^I7S 
 58 
 
 WRIN KLES 
 
 LECTRIC LIGHTING 
 
 VINCENT STEPHEN 
 
 UC-NRLF 
 
 fi33 
 
GIFT OF 
 
 R7 
 
BIB AM T. BRADLEY, 
 
WEINKLES 
 
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 
 
WRINKLE S 
 
 IN 
 
 ELECTEIC LIGHTING 
 
 BY 
 
 VINCENT STEPHEN. 
 
 E. & F. N. SPON, 125, STEAND, LONDON. 
 
 NEW YORK: 12, CORTLANDT STREET. 
 
 1888. 
 
si 
 
 \A -nV^-^ ciLXt- 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 IN the following pages it is my intention to give 
 engineers on board ship, who may be put in charge 
 of electric lighting machinery without having any 
 electrical knowledge, some idea of the manner in 
 which electricity is produced by mechanical means ; 
 how it is converted into light ; what precautions must 
 be used to keep the plant in order, and what to do in 
 the event of difficulties arising. I do not therefore 
 aim at producing a literary work, but shall try and 
 explain everything in the plainest language possible. 
 
 464510 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 THE ELECTRIC CURRENT, AND ITS PRODUCTION BY 
 CHEMICAL MEANS. 
 
 3 
 
 Production of electric current in chemical battery Cur- 
 rent very weak Current compared to circulation of the 
 blood Strength and volume of current Pressure not 
 sufficient without volume Action of current is instan- 
 taneous Resistance to the passage of the current 
 Copper the usual metal for conductors Heat produced 
 by current when wire is too small 
 
 PRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS BY MECHANICAL 
 
 MEANS. 
 
 Current produced by mechanical means Alternating 
 current Magneto-electric machines Shock produced 
 by interruption of current The current must be com- 
 mutated Description of commutator Current, though 
 alternating in the dynamo, is continuous in the circuit 
 Continuous current used for electro-plating 
 
 Dynamo- Electric Machines. 
 
 Current will magnetise an iron or steel bar Permanent 
 magnet Electro-magnet Where the magneto and 
 dynamo machines differ Armature of so-called con- 
 tinuous-current dynamo TyP e f commutator Com- 
 mutator brushes Current continuous in the circuit 
 Alternating-current dynamos Current not commutated 
 
WRINKLES 
 
 IN 
 
 ELECTEIC LIGHTING. 
 
 FIG. 1. 
 
 THE ELECTRIC CURRENT, AND ITS PRODUCTION 
 BY CHEMICAL MEANS. 
 
 IT will first be necessary to explain how electric Production 
 currents are produced by means of chemicals. In a of electric 
 
 * current 
 
 jar A, Fig. 1, are placed two plates B and C, one in chemical 
 
 zinc, and the other copper, each having connected 
 
 to it at the top a copper wire of any 
 
 convenient length. The plates are 
 
 kept in position by means of pieces 
 
 of wood, and the jar is about half 
 
 filled with a solution of salt and 
 
 water, or sulphuric acid and water ; 
 
 if then the two wires are joined, a 
 
 current of electricity at once flows through them, 
 
 however long they may be. The current produced c urrent 
 
 in this manner is very weak, and does not even keep vei T weak - 
 
 what strength it has for any length of time, but 
 
 rapidly gets weaker until quite imperceptible. The 
 
2 ' i^EINKL-ES IN ELECT tfIC LIGHTING. 
 
 Current 
 compared 
 to circula- 
 tion of the 
 blood. 
 
 Strength 
 and 
 
 volume of 
 current. 
 
 current is, however, continuous; that is, it flows 
 steadily in the one direction through the wire, and 
 may be used for ringing bells, or for other purposes 
 where a feeble current only is required to do inter- 
 mittent work. The wire E in connection with the 
 copper plate is called the positive lead, and the 
 other the negative, and the current is said to flow 
 from the copper plate, through the wire E through 
 the circuit to D, and thence to the zinc plate, and 
 through the liquid to the copper plate. The current 
 has often been compared to water flowing through 
 a pipe, but I think it can be better compared to the 
 blood in the human body, which through the action 
 of the heart is continually forced through the 
 arteries and veins in one steady stream. There is, 
 however, this difference, that there is no actual pro- 
 gression of matter in the electric current, it being 
 like a ripple on water, which moves from end to 
 end of a lake without the water itself being moved 
 across. Now that I have given you an idea of how 
 the current acts, I must try and explain how 
 different degrees of strength and volume are obtained. 
 In the first place, let us consider what constitute 
 strength and volume in an electric current, or at 
 least try and get a general notion about them. For 
 this purpose I shall compare the electric current to 
 water being forced through a pipe ; and the strength 
 of the electric current, or electromotive force, 
 written for short E.M.F., will be like the pressure of 
 
WKINKLES IN ELECTKIC LIGHTING. 3 
 
 water at any part of the pipe. Two pipes may carry 
 different quantities of water, and yet the pressure 
 may be the same in each ; in one a gallon of water 
 may pass a given point in the same time that a pint 
 passes the same point in the other, and yet in each 
 case the different quantities may pass that point at 
 the same speed. Thus in electricity, two currents 
 may be of different volume or quantity, measured 
 in amperes, and yet be of the same E.M.F. 
 measured in volts ; or they may be of different 
 E.M.F., or pressure, or intensity, and yet be of the 
 same volume. If any work is to be done by the 
 water forced through a pipe, such as turning a 
 turbine, it is evident that pressure of itself is not 
 sufficient, seeing that a stream an inch in diameter 
 may be at the same pressure as another a foot in 
 diameter. So with the electric current, if work is to 
 be done, such as driving a motor or lighting a lamp, 
 it is not sufficient to have a certain E.M.F. ; there 
 must be quantity or volume in proportion to the Pressure 
 amount of work, so that if it takes a given quantity sufficient 
 to work one lamp, it will take twice that quantity to ^urnf 
 work two lamps of the same kind. It must not be 
 inferred from this, that if one lamp requires a certain 
 E.M.F., that two lamps will require it to be doubled, 
 as such is not the case, except under certain condi- 
 tions which I will explain later on. 
 
 The action of electricity is practically instan- Action of 
 
 current is 
 
 taneous in any length of wire, so that if the current instanta- 
 
 B 2 
 
WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 
 
 Resistance 
 
 current. 
 
 is used to ring two bells a mile apart, but connected 
 by wires, they will commence to ring simulta- 
 neously. I have so far not said anything about 
 resistance to the passage of the current through the 
 wires. I shall therefore refer again to our com- 
 parison of the current to water forced through a 
 pipe, and you will agree that a certain sized pipe 
 will only convey a 'certain amount of water in a 
 given time. If a larger quantity is to be conveyed 
 in the same time, a greater pressure must be applied, 
 or a larger pipe must be used. 
 
 It is evident that increasing the size of the pipe 
 will get over the difficulty more readily than in- 
 creasing the pressure of the water. The pipes 
 themselves offer a certain resistance to the passage 
 of the water through them, in the shape of friction ; 
 so that if an effect is to be produced at a distance, 
 rather more pressure is required than if it is done 
 close at hand, so as to make up for the loss sustained 
 by friction. 
 
 Much the same may be said of the electric 
 current ' a certa i n S ^ ZQ ^ w i re will only carry a 
 certain current, and if more current is required, a 
 thicker wire must be used to convey it, or it must 
 be of a greater E.M.F. It is usually more con- 
 venient to increase the thickness of the wire 
 than to increase the E.M.F. of the current. The 
 wire offers a certain resistance to the passage of the 
 current through it, which may be compared to 
 
WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 5 
 
 friction, and this resistance varies according to trie 
 metal of which it is composed. Copper is the metal Copper the 
 in ordinary use for wires for electric lighting pur- 
 poses, and the purer it is the better will ij; convey 
 the current. Iron is used for telegraph wires on 
 account of cheapness, the current used being so 
 small that this metal conveys it readily enough; if 
 copper were used, the wires will only require to 
 be about one-third the diameter of the iron ones. 
 The following are the respective values for electrical 
 conductivity of various metals when pure, taking 
 silver as a standard : Silver 100, copper 99 '9, gold 
 80, zinc 29, brass 22, iron 16 '8, tin 13 -1, lead 8 '3, 
 mercury 1*6. 
 
 If a wire is made to convey a current which is too Heat pro- 
 large for its electrical capacity, it will get heated, current 7 
 which decreases its conductivity, with the result ^^ 
 that the heat increases until finally the wire fuses, small. 
 I shall have more to say about this when speaking 
 of electric lighting. 
 
 PRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS BY 
 MECHANICAL MEANS. 
 
 Magneto-electric Machines. 
 
 I have shown how the electric current is produced 
 by the action of chemical or primary batteries, and 
 how this current will flow through suitable con- 
 
WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 
 
 Current 
 produced 
 by me- 
 chanical 
 means. 
 
 Alter- 
 nating 
 current. 
 
 Magneto- 
 electric 
 machines. 
 
 ductors. I shall now explain how mechanical power 
 may be converted into electricity. It has been 
 found that if a wire, preferably of copper, of which 
 the ends are joined together, is moved past a magnet 
 a current is induced in the wire, flowing in one 
 direction while the wire is approaching the magnet, 
 and in the opposite direction while it is receding 
 from it. This is then not a continuous current like 
 we obtained from the chemical battery, but an alter- 
 nating one, and you will see later on how it can be 
 made to produce similar effects. The oftener the 
 wire passes the magnet the more electricity is 
 generated, so that if we make a coil of the wire and 
 move a large number of parts of wire past at one 
 time, the effects on each part are accumulated ; and 
 if instead of having one magnet to pass before, 
 we have several, the effects will be doubled or 
 trebled, &c., in proportion to the number. If, again, 
 the coil is moved at an increased speed past the 
 magnets, the effects will be still further increased. 
 
 The knowledge of these facts led to the con- 
 struction of the various magneto-electric machines, 
 of which a familiar type is seen in those small ones 
 used for medical purposes. They contain a large 
 horse-shoe magnet, close to the end of which two 
 bobbins of copper wire are made to revolve at a high 
 speed, and all who have used these machines know 
 that the more quickly they turn the handle the 
 greater shock the person receives who is being 
 
WKINKLES IN ELECTKIC LIGHTING. 
 
 operated upon. The current generated is really Shock pro- 
 very feeble, the shock being produced by interrupt- interrup- 
 
 ing it at every half revolution by means of a small 
 
 spring or other suitable mechanism. If the current 
 
 is not so interrupted, it cannot be felt at all, which 
 
 may be proved by lifting up the spring on the 
 
 spindle of the ordinary kind. The current is an 
 
 alternating one, and changes its direction through- 
 
 out the circuit, however extended it may be, at every 
 
 half revolution. If it is required to have a con- The cur- 
 
 tinuous current, use must be made of what is termed b^eom^ 8 * 
 
 a commutator, and I shall endeavour to explain mutated - 
 
 the manner in which it acts as simply as possible. 
 
 Without going into any further details as to the 
 
 construction of the bobbins, and their action at any 
 
 particular moment, I shall content myself with say- 
 
 ing that if the wire on the two bobbins is continuous, 
 
 and the ends are connected, the current will flow 
 
 one way during half a revolution, and the other way 
 
 during the other half. Now, in Fig. 2, on the Description 
 
 FIG. 2. 
 
 spindle A on which the bobbins are fixed, is fitted a of corn- 
 split collar formed of two halves B and C, to which are 
 joined respectively the ends of the wires 4- and . 
 
8 
 
 WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 
 
 This collar is insulated from the spindle by a 
 suitable insulating material, that is to say, a material 
 which does not conduct electricity, such as wood, 
 ivory, &c., and is represented in Fig. 2 by the dark 
 parts D. So far the circuit is not complete, so that 
 however quickly you turn the machine no current is 
 produced. If, however, some means is employed for 
 joining B and C by a conductor, the alternating 
 current is produced as before. In Fig. 3, I show a 
 
 FIG. 3. 
 
 section through BAG. On a base E made of wood, 
 are fixed two metal springs F and G, which are 
 made to press against B and C respectively ; wires 
 are connected at H and K, which, joined together, 
 complete the circuit. A continuous current is said 
 to be -f- or positive where it leaves a battery, and - 
 or negative where it returns ; it will be convenient 
 to use these signs and terms in the following expla- 
 nation. At one portion of the revolution the spindle 
 will be in the position shown in Fig. 3, and the + 
 current is flowing into B, through F, to the terminal 
 H, thence through the circuit to the terminal K, 
 
WEINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 9 
 
 through Gr to C, and so back through the - wire to Current 
 
 the bobbins of the machine. In Fig. 4 the spindle alternating 
 has made a half revolution, bringing B in contact with 
 
 G, and C with F. But by this half turn the current is conti - 
 
 7 * nni Tn T. hp 
 
 ous in 
 
 is reversed in the bobbins, and the + current flows circuit. 
 into C, through F, to terminal H as before, and 
 through the circuit to K, through G and B, back to 
 the bobbins. Thus you see that in the circuit the 
 current will be always in the same direction, or 
 
 FIG. 4. 
 
 continuous, although in the bobbins it is alter- 
 nating, and may be used for any purpose for which 
 a continuous current is required, such as electro- Continuous 
 
 current 
 plating, &C. used for 
 
 There are various forms of the magneto-electric plating". 
 machines, as well as of commutators, but the fore- 
 going shows the general principle of them all. 
 
 Dynamo-electric Machines. 
 
 It will now be necessary to explain the nature of 
 a dynamo-electric machine, called, for shortness, a 
 
10 
 
 WRINKLES IN ELECTEIC LIGHTING. 
 
 Current 
 will mag- 
 netise an 
 
 dynamo, and to show in what it differs from a 
 magneto-electric machine. 
 
 I have explained how an electric current is pro- 
 duced by a wire passing in front of a magnet ; now, 
 this magnet may either be of the ordinary kind, or it 
 may be what is termed an electro-magnet. One of 
 the effects which electricity can be made to produce 
 is the magnetising of steel bars to form the ordinary 
 and well-known permanent magnets which are used 
 in ships' compasses, &c. To produce this effect, part 
 of the wire in a circuit is made into a spiral as in 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 Permanent 
 magnet. 
 
 Electro- 
 magnet. 
 
 The steel rod to be magnetised is placed within the 
 spiral, and a continuous current of electricity is then 
 sent through the wire, which causes the rod to become 
 magnetised with a North pole at one end, and a South 
 pole at the other. The more current is passed 
 through the circuit, and the more turns are in the 
 spiral, the more quickly and strongly is the rod 
 magnetised ; and it will retain its magnetism for an 
 indefinite time if made of suitable steel. There is a 
 point at which the metal is said to be saturated with 
 magnetism, and the strength it has then acquired 
 will be that which it will retain afterwards, although 
 while under the influence of the current that strength 
 may be considerably exceeded. If instead of a steel 
 
WKINKLES IN ELECTEIC LIGHTING. 11 
 
 rod one of iron is placed in the spiral, and the 
 current is passed through as before, it will be 
 magnetised in the same manner ; but as soon as the 
 current is stopped, the rod loses almost all its 
 magnetism, and if the current is then passed in the 
 opposite direction the rod will be magnetised in the 
 opposite way. The softer and more homogeneous is 
 the iron, the more instantaneously will it acquire 
 and lose its magnetism, and the greater strength of 
 magnetism it is able to acquire. An iron bar, round 
 which are wound a large number of turns of insulated 
 or covered wire, constitutes an electro-magnet. The 
 difference then between a magneto-electric and a Where the 
 dynamo-electric machine is, that in the former a d gne1 
 permanent magnets are used, and in the latter ^ a n ^ n es 
 electro-magnets take their place. I do not intend differ, 
 to go into particulars as to the construction of the 
 various dynamos in present use, as there are many 
 books to be had in which these machines are fully 
 described. I need merely say that in the so-called 
 continuous-current dynamos, the whole or part of 
 the current produced is made to pass through the 
 coils of the electro-magnets, thus inducing in them 
 the required magnetism. I showed how, in the 
 magneto-electric machine, the currents are collected 
 by means of a commutator, and it is evident that in 
 Figs. 2, 3, and 4 there might be separate wires 
 coming from each bobbin to B and C ; and if there 
 were more than two bobbins, there might still be 
 
12 
 
 WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 
 
 current 
 dynamo. 
 
 two wires from each to B and C. On the other 
 
 hand the collecting collar might be split into more 
 
 sections ; in fact there might be as many sections as 
 
 bobbins. To show how the current is collected in 
 
 continuous-current dynamos, I must give a short 
 
 Armature explanation of the revolving part or armature of a 
 
 "ns. standard type of machine. ' 
 
 In Fig. 6 is shown a horse-shoe magnet, with its 
 North and South poles, N and S. Between these poles 
 is made to revolve the arma- 
 ture, composed of a number 
 of coils of wire made to form 
 a ring like a life-buoy. The 
 ends of the wires are made 
 to lie along a collar on the 
 spindle, made of some insulat- 
 ing material, each wire being 
 parallel to its neighbour, and kept separate from it, 
 as shown in Fig. 7. 
 
