAMOTU ISLANDS covered 1797; French missionaries settled at Mangareva i over s *» in cumber, lie between lat. 14 and 24 deg. s. and long 135 deg. W. Group forms a dependency of French possession of Tahiti. Total area 330 square miles. Very Uttle productive soil. Popnla- tiou 7,000-8,000. French Resident at Rotoana, on Fakarava Island. GERMAN POSSESSIONS Embrace the northeastern portion of New Guinea (Kaiser tt'ilhelm's Land), Bismarck Archipelago, the northerly part of the Solomon group. Marshall Islands, the Marianne or Ladrone Islan of Guam), and the Caroline Islands. CAROLINE ISLANDS.— Discovered by Portuguese 1526; named for Charles II of Spain 16S6: Spanish claims contested by Englisl awarded to Spain by Pope 1885, Ceded to Germany 1899. Group con- sists of 700l8lands lying east of Philippines. Area 270 square miles. Chief products oranges, bread-fruit, eoeoanuts, cloves, and BUgar cane. Population about 32,000. Western capital Yap, eastern Poru MARIANNE OR LADRONE ISLANDS discovered by Ma- gellan 1521; occupied by Spain 166S; with exception of (.nam. ceded to Germany 1893. Group lies directly north of Caroline and east of Phil- ippine islands. Area 420 square miles. Population 10,172. MARSHALL ISLANDS. -Annexed to Germany 1885-6. Group of 33 coral islands— in two chains— east of Caroline Islands. Area 158 square miles. Coco palms cultivated. Copra chief article of trade; pro- duction, 1897, 2,366 tons. In 1897, 84 vessels of 12,333 tons entered. Population 13,000. Europeans, 74. Jaluit chief island, seat of German Imperial Commissioner. BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO. — Discovered by Dampier 1699 and named New Britain Islands. Became a German protectorate and renamed 1884. Archipelago lies northeast of New Guinea Area, including Admiralty Islands, 20.000 square miles. Soil and cli- mate suited to tropical productions. Natives agriculturist.-. Cotton plantations established by Germans; yield, 1897, 77,360 pounds; cocoa- nut trees, 46,200. Value of imports, 1897. $161,000; chief exports, nuts, copra, and cocoanut fibers. Population about 188,000. Matupi trading station for New Guinea Company. ISLANDS OCCUPIED JOINTLY. NEW GUINEA discovered by Portuguese 1511; named Papua in 1526: New Guinea 1545. Visited by Dutch 1676. Circumnavigated by Dampier 1699. Dutch took possession of country west of 141 d - 1828. Southeastern portion became British protectorate 1884; a (town Colony 1888, German protectorate established in northeast 1884. Total area about 312,000 square miles. Interior wide plains and lofty moun- tains; greatest elevation 16,000 feet. Chief rivers Baxter and Fly Northern coast mountainous; southwestern low and marshy. Coast line deeply indented; has fine harbors Climate hot; rainfall abundant. Dens-- forests contain cedar, sandalwood, ebony, india rubber, areca and sago palms, bamboos, etc. Soil adapted to tobacco, rice, tea, sugar cane, coffee, cotton, fruits, etc. Germans have established cotton and tobacco plantations. Bananas, yams, sweet potatoes, and taro, chief food of natives. largely cultivated. Horses, cattle, and goats reared. Chief industries wood carving and manufacture of rope and pottery. Leading imports food stuffs, tobacco, drapery, and hardware: exports, copra, pearl-shell, trepang, gold, pearls, and sandalwood. Gold, coal, and plumbago found. Population about l.ser.mi. Area of British New Guinea, 90,540 square miles; population 350,000. Government administered by Lieutenant-Go v< rnor. New.South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland furnish funds and have a voice in its affairs. Port Mort s&y. capital; population 1,500. Kaiser Wilhelin's Land-German New Guinea— area 70,000 square miles; population about 110,000. In hands of German New Guinea Company. Stephansort seat of government. AUSTRALIA. 371 S V1IO \ ISIjANDS.— Earliest explorations by Bougainville 1768; Christianity introduced 1S30. Neutrality and independence guaranteed by Great Britain. United States, aud Germany 1889. Islands divided be- tween Germany and United States 1899. In middle of Pacinc -about 400 miles northeast of Fiji; the largest, Savaii and Upolu. belong to Ger- many, Tutuila and adjacent islands to United States. Total area 1,701 square miles. Chief products sugar, coffee, cotton, maize, tropical fruits. Value of imports 1S97, $320,1011; exports, s-232,497. Population 31,000 (Upolu 16,600, Savaii 12,500, Tutuila 3,750). Foreigners, 1895, 400. Apia chief trading center; population 3,742. Pagopagc, Tutuila, fine natural harhor. Natives— Polynesians — are Christians. NEW HEBRIDES discovered by Spanish 1606; explored and named by Cook 1774. Group northeast of New Caledonia, stretches northwest and southeast 500 miles. Area 5,700 square miles. Chief products rice, maize, tobacco, bread fruit, cocoanut, manioc, sugar, coffee, cotton, cacao, vanilla, fruits, bamboo and palms. -Population about 80,000. Islands under joint protection of France and England. SOLOMON ISLANDS discovered by Mendana 1567-8; re-discov- ered bv Bougainville 1768. Archipelago in Melanesia, 500 miles east of New Guinea. Area 16.950 square miles, in large part covered with thick forests. Chief commercial products tortoise shell, copra, ivory nuts, and sandalwood. Germany has Bougainville and depen- dencies in the north; southern portion of group under British rule; Choiseul and Isabel ceded to Great Britain by Germany 1899. AUSTRALIA. Historical.— Discovered by Portuguese 1601. Visited by the Dutch 1606. New South Wales visited and named by Captain Cook 1770; British penal colony established at Sydnev, 1788; at Brisbane, Queensland, 1S25. First occupation of Western Australia 1S26; settle- ment made at Portland, Victoria, 1834; at Adelaide, South Australia, 1836. Convict transportation restricted to Van Diemen's Land (Tas- mania) 1839. Copper discovered in South Australia 1845; gold in New South Wales aud Victoria 1851. Commonwealth of Australia created . federation of States of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania. 2sew Zealand, Fiji, and British New Guinea did not enter federation. Government of Colony administered by a Governor-General appointed by the Crown. Physical Features.— Eastern portion mountainous; Great Divid- ing Chain, extending north and south, culminates in Australian Alps (Mt. Kosciusko. 7,336 feet). Interior mainly level or rolling plains. Western portion vast sandy desert, mountainous toward the coast. Chief rivers rise on western slope of Alps; Murray Kiver most im- portant. Largest fresh water lake, Alexandrina; numerous salt lakes occur. Climate generally warm, dry, and healthful ; south temperate, north tropical. Interior subject to prolonged drought andhoat. Rain- fall abundant only on portions of north, northeast, and southeastern coasts; rainy season. May to August. Seasons reversed from those of Northern hemisphere, December being midsummer, June midwinter. Mean temperature Melbourne, January, 65 cleg.; July, 47 deg. ; year, 57 deg. Rainfall. 26 inches. Brisbane, January, 78 deg. ; July 58 deg.; year, 69 deg. Rainfall, 52 inches. NEW SOUTH WALES, oldest Australian state. Explored and named by Captain Cook 1770. First settlement— penal— made at Botany Bay 1788. Responsible government established 1855. Ana, 310,700 square miles. Forests cover one-fourth of surface; Male timber reserves, 5,488,800 acres. Cultivated area, 1898, 1,831,829 acres; leading crops, cereals, tobacco, and potatoes. Yield: Wheat, 10,560,111 bushels; maize. 6,713,060 bushels; tobacco, 1,371,800 pounds. Oranges and grapes principal fruits grown. Area under vines, 8,083 acres; under oranges, 13,943 acres; wine product, 1899, 864,514 gallons; oranges, 7,839,216 dozens. Pastoral aud agricultural pursuits engage 120,014 372 Roebourn VW E S T E H N TROpTc OF CAPRICORN R '• I J 6l - A "o usta ^ f | "" THE GREAT . .-^^ i F $ T IR jL L I A L„.?'V .[jr.- VICTORIA DESERT Prim) 8 r. on '-Vs, °GnukjlduDgi.ig I v., jj£kc -.':. L^ArNew Castle -t. -Trcmantl^ -lorLoBora^i hSta.^i Dempster St! A "Pen- " DurJ'las / Sea* , Hills ="=> yPt. Culver ^N*^ .-> y r\„s-r-»J- : Eastern- Group * ^ Bora ,'jarrahdale o> ° .^vTIIroo Promonto n Wfl *"g x flfrS ala Eden C. Howe WaClacootaJnlet r 374 OCEANIA. P er . S n?£ s \. Block-raisin* and production of woo] chief Indi in 189. horses in State numbered 498,000; can 43,952,900; value wool export, |44,616,400. Manufactures principally machinery, textiles, clothing, preserved meats, ete. \__n •■•-.■He capital invested, 1897. s;s,!i,-,r,r,(ii); persons e,n|, loved, 50,883. Imports, iv.o 1105,677,500; exports, 1116,030,200, chiefly gold coin, wool. bfd< coal. In 1898 number of vessels entered and cleared the port total tonnage, 6,919,928. Mineral resources valuable and extei gold deposits widely distributed; output, isa7, s.-,,-jv.i,;oo; f . 0: , 23,950 square miles; also rich in silver, copper, lead, tin, and iron Total value of minerals raised in State to close of year 1898 s5')9 26; - 145; coul, $171, 606,025; gold to close of year imiT, >222. 111,-55'- copper *2l,756,715; tin, 831,232,090. Estimated population, 1808, 1,: Sydney, capital and chief port of Stale, oldest city of Australia; population 417,250. Broken mil, silver mining center, 20,790 Wew Cattle, second seaport, 15,150. Railway open 1898, 2,775 mih ernment, 2,091 miles. Telegraph, 12,778 miles. Elementary education compulsory; age 6-14; free to poor. State Schools, is;*?; 2,790; enroll- ment, 226,157; there were 956 colleges and private schools wit: students. All religions tolerated; Church of England predominates About two-thirds of the people Protestants; at last census Koman Catholics numbered 286,911; Church of England adherents, 502.980 Responsible government established 1855. VICTORIA, originally a part of New South Wales; erected into a separate colony 1851. Most densely populated of Australian States. Area, S7,SS4 square miles. Forests extensive and valuable; abound in beautiful and durable woods suitable for shipbuilding carriage, cabinet work, etc.; red gum most valuable; State timber reserves cover an area of 4,800,000 acres. Agriculture growing in importance; chief products, cereals, hops, tobacco, liber plants, vine, and olive; area under crops, 1898, 3,170.920 i.ercs. Live stock, 1891 included 434,470 horses, 1,782,880 cattle, 12,692,843 sheep; value wool export, 1897. 819,411.370; dairy industry has made marked progress; number of milch cows, 1897, 457,924; amount of butter produced . 990 pounds. Manufactures, 1897, employed 50,754 persons; capital invested, 859,959,760. Imports, 1S97, 875,108.760: exports, sSl.354.S0i', prin- cipally gold— including specie- and wool. In 1897, 1,888 vessels of 2 437 - 190 tons entered, and 1,882 vessels of 2,428,182 tons chared the ports. Registered shipping comprised 259 sailing vessels of 40,637 tons, and 149 steamers of 55,737 tons. Mineral wealth very great; State leads in production of gold; estimated number of miners working in gold fields, 1S97, 32,820; value of output, $15,800,170; aggregate value of product, 1851-97, $1,202,320,390; other mincra.s, coal, lignite, silver, tin andiron. Population, 1S98 (estimated), 1,169,434; at last census 97 per cent of population British subjects by birth; 63 per cent native Victorians. Melbourne, capital and chief seaport; leading commer- cial city of southern hemisphere; population 458,610; most populous city in Australasia, Ballarat, 46,137. Railways belong to State- in 1897, 3.130 miles open. Telegraph lines, 6,947 miles. Primary education free and compulsory; age 6-13 years; state schools, l BTe enrollment, 238.308. No State religion; 75 per cent of population Protestants, 22 per cent Catholic. Constitution dates from 1854. QUEENSLAND.— Eastern shore discovered by Cook, 1770; first explorations made lb23; first settlement established 1825; became a separate colony 1859. Area, 668,497 square miles. Forests co\er about one-half the total surface: cedar, cypress, and pine most uselul timbers. Agriculture nourishes on eastern seaboard: leading grain crop, maize; area under crop, ls97. 1<>9 721 acres; yield, 2,803,172 bus! < la- under wheat, 59,875 acres; 1,009.293 bushels; sugarcane occupied acres; sugar product of 65,432 acres, 97,916 tons; cotton, tobacco.) ice tropical and semi-tropical fruits successfully cultivated; total area under crops, 371.857 acres; under pasture. 245,917,300 acres. Live stock. 1897. included 479.280 horses, 6,089,013 cattle, 17,797,880 sheep Wool the staple production of the State. Value of wool export $12,195,400. Manufactures principally sugar, preserved and frozen meats, meat extract, etc. Imports, 1897, $26,305,870; exports, $44,185 960- AUSTRALIA. 375 leading articles gold, wool, and preserved meats. Registered ship ping in 1897 comprised 133 sailing vessels of 9,874 tons, and 90 steamers of 12,884 tons. During \ ear 642 vessels of 569,610 tons entered, and 65 i of .Vv.vJ.'ii tons cleared the ports, in the roasting trade, 6,646 vessels Of 3,579,255 tons entered, and 6,552 of 3,583,524 tons cleared. Min- eral.-*, chief source of wraith, include gold, coal, tin, copper, silver, lead, and opals: approximate value of output. 18:*r, $14,780,000. Amount of gold mined from 1858— date of discoverv— to close of year 1-97, 12,006,918 ounces; production for 1897,807,928 ounces; coal, 358,407 tons. Population* 189S i estimated i, 493,701; Chinese and Polynesians, 3, 12,000. Brisbane, capital, leading city and chief 18,000; Aborigines, 5,738. Rock State: in 1397, 2,609 miles open for port; population 48,738. Rockhampton, port and mining center, 11,629. Railways belong to St ' traffic. Telegraph lines, 10,090 miles. Primary education free; elementary schools, 1897, 797; attendance, 59-748. All religions equal; 75 per cent of population Protestant, 18 per cent Catholic. Responsi- ble government established 1859. J^OITH AUSTRALIA, proclaimed a British Province 1836; second in size of Australian States. Area, including Northern Territory. 903,690 square miles. Forests cover 12,428 acres. Cli- mate compares favorably with that of Southern France and Italy. Wheat chief agricultural crop; State third in production. Total area cultivated, 1897, 2,604,122 acres; under wheat, 1,522,668 acres; yield, 1898-99, 8,778,900 bushels. Wine product, 1,47:5,216 gallons; sugar cane, English fruit, oranges, lemons, almonds, and olives successfully grown. Live stock, 1397, included 164,820 horses, 540.149 cattle, and 5,032.540 sheep. Wool export. J4.837.600. Manufactories chiefly brass and iron, farming implement factories, flouring mills; aggregate employes. 12,685. Imports. 1897, $34,634,230; exports, $33,673,- 090; leading articles, wool, wheat, flour, and copper. Registered shipping of State, 1897, comprised 326 vessels of 1.785,673 tons. Dur- ing year 1,178 vessels of 1,774,476 tons entered, and 1,191 vessels of 1,785,673 tons cleared the ports. Chief minerals copper and silver; gold, iron, and lead also obtained; value copper exported, 1897, $1,158,- 000; total mineral product Northern Territory, si, 783,500. Total population, 1898, 358,224; Northern Territory, 4,820; Chinese, 3,848; Aborigines, 3,134. Adelaide, capital and commercial center; popu- lation 146,125. Mount Gambier center agricultural district, popu- lation with adjoining District Councils, 7,000. Total railway in operation, 1,370 miles -146 in Northern Territory. Telegraph lines, 5,862 miles. Education free and compulsory. Schools 1897, 278; 61.643 pupils. All religious equal; Protestants in 1891, 191,846; Catholics, 47,179; Jews, 840. Constitution proclaimed 1856. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. — Largest Australian State. Area, 975,920 square miles. Estimated forest area, 20,400,000 acres; jarrah . noted for its durability, covers vast tracts: tim- ber especially valuable for bridge building and harbor work; sandal- wood, abundant in southwest, long an article of export. Agricul- ture limited, owing to lack of labor and means of transport: large tracts of fertile soil exist; cultivated area, 1897, 133,182 acres; principal cereal, wheat: fruits grow luxuriantly; culture of vine extending. Live stock, 1S97: 62,222 horses. 244,970 cattle. 2,210,742 sheep. Value wool exported. * 1.426,840. Pearl fisheries important. Imports, 1897, $31,194,300; exports. $19,148,870, chiefly gold, pearls, sandalwood, and timber. Registered shipping ; —els of 9,710 There were 721 vessels of 1,196,760 tons entered, and 707 of 1,181,072 ton s cleared the ports. Minerals leading source of wealth; gold export, 1897, $12,465,780; iron, tin, copper, galena also obtained. Estimated population, 1898, exclusive of atoriglnes, 161,921. Perth, capital and trade center; population 37,929; Fremantle, chief port, 17,000. Railways open, 1898, 1,456 miles; state 992 miles. Education compulsory: government schools, 1897, 167; pupils. 12,257. -Ml religions equal; Protestants, 1891, 32,894; Catholics, 12,464. Obtained responsible government 1890. NEW ZEALAND. 377 TASMANIA.— Discovered by Tasman 1642 and named Van Die- men's Land; British penal colony established 1804; transportation of criminals ceased 1853. Renamed Tasmania 1856. Estimated area, including Macquarie, 26.385 square miles. Surface in general moun- tainous (.Cradle Mountain, 5,069 feet). Derwent most important river. Climate mild and delightful; mean temperature about 55 deg.; mean summer temperature, 62 deg.; winter, 47 deg. Rainfall, 25 inches. Extensive forests, abounding in beautiful cabinet woods and other valuable timbers, exist; blue gum most valuable tree. Cultivated area, 1897, 530,719 acres. Chief cereal, vheat; yield. 1898, 1,668,341 bushels; oats, 1,102,285 bushels; hops, 596,'<72 pounds. Fruit, notably apples and pears, largely grown for export; value, 1897, 81,112,625. Live stock, 1898: 29,898 horses, 159,486 cattle, 1,588,610 sheep, 43,520 pigs; value wool export, 81,047,930. Fruit-preserving a leading in- dustrv; ore smelting works, breweries, tanneries, etc. Imports, 1897, 86,646,570; exports, SS,47S,0o0; leading articles wool, gold and silver, tin, fruit, timber, hops. Minerals include gold, silver, tin, copper, galena, and coal; value gold and silver exported, 1897. 82.173,270; cop- per and pyrites, 81,542,740. Population, 1891, 146,667; aborigines extinct. Hobart, capital; population, 24,905; Lavnceston, 17,108. Education compulsory. There are 282 elementary public schools, with 21,759 pupils; about 25 per cent of population illiterate. All re- ligions equal; Protestants, 1891, 110,950; Catholics, 25,805. NEW ZEALAND AND FIJI. NEW ZEALAND.— Sighted and named by Tasman, 1642; visited by Cook 1769 ; recognized as British possession 1814. First colonial settle- ment made at Wellington 1840. Colony comprises North, Middle or South, and Stewart Islands and adjoining islets; area 104,471 square miles. Large islands mountainous (Mt. Cook, 12,349 feet); rivers abound, few navigable. Climate healthful; rainfall most abundant on west coast; mean temperature, Wellington, January, 62 deg.; July, 47 deg.; year, 55 deg. Rainfall, 52 inches. Forests cover 31,250 square miles; kauri pine most valuable for timber and gum. Two-thirds of area suitable for agriculture and grazing; area under cultivation, 1895, 883,545 acres. Wheat and oats principal crops. Yield, 1897: Wheat, 5,670,000 bushels; oats, 9,736,000 bushels. Olive, vine, and semi-tropical fruits successfully grown. Stock-raising chief industry; horses 1898, 252,834; cattle, 209.165; sheep, 19,687,954; pigs, 186,- 027; value wool exported, 1897, 821,593,680. Leading manufactures freezing and preserving meats. Value of preserved meat, 1897, 87,849,- 960. Imports, 1898, $40,000,370; exports, 851,143,190. Islands rich in min- erals; gold, silver, coal, kauri gum, manganese, and antimony ob- tained; value of gold mined, 189S, 85,252,160; total mineral output, 1897, 88,359,830. Population, 1896, exclusive of aborigines, 703,360; Maoris, 39,854; Chinese, 3,711. Wellington, on the North Island, capital, popu- lation, with suburbs, 41,758; Auckland, port of call for California mail steamers; population, with suburbs, 57,616. No state church ; Protes- tants, 1896, 545,176; Catholics, 98,804; Jews, 1,549. Education compul- sory; age 7-13 years; primary schools, 1,585; pupils, 132,197. FIJI ISLANDS.— Discovered by Tasman 1643; ceded by native chiefs to Great Britain 1874. Islands of volcanic origin, with lofty mountains, and well wooded. Croup comprises more than 200 islands ; area, 8,045 square miles; largest, Viti Levu, 4.250; Vanua Levu, 2,600. Climate warm but healthful; mean temperature, about 80 deg., extremes lie between 60 deg. and 94 deg. Sugar, copra, bananas, pea- nuts, chief products. Cattle run wild; horses, sheep, and Angora goats reared. Imports, 1897, 81,208,916; drapery and food stuffs lead In value. Exports, 82,098,840; value of sugar. §1,619,150; copra, 8350,910. Estimated population, 1897, 121,798; 3,401 Europeans. Suva, on Viti Levu, cap- ital; has 580 European inhabitants. Public schools at Suva and Le- vuka; pupils, 1897, 171. Education of natives conducted chiefly by Wesleyan mission; in 1897 schools numbered 1,978, with 34,043 pupils. Wesleyan mission churches 95,056 attendants; Catholic, 9,325. 378 OCEANIA. HAWAII. Ila-wi'-e. V Historical. Islands visited by Spaniards 1542: rediscovered by Cook lTTs, and named Sandwicli Islands in bonor of the tben flrsl lord of the admiralty ; during Second visit, IT79, Cook murder* d by the na- tives Trade with Datives established by fur traders from America en route to china L786. Islands united Into a kingdom under Kameha- mehal, 1791 Idolatry abolished 1819. American missionaries Bettled in islands is:jo. First tn-aty with United States 1826; first constitution proclaimed 1840; more liberal one 1887; Reciprocity treaty, practically establishing tree trade with United States, ratified 1875. Reigning deposed. nru\ Islonal government formed 1893, Republic proclaimed July 4,1891; annexed to United states 1898; Hawaii Territory created 1900. Arcsi, 6,449 square miles. Group practically eomprises -even in- habited islands and eleven smaller rocks or shoals. Hawaii. l,015square miles; Maui, 728 sq. miles; Oahu, 600 square miles; Kauai, 544 sq miles; Molokai, 261 sq. miles; Lauai, 135 sq. miles; Niihau,97 sq. mile.-; and Kahoolawe, 69 sq. miles. Physical Features. — Chain extends from northwest to south- east; islands mountainous and of volcanic formation— partly sur- rounded by reel's. Surface broken and diversified by many \ and streams; Hawaii and Kauai, especially, well supplied with rivers. Mosl prominent physical features of group, volcanoes of Mauna Kea. 13,953 feet — quiescent — and Mauna Loa, 13,750 feet — still active — on Island of Hawaii; tKilauea, on same island, 16 miles south, largest active volcano in the world; circumference of its oval-shaped crater ;i miles: depth, l,000feet. Mountains on other islands range from 4,000 to 5,000 feet: extinct craters abound clothed with luxuriant vegetation. Climate of all healthful and equable; within the tropics, but lying in mid-ocean with prevailing winds northeast trades, perpetual summer without enervating heat; extreme heat and eases of sunstroke un- known. Temperature varies according to elevation and position; mean average, 71.5 deg.; highest, 89 deg.; lowest, 54 deg.; average daily range at Honolulu, 11 deg. Rainfall abundant: annual average on windward side, 176.82 inches; on leeward side. 51.21 inches. Islands lie outside cyclone belt; severe storms accompanied by thunder and lightning rare. Forests.- Higher elevations of mountains covered with dense for- ests, especially windward slopes. Excellent ship timber and manv ornamental woods abound. Much fuel cut. Attention now being paid to practical forestry in the islands and the increase of the f( steps being taken to protect them from ravages of roaming cattle. Forest products. 1899. 8125.094. reported >>\- 172 farmers. Agriculture.— Climate favorable to nearly all products of tropics and temperate zone. Hawaiian sugar plantations most productive In the world. Include 8 per cent of farms, but cover three-fourths of cultivated land, employ 87 per cent of agricultural class, and contribute four-fifths the value of all crops. In 1899, 2.239.376 tons; value, with sugar and molasses made on spot . 81*. 762,996. Rice, X5.442.4dU pounds. $1,562,051 ; coffee (production rapidlv increasing), 2.297,000 pounds, $246,- 181; taro. the great native food. 169.1323 back. 82.523.47:). Exports of 1899 included 33.848 pounds tallow, 15,282 sheepskins. 357,501 pounds wool, 23.019 goat and deer skins. Commercial and Naval Importance.— Islands occupy central position in North Pacific Ocean. Situated 2,089 nautical miles south- west of San Francisco, 4,640 northwest of Panama, 3,800 northeast of Auckland. New Zealand. 4.950 east of Hong-kong, 3,440 from Yoko- hama, and 4.:..". • east of Manila; have steamer connection with Amer- ican Continent. Australasia. China, and Japan. Commercially. Hawaii Important as place of call and depot for ships' supplies; from naval Standpoint the great strategic base of Pacific. Commerce.— Notable increase in trade since adoption of reci- procity policy, 1S75. \ alueof imports. i^76.8l.Ml.77o; exports. 82.241,041; import- . exports, §22,628 .ow. Value of imports from Great Bi itain. $1,159554; Australia and New Zealand. 8453.727; Canada, $136585. Chief imports, groceries and provisions, clothing, grain, tim- ber, machinery, hardware, and cotton goods. No dir.-ct exports to Great Bi itain. Value of sugar exported, 1900. 823.771.344; coffee. $176.- 749; hides and tallow, 8S2.192. Of total exports. 99.6 > percent was taken by the United Stat s. in 1899, 656 ships, of 786.842 tons, entered at Hawaiian poits. Merchant marine. 1897. comprised 62 vessels of 34.066 tons. Wharfage accommodation at Honolulu being greatly enlarged. Population census of 1832, 130,313; 1853, 73.138: 1872, 56.897; 1890, 89.990; 1900, 154,001: Male, 106,369; female. 47.632: native born. 63.221: foreign. 90,78 : white, 66,890—37,656 Hawaiians or part Hawaiians. 28,819 Caucasian -.415 South Sea Islander.-; colored. 87. Ill— Negro, 233; Chinese, 25.767: Japanese, 61,111. Total increase since 1-32. 23.688. Cities.— Honolulu, capital, chief seaport, and center of commerce; situated on south coast of Island of Oahu— best cultivated and most populous and nourishing of group. Fine natural harbor, formed by |agoon \\ ith depth of 22 teet ; ample room for large number of vessels; wharf 600 feet long; facilities for ship repairs. Public buildings handsome and commodious; many beautiful residences with nuineious churches, asylums, and hospitals, public library with lo.OoO volumes. Length of streets and drives. 67 miles. Has six English newspapers besides those in Hawaiian. Portuguese. Japanese, and Chinese lan- guages Business chiefly carried on by Americans and Europeans. Population. 39.303 Hilo, second in importance; seaport on east coast of Hawaii— largest island of group. Population, about 2,000. Lahaina, on western coast of Maui: only safe port on island, population, 1.000. Railways, Etc.— There are KiO miles of railway in the islands of Hawaii. Maui, and Oahu; used chiefly to ca ty plantation products to point- of shipment. Length of telegraph line. 250 miles; lines estab- lished throughout Maui and Hawaii, and extend between Hawaii and Oahu and around Oahu. Telephones largely used in Honolulu; city a so has an eiectric railway. Mai conl system of wireless telegraphy used between the islands of Oahu. Molokai, Lanai, and Maui since March, 1901; two months later was extended to Hawaii. Education.— Hawaiian language reduced to writing and first book published in Hawaiian. 1822. Native seminary founded, 1831. Excel- lent system of free public schools (English) established throughout the islands. Primary education compulsory; school age. 6 to 14. In hools numbered 189, with 544 teacher-, 282 American, 130 Hawaiian or part Hawaiian. 66 British. Number of pupils. 15.490: Hawaiians, 5.:;- : V; half -castes, 2,721 ; Portuguese. 3.822; Asiatics. 2.455. Of Hawaiians and part Hawaiians, over 87 per.cent can read and write. Religion.— AH forms permitted. In 1896. Protestants numbered 2.3.773: Roman Catholics. 26.363; Mormons, 4,886; Buddhists, 44,306. (loveruiiient, Etc.— Government of the Territory vested in a governor appointed by the Pre-ident. Legislature, general elections, etc . like those of the other Territories. All legislative proceedings in English, v 11 whites, all persons of African descent, and all Hawaiians. citizen- of Hawaii imniediatelv prior to its annexation to 1'nited States, declared citizens of Dnited state-, number of registered electors, 1897. 2,687. lie venue. 1900-01, $2,140,297; expenditure, tal debt, 1900, $4,937,464, Deposited in postal savings banks, • '".3,981. For military purposes islands attached to Department of »rnia. Regiment of 8 companies, numbering 476 officers and men. Since 188 1 only gold coins of United states legal tender for more than y Hawaiian and United States silver coins for smaller amounts. 380 158° •21 -? Q £">£ Kahuku o,',o° o,7,e 7/ S A Qiaimanalo / . , ^ « *'°^ ^°>' v/y-t »> /«? &&* & te* V lae o JKa Laau j -vrtlKacni I s ', •*' \ * > N - > f0 fllKaenaPt..^>£-£" ^Ulj 4 K-.'.ma'ai 3 \ # < ^> Puuwai Pt., Sinclairs, Kona Pt l'amTi.V>''C' (1 .,1. .In '..I V-f / Pahau Pt. w *L/Cape Kawalhoa WESTERN ISLANDS OF " Hawaii, ON SAME SCALE AS MAIN MAP. Ilanuihaulu Bay l J b /Kauai Pt. VKawelikoa Pt. ■jS& 381 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES CENSUS OF 1900 BY STATES, COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, BOROUGHS, AND VILLAGES. In the following tables are given all the incorporated cities, towns, boroughs, and villages of each State and Territory for which the population in 1900 is returned separately, from that of the townships to which they belong, by the census enumerators. These places are arranged alphabetically under States and Territories, and furnish a complete list of all cities, towns, boroughs, and villages that appear in the Twelfth Census of the United States. Copyright, 1901, by RAND, McNALLY & COMPANY, Cuicago and New York. y ALABAMA. ALABAMA. Autauga .. Baldwin .. Barbour. .. Bibb - . Blount Bullock ._. Butler Calhoun .. Chambers. Cherokee. Chilton ... Choctaw .. Clarke Top. 1900 .... 17,915 .... 13,194 . .. 85,152 18,48 .... 23,119 . , 31,944 ... 25,761 .... 34,874 ... 82,554 .... 21,096 .... 16,522 .... 18,136 .... 27,790 Population, 1,828,697. COUNTIES. Pop, MOO ... 21,189 Dale Dallas ... Dekalb .. Elmore. . Escambia Etowab .. Fayette . . 26,099 , 11,820 .. 27,361 .. 14,182 Clay 17,099 Jefferson Franklin 16,511 Geneva.. 19,096 Greene 24,182 Hale 31,011 Henry 36,147 Jackson 30,508 140,420 Cleburne 13,206 Coffee 20.972 Colbert 22.341 Lamar. 16,084 Lauderdale.... 26.559 Lawrence 20,124 Conecuh .. Coosa Covington Crenshaw ._ 17.514 16,144 15.846 19.668 Cullman 17.849 Lee Limestone .. Lowndes Macon Madison 31.826 35.651 23. 126 43.Ti.l2 Top. 1900 Marengo Marion [4,494 Marshall ... Mobile Monroe Montgomery. Morgan ..... Perry Pic k: us Pike 2ft. 172 Randolph 21,647 Russell St. Clair Shelby Sumter 32,710 Talladega.... Tallapoosa.... 29,675 Tuscaloosa ... 36.147 Walker 25.162 Washington .. 