1,. ^ ^ 5 .»W~N >>;V -v- ^' Southern Branch of the University of California Los Angeles Fc rm L 1 PE 1G80 This book is DUE on last date stampet JAN 1 9 1925 iW^l 1925 ife- v^ -"Ij m Forgotten M eanings OR ^.Oe AKG-ELKB, -.---UAL An Hour with a Dictionary BY ALFRED WAITES AuHwr of " TIi£ Student 's Historical Manual " V/4^ BOSTON LEE AND SHEPARD, PUBLISHERS NEW YORK CHARLES T. DILLINGHAM 1886 Copyright, 1S86, By lee and SIIEPAllD. FOKGOTTEN MEANINGS. 1 U'S:C) C-ob. '^ PEEFAOE. In collecting these Forgotten Meanings, I have been upon my guard against the entice- ments of conjectural etjnnology, and have rejected much that was most alluring, bearing in mind the warning afforded by Peter Le Loyer, who though he had read more books, perhaps, than any other man in the world, went raving mad about etymons. "When a skilful anatomist observes the action of a pugilist's biceps, he can calculate very nearly the extent of its impetus, and knows why an argument from that source in- variably carries conviction with it : in like manner, the etymologist, the dissector of lan- guage, knows to a nicety the degree of force 4 PREFACE. with which a muscular word will impinge upon an intellectual structure. The anatomist, too, becomes acquainted with peculiar formations in the human fabric, for which he perceives no use, which seem to him a detriment rather ; and the etj^mologist occasionally finds in the genesis of words meanings which seem useless, significations which he cannot understand. Nevertheless, in the one case as in the other, there are underlying reasons, which, if only once got at, might explain many a perplexing fact con- nected with our common history. A. W. Febbuauy, 1886. ABBREVIATIONS. A. L. Andrews's Latin Lexicon. A. R. A. Adams's Roman Antiquities. B. Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. C. Chambers's Etymological Dictionary. F. A. Fosbroke's Encyclopaedia of Antiquities. J. Johnson's Dictionary (first edition). L. & S. Liddell and Scott's Greek Lexicon. P. Pliny's Natural History (Bohn). W. Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. FORGOTTEN MEANINGS; OB, AN HOUR WITH A DICTIONARY. ABANDON. To abandon, means to desert your colors. (L. a, from; bandum, an ensign.) £. ABJURATION. "Till Henry VIII., his time, if a man having committed felony, could go into a church, or churchyard, before he were appre- hended, he might not be taken thence to the usual trial of law, but confessing his fault to the justices, or the coroner, give his oatli to foi'- sake the realm forever, which was called abjura- tion." Ayliffe's Par. Jur. Canonici. Dr. Johnson. ABOMINATE. We should abominate a thing when it is ominous or portentous of evil. (L. abominaius ; ab, from; omen, ominis, a portent.) ABOVE-BOARD. A figurative expression, bor- rowed from gamesters, who, when they put 7 8 FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. their hands under the table, are changing their cards. Johnson. ABSURD. A statement is absurd when it is so unreasonable that it can be compared only with the reply of one who has not distinctly heard what was said to him. (L. ah, from ; surdus, deaf.) ADIEU means, I commend you to God; just as Good-by means, May God be with you. (Fr. A Dieu, to God.) ADORE. To adore, is to raise the right hand to the lips. (L. ad, to; os, oris, the mouth.) A.Ii. A., p. 211. AFFORD. When one cannot afford to do a thing, it is because he prefers to wait for a better opportunity, or until the market-price has in- creased ; afford meaning to take to the forum, or market-place. (L. ad, to ; forum, a market- place.) AGONY is derived from a(/on, agonis, a struggle, contest, or cohibat in the public games ; a combatant for a jirize being known by the name agonista ; his opponent, anlagonista ; whence our word antagonist. \ FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. 9 AGHAST. A person is aghast -when he is as terri- fied as if he had seen a ghost. (A. S. gast, a ghost, or spirit.) ALARM. To alarm your friends, means to call them to arms. (It. aW anne.) C. ALGEBRA. This word we owe to the Arabs, who named the science el djaber el-mo (jabelah : that is to say, the science of restorations or of re- establishments, of proportions and of solutions, by means of the rule by which they transfer or re-establish a quantity which was negative and which becomes positive, being transported or re-established in the other member of the equation. Thus it is that in the Middle Ages, in surgery, ah/ehra was understood as meaning the art of restoring or of re-establishing mem- bers which were dislocated or fractured ; and to this day, in Spanish and in Portuguese, alr/e- brista signifies a surgeon, or bone-setter. " Ce mot (Algebre) est du aussi aux Arabes qui avaient nomme cette science e'l djaber el- mogabelah ; c'est h dire, la science des restauralions ou des re'tablissements, des proportions et des solutions, en vertu de la regie par laquelle on 10 FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. opere le passage ou le retahlissement d'une quan- tite qui etait negative et qui devient positive, etant transportde ou retahUe dans I'autre meni- bre de I'equation. C'est pourquoi, au moyen age, en chirurgie, ahjehre voulait dire I'art de restaurer ou de retablir ]es membres deniis ou fractures ; et aujourd'hui nieme en espagnol et en portugais, ah/ebrisla signifie chinirgien." Curiosites Philologiques, etc., p. 93. Paris, 1855. ALLUDE is in danger of losing its peculiar signifi- cation, which is delicate and serviceable, by being used as a fine-sounding synonyme of say or mention. The honorable gentleman from the State of Kokeeko, speaking of the honor- able gentleman from the same State, denounces liim as a drunken vagabond and a traitor to his party. The latter rises, and says that his colleague has alluded to him in terms just fit for such a scoundrelly son of a poorhouse drab to use, but that he hurls back the honorable gentleman's allusions, and so forth, and so forth. The spectacle is a sad one to gods and men, and also to all who have respect for the English language. For, whatever may have FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. 11 been the case with the other words, allude and allusion were used in their Kokeekokian, cer- tainly not in their English, sense. Allude (from ludo, ludere, to plaj') means to indicate jocosely, to hint at playfully, and so to hint at in a slight, passing manner. Wo)ih and Their Uxes, p. 90. N.Y., 1870. AMBITIOUS ASPIRANT. The aspirant, or can- didate, should be a clean man ; should wear a white robe (candldus), emblem of purity, as did the office-seekers of ancient Rome ; and, like them, he is ambitious when he goes about seeking votes for his own election. (L. ambi, about; eo, {turn, to go.) AMETHYST. So named because it was thought to be a preventive of drunkenness. (Gr. a, without; 7ne//i?