 FIG. 7. 
 
 FIG. 6. 
 
 Type of 
 commu- 
 tator. 
 
 These wires are so arranged that if one end of a 
 sectional coil is on top of the spindle at a given 
 moment, the other will be on the under side. If 
 
WRINKLES IN ELECTEIC LIGHTING. 
 
 13 
 
 then, as shown in Fig. 7, a rubber of copper, made in 
 the form of a brush of copper wire for convenience, Commu- 
 is placed in contact with the upper part of the com- 
 mutator collar, and another similar one with the 
 lower, it is evident the circuit will be completed in 
 the same manner as before explained. 
 
 FIG. 8. 
 
 Edison Dynamo. 
 
 A wire which is + when above the spindle, will 
 be when below it, and as the spindle revolves the 
 current changes in the various wires from to + 
 
Current 
 continuous 
 in the 
 circuit. 
 
 14 WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 
 
 as they reach the top, so that it will always there- 
 fore be + in the upper brush and in the lower 
 one, and will accordingly be continuous through the 
 circuit. It will be seen in the illustrations of various 
 continuous-current dynamos, that though their shape 
 and arrangement differ, the mode of collecting the 
 current is much about the same as I have described 
 above. Figs. 8 and 9 show some of the continuous- 
 current dynamos at present in use. 
 
 FIG. 9. 
 
 Alter- 
 nating- 
 current 
 dynamos. 
 
 Brush Dynamo. 
 
 I will now explain the nature of an alternating- 
 current dynamo. 
 
 The principal difference between the continuous- 
 and alternating-current dynamo, is in the number of 
 magnets used. Most of the former have only four 
 magnets, while the latter have frequently as many 
 as thirty-two. In reality, as I have shown, these 
 are all alternating-current dynamos, only that in 
 the so-called continuous-current ones, the current is 
 
WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 15 
 
 commutated, whereas in the others it is not, but is Current 
 
 . i T . not com- 
 
 USed as it is produced. In the principal alternating- mutated. 
 
 current dynamos, a number of small magnets, usually 
 sixteen, are attached to a framework ^ directly 
 opposite a similar number of others of the same 
 size, the space between the ends being only about 
 an inch or two. These are all electro-magnets, and 
 are wound in such manner that when excited by a 
 current, every alternate one shall have the same 
 magnetism, as in Fig. 10, and every 
 opposite one a contrary magnetism. FlG - 10 - 
 
 This produces an intense magnetic intense 
 
 field between the ends of the mag- ~ ^ifplo- 
 
 nets, and in this space revolves the duced - 
 
 armature. This armature, in the -^^^ ^^^ 
 Siemens dynamo, is composed of 
 a disc having as many bobbins on the periphery as 
 there are magnets on each side of the dynamo. As 
 each bobbin approaches each magnet a current is 
 induced in one direction, which is reversed when the 
 bobbin recedes ; thus an alternating current is pro- 
 duced, which is collected by connecting the ends to 
 insulated rings or collars on the spindle, and having 
 small copper brushes or rubbers in contact with 
 them. In the Ferranti dynamo, the armature is 
 quite different, and much more simple, as compari- Simplicity 
 
 SOn Of FigS. 11 and 12 will show. a" 
 
 It consists of a copper tape bent in and out so as to 
 form a sort of star with eight arms, the number of 
 
16 
 
 WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 
 
 Large 
 number of 
 alterna- 
 tions of the 
 current. 
 
 layers of insulated copper tape being from ten to 
 thirty, according to requirements. The centre is 
 made in a similar shape with bolts or rivets holding 
 each convolution in' place. The two ends of the 
 
 FIG. 11. 
 
 FIG. 12. 
 
 Siemens Armature. 
 
 Ferranti Armature. 
 
 tape are attached respectively to two collector-rings 
 on the spindle, against which press two solid metal 
 rubbers which carry off the current for use in the 
 circuit. It can be shown that as each arm approaches 
 a magnet a current will be induced in one direction, 
 which will be reversed as each arm recedes; and 
 therefore an alternating current will be produced. 
 As there are sixteen magnets for the armature to 
 pass at each revolution, there must be sixteen alter- 
 nations of the current during the same time, so that 
 if the speed of the armature is 500 revolutions per 
 minute, there will be 500 x 16 = 8000 alternations 
 in one minute. These alternations being so ex 
 
WKINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 
 
 17 
 
 tremely rapid, when this current is used for electric 
 lighting, the steadiness of the light will be in no 
 way affected, but will remain as constant as with a 
 continuous current. 
 
 FIG. 13. 
 
 Siemens Alternating Dynamo. 
 
 The alternating current produced by these dynamos 
 cannot be used for exciting an electro-magnet, as the 
 magnetism would be reversed at every alternation ; 
 a separate small dynamo of the continuous type is 
 therefore used as an exciter to magnetise all the 
 electro-magnets in the field, and it is usually coupled 
 on to the same spindle, and therefore goes at the 
 same speed as the alternating-current dynamo. The 
 exciter is usually of a size to be able to do alone 
 
 c 
 
 Alter- 
 nating cur- 
 rent cannot 
 be used to 
 excite an 
 electro- 
 magnet. 
 
 Exciter 
 coupled on 
 to same 
 spindle as 
 dynamo. 
 
18 
 
 WKINKLES IN ELECTEIC LIGHTING. 
 
 Power of about one-tenth to one-twentieth of the work that 
 used alone, the larger machines does in the way of lighting ; so 
 that if from any cause the latter is disabled while 
 the ship lighted by it is at sea, the exciter may be 
 used alone to do a portion of the lighting, in the first- 
 class saloon for instance. This can only be done if 
 the exciter is so constructed as to give the proper 
 E.M.F. that the lamps require. 
 
 FIG. 14. 
 
 Ferranti Alternating Dynamo. 
 
 Figs. 13 and 14 are illustrations of two of the 
 alternating current dynamos in use on board ship 
 and elsewhere. 
 
WRINKLES IN ELECTEIC LIGHTING. 19 
 
 ELECTRIC LAMPS. 
 
 I have explained how power can be converted into 
 electric currents, either continuous or alternating, Production 
 and I must now show how these currents can be ?. f f 1 ectnc 
 
 light. 
 
 applied to the production of light. 
 
 The current may be used to produce an are light in Arc lights. 
 the following manner : Two carbon rods, A and B, 
 are held by suitable means in the position shown in 
 Fig. 15, and the two wires from a dynamo are joined 
 respectively to A and B, the upper one 
 always being the positive lead when a FlG - 15< 
 continuous current is used. When the i 
 current is sent through the circuit, it 
 passes through the carbons A and B, 
 which are conductors. Immediately this 
 
 occurs, suitable mechanism in the lamp, ~ 
 
 being acted on by the current, or by 
 hand in the case of search-lights, or by clock-work, 
 moves the two carbons a small distance apart, with 
 the consequence that a dazzling arc of light is formed 
 between them. If the carbons get too far apart, the Mechanism 
 mechanism brings them nearer together again, and carbons!^ 
 on the delicacy with which it acts, depends the 
 steadiness of the light. It would be useless to ex- 
 plain how this mechanism acts, as it is in a different 
 form in each maker's lamp. Some lamps have been Some 
 constructed for use with an alternating current, but 
 with the majority a continuous current is used. alternatin g 
 
 J * current. 
 
 2 c 
 
20 
 
 WRINKLES IN ELECTEIC LIGHTING. 
 
 When car- 
 bons are 
 consumed 
 light goes 
 out. 
 
 Arc lamp 
 very com- 
 plicated. 
 
 FIG. 16. 
 
 n 
 
 Jablochkoff 
 
 candle. 
 
 While an arc light is burning the carbons waste 
 away, the upper one more rapidly than the lower, 
 and the mechanism has to approach them constantly 
 to make up for this waste. 
 
 When the carbons are consumed as far as con- 
 venient, an automatic arrangement cuts off the 
 current, and the light goes out ; or it diverts the 
 current to another set of carbons, which at once 
 light up. The carbons are 
 made in suitable lengths to 
 last a certain number of hours, 
 four, six, eight, &c. In Fig. 
 16 is shown an arc lamp com- 
 plete. 
 
 An arc lamp is of necessity 
 a complicated affair, which it 
 is not advisable to have on 
 board ship, except where an 
 electrician is engaged perma- 
 nently. 
 
 Another way of producing 
 light is to use the current in 
 
 O 
 
 what is called an elestric candle, 
 of which a familiar type is the 
 Jablochkoff candle. 
 
 Fig. 17 shows the form of 
 this candle, A and B being 
 
 Arc Lamp Complete. 
 
 two carbon rods parallel to one another, and joined, 
 but at the same time insulated from one another 
 
WRINKLES IN ELECTEIC LIGHTING. 21 
 
 by kaolin, a sort of chalky substance, which is a non- 
 conductor. 
 
 The wires C and D from the dynamo are joined 
 respectively to A and B through metallic, supports, 
 as in an arc lamp, and when the 
 current is turned on it flows through FlG - 17 - 
 C A and across by a small strip of 
 carbon E to B and D back to the 
 dynamo. The strip E is only large 
 enough to carry the current across - 
 for a moment, and is immediately 
 
 consumed, but an arc of light is then formed Arc formed 
 between the carbons as in the arc lamp. As the t j e r- 
 carbons consume, the kaolin in between burns bons - 
 away, just in the same manner as, in an ordinary 
 candle, the wick is consumed and the wax melts 
 and burns away, except that in the latter case the 
 wax feeds the light, whereas the kaolin is only used 
 to keep the carbons the required distance apart and 
 the arc of light from running down them. It is 
 evident that the carbons must be consumed equally, Candles 
 for which reason use must be made of the alternating alternating 
 current. Any unsteadiness that occurs in the light current 
 produced is consequent on unsteadiness of the 
 current, or impurities in the carbons, &c. 5 there being 
 no mechanism of any kind required. These candles 
 do not give such a great light as arc lights, but it is 
 of the same nature in every way. Eig. 18 shows one 
 of these candles in its holder, from which can be 
 
22 
 
 WKINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 
 
 Incandes- 
 cent, 
 lamps. 
 
 Vacuum 
 formed in 
 lamp 
 
 seen how electrical contact is made with the two 
 carbons. 
 
 If the current is interrupted in any way, and the 
 light goes out, it will not be produced again auto- 
 
 matically, but requires a small piece of carbon 
 between the two carbons as a path for the current 
 to pass across as in the beginning. 
 
 A third form of electric light is produced by 
 using the current in an incandescent lamp. 
 
 To explain the action of an incandescent lamp, I 
 must refer back to what I said about wires getting 
 heated by a current being passed through them 
 which was too large for their capacity. If two large 
 wires are joined by a small one, and a strong current 
 is passed through the circuit, the small wire rapidly 
 gets red hot, and finally fuses. If this small wire is 
 contained in a globe from which the air is exhausted, 
 when the current is passed through it, it gets red, 
 
WKINKLES IN ELECTEIC LIGHTING. 23 
 
 then white hot, and when very brilliant gets fused, prevents 
 If, instead of wire, we have in the small globe a thin JJ us 
 filament of carbon, when the current is passed 
 through, we get a brilliant light which remains con- 
 stant because the carbon does not fuse, and it cannot 
 burn away for want of air. Fig. 19 shows a Swan 
 lamp, and Fig. 20 an Edison lamp, both made on 
 this principle. 
 
 FIG. 19. 
 
 FIG. 20. 
 
 If in these lamps the vacuum were perfect, the Vacuum 
 carbon filament would never get consumed; it is, 
 however, impossible to get a perfect vacuum, but 
 the better it is, the longer will the filament last. 
 Incandescent lamps are the only ones that are 
 suitable for house or ship lighting. They give a Advan- 
 yellowish light like a good gas-flame, they do not infancies- 
 consume the air of a room, they cause no smell, and cent lamps 
 
 for house 
 
 only give out a very slight heat. They are per- and ship 
 fectly safe, because if the globe gets broken and 
 allows air to get in, the filament is instantly con- 
 sumed, and the light goes out. They can be put in 
 all sorts of places where it would be impossible to 
 
24 WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 
 
 have any other lamps, such as near the ceiling, close 
 to curtains, in a room full of explosives or com- 
 bustibles, and even under water. They are not 
 Unaffected affected by wind ; they can therefore be used under 
 anVTuit- punkahs, or near open windows, sky-lights, or ports, 
 
 eithercon- or in ^ P 6n a ^ T ' Tnes8 lamps can be used with 
 tinuousor either continuous or alternating currents, but will 
 
 alternating , , . 
 
 currents, probably last longer with the latter, because, when a 
 continuous current is used, particles of the carbon 
 of the filament appear to be conveyed from one end 
 of the filament to the other, reducing the thickness 
 at the one end, until finally it breaks. This evi- 
 dently cannot occur with an alternating current, as 
 the impulse in one direction is counteracted by the 
 following one in the opposite direction. If the 
 current used is of too high a tension for the lamps, 
 they will show an intensely brilliant light for a 
 short time, but the filament will soon be destroyed, 
 and the lamp rendered useless. 
 
 LEADS. 
 
 We have now to consider the means used for con- 
 veying the current, continuous or alternating, to the 
 lamps we intend to use. The leads for the electric 
 current, which correspond in some measure with 
 Leads made the pipes which convey gas, are made of copper 
 copper 3 wire, as pure as can be obtained, covered with some 
 insulating material to prevent the escape of the 
 current through contact with other conductors. The 
 
WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 25 
 
 size of the wire is regulated according to the amount 
 of current which is to be conveyed ; it will do no 
 harm to have it of twice the required section, but if 
 it is of less than the required section, it will offer so 
 much resistance to the passage of the current, that 
 it will probably get fused in a very short time. If 
 the lead attached to one terminal of the dynamo 
 comes back to the other terminal without there Short cir- 
 being any lamps in the circuit, or other means of 
 making use of the current, it is said to be short 
 circuited, and if the dynamo is kept going some- 
 thing must give out very soon. The two leads must 
 therefore never be connected with one another, except 
 by a lamp or other resistance, and the manner in 
 which the lamps are placed, and the size of the leads, 
 depend upon the relative tension and quantity of 
 current and the kind of lamps to be used. If the 
 current is to be used in arc lamps it is usual to High 
 have a high E.M.F., which allows of the leads being Sfg h t s " 
 of small section; but if it is to be used in incan- but low for 
 
 mcandes- 
 
 descent lamps it is found more convenient to have cent. 
 a low E.M.F., and as this implies a large quantity 
 of current, the leads have to be of large section. 
 
 Arc lamps usually require to be placed in series, Arc lights 
 that is to say, in such a manner that the current, 
 after leaving the dynamo, passes through each lamp 
 in succession. The E.M.F. required in this case 
 is the sum of the E.M.F. for each lamp, the quan- 
 tity required being the same as for one lamp. This 
 
 in series. 
 
26 
 
 WRINKLES IN ELECTEIC LIGHTING. 
 
 Incandes- 
 cent lamps 
 in parallel 
 circuit. 
 
 E.M.F. 
 same for 
 one lamp 
 as for a 
 number. 
 
 If lamps 
 suitable, 
 each one 
 turns on 
 and off 
 separately. 
 
 accounts for the high E.M.F. used in arc lighting 
 and the small size of the \vire for conducting the 
 current. Incandescent lamps can be either in series 
 or parallel, and frequently the two systems are com- 
 bined. To explain the meaning of having lamps 
 parallel, we will suppose the two leads from a 
 dynamo to be taken along a wall, parallel to one 
 another, and about six inches apart, ending at the 
 end of the wall, but not connected in any way. If 
 we then place lamps at intervals between the two 
 leads, connecting one loop of each to the upper lead, 
 and the other to the lower lead, by means of small 
 copper wire, these lamps are said to be all parallel. 
 In this arrangement the current required is the sum 
 of the quantity necessary for each lamp, but the 
 E.M.F. is the same as that required for one lamp 
 of the same kind. As we therefore require to send 
 a large quantity of current through the leads at a 
 small pressure or E.M.F., these leads must be of 
 large section. In the above arrangement each 
 lamp may be turned on or off separately without 
 affecting the others. Sometimes two or more lamps 
 are placed in groups between the parallel leads ; 
 these are then in series with regard to one another, 
 and can only be turned on or off two or more at a 
 time, in other words, one group at a time. If our 
 dynamo is producing a current of 100 volts E.M.F. 
 v/hen working at its proper speed, and our lamps are 
 100- volt lamps, we shall be able to turn each lamp 
 
WKINKLES IN ELECTEIC LIGHTING. 27 
 
 on or off separately ; but if we want to put in 
 50-volt lamps, we must place two together, and we 
 shall then have to turn them on or off two at a 
 time. I am supposing that in both cases tlie lamps 
 require the same quantity of current, though of 
 different E.M.F. 
 