11,184 Wilcox 35,631 Winston 9,554 INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWXS, AND VILLAGES. Abbeville Alabama City. Alexander Andalusia Anniston Ashford. Ashland Ashville Attalla Athens Auburn Avondale Banks Batesville Berry Station. Bessemer Birmingham.. Boiling Brantley Brewton Bridgeport Brookside Brnndidge Calera Camden Camp Hill Carbon Hill ... Cardiff Carrollton Cast lei icrrv ... Center Centerville Cherokee Childersburg . Chulaflnnee... Citronelle Clanton Clavton Clio 2,276 1,061 551 9,695 286 422 362 1,692 1,010 1,447 3.1 I6U 198 137 245 6.358 38.415 253 175 390 1.3*2 1.247 658 537 770 830 562 278 167 282 422 261 372 34 696 611 S Coal City Collinsville . . Columbia Columbiana.. Cordova Courtland Cuba Cullman Dadeville .... Dayton. Decatur Deer Creek... Demopolis ... Dothan Dundee Eastaboga ... Eden Edwardsville Elba Elkmont Ensley Enterprise ... Eufaula Eunola Eutaw. Evergreen ... Falkville Faunsdale Fayette Fitzpatrick .. Flint Florence Fort Deposit. Fort Pajrne... Fruithurst ... Fulton Furman Gadsden Gainesville .. Gaylesville... 509 524 1,132 1.075 567 1.255 1,136 427 3.114 332 2.61 16 3,275 249 398 177 448 635 174 2,100 610 4.5:32 132 884 1,277 343 333 452 447 229 6.4;8 1,078 1.037 874 140 184 4,282 '817 266 Geneva Georglana Girard Goodwater ... Gordon Graysvllle Greensboro... Greenville Guin Gurley Haleysville Hamilton Hardawav Hartford Hartsell Headland Heflin Highland Park Hillsboro Hubson City.. Hollins Holly Pond... Hollywood Horse Creek .. Huntsville Hurtsboro Ironaton Irondale Jackson Jacksonville.. Jasper Jemlson Jenifer Joppa Kennedy Kinsey Lafayette Lanett.. Langston Leighton 1.032 567 3,840 728 356 319 2,416 3.162 249 831 165 235 200 382 670 602 460 467 256 292 3i)68 407 7:35 526 1 .( 39 1.176 1.661 249 331 130 166 342 1 ,620 2,909 270 506 ALASKA — ARIZONA. Alabama — Continued Pop. 1900 Lineville 211 Livingston ... 851 Louisville 4iii Luverne 731 McFall 820 Madison Station 412 Marion 1,698 Mid'and City.. 304 Midway 430 Millport 357 Mobile 38,469 Monroevflle. . . 423 Montgomery.. 30,346 Mooresville .. 150 Morris 187 Moulton 290 Muscadine 132 Newbern 564 New Decatur . 4.437 New Hope 208 Newton 457 Nortbport 424 Oakinan 503 Oneonta. 583 Opelika 4.245 Oxanna 1.184 Oxford 1,372 Ozark 1.570 Pop. 1900 Paint Rock... 394 Pell City 98 Ph«.eni\ 4,163 Pickensville .. 241 Piedmont 1,745 Pinckard 711 Pineapple 623 Pollard 267 Pratt City 3,4S5 Prattville 1,929 Ragland 309 Reform 198 Renfroe 180 Repton 170 Riverside 300 Roanoke 1.155 RockMills.... 42(i Russell ville .. 1,602 Rutledge 346 Scottsboro ... 1.014 Seale 386 Seddon 229 Selma.. 8,713 Sheffield 3,333 Springville ... 496 Stevenson 560 Sulligent 303 Sylacauga .... 880 SL Top. 1900 Talladega 5,056 Thomasville .. 686 Thompson 145 Town Creek .. 280 Townly 124 Trinity Station 191 Trov 4,097 Trussville .... 742 Tusealoosa ... 5,094 Tuscumbia ... 2,348 Tuskegee 2,170 Union Springs 2,634 Unioutown ... 1.047 Vernon 291 Vienna 70 Vincent 765 Walnut Grove 251 Warrior 1,018 Wetumpka.... 562 Whiteoak Springs 475 Wilsonville— . 1,095 "Wmfleld 316 WoodlaAvn .... 2,848 Wyeth City... 299 York Station.. 528 ALASKA. Population, 63,592. DISTRICTS. popl9fl0 Northern 30.569 Southern 33 023 Pop. 1900 TOWNS. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Anvik.... 166 Karluk 470 Sealevel Apollo ... ...'.. 87 Kasaan Seldovia .. 149 Chomly .. Kenai 290 Shakan 93 Circle .... 230 Ketchikan 460 Sitka .... 1,396 Clarance . Killisnoo 172 Skagway... .... 3,117 Council... Klawock 131 Snettisham Dolomi... Kodiak 341 Star Douglas.. 825 Eoserefsky ... 135 Sumdum ... .... 137 Dvea 261 Loring 168 Sunrise 130 Eagle 458 Metlakalitla... 465 Tanana 186 Eaton 76 Nome 12.4S6 Teller Ellamar... Nushagak 324 Tyoonok.. .... 107 Fort Wrangel. Orca 173 t dakta Golovin.. 185 Petersburg Unalaska . .... 4-;s Grindall.. '."".'. 85 Rampart Revilla 211 175 Haines ... Valdez .... 315 Homer ... Safety Yakutat .... 247 Jackson.. Saint Michael. 857 York Juneau 1,864 Sandpoint 16 ARIZONA. Population, 122,931. COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Apache 8,297 Maricopa 20,457 Santa Cruz . 4.545 Cochise 9,251 Mohave 3,426 Yavapai. 13,799 Coconino.... 5.514 Navajo 8,829 Yuma 4,115 Gila 4,973 Pima 14,689 San Carlos In- Graham 14,162 Pinal 7,779 dian Keserv'n 3,065 ARKANSAS. Arizona— Continued. [INCORPORATED CITIES AND TOWNS. Chloride 465 Flagstaff 1,271 Globe 1,495 Jerome 2,861 Mesa 722 Nogales 1,761 Phoenix 5,54-1 Pima Prescott 8,559 Solomonvllle . 629 Terape .... Thatcher 644 Tombstone ... 6441 'I UC80D Wlnslow 1,800 Yuma 1,519 ARKANSAS. 1'opiiliiiion, 1,311,564. Pop. 1900 Arkansas 12,978 Ashley 19,734 Baxter 9.298 Benton 31,011 Boone 16,396 Bradley 9,651 Calhoun 8,539 Carroll 18,848 Chicot. 14,528 Clark 21.289 Clay 15,886 Cleburne 9,628 Cleveland 11,620 Columbia 22,077 Conway 19,772 Craighead 19,505 Crawford 21,270 Crittenden ... 14.529 Cross 11,051 Dallas 11,518 Desha 11,511 Drew 19,451 Faulkner 20.780 Franklin 17.395 Fulton 12,917 COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Garland 18,773 Grant 7,671 Greene 16,979 Hempstead ... 24.101 Hot Spring.... 12,748 Howard 14,076 Independence. 22.557 Izard 13,506 Jackson 18,383 Jefferson 40,972 Johnson 17,448 Lafayette 10,594 Lawrence 16,491 Lee 19,409 Lincoln 13.389 Little River... 13,731 Logan... 20,563 Lonoke 22.544 Madison 19,864 Marion 11,377 Miller 17,558 Mississippi ... 16,384 Monroe 16,816 Montgomery.. 9,444 Nevada 16,609 Pop 1900 Newton Ouachita Perry. 7594 Phillips 26,561 Pike 10,301 Poinsett 7,025 Polk 18,352 Pope 21,715 Prairie 11,875 Pulaski 63,179 Randolph 17,156 St. Francis.... 17.157 Saline 13,122 Scott 13,188 Searcy 11,988 Sebastian Sevier 16,339 Sharp 12.199 Stone 8,100 Union 22.495 VanBuren .... 11,220 Washington .. 34,256 White... 24,864 Woodruff 16,304 Yell 22,750 INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. Alexander 173 Alma 440 Altus 500 Antoine 197 Arkadelphia . . 2,739 Arkansas City. 1,091 Ashdown 400 Atkins 745 Augusta 1,040 Austin Station 196 Bald knob 707 Barring Cross. 389 Batesville 2,3^7 Bearden 341 Beebe 904 Beebranch 122 Belleville 552 Benton 1,025 Bentonville ... 1 ,843 Berryville Blackrock 551 1,400 Blvthesville... 802 Bonanza 906 Booueville 988 Bradford 222 Brinkley 1,648 Bryant 113 Buckner 400 Cabot 294 Camden 2,840 Cargile 417 Carlisle 212 Centerpoint... 334 Chester 174 Clarendon 1,840 Clarksville .... 1,086 Cleveland 202 Clinton 297 Coalhill 1,341 Collins 212 Conway 2,008 Corning. 1,041 Cottonplant... 458 Danville 600 Dardanelle.... 1.602 De Queen 1,200 Dermott 467 Desarc 640 Devall Bluff... 605 Dewltt 318 Douglas 117 Drvden 637 Dyer... 343 Eldorado 1,069 Emmet 217 England 368 Eureka Springs 3,572 Fayetteville... 4,061 Fordyce 1,710 Forrest 1.361 Fort Smith.... 11,587 Frostville .... Fulton 504 Gentry City... 419 Grandglaize... 54 Gravett 447 Green Forest.. 469 Greenway 163 Greenwood . . Gurdon 1.045 Hackett Hamburg 1,21*0 Hardy. 347 Harrlsburg... . 462 Harrison 1,551 Hartford 460 Hazen 429 Helena Hollvgrove.... 391 Hope 1,644 Horatio 625 Hot Springs... 9.973 Hoxie 125 Huntington ... 1 ,298 CALIFORNIA. Abkansas — Continued. Pop. 1900 Imboden 411 Mountainliome Jacksonport .. 265 Mountainview Jamestown... 130 Mount Nebo .. Jonesboro 4,5o3 Mulberry. Judsonia Junction Kingsland. .. Knobel Kress Lake City Lamar Little Rock .. Lockesburg .. London Lonoke Luxora 943 McCrory 225 McNeil 260 Magazine 897 Magnolia 1,614 600 Murfreesboro. 1,251 Nashville 364 Nettleton 410 Newark NewLewisvilie 2'4 434 474 Osceola. Pop. 1900 363 226 361 200 928 613 315 548 Newport 2,8 9.V3 848 196 3,324 836 300 597 703 Pine Bluff 11,496 ,307 Ozark 550 Palestine.. 268 Paragould. 951 Paris 943 Perryville. 225 Piggott Pike City Plummerville. Malvern 1,582 Pocahontas.. Mammoth Spring. Mansfield Marianna Marked Tree.. Marshall Marvel Maynard Melbourne Mena Mineralsprings Monticello Morrillton 1,707 i 52 Portia Portland Pottsville Powhatan Prairiegrove .. 296 967 400 426 192 249 551 260 Prescott 2,005 391 a5S 256 168 383 520 333 138 453 1,707 Rogers 2,158 Princeton .. Quitman Rector 3,423 Redfield .... 278 Rej-no 1,579 Risen Pop. 1900 Russell .T. 200 Russellville... 1,832 St. Francis,... 420 St. Paul 345 Savre 300 Searcy. 1,995 Sedgwick 309 Sheridan 210 Shiloh.. 190 Siloam Springs 1,748 Springdale.... 1,251 Stamps 1,021 StarCitv 251 Stephens 407 Stuttgart 1.258 Sugarloaf 552 Sulphur Rock 213 Sulphur Springs 315 Swifton 206 Texarkana.... 4.914 Tuckerman... 260 Upland 385 Van Buren 2,573 Waldo 929 Waldron 487 Walnutridge.. 845 Warren.. 954 Washington .. 374 Westpoint .... Ill Wilmar 844 Wilmot 378 Wvnne 1,629 Yellville 578 CALIFORNIA. Population, 1,483,053. Pop. 1900 Alameda 130,197 509 11,116 17.117 11.200 7,364 18.046 Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte 21408 Eldorado 8.986 Fresno 37,862 Glenn 5.150 Humboldt .... 27.104 Invo 4,377 Ke'rn 16,480 Kings 9,871 Klamath Lake 6.017 Lassen 4.511 Los Angeles. ..170,298 Madera 6,364 COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Marin 15,702 Mariposa 4,720 Mendocino.... 20,465 Merced 9,215 Modoc 5,076 Mono 2.167 Monterey 19,380 Napa 16.451 Nevada 17,789 Orange 19,696 Placer 15,786 Plumas. 4.657 Riverside 17,897 Sacramento... 45,915 San Benito SanBernardiii . Sin Diego 35.090 San Francisco 342,782 San Joaquin .. 35,452 Pop. 1900 San Luis Obispo 16,637 San Mateo .... 12,094 Santa Barbara. 18,934 Santa Clara.... 60,216 Santa Cruz 21,512 Shasta 17,318 Sierra 4,017 Siskiyou 16,962 Solano 24,143 Sonoma 38,480 Stanislaus 9,550 Sutter 5,886 Tehama 10,996 Trinity 4,383 Tulare 18.375 Tuolumne .... 11,166 Ventura 14,367 Yolo 13,618 Yuba 8,620 INCORPORATED CITIES AND TOWNS. Alameda 16,464 Bukersfield.... 4,836 Cloverdale .... 750 Anaheim 1,456 Belvedere 434 Colton 1,285 Antioch 674 Benicla 2.751 Colusa 1.141 Areata 952 Berkeley 13,214 Corona 1,434 Auburn 2,050 Calistoga 690 Coronado ... . Azusa 863 ChiCO 2,640 Crescent City. 699 COLORADO. Califobnia— Contln Pop. 1900 Dixon 783 Downievllle .. BOO Elsinore - 279 Emeryville... 1,016 Escondldo 755 Etna 500 Eureka 7,827 Ferndale 846 Fort Bragg.... 1,590 Fort Jones.... 356 Fresno 12,470 Gilroy 1,820 Grass Valley.. 4,719 Hanford 2,929 Hayward 1,965 Healclsburg... 1,869 Hollister 1,315 Hornitos 205 Kelseyville.... 994 Kern 1,291 Lakeport 726 Lincoln 1,061 Livermore 1,493 Lompoc 9?2 Long Beach... 2,252 Los Angeles.. 102,479 Los Gatos 1,915 Martinez 1,380 Marvsville .... 3.497 Merced... 1,969 Modesto 2,024 Monrovia 1,205 Monterey 1,748 ued. Pop. 1900 Napa .. 1,086 National City. 1,086 Nevada City . 8,250 Oakland 66,960 Oceanslde 880 Ontario 722 Orange 1,216 Pacific Grove. 1.411 Pal") Alto 1,658 lena 9.117 Paso Robles .. 1.221 Petaluma 3,871 Placervllle.... 1,748 Pleasanton 1,100 Pomona 5,526 Potter Valley. 563 Red Bluff 2.750 Redding.. 2,946 Redlands 4,797 Redondo Beacb 855 Redwood 1,653 Rio Vista .... 682 Riverside 7.978 Rocklin 1,050 Sacramento... 29.282 St. Helena... 1,582 Salinas 3.304 SanBernardino 6,150 San Diego 17,700 SanFrancisco. 342.782 San Jacinto... 583 San Jose 21,500 San Juan 449 Pop. 1800 Ban Leandro.. 2,258 San Luis Obispo 3/121 Ban Mateo .... 1,832 San Pedro 1,787 Ban Rafael Santa An. 1,938 Santa Barbar - lara ... 8,650 Santa Crnz Santa Monica 8,057 Santa Rosa.. 6,678 Bausalito 1,628 Selma 1,08.3 Sonoma .... Sonora 1,922 SouthPasadena 1.001 Stockton 17.5IW Suis'un 625 Tulare 2,216 Ukiah 1,850 Vacaville 1,220 Vallejo 7,965 Ventura 2.470 Visalia 3,085 Watsonville .. 3,528 Wheatland... 492 Whlttier 1.590 Willits 791 Willows 893 Winters 785 Woodland 2,886 Yreka 1,254 COLORADO. Population, 539,700. Pop. 1900 Arapahoe 153,017 Archuleta 2,117 Baca 759 Bent.... 3,049 Boulder 21,544 Chaffee 7,085 Cheyenne 501 Clear Creek... 7,032 Conejos 8,794 Costilla 4,632 Custer 2,937 Delta 5,487 Dolores 1,134 Douglas 3,120 Eagle 3,008 Elbert 3,101 El Paso 31,602 Fremont 15,636 Garfield 5,835 Gilpin 6,690 COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Grand 741 Greenwood Gunnison 5.331 Hinsdale 1,609 Huerfano 8,395 Jefferson 9,306 Kiowa. 701 Kit Carson.... 1,580 Lake 18.054 La Plata 7,016 Larimer. 12,168 Las Animas... 21,842 Lincoln 926 Logan 3.292 Mesa 9,267 Mineral 1,913 Montezuma... 3,058 Montrose 4,535 Morgan 3,268 Otero 11,522 Pop. 1900 Ouray 4.731 Park 2,998 Phillips 1.583 Pitkin. 7.020 Prowers 3.7K6 Pueblo 34.448 Rio Blanco.... 1,690 Rio Grande... 4,080 Routt 3.661 Saguache 3,853 San Juan 2.342 San Miguel. .. 5.379 Sedgwick 971 Summit 2.744 Teller 29.002 Washington... 1.241 Weld 16.808 Yuma 1,729 INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWXS, AXD VILLAGES. Aguilar 69S Akron 351 Alamosa 1.141 Alma... 297 Altman 659 Anaconda 1,059 Animas .. Antonlto. Argo Bellvue. . Berkeley . Rerthoud 99 707 Aspen 3.303 BlaekHawk.. 1,200 Basalt Bed Rock. Bonanza 141 Boulder 6,150 CONNECTICUT. Colorado— Continued. Pop. 1900 Breckenridge . 976 Brighton 366 Brush 381 Buena Vista.. 1,006 Burlington 183 Canon City 3,775 Carbondale ... 173 Castle Rock... 304 Central City .. 3,114 Colorado Citv. 2,914 Colorado Sp'gs 21,085 Como 407 Conejos 348 Cortez 125 Craig 133 Creede v city) - 938 Creede (town) 235 Crested Butte. 988 Cripple Creek. 10,147 Dallas 50 DeBeque 83 Del Norte 705 Delta 819 Denver 133,859 Dolores 108 Dubois 23 Durango 3,317 Eagle 124 Eaton 384 Edith 282 Eldora 395 Elizabeth 215 Elyria 1,384 Empire 276 Erie 697 Eureka 39 Evans * Fairplay 319 Fletcher 202 Florence 3,728 Florissant 131 Fort Collins .. 3.053 Fort Lupton.. 214 Fort Morgan.. 634 Freshwater... 77 Fruita 126 Georgetown.. 1,418 Gillett 524 Gilman 222 Glenwood Sp'gs 1,350 Pop. 1900 Globeville .... 2,192 Gulden City... 2,153 Goldfleld 2,191 Gothic 20 Granada 204 Grand Junct'n 3,503 Granite 250 Greeley 3,023 Green Moun- tain Falls... 40 Gunnison.. .. 1,200 Gypsum 76 Hessie 17 Holly 364 Holyoke 451 Hooper 177 Hotchkiss. ... 261 Hot SulDhur Springs 60 Idaho Springs. 2,502 Ironton 71 Irwin 26 Jamestown... 164 Julesburg 371 Lafayette 970 La Jara 208 La Junta 2,513 Lake City 700 Lamar... 987 Las Animas... 1,192 LaVeta 254 Lawrence 299 Leadville 12.455 Littleton 738 Longmont 2,201 Louisville 966 Loveland 1,091 Lyons 547 Manassa 739 Mancos 383 Manitou. 1,303 Marble 101 Meeker 507 Montclair 415 Monte Vista.. 556 Montezuma .. 40 Montrose 1.217 Monument 156 Nevadavllle... 823 Newcastle 431 Pop. 1900 Ophir 127 Ordway 138 Ouray 2,196 Pagosa Springs 367 Palmer Lake.. 166 Pitkin 203 Platteville .... 263 Poncha Spri'gs 97 Portland 69 Pueblo 28,157 Red Cliff 256 Red Mountain 30 Rico.... 811 Rldgway 245 Rifle 273 Rockvale 870 Rocky Ford... 2,018 Rosita 110 Saguache 73 St. Elmo 64 Salida 3,722 San Rafael.... 700 Saw Pit 94 Sheridan 442 Silver Cliff.... 576 Silver Plume.. 775 Silverton 1,360 So. Canon City 958 Spencer 52 Springfield.... 44 Sterling 998 Sugar City .... 689 Telluride 2,446 Tin Cup 64 Trinidad 5,345 Valverde 665 Victor (city).. 1.174 Victor (town) 4,986 Villa Grove... 103 Walden 141 Walsenburg .. 1,033 Ward.. '300 Westcliffe 256 West Creek... 161 White Pine ... 69 Windsor 305 Woodland P'k 269 Wray 271 Yuma 139 CONNECTICUT. Population, 908,420. COUNTIES. Pop 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Fairfield 184,203 Middlesex 41.760 Tolland 24,523 Hartford 195.480 New Haven. ..269.163 Windham 46,861 Litchfield 63,672 New London.. 82,753 INCORPORATED CITIES AND BOROUGHS. Ansonia 12,681 Danielson 2,823 Litchfield 1,120 Bethel 2.561 Derby. 7,930 Meriden 24,296 Branford 2.473 Fenwick 23 Mlddletown... 9,589 Bridgeport ... 70,996 Greenwich.... 2,420 Naugatuck. .. 10,541 Bristol 6,268 Guilford 1,512 New Britain .. 25,998 Colchester.... 358 Hartford 79350 New Canaan Danbury 16,537 Jewett City... 2,224 New Haven . 8 DEL. — DIST. OF COL— FLA. Connecticut— Continued. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 New London.. 17.548 Shelton 2,887 Newtown 254 Norwalk 6,125 Norwich 17,251 Southlngton.. 3,411 SouthNorwalk 6,591 Stafford Springs 2,460 Putnam .. .. 6,667 Stamford 15,997 Rockville 7,287 Stonington ... 2,278 DELAWARE. Population, COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 .... 32,762 Newcastle ....109,697 Kent. Pop. 1900 Torrington Walllngford .. 6,737 Waterbury.... 45,859 \\v-r Haven Wllllmantlc. Wlnsted 6,804 181,735. Pop. 1900 Sussex 12,276 Brldgeville ... 613 Camden 5S6 Cheswold 201 Clayton 819 Dagsboro . .:. 190 Delaware . 1,132 Delmar 444 Dover . 3,329 Felton 400 Frankford ... . 423 Frederica 706 Georgetown . . 1,658 INCORPORATED CITIES AND Harrington... 1,242 Kenton 192 Laurel 1,825 Leipslc 305 Lewes. 2.259 Little Creek.. 259 Magnolia 208 Middletown... 1,567 Milford 2,500 Mlllsboro 391 Milton 948 Newark 1,213 TOWNS. Newcastle .... 3,380 Newport 657 Odessa 575 PortPenn 205 Rehoboth .... 198 St. George .... 325 Seaford 1,724 Smyrna 2,168 Townsend .... 399 "Wilmington .. 76,508 Wyoming 450 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 The District ..278,718 Washington ..218,196 Georgetown .. 14,549 FLORIDA. Population, 528,542. Pop. 1900 Alachua 32,245 Baker 4,516 Bradford 10,295 Brevard 5,158 Calhoun 5,132 Citrus 5,391 Clay 5,635 Columbia 17,094 Dade 4,955 DeSoto 8,047 Duval 39,733 Escambia 28,313 Franklin 4,890 Gadsden 15,294 Hamilton 11,881 COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Hernando 3,638 Hillsboro 36,013 Holmes 7,762 Jackson 23,377 Jefferson 16,195 Lafayette 4,987 Lake 7,467 Lee 3,071 Leon 19,887 Levy 8,603 Liberty 2,956 Madison 15,446 Manatee 4,663 Marion 24,403 Monroe 18,006 Pop. 1900 Nassau 9,654 Orange 11.374 Osceola 3,444 Pasco 6,054 Polk 12,472 Putnam 11,641 St. John.. 9,165 Santa Rosa.... 10,293 Sumter. 6,187 Suwanee 14.554 Taylor 3.999 Volusia 10,003 Wakulla 5.149 Walton 9,346 Washington... 10,154 INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. Anthony Apalachicola. Apopka Arcadia Aucilla Bartow Bellair Belleview Brooksville .. Carrabelle Cedar Keys .. Chipley Citra Clear Water Harbor 198 Cocoa 382 Fort AYhite ... 3,077 Crescent City . 352 Gainesville ... . 3, 218 Dade City 509 Goldsboro .... 799 Daytona 1,690 Green Cove Sp'gs 173 De Land 1.449 Hampton 1,983 Deleon Springs 183 Hawthorn 113 Dunedin 113 High Springs.. Interlaken .... . 1, 137 Dunnellon 700 641 Eatonville e Jacksonville .. 923 Eau GalUe .... Jasper 739 Eustis 411 Key West 17, 652 Federal Point. 172 Kissimmee.... 1. 322 Fernandina ... 3,245 Lake Butler... Fort Brook ... 1,135 Lake City. .... Lake Helen... • 4, 343 Fort Meade ... 261 GEORGIA. Florida — Continued. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Lakeland 1,180 Ocala ... 3.380 Ran Mateo.... 267 Lake Maitland 136 Orange City.. 365 Sneads 368 Leesburg 765 Orange Park.. 245 Starke 972 Live Oak 1,659 Orlando 2.4*1 Tallahassee... 2.981 Maclenny 350 Ormond 595 Tampa.. 15,839 Madison". 849 Palatka 3.301 Tarpon Springs 541 Manatee 254 Palatka Heights 354 Tavares 113 Marianna 900 Palmetto 569 Titusville 756 .Melbourne.... 131 Pensaeola 17.747 Vernon 141 Miami 1,681 Plant City. •_. 720 Welaka. 215 Micanopy ... 645 Port Tampa City 1,367 West Palm Beach 564 Milton . . 1,204 PuntaGorda.. 860 West Tampa.. 2.355 Monticello .... 1,076 Quincv 847 "White Springs 690 Myers 943 St. Augustine. 4.272 Wildwood 244 New Augustine 693 St. Petersburg 1.575 Williston 184 New Smyrna.. 543 Sanford. 1,450 Winter Park.. 366 GEORGIA. Population, 2,216,331. COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Appling 12.336 Favette 10,114 Newton 16,734 Baker 6.704 Flovd 33.113 Oconee... 8,602 Baldwin 17.768 Forsvth 11.550 Oglethorpe ... 17,881 Banks 10.545 Franklin .17.700 Paulding 12.969 Bartow 20.823 Fulton.. 117.363 Pickens 8,641 Berrien 19.440 Gilmer.. 10,198 Pierce 8,100 Bibb 50.473 Glascock 4.516 Pike 18.761 Brooks IS.606 Glynn 14.317 Polk.. 17.856 Bryan 6,122 Gordon .14.119 Pulaski 18,489 Bulloch 21.377 Greene 16,542 Putnam 13.436 Burke 3n.lfi5 Gwinnett 25,585 Quitman 4,701 Butts . .. 12.805 Habersham... 13,604 Rabun 6,285 Calhoun 9.274 Hall.... .20,752 Randolph 16.847 Camden 7.669 Hancock 18.277 Richmond .... 53.735 Campbell 9.518 Haralson 11.922 Rockdale 7.515 Carroll 26.576 Harris... 18,009 Schley 5.499 Catoosa 5.823 Hart. 14.492 Screven 19.252 Charlton 3.592 Heard .11.177 Spalding 17.619 Chatham 71.239 Henry 18.602 Stewart 15,856 Chattahoochee 5,790 Houston 22.641 Sumter 26.212 Chattooga.... 12.952 Irwin 13.645 Talbot 12.197 Cherokee 15.243 Jackson 24,039 Taliaferro .... 7.912 Clarke.... 17,708 Jasper.. 15.0:33 Tattnall 20.419 Clay... 8.568 Jefferson 18.212 Taylor 9,846 Clayton .... 9.598 Johnson 11,409 Telfair 10,083 Clirich 8,732 Jones 13.358 Terrell. 19,023 Cobb.. 24.664 Laurens .25.908 Thomas ..31.076 Coffee 16.169 Lee 10.344 Towns. 4.74* Colquitt 13.636 Liberty... 13,093 Troup .24,002 Columbia 10.653 Lincoln 7.156 Twiggs 8.716 Coweta.. 24.9SO Lowndes 20,036 Union.... 8.481 Crawford 10,368 Lumpkin 7,433 Upson.... 13.670 Dade 4.578 Me Duffle 9,804 Walker 15,661 Dawson 5.442 Mcintosh 6.537 Walton 20.942 Decatur 29.454 Macon 14.093 Ware 13,761 Dekalb 21.112 Madison 13,224 Warren 11.463 Dodge 13.975 Marion lo.osn Washington .. 28.227 Doolv 26,567 Meriwether... 23,339 Wayne 9.449 Dougherty ... 13.679 Miller. 6.319 Webster 6,618 Douglas.; 8,745 Milton 6.763 White 5,912 Early 14,828 Mitchell 14.767 Whitfield 14.509 'i Monroe 2o.6S2 Wilcox 11.097 Effingham B,334 Montgomery.. 16,359 Wilkes 20,866 Elbert .. 19,729 Morgan 15313 Wilkinson .... 11,440 Emanuel 21.279 Murray. 8.623 Worth 18,664 Fannin 11,214 Muscogee... 10 GEORGIA. Georgia — Continued. INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. Pop. 1900 Abbeville 1,152 Cbokee Acree Ac worth ... Adalrsvllle. Add Adrian Alkeuton. Pop. 1900 Pop 120 Frankl'n 159 Clarkesville .. 481 Frazler 937 Clarkston 362 Gainesville... 616 Claxton 553 Geneva ?2i Clayton 199 Georgetown.. 833 Cochran 1,581 Gibson 136 Cohutta 283 Glennville .... 263 Gordon 517 Grantvllle .... 3io Colquitt 820 Graysvllle .... 74 Columbus 17.614 Greensboro .. 7,674 Coiner 836 Greenville 245 Concord 231 Griffin Albany 4,606 Coleman Allapaha 429 College Park Alpharetta Alto Americus Andersonville Arabi Arlington Ashburn 1900 218 264 348 29S 269 505 Conyers 1,605 Grovet wn ... 755 Cordele 8,473 1,301 Cornelia 16 Athens 10,245 Covington Guy ton. Hanlra ... 2,062 Hamilton Atlanta .89,872 Crawford 308 Hampton. 161 Auburn Augusta Austell Bainbridge Baldwin Ball Ground .. Barnesville ... Barnett Barrington Bartow Battle Hill.... Baxley Bellton... Blackshear Blairsville Blakely 804 Blue Ridge.. Bluffton Bolingbroke Boston Bowdon Bowersville. Crawfordville 39,441 Culloden 648 Culverton 2.641 dimming 130 Cusseta. 597 Hapeville 334 Harlem 283 Harmony Grove 239 Harrison Harrisonville. 302 Cuthbert 2.641 Hartwel 3,036 Dahlonega . 381 Dalh 1,255 Hawkinsville 644 Hazlehurst... 34 Dalton 4.315 Helen; 286 Danielsville... 223 Darien 488 Davisboro. 194 Hephzibah 1.739 Hillsboro. 387 Hilton Station 257 Dawson 2.926 Hiram 876 Dawsonville.. 217 Hogansville. 141 Decatur 1.418 Demorest 1.148 Denuard 312 DeSoto. Dexter 22 Doerun 307 Donalsonville 294 Douglas 157 Homer 560 Homerville... 16 Hoschton 250 Irwinton 199 Jackson. J akin. 325 Jaki 519 Jasper. 617 Jefferson. 100 Dublin 291 Dulutb 2,987 .lesup. 336 Jonesboro Bowman 367 Douglasville.. 1,140 Jenkinsburg.. Bras well .. Bremen . . Brew ton .. Bronwood. Brunswick Buchanan . 292 Eastman. 1,235 Kennesaw 359 East Point.... 1.315 9,081 East Rome. 359 Eatonton .. Buckhead 240 Edgewood 1,285 KnoxvlHe. Buena Vista... 1.161 Elberton 3,834 Lafayette. 1,352 Elko. 171 La Grange Kingston. 671 Kirkwood. 1,823 Kite. Buford Butler... Cairo Calhoun. Camak .. Camilla . Canton . 707 Ellaville 690 Ellijay 851 Emerson 115 Etna 1,051 Fairburn 847 Fairmount.. Carlton.. 277 Fayetteville 474 Lake Park Laronla. Lawrencevllle 128 Learv 761 Leesburg 191 Leslie 4:30 Lexington 1,817 Lincolnton 141 Lithia Springs 257 Lithonia 523 Locust Grove. 581 111 Carnesville ... 305 Fitzgerald Carrollton .... 1.998 Five Forks Cartersville... 3,135 Flint stone Cave Springs.. 824 Flovilla.... Cecil 394 Flowery Branch 420 Loganville .... Cedartown.... 2.823 Folkston 167 Louisville Chauncev 422 Forsyth 1,172 Louvale.. Chickamauga. 95 Fori'Gaines .. 1.305 Lovett ... Chipley 459 Fort Valley... 2,022 Lula 1.511 815 537 500 302 418 468 430 527 1.454 322 711 1,672 2,103 604 541 179 104 105 893 221 434 290 227 1,487 267 379 726 255 805 512 699 156 300 491 4.271 319 699 853 413 213 635 221 330 254 431 1,009 53 114 217 GEORGIA. 11 Georgia — Continued. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop.l Lumber City. 760 Pendergrass .. 232 Summit 264 Lumpkin . 1,470 Pentield 375 Sumner 333 Luthersville . 209 Pepperton 500 Suwanee 247 . 284 . 584 650 330 Swainsboro ... Sycamore 895 Lyons. Pinehurst 274 McDonough .. . 683 Plains 346 Svivania 545 Mcintosh . 262 Powder Springs 280 Sylvester 552 McRae 1,020 Powellville ... 79 Talbotton 1,131 Machen 210 Preston 146 Talking Rock. 102 Macon . 23.272 Princeton 244 Tallapoosa ..2.128 Madison . 1,992 Quitman Raccoon Mills 2,281 Tallulah Falls 134 Marietta 4.446 441 Taylorsville .. 139 Marshallville . 879 Reidsville 257 Temple 397 Martin 160 Resaca 128 Teunille 1,121 Maysville 453 Reynolds 436 The Rock 18D Meansville 155 Rhine 191 Thomaston 1.714 Meigs 617 Richland 1,014 Thomasville .. 5.322 Mesena 124 Riddleville.... 178 Thomson 1,154 Metcalf 259 Ringgold 437 Tifton. 1,384 MldvUle 275 Rising Fawn.. 212 Tilton.. 194 Milledgeville . 4,219 Roberta . 252 Toccoa.. 2,176 Millen... 411 Rochelle 793 Toomsboro ... 50 Milner 440 Rockmart 575 Trenton. 349 Mineral Bluff. 158 Rome 7,291 Trion Factory 1,926 Molina 394 Roopville 109 Tunnelhill.... 302 Monroe. 1,846 Roswell 1.329 Turin. 196 Montezuma. .. 903 Royston 579 Tybee 381 Monticello 1,106 Ruckersville.. 99 Ty Ty 175 Moreland 229 Rut ledge 469 I nadilla 524 Morgan 240 St. Charles 66 Valdosta 5,613 Moultrie 2,221 St. Marys 529 Vidalia 503 Mountairy 310 Sandersville .. 2.023 Vienna 1,035 Mt. Vernon ... 573 Sasser 322 Villa Rica 576 Mountville 224 Savannah 54.244 Waco 345 Mystic 97 Seney 121 Wadley 630 Nashville 293 Senoia 782 Waleska 170 Nellievllle .... 476 Seville 1,277 Waresboro 269 Nelson 254 Shady Dale.... 300 Warrenton 1,113 Newborn . 695 Sharon 216 Warthen 148 New England % Sharpsburg ... 137 v\ ashington .. 3.300 City 138 Shellman 584 Wassaw 592 Newnan 3.654 Smithville 597 Watkinsville . 351 Newton 329 Smyrna 238 Waycross 5.919 Norcross 797 Social Circle.. 1,229 Waynesboro .. 2,030 North Rome.. 960 Sparks 683 West Buford.. 211 Norwood 299 Sparta 1,150 Weston 273 Oakland City. 823 Spring Place.. 213 West Point 1,797 Ochlockonee . 244 Springvale 166 W T higham 392 Ocilla 805 Statesiioro 1,197 Whitehall 660 Oconee 27 Statham 172 White Plains . 290 Oglethorpe 545 Stellaville .... 171 Whitesburg. . . 29c, Omaha 152 Sterling 97 Willacoochee. 471 Oxford 800 Stillmore 741 Winder 1.1 4r, Palmetto 620 Stone Mountain 835 Woodbury 566 Parrott 267 sugar Valley.. 231 Woodstock ... •Jit; Patterson 314 Summerville, "W rightsville.. 1.127 Pavo 262 Chattooga Co. 486 YatesviHe .... 283 Pearson 336 Summerville Rich- Young Harris. 342 Pelham 945 mond Co .3,245 Zebulon . 361 HAWAII. Populati on, 154,001. ISLANDS. Pop. 1 Pop. 1900 Pop N l£ Hawaii 46,843 20,562 Maui 25,416 172 Molokai ) Lanai ) Oahu 2,504 Kauai Niihau 58,504 CIT Honolulu 39,306 Hilo 3,500 Lahaina 1,000 12 IDAHO — ILLINOIS. IDAHO. Population, 161,772. COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Ada 11,559 Cassia 3,951 Lemhi 3,446 Bannock 11,702 Custer 2,049 Lincoln 1,784 Bear Lake 7,051 Elmore 2,286 Nez Forces.... 13.7I8 Bingham 10,447 Fremont 12,821 Oneida Blaine 4,900 Idaho 9.121 Owvhee Boise 4,174 Kootenai 107.21 6 Shoshone 11,950 Canyon 7,497 Latah 13,451 "Washington... 6,882 INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. Albion 306 Idaho Falls ... 1,262 Placerville .... 230 Bellevue 356 Juliaetta 287 Pocatello 4,016 Boise 5,957 Kendrick 490 Post Falls 287 Bonners Ferry 349 Lewiston 2,425 Rathdruin 407 Caldwell 997 Malade 1.050 Eexburg 1,081 Coeur d'Alene 508 Montpelier.... 1,444 St. Anthony .. 411 Franklin 435 Moscow 2,484 Salmon 398 Genesee 731 Mountain Home 529 Soda Springs.. 428 Grangeville... 1,132 Nampa 793 Troy 285 Harrison 702 Paris 906 Wallace 2,263 Idaho City.... 390 Payette 614 Weiser 1,364 ILLINOIS. Population, 4,821,550. COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Adams 67,058 Hardin 7,448 Morgan 35,006 Alexander .... 19.384 Henderson .... 10,836 Moultrie 15,224 Bond... 16.078 Henry 40,049 Ogle 29.129 Boone 15,791 Iroquois 38,014 Peoria 88,608 Brown. 11,557 Jackson 33,871 Perry 19,830 Bureau.. 41,112 Jasper 20,160 Piatt 17,706 Calhoun 8,917 Jefferson 28,133 Pike 31,595 Carroll. 18,963 Jersey 14,612 Pope 13,585 Cass 17.222 Jo Daviess.... 24,533 Pulaski 14.554 Champaign.... 47,622 Johnson 15,667 Putnam 4.746 Christian 32,790 Kane 78,792 Randolph 28,001 Clark 24.033 Kankakee 37.154 Richland 16,391 Clay 19,553 Kendall 11,467 Rock Island... 55.249 Clinton. 19,824 Knox 43,612 St. Clair 86,685 Coles 34,146 Lake 34,504 Saline 21,685 Cook 1,838,735 Lasalle 87,776 Sangamon .... 71.593 Crawford ....19,240 Lawrence 16.523 Schuyler 16429 Cumberland .. 16.124 Lee 29,894 Scott 10.455 Dekalb 31,756 Livingston.... 42,035 Shelby 32.126 Dewitt 18,9?2 Logan. 28,680 Stark 10,186 Douglas 19,097 McDonough .. 28,412 Stephenson ... 34,933 Dupage ..:.... 28.196 McHenry 29.759 Tazewell 33.221 Edgar. .28,273 McLean 67,843 Union 22.610 Edwards 10.345 Macon 44,003 Vermilion 65,635 Effingham 20.465 Macoupin 42,256 Wabash 12,583 Fayette. 28,065 Madison. 64,694 Warren 23,163 Ford :. 18,359 Marion 30.446 Washington... 19.526 Franklin 19,675 Marshall 16,370 Wavne 27,626 Fulton 46,201 Mason 17,491 White. 25,386 Gallatin 15,836 Massac. 13,110 Whiteside 34.710 Greene 23,402 Menard 14.336 Will. 74.764 Grundy 24.136 Mercer 20,945 Williamson ... 27.796 Hamilton 20.197 Monroe 18,847 Winnebago... 47.845 Hancock 32,215 Montgomery.. 30,836 Woodford 21*823 INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. Abingdon 2,022 Albany 629 Algonquin.... 550 Addieville .... 190 Albion 1.162 Alhambra .... 368 Addison 591 Aledo 2,081 Alma 418 Adeline 216 Alexis 915 Alpha 355 ILLINOIS. 13 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Altamont ... .. 1.335 Bethany. 873 Alton .. 14,210 Biggsville 417 Altona 633 Bingham 273 Alto Pass ... .. 518 Bird 335 Alvin .. 368 BishopHill... 315 Amhoy .. 1,826 Blandinsville . 995 Andalusia... .. 326 Bloomingdale. 235 Andover .. 238 Bloomington . 23,286 Anna .. 2,618 Blue Island ... 6,114 Annawan .. 428 Blue Mound... 714 Antioch . . 523 Bluffs. 539 Apple Eiver. .. 576 Bolton 479 Areola .. 1,995 Bone Gap 496 Arenzville ... .. 462 Bonfield 165 Argenta .. 525 Bourbonnais .. 595 Arlington 400 Bowen 528 Arlington Braceville 1,669 Heights .... .. 1,380 Bradford. 773 Arrowsmith . 317 Bradley 1.518 Arthur .. 858 Braid wood 3.279 Ashkum .. 429 Breese 1,571 Ashland .. 1,201 Bridgeport 487 Ashley 953 Brighton 660 Ashmore .. 476 Brimneld 677 Ashton 756 Bristol .. 427 Assumption.. . . 1,702 Broad well 202 Astoria . 1,684 Brocton 613 Athens . 1,535 Brooklyn. Mas- Atkinson 762 sac Co 865 Atlanta .. 1.270 Brooklyn, Sainl Atwood . 698 Clair Co 1,019 Auburn .. 1,281 Brookville 422 Augusta . 1.143 Brought on 327 Aurora . 24.147 Browning 455 Ava__ 984 Browns 421 Avervville ... . 1,573 Brussels 270 Avlston 387 Bryant 355 Avon . 809 Buckley 490 Baldwin 381 Buda 873 Bardolph .. 387 Buffalo 531 Barrington... . 1.162 Bunker Hill... 1,279 Barry... . 1.643 Bureau 545 Bartelso . 274 Bushnell 2,490 Bartlett . 360 Butler 292 Basco . 318 Byron 1.015 Batavia _ 3,871 Cabery SS5 Batchtown... 360 Cable 697 Bath . 330 Cairo 12.566 Baylis.. 340 Cambridge 1,345 Beardstown.. . 4,827 Campbell Hill. 497 Beecher 410 Camp Point... 1,260 Beeeher Citv. 340 Campus ...:... 226 Beechwood . . . 854 Canton 6.564 Belknap 372 Cantrall Belle Prairie. 129 Capron f>i,-j Bellerive . 370 Carbondale ... 