/o, to be drunken.) C. AMMONIA. So called because it was first obtained near the temple of Jupiter Ammon. ANTENN/E. Sail-yards. A. L. ANTIMONY. Webster says that this word is most probably a corruption of the Arabic al-itJimidun, antimony ; but Dr. Johnson has the following : " The stibium of the ancients. The reason for 12 FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. its modern denomination is referred to Basil Valentine, a German monk, who, as tradition 9 rel.ates, having thrown some of it to the hogs, observed that, after it had purged them heartily, they immediately fattened; and thereupon he imagined his fellow-monks would be the better for a like dose. The experiment, however, suc- ceeded so ill that they all died of it ; and the medicine was thenceforward called anti-moine, — anti-monk." APOTHECARY, from apotJiecce, by which name the wine-lofts of the ancients were known. Piini/. Etymology still indicates the principal busi- ness of the apothecary, though the exigencies of modern civilization have required the removal of the wine-room from the top of the building to the back of the store. APPRECIATE. To estimate at a price. (L. appretio.) ARENA. (L. arena, a sandy place.) The place where the gladiators fought was called arena because it was covered with sand or sawdust to prevent the gladiators from sliding, and to absorb the blood. a. n. A., p. 2yi. FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. 13 ASSERTION. A judicial (or formal) declaration that one is a freeman or a slave. (L. assertio.') A. L. ASTONISHED. Lit. thunder-struck. (L. aJ, at ; toun, to thunder.) ASTROLOGY. Some idea may perhaps be con- ceived of the power which this pseudo-science once possessed, if we will observe the tracks which it has left in the language itself. A disaster was the blast or stroke of some unpropitious star. (L. (lis, negative, and as- trum; Gr. astron, aster, a star.) Influenza was occasioned by a malign stellar influence. Sat- urday was sacred to Saturn, Sunday to the sun, and INIonday to the moon. Human beings were fortunate or lucky, rather than deserving. The weak-minded were under the influence of the moon (Luna, lunatics). He who was born under INIars was devoted to the army. They who were born under Saturn were consequently saturnine. The sprightly man was born under Mercury, and was therefore mercurial ; while the fortunate possessed jovial temperaments, because, behig born under the planet Jupiter, 14 FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. they were favored witli the immediate protec- tion of Jove himself. The dog-days, too, were a time of peculiar discomfort ; because Sirius was in the ascendant, whose mischief-working powers are thus graphically described by one of the early writers : — " Who is there that does not know that the vapor of the sun is kindled by the rising of the dog-star? The most powerful effects are felt from this stai-. When it rises, the seas are troubled, the wines in our cellars ferment, and stagnant waters are set in motion. There is a wild beast, named by the Egyptians Oryx, which, when the star rises, is said to stand opposite to it, to look steadfastly at it, and then to sneeze, as if it were worshipping it. There is no doubt that dogs, during the whole of this period, are peculiarly disposed to become rabid." Pliny, ii., c. xl. AUSPICIOUS. Favorable augury from the flight of birds. (L. avis, a bird; specio, to observe.) AUSTERE, to be, is to make the tongue dry and rough. Thus, the notorious Judge Jeffreys was austere when he reviled the unfortunates who FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. 15 were brought before him, giving them, as he said, " a lick with the rough side of his tongue." AWKWARD. Left-handed. (Old Eng. ad-A, left; icard, indicating direction.) BALLAD. . A song sung while dancing. (It. hal- lata, hallare, to dance.) Du Cange deduces it from the " Balisterou " of Yopiscus, a song ac- companied with dancing. An old chronicle of Milan says the players used to sing of Roland and Oliver, and turned themselves about with a becoming motion of the body. F. A., w. 594. BALLOT. A little ball, such as is used for voting in lodges, etc. ; a white ball being favorable to the admission of a candidate, a black ball unfavorable ; hence hlaclballed, meaning re- jected. BAN. A proclamation or interdiction. (Fr. ban.) BANDIT. One ianished, or proclaimed beyond the laws' protection ; an outlaw. (Fr. han-dlt.) BANK. A bench. (Fr. banc ; It. banco.) BANKER. One who displays goods on a bench for sale. 16 FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. BANKRUPT. One whose bench or bu.siness is broken up. (Bank, and L. ruptus, broken.) BARBARIAN. Sopliocles, in "The Maidens of Trachis," refers (v. 1000) to a foreign country as "the land of men that speak not," because the ancient Greeks thought that the non-Hellenic peoples had no intelligible language, and hence denominated them barbarians, from bar-bar, the imitation of an unintelligible utterance. BEAD, in A. S., means a jsrayer : the word was afterwards transferred to the little balls, pierced and strung, which are used by Roman Catholics to assist the memory in retaining the number of prayei'S recited. As connected with prayers, rosaries of them are found among the Lares of the ancient Egyptians in the catacombs, and are common in India, China, etc. F. A., i. 225. BEADROLL. The list of those prayed for. The king's enemies were thus cursed by name in the bead-roll at Paul's. Bacon's nint. Ilenry Vll.tp.l^. BEADSMAN. One who prays for the welfare of another. " Commend thy grievance to my holy prayers, For I will be thy beadsman, Valentine." Two Gentlemen of Verona, Act i., Sc. 1. FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. 