 To prevent the lamps being spoilt by the current 
 being too strong through a sudden increase in the 
 speed of the dynamo, as also to prevent the leads 
 getting fused, and perhaps setting fire to the casing, 
 it is usual to have safety fuses in various parts of Safety 
 the circuit. These are of different kinds, but a 
 typical one consists" of a small lead wire, large 
 enough to carry the normal current, but which fuses 
 when the current is too strong, and at once inter- 
 rupts its passage. The lamps in the same portion of 
 the circuit are then extinguished and so saved from 
 destruction, and cannot then be lighted again until 
 the fuse is renewed, which, however, can be done 
 with ease. 
 
 SHIP LIGHTING. 
 
 We will consider now the case of a steamship to 
 be lighted by means of incandescent lamps. It is 
 sometimes a matter of some difficulty to fix on a 
 suitable position for the dynamo and engine, espe- 
 cially in ships which have already been running for 
 some time. 
 
 In selecting a position, it must be borne in mind Position for 
 
 dynamo. 
 
28 
 
 WEINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 
 
 Dynamo to 
 be kept 
 clean and 
 cool. 
 
 Quick- 
 speed 
 engines. 
 
 Slow- 
 speed 
 engines 
 with belts. 
 
 Means of 
 keeping 
 belt on the 
 pulley. 
 
 that a dynamo will work best in a cool clean place, 
 cleanliness being most important. If a lot of coal 
 dust is flying about where the dynamo is working, it 
 will be drawn into it, and tend to impair its elec- 
 trical, as well as mechanical efficiency. If the 
 dynamo is kept properly lubricated, it will work well 
 enough in a hot place, but we must remember that 
 the heating of the wire which makes up a large por- 
 tion of the dynamo, reduces its conductivity, so that 
 the cooler it is kept the better. The dynamo should 
 be so placed that the engineer can get to every side 
 of it easily. If a quick-speed engine is to be used 
 for driving it direct, it will make a very compact 
 installation, but there seems to be some difficulty as 
 yet in getting suitable reliable engines, besides 
 which many marine engineers object to quick-speed 
 engines altogether. If a slow-speed engine is to be 
 used, a belt is of course required to get the necessary 
 speed on the dynamo, and various precautions are 
 needful to prevent the belt slipping off the pulley 
 when the ship is rolling about in a sea-way. In all 
 cases, the engine and dynamo should be placed with 
 their spindles fore-and-aft, or in a line with the 
 ship's keel, the rolling being felt more than the 
 pitching. There are various ways of keeping the 
 belt from slipping off the pulley. Some have 
 flanges on the pulley, others have guides or rollers 
 on each side of the belt, each plan having its advan- 
 tages and disadvantages; but some plan must be 
 
WKINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 29 
 
 used, otherwise the belt slips off, usually in the 
 middle of the first-saloon dinner, and out go all the 
 lights, besides which the belt may be considerably 
 damaged before the engine can be stopped. The 
 engine must be one that will work very steadily, Engine 
 otherwise the lights will pulsate at each revolution Steadily? 1 
 of the engine, which is most unpleasant. If the 
 engine is a single one, it must have a large fly- 
 wheel, .or a driving-wheel large and heavy enough 
 to answer the same purpose. The engine requires a A good 
 
 i , 1,1 i sensitive 
 
 good sensitive governor, so as to keep the speed governor 
 regular when some of the lamps are turned on or wanted - 
 off. When the engine and dynamo are in the main 
 engine-room, the throttle-valve, or a stop-valve, 
 should be in a convenient place for the engineer on 
 watch to get at so as to instantly shut off the steam 
 if the belt slips off or breaks. In ships where an 
 electrician is carried there will not be the same 
 necessity for this precaution. It is necessary to have The belt 
 some means of tightening up the belt, so as to keep 
 it from slipping round the pulley. Where the 
 engine and dynamo are on the same level there may 
 be a screw arrangement in the base-plate of the 
 latter by which the distance between centres can be 
 increased. Where the engine and dynamo are on 
 different levels, and the latter is a fixture, recourse 
 must be had to a roller, bearing against the upper 
 part of the belt and capable of screw adjustment. 
 If link leather belting is used, it will be found 
 
30 
 
 WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 
 
 A handy 
 
 belt 
 
 stretcher. 
 
 Friction 
 gearing. 
 
 Switch- 
 board near 
 dynamo. 
 
 Leads of 
 different 
 colours. 
 
 necessary to take out several rows of links each day 
 until it lias finished stretching. A very handy thing 
 to use for this purpose, and which can be made on 
 board by an engineer, is a double clamp with a screw 
 in between, just like the ones which are being sold 
 for stretching trousers which have got baggy at the 
 knees. Whatever belt is used, it is very important 
 that there should be no joint or inequality which can 
 cause a jump or slip when going over the pulley, as 
 this will cause the lights to pulsate each time. In 
 America friction gearing has been tried, but I do 
 not know with what success. From my experience 
 of friction gearing, I am inclined to think it might 
 do very well. There is certainly no doubt that 
 direct-acting quick-speed engines are the ones to 
 use, and it is only a question of getting a suitable one. 
 The dynamo being firmly fixed in position, the 
 main leads are connected to it, and carried along to 
 the switch-board, which should be in a convenient 
 position near at hand. On this switch-board are 
 usually placed the large safety fuses. The board 
 should have a cover to it, to prevent any one 
 meddling with it, and to keep it clean. The main 
 leads are of a large size, and from these other 
 smaller ones branch off, being spliced and soldered 
 to them. It is a very good practice to use leads of 
 two different colours, as we can then work by the 
 following rule : Never connect together two leads of 
 different colours except by means of a lamp or other 
 
WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 31 
 
 resistance. The size of the various leads depends on 
 the current to be conveyed, and is a matter for the 
 electricians. On the main-deck of a large passenger 
 steamer, the main leads may be carried alqng side Main leads 
 by side under the upper deck, and from these, ] eads< 
 smaller ones branch off into the various sets of 
 rooms, smaller ones still going into each room. In 
 each room there will be one lamp with its switch to 
 turn it on or off as desired, and a safety fuse. The 
 lamps are held in small brackets, and are contained Lamps 
 when desired in frosted globes, which diffuse the frosted 
 light and make it very pleasant. When these go 
 globes are held rigidly in the brackets, the least 
 knock breaks them. A very good bracket I have 
 seen in use is one which allows the globe to move 
 about on its support when touched, being at the 
 same time sufficiently a fixture to resist the motion 
 of the ship ; and in the particular ship in which I 
 saw these used in the first saloon, there was not a 
 single breakage during a four months' voyage. The 
 switches for turning each light on or off can be under Switches 
 the control of the passengers, or, on the other hand, famp! b 
 they can be fitted to work with keys kept by the 
 stewards, as thought most desirable. 
 
 The lamps used can be of various candle-powers, Lamps of 
 within certain limits, and of whatever make is ^die- 
 considered best. They can also be of various makes, P owers 
 as long as they are constructed to stand the same 
 E.M.F. The lamps in the passenger berths give 
 
WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 
 
 Plan for 
 lighting 
 quarter- 
 deck at 
 times. 
 
 Arrange- 
 ment of 
 temporary 
 leads. 
 
 Leads and 
 lamps. 
 
 quite sufficient light if of 10-candle power ; the ones 
 for lighting the saloons, passages, and other large 
 spaces, may with advantage be of 20-candle power. 
 In these days of luxurious travelling, when the 
 various lines are trying to attract passengers to their 
 particular ships, what follows may be thought worth 
 consideration. In steamers going through the tropics 
 to India, China, Australia, &c., it is usual to get up 
 dances, concerts, and other entertainments on the 
 quarter-deck, at times when it would be impossible 
 to do anything below on account of the heat. The 
 quarter-deck then has to be lighted up. This is 
 effected by means of globe oil-lamps hung about 
 here and there, two being hung in front of the piano, 
 in unpleasant proximity to the head of the obliging 
 lady pianist. Now in a ship lighted by electricity, 
 there is no reason why a couple of leads should not 
 be brought up from below through a skylight or 
 other opening, on to the quarter-deck. Indeed the 
 leads might be arranged to screw into a place in the 
 deck, or on the side of a skylight, just in the same 
 manner as a hose is connected for washing decks. 
 These leads would have holders for lamps fitted 
 permanently at intervals, and when required for use 
 would be stopped up along the awning-spar or ridge- 
 chains, and the lamps screwed or hooked into the 
 holders. With a few handy men, five or ten minutes 
 would suffice to arrange the whole thing after the 
 leads had once been fitted. The leads once fitted 
 
WKINKLES IN ELECTEIC LIGHTING. 33 
 
 for this purpose would be always ready for use, and always 
 could be kept coiled away in a box which might also easily' & 
 have a compartment to contain the dozen or so of fixed up- 
 lamps required. 
 
 If the dynamo is already running as many lamps 
 as it is capable of, some of the bedroom lights may 
 be turned off while the quarter-deck is being lighted. 
 Another thing which I think has not yet been done 
 is the following. When working cargo at night, and Lighting 
 indeed during the day to some extent, lights are of hoids. PS 
 necessity used in the holds. The theory is, that no 
 naked lights shall be allowed, but the practice is this : Danger of 
 lamps are taken below, get knocked about, the wicks O ii lamps, 
 fall down and want pricking up, the lamps are 
 opened for this purpose, and as they are found to 
 give more light without a dusty glass round them 
 than with it, they are left open. Candles are often 
 taken below lighted, and even matches struck to see 
 the mark on a bale. I am aware that arc lamps are 
 used in the Eoyal Albert Docks, London, in con- 
 nection with the dock lighting, lamps being carried 
 below when required, with flexible leads attached, 
 and that, in some few steamers, arc lamps have been 
 used in the same manner in connection with their 
 own plant. These arc lamps are, I think, not nearly Arc lamps 
 as suitable as incandescent lamps for the purpose of aWe! 
 lighting up a ship's hold ; the light is too glaring, 
 and casts deep shadows amongst the bales and cases, 
 besides which, the lamps are large and clumsy. I 
 
 D 
 
34 
 
 WKINKLES IN ELECTKIC LIGHTING. 
 
 Arrange- 
 ment of 
 leads for 
 incandes- 
 cent lamps. 
 
 Work 
 carried on 
 better, and 
 pilfering 
 of cargo 
 prevented. 
 
 Hold leads 
 discon- 
 nected 
 while at 
 sea. 
 
 Installa- 
 tion 
 complete. 
 
 Lights 
 wanted 
 as night 
 approaches. 
 
 Precau- 
 tions before 
 starting 
 dynamo. 
 
 would suggest that leads should be carried behind 
 the stringer-battens in the ship's side, or along under 
 the next upper - deck, having simple sockets or 
 holders for incandescent lamps at certain intervals. 
 Whoever might be in charge of the hold would 
 screw or hook on the lamps as required, and so light 
 up every part of the hold thoroughly while work was 
 going on. There would be no risk of fire, and I am 
 convinced that the extra leads and lamps would pay 
 for themselves in a very short time, because work 
 would get on more quickly, and pilfering of the cargo 
 would be in a great measure put a stop to. The 
 leads for the holds could be so arranged as to be 
 quite unconnected with the dynamo while at sea, so 
 that there could not be the remotest possibility of 
 the current finding its way below when not wanted. 
 In fine, there is no reason whatever why a ship's hold 
 should not be lighted up when required, as well as a 
 warehouse or store on shore. 
 
 Now, we will suppose that our installation is com- 
 plete, ready for working, everything having been 
 pronounced in order by the electrician who has 
 looked after the work. Evening is approaching, and 
 the lights will soon be required ; we must therefore 
 see that our engine and dynamo are ready for a 
 start. If the engine and dynamo are separate, the 
 belt must be felt, to see that it is tight enough, 
 otherwise it must be tightened by whatever means 
 are provided for the purpose. We must also see 
 
WKINKLES IN ELECTEIC LIGHTING. 35 
 
 that the engine and dynamo are properly oiled, and 
 that the worsteds are down the tubes of the oil-cups, 
 and working properly, not dry, as I have known 
 them to be, with fatal results to the dynamo/ If the Lubrica- 
 lubrication is performed by means of tubes leading beperfect. 
 to each bearing from an elevated oil-box, we must 
 see that the oil really gets to the bearings, and 
 regulate its flow as required. The commutators Commuta- 
 and collector-rings and rubbers require only a wipe collectors 
 of oil, just sufficient to prevent undue wearing of ^J ul [f ttle 
 the surfaces ; if too much is put on them, they will oil. 
 spark a great deal, and sparking will wear them 
 away more quickly than friction. The brushes of 
 copper wire which collect the current of the exciter 
 dynamo, and others of similar pattern, must be 
 placed so that the ends press on the commutator as Position of 
 shown in Fig. 21. The ends should project just a 
 little way beyond the point or line of contact, and 
 when the dynamo is running, there should be very 
 little sparking. I am supposing that our plant con- 
 
 FIG. 21. FIG. 22. 
 
 sists of an alternating-current dynamo with a small 
 exciter. The wires leading from the exciter to the 
 other dynamo remain always connected, as there is 
 no need for meddling with them. 
 
 D 2 
 
36 
 
 WKINKLES IN ELECTKIC LIGHTING. 
 
 Start the 
 engine. 
 
 Switches 
 not turned 
 on. 
 
 No current 
 except 
 from 
 exciter. 
 
 Testing 
 work of 
 exciter. 
 
 Dynamos 
 very 
 powerful 
 magnets. 
 
 Look out 
 for your 
 wa-tches ! 
 
 Switch on 
 the lamps. 
 
 We will n'ow start the engine, and thereby set the 
 dynamo going round, slowly at first, and gradually 
 up to the speed required. The main switches are 
 not yet turned on, so there is no current going 
 through the leads as yet ; what then is being done ? 
 A current is being produced by the exciter only, 
 and is magnetising the electro-magnets of the larger 
 dynamo, and if we want to know if it is really 
 doing its work as intended, we just hold a small 
 pocket-compass over the ends of two opposite 
 magnets of the dynamo, and observe how the needle 
 points. It should at once take up the position 
 shown in Fig. 22, and if then held over the next 
 couple in like manner, the needle should simply 
 turn round, and point in exactly the opposite direc- 
 tion. If it points in any other direction, there is 
 something wrong with the connections. If, how- 
 ever, the connections are right at starting, they will 
 of course remain right, and there should be no need 
 for this test. It is well to remember that when 
 dynamos are working, they are, or contain for the 
 time being, very powerful magnets, therefore if we 
 bend over them to examine them, our watches will 
 get magnetised, which does not improve their 
 qualities as time-keepers. Say that our dynamo is 
 now going round at the required speed, which may 
 be 500 or 600 revolutions per minute ; the engine is 
 not using much steam as yet, because very little 
 work is being done. We now switch on a set of 
 
WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 37 
 
 lamps ; this closes the circuit, and the large dynamo Current is 
 begins to produce its alternating current, which goes i n "large 
 through the lamps and lights them up. This, how- dynamo ' 
 ever, gives the engine more work to do, and more 
 steam must be turned on, otherwise the necessary 
 speed will not be kept up. We switch on all the 
 other lamps as required, and must see that the 
 speed of the dynamo is kept constant. A difference 
 of a few lamps, affecting the engine to a small Difference 
 extent only, should be compensated automatically 
 by the governor. If the brightest lamps are not 
 bright enough, the speed should be increased a governor. 
 little, but care must be taken not to overdo it, 
 because if the current is too strong, some of the 
 safety fuses will melt, and the corresponding lamps 
 will go out. It must not be inferred from what I 
 have said, that it is necessary to run the dynamo at 
 first without switching on any lamps. On the con- 
 trary, a better effect will be produced if all the Turn all 
 lamps are switched on before starting, as they will 
 
 then gradually work up to their full brilliancy; *g gradu " 
 whereas, if one set of lamps is started first, and run 
 bright, and we then switch on another set, the 
 current at first will be too small for the two sets, 
 and the first set will get quite dull, remaining so 
 until the dynamo is going at its proper speed again. 
 When lighted up for the first time, it will be found inequality 
 that some of the lamps are much brighter than different' 11 
 others; this is because the lamps at present made lamps ' 
 
38 WEINKLES IN ELECTEIC LIGHTING. 
 
 are not of perfectly equal resistances. We must go 
 round, then, and note where the dull ones are, and 
 we can either at once, or during next day, shift 
 them into the bathrooms and places where such a 
 perfect light is not required. All the lamps in one 
 room, the first saloon, or music room, for instance, 
 should be equalised as much as possible, and in such 
 places the brightest should be used. Nothing looks 
 worse than to see a couple of dull lights in the same 
 room as a lot of bright ones. By seeing to these 
 matters we can make the lighting much more satis- 
 factory than it otherwise would be. During the 
 first few evenings we shall probably have some of 
 the lamps go out through the filaments breaking. 
 Weeding This I consider a weeding out of defective lamps, 
 lamps. a because if it were that the current was too strong, 
 the fuses would have given way. Some of the fuses 
 give way when the current is not too strong ; this is 
 owing to imperfections in the fuses, and they must 
 be replaced by spare ones. For the sake of economy, 
 Lamps not it is well not to run the lamps too bright. Without 
 
 to be run , . , 
 
 too bright, giving the lamps the maximum current a very good 
 light can be obtained, and they will last all the 
 longer. I need hardly say that there is a medium 
 in this as in everything else, and it does not look 
 well when a candle is placed alongside of an electric 
 lamp to enable a person to read or write in comfort. 
 All this time the dynamo is running, and we 
 must feel the bearings occasionally to see if they 
 
WKINKLES IN ELECTKIC LIGHTING. 39 
 
 are keeping cool. There will be no trouble if the No trouble 
 lubrication is all right. If the oil does not get into ^y namo if 
 
 the bearings as it should do, they will heat, jam the 
 spindle, or seize, and bring up the engine, or break to. 
 the belt. The lights will then all go out, and every- 
 body will say hard things of the electric light, while 
 the fault really rests with us. Sometimes seizing Seizing. 
 occurs through the spindle not being slack enough 
 in the bearings, but this generally occurs while 
 testing the dynamo at the works. 
 