3,318 Belleville ... . 17,4s 1 Carbon Hill... Bellflower ... 356 Carlinville 3,502 Bellinont 624 Carlyle 1,874 Belvidere . 6,937 Canni 2,939 Bement . 1,484 Carpentersville Benson 361 Carrier Mills . 127 iville .. 874 Carrollton .. 2,355 Bentlev . Cartervllle Benton . 1,841 Carthage 2,104 Berlin 256 Cary 398 Bethalto . 477 Casey 1,500 Pop. 1900 Caseyville .... 449 Catlin 697 Cedarvllle . .. :;77 Central City, Grundy Co .. 290 Central City, Marion Co... 615 Centralia 6,721 Cerro Gordo.. 1,008 Chad wick 505 Champaign 9,098 Chandlerville. 940 Channahon ... 261 Chapin 514 Charleston ... 5,488 Chatham 629 Chats worth .. 1,038 Chebanse 555 Chenoa 1,5'2 Cherry Valley 349 Chester 2.832 Chesterfield .. 377 Chicago 1,698,575 ChicagoHeights 5,11 Chillicothe.... 1,699 Chrisinan 905 Cisco 360 Cisne 400 Cissna Park... 623 Claremont .... 226 Clarke City .. 621 Clay City 907 Clayton.. 996 Clifton 652 Clinton 4,452 Coal Citv 2,6o7 Coal Valley. .. 259 fjsatsburg S91 Cobden 1,034 Coffeen... 963 Colchester.... 1,635 Colfax 1,153 Collinsville... 4.021 Columbia 1,197 Columbus 196 Compton 428 Cordova 414 Cornell 521 Cortland 261 Couirerville .. 650 Cowden 751 Creal Springs . 940 Crescent City. 371 Creston 381 Crete 760 Cro8sville 523 Crotty i Seneca P.O.) - 1,036 Crvstal Lake 950 Cuba 1,198 Cullom.. 156 Dahlgren 452 Dakota 269 Dallas Citv.... 970 Dalton City. Dana 310 Danfortb 407 , 14 ILLINOIS. Illinois — Continued. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Danvers 607 Evansvllle ... 668 Danville ... 16,864 K\ ergreen P'k 445 Davis 398 419 Dawson 574 Exeter. 288 Decatur 30,754 Fairbury 2,187 Deer Creek. .. •J! IS Fairfield 2,888 Dekalb . 5,904 Fairm<>unt 928 DeLand 411 Falrvlew 501 Delavan 1,304 Fancher 157 Depue 488 Farina __ 693 De Soto 560 Fanner 1,664 Des Plaines... 1,666 Fannersville . 315 Detroit 149 Farmington . 1,729 Dewitt 258 Fayettevllle .. 282 Diamond 672 Ferris 269 Dieterieh 382 Fidelity 222 Dixon. 7,1(17 Fieldon. 259 Dolton.-.. 1,229 Fillmore 500 Dongola 681 Findlay 479 Donnellson. .. 268 Fisher. 614 Dover 247 Fithian 309 Downers Grov e 2,1(13 Flanagan 509 Dubois 335 Flat Kock 315 Dundee 2.765 Flora 2,311 Duquoin 4,353 Forest City. .. 309 Durand 571 Forrest 952 Dwight 2,015 Forreston 1,047 Earlville 1,122 Fort Sheridan. 1,575 East Alton.... 454 Fosterburg 130 E. Carondelet. 222 Frankfort. . 250 EastDubuque, 1,146 Franklin 687 East Dundee, FranklinGrove 681 (Dundee P.O.) 1,417 Franklin Park 483 E. Gales burg.. 663 Freeburg 1,214 Easton 335 Freeport 13.258 East Peoria... 899 Fulton .. 2.685 East St. Louis. 29,655 Galatia 642 Eddyville. .. 162 Galena 5,005 Edge wood ... 412 Galesburg ... is.imr Edinburg. .. 1,071 Galva . 2.682 Edison Park.. 344 Gardner 1.H36 Edwardsville . 4,157 Geneseo ... 3,356 Effingham 3,774 Geneva 2.446 Elburn 606 Genoa 1,140 Eldara. 249 Georgetown ... 988 Eldorado 1,445 Germantown, Elgin 22.433 VermilionCo 1,782 Elizabeth 659 Germantown, Elizabethtown 668 Clinton Co.. Elkhart 553 Gibson 2,054 Elkville 465 Gilberts 222 Ellis Grove. .. 280 Gillespie 873 Ellisville 219 Gilman 1.441 Elmhurst 1,728 Girard 1,661 Elmwood l .582 Gladstone 433 El Paso. 1,441 Glasford 409 Elsah 220 Glasgow 235 Elvaston 308 Glencoe 1,020 Elwood 244 Glen Ellyn.... 793 Emden 330 Godfrey.. 29 Emington 206 Godley 329 Entield 971 Goleonda 1,140 Equality 898 Golden 516 Erie 768 Golden Gate .. 345 Essex 385 GoodHope 430 Eureka 1,661 Gorevllle 406 Evanston 19,259 Grafton 988 Pop. 1900 Gralnvflle 390 (.rand Ridge 999 (.rami TOWOl Granite 3,122 Grant, Park . 442 Granville ... 830 Grape Creek.. 610 Grayslake .... 116 Grayville 1,948 Greenfield . Greenup 1,085 Greenvlew 1,019 Greenville .... 2,504 Grldley ... .. 716 Grlggsvllle ... 1,4(4 Grossdale 1.111 Gross Point... 609 Hamburg 908 Hamilton 1,344 Hamletsburg.. 280 Hammond 481 Hampshire.... 760 Hampton. 374 Hanover 785 Hardin 494 Harlem 4,085 Harrisburg *,202 Hartsburg 269 Harvard 2,602 Harvel 357 Harvey... 5,395 Havana 3,268 Hebron 611 Hecker . _ 200 Henderson... 170 Hennepin 523 Henry. 1,637 Hernck 421 Herrin 1,559 Herscher 3S4 Hettick 259 Hey worth 683 Highland 1,970 Highland Park 2,&)6 Hillsboro 1.937 Himrod 426 Hinckley 587 Hindsboro .... 343 Hinsdale 2,578 Hodgkins 195 Hollowayville. 207 Homer 1,080 Homewood ... 352 Hoopeston .... 3,823 Hopedale 600 Hoyleton 352 Hudson 378 Huev 267 Humboldt 319 Hume 598 Huntley 60S Hutsonville... 743 Illiopolis 744 Ina 317 Indian ola 381 Industry 463 Ipava 749 ILLINOIS. 15 Illinois — Continued Pop. 1900 Iroquois 427 Irving 67S Ir\ intrton 241) Itasca 256 Iuka 421 Ivesdale 476 Jacksonville.. 15,078 Jeffersouville. 386 Jersevville .. 3,517 Jeweit :«2 Johnson vllle.. 268 Johnstown 787 Joliet 29,353 Jonesboro 1,130 Kampsville ... 330 Kane 588 Kangley l,im Kankakee 13,595 Kansas... 1,049 Kappa 17") Kaskaskla 177 Keithsburg ... 1,566 Keinpton 409 Kenihvorth... 336 Kenney 584 Kewanee 8,382 Kevesport 500 Kinderhook... / 370 Kingston 305 Kingston Mines 509 Kimnundy 1,221 Kinsman 174 Kirkland 636 Kirk wood .... 1,008 Knoxville 1.^57 Lacon... 1,601 Ladd 1,324 Lafavette ... 283 Lagrange 3,969 Lagrange Park 730 LaHarpe 1.591 Lake Bluff.... 490 Lake Forest .. 2,215 Lake Zurich .. 215 LaMoille 576 Lanark. 1,306 Lansing 830 La Prairie 182 La Rose 146 Lasalle 10,446 Latham 429 Lawrencevflle 1,300 Leaf River .... 507 Lebanon 1,812 Lee 287 Leland 634 Lemont 2.449 Lena 1,252 Lenzburg 343 L'Erable 135 Lerna 396 Leroy 1,629 Lewistown 2,504 Lexington 1,415 L'berty. 499 Liberty vllle... 864 Lima 280 Pop. 1900 Lincoln 8,962 Lisbon 279 Litchfield 5,918 Little York... 334 Loami 481 Lockport 2,659 Loda 668 Lombard 590 London Mills. 528 Long Point... 284 Loraine 349 Lostant 480 Louisville 646 Lovington 815 Ludlow 306 Lyndon 430 I.ynnville . ... 176 Lvons 951 McHenry 1,013 McLean 532 McLeansboro. 1,758 Macedonia 315 Mackinaw 859 Macomb 5,375 Macon. 705 Madison 1,979 Magnolia 264 Mahomet 515 Makanda 528 Maiden 309 Malta 507 Manchester... 430 Manhattan ... 393 Manito 561 Mansfield 708 Manteno 932 Maple Park... 391 Maquon 475 Marengo 2.005 Marine 666 Marion 2,510 Marissa 1.086 Maroa. 1.213 Marseilles 2.559 Marshall 2,077 Martinsville .. 1,000 Martinton 319 Marysville .... 764 Mascoutah 2,171 Mason.. 369 Mason City.... 1,890 Mattison 449 Mattoon 9,622 Maywood 4,532 Mazon 447 Mechanicshurg 476 Medora... 449 Melrose Park.. 2,592 Melvin 550 Mendon 627 Mendota Meredosia 700 Metamora 758 Met calf 429 Metropolis City 4,069 Milan 719 Milford 1,077 Pop. 1900 Mill Creek Milh-dgevllle Millersburg. Millington ... Mill Shoals.. Millstadt Milton. Mineral Minier Minonk 2,545 Minooka 424 Modesto. 299 Mokena 281 Moline 17.248 Momence 2,026 273 633 305 ■k,; (if,!) 1.172 420 339 746 Monee Monmouth Montgomery.. Monticello Montrose Morgan Park . Morris. 402 7.460 350 1,982 300 2.3:29 4,273 Morrison 2,308 Morrisonville. Morton Morton Grove Mound City... Mound Station Mt. Auburn Mt. Carmel. Mt. Carroll. Mt. Erie.... Mt.Greenwood Mt. Morris . Mt. Olive... Mt. Pulaski Mt. Sterling Mt. Vernon Mt. Zion. Moweaqua MulberryGrove Muncie Murphysboro . Murrayville... Naperville Naples Nashville Nauvoo 1,321 Nebo 508 Neoga 1,126 m 894 564 2,705 178 235 4.311 1.965 308 190 1.048 2.935 1.643 1 .960 5. 2 16 370 1,478 632 324 6,463 467 2.6-29 2,184 Neponset Newark New Athens New Baden . New Berlin . New Boston New Burnside New Canton New Dongla New Grand Chain New (irantsb'g New Haven _. New Holland. Newman New Memphis New Minden. 516 410 856 510 533 703 451 2-27 429 a58 1,166 249 226 16 ILLINOIS. Illinois— Continue* Pop. 1800 New Salem.... 2»o Newton ...... 1,680 New Windsor. 473 Nlantic 654 Nhes 514 N lies Center.. 629 Nilwood 1,878 Noble 597 Nokomis l.::;i Nora 312 Normal 3,795 Norris City ... 863 North Alton .. 904 North Chicago 1,150 No.chiliicothe 417 North Peoria.. 2,358 Nunda 604 Oakford 338 Oakland 1,198 Oakley 99 Oblong 743 Oconee 316 Odell 1,000 Odin. 1,180 O'Fallon 1,267 Ogden 419 Ohio 461 Okawville 544 Old Marissa... 216 Olmsted 268 Olney. 4,260 Omaha 569 Onarga 1,270 Oneida... 785 Oquawka 1,010 Orangeville... 343 Oregon 1,577 Orion. 584 OrlandPark.. 366 Oswego 618 Ottawa 10,588 Otterville 208 Owaneco 255 Palatine 1.020 Palestine 979 Palmer 299 Palmyra 813 Pana' 5,530 Panola 148 Papineau 188 Paris 6,105 Parkersburg . . 211 Park Ridge ... 1,340 Patoka 640 Pawnee 595 Pawpaw 765 Paxton 3.(66 Pay son 465 Pearl f22 Pearl City .... 437 Pecatonlca 1,045 Pekin 8,420 Peoria 56,100 Peoria Heights 309 Peotone 1,008 Percy 660 Perry 642 1'op. 1900 Pern - Phllllpstown.. UK) Philo Plnckni Piper i Plttsneld . Plalnneld 920 Plainvllle 296 Piano ... . 1,684 Pleasant Hill . 890 PleasantPlaim Plymouth. . Pocahontas Polo 1,869 Pontlac 4,266 Pontoosnc 299 Poplar Grove. 323 Port Byron.... 732 Prairie City... 818 Prairie du Rocher.... 347 Princeton 4,023 Princeville.. . 735 Prophetstown 1,143 Pulaski 424 Quincy 36,252 Raleigh 333 Ramsey 747 Rankin 754 Ransom. 339 Rantoul 1,207 Rapids City... 212 Raymond 906 Redbud. 1.169 Reddick 261 Redmon. 282 Renault 217 Reynolds 329 Richmond 576 .Richview 444 Ridge Farm... 933 Ridgely 1,169 Eldgway 839 Ridott 212 Ripley 298 Riverdale 558 River Forest.. 1,539 River Grove.. 333 Riverside 1,551 Riverton 1,511 Rlverview 406 Roanoke 966 Roberts 449 Carroll 19.953 Gibson 30,099 Lagrange 15,284 Cass 34.545 Grant .54,693 Lake.. Clark 31.835 Greene 28.530 Laporte 38,386 Clay 34,285 Hamilton 29,914 Lawrence .25,729 Clinton 28,202 Hancock . 19,189 .Madison 70,470 Crawford. 13.476 Harrison 21,702 Marion .197,227 Daviess 29,914 Hendricks 21.292 Marshall 25.119 Dearborn 22.194 Henry 25,088 Martin 14,711 Decatur 19,518 Howard 28.575 Miami 28,344 Dekalb 25.711 Huntington... 28,901 Monroe 20,878 Delaware 49,624 Jackson 26,633 Montgomery.. 29,388 18 INDIANA. Indiana — Continued Pop. 1900 Morgan 30,457 Newton 10,448 Noble 23,588 Ohio 4,724 Orange 16,854 Owen 15,149 Parke 23,000 Perry 18,778 Pike 20,486 Purler 19,175 Posey 22,388 Pulaski 14,083 Putnam 21,478 Pop. 1900 Randolph 28,653 Ripley Push 20,148 St. Joseph ... Scott 8,807 Shelby 26,491 Spencer Stark.- 10,431 Steuben 15,219 Sullivan 26,005 Switzerland... 11,840 Tippecanoe . Tipton 19,116 Pop. 1900 Union 6,748 Vanderburg .. 71,769 Vermilion .. Wabash 28485 Warren 11,871 Warrick Washington... 19,409 Wayne 38,970 Wells White 19,138 Whitley INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. Alamo 241 Albany 2,116 Albion 1 524 Alexandria ... 7,221 Alton 233 Ambia 438 Amboy 402 Anderson 20,178 Andrews 746 Angola 2.141 Arcadia 1.413 Argos Ashley 1,307 1,040 Atlanta 1,000 Attica 3.005 Auburn 3.396 Aurora 3,645 Avilla 658 Baiubridge ... 431 Bates ville 1,384 Battle Ground 150 Bedford 6,115 Bern 1.037 Birdseye 476 Bloomneld.... 1,588 Bloomiugdale . 505 Bloomington.. 6,460 Bluffton 4,479 Boon ville 2,849 Boston 134 Boswell 824 Bourbon 1.187 Bowling Green 432 Brazil 7,786 Bremen 1,671 Bristol .. 546 Broadrippie .. 487 Bronson 177 Brook 677 Brooksburg... 149 Brookston 949 Brookville .... 2,037 Browns burg... 676 Brownstown .. 1,-685 Bryant 884 Bunker Hill... 568 Burnettsville.. 497 Butler 2,063 Cadiz 253 CainbridgeCity 1.754 Campbellsburg 672 Cannelburg — 280 Cannelton 2.188 Carbon 951 Carlisle 699 Carmel 498 Carthage 1.028- Castletou 199 Cayuga 832 Center Point.. 600 Ceuterville.... 785 Chalmers 462 Charlestown.. 915 Chesterton ... 7ss Chrisney 513 Churubusco... 884 Cicero..*. 1,603 ClarksHill .... 539 Clarksville.... 2.370 Clay City 1,503 Claypool 399 .Claysburg 116 Clifford 233 Clinton 2.918 Cloverdale 44". Cochran 858 Colfax 767 Columbia City 2,975 Columbus 8,130 Connersville .. 6,836 Converse 1.415 Corydon 1,610 Covington .... 2.213 Crandall. 137 Crawfordsville 6,649 (rothersville . 765 Crown Point.. 2.336 Culver 505 Cvnthiaua 502 Dale 624 Dana 898 Danville. 1,802 Darlington ... 727 Decatur 4.142 Delphi 2,135 Dillsboro 465 Dublin 698 Dunkirk 3,187 Dunreith 205 Earl Park 563 East Chicago.. 3.411 East Connersville 556 EastGermantown 305 Eaton 1,567 Edlnburg 1,820 Elizabeth . .. 271 Ellzabethtown 407 Elkhart _ 15,184 Klb-ttsville 70S Elnora 9o8 Elwood 12.9.50 English 649 Etna Green ... 420 Evansvllle .... 59,007 Fairmount 3,205 Farmersburg . . 625 Farmland 870 Flora 1.209 Forest Hill 152 Fort Branch .. 849 Fort ville 1,006 Fort Wayne... 45.115 Fountain City. 455 Fowler ".. 1.429 Francesville".. 596 Frankfort .... 7,100 Franklin 4,006 Frankton 1.464 Fredericksburg 281 Fremont 7o9 Fieneh Lick .. 260 Garrett 3,910 Gas City 3.622 Geneva 1.076 Georgetown .. 350 Goodland 1,205 Goshen 7,810 Gosport Grandview ... 822 Greencastle .. 3,661 Greendale 473 Greenfield .... 4,489 Greensboro . Greensburg. .. 5,084 Greentown 1.2 s 7 Greenville .... 309 Greenwood ... 1,503 Hagerstown .. 963 Hamlet ISS Hammond 12.376 Hanover 377 Hardinsburg.. 210 Hartford City. 5.912 Hartsville .... 499 Hazelton 758 INDIANA. in Indiana — Continued Pop. 1900 Hebron 794 Hillsboro 500 Hobart _ 1.390 Hope 1,088 Howell. 1,421 Hudson 558 Huntingburg.. 2,527 Huntington... 9,491 Indianapolis ..169.164 Ingalls 542 Irvington 1.799 Jamestown... 640 Jasper 1,863 Jeflersonville. 10,774 Jonesboro .... 1,838 Jonesville 268 Judson 186 Kendabville .. 3,354 Kennard 417 Kentland 1,006 Kewanna 646 Keystone 250 Kirklin 624 Knigbtstown . 1,942 Knightsville .. 1,171 Knox 1,466 Kokomo 10,609 Laconia 135 Ladoga 1,176 Lafavette 18,116 Lagrange 1,703 Lagro. 456 Lanesville 324 Lapel 869 Laporte 7,113 Laurel 600 Lawrenceburg 4,326 Leavenworth . 655 Lebanon 4,465 Leesburg 390 Lewisville .... 404 Liberty 1,449 Ligonier 2,231 Linden 572 Linton 3,071 Little York.... 224 Livonia 200 Logansport ... 16,204 Loogootee .... 1.382 Lowell 1,275 Lynn 705 Macy 314 Madison 7,835 Marengo 700 Marion 17,337 Markle 729 Martinsville .. 4,038 Mauckport.... 290 Mentone 757 Meroni 478 Michigan City. 14,850 Rfichigantown 417 Middleburv ... 572 Mlddletown... 1,801 Milan 422 Milford. Kosci- usko Co 905 Pop. 1900 Milford, Deca- tur Co 211 Millersburg... 481 Millhousen 265 Milton 682 Mishawaka 5,560 Mitchell 1.772 Modoc 221 Monon 1,160 Monroe City .. 688 Monroeville... 690 Monterey 261 Montezuma... 1.172 Montgomery.. 616 Monticello .... 2,107 Montpelier.... 3,405 Moorefleld .... 113 MooresHill ... 338 Mooresville... 974 Moreland 309 Morocco 920 Morristown ... 565 Mt. Auburn... 163 Mt. Carmel.... 153 Mt. Etna 175 Mt. Vernon.... 5,132 Muncie 20,942 Nappanee 2,208 Nashville 393 New Albany... 20,628 New Amsterdam 200 Newburg. 1,371 New Carlisle.. 597 Newcastle.... 3,406 New Harmony 1,341 New Haven ... 950 NewMiddletown 167 New Palestine 444 Newpoint 451 Newport 610 New Richmond 357 New Ross 284 Noblesville.... 4.792 Normal City... 868 North Judson. 944 North Liberty. 504 North Manchester North Salem . North Vernon. 2,823 Oakland City.. 1,991 Odon 923 Oldenburg .... 957 Orestes 778 Orleans 1,236 Osgood 1,035 Ossian 529 Owensville.... 1,019 Oxford 949 Paoli 1,186 Paragon 413 Parker 909 Patoka 71(1 Patriot 108 Pendleton 1,512 Pennville 773 Peru 8,463 Pop. 1900 Petersburg 1,751 Pierceton 886 Pine 279 Plymouth 3,656 Poneto 332 Port Fulton... 1,101 Portland 4,798 Posey ville .... 628 Princeton 6,041 Redkey.. 2,206 Remington.... 1.120 Rensselaer 2,255 Reynolds 393 Richmond 18,226 Ridgeville 1,098 Risingsun 1,548 Roachdale 942 Roanu 631 Roanoke 536 Rochester 3,421 Rockport 2,882 Rockville 2,(U5 Rosedale 865 Rossville 598 Royal Center.. 657 Rushville 4,541 Russell ville... 298 Salamonia 168 Salem .. 1,995 Saltilloville... 207 Scottsburg 1,274 Sellersburg ... 761 Seymour 6,445 Shelburn 523 Shelby ville.... 7,169 Sheridan 1,795 Shirley 381 Shirley City... 236 Shoals 683 Silver Grove.. 598 Silver Lake 504 South Bend ... 35.999 South Delphi.. 247 South Peru.... 495 Southport 285 South Whitley 1,113 Spencer 2,026 Spiceland 590 Spring Grove.. 113 St. Joe 483 St. Leon 369 St. Meinrad.... 525 State Line 174 Staunton 693 Stinesville .... 288 Stranghn 186 Sullivan 3,118 Sulphur Springs 262 Summitville .. 1,482 Sunman . 870 ei 1,162 Syracuse .... Tell City 2,680 Tennyson 302 Terre Haute... 36,673 Thorntown.... 1,511 Tipton 3,764 20 INDIAN TERRITORY. Indiana —Continued Pop. 1900 Troy 599 Union City.... 2,710 Opland .. 1,208 Valparaiso ... Van Buren 965 Veedersburg.. 1,638 Vera Cruz 199 Vernon 557 Versailles 501 Vevay 1,588 Vinoennes 10,249 Wabash 8,618 Wakarusa 917 "VValkerton.... 1,037 Walton 498 Warren 1,523 Top. 1900 Warsaw .... Washington Waterloo 1,244 Waveland 648 Way net own... 757 West College Corner 392 Westneld 670 West Harrison 304 West Lafayette 2,302 West Lebanon 688 West Madison. 182 Westport 614 West Shoals... 380 West Terre Haute 651 Westville 468 Pop. 1900 Wheatfleld.... 806 Whlteland .... su Whitewater... US Whiting ... Wllllamsporl . 1,248 Wlnamac.. . Winchester Windfall 0S7 Wlngate . tSl Winslow 586 Wolcott 825 Wolcottvllle . 650 Woodruff Place 477 Worthington.. 1*448 ZIonsville 765 INDIAN TERRITORY. Population. 392,060. NATIONS AND RESERVATIONS. Pop. 1900 Pop. Cherokee 101,754 Ottawa Keser- Chickasaw.... 139,260 Choctaw 99,781 Creek 40,674 2,205 ration Peoria Reser- vation 1.180 Seminole 3,786 QuapawReser- Modoc Reserva tion. vat ion son Pop Seneca Reser- vation Shawnee Res- ervation Wyandotte Reservation. 1 H i 1900 970 297 1,213 Ada Adair Afton .... Alderson. Allen Antlers .. INCORPORATED TOWNS, ETC. 101 Comanche 547 Indianola 268 Connervllle... 189 Johnson.. 606 Cornish 307 Kemp .... 800 Cowlington ... 272 Kiowa.... 350 Cumberland .. 34:3 Kosoma. . 1,000 Davis. 1,346 Krebs Ardmore 5,681 Dewey Atoka 1,150 Dougherty 105 Lebanon 437 Leflore.. Bailey 100 Duncan 1,164 Lehigh Bartlesville . Beebee Berwyn Bethel. Bluejacket. Bokoshe Braden 698 Dura 100 Earl 276 Ego. 150 Elk. Bristow Buck Caddo Calvin Cameron Campbell Canadian Caney Carbon Catoosa Center Centralia Checotah... Chelsea Chickasha Choteau Claremore Coalgate Colbert Collinsville... Elmore 153 Einet 100 Erin Springs 103 Eufaula 626 Fairland .... 510 Fame 930 Fort Gibson. 205 Foster 316 Gans 100 Goodland ... 522 Good water... 125 Gowen 350 Graham 241 Grant 500 Grove 100 Hanson sor> Hartshorne . 566 I lea Id ton 3,209 Heavener... 160 II S55 Holdenville 2,614 Holder . 127 Houston 2,969 Lenapah 225 Leon 100 Linn. 152 Loco. 192 Long Grove. 342 McAlester .. 200 McGee 757 McMillan ... 499 Mannsville.. 100 Marietta .... 617 Marlow im Miami 136 Midland Ill Millcreek ... 150 Minco 106 Muldrow.... * 115 Muskogee... 100 Nowata 314 Oakland 182 Oakman 2,352 Oberltn im Ochelata ... 234 Oconee rv. 262 Okmulgee. m Ola 112 oologah... 100 Orr 155 204 221 100 117 2,300 185 166 1,500 154 221 125 100 215 646 209 163 198 842 1,016 1,527 150 115 400 465 4.254 498 mi 100 120 100 115 1,000 177 376 Howe. 626 Overbrook . IOWA. % \ Indian Territory - Pop. 1900 Panama 300 Paoli 234 Pauls Vallev.. 1.467 Peoria 144 Petms 115 Pontotoc 366 Poteau 1,182 Pry or Creek.. 495 Pu'rcell 2,277 Purdy... 200 Ramona 150 Ravia.. 128 Reagan. 200 Redfork 130 Redoak 100 Reray 100 Roff 195 Rush Springs. 518 Ryan 1,000 Salllsaw 965 Sansbois 891 Sapulpa. 891 IOWA. Pop. 1900 Adair 16,192 Adams 13,601 Allamakee.... 18,711 Appanoose 25,927 Audubon 13,626 Benton... 25,177 Blackhawk.... 32,399 Boone 28,200 Bremer. 16,305 Buchanan 21,427 Buena Vista .. 16,975 Butler. 17.955 Calhoun 18,569 Carroll 20,319 Cass 21,274 Cedar.... 19,371 Cerro Gordo.. 20.672 - Continued. Pop. 1900 Sayanna 300 Scipio. 100 Shadypoint ... 104 Silo 246 South McAles- ter 3.479 Spiro 543 Sterrett 575 Stigler 200 Stilwell 779 Sulphur Springs 1,198 Sutter 200 Tahlequah .... 1.482 Talala 135 Talihina. 748 Tamaha 237 Terral. 285 Texanna 100 Thackeryille.. 154 Thomasyille.. 400 Tishomingo... 210 Population, 2,231,853. COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Tulsa 1.390 Tuskahoma... 106 Tussy 125 Vian._ 296 Vinita 2,339 Vireton 150 Wagoner 2,372 Walker 100 Wapanucka... 130 Webbers Falls 211 Welch 334 Westville 296 Whitefield .... 171 Wilburton .... 3,000 Willis.... 104 Wilson 100 Wister 313 Woodford 130 Wyandotte ... 224 Wynnewood.. 1,907 Floyd ... Franklin Fremont Greene . . Grundy 13,75' Guthrie 18,729 Osceola Hamilton 19,514 Page Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 ...17.754 Monona _ 17,9HU ... 14,996 Monroe 17.985 ... 18,546 Montgomery.. 17,803 ... 17,820 Muscatine 28.242 O'Brien 16,985 . 8,725 . 24,187 Hancock 13,752 Palo Alto 14.354 Hardin 22.794 Plymouth 22,209 Harrison 25,597 Pocahontas... 15.339 Henry 20,022 Polk 82,624 Howard 14,512 Pottawattamie 54. Humboldt 12,667 Poweshiek. 19,414 16,570 17. "07 12,440 13,401 27.750 43.832 Cherokee Chickasaw Clarke Clay Clayton ... Clinton ... Crawford 21,685 Dallas 23,058 Dayis.... 15,620 Decatur 18,115 Delaware 19,185 Des Moines 35.989 Dickinson 7,995 Dubuque 56,403 Emmet 9,936 Fayette 29,845 Ida 12.327 Ringgold 15.325 Iowa . 19,544 Sac 17.639 Jackson. 23,615 Scott. 51.558 Jasper 26,976 Shelby 17.932 Jefferson 17,437 Sioux 23,337 Johnson 24,817 Story.... 23.159 Jones. 21,954 Tama 24.585 Keokuk 24.979 Taylor... 18,784 Kossuth 2-2.720 Union 19,923 Lee 39,719 Van Buren.... 17.354 Linn 55.392 Wapello 35,426 Louisa 13,516 Warren 2".376 Lucas 16,126 Washington... 20,718 Lyon.. 13.165 Wayne 17.491 Madison 17.710 Webster.. 31.757 Mahaska 34.273 Winnebago.. . 12.725 Marion. 24,159 Winneshiek... 23.731 Marshall 29.991 Woodbury .... 54,610 Mills 16,764 Worth ....10,887 Mitchell 14,916 Wright 18,227 INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. Ackley 1,445 Agency Ackworth. Adair. 134 Ainsworth 408 Alden. 404 Algona Adel 1,213 Albia 879 Akron 1,(129 Allerton. 2.S-9 Allison Afton 1,178 Albion 440 Alta 709 2.911 950 463 861 IOWA. Iowa — Continued. Pop. 1900 AltaVista 179 Alton 1,009 Altoona 328 Alvord 249 Ames 2,422 Anamosa 2,891 Andrew 278 Angus 333 Anita 968 Anthon... 437 Arlington 427 Arcadia 405 Arion 192 Arlington 863 Armstrong 9u7 Arnolds Park. 251 Arthur 162 Ashton. 513 Athelstan 255 Atlantic 5,046 Auburn 293 Audubon 1,866 Aurelia 621 Aurora 331 Avoca 1,627 Ayrshire 329 Badger 240 Bagley 355 Baldwin 254 Bancroft 839 Barnes City . . . 274 Barnum 175 Bassett 149 Batavia 533 Battle Creek.. 542 Baxter. 427 Baxter 41 (P.O.Muchakinock) Bayard 494 Beacon 953 Beam an 266 Bedford 1,977 Belle Plaine... 3,283 Belle vue 1,607 Belmond 1,234 Bennett 238 Benton 192 Bentonsport .. 254 Bernard 113 Birmingham.. 622 Blairstown 592 Blanchard 520 Blencoe 279 Blockton 704 Bloomfield.... 2.105 Bode 409 Bonaparte .... 898 Bondurant 297 Boone Bovden.. 336 Braddyville... 236 Bradgate 223 Bravton 141 Brazil 615 Breda 395 Brighton 807 Bristow 317 Pop. 1900 Britt i,r.m Brooklyn l.iss Buffalo 372 Buffalo Center B7S Burlington .. . 28,201 Burt 501 Bussey - 550 Calamus 287 Cal lender 399 Calmar 1,003 Calumet 113 Camanche 713 Cambridge 667 Cantril 356 Carlisle 553 Carroll 2,882 Carson 632 Cascade 1.266 Casey.. '568 Castana 355 Cedar Falls... 5,319 Cedar Rapids.. 25,656 Center J unct.. 255 Center Point.. 674 Oenterville.... 5,256 Central City.. 623 Chariton 3.989 Charles City... 4,227 Charter Oak... 772 Chelsea 419 Cherokee 3,865 Cliillicothe.... 216 Churdan. 626 Cincinnati 1,212 Clarence 675 Clare 374 Clarinda 3,276 Clarion 1,475 Clarksville.... 849 Clearfield 698 Clear Lake.... 1,706 Clermont 513 Cleveland 202 Clinton 22,698 Clio 218 Coburg 164 Coggon 498 Coin 574 Colesburg 274 Colfax 2,053 College Spr'gs 693 Collins 540 Col,, 391 Columbus City 388 Columbus Jet. 1,099 Conrad. 483 Conway 34S Coon Rapids.. 1,017 Coralville 125 Corning 2.145 Correctionville 935 Corwith 651 Corydon 1.477 Council Bluffs 25,802 Crawfordsville 268 Cresco 2.806 Creston 7,752 Pop. 1900 Cromwell ... Crystal Lake . 240 Cumberland 591 Gushing 237 Dakota Dallas Center. 625 Danbury 480 Davenport .... 35,254 Davis City .... 617 Dayton 753 Decatur City.. 367 Decorah 3,246 Dedham Deep River.... 403 Defiance 387 Delinar 592 Delta 691 Denison 2,771 Denver 102 Des Moines... 62,139 De Soto 345 Dewitt 1,383 Dexter 795 Diagonal 383 Donnellson ... 270 Doon 545 DowCity 462 Dows 818 Drakesville... 238 Dubuque 36,297 Duinont 433 Duncoinbe 350 Dunkerton ... 217 Dunlap 1.355 Durant 560 Dyersville 1,323 Dysart 902 Eaglegrove ... 3,557 Earlham 630 Earling 340 Earlvllle 618 Early 579 East Peru 252 Eddyville 1,230 Edenville 476 Edge wood 565 Elberon 344 Eldon. 1,850 Eldora 2,233 Eldridge 207 Elgin 635 Elkader 1,321 Elkport 326 Elliott 516 Ellston 242 Ellsworth 319 Elma 976 Emerson 502 Emmetsburg.. 2,361 Ep worth 549 Essex 710 Estherville.... 3,237 Exira... 851 Fairbank 644 Fairfield 4,689 Farley 513 Farnfington... 1,332 IOWA. 23 Iowa — Continued. Top. 1900 Farnhamville. 348 Farragut. 514 Fayette 1,315 Floyd 353 Fonda 1,180 Fontanelle.— 853 Forest City ... 1,758 Fort Atkinson 261 Fort Dodge... 12,162 Fort Madison. 9,278 Foster 205 Franklin. 210 Fredericksburg 565 Frederika 170 Fremont 542 Galva 45G Garden Grove. 651 Garner .. 1,288 Garrison 482 Garwin 470 George Germanla 384 Oilman 465 GilmoreCity.. 687 Gladbrook.... 842 Glenwood 3,040 Glidden 733 Goldneld 628 Goodell 254 Gowrie 681 Graettinger... 388 Grafton 156 Grand Junction 1,113 Grand Mound. 355 Grand River.. 326 Grant City.... 249 Granville 351 Gravity 549 Gray 180 Greeley 488 Greene... 1.192 Greenfield .... 1,300 Grimes 186 Grinnell 3,860 Griswold 900 Grundy (enter 1,322 Guthrie Center 1.193 Guttenberg... 1,620 Hamburg 2,079 Hamilton 538 Hampton 2.72? Hancock 276 Harcourt 192 Harlan 2.422 Harper 269 Harris 217 Hartley 1,006 Hastings 404 Havelock 397 Hawarden 1,810 Hawkeye 518 Hazelton 500 Hedrick 1,035 Henderson 211 Hepburn lis Hillsdale 244 Holland 175 Pop. 1900 Holstein 870 Holy Cross 115 Hopeville 145 Hopkinton ?H7 Hornick 284 Hosper. 415 Hubbard 676 Hudson 359 Hull 626 Humboldt .... 1.474 Huineston 945 Ida Grove 1,967 Imogene 296 Independence. 3,656 Indianola 3,261 Invood 477 Ionia 3uG Iowa City 7,987 Iowa Falls .... 2,840 Ireton 545 Irwin.. 295 Jackson Junction 171 Janesville 311 Jefferson 2,601 Jesup 690 Jewell 947 Jolley. 266 Kalona 530 Kamrar 223 Kellerton 458 Kellogg 653 Kelley 187 Kensett 459 Kenwood 283 Keokuk 14,641 Keosauqua 1,117 Keota 996 Keystone 406 Kingsley 720 Kinross 132 Kirkman 203 Kirkville 402 Klemme 262 Knowlton .... 267 Knoxville 3,131 Lacona 496 Ladora 239 Lake City 2,703 Lake Mills .... 1.293 Lake Park 541 Lakeyiew 591 Lamoni 1,540 Lamont 636 LaMotte 272 Lansing.. 1,438 Laporte 1,419 Larch wood 450 Larrabee 125 Laurens 853 Lawler. 646 Le Claire 997 Ledyard 257 Le Grand 408 Lehigh 806 Leland 215 Le Mars 4.146 Lenox 1,014 Pop. 1900 Leon 1,905 Lester 225 Letts as? Lewis 613 Lhnespring ... 605 Linden. 314 Lineville 690 Lisbon 956 Liscomb 338 Little Koek ... 399 Little Sioux... 427 Livermore 618 Logan 1.377 Lohryille 597 Lone Tree .... 600 Lorimor. 587 Louden 544 Low Moor 318 Lucas 1.132 Luverne 534 Luzerne 169 Lvnnville 347 McGregor 1,498 Mclntire 427 Macedonia 295 Macksburg 235 Madrid 1,021 Malcom 404 Mallard 292 Malvern 1,166 Manchester... 2,887 Manilla 773 Manly 359 Manning 1,169 Manson 1.424 Mapleton 1.099 Maquoketa 3,777 Marathon 059 Marble Hock.. 573 Marcus 718 Marengo 2,007 Marion 4,102 Marne 410 Marshalltown. 11.544 Martelle 158 Martinsburg .. 332 Marysville .... 322 Mason City.... 6.746 Massena 475 Matiock 94 Maurice.. 28o Maxwell 810 Maynard 495 Mechanicsville 703 Mediapolis 725 Melbourne 366 Melrose.. 400 Menlor.. 428 Meriden 432 Merrill Meservey 193 Miles 385 Mllford 485 Milo 585 Milton 849 Minburn 317 Minden 328 24 IOWA. low \ — Continued. Pop. 1900 Missouri Valley 4,010 Mitch. -11 245 Mitchellville.. 768 Modale 383 Mondauiln . . Monmouth Monona (574 Monroe 917 Montelth 57 Montezuma... 1,210 Montlcello.... 2,104 Montour 502 Montrose 74s Moorbead 2oo Moravia 632 Morning Sun.. 948 Morrison 17(5 Moulton 1.4:20 Mt.Ayr. 1,729 Mt. Pleasant.. 4,109 Mt. Vernon... 1,629 Moville 507 Murray 949 Muscatine 14,073 Mystic 1,758 Nashua 1,268 Neola 921 Nevada 2,472 XewAlbin.... 543 Newell 762 New Hampton 2,339 New Hartford 570 New London.. 1,003 New Market .. 600 New Providence 268 New Sharon... 1,252 Newton 3,682 New Vienna .. 245 Nichols.. 398 Nora Springs.. 1,209 North English 683 North McGregor 616 Northwood ... 1,271 Nor walk 287 Norway 533 Oakland.. 913 Ocheyedan.... 599 Odeholt 1,432 Oelweln 5,142 Ogden 993 Olin... 692 Ollie 238 Onawa 1,933 Onslow 2(53 Orange City... 1,457 Orient. 359 Orleans 92 Osage 2,734 Osceola 2,505 Oskaloosa 9,212 Ossian. 670 Oto 396 Ottumwa 18,197 Oxford 664 Oxford Junction 780 Pacific Junction 732 Packwood .... 284 Pop. 1900 Panama 221 Panora 954 ParkerBburg .. 1,164 Parnell 818 Paton Patterson . it;:{ Paulllna 617 Pella 2,623 Perry 3,986 Persia 361 Peterson 521 Tin-son 358 Pilot Mound .. 315 Plainfleld 320 Pleasanton 164 Pleasant Plain 2S0 Pleasantville.. 738 Plover... 187 Pocahontas . . . 625 Polk 438 Pomeroy 910 Portsmouth... 316 Postville 9S4 Prairie City... 808 Prescott 446 Preston 593 Princeton 456 Primghar 814 Protivin 136 Pulaski 308 Quincy 106 Kadcliffe 645 Randalia 117 Randolph 373 Rathbun 270 Redding 311 Redneld 509 Red Oak 4,355 Reinbeck 1.203 Remsen 835 Renwick 350 Riceville 804 Richland 534 Ridgeway 371 Rippev.. 395 Riverside 698 Riverton. 687 Rock Falls.... 124 Rockford 1,080 Rock Rapids.. 1,766 Rock Valley.. 1,054 Rockwell 830 Rockwell City 1,222 Rodney 173 Roland 557 Rolfe 994 Rome 255 Rose Hill 253 Rudd. 381 Russell 636 Ruthven 787 Sabula 1,029 Sac City 2.079 Salem 548 Salix 387 Sanborn 1,247 Schaller 661 Pop. 1900 Schleswig 288 Scranton ... Searsboro 269 Seymour. 1,708 Shannon City. 380 Sheffield 688 Shelby 092 Sheldabl 178 Sheldon Shell Rock.... 839 Shellsburg .... 511 Shenandonh... 3,573 Sibley 1,289 Sidney 1.113 Sigourney 1,952 Silver City .... 438 Sioux (enter.. 810 Sioux City .... 33,111 Sioux Rapids.. 1,005 Slater 426 Sloan 643 Smithland 435 Solon 397 South English. 319 Spencer 3,095 Spillville 356 Spirit Lake.... 1,219 Springbrook.. 107 Springville.... 599 St. Ansgar .... 698 St. Anthony .. 174 St. Charles.... 412 St. Olaf... 124 St. Paul 65 Stacyville 490 Stanhope 297 Stanton 404 Stan wood 415 State Center .. 1,008 Steamboat Rock 410 Storm Lake... 2,169 Story City 1,197 Stratford 458 Strawberry Hill 164 Sfcrawberry Point 1.012 Struble 172 Stuart 2.079 Sumner 1.437 Superior 1S7 Sutherland 722 Swaledale 240 Swan 406 SweaCity 328 Tabor 934 Tama 2,649 Templeton .... 321 Thaver 394 Thompson .... 450 Thornbarg... . 267 Thornton 299 Thor 274 Thurman 409 Tingley 488 Tipton 2,513 Titonka 224 Toledo 1,941 KANSAS. 25 Iowa — Continued. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Traer 1,458 Waterloo 12,580 What Cheer... 2,746 Tripoli 655 Waucoma 540 Wheatland.... 475 Union 589 Waukee 292 Whiting 572 Urbana 3-23 Waukon 2.153 Whitteinore .. 522 Ute 407 Waverlv 3,177 Whitten 217 Vail.... 578 Wayland 394 Williams 500 Valley Junction 1,700 Webster City . 4,613 AVilliamsburg 1,100 Vauhbrn 4^4 Wellnian 654 Wilton Junc- Vanraeter 407 Wellsburg 203 tion . 1,233 Vanwert 306 Wesley 730 Windsor 143 Victor 612 West Bend.... 538 Winfield 820 Villisca 2,211 West Branch.. 647 Winterset 3,039 Vincent 163 West Burling- Winthrop 618 Vinton 3,499 ton 1,044 Wiota 218 Volga City .... 444 Westchester.. 209 Woodbine 1,255 Wadena 170 West Decorah 531 Woodburn.... 467 Walcott 362 Westgate 260 Woodward.... 550 Walker 505 West Liberty . 1,690 VVoolstock .... 274 Wall Lake .... 659 West McGregor 100 Worthington . 288 Walnut 878 West Mitchell. 207 Wyoming 794 Wapello 1,398 West Point.... 654 Yorktown .... 170 Washington... 4,255 Westside 396 Zearing 388 Washta 431 West Union... 1,935 KANSAS. Population, 1,470,495. COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Pop. 190C Pop. 1900 Allen 19.507 Greeley 493 Osborne 11.844 Anderson 13.938 Greenwood ... 1« 196 Ottawa 11,182 Atchison 28.6(36 Hamilton 1,426 Pawnee 5.084 Barber 6,594 Harper 10,310 Phillips 14,442 Barton.. 13,784 Harvey 17,591 Pottawatomie 18.470 Bourbon 24,712 Haskell 457 Pratt... 7.085 Brown 22,369 Hodgeman.... 