17 BEEF-EATER. Some of the ofRcei-s in the Tower of London are so called, whose duty it was, originally, to stand by the buffet, or sideboard, to attend to the wants of those requiring refresh- ment. (A corr. of Fr. buffeiier.) i^. .1., i. 360. BELDAM. A hag; originally the reverse of its present meaning, i.e., Fr. belle dame, fair lady. BIB. From the Latin 6/fto, to drink ; because the bib dn'r.ks up the liquid spilled by the child. BIBLE. They write also in the leaves of certain reeds, which Isaiah called papyr reeds (Isa. ix. 7), growing in the marshes of Egypt, which reed, or sedge, is called Biblus or By bios ; so Lucan, — "Nondum flumineas Memphis contexere bibles, Never at," — which the translator doth English, paper. From which term or name of Biblos, books are by the Greeks called Biblio and Biblia, and that Book of books, the Bible ; because books were usually made of this kind of reed, or sedge. Philobiblion, i. 151. In the same way, a strip of papyrus-bark was termed scheda, dim. schedula ; whence our word schedule. A. L. 18 FORGOTTEN MEANINGS- BISCUITi Bread twice baked. (L. bis, twice; Fr. cuit, from coquo, cocius, to bake.) C. BLACKMAIL. Money paid to robbers, or those allied to robbers, for protection. Its modern synonyme is retainer. BLOOD-STONE. "There is a stone which they call the blood-stone, which, worn, is thought to be good for them that bleed at the nose ; which, no doubt, is by astriction and cooling of the spirits." Bacon, quoted by Dr. Johnson. BOAi A large serpent, which was supposed to suck milk from cows ; hence its name boa, from L. hos, boms. Pliny, viii., c. 4. BOCUS. From Borghese, a rascal who swindled many persons in the United States by means of counterfeit bills. B. BOOK. From Ger. buch, a book. The runes were cut in soft wood, particularly in that o£ the beech (Ger. buch) tree, whence came the name. Menzel, Gesck. d. Deutschen,\.h6. BRIBE, "in French, originally signified a piece of bread, and so applied to any piece taken from the rest : it is therefore likely that a bribe formerly meant a share of any thing unjustly got.'' «/"• FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. 19 BUB. A name by which boys are familiarly addressed, and which is probably derived from the Ger. bube, a boy. BUCCANEER. One who smokes meat. The French settlers in the West Indies cooked their meat on a boucan, or gridiron, after the manner of the natives, and were hence called bouca- niers. c. BUCKr The butting animal; from- A. S. buc, a knock. CALAMITY. A storm or any thing that breaks or beats down the reeds or stalks of grain ; from L. calamus, a reed. a. l. CALCULATE. To count by the aid of small stones; from L. calculus, dim. of calx, a little stone. A. L. CANTER. "Probably derived from the monks rid- ing- to Canterhm-y on easy-ambling horses." J. CAPRICIOUS. Jumping about like a goat; from L. caper, a goat ; hence, " to cut a caper." CAROTID. Gr. karotides, karos, sleep; deep sleep being occasioned by a compression of these arteries. c. 20 FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. CAUSEWAY. A way raised and paved, or shod, witli stone. (Fr. chausse'e, from chausser, to shoe.) C. CAUCUS. "It is stated on the authority of the celebrated Dr. Gordon, the historian, that in 1724 Samuel Adams the elder, and about twenty others, and one or two from the north end of the town [Boston], where all the shipping busi- ness was carried on, used to meet and lay their plans for introducing certain persons to places of power and trust. From this club of ship- building mechanics (or calkers) comes the word caucus." McMasters'' Hist., i. 178 (uote). CEMETERY. A sleeping-chamber. This name was given to their burial-places by the early Christians, who were fond of comparing death to a sleep. (Gr. kouneterion, koimao, to lull to sleep.) Eusebius, Eccl. Hist., Bohn ed., p. 266 (uote). CHANCE-MEDLEY. A hot affray; the killing of a person by chance, or in self-defence. (Fr. chaude, hot; melee, affray.) CHANCELLOR. A door-keeper. (L. cancellarius.) The Roman emperor Carinus intrusted the government of the city to one of his door-keep- FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. 21 ers (cancellai-ius). This word, so humble in its origin, has by a singular fortune risen into the title of the first great oflSce of state in the mon- archies of Europe. Gibbon, Decline and FalU i. 415 and note The Lord Chancellor of England has, from time immemorial, been charged with the im- portant function of "Keeper of the King's Con- science : " the reason is thus given by Lord Cami^bell (in his " Lives of the Lord Chancel- lors," i. p. 4) : — *'From the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity by tlie preaching of St. Augus- tine, the king had always near his person a priest, to whom was intrusted the care of liis chapel, and who was his confessor. This per- son, selected from the most learned and able of his order, and greatly superior in accomplish- ments to the unlettered laymen attending the court, soon acted as private secretary to thei king, and gained his confidence in affairs of state. The present demarcation between civil and ecclesiastical employments was then little regarded, and to this same person was assigned 22 FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. the business of superintending writs and grants, with the custody of tlie Great Seal." CHARACTER. (L. character.) An instrument for branding'or marking. A. L. CHEAP. Derived from chepe, cheping, which is an old word for market, whence Eastcheap and Cheapside. J. CHECKMATE. Pers. Shah mat, the king is dead. CLIMACTERIC. This term means, literally, "in- creasing by a regular scale," or, " according to a proportional series of numbers." The multiples of seven have been generally supposed to be the critical periods of human life, and more espe- cially sixty-three, or nine times seven, which was accordingly termed "the grand climac- teric." Pliny, b. vii. c. 50, note. COBALT. Ger. kohold, a devil. The demon of the mines, so called because the German miners thought that its presence indicated the absence of more valuable metals. COCAGNE. The land of cookery and good living. COCKNEY. The land of cockneys. (From L. coquo, to cook.) " And whau this jape is told another day, I shall be haldeu a dal'fe or a cokcnay." FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. 23 That this is a teiuii of contempt borrowed origiually from the kitchen, is very probable. A cook, in the base Latinity, was called coquina- tor aud coquinarius, from either of which cokenay might easily be derived. In pp. fol xxxv 6, — " Aud yet I say by my soule I have no salt bacon, Ne no cokency, by Christe, coloppes to make," — it seems to signify a cook. In these rhymes ascribed to Hugh Bigot, which Camden lias published, Brit. Col., 451 (upon what authority I know not), — " Were I in my castle of Bungey, Upon the river of Waveney, I would ne care for King of Cockeney," — the author, in calling London Cockeney, might possibly allude to that imaginary kingdom of Idleness and Luxury which was anciently known by the name of "Cokaigne," or Cocagne, a name which Hicks has shown to be derived from coquina. TyrwhiWs Note, C/iaucer, The Reve's Tale, lines 4204-6. COCOA. A bugbear; applied to the nut from the three marks at the end, which form a monkey-like face. (Sp. coco, a bugbeai-.) 