 It must be borne in mind that in dynamos the on must 
 spindle must be a good fit, and there may be room in b 
 the bearings for ordinary engine-oil while there may 
 not be for a thicker oil, such as castor oil. There- 
 fore, if the bearings show a tendency to heat, it may 
 improve matters to thin the oil used with petroleum. 
 While giving the dynamo its proper supply of oil, 
 we must only apply it in the proper places. If we 
 let the bobbins get smothered in oil, the insulating 
 material on the wire will get rotted, and a short cir- 
 cuiting will probably take place. The dynamo can- The 
 not be kept too clean, and there should be a canvas 
 cover to put over it while not in use, especially while kept clean- 
 coaling. We will suppose that all is going on right ; 
 a steward comes along and says : " Mr. So-and-so, I 
 cannot get the lamp in number 6 berth to light Little 
 although I have turned the switch the right way." ^ t u h bl t e h s e 
 " All right, I will go and look at it," you answer, lamps. 
 Now, let us see what is the matter. We unhook or 
 
40 
 
 WEINKLES IN ELECTEIC LIGHTING. 
 
 No safety 
 fuse. 
 
 Effect of 
 vibration 
 of ship on 
 lamps. 
 
 What to 
 look to if 
 a lamp is 
 out. 
 
 unscrew the lamp, and look at the filament ; it is not 
 broken. We replace the lamp again, and are careful 
 that it makes good contact ; but still no light. Let 
 us look at the safety fuse ; why, there is none ! it has 
 been missed out. We get one of the spare ones out 
 of our electric store, and put it in its place, and the 
 lamp lights properly at once. We find another lamp 
 out, and look at it. We see at once that the filament 
 is broken, so there is no question about this one ; it 
 must be changed. Hallo ! what is up with this one ? 
 it goes in and out all the time like a flash light. The 
 current must be getting to it all right, otherwise it 
 would not light at all. I see what it is ; it is a Swan 
 lamp, and the spring is not pressing quite fairly on 
 it, so that one hook is making good contact, while 
 the other tightens and slacks with the vibration of 
 the ship. This is soon set right by turning the 
 spring round a little, or hooking the lamp the other 
 way. Or it is an Edison lamp, which has got slightly 
 unscrewed, and no longer makes good contact at the 
 back end of the holder. In some lamp-fittings the 
 ends of the leads are held in a spring grip in the 
 base of the bracket, and it may happen that they 
 have slipped out, and so broken the circuit, and ex- 
 tinguished the light. In the Swan lamps, and others 
 of a similar pattern, one of the little platinum loops 
 in the base of the lamps sometimes gets broken off; 
 the lamp is then of no further use. To recapitulate, 
 if a lamp goes out, the first thing is to see if the 
 
WEINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 41 
 
 filament is broken, next if it makes good contact. If Recapitu- 
 it does not then light up, see if there is any current 
 getting to it ; this may be found out by touching the 
 two hooks in a Swan holder, or the back and side of 
 an Edison screw holder, with a moistened finger. 
 With a current of 50 volts a slight tickling sensa- A current 
 tion will be felt if the current is passing through. If s hardly tS 
 this cannot be felt, there must be some part or other felt< 
 disconnected, perhaps the safety fuse has given out, 
 or the ends of the leads got adrift from the bracket. 
 If in any doubt about the lamp, try another in the 
 same place. 
 
 In some steamers incandescent lamps are used in incandes- 
 the side lamps ; they can easily be fitted for this for side ^ 
 purpose, especially when the ship is provided with H g hts - 
 lighthouses built in, as in the Anchor Line steamers. 
 Two or more incandescent lamps can be arranged 
 on a small stand, which will slide into the lantern, 
 taking the place of the regulation oil lamp, and con- 
 nected by flexible leads to the other leads. It would 
 be easy to put six 20-candle power lamps in a group 
 in each lantern, as it does not matter in what position 
 they are placed ; two might be used on ordinary 
 occasions, while on a foggy night, the whole six could 
 be switched on. If one lamp went out through the 
 filament giving way, it would not affect the others, 
 so that there would still be a light in the lantern. 
 If, through some breakdown of the engine or dynamo, 
 the electric current were no longer to be had, then it 
 
42 
 
 WRINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 
 
 Mast-head 
 light. 
 
 Arc light 
 should 
 never be 
 used. 
 
 Present 
 mast-head 
 lights quite 
 powerful 
 enough. 
 
 On pas- 
 senger 
 steamers, 
 
 would only be necessary to withdraw the stand of 
 lamps, and put in the ordioary regulation oil-lamp. 
 The mast-head lamp could also be fitted with the 
 electric light, as indeed has already been done. On 
 no account, however, should an arc light be used, as 
 besides being too dazzling, it is much too uncertain ; 
 in fact many other reasons could be given for reject- 
 ing it. It is even a question whether it is an 
 advantage to have incandescent lamps for a mast- 
 head light. There is certainly the great advantage 
 of not having to pull the lamp up and down to trim 
 it, a rather risky performance in heavy weather, and 
 also of the light not being affected by any wind that 
 may get into the lamp ; though as regards the first, 
 English officers would never be satisfied to see a 
 lamp dangling on the stay all day long, as appears 
 to be the custom in some foreign steamers, besides 
 which it would have to be lowered to be cleaned 
 outside. 
 
 The present mast-head lights are quite powerful 
 enough already, too much so when compared with 
 the side lights. I am not aware of any collisions 
 having occurred through a mast-head light not being 
 seen in time, but how many from the side lights not 
 being seen ! It was no doubt contemplated, as 
 indeed the regulations show, that no lights should be 
 visible about a vessel, except the regulation lights ; 
 but many who have seen a large passenger steamer 
 go past will have noticed how her side was one, 
 
WKINKLES IN ELECTEIC LIGHTING. 43 
 
 two, or three rows of dazzling bright lights, and will side one 
 have looked almost in vain for the green or red iight, an d 
 
 light dimly visible in the midst of all the bright 
 ones. If bright electric lights, therefore, ace shining visible. 
 through the ports, we must have our side lights at 
 least as bright, so as to give them a chance of being 
 seen. If electric lamps are used as side lights, the 
 dynamo must be kept running all night. If it is 
 thought desirable to put out all unnecessary lights 
 at 11 P.M., the leads can be so arranged that these 
 lights can be all on one or more circuits, and the 
 necessary ones on another. 
 
 Although the dynamo will have to go at nearly Speed of 
 the same speed throughout the night, it will not 
 have the same amount of work to do, and the engine 
 will therefore use much less steam, the consumption in P r P 01> - 
 
 tion to 
 
 being in proportion to the number of lights used, number of 
 An economical engineer will therefore see that 
 bedroom lamps are not kept lighted all the evening 
 without any necessity. On shore we should never 
 think of keeping gas-lights blazing away for no 
 purpose, and why should we use electricity with 
 more lavishness, especially when it is so easy to turn 
 a light on or off. The switches might with advan- 
 tage be painted with Balmain's luminous paint, and 
 there would then be no trouble in finding them in 
 the dark. It is well to know that on board ship, NO danger 
 probably in all cases of electric lighting, there is no 
 danger to life to be apprehended from touching any 
 
44 
 
 WEINKLES IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 
 
 Binnacle 
 lamps. 
 Electric 
 light not 
 suitable. 
 
 Dynamo, 
 if near a 
 compass, 
 will affect 
 it. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 of the leads where bare, or indeed any part of the 
 dynamos, as the E.M.F. is usually not more than 50 
 volts. It is best, however, not to try any experi- 
 ments, and it is a good general rule, not to touch a 
 bare part of a dynamo or lead with both hands at 
 the same time. The fear of getting hurt has the 
 good effect of keeping passengers and others from 
 meddling with their lamps. 
 
 I have said nothing about the use of electric 
 lights in binnacles, though it would be a great 
 advantage to be able to supply them with a good 
 steady light quite unaffected by wind. There is an 
 obstacle to their use for this purpose, in that the 
 electric current being used near the compass, the 
 latter is affected by it. In theory, an alternating 
 current should have no effect ; but it would require 
 very exhaustive experiments to be made before 
 enough confidence could be inspired concerning its 
 innocence, and I fancy it would usually be looked 
 upon with great suspicion by captains and officers 
 of ships. The dynamo being made up of powerful 
 magnets, must of course be always at a good distance 
 from the compasses. In some installations on iron 
 steamers, the return leads have been dispensed with, 
 the iron of the ship carrying the current back, in the 
 same way that the earth or sea does it in a telegraph 
 circuit. 
 
 It is to be observed that a dynamo with brushes 
 on the commutator is not necessarily a Brush 
 
WEINKLES IN ELECTKIC 
 
 45 
 
 dynamo as a good many people seem to think, the 
 latter being named after its inventor, Mr. Brush. 
 
 A dynamo is not a lattery as some people call it, 
 and there is no need for multiplying names. 
 
 A pocket speed-indicator should be supplied for 
 testing the speed of the dynamo, to see that it is 
 kept up to proper speed, and that the belt (if used) 
 does not slip to an unreasonable extent. 
 
 I think I have now said enough to redeem my 
 introductory promise, and if I have, so to speak, let 
 more electric light on to a subject previously dark 
 to a good many people, I shall be well satisfied with 
 my labour, and I hope that those who peruse this 
 book will be induced to go more deeply into the 
 subject by means of the many good books which 
 have been written by cleverer men than I, and which 
 enter more thoroughly into all its details. 
 
LONDON 
 
 PRINTED BT WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET 
 AND CHARING CROSS. 
 
1 888. 
 
 BOOKS RELATING 
 
 TO 
 
 APPLIED SCIENCE, 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 E. & F. N. SPON, 
 
 LONDON: 125, STRAND. 
 NEW YORK : 35, MURRAY STREET. 
 
 A Pocket-Book for Chemists, Chemical Manufacturers, 
 
 Metallurgists, Dyers, Distillers, Brewers, Sugar Refiners, Photographers, 
 Students, etc., etc. By THOMAS BAYLEY, Assoc. R.C. Sc. Ireland, Ana. 
 lytical and Consulting Chemist and Assayer. Fourth edition, with 
 additions, 437 pp., royal 32mo, roan, gilt edges, $s. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS : 
 
 Atomic Weights and Factors Useful Data Chemical Calculations Rules for Indirect 
 Analysis Weights and Measures Thermometers and Barometers Chemical Physics 
 Boiling Points, etc. Solubility of Substances Methods of Obtaining Specific Gravity Con- 
 version of Hydrometers Strength of Solutions by Specific Gravity Analysis Gas Analysis 
 Water Analysis Qualitative Analysis and Reactions Volumetric Analysis Manipulation 
 Mineralogy Assaying Alcohol Beer Sugar Miscellaneous Technological matter 
 relating to Potash, Soda, Sulphuric Acid, Chlorine, Tar Products, Petroleum, Milk, Tallow, 
 Photography, Prices, Wages, Appendix, etc., etc. 
 
 The Mechanician : A Treatise on the Construction 
 
 and Manipulation of Tools, for the use and instruction of Young Engineers 
 and Scientific Amateurs, comprising the Arts of Blacksmithing and Forg- 
 ing ; the Construction and Manufacture of Hand Tools, and the various 
 Methods of Using and Grinding them ; the Construction of Machine Tools, 
 and how to work them ; Machine Fitting and Erection ; description of 
 Hand and Machine Processes ; Turning and Screw Cutting ; principles of 
 Constructing and details of Making and Erecting Steam Engines, and the 
 various details of setting out work, etc., etc. By CAMERON KNIGHT, 
 Engineer. Containing 1147 illustrations, and 397 pages of letter-press, 
 Fourth edition, 4to, cloth, i8j. , 
 
2 CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC BOOKS 
 
 Just Pitllished, in Demy 8v0, cloth, containing 975 pages and 250 Illustrations, price js. (>d. 
 
 SPONS' HOUSEHOLD MANUAL: 
 
 A Treasury of Domestic Receipts and Guide for Home Management. 
 PRINCIPAL CONTENTS. 
 
 Hints for selecting 1 a good House, pointing out the essential requirements for 
 a good house as to the Site, Soil, Trees, Aspect, Construction, and General Arrangement ; 
 with instructions for Reducing Echoes, Waterproofing Damp Walls, Curing Damp Cellars. 
 
 Sanitation- What should constitute a good Sanitary Arrangement : Examples (with 
 illustrations) of Well- and Ill-drained Houses ; How to Test Drains ; Ventilating Pipes, etc. 
 
 "Water Supply. Care of Cisterns ; Sources of Supply; Pipes; Pumps; Purification 
 and Filtration of Water. 
 
 Ventilation and Warming 1 . Methods of Ventilating without causing cold 
 draughts, by various means ; Principles of Warming ; Health Questions ; Combustion : Open 
 Grates; Open Stoves * Fuel Economisers ; Varieties of Grates ; Close-Fire Stoves; Hot-air 
 Furnaces ; Gas Heating ; Oil Stoves ; Steam Heating ; Chemical Heaters ; Management of 
 Flues ; and Cure of Smoky Chimneys. 
 
 Lighting-. The best methods of Lighting ; Candles, Oil Lamps, Gas, Incandescent 
 Gas, Electric Light ; How to test Gas Pipes ; Management of Gas. 
 
 Furniture and Decoration. Hints on the Selection of Furniture ; on the most 
 approved methods of Modern Decoration ; on the best methods of arranging Bells and Calls; 
 How to Construct an Electric Bell. 
 
 Thieves and Fire- Precautions against Thieves and Fire ; Methods of Detection ; 
 Domestic Fire Escapes ; Fireproofing Clothes, etc. 
 
 The Larder. Keeping Food fresh for a limited time ; Storing Food without change, 
 such as Fruits, Vegetables, Eggs, Honey, etc. 
 
 Curing- Foods for lengthened Preservation, as Smoking, Salting, Canning, 
 Potting, Pickling, Bottling Fruits, etc. ; Jams, Jellies, Marmalade, etc. 
 
 The Dairy. The Building and Fitting of Dairies in the most approved modern style ; 
 Butter-making ; Cheesemaking and Curing. 
 
 The Cellar. Building and Fitting; Cleaning Casks and Bottles ; Corks and Corking ; 
 Aerated Drinks ; Syrups for Drinks ; Beers ; Bitters ; Cordials and Liqueurs ; Wines ; 
 Miscellaneous Drinks. 
 
 The Pantry- Bread-making ; Ovens and Pyrometers ; Yeast ; German Yeast ; 
 Biscuits; Cakes; Fancy Breads; Buns. 
 
 The Kitchen. On Fitting Kitchens ; a description of the best Cookin? Ranges, close 
 and open ; the Management and Care of Hot Plates, Baking Ovens, Dampers, Flues, and 
 Chimneys; Cooking by Gas; Cooking by Oil; the Arts of Roasting, Grilling, Boiling, 
 Stewing, Braising, Frying. 
 
 Receipts for Dishes Soups, Fish, Meat, Game, Poultry, Vegetables, Salads, 
 Puddings, Pastry, Confectionery, Ices, etc., etc. ; Foreign Dishes. 
 
 The Housewife's Boom. Testing Air, Water, and Foods ; Cleaning and Renovat- 
 ing ; Destroying Vermin. 
 