2,032 Rawlins 5.241 Butler 23.363 Jackson 17,117 Reno 29,027 Chase _. 8.246 Jefferson 17.533 Republic. 18,248 Chautauqua... 11.804 Jewell 19,420 Rice 14.745 Cherokee 42.694 Johnson 18,104 Riley 13,828 Cheyenne 2,640 Kearnev 1,107 Rooks 7,960 Clark 1,701 Kingman 10.663 Rush 6,134 Clay. _ 15,833 Kiowa 2.365 Russell 8,489 Cloud 18.071 Labette 27.387 Saline 17,076 Coffey.. 16.643 Lane. 1,563 Scott... 1,098 Comanche.... 1,619 Leavenworth . 40.940 Sedgwick.... 44,037 Cowley 30.156 Lincoln 9,886 Seward .... 822 Crawford 38,809 Linn 16,689 Shawnee .53,727 Decatur . 9,234 Logan 1.962 Sheridan 3,819 Dickinson 21.816 Lyon 25,074 Sherman. 3.341 Doniphan 15,079 McPherson ... 21.421 Smith.. ..16,384 Douglas 25.096 Marion.. 20.676 Stafford 9.829 Edwards 3,682 Marshall 24.355 Stanton 327 Elk. 11,443 Meade .. 1.581 Stevens 620 Ellis 8,626 Miami. . 2L641 Sumner 25,631 Ellsworth 9.626 Mitchell 14.647 Thomas .. 4,112 Finney 3.469 Montgomery.. 29.039 Trego 2.722 Ford 5,497 Morris 11.967 Wabaunsee ... 12.813 Franklin 21.354 Morton 304 Wallace. 1,178 Geary 10.744 Nemaha 20.376 Washington .. 21,963 Gove 2,441 Neosho 19,254 Wichita 1.197 Graham 5,173 Ness 4.535 Wilson ...15,621 Grant 422 Norton 11,325 Woodson ia,022 Gray 1,264 Osage. 28,659 Wyandotte 53,227 INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. Abilene 3,507 Altamont 546 Americus .332 Alma 966 Alton 287 Anthony 1,179 Alinena 491 Altoona 299 Arcadia.. 26 KANSAS Kansas —Continued. Pop- 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Argentine 5,878 DelphOB 648 Havs 1,136 Argonia 309 Denton 247 Hazelton 143 ArkansasClty 6,140 Dexter 880 Hepler 215 Arlington... . S12 Dighton... 194 Herington 1,607 Ashland 493 Dodge 1,942 Hiawatha 2,829 Assaria 214 Donlpban . . 196 Highland 780 Atchison 15,723 Douglass.. 755 Hill 468 Attica 311 Downs . 938 Hillshoro... Atwood 186 Dunlap 4no Holsington.. 78S AugUBta 1,197 Edgerton 310 Holton Axtell .. 651 Edna.... 371 Hope Baldwin 1,017 Effingham 634 Horace 90 Barnes .... 383 El Dorado 3,466 Ilorton 3.398 Baxter Springs 1,641 Elk... 709 Howard 1,207 Seattle 633 Ellinwood .... 760 Hoxle 250 Belle Plaine... 551 Ellis 932 Hugoton 54 Belleville 1.833 Ellsworth 1,549 Humboldt 1,402 Beloit... 2,359 El wood 623 Hunnewell.... 233 Bennington... 389 Empire 2,258 Huron... 200 Bird . 88 Emporia 8,223 Hutchinson... 9,379 Blue Mound... 738 Englewood 181 Independence. 4.851 Blue Rapids... 1.10O Enterprise.... 798 Inman 352 Bluff .__. 200 Erie 1,111 Iola 5,7W Bonner Springs 609 Eskridge 612 Irving.. 366 Brainerd 70 Eudora 640 Jamestown... 4i») Bronson 361 Eureka 2,091 Jetmore 230 Brookville.... 292 Everest. 502 Jewell 736 Buffalo ".. 299 Fairview 395 Johnson 15 Burden 519 Fall River 371 Junction 4,695 Burlingame... 1,436 Florence 1,178 Kanopolis 240 Burlington.... 2,418 Fontana 237 Kansas Citv... 51,418 BurrOak 671 Ford 82 Kincaid 364 Burrton 627 Fort Scott .... 10.322 Kingman 1,785 Caldwell 1,574 Frankfort 1,167 Kinslev 780 Caney 887 Fredonia 1,650 Kiowa.. . 765 Canton. 493 Freeport 83 Kirwin 586 Carhondale ... 625 Frontenac 1,805 La Crosse 536 Cawker 816 Fulton . 424 Lacvgne 1,037 Cedarvale 932 Galena 10.155 Laharpe 610 Centralia 655 Galva 300 Lakin 259 Chanute 4,208 Garden 1,590 Lancaster 292 Chapman 627 Gardner 475 Larned 1,583 Chenev .. ... 429 Garnett 2.078 Lawrence 10.862 Cherokee 1.326 Gaylord 302 Leavenworth . 20,736 Cherry vale.... 3.472 Geneseo 466 Lebanon 590 Chetopa 2.019 Geuda 218 Lebo_ 605 Cimarron 237 Girard 2,473 Lecompton.... 408 Circleville .... 223 Glasco 509 Lenora 247 Clay Center... 3,069 Glen Elder.... 481 Leonardville.. 335 Clearwater.... 368 Goddard 225 Leon 527 Clifton 609 Goffs 365 Leoti 151 Clyde... 1,157 Goodland 1,059 Le Rov 772 Coffey ville.... 4.953 Gove 162 Liberal 426 Colby 641 Grainfield 115 Libert v 314 Cold water .... 263 Great Bend... 2.470 Lincoln 1,262 Colony 483 Greeley 394 Lindsborg 1,279 Columbus 2.310 Greenleaf 854 Lin wood 349 Colwlch .. 225 Greensburg... 343 Little River... 457 Concordia 3,401 Grenola 666 Logan 449 Conway Springs 714 Gypsum 552 Lonsrton 564 Coolidge .. 288 Haddam 355 Louisburg 665 Corning 425 Halstead 914 Louisville 336 Coronado .... 10 Hamlin 258 Lucas 277 Cottonwood Falls 842 Hanover 987 Lyndon 1,004 Council Grove 2.265 Harper 1,151 Lyons 1.736 Courtland 286 Hartford 553 McCracken ... 312 Cuba 445 HavensviHe... 437 McCune 657 KENTUCKY. 27 Kansas — Continued. Pop. 1900 McLouth 529 McPherson.... 2.996 Macksville.-. 248 Madison 683 Manhattan.... 3,438 Mankato 890 Marion 1.854 Marquette 489 Marysville .... 2,006 Meade 326 Medicine Lodge 917 Melvern 469 Meriden 433 Midland 164 Miltonvale ... 396 Minneapolis... 1,727 Moline 695 Moran... 464 Morganville... 350 Morrill 400 Mound 809 Mound Ridge . 557 Mound Valley. 533 Mount Hope .. 327 Mulvane 667 Muscotah 462 Narka 258 Neodesha 1.772 Neosha Falls.. 763 Ness 505 Netawaka 330 Newton 6,208 Nickerson 1,038 Norton... 1,202 Nortonville... 700 Norwich 311 Oaklev 269 Oberlfn 937 Ogden 232 Oketo 347 Olathe 3,451 Onaga 598 Oneida 279 Osage 2,792 Osawatomie .. 4,191 Osborne 1.075 Oskaloosa 978 Oswego 2,208 Ottawa 6,934 Pop. 1900 Oxford 567 Paola 3,144 Parker 306 Parkerville ... 146 Parsons 7,«J 105 Monterey 3TU Monticello 546 Morehead 1.100 Morganfleld .. 2.046 Mor^antown . 587 Mortons Gap.. 885 Mt. Carmel.... 144 Mt. Eden Ill Mt. Olivet 352 Mt. Pleasant .. 557 Mt. sterling.. 3,561 Mt. Vernon ... 422 Mt.^Yashington 1.093 Munfordville 140 Murrav .. 1,822 Nebo 237 Nepton 293 New castle 462 New Columbus 129 Newfoundland 12 New Haven New Hope New Libert v 260 Newport . 28,301 Nicholasville . 2,393 Pop. 19:0 North Middle- town 434 North Pleasure- ville 228 Olive Hill 291 Owensboro 13,189 Owenton _ 1,014 Owingsville .. 958 Paducah 19,446 Paintsville ... 541 Paradise 107 Paris 4,603 Patesville .... 253 Pellville 145 Pembroke 654 Penrod 80 Perryville .... 431 Petersburg 503 Pewee Valley. 464 Pikeville 508 Pineville 2,072 Pleasureville . 272 Poole 198 Poplar Plains. 236 Port Royal.... 174 Prestonsburg. 409 Prestonville .. 228 Princeton 2,556 Proctor 217 Providence... 1,286 Prvorsbu'rg . . . 250 Quincy 364 Pvaywick 140 Render 426 Richmond .... 4,653 Richpond 88 Robard. 399 Rochester 431 Rockport 525 Rocky Hill.... 120 Rosewood 82 Rosine... 224 Rowland 390 Rowletts 198 Rumsey 283 Russell _. 743 Russell ville... 2,951 Sacramento... 434 Sadieville 532 Salem 216 Saloma 64 Salyersville... 265 Sanders 218 Sardis 257 Scottsville.... 824 Sebree. 1.477 Sharpsburg 182 Shelbyville 3,016 Shepherdsville 277 Sherburne ... .">i Siinpsonville.. 203 Skilesville .. Slauglitersville 583 Smithland 579 Smiths Grove in Somerset . Sonora 256 30 LOUISIANA. Kentucky— Continued. Pop. 1900 Top. 1900 Pop. 1300 South Caa*ollton 152 Tyrone 850 Wesl Point.... 489 Spottsville.... 541 1 nlontown ... 1,582 White Plains.. 200 Springfield .. . l,oi6 Upton ?.. I2S Whltesburg 194 Springvllle \ anceburg 1,161 Whitesvllle... 449 st. Charles.... 753 Vanderburg .. 111 Wiekliffe St. Belena 170 Versailles ... . Willard 578 Stamping Ground 378 Vine Grove ... Williamsburg. 1 . 195 Stanford . 1,651 Wrul.lv 168 "W imamstown 618 Stanton 192 Walnut Grove 99 Winchester 5,964 Stephensport . 241 Walton 538 wingo 418 Sturgis.. 1,258 \\ arsaw 785 \\ oodDurn 226 Taylorsville .. 615 Washington .. Water Valley . ..,.. Woodbury 167 Tllton .... .... 108 ■j:, i Worthviile 228 Tompklnsvllle 866 West Covington 1,606 Yoseinite 201 Trenton 600 West Liberty 205 Turners Station 176 West Louisville 210 LOUISIANA Pop 1900 Acadia 23,483 Ascension 24,142 Assumption... 21,620 Avoyelles 29,701 Bienville...:.. 17.588 Bossier 24,153 Caddo 44,499 Calcasieu 30,428 Caldwell 6,917 Cameron 3.952 Catahoula 16,351 Claiborne 2 ',029 Concordia .... 13,559 De Soto 25,063 East Baton Rouge 31,153 Population, 1,381,6 COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Iberville 27.(mm; Jackson. 9,119 Jefferson 15,321 Lafayette 22,825 Lafourche 28,882 Lincoln 15,898 Livingston ,5. 8,100 12.322 16,634 33.216 2S7.H »4 Madison. Morehouse... Natchitoches Orleans Ouachita 20,947 Plaquemines.. 13,039 Pointe Coupee 25,777 Rapides 39.578 Red River 11,548 Pop. 1900 St. James 20,197 St. John the Baptist 12,330 St. Landry .... 52,906 st. Martin St. Mary 34,145 St. Tammany . 13.335 Tangipahoa.. Tensas Terrebonne .. Cnion Vermilion ... Vernon 10,327 Washington... 9.628 Webster 15.125 West Baton 17,625 19,oT0 24,464 18,520 -.20,705 East Carroll . 11,373 Richland 11,116 Rouge West Carroll.. 10,285 East Feliciana 20,443 Sabine 15.421 :;..W5 Franklin 8,890 St. Bernard 5,031 * West Felici na 15.994 12.9U2 St. Charles.... St. Helena 9,072 8,479 Winn 9,648 Iberia INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES Abbeville 1.536 Crowley^ 4,214 Kent wood 1.313 Alexandria 5,646 Donaldsouville 4,105 Lafayette 3.314 Amite 1.517 Erath 215 Lake Charles.. 6,680 Arcadia . 924 Eunice 316 Lake Provi- Arnaudville. . . 327 Evergreen 322 dence 1.256 Bastrop i87 Farmerville... 458 Leesville 1,148 Baton Rouge.. 1 1 .'269 Frankliuton .. 236 Lockport 401 Bayou Sara 755 Franklin 2,692 Logansport ... 688 Benton 463 Gibsland 558 Madlsonville.. 779 Berwick 713 Grand Cane... 385 Mandeville 1,029 Bienville 263 Grand Coteau. 521 Mansfield 847 Boyce 832 Greensburg ... 315 .Mansura 408 Breaux Bridge 654 Gueydan 376 Many ... 354 Broussard 29C Hammond 1,511 Marksville 837 Bunkie .. 873 Harrisonburg. 303 Marthaville ... 228 Carencro 445 Haughton 194 Melville Church Point. 278 Homer 1,157 Mer Rouge.... 465 Clinton 960 llouma Minden ....... 1,561 Colfax 190 Jackson '2.012 Monroe 5,438 Columbia 382 Jeanerette 1.905 Montgomery.. 158 Cottonport 505 Jenning- 1.539 Morgan 2,382 Coushatta 600 J unction City. 339 Napoleonville. 945 Covington .... 1,205 Kenner 1.253 Natchitoches . 2.388 MAINE — MARYLAND 31 Louisiana— Continued. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 19G0 New Iberia . 6,815 Provencal 246 Thibodaux .... 3,253 New Orleans.. .237,104 Rayne Robeline 1,007 Yidalia 1.022 New Roads 770 164 Ville Platte ... 163 Oak Ridge .... 348 Roseland 1,320 V\ ashiugton... 1,197 Oberlin . 213 Ruston 1,324 "W aterproof ... 298 Opelousas 2,951 Shreveport ... 16.013 Welsh - Pineville 617 Slaughter 259 A\ est Monroe. 775 Plain Dealing Plaquemine . 258 . 3,590 Slidell 1,129 1,059 White Cattle.. Wilson 1,850 St.Francisville 470 Pleasant Hill. 300 St. Joseph 717 Toungsville... 200 Pollock 637 St.Martinville. 1.926 Zacbary 465 Ponchatoula. 711 Tangipahoa... 297 Zwolle 276 MAINE. Populafiou, 694,466. COUNTIE S. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop.] Androscoggin . 54.242 Knox 30,406 Sagadahoc 2o.:teo Aroostook ... . 60,744 Lincoln 19.689 Somerset 33.M9 Cumberland . .100.6S9 Oxford 32,238 Waldo 24.185 Franklin . 18.444 Penobscot 76.246 T\ ashington .. 45.232 Hancock . 37.241 Piscataquis ... 16,949 York 64,885 Kennebec . 59.117 INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. Auburn ._ . 12,951 Fairfield 2.238 Phillips 774 Augusta . 11,683 Farmington... 1.251 Pittsfield 2,208 Bangor . 21.850 F.ort Fairfield. 1,469 Portland 50.115 Bath... . 10,477 Freeport 759 Presque Isle.. 1.256 Belfast . 4.615 Gardiner 5, 501 Rangeley 563 Biddeford . 16.145 Hallowell 2,714 Rockland 8,150 Brewer . 4 835 Lewiston. 23.761 Rumford 2,595 Bridgton . 1,552 Lincoln 868 Saco 6,122 Brunswick... . 5,210 Madison 1,850 Skowhegan ... 4.266 Calais . 7.655 Monmouth 312 South Paris... 1.457 Clinton . 448 Norway 2,034 South Portland 6,287 Eastport . 5.311 Old Town 5.763 Waterville 9,477 Ellsworth . 4.297 Paris Hill 251 Westbrook 7,283 MARYLAND. Population, 1,188,044. COUNTIE Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Allegany . 53.694 Charles 17.662 Prince George 29.898 Anne Arundel 39,620 Dorchester 27.962 Queen Anne .. 18,364 Baltimore . 90,755 Frederick 51.9-20 Somerset 25.923 Baltimore City508,957 Garrett 17.701 St. Mary Calvert . lu.223 Harford 2^.269 Talbot 20.342 Caroline . 16.248 Howard if,. 7i5 Y\ ashington... 45,133 Carroll . 33.860 Kent 18 786 "\\ icomico Cecil . 24,662 Montgomery.. 30,451 Worcester 20,865 INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. Aberdeen 600 Burkittsville.. 229 Deer Park 293 Annapolis . 8.525 Cambridge ... 5,747 Delmar 659 Baltimore ... .508,957 Cecllton. 447 Denton 900 Barnesville .. 125 Centerville . 1,231 East New Mar- Belair 961 Charlestown .. 244 ket 282 Berlin . 1.246 Chesapeake ... 1,172 Easton 3,074 Blshopville .. 24:: Chestertown . 3,008 Elkton 2.512 Blandensburg 463 Church Hill .. 368 Elllcott City .. 1,331 Bloomlngton 395 Ciear Spring.. Crlsneld 474 Emmitsburg . 849 Boonsboro ... . 700 . 3,165 Federalsburg . 539 Bowie 41:; Crumpton 207 Frederic k .... 9.296 Bridgetown . 50 Cumberland .. . 17,128 1- rostburg 5,274 Brookevllle . 185 Damascus L48 h ankstown ... 559 Brunswick... . 2,471 Darlington 260 Gaithersburg . 547 32 MASSACIirsKTTS-MlclIHi.W. Maryland — Continued. Pop. 1900 Pop Gafretl Park.. 175 Manchester... Girdletree .... 836 Mlddletown... Grantsvllle ... 175 Millington Greensboro... 641 Mountain Lake Hagerstown... 13,591 Park ... Bampstead .. 4n<> Mt. Airy Hancock 824 New Windsor. Havre de Grace 3,423 Northeast. Hlllsboro. Hurlock Byattstown Hyattsville. Keedysvllle. Kensington. Laurel 196 Oakland 280 Ocean City. 81 Oxford 1,222 Perryville.. 426 Piscataway 477 Pocomoke . 2,079 Poolesville Laytonsville .. 148 Port Deposit.. Leonardtown . 463 Preston Loch Lynn Princess Anne Heights 215 Queenstown .. Lonaconing... 2,181 Kidgely 1900 609 665 406 260 332 ISO 969 1,170 865 1,243 95 2,124 236 1,575 192 854 :;71 713 Pop. 1900 Rising Sun Bockvllle i.no Salisbury Sharpsburg 1,080 Shaiptow n 528 Smltnsburg .. MB Snow Hill ... . 1,596 St. Michaels . 1,043 Sudlersville ... 221 Takoma Taneytown 665 Thunnont Trappe 279 Union Bridge. 663 UppeT Marl- boro.. . 449 Walkersvllle.. 359 Westernport-. 1,998 Westminster.. 3.199 Williameport . 1,472 MASSACHUSETTS. Population, 2,805,346. COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Barnstahle ...27.826 Franklin.. Berkshire 95,667 Hampden. Bristol 252,029 Hampshire Dukes 4,561 Middlesex Essex 357,030 Nantucket Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 ... 41 .209 Norfolk 151 ,539 ...175,603 Plymouth ....113.985 ... 58.820 Suffolk .611.417 ....565,696 Worcester ....346,958 1.006 IX Beverly 13 Boston 560 Brockton 40 Cambridge ... 91 Chelsea 34, Chicopee 19 Everett 24 Fall River ....104. Fitchburg .... 31. Gloucester ... 26, Haverhill 37, COPvPOPvATED Holyoke Lawrence Lowell Lynn Maiden Marlboro Medford Melrose New Bedford . Newburyport . Newton CITIES. 45.712 North Adams 24,200 (■-2.559 Northampton 18,643 94.9(59 Pittsfleld .... 21.766 68.513 Quincy 23.S99 33.664 Salem 35.956 13.609 Somerville .. 61.643 is. -Ml Springfield.... 62.H59 12,962 Taunton 31.036 62.442 Waltbam 23,481 14,478 Woburn 14.254 33,587 Worcester 118,421 MICHIGAN, Population, 2,420,982. COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Alcona 5,691 Alger. 5,868 Allegan 33,812 Alpena 18,254 Antrim 16,568 Arenac 9,821 Baraga 4,320 Barry 22,514 Bay 62,378 Benzie. 9.6S5 Berrien 49,165 Branch 27,811 Calhoun 49,315 Cass 20,876 Charlevoix.... 13,956 Cheboygan.... 15.516 Chippewa 21.338 Clare 8,360 Clinton 25,136 Pop. 1900 Crawford 2,943 Delta 23,881 Dickinson 17,890 Eaton _. 31,668 Emmet 15,931 Genesee 41,804 Gladwin 6,564 Gogebic 16,738 Grand Tra- verse 20,179 Gratiot 29,889 Hillsdale 29,865 Houghton 66,063 Huron 34.162 Ingham 39,818 Ionia 34.329 Iosco 10,246 Iron 8,990 Isabella 22,784 Pop. 1900 Jackson 48,222 Kalamazoo.... 44,310 Kalkaska 7,133 Kent 129,714 Keweenaw 3,217 Lake 4.957 Lapeer 27,641 Leelanau 10,566 Lenawee 48,406 Livingston.... 19,664 Luce. 2,983 Mackinac ... 7,703 Macomb 33,244 Manistee 27,856 Marquette 41,239 Mason 1S.885 Mecosta.. 20.693 Menominee ... 27,046 Midland 14,439 MICHIGAN. 33 Michigan — Continued. Fop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Missaukee 9,308 Ontonagon.... 6. 197 Schoolcraft.. 7,889 Monroe 32,754 Osceola 17.S59 Shiawassee.. Montcalm 32,754 Oscoda 1,468 St. Clair Montn.orencv 3,234 Otsego Muskegon 3T.i>3G Ottawa Newaygo 17.673 Presque Isle Oakland 44,792 Roscommon Oceana 16,644 Saginaw Ogemaw. 7,765 Sanilac INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 6,175 89,667 8,821 1.787 81.222 35,035 St. Joseph 23,ss9 Tuscola Van Buren .... 33,274 Washtenaw ... 47,761 Wayne 34s,793 Wexford 16,845 Capac 547 2,006 1,000 Addison. 470 Adrian 9,654 Caro Albion 4,519 Carrollton . Algonac 1,216 Carson City Allegan 2,667 Carsonville. Allouez 1,000 Caseville Alma... 2,047 " Almont 718 Alpena 11,802 Ann Arbor .... 14,509 Armada 863 Ashley 617 Athens 583 Atlantic Mine 2,500 Augusta 541 Au Sable 1,116 Bad Axe 1,241 Baldwin 343 Bancroft 528 Bangor 1,021 Baraga 1,185 Bark River.... 700 Eastlake 3.000 400 507 Casnovia 277 Cass City 1,113 Cassopolis 1,330 Cedar Springs. 950 Centerville 645 Central Lake.. 1,307 Champion 700 Cnarlevoix.... 2,079 Charlotte. 4,092 Cheboygan.... 6,489 Chelsea 1,635 Chesaning 1,244 Clare 1.326 Clarkston 360 Clayton 370 Clifford 339 Battle Creek.. 18,563 Climax 398 Bay Citv 27,628 Clinton 1,038 BayMills 1.200 640 6,216 1,014 6S7 457 534 1,226 660 429 Corunna 1,510 Clio. Coldwater Coleman Coloma . Columbiaville. Concord. Constantine... Beacon 1,200 Bear Lake 448 Beaverton .... 1,000 Belding 3,282 Bellaire 1.157 Bellevue 1,074 Benton Harbor 6,562 Coopersville Benzonia 484 Copemish Berrien Springs Bessemer Big Rapids Birmingham .. Blissneld Bloomingdale. Boardman Boyne Boyne Falls... Breeds ville ... Brighton Britton Bronson Brooklyn Brown City 1,2»>? 379 298 912 431 236 781 345 1,176 494 603 Buchanan 1,70s Burlington.... 334 Burr Oak Til Byron Cadillac ... Caledonia.. Calumet 15,000 Camden 376 3,911 Croswell 4.686 Croton 1,170 Crystal Falls. 606 59 3,231 269 374 751 844 1,356 440 132 5. '.-'.17 427 Custer. Dansville Davison Dearborn Decatur Deckerville ... Deerfield Delrav 4.573 Detroit 285,704 Dexter 900 Douglas 444 Dowaglac 4,151 Dryden Dundee 1,118 Dnrand 2,134 Eagle... 142 East i ; rand Rapids 466 East Jordan... 1,205 East Tawas Eaton Rapids Eau Claire ... Edmore Elk Rapids... Elkton Eloise Elsie Emmet ... ... Empire Escanaba 9,549 Essexville 1,639 Evart 1,360 Farmington... 530 Farwell 535 Fennville 454 Fenton 2,408 File Lake 456 Flint 13,103 900 1,7 2.103 281 642 1.350 471 701) 576 265 6 19 Flushing Forestville Fowler Fowlerville ... Frankenmuth Frankfort 1,465 Fraser 252 Fremont 1,331 426 946 1.100 311 329 240 Fruitport . Gagetown. Gaines Galesburg. Galien Garden Gaylord. 1,561 Gladstone Gladwin. Glenwood Gobleville .... Grand Haven. Grand Ledge.. Grand Marais. Grand Rapids. 87,565 Grandville.... 457 Grant 214 Grass Lake 648 Grayling 1.517 Greenville .... 3,381 Grossepoint... point Farms Halfway Hancock Hanover Harbor Beach. 440 466 775 999 505 4,743 2.161 1.000 34:: 817 1,050 1,149 Harbor Springs 1,643 84 MTOTTTOAN. Michigan Continued Pop. 1900 Harrletta 419 Earrison 647 Harrlsvllle.... 403 Harl 1,184 Hartford 1.077 Hastings _ 3,172 Top- 1900 Marine... 8,829 Marlon 741 Marlette 996 Marquette .... 10,058 Marshall 4,370 Mason I 82 Hermansvllle. 1,500 Mass 750 Hersey 827 Mayville 825 Hesperia 474 Mecosta 416 Highland Park 427 Memphis Mention 586 Hillinan 253 777 Hillsdale 4,151 Menominee ... 12,818 Holland 7,790 Merrill 459 Holly 1,419 Metamora 313 Homer 1,097 Michigamme.. 1,200 Houghton 3,359 Mirldleville ... 829 Howard City.. 1,398 Midland 2,363 Howell 2,518 450 1,141 Hubbardston.. Milford 1,108 Hudson.. 2.403 Millington .... 638 Iinlav City 1,122 Minden City.. 408 Ionia 5,209 Monroe 5,043 Iron Mountain 9,242 Montague 998 Iron River 1,482 Montrose 348 Ironwood 9,705 Morenci 1,334 Ishpeming 13,255 Morley 334 Ithaca 2.1)20 Morrice 476 Jackson 25,180 Mt. Clemens .. 6,576 Jonesville 1,367 Mt. Morris 416 Kalamazoo ... 24,404 Mt. Pleasant.. 3,662 Kalkaska 1,304 419 Muir ... 566 Kingsley Munising 2,014 Kingston 286 Muskegon 20,818 Laingsburg ... 690 Muskegon Lake Ann 241 Heights 1.012 Lake City 816 Nashville 1,164 Lake Linden.. 2,597 Naubinway ... 87 Lake Odessa.. 1,037 Negaunee 6,935 Lakeview 935 Newaygo 1,172 L'Anse 620 New Baltimore 922 Lansing 16,485 Newberry New Buffalo .. 1,015 Lapeer 3,297 629 Laurium 5,643 New Haven... 489 Lawrence 598 Niles 4,287 Lawton 942 North Adams . 422 Leonard 335 North Branch. 654 Le Roy 375 North Muske- Leslie 1,114 gon... 513 Lexington 619 Northville 1,755 Linden 543 Norway 4,170 Lisbon. 187 Oakley 231 Litchfield 645 Olivet 800 Lowell Onaway 1.204 Ludington 7,166 Onekama 274 Luther 837 Ontonagon 1.267 Lyons McBain 656 Opechee 1,700 709 Orion 756 McBride 289 Oscoda 1,109 Mackinaw 665 Otisviile 291 Mackinaw City 564 Otsego 2.1 173 Mancelona 1,226 Otter Lake 212 Manchester ... 1.209 Ovid 1,293 Manistee ... 14,260 Owosso 8,696 Manistique 4.126 Oxford 1,172 Manton 895 Palmer 799 Maple Rapids . 579 Parma 420 Marcellus 1,025 Paw Paw 1,465 _ 4 Pop. 1900 Pentwater .... 1,061 Perrlnton 830 Perry 641 Petersburg ... 46S Petoskey 5,285 Pewamo 446 Pierson 215 Plnckney .. 500 Plnconnlng ... 729 Plalnwell 1,318 Plymouth 1.474 Pontlac 9,769 Port Austin... 507 PortHope 319 Port Huron... 19,158 Portland. 1,874 Port Sanilac.. 314 Potterville.... 495 Qulncy 1,563 Reading 1,0% Red Jacket.... 4,668 Reed City 2,051 Reese 416 Republic 1,275 Richland 312 Richmond 1,133 River Rouge.. 1,748 Rochester 1,535 Rockford 711 Rogers 544 Romeo 1,580 Roscommon .. 465 Royal Oak.... 468 Saginaw 42,345 Saline 584 Sand Lake 326 Sanilac Center 578 Saranac 768 Saugatuck 707 Sault Ste. Marie 10,538 Schoolcraft... 859 Scottville 554 Sebewaing 1,243 Shelby. 1,081 Shepherd 635 Sheridan 437 Sherman 427 Sherwood 366 South. Frank- fort 639 South Haven.. 4,009 Southlake Lin- den.. 1,000 South Lvon... 657 Sparta.! 1,126 Spring Lake... 696 Sprin sport 559 St. Charles .... 1,317 St. Clair 2,543 St. Ignace 2,271 St. Johns 3.388 St. Joseph .... 5,155 St. Louis 1,989 Stambaugh 695 Standish 829 Stanton 1,234 MINNESOTA. 35 Mich ioan — Continued. Pop. 1900 Stephenson... 395 Steveusville .. 250 Stockbrldge... 677 Sturgis 2,465 Sunfield 451 Buttons Bay... 398 TawasCity.... 1,228 Tecumseh 2,400 Tekonsha 573 Thompson Thompson ville 893 Three Oaks... 994 Three Rivers.. 3,550 Traverse Citv. 9,407 Trenton 1,167 Pop. Tustin Ublv Union City Unionville Utlca.. Vandalia Vassar Yermontville . Vernon Yiekshurg Wakefield Warren Watervliet Wayland ...... Wayne 1900 303 432 1.514 427 562 407 1.832 684 536 972 1,191 350 619 _ Pop. 19C0 Webberville .. 346 West Bay City 13,119 West Branch.. 1.412 "West end 1.200 Westphalia.... 374 White Cloud.. 595 Whitehall 1,481 White Pigeon, 705 Williamston .. 1,113 Woodland 319 Wyandotte.... 5,183 Yale 1,125 Ypsilanti 7,378 Zeeland 1,326 Zilwaukee.... 1,000 MINNESOTA. Population, 1,751,394. Pop. 1900 Aitkin 6,743 Anoka 11,313 Becker 14.375 Beltrami 11,030 Benton 9,912 Bigstone 8,731 Blue Earth.... 32.263 Brown 19,787 Carlton 10,017 Carver 17.544 Cass... 7,777 Chippewa 12,499 Chisago 13.248 Clay.... 17,942 Cook 810 Cottonwood . . 12.069 Crow Wing.... 14.250 Dakota. 21,733 Dodge.... 13.340 Douglas 17.964 Faribault 22,055 Fillmore 28,238 Freeborn 21,838 Goodhue 31.137 Grant 8,935 Hennepin 228,340 Houston _ 15,400 Hubbard 6,578 Isanti 11,675 INCORPORATED Ada 1,253 Adams 573 Adrian 1,258 Afton 350 Aitkin 1,719 Akely 200 Albany 517 Albert Lea 4.500 Alden 636 Alexandria ... 2.681 Alpha 209 Amboy 432 Annandale 481 Anoka 8,769 Appleton 1,184 Argyle 829 COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Itasca 4.573 Jackson 14.793 Kanabec 4,614 Kandiyohi .... 18,416 Kittson 7,889 Lac qui Parle. 14,289 Lake 4.654 Lesueur 20,234 Lincoln 8.966 Lyon 14.591 McCleod 19.595 Marshall 15.698 Martin 16.936 Meeker 17,753 Millelacs 8,066 Morrison 22,891 Mower 22,335 Murray n.9il Nicollet 14.774 Nobles 14.932 X on nan 15.045 Olmstead 23.119 Ottertail 45.375 Pine.... 11.546 Pipestone 9,264 Polk 35.429 Pope 12,577 Ramsey 170.554 Red Lake 12,195 CITIES, YILLAGES, Arlington 712 Ashby 279 At water 588 Audubon 349 Austin 5.474 Avoca 338 Avon 162 Badger 164 Bagley 248 Balaton 209 Barnesvllle ... 1,326 Barnuin 391 Barrett 237 Battle Lake... 420 Beards] ey 449 Beaver Creek. 186 Pop. 1900 Redwood 17,261 Renville 23.693 Rice. 26.080 Rock 9,668 Roseau 6,994 Scott 15,147 Sherburne 7,281 Sibley. 16.S62 St. Louis 82,932 Stearns 44,464 Steele 16,524 Stevens 8,721 Swift 13.503 Todd 22.214 Traverse 7.573 Wabasha. 18.924 Wadena 7,921 Waseca 14,760 Washington .. 27,808 Watonwan.... 11,496 Wilkin 8,080 Winona 35,686 Wright. 29,157 Yellow Medicine 14,602 W r hite Earth Indian Reservation. 3,486 BOROUGHS, ETC. Beaver Falls.. 189 Belgrade 450 Belle Plaine... 1.121 Bellingham... 380 Belview 254 Bemidji 2,183 Benson 1,525 Benton. 52 Bertha 277 Bigelow 250 Big hake 177 Bird Island ... 846 Blwablk 1,299 Blooming Prairie 855 Blue Earth City 2,900 Bovd 335 86 MINNESOTA. m i s -. B80T \ -Continued. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 190(1 Bralnerd 7,524 Dumont 236 Green Isle Brandon Dundas 199 Grey] 813 Breckinridge . Dundee 217 Groi e l Brewster 234 Eagle Bend ... 547 Hallock Bricelyn 166 Eagle Lake ... Halstad 142 Brooten 259 East Grand Hamburg Browervllle... 466 Forks 2,077 Hamilton 179 Brownsdale 261 Easton 318 Hammond Browns Valley 721 Echo Hampton . . 196 Brownsville .. 453 Eden Valley .. 604 Hancock 415 Brownton 454 Edgerton 15' 1 Hanlev Falls.. Buffalo 1,040 389 749 198 Hanover Hanska 259 Buffalo Lake. Elba 200 Butterfield— . 332 Elbow Lake... 625 Hardwick -.-.v.. Byron 347 Elgin 344 Harmony 517 Caledonia 1,175 ;;; Elizabeth Elk Liver 186 831 Harris 710 Cambridge.— Hartland 317 Campbell 239 Ellsworth .... 454 Hastings ... 3,sn Canby 1,100 Lin lore _. 924 Hawley Cannou Falls . 1,239 Ely.. 3.717 Havfield 139 Canton 312 Elyslan. 459 Hector 654 Carlton 449 Emmons 179 Heidelberg.... 114 Carver 583 Erskine 156 Henderson 904 Cass Lake 546 Evansville 483 Hendruin 350 Chanhassen... 175 Eveleth 2,752 Henning 54.-. Chaska 2,165 Excelsior 717 Herman 550 Chatfield 1 .426 Eyota 424 Heron Lake... 928 Chisago City.. 200 Fairfax 642 Hewitt 311 Chokio 309 Fairmont 8,040 Hibbing. 2,481 Clara City 465 Faribault 7,868 High Forest .. 139 Claremont 317 Farmington .. 733 Hinckley 459 233 437 Farris 135 6,072 Hoffman Hokah 270 Clarkfield Fergus Falls.. 536 Clear Lake 222 Fertile 587 Holding 191 Clearwater 271 Fisher. 410 Holland 255 Cleveland 179 Floodwood ... 224 Hopkins 1,648 Climax 259 Fond du Lac. 300 Houston 542 Clinton 346 Forest Lake .. 241 Howard Lake. 7:;: Clitherall 167 Foreston . 263 Hutchinson... 2,495 Cloquet 3,072 Fort Snelling. 250 Iona Cokato 684 Fosston 864 Iron Junction 118 Cold Spring... 486 Fountain 294 Isanti 250 Cologne 238 Franklin 439 Jackson 1,756 Columbia Heights Frazee 1,000 Janesville 1 .254 123 Freeport 313 Jasper 559 Comfrey 280 Frontenac 230 Jeffers 216 Cordova 95 Frost 215 Jordan 1.270 Cottonwood .. 549 Fulda... 886 Kasota 764 Courtland 174 Garden Lit v.. . 200 Kasson 1.112 Crookston 5,359 Gaylord 608 Kellogg 228 Crystal 1,0T4 Geneva 218 Kennedy 158 Cyrus Danvers 197 112 Ghent 119 545 Kensington ... Ken von 207 Gibbon. 1,202 Dassel...- 568 Glencoe 1.780 Kerkhoven 411 Dawson 962 Glendale 210 Kilkenny 245 Deer Creek ... 275 Glenville 351 Kimball Prairie S Deer River 251 Glenwood 1,116 Kinbrae 137 De Graff 165 Glyndon 250 La Crescent... 250 Delano 967 Golden Valley 681 1 Lake City 2.744 Delavan 321 Goodhue 241 Lake Benton.. Detroit 2,060 Good Thunder 51 15 Lake Crystal.. 1.215 Dexter 278 Graceville 856 Laketield 862 Dodge Center. 942 Granada ...... 309 Lake Park 570 Donnelly 164 Grand Marais. a h i Lakeville 373 250 285 Grand Meadow Grand Rapids. 477 1,428 Lambert on Lanesboro (524 Dresbach 1,102 Duluth 52,969 Granite Falls . 1,214 La Prairie 88 MINNESOTA. 37 Minnesota — Continued. Pop. 190D Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 772 New Munich.. 136 Shakopee 2,047 Lester Prairie., 418 New Pavnesville 485 Shelby 200 1,931 Newport 3o7 Sherburne 891 Lesueur Center 478 New Prague .. 1,228 Shevlin 172 Lew is ton S71 New Richland 750 Silver Lake... 321 385 New Trier 126 Slavton 883 Litchfield 2.280 New Ulm 5.403 Sleepy Eye.... 2.046 Little Falls ... 5.7 74 New York Mills 353 Sol way... South Park.... 177 1,385 Nicollet 330 250 Lothrop 38 North Branch. 1.211 South St. Paul 2,322 260 2.223 Northfieid .... North Mankato 3,210 939 South Still- water Luverne 1,422 Lvle 488 North St. Paul 1.110 Sparta ___• 950 Mabel 494 Norwood 500 Springfield 1,511 Mcintosh 569 Odessa 204 Spring Grove. 491 McKinley 262 Olivia 970 Spring A alley. 1.77M 1.272 Ortonville 1.247 St. Charles.... 1.304 1,336 Osakls 917 St. Cloud 8.663 Madison Lake 300 Osseo. 346 St. Hilaire 840 Magnolia 176 Ottawa. 246 St. James 2,607 10.51)9 Owatonna 5,561 St. Joseph .... 549 Mantorville... 602 Parkei> Prairie 200 St. Louis Park 1.325 Maple Lake... 470 Park Rapids .. 1.313 St. Martin 170 Mapleton 1,003 Pavnesville ... 373 St. Michaels.. 305 Marietta 144 Pelican Rapids 1,033 St. Paul : L 63 .065 562 Perham 1,182 St. Paul Park. 1.173 Marshall 2,088 Peterson 206 St. Peter. 4.302 Maynard 245 Pierz 358 St. Vincent ... 256 Mazeppa 556 Pine City 993 Staples 1.504 Meire Grove.. 165 Pine Island... 832 Starbuck 469 Melrose 1.768 Pipestone 2.536 Stephen.. 513 Menabga 413 Plainview 1,038 Stewart 407 282 Plato 232 Stewartville.. 830 74 62 196 1,278 Stillwater Stockton 12.318 Mesaba Preston 200 Milaca 1.204 Princeton 1.319 Swanville 244 Milan 396 Prior Lake 148 Taopi 115 Millville 149 Proctorknott . 7S4 Taylors Falls. 535 Minneapolis ..202.718 Rainy Lake... 7 Thief River 372 Raymond 2-2 Falls 1,819 Minneota 777 Red Lake Falls 1.--5 Thomson 207 Minnesota City 242 Red Wing 7.525 Tintah 220 Minnesota Lake 518 Redwood Falls 1,661 Torah 416 Minnetonka .. 101 Reeds _ 449 Tower 1.366 Montevideo... Montgomery.. 2.146 979 1.075 1,911 Rice 232 Trosky 215 Monticello 818 Richmond 600 Truman 261 Montrose 305 Robbinsdale .. 520 Twin Yallev.. 356 Moorhead 3.730 Rochester 6.-43 Two Harbors. 3,278 Moose Lake... 35 1 Rockford 340 Tyler 515 7-5 Rollingstone . 301 Flen 317 Morgan Morris 204 1.934 Rose Creek ... 21 4 Vermilion 100 Morristown... 589 Rosemount ... 182 Verndale. 672 Morton Rothsav 296 Vernon Center 311 Motley Mountain Iron Round Lake.. Royalton 226 214 4 70 664 Villard 249 Mountain Lake ! 959 Rush City Rusbford 981 \ irginia 2,962 M unlock 275 1,062 "W abasha 2,528 Nary 94 Ruthton 323 \\ abasBO 178 131 Rutledge 363 Waconia 72S 25''. Sacred Heart. 5:58 "\\ adena 1.520 274 Sanborn 351 Waite Park... 311 351 1 Sandstone 1.1-9 Walker 500 750 Sauk Center.. 2.2-20 v\ alnut, Grove : 417 New London.. 363 Sauk Rapids.. 1,391 Waltham 150 New Market .. 137 Sedan 153 \\ arreu 1,276 MISSISSIPPI. Mi -. nesota— Continued. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Waseca 3,103 West St. PauL 1,880 \\ atertown ... 490 w balan 134 Watervllle.... 1,260 Wheatland 185 W a! kins ".Till Wheaton 1,132 Watson KIT White Bear Waverly 642 Lake W ayzata 276 M llder. 174 Welcome 549 Wlllmar 3,40!) Wells 2,017 wniow River 466 Wesely West ('uncord. 249 Wlndom 1 ,944 635 Winnebago West Minne- City 1,816 apolis 1,648 Winona 10,711 Wlnsted.. Wlnthrop .... WlntoD Wood Lake .. Woodstock , Worthlngton Wykofl Young Amer- ica .. Zuinbro Falls Pop- 1900 818 810 '.if, i 318 178 Zunibrota 1,119 MISSISSIPPI. Population, 1,551,270. COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Adams 30,111 Itawamba 13,544 Perry. 14.682 Alcorn 14,987 Jackson 1(5,513 Pike... 27.545 Amite 20.708 Jasper 15,394 Pontotoc 18,274 Attala 26,248 Jefferson 21,292 Prentiss. 15,788 Benton 10,510 Jones .17,846 Quitman 5,435 Bolivar 35,427 Kemper 20,492 Pankin 20,955 Calhoun .16,512 Lafayette 22.110 Scott.. 14,316 Carroll 22,116 Lauderdale... 88,150 Sharkev 12,178 Chickasaw.... 