24 FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. CODEX. The trunk of a tree ; later, wooden tab- lets, bound together and covered with wax, for writing on. CODICIL. From L. cocUcillus, the dim. of codex. COKE. Cooked coal. . COLPORTEUR. One who carries on his neck. (L. col, coJlum, the neck, siwd porter, poriare, to cany.) COMPLAIN. To beat the head and breast in token of grief. (L. complanrjere.') A. L. CONCISE. Cut down. (L. concisus.) CONCUR. To run together. (L. con, curro.) CONSTABLE. Count of the stable. (L. comes, stahuli.) CONTEMPLATE. To gaze at attentively, as if marking put a templum, or place for observa- tion. C. A. R. A. CONVERSE. To turn round frequently. (L. con, verso.) COPPER. So named from the Island of Cyprus, once celebrated for its copper-mines. (L. cu- prum ; Gr. kupros.) CORIANDER. An aimual plant, the seeds of which, when fresh, have a bug-like smell. (L. coriandrum, from Gr. koris, a bug.) C. FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. 25 COUCH. A convulsion of the lungs, vellicated by some sharp serosity. J COUSINS. All gentlemen are cousins, and all villains chums. " Tous gentilhommes sont cousins, et tous vilains comperes." Dict'onnaire Portatif des Proverbes Franqois, p. "4. CRANBERRY. Crane-berry, from its growing on a stalk resembling the legs and neck of a crane. C. CRJISE. Fr croise, from the original cruisers, who bore the cross, and plundered only infidels. J. CURMUDGEON. A corn-mud cjin, a corruption of corn-merchant, because they were supposed to keep up the price of corn by their avarice. When Dr. Samuel Johnson was working upon his celebrated dictionary of the English language, he requested any of the readers of " The Gentleman's INIagaziue " to send him, if they knew, the etymology of the word cur- mudgeon. The response was not long delayed, and he placed in his dictionary the information ■which he had received: " Cunmidgeon. n.s. [It is a vitious manner of pronouncing cusur mediant. Fr. an unknown correspondent.] " 26 FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. Tliat phrase was thus copied in anotlier English dictionary : " Curmudgeon, from the French words, occur (unknown) and mtchant (corre- spondent)." Ciirio-iUes LUtcraircs, \>. 'Idii, par I.udovic I.alanne. CURRANT. Corinth raisin. CURTAIL. (L. curio.') It was anciently written curtaU which, perhaps, is more proper ; but dogs that had their tails cut being called curtal dogs, the word was vulgarly conceived to mean oi-igi- nally to cut the tail, and was in time written according to that notion. J- DAINTY. Toothsome. From L. dens, dentls, a tooth. C. DAISY. So called from its likeness to the sun, — day's eye. DANDELION. The lion's tooth; so called from the tooth-like edges of its leaf. (Fr. dent-de- lion . ) c. DECUSSATE. To cross in the form of X; from L decus.^iti, decern asses, ten units, making the Roman numeral X. FORGOTTKN MEANINGS. 27 DERRICK. A temporary crane to remove goods from the hold of a vessel. So called from Der- rick, the Tyburn liangman, early in the seven- teenth century, -wlio for more than a hundred years gave his name to gibbets. B. DESPOT. j\Iaster of the house. (Gr. desjjolcs.) " II (Scanderbeg) etait fils d'un despote, ou d'lui i^etit hospodar, de cette contree ; c'est-a- dire, d'un prince vassal, car c'est ce qui signifiait despote ; ce mot vent dire h. la lettre, maitre de ma-son ; et il est etrange que Ton ait depuis aifecte le mot de despotlque aux grands souve- rains que se sont rendus absolus." Voltaire, Essai sur leu Jfoeurs, ch. xc. He (Scanderbeg) was the son of a despot, or little hospodar, of that country ; that is to say, of a subordinate prince, for that is the mean- ing of despot ; it literally signifies, master of the house ; and it is singular that the word despotic should now be applied to great sovereigns who have made themselves absolute. DEXTERITY. Right-handedness; ivoval^. dexter, Gr. dexios, right. The peculiar significance of this word is better appreciated if we contrast it 28 FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. with .minister (left), to the meaning of which still clings the idea of malevolent fatality ; which may be accounted for by the fact that the ancient Greeks, when offering sacrifice, believed tliat an onicMi upon the right or dexter liand was indicative of success, while an omen upon the left or sinister hand betokened misfortune. DIPHTHERIA. From Gr. diphthera, a piece of leather. A disease of the air-passages, espe- cially the throat, by which they are covered with a leathery-like membrane. C. DIPLOMA, A letter of recommendation, so called because it consisted of two leaves. (Gr. diploma, a letter folded double.) C. DISAPPOINT. Properly, the word disappoint pre- supposes an appointment, and the failure on the part of one or more to keep that appoint- ment disappoints those who have been punctual. DISMAL. An evil day. (L. dies malus.) DISTRICT. A territory within which a superior had a riuht to distrain, or otherwise exercise authoiity. (L. dislrictits, dislrinr/o.) C. DOG-ROSE, or Wild-Brier. Down to our times, the bite of a mad dog, the symptoms of which FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. 29 are a dread of water and an aversion to every kind of beverage, was incurable ; and it was only recently that the mother of a soldier who was serving in the praetorian guard received a warning in a dream, to send her son a root of the wild-rose, a plant the beauty of which had attracted her attention in the shrubbery the day before, and to request him to drink the extract of it. The army was then serving in Lacetania, a part of Spain which lies north-west of Italy; and it so happened that the soldier, having been bitten by a dog, was just beginning to manifest a horror of water, when his mother's letter reached him, in which she entreated him to obey the words of this divine warning. He accordingly complied with her request; and, against all hope or expectation, his life was saved, — a result which has been experienced by all who have since availed themselves of the same resource. PUny, xxv. 6. DUNCE. Duns Scotus was the leader of those schoolmen who opposed the study of the class- ics, at the time of the revival of learning; heuce his followers were called duuses. C. B. 30 FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. ELIMINATE. To turn out of doors. (L. e, out of ; limen, limiiiis, a threshold.) EMOLUMENT. An allowance of meal (L. 7nola) as a salary. ENCROACH. (Fr. accrocher, from croc, a hook.) To put a hook into a man's possessions, to draw them away. J- ENTHUSIAST. One who believes that he himself is in God, or that God is in him. (Gr. en theos.) B. ESTIMATE. To reckon the money- value of. A. L. ETIQUETTE. A ticket on which the forms to be observed at court on particular occasions were inscribed. (Old Fr. esticquette, a labal.) C. EVICT. To conquer completely. (L.evinco,evicius.) EXACT. Pressed out to a standard or measure. (L. exactus, p.p. exif/o, to drive out, to measure.) EXAMINE. To test by a balance. (L. exiunen, the tongue of a balance.) C. EXCISE. (Accij'is, Dutch; excisum, Latin.) A hateful tax levied upon commodities, adjudged, not by tlie common judges of property, but wretches hired by those to whom the excise is paid. •/. FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. 