 Housekeeping-, Marketing-. 
 
 The Dining--Boom. Dietetics ; Laying and Waiting at Table : Carving ; Dinners, 
 Breakfasts, Luncheons, Teas, Suppers, etc. 
 
 The Drawing-Boom. Etiquette ; Dancing ; Amateur Theatricals ; Tricks and 
 Illusions ; Games (indoor). 
 
 The Bedroom and Dressing- Room ; Sleep; the Toilet ; Dress; Buying -Clothes ; 
 Outfits ; Fancy Dress. 
 
 The Nursery. The Room ; Clothing ; Washing ; Exercise ; Sleep ; Feeding ; Teeth- 
 ing ; Illness ; Home Training. 
 
 The Sick-Boom. The Room ; the Nurse ; the Bed ; Sick Room Accessories; Feeding 
 Patients ; Invalid Dishes and Drinks; Administering Physic ; Domestic Remedies; Accidents 
 and Emergencies ; Bandaging; Burns; Carrying Injured Persons ; Wounds ; Drowning; Fits; 
 Frost-bites ; Poisons and Antidotes ; Sunstroke ; Common Complaints ; Disinfection, etc. 
 
PUBLISHED BY E. & F. N. SPON. 
 
 The Bath-Room. Bathing in General ; Management of Hot-Water System. 
 
 The Laundry. Small Domestic Washing Machines, and methods of getting up linen ; 
 Fitting up and Working a Steam Laundry. 
 
 The School-Room. The Room and its Fittings ; Teaching, etc. 
 
 The Playground. Air and Exercise; Training ; Outdoor Games and Sports. 
 
 The Workroom. Darning, Patching, and Mending Garments. 
 
 The Library. Care of Books. 
 
 The Garden. Calendar of Operations for Lawn, Flower Garden, and Kitchen 
 Garden. 
 
 The Farmyard. Management of the Horse, Cow, Pig, Poultry, Bees, etc., etc. 
 
 Small Motors- A description of the various small Engines useful for domestic 
 purposes, from i man to i horse power, worked by various methods, such as Electric 
 Engines, Gas Engines, Petroleum Engines, Steam Engines, Condensing Engines, Water 
 Power, Wind Power, and the various methods of working and managing them. 
 
 Household Law. The Law relating to Landlords and Tenants, Lodgers, Servants, 
 Parochial Authorities, Juries, Insurance, Nuisance, etc. 
 
 On Designing" Belt Gearing. By E. J. COWLING 
 
 WELCH, Mem. Inst. Mech. Engineers, Author of 'Designing Valve 
 Gearing.' Fcap. 8vo, sewed, 6d. 
 
 A Handbook of Formula, Tables, and Memoranda, 
 
 for Architectural Surveyors and others engaged in Building. By J. T. 
 HURST, C.E. Fourteenth edition, royal 32mo, roan, $s. 
 
 " It is no disparagement to the many excellent publications we refer to, to say that in our 
 opinion this little pocket-book of Hurst's is the very best of them all, without any exception. 
 It would be useless to attempt a recapitulation of the contents, for it appears to contain almost 
 everything that anyone connected with building could require, and, best of all, made up in a 
 compact form for carrying in the pocket, measuring only 5 in. by 3 in., and about f in. thick, 
 in a limp cover. We congratulate the author on the success of his laborious and practically 
 compiled little book, which has received unqualified and deserved praise from every profes- 
 sional person to whom we have shown it." The Dublin Builder. 
 
 Tabulated Weights of Angle, Tee, Bulb, Round, 
 
 Square, and Flat Iron and Steel, and other information for the use of 
 Naval Architects and Shipbuilders. By C. H. JORDAN, M.I.N.A. Fourth 
 edition, 32mo, cloth, 2s. 6d. 
 
 A Complete Set of Contract Documents for a Country 
 
 Lodge, comprising Drawings, Specifications, Dimensions (for quantities), 
 Abstracts, Bill of Quantities, Form of Tender and Contract, with Notes 
 by J. LEANING, printed in facsimile of the original documents, on single 
 sheets fcap., in paper case, IQJ. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on Heat, as applied to the 
 
 Useful Arts-, for the Use of Engineers, Architects, &c. By THOMAS 
 Box. With 14 plates. Third edition, crown 8vo, cloth, 12s. 6d. 
 
 A Descriptive Treatise on Mathematical Drawing 
 
 Instruments: their construction, uses, qualities, selection, preservation, 
 and suggestions for improvements, with hints upon Drawing and Colour- 
 ing. By W. F. STANLEY, M.R.I. Fifth edition, with, numerous illustrations, 
 crown 8vo, cloth, 5-r. 
 
 B 2 
 
CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC BOOKS 
 
 Quantity Surveying. By J. LEANING. With 42 illus- 
 trations. Second edition, revised, crown 8vo, cloth, 9^. 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 A complete Explanation of the London I Schedule of Prices. 
 
 Practice. ; Form of Schedule of Prices. 
 
 General Instructions. Analysis of Schedule of Prices. 
 
 Order of Taking Off. i Adjustment of Accounts. 
 
 Modes of Measurement of the various Trades. ' Form of a Bill of Variations. 
 
 Use and Waste. ! Remarks on Specifications. 
 
 Ventilation and Warming. Prices and Valuation of Work, with 
 
 Credits, with various Examples of Treatment, j Examples and Remarks upon each Trade. 
 
 Abbreviations. | The Law as it affects Quantity Surveyors, 
 
 Squaring the Dimensions. 
 
 with Law Reports. 
 
 Abstracting, with Examples in illustration of Taking Off after the Old Method. 
 
 each Trade. Northern Practice. 
 
 Polling. | The General Statement of the Methods 
 Examples of Preambles to each Trade. recommended by the Manchester Society 
 
 Form for a Bill of Quantities. of Architects for taking Quantities. 
 
 Do. Bill of Credits. I Examples of Collections. 
 
 Do. Bill for Alternative Estimate. Examples of " Taking Off" in each Trade. 
 
 Restorations and Repairs, and Form of Bill. | Remarks on the Past and Present Methods 
 Variations before Acceptance of Tender. of Estimating. 
 
 Errors in a Builder's Estimate. j 
 
 Spons Architects and Builders Pocket-Book of Prices 
 
 and Memoranda. Edited by W. YOUNG, Architect. Crown 8vo, cloth, 
 Published annually. Fifteenth edition. Now ready. 
 
 Long-Span Railway Bridges, comprising Investiga- 
 tions of the Comparative Theoretical and Practical Advantages of the 
 various adopted or proposed Type Systems of Construction, with numerous 
 Formulae and Tables giving the weight of Iron or Steel required in 
 Bridges from 300 feet to the limiting Spans ; to which are added similar 
 Investigations and Tables relating to Short-span Railway Bridges. Second 
 and revised edition. By B. BAKER, Assoc. Inst. C.E. Plates, crown 8vo, 
 cloth, 5-y. 
 
 Elementary Theory and Calculation of Iron Bridges 
 
 and Roofs. By AUGUST RITTER, Ph.D., Professor at the Polytechnic 
 School at Aix-la-Chapelle. Translated from the third German edition, 
 by H. R. SANKEY, Capt. R.E. With 500 illustrations, 8vo, cloth, i$s. 
 
 The Elementary Principles of Carpentry. By 
 
 THOMAS TREDGOLD. Revised from the original edition, and partly 
 re-written, by JOHN THOMAS HURST. Contained in 517 pages of letter- 
 press, and illustrated with 48 plates and 150 -wood engravings. Sixth 
 edition, reprinted from the third, crown 8vo, cloth, izs. 6d. 
 
 Section I. On the Equality and Distribution of Forces Section II. Resistance of 
 Timber Section- III. Construction of Floors Section IV. Construction of Roofs Sec- 
 tion V. Construction of Domes and Cupolas Section VI. Construction of Partitions 
 Section VII. Scaffolds, Staging, and Gantries Section VIII. Construction of Centres for 
 Bridges Section IX. Coffer-dams, Shoring, and Strutting Section X. Wooden Bridges 
 and Viaducts Section XI. Joints, Straps, and other Fastenings Section XII. Timber. 
 
PUBLISHED BY E. & F. N. SPON. 
 
 The Builder s Clerk : a Guide to the Management 
 
 of a Builder's Business. By THOMAS BALES. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, is. 6d. 
 
 Our Factories, Workshops, and Warehouses: their 
 
 Sanitary and Fire-Resisting Arrangements. By B. H.'THWAITE, Assoc. 
 Mem. Inst. C.E. With 183 -wood engravings, crown 8vo, cloth, $s. 
 
 Gold : Its Occurrence and Extraction, embracing the 
 
 Geographical and Geological Distribution and the Mineralogical Charac- 
 ters of Gold-bearing rocks ; the peculiar features and modes of working 
 Shallow Placers, Rivers, and Deep Leads ; Hydraulicing ; the Reduction 
 and Separation of Auriferous Quartz ; the treatment of complex Auriferous 
 ores containing other metals ; a Bibliography of the subject and a Glossary 
 of Technical and Foreign Terms. By ALFRED G. LOCK, F.R.G.S. With 
 numerous illustrations and maps, 1250 pp., super-royal 8vo, cloth, 
 2/. 12s. 6d. 
 
 Iron Roofs : Examples of Design, Description. Illus- 
 trated with 64 Working Drawings of Exectited Roofs. By ARTHUR T. 
 WALMISLEY, Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E. Second edition, revised, imp. 4to, 
 half-morocco, 3/. 3^. 
 
 A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837. 
 
 Chiefly compiled from Original Sources, and hitherto Unpublished Docu- 
 ments, by J. J. FAHIE, Mem. Soc. of Tel. Engineers, and of the Inter- 
 national Society of Electricians, Paris. Crown 8vo, cloth, gs. 
 
 Spans' Information for Colonial Engineers. Edited 
 
 by J. T. HURST. Demy 8vo, sewed. 
 No. i, Ceylon. By ABRAHAM DEANE, C.E. 2s. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 Introductory Remarks Natural Productions Architecture and Engineering Topo- 
 graphy, Trade, and Natural History Principal Stations Weights and Measures, etc., etc. 
 
 No. 2. Southern Africa, including the Cape Colony, Natal, and the 
 Dutch Republics. By HENRY HALL, F.R.G.S., F.R.C.I. With 
 Map. 3-r. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 General Description of South Africa Physical Geography with reference to Engineering 
 Operations Notes on Labour and Material in Cape Colony Geological Notes on Rock 
 formation in South Africa Engineering Instruments for Use in South Africa Principal 
 Public Works in Cape Colony: Railways, Mountain Roads and Passes, Harbour Works, 
 Bridges, Gas Works, Irrigation and Water Supply, Lighthouses, Drainage and Sanitary 
 Engineering, Public Buildings, Mines Table of Woods in South Africa Animals used for 
 Draught Purposes Statistical Notes Table of Distances Rates of Carriage, etc. 
 
 No. 3. India. By F. C. DANVERS, Assoc. Inst. C.E. With Map. 4?. 6d 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 Physical Geography of India Building Materials Roads Railways Bridges Irriga- 
 tion River Works Harbours Lighthouse Buildings Native Labour The Principal 
 Trees of India Money Weights and Measures Glossary of Indian Terms, etc. 
 
CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC BOOKS 
 
 A Practical Treatise on Coal Mining. By GEORGE 
 
 G. ANDRE, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E., Member of the Society of Engineers. 
 With 82 lithographic plates. 2 vols., royal 410, cloth, 3/. 12s. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on Casting and Founding \ 
 
 including descriptions of the modern machinery employed in the art. By 
 N. E. SPRETSON, Engineer. Third edition, with 82 plates drawn to 
 scale, 412 pp., demy 8vo, cloth, i8j. 
 
 The Depreciation of Factories and their Valuation. 
 
 By EWING MATHESON, M. Inst. C.E. 8vo, cloth, 6s. 
 
 A Handbook of Electrical Testing. By H. R. KEMPE, 
 
 M.S.T.E. Fourth edition, revised and enlarged, crown 8vo, cloth, l6s. 
 
 Gas Works : their Arrangement, Construction, Plant, 
 
 and Machinery. By F. COLYER, M. Inst. C.E. With 31 folding plates, 
 8vo, cloth, 24^. 
 
 The Clerk of Works: a Vade-Mecum for all engaged 
 
 in the Superintendence of Building Operations. By G. G. HOSKINS, 
 F.R.I.B.A. Third edition, fcap. 8vo, cloth, is. 6d. 
 
 American Foundry Practice: Treating of Loam, 
 
 Dry Sand, and Green Sand Moulding, and containing a Practical Treatise 
 upon the Management of Cupolas, and the Melting of Iron. By T. D. 
 WEST, Practical Iron Moulder and Foundry Foreman. Second edition, 
 'with numerous illustrations, crown 8vo, cloth, lev. 6d. 
 
 The Maintenance of Macadamised Roads. By T. 
 
 CODRINGTON, M.I.C.E, F.G.S., General Superintendent of County Roads 
 for South Wales. 8vo, cloth, 6s. 
 
 Hydra^llic Steam and Hand Power Lifting and 
 
 Pressing Machinery. By FREDERICK COLYER, M. Inst. C.E., M. Inst. M.E. 
 With 73 plates, 8vo, cloth, i8j. 
 
 P limps and Pumping Machinery. By F. COLYER, 
 
 M.I.C.E., M.I.M.E. With 23 folding plates, 8vo, cloth, I2s. 6d. 
 
 Pumps and Pumping Machinery. By F. COLYER. 
 
 Second Part. With II large plates, 8vo, cloth, 12s. 6d. 
 
 A Treatise on the Origin, Progress, Prevention, and 
 
 Cure of Dry Rot in Timber; with Remarks on the Means of Preserving 
 Wood from Destruction by Sea- Worms, Beetles, Ants, etc. By THOMAS 
 ALLEN BRITTON, late Surveyor to the Metropolitan Board of Works, 
 etc., etc. With 10 plates, crown 8vo, cloth, 7*. 6d. 
 
PUBLISHED BY E. & F. N. SPON. 
 
 The Municipal and Sanitary Engineer s Handbook. 
 
 By H. PERCY BOULNOIS, Mem. Inst. C.E., Borough Engineer, Ports- 
 mouth. With numerous illustrations, demy 8vo, cloth, I2s. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 The Appointment and Duties of the Town Surveyor Traffic Macadamised Roadways- 
 Steam Rolling Road Metal and Breaking Pitched Pavements Asphalte Wood Pavements 
 Footpaths Kerbs and Gutters Street Naming and Numbering Street Lighting Sewer- 
 age Ventilation of Sewers Disposal of Sewage House Drainage Disinfection Gas and 
 Water Companies, etc.. Breaking up Streets Improvement of Private Streets Borrowing 
 Powers Artizans' and Labourers' Dwellings Public Conveniences Scavenging, including 
 Street Cleansing Watering and the Removing of Snow Planting Street Trees Deposit of 
 Plans Dangerous Buildings Hoardings Obstructions Improving Street Lines Cellar 
 Openings Public Pleasure Grounds Cemeteries Mortuaries Cattle and Ordinary Markets 
 Public Slaughter-houses, etc. Giving numerous Forms of Notices, Specifications, and 
 General Information upon these and other subjects of great importance to Municipal Engi- 
 neers and others engaged in Sanitary Work. 
 
 Metrical Tables. By G. L. MOLESWORTH, M.I.C.E. 
 
 32mo, cloth, is. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 General Linear Measures Square Measures Cubic Measures Measures of Capacity- 
 Weights Combinations Thermometers. 
 
 Elements of Constriiction for Electro- Magnets. By 
 
 Count TH. Du MONCEL, Mem. de 1'Institut de France. Translated from 
 the French by C. J. WHARTON. Crown 8vo, cloth, 4$-. 6d. 
 
 Practical Electrical Units Popularly Explained, with 
 
 numeroiis illustrations and Remarks. By JAMES SWINBURNE, late of 
 J. W. Swan and Co., Paris, late of Brush-Swan Electric Light Company, 
 U.S.A. i8mo, cloth, u. 6<t. 
 
 A Treatise on the Use of Belting for the Transmis- 
 sion of Power. By J. H. COOPER. Second edition, illustrated, 8vo, 
 cloth, 15^. 
 