19,892 Lawrence 15.103 Simpson 12.800 Choctaw 13,036 Leake 17,360 Smith 13,055 Claiborne 20,787 Lee 21,956 Sunflower 16,084 Clarke 17,741 Leflore 23,834 Tallahatchie . . 19,600 Clay 19,563 Lincoln .21,552 Tate 20,618 Coahoma 26,293 Lowndes 29.095 Tippah 12,983 Copiah 34.395 Madison .32,493 Tishomingo... 10,124 Covington .... 13,076 Marion... 13,501 Tunica 16.479 De Soto 24,751 Marshall 27,674 Union 16.522 Franklin 13,678 Monroe 31,216 Warren 40,912 Greene 6,795 Montgomery.. 16.536 Washington .. 49,216 Grenada 14,112 Neshoba 12.726 Wayne 12,539 Hancock 11.886 Newton 19,708 Webster.. 13.619 Harrison 21,002 Noxubee 30.846 Wilkinson .... 21.453 Hinds 52,577 Oktibbeha .... 20.183 Winston 14.124 Holmes 36,828 Panola 29,027 Yalobusha .... 19.742 Issaquena 10,400 Pearl Paver.. _ 6,697 Yazoo 43,948 INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, ETC. Abbeville 255 Biloxi 5,467 Charleston. Aberdeen Ackerman Albertson Amory Areola Arkabutla Artesia. Ashland Austin Baird Baldwyn Banner Batesville Bay St. Louis. Beauregard... Belen Belleprairie... Belzoni Benoit Benton Bentonla 3,434 Binnsville 706 Black Hawk.. 200 Blue Mountain 1,211 Blue Springs.. 375 Bogue Chitto . 265 Bolton 343 Booneville 162 Boyle 142 Brandon 300 Brookhaven .. 560 Brooksville... 114 Buena Vista .. 556 Burnsville 2,872 Byhalia Caledonia 250 Chester. 127 Chesterville 466 Chulahoma.. 198 Clarksdale .. 582 Cleveland... 600 Clinton 1,050 Coahoma 538 Coffeeville.. 775 Coldwater .. 2,678 Columbia.... 612 Columbus... 225 Como 222 Conehatta .. 760 Corinth 3,861 201 Courtland 282 177 Canton 3.4it4 Crawford 389 200 Carrollton .... 540 Crystal Springs 1,093 263 Carthage 416 Cumberland.. 89 200 Cascilla 166 De Kalb 240 251 Cedar Bluff ... 193 Desoto 858 167 Centerville ... 590 Duck Hill 242 480 132 112 57 1.773 479 354 171 467 557 507 6.484 475 149 MISSISSIPPI. Mississippi — ' Continued. Pop. 1900 Pop .1900 Pop. 1900 Duncan 172 Leland 762 Quitman Raleigh 498 Durant 1,766 Leota Landing 350 200 East Side 3-21 Lexington 1,516 Randolph 162 170 Liberty .. 392 Raymond 483 Edwards 586 Lodi 29 Red P.anks 79 Ellisville 1,899 Lostown 220 Rienzi 230 Enterprise 739 Louisville 505 Ripley 653 Estabutehie... 400 Love 131 Robinsonviile. 200 Eudora 91 Lula 174 Rodney 448 Eupora 724 Lumberton 1,509 Rollins Fork.. 400 Farrell 200 Lyon McComb 166 Rosedale 622 Favette 604 4,477 Roxie 214 304 McCool 317 Sallis 195 Forest 761 Maben 2S2 Saltillo 209 Fort Adams .. 210 Macon 2,057 Sandersville .. 357 Fostoria 1,422 Madison Station 323 Sardis _ 1,002 French Camp. 259 McHenry 3.50 Sarepta 172 Friar Point ... 750 McLaurin 300 Satartia 146 Fulton 171 Magnolia 1,038 Scoby. Scooba 146 Gainesville ... 227 Martin 151 286 Gallman 189 Mathiston 170 Scranton 2.0-25 Gattman 111 Maversville... 250 Seminary 500 Glenallen 150 Mavhew 139 Senatobia 1,156 Glendora 200 Meadville 250 Shannon 434 Gloster. 1,661 Meridian 14.050 Sharon 173 Goodman 442 Michigan City 70 Shaw 422 Greenville 7,642 Mississippi City 534 Shelby 250 Greenwood ... 3.026 Moorehead 437 Sherman 300 Grenada 2.568 Mosspoint 1,900 Shubuta. 451 Gulfport 1,060 Morton 200 Shuqualak 600 477 Mound Bayou. Mount Olive .. 287 Sidon 148 Guntown 325 246 Slate Springs.. 189 Hamburg. 222 Mt. Pleasant.. 139 Smithville .... 150 Handsboro 840 Myrtle 165 Starkville 1,986 Hardy Station. 145 Natchez 12,210 State Line 379 Harperville... 130 Nesbitt. 192 Steencreek 225 Harrison 180 Xettleton 570 Stewart 165 Harriston 285 New Albany .. 1.033 Stonewall 750 Hattiesburg .. 4.175 Xewton 537 Sturgis.. 203 Hazlehurst.. . 1,579 Xorfleld 347 Summit 1,499 Heidelberg.... 228 North Cairollton 189 Sumner 200 Hermanville.. 230 Oakland 209 Sunnyside 250 563 Ocean Springs Okolona 1,255 101 H-2 Benkelman.... 296 Bennett 495 Bennington... 229 Benson 510 Berlin 150 Bertrand 344 Bethany. 330 Bladen 270 Blair 2,970 Bloomtield .... 678 Bloouiington.. 488 Blue Hill. 823 Blue Springs.. 786 Boelus 300 Bradshaw 365 Brainard 384 Brock.... 543 Broken Bow.. 1,375 Brownville.... 718 Bruning 255 Bruno 191 Burchard 297 Burr 150 Burwell 460 Butte 350 Cairo 224 Calhoun. 340 Callaway 406 Cambridge.... 840 Campbell 368 Carleton 309 Carroll 252 Cedar Bluffs .. 371 Cedar Rapids . 559 Central City .. 1.571 Ceresco 226 Chadron 1,665 Chapman 209 Chappell 177 Chester 439 Clarks 554 Clarkson 344 Clay Center... 590 Clearwater.... 198 Cody 150 Coleridge 471 College View. 865 Colon 193 Columbus 3,522 Concord 175 Cook 278 Cordova 149 Cortland 390 Cozad 7:19 Crab Orchard. 258 Craig 462 Crawford 731 Creighton 909 Creston 337 Crete 2,199 Culbertson 422 Curtis 435 ed. Pop. 1900 Dakota City .. 521 Danburv ...... 219 Dannebrog 301 Davenport 446 David City.... 1,845 Dawson 322 Davkin 189 Decatur 800 Deshler 258 Dewitt 662 Diller. 399 Dixon 157 •Dodge 554 Doniphan 473 Dorchester.... 521 Douglas 253 Dubois 307 Dunbar 2l>8 Dundee.. 400 Dwight 160 Eagle 297 Kd'dvville 101 Edgar 1,040 Elba 257 Elgin.. 451 Elk Creek 347 Elkhorn 299 Elm Creek .... 301 Elmwood 544 El wood 377 Emerson 617 Endicott 234 Eustis 232 Ewing 275 Exeter 673 Fairbury 3,140 Fairfield 1,203 Fairmont 784 Falls City 3,022 Farnam 218 Farwell 130 Filley 248 Firth 307 Florence 688 Fort Crook.... 646 Fort Niobrara 200 Franklin 756 Fremont 7.241 Friend 1,200 Fullerton 1.464 Gandy 260 Garrison 217 Geneva 1,534 Genoa 913 Gering 433 Germantown . 194 Gibbon 660 Giltner 285 Glenville 246 Gordon 542 Gothenburg... 819 Grafton 287 Grand Island 7,554 Grant 162 Greeley Center 552 Greenwood ... 516 Gresham 297 Pop. 1900 Gretna 466 Gross 325 Guide Bock... 416 Haigler 250 Dallam 160 Hampton 317 Harbine 2'H> Hardy 345 Harrisburg 200 Harrison 168 Hartington ... 971 Harvard 849 Hastings 7,188 Havelock 1,480 Hayes Center. 250 Hay Springs .. 345 Hebron 1,511 Hemingford .. 133 Henderson 208 Herman 321 Hickman 382 Hildreth 249 Hulbrook 150 Holdrege 3,007 Holmesville... 272 Holstein.. 267 Homer 341 Hooper 840 Hoskins. 175 Howard City.. 183 Howe 173 Howell 515 Hubbard 90 Hubbell 375 Humboldt 1,218 Humphrey.... 869 Huntington... 282 Hyannis 250 Imperial 258 Indianola 626 Ithaca. 255 Jackson 339 Jansen 271 Juhnsun 352 Julian 206 Juniata.. 543 Kearney 5.634 Kenesaw 5i>4 Kennard 275 Kimball 254 Laurel 514 Lawrence 406 Lebanon 243 Leigh 439 Lexington 1,343 Liberty 450 Lincoln 40.169 Lindsay 316 Llnwood 317 Litchfield 240 Lodgepole .:.: 200 Long Pine 186 Loomie 210 Lorton 150 Louisville 788 Loup 826 Lushton 150 46 NEBRASKA. Nebraska — Continued. Top. 1900 Lynch 381 Lyons 847 McCook 2,445 McCool Junc- tion 276 Madison 1,479 Madrid 35 Malmo 259 Marquette 210 Martinsbnrg .. 154 Mason City ... 211 Mavwood 200 Mead 330 Meadow Grove 237 Merna 141 Milford 542 Millard 323 Miller 194 Milligan 283 Minden 1,238 Monroe 214 Morse Bluffs.. 177 Murdock 221 Murray 150 Naper 94 Nebraska City 7,380 Nehawka 300 Nellgh 1,135 Nelson 978 Nemaha 400 Newcastle 331 NewmanGrove 696 Newport 208 Niobrara 459 Norfolk. 3,883 North Bend... 1,010 North Loup... 420 North Platte.. 3.640 Oak 165 Oakdale 585 Oakland 1,008 Odell 359 Ogalalla 355 Ohiowa 319 Omaha 102,555 O'Neill 1,107 Ong 185 Ord 1,372 Orleans 656 Osceola 882 Osmond 501 Overton 255 Oxford 787 Palisade 176 Palmer 225 Palmyra 301 Panama. 171 Papillion 594 Pawnee 1,969 Paxton 160 Pender 943 Pop 1900 Petri 848 Petersburg... 478 Phillips 186 Pierce 770 Pilger 250 Plainview 603 Platte Center. 392 Plattsmouth.. 4,964 Pleasanton 103 Plymouth 195 Ponca 1,043 Prague 324 Preston 149 Prosser 160 Pagan 208 Randolph 850 Ravenna 808 Raymond 200 Red Cloud.... 1,554 Republican ... 386 Reynolds 260 Richland 160 Rising City ... 499 Riverton 327 Roca 177 Roekville 158 Rogers 124 Roseland 227 Rulo 877 Rushvllle 483 Salem 533 Sargent 250 Schuyler 2,157 Scotia 267 Scribner 827 Seward. 1,970 Shelby 425 Shelton 861 Shickley 372 Shubert 303 Sidney 1,001 Silver Creek.. 291 Sioux 150 Snyder 229 South Auburn 400 Southbend 141 South Omaha 26,001 South Sioux City 889 Spalding 148 Spencer 135 Springfield.... 400 Snringview ... 188 St. Edwards... 625 St. Helena .... 151 St. Paul 1.475 Stamford 150 Stanton 1,052 Staplehurst... 211 Steelburg 313 Steel City 313 Steinauer 213 Pop. 1900 Stella r.is Sterling 782 Stockham .... [69 Stockyille .... 269 Strang 234 Stratton 225 Stromsburg... 1,154 Stuart 382 Sumner 210 Superior 1,577 Surprise 210 Sutton 1,365 Swanton 266 Syracuse 861 Table Rock... 852 Talmage 489 Tamora ; 139 Taylor 150 Tecumseh 2.005 Tekamah 1,597 Thedford 150 Tilden 533 Tobias 672 Trenton 329 Ulysses 563 Unadilla 243 Union 282 University Place 1,130 Upland 281 Utica 487 Valentine 811 Valley 534 Valparaiso 614 Yerdigre 200 Yerdon 340 Waco 310 Wahoo 2,100 Wakefield 755 Wallace 130 Waterloo 345 Wauneta 181 Wausa 441 Waverly 266 Wayne' 2.119 Weepine Water 1.156 Western 412 West Lincoln . 220 Weston 426 West Point... 1,890 Wilber 1,054 Wilcox 266 Wilsonville... 296 Winside 400 Wisner 963 Woodlake 152 W T ood River.. 589 Wvmore 2,636 York 5,182 Yutan 263 NEVADA— NEW HAMP.-NEW JER. 47 NEVADA. Population, 42,335. COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 830 Humboldt 4,4(53 Ormsby 2,893 .... 1,534 Lauder 1.534 Storey 3,673 " Lincoln 3,284 Washoe 9,141 Churchill Douglas.. Elko Esmeraldi Eureka 1,954 Nye 1,972 Lyon 2.268 White Pine. 1,140 1,961 INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, ETC. Austin Battle Moun- tain Belmont Carlin Carson City.. Cherrycreek . Dayton Delamar Elko 170 152 100 2,100 139 451 500 630 Ely Eureka Gardnerville Genoa Golconda Hawthorne . Lovelocks ... Moapa Paradise Valley 447 Pioche 125 203 500 260 200 423 412 1,010 25 Reno 4,5 Tusearora. Verdi Virginia City. Wadsworth... Wells Winnemucca . Yerington 450 156 2,695 1,000 254 900 182 NEW HAMPSHIRE. Population, 411,588. COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Belknap 19.526 Grafton 40,844 Rockingham.. 51,118 Carroll 16,895 " Cheshire 31,321 Coos. 29,4118 Hillsboro 112,640 Strafford 39.337 Merrimack.... 52,430 Sullivan 18,009 INCORPORATED CITIES. Berlin 8,886 Keene 9,165 Portsmouth... 10,637 Concord 19,632 Laconia 8,042 Rochester 8,466 Dover ...13.207 Manchester ... 56,987 Somersworth . 7,023 Franklin 5,846 Nashua ...23,898 NEW JERSEY. Population, 1,883,669. COUNTIES. Pop 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop 1900 Atlantic 46,402 Gloucester.... 31,905 Ocean 19.747 Bergen 78.441 Hudson 386,048 Passaic. 155,202 58,241 Hunterdon.... 34.507 Salem 25,530 95.365 Somerset 32.948 79,762 Sussex 24,131 Burlington Camden 107,643 Mercer ... « ape May 13,201 Middlesex Cumberland .. 51,193 Monmouth.... 82,057 Union Essex. ,053 Morris. ,156 Warren. 99,353 37,781 INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, ETC. Absecon 530 Bayonne 32,722 Branch ville... 526 Allendale 694 Beach Haven . 239 Bridgeton 13,913 Allenhurst 165 Belleville 3,000 Brigantine 99 Allentown 695 Belmar 902 Brooklyn 75 An jrlesea 161 Belvidere 1,784 Burlington.... 7,392 Arlington 4,784 Bergen fields .. 729 Caldwell 1.867 Asburv Park .. 4,148 Beverly 1,950 Camden 75,985 Atlantic City.. 27,838 Bloomfield.... 9,668 Cape May 2,257 Atlantic High- Bogota ■.'r,: Cape May Point 158 lands 1,383 Boonton 8,901 Carlstadt 2,574 Avalon 93 Bordentown .. 4,110 Carteret 1,100 Barnegat 1,019 Boundbrook . . 2,622 Cedarville 1,057 Bay head 247 Bradley Beach 982 Chatham 1,361 48 NEW JERSEY. NBW J HUSKY - Continued. Pop. 1900 Po >. 19P0 Clicsilliurst ... 288 Lambertvllle . 4,687 Chester 713 Lav( lei te ... . 21 Claj ton Cliflside Park 1,951 Leonla 804 968 I luden 41 12 i P.O.* Liffside) Llnwood 495 Clinton. 816 Little Kerry ... 1,240 Collingswood. 1,688 486 LodJ 1,917 Creasklll Long Branch. . 8,8?2 Deal 70 Longport 80 Deckerton 1,806 Madison 3.7.", 1 Delford . 746 Manasquan ... 1,500 Dover 5.938 Matawan 1,511 Dumont (143 Maurice River 100 Dunellen 1,239 Mays Landing. 1 .359 East Millstone 447 May wood 536 East Newark.. 2,5()0 Medford 1,100 East Orange .. 2 1,51 Mi Merchantville. 1,608 East Rutherford 2,640 Metuehen 1,786 Egg Harbor... 1,808 Midland Park. 1,348 Elizabeth 52,130 Millburn 2,100 Elmer 1.140 Millstone 200 Englewood .. . 6,253 Milltown 561 Englewood Cliffs 218 Millville 10,583 Englishtown.. 410 Montclair 13,962 Fairvlew 1,003 Montvale 416 Fan wood 399 Moorestown .. 3,000 Fieldsboro 459 Morristown ... 11,267 Flemington... 2,145 Mountainside. 367 Florence 1,282 Mt. Arlington. 275 Florhain Park. 752 Mount Holly.. 4.500 (P.O.Afton) Neptune City . 1,009 Fort Lee 1,617 Netcong. 941 Franklin Furnace 913 Newark 246.070 Freehold 2,934 NewBrunswick20.006 Frenchtown .. 1,020 New Durham . 1,500 Garfield 3,504 New Egypt 900 Glassboro 2,000 Newport 1,017 Glen Ridge.... 1,960 New Providence 565 Glen Rock 613 Newton 4,376 Gloucester City 6,840 North Arlington 290 Guttenberg ... Hackensack .. 3,825 North Caldwell 297 . 9,443 North Plainfield 5,009 Hackettstown 2,474 North Spring Haddonfield... 2,776 Lake 361 Hamnionton .. 3,481 Nutley 3,000 Harrison 10,596 Ocean City.... 1.307 Harvey Cedars 39 Ocean Grove.. 2,754 Hasbrouck OldTappan... 269 Heights 1,255 Orange 24,141 Hawthorne ... 2,096 Oxford 2,040 Hainietta 447 Palisades Park 644 Hibernia 1,400 Palmyra 1,000 High Bridge .. 1,377 Park Ridge 870 Highlands 1,228 Passaic 27,777 Hightstown... 1,749 Paterson 105,171 Hoboken 59.3(14 Paulsboro 1,717 Holly Beach .. 569 Pemberton 771 Hopewell 980 Penngn vi' 1,826 Irvington 5.255 Pennington ... 733 Island Heights 316 Perth amboy. 17,699 Jamesburg 1 063 Phillipsburg .. 10,052 Jersey City ... 206.433 Plainfield 15.369 Junction 91 IS Pleasant ville.. 2,182 Kearney 10.896 Point Pleasanl Keyport Lakeview 3.413 Beach 746 1,572 Pompton Lakes 847 Lakewood 2,800 J ort Morris... 997 Pop. 1900 Port Oram .... 2,069 Princeton... Rahway 7,935 Rarltau 3,244 Red Bank . .. 5,428 Ridgeneld.. , Ridgewood ... 2,685 Riverside 561 Riverton 1,832 Rockaway .... 1,488 Rocky Hill.... 854 Roselle 1,652 Rutherford ... -4.111 Saddle River.. 415 Salem 5.sn Seabright 1,198 Sen Isle City.. 310 Seaside Park.. 73 Secaucus 1,036 Soniers Point . 308 Somerville.... 4,843 South Amboy. 6,349 South Atlantic City 69 South Round- brook 883 South Cape May 14. South Orange. 4,608 South River... 2,792 Springfield.... 959 Spring Lake... 526 Stockton 590 Summit 5,302 Surf City 9 Swedesboro... 1.183 Tenafly 1,746 Toms River... 1,800 Totowa 562 Trenton 73.307 Tucker ton .... 1.500 Undercliff 1,006 (P.O.Edgewaten Union _ 15.187 (P.O.Weehawkenj Upper Saddle River .326 Vailsburg 2,739 Verona 1.260 Vine I and 4.370 Wailington ... 1,8 12 Washington... 8,580 Wenonah 498 West Cape Mav 696 Westfield .* 3,500 West Hoboken 23,094 West New York 5.267 (P.O. Taurus) West Orange.. 6,889 West wood .... 828 Wildwood 150 vVilliamstown. 1.549 Woodbine l.'.oi Woodbridge .. 2,000 Woodbury .... 4,087 Woodeliff 329 Woodridge ... 582 Woodstown... 1,371 NEW MEXICO- NEW YORK. 40 NEW MEXICO. Population, 195,310. COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Bernalillo 28.630 Lincoln 4.1)53 Sierra 3,158 Chaves 4.773 Mora 10,304 Socorro 12.195 Colfax KM50 Otero 4,791 Taos 10,889 Donna Ana.... 10,187 Rio Arriba.... 13.777 Union 4,528 Eddy... 3.229 San Juan 4,828 Valencia 13,895 Grant 12,883 San Miguel.... 22.053 Guadalupe.... 5.429 Santa Fe 14,658 INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS. ETC. 500 Pinos Altos... ,946 Ranches Taos. ,120 Raton 550 Roswell 521 San Marcial... 550 Santa Fe ,200 Silver City .... 552 Socorro Alamogordo .. Albuquerque . Anton Chico.. Bernalillo Bland Carlsbad Cerrillos Clayton Deming Eddy Fannington .. Fort Bayard .. 1.050 6.23S 790 450 400 963 491 330 1,136 963 300 509 Fort Wingate. Gallup 2 Gardiner 1 Gibson Hillsboro Isleta Lascruces 1 Las Vegas 3 Lincoln 1 Lordsburg "Mora 1 OldAlbuquerque ,000 Springer... 350 Taos 250 Whiteoaks . 650 977 397 3.540 2,049 973 6,603 2.735 1,512 350 1,225 710 NEW YORK. Population, 7,268,894. Pop 1900 Albany 165.571 Allegany 41.501 Broome 69,149 Cattaraugus .. 65.643 Cayuga 66,234 Chautauqua... 88.314 Cliemung 54,063 Chenango 36,568 Clinton. 47^30 Columbia 43.211 Cortland 27,576 Delaware 46,413 Dutchess 81,670 Krie .4^3.686 Essex 30,707 Franklin 42.853 Fulton 42.842 Genesee 34.561 Greene 31.478 Hamilton 4,947 Herkimer 51,049 INCORPOR Adams 1.292 Addison 2,080 Afton 722 Akron L585 Albany 94,151 Albion 4,477 Alden 607 Alexander ... 230 Alexandria Bav 1.511 Alfred 756 Allegany 2,060 Altamont 689 Altmar 416 Amltyville.... 2,03S Amsterdam... 20,929 COUNTIES. Pop. 190C Jefferson 76.748 Kings 1,166.582 Lewis 27,427 Livingston 37,059 Madison 40,545 Monroe 217,854 Montgomery.. 47,488 Nassau 55,448 New York... 2,050.600 Niagara 74,961 Oneida 132,800 Onondaga 168,735 Ontario 49,605 Orange 103,859 Orleans 30,164 Oswego 70,881 Otsego 48,939 Putnam 13,787 Queens 152,999 Rensselaer.... 121,697 Richmond .... 67,021 Pop 1900 Rockland 38,298 Saratoga 61,089 Schenectady.. 46,852 Schoharie 26,854 Schuyler 15,811 Seneca 28.114 St Lawrence L 89,083 Steuben 82,822 Suffolk 77,582 Sullivan 32,306 Tioga... 27.951 Tompkins 33,830 Ulster 83,422 Warren 29.943 Washington... 45,624 Wavne 48,660 Westchester.. 184,257 Wyoming 30,413 Yates 20,318 VTED CITIES, Andes Andover Angelica Angola Antwerp Arcade Ardsley Argyle Athens Attica Auburn Ausable Forks Avoca Avon Babylon VILLAGES, ETC. 365 Bainbridge 954 Baldwin 978 Baldwinsville. 712 Balston Spa... 939 Rata via 887 Bath 4ii 1 Bath-on-Hudson 264 (P. O. Albanj 2.171 Bavshore 1.7S5 Belleville 80,845 Belmont 1,200 Bergen 1,006 Binghamton .. 1,601 Black River... 2,157 Blasdell 1,092 1.021 2.992 3.923 9. IS) 4.994 2,504 2.842 884 1,190 624 9,347 949 415 50 NEW YORK. Nkw York — Continued. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Bolivar 1,208 Croton-on- Glennam 600 Boonvllh 1,745 Hudson 1,533 Glen Park 494 Brewster 1,192 Crownpoint . . . 978 Glens Kails ... 12,613 BrldgehamptOE i 1,394 < aba 1,502 Gloversvllle .. 18349 Bridge water.. 269 Dansville 1 1 Brighton 888 Delhi (.ouvcrneur... 8,699 Brocton 900 Dcpew :i.:;t:i Gowanda 2,143 Bronxville 579 Deposit 2,051 Granville Brooklield 485 De Iiuvter 628 Grassy Point.. Greatbend 1,008 Brownvllle 767 Dexter '.u:. "Id Buffalo 352,387 Dobbs Ferry .. Greene 1.236 Burdett 409 Dolgevllle j 915 Green rsiand . 4.770 Caledonia 1,073 Dresden (P. o.Troy) Cambridge 1,578 Dry den 699 Greenport 2,366 Camden 2,370 Dundee 1,291 Greenwich l ,869 Cainillus 567 Dunkirk 11,616 Groton 1344 Canajotiarie... 2,101 Earlville 711 Hagaman 646 Canandalgua.. 6,151 East Aurora .. 2,366 Hamburg 1,683 Canaseraga ... 685 EastBloomfield 890 Hamilton Canastota 3,030 East Randolph 644 Hammondsport 1,169 Candor 1,123 East Rockaway 739 Hancock 1,283 Canisteo 2,077 East Syracuse 2.509 Hannibal 410 Canton 2,757 Eastwood 341 Harrisville 639 Cape Vincent. 1,310 Edwards 373 lla^tings-upon- Carthage 2,895 Elba 395 Hudson 2,002 Castile 1,088 Elbridge 549 Haverstraw... 5,985 Castleton 1,214 Elizabethtown 491 Hempstead ... 3,582 Cato 350 Ellenville 2,879 Henderson 374 Catsklll 5,484 Ellicottville .. 886 Herkimer 5.555 Cattaraugus .. 1,382 Ellisburg 292 Hennon 503 Cayuga 390 Elmira 35.672 Hicksville .... 1,632 Cazenovia 1,819 Elmira Heights 1,763 Highland 1.570 Celoron 506 (P. O. Elmira) Highland Falls 2,237 Central Square 364 Esperance 290 Hillburn 824 Champlain 1,311 Fabius 387 Hilton 486 Charlotte 1,400 Fairhaven 610 Hobart C 550 Chateaugay... 973 Fairport 2,489 Hulland Patent 352 Chatham 2.018 Falconer 1,136 Holley 1,380 Chaumont 738 Farmingdale.. 900 Homer 2.381 Cherry Creek. 701 Farnham 262 Honeove Falls 1.175 Cherry Valley 772 Favetteville.. 1.304 Hoosick Falls. 5,671 Chester 1,250 Fishkill 589 Hornellsville . 11,918 Chittenango.. 787 Fishkill Landing Hoiseheads... 1.901 Churchville... 505 8.673 Hudson Clayton 1,913 Fonda 1.145 Hunter 431 Clayville 568 Forestvllle 623 Huntington... 3.028 Cleveland 689 Forks 1,000 Ilion 5.138 Clifton Springs 1,617 Fort Ann 431 Inwood 2,000 Clinton 1,340 Fort Covington . 822 Trvington 2.231 Clintonville... 244 Fort Edward . 3.521 Islip 1,735 Clvde 2.507 2.327 Fort Plain Frankfort 2.444 2,664 Ithaca... Jamestown ... 13,186 Cobleskill . . Coevmans 963 Franklin 473 Johnstown 10,130 Cohocton 879 Franklinville. 1,360 Jordan 1,118 Cohoes 23,910 Fredonia 4.127 Keeseville .... 2,110 Cold Spring... 2.067 Freeport 2,612 Kenmore 318 Constableville 450 Freeville 440 kinderhook... 913 Cooperstown . 2,368 Friendship 1.214 Kingston 24,535 Copenhagen .. 587 Fulton 5,281 Lacona 388 Corfu 401 Fultonville ... 97? Lake wood 574 Corinth 2.039 Gal way 177 Lancaster 3,750 Corning 11,061 Garnervllle ... 1,000 Lansingburg.. 12,595 Cornwall 1,966 Geneseo 2.400 (P. O. Troy) Cornwall-on-the- Geneva 10,433 Larcbmont ... 945 Hudson 1,000 Gilbertsville.. 476 La Salle 661 Cortland 9,014 Glasco 1,100 Laurens 233 Coxsackie 2,735 Glencove 3,750 Lawrence 558 NEW YORK!. 51 New York — Continued. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Leroy 3.144 Newfield 378 Port Chester.. 7.440 Lestershire ... 3,111 New Hartford 1,0U7 Port Dickinson 379 Lewiston 697 New London.. 177 Port Ewen 1,211 Liberty 1.760 Newpaltz 1,022 PortHenry... 1,751 Lima 949 Newport 610 Port Jefferson 2,026 Limestone 732 New Uochelle. 14,720 Port Jervis ... 9,385 Lindenhurst .. 1,265 New York ..3,437,202 Port Leyden.. 746 Lisle 392 Manhattan 1, S5( 1,093 Portville 748 Little Fails... 10.381 Bronx 2W.507 Port Washington Little Valley.. 1.085 Brooklyn ..1,166,582 1,044 Liverpool ... 1,133 Richmond... 67.021 Potsdam 3,843 Livonia Station 865 Queens 152,999 Poughkeepsie. 24,029 (P.O.Livonia") New York Mills 2.552 Prattsburg.... 713 Lockport ..16.581 Niagara Falls. 19,457 Prospect 333 Lowville 2.352 North Olean.. 1,549 Pulaski 1,493 Lyons . 4,300 (P.O. Olean) Randolph 1,209 Lyons Falls... 470 North Pel ham 684 Red Creek.... 480 McGrawville.. 750 (P.O. Pelham) Red Hook 857 (P. O. McGraw) Northport... . 1,794 Remsen 389 Ma edon 592 North Tarrytown Rensselaer .... 7,466 Madison 321 4,241 (P.O.Albany) Malone .. 5,935 North Tonawanda Rhinebeck .... 1.494 Mamaroneck.. 4,722 9,069 Richburg 34? Manchester 711 Northville .... 1.046 Richfield Sp'gs 1,53? Manlius 1,219 Norwich 5,766 Richmondville 651 Mannsville.... 352 Norwood 1,714 Richville 331 Marathon 1,092 Nunda 1,018 Kiverhead .... 2,017 Marcellus 589 Nyack 4.275 Rochester 162,608 Margaretville. 640 Oakfield 714 Rockton 1,052 Massena 2.032 Ogdensburg... 12,633 Rockville Center Matteawan .. 5,807 Olean 9,462 1,884 Mayfield . 589 Oneida 6,364 Rome 15,313 Mayville . 943 Oneida Castle. 291 Rosendale 1.840 Mechanicsville 4.695 Oneonta 7,14? Roslyn 1,251 Medina 4,716 Oriskany 1,010 Rossler 1,005 Meridian 335 Oriskany Falls 811 Rouse Point.. 1,675 Mexico 1.249 Oswego 22.199 Roxbury 418 Middleburg . 1,135 Oswego Falls. 2,925 Rushville 416 Middleport.... 1,431 Otego 658 Rye... 1,051 Middletown . 14.522 Ovid 624 Sacketts Harbor 1,266 Middleville ... 667 Owego 5,039 Sag Harbor... 1,969 Milford 532 Oxford 1,931 Salamanca.... 4.251 Millbrook 1,027 Oyster Bay 1,750 Salem.. 1,391 Millerton 802 Painted Post.. 775 Sandy Creek.. 692 Mineville 1,844 Palatine Bridge 360 Sandy Hill ... 4,473 Mohawk 2,028 Palmyra 1,937 Saranac Lake. 2,594 Monroe 796 Panama 359 Saratoga Sp'gs 12,409 Montgomery 973 Parish 548 Saugerties 3,697 Monticello .... 1,160 Patchogue .... 2,926 Savannah 573 Montour Falls 1,193 Pawling 781 Savona 611 Mooers 527 PeelSkill 10,358 Sayville 1,954 Moravia 1,442 Pelham 303 Schaghtieoke. 1,061 Moriah 1,400 Penn Yan 4,650 Schenectady .. 31,682 Morris 553 Perry 2,763 Schenevus .... 613 Morristown... 466 Phelps 1,306 Schoharie .... l.otxj Morrisville.... 624 Philadelphia.. 873 Schuylerville. 1,601 Mt. Kisco .... 1,346 Philmont 1,964 Sea Cliff 1,558 Mt. Morris.... 2.410 Phoenix 1,5:52 Seneca Falls. 6,519 Mt. Vernon... 21,228 Piermont 1,153 Sharon Springs 567 Naples 1,048 Pike 458 Sherburne.... 899 Nassau 418 Pine Hill 425 Sherman 760 Nelliston 634 Pine Plains... 550 Shortsville.... 922 Nelsonville ... 624 Pittsford 1,000 Sidney 2,331 Newark 4,578 Plattsburg .... 8,4.54 Sidney Creek . 1,944 Newark Valley 818 Pleasantville.. 1,204 Silver Springs. 667 New Berlin... 1.156 Poland 370 Sinclairville .. 557 Newburg 24,943 PortByron... 1,013 SingSing 7,939 52 NORTH CAROLINA. New York — Continued. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. '90 Skaneateles... 1,495 Trumansburg. 1.225 Watervliet... ll.::.l Sloan 878 Tullv 574 (P. O. West Trovi Smyrna 300 TupperLake.. 2,(mn» Watklns 2,949 Sodas. 1,028 Turin.. 86S Waverly I I 5 Solvay .. 3.493 Unadilla 1,172 Wayland 1,307 (P.O.Syracuse) Union 982 Weedsport .... l."25 Southampton. 2,289 Union Springs 994 Wellsburg .... SouthGlensKalls2,025 Unionville .... 454 Wellsville.. South Nyack.. 1,601 UpperNyack. 516 West Carthage 1,185 (P.O. Nyack) (P.O. Nyack) (P. O. Carthag Southold 1,292 Utica 56,383 Westneld Spencer 707 Valatie 1,300 W. Haverstraw 2,079 Spencerport .. 715 VanEtten.... 474 Westpolnl 1.2 o Spring Valley. 1,028 Vernon 380 West Salamanca 483 Springvllle ... 1,992 Verplanck .... 1,515 West Wlnfield 771 St. Johnsville. 1,873 Victor 649 Whitehall . 4,377 St Regis Falls 879 Victory Mills . 795 White Plains.. 7.899 Stamford 901 Voorheesville. 554 Whitesborc ... ' .'.'.".-■ Stillwater 1,007 Walden 3.147 Whitney Point B07 Suffern 1,619 Walton 2,811 Williams Bridge 1.685 Syracuse 108,374 Wappingers Falls Williamson ... 563 Tannersville.. 593 3,504 Willianisville . 905 Tarrytown ... 4,770 Warrenshurg . 2,000 Wilson... 612 Theresa . 917 Warsaw 3,048 Windsor 739 Threemlie Bay 430 Warwick 1.735 Wolcott 1.279 Ticonderoga • 1,911 Washingtonville 667 Woodhull.. . 343 Tlvoli ... 1,153 Waterford 3,146 Worcester .... 1.020 Tonawanda... 7,421 Waterloo 4.256 Wurtsboro .... 450 Trenton 298 Watertown ... 21,696 Yonkers 47.931 Troy 60,651 Waterville .... 1,571 Youngstown.. 517 NORTH CAROLINA. Population, 1,893,810. COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Alamance .... 25.665 Franklin 25,116 Pasquotank... 13,660 Alexander ...10,960 Gaston 27,903 Pender 13.381 Alleghany ... 7,759 Gates.. 10.413 Perquimans .. 10,061 Anson ..... 21,870 Graham 4,343 Person. 16.685 Ashe " . ..19,581 Grantville .... 23.263 Pitt Beaufort. .26,404 Greene 12,038 Polk 7,004 Bertie . ..20,538 Guilford 39,074 Randolph 28.232 Bladen . 17,677 Halifax 30.793 Richmond 15,855 Brunswick 12.657 Harnett 15.988 Robeson 40,871 Buncombe 44,288 Haywood 16,222 Rockingham .. 88.H-3 Burke 17.699 Henderson .... 14,104 Rowan 31.066 Cabarrus. 22,456 Hertford 14.294 Rutherford... 25,101 Caldwell 15,694 Hyde 9,278 Sampson .26.380 Camden 5,474 Iredell 29,064 Scotland 12.558 Carteret 11,811 Jackson 11.853 Stanly 15,220 Caswell 15.028 Johnston 32.250 Stokes 19.866 Catawba 22,133 Jones 8,226 Surry 25.515 Chatham 23,912 Lenoir 18.639 Swain 8.401 Cherokee 11.860 Lincoln 15,498 Transylvania. 6.620 Chowan ..10.258 McDowell .... 12,567 Tyrrell 4,986 Clay 4.532 Macon 12.104 Union 27.156 Cleveland 25,078 Madison 20.644 Vance 16,684 Columbus 21,274 Martin 15.383 Wake 54,f*6 Craven 24.160 Mecklenburg. 55.268 Warren 19,lfl Cumberland... 29.249 Mitchell 15.221 Washington... 10.CU8 Currituck 6.529 Montgomery . 14.197 Watauga 13,417 Dare 4.757 Moore 23,622 Wayne 31.856 Davidson 23.403 Nash 25.478 Wilkes •-.'". -;.' Davie 12,115 New Hanover. 25.785 Wilson 2S.5P6 Duplin 22,405 Northampton . 21.150 Yadkin 14^)83 Durham. 26,233 Onslow 11,940 Yancey 11.464 Edgecombe... 26,591 Orange 14.690 Forsyth .35,261 Pamlico 8,045 NORTH CAROLINA. 53 North Carolina— Continued. INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, ETC. Pup. 1900 Aberdeen 559 Advance 273 Ahoskie 302 Aioeuiarle .... 1,382 Alexis. 92 Apex 349 Aivlidale 182 Arden 137 Ashboro 992 Asbeville 14,694 Aulander 342 Aurora 314 Auu'vville .... 61 Avon a53 Avden 557 Bakersville ... 511 Bath 400 Battleboro .... 229 Bayboro. 292 Beaufort 2,195 B.-lliaven 383 Belmont 145 Benson 384 Bessemer City 1,100 P.ethel 457 Biglick 132 Butmore 71 Blackcreek ... 196 Black. Mountain 200 Blowing Rock 331 Boardman 604 Boone 155 Boonville ,183 Bostic 97 Brevard 584 Bridgersville.. 42 fP.O Wilbanks) Brvson City... 417 Burgaw 387 Burlington ... 3,692 Burnsviile .... 207 Camden 268 Cameron 218 Canton 230 Caroleen 1,706 Carthage 605 Cary 333 Castalia 163 Catawba 169 Cedar Falls ... 272 Central Falls.. 444 Cerrogordo 123 Chadbourn 243 Chapel Hill.... 1,099 Charlotte 18,091 Cherrwille ... 1,008 China Grove.. 887 Ciar.'inont 160 C ayton 754 Cl'-v.land 198 Clinr<»n 958 244 Co erain 207 CJollettsviQe... 57 Columbia 382 Pop. 1900 Columbus 334 Concord 7,910 Conetoe. 132 Conoho 115 Conover 413 Cornwall 300 Cranberry 350 Creswell 224 Cronly 78 Cumberland... 343 Dallas 514 Davidson College 904 (P.O.Davidson; Davbrook 260 Denver 199 Dillsboro 279 Dobson 327 Dover 331 Dunn 1,072 Durham 6,679 East Bend 444 East Durham . 2.000 Edenton 3,046 Edward 99 Elizabeth City 6,348 Elizabethtown 144 Elkin 860 Elk Park 498 Ellenboro 1?2 Elm City 560 Elon College.. 638 Enfield. 361 Enochville 93 Eureka 123 Everetts 127 Fairbluff 328 Fairfield 476 Faison 308 Falkland 139 Farmville 262 Farrar 554 (P.O.Tarboro) Favetteville .. 4,670 Flatrock 319 Forest City ... 1,090 Forestville.... 157 Four Oaks .... 171 Franklin 335 Franklinton... 761 Fremont 435 Garysburg 269 Gastonia 4.610 Gatesville 200 Germanton ... 129 Gibson ville ... 521 Glen Alpine... 137 Gold Hill 514 Gold Point.... 124 »ro .... 5,877 Graham Granite Falls . 277 Greensboro ... 10,035 Greenville 2,565 Grifton 229 Grlmesland ... 277 Pop. 1900 Grover 171 Halifax 306 Hamilton 493 Hamiet 639 Hardin Factory 205 (P.O.Hardin) Harrellsville.. 109 Hawriver 1,025 Hayesville .... 142 Henderson 3,746 Hendersonville 1,917 Henrietta 1,250 Hertford 1,382 Hexlena 13 Hickory 2.535 Highlands 24? High Point.... 4,16S Hildebran 109 Hillsboro 707 Hobgood 122 Hoffman 184 Holl v Springs. 219 Hookerton 1:39 Hope Mills.... 881 Hot Springs ... 445 Huntersville.. 533 Inanda 150 Ingold 86 Jackson 441 Jacksonville.. 309 Jamestown ... 250 Jamesville 235 Jefferson 230 Jerome 61 Jonathan 264 Jonesboro 640 Keelsville .... 43 (P.O. Eobersonville, Kelford 167 Kenansville... 271 Kenly 260 Kernersville .. 652 Kevser.. 180 Kings Mountain 2,062 Kinston 4.106 Kittrell 168 LaGrange 853 Lasker 121 Lattimore 108 Laurelhill .... 400 Laurinburg ... 1.334 Lawndale 500 Leaksville .... 688 Leicester 126 Lenoir 1,296 Lewiston 163 Lexington 1,234 Liberty 3o4 Lflesville 213 Lillington.. . •;. Lllllngton 87 l'.i i Longcreek) Llncolnton 828 Littleton 1.200 Louisburg 1,178 54 NORTH CAROLINA. North Cakoli.w — Continued. Pop. 1900 Lowell 290 Lucaina 286 Lumber Bridge 181 Lumberton 849 McAdenvllle 1,144 MeFarlau 112 Macon 157 Madison. 813 Magnolia 464 Maiden 614 Manly 176 Manteo 312 Margaretsville 123 Marion 1,116 Marlboro Ill (P.O.Farmville) Marshall 337 Mars Hill 289 Marshville.... 349 Matthews 378 Maxton 935 Mayodau 904 Maysville 98 Mebane 218 Middleburg... 169 Milton 490 Mlnthlll 192 Mocksvllle.... 745 Monroe 2,427 Montezuma... 219 Mont-ford 196 Mooresboro... 144 Mooresville... 1,533 MoreheadCity 1,379 Morganton ... 1,938 Morrisville.... 100 Morven ... 447 Mountain Island 450 Mt. Airy 2,680 Mt. Gilead .... 395 Mt. Holly 630 Mt. Olive 617 Mt. Pleasant.. 444 Murf reesboro . 657 Murphy 604 Nazareth 254 Nashville 479 Newbern 9,090 New London.. 299 Newport 328 Newton 1,583 Newton Grove 75 North Durham 644 (P.O.Durhain) North Wilkes- boro 918 Norwood 663 Oakridge 161 OldFort 253 Oriental 300 Oxford 2,059 Pactolus 52 Palmvra 131 Pantego 253 Parkers burg.. 57 Pop. 1900 Parmele BS6 Peauuland 156 Pendleton 86 Pikeville 168 Pilot Mountain 710 Pine Level .... 266 Plnevllle 585 Plttsboro 424 Plateau 99 Plymouth 1,011 Point Caswell. 77 Polkton 276 Polloksvllle... 198 Powellsville .. 44 Princeton 281 Prince ville.... 552 Raleigh 13,643 Ramoth 351 (P.O.Asheville) Ramseur 769 Randleman ... 2,190 Red Springs... 858 Reidsville .... 3,262 Rennert 133 Richfield 73 Ricblands .... 160 Rich Square... 232 Ridge wav 250 Ringwood 98 Roanoke Rapids 1,009 Roberson ville. 275 Rockingham .. 1,507 Rocky Mount. 2,937 RockyMountM 1118605 (P O. Rocky Mount) Rolesville 155 Roseboro 63 Rowland 357 Roxboro. 1,021 Roxobel 227 Rutherfordton 880 Salem 3,642 (P.O.Winston-Salem) Salisbury 6,277 Saluda 211 Sanford 1,044 Saratoga 123 Scotland Neck 1,348 Seaboard 287 Selma 816 Snallotte Citv. 149 Shelby 1,874 Siler 'City 440 Smithfield 764 Snowliill 405 South Biltmore 312 Southern Pines 517 South Gaston. 44 South Mills... 4-2o Southport 1.336 South Wadesboro 154 (P.O. Wadesboro) Sparta 501 Spencer Moun- tain Mills.... 243 Pop. 1900 Springhope.. St. Lewis 100 Stanley 441 Star 211 Stateavllle .... 8,141 Stonevllle .. Stonewall 168 Swansboro . Sylva Tarboro Taylorsvllle... 413 Thomasvllle .. 751 Tillerv 258 Town' Creek . 85 Trenton Trinity. 271 Trinitv Park.. 68 (P.O.Durhain) Troy 878 Tryon.... 324 Union Citv.... 432 (P. O. Ashpole) Union. 176 \ ? anceboro 291 Vandemere ... 169 Waco 1H0 Wadesboro 1,546 Wakefield .... 112 Wake Forest College 823 (P.O.Wake Forest) Wallace 218 Walnut Cove.. 336 Warrenton ... 836 Warsaw 576 Washington .. 4,842 Wax haw 752 Wavnesville .. 1.307 Weaverville .. 329 AYeldon 1.433 West Hickory. 231 (P.O.Hickory) Whitakers .... 388 Whitehall .... 114 Whiteville .... 634 Wilbanks 46 Wilkesboro ... 635 Williamston .. 912 Wilmington... 20.976 Wilson 3.525 Windsor 597 AVinfall 222 Winston. 10.008 (P.O. Winston-Salem) Wmtervil'e... 243 Winton 688 Woodland 242 Worthville.... 467 Wrightsvflle Beach 22 (P.O.Wrightsvillei Yadkin College 210 Yadkinville... 292 Yancevville... 350 Youngs ville .. 345 NORTH DAKOTA — OHIO. ;>r> NORTH DAKOTA. Population, I L9,l 16. COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Barnes 13.159 Lamoure 6,048 Rolette 7.995 Benson 8,320 Logan 1,625 Sargent 6.039 Billings 975 Mc Henry Mcintosh 5.253 Stark 7.621 Bottineau 7.532 4,818 Steele 5.S-S Burleigh 6,081 McLean 4.791 Stutsman 9,143 Cass 28.025 Mercer 1,778 Towner ....... 6,491 Cavalier 12.5SH Morton 8,069 Traill 13,107 Dickey 6,061 Nelson 7,316 Walsh 20.2SS Eddy 3.330 Oliver 990 Ward 7,961 Emmons 4,349 Pembina 17,869 Wells. 8,310 Foster 3,770 Pierce 4,765 Williams 1,530 Grand Forks.. 24.459 Ramsey 9,198 Standing Rock Griggs 4.744 Ransom 6,919 Indian Reser- Kidder 1.754 Richland 17,387 vation 2,208 INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, ETC 201 150 Fargo Fessenden 9,589 355 Milton 384 Anamoose Minnewaukon 432 Aneta 275 298 Fingal Forest River.. 376 252 Minot 1,277 Ardoch Minto 860 Arvilla 199 641 Forman Galesburg 257 198 Neche 682 Bathgate New Rockford 698 Bisbee 269 Gardner 266 Xew Salem 229 Bismarck 3,319 Glenullin 272 North wood 697 888 150 Grafton Grand Forks.. 2,378 7,652 Oakes . 668 Bowbells Oberon 217 Bowdon 175 Hamilton 224 Omemee _ 165 Bowesmont ... 180 Hankinson 713 Osnabrock 228 Braddock 150 Hannah 596 Page ... 309 Buffalo 213 Harvey 590 Park River.... 1,088 Buxton 300 Hatton 430 Pembina 929 Cando 1,061 Havana 198 Petersburg.. . 182 Canton 98 Hebron 182 Pisek 132 (P. 0. HenseD Hillsboro 1,172 Portland 524 Carrington 1,000 Hoople 174 Reynolds 389 Casselton 1,207 Hope 606 Rolla 400 Cavalier 671 Hunter 407 Rugby.. 487 Christine 168 Inkster 376 Rutland 217 Churchs Ferry 264 Jamestown ... 2,853 Sanborn 259 C on way 216 Kenmare 300 Sharon 172 Cooperstown.. 648 Kindred 348 Sheldon 318 Courtney Crary 346 a io 463 576 Shevenne St. John 247 Lakota 168 Crystal 385 Lamoure 457 St. Thomas.... 661 Davenport 245 Langdon 1,188 Steele 185 Dazey Devils Lake... 218 Larimore 1.235 Thompson 269 1,729 Leeds 349 Tower City.... 468 Dickinson 2,076 Lidgerwood... 585 Towner 331 Drayton 688 Lisbon 1.046 Valley City ... 2.446 Edgeley 306 Mandan 1,658 "W ahpeton 2,228 Edinburg 286 Mapleton 322 Walhalla 377 Ellendale . ... 750 Muwille 1,106 Washburn 268 Emerado 2::S6 Mc Henry Williston 763 Enderlin 636 Michigan 309 Willow City .. 476 Fairmount 284 Milnor . 322 Wimbledon... 226 OHIO. Population, 1,137,545. COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Adams 26,828 Athens.. Allen 47,976 Auglaize Ashland 21,184 Belmont Ashtabula 51,448 Brown .. Pop- 1900 Pop. 1900 ;.!0 Butler 56.870 .... 31,192 Carroll 16,811 .... 60,875 Champaign.... 26,642 . .. 28,237 Clark 58,939 56 OHIO. Ohio — Continued. Pop. 1900 Clermont 31,610 Clinton 24,202 Columbiana... 68,590 Coshocton 29,437 Crawford 83,915 Cuyahoga 439,120 Darke. 42,532 Defiance 26,387 Delaware 26*401 Erie 37,650 Fairfield 34,259 Fayette 21.725 Franklin. 164,460 Fulton 22,801 Gallia 27,918 Geauga 14,744 Greene 31,613 Guernsey 34,425 Hamilton 409,479 Hancock 41,993 Hardin 31,187 Harrison 20,486 Henrv 27,282 Highland 30.982 Hocking. 24,393 Holmes 19,511 Pop. 1900 Huron 82,830 Jackson 34,249 Jefferson 14,351 Knox 27,768 Lake 21,680 Lawrence 39,534 Licking 4:.oli) Logan 30,420 Lorain 54^57 Lucas 153,559 Madison 20,590 Mahouiug 70,134 Marion. 28,678 Medina 21. '.OS Meigs 28.620 Mercer 28,021 Miami 43,105 Monroe 27.031 Montgomery ..130.140 Morgan ....... 17,905 Morrow 17,879 Muskingum... 53,185 Noble 19*466 Ottawa 22,213 Paulding 27.528 Perry 31,841 Pup. 1930 Pickaway .. 2; ,010 Pike Portage Preble Putnam Richland Rosa 10,940 Sandusky . 34,311 Scioto ..... Seneca - 41,163 Shelby 24,625 Stark' 94.747 Summit 71.715 Trumbull .. Tuscarawas ... 53.751 Onion Van Wert 30,3 >1 Vinton 15.S9U Warren Washington .. 4s .245 Wayne Williams 24,958 Wood . 51.555 Wvandot 21425 INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, V Aberdeen 711 Baltimore. Ada 2,576 Bar ber ton Adamsville Addyston Adelphi .. Agosta 460 4.354 3,721 811 571 620 Batavia 1,029 201 Barnesville 1,513 Barnhill.... 510 Barton Akron 42,728 Batesville Albany 548 Beach City.. Alexandria ... 420 Beallsville... Alger 402 Beaver Allentown 123 Beaver Dam Alliance. 8,974 Bedford Alvordton 312 364 554 262 477 1,480 9,912 Amanda. Amelia . . Andover Anna Ansonia Antioch 482 Bellaire ... 570 Bellbrook.... 525 Bellecenter ... 962 815 Bellet'ontaine . 6,649 451 Bellevue 4.101 676 Bellville 1,039 422 334 212 Belmont Antwerp 1,206 Belmore Applecreek ... 387 Benton Ridge. Arcadia 425 Berea Arcanum 1,225 Bergholz Archbold. Arlington 958 738 Berlin Berlin Heights 359 2,510 690 500 157 4.0S7 ArlingtonHeights3G0 Bethel 850 Arnettsville Ashland ... Ashley Ashtabula. . Ashville.... Athalia Athens 3 Bettsville Beverly 700 Blakeslee 12,949 Blanchester .. 654 Bloomdale 346 Bloomingburg Bloomville 492 712 239 l.>s 740 636 819 Attica At water. Avon Bainbridge Bairdstown ... Baltic 094 Bluff ton 1,783 500 Bolivar. 075 530 Bond Hill 1,081 954 Boston 200 298 (P O. Owensville) 520 Botkins 420 ILLAGES, ETC. Bourne ville... 356 Bowerston . .. Bowersville... 870 Bowling Green 5,i>67 Bradford 1.254 Bradner 1,148 Brecksville ... 500 Bremen 466 Bridgeport 3.W3 Brilliant 040 Brink Haven.. 850 Bristolville ... 540 Brookfield .... W0 Brookside 249 Brookville .... 809 Broughton.... 220 Bryan 3.131 Buchtel.. 2.001 Buckeye City. 247 Buevrus 0.560 Burbank 325 Burton. 727 Butler 507 Butlerville ... 125 Byesvllle 1,267 Cadiz 1.755 Calais 114 Caldwell 927 Caledonia 682 Cambridge.... 8,2 II Camden 905 Campbell BflO Canal Dover.. 5 422 Canal Fulton L172 Canal Winches- ter 602 Cantield 072 Cannelville... 281 Canton 30,667 OHIO. 57 Ohio — Contin ued. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1500 Cardington.... . 1,354 Cygnet 896 Fremont 8,439 . 1,816 Dalton 666 276 Carlisle 161 Danville 298 Galion 7,282 earn. 11 223 Darbyville .... 250 Gallipolls 5,4:12 Carrollton . 1.271 Dayton 85.3:53 Gambter 75 L Carthage . 2,559 De avert own .. 154 Garrettsvillo 1,145 Casstown 262 Deerfield 484 Geneva 2.342 Castilia . 560 Deersville 256 Genoa 824 Catawl a 231 Defiance 7,579 Georgetown .. 1,529 Catawbalsland 750 Degraff... 1,150 Germantown . 1,702 Cecil 326 Delaware 7,940 Gettysburg ... 246 Cedarville . 1,189 Delhi 829 Gibsonburg .. 1,791 Celina . 2,815 Dell Roy Delphos 400 Gilboa ... 346 Centerburg ... 706 4,517 Girard 2,630 Centerville ... 198 Delta 1.230 Glandorf 749 (P 0. Thurman) Dennison 3,763 Glendale 1,545 Chagrin Falls. 1.5S6 Desbler 1,628 Glenmont 209 Chambersburg 169 Dexter City... 278 Glenroy _ 950 Chardon 1,360 Donnelsville .. 200 Glenville. 5,588 Chattield 298 Doylestown .. 1,057 Glouster 2,155 Chester Hill.. 480 Dresden 1,600 Gnadenhutten 547 Chesterville .. 230 Dublin 275 Grafton 1,098 Chicago June Dunkirk 1,222 Grand Rapids. 549 tion. 2,34S Dupont... 370 Granville 1,425 Chickasaw 310 East Cleveland 2,757 Graysville 174 Chillicothe.... 12,976 East Liverpool 16.485 Green Camp .. 369 Cincinnati 325.902 East Palestine 2.493 Greenfield 3,979 Circleville .... 6,991 Eaton 3.155 Greenspring .. 816 Clarington 905 Edgerton 1,043 Greenville 5.501 Clarksburg 551 Edison 347 Greenwich 849 Clarksville.... 465 Edon 740 Grove City 656 Cleveland .381,768 Eldorado 358 Groveport 519 Cleves 1,328 Elgin 208 Grover 30S Clifton 262 Elida 440 Grover Hill... 655 Clinton 186 Elmore 1,025 Gypsum 540 Clvde 2.515 Elm wood Place 2,532 Hainden 838 Coalgrove 1,191 Elyria 8,791 Hamersville .. 242 Coalton 1,625 Empire 509 Hamilton 23,914 627 • 378 295 600 Hamler Hanging Rock 574 College Cornei Euclid 665 College Hill... . 1,104 Evansport 400 Hannibal 610 Coll in wood ... 3,639 Evanston 1,716 Hanover 314 Columbiana... 1,339 Fairfield 312 Hanoverton... 399 Columbus 125.560 Fairport 2.073 Harrisburg 247 ColunibusGrove 1,935- Fairview 291 Harrison 1,456 Commercial Farmersville . 440 Harris ville 250 Point 245 Fayette 886 Harrod 370 Congress 198 Favetteville .. 323 Hartford 414 Conneaut 7,133 Felicity 695 Hartwell 1.8:53 Continental .. 1,104 Fernbank 310 Harvevsburg.. 435 Convoy Coolville 690 Findlay 17,613 Haskins 449 315 Five Points... 176 Haviland 186 Copley 243 Fletcher 375 Hayesville 332 Corning 1,401 Florida. 276 Hebron 455 Cortland 620 Flushing 653 Hemlock 581 Corwin 131 Forest. 1,155 llicksville 2,520 Coshocton 6,473 Fort Jennings 322 Higginsport... 650 < ovington 1,791 Fort Recovery 1,097 Hilliard 376 Crestline 3,282 Fostoria 7,730 Hillsboro 4,535 Creston 893 Frankfort 717 Hiram 659 Cridersvilie .. 581 Franklin 2,724 Holgate 1,237 Crooksville ... 8.35 Frazeysburg . 730 Hollansburg . . 275 Croton 536 Fredericksburg 511 Holmcsville. .. 304 Crown City... 284 Frederlcktown 890 Home City 868 Cumberland .. 618 Freeport 690 Hopedale 866 Custar 293 Freeport 815 HoytHville Hubbard 431 Cuyahoga Falls 3,186 (P.O. PrairieDepotj 1,230 58 OHIO. Ohio — Continued. Pop. 1900 HuuHon 988 Buntaville.... 408 Huron 1.70S HydePark^... 1,691 Independence. 850 [rondale. 1,186 [ronton 11,868 Ithaca 113 Ivory dale 518 Jackson 4,672 Jackeonboro.. 77 Jackson Center 644 .Jacksonville . 1,047 Jamestown ... 1,205 Jefferson 1,319 Jeffersonvllle. 790 Jenera 237 Jeromeville... 308 Jerry City 555 Jerusalem 245 Jewett 74:3 Johnstown 638 Junction City. 443 Kallda 622 Kellevs Island 1.174 Kennedy Heights 209 (P. O. Kennedy; Kent 4.541 Kenton 6,852 Kettlerville... 145 Killbuck 370 Kimbolton.... 245 Kingston 735 Kingsville .... 782 Kinsman 826 Kirby 187 Kossuth. 153 Lafayette 316 (P. O. Herring) Lagrange ■ 528 Lakeview 553 Lakewood 3,355 Lancaster 8,991 Larue 997 Lattv 444 Laura 378 Laurelville 450 Lebanon 2,867 Leesburg 7s:i Leesville 209 Leesville Cross Roads 178 Leetonia 2.744 Leipsic 1,726 Lewisburg 560 Lewisville .... 170 Lexington 44S Liberty Center 606 Lima 21.72:] Limaville 156 Lindsey 614 Lisbon 3,330 Lithopolis 358 Little Sandusky 181 Lockington ... 210 Lockland 2,695 Lodi 846 Pop. 1930 Logan London 8,511 Lorain _.'_... 16,028 Loramle in Loudonvllle .. 1,581 Louisville.. .. 1*374 Loveland 1,260 Lowell 381 Lowellville ... 1,137 Lower Salem . 190 Lucas 306 Lynchburg 907 McArthur..... 941 McClare 660 McComb 1,195 McConnelsville 1,825 McGuffey 452 Macksburg 448 Madison .• 768 Madison vllle.. 3,140 Magnetic Springs 194 Magnolia 431 Malnevllle 288 Malinta 357 Malta 845 Malvern 709 Manchester... 2,003 Mansfield 17,640 Mantua. 743 (P. O. Mantua Sta- tion) Marblehead... 997 Marengo 242 Marietta 13,348 Marion 11,862 Marseilles 251 Marshallville.. 357 Martinsburg .. 238 Martins Ferry. 7,760 Martinsville... 338 Marvsville .... 3,048 Mason 629 Massillon 11.944 Maumee 1,856 Mechanicsburg 1,617 Medina . 2,232 Melrose 383 Mendon 599 Mentor 624 Mesopotamia . 632 Metamora 263 Miamisburg... 3,!>4l Middlefield.... 650 Middlepoint .. 604 Middleport.... 2.799 Middletown... 9,215 Midland 338 Midvale 491 Midway 274 Mifflin' 1S5 Milan 653 Milford 1,149 Milford Center 682 Millbury 284 Milledgevllle . 201 Miller City.... 163 Millersburg... 1,998 Pop. 1900 Milton i i Miltonsburg .. i:50 Milie,-;,: I Miueisville . Mill. TV., Mingo Junction 2,954 Minster. 1,465 Mogadore 561 Monday 420 Monroeville... 1.211 Montezuma... :ii" Monrpelier.... 1,869 Morris town .. Morrow 869 Moscow 475 Mt. Airy 400 Mt. IJlaiichard 456 Mt. Cory ...... 312 Mt.Eaton 232 Mt. Gilead.... 1,528 Mt. Healthy.. 1,354 Mt. Orab 561 Mt. Pleasant.. 626 Mt. Sterling... 986 Mt. Vernon ... Mt. Victory .. 734 Mt. Washington 781 Murray 1,118 Mutual 163 Napoleon 3,639 Nashville 266 National Military Home 5.^94 Navarre 963 Nelsonville ... 5,421 Nevada 889 Neville 265 New Albany .. 224 Newark 18.157 New Athens .. 435 New Berlin 550 N ew Bloomington 399 (P. o. Agosta) New Bremen.. 1.318 Newburg 5,909 (Sta. F, Cleveland P.O.) New Carlisle.. 995 New Comers- town 2,659 New Concord . 675 New Holland . 692 New Knoxville 436 New Lebanon. 145 New Lebanon. 224 (P. O. Potsdam) New Lexington 1,701 New Lexington 265 (P.O.Highland) New London.. 1,180 New Madison. 590 New Matamoras 817 New Paris 790 New Philadel- phia 6,213 New Richmond 1,916 OHIO. 59 Ohio — Continued. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 New Rlegel... 298 Plymouth 1.154 Smithville .... 474 New salem... 180 Po'land 370 Somerset 1,124 NewStraits- Polk 232 Somerville.... 300 ville 2,300 Pomeroy 4,639 South Bloomfield 223 Newton Falls. 732 Portage. 546 South Brooklyn 2,343 New Vienna.. 805 Port Clinton .. 2,450 South Charles- New Washington 824 Port Jefferson 355 ton 1.096 New Waterl'ord 687 Portsmouth... 17.870 South Point... 281 Nev 289 Port Washington 424 South Salem.. 264 Nlles 7,468 Port William. 200 South Solon... 319 North Amherst 1,758 Powhatan Point 578 So uth Webster 415 North Balti- Prairie Depot. 815 South Zanesville 567 more 3,561 Proctorville... 523 Sparta 215 North Bend... 532 Prospect 983 Spencerville .. 1,874 North George- Put in Bav 317 Springboro 433 town 600 Quaker City... 878 Springfield .... 38,253 North Lewis- Quincy 642 Springhills... 157 burg. 846 Racine 327 Spring Valley . 522 North Robinson 200 Harden 443 St. Bernard ... 3.3*4 Norwalk 7,074 Ravenna 4,003 St. Clairsville. 1,210 Norwich 253 Rawson 473 St. Henrv 682 Norwood 6,480 Reading 3.076 St. Louisville . 285 Nottingham.. 939 Rendville 790 St. Marys 5.359 Oak Harbor.. 1,631 Republic. 656 St. Paris 1.222 Oak Hill 825 Revnoldsburg. 339 Steubenville . . 14,349 Oakley 528 Richmond 373 Stockport 376 Oakwood 342 Richmond 332 Strasburg 461 Oberlin 4,082 (P. O.Grand River) Struthers 613 Ohio 862 Richwood .... 1,640 Stryker.. l,2o6 OlmstedFalls. 330 Ridgeway 447 Sugar Grove.. 350 Orbiston 520 Ripley 2,248 Summerfield .. 511 Orrville 1,901 Rising Sun.... 660 Sunbury 464 Orwell 750 Rochester 167 Swanton 887 Os^orn 948 Rock Creek... 478 Sycamore 853 Osgood 224 Rockford 1.207 Svlvania 617 Osn'aburg 558 Rockport 2.038 Syracuse 1,622 Ostrander 401 Rocky Ridge.. 414 Tallmadge .... 660 Ottawa 2,322 Rocky River.. 1.319 Tarlton 3*8 Ottoville 369 Rogers 287 Taylorsvttle... 543 Otway 274 Roseville 1,207 Terrace Park. 290 Oxford 2.i 1)9 Rossville 251 Thorn 374 Painesville.... 5,024 Rushsvlvania . 552 (P. O. Thornvillei Palestine 210 Rushville 257 Tiffin. 10,989 Palmyra 291 Russellville ... 394 Tippecanoe... 1,708 Pandora. 409 Sabina 1,481 Tiro 293 Pataskala 675 Salem 7.5*2 Toledo 131,822 Patterson 219 Salesville 286 Tontogany .... 352 Paulding 2,0*0 Salineville .... 2.353 Toronto..' 3,526 Payne. 1,336 Sanrluskv 19.664 Trenton :;*7 Peebles 763 Sarahsviile.... 279 Trimble 625 Pemberville .. 1,081 Savannah 290 Troy 5,881 Peninsula.... 579 Scio 1,214 Tuscarawas... 412 Perrysburg ... 1,766 Sciotoville .... 1,300 Uhrichsville.. 4,582 Perrvsville ... 513 Scott 547 Union City.... 1.2*2 Petersburg 513 Sebring 387 Uniontown... 245 Philo 543 Senecaville ... 623 (P. (). Fultonhann Pickerington . 263 Seven Mile... 256 Unionville Center259 Pierpont 537 Seville 602 Upper Sfcndusky 3.855 Pi eton 625 Shawnee 2.966 Drbana Pioneer 603 Shelby 4,685 Utlca 826 Piqua 12,ir,695 Clarion 84.288 Clearfield 80,614 Clinton „■ 29.197 Columbia 39.896 Crawford 63,643 Cumberland... 50,344 Dauphin 114,443 Delaware 94.7^2 COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Elk 32,903 Erie 98,473 Fayette 110,412 Forest 11.039 Franklin 54.902 Fulton 9,924 Greene 28,281 Huntingdon... 31,650 Indiana 42,?56 Jefferson 59,113 Juniata 16.054 Lackawanna .193,831 Lancaster 159,241 Lawrence 57,042 Lebanon 53,827 Lehigh 93,893 Luzerne 257.121 Lycoming 75,663 McKean 51,343 Mercer 57,387 Mifflin 23.160 Monroe 21,161 Montgomery ._ 138,9915 Pop. 1900 Montour 15.526 Northampton. 99,687 Northumber- land 90,911 Perry Philadelphia l Pike Potter 30,621 Schuylkill 172.927 Snyder 17,304 Somerset .... 49,461 Sullivan. 12.134 Susquehanna.. 40,043 Tioga Union 17,592 Venango 49.648 Warren ..' 38,946 Washington... 92.181 Wayne 30,171 Westmoreland 160,175 Wyoming 17.152 York 116,413 INCORPORATED CITIES, BOROUGHS, ETC. Adamsburg... 184 Adamstown... 597 Akron _.. 653 Alba... 154 Albion 695 Aldan 296 Alexandria ... 406 Aliquippa 620 Allegheny ....129,896 Vllentown 35,416 Altoona 38,973 Ambler l.f-84 Apollo 2,924 Applewald 122 (P.O. Kittanning) Archbald 5,396 Arendtsville .. 393 Armagh 131 Arnold 1,426 Arona 382 Ashlaud 6.438 Ashley 4,046 Ashville 393 Aspinwall 1,231 Atglen 404 Athens 3,749 Attleboro 377 (P. O. Langhorne) At wood 153 Auburn 845 Austin 2,300 Avalon 2,130 (Sub.-Sta. Alle- « ghenyP O.) Avoca 3,487 Avondale 640 Avonmore 630 Baden 427 Bangor 4,108 Barnesboro ... 1,482 Bath. 731 BeallBYille .. Bear Lake 275 Beaver 2.348 Beaver Falls.. 10,054 Beaver Meadow.1,378 Bechtelsville . 881 Bedford 2,167 Beech Creek.. 449 Bellefonte .... 4,216 Bellevernon... 1.901 Bellevue 3.416 (Sta.AlleghenvP.O.) Bell wood 1.545 PENNSYLVANIA. 63 Pexnsylvaxi a — Continued Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. J900 Ben Avon 859 Catav issa 2,023 Daisy town 435 Bendersville .. 342 Center Hall... 537 (P.O.Johnsto wn | Benson 249 Centerport ... 141 Dale 1.503 (P.O. Hollsopple) Centerville 260 (P.O.Johnstown) BentlevvHle .. 613 Centerville ... 746 Dallas 543 Benton 635 (P.O.EastBethle- Dallastown ... 1,181 Berlin 1,030 hem> Dalton 681 Bernville 344 Centralia 2,048 Danville 8,042 Berrvsburg ... 398 Chanibersburg 8.864 Darby 3,429 Berwick 8,916 Chapman 319 Darlington 270 Berwick 345 (P. O. Chapman Dauphin 566 (P.O. Abbottstown) Quarries) Dawson S25 Bethany 130 Charleroi 5,930 Dayton 431 Bethel 107 Cherrvtree ... 312 Deemston 428 (P.O.Wheeler) (P. O. Grant) Delano 977 Bethlehem ... 7,293 Chester 33.988 Delaware Wa- Big Run 879 Chester Hill ._ 710 tergap 469 Birdsboro 2.264 (P.O. Philipsb urg) 202 Delta 684 Birmingham .. 240 Chest Springs. Derry 2,347 Blain 326 Chicora 1,014 (P.O.Derry Station) Blairsville .... 3,386 Christiana 828 Dickson 4.948 Blakelv 3.915 Clarendon 1,092 Dillsburg 732 (P.O.Peckvi lie) Clarion 2,004 Donegal 157 Bloomfield.... 772 Clarksville 220 Dorrance 2,211 (P.O.Xew Bloom- (P O. Clark) Dover 438 field) Clavsville 856 Downington .. 2,133 Blooming Val- Clavville 2 371 Dovleston 3.034 ley 177 (P O. Lindsey) Driftwood 509 Bloomsburg... 6,170 Clearfield 5.0S1 Dubois 9,375 Blossburg 2,423 Clifton Heights 2.330 Duboistown... 650 Bolivar 486 Clintonville... 262 Dudley 290 Bovertown 1,709 Coal Center... 742 Dunbar 1,662 Braddock 15.654 Coaldale 348 Duncannon ... 1,661 Bradford 15,029 (P.O SixmileRun Duncansville . 1,512 Bridgeport 3,097 Coalmont 182 Dundaff 159 Bridgeport 1.805 Coalport 938 Dunmore 12.5S3 (P.O.Brownsville) Coatesville 5,721 Duquesne 9.036 Bridgewater .. 1,347 Cochranton... 640 Duryea Dushore 1,500 (P.O.West Bridge- Cokeville 674 884 water* College Hill... 890 Eaglesmere .. 312 Brisbin 666 (P.O.Beaver Falls) East Bangor .. -, '.is:; Bristol 7.1H4 Collegeviile... 611 EastBerlin 668 Broadford 1,124 Collingdale ... 603 East Brady 1,233 Broadtop Citv 258 Columbia 12,316 East Cone- Brockwavvill'e 1,777 Columbus &34 maugh ..... 2.175 Brookville 2.472 Colwyn 1,226 (P.O.Conemai ugh) Brownsville .. 1.552 Confluence 871 East Greens- Brvn Mawr 1,650 Conneaut Lake 343 burg 1,050 Burgettstown. 961 Conneautville. 920 (P.O.Greensburg) Burlington ... 179 Connellsville'. 7.160 East Greenville 894 Burnside 647 Conoquenessing 343 East McKees- Butler 10.853 Conshohocken 5,762 port 873 California 2,009 Coopersburg .. 556 East M a u c h Callensburg. .. 248 Cooperstown.. 243 Chunk 3,458 Cambridge Coplay 1,581 Easton .V..23S Springs 1,495 Coraopolis 2,555 East Pittsburg -,-s:; Camp Hill 360 i lorry 5.3f,'.i East Prospect. 292 Canonsburg. . . 2.714 Corsica 293 East Side 210 Canton 1.525 Coudersport .. 3,217 (P.O.Whitehaven) Carbondale ... 13.536 Courtdale 120 East Strouds- Carlisle 9,626 P.o.pringle) burg 2,64-8 Carmichaels .. 456 Covington 450 Eastvale 256 Carnegie 7,330 < irafton East Washing- Carrolltown... 790 < ressona 1,738 ton 1,051 Casseiman 150 Crose Roads... 167 (P.O.Washington) Cassville 168 Curllsville 131 Ebensburg 1,574 Catasauqua ... 3,963 Curwensville . 1,937 Eddy stone — 776 64 PENNSYLVANIA. Pennsylvania — < ontlnwed. Pop. 1900 Edenburg 704 (P.O. Knox) Edge wood . .. 1,189 (P. O. Edgewood Park) Edinboro 691 Edwardsville . 5.165 (P.O.Edwardsdale) Elco 850 Elderton 293 Eldred 963 Elgin... 138 Elizabeth 1,866 Elizabethtown 1,473 Elizabethville 838 Elkland 1,109 Elliott 3,345 Ellwood City. 2.243 Elmhurst 444 Eniaus 1,468 Einlenton .... 1,190 Emporium 2,463 Emsworth .... 958 Enon Valley.. 395 Ephrata 2,451 Erie 52,733 Esplen 2,364 (P.O.McKees Rocks) Etna 5,384 Evans City.... 1,203 Everett 1,864 Exeter 1,948 Factory ville.. 659 Fairchance ... 1,219 Fairfield 305 Fairview 327 Fairview 235 (P O Baldwin) Fallston 549 Fawn Grove.. 202 Fayette City.. 1,595 Felton 226 Ferndale 224 Finleyville.... 447 Fleetwood .... 978 Flemington... 864 Ford City 2,870 Forest City ... 4,279 Forksville .... 152 Forty Fort... 1,557 Fountain Hill. 1,214 (P.O. South Beth- lehem) Frackville .... 2,594 Frankfort Springs 128 Franklin 961 (P.O.Conemaugh) Franklin 7.317 Franklintowi . 250 Fredonia 437 Freedom 1.7S3 Freeland 5.254 Freemansburg 596 Freeport 1,754 Friendsville.. 110 Galeton 2,415 Pop. 1900 Gallitzln ... 2^9 Garreti Gaysport . BOfl (P.O.Hollidaysburg) Geneva 215 Georgetown .. 271 Gettysburg ... 8,495 Gllberton ... 4.373 Girard 954 Glrardvllle ... 8,666 Glasgow 172 (P.O.SmlthsFerry) Glenl)urn 307 Glen Campbell 1,626 Glendon. 704 (P. O. Easton) Glentieid 905 Glen Hope .... 220 Glenolden 873 Glen Hock.... 1,117 Goldsboro 385 (P.O. fitters) Gordon 1,165 Gouldsboro ... 93 (P.O.Thornhurst) Grampian 600 Grand Valley . 388 Gratz 489 Great Bend... 836 Greencastle... 1,463 Greenlane 272 Greensboro... 399 Greensburg... 6,508 Greentree 678 Greenville .... 4,814 Grove City.... 1,599 Halifax 618 Hallstead 1.404 Hamburg 2,315 Hanover 5,302 Harmony 645 Harrisburg.... 50,167 Harrisville.... 319 Hartleton 237 Hartstown 186 Hastings 1,621 Hatboro 823 Hatfield 528 Hawley 1,925 Ha,zleton 14,230 Hellertown 745 Hollidaysburg 2,998 Homer City . . . 570 Homestead 12.554 Honesdale 2,864 Honeybrook .. 609 Hookstown ... 259 Hooversville.. 465 Hopbottom... 326 Hopewell.... 182 (P. O. Hopewell Cotton Works) Hopewell 482 Houtzdale 1,482 Howard 563 Hughestown.. 1,548 (P. O. Pittstown) Pop. 1900 Hughesvllle... 1.528 irulin.-ville 451 Hummelstown 1.7SB Huntingdon. Hyde Park..,. 312 Hydetown ... Hyndman 1.212 Indiana. 4,112 Irvona Irwin 2,453 .ho -k-on Center 276 Jacksonville.. 82 (P.O Kent) Jamestown... 834 Jeannette Jeddo Jefferson 374 (P.O. Codoru8) Jefferson 311 Jenkintown... 2,091 Jennertown... 96 Jerinyn 2,567 Jersey Shore. Johnsonburg . Johnstown.... 35,9:36 Jonestown 571 Juniata 1,709 (P.O.Kipple) Kane 5.296 Karns Citv.... 265 Kennett Square 1.516 Kingston Kittanning ... 3.'.»02 Knoxville 3.511 (P.O. Mount Oliver) Knoxville 862 K utzto \vn 1 ,328 Latlin 2.54 Lancaster 41.459 Landingville .. 244 Landisburg ... 300 Lanesboro 821 Langhorne — 801 Lankiiorne Manor 222 (P.O. Langhorne) Lansdale 2.754 Lansdowne ... 2,630 Lansford La Plume 274 Laporte. 442 Latrobe 4Mt Laurel Run ... 696 (P.O. Olivers Mills) Lawrenceville 4^6 Lebanon 17.ti28 Leechburg.... 2.459 Lehighton .... 4.S29 Lenhartsville. 144 Leravsville ... 375 Lewfsber v ... 228 Lewisborg.... 3.457 Lewistown 4,451 Lewisville .... 619 (P O. Ulysses) Libert v 263 Ligonier 1,259 PENNSYLVANIA. 65 Pennsylvania — Continued. Pop. 1900 Lilly 1,276 Linesville .... 661 Lititz 1,637 Little Meadows 213 Littlestown. . 1,118 Livermore 175 Liverpool 653 Look Haven.. 7,210 Lockport 225 iP.O.Platea) Loganton 432 Loganville 343 Long Branch . 273 (P.O.Roscoe) Loretto 240 Ludwiek 901 (P.O.Greensburg) Lumber City.. 224 Luzerne 3.817 Lykens. 2,762 McAdoo 2,122 McConnellsburg 576 McDonald .... 2,475 McEwensville 208 McKeesport .. 34.227 McKees Rocks 6.352 McSherrystown 1,490 McVeytown .. 520 Macuhgie 692 Madison. 464 Mataaffey 741 Mahanoy City 13,504 , Mai vera 975 Manchester... 507 Manheira 2,019 Manns Choice 312 Manor 684 i P.O. M.anor Station) Manorville 453 Mansfield 1,847 Mapleton 612 (P, O. Mapleton Depot) Marcus Hook. 1,209 Marietta 2,469 Marion Center 294 Marklesburg.. 260 (P O. Aitch) Markleysburg 210 Mars 777 Martinsburg.. 590 Marysville.... 1,463 Masontown... 466 Munch Chunk. 4.029 Mayfleld 2i300 Meadville 10,291 Mechanicshurg 3,841 Meclianicsburg 161 i I'.i >. Brush Vallevi Media.... 3,075 Mercer 1,804 Mercersburg.. 956 Meshoppen... 609 Meversdale ... 3,024 Mlddleboro... 207 P. O. MeKean) Middleburg... 513 Pop. 1900 Middleport.... 540 Middletown... 5,608 Mifflinburg.... 1,436 Mifflintown... 953 Milesburg 594 Milford 884 Millersburg... 1,675 Mlllerstown... 950 (P. O. Chicora) Millerstown... 555 Mill Hall 1,010 Millheim 612 Millvale 6,736 (P. O. Bennett) Mill Village... 321 Millville 593 Milton 6.175 Miners Mills.. 2,224 Minersville ... 4.815 Monaca 2,008 Monessen 2,197 Monongahela . 5,173 Monroe 385 (P.O.Monroeton) Montgomery.. 1,063 Montooth 796 (P. O.Glenshaw) Montoursville 1,665 Montrose. 1,827 Moosic 1,227 Morrisville.... 1,371 Morton 889 Mt. Carbon... 252 (P. O.Pottsville) Mt. Carmel ... 13,179 Mt, Holly Springs 1,328 Mt. Jewett.... 1,553 Mt.Joy 2,018 Mt. Morris.... 345 Mt. Oliver 2,295 Mt. Pleasant.. 4,745 Mt. Union 1,086 Muncy 1.934 Nanticoke .... 12,116 Narberth 847 Nazareth 2,304 Nelson 542 Nescopeck 1,100 New Albany .. 425 New Alexandria 364 New Baltimore 201 New Berlin... 61C New Bethle- hem 1,269 New Brighton 6,820 New Buffalo.. 171 Newburg 340 Newburg 314 (P. O. Lajose) Newcastle .... 28,339 New ( enteiville 105 (P. o. Glade ) New Columbus 202 New Cumber- land 1,035 New Florence 800 Pop. 1900 New Freedom 550 New Galilee.. 327 New Haven... 1,532 New Holland . 902 New Hope .... 1,218 New Kensing- ton 4,665 New Lebanon. 185 New Milford.. 715 New Oxford.. 663 New Paris 205 New Philadel- phia 1,326 (P.O.Silvercreekj Newport 1,734 New Ringgold 228 Newry. 350 New Salem.... 241 (P. O. York New Salem) New Salem.... 381 (P. O. Delmont) Newton Hamil- ton 384 Newtown 1,463 Newville 1.655 New Washing- ton 213 New "Wilming- ton . 791 Nicholson 893 Norristown ... 22,265 North Belle- vernon 810 (P.O. Belle Vernon) North Brad- dock 6,535 (P. O. Braddock) North Charleroi 425 (P. O. Charleroi i Northeast .... 2,068 North Irwin. . . 403 (P. O. Irwin) Northumber- land 2,748 North Wales.. 1.287 North Washing- ton 1.473 (P.O.Washington) North York... 1,185 (Sub.-Sta.YorkP.O.) Norwood 1,286 (P. O. Norwood Station) Oakdale 1.147 Oakland 1,008 (P.O.Susquehanna) Oakmont 2,323 Ohiopyle 423 Oil City 18,264 Old Forge 5,680 Olyphant. 6,180 Orangeville... 439 Orbisonia <'.->:{ Orrstown 245 Orwigsburg... 1,518 66 PENNSYLVANIA. Pennsylvania —Continued. Pop. 1900 Osburn 362 (P.O.Sewlckley) Osceola (P.O.OsceolaMIlls) Osceola 698 <>x toid 2,032 PaloAlto .... 1.7D7 (P. o. Pottsville) Parkers Land- in- 1,070 Parkesburg... 1,788 Parnassus.. .. 1,791 Parryvllle 723 Phi-sous 2,529 Patterson 817 Patterson Heights 272 (P.O.Beaver Falls) Patton 2,651 PenArgy] 2,784 Penbrook 864 Penn 763 (P.O.Penns Station) Pennsburg 1,032 Perkasle 1,803 Petersburg ... 731 Petrolia 350 Philadelphia 1,293,697 Phtlipsburg . . . 3.266 Phoenixville.. 9,196 Picture Rocks 614 Pinegrove 1,084 Pitcairn 2,601 Pittsburg 321,616 Plttston 12,556 Pleasantville . 671 Pleasantville . 218 (P.O.Alumbank) Plymouth 13.649 Point Marion . 575 Polk 1,037 Portage 816 Port Allegany 1,853 Port Carbon... 2,168 Port Clinton .. 47* Portersville... 196 Portland 490 Port Royal.... 546 Port Vue 1,803 (P.O McKeesport) Pottstown . 13,696 Pottsville 15,710 Pronipton 258 Prospect 361 Prospect Park 1,050 (P. O.Moores) Punxsutawney 4.375 Quakertown .. 3.014 Quarry ville... 565 Queenstown .. 69 Railroad 213 Rainsburg 219 Ramey .. 866 Rankin 3,775 (.Sub -sta. Brad- dock P. O ) Reading 78,961 ' TJ Pop 1900 Red Lion 1,887 Renovo 4jOB2 Reynoldaville . 3:485 Rlcevllle 207 RIchlandtown 285 Ridgway 3.515 Ridley Park... 1,284 Riinersburg .. i-; Riverside 418 Roaring Spring 1,344 Rochester 4,688 Rock Bill.. .. 495 (P. 0. Hockhill Furnace) Rockledge 512 Rockwood 685 Rome. 233 Roscoe 1,854 Rosedale 386 (P.O.Johnstown) Rosevllle 215 (P.O. Rutland) Rouseville .... 516 Roxhury 808 (P.O.Jonnstown) Royalton 1,106 Royersford.... 2,607 Rutledge 369 Saegerstown.. 607 Salisbury 980 (P.O.Elklick) Salladasburg . 261 Saltillo 377 Saltsburg 828 Sandy Lake... 632 Saxonburg 807 Saxton 937 Sayre 5,243 Scalp Level ... 450 Schellsburg .. 312 Schuylkill Haven 3,654 Scottdale 4,261 Scranton .102.026 Selinsgrove... 1.326 Sellersville ... 1.247 Seven Valley.. 428 Sewlckley .... 3,568 Shade Gap 138 Shamokin .... 18,202 Sharon 8,916 Sharon Hill ... 1,058 Sharpsburg... 6,842 Sliarpsville.... 2,970 Sheaklevville. 164 Shelocta 92 Shenandoah .. 20.321 Sheridan 2,948 (P.O Sheridanvillei Shickshinny .. 1.456 Shippensburg. Shippenvllle .. 813 Shiremanstown 5(4 Shirleysburg.. 230 Shrewsbury . Silverdale .... 255 Siverly 783 m , Pop. 1900 Slatlngton .... 3,773 BUgO 505 SUpperyrock . 993 Snicthport .... 1,704 Smlcksburg... 2:57 Smlthneld.... Snydertown .. 276 Somerfleld .... 178 Somerset 1,884 Souderton 1,077 Smith Bethle- hem 13541 South Bethlehem 183 (P. O. New Beth- lehem) South Canons- burg 610 (P. O. Canonsburg) Southeast Greensburg . 620 (P O. Greensburg) South Fork.... 2,635 South Greens- burg 700 (P. O. (rreensburg; South Philips- bur- 497 (P.O. Philipsburg) South Renovo. 425 (P. O. Renovo) South Washing- ton 1,230 (P.O.Washington) South Waverlv 1.215 (P.O.Waverlv,N.Y.) Southwest Greensburg. 831 (P. O.Greensburg) South Williams- Port 3,328 Spangler 1.616 Spartansburg. 488 Speers 369 Springboro 603 Spring City... 2,566 Springfield.... 834 (.P.O. East Spring- field) Spring Garden 1,015 (P. O. Mutzig) Spring Grove . 1,005 (P.O. Springforge) St. Clair. 4.638 St. Clairsville. 102 St. Marys 4,295 St. Petersburg 482 Starrucca 404 State College.. 851 Steelton 12,086 Stewartstown. 573 Stillwater .... 177 Stockdale 731 Stoneboro 1,061 Stoystown 306 Strasborg. 916 Strattanville.. 262 Stroudsburg .. 3,450 PORTO RICO. 67 Pmthsylvahi a— Continued. Pup. 1900 Sugar Grove.. 511 Sugaruotch... 1,887 Bnmmerhill... 591 Summerville.. 380 Suniii.it Hill .. 2,986 Sunbury 9,810 Sunville 92 Susquehanna . 3,813 Swarthmore... 903 Swissvale 1,716 Swoyersville.. 2.257 356 2.097 961 3.630 639 1,168 1,783 1.S04 900 Pottsboro Quanah .. Ravenna . Richmond Riogrande Rockdale. Rockport. Rockwall 1.245 Rogers Roundrock Rovse City.... Rusk Sabine Pass... San Antonio.. San Augustine SanElizario... San Felipe San Marcos... Savoy Schulenburg.. Sealy.. Seguin Seymour 1.475 Sherman 10,243 Shiner 845 Smithville .... 2.577 Spanish Fort.. 247 Springtown . St. Jo Stephenville Sulphur Springs 3.6:35 Sweetwater... 670 Tavlor 4,211 1 .651 290 1,187 2.'*7 2.515 1.153 1,138 503 846 363 53.321 261 1.426 241 2.292 343 1,149 1.0S4 2.421 51S 825 1.902 Pop. 1900 Tehuacana 382 Temple 7,065 Terrell 6,330 Texarkana .... 5.256 (V.n. exaikana.Ark.) Thurbur 1.453 Tom Bean 299 Trenton 420 Troupe 724 Tvler 8,069 Uvalde... 1,889 Valley Mills... 519 Van Alstvne.. 1,940 Velasco 942 Vernon 1,993 Victoria 4,010 Waco Walton Waxahachie . Weatherford. Weimar West 894 4.215 4.786 1.337 851 Wharton 1, 1.243 1.804 2,480 1,347 899 1,549 773 3,499 846 Ysleta 1,562 Whitesboro .. Whitewrieht.. Wichita Falls. Wills Point.... Winnsboro Wolfe City.... Wylie Yoakum Yorktown. UTAH. Population 276,749. Beaver ... Boxelder Cache Carbon Pop. 1900 .... 3.613 Juab .... 10,009 .... 18,139 5.004 Davis 7.996 Piute COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 .... 10.0S2 Kane 1,811 Millard; 5,678 Morgan. 2,045 Emery Garfield Grand 1,149 Iron 3.546 4.657 3.40M Rich Salt Lake San Juan Sanpete _ INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, ETC 1.954 1.946 77.725 1.023 16,313 Pop. 1900 Sevier 8,451 Summit. 9,439 Tooele 7,361 Uinta 6,458 Utah 32,456 Wasatch.. 4.736 Washington... 4.612 Wayne I,9u7 Weber.... 25,239 Alpine. 520 Deseret AmericanFork 2.732 Draper 215 362 1,701 530 BinghamCanyon 1,193 Aurora Bear River Beaver Benjamin 236 325 Elsihore 625 Emerv 256 Ephraim 2,086 Escalante Eureka. 531 Heber 1.534 Helpen Holden 293 Holliday Hooper 386 Huntington... 653 3,(85 Huntsville 890 Bountiful Brigham ... Castle Dale. Castlegate . Cedar City . Centerville. Charleston . ClrclevDle. . Clarkston .. Coalville ... Corinne 1.442 Fairview 1.11 2.-59 559 789 Farmington. Ferron 968 Fillmore 1, 1,425 Frisco 321 Fountain Green 234 Glenwood 219 Goshen Granger. Grants vllle Gunnison 27 s 81 H Hyd.'park 268 Hyrum 1,652 Joseph 343 Kamas 231 216 Kanab 71(1 755 Kanush 391 122 Kavsville .... 645 Layton 384 LehlCity.... Lewlston .... 499 829 Loa 216 76 VERMONT— VIRGINIA. UTAH — Continued. Pop. 1900 Logan 5,451 Mammoth 585 Manti 2,408 Mapleton 278 Mayfleld 209 Mention 494 Mercur 2,351 Midway 719 Millcreek 1,500 Millvllle 224 Minersville.... 437 Moab 269 Monroe 1,057 Morgan 600 Moroni 1,224 Mt. Pleasant . . 2.372 Murray 2,137 Nephi 2,208 Newton 429 North Ogden.. 820 Ogden 16,313 Pop. 1900 Ophir 209 Orangevllle ... 891 Orderville 290 Pangultch .... 883 Paradise 5% Park City 3.751) Parowan 1,039 Payson... 2,636 Peoa 236 Plain City 815 Pleasant Grove 2,460 Price 539 Providence 877 ProvoCity .... 6,185 Randolph 312 Redmond 451 Richfield 1.969 Richmond 1,111 Riverton 318 Robinson. 302 St. George .... 1,600 Pop- 1900 Salem Salina 847 Salt Lake City. 58,531 Sandy . ... 1,080 Santaquin 889 Bciplo ..... Scofleld 612 Silver City.. Smithfield 1,494 Spanish fork- Spring City.... 1,135 Sprlngvllle.— 3,422 Stockton 226 Taylorsville... 170 Tooele 1,200 Vernal 664 Washington... 529 Wellsville 908 West Jordan.. 337 Willard 580 VERMONT. Population, 343,641. Addison Bennington Caledonia . Chittenden Essex Pop. 1900 ... 21,912 21,705 24.381 39,600 8,056 COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Franklin 30,198 Grand Isle .... 4,462 Lamoille 12,289 Orange 19,313 Orleans 22,024 Pop. 1930 Rutland 44.209 Washington .. 36,607 Windham 26.660 Windsor 32,225 INCORPORATED CITIES AND VILLAGES. Barre 8,448 Barton 1,050 Barton Land- ing 677 Bellows Falls. 4.337 Bennington .. 5,656 Bennington Center 215 Bradford 614 Brattleboro... 5,297 Burlington.... 18,640 Cabot 226 Chester 950 Derby 297 Derby Line... 309 Enosburg Falls 954 Essex Junction 1,141 Fair Haven ... Hardwick Hyde Park .... Johnson Ludlow Lyndon Center Lyndonville... Middlebury. .. Montpelier.... Morrisville Newport North Benning- ton Northfield .... North Troy... Plainfleld Proctor ... 2,470 Randolph 1,540 1 ,334 Readsboro 658 422 Richford 1.513 587 Rutland.. 11.499 1,454 St. Albans 6.239 232 St. Johnsburv. 5,666 1 .274 Springfield 2.010 1.897 Stowe 500 6,266 S wanton 1,168 1,262 Vergennes 1,753 1,874 AVaterbury 1.597 AVellsIiiver... 565 670 West Derby... 913 1.50S A\ ilmington .. 410 562 Windsor 1,656 341 Winooski 3,783 2,013 Woodstock ... 1,234 VIRGINIA. Population, 1,854,184. Pop. 1900 Accomac 32,570 Albemarle .... 28.473 Alexandria 6.430 Alleghany .... 16,330 Amelia 9,037 Amherst 17,864 Appomattox.. 9.662 Augusta 32.370 Bath 5,595 Bedford 30.356 Bland 5,497 COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Botetourt 17.161 Brunswick.... 18.217 Buchanan .... 9,692 Buckingham.. 15,266 Campbell 23,256 Caroline 16.709 Carroll 19.303 Charles City.. 5.040 Charlotte 15,343 Chesterfield .. 18,804 Clarke 7,927 Pop. 1900 Craig 4.293 Culpeper 14,123 Cumberland .. 8.996 Dickenson 7.747 Dinwiddie .... 15.374 Elizabeth City 19,480 Essex 9,701 Fairfax 18,580 Fauquier. 23.374 Floyd 15,388 Fluvanna 9,050 VIRGINIA. 77 Virgin ia — Continued Pop. 1900 Franklin 25,953 Frederick 18,239 Giles 10,793 Gloucester... Goochland.... 9,519 Grayson Greene 6,214 Greenesville.. 9,758 Halifax.. 37,191 Hanover 1 1,618 Henrico 80,062 Henry 19,265 Highland 5X47 Isle of Wight. 13,102 James City.... 3,688 King and Queen 9,265 King George., 6.918 King William. 8,380 Lancaster 8,949 Lee 19,856 Loudoun 21,948 Louisa. 10.517 Lunenburg 11,705 Madison 10,216 Mathews 8.239 Mecklenburg . 26.551 Middlesex..., Montgomery.. Nansemond .. 23,078 Nelson 16,075 NewKent 4,865 Norfolk 50,780 Northampton. 13,770 Northumber- land 9,846 INCORPORATED Abingdon 1,306 Accomac 625 Alexandria ... 14,528 Almagro Amelia 380 Amherst 590 Arlington .... 900 Ashland 1.147 BartonHeights 763 Basic City 1.270 Bedford City.. 2,410 Belfield...:... 493 Belle Haven.. 331 Berkley 4,988 BerryvlUe... Big Stone Gap. 1,617 Blacksburg... 768 Blacketone ... 58a Bond 295 (P. O. Coeburn) Bowling Green 45S Boydton Boykins.... Brfdgewater.. 384 Bristol 4,579 (P. O. Bristol, Teun.i Broadway 400 Brookneal .... 370 Buchanan 716 Pop. 1900 Nottoway 12,366 Orange 12.571 Page 13,794 Patrick 15,403 Pittsylvania .. 46,894 Powhatan 6,824 Prince Edward 15,045 Prince George 7,752 Princess Anne 11,192 PrinceWilliam 11,112 Pulaski 14,609 Rappahannock 8,843 Richmond 7,088 Roanoke 15,837 Rorkbridge.. 21,799 Rockingham . 33,527 Russell 18,031 Scott 22.094 Shenandoah .. 20,253 Smyth 17.121 Southampton. 22,848 Spottsylvania. 9,239 Stafford 8,097 Surry 8,409 Sussex 12,082 Tazewell 23.3S4 Warren 8.837 Warwick 4,888 Washington .. 28.995 Westmoreland 9,243 Wise 19,653 Wythe 20,437 York 7,482 City of Alexandria 14,523 CITIES. TOWNS, V Buena Vista.. 2,388 Burkeville .... 510 Cape Charles . 1.040 Charlottesville 6,449 Chase City 542 Chatham 918 Chincoteague Island 2,740 Christiansburg 659 Cliurchland ... 250 City point...;.. 409 Claremont 505 Ciarksville ... 723 Clifton Forge. 3,212 Clinchport 183 Clintwood 255 Clover 4U0 Coeburn 295 Collicrstown . 376 Colonial Beach 453 Columbia 210 Courtland . Covington .... 2,950 Crewe. Culpeper 1,618 Danville 16,520 Dayton 425 Dublin 410 Duffleld 98 Dumfries 100 Pop. 1900 City of Bristol 4,579 City of Buena Vista 2,388 City of Charlottes- ville 6,449 City of Danville 16,520 City of Fredericks- burg 5,068 City of Lynchburg 18,891 City of Manchester 9,715 Citv of Newport News... 19,635 City of Norfolk 46,624 City of Petersburg 21.810 City of Portsmouth 17,427 City of Radford 3.344 City of Richmond 85,050 City of Roanoke 21,495 City of Staunton 7,289 City of Williams- burg 2.044 City of Winchester 5,101 ILLAGES, ETC. East StoneGap 349 Eastville 313 Edinburg 512 Elkton 511 Emporia 1,027 Ettricks 991 Fairfax 373 Fairport 850 Falls Church.. 1.007 Farmville .... 2.471 Fincastle 052 Floyd 402 Fort Myer .... 000 Fortress Monroe 1,000 Franklin 1,143 Fredericksburg 5,068 Front Royal .. 1,005 Ity 521 Gilmerton .... 577 Glade Spring . 301 i lie .... 511 (P. O. Wise) Glen Wilton.. 155 Gloucester .. 465 Gordonsville.. 603 Goshen. 253 I P.O.Goshen Bridge) Graham . 1,554 Grundy 200 78 WASHINGTON. Vim; i ma — Continued Pop. 1900 Hamilton 364 Hampden Sidney 450 Hampton 2,764 Harrisonburg. 3,521 Heathsville... 525 Herndon 692 HlUsboro 131 Holland 183 Holstein Mills 50 Honaker 295 Houston 687 Iron Gate 392 Ivanhoe 660 James River.. 1,400 Jonesville 437 Keysville 82 Lawrenceville 760 Lebanon 325 Leesburg 1,513 Lexington 3.203 Longdate 810 Louisa 261 Lovettsville .. 97 Lowmoor. 989 Luray.... 1.147 Lynchburg.... 18,891 McDowell 136 McGaheysville 375 Madison 405 Manassas 817 Manchester... 9,715 Marion 2,045 Martinsville .. 2,384 Matoaca 661 Mechanicsburg 113 Middleburg... 296 Middletown... 423 Midlothian 300 Millwood 400 Monterey 246 Mt. Crawford . 330 Mt. Jackson .. 472 Mt. Sidney.... 197 Pop. 1900 National Soldiers Borne 3.om Newbern 152 Newcastle 299 New Hope 124 New Markel Newport New Newriver Depot 685 Norfolk 46.624 Northside 584 (P.O. Bartonhelgbts) North Tazewell 320 Norton 654 Occoquan 297 Onancock 938 Orange 536 Parksley 450 Pearisburg 464 Pennington Gap 899 Petersburg.... 21.810 Phoebus 2,094 Pinners 2.500 Pocahontas... 2,789 Port Royal.... 193 Portsmouth... 17.427 Pulaski 2,813 Radford 3,344 Reedville 145 Remington.... 198 Richlands 475 Richmond .... 85,050 Ridgeway 332 Ri vert on 650 Roanoke 21,495 Rocky Mount. 612 Roundhill 351 Rural Retreat. 800 Rustburg 352 Salem 3.412 Saltville.. 1,051 Scottsville.... 1.248 Seddon 249 (P. O. Bland) Pop 1900 Shenandoah Shendon 381 (P. o. Grottoes) Slngerglen .... lift Smithlield .... 1,225 Smlthville . Snowy illc 291 South Boston South Norfolk 1,000 sperrvville ... 378 Staunton 7,289 Stevens City.. 490 Strasburg..... 690 Stuart Suffolk Tacoma 247 Tappahannock 554 Tazewell 1,096 Timberville... 173 Upperville.. Urbanna 500 Vienna 317 Vinton 1.438 Virgilina. 200 Warrenton 1.627 Washington... 300 Waterford .... 383 Waverly 493 Waynesboro .. 856 "West Clinton Forge 367 (P.O. Clifton Forge) West Norfolk. 600 West Point.... 1,307 "Wiehle 51 Williamsburg. 2.044 Winchester... 5.161 Winterpock... 656 Woodstock.... 1.069 Wytheville ... 3,003 Yorktown 151 WASHINGTON. Population, 51S,103. Pop. 1900 Adams 4,840 Asotin 3,366 Chehalis 15,124 Chelan 3,931 Clallam 5,603 Clarke 13,4i9 Columbia 7,128 Cowlitz 7,877 Douglas 4,926 Ferrv 4.562 Franklin 486 Garfield 3,918 COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Island 1,870 Jefferson 5.712 King 110.053 Kitsap 6,767 Kittitas 9.7(14 Klickitat 6.407 Lewis 15.157 Lincoln 11,969 Mason 3.810 Okanogan 4,689 Pacific 5.983 Pierce 55.515 Pop. 1900 Pan Juan 2,928 Skagit 14.272 Skamania 1,688 Snohomish 23.950 Spokane 57.542 Stevens 10,543 Thurston 9,927 Wahkiakum .. 2.S19 Wallawalla ... 18.680 Whatcom 24.116 Whitman 25,360 Yakima 13,462 INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS. VILLAGES, ETC. Aberdeen 3.747 Ballard 4,568 Bothell 216 Anacortes 1,476 Biglake 210 Bremerton.... 220 Arlington 852 BlackDiamond 570 Bucklcv 1.014 Asotin 470 Blaine 1.592 Bucoda 366 Auburn 489 Bossbuvg 247 Burlington... 227 WEST VIRGINIA. "Wasuingtox- -Continued. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Camas 520 Harrington ... (84 Rltzville 761 Carbonado 730 Hoqulam 2,608 Roche Harbor. 25 1 Castle Rock... 750 Iiwaco 58 1 Rockford 133 Cathlauiet 219 Kalama 554 Rosalia 379 Centerville 800 Kelso 694 Roslyn 2,786 Centraiia 1,600 Kent 755 Seattle 0,671 Chehalis 1,775 Kettle Falls... 2'.I7 Sedro "Woolley 885 Chelan 330 Kirkland 264 Shclton 838 Cheney 781 La Conner 564 SMney ... 254 Chewelah 437 Latah 253 (P.O. Port Orchard) Clarkston 480 Leavenworth . 299 Snohomish 2,101 Cle Elum 296 Loomis 428 South Bend... 711 Colfax 2,121 Lowell 478 South Park ... 560 Colton 251 Lynden Marcus 365 South Prairie. 351 Columbia 337 Spangle 331 Colville 594 Marysville 7-28 Spokane - Concully 251 Medical Lake. 516 Sprague 695 Cosmopolis 1,004 Montesano 1,194 Springdale 25 1 Cou.ee City ... 308 Mt. Vernon ... 1.120 Stanwood 596 Coupeville 540 Xew Whatcom 6.834 Steilacoom*... 1,015 Creston 250 (Pop. as re-enumer- Sultan 312 Davenport 1,000 ated, 9,135 Sumas 319 Dayton 2.216 Northport 787 Sumner _ 531 East Spokane. 369 North Yakima. 3,154 Tacoma 37.714 Edmonds. 474 Oakesdale 928 Tekoa 717 Edwall 250 Ocosta 166 Toledo 285 Elberton 297 Olvmpia 3,863 Tumwater 270 Ellensburg ... 1,737 Orting... 728 Uniontown 4(14 Elma 894 Palouse 929 Utsaladdv 210 Enumclaw 245 Paaco. 254 Vancouver ... 3.12C. Everett 7,8:38 Pataha City... 157 Waltsburg 1,011 Fairfield 413 Pomeroy 953 Wallawalla ... 10,049 Fairhaven 4,228 Port Angeles.. 2,321 Wallula 251 Farmington .. 434 Port Orchard . 197 "Waterville .... 482 Fernhill 300 PortTownsend 3.443 Waverly 529 Fremont 998 Prescott 325 Wenatcb.ee. ... 451 Friday Harbor 282 Prosser 229 Wilbur 595 Garfield 697 Pullman 1,308 AVilkeson 363 Oilman 700 Puyallup 1,884 Winlock 655 (P. O. Issaquab) Eearden 303 "iakima City .. 287 Goldendale 738 Renton 412 Hamilton 392 Republic 2,050 WEST VIRGINIA. Population, 938,800. Pop. 1900 .... 14.198 .... 19.469 .... 8,194 .... 18.904 .... 7,219 Barbour. Berkeley Boone. Braxton . Brooke ... Cabell 29.252 Calhoun 10,266 Clay 8.248 Doddridge .... 13,689 Fayette 31,987 Gilmer 11,762 Grant 7.275 Greenbrier.... 20,683 Hampshire.... 11.806 Hancock 6,693 Hardy 8,449 Harrison 27.690 Jackson 22,987 Jefferson 15,9:35 COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Kanawha 54,696 Lewis 16,9S0 Lincoln. 15,434 Logan 6,955 McDowell 18,747 Marion 32,430 Marshall 26.441 Mason 24,142 Mercer 23.023 Mineral .... Mingo. _ 11.359 Monongalia... 19,049 Monroe 13,130 Morgan - 7,294 Nicholas 11,403 Ohio 18,024 Pendleton 9,167 Pleasants 9,846 Pocahontas... 8,572 Pop. 1900 Preston 22,727 Putnam 17,330 Raleigh Randolph 17,670 Ritchie 18,901 Roane Summers 16,265 Taylor 14,978 Tucker Upshur 14,696 "Wavne 23,619 Wetzel ... Wirt 10,284 W 1 Wyoming .. so WEST VIRGINIA. Wbs i Virginia— Continued. ENCOfcPORATED CITIES, town-. TILLAGES, ETC. Pop. 1900 Addison 297 Alderson 518 Alvy 896 Amos 518 Ansted 1,090 Aracoma 444 (P O. Logan) Austen 289 Barboursville. 4-29 Bayard 540 teckley 342 ielington 430 Benwood 4.511 Berkeley Springs 781 Bethany 245 Beury 449 Beverly 464 Blacksville ... 180 Bluefleld 4.044 Bolivar. 781 Bramwell 825 Brandonville.. 68 Bridgeport.... 464 Brooklyn 632 (.P.O.IS'ew Martins- ville) Bruceton 80 (P.O.Bruceton Mills) Bnckhannon.. 1,589 Buffalo 364 Cairo 653 Cameron 964 Cannelton 342 Caper ton 356 Centerville. _. 156 (P. O. Alma) Central City.. 1,580 (Sta. Huntington P.O.) Ceredo 1.279 Charleston.... 11.099 Charles Town. 2,392 Claremont 593 Clarksburg 4.(150 Clay 413 Clifton 427 Coalburg 519 Cowen 257 Crescent 382 Culloden 99 Davis..' 2,391 Dingess. 354 Dobbin 4% Eatrle 1,200 Eastbank 468 Eeknian 996 Elizabeth 657 Elk Garden... 581 Elktaorn 1,123 Elkins 2,016 Ellenboro 330 Elm Grove.... 768 Fairmont 5,655 Fairview...:.. 407 (P. O. Wayne) Pop. 1900 Farming Fayetteville Fetterman ... f96 Fort Gay .... 832 Frankford .... 188 Franklin Freeman 813 Friendly Glenville :::>-; Gormania 344 Grafton 5,650 GrantsvUle ... 225 Greenmont ... 349 (P.O.Morgantown) Guyandot 1,450 Hamlin 380 Handley Harpers Ferry 896 Harrisville...'. 472 Hartford 515 Hawks Nest... 109 Hedgesville... 342 Henderson 304 Hendricks 317 Henry (P.O.Clay) 339 Hillsboro " 204 (P O. Academy) Hill Top * 263 (P. O. Redstar) Hinton 3,763 Hundred 261 Huntington... 11,923 Hurricane 240 Independence. 206 Janelew 324 Junior 335 Kanawha 659 Kenova... 863 Keyser 2,536 Keystone .... Kingwood Too Lazearvilte— . 408 Leatherwood.. 123 (P.O.Wheeling) Leon 250 Lewisburg .... 872 Littleton 509 Macdonald.... 890 McDowell 1.241 McMechen .... 1,465 Maiden 389 Mammoth... . 390 Mannington... 1,681 Marlington.... 171 Martinsburg .. 7,564 Mason 904 Maybeury 1,679 Middlebourne. 403 Middle way.... (66 Milton. ' 582 Monongab .... 1,786 Montana Mines 410 Montgomery.. 1.594 Moorefiekl .... 460 Morgantown.. 1,895 Pop. 1900 Moundsville .. 5,862 Mt. Hope 351 Newburg 751 NewC umber land2,196 New Haven . 580 New Martins- ville 1,089 Xuttallburg... 395 Oceana 187 Parkersburg .. 11.703 Parsons 618 Paw Paw 693 Pennsboro 738 Peterstown ... 167 Philippi 685 Pickens. 490 Piedmont 2,115 Pleasant Valley 180 (P.O.Wheeling) Poca 362 Point Pleasant 1,934 Powellton 503 Powhatan 439 Primtvtown... 358 Quinnimont... 618 Ravenswood.. 1.074 Raymond City 690 Keedy.... 300 Ripley 579 Rivesville 164 Romney 580 Ronceverte ... 968 Rowlesburg. 652 Salem 746 Seneca 723 (P.O. Morgantown) Shepherdstown 1,184 Sherrard 323 Shinnston 535 Sistersville.... 2,979 South Elkins.. 206 (P. O. Elkins) So. Morgantown 405 (P.O. Morgantown) Spencer 737 Springfield.... 143 St. Albans 816 St. George .... 152 St. Marys 825 Stonecl'if t 359 Summersville. 223 Sutton 864 Talcott 360 Terra Alta .... 616 Thomas 2.126 Thurmond.... 447 Triadelphia ... 287 Troy 148 Tunnelton 479 Union 256 Vivian 619 wardensville. 152 Watson' 18 (P.O. Capon Springs) Welch 442 WISCONSIN. 81 West Virginia — Continued Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Wellsburg 2,588 West Union... 623 Williamson... 710 West Colombia 205 Wheeling 38,878 Williamstown. 403 West Millord . ls7 White Sulphur Winfield 338 Weston 2,560 Springs 518 Winona 2,340 WISCONSIN Pop. 1900 Adams it. 141 Ashland 20,176 Barron 23.677 Bayfield .... .. 14,392 Brown 46,359 Buffalo 16,765 Burnett 7,478 Calumet 17,078 Chippewa 33,037 Clark 25,848 Columbia 31.121 Crawford Dane Dodge Door Douglas Dunn Eau Claire .. Florence . .. P'ond du Lac Forest Grant. ,Green 22.719 Green Lake ... 15,797 17.2^; 69.4.S5 46.631 17.5S3 36.335 25.(143 31,692 3,197 47.5S9 1.396 SS.syi Population COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Iowa 23,114 Iron 6.616 Jackson 17,466 Jefferson 34,789 Juneau 20,629 Kenosha 21,707 Kewaunee 17.212 LaCrosse 42,997 Lafayette 20,959 Langdale 12.553 Lincoln... 16,269 Manitowoc... 42,261 Marathon 43,256 Marinette .... 30,822 Marquette .... 10,509 Milwaukee.... 330.01 7 Monroe 28,103 Oconto 20,874 Oneida 8,875 Outagamie.... 46.247 Ozaukee 16.363 Pepin 7.905 Pierce 23,943 Polk 17,801 •2,069,042. Pop. 1900 Portage 29,483 Price... 9,106 Racine 45.644 Kichland 19,483 Rock 51.203 Sauk 33,006 Sawyer. 3,593 Shawano 27.475 Sheboygan .... 50,345 St. Croix 26,830 Taylor... 11,262 Trempealeau . 23,114 Vernon Vilas Walworth ... Washburn Washington.. Waukesha ... Waupaca Waushara Winnebago .. Wood 25,865 28.351 4,929 29.259 5,521 23.5S9 35.229 31,615 15.972 58.225 INCORPORATED CITIES, VILLAGES, ETC. Abbotsford . Ableman Albany Algonia Alloues. Alma Altoona Amery Amherst Antigo Appleton Arborvitae.. Arcadia Argyle Ashland Auburndale. 443 430 797 1,738 731 1,201 721 905 558 5,145 15.085 528 1,273 525 13,074 241 Augusta 1,256 Avoca Baldwin .. Bangor Baraboo.. . Barron Bayfield... Beaverdara Belleville . Belmont... Beloit Benton Berlin 4,489 Blrnamwood.. 475 Blackcreek ... 400 5(J9 10,436 546 Black River Falls Blair Blanchardville Bloomer Bloomington.. Boscobel Boyd Brandon Brillion Brodhead Browntown... Buffalo Burlington Butternut Cadott Cambria Cameron Campbellsport Camp Douglas Cashton Cassville Cedarburg Cedar Grove Chetek Chilton Chippewa Falls Clear Lake Clinton Clintonville... Colby 1,938 438 573 811 611 1.637 674 663 855 1,584 246 254 2.526 700 840 561 394 588 432 510 979 1 ,626 327 531 1,460 8,094 527 871 1 ,658 667 Columbus 2,349 Commonwealth 700 Cuba City 636 Cudahy. 1,366 Cumberland... 1,328 Dane 280 Darlington ... 1,808 Danford 450 Deertteld 515 Delavan 2,244 Depere 4,038 De Soto 387 Dodgeville 1,865 Drummond ... 471 Durand 1,458 Eagle. 324 Eagle River... 1,200 Eau Claire 17,517 Edgar 478 Edgerton 2,192 Elkhart Lake 464 fP.O. Elkhart) Elkhorn 1,731 Ellsworth 1,063 Kirov 1,685 Embarrass 270 Bvansvllle 1,864 Fallcreek 527 Falrchild 947 Fennlmore 1,083 Florence 1, 82 WISCONSIN. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Fond (in Lac .. 15,110 - in 706 Fori Atkinson 8,048 Mar-tj field .... . 5 .'J 10 Fountain City 1,081 Mar toon . 1,400 Fox Lake 890 Mauston . 1,718 Fredonia 630 Mayville . 1,815 Fremont 263 Mazomanle .. 91 Q Galesville ...-. Mcliord . 1,758 Genoa 467 Mellen 577 Glenwood 1,789 Mcna.-ha GUdden 571 Menominee ... 5,655 Grafton 478 Menomonee Falls 687 Grantsburg ... 612 Merrill . B.537 Gratiot 335 Mcrrillan 739 Grand Rapids. 4,498 Merrimack... . 350 Green Bay 1S.HSI Milton 685 Greenwood ... 708 Milton Junction 681 Hammond 404 Milwaukee... .2-5.315 Hartford 1,632 Mineral Point . 2,991 Hartland 629 Mishicott 557 Hayward 1,864 Mondovi . 1.20S Hazel Green.. 442 Montello B57 Highland 913 Monroe . 3,927 Hilhert 497 Montfort 627 Hillsboro 785 Monticello... 559 Horieon 1,376 Mosinee 657 Hortonville ... 913 Mt. Horeb ... 864 Hudson 3.259 Mukwonago . 491 Hurley 2,267 Muscoda 743 Hustisford 540 Necedah . 1,209 Independence. 630 Neenah . 5.954 Iola 558 Neillsvllle .... . 2,104 Iron River 1,007 Nekoosa 745 Jacksonport .. 450 New Glarus.. 515 Janesville 13,185 Xew Lisbon.. . 1.014 Jefferson 2.584 New London. . 2. 742 Juneau 891 New Richmond 1.631 Kaukauna 5,115 North Freedom 485 Kendall. 460 NorthGreenfieldl,006 Kenosha 11,606 North Miiwau kee Kewaskum 679 1.049 Kewaunee 1,773 Northport 348 Kiel 924 Nor walk 357 Kilbourn City. 1,134 Oakfleld 466 La Crosse 2S.895 Oconomowoc . . 2.880 La Farge 488 Oconto . 5,646 Lake Geneva . 2,585 Odanah . 1.000 Lake Mills.... 1,387 Omro . 1,358 Lake Nebage- Onalaska . 1,368 main 1,010 Ontario . 389 Lancaster 2.403 Oregon . 697 Lavalle 386 Orfordville.... 277 Linden 543 Osceola 466 Little Chute.. 944 Oshkosh . 28.284 Lodi 1,068 Osseo 472 Lomira 492 Packwaukee.. 237 Lone Rock 512 Palmyra 716 Lowell 333 Pardeeville... rsa Loyal.. 645 Pence 421 Lvnxville 322 Pepin 407 McMillan 200 Peshtigo Pewaukee 1,719 Madison 19.164 714 Maiden Rock . 304 Phillips . 1,820 Manawa 744 Pittsville 634 Manitowoc 11,786 Plaiuneld 728 Marathon 528 Platteville.... . 3.340 Marinette 16,195 Plover . 319 Marion 602 Plymouth . 2,257 Pop. 1900 Portage 5,459 Port Edwards. 581 Port Washington 3,010 PotOSi 434 Poynette. 888 Prairie duChien 3,232 Prairie dn Sac 696 Prentice Prescott 1,002 Princeton .... 1.202 Racine 29,102 Randolph 738 Readstown 403 Reedsburg.... 2,225 Reedsviile.... 428 Reeseville .... 393 Rhinelander .. 4,998 Riblake 622 Rice Lake .... 3,002 RichlandCenter 2,321 Rio.... 479 Ripon 3,818 River Falls ... 2,008 Rochester 296 Rome 263 Rosendale .... 296 Sauk City 810 Scandinavia .. 320 Schleisingerville 549 Schofleld 573 Seymour 1,026 Sharon 945 Shawano 1.863 Shebovgan ... 22.962 Sheboygan Falls 1,301 Shelbv.. 780 Shell Lake.... 1,500 ShullBburg.... 1,250 Soldiers Grove 680 South Milwaukee 3,392 Sparta 3,555 Spencer 526 Spooner 486 Spring Green . 621 Spring Valley. 1,021 St. Croix Falls 622 St. Francis.... 742 St. Xazainz ... 518 Stanley.. 2,387 Star Prairie... 269 Stevens Point. 9.524 Stoughton 3.431 Stratford 253 Sturgeon Bay. 3.3?2 Sun Prairie ... 938 Superior 31.091 Theresa. 355 Thiensville ... 303 Thorp 838 Titrerton 723 Tomah 2.840 Tomahawk.... 2,291 Trempealeau . 609 Turtle Lake... 326 WYOMING. 83 Wisconsin — Continued. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Two Rivers.. . 3.7^4 Waupun... .. 3,185 weyauwega .. 911 [ nil m Center . 287 w ausau - . . 12,354 Whlteflah Hay 512 I nion Grove. . 520 AVausaukee ... 1,48(5 Whitehall 600 Verona . 228 Wautoma 508 Whitewater... 3,405 Viola _. . 432 wauwatosa... 2,842 Wilson 393 Viroqua . 1,950 Wauzeka 471 Wilton 400 "W aterloo . 1,137 Wayside 271 wmneconne.. 1,042 Watertown .. . 8.437 West Bend.... 2,119 Wittenberg... 798 A\ aukau 289 Westboro 600 wonewoc 811 "Waukesha ... . 7.419 Westby 524 Woodboro 338 Waunakee ... 443 Westtield 7iki Wrightstown . 420 Waupaca . 2,912 West Salem... 725 Wyocena 351 WYOMING. Population, 92,531 COUNTIES. Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Pop. 1900 Sweetwater... 8,455 Uinta 12,223 9,589 Laramie 20.181 Weston 3,203 3.337 Natrona 1,785 3,137 Sheridan 5,122 Albany 13,084 Fremont 5.35' Bighorn 4.328 Johnson 2,361 Carbon ... Converse . Crook Yellowstone National Park 369 Afton. Aladdin Almy Atlantic City Auburn Baggs Basin... Battle Beulah Bighorn Buffalo Cambria Carbon Casper. Cheyenne Clearmont. .. Cody Cokeville Dayton Diamondville INCORPORATED CITIES. 449 Dixon 106 Douglas 250 Encampment . 235 Evanston 100 Fairview 156 Fort Bridger.. 489 Germania 132 Gillette 117 Glenrock 154 Green River... 710 Guernsey 750 Hanna ._ 634 Hartville 883 Hyattville 14,087 Kemmerer 154 Lander 170 Laramie 138 Lusk 137 Mammoth Hot- 897 springs TOWNS, ETC. 189 Mannville .... 734 Medicine Bow 579 Meeteetse 2.110 Newcastle 100 Opal 129 Otto 110 Parkman 151 Piedmont 297 Pinebluff . 1,361 Ranchester ... 515 Rawlins 172 Rock Springs.. 210 Saratoga 157 Sheridan 832 Sundance 737 Sweetwater... 8.207 Thermopolis .. 180 Tie Siding Wheatland 131 106 168 245 756 127 134 115 109 135 172 2.317 4.363 672 1,559 2! a 290 299 182 327 s K POPULATION CHIEF CITIES FOREIGN COUNTRIES FROM THE LATEST OFFICIAL CENSUS RETURNS. Name. Country. Pop. Aachen, Germany 133,235 Aalborg. Denmark 19,508 Aalesund, Norway 8,406 Aarhuns, Denmark 33,308 Aberdare, England 43,357 Aberdeen. Scotland 153,108 Acanceh, Mexico 22.916 Accrington, England 43,095 Adelaide (with suburbs), So. Australia 162,261 AdisAbbeba. Abyssinia 3,000 ,Adrianople, Turkey in Europe 81,000 Aclua, Abyssinia 3,u00 Agra, India ...188,300 Agram, Austria-Hungary 61,002 Aguascalieutes, Mexico 30,872 Ahmadabad, India 180,673 Airdrie, Scotland 22,288 Aix la Chapelle (Aachen), Germany 135,235 Ajmere, India 75,759 Akama-ga-seki, Japan 42,786 Akita, Japan 29,477 Akkra. Gold Coast 16,267 Albay, Philippines 34,000 Alburv. New South Wales ... 5,820 Alcano, Italy 37,697 Alcov. Spain 31,099 Aleppo, Turkey in Asia 127,149 Alessandria. Italy 71.293 Alexandria. Egypt 319,766 Algiers, Algeria 96,784 Alicante, Spain 49.463 Aligarh, India 70,172 Alkmaar, Netherlands 18,275 Allahabad, India 175.74S Almeria, Spain 46,806 Most. Belgium Altenburg, Germany 87,106 Altemlor I', Germany 63.272 Altona, Germany 161.507 Alwar, India 56,740 Ambato, Ecuador 10,000 Amersfoort, Netherlands ...- 19,089 Amherst, Nova Scotia 4.963 Ainlens, France 90,038 Name. Country. Pop. Amritsar, India 162,548 Amsterdam , N etherlands 510,853 Ancona, Italy 56,825 Andeiiecht. Belgium 32,240 Andria, Italv 36,795 Angers, France 82,966 Angostura, Venezuela 11,686 Angouleme. France 36.955 Ankober, Abyssinia 7,000 Antananarivo, Madagascar. . . 50,000 Antwerp, Belgium. 282,018 Aomori, Japan 28,029 Apeldoorn, Netherlands 25.761 Aquila, Italy... 21,215 Arad, Austria-Hungary 56.260 Arbroath, Scotland 22,372 Arequipa, Peru... 35,000 44,350 34 ,050 56.812 2K.S82 (85) Arezzio, Italy Argao, Philippines .... Armagh, Ireland Arnhem, Netherlands Ascoli Piceno, Italy .. Ashton-under Lyne, England 43,890 Asti, Italy 33,468 Aston Manor, England 77.310 Astrakhan, Russia. 113,001 Asuncion, Paraguay 45,000 Athens, Greece 111,486 Athlone, Ireland.. 6.712 Aubervilliers, France... 31,125 Auckland (with suburbs), New Zealand 67,226 Augsburg, Germany 89,109 Aussig, Austria-Hungary .... 87,265 Avellino, Italv. 23.790 Avignon, France 16,209 Ayr, Scotland 28,624 Ayuthia, Siam 50,000 Azui, Argentine Republic... 9,494 Badajoz, Spain 28,912 Bagdad, Turkey in Asia 145,000 Bahla, Brazil .. .. ..174,412 Bahia Blanca, Argentine Re- public 9,025 Baku, Asiatic Russia 112,253 Ballarat, Victoria 25,448 > FOREIGN COUNTRIES. (Tame. Country. Pop. Ballarat, Bast, Victoria .. 18,262 Bamberg, Germany . „ 41,820 Banain, French Indo-Chlna 28,000 Bangalore. India 159,030 Bangkok, Siara 250,000 Banjermas.Mii, Dutch East Indies 15,082 Barcelona, Spain 509,589 Barcelone, Venezuela 12,785 Barellly, India 117,483 Barf r&8h (Balf rush), Persia. 50,000 Barl, Italy 79,693 Barlll, Philippines 20,914 Barletta, Italy .... 31,994 Barmen, Germany 141 .947 Barnsley, England 41,083 Baroda, India 103,782 Barquislmeto, Venezuela 31,476 Banranqullla, Colombia 40,000 Barrow-in Furne.ss, England. 57.584 Basel, Switzerland 112;842 Batangas, Philippines 39.358 Batavia, Dutch East Indies.. 114 ,566 Batli, England 49,817 Bathurst, Gambia. 8,800 Bathurst, New South Wales . 9,227 Bauang | Bauan), Philippines 39,659 Beirut. Turkey in Asia. 120,000 Belem (Para), Brazil . . 50,064 Belfast, Ireland 348,965 Belfort, France 32,112 Belgrade, Servia 59,494 Belize, British Honduras 6,972 Bellarv, India 57,700 Belleville, Ontario. 9,117 Benares, India 203,095 Bendigo, Victoria 31.020 Benevento. Italy 24,650 Bergamo, Italy 45,785 Bergen, Norway 72,179 Bergerhout, Belgium 29,575 Berlin, Germany ...1,888.326 Berlin, Ontario 9,747 Bern, Switzerland 63,994 Bernburg, Germany. 34.427 Besancon, France 55,266 Beuthen, Germany 51,409 Beziers, France 52,077 Bhadnagar, India 57,653 Bhagalpur, India 75,278 Bharrpur, India 42.997 Bhopal, India 70,338 Bialystok, Russia. 63,927 Bielefeld, Germany 63,044 Bienne (Piel), Switzerland ... 22,052 Blkaner, India 53,071 Bilbao. Spain 74,098 BIRan (Binang), Philippines. 19.786 Birkenhead. England 110,926 Birmingham, England 522,182 Blackburn, England 127.527 Blackpool. England 47.346 Blackrock, Ireland 8,719 Blantyre, British Central Africa Protectorate 6,100 Bloemfontein, Orange River Colony 3.379 Bocbum, Germany 65,554 Name. Country. Pop. Bogota, Colombia 120,000 Bola le Due f*8 Hertogenljosch), Netherlands Bokhara, Asiatic Russia 100,000 Bologna, Italy ■ 152,009 Bolton, England 168.205 Boma, Kongo Free State 15,300 Bombay. India 770.843 Bona. Algeria 34498 Bonavista, Newfoundland. . 8,551 Bonn, Germany Boo tie, England 58,558 Boras, Sweden 15,125 Borback, Germany 17.217 Bordeaux, France 257,471 Borgerhont, Belgium 29,575 Boulder. Western Australia. 4.601 Boulogne-sur-Mer, Frame. . 49,089 Boulogne-sur-Seine, France.. 47.16s Bourges, France 46.138 Bournemouth. Pmglaud 47,003 Bradford, England 279,809 Braga, Portugal 23.089 Bra'i'la(Brahilov), Roumania. 58.392 Brandenburg. Germany 49,263 Brandon, Manitoba 5.380 Brantf ord. Ontario 16,619 Brasso, Austria-Hungary .... 36,646 Bray, Ireland 6.888 Breda, Netherlands 26,096 Bremen, Germany 163.418 Brescia. Italy 70,618 Breslau , Germany 422,738 Brest, France 81,948 Bridgetown. West Indies.... 25,000 Brighton, England 123,478 Brisbane iwitn suburbs), Queensland . 119,428 Bristol. England. 328.842 Broach. India 42.298 Brockville. Ontario 8,940 Broken Hill. New So. Wales.. 27.518 Bromberg, Germany 52.154 Bruges. Belgium 53.050 Brunei, British Borneo 25,000 Brunn. Austria-Hungary 109,346 Brunswick (Braunschweig), Germany 128477 Brunswick. Victoria 24.182 Brussa. Turkey in Asia 76,303 Brussels (with suburbs), Bel- gium 570.844 Bucaramanga, Colombia 30,000 Budapest, Austria-Hungary. .732,322 BudweiS, Austria-Hungary.. 39,328 Buenos Aires. Argentine Re public 663.854 Bukharest, Roumania 282,071 Burauen, Philippines 21.000 Burgos. Spain 30,856 Burnley, England 97.044 P.urton oil-Trent, England... 50,386 Bury, England 58,028 Cadiz. Spain _ 70.177 Caen, France 44.524 Cagllari, Italy 53.734 Cairo. Ftr.pt . Calais, France 59,793 V FOREIGN COUNTRIES. ^7 Name. Country. Pop. Calbayog. Philippines 30,250 Calcutta (with suburbs). In- dia ...1,121,664 Calgary. Alberta 4,052 Calicut. India 75,510 Callao. Peru 16.0(H) Caltanissetta. Italy 44,600 Campeche. Mexico 16.64? Candia. Crete 22.331 Canea (Khania>, Crete 21,025 Cannes. France 34.151 Canton, China.. 2,500,000 Cape Coast Castle. Gold Coast 11,614 Cape Haitien. Haiti 29,000 Cape Town (with suburbs >. Cape of Good Hope 83,718 Caracas. Venezuela. 72,429 Carbonear. Newfoundland... 4.127 Carcar (Karkat >. Philippines 30,300 Cardenas. Cuba 21,940 Cardiff. England 164.420 Carlisle, England 45.47s Carlow, Ireland 6.619 Carlscrona, Sweden 23,648 Carlsruhe, Germany 96,976 Carrick-on-Suir. Ireland 5,608 Cartagena, Colombia 20,000 Cartagena. Spain 86,245 Caserta. Italy 32,726 Cassel. Germany 106,061 Castelion.Spain 31,272 Catania. Italy 149.694 Catanzaro, Italy 31,887 ,Cawnpoor. India 197,000 Cavenne. French Guiana 12.300 Cayes. Haiti 25,000 Cebu. Philippines.. 35.243 Celava. Mexico 21.245 Cesena. Italv . 37,578 Cetinje. Montenegro 2,920 Cette. France 33,1 165 Chandernagore, French India 25,395 Chang-chow, China 800,000 Chang-sha, China 300.000 Chapra, India 45,392 Charleroi, Belgium 24,426 Charlottenburg, Germany ...189,290 Charlottetown, Prince Ed- ward Island. 12.i)8o Charters Towers, Queensland 4.597 Chatham, England 40,753 Chatham, New Brunswick... 4,868 Chatham, Ontario ... . 9,068 Cheltenham. England 49.439 Chemnitz, Germany 206,584 Cherbourg, France 42,952 Chhong-ju, Korea 63,863 Chlba, Japan 26533 Chieta, Italy... 26,406 Chihuahua. Mexico... 18579 Chilian, Chile Chlnandega. Nicaragua 12,000 Ching-tu. China soo.ooo Chin-ju. Korea 55.110 Chinkiang. China 14o.»kio Chlvilcov. Argentine Republic 1 1,682 Chon-ju. Korea Choong-Klng, China 300,000 Name. Country. Pop. Cbristchurcb I with suburbs), New Zealand 57,04i Christiania, Norway 225,686 Cbristiansand, Norway.... 12,813 Christiausund. Norway 10,881 Cienfuegos. Cuba 80,088 Cludad Guzman. Mexico 17.374 Clermontterrand. France . . . 52,0] 7 Clonmel, Ireland 8,480 Clontarf, Ireland 5,104 Coatbridge. Scotland 36,98] Coban. Guatemala 24.475 Coblenz. Germany.. 45.146 Cocanada. India 47. s sti Cochabamba, Bolivia 29,530 Coiinbatore. India 52,931 Coimbra. Portugal 16.985 Coleraiue, Ireland 6,845 Colima. Mexico 18,977 Collingwood. Victoria Coimar, Germany 36,796 Cologne (Koln), Germany .. 372529 Colombo, Cevlon .158.093 Como, Italy 38,902 Concepcioh, Chile 39,83? Concepcion, Paraguay 15,000 Concordia. ArgentineRepublic 11.695 Conjevarain, India. 46,140 Constantine, Algeria 51,997 Constantinople, Turkey in Europe ".....1.125,000 Coo'gardieAVestem Australia 4.249 Copenhagen. Denmark. .375.251 Coquimbo, Chile.. 15.712 Cordoba, Argentine Republic 47,609 Cordoba, Spain... 57.313 Corfu, Greece 17,918 Cork. Ireland 75,978 Cornwall. Ontario 6,?o4 Corrientes, Argentine Re- public 16,129 Coruna, La. Spain 4U.501 Cosenza, Italy . 21,420 Courtrai, Belgium 35,510 Coventry. England . 69,877 Covilha, Portugal 17.562 Cracow. Austria Hungary ... 91.329 Craiova, Roumania 45,438 Crefeld, Germany.. ...106,928 Cremona, Italv 87,661 Crewe. En-land 42,075 Croydon. England 133,885 Csaba. Austria-Hungary ... 37547 Cucuta, Colombia ... ... 10,000 Cuddalore, India. Cuenca, Ecuador 25,000 Cueno. Italy Culiacan, Siexico io.4s? Cuttack, India 50,878 CUZCO, Peru ... 20,000 Czeld, Austria-Hungary 80,106 Czernowitz. Austria-Hungary 67,622 Dacca, India ... ... 90,679 Damascus, Turkey in .\>la 154,000 Damletta. Egypt 81,515 Danzig. Germany 1 10539 Darbbangab, India 65,990 Darlington, England 44,496 88 FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Name. Country. Pop. Darmstadt, Germany 73,019 Dartmouth. Nova Scotia 4,806 Dawson, Yukon VI" I Debreezen, Austria-Hungary 75,006 Delft, Netherlands 81,589 Delhi, India 208,385 Derby, England 105,785 Dessau, Germany 50,851 Deventer, Netherlands 26.212 Devouport, England 69,674 Dijon, France 70,428 Djokjokarta, Dutch East In- dies. 58,299 Dordrecht, Netherlands .. .. 3s.3s6 Dortmund, Germany 142,418 Douai, France 84,918 Dover, England 41,782 Drammen, Norway 20,687 Dresden, Germany 395.819 Drogheda, Ireland 12,675 Dublin (with suburbs), Ireland.. ..373,179 Dudley, England 48,809 Dulsburg, Germany 92,729 Dulcigno, Montenegro 5,000 Diinaburg (Dvinskt, Russia.. 72.231 Dundalk, Ireland 13.067 Dundee, Scotland. 160.871 Dunedin ( with suburbs ) , Ne w Zealand 52,390 Dunfermline, Scotland _ 25.250 Dungarvan. Ireland 5,263 Dunkirk, France 4( 1.329 Durango, Mexico 26,425 Durban, Natal 39.245 Diisseldorf, Germany 213.767 Eastbourne. England 43.837 East Ham, England 95.989 Echternach, Luxemburg 4,133 Ecija, Spain 23.992 Ede, Netherlands 15.195 Edinburgh, Scotland 316.479 Edmonton, Alberta 2,626 Edmonton, England 46,899 Elch, Luxemburg 5.590 Eidsvold, Norway 8.144 Ekaterinoslav, Russia. .121 ,216 Elberfeld, Germany I5i;.'.i87 Elbing, Germany 52.510 Elche, Spain 27.075 Elizabetgrad, Russia 61.841 Elmina, Gold Coast 10.530 Elverum, Norway 7.810 Enfield, England". 42.73s Ennis. Ireland 5.460 Enniscorthy, Ireland 5,648 Enniskillen, Ireland 5.570 Enschede, Netherlands 24.353 Erfurt, Germany 85,190 Esch, Luxemburg 6,101 Essen, Germany ..118.SU3 Ettelbruck, Luxemburg 3,651 Estrada, La. Spain 24.7iX) Evora. Portugal 15.134 Exeter, England 46,940 Faenza, Italy __ 36.620 Faizabad, India.. 74,076 Falkirk, Scotland 29,271 Name. Country. Pop. Falmouth, Jamaica 2,517 Farnham, Quebec 8,11 i Faruknabad, India l-'ayoum, Medinet el, Egypt Felegyhaza, A.usl ria-Hungary 38,406 Fermoy, Ireland 6,469 Fernie, British Columbia .... 1,640 Ferozepore, India .. 50.487 Ferrara. Italy Ferrol, Spain Fez, Morocco 140,000 Firenze, Italy 204,960 Fitzroy, Victoria 3L610 Flume, Austria-Hungary. . Flensburg, Germany Florence, Italy 204,950 Flushing. Netherlands Foggia, Italy Footscray , Victoria 18,301 Forli, Italy 43,457 Forst. Germany 32.011 Fort de France, West Indies. 1 5 ,274 Frankforti on Main (Germany 288,489 Frankfort i on Oder (Germany 61,835 Fredericia, Denmark 10,044 Fredericton, New Brunswick 71.117 Fredrikshald, Norway 11,217 Fredrikstad, Norway 12.451 Freetown. Sierra Leone 30,033 Freiburg, Germany 61,506 Fremautle (with suburbs), Western Australia 20,448 Fribourg, Switzerland 12.239 Fuchau, China 650,008 Fukuoka, Japan 66,190 Funchal, Madeira 18,778 Fiinf kirchen, Austria - Hun- gary 43.982 Furth, Germany 54.142 Galatz, Roumania 62.678 Galle, Cevlon 37.226 (.alt. Ontario „. 7,866 Galway, Ireland 13.414 Gardaia, Algeria 30,324 Gateshead. England 109,887 Gaya, India 71.186 Geelong ( with subs.), Victoria 23,311 Getle, Sweden 28,308 Gelsenkirchen, Germany 36,937 Geneva. Switzerland 104,044 Genoa, Italy 234,800 Georgetown, British Guiana. 53,176 Georgetown. Prince Edward Island 1,123 Gera, Germany 45,640 Ghazipur, India 39.186 Ghent (Grand). Belgium 163,030 Gibraltar, Gibraltar 24,701 Gifu. Japan 30.942 Gijon, Spain 43.392 Gilly, Belgium 20,150 Girgentl, Italy.... 25,069 Glasgow, Scotland 760,423 Gleiwitz, Germany 52,872 Gloucester, England 47.943 Goave. Haiti 25,000 Gondar, Abyssinia 5,000 Gorakhpur, India 63,059 FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Name. Couutry. Pop. Gorlitz. Germany 80,932 Gotha. Germany 84,618 Gottenborg, Sweden Gouda, Netherlands 22,085 Goulburn, New South Wales. 10,618 Goran, Scotland 70.351 Grahams lowu. tape of Good Hope 10,498 Granada, Nicaragua 19,000 Granada. Spain Granny. Quebec 3,773 Gratz. Austria Hungary 138,030 Graudenz, Germany 32,800 Great Yarmouth. England... 51,250 Greenock. Scotland Greenwich. England Greenwood, British Columbia 1,359 Grenoble, France... 68,052 Grimsby (.Great Grimsby;, England 63.138 Groningen. Netherlands 66,537 Grosswardein | Nagyvarad), Austria-Hungary 50,177 Guadalajara. Mexico 83,934 Gualeguaychu. Argentine Re- public 13,282 Guanabacoa. Cuba . 13,965 Guanajuato, Mexico 39,404 Guatemala. Guatemala 72,102 Guayaquil. Ecuador 50,000 Guben, Germany 33,096 Guelph, Ontario" 11,496 Guinobatan, Philippines 20,500 gwalior, India ._ 104,033 yurpie, Queensland 12,1 100 Haarlem. Netherlands 64,079 Hagen. Germany 50,609 Hagony. Philippines 90,120 Haidarabad, India 446,291 Hai-ju. Korea 59,358 Hakodate,, Japan 78,040 Halberstadt, Germany 42,792 Halifax, England 104,933 Halifax, Nova Scotia 40,832 Halle-on-Saal, Germany 156,61 1 Halmstad, Sweden 15,139 Hambon, Germany Hamburg, Germany Ham-heung. Korea Hamilton, New South Wales. (5.127 Hamilton, Ontario 52,634 Hamilton, Scotland 32,775 Hammerfest, Norway 2,162 Hammersmith. England 112,245 Handsworth. England 52,921 Hang-Chow, China 700,000 Hanley, England 61,524 Hanoi. Freucb [ndo-China Hanover, Germany Hanyang. China 4uii.im) Harar, Abyssinia 35,000 Harbour Grace, Newfound- land 6,466 Harburg, Germany 19,155 Harper, Liberia 3,000 Hastings, England Hathras. India Havana, Cuba Name. Country. Pop Hawthorne, Victoria 21,339 Heidelberg, Germany 40,119 Heilbrom, Germany.. Helder. Netherlands 25,159 Helsingl.org. Sweden Helsingfors, Finland 77.4S4 Helsingdr, Denmark.. 11.082 Herat. Afghanistan 45,000 Herisau, Switzerland 13,476 Heruiopolia, Greece 17,894 Hildesheim, Germany 42,973 Hilversum, Netherlands 19,443 Himeji, Japan 35,282 Hindmarsh, South Australia. 10,011 Hirosaki, Japan Hiroshima. Japan 122,306 Hobart (with subs.), Tasmania 41,412 Hof , Germany 32,782 Hornsey, England Horsens, Denmark... 17,290 Howrah, India 157.^47 Hubli, India 58,149 Huddersfleld, Fngland 95,008 Hue, French Indo -China 50,353 Hull. Quebec 13,993 Ilford, England 41.240 Iloilo,Philippines 11,900 Indore, India 92,329 Inverness. Scotland 21.193 Ipswich, England 60.022 Ipswich, Queensland 7,750 Iquique, Chiie ._ 33,031 Iquitos, Peru 12,000 Irapuato. Mexico 18.593 Irkutsk. Asiatic Russia 51,481 Ispah m. Persia 80,000 Ixelles. Belgium 45,409 Jabalpur, India 89,708 Jaen, Spain 25,929 Jaffna, Ceylon 33,860 Jai pore , India. 159.55! ) Jalapa, Mexico 18,168 Jaroslav, Russia Jas-v. Koumania 78,067 J au fa. Peru 15,000 Jaunpur, India 42.532 Jerez de la Frontera. Spain .. 60,004 Jerusalem. Turkey in Asia . . 51,00 I Jhansi, India 55,288 Jitomir, Russia 05452 Jodhpur, India 60,437 Johannesburg, Transvaal 102,078 Joliette, Quebec Jonkoping, Sweden 22,176 Jullundur. India 66,202 Kabul (Cabool), Afghanistan. 60,000 Kagoshima. Japan. .. 53^81 Kaisariyeh. Turkey in Asia.. 72,000 Kaiserslautern, Germany 48,306 Kalamal ... 14,298 Kalgoorlie. Western Australia 6,652 Kampen, Netherlands . 19.0*4 Kauazawa. .Japan Kandahar, Afghanistan .. Kamlv. Ceylon Karachi, India 115,407 Karikal, French India Kasan, Russia 181,506 90 FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Name. Country. Pop. Kaschau (Kassa), Austria- Hungary 10,102 Kassel (Cassel), Germany 106.001 Kasvln, Persia 40,000 Kecskemet. Austria-Hungary 57,812 Keighley, England 41,51,5 Kennati, Egypt Kensington, Eugland 176,628 Kerbela, Turkey in Asia 66,000 Kermanshah, Persia 40,000 Kharkof , Kussia 174,840 Khatmando, Nepal 50,000 Khelat, Baluchistan.. 12,000 Khiva, Asiatic Kussia 6,000 Kief, Kussia .247,432 Kiel, Germany.. ...107,938 Kilkenny, Ireland 10,493 Killarney, Ireland 5,510 Kilmarnock, Scotland 34,161 Kimberley ,C'ape or Good Hope 28,718 Kings Norton, England 57,120 Kingstown, Ireland 17,356 Kingston, Jamaica 46,542 Kingston, Ontario 17,961 Kingston-upon-Hull, England 240,618 Kirkcaldy, Scotland 34,064 Kirman, Persia. 40.000 Kishenef , Kussia 108,796 Klausenburg, Austria-Hun- gary ... 40,295 Kobe, Japan 215.780 Kochi, Japan 36 511 Kofu, Japan 37,561 Kokand, Asiatic Kussia 82,054 Kokura, Japan 27,501 Kolomea, Austria-Hungary.. 34,188 Kolozskaro, Austria-Hungary 32,729 Kolozsvar, Austria-Hungary. .49,295 Konigsberg, Germany 187,897 Kouigshutte, Germany 57,875 Kottbus, Germany 39,327 Kragouyevatz, Servia 13,870 Krakau (Cracow,), Austria- Hungary 91,323 Krefeld (Crefeld). Germany. 106,928 Kronstadt, Austria-Hungary. .30,724 Kuchiug, British Borneo 25,000 Kumamoto, Japan. 61,463 Kumbakonam, India 59,688 Kwang-yen, French Indo- china. 43,000 Kyoto (Saikyo), Japan .353,139 l'Abbaye, Switzerland 10,966 La Chaux de Fonds, Switzer- land 22,456 Lachine, Quebec 5,561 Laeken, Belgium.. 24,623 Lagos, Lagos Ter., Africa 41,847 Lagos, Mexico 14.716 La Guayra, Venezuela. 11.000 Lahore, India lv! ,058 Laibaeh, Austria-Hungary... 3l,547 Lancaster, England *. . .. 40,329 Lancaster, New Brunswick. . 3,000 Lan-chow .China 400,000 Landsburg, Germany 33.597 Landskroua, Sweden 14.134 Laoag, Philippines 37,094 Name. Country. Pop. La Paz, Bolivia 62,320 La Plata, Argentine Republic 15410 Larissa. Greece 15,878 La Rocnelle.France 31,818 Latacunga, Ecuador 10,000 Launceston (.with suburbs), Tasmania 26,430 Laurvlg, Norway 11.261 Lausanne, Switzerland 55,978 Lauzon, Quebec 3.416 Lecce, Italy Le Creuzot, France 80,541 I. ecus, England Leeu warden, Netherlands 82482 Leghorn (Llvorno), Italy . Le Havre, France 129,044 Leicester. England 211,574 Leipzig, Germany 455,089 Leith, Scotland. le Mans, France 62,948 Lemberg. Austria-Hungary. .159.877 Leon, Mexico 58,426 Leon, Nicaragua 35.000 Leskovatz, Servia 13,165 Lethbridge, Yukon District. . 2,279 Lewis, Quebec 7.783 Leyden, Netherlands 53,657 Leyton, England 98.899 Libau, Kussia. 64,505 Liege, Belgium 171.031 Liegnitz. Germany 54,8:39 Lille, France 215.431 Lima. Peru 100,000 Limerick, Ireland 38,085 Limoges, France Linares, Spain 35.233 Lincoln, England 48,784 Linden, Germany 50.623 Lindsay. Ontario 7,008 Linkoping, Sweden 14489 Linz, Austria-Hungary 58,791 Lipa. Philippines 40,738 Lisbon, Portugal 301,206 Lisburn, Ireland. 11.459 Little Glace Bay, Nova Scotia 6,945 Liverpool, England 684.947 Lobtau, Germany.. 33,807 Loanda, Angola 14,000 Lodz, Kussia 315,209 Loja, Ecuador 10,000 London. England 4,536.063 London. Ontario 37,981 Londonderrv, Ireland 39,873 Lorca, Spain 59.624 Lorient, France 44,062 Louie, Portugal 14,448 Lourenco Marouez, Portu- guese East Africa 8,000 Louvain, Belgium 42,100 Lubeck, Germany Lucca, Italy 74.718 Lucknow, India 268,961 Ludwigshafen, Germany 61,905 Lugo, Spain 25,568 Lund, Sweden 16,257 Lurgau. Ireland 11.777 Luxemburg, Luxemburg 19,909 Luzern, Switzerland 29,145 FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 91 Name. Country. Pop. Lyons, France 453,145 Maastricht. Netherlands 34,220 Macassar, Dutch East Indies. 80,1)00 Macerata, Italy 22,806 Madras, India 5; i9,»9 ? Madrid, Spain 512,150 Madura, India 10..,:>01 Maebashi, J apan 34,495 Magdeburg, Germany 229,663 Magog, Quebec 3,516 Mahdera-Mariam, Abyssinia. 4,000 Mahe, French India.. 8,349 Mainz, Germany 84.335 Maisonneuve, Quebec 3,958 Maitlaud, New South Wales. lu,085 Mako, Austria-Hungary 33,122 Malaga, Spain 125.579 Malmo, Sweden 59,714 Managua, Nicaragua 25.000 Manchester, England 513,969 Mandalay , India 182,498 Mangalore, India 43,821 Manila, Philippines 350.00 J Mannheim, Germany 140,384 Manresa, Spain 25,121 Mansourah, Egypt 36,131 Mantova iMontua), Italy 29,160 Manzanillo, Cuba 14,464 Maracaibo. Venezuela 34,2-84 Maranhao, Brazil 29,308 Maria Theresiopel (SzabadKa), Austria-Hungary 82,122 Marsala, Italy 36,935 'Marseilles, France ...494,769 Maryborough, Queensland... 10,000 Masay a, Nicaragua 20,000 Maseru, Cape of Good Hope.. 862 Massa, Italy 26,325 Massaua, Eritrea 20,000 Matab6n (Malabunj, Philip- pines ...:.... 25,000 Matamoros, Mexico 17,564 Matanzas, Cuba 36,374 Matsumoto, Japan... 31,324 Matsuyama, Japan 36,545 Matsuye, Japan 34,651 Maulmain, India 55,785 Mayaguez, Porto Rico 15,187 Mechlin (Malines i, Belgium. 55,530 Medellin. Colombia 40,000 Medina, Turkey in Asia 48,000 Meeroot, India 118,642 Meiderich, Germany 33,684 Mekinez, Morocco 56,000 Mekka, Turkey in Asia 60,000 Melbourne (with suburbs), Victoria 494,129 Mendoza, Argentine Republic 28,302 Mercedes, Argentine Republic 9,269 Mercedes, Uruguay 11,000 Merida, Mexico.... 36,9&5 Merthyr Tydfil, England 69,227 Meshed, Persia 45.IKXI Messina, Italy 149,823 Metehuala, Mexico - 13,101 Metz, Germany Mexico, Mexico 32'.».774 Miagao, Philippines 22,100 Name. Country. Top. Middelburg, Netherlands. ISJBSi Middlesborough, England.... 91,317 Milan, ltalv ...491,460 Mile End (St. Louis of Mile End), Quebec 10,933 Milltown, New Brunswick . Minsk, Russia 91,494 Mirazapur. India ".9,787 Miskolcz, Austria-Hungary .. 43,096 Mito, Japan 33,778 Modena, Italy 64,941 Moji, Japan 25,274 Molenbeek, Belgium 50,204 Mombasa, British East Africa 20,000 Monaco. Monaco 3.292 Monastir, Turkey in Europe. 45,000 Moncton, New Brunswick . .. !»,ir26 Monghy r , India 35,883 Monrovia (.with Krootowni, Liberia 5,000 Mons, Belgium 55,599 Montauban, France _ 30,603 Monte Carlo, Monaco. 3.794 Montego Bay Jamaica 4,803 Monterey, Mexico 45,695 Monte v ideo, Uruguay 252,000 Montlucon, France 35,095 Montpellier, France 76,364 Montreal, Quebec ...267.730 Mooltan, India 74,562 Moradabad, India 75,176 Morelia, Mexico 33,890 Morioka, Japan. 32,989 Morocco, Morocco 50,000 Moscow, Russia 988,614 Moss, Norway 8,051 Mosul, Turkey in Asia 61,000 Motherwell, Scotland 30,423 Motul, Mexico 17,995 Mount Morgan, Queensland.. 7,000 Mozambique. Portuguese East Africa 7,000 Miihlhausen, Germany. 33,433 Mulhausen. Germany 89,012 Mulheim, Germany 45,085 Mullingar, Ireland 5.323 Muncheu-Gladiiacli. Germany 58,014 Munich (Munchen), Ger- many 499.959 Minister, Germany 63,776 Murcia, Spain 108,408 Muttra, India 59,574 Muzaffftrpur (Tirhut), India. 45,499 Mysore, India 68,151 Nagano, Japan 31,319 Nagasaki. Japan 107,422 Nagoya, Japan — 244.145 Nagpur, India 124,599 Nana, Japan 85,453 Xamur. P.Hu'ium - 32,110 Naiiaiuio. British Columbia.. 6,130 Naiicv. France 102,463 Nantes, France 128,849 Naples, Italy Nam. Japan Nassau, Jamaica 12,584 Neepawa, Manitoba 1*418 Negapatam, India 56,455 f 92 FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Name. Country. Pop. Nelson, British Columbia 5,273 Neuchatel, Switzerland 20.097 Neullly, France... 86,481 Newcastle, New Brunswick . 2,60'! Newcastle, New South Wales 14,250 Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Eng- laud 214,803 New Glasgow, Nova Scotia . . 4,447 Newport, England 67,290 New Ross, Ireland... 5,847 Newry, Ireland 12,587 Newtown Ards, Ireland 9,197 New Westminster, British Columbia 6,499 Nice, France 125,099 Nicosia, Cyprus 12.515 Nicsic, Montenegro 3,500 Niigate, Japan 53,306 Nijmegen, Netherlands 42,756 Nikolayev, Russia 92.000 Nimes. France 80.355 NlSCh, Servia 21.524 Nizhni-Novgorod, Russia 95,124 Norrkoping, Sweden 40.472 Northampton, England 87,"021 North Sydney, Nova Scotia.. 4,646 Norwich. England 111,728 Nottingham, England 239,753 Novara, Italy 44,928 Nuremberg, Germany 261,022 Nyir Egyhaza, Austria-Hun- gary 33,038 Oaxaca, Mexico 32.437 Oberhausen, Germany 42,148 Odense, Denmark 3! .1.277 Odessa . R ussia 405,041 Oedenburg, Austria-Hungary 41,858 Offenbach, Germany 50.508 Okayama, Japan 58,1 125 Oldham, England 137.238 Omsk, Asiatic Russia 37.470 Oodeypore, India 45,595 Oporto, Portugal 138,860 Oran, Algeria 85,081 Orebro, Sweden 21,151 Orel, Russia 69,858 Orenburg, Russia 72,740 Orihuela, Spain 26,951 Orizaba, Mexico. 31,512 Orleans, France 67.539 Oruro, Bolivia 15.200 Osaka, Japan .821.235 Osnabriick, Germany 51.574 Ostende, Belgium 38.481 Otaru. Japan _ 56,961 Otsu, Japan 34,225 Ottawa. Ontario 59,928 Oudah, India 79,200 Ouro Preto, Brazil 59.249 Ovar, Portugal 11.002 Ovledo, Spain 46,376 Owen Sound. Ontario 8,776 Oxford. England 49.413 Pachuca, Mexico 40,487 Padang, Dutch East Indies .. 32,088 Padova (Padua), Italy 82,288 Paisley, Scotland 79,355 Paita, Peru 5,000 Name. Country. Pop. Palembang.Dutcb East Indies 53,788 Palermo, Italy 810,852 Palma, Spain Pamplona, Spain. Tan. nil... Colombia 3Oj000 Panjln.Goa Paraguarl, Paraguay 10,000 Paramaribo. Dutch Guiana 31,200 Parana, Argentine Republic. 24,098 Paris, I- ranee 2,660,559 Parma, Italy 49,370 Parramatta.New South Wales 12,568 Partlck, Scotland. , Paslg, Philippines 22.000 Patlala. India.. 55,856 Patna, India 135,172 Patras, Greece 37,958 Pau. France 34,692 Pavla. Italy 35,372 Paysandu, Uruguay 26,000 Pecs, Austria-Hungary 43,982 Pekalongan, Dutch East In- dies _ 36,816 Pekln, China 1,300,000 Pembroke, Ontario 5,156 Pergamlno, Argentine Re- public 9,540 Perigueux, France. 31.399 Pernambuco, Brazil 111,556 Perpignan, France 35,757 Perth, Scotland 32,872 Perth (with suburbs;, West- ern Australia 27,553 Perugia, Italy 61.453 Pesaro, Italy 25.115 Peshawar, India.. 84,191 Peterborough, Ontario 11.239 Pforzheim. Germany 43,097 Philippopoiis. Bulgaria 41,063 Flaceuza, Italy 36,064 Pietermaritzhurg, Natal 24.595 Pilsen, Austria-Hungary 68,079 Pinar del Rio, Cuba 8,880 Ping rang. Korea 74.213 Piraus. Greece 42.169 Pisa. Italy... 01,279 Pistoja, Italy 54.002 Plauen, Germany Ploesci, Roumania 42,687 Plymouth, England 107,509 Pnum Penh, French Indo- China 50,000 Podsforitza, Montenegro 0.534 Point de Galle, Ceylon 37.326 Poiute a Pitre. West Indies.. 17.242 Poia, Austria-Hungary 45.205 Ponce,Porto Etco.... 27,952 Pondichery, French India 41.253 Ponta Deliada, Azores 16,767 Pontianak. Dutch East Indi. - Poona. India 111,385 Port Adelaide. So. Australia. 20,089 Portadown, Ireland 8,430 Portage la Prairie. Manitoba Port an Prince. Haiti. 40,000 to 60,000 Port Elizabeth, Cape of Good Hope 23.266 Porte Pirie, South Australia. 7,983 FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 93 Name. Country. Pop. Portiers, France 39,565 Port Louis (with suburbs), Mauritius Island 52,517 Porto Alegre, Brazil 52,421 Port of Spain. West Indies .. 34,037 Port Said. Egypt 42,095 Portsmouth, England 189,160 Posen, Germany 117,014 Potosi, Bolivia 15,900 Potsdam, Germany 59,814 Povoa de Varzim, Portugal . . 12,057 Prague (Prag), Austria-Hun- gary 201,859 Prahran, Victoria 41,161 Pressburgi Pozsony) , Austria- Hungary 65.867 Preston, England 112,982 Pretoria, Transvaal 10,000 Prince Albert, Saskatchewan 2.193 Przemvsl, Austria-Hungary.. 46,295 Puebla, Mexico. 88,684 Puerto Plata, Santo Domingo 15." KX) Puerto Principe, Cuba 25.102 Punakha, Bhotan 5,000 Pyrgos, Greece 12,705 Quebec, Quebec 68,840 Queenstown, Ireland 9.082 Queretaro, Mexico 34.576 Quezaltenango, Guatemala .. 22.2(15 Quito, Ecuador 80,000 Bampur, India 77,862 Banders, Denmark 16,617 Bangoon, India 232.326 Ttathmines, Ireland 32,472 Bat Portage, Ontario 5,203 Ravenna. Italy 63,839 Rawal Pindi, India 73.795 Reading, England 72.214 Begensburg, Germany 45,426 Reggio Caiabria, Italy 44^417 Reggio Emilia. Italy 59.176 Regina. Assiniboia 2,645 Regla, Cuba 11,363 Reichenberg, Austria -Hun- gary 34,099 Reims, France 107,773 Remscheid, Germany 58,108 Rennes, France 74,006 Reus, Spain 26,752 Revelstoke, British Columbia 1,6 o Rheden, Netherlands 18,814 Rheydt, Germany 34,034 Rhondda (Ystrad-y-fodwg), England 113,735 Richmond, Victoria 37,722 Riga, Russia 256,197 Rimini, Italy 36,846 Riobamba, Ecuador 12,000 Rio Cuarto, Argentine Re- public 10,825 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ..522,651 Bixdorf, Germany 90,421 Boanne, France .. 34,568 Bobertsport. Liberia 1.2DO Bochdale, England 83.112 Rochefort, France 35,528 Rockhampton, Queensland .. 16,ouu Rome, Italy 463,000 Name. Country. Pop. Rosario, Argentine Republic. 91,669 Rossland, British Columbia .. 6,159 Rostock, Germany 54,713 Rostov. Russia 119,889 Rotherham, England ">l.:;is Rotterdam, Netherlands BoubaLx, France 124,660 Rouen, France ..115,914 Roulers, Belgium 20,617 Bustchuk. Bulgaria 37.174 Saga, Japan 32,753 Sagua la Grande, Cuba 12,728 Saharanpur, India 63,850 Saigon, French Indo-China... 37.565 Sakai, Japan 50,203 Salamanca, Mexico 13,121 Salamanca, Spain 24,156 Salem, India 70,627 Salerno, Italy.. 42,736 Salt ord, England 22' 1,956 Saloniki, Turkey in Europe ..105.0(A) Salta, Argentine Republic... 16.ti72 Saltillo, Mexico 26,801 Salto, Uruguay 15,000 Salzburg, Austria-Hungary.. 33.067 Samara, Russia ■ 91,672 Samarang, Dutch East Indies 82,962 San Carlos, Philippines 23,934 Sandakan, British Borneo.... 7,000 SanFernando, Spain 28,951 San Jose, Costa Rica 25.0U0 SanJuan, Argentine Republic 10*410 San Juan, Porto Bico 32,048 San Luis. Argentine Republic 9.826 San Luis Potosi , Mexico 69.050 San Nicolas, Argentine Re- public 12.550 San Pedro, Guatemala 11,189 San Salvador, Salvador 50,000 San Sebastian, Spain 35,975 Santa Clara, Cuba 13,763 Santa Cruz, Bolivia ... 12,100 Santa Cruz de Teneriffe, Ca- nary Islands 33.421 Santa Fe, Argentine Republic 22.244 Santander, Spain 50,64! I Santiago, Chile 256.413 Santiago de Cuba. Cuba 43,090 Santiago del hstero, Argentine Republic 9,517 Santo Domingo, Santo Do- mingo 25,000 Santo Espiritu, Cuba 12,6% Sao Paulo, Brazil 64,934 Sao Salvador, Brazil ...174,412 Sapporo, Japan Saragossa, Spain 98,188 Saratov, Uussia 137,109 Sarnia, Ontario 8,176 Italy Saugor, India 45,655 Bault Ste. Marie. Ontario 7,169 Savanna la Mar. Jamaica. Schaerbeek, Belgium .... Schaffhausen, Sw Itzerland Schiedam, Netherlands 27,126 Schoneberg, Germany Schwerin, Germany 38,667 94 FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Name. Country. Pop. Scutari, Turkey lu Kurope... 30,000 Selkirk, Manitoba 2,460 Sendai, Japan 83,325 Seoul, Korea 190,330 Seraing, Belgium 89,102 Serampur, India 44,689 Setubal, Portugal 17,581 Seville, Spain 146,205 Slialijaliaupur. Iudla 75,662 Shanghai, China 586.000 Sheffield, England 380,71? Sherbrooke. (Quebec 11 ,765 Shizuoka, Japan.. 42,172 Sholapur, India 74,521 Slalkot, India 05.087 Siang-tan, China 1,000,000 Sibouga, Philippines 23,455 Siena, Italy 28,678 Singan Fu, China 1,000,000 Siout, Egypt 42.078 Skien, Norway. 8.979 Sligo, Ireland K 1.862 Smethwick, England 54.5»;o Smichow, Austria-Hungary.. 32.093 Smith"s Falls, Ontario 5,155 Smyrna, Turkey in Asia 200,000 Sofia, Bulgaria 46,593 Solothurn (Soleure), Switzer- land _ 10,106 Sorel, Quebec 7,057 Souris, Prince Edward Island 1,140 Southampton, England 104,911 South Melbourne, Victoria... 40.637 Southport, England 48.087 South Shields, England 97.267 South wark, England 200.128 Spandau, Germany.. 65,014 Spanish Town, Jamaica 5.019 Springhill, Nova Scotia 5.178 Srinagar, India 122.536 St. Boniface, Manitoba. 2.019 St. Catharines, Ontario 9.946 Ste. Cunegonde, Quebec 10.912 St. Denis, France 59.KS4 St. Denis, Reunion Island.... 82.850 St. Etienne, France 146.671 St. Gallen. Switzerland 36,344 St. Gilles, Belgium 41,948 St. Helens, England 84,410 St. Henri de Montreal, Quebec 21.192 St. Hyacinthe, Quebec 9.210 St. Jerome, Quebec 3.619 St. John, New Brunswick ... 40.711 St. John, Quebec 4,030 St. John's (with suburbs), Newfoundland. 29.007 St. Kilda, Victoria 20.544 St. Nazaire, France 34.671 St. Nicolas, Belgium 30.288 St. Petersburg, Russia 1,132,677 St. Pierre, West Indies. 25.792 St. Quentin, France 50.150 St. Stephen, New Brunswick 2.840 St. Thomas, Ontario 11.485 Stavanger, Norway 23.899 Stettin, Germany .210,680 Stockholm. Sweden 302.462 Stockport, England 78,871 Name. Country. Pop. Stockton-on-Tees, England .. 51,47(1 Strabane, Ireland 5,018 si raeebnrg, Germany 150,268 Stratford, Ontario 0,(08 Stuttgart, Germany 176.318 su chow, China 500,000 Sucre (Chuquisaca), Bolivia Suez. Egypt... 10,559 Suminerside, Prince Edward Island 2,875 Sunderland, England 146,565 Snndsvall, Sweden 14,490 Surabaya, Dutch East Indies 124,529 Surakerta, Dutch East Indies 104,589 Surat, India 11- ,864 Suva, Fiji Islands ... 850 Europeans Swansea, England 94,514 Swindon, England 44,996 Sydney (with suburbs;, New South Wales 488,382 Sydney, Nova Scotia 9,909 Syracuse, Italy 32,076 Szabadka, Austria-Hungary. 82,122 Szegedin, Austria-Hungary . .102.991 Szentes, Austria-Hungary... 31.303 Taal, Philippines 33.378 Tabriz, Persia 200,000 Tai-ku, Korea 44,712 Tai-wan, Formosa 70,000 Takamatsu, Japan 34,416 Takaoka, Japan 31.490 Takasaki, Japan 30,893 Talca, Chile 33,232 Tamatave, Madagascar. 5.000 to 7.000 Tamworth.Xew South Wales. 5,802 Tanauan, Philippines 20,036 Tangier, Morocco 30,000 Tanjore, India 57.605 Tantah, Egypt 57,289 Tarija, Bolivia. 11,940 Tarnopol, Austria-Hungary.. 30,415 Tarragona, Spain 25,a58 Tashkend, Asiatic Russia.... 156.414 Tavira, Portugal 11.558 Tegucigalpa, Honduras 12,600 Teheran, Persia 220.000 Tekax, Mexico 18.346 Temax, Mexico 16,807 Temesvar. Austria-Hungary. 53,033 Teramo, Italy... 24,578 The Hague (S'Gravenhage), Netherlands ..206,022 Three Rivers. Quebec 9,981 Tientsin, China 1,000.000 Tifiis, Asiatic Russia 160.645 Tilburg, Netherlands 40,628 Tilsi, Germany 34.538 Tipperarv, Ireland 6,391 Tiruovo, Bulgaria 25.295 Tlemcen, Algeria 34.866 Tokushima, Japan 61,501 Tokyo, Japan 1.440.121 Toledo, Spain 23.465 Toluca, Mexico 23.150 Tomsk. Asiatic Russia 52.430 Tonsberg, Norway 7.247 Toowoomba, Queensland 14,000 Torino, Italy 335,639 FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 95 Name. Country. Pop. Toronto, Ontario 208,040 Toronto Junction. Ontario... 6,091 Totonicapam. Guatemala .... 25,196 Tottenham, England 102,519 Tottori, Japan '28.496 Toulon, France ..101,172 Toulouse, France 147,696 Tourcoing. France 79,468 Tournai, Belgium 36,886 Tours, France 64.443 Townsville, Queensland 11.000 Tovama, Japan 59,558 Tralee. Ireland 9,318 Trapani. Italy _ &V257 Treves (Trier), Germany.... 43,324 Treviso, Italy 34,004 Trichinopolv. India 104,690 Trieste. Austria-Hungary.... 134. 143 Trikala, Greece 21.149 Trinidad, Cuba 11.120 Tripoli . Tripoli 20,000 to 30.000 Tripolis. Greece 10.465 Trondlijem, Norway 29.162 Troyes. France 53.159 Truro, Nova Scotia 5,993 Tsu, Japan 33,287 Tucuman, Argentine Repub- lic 34,305 Tula, Mexico 19,421 Tula, Russia. 111.148 Tunis (with suburbs), Tunis. 153,000 Turin (Torino), Paly.. 335.639 Twillingate, Newi mndland . 3.585 Tynemouth, England 51.514 Edine, Italv 37,933 Ulm, Germany 42,860 Unley, South Australia 18.152 Upsala, Sweden 22,818 rrumiah. Persia 40,000 Utrecht, Netherlands 102.086 Utsu-no-miva, Japan 32,069 Vaduz, Liechtenstein 1,139 Valdes, Spain... 23.194 Valencia del Cid, Spain 204,768 Valencia, Venezuela 38,654 Valenciennes, France 31.007 Valladolid, Spain 68,746 Valleyfleld (Salaberry), Que- bec 11.055 Valparaiso, Chile 122,447 Vancouver, British Columbia 26.133 Varna, Bulgaria 28.174 Vasarhely, Austria-Hungary.. 60,883 Velez-Malaga, Spain 23.453 Vellor, India 43,458 Venice iVenezlai, Italy 151.841 Vera Cruz, Mexico 24.085 Verona, Italy 74.261 Versailles. France 54.081 Vervlers, Belgium 52,496 Vevey, Switzerland 32,982 Vicenza, Italy 44.261 Victoria, British Columbia... 20,816 Victoria, Hong Kong 136,900 Vienna, Austria-Hungary ..1,674,957 Villa Rica, Paraguay 25,000 Name. Country. Pop. Vilna, Russia 159,568 Vincennes, France 30,336 Vitoria, Spain... 30,514 Vlaadingen. Netherlands .... 16,661 Vlissingen, Netherlands 18,893 Volo. Greece 16,232 Voronezh, Netherlands 84.146 Wakauiatsu, Japan 29.2(H) Wakavama. Japan 63,667 Wakefield. England 41.544 "Wallasey. England 53,580 Walsall, England 86,440 Waltharnstow, England 95.125 Warrington, England 64.241 Warsaw, Russia 638,208 Waterf ord, Ireland ... 26.743 Wellington (with suburbs), New Zealand 49,344 West Bromwich, England ... 65.172 West Ham, England 267,308 West Hartlepool, England. .. 62.614 Westmount, Quebec 8.856 Wexford, Ireland 11.154 Wickham, New South Wales 7.752 Wigan, England 60,770 Wiesbaden, Germany 86,086 Wi-ju, Korea 32.044 Willesden, England 114,815 Wiltz, Luxemburg 3,859 Wimbledon. England 41,604 Windsor, Nova Scotia. 3,398 Windsor, Ontario 12,153 Windhoek. German South- west Africa 1.500 Winnipeg, Manitoba 42,340 Winterthur, Switzerland 22,321 Witten, Germany 33,514 Wolverhampton, England ... 94.179 Woodstock, New Brunswick. 2.984 Woodstock. Ontario 8,833 Woolwich, England .117,165 Worcester, England 46,623 Worms, Germany 40.714 Wuchang, China 800,000 Wurzburg. Germany... 75.497 Yamada, Japan 27 ,990 Yamagata, Japan 35.300 Yarmouth. Nova Scotia 6.430 Yezd, Persia 80.000 Yokka-ichi, Japan 25.220 Yokohama, Japan 193,762 Yokosu, Japan 24.750 Yonezawa, Japan 30.719 York, England Zaandam, Netherlands 21.116 Zacatecas, Mexico Zagazlg, Egypt 35.715 Zamboanga, Philippines 21,800 Zante, Greece 14,650 Zanzibar, British East Africa 80,000 Zapotlanejo. Mexico 20,270 Zutphen. Netherlands.. Zurich, Switzerland Zwickau, Germany 55,825 Zwolle, Netherlands 30,560 \ 000 002 404