31 EXCRUCIATING pain, resembling that suffered by a person crucified. (L. crux, crucis, a cross.) EXECRATE. To exclude from all that is sacred. (L. exsecror, execratus, to curse ; ex, from, and sacer, sacred.) C". EXORDIUM. The ^Yarp of the web; the begin- ning. (L. exordior, to begin a web.) A. L. EXPEDITE. To free the feet from a snare or ini- pedhnent. (L. exjieditus ; ex, out, and^e*', pedis, a foot.) ^- ^• EXPECT is very widely misused on both sides of the water, in the sense of suppose, think, guess. E.g., "I expect you had a pretty hard time of it yesterday." Expect refers only to that which is to come, and which, therefore, is looked for {ex, out, and spectare, to look). We cannot expect backward. Words and Their Uxes, p. 112. EXPIATE. To annul guilt by subsequent acts of piety. (L. expio, expiatus ; ex. intens. amd pio, to appease, atone for: pins, pious.) C. EXPLODE. (L. explodo.) To drive out disgrace- fully, with some noise of contempt. " Him old and young Exploded, and liad seized with violent liands, Had not a clund descending snatcli'd liini tlience Unseen amid the throng." Paradise Lout, b. xi. J. 32 FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. EXQUISITE. Sought out with great care. (L. ex, out; qucero, quesitus, to seek diligently.) C. FANATIC. One inspired by a divinity. From L. fai)us, a fane or temple. a. l. FELONY. ]\Iany may not be aware that felony is derived from an idea that felons are prompted by an excess of gall. Felonies were crimes conunitted/e//eo anhno, with a mind affected by the gall; and Hale was of opinion that the reason why a lunatic cannot be guilty of a crime, is a want of gall. AlUbone, Quo., Sec. Law, p. 403. FOOLSCAP. Size of paper, 17| x 13| inches; so called from having originally borne the water- mark of a fool's cap and bells. c. FORECASTLE of a ship. So called from a small castle near the prow in ancient vessels. C. FOREIGN. Out of doors. (L. foraneus, foras, out of doors.) A. L. FROG of a horse ; from its likeness to the leg of a frog. c. GARBLE properly means, to sift out refuse. Thus by the statute of James I., 19, a penalty is FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. 33 Imposed on the sale of drugs not garbled. We now use the word to mean a mutilated extract, in whicli the sense of the author is perverted by what is omitted. (Fr. yarber, to make clean.) B. GAZETTE. It. gazzetia, a Venetian coin worth about ^(/., the sum charged for a reading of the first Venetian newspaper, a written sheet which appeared about the middle of the six- teenth century, during the war with Soli- man II. c. GENTLEMAN. In the beginning of Christian- ity, the Fathers writ contra gentes, and contra Gentiles: they were all one. But, after all were Christians, the better sort of people still retained the name of Gentiles throughout the four Prov- inces of the Roman Empire ; as Geniil-homme in French, Gentil-huomo in Italian, Gentil-hombre in Spanish, and Gentil-man in English. SelJen'» Table Talk, p. 159. London, 1S60. GROTESQUE means in " Grotto style." Classical ornaments, so called, were found in the thir- teenth century in grottos, that is, excavations Diade in the baths of Titus, and in other Koman 34 FORGOTTEN ^mANINGS. buildings. These ornaments abound in fan- ciful combinations; hence any thing ouire is termed grotesque. £. GYMNASTICS. Athletic games. The word is from gjpiuuisium, a public place set apart in Greece for athletic sports, which were done naked. (Gr. gumnos, naked.) £. HERETIC means one who chooses; and herestj simply a choice. (Gr. hairlses, choice.) HUMANITARIAN is very strangely perverted by a certain class of speakers and writers. It is a theological word ; and its original meaning is, one who denies the Godhead of Jesus Christ, and insists upon his human nature. Words and Their Uses, p. 127. HUSSAR. Originally a soldier of the national cavalry of Hungary. Hmi. hiiszar, husz, twenty, because at one time in Hungary x)ne cavalry soldier used to be levied from every twenty families. C. HYACINTH. Ilyacinthus, a son of Amyclas and Diomede, greatly beloved by Apollo and Zephyrus. He was accidentally killed by FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. 35 Apollo, who changed his blood into the flower which bears his name. HALCYON is the Greek for a kingfisher, com- pounded of hnls (the sea) and kuo (to brood on). The ancient Sicilians believed that the king- fislier laid its eggs and incubated for fourteen days, before the winter solstice, on the surface of the sea, during which time the waves of the sea were always unruffled. B. HENCHMAN. Ilaunch-man ; one who stands at his master's haunch. c. IMBECILE. Leaning on a staff. (L. in, upon; bacilhtm, dim. of bacuhim, a staff ) C. IMMOLATE. To put meal on one. Reference being made to the ancient custom of sprinkling meal and salt on the head of the victim to be offered in saci'ifice. (L. in mola.) li. INAUGURATE means to be led in by augurs. The lioraan augurs met at their college-doors the high officials about to be invested, and led them up to the altar. B. INCANTATION. A singing against; that is, sing- ing a set form of words to bring Divine wrath upon persons or nations. B. 36 FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. INCULCATE. To stamp into with the heel. (L. inculco, inculcatus ; in, into; calco, to tread; calx, the heel.) B. INEXORABLE. Not to be moved by any thing said. (L. in, not ; ex, out of ; os, oris, the month.) INFAMOUS means not allowed to speak or give witness in a court of justice. (L. in, negative; fari, to speak.) B. INFANT. Not able to speak. (L. in, not; fans, from for, fari, to speak.) INGENUOUS. Free born, of good birth. (L. ingenuus.) A. L. INNUENDO. An implied or covert hint of blame. It is a law-term, meaning a person nodded to (L. innuo). The defendant or his pleadei", speaking to the plaintiff, would say, " He, mnu- endo, did so and so;" i.e , "He, the person I nodded to or referred to (viz., the plaintiff), did so and so." B. INOCULATE is to put in an eye (L. in oculis). The allusion is to a plan adopted by gardeners, who insert the " eye," or small bud, of a supe- rior plant into the stock of an inferior one, in FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. 37 order to produce flowers or fruit of a better quality. £. INSULT. To leap on the prostrate body of a foe. (L. in.on tliose who transgress " p/iwy, xviii. 49. PROVIDE means to foresee. (L. provideo, to see forward, in the distance.) A. L. PSALM. Tlie twanging of a stringed instrument. (Gr. psuUo, to twang.) C. PUG. A puck or goblin, from the root of bug; puce (Fr.). a flea, from the same root. PULPIT. The stage for the actors in the Roman tlipiitre. {\j. pulpilum.) A. R. A.,v-'2^- PUNCH. A beverage of five ingredients, — spirit, water, sugar, lemon-juice, and spice. (Sans. panchahi, four or five ) C. PUPA. A baby; an insect enclosed in its ca.se before its full development ; hence pupil, a little boy or girl ; and pupil of the eye, from the baby-like figures seen therein. C. 56 FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. PYGMY. The fist, the distance from the elbow to the knuckles, thirteen and a half inches. (Gr. pugme.) L. it S. QUARANTINE. The time, originally forty days, during which an infected ship is obliged to for- bear intercourse with the shore. QUIBBLE. Lit., what you please. (L. quidUhet.) QUINSY. A dog throttling. (Gr. kyon, a dog, and ancJio, to press tight.) C. RABBLE. A biawling mob. From L. rabula, a wrangling advocate, a pettifogger. A. L. RECIPE (L ) means lake. In prescriptions, the first letter only is written, B. This character was originally the same as %, the symbol of Jupiter, and was placed at the top of a formula to projiitiate the king of the gods, that the com- pound might act favorably. Tr. RECREANT. One who changes his belief. (L. re-credo, to retract.) REMIT. From the Latin remittere, to send back. " AYhy one man should say to another, I will remit you the money, instead of, I will send you FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. 57 the money, it would be difficult to say, did we not so frequently see the propensity of people for a big word of wliich they do not know the meaning exactly, in preference to a small one that they have understood from childhood. This leads people, in the present instance, to speak even of sending remittances, than which it would be hard to find an absurder phrase." Words and Their Uses, pp. 151, 152. REMORSE. To bite again. (L. remordeo, remor- sum, to bite again ) So also morsel, a bite or mouthful (L. morsits). A. L. REVE or REEVE. A steward, governor, or over- seer. Thus rei'e, a steward, and chirch-reeve, a church-warden, are found in Chaucer ; and tlius, to-day, hog-reeves, deer-reeves, and shire-reeves, or sheriffs. ROSTRUM. An ei-ection for public speakers in the Forum, adorned with the figure-heads or beaks of ships taken in war. From L. rosira. A. R. A., p. 55. RUBRIC. The titles and heads of laws, as the titles and beginnings of books, used to be written ^\ ith vermilion ; hence Ruhricu (red 58 FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. ochre) is ]nit for the civil law, and hence the use of it in tlie ]\Iiddle Ages, a reminiscence of wliieli .still exists in our word rubric. A. R. A., p. 101. A. L. p., xxxiii., 40 mid note. F. A., i. 235, note. RUM MAGE. To search the rooniage, or space, in which things are stored. SALARY. Of or belonging to salt. INIoney given to the soldiers for salt. (L. solarium.) A. L. Salt was held in great veneration by the ancients. It was always used in sacrifices; thus also Moses ordained, — " \Yitli all tliine offerings thou shalt offer salt." Lev. ii. 13. Thus, to set salt before a stranger was, and still is, by some Eastern nations reckoned a symbol of friendship ; and to spill the salt at table was esteemed ominous. The desire to obtain means for the purchase of salt gave rise to the word snlariu7n, salary. A. R. A., p. 312. SAMPHIRE. Lit. the herb of St. Peter. (Fr. Saint Pierre.) FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. 59 SARCASM. From Gr. sarcasmos and sarkizo and sarx, flesh ; signifying biting or nipping satire, so, as it were, to tear the flesh. C. £. S., p. 720. SARCOPHAGUS. (Jr. lilhos, saveo-j)hagos, a lime- stone, whicli, like slacked lime, consumed animal substances ; wherefore coffins were often made of it. X. d: S. SAUNTER. From Fr. sainte terre, in the phrase allcra la sainte terie, to go to the holy land; from idle people who roved about the country, and a,sked charity under pretence of going a la sainte terre, to the holy land. Tr. SAXIFRAGE. It is of singular efficacy in expel- ling and breaking calculi of the bladder, and has therefore received the name of saxi/raf/um (stone-breaking). P/iny, xxii. a). SCAMPER. To run out of a field. Escamper. (1.. ex, out of ; campus, a field.) c. SCHOOL. Leisure for learning. (L. sclwla, spare time ) A. L. SCHOLIUM. One of the notes written by the old critics on the margins of ancient clas- sics, so called because done iu tlieir leisure time. GO FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. SECURE. "Without care. (L. se for sine, without ; cunt, care.) A. L. SCORN is to dishorn, through tlie Italian acornare, to break off the horns. In tlie East, the horn was worn as an orna- ment on tiie forehead; and to lower the horn was emblematical of sorrow, but to take it away was a disgrace and dishonor. B. J. <£• G. SCRUPULOUS means literally having a stone in one's shoe. (L. scrupulus, a small, sharp, or pointed stone.) Those who have a stone in their shoe halt, and those who doubt "halt between two opinions." £. A. L. SILHOUETTE. Shadow outline of the human figure, so named from Silhouette, a minister in the French Government, after whom every thing cheap was named, from his excessive economy in official matters. C. W. Thus we have silhouette portraits : the word is permanent, though it is not to be foimd in the Dictionary of the Academy. Biogriiphie UnieerfieUe, art. " Silhouette," and note, tome xlii. 349. StLLY is the German seluj (blessed), whence the infant Jesus is termed "the harmless, silly FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. Gl babe;" and sheep are called "silly," meaning harmless or innocent. As the "holy" are easily taken in by worldly cunning, the word came to signify "gullible," "foolish." B. Tyrwhitt, in his Glossary of the "Canterbui-y Tales," gives " harmless " as the signification of ".«(■%." SINCERE. From the Latin nine cera, without wax: which Webster says perhajis means pure honey. Tlie meaning given by Brewer, how- ever, is more probable: he says, "The allusion is to the Roman practice of concealing flaws in pottery with wax. A sound and perfect speci- men was sine cera (sincere)." SIRLOIN. A title given to the loin of beef, which one of our kings knighted in a fit of good humor. J. SPECULATE means to look out of the window. (L. specula, a look-out, a watch-tower.) A. L. Under the first emperors, windows were con- trived of a certain transparent stone, called lapis specularis, which might be split into thin leaves, like slate, but not above five feet long each. A- H- A., p. 375. G2 FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. STALWART. A stalwart yeoman means one worth stealing or taking. (Saxon stoil weoiih.) Of course, the reference is to war, and means a tine fellow worth making captive. £. STATIONERS. It is believed by our antiquaries, that stationers derived their denomination from their fixed locality or station in a street, either by a shop or slied. This denomination of sta- tioners, indicating their stationary residence, would also distinguish them from the itinerant vendors, who, in a more subordinate capacity at a later period, appear to have hawked about the town and the country, pamphlets and other portable books. B'/iiirteli's Amenities of Literature, ii. 378, 379. STENTORIAN. Like the voice of the herald Stentor, mentioned by Homer. STOIC. A disciple of Zeno, who taught under a porch at Athens. (Gr. stoikos, stoa, a porch.) STUPID. In a stupor. (L. stupulus.) A. L. SUBJUGATE. To bring under the yoke. (L. suh, under ; Jugum, a yoke.) SUFFOCATE. To put something under the throat. (L. snff'oco; sub, under; faux, faucis, fauces, the throat.) FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. 63 SUPERCILIOUS. A lifting up of the eyebrows. (L. super, above ; cilium, eyelid.) SUPPLICATION, among the Romans, meant a religious solemnity, either by way of thanks- giving or humiliation-. .1. li. A., 212, 263, n. A. L. (supplicatio). SWINDLE. From the Ger. schwindeln, to cheat. It originally meant those ai-tifices employed by a tradesman to prop up his credit when it began to totter, in order to prevent bankruptcy. B. SYCOPHANT. The Athenians passed a law for- bidding the exportation of figs from Attica; and those persons who informed against vio- lators of this law were known as s3'cophants, from Cr sykophantes ; sijkon, a fig, and phaino, to bring to light. B. TALLY. The tally used in the Exchequer was a rod of wood, marked on one face with notches corresponding to the sum for which it was an acknowledgment. Two other sides contained the date, the name of the payer, and so on. The i()(l was then cleft in sudi a manner that each half contained one written side and half 64 FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. of every notch. One part was kept in the Ex- chequer, and the other was circulated. Wlien payment was required, the two parts were com- pared, and if tliey "tallied," or made a tally, all was right : if not, there was some fraud, and payment was refused. Tallies were not abandoned in the English Exchequer till 1834. b. Tlie Roman symholum was identical with tlie tally. "Individuals used anciently to have a tally (Tessera hospitalitatis), or piece of wood cut into two parts, of which each party kept one." ^. 7?. .1., 313. Olaus Wormius has given a representation of the tallies used by the ancient Danes, of which each party kept one. f. a., i. 336. TANTALIZE. Tantalus was a king of Lydia, and father of Niobe and Pelops. He is represented by the poets as being in the infernal regions, placed in a pool of water which flowed from him whenever he attempted to drink, thus causing him perpetual thirst; hence the origin of the term "tantalizing." JIaii. Class. Die, \>. 110. FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. 65 TARIFF. The word is derived from Tarifa, a sea- port of Spain, about twenty miles from Gibral- tar, where the Moors, during their supremacy in Spain, levied contributions according to a certain scale on vessels entering the Mediter- ranean Sea. B. TATTOO, or " Taps." A beat of drum and a bugle-call to warn soldiers to repair to their quarters. Originally to shut the taps, or drink- ing-houses, against the soldiers. (Dutch, (aptoe ; tap, a tap; toe, to shut.) o. TAWDRY. At the annual fair of St. Audrey, in the Isle of Ely, showy lace, called St. Audrey's lace, was sold, and gave foundation to our word " tawdry." B. F. A., i. 336. TELLER. The official who receives and pays money in a bank. The name is derived from tallier, the designation which was applied to the functionary who compared the tallies, and paid the amounts due upon them in the English Ex- chequer. (See Tall;/.) F.A^i.^SG. TERGIVERSATION. A turning of the back. (L. Icrgum, the back ; versor, versatum, verlo, to turn.) A. L. G6 FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. TERMAGANT. A supposed Mahometan deity, reprcsonted in the old moralities as of a most violent character. 3/0/1 a mmed and 3fohammedanism, p. 59, note. TERRIER. A dog that pursues animals to their earth, or burrow. (L. ierra, the earth.) C. TORY. "The bogs of Ireland at the same time (1670-1680) alTorded a refuge for popish out- laws, much resembling those who were after- wards known as Whilehoys, and these men were then called Tories. The name of Tory was thei'efore given to Englishmen who refused to concur in excluding a Roman-Catholic prince from the throne." Macaulay, Hist. Eng., i. 192. TRAGEDY. It had its name, according to Horace, from Gr. tragos, a goat ; ode, a song ; because a goat was the prize of the person who produced the best poem, or was the best actor; to which Virgil alludes. Eel. iii. 22. According to others, because such a poem was acted at the festival of Bacchus after vintage, to whom a goat was then sacrificed, as being the destroyer of the vines ; and therefore it was called trago- dia, the goat's song. FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. 67 Thespis, a native of Attica, is said to have been the inventor of tragedy, about five hundred and thirty-six years before Christ. He went about •with his actors from village to village in a cart, on which a temporai'y stage was erected, where they played and sung, having their faces be- smeared with tlie lees of wine ; whence, accord- ing to some, the name of tragedy (from triix, ugos, new wine not refined, or the lees of wine ; odus, a singer). This, hovvevei', was done by the actors as a ludicrous disguise, and after- wards, when their performance assumed a more regular character, was known by the name of komodia, whence Comedy. A. R. A., 237. z. & S. TRANSPIRE. Of all misused words, this verb is probably the most perverted. It is now very commonly used for the expression of a mode of action with which it has no relations whatever. Its common abuse is due solely to the blunder of persons who used it although they were ignorant of its meaning, at which they gues&ed. Transpire means to breathe through, and so to pass off insensibly. The identical v.ord exists in French, in which language it is the equiva- 68 FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. lent of our perspire, which also means to breathe through, and so to pass oft" insensibly. The Frenchman s.ays, Tai heaucoup transpire, — "I have much perspired." In fact, transpire and perspire are etymologically as nearly perfect synonymes as the nature of language permits : the latter, however, has, by connnon consent, been set apart in English to express the passage of a watery secretion through the skin ; while the former is properly used only in a figurative sense, to express the passage of knowledge from a limited circle to publicity. Words and Their Uses, pp. 163-165. TRUMP. The card that triumphs or wins. C. UMBRELLA. A little shade. (Dim. of L. iimhra, shade.) UNDULATE. To move like the waves. (L. nnda, a wave.) The compounds of unda express in various ways the movement of waves. Abun- dant, a wave rising above the plane surface of the water. Redundant, to flow over with great abundance of water, or to inundate. A. L. FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. 69 URCHIN is a little ore {ore-kin; Dutch urk, nrkjen). The ore is a sea-monster that devours men and women : the oix-kin, or little ork, is the hedge- hog, supposed to be a sprite, or mischievous little imp. £. USHER. There are several kinds of ushers: 1st, a schoolmaster's assistant ; 2d, a doorkeeper ; and 3d, a gentleman usher, or modern footman. (Fr. huissier.) A whole-length picture of the last is given in " Lenton's Leasures," 1631 : — " A Gentleman Usher is a spruce fellow be- longing to a gay lady, whose footsteps, in times of yore, his lady followed, for he went before. But now he has grown so familiar with her, that they go arm in arm. His great vexation is going upon sleevelesse errands, to know whether some lady slept well last night, or how her physick worked in the morning, things that savour not well with him. The reason that oftimes he goes but to the next tavern, and then very discreetly brings her home a tale of a tubbe. He is forced to stand bare ; which would urge him to impatience but for the hope of being covered, or rather the delight he takes 70 FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. in showing his new crispt haire, which his barbel- hath caused to stand like a print hedge in equal proportion. He hath one commenda- tion among the rest (a neat carvef-), and will quaintly administer a trencher, in due season. His wages is not much, unless his quality exceeds. But his vailes are great; insomuch that he totally possesseth the gentlewoman, and commands the chamber-maide to starch him into the bargaine. The smallness of his legs bewrays his profession, and feeds much upon veale to increase his calfe. His great ease is that he may lie long in bed, and when hee's up may call for his breakfast, and goe without it. A twelvemonth hath almost worn out his habit, which his annual pension will scarcely supply." F.A.,\.m,m. VARLET. Varlet old French, now valet. J. VANDALISM. As applied to the Vandals, Menzel (Gesch. d. Deutsch., i. 110, 111) thinks the word a misnomer. VOLUME. When the ancients had much to write, leaves or skius were sewed together, wound FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. 71 round a stick, and termed volumina; whence volume and voluminous. F. A., i. 234. VERNACULAR. The slaves who were born in the houses of their masters were called vernaculi ; hence lingua vernacula, v. aris, one's mother tongue. A. R. A., p. 24. VILLAIN. A serf attached to a farm or villa. B. VINDICATE, to justify, has a remarkable etymon. Vindicius was a slave of the Vitelli who in- formed the Senate of the conspiracy of the sons of Junius Brutus to restore Tarquin, for which service he was rewarded with liberty ; hence the rod with which a slave was struck in raanumissiou was called Vindicta, a Vindicius rod ; and to set at liberty was called by the Romans vindicare in lihertatem. B. A. B. A., 27, and note. WHIC. "In Scotland, some of the persecuted Covenanters, driven mad by oppression, had lately murdered the primate, had taken arms against the government, had obtained some advantages against the king's forces, and had not been put down until Monmouth, at the 72 FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. head of some troops from England, had routed them at Bothwell bridge. " These zealots were most numerous among tli(! rustics of the westei-n lowlands, who were vulgarly called Whigs. Thus the appellation of Whi(j was fastened on the Presbyterian zeal- ots of Scotland, and was transferred to those English politicians who showed a disposition to oppose the Court, and to treat Protestant non- conformity with indulgence." 3[ucaitlay, Hist. Eng., i. 192. WOOLSACK, 'i'he cushions upon which the Lord Chancellor and Judges sit in the House of Lords. It is claimed, on the one hand, that as wool was the staple commodity of England, wool- sacks were jilaced in the seats of the Lord Chancellor and the judges that they might con- stantly bear that fact in mind. On the other hand, there are not wanting those who perceive a deeper allusion, an evident connection indeed with the pulvinaria of the ancient Romans, those splendid cushioned couches which wei'e prepared by Iheui for the gods, or for th« per- FORGOTTEN MEANINGS. 73 sons who received divine honors. " But I be- lieve," says Lord Campbell, to the disgust of all antiquaries, " that in the rude simplicity of early times a sack of wool was frequently used as a sofa, — when the judges sat on a hard wooden Bench, and the advocates stood behind a rough wooden rail, called the Bar." Lives of the Lord Chancellors, i. p. 16. Lee and Shepard's Popular Handbooks. Price, each, in cloth, 50 cents, except when other price is given. Exercises for the Improvement of the Senses. 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