 A Pocket-Book of Useful Formula and Memoranda 
 
 for Civil and Mechanical Engineers. By GuiLFORD L. MoLESWORTH, 
 Mem. Inst. C.E., Consulting Engineer to the Government of India for 
 State Railways. With, numerous illustrations^ 744 pp. Twenty-first 
 edition, revised and enlarged, 32mo, roan, 6s. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS: 
 
 Surveying, Levelling, etc. Strength and Weight of Materials Earthwork, Brickwork, 
 Masonry, Arches, etc. Struts, Columns, Beams, and Trusses Flooring, Roofing, and Roof 
 Trusses Girders, Bridges, etc. Railways and Roads Hydraulic Formulae Canals. Sewers, 
 Waterworks, Docks Irrigation and Breakwaters Gas, Ventilation, and Warming Heat, 
 Light, Colour, and Sound Gravity : Centres, Forces, and Powers Millwork, Teeth of 
 Wheels, Shafting, etc. Workshop Recipes Sundry Machinery Animal Power Steam and 
 the Steam Engine Water-power, Water-wheels, Turbines, etc. Wind and Windmills 
 Steam Navigation, Ship Building, Tonnage, etc. Gunnery, Projectiles, etc. Weights, 
 Measures, and Money Trigonometry, Conic Sections, and Curves Telegraphy Mensura- 
 tion Tables of Areas and Circumference, and Arcs of Circles Logarithms, Square and 
 Cube Roots, Powers Reciprocals, etc. Useful Numbers Differential and Integral Calcu- 
 lus Algebraic Signs Telegraphic Construction and Formulae. 
 
8 CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC BOOKS 
 
 Hints on Architectural Draughtsmanship. By G. W. 
 
 TUXFORD HALLATT. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, is. 6d. 
 
 Spans Tables and Memoranda for Engineers; 
 
 selected and arranged by J. T. HURST, C.E., Author of 'Architectural 
 Surveyors' Handbook/ ' Hurst's Tredgold's Carpentry,' etc. Ninth 
 edition, 64010, roan, gilt edges, I s. ; or in cloth case, I s. 6d. 
 This work is printed in a pearl type, and is so small, measuring only 2% in. by if in. by 
 i in. thick, that it may be easily carried in the waistcoat pocket. 
 
 " It is certainly an extremely rare thing for a reviewer to be called upon to notice a volume 
 measuring but 25 in. by if in., yet these dimensions faithfully represent the size of the handy 
 little book before us. The volume which contains 118 printed pages, besides a few blank 
 pages for memoranda is, in fact, a true pocket-book, adapted for being carried in the waist- 
 coat pocket, and containing a far greater amount and variety of information than most people 
 
 would imagine could be compressed into so small a space The little volume has been 
 
 compiled with considerable care and judgment, and we can cordially recommend it to our 
 readers as a useful little pocket companion." Engineering. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on Natural and Artificial 
 
 Concrete, its Varieties and Constructive Adaptations. By HENRY REID, 
 Author of the ' Science and Art of the Manufacture of Portland Cement.' 
 New Edition, "with 59 woodcuts and $ plates, 8vo, cloth, 15^. 
 
 Notes on Concrete and Works in Concrete; especially 
 
 written to assist those engaged upon Public Works. By JOHN NEWMAN, 
 Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E., crown 8vo, cloth, 4^. 6d. 
 
 Electricity as a Motive Power. By Count TH. Du 
 
 MONCEL, Membre de 1'Institut de France, and P'RANK GERALDY, Inge- 
 nieur des Ponts et Chaussees. Translated and Edited, with Additions, by 
 C. J. WHARTON, Assoc. Soc. Tel. Eng. and Elec. With 113 engravings 
 and diagrams, crown 8vo, cloth, 'js. 6d. 
 
 Treatise on Valve-Gears, with special consideration 
 
 of the Link-Motions of Locomotive Engines. By Dr. GUSTAV ZEUNER, 
 Professor of Applied Mechanics at the Confederated Polytechnikum of 
 Zurich. Translated from the Fourth German Edition, by Professor J. F. 
 KLEIN, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. Illustrated, 8vo, cloth, I2s. 6d. 
 
 The French- Polisher s Manual. By a French- 
 Polisher; containing Timber Staining, Washing, Matching, Improving, 
 Painting, Imitations, Directions for Staining, Sizing, Embodying, 
 Smoothing, Spirit Varnishing, French-Polishing, Directions for Re- 
 polishing. Third edition, royal 32mo, sewed, 6d. 
 
 Hops, their Cultivation, Commerce, and Uses in 
 
 various Countries. By P. L. SiMMONDS. Crown 8vo, cloth, 4$-. 6d. 
 
 The Principles of Graphic Statics. By GEORGE 
 
 SYDENHAM CLARKE, Capt. Royal Engineers. With 112 illustrations. 
 4to, cloth, I2s. 6d. 
 
PUBLISHED BY E. & F. N. SPON. 
 
 Dynamo- Electric Machinery : A Manual for Students 
 
 of Electro-technics. By SILVANUS P. THOMPSON, B.A., D.Sc., Professor 
 of Experimental Physics in University College, Bristol, etc., etc. Second 
 edition, illustrated, 8vo, cloth, I2s. 6d. 
 
 Practical Geometry, Perspective, and -Engineering 
 
 Drawing] a Course of Descriptive Geometry adapted to the Require- 
 ments of the Engineering Draughtsman, including the determination of 
 cast shadows and Isometric Projection, each chapter being followed by 
 numerous examples ; to which are added rules for Shading, Shade-lining, 
 etc., together with practical instructions as to the Lining, Colouring, 
 Printing, and general treatment of Engineering Drawings, with a chapter 
 on drawing Instruments. By GEORGE S. CLARKE, Capt. R.E. Second 
 edition, with 21 plates. 2 vols., cloth, IQS. 6d. 
 
 The Elements of Graphic Statics. By Professor 
 
 KARL VON OTT, translated from the German by G. S. CLARKE, Capt. 
 R.E., Instructor in Mechanical Drawing, Royal Indian Engineering 
 College. With 93 illustrations , crown 8vo, cloth, $s. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and Distri- 
 bution of Coal Gas. By WILLIAM RICHARDS. Demy 4to, with numerous 
 wood engravings and 29 plates, cloth, 28^. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS : 
 
 Introduction History of Gas Lighting Chemistry of Gas Manufacture, by Lewis 
 Thompson, Esq., M.R.C.S. Coal, with Analyses, by J. Paterson, Lewis Thompson, and 
 G. R. Hislop, Esqrs. Retorts, Iron and Clay Retort Setting Hydraulic Main Con- 
 densers Exhausters Washers and Scrubbers Purifiers Purification History of Gas 
 Holder Tanks, Brick and Stone, Composite, Concrete, Cast-iron, Compound Annular 
 Wrpught-iron Specifications Gas Holders Station Meter Governor Distribution 
 Mains Gas Mathematics, or Formulae for the Distribution of Gas, by Lewis Thompson, Esq. 
 Services Consumers' Meters Regulators Burners Fittings Photometer Carburization 
 of Gas Air Gas and Water Gas Composition of Coal Gas, by Lewis Thompson, Esq. 
 Analyses of Gas Influence of Atmospheric Pressure and Temperature on Gas Residual 
 Products Appendix Description of Retort Settings, Buildings, etc., etc. 
 
 The New Formula for Mean Velocity of Discharge 
 
 of Rivers and Canals. By W. R. KUTTER. Translated from articles in 
 the ' Cultur-Ingenieur,' by Lowis D'A. JACKSON, Assoc. Inst. C.E. 
 8vo, cloth, I2s. 6d. 
 
 The Practical Millwright and Engineers Ready 
 
 Reckoner; or Tables for finding the diameter and power of cog-wheels, 
 diameter, weight, and power of shafts, diameter and strength of bolts, etc, 
 By THOMAS DIXON. Fourth edition, I2mo, cloth, $s. 
 
 Tin: Describing the Chief Methods of Mining, 
 
 Dressing and Smelting it abroad ; with Notes upon Arsenic, Bismuth and 
 Wolfram. By ARTHUR G. CHARLETON, Mem. American Inst, of 
 Mining Engineers. With plates ; 8vo, cloth, I2s. 6d. 
 
 3 
 
io CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC BOOKS 
 
 Perspective, Explained and Illustrated. By G. S. 
 
 CLARKE, Capt. R.E. With illustrations, 8vo, cloth, $s. 6d. 
 
 Practical Hydraulics ; a Series of Rules and Tables 
 
 for the use of Engineers, etc., etc. By THOMAS Box. Fifth edition, 
 numerous plates, post 8vo, cloth, 5^. 
 
 The Essential Elements of Practical Mechanics; 
 
 based on the Principle of Work, designed for Engineering Students. By 
 OLIVER BYRNE, formerly Professor of Mathematics, College for Civil 
 Engineers. Third edition, ivith 148 wood engravings, post 8vo, cloth, 
 7-y. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 Chap. I. How Work is Measured by a Unit, both with and without reference to a Unit 
 of Time Chap. 2. The Work of Living Agents, the Influence of Friction, and introduces 
 one of the most beautiful Laws of Motion Chap. 3. The principles expounded in the first and 
 second chapters are applied to the Motion of Bodies Chap. 4. The Transmission of Work by 
 simple Machines Chap. 5. Useful Propositions and Rules. 
 
 Breweries and Mailings : -their Arrangement, Con- 
 struction, Machinery, and Plant. By G. SCAMELL, F.R.I.B.A. Second 
 edition, revised, enlarged, and partly rewritten. By F. COLYER, M.I.C.E., 
 M.I.M.E. With 20 plates % 8vo, cloth, iSs. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the Construction of Hori- 
 zontal and Vertical Water-wheels, specially designed for the use of opera- 
 tive mechanics. By WILLIAM CULLEN, Millwright and Engineer. With 
 II plates. Second edition, revised and enlarged, small 4to, cloth, I2s.6d. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on Mill-gearing, Wheels, Shafts, 
 
 Riggers, etc.; for the use of Engineers. By THOMAS Box. Third 
 edition, with 1 1 plates. Crown 8vo, cloth, 'js. 6d. 
 
 Mining Machinery: a Descriptive Treatise on the 
 
 Machinery, Tools, and other Appliances used in Mining. By G. G. 
 ANDRE, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E., Mem. of the Society of Engineers. 
 Royal 4to, uniform with the Author's Treatise on Coal Mining, con- 
 taining 182 plates, accurately drawn to scale, with descriptive text, in 
 2 vols., cloth, 3/. I2s. 
 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 Machinery for Prospecting, Excavating, Hauling, and Hoisting Ventilation Pumping 
 Treatment of Mineral Products, including Gold and Silver, Copper, Tin, and Lead, Iron 
 Coal, Sulphur, China Clay, Brick Earth, etc. 
 
 Tables for Setting out Curves for Railways, Canals, 
 
 Roads, etc., varying from a radius of five chains to three miles. By A. 
 KENNEDY and R. W. HACKWOOD. Illustrated, 32mo, cloth, zs. 6d. - 
 
PUBLISHED BY E. & F. N. SPON. n 
 
 The Science and Art of the Manufacture of Portland 
 
 Cement, with observations on some of its constructive applications. With 
 66 illustrations. By HENRY REID, C.E., Author of 'A Practical 
 Treatise on Concrete,' etc., etc. 8vo, cloth, iSs. 
 
 The Draughtsman s Handbook of Plan and Map 
 
 Dr -awing ; including instructions for the preparation of Engineering, 
 Architectural, and Mechanical Drawings. With numerous illustrations 
 in the text, and 33 plates (15 printed in colours'). By G. G. ANDRE, 
 F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E. 4to, cloth, gs. 
 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 The Drawing Office and its Furnishings Geometrical Problems Lines, Dots, and their 
 Combinations Colours, Shading, Lettering, Bordering, and North Points Scales Plotting 
 Civil Engineers' and Surveyors' Plans Map Drawing Mechanical and Architectural 
 Drawing Copying and Reducing Trigonometrical Formulae, etc., etc. 
 
 The B oiler-maker s andiron Ship-builders Companion, 
 
 comprising a series of original and carefully calculated tables, of the 
 utmost utility to persons interested in the iron trades. By JAMES FODEN, 
 author of ' Mechanical Tables,' etc. Second dition revised, with illustra- 
 tions^ crown 8vo, cloth, 5^. 
 
 Rock Blasting: a Practical Treatise on the means 
 
 employed in Blasting Rocks for Industrial Purposes. By G. G. ANDRE, 
 F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E. With 56 illustrations and 12 plates, 8vo, cloth, 
 
 Painting and Painters Manual: a Book of Facts 
 
 for Painters and those who Use or Deal in Paint Materials. By C. L. 
 CONDIT and J. SCHELLER. Illustrated, 8vo, cloth, icv. 6d. 
 
 A Treatise on Ropemaking as practised in public and 
 
 private Rope-yards, with a Description of the Manufacture, Rules, Tables 
 of Weights, etc., adapted to the Trade, Shipping, Mining, Railways, 
 Builders, etc. By R. CHAPMAN, formerly foreman to Messrs. Huddart 
 and Co., Limehouse, and late Master Ropemaker to H.M. Dockyard, 
 Deptford. Second edition, I2mo, cloth, 3.?. 
 
 Laxtons Builders and Contractors Tables ; for the 
 
 use of Engineers, Architects, Surveyors, Builders, Land Agents, and 
 others. Bricklayer, containing 22 tables, with nearly 30,000 calculations. 
 4to, cloth, 5j. 
 
 Laxtons Builders and Contractors' Tables. Ex- 
 
 cavator, Earth, Land, Water, and Gas, containing 53 tables, with nearly 
 24,000 calculations. 4to, cloth, $s. 
 
 B 4 
 
12 CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC BOOKS 
 
 Sanitary Engineering: a Guide to the Construction 
 
 of Works of Sewerage and House Drainage, with Tables for facilitating 
 the calculations of the Engineer. By BALDWIN LATHAM, C.E., M. Inst. 
 C.E., F.G.S., F.M.S., Past-President of the Society of Engineers. Second 
 edition, ivith numerous plates and woodcuts, Svo, cloth, I/. IDS. 
 
 Screw Cutting Tables for Engineers and Machinists, 
 
 giving the values of the different trains of Wheels required to produce 
 Screws of any pitch, calculated by Lord Lindsay, M.P., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., 
 etc. Cloth, oblong, 2s. 
 
 Screw Cutting Tables, for the use of Mechanical 
 
 Engineers, showing the proper arrangement of Wheels for cutting the 
 Threads of Screws of any required pitch, with a Table for making the 
 Universal Gas-pipe Threads and Taps. By W. A. MARTIN, Engineer. 
 Second edition, oblong, cloth, u., or sewed, 6d. 
 
 A Treatise on a Practical Method of Designing Slide- 
 
 Valve Gears by Simple Geometrical Construction, based upon the principles 
 enunciated in Euclid's Elements, and comprising the various forms of 
 Plain Slide- Valve and Expansion Gearing ; together with Stephenson's, 
 Gooch's, and Allan's Link-Motions, as applied either to reversing or to 
 variable expansion combinations. By EDWARD J. COWLING WELCH, 
 Memb. Inst. Mechanical Engineers. Crown Svo, cloth, 6s. 
 
 Cleaning and Scouring : a Manual for Dyers, Laun- 
 dresses, and for Domestic Use. By S. CHRISTOPHER. i8mo, sewed, 6d. 
 
 A Glossary of Terms used in Coal Mining. By 
 
 WILLIAM STUKELEY GRESLEY, Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E., F.G.S., Member 
 of the North of England Institute of Mining Engineers. Illustrated with 
 numerous woodcuts and diagrams, crown Svo, cloth, 5^-. 
 
 A Pocket-Book for Boiler Makers and Steam Users, 
 
 comprising a variety of useful information for Employer and Workman, 
 Government Inspectors, Board of Trade Surveyors, Engineers in charge 
 of Works and Slips, Foremen of Manufactories, and the general Steam- 
 using Public. By MAURICE JOHN SEXTON. Second' edition, royal 
 32mo, roan, gilt edges, 5-r. 
 
 Electrolysis: a Practical Treatise on Nickeling, 
 
 Coppering, Gilding, Silvering, the Refining of Metals, and the treatment 
 of Ores by means of Electricity. By HIPPOLYTE FONTAINE, translated 
 from the French by J. A. BERLY, C.E., Assoc. S.T.E. With engravings. 
 Svo, cloth, 9^. 
 
PUBLISHED BY E. & F. N. SPON. 13 
 
 Barlow s Tables of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, 
 
 Cube Roots, Reciprocals of all Integer Numbers up to 10,000. Post 8vo, 
 cloth, 6s. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the Steam Engine, con- 
 taining Plans and Arrangements of Details for Fixed Steam Engines, 
 with Essays on the Principles involved in Design and Construction. By 
 ARTHUR RIGG, Engineer, Member of the Society of Engineers and of 
 the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Demy 410, copiously illustrated 
 with woodcuts and 96 plates, in one Volume, half-bound morocco, 2/. 2s. ; 
 or cheaper edition, cloth, 2$s. 
 
