50 
 
THE 
 
 PLEASURES AND DUTIES 
 
 OF 
 
 WEALTH. 
 
 BY C. S. RAFINESQUE. 
 A. M. PH. D. 
 
 Professor of historical and natural Sciences, 
 
 member of many learned Societies in 
 
 France, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, 
 
 Switzerland, Italy and the United 
 
 States, fyc. Author of many 
 
 works, 
 
 In deeds of good import yoijr wealth employ, 
 And happiness bestow, yotirsekes ' en;^. ', >>-. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 PRINTED FOR THE ELEUTHKRIUM OF KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 1840. 
 
* 
 
 2%e 'great jp06/ LAMARTINE, #as sazV/ m his 
 travels in the holy land The spirit of family 
 is the second soul of humanity, Legislators 
 forget this by thinking only of Nations and In- 
 viduals; all ought to have a home and a 
 
 field The social, political and religious 
 
 worlds are not well organized, but are full of 
 
 abuses .... the age of reason is coming, new 
 
 ideas, new social forms are required. ... A 
 
 religious, moral, social and political body, having 
 
 a standard (of correct principles), a rule, a chief, 
 
 an object, a true spirit, recalling Religion to 
 
 mutual Love, politics to fraternal Love, proper- 
 
 t ty, to charity and utility, their only titles and 
 
 bases. ,.'./ SlKjti, Would achieve the great reform 
 
 . of.mankmd, called'fpr by millions . . , the Cross 
 
 iaicdVihe* 'ftess'-are' the two Engines that will 
 
 achieve it Let me add Wealth united to Lone 
 
 vf God and Men. 
 
THE PLEASURES AND DUTIES OF 
 WEALTH. 
 
 1, Ever since Cupidity became a human 
 passion, the desire of acquiring Wealth has more 
 or less prevailed among all Nations and Indi- 
 viduals ; often becoming their banes when the 
 proper uses of Wealth have been forgotten. 
 
 2, Ever since Property was introduced as a 
 reward of Industry, the wish to obtain, increase 
 and secure its accumulation by Individuals, fa- 
 milies, corporations, tribes or Nations, has be- 
 come paramount to all others; and this passion 
 has often been gratified by very improper means, 
 Injustice, Oppression, Strife and even Blood- 
 shed . . . thro' Cunning, Force, War or Bad 
 Laws : whether this desirable property was 
 Land, Chattels, Estates, Money or Services. 
 
 3, In the greedy pursuit after Wealth and 
 Property, the human sinful Vices of Qitpidity 
 and Avarice, have been unfclded and gratified; 
 nay indulged and encouraged *>y. Social Laws, 
 in spite of the precepts of Morality, Honesty 
 and Religion* Instead of Wealth being the re- 
 ward of Industry, Sobriety and Prudence, it is 
 oftener the consequence of Extortion, Monopo- 
 lies, Speculation, Inheritance or even Despoil- 
 ing ... disguised under the terms of fair trade, 
 good luck, legal rights, &c. 
 
 4, This had been perceived by the best Le- 
 gislators, Mof alists and Founders of Religions : 
 they endeavored to restrain the abuses and evils 
 introduced by Cupidity, and the allied passions 
 of Ambition, Avarice, Lust, Coveting, tyc. . . 
 but often in vain, the sinful propensities of man- 
 kind nearly overcoming all the nominal re- 
 
 664342 
 
straints, unless coerced by direct laws, or guided 
 by the holy Spirit of Charity. 
 
 5, If the holy Religion of LOVE TO GOD AND 
 MEN, which we profess nominally, (but seldom 
 effectually) has not been able to overcome 
 thoroughly the evils of Cupidity, how are we 
 to hope for the ultimate reform of mankind, un- 
 less we endeavor to achieve whatever was in- 
 culcated by it. . . The love of our fellow beings, 
 and the universal DIFFUSION of happiness. 
 
 6, Perhaps, it was designed by Providence, 
 that this prevailing passion, should be one of the 
 means to be employed to attain the desirable 
 end of mutual Concord and Happiness* It is 
 believed by many that several baneful Passions, 
 if well directed or gratified to a certain extent, 
 may evolve good results. Thus if Cupidity 
 may be modified by Generosity, Patriotism, 
 Benevolence, Learning or even Ostentation, 
 Vanity, the Love of Glory, &c. we might hope 
 
 ^o'see it, e'^ei^ed ifor the good of mankind, in- 
 stead of the Vfciaus ends of Selfishness, A.va- 
 |ri?c>i^Pr'w?i ovJZr,ujBlty. 
 
 ?, But the great aim of this life being Happi- 
 ness, and Enjoyments now and hereafter, if the 
 possessors of Wealth can be persuaded to derive 
 them from the pure sources of gratification that 
 they can command, instead of the indulgence of 
 vicious pursuits, it is certain that if they become 
 convinced of this, they will neither refuse nor 
 delay to seek and secure such pure enjoyments, 
 that are besides in accordance with the human 
 and divine laws, and so likely to obtain our 
 grateful approbation. 
 
 8, Therefore it may be useless to ascend to 
 the Origin of their Wealth, or try to impair its 
 tenure, if improperly obtained ; let us take the 
 
things as they are (altho' not always as 
 ought to he;) and try at least to improve them, 
 Having ascertained that Wealth improperl 
 used or' wasted in Strife, War, Vices, Luxury, 
 Gambling, &c. becomes baneful to bodies an< 
 Souls, Men and Nations, let us show instead 
 useful it becomes when properly invested 
 employed in deeds of Peace, Charity, Science, 
 Philanthropy, Education, Improvements an< 
 other attainments deserving and obtaining praisi 
 and reward now and hereafter. 
 
 9, Mankind has often been divided in two 
 Classes, the Rich or Wealthy, and the Poor or 
 Indigent ; which have been ostensibly arrayed 
 against each other ; but there is a third and me- 
 dial class, which balances these two, and often 
 happily preponderates : it is that nameless mid- 
 dle Class of Individuals neither rich nor poor, 
 with a competence of property or emoluments 
 or labor, that possess neither the superfluity of 
 Wealth, nor dread the evils of poverty. To this 
 Class we see at all times ascending the indus- 
 trious Poor or descending the prodigal Rich, It 
 is this Class that forms the Nucleus and main 
 strength of society, and to which if all could be- 
 long, there would no longer be to fear the evils 
 of exuberant Wealth or destitute Indigence. 
 
 10, But even among Rich and Poor, a dis- 
 tinction must be made (not seldom forgotten) of 
 the Worthy Rich or Poor, and the Vicious or 
 Unworthy. The Vicious Poor sink into Pau- 
 pers, Mendicants, Drones, Thieves, &c. while 
 the Vicious Rich become Prodigals, Misers, 
 Monopolizers, Tyrants, &c. Those exalted 
 into Nobles, Lords, Kings, &c. by peculiar In- 
 stitutions, may be either Good or Bad, Worthy 
 
 1* 
 
or Unworthy, Virtuous or Vicious, and thus pro- 
 duce extensive happiness or misery. 
 
 11, It is found that all Laws human and di- 
 vine, are ineffectual to restrain those who unite 
 great Wealth and power ; they break them all 
 whenever led by passion or whims. The very 
 same effect takes place with the very Poor, who 
 impelled by necessity, destitution and Hunger, 
 must sometimes obey the great natural laws, 
 bidding human beings to preserve life and ex- 
 istence at any rate. Whence arise the great 
 dangers of inordinate \vealth or deep poverty in 
 Society, which it is the duty of legislators and 
 moralists to lessen by all practicable means. 
 
 12, Wealth is power, Knowledge is power, 
 Industry is power ! they all might combine to 
 achieve the great aim of general security, mo- 
 rality and happiness. Wealth should furnish the 
 means, Knowledge unfold the ways, Industry 
 effect them. Yet if any one of them despises the 
 others or does not value them, they become inef- 
 fectual and powerless for good purposes: while 
 their triple power if continued, would be over- 
 whelming. Union is strength, but Union of 
 Powers is the Great Lever of Archimedes, the 
 Lever that would move the moral, political and 
 social Worlds. 
 
 13, The unshackled Industry of Men and 
 Women, if not restrained by bad laws, and the 
 competition of rivals, might of itself achieve 
 much, since any labor can produce exuberant 
 Wealth, particularly if aided by knowledge ; but 
 unfortunately Labor is apt to undervalue know- 
 ledge or improvements, and to lean towards the 
 support of Wealth or Capital that feeds the La- 
 borers at a higher rate of profits. 
 
 14, Competition is the great obstacle to un- 
 
obstructed production of food, and every other 
 commodity. Both Industry and Knowledge 
 feel its effect, there is a constant rivality aniong 
 Laborers, producers, teachers, authors, &c. be- 
 cause their exuberant labors may clog the mar- 
 kets. But Wealth hardly feels the effects of 
 Competition, whence its superiority. Yet when 
 moved by Cupidity, it tries to monopolize some 
 objects, such as Land, or Corn, or Money, , . 
 So as to make all other classes subservient. 
 
 15, There is a constant Strife between Wealth 
 and Labor, to give more or less of each in ex- 
 change, whence the perpetual fluctuation of 
 prices, their sudden rises and falls. If a correct 
 and general standard of values could be found 
 less variable than corn, labor or metals, a more 
 adequate rate of equitable exchange could be 
 introduced. Those who have proposed Labor 
 have overlooked the quality of it, and the kind 
 of knowledge required for its production, 
 
 16, Some have proposed Land as a measure 
 of value, but it is so variable in quality, situation, 
 improvements on it, &c. that it will not do, and 
 metals are yet the most useful and general, as 
 they can command all others : therefore Labor, 
 Industry, Knowledge and Wealth are measured 
 by them, whether they be Gold or Silver, Cop- 
 per or Iron, or else their equivalents. 
 
 17, Several means however exist to unite, 
 bind and conciliate the three great Interests and 
 Powers of Wealth, Knowledge and Industry, 
 whereby to lessen the evil effects of Competition, 
 and events enhance the effects of their combina- 
 tion, by multiplying the production of useful ob- 
 jects beyond conception, and thus the means of 
 general enjoyments, while Wealth itself will be 
 
8 
 
 increased and adequately remunerated by a pro- 
 portionate increase of enjoyments and delights. 
 
 18, Some modes altho' opposed to each other, 
 may effect nearly the same purpose They are 
 1. to establish a uniform High rate of values 
 for every Property or Labor performed, 
 neither being refused when tendered at that rate, 
 but payable only in other Properties, effects, 
 commodities or labors, equally high rated 2d. 
 Or to adopt a Minimum or very low rate of 
 valuations for every thing tendered payable or 
 exchangable at the similar low rates 3rd, Or 
 for any one to fix his own price to every thing, 
 but be paid also in objects at the rate of the pro- 
 ducer, this should be the voluntary plan. 
 
 19, Such practice or experiment of Highest 
 and Lowest Values can of course be only used 
 by mutual consent of a set of families, or Com- 
 pany, Association, or Community, large or small 
 . . , and their full effects and consequences can 
 only be ascertained by practice on a large scale. 
 But it is obvious at a glance that they offer such 
 inducements and advantages to all, that provi- 
 ded the rates be justly equalized, whether High 
 or Low, they cannot fail by their very disparity 
 to suit most classes of Wealthy men, Laborers 
 and Pr9ducers. 
 
 20, This may be called the MUTUAL SYSTEM, 
 those who may employ it will become MUTUAL- 
 ISTS, and either rates may be used separately or 
 together. To unfold the practical benefits of 
 both would require a volume: it may however be 
 asserted that the High rates of exchanges will 
 suit every body RICH or POOR, as every one will 
 like to see its Land or Houses or Goods or La- 
 bor, rated at five-fold or ten-fold of usual prices, 
 and obtain whatever he wants, altho' it may be 
 
9 
 
 at similar high rates. This will therefore invite 
 Sellers or Exchangers, but may repel buyers. 
 
 21, On the contrary the Minimum or Low 
 rates would invite buyers, but repel Sellers, un- 
 less divested of all Cupidity, and acting at last 
 upon the beneficial plan of reducing all prices to 
 the least metallic term of value, the best plan 
 perhaps after all; but the Maximum would be 
 most acceptable at first, until Cupidity is fully 
 gratified and overcome. 
 
 22, Let us merely shew" the main effects of 
 these two Mutual Systems. For instance in the 
 Maximum at ten-fold rates, the Wealthy Capi- 
 talist would receive 50 or 60 per Cent, interest 
 or profit on any Metalic Capital put in Mutual 
 concern or exchange ; while the Industrious 
 Farmer would receive $2 a pound for his butter, 
 or $50 for his flour, or the Laborer One Dollar 
 per hour of labor .... but never payable in me- 
 talic coin, but in' Certificates of Exchanged 
 Values. 
 
 23, At the Minimum rates, altho' the Capi- 
 talist might receive only one per Cent, per annum 
 on his coihj he could obtain butter at two Cents 
 the pound, flour at 50 Cents the barrel, labor at 
 ten Cents per day . . . and so on. If Capital is 
 seldom tendered at this rate, yet when tendered 
 at the high rates of 50 per Cent, it may be 
 available for the few purposes where Coin may 
 be indispensable, and by a nice calculation of 
 High and low rates in ratio to fluctuating values 
 will afford a fair profit even then, 
 
 2i, It nefed not be said that there is a fallacy 
 in these prices since they after all equalize each 
 other: it is so, but their utility is this very equity 
 and equality, always unvariablel while all prices 
 fluctuate around, and by availing of these flue-' 
 2 
 
10 
 
 tuations, either the Individuals or the Managers 
 of the Exchanges may be enahlcd to realize im- 
 mense profits, buying at low prices, selling at 
 high prices, and investing in unvariable rates, 
 in which they can always command the needful 
 for comfort or use. By the Voluntary plan any 
 objection to these are obviated, but Cupidity 
 may avail itself of it to the detriment of good men, 
 by overvaluing their own labors, &c. 
 
 25, It will be easily perceived what advantage 
 an Association, CM* Community or even Nation, 
 would have over all others, by removing all 
 checks to Industry and Production of all kinds, 
 and storing for use whatever is produced ; while 
 Properties and Metallic Wealth would find an 
 overwhelming inducement in the nominal in- 
 crease of value, or if preferred in the very cheap 
 attainment of all enjoyments and Useful commo- 
 dities. 
 
 26, If these Schemes however were to be ap- 
 plied merely as Speculations, they should offer 
 but a new way of indulging Cupidity ; the pur- 
 pose for which contemplated, is far removed from 
 any such design. It is meant on contrary to check 
 and control Cupidity by equalizing prices or rates, 
 and Competition by opening a mart or marts for* 
 whatever Industry may produce to any extent, 
 without ever any glut, affording adequate rewards 
 to labor whenever depreciated. 
 
 27, In the great actual conflict of human pas- 
 sions and miseries, there are some Philosophers 
 who aim , to better mankind, and lessen these 
 miseries if not the passions, or avail themselves 
 of these very passions to evolve some good. Altho' 
 their Schemes and Systems are widely different, 
 yet they all have the same aim, and if either ean- 
 attain the object, they are surely worthy of er> 
 
11 
 
 quiry and trial. Three of them deserye most 
 notice as having already many helievers or pro- 
 moters. They are the Apostolic plan, 2d, the 
 Mutual Plan, and 3rd the Social Plan. 
 
 28, The Apostolic or Evangelical plan of 
 improving Mankind, is perhaps the very best, 
 since it is the very Religion vvo profess to be- 
 lieve. Deemed of Divine Origin, venerable by 
 Age and good deeds, pure and holy when first 
 promulgated and uridejiled by human passions, 
 it however admits and tolerates in our times of 
 all the sinful practices of Paganism; of Wars, 
 Quarrels, Lawsuits, Pride, Cupidity, Vices, 
 Crimes, &c. but fortunately it admits also and 
 predicts a different Era to come, called a 2d 
 Golden Age, or Millenium, when all these evils 
 shall cease, and Justice prevail with Love .and 
 Charity, producing Happiness. 
 
 29, The majority of the nominal Xrlstians 
 do not follow this Evangelical Religion, but are 
 immersed in Sinful practices. There are how- 
 ever some Churches, Societies or Individuals, 
 who aware of the Sinsof the worldly throng, ab- 
 stain from these evils, arid dwell in peace, in or 
 out of the Social crowd. Such are the Friends 
 or Quakers, the Believers or Shakers, the Mo- 
 ravians, Harmonites,* Zoarites, Russian Qua- 
 kers, and many others, who commonly live in 
 communities as did the Apostles and follow the 
 tenets of primitive Evangelical Religion, 
 
 30, To all Wealthy men who are righteous 
 and pious, these Societies offer the means of 
 doing much good, either by joining them, or by 
 bestowing them Endowments for good and cha- 
 ritable purposes ; but each Society having been 
 formed by ignorant (altho' -well meaning) men 
 or women, partako of their imperfection, and 
 
 
; thus ignorance, cupidity or celibacy, or some 
 peculiar tenets involve them in obloquy nnd re- 
 strain the friends of religion, by thejr absurdity 
 or partiality. 
 
 31, But how easy and practicable for any 
 Enlightened Worthy Man endowed with great 
 Wealth, to become one of the Benefactors of 
 Mankind, and Promoter of true Religion, by es- 
 tablishing himself some similar Society or Com- 
 munity of pious, industrious men and women, 
 pot to live as Monks and Nuns ; but to increase 
 and multiply as fast as possible and fill the world 
 with Evangelical beings. 
 
 32, Nay, this might be the way to hasten the 
 Millenium so much desired and hoped for by the 
 pious. Altho* so often foretold in vain, some 
 hope it may happen in 1847 or a few years ! 
 What glory for He who shall prepare it, or con- 
 ciliate all the Sects by restoring them to the 
 Single pure tenet of LOVE TO GOD AIVD MEN, from 
 which shall flow all the other requisite blessings, 
 This shall be the real Religion of the Evan- 
 gelists, instead of our corrupt Sinful Sects. 
 
 33, Altho" all good deeds and endowments 
 may contribute to lessen the human Miseries, 
 yQt a Single Man or a few Men, who would 
 buy or give several large tracts of Land, and 
 dedicate them forever to the perpetual use of 
 good, temperate, peaceful, industrious families, 
 that would live thereon in Evangelical Concord 
 of mutual labor, help and instruction . . . would 
 thereby achieve a great victory over the Sinful 
 World, and lay the foundations of the Evangelic 
 and Apostolic times to come, whether a mille- 
 nium or something else. 
 
 34, There, this new Apostle, could become a 
 Legislator and Reformer, he might suggest Of 
 
13 
 
 establish perpetual Laws, neither restraining 
 Marriage nor Industry, and proscribing only 
 Quarrels, Intemperance and all Vices; neither 
 dictating Tenets nor Dogmas, but asking Mutual 
 Love and Concord, from which naturally flow 
 Happiness, Prosperity and Enjoyments of all 
 kinds^ Inviting all the good, the poor, the 
 wretched, the unhappy of this World (of which 
 millions exist) to come and dwell in peace in 
 this Evangelic Asylum ; their labor and indus- 
 try would amply support them, since they only 
 ask and 'require a peaceful gratuitous asylum, 
 instead of the heavy evils, rents, profits, taxes, 
 &c. to be paid in the corrupt Social State. 
 
 35, If only 100 families were collected, they 
 would increase ten-fold in a few years; out of 
 their Savings they could buy or procure other 
 Lands, establish Colonies, multiply beyond be- 
 lief, and form innumerable Clusters of happy 
 Beings, ready for any further improvement. 
 The System of families ought not to be broken, 
 since fathers and mothers are the natural heads 
 and patriarchs of their offspring: the patriarchal 
 government could be restored by giving pre- 
 ponderance to fathers and mothers of families, 
 according to the size of their families. Industry 
 and Knowledge ought also to be promoted by 
 rewarding each according to their manual and 
 mer)tal labors. 
 
 36, As if to shame us, the Social p\an of Owen 
 and others, has lately been promulgated ; altho' 
 revived frojn the dreams of Plato, or the Cre- 
 tan Laws, or the Pythagorean Schools, or the 
 Hindu and Peruvian Communities ; nay pub- 
 lished 100 years ago in France. The Socialists 
 or Owenists now claiming to be reformers also, 
 (altho' discarding Religion and Moral principles 
 
 2* 
 
11 
 
 or even thcj merits of Skill and Industry,) have 
 spread in England and America, by turns suc- 
 cessful or desponding, they still cling to their 
 infatuation, by adopting the principles of Social 
 Harmony ; which arc in fact the practical part 
 of the first Apostolic Communities, and the Es- 
 senians their progenitors, 
 
 37, Community of property has always been 
 deemed a more perfect mode of life, and when 
 the Nazarens or Evangelists became gradually 
 Sinful Xristlans admitting Cupidity and other 
 Vices, they yet venerated the Therapeuts or 
 Monks and Nuns, that kept the practical tenet 
 of common goods and labor. In order to restore 
 the purity and further improve this very old 
 Apostolic Dogma, it is only needful to add there- 
 to the important improvement of adequate and 
 proportionate reward of Wealth, "Knowledge, 
 Talents and Labor ! acting in concord. Thus 
 the baneful Social (or Anti-Social) tenets of 
 Owen and others, will be banished, by the pure 
 light and practice of Evangelical Concord. 
 
 38, This may be done by the Mutual plais, 
 proposed in France by St. Simon, Fourier, Con- 
 siderant and others ; which they have unfortu- 
 nately promulgated chieflv in theory, and drown- 
 ed in long intricate details, whereby it is often 
 difficult to ascertain their meaning. Fourier 
 was so Sanguine as to suppose that the whole 
 world would adopt at once his Scheme of Social 
 or Mutual Phalanx ; but he died before a sin- 
 gle one could be fairly tried. He has left how- 
 ever zealous disciples, some of whom have reach- 
 ed America, and a Phalanx is said to be under 
 trial near Paris : while the St. Simonians at- 
 tempting a New Sect, abolishing family ties, 
 have been persecuted and dispersed. 
 
15 
 
 39, The. pith of this new theory (if new it is) 
 appears to be that all the human passions are 
 to be made subservient to useful purposes by 
 their gratification; a dangerous principle if some 
 baneful passions are notexcepted, and evil pro- 
 pensities not controled when they inflict pain on 
 others However the utmost tolerance is incul- 
 cated which is right, and each Mutttalist or 
 member of a Phalanx, is to be lodged, fed and 
 treated in proportion to his capital, skill, talents, 
 industry and activity. 
 
 40, Such an ultimate plan is of course excel- 
 lent and quite practicable, since it appeals at 
 once to the interested passions of all, even Cu- 
 pidity, I anity, Ambition, tyc. It admits also 
 of as many separate and intricate bodies as our 
 individual Society Systems, since as many Clubs 
 or Associations for any purpose whatever can 
 be formed within the Phalanx or Mutual Social 
 Body, by any one who chosesor can. 
 
 4!, Fourier contemplated a Hierarchy and 
 Political System in his plan, that may not suit 
 us ; but may do in Europe. He said that No- 
 bles, Princes and even Kings might be members 
 of his Social System, and become wealthier and 
 more powerful thereby. We may have instead 
 Legislators and Judges, Priests and Teachers, 
 Generals (of peace) and Presidents, and this 
 may satisfy the ambitious. 
 
 42, But to be the Pounder of a Mutual 
 Cluster of Happy beings (which may be called 
 an Eden, Elysium,Agathon, Arcadia, Olbion 
 or Eutopia) will gratify the highest ambition ; 
 and to do so, it is only required for a Wealthy 
 man to set the example, and say, I wish to be 
 happy by making the happiness of WOO fellow 
 Icings, without losing a Dollar by it, since I may 
 
16 
 
 give them my Estate or money in perpetuity, for 
 which they will pay me a good annuity, or a per- 
 petual income if I have heirs to gratify ! 
 
 43, The inducements for Laborers under this 
 Scheme is their mutual comfort and support, 
 cheaper food and expenses by clubbing for 
 cooking and every thing else, besides 1 a proposal 
 quite peculiar to make Labor as easy andplea- 
 sant as a festival. Ploughing, reaping, manual 
 labor, &c. are to be performed with songs, music 
 and dances, just as if going to a wedding This 
 is certainly something new, (unless martial mu- 
 sic for soldiers is a pattern) and altho' it may 
 not suit the good followers of Perm,- it will suit 
 nine-tenths of Laborers and working men: four 
 hours of daily labor or feasting will support any 
 one and leave him twelve hours for study, read- 
 ing, recreation, extra labor* exercise, meals, &c. 
 besides 8 for sleep. Competition is also to be 
 abolished and the hardest work the best paid. 
 
 44, Altho' the mutualities were contempla- 
 ted to be chiefly rural Communities, in order 
 to raise the needful food ; they might also be 
 attempted in Cities, which are Centralists of 
 Knowledge and Capital. A few houses put in 
 Common stock, some tools, shops, trades, &c. 
 might be sufficient to begin with ; but rents and' 
 profits that absorb nearly all the fruits of Labor 
 must be avoided as much as wages and extra' 
 expenses. By all bein put in Common Stock 
 for a term or forever, food, clothing, and Divi- 
 dends might be procured at any rate for all con- 
 cerned. 
 
 45, Such mutual plan if duly combined with 
 religious Tolerance and Love to all men, might 
 be still more successful any where. There will 
 be no doubt many pious men who may give it a 
 
17 
 
 trial ere long, and if they do not split upon the 
 rock of intolerance, or imposing their tenets on 
 a! I their associates, it must eventually succeed 
 on a large sca!e, but only partially if peculiar 
 dogmas are to he dictated and assented to, or a 
 monkish life inculcated. 
 
 46, If we suppose that there are no Wealthy 
 men devoid of Cupidity, or liberal enough to 
 dedicate a small share of their Wealth to im- 
 prove Mankind at large, yet we know that thene 
 arc many who either in life or death may bestow 
 something for several useful purposes. We have 
 seen some who thro' Ostentation have by their 
 wills left endowments for Hospitals, Colleges, 
 Libraries, &c. all useful purposes also ; bat very 
 few indeed do it while alive and able to enjoy 
 the gratification of seeing the good they devise, 
 
 dt, Wills have been concealed, perverted or 
 set aside, what is done while living is done ac- 
 cording to the real intent, and can be enjoyed 
 by thd Donor as well as the public. Sir Isaac 
 Newton has said . . . thCAj who gave away 
 nothing till they died never gave at all . . . He 
 meant because they could keep it no longer. Yet 
 it is better to leave even by a proper will a share 
 of superfluous wealth, than to leave all to Heirs 
 who do not want the whole : while Millions of 
 men destitute or suffering are craving for a small 
 share of this bounty. 
 
 48, No religion inculcates more the need of 
 charitable deeds, than our holy Religion, since 
 the divine founder of it has explicitly said that, 
 He who feeds the Hungry and, thirsty, or who 
 relieves miseries, verity does the same to Me ! 
 . . . and ample rewards in Heaven are provided 
 for those who perform this duty. Nevertheless 
 how many neglect it, or only give to Churches 
 3 
 
 
18 
 
 and religious Societies, not mentioned in the 
 Gospels. 
 
 49, The Gospel asserts that it is as hard for 
 a Rich man to go to Heaven, as for a Cable 
 (called Camel in Greek) to pass thro' the eye 
 of a Needle . . . the needle must be very large 
 indeed that will allow it, and the Wealthy men 
 who reach Heaven by good deeds performed 
 while alive, (since they do not reckon after 
 death) are too few . . . Hear it you Misers and 
 Greedy holders of Wealth, and tremble ! unless 
 you be what you are ashamed to own, worship- 
 ers of Mammon by Cupidity and Hypocrisy, 
 instead of the God of Heaven and Love. 
 
 50, In this we are put to shame by the pious 
 Musselmen, who are enjoined to give one-tenth 
 of their income or profits yearly in Alms or good 
 deeds, and to leave as much when they die. . . 
 They even may give the whole, and thus through- 
 out the East have been founded pious Hospitals, 
 Churches, Colleges, Bridges, Roads, Fountains, 
 Inns. Schools, Libraries and other useful Works, 
 all deemed Alms to the poor or the needy. 
 Even the Jains of India and other Heathens 
 deem such Alms a duty ! 
 
 51, In Catholic Countries, altho' the priests 
 often exact the Jewish tithe and admit of indul- 
 gences and other benefits to themselves alone, 
 yet they inculcate the need of pious Works, and 
 Charitable Institutions are numerous every 
 where, extending to all kinds of requisites for 
 the poor even to provide them with work, tools, 
 small loans of money, &c, or to teach trades and 
 arts gratis, to educate orphans, give dowries to 
 poor girls, . . The only evil result is that by pro- 
 viding alms and food for the poor, they encou- 
 rage beggars and paupers. 
 
19 
 
 52, Meantime, how many pleasures are in 
 reserve for the Wealthy, who discarding those 
 arising from vicious indulgence or even mere 
 luxury, find a delight in doing good, relieving 
 distress, fostering merit and rewarding the wor- 
 thy. . . Thrice happy are they, who beloved of 
 God who has gifted them with wealth for good 
 purposes, do not abuse their trust, but deserve 
 the Veneration of their fellow men, by becoming 
 their Benefactors, thro' the exertion of Benevo- 
 lence, Charity, Generosity and Philanthropy. 
 To such as these belong the joys of Earth and 
 Heavens : tfeey may be deemed Angels sent to 
 comfort, relieve and lessen Human Miseries, or 
 lead along the Sinful Mortals upon the paths of 
 Celestial life. 
 
 53, The most obvious use (and duty) of 
 Wealth is to procure happiness to us and 
 others (Principles of Wealth 230) Yes, happi- 
 ness may be derived from this use, and whoever 
 having the means that it supplies perverts them 
 to bad purposes, or deny their use to those who 
 may lack them, altho' as worthy as themselves. 
 ,. . Such indeed are doomed to a sad fate, which 
 they can hardly avert by death-bed restitutions 
 to pious or useful purposes. 
 
 54, Hear what a poet has said 
 
 Industry ought to earn, and wealth enjoy . . . 
 Happy the men who seldom evils know 
 Never oppress the poor, but wealth bestow .... 
 When wisdom ruling us shall justice teach, 
 The golden age again shall make us rich, 
 The wealthy sharing well their ample store 
 Shall jointly seek, the blessings we implore. 
 
 55, To suggest some of the public and private 
 wants that may be supplied by Wealth properly 
 applied, may perhaps induce some one to attend 
 
'20 
 
 thereto, or at least sow the seeds of such im- 
 provements : ince it is not always individual 
 Wealth that achieves the most, but the contri- 
 butions of many that can spare a little, have of- 
 ten effected as much.* The widow mites and 
 the penny subscriptions have sometimes realized 
 beyond belief. Tfte small sums spent by mil- 
 lions, in vicious habits of drinking, smoking, 
 chewing, snuffing, law-suits and quarrels, &c. 
 could alone afford enough to change the lace of 
 the Earth if applied thereto. 
 
 56, Of all such wasted savings, the greedy 
 priestly or political leaders try to divest their 
 tools, and often succeed altho' their purposes 
 are not always pure. Ever since the Churches 
 have drunk of the baneful Cup of Cupidity, they 
 are become corrupt and unworthy of cordial 
 support. It will be better to apply the Super- 
 fluity of Wealth and the petty Savings of Indus- 
 try (which amount to a great deal when exten^ 
 sive or often renewed) to the purpose of actually 
 benefiting the very Donors or Contributors. 
 
 57, Patriots recommend the patronage of 
 Education, Colleges, Libraries, Schools, Agri- 
 culture, Arts and Sciences, Learning, Useful 
 Hooks and other objects, connected with the 
 general increase of knowledge, and improve- 
 ment of mankind. All these objects arc com- 
 mendable, and too much can never be done to 
 foster the nurseries of knowledge, supply the 
 v ints of youth and even older age by study or 
 otherwise. Popular Lectures have been effec- 
 tual in inculcating or teaching what many men 
 will not seek in books, and therefore are equally 
 useful. To endow free Lectures, Museums, 
 Libraries and other Sources of Knowledge, are 
 among the most noble and praiseworthy plea- 
 
21 
 
 sures and duties of wealth, but most of ours are 
 as yet venal. 
 
 58, Those who befr : end Genius when it is 
 struggling for distinction, befriend the World ', 
 
 ?_? O*/ ^ ** * / 
 
 and their names should be held in remem- 
 brance (Cunningham's Life of West) Yes to 
 seek, foster and protect Genius is one of the 
 highest prerogatives of Wealth. Genius how- 
 ever is hot confined to Painters or Machinists, 
 it applies and belongs to all Inventors, whoever 
 seeks, finds and makes known useful or valua- 
 ble facts or things, to Original Authors, Poets, 
 Dramatists, Philosophers, Historians, Natural- 
 ists, Botanists, Astronomers, ... as well as 
 Manual Laborers, from the inventor of Sandals 
 or Shoes, to that of Steam Engines and Tele- 
 scopes. To all these the friendly help or patron- 
 age of Wealth is needful at present; in a better 
 state of Society, it would be the duty of the pub- 
 lic to reward them. 
 
 59, Dr. David Brewster has said The labors 
 of Science have no counterpart of evil, they are 
 the liberal bequest of great minds to/ every indi- 
 vidual of their race. Wherever they are wel- 
 come and honored they become the solace of 
 private life, the ornament and bulwark of the 
 Commonwealth, Such eulogy is deserved ; but 
 as such men are seldom gifted also with Wealth 
 like Humboldt or Banks, it is the duty of Wealth 
 to patronize such exalted merit. In Europe the 
 Savans or Learned begin to form a High Class, 
 not so with us as yet ; but it may be so ere long, 
 a real Nobility accessible to all talents. 
 
 60, If it is asked how patronage is to be ex- 
 erted, it may be answered Honor the Men of 
 Genius and Learning, publish or buy their works, 
 their talents, the labors of their hands and 
 
 3* 
 
22 
 
 minds, give them rewards or medals, make them 
 happy in life and old age, do not allow them to 
 fall in neglect to poverty . . . There are many 
 ways to evince our respect and sympathy for 
 these henefactors of mankind, they will suggest 
 themselves when opportunities oner. Wealth 
 by fostering Talents, Science and Genius par- 
 takes of their immortality. 
 
 61, A general helief prevails that benevolence 
 or Charity ought to exert itself chiefly on the 
 Sick, the Blind, the Deaf and Dumb, the Crip- 
 ples, the Orphans, the unfortunate of all classes 
 . . . and these are thereby well provided for 
 in many instances, while we forget the Indigent 
 by misfortune, lack of work, the oppressed, the 
 persecuted, the distressed, the old and infirm, 
 the Invalids, the men ruined by Accidents, Ship- 
 wrecks, Fires, Casualties . . , . with many more 
 unfortunate beings, all equally deserving the 
 help of Wealth to be restored to happiness or 
 comforts. 
 
 62, Asylums for old age exist in some parts 
 of Europe, and are quite as needed as Orphan 
 Asylums. They are unknown as yet with us, 
 where old age often meets with neglect. They 
 might be established by Wealth, or even by 
 Associates paying small rates for years previous 
 or a cheap board, in some easy labor, or by 
 teaching .... How grateful to see venerable 
 Men or Women bless you, if you should provide 
 such an Asylum ; a small farm will do, some 
 proper buildings might be added, a school kept 
 by Veterans of all professions might be very 
 useful. Such Asylums only exist among the 
 Moravians, but we ought to have one in each 
 County. It is not in poor houses that disabled 
 
23 
 
 or venerable age ought to be confined, nor inixt 
 with the Vicious Poor that are its tenants. 
 
 63, We build extensive Palaces or Castles 
 for Prisons, Houses of Refuge, Penitentiaries 
 and Poor Houses, spending Millions thereon, 
 and we do not yet build modest suitable houses 
 for honest reduced families or Individuals, wil- 
 ling even to work ; but shrinking for the con- 
 tamination of Felons, Drunkards and Vicious 
 poor The Felons, Convicts and Delinquents 
 are better treated than honest Indigence or de- 
 cay Shame upon us for it Open your hearts 
 and purses you Men of Wealth, and fulfil this 
 duty by providing little farms or houses for the 
 honest and sober poor or aged Men or Women, 
 or destitute children, and allowing them to 
 work for you there if able, 
 
 64, Colonies afford the means to relieve much 
 human misery. We have only attempted to 
 colonize the free blacks in Africa : do not the 
 free whites deserve as much care ? We have 
 within our States ample room and scope for 
 many such Colonies of worthy families, unable 
 to buy even our cheap Lands. Wealthy men if 
 generous could buy large tracts of land and re- 
 tail it in small farms at cost, or with simple in- 
 terest added till paid, when convenient and able 
 thro' their labor But Cupidity bids our Weal- 
 thy men to buy at $1.25 per acre and resell to 
 the poor at $2, 3 or 5. 
 
 65, Even Tenants on perpetual Leases of 8 
 or 10 Cents per Acre might gratify the desire 
 of perpetual Wealth and command the gratitude 
 of good Colonists, but it is not enough, and 
 tenants are not yet to be found on the hard terms 
 exacted Learn wisdom men of wealth, lessen 
 your demands, and offer cheap bargains to nee- 
 
24 
 
 <ly good families, which will be bound to you by 
 respect and gratitude for this and other benefits 
 you may devise for them in happy Colonies. 
 
 00, But far more distant Colonies could also 
 he attempted : England is now colonizing Aus- 
 tralia, New Zealand, South Africa, the Falk- 
 lands, aiming next to Patagonia, California, 
 Madagascar, Papua, &c. We have within our 
 limits Florida and Origon . . . Texas has been 
 begun altho' thro' violent means. The Earth 
 is not yet half filled with human beings, while 
 millions are still wanting lands or locations. To 
 help them is a noble achievement, the founder 
 of new Colonies may become equal to William 
 Penn or Roger Williams if led by the happy 
 genius of tolerance like thern. 
 
 07, To foster Commerce is a public duty and 
 the trade of merchants, but men of Wealth may 
 increase it while they patronize it; they might 
 send trading Ships as well as Whaling Ships all 
 over the world, to seek and open new channels 
 of trade, to collect the Botanical, Zoological and 
 Mineral treasures of the shores and the deep 
 ocean : many Lands and Islands little explored 
 as yet are replete with novelties and treasures 
 of Natural History for our Colleges, Museums, 
 fec. such are all the shores of East Africa, Bor- 
 neo, the Moluccas, Papua or New Guinea, North 
 Australia, and even those of Mexico, Guathnala, 
 Guayaquil, Brazil. &c. 
 
 08, Roads, Bridges, Canals, and even Chtirch- 
 es, &c. are built with us by Corporations or In- 
 dividual contributions for gain ; but we \ackfree 
 Institutions of all kind, where tuition or admis- 
 sion be gratuitous ; free Schools, Colleges, Mu- 
 seums, Libraries, and even Churches: many are 
 rcpuised by compulsory taxation from the actual 
 
25 
 
 Institutions. . . Labor Schools and Colleges, Mu* 
 tual Libraries and Museums, would obviate to 
 this defect. Intolerance has invaded our Led- 
 ture rooms and Persecution has struck the Mor- 
 mons and Abolitionists, even if they be fanatics, 
 it is a sad blot on our boasted freedom ! May 
 Providence avert the recurrence of such foul 
 deeds and the penalty of the incured iniquity. 
 
 69, Labor Schools, both for male and female 
 children and adults, are the most useful of all ; 
 few means are required to establish them, a 
 small farm or a piece of Land, all the buildings 
 may afterwards be raised by the labor of the 
 Students ! Some Donations of Books, or small 
 endowments for needful expenses are useful, thef 
 teachers and students will afterwards be sup- 
 ported by the Land. They ought to be establish- 
 ed by thousands, nay all other schools be chang- 
 ed into these ; the ample funds of all the States 
 for School purposes would afford them all the 
 requisites. In the Western States there is Land 
 already beyond their need if applied thereto out 
 of the School Lands. 
 
 70, To these may be united Botanical Gar- 
 dens, Agricultural Schools, to improve Farming, 
 tools, machinery and procure or spread useful 
 plants, either domestic or exotic, useful for me- 
 dical, tinctorial, and feeding purposes, raising 
 Oil, Sugar, Wax, Honey, Silk, &c. Such schools 
 well endowed are scattered all over Europe, but 
 yet unknown with us Any Farmer that can 
 spare 100 Acres of Land could establish one, 
 after some years they support themselves. 
 
 71, These Schools would be the best Asy- 
 lums for Orphans, male and female, instead of 
 crowding them in Cities or Splendid buildings ; 
 they rather require country air, labor, exerciser 
 
 4 
 
26 
 
 and good food raised by themselves Asylums; 
 of young females or Widows, so much required 
 with us, instead of the Nunneries of Europe, 
 would also be best in farms or small villages, 
 where food is cheap, and their labor at the nee- 
 dle or otherwise would amply support them: nay 
 they might become excellent female Schools. 
 
 72, All such useful Institutions should be puL 
 on the safe footing of security by good perpetua. 
 deeds, so as to insure their perpetuity and con- 
 stant useful purposes for ages to come, for the 
 use of those wishing to avail themselves of their 
 benefits at any time, without ever refusing any 
 one, but forming branches when too crowded. 
 Altho' we cannot foresee futurity nor prescribe 
 laws for very late generations, yet we can effect 
 the good contemplated to last until our designs 
 and Institutions may be merged into something 
 better, brought on by the lapse of time. We 
 shall have the gratification of seeing the good 
 performed, the merit of overcoming the difficul- 
 ties of the outset, and be able to say We have 
 not lived in vain on this Earth, since we have 
 done some good, and tried to maJce it perrna- 
 nent. 
 
 73, If piously inclined, we may base our In- 
 stitutions upon the religious commands, but 
 without exacting superfluous tenets, since chari- 
 ty does not acknowledge them If otherwise in- 
 clined, we may base them on the universal Be- 
 nevolence of correct minds, or even upon the 
 mere cold system of utility ; but let us beware 
 to intrude therein the delusion of fanatical Sects, 
 whether religious or anti-religious. It will al- 
 ways be vain to act against the human nature of 
 self interest as some propose, and still worse if 
 
27 
 
 we will not grant any merit in good deeds, la- 
 tents, activity, industry, &c. 
 
 74, Let us rather admit self interest as the 
 leading motives of our conduct, foundations, In- 
 stitutions, &c. and grant the utmost latitude to 
 merit, by praise and rewards for donations, abi- 
 lities, inventions, for useful or agreeable perfor- 
 mances. Piety and Charity derive their sanc- 
 tion from the hope of happiness here and here- 
 after in the Worlds of glory and bliss swarming 
 in the Celestial Regions. Those who deny 
 themselves the Hope of Heaven thro' disbelief 
 or Vicious Cupidity, must be satisfied with ma- 
 king themselves less wretched in this life. But 
 how superior to them, are the Happy minds that 
 seek to reach the Heavens, thro' the paths of 
 Charity and good deeds, thus becoming happy 
 here and hereafter, and conferring the same 
 hope and happiness to many fellow beings. 
 
 75, THE BESETTING NATIONAL SIN OF AME- 
 RICA is CUPIDITY To make money any how, to 
 obtain it fairly or unfairly, is the great aim of 
 Life While the repairing corrective may be to 
 spend it properly and usefully when acquired 
 If Money procures with us Influence, Regard, 
 Reputation, Friends arid even a Pseudo-Nobi- 
 lity, altho' spent in Ostentation, and Selfish gra- 
 tifications; when spent to better purposes of 
 public or general benefit, it would no doubt com- 
 mand Respect, Esteem, Approbation and Gra- 
 titude . . . 
 
 76, But if Worth, Merit, Probity, Sincerity, 
 Talents, Industry, Zeal, Fortitude, Knowledge, 
 Benevolence, and all the other Virtues or quali- 
 ties adorning Mankind, were to be united to 
 Wealth in the same Individual, or fostered by 
 Wealth when separated, so as to act jointly in 
 
improving Mankind and Society . . . they would 
 deserve and obtain universal Admiration, Vene- 
 ration and Love. 
 
 77, There are some desponding minds that 
 consider almost every attempt at moral improve- 
 ments as either useless or ineffectual. Such 
 have said that altho' Experience has been accu- 
 mulating ever since Creation, it hardly avails, 
 Reason bidding in vain to make past errors our 
 Wisdom. But nevertheless Mankind has always 
 been improving, (with occasional relapses) in a 
 moral, social and physical sense. It is ignorance, 
 apathy and neglect that delay and thwart all 
 improvements in Science, Religion, Knowledge 
 and Human weal ; while the contrary tendency 
 of Knowledge, Hope, Zeal and Talent can effect 
 every thing desirable. 
 
 78, How long has the pulpit existed to teach 
 us our duties, with laws, jails and gallows to en- 
 force them ! and yet they hardly avail ; they 
 punish but do not prevent, they never attack Cu- 
 pidity since they thrive on it, and many other 
 Vices are equally overlooked or even fostered. 
 . . It is vain to talk of right and justice to starv- 
 ing men ; Hunger, want, misery, &c. are more 
 powerful than Conscience, and will ever be, as 
 long as Wealth does not provide for their relief. 
 Every family ought to be above the fear of ulti- 
 mate penury : Charity bids to effect this, but 
 Cupidity and Pride (the Satanic Vices) delay it 
 or prevent it. 
 
 79, Is it not more important to help our 
 neighbors and make them happy, than to spend 
 millions in Missions to Heathens often happier 
 than we are, to offer them the gift of our corrupt, 
 sinful and warring Sects, training millions of 
 Soldiers to kill and be killed by turns, in the 
 
29 
 
 name of the Religion of Peace ; or else to poi- 
 son them with Opium, Rum and Tobacco with 
 one hand, and tender them the Mistranslated 
 Bible with the other . . . But when Charity and 
 Love shall have conquered with us Cupidity and 
 War, we might then endeavor to spread all over 
 the Earth, the holy Religion of Peace and Love. 
 The Societies of Peace arid Temperance with 
 others acting on the true holy principle are hut 
 beginning the work of Reform, Concord and 
 Love, which Wealth maj* achieve thro' many 
 other channels. 
 
 80, Let us conclude by the following quotation 
 from the Celestial philosophy page 130 MEN 
 OF WEALTH! who blest with the superfluities of 
 accumulation, are yet surrounded with human 
 wretchedness, learn to relieve it and to practice 
 the difficult art of DOING GOOD to many, making 
 your Charity diffusible like the Divine Light 
 and Lov but discarding Cupidity and Ava- 
 rice that lead you to perdition, in the worship of 
 the Idols of Self and Pelf 
 
 By lives of purity, 
 
 And deeds of charity, 
 
 We shall thy care deserve, 
 
 And holy grace preserve: 
 
 Thou only hope of all 
 
 The men that sin and fall. (Univ. Prayer. 
 
 RESULTS. 
 
 1, Therefore it is evident that the main Duty 
 of Wealth is to employ a share of its superfluity 
 in good deeds. By doing so the Wealthy will 
 secure the best human pleasures, those of bene- 
 ficence, and moreover obtain the celestial re- 
 wards of good actions. 
 
 2, This must be done while alive, in order to 
 
 4* 
 
30 
 
 have the full merit, enjoy public approbation, 
 and avoid the ev r ils of delay or misapplication. 
 
 3, A single Wealthy Individual might hasten, 
 (or he the precursor of) the expected Millenium 
 of Happiness and Justice, by a proper use of his 
 ample means to redeem human miseries. 
 
 4, In Selecting how to apply Wealth to good 
 purposes, we ought to prefer those purposes 
 which may be beneficial to the greatest number 
 in perpetuity. 
 
 5, Endowments of Charitable and Benevolent 
 Institutions. Asylums, Associations . . . for gra- 
 tuitous Education, Spreading Knowledge, re- 
 lieving evils and miseries, or procuring general 
 happiness . . , appear to be the most suitable of 
 all. __ 
 
 NOTICE. 
 
 If the Wealthy to whom these Inducements 
 to good deeds will be presented, are not liberal 
 enough to value them, they are requested to hand 
 them to some one more generous or calculated 
 to appreciate them. 
 
 If they are duly appreciated by them, they are 
 invited to shew it by effecting some good deeds, 
 and if they require the help of the Writer, it shall 
 not be lacking; his gratuitous services and am- 
 ple stores of tools of knowledge being dedicated 
 to effect the greatest available purposes of a use- 
 ful perpetual tendency. 
 
 If any one of them wishes to be grateful to- 
 wards the Eleutherhim of Knowledge, estab- 
 lished to promote free Education and Universal 
 Benevolence, they may either purchase the 
 Works already issued, or give a trifling mite to 
 enable to continue these publications, and spread 
 the seeds of good purposes. 
 
31 
 
 ELEUTHERIUM OF KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 Established in 1837, to promote free Institu- 
 tions and Schools, the free diffusion of know- 
 ledge, by publishing Works, Pamphlets, Jour- 
 nals, free Lectures, exertions, &c. 
 
 No Contribution exacted, each Member or 
 Associate must have the merit to tax himself, or 
 give whatever he pleases or can afford in money, 
 labor, materials, &c. Every Dollar of Dona- 
 tions entitles a Member to a Vote. 
 
 This Institution aims also at establishing La- 
 bor Colleges and gratuitous Schools in several 
 States; and to colonize honest temperate fami- 
 lies, providing them with perpetual farms paya- 
 ble in Labor at the mere cost. 
 
 Every benevolent and charitable object aim- 
 ing to improve mankind, and to promote ulti- 
 mate happiness by means of Peace on Earth 
 and good will to all men, shall be fostered as 
 far as the means will allow. 
 
 WORKS AND PAMPHLETS, 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE 
 
 ELEUTHERIII191 OF KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 Theory of the. Visible Creation by Thomas 
 Wright, Astronomer, 1750 re-printed with 
 notes, 183775 Cts. 
 
 Celestial Wonders and Philosophy of the Visi- 
 ble Heavens, \vith Theory of Futurity, 1838 
 50 Cts. 
 
32 
 
 Genius and Spirit of the OBIU or Hebrew Bi- 
 ble, 1838$!, 10 Copies for $5. 
 
 Improvements of Universities and Colleges, 
 1839 pamphlet given gratis. 
 
 Manual of the Mulberry Trees, 40 kinds, 
 183950 Cts. 25 Copies for $5. 
 
 The Improver, Monthly Journal, 1840 12 
 Cents per annum New Aurora, 1837, given 
 gratis. 
 
 Some late Works of Professor Rqfinesque 
 American Nations before Columbus, 2 Vol. $3 
 Medical Flora of the United States, 2 Vol. 
 100 figures, $3 Instability of the World $1.50, 
 five copies for $5 Trees and Shrubs of North 
 America, &c. $5 NevV Botany of North Ameri- 
 ca, 4 Vol. $5 Flora Telluriana, 4 Vol. $5 
 Life of Travels and Researches, 75 Cents 
 Fishes and Shells of the River Ohio, $5 Auti- 
 kon Botanikon or Figures of New and Rare 
 Plants, text 50 Cents per part of 500, the figures 
 $50 for -each 500 Amenities of Nature, New 
 Animals and Plants, Principles of Wealth, The 
 Pulmist, Ancient Monuments of America, &c. 
 
 ADDITION to article 75 If we believe that 
 Money is tlte root of all Evil (Gospel,) why 
 are we so greedy to obtain it and keep it ? or 
 why not do without it ? . . Nothing easier as 
 soon as some families will supply all needful 
 wants to each other, having obtained a location 
 from Wealth and Benevolence. 
 
 THE END. 
 
"1 
 
 ^-..-sia^wv rv* (\ 
 
64342 
 
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 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
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