 This work Is not, in any sense, an elementary treatise, or history of the steam engine, but 
 is intended to describe examples of Fixed Steam Engines without entering into the wide 
 domain of locomotive or marine practice. To this end illustrations will be given of the most 
 recent arrangements of Horizontal, Vertical, Beam, Pumping, Winding, Portable, Semi- 
 portable, Corliss, Allen, Compound, and other similar Engines, by the most eminent Firms in 
 Great Britain and America. The laws relating to the action and precautions to be observed 
 in the construction of the various details, such as Cylinders, Pistons, Piston-rods, Connecting- 
 rods, Cross-heads, Motion-blocks, Eccentrics, Simple, Expansion, Balanced, and Equilibrium 
 Slide-valves, and Valve-gearing will be minutely dealt with. In this connection will be found 
 articles upon the Velocity of Reciprocating Parts and the Mode of Applying the Indicator, 
 Heat and Expansion of Steam Governors, and the like. It is the writer's desire to draw 
 illustrations from every possible source, and give only those rules that present practice deems 
 correct. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the Science of Land and 
 
 Engineering Surveying, Levelling, Estimating Quantities, etc., with a 
 general description of the several Instruments required for Surveying, 
 Levelling, Plotting, etc. By H. S. MERRETT. Fourth edition, revised 
 by G. W. USILL, Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E. 41 plates, with illustrations 
 and tables, royal 8vo, cloth, I2s. 6d. 
 
 PRINCIPAL CONTENTS : 
 
 Part i. Introduction and the Principles of Geometry. Part 2. Land Surveying; com- 
 prising General Observations The Chain Offsets Surveying by the Chain only Surveying 
 Hilly Ground To Survey an Estate or Parish by the Chain only Surveying with the 
 Theodolite Mining and Town Surveying Railroad Surveying Mapping Division and 
 Laying out of Land Observations on Enclosures Plane Trigonometry. Part 3. Levelling 
 Simple and Compound Levelling The Level Book Parliamentary Plan and Section- 
 Levelling with ; a Theodolite Gradients Wooden Curves To Layout a Railway Curve- 
 Setting out Widths. Part 4. Calculating Quantities generally for Estimates Cuttings and 
 Embankments Tunnels Brickwork Ironwork Timber Measuring. Part 5. Description 
 and Use of Instruments in Surveying and Plotting The Improved Dumpy Level Troughton's 
 Level The Prismatic Compass Proportional Compass Box Sextant Vernier Panta- 
 graph Merrett's Improved Quadrant Improved Computation Scale The Diagonal Scale- 
 Straight Edge and Sector. Part 6. Logarithms of Numbers Logarithmic Sines and 
 Co-Sines, Tangents and Co-TangentsNatural Sines and Co-SinesTables for Earthwork, 
 for Setting out Curves, and for various Calculations, etc., etc., etc. 
 
 Health and Comfort in House Building, or Ventila- 
 tion with Warm Air by Self- Acting Suction Power, with Review of the 
 mode of Calculating the Draught in Hot- Air Flues, and with some actual 
 Experiments. By J. DRYSDALE, M.D., and J. W. HAYWARD, M.D. 
 Second edition, with Supplement, with plates, demy 8vo, cloth, fs. 6d. 
 
14 CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC BOOKS. 
 
 The Assayers Manual: an Abridged Treatise on 
 
 the Docimastic Examination of Ores and Furnace and other Artificial 
 Products. By BRUNO KERL. Translated by W. T. BRANNT. With 65 
 illustrations, 8vo, cloth, \2s. 6d. 
 
 Electricity: its Theory, Sources, and Applications. 
 
 By J. T. SPRAGUE, M.S.T.E. Second edition, revised and enlarged, -with 
 numerous illustrations, crown 8vo, cloth, i$s. 
 
 The Practice of Hand Turning in Wood, Ivory, Shell, 
 
 etc., with Instructions for Turning such Work in Metal as may be required 
 in the Practice of Turning in Wood, Ivory, etc. ; also an Appendix on 
 Ornamental Turning. (A book for beginners.) By FRANCIS CAMPIN. 
 Third edition, with, wood engravings, crown 8vo, cloth, 6s. 
 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 On Lathes Turning Tools Turning Wood Drilling Screw Cutting Miscellaneous 
 Apparatus and Processes Turning Particular Forms Staining Polishing Spinning Metals 
 Materials Ornamental Turning, etc. 
 
 Treatise on Watchwork, Past and Present. By the 
 
 Rev. H. L. NELTHROPP, M.A., F.S.A. With 32 illustrations, crown 
 8vo, cloth, 6s. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 Definitions of 'Words and Terms used in Watchwork Tools Time Historical Sum- 
 mary On Calculations of the Numbers for Wheels and Pinions; their Proportional Sizes, 
 Trains, etc. Of Dial Wheels, or Motion Work Length of Time of Going without Winding 
 up The Verge The Horizontal The Duplex The Lever The Chronometer Repeating 
 Watches Keyless Watches The Pendulum, or Spiral Spring Compensation Jewelling of 
 Pivot Holes Clerkenwell Fallacies of the Trade Incapacity of Workmen How to Choose 
 and Use a Watch, etc. 
 
 Algebra Self-Taught. By W. P. HIGGS, M.A., 
 
 D.Sc., LL.D., Assoc. InsL C.E., Author of * A Handbook of the Differ- 
 ential Calculus,' etc. Second edition, crown 8vo, cloth, zs. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 Symbols and the Signs of Operation The Equation and the Unknown Quantity- 
 Positive and Negative Quantities Multiplication Involution Exponents Negative Expo- 
 nents Roots, and the Use of Exponents as Logarithms Logarithms Tables of Logarithms 
 and Proportionate Parts Transformation of System of Logarithms Common Uses of 
 Common Logarithms Compound Multiplication and the Binomial Theorem Division, 
 Fractions, and Ratio Continued Proportion The Series and the Summation of the Series 
 Limit of Series Square and Cube Roots Equations List of Formulae, etc. 
 
 Spons Dictionary of Engineering, Civil, Mechanical, 
 
 Military, and Naval; with technical terms in French, German, Italian, 
 and Spanish, 3100 pp., and nearly 8000 engravings, in super-royal 8vo, 
 in 8 divisions, 5/. 8j. Complete in 3 vols., cloth, 5/. 5.?. Bound in a 
 superior manner, half-morocco, top edge gilt, 3 vols., 61. I2s. 
 
PUBLISHED BY E. & F. N. SPON. 15 
 
 Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Compiled prin- 
 cipally for the use of the Students attending the Classes on this subject at 
 the City of London College. By HENRY ADAMS, Mem. Inst. M.E., 
 Mem. Inst. C.E., Mem. Soc. of Engineers. Crown 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d. 
 
 
 
 Canoe and Boat Building: a complete Manual for 
 
 Amateurs, containing plain and comprehensive directions for the con- 
 struction of Canoes, Rowing and Sailing Boats, and Hunting Craft. 
 By W. P. STEPHENS. With numerous illustrations and 24 plates of 
 Working Drawings. Crown 8vo, cloth, 'js. 6d. 
 
 Proceedings of the National Conference of Electricians > 
 
 Philadelphia, October 8th to I3th, 1884. i8mo, cloth, 3*. 
 
 Dynamo - Electricity, its Generation, Application, 
 
 Transmission, Storage, and Measurement. By G. B. PRESCOTT. With 
 545 illustrations. 8vo, cloth, I/, is. 
 
 Domestic Electricity for Amateurs. Translated from 
 
 the French of E. HOSPITALIER, Editor of " L'Electricien," by C. J. 
 WHARTON, Assoc. Soc. Tel. Eng. Numerous illustrations. Demy 8vo, 
 cloth, 9^. 
 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 i. Production of the Electric Current 2. Electric Bells 3. Automatic Alarms 4. Domestic 
 Telephones 5. Electric Clocks 6. Electric Lighters 7. ^Domestic Electric Lighting 
 8. Domestic Application of the Electric Light 9. Electric Motors 10. Electrical Locomo- 
 tion ii. Electrotyping, Plating, and Gilding 12. Electric Recreations 13. Various appli- 
 cations Workshop of the Electrician. 
 
 Wrinkles in Electric L ighting. By VINCENT STEPHEN. 
 
 With illustrations. i8mo, cloth, 2s. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 i. The Electric Current and its production by Chemical means 2. Production of Electric 
 Currents by Mechanical means 3. Dynamo-Electric Machines 4. Electric Lamps 
 5. Lead 6. Ship Lighting. 
 
 The Practical Flax Spinner ; being a Description of 
 
 the Growth, Manipulation, and Spinning of Flax and Tow. By LESLIE 
 C. MARSHALL, of Belfast. With illustrations. 8vo, cloth, 15.5-. 
 
 Foundations and Foundation Walls for all classes of 
 
 Buildings, Pile Driving, Building Stones and Bricks, Pier and Wall 
 construction, Mortars, Limes, Cements, Concretes, Stuccos, &c. 64 illus- 
 trations. By G. T. POWELL and F. BAUMAN. 8vo, cloth, IDS. 6d. 
 
1 6 CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC BOOKS 
 
 Manual for Gas Engineering Students. By D. LEE. 
 
 l8mo, cloth is. 
 
 Hydraulic Machinery, Past and Present. A Lecture 
 
 delivered to the London and Suburban Railway Officials' Association. 
 By H. ADAMS, Mem. Inst. C.E. Folding plate. 8vo, sewed, u. 
 
 Twenty Years with the Indicator. By THOMAS PRAY, 
 
 Jun., C.E., M.E., Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers. 
 2 vols., royal 8vo, cloth, I2s. 6d. 
 
 Annual Statistical Report of the Secretary to the 
 
 Members of the Iron and Steel Association on the Home and Foreign Iron 
 and Steel Indtistries in 1884. Issued March 1885. 8vo, sewed, 5^. 
 
 Bad Drains, and How to Test them ; with Notes on 
 
 the Ventilation of Sewers, Drains, and Sanitary Fittings, and the Origin 
 and Transmission of Zymotic Disease. By R. HARRIS REEVES. Crown 
 8vo, cloth, 3-r. 6d. 
 
 Standard Practical Plumbing ; being a complete 
 
 Encyclopaedia for Practical Plumbers and Guide for Architects, Builders, 
 Gas Fitters, Hot-water Fitters, Ironmongers, Lead Burners, Sanitary 
 Engineers, Zinc Workers, &c. Illustrated by over 2000 engravings. By 
 P. J. DAVIES. Vol. I, royal 8vo, cloth, 7*. 6d. 
 
 Pneumatic Transmission of Messages and Parcels 
 
 between Paris and London, via Calais and Dover. By J. B. BERLIER, 
 C.E. Small folio, sewed, 6d. 
 
 List of Tests (Reagents), arranged in alphabetical 
 
 order, according to the names of the originators. Designed especially 
 for the convenient reference of Chemists, Pharmacists, and Scientists. 
 By HANS M. WILDER. Crown 8vo, cloth, 4^. 6d. 
 
 Ten Years Experience in Works of Intermittent 
 
 Downward Filtration. By J. BAILEY DENTON, Mem. Inst. C.E. 
 Second edition, with additions. Royal 8vo, sewed, qs. 
 
 A Treatise on the Manufacture of Soap and Candles, 
 
 Lubricants and Glycerin. By W. LANT CARPENTER, B.A., B.Sc. (late 
 of Messrs. C. Thomas and Brothers, Bristol). With illustrations. Crown 
 8vo, cloth, ioj. 6d. 
 
PUBLISHED BY E. & F. N. SPON. 
 
 The Stability of Ships explained simply, and calculated 
 
 by a neiv Graphic method. By J. C. SPENCE, M.I.N.A. 4to, sewed, 
 3-r. 6J. 
 
 Steam Making, or Boiler Practice. By CHARLES A. 
 
 SMITH, C.E. 8vo, cloth, los. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 i. The Nature of Heat and the Properties of Steam 2. Combustion. 3. Externally Fired 
 Stationary Boilers 4. Internally Fired Stationary Boilers 5. Internally Fired Portable 
 Locomotive and Marine Boilers 6. Design, Construction, and Strength of Boilers 7. Pro- 
 portions of Heating Surface, Economic Evaporation, Explosions 8. Miscellaneous Boilers, 
 Choice of Boiler Fittings and Appurtenances. 
 
 The Fir emans Guide ; a Handbook on the Care of 
 
 Boilers. By TEKNOLOG, foreningen T. I. Stockholm. Translated from 
 the third edition, and revised by KARL P. DAHLSTROM, M.E. Second 
 edition. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 2s. 
 
 A Treatise on Modern Steam Engines and Boilers, 
 
 including Land Locomotive, and Marine Engines and Boilers, for the 
 use of Students. By FREDERICK COLYER, M. Inst. C.E., Mem. Inst. M.E. 
 With ifrplates. 4to, cloth, 25*. 
 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 i. Introduction 2. Original Engines 3. Boilers 4. High-Pressure Beam Engines 5. 
 Cornish Beam Engines 6. Horizontal Engines 7. Oscillating Engines 8. Vertical High- 
 Pressure Engines 9. Special Engines 10. Portable Engines n. Locomotive Engines 
 2. Marine Engines. 
 
 Steam Engine Management; a Treatise on the 
 
 Working and Management of Steam Boilers. By F. COLYER, M. Inst. 
 C.E., Mem. Inst. M.E. i8mo, cloth, 2s. 
 
 Land Surveying on the Meridian and Perpendicular 
 
 System. By WILLIAM PENMAN, C.E. 8vo, cloth, 8s. 6d. 
 
 The Topographer, his Instalments and Methods, 
 
 designed for the use of Students, Amateur Photographers, Surveyors, 
 Engineers, and all persons interested in the location and construction of 
 works based upon Topography. Illustrated -with numerous plates, maps, 
 and engravings. By LEWIS M. HAUPT, A.M. 8vo, cloth, i&r. 
 
 A Text-Book of Tanning, embracing the Preparation 
 
 of all kinds of Leather. By HARRY R. PROCTOR, F.C.S., of Low Lights 
 Tanneries. With illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth, IOT. 6d. 
 
In super-royal 8vo, 1168 pp., with 2400 illustrations, in 3 Divisions, cloth, price 13*. &/ 
 each ; or i vol., cloth, a/. ; or half-morocco, a/. 8s. 
 
 A SUPPLEMENT 
 
 TO 
 
 SPONS' DICTIONARY OF ENGINEERING 
 
 EDITED BY ERNEST SPON, MEMB. Soc. ENGINEERS. 
 
 Abacus, Counters, Speed 
 
 Indicators, and Slide 
 
 Rule. 
 Agricultural Implements i 
 
 and Machinery. 
 Air Compressors. 
 Animal Charcoal Ma- ; 
 
 chinery. 
 Antimony. 
 
 Axles and Axle-boxes. 
 Barn Machinery. 
 Belts and Belting. 
 Blasting. Boilers. 
 Brakes. 
 
 Brick Machinery. 
 Bridges. 
 
 Cages for Mines. 
 Calculus, Differential and 
 
 Integral. 
 Canals. 
 Carpentry. 
 Cast Iron. 
 Cement, Concrete, 
 
 Limes, and Mortar. 
 Chimney Shafts. 
 Coal Cleansing and 
 
 Washing. 
 
 Coal Mining. 
 
 Coal Cutting Machines. 
 
 Coke Ovens. Copper. 
 
 Docks. Drainage. 
 
 Dredging Machinery. 
 
 Dynamo - Electric and 
 Magneto-Electric Ma- 
 chines. 
 
 Dynamometers. 
 
 Electrical Engineering, 
 Telegraphy, Electric j 
 Lighting and its prac- 
 ticaldetails,Telephones i 
 
 Engines, Varieties of. 
 
 Explosives. Fans. 
 
 Founding, Moulding and 
 the practical work of 
 the Foundry. 
 
 Gas, Manufacture of. 
 
 Hammers, Steam and 
 other Power. 
 
 Heat. Horse Power. 
 
 Hydraulics. 
 
 Hydro-geology. 
 
 Indicators. Iron. 
 
 Lifts, Hoists, and Eleva- 
 tors. 
 
 Lighthouses, Buoys, and 
 Beacons. 
 
 Machine Tools. 
 
 Materials of Construc- 
 tion. 
 
 Meters. 
 
 Ores, Machinery and 
 Processes employed to 
 Dress. 
 
 Piers. 
 
 Pile Driving. 
 
 Pneumatic Transmis- 
 sion. 
 
 Pumps. 
 
 Pyrometers. 
 
 Road Locomotives. 
 
 Rock Drills. 
 
 Rolling Stock. 
 
 Sanitary Engineering. 
 
 Shafting. 
 
 Steel. 
 
 Steam Navvy. 
 
 Stone Machinery. 
 
 Tramways. 
 
 Well Sinking. 
 
 London : E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand. 
 
 New York : 35, Murray Street. 
 
NOW COMPLETE. 
 
 With nearly 1500 illustrations, in super-royal 8vo, in 5 Divisions, cloth, 
 Divisions I to 4, 13^. 6d. each ; Division 5, i"js. 6d. ; or 2 vols., cloth, $ los. 
 
 SPONS' ENCYCLOPAEDIA 
 
 OF THB 
 
 INDUSTRIAL ARTS, MANUFACTURES, AND COMMERCIAL 
 PRODUCTS. 
 
 EDITED BY C. G. WARNFORD LOCK, F.L.S. 
 
 important of the subjects treated of, are the 
 
 Among the more 
 following : 
 Acids, 207 pp. 220 figs. 
 Alcohol, 23 pp. 1 6 figs. 
 Alcoholic Liquors, 13 pp. 
 Alkalies, 89 pp. 78 figs. 
 Alloys. Alum. 
 
 Asphalt. Assaying. 
 Beverages, 89 pp. 29 figs. 
 Blacks. 
 
 Bleaching Powder, 15 pp. 
 Bleaching, 51 pp. 48 figs. 
 Candles, 18 pp. 9 figs. 
 Carbon Bisulphide. 
 Celluloid, 9 pp. 
 Cements. Clay. 
 Coal-tar Products, 44 pp. 
 
 14 figs. 
 Cocoa, 8 pp. 
 Coffee, 32 pp. 13 figs. 
 Cork, 8 pp. 17 figs. 
 Cotton Manufactures, 62 
 
 pp. 57 figs. 
 Drugs, 38 pp. 
 Dyeing and Calico 
 
 Printing, 28 pp. 9 figs. 
 Dyestuffs, 16 pp. 
 Electro-Metallurgy, 13 
 
 pp. 
 
 Explosives, 22 pp. 33 figs. 
 Feathers. 
 Fibrous Substances, 92 
 
 pp. 79 figs. 
 Floor-cloth, 16 pp. 21 
 
 figs. 
 
 Food Preservation, 8 pp. 
 Fruit, 8 pp. 
 
 Fur, 5 pp. 
 
 Gas, Coal, 8 pp. 
 
 Gems. 
 
 Glass, 45 pp. 77 figs. 
 
 Graphite, 7 pp. 
 
 Hair, 7 pp. 
 
 Hair Manufactures. 
 
 Hats, 26 pp. 26 figs. 
 
 Honey. Hops. 
 
 Horn. 
 
 Ice, 10 pp. 14 figs. 
 
 Indiarubber Manufac- 
 tures, 23 pp. 17 figs. 
 
 Ink, 17 pp. 
 
 Ivory. 
 
 Jute Manufactures, 1 1 
 pp., II figs. 
 
 Knitted Fabrics 
 Hosiery, 15 pp. 13 figs. 
 
 Lace, 13 pp. 9 figs. 
 
 Leather, 28 pp. 31 figs. 
 
 Linen Manufactures, 16 
 pp. 6 figs. 
 
 Manures, 21 pp. 30 figs. 
 
 Matches, 17 pp. 38 figs. 
 
 Mordants, 13 pp. 
 
 Narcotics, 47 pp. 
 
 Nuts, 10 pp. 
 
 Oils and Fatty Sub- 
 stances, 125 pp. 
 
 Paint. 
 
 Paper, 26 pp. 23 figs. 
 
 Paraffin, 8 pp. 6 figs. 
 
 Pearl and Coral, 8 pp. 
 
 Perfumes, 10 pp. 
 
 Photography, 13 pp. 20 
 
 figs- 
 Pigments, 9 pp. 6 figs. 
 Pottery, 46 pp. 57 figs. 
 Printing and Engraving, 
 
 20 pp. 8 figs. 
 Rags. 
 Resinous and Gummy 
 
 Substances, 75 pp. 16 
 
 figs. 
 
 Rope, i6pp. 17 figs. 
 Salt, 31 pp. 23 figs. 
 Silk, 8 pp. 
 Silk Manufactures, 9 pp, 
 
 II figs. 
 Skins, 5 pp. 
 Small Wares, 4 pp. 
 Soap and Glycerine, 39- 
 
 pp. 45 figs. 
 Spices, 1 6 pp. 
 Sponge, 5 pp. 
 Starch, 9 pp. 10 figs. 
 Sugar, 155 pp. 134 
 
 figs- 
 Sulphur. 
 Tannin, 18 pp. 
 Tea, 12 pp. 
 Timber, 13 pp. 
 Varnish, 15 pp. 
 Vinegar, 5 pp. 
 Wax, 5 pp. 
 
 Wool, 2 pp. 
 
 Woollen Manufactures, 
 58 pp. 39 figs. 
 
 London : E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand. 
 New York : 35, Murray Street. 
 
Crown 8vo, cloth, with illustrations, $s. 
 
 WORKSHOP RECEIPTS, 
 
 FIRST SERIES. 
 
 BY ERNEST SPON. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Freezing. 
 
 Fulminates. 
 
 Furniture Creams, Oils, 
 Polishes, Lacquers, 
 and Pastes. 
 
 Gilding. 
 
 Glass Cutting, Cleaning, 
 Frosting, Drilling, 
 Darkening, Bending, 
 Staining, and Paint- 
 ing. 
 
 Glass Making. 
 
 Glues. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Graining. 
 
 Gums. 
 
 Gun Cotton. 
 
 Gunpowder. 
 
 Horn Working. 
 
 Indiarubber. 
 
 Japans, Japanning, and 
 kindred processes. 
 
 Lacquers. 
 
 Lathing. 
 
 Lubricants. 
 
 Marble Working. 
 
 Matches. 
 
 Mortars. 
 
 Nitre-Glycerine. 
 
 Oils. 
 
 Bookbinding. 
 
 Bronzes and Bronzing. 
 
 Candles. 
 
 Cement. 
 
 Cleaning. 
 
 Colourwashing. 
 
 Concretes. 
 
 Dipping Acids. 
 
 Drawing Office Details. 
 
 Drying Oils. 
 
 Dynamite. 
 
 Electro - Metallurgy 
 
 (Cleaning, Dipping, 
 
 Scratch-brushing, Bat- 
 teries, Baths, and 
 
 Deposits of every j 
 
 description). 
 Enamels. 
 Engraving on Wood, 
 
 Copper, Gold, Silver, 
 
 Steel, and Stone. 
 Etching and Aqua Tint. 
 Firework Making 
 
 (Rockets, Stars, Rains, 
 
 Gerbes, Jets, Tour- 
 billons, Candles, Fires, 
 
 Lances,Lights, Wheels, 
 
 Fire-balloons, and 
 
 minor Fireworks). 
 Fluxes. 
 Foundry Mixtures. 
 
 Besides Receipts relating to the lesser Technological matters and processes, 
 such as the manufacture and use of Stencil Plates, Blacking, Crayons, Paste, 
 Putty, Wax, ' Size, Alloys, Catgut, Tunbridge Ware, Picture Frame and 
 Architectural Mouldings, Compos, Cameos, and others too numerous to 
 mention. 
 
 Paper. 
 
 Paper Hanging. 
 
 Painting in Oils, in Water 
 Colours, as well as 
 Fresco, House, Trans- 
 parency, Sign, and 
 Carriage Painting. 
 
 Photography. 
 
 Plastering. 
 
 Polishes. 
 
 Pottery (Clays, Bodies, 
 Glazes, Colours, Oils, 
 Stains, Fluxes, Ena- 
 mels, and Lustres). 
 
 Scouring. 
 
 Silvering. 
 
 Soap. 
 
 Solders. 
 
 Tanning. 
 
 Taxidermy. 
 
 Tempering Metals. 
 
 Treating Horn, Mother- 
 o'- Pearl, and like sub- 
 stances. 
 
 Varnishes, Manufacture 
 and Use of. 
 
 Veneering. 
 
 Washing. 
 
 Waterproofing. 
 
 Welding. 
 
 London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand. 
 
 New York: 35, Murray Street. 
 
Crown 8vo, cloth, 485 pages, with illustrations, 5-sv 
 
 WORKSHOP RECEIPTS, 
 
 SECOND SERIES. 
 
 BY ROBERT HALDANE. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Acidimetry and Alkali- 
 
 Disinfectants. 
 
 
 Isinglass. 
 
 metry. 
 
 Dyeing, Staining, and 
 
 Ivory substitutes* 
 
 Albumen. 
 
 Colouring. 
 
 
 Leather. 
 
 Alcohol. 
 
 Essences. 
 
 
 Luminous bodies. 
 
 Alkaloids. 
 
 Extracts. 
 
 
 Magnesia. 
 
 Baking-powders. 
 
 Fireproofing. 
 
 
 Matches. 
 
 Bitters. 
 
 Gelatine, Glue, 
 
 and Size. 
 
 Paper. 
 
 Bleaching. 
 
 Glycerine. 
 
 
 Parchment. 
 
 Boiler Incrustations. 
 
 Gut. 
 
 
 Perchloric acid. 
 
 Cements and Lutes. 
 Cleansing. 
 
 Hydrogen peroxide. 
 
 Potassium oxalate. 
 Preserving. 
 
 Confectionery. 
 
 Iodine. 
 
 
 
 Copying. 
 
 lodoform. 
 
 
 
 Pigments, Paint, and Painting : embracing the preparation of 
 Pigments, including alumina lakes, blacks (animal, bone, Frankfort, ivory, 
 lamp, sight, soot), blues (antimony, Antwerp, cobalt, cseruleum, Egyptian,, 
 manganate, Paris, Peligot, Prussian, smalt, ultramarine), browns (bistre,, 
 hinau, sepia, sienna, umber, Vandyke), greens (baryta, Brighton, Brunswick, 
 chrome, cobalt, Douglas, emerald, manganese, mitis, mountain, Prussian, 
 sap, Scheele's, Schweinfurth, titanium, verdigris, zinc), reds (Brazilwood lake, 
 carminated lake, carmine, Cassius purple, cobalt pink, cochineal lake, colco- 
 thar, Indian red, madder lake, red chalk, red lead, vermilion), whites (alum, 
 baryta, Chinese, lead sulphate, white lead by American, Dutch, French, 
 German, Kremnitz, and Pattinson processes, precautions in making, and 
 composition of commercial samples whiting, Wilkinson's white, zinc white), 
 yellows (chrome, gamboge, Naples, orpiment, realgar, yellow lakes) ; Paint 
 (vehicles, testing oils, driers, grinding, storing, applying, priming, drying, 
 filling, coats, brushes, surface, water-colours, removing smell, discoloration ' r 
 miscellaneous paints cement paint for carton-pierre, copper paint, gold paint, 
 iron paint, lime paints, silicated paints, steatite paint, transparent paints, 
 tungsten paints, window paint, zinc paints) ; Painting (general instructions, 
 proportions of ingredients, measuring paint work ; carriage painting priming; 
 paint, best putty, finishing colour, cause of cracking, mixing the paints, oils, 
 driers, and colours, varnishing, importance of washing vehicles, re -varnishing^ 
 how to dry paint ; woodwork painting). 
 
 London : E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand, 
 
 New York : 35, Murray Street. 
 
JUST 
 
 Crown 8vo, cloth, 480 pages, with 183 illustrations, 5-r. 
 
 WORKSHOP RECEIPTS, 
 
 THIRD SERIES. 
 BY C. G. WARNFORD LOCK. 
 
 Uniform with the First and Second Series. 
 
 Alloys. 
 
 Aluminium. 
 
 Antimony. 
 
 Barium. 
 
 Beryllium. 
 
 Bismuth. 
 
 Cadmium. 
 
 Caesium. 
 
 Calcium. 
 
 Cerium. 
 
 Chromium. 
 
 Cobalt. 
 
 Copper. 
 
 Didymium. 
 
 Electrics. 
 
 Enamels and Glazes. 
 
 Erbium. 
 
 Gallium. 
 
 Glass. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 London : E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand. 
 
 New York : 35, Murray Street. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Indium. ; Rubidium. 
 
 Iridium. Ruthenium. 
 
 Iron and Steel. Selenium. 
 
 Lacquers and Lacquering. Silver. 
 
 Lanthanum. 
 
 Slag. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Sodium. 
 
 Lithium. 
 
 Strontium. 
 
 Lubricants. 
 
 Tantalum. 
 
 Magnesium. 
 
 Terbium. 
 
 Manganese. Thallium. 
 
 Mercury. 
 
 Thorium. 
 
 Mica. 
 
 Tin. 
 
 Molybdenum. 
 
 Titanium. 
 
 Nickel. 
 
 Tungsten. 
 
 Niobium. 
 
 Uranium. 
 
 Osmium. 
 
 Vanadium. 
 
 Palladium. 
 
 Yttrium. 
 
 Platinum. 
 
 Zinc. 
 
 Potassium. 
 
 Zirconium. 
 
 Rhodium. 
 
 
WORKSHOP RECEIPTS, 
 
 FOURTH SERIES, 
 
 DEVOTED MAINLY TO HANDICRAFTS & MECHANICAL SUBJECTS. 
 BY C. G. WARNFORD LOCK. 
 
 250 Illustrations, with Complete Index, and a General Index to the 
 Four Series, 5s. 
 
 Waterproofing rubber goods, cuprammonium processes, miscellaneous 
 
 preparations. 
 Packing and Storing articles of delicate odour or colour, of a deliquescent 
 
 character, liable to ignition, apt to suffer from insects or damp, or easily 
 
 broken. 
 
 Embalming and Preserving anatomical specimens. 
 Leather Polishes. 
 Cooling Air and Water, producing low temperatures, making ice, cooling 
 
 syrups and solutions, and separating salts from liquors by refrigeration. 
 Pumps and Siphons, embracing every useful contrivance for raising and 
 
 supplying water on a moderate scale, and moving corrosive, tenacious, 
 
 and other liquids. 
 Desiccating air- and water-ovens, and other appliances for drying natural 
 
 and artificial products. 
 Distilling water, tinctures, extracts, pharmaceutical preparations, essences, 
 
 perfumes, and alcoholic liquids. 
 
 Emulsifying as required by pharmacists and photographers. 
 Evaporating saline and other solutions, and liquids demanding special 
 
 precautions. 
 
 Filtering water, and solutions of various kinds. 
 Percolating and Macerating. 
 Electrotyping. 
 
 Stereotyping by both plaster and paper processes. 
 Bookbinding in all its details. 
 
 Straw Plaiting and the fabrication of baskets, matting, etc. 
 Musical Instruments the preservation, tuning, and repair of pianos, 
 
 harmoniums, musical boxes, etc. 
 
 Clock and Watch Mending adapted for intelligent amateurs. 
 Photography recent development in rapid processes, handy apparatus, 
 
 numerous recipes for sensitizing and developing solutions, and applica- 
 tions to modern illustrative purposes. 
 
 London : E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand. 
 New York : 35, Murray Street. 
 
JEJST 
 
 In demy 8vo, cloth, 600 pages, and 1420 Illustrations, 6s. 
 
 SPONS' 
 MECHANICS' OWN BOOK; 
 
 A MANUAL FOR HANDICRAFTSMEN AND AMATEURS. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Mechanical Drawing Casting and Founding in Iron, Brass, Bronze, 
 and other Alloys Forging and Finishing Iron Sheetmetal Working 
 Soldering, Brazing, and Burning Carpentry and Joinery, embracing 
 descriptions of some 400 Woods, over 200 Illustrations of Tools and 
 their uses, Explanations (with Diagrams) of 116 joints and hinges, and 
 Details of Construction of Workshop appliances, rough furniture, 
 Garden and Yard Erections, and House Building Cabinet-Making 
 and Veneering Carving and Fretcutting Upholstery Painting, 
 Graining, and Marbling Staining Furniture, Woods, Floors, and 
 Fittings Gilding, dead and bright, on various grounds Polishing 
 Marble, Metals, and Wood Varnishing Mechanical movements, 
 illustrating contrivances for transmitting motion Turning in Wood 
 and Metals Masonry, embracing Stonework, Brickwork, Terracotta, 
 and Concrete Roofing with Thatch, Tiles, Slates, Felt, Zinc, &c. 
 Glazing with and without putty, and lead glazing Plastering and 
 Whitewashing Paper-hanging Gas-fitting Bell-hanging, ordinary 
 and electric Systems Lighting Warming Ventilating Roads, 
 Pavements, and Bridges Hedges, Ditches, and Drains Water 
 Supply and Sanitation Hints on House Construction suited to new 
 countries. 
 
 London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand. 
 
 New York : 35, Murray Street. 
 
RETURN TO the circulation desk of any 
 University of California Library 
 or to the 
 
 NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 Bldg. 400, Richmond Field Station 
 University of California 
 Richmond, CA 94804-4698 
 
 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 
 2-month loans may be renewed by calling 
 
 (415)642-6753 
 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing books 
 
 to NRLF 
 Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days 
 
 prior to due date 
 
 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW 
 
 MAY 2 8 1001 
 
 SE.P 81992 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY