UC-NRLF 
 
 APR 6 1921 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
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 THE WATER SUPPLY 
 
 OF 
 
 NORFOLK 
 
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 MY 
 
 WILLIAM WI TAKER, 1 .R.S. 
 
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MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 THE WATER SUPPLY 
 
 OF 
 
 NORFOLK 
 
 FROM UNDERGROUND SOURCES. 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM WHITAKER, B.A., F.R.S. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY QBDBB OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF HIS MAJESTY'S TRRAsUliY. 
 
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 1921. 
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 Memoirs on the Underground Water Supply of the following counties 
 have been published : — 
 
 Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire. 1909. Pp. vi, 230, 2 maps. Price 
 4s. Qd. 
 
 Berkshire, 1902. Pp. iv, 115. Price 3s. 
 
 Buckinghamshire and Hertfordshire. In the press. 
 
 Essex, 1916 (but not issued until 1918, on account of the War). Pp. iv, hW. 
 4 maps. Price 15s. 
 
 Hampshire, 1910. Pp. vi, 252, 2 maps. Price 5s. 
 
 Kent, 1908. Pp. vi, 399, map. In cloth. Price 8s. <od. 
 
 Lincolnshire, 1904. Pp. vi, 229, map. Price 4s. 64. 
 
 Nottinghamshire, 1914. Pp. iv, 174, 2 maps. Price 5s. 
 
 Oxfordshire, 1910. Pp. iv, 108, map. Price 2s. 3d. 
 
 Suffolk, 1906. Pp. vi. 177, map. Price 3s. 6d. 
 
 Surrey, 1912. Pp. vi, 352, map. In cloth. Price 7s. 
 
 Sussex, 1899. Pp. iv, 124. Price 3s. 
 
 „ Supplement, 1911. Pp. v-viii, 125-255, map. Price 2s. 6d. 
 
 Yorkshire, Has^ ftid'ng, 1906. Pp. viii, 181, map and 3 sections. Price 3s. 
 
 Also 
 
 Records of London Wells, 1913. Pp. iv, 215, 2 maps and diagram 
 Price 4s. 6d. 
 
 Notes on Sources of Temporary Water Supply in the South of England and 
 Neighbouring Parts of the Continent, 1914. Price 2d. 
 
 EXCHANGE 
 
Ill 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 This volume is the thirteenth of the Water Supply Memoirs 
 published by the Geological Survey, with reference especially to 
 the south-eastern counties of England. \t has been compiled by 
 Mr. W. Whitaker, F.R.S., whose long acquaintance with the 
 geology of the county of Norfolk and eminent services to the 
 studv of underground waters of England haye rendered him 
 specially competent for the task. The county of Norfolk from its 
 situation, its geology, and its surface-features is in large measure 
 dependent od springs, wells and bores for supplies of drinking- 
 water and the information given in this Memoir shows not only 
 the distribution and origin of these supplies but also the remarkable 
 progress that has been made in the last fifty years in providing 
 safe drinking-water for both the urban and the rural communities 
 in the county. 
 
 Mr. Whitaker, as in previous Memoirs of this series, has been 
 generously helped with information by local proprietors, occupiers, 
 engineers, well-sinkers and others. Tn particular he desires to 
 acknowledge the assistance received from Mr. Sutton, Analyst 
 to the County of Norfolk, both from published and unpublished 
 sources, without which it would have been difficult to deal with 
 the subject in an adequate manner. 
 
 John S. Flett, 
 
 Directoi 
 
 Geological Survey Office, 
 28, Jermyn Street, 
 
 London, S.W.I. 
 
 18*A October, 1920. 
 
 
 448453 
 
 (28592) Wt 2271-16/585 500 2/21 H. St. G. 2 
 
IV 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Preface by the Director 
 
 Introductory. — Population. Boundaries. Surface-levels. Rivers 
 (General Remarks, Basin of the Ouse, Streams flowing into the 
 Wash or into the Sea, Basin of the Yare). Methods of Water 
 Supply 
 
 Geologic Formations. — General Account. Water-bearing Beds 
 (Shingle Beaches. Gravels and Sands. Chalk. Lower Greensand) 
 
 Springs, &c. — General Remarks. Drift. Chalk (Yalley of the 
 Wissey. Yalley of the Nar. Gaywood River. Babingley River. 
 Shorter Yalley s. Northern Coast and Inland). Lower Greensand. 
 Mineral Springs ... 
 
 Occurrences connected with Underground Water. — Bournes 
 or Intermittent Streams. Meres. Subsidences 
 
 Contamination and Risk thereof. — General Remarks. Local Cases 
 
 Miscellaneous. — Rainfall. Pumping Interference. Blowing Wells 
 
 Supplies from Springs 
 
 Supplies from Wells 
 
 Details of Wells and Borings for Water 
 
 Trial-borings, not for Water 
 
 Analyses of Spring Waters 
 
 Analyses of Well Waters 
 
 Bibliography. — Geological Survey. General Board 
 Local Government Board. Books, Papers, etc. 
 
 Index 
 
 of Health and 
 
 19- 
 
 27 
 
 37 
 
 44 
 
 51 
 
 54 
 
 56- 
 
 57 
 
 136 
 
 13& 
 
 144 
 
 170 
 175. 
 
THE WATER SUPPLY 
 
 OP 
 
 NORFOLK. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY 
 
 Population. 
 
 According to the Census of 191 L the Administrative County of 
 Norfolk contained 1,370,570 acres, and had a population of 321,748, 
 an increase of 10,433 over that of 1901. 
 
 In Norfolk there are only two places up to the standard of a county- 
 borough, namely the city of Norwich, with a population of 121,493, 
 an increase of 7,571 over that of 1901, and the town of Yarmouth 
 with a population of 55,808, an increase of 4,492. 
 
 There are only two other towns with a population of over 5,000 ; 
 Lynn, with 20,205, a decrease of 83 as compared with 1901, and 
 East Dereham with 5,729, an increase of 184. 
 
 Besides the above there are a number of small towns and large 
 villages, and a large number of the small villages that mark an 
 agricultural tract. The capital city, indeed, is the only place that 
 can be looked on as a manufacturing centre, with several large 
 works. As distributing centres the ports of Yarmouth and Lynn 
 are notable. 
 
 Boundaries. 
 
 Norfolk is essentially one of our maritime counties. On the east it 
 is mainly bordered by the sea, on the north wholly, and on the west 
 to some extent. Its ports are Yarmouth, on the east, and Lynn, on 
 the west, besides some -small ones on the north. Its coast, from 
 Hunstanton, on the north-west, to Yarmouth, is more or le?s studded 
 with other seaside-resorts, of which Cromer, in the middle, is the 
 most notable. 
 
 Its other boundaries are largely river-courses. From Yarmouth 
 the south-eastern and southern boundary runs up the Waveney, from 
 its mouth by the towns of Beccles and Bungay (both in Suffolk) and 
 Harlestou and Diss to its source, between South Lophani and 
 Redgrave (in Suffolk), that source being practically the same as 
 that of the opposing river the Little Ouse, which, flowing down the 
 other way (westward) continues the southern boundary, by the 
 towns of Thetford and Brandon (in Suffolk); until several miles below 
 the last place, the county-boundary quits the stream for a very small 
 wander in Hockwold Fens, on the north, followed by a larger one at 
 Redmere, on the south ; then returning to the stream until this joins 
 the Ouse. 
 
 28592 A 
 
g BOUNDARIES. 
 
 Beyond the Ouse the boundary runs westward and then north- 
 westward, still across the Fens, to the Old Croft River, following 
 which it runs northward to the Nene at Upwell. Then going along 
 tbat river towards Wisbech, it circles round that town and continues 
 its northerly course, firstly a little west of the Nene and lastly a 
 little east thereof to the Wash. On the west, therefore, the 
 boundary is in the Fenland for the most part, and the rest under the 
 Wash. On the whole, Norfolk has a natural boundary. 
 
 Surface Levels. 
 
 For so large a county there is a notable want of high ground. 
 Starting from a few feet below high water-mark in the marshlands 
 of the river-estuaries, very little of the ground reaches to 300 feet 
 above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 The small area that reaches to a height of 300 feet occurs in 
 fourteen very small patches, in two districts. In the west, on the 
 Chalk, mostly Drift-covered, are nine of these, and to the north of 
 them, at Docking, a height of 290 feet is reached. 
 
 The most northerly patch is just north of the village of Harpley, 
 then come a very small one just westward of Little Massingham 
 and a rather larger one a little further west. Just southward is a 
 patch, west of the village of Great Massingham, then another at the 
 south-eastern part of Massingham Heath and beyond, with a smaller 
 one just southward of the Heath (in the parish of West Acre ?). 
 These five run in a north and south line, and a little to the west of 
 it is a very small patch near the western border of Massingham 
 Heath, but in the parish of Gayton. 
 
 The other two areas are to the soutb-east, one being just east of the 
 village of Little Dunham, and the other at the border of the parishes 
 of West and East Bradenham, just northward of Bokenham Manor. 
 
 In this last a height of 311 feet is marked on the Ordnance Map, 
 and as no other height above the 300 feet contour is marked any- 
 where else, we may assume that none of these small areas reach to a 
 height of many feet above 300. The area of the whole eight is only 
 about 2 square miles. 
 
 The other five patches of over 300 feet, also with a total area of 
 about two square miles, are on the northern border of the county ; 
 three of them form part of the high ground overlooking the coast 
 westward of Cromer. The longest of these stretches from Great 
 Wood, in the parish of Aylmerton, to The Brakes, in the parish of 
 Beeston, with a small part in the parish of Runton and a mere 
 trace in that of Felbrig^. It is mainly in the first named parish, 
 and the mark of a height of 320 feet seems to place Aylmerton 
 as having the highest ground in the county. 
 
 Another area is in the parishes of East Beckham and Upper 
 Sheringham, and a third small one in the latter. 
 
 The other two are a little further south, one in the parishes of 
 Bodham and West Beckham (south of the latter village), with a 
 slight incursion into Baconsthorpe, and the other in the parish of 
 North Baningham, also with a slight digression into Baconsthorpe 
 as well as into West Beckham. 
 
 The highest ground, therefore, is close to the northern coast, and 
 it is singular that the whole of the ground here is composed, from 
 
SURFACE LEVELS. 6 
 
 top to bottom, that is to say down to sea-level (as far as we know), 
 of Drift, (with a small amount of Pliocene beds at the base), in 
 other words of clays, loams, gravels and sands, materials largely of a 
 somewhat unconsolidated character and liable to fairly rapid action 
 from erosive agencies. 
 
 In 1883 there was a little controversy as to the highest point in 
 Norfolk, and an appeal by G. M. Reade, to the Ordnance Survey 
 drew the answer that " the highest point levelled to\s 6,725 links 
 North-east of Aylmerton church, and 331*4 feet above O.D. "* 
 
 The Chalk-escarpment, usually a strongly marked topographic 
 feature, runs north and south along the western part of the county ; 
 but it has for the most part a long gentle slope, in great contrast to 
 the sharp slopes of the North and South Downs, of the Chilterns, 
 etc. The highest points have been noticed above, and they are 
 mostly with a covering of Drift. 
 
 The other escarpment of Norfolk, that of the Lower Greensand, 
 though not reaching anything near to the height of the Chalk- 
 escarpment, is nevertheless more marked in some favoured places, 
 because of its sharper rise : moreover, it is emphasized by the low 
 ground at or near its base, as it directly overlooks the flats of the 
 Fenland or the waters of the Wash. This is particularly notable in 
 the neighbourhood of Sandringham. In the north, however, it 
 is largely obscured by Drift. 
 
 As a whole the dominant feature of Norfolk is the wide-spread 
 mantle of Drift, which hides the beds below, except where deep 
 valleys have been cut through it ; and the Drift tends to an evenness 
 of surface-levels. 
 
 Rivers. 
 General Remarks. 
 
 The following account of the rivers of Norfolk may serve to show 
 their general features, their relations to one another, and their 
 vagaries. It may perhaps lead to a more detailed study of some of 
 them, based on the six-inch Ordnance maps. In these notes the 
 new series of the one-inch maps has been taken as a foundation, 
 with reference also, of course, to the geologic maps, on the old 
 one-inch sheets ; personal knowledge of many parts has naturally 
 been useful. 
 
 Antiquaries and local observers may perhaps have something to 
 say on questions of nomenclature ; but it is fairly obvious that, in 
 a work of this sort, some one authority must be generally accepted, 
 and the Ordnance maps seem to be the only one available, being 
 within reach of most people who are interested in the subject. 
 
 Notes on the various rivers have been given in the Geological 
 Survey Memoirs on the sheets of the map which refer to Norfolk, 
 but these, of course, are disjointed, each memoir dealing only with 
 a particular district, whilst here we deal with the county as a whole. 
 
 Norfolk is mainly in two river- basins, on the west in that of the 
 Ouse, a wide-spreading tract, to which many counties contribute ; 
 but the greater part in that of the Yare, which is chiefly a Norfolk 
 
 * Geol. Mag. dec. ii, vol. x, p. 140. 
 
 A 2 
 
4 RIVERS. 
 
 tract, with an extension into Suffolk, along the eastern half of the 
 southern border of our county. The remainder is the drainage 
 area of streams that find their way to the sea along our northern 
 border, and some of which, though now independent, probably once 
 joined the Ouse, at that distant time when the land extended 
 several miles further northward than now. 
 
 The Ouse itself passes, in a northerly course, through Norfolk, 
 from south of Southery, by Downham Market, the Wiggenhalls, 
 and Lynn, to the Wash, after receiving the tributary Little Ouse, 
 the boundary-stream. Its course is either through, or by the 
 eastern edge of the Fenland, and it is chiefly tidal in Norfolk, the 
 effect of the tide going up as far as Denver Sluice, and there being 
 artificially stopped, except for which the river would be wholly 
 tidal, as far as Norfolk is concerned. 
 
 Of the set of streams that are tributary to this river it is to be 
 noted that they have a general westerly course, that is, one in an 
 opposite direction to that of the general dip of the Chalk, and that 
 though in the north the streams are short the length increases 
 southward, until at last the westerly-flowing Little Ouse and its 
 tributary the Thet reach half across the Chalk and Tertiary tract 
 of the county, an unusually long course for streams flowing against 
 the dip of these formations. 
 
 The drainage of the Yare and its tributaries, on the other hand, 
 has a general easterly direction, for though the streams flow or wind 
 about in various directions, the ultimate flow is to the eastern coast, 
 at Yarmouth. 
 
 Basin of the Ouse. 
 
 The Little Ouse has been taken to have a conjoint origin with the 
 opposing stream, the easterly-flowing Waveney, in Little Fen, 
 between the Norfolk village of South Lopham and the Suffolk 
 village of Redgrave, a place marked as Lopham Ford on the old 
 map (50, N.W.), a name which has become well-known from the 
 fact of two rivers starting there. But as F. J. Bennett has said 
 " the source of the Little Ouse is really in three brooks that unite 
 near Bottesdale " (in Suffolk) 1 , where streams from the Chalk and 
 the Drift collect and flow northward to a point less than three 
 quarters of a mile below the reputed origin at Little Fen. There 
 are Chalk-springs near Bottesdale at a higher le^el than Little Fen. 
 
 In treating of the valley of the conjoint streams at Lopham Ford, 
 the Rev. O. Fisher made the following remarks in 1868. " The 
 peculiarity of this valley is that it intersects the watershed at right 
 angles, and slopes east and west to the German Ocean (wrongly 
 so-called) and the Wash. The watershed in the valley is formed 
 by a very low ridge of sandy ground, not more than four or five 
 feet high, and 235 yards across. East and west of this commence 
 wide fens, which occupy the upper end of the eastern and western 
 portions drained by the Waveney and Little Ouse respectively. 
 The (old) Ordnance map is deceptive in making it appear that these 
 rivers rise together, and then separating, flow east and west. It is 
 not so. The sandy tract just mentioned intervenes." 2 
 
 1 The Geology of the Country around Diss, etc., 1884, p. 1. 
 
 2 GerJ. Mag., Vol. V., p. 557. 
 
RIVERS. 5 
 
 The same thing, however, is shown perhaps still more definitely, 
 on the newer map (175). From my own recollection of a visit paid 
 many years ago, the two streams have been artificially connected by 
 a cut channel, and this is borne out by F. J. Bennett's remark (in 
 the Diss Memoir, p. 2) that the " sandy tract is intersected by 
 dykes, which, however, are dammed up by the road which has been 
 carried across the valley as a 'causeway.' Its low embankment 
 now really forms the boundary between the drainage areas of the 
 Ouse and Waveney." 
 
 Fisher goes on to say "the valleys of these two rivers do not 
 really commence at this watershed. The Waveney really rises in 
 Norfolk to the north of this, and the Little Ouse in Suffolk to the 
 south. The valleys then inosculate, and thus the appearance of one 
 continuous valley reaching from sea to sea is produced." 
 
 From Little Fen the first three miles of the stream is in a Drift- 
 tract, by Bio' Norton, a little below which place it enters the 
 Chalk-district (with Drift more or less on the higher ground), and 
 passes by the following Norfolk villages, Gasthorpe, Riddlesworth 
 and Rushford, turning northward to the town of Thetford, beyond 
 which it soon retakes to its westerly course, by Santon and 
 Hockwold, where it leaves the Chalk-tract for the Fenland, through 
 which it flows to the Ouse, at Brandon Creek, S.S.W. of Southery. 
 
 The Little Ouse has few tributaries (and only one of importance) 
 on its right, or Norfolk side, and this is a good illustration of the 
 general dryness of a Chalk-tract, in which water sinks in and flows 
 underground. The first tributary (not very well shown on the 
 one-inch Ordnance Map, 175) starts near Uphall, in the parish 
 of North Lopham, and has a short southerly course, through 
 Garboldishain. 
 
 The next, which joins many miles lower down, is The TJiet, 
 a composite stream in its upper part, that is above East Harling, 
 where it is formed by the drainage of a large tract, chiefly of Drift 
 but partly of Chalk, near New Buckenham and Attleboiough, and far 
 westward of those towns. The water is collected by various 
 streams, flowing in various directions and joining up in various 
 places, above East Harling ; but to these streams no names are 
 given on the one-inch Ordnance maps, except in the case of 
 The WittUy which, fed from Drift and Chalk neat Kenninghall and 
 Banham, joins the main stream just above East Harling. 
 
 At Snetterton what seems to be the main stream of The Thet first 
 enters into uncovered Chalk and must receive a good deal of Chalk 
 water by means of the stream from East Wretham, on the west. 
 From East Harling the now combined stream takes a west-south- 
 westerly course, by Bridgham and Brettenham, through Chalk, to 
 the Little Ouse at Thetford, with a rough parallelism to that river, 
 and with but a trifling tributary from West Harling. 
 
 The almost bare Chalk-tract through which the little Ouse now 
 flows yields no tributary, except for the tiny short stream from 
 Westing. Of the Fenland part of this and other rivers there is 
 little to be said, the water-courses of that tract having been greatly 
 artificialised. 
 
 The Wissey, or Stoke River, which is wholly a Norfolk stream, 
 has most of its points of origin far inland. The particular branch 
 28502 A. 3 
 
6 RIVERS. 
 
 to which the name is given starts at East Bradenham, and is the 
 result of the drainage of a large tract of Boulder Clay. It flows 
 westward for a few miles by West Bradenham and Holme Hale, 
 receiving small tributaries on either side, and then turns nearly 
 southward, by North Pickenham C where it first touches bare Chalk) 
 and South Pickenham, Great Cressingham (where it practically 
 enters the Chalk-country), Hilborough, Bodney and Langford, to 
 Buckenham Tofts Park. Then it turns westward (still in Chalk), 
 by Ickburgh and Mundford and then west-north-westward, by 
 Didlington and Northwold, to Stoke Ferry, where it enters the Fens 
 and passes through them to the Ouse opposite White House Farm, 
 or Hilgay Creek Ferry of the old map. 
 
 On the left side the first notable tributary, though unnamed on 
 the Ordnance Map (160) seems to start at Scoulton Mere (gravel) 
 and thence flows westward to Watton to receive the drainage of the 
 Boulder Clay tract. Reinforced from the Chalk of Saham Toney 
 it continues westward, mainly through Chalk, by Threxton and 
 Little Cressingham, to the main stream at Hilborough. 
 
 A little to the south is another tributary, starting in the Drift 
 tract around Thompson. Turning westward it flows through 
 Thompson Water, where it enters a small Chalk-area on the southern 
 side, to Tottington, and then, finally entering the Chalk-tract, 
 through Stanford Water, to the main stream in Buckenham Tofts 
 Park, where this tributary imposes its westerly course on the main 
 stream. A little lower down, at Mundford, a little deflection of the 
 main stream, north-westward, follows the junction of the short 
 tributary from West Tofts. 
 
 The only other tributary on the left side is the Methwold Lode, 
 which, starting in the Chalk eastward of the village of Methwold 
 flows about W.N.W. through the Fen to the Wissey about two miles 
 below Stoke Ferry, and apparently causes the main stream to revert 
 to the westerly course which it had left for a short way. 
 
 After leaving its head-waters the Wissey has no tributary on the 
 right side for a long way. The first one is very short, and starts 
 NJB. of Foulden, whence it flows S.S.E. across the Common to the 
 river south of Oxborough. The next one is near by, starting at a 
 Chalk-spring nearly 1-| miles E.N.E. of the village of Cockley Cley, 
 whence it flows south westward through the Chalk, by that village 
 and Gooderstone to Oxborough, where it joins the river just below 
 the other stream. 
 
 A compound stream rises in the Chalk at places round Beechamwell 
 and Barton Bendish and receives some additions from the Boulder 
 Clay near Fincham. The various waters combine between Boughton 
 and Oxborough and the resultant stream joins the Wissey within two 
 miles, a little above Stoke Ferry. 
 
 The result of these streams seems to be to turn the main stream 
 eastward near Oxborough, and then southward, by Stoke Ferry. 
 
 From Downham Market to Watlington the Ouse receives but very 
 small additions, from the tract of Boulder Clay and Lower Greensand. 
 
 The Nar is the next notable tributary, and it starts far inland, 
 from the drainage of a Drift-tract near Mileham ; but in its course, 
 a little south of west, it at once passes to the Chalk and flows over that 
 formation, which is more or less capped with gravel, by Litcham, 
 
RIVERS. 7 
 
 East and West Lexham, Newton Castle, South and West Acre 
 Narford and Narborough, below which place it is canalised and 
 beyond which it enters an inlet of the Fens, which largely hide the 
 successive outcrops of the Gault, the Lower Greensand and the 
 Kimeridge Clay. On reaching the main Fenland the Nar turns 
 northward and, gradually nearing the Ouse, joins that river at Lynn. 
 
 On its left or southern side above Narborough the Nar has no 
 notable tributary, only receiving a few short small streams from the 
 Drift-tract of Beeston and Great Dunham, but it gets much water 
 from Chalk-springs. To some of these is due the longer stream, 
 mostly confined to the Fen, from Marham to Wormegay. 
 
 On the right, or northern, side there are no streams above 
 Narford. 
 
 In the neighbourhood of East Walton various springs from the 
 Lower Chalk give rise to short streams which join the river on either 
 side of Narborough. Another stream starts near by, at Gayton- 
 thorpe, and flows south-westward, by West Bilney, to the marsh 
 south-eastward of Blackborough End. 
 
 Starting near this last, at Gayton, from the base of the Chalk, is 
 an easterly - flowing stream, over Gault, Lower Greensand and 
 Boulder Clay, which apparently joins the Nar at Lynn ; but seems 
 also to be linked up round that town to the Gaywood River on the 
 northern side of the town. On the old Ordnance map (65) the name 
 Middleton Stop Drain is given to the lower (artificial) part of this 
 stream. In this part streams have been much artificialised. 
 
 The last tributary of the present Ouse is The Gaywood River ^ 
 which starts at the springs from the base of the Chalk north of 
 Gayton and thence to Grimston, the combined stream flowing east- 
 ward, by Gaywood, to the Ouse at Lynn. 
 
 Streams flowing into the Wash or into the Sea. 
 
 The Dabingley River usually rises in the Middle Chalk about a 
 mile above the village of Flitcham (see p. 37), and flows westward, 
 near Hillington and Castle Rising, across Lower Chalk, Gault and 
 Lower Greensand (from which it receives additions, from near West 
 Newton) but turns northward, just before reaching the Wash, 
 west of Wolferton. 
 
 The next stream (? The Inyol) rises at the base of the Chalk at 
 Shernborne, flows eastward over the Lower Greensand, between 
 Ingoldisthorpe and Snettisham, and then, passing through the 
 Alluvial flat, is turned southward by the long bar of shingle, to find 
 its way out to salt water by Wolferton Creek. 
 
 The Heacham River starts in the Middle Chalk above the village 
 of Sedgeford ; but presumably the rising-point varies, and there is a 
 bourne-flow after times of heavy rainfall. The stream flows across 
 Lower Chalk and Lower Greensand W.N.W. to beyond Heacham 
 village, when it meets the shingle-bar and is turned southward to 
 Heacham Harbour. The short stream that rises in the Chalk- 
 valley at Ringstead Downs (? in the parish of Hunstanton) joins 
 this just northward of Heacham. 
 
 We have finished now with the westerly flowing streams, into the 
 Wash, all of which really belong to the Ouse system, and come to 
 
 28592 A 4 
 
8 RIVERS. 
 
 those that flow northward to the sea. The first of these starts in 
 the Chalk of Hunstanton Park, flows northward by the eastern side 
 of the old village and then turns north-eastward through the marsh, 
 to the sea northward of Holme. 
 
 Eastward of this there are no streams, except those in the strip 
 of marsh that fringe the coast, for several miles, until we come to 
 The Burn, starting from the Chalk of South Creake and flowing 
 northward, by North Creake, Burnham Thorpe and other Burnhams, 
 to the sea at Burnham Harbour. 
 
 On the old Ordnance map (68, N.W.) a short stream is shown 
 from north of Warham All Saints to Wells Harbour. 
 
 The Stiffkey rises a good way inland, starting in the Drift-tract 
 of Swanton Novers and Barney. Thence it wanders westward, 
 still over Drift, by Croxton and Great Snoring, till its valley cuts 
 through to Chalk a little above East Barshain, just below which 
 the stream turns sharply north-north-eastward, by North Barsham, 
 Houghton St. Giles, Little (or New) and Great Walsingham (the 
 Little and Great of which names are curiously misplaced), Wighton 
 and Warham All Saints ; then taking a more easterly course, by 
 Stiffkey, still over Chalk (with Drift on the higher ground), and 
 then northward across the marsh to Blakeney Harbour. 
 
 The vagaries of this river seem to have nothing to do with the 
 incoming of tributaries, but rather the reverse, the only important 
 tributaries, which are on the right or eastern side, not having any 
 effect in preventing the eastward tendency of the stream. 
 
 In the upper part these are merely insignificant water-courses, 
 carrying the drainage of the Boulder Clay, when there is any. 
 The first notable addition is a short stream, starting in the Boulder 
 Clay tract near Hindringham, flowing W.N.W. to below Great 
 Walsingham, and reaching the Chalk in the lower half of its 
 course. The longest tributary starts from Boulder Clay drainage 
 near Sharrington and Saxlingham, and has a general W.N.W. flow 
 by Langham, below which place it receives another Boulder Clay 
 streamlet on the south, from Bale and Field Dalling, and then cuts 
 through to Chalk, by Binham to just below Warham All Saints. 
 
 The Glaven starts from the drainage of a large tract of Drift 
 (Gravel and Boulder Clay) around Holt, and near Bodham, Hemp- 
 stead, Edgefield, Stody, Thornage, Brinton and Gunthorpe. The 
 various streams, from N.E., E., S. and W., join together at various 
 places, and the combination is perfected a little below Hunworth, 
 whence the joint stream flows northward, by Letheringsett (where 
 it cuts through the Drift to the Chalk), Bayfield, Glandford and 
 Wiveton to Cley, where it passes across the marshes to the 
 shingle-bank by Blakeney Eye, which turns it sharply westward, 
 to Blakeney Harbour. There are no tributaries in the lower part, 
 whereas in the upper part there is no main stream. 
 
 Eastward of this there are no rivers flowing into the sea, on the 
 northern coast, only slight drainage from the Drift, the boundary 
 of the Y are Basin being near the coast ; but at the last a short 
 Drift stream starting near Northrepps flows E.S.E. by Gimingham 
 to the sea at Mundesley, beyond which the south-eastern coast 
 passes into the Basin of the Yare, its water flowing inland. 
 
RIVERS. 9 
 
 Basin of the Yare. 
 
 The Yare itself, which is tidal up to Norwich, is purely a 
 Norfolk river, and it is only its most southerly tributary, the 
 Waveney, that gets water from another county. It is a very 
 composite river, and the branch to which the name is given is 
 not the longest. At its head, moreover, this bears the name of 
 The Blackwater, which starts with the drainage of the Drift at 
 Shipdham and flows S.E. to Woodrising, where it turns eastward by 
 Southburgh to Hardingham Railway Station, there receiving on 
 the W.N.W. another Drift stream from eastward of Shipdham, 
 by Whinburgh and Thuxton, the joint-stream apparently taking 
 the name Yare. It meanders eastward, still over Drift, by Coston 
 to Marlingford, where it cuts through the Drift to the Chalk. 
 Continuing its generally easterly course, by Bawburgh and Colney, 
 it makes roughly a half circle by Cringleford and Keswick round 
 Norwich. Its tidal course is then continued eastward, but with a 
 broad southerly bow for the greater part of its length, by Thorpe, 
 Bramerton, Surlingham Broad, Brundall, Cantley, Reedham and 
 Breydon Water to the northern part of Yarmouth, where it is 
 turned southward by the bar of Blown Sand and Shingle, on which 
 the town is built, for a distance of nearly three miles, finding its 
 way to the sea by the Suffolk village of Gorleston. 
 
 The first tributary on the right side of the Yare starts from the 
 drainage of the Boulder Clay around Wymondham. Although no 
 name is given to the stream on the newer Ordnance Map (161), on 
 the older one (66, S.W.) three of its branches are thus dignified, 
 the one S.E. of the town being called The Tiffey, that to the 
 S. Bays River, and that to the S.W. Dyke Beck. The combined 
 stream (to which no name is given) flows N.N.W. to Kimberley 
 Park, where it receives a tributary from the Drift near Hingham 
 and Hackford, which has the effect of changing its course to a north- 
 easterly one, still in Drift, by Carleton Forehoe and Wramplingham 
 to the Yare near Great Melton. 
 
 The next tributary joins but little lower down. It is a short 
 stream from the Boulder Clay tract between Hethersett and Great 
 Melton, flowing at first N.N.E. and then turning W.N.W. over 
 Chalk to opposite Marlingford. 
 
 Then tlnre is a short two-headed stream, from the Drift N.W. 
 of East Carleton and from the Drift and Crag S.E. of that place, 
 both branches partly reaching to Chalk, and the very short joint 
 stream going north to the Yare by the parish-boundary between 
 Cringleford and Keswick. 
 
 The Tas ( Tese or Taus of the old map) comes in some two miles 
 lower down. It starts with the drainage of the Boulder Clay near 
 Carleton Rode, Bunwell, Tibenham and Moulton St. Michael, and 
 has at first an easterly and then a general north-north-easterly flow 
 by the Forncetts, where it cuts through the Boulder Clay to the 
 Crag, reaching also to the Chalk above Newton Flotman, and then 
 ^toke Holy Cross and Caister Edmundusto the Yare southward 
 of Norwich. 
 
 On its right is a tributary which starts in the Boulder Clay tract 
 of Hardwick and flows N.N.E. across it to Hempnall, where a 
 
10 RIVERS. 
 
 shorter Boulder Clay stream joins from the east, and imposes its 
 westerly course on the combined stream, which at once cuts 
 through to the Crag, and then at Upper Tasburgh to the Chalk, 
 through which it flows for the last mile of its course to Tasburgh. 
 
 A shorter stream starts apparently from the drainage of the 
 Boulder Clay near Saxlingham Green, soon cuts through to the 
 Crag, flows westward by Saxlingham Nethergate, and then, partly 
 through Chalk, to Saxlingham Thorpe, not, however, where that 
 place is marked on the old map. 
 
 Another stream starts in the Boulder Clay eastward of Saxlingham 
 Green and flows north-westward, cutting down into the Crag above 
 Shotesham All Saints, and below that place into the Chalk, to the 
 church of Stoke Holy Cross. A. small addition to this comes from 
 near Blackford Hall on the N.E. 
 
 On the left side the Tas has also tributaries. On the old maps 
 (66, S.W\ and S.E.) one is marked as starting in the Boulder Clay 
 southward of Tacolneston ; but on the new map (161) only the 
 eastern part of this is shown, where it enters the Crag, near 
 Hapton. 
 
 The other starts, with two branches, from the Boulder Clay near 
 Wreningham. The combined stream soon cuts through to the Crag 
 and then to the Chalk, in its south-easterly course, by Flordon, near 
 which place its joins the Tas. 
 
 A very short addition to the Tas is made from Drift and Chalk 
 southward of Swainsthorpe. 
 
 The next tributary to the right side of the Yare is short and 
 nameless. It starts from the Crag northward of Yelverton and 
 flows east by Hillington toward Claxton, when it turns N.E. through 
 the marsh, joining the river east of Rockland Broad. 
 
 A little below is a still shorter tributary, from the Drift gravel 
 and sand near Thurton, which flows in a north-easterly direction by 
 Carleton St. Peter, where it cuts down to Crag and thence across 
 the marsh. 
 
 The Chet seems to start in the Boulder Clay tract of Poringland. 
 It soon takes a general easterly course, by the N.E. of Brooke, 
 where it cuts through to Crag, by the church of Burgh Apton and 
 Loddon, some two miles below which town it turns north-eastward 
 to the Yare at Hardley Cross. 
 
 A short stream starts apparently in Glacial sand and gravel, 
 southward of Norton Subcourse and Thurlton, and flows north- 
 eastward into Norton and Thurlton Marshes. 
 
 The chief tributary on the right side of the Yare, and it is the 
 last, is The Waveney, which forms the county-boundary throughout 
 its course, starting at the same place as the other boundary-river, 
 the Little Ouse, as noted above, p. 4. It is tidal up to the lock 
 southward of Geldeston. 
 
 Starting in the Glacial gravel and sand, the Waveney flows through 
 that set of beds in its easterly course to below Diss, when it reaches 
 the Chalk for over a mile, to just beyond Scole, below which it 
 retakes to the Drift, including the Boulder Clay, and remains therein 
 to the end, save for places where it cuts down to the Crag Series. 
 
 Some two miles below Scole its direction changes to a nearly north- 
 easterly one, by Brockdish, Needham, south of Harleston, Wortwell, 
 
RIVERS. 11 
 
 Earsham (where it takes a long and curious loop northward, round 
 the Suffolk town of Bungay) and Ellingham. Then it reverts to an 
 easterly course, by Geldeston and Gillingham, with a broad loop 
 round the town and marshes of Beccles (in Suffolk). Passing through 
 its wide marshes to the church of Burgh St. Peter (1| miles east of 
 the village) it takes a general northerly course, curving in to the west 
 to near the Suffolk village of Fritton, and joining the Yare by Burgh 
 Castle, also in Suffolk, only a few miles from the sea. 
 
 The Waveney has a number of tributaries on its left, or Norfolk 
 side. The first joins very near the start of the river, and is merely 
 a very short stream, resulting from the drainage of the Boulder Clay 
 near North and South Lopham and flowing north to Little Fen. 
 It is this which forms the highest water of the Waveney, and should 
 strictly be looked on as the start of that river (see p. 10). The next, 
 near by, is a similar stream, from Fersfield to Bressingham Fen. 
 
 Then there is the result of the drainage of the Boulder Clay of 
 Shelfhanger, Winfarthing, Burston, Gissing, and Dickleburgh, the 
 various streamlets combining until they became one south of Burston, 
 whence the stream flows southward east of the town of Diss. 
 
 We pass now to the stream from the Boulder Clay of Tivetshall 
 St. Margaret and St. Mary, Pulham St. Mary Magdalene and St. 
 Mary the Virgin, which flows S.S.E. near those places and then 
 turns eastward and east-north-eastward, cutting through to the 
 Glacial ( i ravel, and at one place to Crag, by Starston, Harleston and 
 Kedenhall, and to the Waveney opposite Homersfield, in Suffolk. 
 
 A small stream from the Boulder Clay north-westward of Denton, 
 cutting down into the Crag at that place (not where it is marked on 
 the old map, 65, S.E.) continues its south-easterly course to the 
 Waveney. 
 
 The next tributary is The Broome Beck, which flows over Crag 
 from westward of Woodton in a general east-south-easterly direction, 
 by Bedingham, Hedenham and Ditchingham to the Waveney near 
 Broome (but not where that name is marked on the old map, 66, S.E.), 
 receiving a slight addition from the Boulder Clay of Thwaite on the 
 north. Judging by the geologic map, it seems possible that this 
 stream may once have continued eastward, through the Alluvium on 
 the northern side of Ellingham Island, and joined the Waveney at 
 Geldeston. 
 
 Below this there are only very short streams. One comes from the 
 Windle Hills nearly 1| miles eastward of Gillingham Church : 
 another from Aldeby : another from S.E. of Burgh St. Peter 
 (where that place is marked on Map 176); all these flowing south- 
 ward, into the easterly flowing river. • 
 
 After turning northward the Waveney may receive some water 
 that oozes out of the Crag and Drift sand bordering the marsh, and 
 finally there is The Landspring Beck, a short stream starting in 
 Glacial Sand westward of Haddiscoe, flowing south-eastward and 
 then eastward across the marsh. 
 
 Turning to the tributaries on the left or northern side of the Yare 
 (using that name for the stream below Hardingham Station) there 
 is first a tiny stream from the Boulder Clay between Kunhall and 
 Brandon Parva and then another from eastward of Welborne. And 
 these are the only tributaries until the Yare passes round Norwich, 
 
12 RIVERS. 
 
 though there is probably a large accession of water from the Chalk 
 along the greater part of that course. 
 
 On the eastern side ot the city, however, the Yare receives its 
 largest tributary. The Wensum indeed is really the larger river of 
 the two, rising in the western part of the county in the mostly gravel- 
 covered Chalk of West and East Rudham : perhaps higher in 
 bourne-years. 
 
 It winds eastward, mostly through Drift (and that chiefly gravel), 
 by Tatterford, Shereford and Fakenham, about two miles below 
 which town it turns south-eastward for some four miles, between 
 Great and Little Kyburgh, still chiefly through Drift gravel, but at 
 last cutting through to Chalk, and near Guist turning southward to 
 near Worthing, where it takes a general course south of east, with 
 much wandering and still mostly through Drift, but in many places 
 cutting through to Chalk, by S wanton Morley and Lyng, nearly to 
 Attleoridge, before reaching which place it turns south-eastward and 
 flows through Chalk with a set of bold loops at Ringland, Taverham, 
 Costessy and Drayton : then by Hellesdon to Norwich and going 
 through the city, in smaller loops, to join the Yare on the eastern 
 side. It is up the last loop of the Wensum that the water-traffic 
 along the Yare from Yarmouth to Norwich goes. 
 
 The Wensum, including the tidal Yare, in which it flows from 
 Norwich to the sea, is the longest river of the county, and of course 
 has various tributaries. The first on the right side is from Drift 
 and Chalk and has two head-waters, that on the west from Weasen- 
 ham St. Peter, that on the east from Horningtoft and Whissonsett; 
 these easterly and westerly streams meeting at South Raynham and 
 the combined stream taking a short northerly course, between West 
 and East Raynham and by Helhoughton, to the Wensum just below 
 Tatterford, where the tributary impresses its northerly course on the 
 main stream for a short way. 
 
 There is then only a set of short streamlets, from Boulder Clay 
 drainage, opposite Fakenham, at Great Ryburgh and North Elmham 
 (this largely from Glacial Gravel?). 
 
 Then we come to a fairly long, though apparently nameless stream, 
 the result of the drainage of a large Drift-tract. Its head-waters 
 are from the Boulder Clay of Great and Little Fransham, and it 
 flows from the former place eastward, by Wendling, toward East 
 Dereham, with many additions on its right, or southern side. Near 
 East Dereham it turns in a more or less northerly direction, by 
 Gressenhall, with a short addition from near Longham, to Worthing, 
 just before reaching which place it receives a tributary named The 
 Black Water (not to be confused with the Blackwater which belongs 
 to the Yare, see above, p. 9). This starts from Drift-drainage at 
 Brisley (the little branch here being called The Panford Beck), at 
 Stanfield, East Bilney and Beetley. It is curious that the smaller 
 stream should be endowed with two names on the Ordnance Map 
 (146), whilst the larger one, into which it flows, is not honoured 
 with any. 
 
 The Penny Stop Beck, an insignificant stream from the Drift south- 
 eastward of Swanton Morley, joins the Wensum nearly opposite 
 Bylaugh, and below this there is next to nothing in the way of 
 streamlets for several miles. 
 
RIVERS. 13 
 
 The Tiid drains a long tract of Boulder Clay. It starts westward 
 of Westfield and flows in a fairly direct easterly course near Yaxham, 
 Mattishall Burgh, Hockering and East Tuddenham, by Honingham, 
 where it cuts through to Chalk, soon leaving the Boulder Clay tract, 
 and joining the Wensum opposite Hellesdon. In the lower part of 
 its course this stream very nearly approaches the Wensum, at the 
 loop between Kingland and Taverham (half a mile), while at the 
 Costessy loop the distance between is less than a quarter of a mile. 
 
 H. B. Woodward says (in the Norwich Memoir, p. 3) that in 
 Norwich the Wensum formerly received the Cockie stream, which 
 traversed the valley in which the market-place is situated, and fell 
 into the Wensum near the ' Duke's Palace ' Inn. 
 
 On its left side the Wensum receives the short Tat, but little 
 below its own source. It rises in the Chalk at Wicken Pond, 
 flows S.F., by Tattersett, and joins the Wensum just below that 
 village. As it imposes its name on Tatterford, a little below the 
 junction, it looks as if the name Tat ought to be applied to the 
 whole stream, at all events to this high part of it. 
 
 A small stream, from Drift and Chalk, in the neighbourhood of 
 Sculthorpe flow's southward and then south-eastward to the Wensum 
 above Fakenham. 
 
 Another small stream, of various branches, from the Drift north- 
 ward of Stibbard, flows at first westward, that is in a reverse 
 direction to the flow of the main stream above ; but soon turns 
 south-westward to the Wensum W.N.W. of Little Ryburgh. 
 
 The next stream starts from the Drift S.E. of Swanton Novers 
 and flows southward, with accessions by the way from between 
 Hindolveston and Wood Norton, to Foulsham, round which last 
 place it turns westward, by Twyford (where it receives a stream 
 from Wood Norton) to Guist, where it cuts through to Chalk a 
 little above its junction with the Wensum. 
 
 Starting from the Drift at Billingford on the west, and between 
 that place and Foxley and Bawdeswell on the east is a set of streams, 
 two with a northerly, but the combination with a westerly, flow, to 
 the Wensum southward of Billingford. 
 
 The next tributary is a composite stream. One branch starts in 
 the Boulder Clay tract near Foxley and flows south-eastward. 
 Another from the Drift eastward of Themelthorpe, flows south- 
 eastward to west of Reepham, cutting through to Glacial Sand, 
 etc., and then southward, and at last cutting through to Chalk. A 
 third and rather longer one starts in places on the Boulder Clay 
 between Heydon and Sail, the combined stream taking a southerly 
 course to the west of Cawston and then a south-easterly one by 
 Reepham and Whitwell, to Whitwell Common, where the joint - 
 stream, formed by all three branches, turns south-eastward and cuts 
 through to the Chalk on its left side (receiving a short tributary 
 from Great Witchingham), joining the Wensum above Great 
 Witchingham Hall and imposing its direction on the main stream. 
 
 But little below is a stream with two branches ; one from west of 
 Brandiston, flowing southward through Glacial Sand, etc. ; the 
 other and longer one, throughout over Glacial Loam, southward 
 from Smuggler's Hole, north of Haveringland toward Felthorpe, 
 and then westward by Swanington, to the other branch between 
 
14 RIVERS. 
 
 the last place and Alderford, the combined stream then cutting 
 through to Chalk and joining the Wensum a mile 8.S.W. 
 
 Finally comes a very short stream flowing S.S.E., chiefly in 
 Chalk, at Drayton. 
 
 H. B. Woodward says (Norwich Memoir, p. 3) " The Yare and 
 Wensum together drain an area of 533 square miles." 0. H. 
 Blake (Yarmouth Memoir, p. 1) credits the Yare (presumably 
 including the Wensum) with about 529 square miles ; but measure- 
 ments made on the old maps must be received with some caution. 
 
 Below Norwich the Yare has a short Crag-tributary (? The Yer) 
 from near Great Piumstead and from Blofield Corner, the two 
 branches uniting and the stream then flowing south-eastward to the 
 river below Brundall. A still shorter Crag-stream comes from N. W. 
 of Southwood church southward to the river below Cantley. 
 
 The last tributary of the Yare, which joins it only just before 
 reaching the sea, is The Bure, which is tidal up to Wroxham bridge. 
 " The Tides of the River Bure and its Tributaries " forms the 
 subject of a paper by R. Gurney, and D. A. G. Innes follows this 
 with a paper on "Tidal Action in the Bure and its Tributaries." (') 
 These should be consulted by anyone needing detailed informa- 
 tion on the Bure and the Broads. 
 
 This river, with its tributaries, carries the drainage of the north- 
 eastern part of Norfolk. It starts in the Drift tract just south of 
 Melton Constable, and takes a slightly meandering course but little 
 south of east for some miles, by Briston, Saxthorpe and Itteringham, 
 and then, cutting through to Crag, to Ingworth, where it turns 
 south-eastward for a like distance, but with a rather more irregular 
 course, by Aylsham (below which town it cuts through to Chalk) 
 Burgh next Aylsham, Oxnead, Buxton, and Coltishall, to Belaugh, 
 where it takes a sharp bend round, by Wroxham and Hoveton St. 
 John, by Wroxham Broad, Hoveton Great Broad and Hoveton 
 Little Broad, and by Horning through the broad marsh to near 
 Thurne. Then it turns southward to near Acle, and then eastward, 
 by Stokesby, to just north of Yarmouth, where it turns southward 
 to the Yare at the north-western part of that town. After passing 
 Wroxham the Chalk is lost, beneath the Crag, and the latter is lost, 
 under Drift, near Thurne. 
 
 On its right side but a few miles below its start, at Melton 
 Constable, the Bure receives a Drift- tributary consisting of various 
 branches. One of these starts near Melton Hall and flows E.S.E. 
 to near Thurning. Another starts in the Lake south of the Hall 
 and flows south-eastward beyond Hindolveston ; then turning 
 eastward, round Thurning, with a short accession from south of 
 Hindolveston Wood. A third branch starts from south of Guest- 
 wick and flows N.N.E. to Thurning. This composite tributary to 
 the Bure is a curiosity in nomenclature, for on the old map (68, 
 S.W.) the second branch is called The Bure and the third The 
 Thurne (a name that belongs to a more important tributary much 
 lower down), and on the newer map (147) the short combined stream, 
 which flows N.N.E. from Thurston to the Bure (of the newer map) 
 
 ( l ) Trans. Norf. Nat. Soc. 1911, Vol. IX., pt. II., pp. 226-243, map, chart, 
 diagram. Ibid., pp. 244-262. 
 
RIVERS. 15 
 
 is called The Black JVater, the third stream of that name in the 
 Basin of the Yare. See above pp. 9, 12. 
 
 Below this are very short Drift-streamlets, from S.S.W. of 
 Corpusty, from Oulton, and from southward of Blickling, all three 
 flowing somewhat east of north. 
 
 The Mermaid is somewhat longer, starting north of Manor House 
 (at the eastern boundary of the parish of Cawston), flowing, in a 
 more or less easterly course, to the Bure northward of Brampton. 
 It seems to rise from Drift Gravel, and then flows over Drift 
 Loam, until in the lower half of its course it cuts through to Crag 
 and then into Chalk. 
 
 The next tributary starts from Drift Gravel and Loam at various 
 places westward of Hevingham ; the combined streamlets cutting 
 through to Crag and joining together at Westgate Street (Heving- 
 ham Street of the old map) where the combined stream flows 
 E.N.E. to the Bure at Buxton, soon cutting through the Crag to 
 the Chalk. 
 
 A few miles lower down is a rather longer tributary (? The Hor ; 
 but not named on the map). One of its branches starts in Drift 
 less than half a mile S.W. of Botanybay (by Horsford Heath) 
 and flows, at first, north-eastward and then south-eastward over 
 Drift Loam, cutting down to the Crag at Newton Common and to 
 the Chalk a little further on, to Spix worth Bridge. The other 
 branch starts by Felthorpe Church and in the other little valley to 
 the east, apparently from the Drift Gravel, and then flows over the 
 Loam, in a general easterly course, curving first slightly southward, 
 and then slightly northward, by Horsford, and then cutting 
 through to Crag, by Horsham St. Faith, to Spixworth Bridge, 
 where the combined stream takes an easterly course, through Chalk 
 to the great loop of the Bure at Wroxham Hall, receiving on the 
 way a tributary from the Crag near Rackheath Park, which flows 
 northward, soon cutting through to Chalk. 
 
 A short Crag-stream starts more than a mile westward of 
 Panxworth, flows for a little way southward, and then turns E.N.E. 
 by Panxworth and through South Walsham Broad, whence it flows 
 through the marsh northward to the Bure. A short branch runs 
 from Hare Fen through the village of South Walsham to the 
 Broad. 
 
 The last tributary to the Bure, on its right side, is a short stream, 
 from the Drift of Beighton, Moulton, and Halvergate, the 
 combined stieam reaching the marsh northward, below Acle. 
 
 On the left, or northern, side of the Bure the first tributary is a 
 short one, from the Drift southward of Edgefield, with a southerly 
 flow. A like short stream brings the water of the Drift of Little 
 Barningham and Mannington southward to the Bure at Itteringham. 
 
 The Scarrow Beck drains a considerable area of Drift (chiefly 
 the Loam and Clay of the Contorted Drift) by means of a more or 
 less parallel set of streams, with a general south-easterly flow, 
 which unite into one, with a southerly flow. The head-waters are 
 (a) from near Aylmerton (not 2| miles from the coast) on the north 
 to Metton, whence the southerlv course is taken ; (b) from N.W. 
 of Gresham (also not 2-fc miles from the coast) by Sustead to S.W. 
 of Metton ; (c) from W. of Gresham, by Thurgarton Hall, to the 
 
16 RIVERS. 
 
 N. of Hanworth ; (d) from between Bessingham and North 
 Barningham, by Thurgarton, to Aldborough ; (e) from Town 
 Barnin«ham, by the S. of Aldborough, with a small westerly 
 addition from Wickmere. The southern-flowing stream, which 
 receives all these on the west, but practically nothing on the east, 
 runs from near Metton, by Hanworth, Aldborough and Erpingham 
 to the Bure south of Calthorpe. 
 
 The next tributary, though somewhat longer, is without a name 
 (on the map). Like the last it drains a considerable Drift-tract, but 
 unlike it has streamlets on both sides and very short. It starts just 
 N.W. of Roughton (less than 3 miles from the coast) and flows 
 fairly regularly southward, through the village, through Great 
 Water (Gunton Park), between Colby and Suffield, by Tuttington, 
 where it cuts through the Drift to the Crag, and on to the Bure 
 nearly a mile below Oxnead. Its side-streams are of no importance, 
 except the last, which starts from the Drift N.N.E. of S wanton 
 Abbot, flows south-westward by that village, and then, cutting 
 through into Crag and at last into Chalk, joins the main stream 
 only just above where the latter joins the Bure. 
 
 A short stream flows from the Crag and Drift near Sco Huston, 
 in a south-westerly direction to the Bure at the eastern part of 
 Coltishall. Another starts near by, in the Drift, westward of 
 A shmanhaugh, flows south-eastward (cutting down to Crag) through 
 Burntfen Broad, and then turns south-westward to the Bure, 
 through Hoveton Little Broad, with a slight accession from the 
 west. 
 
 The Ant, an important tributary, has its headwater in the 
 Contorted Drift between Southrepps and Thorpe Market, within 
 2| miles of the coast. It flows nearly south-eastward, by Bradfield 
 and Swafield, receiving between those places, a shorter stream, on 
 the right, which may perhaps have the right to the name, as it 
 passes through the parish of Antingham. It continues eastward of 
 the town of North Walsham, still over Contorted Drift ; but 
 cuts through to Crag some way above Honing, a mile or so below 
 which place it takes a more southerly course, through Barton Broad, 
 
 to some extent again through Contorted Drift, and joins the Bure 
 
 near Horning Hall. 
 
 On its right side the Ant has a short tributary from south-west 
 
 of Worstead, which flows eastward, mainly through Crag, by 
 
 Smallburgh and Dilham, to the main stream. 
 
 Another short tributary starts in Contorted Drift westward of 
 
 Beeston Hall and flows eastward, cutting down into Crag, through 
 
 Neatishead, into Barton Broad. 
 
 A still shorter stream starts from the Crag north-westward of 
 
 Alderfen Broad and flows south-eastward, through that Broad, to 
 
 the river. 
 
 On the left side of the Ant there are only trifling local runlets 
 
 from the Drift for some way down. Then we have a stream 
 
 starting from Crag north of Ridlington, nearly within half a 
 
 mile of the coast, and flowing southward to the main stream south of 
 
 East Ruston. This stream may already have suffered from the 
 
 cutting back of the land. It has a short addition southward of 
 
 Ridlington. 
 
KIVEHS. 17 
 
 A little lower down a short stream, from the Drift northward of 
 Brumstead flows south-eastward to the river. Another short two- 
 headed stream, from the Drift of Stalham and from the Crag of 
 Sutton feeds Stalham Broad, which is close to the Ant. 
 
 A very short stream, notable only because it forms the small 
 Crome's Broad, is the last tributary. 
 
 Passing now to the next tributary to the Bure, The Thurn or 
 Hundred Stream, we are faced with a stream that has suffered 
 great loss from the encroachment of the sea along the low land 
 from Happisburgh to Winterton. So much is this the case that 
 all the higher streams that go to make up this river have been lost, 
 and tlif wains that remain are mostly at about the level of the sea. 
 The most distant head-water is in the Contorted Drift northward of 
 Lessingham and very near to the coast, whence the flow along the 
 " New Cut" is south-eastward to Brograve Level, accessions being 
 received, on the left side, from N.W. and S.E. of Palling, from 
 very near to thfl coast. Then it takes a southerly turn, through 
 Horsey Mere and Heighani Sound, at the top of which it receives 
 the water from Hickling Broad, on the N.W., whilst just beyond 
 the southern end of the Sound it is joined by the branch named 
 the Hundred Stream on the new map (148), so called because it 
 separates the Hundreds of Happing and West Flegg, and which 
 perhaps was once the main stream. This starts from close to the 
 coast at Bramble Hill, whence it flows south-westward, imposing 
 that direction on the combined stream, to near Thurne, where it 
 joins the Bure 
 
 The drainage of a Drift tract flows southward through the 
 conjoint Ormesby, Rollesby and Filby Broads and then south- 
 eastward through the marsh, where it rejoices in the name Muck 
 Fleet, to the Bure west of Stokesby. 
 
 Lastly a short stream from the Drift north-westward of West 
 Caister flows southward and through the Marsh to the Bure 
 southward of that place. 
 
 It has been estimated that the whole drainage-area of the Bure 
 i- 337 or 338 square miles ; but this estimate was made from the 
 old map : one would like to have measurements from the newer 
 ones. 
 
 Details of great part of this river and of its lower tributaries are 
 to be seen in the papers by Gurney and Innes, referred to on 
 p. 14. 
 
 METHODS OF WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 Besides the two ways of getting water with which we are con- 
 cerned in this Memoir, by means of wells or springs there 
 are other methods in use in Norfolk, surface-waters being taken 
 to a large extent. 
 
 Though there are only two large cases of surface-supplies, those 
 happen to be the largest two supplies in the county, and both are in the 
 bands of Companies. Norwich gets its water supply from the River 
 Wensum, at lleigham, and according to the Local Government Board 
 Return of 1915, p. 207, the daily average taken was 2,278,593 gallons, 
 part of which went outside the city, to Catton, Cringleford, Hellesdon, 
 Sprowston, Thorpe, Trowse and Whitlingham. Yarmouth depends 
 
18 METHODS OF SUPPLY. 
 
 on the River Bure and Ormesby Broad, and, according to the Return 
 of 1915 (p. 194), the daily average quantity taken was 1,524,458 
 gallons, part being for the outside places of Caister, Ormesby St. 
 Margaret, and Ormesby St. Michael. W. L. Sutton tells me 
 (1920) that the quantities now taken by Norwich and Yarmouth 
 are 2,655,000 and 2,141,161 gallons respectively. 
 
 The third largest supply, that of Lynn (in the hands of the 
 Corporation), used to be taken from the Gay wood River ; but that 
 has been given up for many years, in favour of a well-supply , the 
 polluted stream having been the cause of fevers (see p. 46). The 
 river, however, seems to be still partly used in Gaywood. 
 
 Other places with a river supply are Castle Rising and Westacre, 
 from the Babingley River, in private hands ; Hilgay, from the 
 River Wissey ; Narborough, from the River Nar; Southery, from 
 the River Ouse ; Welney, from the River Delph ; and West Welney, 
 from the Hundred Foot River. " No doubt other parishes adjoining 
 rivers and streams also utilise these, more or less, as sources of 
 supply " (Dr. J. T. C. Nash, Annual Report, to the County Council, 
 for 1914, pp. 25, 26). 
 
 Of the supplies other than those above-noted, those for Cromer, 
 Diss, East Dereham, Hunstanton, and Thetford are in the hands of 
 the local authorities, as also several smaller ones, whilst those of 
 Sheringham and'Swaffham belong to companies, some small ones, as 
 those for Northrepps, Sandringham, Trowse and West Bilney, are in 
 private hands. 
 
 As would be expected in an agricultural county, much of the surface 
 of which consists of clay, many small places depend to a great extent 
 on ponds for their water-supply, and, in the Report above-quoted, 
 Dr. Nash says : — " Ponds are mentioned among the sources of 
 supply in the reports (of the Medical Officers of Health) for 
 Depwade R.D., Loddon and Clavering R.D. (parishes of Hales, 
 Hedenham, Mundham, Thwaite, Topcroft, and Toft Monks)." 
 
 In the Memoir on the Geology of Fakenham, etc. (1884, p. 50), 
 it is said that at Colkirk, in some places, reservoirs are dug in the 
 Boulder Clay for water-supply. 
 
 In many places too water must be taken before it reaches the 
 earth, rain-water being often the most available supply. Again to 
 quote from Dr. Nash's Report (p. 27), speaking of the Downham 
 Market Rural District, "In the lowland or fen the inhabitants depend 
 on water collected from roofs stored in cisterns : when this supply 
 fails they have recourse to river water.' 7 
 
 The water for many breweries and other manufactories is got by 
 means of wells, and various public or half-public institutions 
 depend on similar supplies. 
 
19 
 
 GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS. 
 
 General Account. 
 
 The greater part of Norfolk is in the large geologic tract known 
 aa the London Basin, including therein the Chalk, which forms the 
 basin as well as the Tertiary beds which fill it. The western part 
 onlv is outside, beyond the Chalk, and consisting of older Cretaceons 
 beds and Jurassic (Kimeridge) clay. 
 
 The most notable formation is the Glacial Drift, which here 
 reaches its highest development in the country, not only in complexity 
 of structure, from its many divisions, but also in its thickness, as a 
 continuous sheet, without having regard to various places in other 
 Bounties where very deep channels of Drift occur. The Glacial Drift 
 occurs over most of the county. 
 
 Its Pliocene deposits are also notable, though not from the point 
 of view of water, especially as containing one division, the Forest 
 Bed, which does not occur elsewhere. 
 
 The great thickness of the Upper Chalk is remarkable, being far 
 above that in any other part of the Basin. 
 
 In the following list, the figures in brackets show the thickness of 
 some of the beds. They are taken from a Geological Survey 
 Memoir that deals specially with that subject. 1 
 
 Recent 
 
 r 
 
 Coast Deposits ... 
 
 Alluvial Deposits 
 (up to 120 feet 
 
 Pleistocene 
 
 Pliocene ... 
 
 Cretaceous 
 
 Upper Oolitic 
 
 Post Glacial Drift 
 
 Glacial Drift .. 
 (up to 300 feet) 
 
 Norwich Crag ... 
 (up to 208 feet) 
 
 r 
 
 1-i 
 
 Chalk 
 
 Lower Greensand 
 (93-170 feet) 
 
 Blown sand. 
 
 . Beach sand and shingle. 
 Alluvium. 
 Peat. 
 Fen silt. 
 
 Loam or Brickearth. 
 Marl. 
 
 Marine clay and loam. 
 Hiver gravel and sand. 
 Plateau gravel (over Boulder Clay). 
 Gravel (over Boulder Clay) and Eskers. 
 Boulder Clay. 
 Gravel and sand. 
 
 f Loam and Marl. 
 
 I Contorted Drift. Marl (or calcareous 
 ~{ masses) clay, and loam, with nests 
 of sand. 
 
 t Brickearth, stony loam and sand. 
 Pebbly gravel. 
 
 Pebbly gravel and sand, with clay. 
 Chillesford Clay. 
 Crag and sand. 
 Upper Chalk (1,150 feet). 
 Middle Chalk (100 to 200 feet). 
 Lower Chalk ) ,-(, . . nc - .< 
 Chalk Marl p6 to l2o feet). 
 
 Red Chak 
 
 Gault 
 
 Carstone. 
 
 Clay. 
 
 Sand. 
 
 Kimeridge Clay. 
 
 I (4 to 60 feet). 
 
 1 On the Thicknesses of Strata in the Counties of England. . 1916, p. 97. 
 
20 GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS. 
 
 Besides the above the Pliocene deposit known as the Forest Bed 
 Series, which comes in between the Crag and the Drift, and which 
 is peculiar to Norfolk, occurs in the great northern coast-sections 
 only, not coming out to the surface anywhere ; and the following old 
 Tertiary beds (between the Crag and the Chalk) have been proved 
 in many wells ; but they do not come to the surface, being wholly 
 hidden under the Drift and Crag. 
 
 Lower Eocene ... {}^&$$ift 
 
 A.s yet no deposit older than the Kimeridge Clay has been proved, 
 though the lower part of the clay in the deep boring at Lynn may 
 be Oxford Clay. These Jurassic clays have been proved to 630 
 feet. 
 
 No boring in Norfolk has yet reached those older rocks, the 
 occurrence of which, next beneath Cretaceous beds, has been proved 
 in the neighbouring county of Suffolk. From the fact, however, that 
 the deep boring at Lowestoft, the nearest to Norfolk of the Suffolk 
 borings, has reached to a very old Paleozoic rock, next beneath 
 Lower Greensand, 1 one may infer that something of the same sort 
 is likely to occur in the neighbouring, or south-eastern, part of 
 Norfolk. The prospects of finding Coal Measures in Norfolk has 
 been noticed by H. B. Woodward ; 2 but it must be remembered 
 that since he wrote the old rock at Harwich has been recognized as 
 of older date than Carboniferous, allied to rocks at the newer borings 
 of Culford, Stutton and Weeley 3 and at the still later one at 
 Lowestoft. 
 
 Water-bearing Beds. 
 
 Although of course it is to the permeable beds that w r e look for a 
 supply of water, yet it sometimes happens that beds which are 
 mostly impermeable give small supplies. The various clays have 
 here and there beds of a more sandy sort, which allow of slow 
 infiltration, and many such occurrences happen with the Boulder 
 Clay, which forms so large a part of the surface of Norfolk. In 
 places too this deposit is very chalky. Strictly speaking all beds are 
 water-bearing, but for practical purposes that term is confined to 
 those that are generally so, in distinction to those which are so only 
 rarely and slightly. 
 
 An interesting case of this sort has been recorded by S. B. J. 
 Skertchly, from whose remarks (in the Fenland Memoir, 1877, 
 pp. 241, 242) the following note is condensed. 
 
 At Walsoken brickyard (at the far western border of Norfolk), 
 near Wisbech, pits are sunk in the clay (of the Fen Silt), and in 1859, 
 a bed of fine sand or silt was pierced at a depth of 15 feet. From 
 this a strong salt spring rose, the water of which- was much Salter 
 than that of the river near by, and this, mixing with the fresh water 
 
 ( 1 ) Summary of Progress. Geol. Survey, for 1912, pp. 87, 88. 
 
 ( 2 ) Geol. Survey Memoir, The Geology of the Country around Norwich, 1881, 
 pp. 168, 169. 
 
 ( 3 ) See the Water Supply Memoirs for Suffolk, 1906, pp. 41-43, 140-142, and 
 for Essex, 1916, pp. 184, 343, 344. 
 
WATER-BEARING BEDS. 21 
 
 in other parts of the pit, made the whole so brackish as to kill the 
 pike, though carp, tench, and insects seemed unaffected. 
 
 Shortly after this incursion of salt water prawns appeared, and it 
 is supposed that their ova were embedded in the marine silt, kept 
 alive by the salt water with which it was charged, and hatched on 
 the recurrence of favourable conditions. The prawns have abounded 
 since. 
 
 The pits are about three quarters of a mile from the Roman bank 
 and 1-i miles from the River Nene, up which the same species comes 
 with the tide. 
 
 There are many pits in this district in which the water rising from 
 the silt is brackish, but not another case in which living marine 
 organisms were found. In some cases communication with the sea 
 ie kept up by beds of quick silt, and the water of wells becomes 
 brackish during high spring-tides ; but here this seems not to be the 
 case. 
 
 Shingle Beaches. 
 
 In treating of the beaches and dunes of Blakeney Point 
 A. E. Carey and Prof. F. W. Oliver, say "A feature of no 
 little interest is the fact that fresh water can generally be obtained 
 by digging wells in these shingle lows. In Long Low near the Life- 
 boat House a row of four such wells was dug in July, 1914, and they 
 have continued to yield an inexhaustible supply of good potable 
 water since that date. The level of the water in these wells rises and 
 falls with the tidal cycles, showing a lag of about three days. That is 
 to say, three days after the highest spring tide the wells attain their 
 highest, and three days after the lowest neap their lowest level, the 
 oscillation in the wells being from 15 to 20 inches. It is evident that 
 the fresh water is floating on the salt, and it is remarkable that it 
 should not undergo appreciable contamination." 
 
 * " Shingle beaches above tide marks are in general drenched with 
 fresh water, and so far as our experience goes show no abatement 
 even in seasons of prolonged drought such as the summer of 1911. 
 
 It may be conjectured that shingle has the property of condensing 
 dew internally, a property perhaps shared by the sand dune." 1 
 
 Gravels and Sands {Drift and Crag). 
 
 Beginning at the top of the geologic series we may here group 
 together all those varied deposits of a gravelly and sandy character 
 that as a whole occur throughout the county as scattered patches 
 or as sheets, hiding the older Tertiary and the Cretaceous beds, and 
 resting indifferently on the various members of these. 
 
 For our purpose it does not matter whether they are Post- 
 Glacial, Glacial, or Pre-Glacial in age, or what may be their 
 origin ; subjects open to much geologic discussion and a fruitful 
 source of controversy. All we are concerned with is, that though 
 widespread in distribution they are individually of no great thick- 
 ness, that they vary in character, are generally irregular in their 
 ways, and often divided up by more or less impermeable beds. 
 
 (') Tidal Lands, 8° Lond. 1918, p. 226. 
 
22 WATER-BEARING BEDS. 
 
 Clearly then they are unlikely to be the source of any large 
 supply ; but for small supplies they are of great service, for in 
 many places no other source seems to be practically available. 
 
 Nor need there be any failure in the quality of the water, 
 provided that it is kept free from contamination. In this Nature 
 takes a part, and where the gravels and sands are found below 
 Boulder Clay, or other more or less impermeable bed, surface- 
 pollution cannot occur, and properly made wells sunk through the 
 clay will yield a good water. 
 
 It has been well said, by an authority on Norfolk waters, that 
 " the sands or gravels which occur, in maay instances, below the 
 clay, are plentiful in water supply of good quality. The reason 
 for this is that there is a considerable amount of lateral filtration 
 extending over long distances, and hence a large amount of oxidation 
 of organic matter takes place, and the result is a water of very fair 
 organic purity." x 
 
 Where, however, the gravel and sands are at the surface, of 
 course they are open to pollution, as well as to the reception 
 of rain, and precautions against contamination should be taken 
 before water is drawn from them. For the want of such precautions 
 many a fair source of water-supply has been fouled. 
 
 Perhaps though one would now hardly go as far as the above- 
 quoted author when he continues thus : — " This class of well 
 (through clay) is the only one beside the true chalk wells which 
 ought to be tolerated as a water supply for domestic purposes in 
 this district (= the county) ; because, if a well is sunk direct into 
 porous alluvial soil or gravel, it matters very little how deep it is, 
 it is essentially a surface well, and the soil being itself charged 
 with organic matter from manure applied agriculturally, and other 
 sources of impurity occurring on its surface, cannot oxidize the 
 polluting matters in sufficient time to be of any use." 
 
 Mr. Sutton goes on to say (pp. 89, 90) that in a district like' 
 Norfolk " where there is a great depth of soil which has been 
 brought to a fine state of division .... the rain falling upon the 
 surface is speedily saturated with soluble matters, and such waters 
 are, as a rule, extremely hard, from the presence of lime and 
 magnesia salts, oxide of iron, alumina, and silica. When these 
 surface waters find their way into the solid chalk, or into the sands 
 lying below the surface clay, they become considerably softened by 
 mechanical filtration. But what is of still more importance foi 
 drinking purposes is, that the dissolved organic matters which they 
 at first contained are either entirely removed or are oxidized into 
 harmless mineral compounds ". . . . 
 
 " There are some districts in Norfolk which possess great 
 peculiarities with respect to the character of the surface water. 
 Cromer is an instance — the waters existing in the soil there to a 
 considerable depth are very heavily loaded with soluble salts of 
 soda, potash, lime, magnesia, iron, alumina, &c. The water is 
 excessively hard, and is also unpalatable from the presence of a 
 great excess of organic matter derived, undoubtedly, from the highly 
 fossiliferous beds in which the water is accumulated. The soil 
 
 1 F. Sutton, Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc., 1879, pt. in., p. 87. 
 
WATER-BEARING BEDS. 23 
 
 appears to be entirely free from oxidising power, and hence, until 
 these beds are passed to a considerable distance into the chalk 
 there is no chance of obtaining pure or palatable water. These 
 waters contain also large quantities of sulphates, arising from the 
 decomposition of pyrites, &c." 
 
 Some of the Geological Survey Memoirs (on ihe sheets of the 
 old map) contain remarks on water-supply from Drift in various 
 parts of the county, and these are now brought together. 
 
 In dealing with South- Western Norfolk (Sheet 65)1 said in 1893 
 that the gravels and sands are largely used for private supplies, 
 many villages being on them, or partly so. As long as houses are 
 not too near together, and cess-pits are at a reasonable distance 
 from wells, such supplies may be good ; but it is unlikely that such 
 a state of things is general. 
 
 Of the neighbourhood of Diss (Sheet 50, N.W.) in 1884, 
 V. J. Bennett said : " The water-supply comes chiefly from the 
 Glacial sand and gravel below the Boulder Clay ; the quantity in 
 many places is great, and the quality good." 
 
 Of the Cromer district, in 1882, C. Keid has said : "The greater 
 part of the area is supplied from shallow wells, sunk till a spring is 
 met with in the contorted beds (Contorted Drift). This water, 
 though probably wholesome, is hard and generally ferruginous, so 
 that, till one is accustomed to it, the taste is very unpleasant." 
 
 On the country around Norwich (Maps 66, N.E. and S.E.). H. B. 
 Woodward has made the following remarks (1881). 
 
 " Where the Chalk is not exposed at the surface, nor covered 
 with Alluvial deposits, it is almost everywhere directly overlaid by 
 the Crag Series, the pebbly sands and gravels " of which " furnish a 
 supply of water to wells from 10 to about 100 feet in depth, and 
 this is supported by the Chalk itself, which being penetrated a few 
 feet may serve as a reservoir. Over the greater part of the area 
 the Crag Series is covered with Glacial deposits (brickearth, sand, 
 gravel, and boulder-clay), and where these are of an argillaceous 
 character, the strata are free from all surface contamination. . . ." 
 
 " The Crag Series .... contains beds of laminated clay .... 
 at inconstant horizons and of uncertain and very limited extension, 
 which may act as local supports for the water-supply, or as checks 
 to the percolation of water charged with organic impurities, where 
 no Glacial clays occur above." 
 
 " Over almost the entire area embraced by Quarter-sheet 66, S.E. 
 (Loddon, Long Stratton, etc.) where the chalky Boulder Clay 
 appears at the surface, the Crag series might be expected beneath 
 at depths of from 10 to 100 feet, and indeed it yields much of the 
 water used in that district." 
 
 " The .... Glacial sands and gravels resting on the Lower 
 Glacial Brickearth or Contorted Drift, yield supplies of water to 
 wells varying in depth from about 10 to 30 feet. Where covered 
 by the chalky Boulder Clay .... the water would be protected 
 from surface contamination " 
 
 " Water obtained from the sand and gravel on the chalky Boulder 
 Clay is liable to the same objections as that derived from the sands 
 and gravels that overlie the Lower Glacial brickearth, when there 
 is no superincumbent layer of clay. 
 
24 WATER-BEARING BEDS. 
 
 " The shallow wells sunk in valley-gravels, as in some of the lower 
 parts of Norwich . . . are almost invariably subject to contamina- 
 tion, and the water should not be used for drinking purposes." 
 
 The Medical Officer of the Erpingham Rural District reported, 
 in 1913, that, except for Kelling (see p. 55) in "almost every 
 other village in the District the water is derived from shallow wells 
 in the Glacial drift. The water therefrom varies according to 
 the position of the well, the care taken in its construction and the 
 measures taken to protect the water from contamination ; it is good, 
 bad or indifferent in direct ratio to the skill expended in selection 
 of the site and construction of the well." 
 
 Dr. Nash's remarks on East Harling, which are of a general 
 nature, and not confined to that place are given on p. 92. 
 
 The Chalk. 
 
 We now come to the geologic formation which is not only the 
 chief source of water-supply in Norfolk, but also in the whole of 
 the South-East of England. It has, indeed^ been said, by the former 
 Public Analyst of the county, F. Sutton, that so far as this 
 county is concerned, "we are practically confined to the Chalk 
 formation for the most wholesome water supply, and when supplies 
 can be drawn from it without surface contamination the water leaves 
 scarcely anything to be desired except on the score of its hardness. 
 I do not believe, however, that this is a matter of any consequence 
 as respects health," ( l ) a conclusion that later research has justified, 
 as has been pointed out by Dr. J. C. Thresh in another Memoir, 
 to which the reader is referred for details ( 2 ). 
 
 Water is absorbed readily by chalk, and one of the results is the 
 general dryness of the surface over a wide Chalk-tract, the com- 
 parative dearth of streams and the abundance of streamless valleys. 
 The rain that falls on the Chalk soon passes downward, until at 
 last it reaches that part of the formation which is saturated with 
 water. A good water-tight bottom is provided, in the shape of the 
 Gault clay, and the lowest part of the Chalk itself is clayey ; so 
 that the water can only escape from the Chalk by means of springs, 
 through which the underground water again appears at the surface. 
 
 The outflow of water from the Chalk depends but little on the 
 division of the formation : it is determined by the relation between 
 the surface of the ground and the saturation-level in the Chalk, 
 this being the level to which water percolating through the rock 
 sinks, until it reaches a level where the Chalk is fully charged with 
 water and can therefore pass no more downward. 
 
 The saturation-level, or water-table, is naturally irregular, from 
 the frictional resistance to the flow of water through the mass of 
 the Chalk (more or less horizontally as well as vertically), and it 
 roughly follows the changes in surface-level, though not varying to 
 the same extent ; it is higher under the high grounds, though 
 there at the greatest depth from the surface, and it falls gently 
 to the low grounds, though there nearest to the surface. It is 
 
 (*) Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc, 1879, pt. iii, p. 86. 
 (*) The Water Supply of Essex, 1916, pp. 67-69. 
 

 WATER-BEARING BEDS. 25 
 
 greatly affected by seasonal changes, falling after dry seasons, 
 rising after wet ones, the rise and fall being greater the higher the 
 level of the ground. 
 
 When the ground sinks below the saturation-level there the 
 water bursts forth in springs, and, as the saturation-level varies 
 greatly from seasonal fluctuation over large tracts, springs at times 
 break out much higher up the valleys than is usually the case. 
 The lowest springs are in constant flow, though with changing 
 yield, often to a great extent. 
 
 This change in the point of outbreak then gives rise to what are 
 known as intermittent streams, or bournes, which have a variety of 
 names in various districts. I do not know of a name special to 
 Norfolk, although there are several such bournes in the county, 
 enough to be worthy of a separate heading (see p. 37). Bournes 
 have been described at some length in the Water Supply Memoirs 
 on Hampshire, Kent, Surrey, and Sussex (supplement). 
 
 Whilst in sands water passes between the grains, in limestones 
 this is not the case, or only to a very small extent, for in them as a 
 general rule there is no distinct granular structure. The Chalk is 
 no exception, and water finds its way through the rock chiefly by 
 means of slight fissures, caused by the more or less vertical planes 
 of jointing ; some also travelling along the planes of bedding, 
 especially perhaps where these are strongly marked by flints. 
 
 To get a large amount of water from the Chalk it is therefore 
 essential to cut these fissures, and this is to be done by horizontal 
 work, that is by the driving of headings below the level of 
 saturation. Little of such work, however, has been done in Norfolk, 
 in many parts of which the Chalk is at such a depth from the 
 surface that horizontal work would be difficult and costly. 
 Vertical work, by boring, is therefore generally resorted to, and as 
 there is rarely a call for a large supply this is enough. 
 
 From the point of view of water-supply the Chalk of Norfolk 
 consists essentially of two tracts, a smaller one on the west, where 
 the underground water flows in a general westerly direction, with 
 the gentle slope of the escarpment, and a larger on the east where 
 it flows in a general easterly direction (but with a fair amount of 
 variation) to the various valleys. At the north-western part of the 
 county there is a sort of intermediate tract, with a more or less 
 northerly flow, toward the sea. When the land extended further 
 northward this tract must have belonged chiefly to the large 
 easterly tract. 
 
 Speaking of the Chalk of Norwich, J. E. Taylor and A. W. 
 Mora NT say u The recent drainage excavations prove that water 
 percolates very slowly, and with great difficulty, through the re- 
 deposited Chalk (which they describe as occurring at the top of the 
 formation there). ... In the hard or undisturbed Chalk the water 
 sooner disappears, although in larger quantities, through the various 
 joints and fissures, and along the horizontal beds of flint, until it 
 reaches the level of saturation.'^ 1 ) 
 
 (') Geo/. Mag., 1870, Vol. vii., p. 120. 
 
26 WATEll-BBARING BEDS. 
 
 The Lower Greensand. 
 
 Though having a length of outcrop (partly hidden by Drift) of 
 over 26 miles, from south to north, in the western part of Norfolk, 
 no public supply is taken from the southern end of this tract (in 
 Map 65), whilst in the northern part only some springs are used, 
 for partial supply (Dersingham). We may say, therefore, that the 
 Lower Greensand is practically unused for public supply. 
 
 A good deal of water is thrown out from it, but much of this 
 must be ferruginous. Some low-lying tracts are much water-logged, 
 as around Leziate Fen. 
 
 As there are many places wholly or partly on this formation 
 there must be a great number of private wells in it, or carried 
 through Gault or Drift to it. It is a question whether wells in 
 the Lower Greensand are not often too near cess-pits and other 
 sources of pollution. 
 
 In the northern part of the outcrop (in Sheet 69) the formation 
 is largely divided into two, as far as water is concerned, because of 
 the thin clayey division in the middle, between the Carstone and 
 the Sands. 
 
 At Downham Market a fair amount of water has been got from 
 beds of stone or from sandy layers in the Kimeridge Clay. No 
 older deposit yields any water in Norfolk. 
 
27 
 
 SPRINGS. 
 
 General Remarks. 
 
 Springs are the spots where water that has travelled underground 
 comes to the surface, and they have always been a subject of 
 interest, and in many cases of importance. There is a fascination 
 in the sight of clear sparkling water flowing out of the earth, 
 and one can readily understand how, in old times, the apparent 
 mystery of this led in some cases to a superstitious reverence and to 
 romantic theories of origin. 
 
 Now of course the mystery has disappeared, at all events to 
 geologists, and has been replaced by matter-of-fact explanations of 
 the outflow of the water. Nevertheless, there are sometimes obscure 
 points that want clearing up, and I often wish that our springs had 
 more attention from observers. 
 
 The commonest form of spring is that which occurs where a more 
 or less impermeable bed crops out from beneath a permeable one, 
 as, for instance, Boulder Clay from beneath gravel and sand, or 
 Kimeridge Clay from beneath Lower Greensand, and springs of 
 this sort may occur at any level, high up the hills as well as low 
 down the slopes. 
 
 But springs may also arise where there is no impermeable bed 
 at the surface ; it is enough that a permeable bed, reaching 
 down to a low level, should be so saturated with water in its 
 lowest parts that more water cannot sink into it, and, therefore, 
 must flow out. This of course happens only where the surface 
 of the ground has been cut down to the plane of saturation, 
 and that is in comparatively low ground. It must be remembered 
 that the most permeable bed, as, for instance, an open sand, 
 when saturated with water opposes resistance to the entrance 
 of further water just as much as does an impermeable clay. The 
 like occurs too in such rocks as Chalk where valleys are cut down 
 to saturation-level, and many of the springs to be noticed are of 
 this sort. 
 
 Some of our principal springs have been noticed in Geological 
 Survey Memoirs, and H. B. Woodward has written two short 
 papers on the Springs and Spas of Norfolk. 1 These and other 
 published sources will now be put under contribution, and the 
 springs will be noticed, in geologic order, from the top downward ; 
 but it must be understood that nothing near completeness can be 
 aimed at : it is enough to attempt an account of the more notable 
 springs. Supplies of water that are got from springs are noticed 
 under a separate heading (pp. 54, 55). 
 
 Drift. 
 
 Starting on the west and going generally eastward, as well as 
 from south to north, we find many springs from various divisions of 
 the Drift. 
 
 1 Trans. Norfolk Nat. Soc., 1882 and 1883. 
 
28 SPRINGS. 
 
 At Oxborougb, about a third of a mile N.N.E. of White House 
 (and about a mile westward of the church), there is a spring-head, 
 the water of which flows out from reconstructed chalk (consisting of 
 lumps of chalk in a matrix of the colour and consistency of putty), 
 which is covered by some four or five feet of blown sand. This is 
 in a tract of Boulder Clay. 
 
 There is a spring close to Tottenhill Kovv, N.W. of the village of 
 Tottenhill ; so that there may be an outcrop of clay from beneath 
 part of the gravel here ; but I did not find evidence enough to justify 
 the mapping of clay. 
 
 Treating of the country around Fakenham, Wells and Holt 
 (Maps 68, N.W. and S.W.), H. B. Woodward said, in 1884 : 
 " Iron-stained waters are very common in the district, issuing from 
 the ferruginous Glacial and Alluvial sands and gravels. A spring 
 of this nature is met with north-east of Guist Bridge : one issues 
 from the lower end of Rainham Lake, there is another at Holkham, 
 and one south-west of Skitfield, Guestwick. The gravel of the 
 Alluvium near Skitfield is stained red, and there are deposits of bog 
 iron ore in the ditches. Such springs seem generally to flow out 
 where there is valley gravel.' ' 
 
 " Of springs whose virtues are entirely legendary, may be 
 mentioned the 4 Wishing Wells,' situated in the Abbey grounds 
 
 at Wnlsingham There are two of these wells situated close 
 
 together in the Alluvial ground bordering the Stiff key stream, and 
 whatsoever virtue they possess -is probably owned also by the little 
 river which keeps up their supply. In the same enclosure of the 
 Abbey grounds is a lar&er well, which may h we been a baptistry, 
 or a pool for healing the afflicted, or simply a bathing-place for 
 dusty pilgrims ; its original purpose has long been lost sight of." 
 I am disposed, however, to take these as springs mainly derived 
 from the Chalk. 
 
 "At Holt, Letheringsett, and Hempton there are more or less 
 copious springs. That at Holt rises on the west side of the town, 
 at the junction of marls and brickearths with overlying sandy and 
 gravelly beds, all belonging to the Glacial period." The water 
 " simply flows from the surface, through the porous strata, until 
 arrested and thrown out by the marly and clayey beds beneath. 
 It was remarked of this spring (in 1829) that it 'affords, in summer 
 and winter, in drought or in wet seasons, an equable stream of very 
 soft and very pure water.' " — (Chambers, " History of Norfolk.") 
 See also below, p. 54. 
 
 " The spring at Hempton, which issues from the Glacial sands 
 on the grounds of the Abbey Farm, was analysed by Mr. F. Sutton, 
 and, although bright and palatable, it was found to contain minute 
 quantities of iron .... which render it undesirable as a water for 
 drinking." 
 
 " About 3 furlongs north of Stibbard church there is a spring 
 known as ' Stibbard Spring,' by the stream to the east of the road 
 between Stibbard and Kulmodeston. I was informed .... that 
 people have walked miles to drink it." 
 
 Spring Farm, Attlebridge, in the valley of the Wensum, gets its 
 name from the spring which occurs there. 
 
SPRINGS. 29 
 
 At the Bath Hills, Ditchingham, near the Waveney "a spring of 
 remarkably cold water was utilised for the bath there erected." 
 (H. B. Woodward, Norwich Memoir.) 
 
 In the parish of Mundham, Thwaite Spring is marked on the old 
 map (GO, S.E.), but not on the newer one (162). The site is about 
 three-quarters of a mile E. of N. from Thwaite church and is on 
 Boulder Clay. " Mr. Reid says that, so far as he remembers, it 
 is now merely a swamp." 1 
 
 " I was informed by Mr. T. G. Bayfield that a spring of a 
 petrifying nature was to be met with in the neighbourhood of Burgh 
 Apton. No doubt it derived its calcareous matter from the chalky 
 Boulder Clay." {Ibid, and Norwich Memoir.) 
 
 It is said that at Weybourne springs near the railway-station 
 have for many years supplied water-power to a corn-mill near the 
 beach. The water must come from Drift. 
 
 Of the Cromer district C. Reid has said (1882) : " A few springs 
 are given out at the base of the Boulder Gravel, especially near 
 Mundesley. There are not so many of these as might be expected, 
 for the contortions prevent the underlying beds from holding up the 
 water, as each vertical bed of sand forms a sort of pipe to conduct 
 the water to a lower level." 
 
 There must be a great number of other springs from the Drift 
 and Crag, and it is to be hoped that many of these will be duly 
 recorded by local observers. 
 
 Chalk. 
 
 Several springs have already been noted in treating of the rivers 
 and streams. We will now notice those of the open Chalk-tract on 
 the west of the county, starting from the south, nearly all of which 
 contribute to streams with a westerly flow, that is, across the beds 
 downward. 
 
 Valley of the Wissey. 
 
 I saw one set of springs half a mile west of Houghton-on-the-Hill 
 church : and of the valley of the Wissey G. Barrow has said : 
 "About North and South Pickenham powerful springs issue just 
 above the stream-level, the one half a mile southward of the Hall, 
 South Pickenham, being especially strong and forming a deposit of 
 tufa." Presumably this is a spring that I have marked just up a 
 tributary on the left side, by the parish- boundary, between Houghton 
 and Great Cressingham. 
 
 " Another spring occurs lower down the valley about two thirds 
 of a mile N.E. of Hilborough House (or Hall, and therefore in the 
 parish of Great Cressingham). Iu the early spring the boundary 
 of the alluvium is oulv a few feet above the saturation-level of the 
 Chalk." 
 
 A spring seven-eighths of a mile S. of E. from Foulden church is 
 marked by a small elliptical enclosure on the old map (65) and on 
 the newer one (160) by a small wood. 
 
 A third of a mile E.N.E. of West Dereham church a spring, 
 from near the base of the Chalk, on the southern side of the road, 
 is marked in a like way on the old map, but not at all on the newer. 
 
 (>) H. B. Woodwaru, Trans. Norfolk Nat. Sos., 1882, p. 322. 
 
30 SPRINGS. 
 
 A tributary of the Wissey starts at a spring or set of springs in 
 the parish of Cockley Cley, at the head of the Alluvium about a 
 mile above the Hall, and is shown by small round eLclosures on the 
 newer map (160). G. Bakuow says that the height of this power- 
 ful spring shows "that the saturation-level in the Chalk must be 
 fairly high here. This spring deposits much tufa, and is not known 
 to run dry." 
 
 Valley of the Nan. 
 
 C. E. Hawkins has contributed notes on the springs in this 
 valley, which were printed in " The Geology of S.W. Norfolk " in 
 1893. 
 
 " Half a mile south of Emanuel Farm, Castle Acre (Lodge Farm 
 of the newer map, 146. The site is westward of Fiddler's Green, of 
 that map), a spring rises in a field on the northern side of the road, 
 just on the edge of the Drift (clay)," jn a small side-valley. 
 
 " Springs also rise on the western side of the road about half a 
 mile E.S.E. of South Acre church." This also is in a small 
 side-valley. 
 
 " On the northern side of the river rather more than a quarter of 
 a mile above the bridge at Narford, there are many copious springs, 
 the quantity of water from which is so large that they form one of 
 the chief sources of the Nar." 
 
 " Some fine springs may be seen on the western side of the railway 
 a mile S.E. (S.S.E.) of Narborough Eailway Station." 
 
 " A spring rises at the edge of the ' Turf Fen ' (Marham Fen of 
 the newer map, 160) half a mile S.W. of East Gate, not far from the 
 Fox Inn," Marham. 
 
 " Half a mile nearer Marham (about three quarters of a mile N.E. 
 of the church) are the springs that give the supply for the Wisbech 
 Waterworks. These rise on the northern side of the road a little 
 below a farmyard and a group of cottages : the water comes from 
 the base of the Chalk in large quantity." 
 
 " Near Marham church there is another fine spring, on the western 
 side of the road across the Fen." 
 
 Keverting now to my own notes : in the parish of East Walton 
 there are many springs. I saw one 1£ miles south-eastward of the 
 church, and others to the north-west, near Summer End of the newer 
 map (146). Further remarks on this district will be found under 
 subsidences, p. 41. 
 
 Gaywood River. 
 
 At Gayton Thorpe water rises close to the top of the Lower Chalk 
 at the head of a tributary-stream. 
 
 In the parish of Gayton there is a powerful set of springs at Well 
 Hall, northward of the village, forming one of the head-waters of 
 the stream. The water breaks out close above and at the farm, one 
 spring coming out from under the northern wall of the farm-buildings. 
 All but the higher springs are polluted by the drainage from the 
 farmyard, a lamentable state of things, considering the natural purity 
 of the water. 
 
 Other head-waters of the Gaywood River are a little to the north, 
 in the parish of Grimston, the most southerly being the Sow's Head 
 Spring (not marked on the newer map, 146). It is in a field not 
 
SPRINGS. 
 
 31 
 
 half a mile northward of Well Hall and the water issues from a very- 
 hard solid limestone, in thick beds, which weathers to a creamy tint 
 and is fossiliferous. The next spring is a little south of the church, 
 and the chief springs in the village are just west of the church, as 
 marked on the old map (65), and separated from the churchyard only 
 by B road : clearly this set should come under the class of holy wells ! 
 Here therefore, as at Well Hall, human ingenuity has done almost 
 its worst for the water, most of which must flow at but little depth 
 beneath the churchyard. At the spring-head not far north of the 
 church there is hard grey bedded rock, gritty and shelly. 
 
 The following gaugings of three of the above-noted springs, kindly 
 given by E. J. Silcock, were taken when he was the Engineer for 
 Lynn. The figures stand for gallons a day. 
 
 Well Hall. 
 
 Sow's Head. 
 
 Grimston 
 Church. 
 
 Minimum discharged at end of 
 
 August, 1887 
 On 13th January, 1893 
 
 ,, 25th March, „ 
 
 „ 20th May, 
 
 „ 10th July, 
 
 612,000 
 1, 207,000 
 1,452,000 
 1,020,000 
 
 736,000 
 
 166,600 
 
 278,000 
 307,000 
 459,000 
 368,000 
 
 460,000 
 
 In a Report to the Corporation of Lynn of January, 1893 (in which 
 the first two lines of the above figures were given), J. Mansergh 
 says that probably in the driest seasons 700,000 gallons a day may 
 be relied on from Well Hall and Sow's Head Spring together. 
 
 The increase in the yield of the Sow's Head Spring after March 
 25th, when it should have decreased, is owing to works carried out 
 by Mr. Silcock, in order to find out whether the discharge could 
 be increased, and if so to what extent. The following account of 
 the work done is taken from his Report, dated May 26th, and printed 
 in "Information respecting the Proposed New Water Scheme," 1893. 
 
 A trench was cut eastward from the spring into the hill-side, for 
 50 yards, when the chalk was found to be harder than was expected 
 and the work was stopped. The gauging of March 25th was made 
 a few days after the work had been begun and before the discharge 
 had been affected by it. The yield went on increasing afterwards to 
 the extent of about 50 per cent. A long drought, broken by only 
 very few slight showers, had continued through the first week in 
 March, the effect of which would be to reduce the yield, and the 
 Well Hall yield had decreased 30 per cent. If the Sow's Head 
 yield had decreased at the same rate, as it probably would have done 
 had it been left alone, its discharge on May 20th would have been 
 215,000 gallons, and the increase from the work done in opening 
 out the spring would be 115 per cent., that is, the yield would have 
 been more than doubled. 
 
 Mr. Silcock told me that the heavy rainfall of February 
 affected the springs before the 6th of March, This quick action, as 
 compared with what happens in many Chalk-tracts, is owing to the 
 gathering-ground being all fairly near the springs, which are fed 
 
32 SPRINGS. 
 
 only by the rain that falls on the gentle slope of the broad 
 escarpment. 
 
 Babingley River. 
 
 The higher part of this stream is intermittent, and its springs are 
 noticed on page 37. In a tribntary-valley on the northern side 
 strong springs rise from the junction of the Chalk with the under- 
 lying marl (Gault) in Denbeck Wood, eastwood of Appleton 
 (Appleton Hall of the newer map, 146, in the parish of Flitcham? ). 
 They are used for the supply of Sandringham House, etc. {see p. 54), 
 and F. R. Beck, writing in 1 894, stated that the water is excellent and 
 that the supply never failed until 1893, when the quantity decreased 
 seriously in August and failed altogether at the end of October, the 
 deficiency being got over by pumping water from a shallow spring 
 at the northern end of Sandringham House. The water began to 
 flow again in the beginning of December, and the estate was again 
 wholly supplied from the regular source on the 14th of that month. 
 
 Shorter Valleys. 
 
 A strong spring flows from the Chalk at Shernborne, " the water 
 being doubtless held up by the thin layer of clay (unmappable on 
 the one-inch map) which represents the Gault in this neighbourhood." 
 (A. J. Jukes-Browne.) 
 
 Of the spring west of Bircham Newton, which is not marked on 
 the newer map (146), C. Reid writes : — " From the character of 
 the channel and the abundance of water-plants, the stream is evidently 
 perennial. About 10 chains to the south there is a pond 
 overgrown with sedges evidently on the site of an occasional spring- 
 head. Lower down the valley at Fring more springs occur." 
 
 The chalybeate spring of Ringstead Downs, Hunstanton, is 
 noticed on p. 35. 
 
 Northern Coast and Inland. 
 
 " The freshwater springs to which Wells-next-the-Sea owes its 
 name, flow into the tidal creek at the quay, and may be seen at 
 low water running through the piles, or rising out of the mud." 
 H. B. Woodward, 1884. 
 
 Most of the inland springs have been noticed under the various 
 rivers in whose valleys they occur. 
 
 B. Latham has given the level of 72 and 75 feet above 
 Ordnance Datum for springs at Swanton Morley (Geology of 
 East Dereham, p. 53). 
 
 Two springs at Norwich have been recorded by H. B. 
 Woodward (in his Paper on Springs and in the Norwich Memoir), 
 but in one case the source is not noted, and it may be from beds 
 above the Chalk. It is convenient to keep them together. 
 
 Red Well Street : this is in the parish of St. Michael-at-Flea, also 
 called St. Michael-at-Marpole, "that is Much-Pool, there being 
 formerly a Pool where the Red Well now is. The Pond or Pool was 
 filled up when the Well was made here, and the Pump was first fixed 
 in 1629" (Blomefield's History, fol. ed. p. 719). 
 
 Again quoting Blomefield (p. 798) " close by the River on the left 
 hand, going out of Bishop's Gate, is a spring of pleasant water, 
 
SPRINGS. 33 
 
 formerly much resorted to." A stone conduit was erected over it 
 in 1611. This spring no doubt issued from the Chalk, but as 
 J. W. Robberds has remarked, " whether in consequence of the 
 excavations made in the bed of chalk, through which it flows, or 
 from some hidden cause, it has been completely deserted by nymph 
 of the fountain ; the channel is left dry, and the stream has broken 
 forth again at another point " (Stark's Scenery of the Rivers of 
 Norfolk, 1828, 1834). 
 
 LOWER GREEN8AND. 
 
 Near Blackborough End (Middle ton Hithe of the old map) springs 
 occur about three-quarters of a mile southward of Middleton church. 
 
 There is a spring about five-eighths of a mile N. of W. from East 
 Winch church, where a copse is marked on the map. 
 
 At the eastern side of the little wood at New Spring (not marked 
 on the newer map), and five-eighths of a mile from Gay wood church, 
 there were, in 1886, some shallow cuttings in sand, which was 
 cemented into an ironstone (a sort of bog-iron-ore) at the surface, 
 probably from water thrown out as springs, through the occurrence of 
 clayey beds beneath 
 
 Eastward of Wolferton the bottom part of the sand- tract, north 
 of the railway, is water-logged, so that it forms a very gently inclined 
 boggy plain down to the marsh. 
 
 The wood in the little valley, about a third of a mile south-east- 
 ward of Dersingham church, is very springy and boggy, because of 
 water being thrown out from the ferruginous sand by the underlying 
 clayey beds, which have a narrow outcrop here. 
 
 S. B. J. Skertchly noted springs thrown out from the top 
 division, the Carstone, just eastward, and more than half a mile north- 
 eastward of Lodge Farm (Lodge Hill Farm of the newer map), 
 westward of the village of Snettisham. 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 There is no sharp division between ordinary springs and those 
 which are or have been thought to be of medicinal value, which latter 
 got their reputation from containing rather more of certain solid 
 matters than is usual. It is of interest, however, to treat of them 
 separately, even where their mineral contents are comparatively 
 trifling. They have a literature of their own, and in times past a 
 value was attached to them that does not now hold : probably in 
 Norfolk hardly any are now used. Several are notable only as of 
 chalybeate character; but, as H. B. Woodward says, "at least 
 two springs that attained some note were discovered in the county ; 
 one at Aylsham, and the other at Thetford." l . 
 
 The following notes are arranged in the alphabetic order of the 
 places where the springs occur. 
 
 Aylsham. 
 
 H. B. Woodward has said (in the Cromer Memoir, 1882) :— 
 " About 200 years ago Aylsham was noted for its Spa, a chalybeate 
 
 1 Trans. Norfolk Nat. Soc.. 1882, p. 320. 
 28592 B 
 
34 SPRINGS. 
 
 spring situated a little less than a mile south of the church, and now 
 commemorated in the name of Spa Farm. Probably the same 
 spring trickles along the road-side, issuing from the Glacial Sands 
 and Gravel that cover the rising ground east of the Farm, being 
 thrown out by the Brick-earth (Contorted Drift) beneath. The Spa, 
 it is said, was formerly much resorted to by invalids afflicted with 
 asthma and othor chronic diseases. 1 ' 
 
 Cromer district (see also Mundesley). 
 
 C. Reid has said of the neighbourhood of Cromer (1882) : — 
 " Ferruginous springs are often given out by the Glacial Gravels, 
 but I do not know of any other class of mineral waters in the area 
 (Map 68, E.). In many places, especially near Overstrand, red 
 stains are seen in the face of the cliff, marking the spots where 
 ferruginous water oozes through the Boulder Clay." 
 
 There is a reference to the question, "Had Cromer ever a Mineral 
 Spring?" by Walter Rye in the "Norfolk Antiquarian Mis- 
 cellany," vol. ii, pt. ii, p. 391, in which some letters of 1633 refer to 
 this ; but no satisfactory answer seems to be given, and their writer 
 went to Tonbridge ( ? T. Wells) instead of to Cromer. 
 
 East Dereham. 
 
 H. B. Woodward tells us that " in the churchyard is a well 
 
 dedicated to Withburga Although supposed by some to have 
 
 been used as a baptistery, it is probable that this well .... was 
 
 visited by the sick at certain appropriate seasons Mr. J . H. 
 
 Blake informs me that the spring issues at the junction of Glacial 
 sand and gravel with the chalky Boulder Clay beneath." x 
 
 Easton. 
 
 In the bottom of the valley of the Tud, close to the boundary 
 between the parishes of Easton and Costessey and more than a mile 
 E.N.E. of the church of the former, is St. Walstan's Well. Whether 
 the source is from Drift, Crag, or Chalk I cannot say. 
 
 According to H. B. Woodward's account (in his paper and in 
 the Norwich Memoir) Blomefield (in his History, fol. ed., vol. i, 
 p. 461) sajs that on Church Farm, a little below Bawburgh church 
 (in the valley of the Yare), there was a healing spring, called St. 
 Walstan's Well. The saint was born in that parish, and lies in 
 Costessy Wood, and a spring rose at the spot. This must be the 
 spring above noted ; but I can find no other note of the Bawburgh 
 one. 
 
 Gay wood. 
 
 The chalybeate Riffley Spring, just over a mile north-eastward 
 of the church, at Spring Farm of the newer map (145), used to be 
 visited for its water, which may rise from a sandy bed in the 
 Boulder Clay. 
 
 Holkham, Seething, Shelfhanger. 
 
 H. B. Woodward says : — " Mr. R. J. Morton has informed me of 
 a Chalybeate Spring at Seething ; I learn of another at Holkham 
 
 1 Trans. Norfolk Nat. Soc, 1882, p. 319. 
 
SPRINGS. 35 
 
 from Mr. A. J. Napier; and Mr. F. J. Bennett reports the dis- 
 covery of one at Shelfhanger," l for an analysis of the water of 
 which see p. 143. 
 
 Hunstanton. 
 
 At Barrett Ringstead Farm (a name that does not appear on the 
 newer map, 129), at the western end of the marked valley of Ring- 
 stead Downs, a chalybeate spring, as A. J. Jukes-Browne remark.-, 
 " rises from the middle of the Lower Chalk probably about 20 feet 
 ihove its base. The existence of such a spring in Chalk is unusual, 
 and is probably in this case to be explained by the occurrence of a 
 fissure traversing the Chalk and the Red Rock below so that there 
 is a communication with the underlying Carstone (Lower Green- 
 sand). The ferruginous sandstone is probably saturated with 
 water, and a local fissure may allow this water to escape upward 
 and mix with that which percolates down the valley in the Chalk. 1 ' 
 The site is a little east of the road, \\ miles south of Hunstanton 
 church. 
 
 Mundesley, Sfc. 
 
 Chambers', General History of the County of Norfolk (vol. ii, 
 p. 1 333), mentions a mineral spring found in 1823. " The well which 
 has been sunk is not more than 600 yards from the edge of the cliff, 
 and is 56 feet deep." The present distance from the cliff is doubtful. 
 H. B. Woodward says : — "I can learn nothing further concerning 
 this .... but along the cliffs between Happisburgh and Wey- 
 bourne there are numerous springs, some of which are conspicuously 
 charged with iron-ore." 2 
 
 In the discussion on this paper F. Sutton said "that the nearest 
 approach to medicinal waters occurring in Norfolk was to be found 
 in the Glacial beds near Cromer and Mundesley," in which he had 
 found "notable quantities of iron, soda, potash, &c, but still not 
 enough to render them really medicinal." 3 
 
 North Walsham. 
 
 It has been noted by II. B. Woodward that nearly a mile east 
 of the town "is a place called 'Spa Common,' which is suggestive of 
 a mineral spring, but I have not been able to obtain any information 
 about it." 2 
 
 Ou It on. 
 
 Blomefield in his History of Norfolk (1769, vol. iii, p. 617) 
 says : — " There is a fine spring called the Spaw, being a strong 
 Mineral, much frequented formerly, before the Spaw at Aylesham 
 (some four miles off) had gained its reputation." 
 
 Stibbard. 
 
 The chalybeate spring, from Glacial sand, here is noticed above, 
 p. 28. 
 
 (») Trans. Norfolk Nut. Soc, 1883, p. 325. 
 (*) Trans. Norfolk Nat. Soc. } 1882, p. 321. 
 ( 3 ) Norfolk Chronicle, 5 Nov., 1881. 
 28592 B 2 
 
36 SPRINGS. 
 
 Thetford. 
 
 The following notes are taken chiefly from F. Accum's Guide 
 to the Chalybeate Spring . . . , 1819, pp. 59, 64, 65, 75, 159. 
 
 " The water of the chalybeate spa rises in a verdant meadow, at 
 the east end ... of the town, near New Place." 
 
 * The water taken fresh from the basin of its spring is as trans- 
 parent as rock crystal, and perfectly colourless. Its taste is 
 distinctly chalybeate." 
 
 "The temperature of the water before it reaches the air, is 
 invariably ten degrees below the temperature of the surrounding 
 atmosphere [not in winter ?]. It is therefore one of those springs 
 which lie so deep in the bowels of the earth, that it can neither 
 be influenced by the scorching sun-beams in summer, nor by frost 
 in winter." 
 
 " A large quantity of air bubbles are frequently seen to ascend 
 from the bottom of the spring . . . and a thin column of steam 
 generally hovers over the surface of the spring during the cool of 
 the morning and evening." 
 
 " The water lines the stone reservoir at the part where the air 
 touches the water, as well as the channel through which it flows 
 with a yellow brown precipitate." 
 
 " The quantity of water afforded by the spring amounts to 
 nineteen gallons in an hour.' 
 
 " The water . . . after having been exposed to the open air for a 
 few hours become turbid . . . and in twenty-four hours a precipitate 
 becomes deposited." 
 
 For his analysis of the water see p. 143. 
 
 " The ground about the spring was cleared . . . the spring was 
 enclosed ; a stone pavement laid round it; and in August 1818, the 
 spring was opened to the free . . . use of the poor." 
 
 The medicinal characters are discussed at length. 
 
 At the end it is noted that " another Chalybeate Spring has 
 been found at Thetford," but the site is not given. It " affords an 
 abundant supply of water, which greatly resembles the original 
 Thetford Chalybeate." 
 
 H. B. Woodward says, " The Spa at Thetford was probably 
 the most important one in Norfolk : it was known and analyzed in 
 the year 1746 by Matthew Manning. . . . The Spa House still 
 remains, though the visitors have long since ceased to come." ( ! ) 
 
 Wormegay. 
 
 According to H. Jones "there was a spring . . . just out 
 of Setch (a name not on the one-inch maps, except in the form of 
 the Setchy River) ... to which people used to go some years 
 ago ... to drink the water." ( 2 ) The water presumably- comes from 
 Drift. 
 
 ( J ) Trans. Norfolk Nat. Soc, 1882, pp. 320, 321. 
 
 (») H. B. Woodward, Trans. Norfolk Nat. Soc, 1883, p. 526. 
 
BOURNES. 37 
 
 OCCURRENCES CONNECTED WITH UNDERGROUND 
 
 WATER. 
 
 It is convenient to treat here of various subjects that are 
 apparently dependent on underground water, chiefly in the Chalk, 
 the last two of which are especially in evidence in Norfolk, whilst 
 the first is common to all large tracts of Chalk. 
 
 Bournes, or Intermittent Streams. 
 
 In the broad Chalk-tracts of England the streams which rise in 
 them and flow down the valleys are found to vary in their starting 
 points. A. 8 a rule there is one spot below which there is always 
 water, a permanent stream ; but above this we find an occasional 
 stream, with varying points of outburst ; so that parts of valleys 
 that are usually dry become channels of flowing water. 
 
 This is owing simply to changes in the level of the plane of 
 saturation, or water-table. After wet seasons the underground 
 water-level rises, until at length it reaches above the level of the 
 valley-bottom, with the result of course that the water flows out, 
 sometimes for several miles above the usual point of outflow, the 
 distance varying with the amount of rain that has fallen. 
 
 The explanation is perfectly simple, and explains every occurrence 
 of the sort. Consequently it is not always believed in even now. Of 
 old so simple an explanation was of course not thought of, and 
 various wonderful theories were propounded. 
 
 The subject has a large literature, and has been dealt with in 
 detail in other Water Supply Memoirs, on the counties of Bucks, 
 and Herts., of Hants., of Kent and of Surrey, and there is no need 
 to say more of it now. 
 
 (x. Barrow has said of a bourne in a northerly tributarv of the 
 Wissey (Gology of S.W. Norfolk, 1893), "At Drymere Pit, 
 about two miles S.W. of S waff ham, water flows out after wet 
 weather and a large covered drain has been made to carry off the 
 water, which often used to flood the little valley in the rainy season. 
 In summer however the outflow is lower down . . . near Shingham 
 and Beachamwell." 
 
 The main springs of the Babingley River rise about half a mile 
 above Flitcham Abbey ; but above this the stream is a bourne, 
 water only running continuously after heavy rains have caused the 
 underground water-level to rise. In February, 1883, I noted that 
 the outflow started in a pool and wet ground below Massingham 
 Station. Lower down the flow was discontinuous, whilst still lower it 
 became nearly continuous, and then above the Flitcham springs, there 
 were detached sheets of water. There was also water up the side- 
 valley to the north, westward of Harpley. 
 
 H. B. Woodward writes that the valley along which the 
 railway runs from Stanhoe Station to Burnham Westgate is always 
 dry in the summer, but during the winter months a stream begins 
 to run after the autumnal rains and flows through Burnham, 
 continuing generally until May. 
 
 28592 B 3 
 
38 BOURNES. 
 
 According to the same writer the Wensum is said to rise at 
 Wicken Pond, on the border of Tattersett and Syderstone ; but 
 after wet weather it rises at higher and higher levels, towards 
 Barmer, according to the amount of the rainfall and the consequent 
 saturation of the Chalk. At such times many small sheets of water 
 or meres, occur here and there in the valley. 
 
 H. B. Woodward again says of the Burn (see p. 8). " In 
 (after) wet weather, owing to the saturation of the Chalk, this 
 stream rises at a higher level and forms pools and sheets of water 
 south of Compton House." ( x ) The name Waterden, for a place a 
 little eastward, is suggestive of a still higher outflow. 
 
 Meres. 
 
 Norfolk is notable for the many tracts of inland water that occur 
 in it. The well-known Broads are the chief of these, and some of 
 them have large areas. They occur along the river, and are 
 broadenings of these. They have a literature of their own, and 
 have been noticed in the Memoirs on the Norwich, Attleborough, 
 and Yarmouth Maps. 
 
 We are not however concerned with these, but the smaller water- 
 areas of the Meres are to a great extent connected with underground 
 water. They occur chiefly in the wild heathy tract northward of 
 Thetford, and have been described in some detail by F. J. Bennett 
 from whose account the following remarks are mostly taken.( 2 ) 
 
 " They generally consist of small circular pools of water occupy- 
 ing crater-shaped hollows, with neither outlet nor inlet, and they 
 are confined to that portion of the district where the Chalk comes 
 to the surface, or where it is only very thinly covered by sandy 
 drift." y 
 
 " An examination of this heathy tract shows that the ground is 
 pitted with a great number of these hollows, nearly all of which are 
 dry at the bottom, though some of them contain water after much 
 wet weather. At one time, no doubt, all these holes had water in 
 them ; but as the country around was from time to time brought into 
 cultivation and the land drained, the water-level in the Chalk, 
 whence these Meres derive their supply, was lowered, and so most of 
 them became dry." 
 
 The surface of the Chalk is much piped and " some of the pipes 
 extend to a great depth and are filled with . . . sand, this being the 
 locally prevailing drift over the Chalk. After a heavy rainfall the 
 water would fill these pipes, passing down into [to] the water-level 
 of the Chalk where they penetrated deeply enough, and enlarging 
 the hole to that level by the dissolution of the Chalk. . . Again, as 
 the water-level in the Chalk rose, so would the water ascend, rising 
 through these pipes by preference, and falling, of course, as the 
 level fell ; this rise and fall of the water through these pipes, 
 acting chemically and mechanically, would enlarge them till the 
 basins were formed." 
 
 C 1 ) Geology of the Gotmtry around Fakenham, 1884, p. 1. 
 O The Geology of Attleborough &c. 1884, pp. 17-21. 
 
MERES. 39 
 
 " That these meres are all fed from springs from the Chalk at 
 (about) the same water-level is probable from the fact that they are 
 all at nearly the same height above the sea." 
 
 The Meres to which Bennett alludes, as in the Chalk-tract, are 
 Mickle Mere (in East and West Wretham), Hill Mere and Scot 
 Mere (in West Wretham, all these being in Wretham Park), Fowl 
 Mere (in West Wretham and Croxton), Home Mere and Punch- 
 bowl Mere (both in West Wretham), Long Mere (Lang of the 
 newer map, in East and West Wretham), Ring Mere (in East 
 Wretham and Kilverstone) and Quiddenham Mere. It is curious 
 rlmt four of the nine are in two parishes. 
 
 Besides these there are some others, in the Boulder Clay-tract, 
 which are caused by the partial damming up of the streams along 
 which they occur. These of course have nothing to do with 
 underground water. 
 
 In 1869 H. Stevenson visited the three Meres of Wretham 
 Heath, u which, from time immemorial, have been the natural 
 watering places of the cattle and sheep depastured in that wild 
 country ; and which, like oases in the desert, delight the eye with 
 their unlooked for and refreshing waters." He describes Ringmere, 
 Langmere, and Foulmere. Of the first he says that " no less than 
 seven parishes have the right of watering sheep" at it. In 1859 it 
 dry, "and a hole dug in the middle, about four feet deep, 
 supplied no water," but two pits dug near by soon filled with water. 
 " On the other hand, in some wet seasons, the waters of Ringmere 
 have not only filled the basin, but have flowed over the road, till 
 horses could stand knee deep, and then, flooding the level heath, have 
 been known to extend themselves for nearly three miles, down to the 
 Roudham houses (a clear case of a Bourne, see p. 37). In that same 
 summer of 1859, Langmere was quite dry, and Foulmere consisted 
 only of a small pond at the further end of the basin . . . ." 
 
 " In the hot summei>of 1868, the waters were very low in all the 
 three Meres, but never dry." 
 
 It has been said that these Meres have never covered so large an 
 area since "the West Mere was drained, in 1851, and the Great 
 Mere in 1859" ; but he holds that they " have dried up from other 
 causes than drainage." ( ! ) 
 
 In 1903 we had an account of Ringmere, Langmere, Foulmere and 
 the Devil's Punch Bowl by W. G. Clarke, 2 with special reference 
 to the question whether the Meres depend on overground or 
 underground water. He says " The fact that three of the more 
 northerly meres contained, when drained, traces of the pile-dwellings 
 of prehistoric man, proves that these pools have not been formed 
 during the historic period." lie gives an account of the varying 
 conditions of the four Meres and their water. It has been said " that 
 the meres have been gradually getting dry since the well was made 
 at the Thetford Waterworks in 1876. It has also been stated that 
 there is most water in the meres in the driest summers. Facts 
 prove that there is as little reason in these contentions as in the 
 tradition which said that the price of corn rose with the waters of 
 Ringmere," which was not the case. On the other hand, it can " be 
 
 (») Trans. Norfolk Nat. Soc, 1870, Vol. i, pt. i, pp. 36-41. 
 ( 2 ) Tram. Norf. Nat. 8oc., Vol. vii, pt. 4, pp. 499-511. 
 2S592 B 4 
 
40 MERES. 
 
 shown that the rainfall is solely responsible for the fluctuations of 
 the water in the meres, not as surface water — or should ponds and 
 wells on higher levels contain water when the meres are dry ? — but 
 so far as the rainfall affects the level of saturation in the Chalk." 
 He gives an account of the rainfall over various periods, in one case 
 showing " a maximum difference in the quinquennial periods of forty- 
 seven inches .... and a minimum of thirty inches', " which seems 
 " sufficient to account for the remarkable fluctuations of the water in 
 these meres .... It may also be noted that in 1882 when the meres 
 were at their highest level for many years, the rainfall (of the county) 
 was 33*34 inches, the highest yearly register for many decades." The 
 paper ends with a table of the fluctuations of the four meres, up to 
 1902. 
 
 Perhaps the most striking of all the Meres is that described by 
 F. J. Bennett in the Memoir on the Geology of the Country around 
 Diss, 1884, as follows : — 
 
 " The Mere at Diss probably decided the situation of the town, 
 which partly surrounds it. This expanse of water, which is oval in 
 shape, is bounded on the north by steep shelving banks, while at one 
 point on the south the margin is nearly level and has a communication 
 with the Waveney, which, however, I believe to be an artificial one." 
 
 " The water is derived chiefly from springs in the Chalk, for 
 although the Mere lies in the Glacial Sands, these sands are not very 
 thick, so that its bottom, which lies deep down, must be on the Chalk." 
 
 A survey of 1835 makes the area 5 acres, 1 rood, 11^ poles, and 
 the depth of the water (at the most) varied from 15 to 19^ feet. 
 " But this did not include the depth of the mud, which must be con- 
 siderable, the part of the town bordering the Mere having drained 
 into it for a great number of years." 
 
 " An old analysis of the water showed the presence in it of chlorides 
 of lime and sodium, and of carbonate of lime ; while the mud was 
 found to be impregnated with various substances, derived most likely 
 from the sewage and other impurities originally carried into the 
 Mere. No one now, however, is allowed to pollute it in this way." 
 
 J. E. Taylor has said, of the Norfolk Meres, " As a rule, they, 
 are situated on the upper boulder clays . . . They are not in connection 
 with any rivers, and rarely with even small streams. They occupy 
 the lower parts of the district, and are fed by small runnels during 
 rainy weather. Hence they frequently dry up during a season of 
 drought, their water supply being simply the storage of wet 
 seasons. I do not think many of the Meres are fed by springs. 
 If they were, the springs would have to issue from the drift 
 sand which usually lie (lies) underneath the boulder clay, and 
 I think a communication like this would be much more likely to 
 let the water out, than to pour it in." 
 
 He regards Diss Mere as due to glacial action. ( x ) 
 
 Mannington Mere is noticed further on, p. 42. 
 
 Subsidences. 
 This subject is allied to the foregoing, for many Meres owe their 
 origin largely to subsidence. But many subsidences have not resulted 
 in the formation of Meres. 
 
 0) Trans. Norf. Nat. Soc, 1872, vol. i, pt. iii, pp. 38, 39. 
 
SUBSIDENCES. 41 
 
 We have records of the occurrence of subsidence of the ground in 
 Norfolk, and these add to the probability of other hollows of which 
 there is no record, or which were formed before records were 
 invented, being clue to a like cause. 
 
 According to information given to me by a farmer, in 1883, the 
 strange hollows in the lower ground of East Walton, which have 
 probably been caused by Chalk-springs, were known to increase; 
 and he had noticed sinking of the ground after hot weather. 
 
 The tract between Walton Common and Gayton Thorpe Common 
 is peculiar, being partly boggy, but with sandy mounds and roundish 
 ponds, the latter surrounded by banks, like earth-works. These 
 ponds seem to be due to the sinking of the beds, so that the surface 
 has got to below saturation-level in the Chalk, and water consequently 
 appears : they are in fact small Meres. 
 
 The Rev. D'A. Preston gave the Geological Survey the 
 following particulars of a small but remarkable subsidence which 
 occurred in August, 1879, on a farm in the parish of Rockland 
 (?St. Peters or All Saints). The summer had been wet, and suddenly, 
 with a noise as of thunder, the ground gave way, forming a deep shaft, 
 up which water rushed, to 10 feet from the top. The hole was 30 feet 
 deep : it gradually closed up to within 10 feet of the top, when it was 
 filled up. The spot is on fairly high ground, on Boulder Clay, with 
 patches of coarse gravel and sand. F. J. Bennett suggests that 
 "just below the subsidence there may have been a nest of gravel or 
 sand thinly core-red by Boulder Clay ; the water that filled the hole may 
 have risen up this pipe and have washed out the sand and gravel, and 
 the support being removed may have caused the roof of the hole 
 to fall in." When he "saw it some time after the occurrence the hole 
 was perfectly cylindrical and some 10 feet deep and 6 feet across, but 
 there was no water in it.'V) 
 
 In treating of the country around Fakenham, Wells, and Holt 
 (Maps 66, N.W. and S. W.) H. B. Woodward has said : " Owing 
 to dissolution of the Chalk or Chalky Drift, subsidences of the 
 ground have taken place at various times. But they may be in 
 part due to other causes, as, for instance, where subterranean 
 denudation, or removal of sand by springs, may have led to the 
 falling in of small tracts of ground." 
 
 An instance which occurred two centuries ago in the parish of 
 Mannington was recorded by P. Le Neve as follows : — ( 2 ) 
 
 On July 23rd, 1717, "in the Grounds ... of Sir Charles Petts 
 ... in the day time, to the great astonishment of those that were 
 present ; first one single Oak, with the Roots and Ground about it, 
 was seen to subside and sink into the Earth, and not long after, at 
 about 40 Yards distance, two other Oaks that were contiguous, 
 sank after the same manner, into a much larger Pit ; being about 
 33 Foot Diameter, whereas the former is not fully 18..." 
 
 " When the first Tree sunk, it was observed, that the Water 
 boy I'd up in the Hole ; but upon the sinking of the greater Pit, 
 that Water drain'd off into it, from the former, which now continues 
 dry. The depth thereof to the firm Bottom is nine Foot three 
 Inches. ... In the bottom of the greater pit, there is a Pool of 
 
 (*) The Geology of the Country around Attleborough, etc., 1884, p. 21. 
 (») Phil. Tram., 1718, vol. xxx., pp. 766-768. 
 
42 SUBSIDENCES. 
 
 Water about 8 Foot Diameter ; whose Surface is 1 1 Foot 3 Inches 
 below the Ground." 
 
 " The Soil on which these Trees grew, is Gravelly ; but the 
 Bottom is a Quick-sand over a Clay, upon which there are Springs, 
 which feed large Ponds ... at about a quarter of a Mile from 
 these Holes." 
 
 "The Nature of the Soil seems to afford us a reasonable 
 conjecture at the Cause of this odd accident. . . . The Springs 
 running over the Clay at the bottom of a Bed of very minute 
 (= fine) Sand . . . may reasonably be supposed in many Ages 
 to have washt away the Sand, and to have thereby excavated a 
 kind of Subterraneous Lake, over which these Trees grew : and 
 the force of the Winds, on their Leaves and Branches, agitating 
 their Roots, may well have loosened the Sand under them, and 
 occasioned it to fall in, more frequently than elsewhere ; whereby 
 in length of time the thin Bed of Gravel being only left, it might 
 become unable to support its own weight and that of the Trees it 
 bore. That this is not a bare conjecture, may appear from the 
 boyling up of the Water at first in the lesser Hole, and its standing 
 in the bigger and lower." 
 
 In alluding to the subsidences at Mannington H. B. Woodward 
 has said : " I was informed that Mannington Mere arose from a 
 subsidence of the ground that took place in 1704." He adds 
 that these subsidences s; happened in a tract of ground where 
 Glacial Sands rest on Glacial Marl.'^ 1 ) 
 
 We have also another old record, by a Mr. Arderon, 2 who says 
 that in the night (J une 24th-25th) a violent thunder-storm occurred 
 at and around Norwich, and that " at Horseford . . . about four 
 Miles North-west of this City, a remarkable Phenomenon appeared 
 the next Day, the like whereof has not been observed in this County, 
 since that communicated," as above. 
 
 " A sudden . . . Sinking down of the Earth, happened in this 
 Village, in the Night above-mentioned, and left a Hole twelve 
 Feet deep, and twelve and half in Diameter, in Form almost 
 exactly round. Its sides are nearly perpendicular; and what seems 
 most strange, no Ruffles, Cracks, or Chasms, are to be found nigh 
 it, but the Ground appears intirely firm and solid ; and for Miles 
 about is a fine Champaign Country, of a dry sandy Soil, but not 
 hilly ; neither is there any Watercourse above Ground near it." 
 
 " The first Yard from the Surface downwards is Corn-mould 
 Earth ; the other three are composed of brown and yellow Sand, 
 disposed in several different Strata" 
 
 " Might it not possibly be occasioned by some subterraneous 
 Current washing away the sandy Matter by little and little, until 
 it had left only a Crust, which the Tremor of this terrible Thunder 
 had thrown down from the very Surface ; though on this Conjecture, 
 one would expect some Overflow or Appearance of Water ; whereas 
 I could not perceive here the Remains of a single Drop." 
 
 " At Bristan (Briston) . . . the neighbourhood were alarmed by a 
 considerable sinking-in of the earth near the road, on Saturday the 
 21st of June (1788), in the night ; but on the Sunday following, in 
 
 (*) Trans. Norf. Nat. Soc, 1884, vol. iii., pt. v. 
 (*) Phil. Trans., vol. xliii., pp. 527, 528. 
 
SUBSIDENCES. 43 
 
 the evening, a much larger sinking took place in a plough-field 
 adjoining the road, the figure nearly circular, 210 feet in circum- 
 ference, 60 feet in diameter, and in depth about 27 feet, with an 
 irregular slope ; upon examination, another falling-in was discovered 
 about 90 feet in circumference ; and all these without any agitation 
 in the air, shock of earthquake, or the least subterranean noise. 
 Holes have fallen in since, but none to produce a serious alarm." (*) 
 
 H. B. Woodward has said "These sinkings as well as those at 
 Mannington, may have been partly aided by dissolution of the 
 Chalk beneath the Glacial Dnft."( 2 ) 
 
 A. W. Moraxt has given us the following record. " The farm at 
 Whitlingham, upon which the sewage of Norwich is pumped, has 
 for subsoil the sands forming . . . the Norwich Crag, which lies 
 immediately upon the Chalk, having a depth . . . of 30 feet or 40 feet 
 When the sewage was first allowed to flow over the land, we were 
 astonished day by day to find the fields to be soon covered with circular 
 holes, usually about 3 feet, 4 feet, or 5 feet in diameter and of various 
 depths, the side always being vertical ; on one occasion the ground 
 suddenly subsided for a space of 21 feet in diameter and to a depth 
 of 12 feet . . . and it appeared probable that the subsidence had 
 taken place in these holes on account of the large quantity of water 
 flowing over and working into the land so far in excess of any 
 rainfall the soil had previously been exposed to."( 3 ) 
 
 This is somewhat suggestive of possible pollution of water in the 
 Chalk. 
 
 To conclude with another old record, for which I am indebted to 
 G. W. Lamplugh (dated September 6th, 1793). "A spot of 
 ground nearly 20 yards in circumference, of a circular form, 
 yesterday, sunk to the depth of five feet, in the parish of Felming- 
 ham, Norfolk ; and, on the day following, another chasm nine feet 
 in depth, and of about the same extent and form as the afore- 
 mentioned, was discovered in a field in the same parish. The earth* 
 is much cracked round the spots, but the parts settled are perfectly 
 whole."( 4 ) 
 
 (>) Gent. Mag. 1788, vol. lviii, pt. ii, p. 649. 
 (') Trans. Norf. Nat. Soc. 1884, vol. iii, pt. v. 
 ( 3 ) Engineer, vol. ii, p. 123. Quoted in the Norwich Memoir, 1881, pp. 139, 140. 
 ( 4 ) The Annual Register . . . for . . . 1793, pp. 40, 41. 
 
44 CONTAMINATION. 
 
 CONTAMINATION AND RISK THEREOF. 
 
 General Remarks. 
 
 The protection of water from pollution is clearly so important 
 that one is often surprised at things done that can hardly fail to 
 affect the purity of water. Such errors in the past were owing 
 mostly to ignorance or carelessness ; but whilst in old times there 
 was little knowledge on this subject, that excuse does not hold now. 
 We have now a great accumulation of evidence in this matter ; 
 we have had outbreaks of disease clearly traced to contamination of 
 water-supplies: we have been taught by experience. 
 
 It is useful then to collect together accounts of cases in our county 
 in which examinations as to the risk of contamination have been 
 made, so that by study of the past we may be armed to deal with 
 the problems of the future. 
 
 In 1879 F. Sutton, the then County Analyst, wrote as follows: 
 " During the past few years I have examined more than 1,500 
 specimens of Norfolk waters, and more than 1,000 of them had 
 to be condemned as being unfit for drinking purposes owing to the 
 presence of sewage matter. Of course, in many of these the exami- 
 nation was merely for health purposes, and extended only to the 
 organic impurities and such of the mineral matters as might be 
 the result of contamination. When I had the opportunity of 
 tracing the character of the wells I have almost invariably found 
 that those which had to be condemned were the shallow wells (in 
 gravels and sands) ... In some instances the waters have been 
 found polluted in deep chalk wells, but here it is always the case 
 that impure matter has been leaking into the upper part of the well 
 from a cesspool or similar impurity situated in porous soil ; in all 
 such cases puddling the upper part of the well with clay has sufficed 
 to get rid of the mischief." Q) 
 
 In December, 1911, Dr. J. T. C. Nash, in a Quarterly Report 
 to the County Council said : " When wells and privies or cesspits 
 are found within a few yards of each other in porous soil, and in 
 such relative positions as ensures the gravitation of underground 
 water from the cesspit towards the well, pollution is obviously 
 possible, and in such cases chemical and bacteriological analysis 
 merely serve to estimate the degree of pollution, or to strengthen 
 the. position of the Sanitary Authority in dealing with the matter 
 The questions of water supply and sewage disposal are closely related, 
 and cannot be considered apart." 
 
 Many incidental remarks on this subject have found a place in 
 the accounts of wells, etc., as may be seen from the Index ; but it 
 seems well to treat separately of cases that have been more specially 
 described, and these will be taken in their order of date, except that 
 two references to the same place are put together. 
 
 It must be understood however that we are dealing with the past, 
 and that in the present things may have improved, and in some cases 
 the evil may have been got rid of. 
 
 (*) Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc, pt. iii., p. 88. 
 
CONTAMINATION. 45 
 
 Local Cases. 
 
 Naturally for full accounts of these we are chiefly dep ndent on 
 the valuable set of Reports made to the Local Government Board, 
 to which the reader is referred for many details. 
 
 * Swaffham. 
 
 In his Report to the General Board of Health, 1849, W. Lee 
 noticed th<' dead wells in use for drainage-purposes, and >howed 
 how they were likely to result in the pollution of the water-wells 
 from which the inhabitants got their supply. These dead wells 
 varied from four to eight feet in diameter, and from. 30 to 60 in 
 depth, and it is said " that there are 45 of these immense dead wells 
 in use in the town, besides others abandoned." 
 
 Since then a sewage-scheme has been establisherl . The following 
 note is connected therewith : — 
 
 The water used in the town is (or was) returned to the Chalk in 
 the form of sewage, which is poured into an old chalk-pit on the 
 eastern side of the road in the valley between Carol House and 
 North Pickenham Warren, and about two miles S.S.E. of the 
 waterworks. 
 
 I diew attention to this in lSSe^ 1 ) and said that luckily the 
 sewage-pit seems not to be in the line of flow of underground water 
 towards the town (and waterworks), and luckily it is some way from 
 houses. As, however, we know little about the distance to which 
 sewage in bulk may flow underground with retention of polluting 
 power this experiment is of interest. 
 
 Norwich. 
 
 As a specimen of past conditions, and of what may be called, in 
 the strict meaning of the term (not the chemical one), " previous 
 sewage contamination," the following is interesting. The pages of 
 the Report quoted from are 50, 51, 61 : — 
 
 In 1851 W. Lee reported to the General Board of Health that 
 there were "10 public pumps ; and, although I do not here allege 
 anything as to the quality of the water from them, it is a singular 
 fact that five of them are situated adjoining to churchyards crowded 
 with corpses." 
 
 He records also that " the private pumps in Norwich are of 
 peculiar construction, being formed out of trunks, without casing. 
 
 He speaks too of a collection of 50 houses which " have no water 
 but (from) the churchyard pump " (St. Augustine's), and notes that 
 in one part "some wells have been turned into cesspools," and alludes 
 to other delightful arrangements. 
 
 " It was stated that the city contained 1,000 public and private 
 wells. . . The analysis of Mr. Dalrymple {see p. 159) proves to what 
 a great extent the wells are polluted, and that the water is quite 
 unfit for dietetic purposes." 
 
 " The result of my inspection, and the evidence, proves generally, 
 that the city is almost entirely dependent upon a polluted river, 
 polluted wells, and utterly inadequate public works for its supply 
 of water." 
 
 Q) Trans. San. Inst., vol. viii. 
 
46 CONTAMINATION. 
 
 Later on the water-supplies of various public institutions are 
 condemned. 
 
 These things all occurred before the Company ha I started its 
 supply. 
 
 In 1888 Dr. H. Airy said that in the suburban part of Catton 
 parish " some wells were noticed in close relation with privief and 
 cesspools," and in the list of households attacked with diphtheria in 
 the northern outskirts most were served by independent pumps or 
 wells, few having the city-supply^ 1 ) 
 
 Hempton. 
 
 According to a letter from F. Coomber, in 1889, the water- 
 supply of this village, got from surface-wells, was impure and unfit 
 for domestic use. It had given rise to an epidemic of typhoid 
 fever. 
 
 Lynn. 
 
 In 1892 there was an outbreak of typhoid fever in this town, and 
 it was investigated by Dr. R. B. Low,( 2 ) who referred its origin to 
 the polluted water-supply. At that time the water was taken 
 from the Gaywood River, some little way below the springs at the 
 head thereof (see p. 30) and so it is really outside the scope of 
 this Memoir, which deals with underground water ; but I cannot 
 help referring to it, as it seems so clear a case, and one to the possi- 
 bility of which I drew attention more than eight years before the 
 event, in an address to the Norwich Geological Society, delivered in 
 1883, and which Dr. Low did me the honour to quote. 
 
 Although this outbreak caused 16 fatal cases, it did not bring 
 about a new water-supply, though enteric fever continued, and in 
 October and November, 1897, there was a second epidemic, with 43 
 deaths, in Lynn and Gaywood, according to the Report of 
 Dr. F. St. G. Mivart to the Local Government Board (No. 
 123, 1898). 
 
 He quotes from a MS. Report of my own (1892), as follows : — 
 
 " The southern, and apparently the most powerful, set of springs 
 (of the Gaywood River) at Well Hall, seems to be looked on as the 
 fit receptacle for all the filth of the farmyard. One building is 
 directly over a spring, the water of which may be seen oozing out 
 from under the outer wall. At the time of my visit a liberal 
 allowance of muck, of which I did not care to make a minute 
 examination, had been thrown down about as near as possible to 
 others of the many springs here." 
 
 Dr. Mivart goes on to say " The above description depicts 
 accurately the state of things at Well Hall at the time of my visit " 
 (1897), and he notes other sources of pollution, which are " significant 
 of the indifference of the population of the district to the purity of 
 their water supply." This too was almost in defiance of a statement 
 by eight medical men practising in Lynn, made in 1893. 
 
 Luckily these are now things of the past, as far as public water- 
 supply is concerned, and the inhabitants of Lynn and part of its 
 
 (*) Report to the Local Government Board, No. 34. pp. 7-10 
 (*) Report to the Local Government Board, No. 63. 
 
CONTAMINATION. 47 
 
 neighbourhood are now served with a pure supply of water, from a 
 well in the parish of Gayton (see p. 87). 
 
 hoddon. 
 
 Before 1895 the town seems to have been free from enteric fever ; 
 but in that year there was an outbreak, which was reported 
 on by Dr. S. M. Copeman (Local Government Board, No. 95), 
 whose description of the water-supply is given on p. 99. 
 
 He says that " suspicion had arisen as to the water of the town 
 pump having some concern in the spread of enteric fever in the 
 place," and this seems to have been justified, for " in by far the 
 greater number of invaded households it was from the town pump 
 that the water-supply had been obtained." Moreover " with very 
 few exceptions, the houses in Loddon invaded by the disease are in 
 close proximity to the Green, in the centre of which the town pump 
 stands." 
 
 The use of this well was stopped, the handle of the pump being 
 chained up, and "it is of interest to observe that, with a single 
 exception, the disease had completely died out within three weeks of 
 the supply coming practically to an end, and within less than a 
 fortnight of the pump being chained up . . . so that ... it would 
 appear not improbable that the disuse of the water-suppy afforded 
 by the town pump and the cessation of the disease may have stood 
 
 the relation to each other of cause and effect." 
 
 32 cases of fever were notified, of which no less than 8 were fatal. 
 
 An experiment was made to see if the supply from the town- 
 pump could be improved, " the well was opened out, cleansed, 
 1 bottom-fied,' and the water pumped out repeatedly, after which a 
 supply of lime was put into the well. While these operations were 
 m progress a large ' soakage ' well was discovered at a distance of 
 about 5 yards from the pump well . . . This soakage well was 
 apparently between 8 and 9 feet deep, but on investigation it was 
 found that there existed a further depth of about 15 feet, which was 
 filled up by black mud, the bottom of which was, roughly speaking, 
 on a level with the surface-water in the pump well. No direct 
 overflow from the soakage well had been provided, so that as neither 
 well was steined it is very probable that a quantity of fluid material 
 found its way through the intervening soil from the soakage well 
 to that in connection with the town pump. In consequence of this 
 supposition the mud was removed from the soakage well, some lime 
 was placed at the bottom, and the whole filled in with soil . . After- 
 wards water was again pumped more or less continuously from the 
 well for some time, after which the second specimen was taken for 
 chemical analysis (see p. 157). The result of such analysis, however, 
 showed that the water was as unfit as ever for drinking purposes, 
 and therefore the pump has remained chained up ... to prevent 
 its further use." 
 
 North Walsham. 
 
 The old state of things, before the establishment of the waterworks, 
 have been described in a Report to the Urban District Council by 
 J. C. Melliss, from which the following remarks are taken (Down- 
 ham Market Gazette, 2nd Nov. 1895). 
 
48 CONTAMINATION. 
 
 " The present water supply is obtained from shallow wells, of which 
 there are about 171 in the town itself ; there is no other supply, and 
 these wells all derive their water from sand and gravel formations. 
 Such a water supply has no doubt answered its purposes in the past, 
 and might be continued.. . . if the ground from which the water is taken 
 had remained unpolluted, but unfortunately this is not the case ; the 
 primitive privy and cess-pit system, together with the close proximity 
 of burial-grounds, in an open porous soil such as that at North 
 Walsham, has been so long in use that the subsoil has become con- 
 taminated and the water which flows through it is rendered quite 
 unsafe for domestic purposes. The evidence on this point is ... . 
 sufficient and conclusive." The results of various analyses all " point 
 to a serious contamination and condemnation of the present water 
 supply. Experience has shown that when contamination of the soil 
 and a water supply takes place, such as has occurred at North 
 Walsham, though it may be practicable to remove the primary cause 
 of pollution by the abolition of the cess-pits, &c, it is not possible 
 to purify the soil which has been polluted, nor will it return to 
 anything like a state of purity for very many years." 
 
 Fincham. 
 
 Tn 1906 Dr. R. Farrar reported to the Local Government 
 Board (No. 238) on an outbreak of enteric fever at this village, and 
 he says " Water is obtained from wells of moderate depth, 20 feet 
 or so, sunk in the Chalk (through Drift). Several of these wells are 
 liable to contamination from soakage," and many of the cases seem 
 to have been connected with the water of a polluted well in Banyard's 
 Yard, in some cases indirectly, through milk. For analysis of this 
 and other waters, see pp. 151, 152. 
 
 Heacham and other Coast Villages. 
 
 In treating of this part of the Docking Rural District Dr. W. W. 
 E. FletchkrQ says that except for the small part supplied from 
 the Hunstanton Waterworks, water is mostly got from wells, which 
 " are of the character of surface wells, usually dry steined with bricks 
 or stone, or cut through the solid chalk," generally without any 
 attempt at close fitting. The depth of (? to) the water below the 
 ground surface varies from 4 . . . to 40 feet . . . in different parts . . . 
 according to the elevation above sea-level, but the deepest wells 
 observed, those at Sedgford, do not appear to reach a depth of 50 feet. 
 The sites of the wells are almost invariably unsatisfactory, and the 
 water is in consequence exposed to many possible sources of 
 pollution." 
 
 Heacham was the worst village. A report by E. J. Silcock is 
 quoted, and from it the following remarks are taken, from which it 
 appears that the water-supply "is entirely derived from shallow 
 wells . . . sunk into the sand and gravel ... or into the lower green- 
 sand." These beds being porous and the drainage being by cesspools 
 of dry brickwork with open joints, " it is only reasonable to expect 
 
 (>) Report to the Local Government Board, 1907, No. 294. 
 
CONTAMINATION. 49 
 
 that the subsoil . . . would be polluted, and that the wells would be 
 contaminated." 
 
 A list of 24 wells offending is given by Dn. Fletcher, who adds 
 44 These two dozen specimens may suffice to demonstrate the highly 
 unsatisfactory state of affairs with respect to water-supplies." 
 
 According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915 the 
 Bupi lv is now taken in bulk from the Hunstanton Works. 
 
 The following are the numbers of offending wells noticed at the 
 various parishes : — Dersingham 8, Snettisham 5, Holme 7, Thorn- 
 ham 3, Titchwell 1, Braneaster and Braneaster Staithe 15, Burnham 
 Deepdale 2, Burnham Norton 3, Burnham Overy (at Overy Staithe) 
 -•'dgeford 5 V 
 
 The conclusion is " It is clear that, as regards water-supplies, the 
 villages mentioned, excepting, possibly, Sedgeford, are in a deplorable 
 condition." 
 
 A table of analyses of the waters of 44 wells is given, for particulars 
 of which see under the various villages in Analyses. 
 
 Wells. 
 
 In reporting to the Local Government Board on the General 
 Sanitary Circumstances in the Wells Urban District, Dn. S. M. 
 Copeman writes, 44 In his Annual Report for 1912, the Medical 
 Officer of Health states that the water supply is plentiful and good, 
 adding that 4 no complaints of pollution have been made.' But in 
 view of the fact that the water supply is entirely derived from 
 surface wells, in some instances, within a few yards of privies and 
 cesspools, it would be somewhat remarkable if pollution did not 
 occur from time to time, even though no complaint is made. And, 
 as a matter of fact, I heard of several complaints as to the water 
 having an unpleasant taste and smell. Certain of the wells in the 
 lower part of the town near the Quay are liable to be invaded by sea 
 water at such times as specially high tides are experienced, so that 
 the drinking water becomes unpleasantly brackish." 
 
 44 The only analyses of drinking water available were made by the 
 County Analyst (Mr. Sutton) in July 1909, and July 1911 . . . but 
 . . . there is no record to show whence the samples of water were 
 taken. Commenting on the most recent of these analyses, Mr. 
 Sutton says that the figures for nitrates, as well as chlorides, are 
 enormously high, adding that the surrounding soil is evidently subject 
 to such serious pollution by animal impurities as to render the water 
 quite unsafe for drinking purposes." 
 
 Of three analyses of water from, wells, made by the Clinical 
 Research Association (Pin 1914) two showed no trace of pollution, 
 but the third (Church Room water) was badly polluted. 
 
 Nothing seems to have been done, however, and in his Annual 
 Report to the County Council for 1914 Dr. J. T. C. Nash alludes to 
 the subject (see p. 129). 
 
 Witching ham, Great. 
 
 The following remarks are from a report of a meeting of the St. 
 Faith's District Council, in the Eastern Daily Press of November 
 27th, 1908. 
 
50 CONTAMINATION. 
 
 Dr. Long, the Medical Officer, noted the occurrence of several 
 cases of diphtheria in the hamlet of Lenwade and reported that the 
 supply of drinking water was got from wells scattered through the 
 village. The level of the water in these varies from a few feet to 
 about 30 feet down. There are almost as many cesspools as wells. 
 
 Mr. Sutton condemned the water of four wells. 
 
 F. W. Harmer, the well-known Norfolk geologist, made a 
 report on the subject, from which I quote. 
 
 " The conditions under which that village (Lenwade) is supplied 
 with water are unsatisfactory to the highest degree. As water can 
 be found everywhere at the same actual level, and generally a few 
 feet only below the surface, the wells are naturally very shallow. 
 There is probably but little difference between the level at which 
 the surplus water escapes from the cesspools and that at which, a 
 few yards distant, it is drawn from the wells for drinking. More- 
 over some part at least of the water taken from the latter for 
 household purposes must find its way into the cesspools, from which, 
 mixed with sewage, it may eventually pass into the porous gravel 
 and, by percolation, into the wells." The contents of the privy- 
 pails as a rule are dug into the gardens. " Considering the per- 
 manently wet condition of the subsoil, however, and the shallowness 
 of the wells, this cannot be unattended with danger. Under these 
 circumstances we might expect to find that in all parts of Lenwade 
 the wells are contaminated with sewage," a view supported by Mr. 
 Sutton's analyses. 
 
RAINFALL. 51 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 There are a few notes which do not conveniently fall under any 
 of the headings above, and which can be best grouped together 
 here. 
 
 Rainfall. 
 
 We have an almost continuous record of the rainfall in the county 
 for more than forty years, from 1874 onwards, and for South 
 Norfolk this is absolutely continuous from 1839 to 1888. 
 
 The work for the whole county is due to two observers, J. 
 Quinton and A. W. Preston, the latter of whom carried on the 
 record from 1883' to 1916. 
 
 All this long set of observations is recorded in the Transactions 
 of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society, to which the reader 
 is referred for details. The following is an account of the changes 
 in the method of publishing the results. 
 
 In 1874 the Society began to publish records of rainfall, in 
 " Notes on the Meteorological Observations Recorded at Norwich 
 during the years 1870 to 1873," a by John Quinton, in which the 
 figures are given for the winter, spring, summer and autumn 
 quarters, without further detail. 
 
 In the continuation of this work for 1874, the table is given for 
 months, and it goes on so for 1875-1879. b Mr. Quinton's 
 communications then ceased ; but A. W. Preston took up the work, 
 under the title " Meteorological Notes," in practically the same form, 
 for 1883, 1884, giving the localities of Thorpe Hamlet (Norwich) 
 and Heigham, for 1885-1887, but the former only for 1888. c 
 
 We also have " Observations on Rainfall " by F. Dix, in which 
 he gives a table of " Fifty Years Rainfall in South Norfolk, 1839 
 to 1888 . . . 35| years at Dickleburgh, 14^ years at Norwich." d 
 
 A. W. Preston's work continued, on much the same lines as 
 before, for the years 1889-1916, by seasons and by months. 
 
 His Notes for 1889-1892 are from observations at Blofield. 
 Those for 1893 from observations at Blofield and Brundall. Those 
 for 1894-1904 from observations at Bradestone House, Brundall. 
 Those for 1906-1916 from observation at Norwich^ 1 ) 
 
 In the Presidential Address (Vol. vi, pt. 4, 1898, p. 344) there is 
 a table of monthly and annual rainfall from 1888-1897. 
 
 F. Dix contributed a paper on " Nineteenth Century Rainfall " 
 referring to the East of England.( 2 ) 
 
 A. W. Preston also wrote " Notes on the great Norfolk 
 Rainstorm of 25th and 26th August, 1912.( 3 ) 
 
 a Trans. Norf. Nat. Soc, vol. i, pt. v, 1874 ? pp. 71-79, folding table. 
 b Ibid., vol. ii, pts. i-v (1875-1879), vol. iii, pt. i (1880). 
 c Ibid., vol. iii, pt. v (1884), vol. iv, pts. i-v (1885-1889). 
 * Ibid., 1889, vol. iv, pt. v, pp. 676, 677. 
 (') Ibid. Vol. v. pts. i— v (1890-1894), vol. vi, pts. i-5 (1895-1899), Vol. vii, 
 pts. 1—5 (1900-1904), Vol. viii. pts. i— v (1905-1909), Vol. ix, pts. i— v (1910- 
 1914), Vol. x, pts. i— iii (1915-1918). 
 (*) Ibid. 1901, Vol. vii, pt. 2, pp. 260, 261. 
 ( 3 ) Ibid Vol. ix, pt. iv, p. 551 and rainfall-map. 1913. 
 
52 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Pumping Interference. 
 
 In 1870 J. E. Taylor and A. W. M ok ant, observed the 
 excavations made for sewerage in Norwich, and recorded one of the 
 results as follows : — 
 
 " During the progress of the sewerage works, several pumping- 
 engines have been working night and day, lifting about 17,000,000 
 gallons of water in each twenty-four hours. The wells for two miles 
 round Norwich have mostly been drained, although the river, which 
 flows through the middle of the drained area, has been unaffected. 
 The wells sunk in the solid undisturbed Chalk, were those first 
 affected ; the wells situated in the re-deposited Chalk (which they 
 note as of general occurrence at the top of the fornlation) . . being 
 so in a less degree. Wells on the higher grounds, sunk through the 
 sand and gravel, have been untouched, especially if they had a bottom 
 of brick-earth." ( l ) 
 
 A letter from W. Matthews, of March, 1896, says that the Well 
 Hall Spring at Gayton (see p. 31), has nearly ceased to flow owing 
 to the pumping at the new well (see p. 87) which seemed to be 
 discharging over three quarters of a million gallons a day. At the 
 same time the Union well had been very little affected. 
 
 Blowing Wells. 
 
 In 1909 Dr. S. H. Long noticed three wells about three miles 
 from Norwich, and about 140 feet above sea-level ; and two years 
 later he gave the following account to the Norfolk Naturalists Soc.( 2 ) 
 
 " In the village of Framinglmm Pigot . . there are three examples 
 of what are known as 'blowing' wells . . Two of the wells are in the 
 grounds of the Manor House, about 300 yards apart ; the third is in the 
 village street, about 100 yards from one of the other two. All three 
 wells are domed over, and in the case of one, which was originally 
 domed without the insertion of a ventilation-pipe, the dome was blown 
 off by the pressure of air within the well.'' 
 
 " Repeated observations, by myself and others, have shown that 
 air is sometimes being forced out of the well and at other times 
 sucked in; and in . . one well, where a grating is fixed over the end of 
 the ventilation-shaft the sound produced by the air vibrating against 
 this is at times so loud that the well is then said to roar, and can be 
 heard at a distance of several yards. It is commonly held by the 
 inhabitants of the village that the intensity of the roaring of this 
 well permits of an accurate forecast of the state of the weather. 
 Observations show that this tradition . . rests upon a scientific 
 basis of fact." 
 
 There is " a correlation between . . barometric changes of pressure 
 and the entry and exit of air through the ventilation pipe." This 
 
 0) Geol. Mag. Vol. vii. p, 121. 
 
 ( 2 ) Nature, Vol. 80, No. 2064, p. 339., and Trans. Norf. Nat. Soc. 1911, Vol 
 ix, pt. ii, pp. 191, 192. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS. 5$ 
 
 has not been measured " but ordinary methods of observation have 
 demonstrated that with a fall in the barometer the well ' blows ' out> 
 and when the barometer is rising it is invariably * sucking' in." 
 
 In 1885 C. B. Plowright concluded, from his investigation of 
 the distribution of stone in the bladder in Norfolk, that most cases 
 occurred on the Norwich Crag and gravels and sands of the Drift 
 whilst on clay cases were fewest. In those rivers outlined by Crag, 
 the cases followed their course remarkably. Presumably this is 
 connected with water. 
 
 In 1899, Sir S. F. Harmer recorded the occurrence of the well- 
 shrimp, Niphargus in the well at his father's house, at Cringleford, 
 the well (then about 25 years old) being 40 feet deep, in chalk, 
 overlain by 2 or 3 feet of humus. This is the first record of the 
 animal in East Anglia. 
 
 Trans. Norf. Nat. Soc. vol. vi, pt. 5, p. 489. 
 
54 SPRING SUPPLIES, 
 
 SUPPLIES FROM SPRINGS. 
 
 Several supplies are taken from springs, mostly for small places ; 
 but in one case a large supply has been taken from a Chalk-spring, 
 mostly for places outside Norfolk, including the towns of Wisbech 
 and March, and this notable case of spring-supply is a good instance 
 of one county supplying another with water, under the management 
 of a Company. 
 
 It is perhaps strange that use is not made of more of the many 
 springs of the county, care being taken to safeguard them from 
 pollution. 
 
 The following notes are arranged in the alphabetical order of 
 the places. 
 
 Castle Rising. 
 
 Ordnance Map 145, new ser. (Norfolk 22, S.E.). Geologic Map 69. 
 Spring at gravel-pits. Supplies part of North Wootton. 
 Quantity ample. Quality very good. 
 
 Dersingham and Flitcham. 
 
 Ordnance Maps 145, 146, new ser. (Norfolk 23, N.W. and S.W.). 
 Geologic Map 69. 
 
 According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 293, parts of 
 Sandringham, West Newton and Wolferton, are supplied by the King. 
 
 1. By a spring from Chalk, in the parish of Flitcham, see p. 32. 
 
 2. By a spring from carstone and sand at Jocelyn's Wood (Dersingham). 
 
 Quantity ample. Quality very good. 
 
 Holt. 
 
 Ordnance Map 131, new ser. (Norfolk 10, S.W. and 18 N.W.). 
 Geologic Map 68 S.W. 
 
 According to the Memoir on the Geology of the country around Holt (1884), 
 from which these notes are taken, the water-supply had been mostly obtained 
 from the spring called " the Spouts " that issues to the south-west of the town 
 at a spot called Spout Hill, at the junction of the Glacial sands and gravels 
 with the brick-earth and marl beneath. This has been advertised as " the purest 
 water in England," and as an Artesian Well ; it is, however, an ordinary land- 
 spring. 
 
 From this spring most of the inhabitants have been supplied, the water being 
 carried to various houses in the town by tub-carts and buckets. 
 
 The copiousness of the spring is no doubt due to its receiving the drainage of 
 a considerable tract, although the direction and extent of its numerous sources 
 cannot be determined from any surface-evidence. The irregularities and local 
 inclination of the beds might allow the waters that fall on the brow of Kelling 
 Heath on the north, to flow southward in devious subterranean courses to help 
 to swell the Holt spring. Issuing as the spring does from immediately beneath 
 the town of Holt, it is of course particularly liable to contamination from the 
 leakage of cess-pits, &c, in the town ; and this is reported to have been the case. 
 
 There were few private wells, but there were two pumps about 50 feet deep 
 which helped to supply the houses. Now, however, the supply is largely from 
 
 well {see p. 95). 
 
SPRING SUPPLIES. 55 
 
 Hunstanton. 
 
 Ordnance Map, 129, new ser. (Norf. 5, N.E. and S.E.) Geologic Map, 69. 
 
 New Hunstanton Urban District Council. 
 
 From the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 97. 
 
 Springs from Chalk at Old Hunstanton. 
 
 Average daily supply 77,600 gallons and 6,000 in bulk, total 83,600. 
 
 Supplies also, in bulk, to Docking Rural District Council (for Heacham). 
 
 Water of exceptional organic purity (1911). Hardness, total 15*9°, permanent 
 47. Acts on lead, but lead pipes are not used. 
 
 According to a communication from H. A. Read, of 1908, the works were 
 bought from a Company, in 1897. The copious and constant springs are from 
 the base of the Chalk N.E. of the old village, and about 30 feet above Ordnance 
 Datum. About 9 hours pumping a day yielded 180,000 to 200,000 gallons. 
 
 Dr. J. T. C. Nash noted, in April, 1909, that three weeks after times of 
 drought or of heavy rain, a decrease or increase in the yield was noticeable. In 
 that year the average daily consumption was 110,000 gallons = 50 a head per 
 day. 
 
 Population supplied, in 1911, 1,725. 
 
 Kelling. 
 
 According to the Reports of the Medical Officer of the Erpingham Rural 
 District, 1913, 1914, this village " is supplied by water laid on from a spring in 
 the neighbouring hills." 
 
 Sheringham, see under Wells, pp. 118, 119. 
 Wisbech. 
 
 This Cambridgeshire town takes its water-supply from Norfolk, and supplies 
 also another town in the former county, March. Powerful springs at Marham 
 are the source (see p. 30) and the supply is notable amongst the spring- 
 supplies of the country, the weekly average yield being 5,138,160 gallons, 
 besides 50,000 given in bulk. By mistake this is given as the daily average 
 in the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 228. 
 
 A supply of nearly three quarters of a million gallons a day wholly from 
 springs at one spot is unusual. Had it not been for these springs it is hard to 
 see how the two Cambridgeshire towns could have been properly supplied, and 
 this is a case showing the futility of county-boundaries in the matter of water- 
 supply. 
 
 Although the water was originally taken for supply in Cambridgeshire, as the 
 mains on their way to Wisbech are chiefly in Norfolk, a supply is also given to 
 the following places in the latter county (according to the Local Government 
 Return) : Bexwell, Crimplesham, Denver, Downham Market (part), Emneth, 
 Fincham, Fordham, Hilgay, Marham, Runcton Holme, Ryston, Setchey, Should - 
 ham, Shouldham Thorpe, South Runcton, Stow Bardolph, Stradsett, Terrington 
 St. John, Tilney (St. Lawrence, and with Islington), Tottenhill, Upwell, Wal- 
 lington, Walpole St. Peter, Walsoken, Watlington, West Downham, Wiggenhall 
 (St. German, St. Mary Magdalen, and St. Mary the Virgin), Wimbotsham, 
 Wormegay. 
 
36 WELL SUPPLIES. 
 
 SUPPLIES FROM WELLS. 
 
 Like the rest of the South-Eastern eounties, Norfolk gets its water 
 from wells far more than from any other source ; but it differs from 
 them in that its largest two supplies (for Norwich and Yarmouth) 
 are got from rivers and therefore there is no very large well-supply 
 in the county, that of Lynn being the largest (866,000 gallons a day ) 
 and that is only a little more than that taken from the springs at 
 Marham, for Wisbech, etc. There is no well-supply reaching up to 
 a million gallons a day ; only one, that of Lynn, reaches to a quarter 
 of a million, and only one other (Cromer) reaches even a hundred 
 thousand. It is clear then that Norfolk is a county with many small 
 well-supplies. 
 
 There are, however, many supplies for factories, etc., of fair size, 
 and it is in these only that borings have been made to a depth of 
 500 feet or more, so that all our information as to the deeper seated 
 geology of Norfolk is got from this source. 
 
 There is only one boring that reaches a depth of 1,000 feet, at 
 Norwich (Colman's) and that is nearly 1,200 feet deep. One other, 
 at Holkham, is over 700 feet deep. Three others (at Diss, Lynn 
 and Norwich) reach below 600 feet, and yet three more (at Norwich 
 and Yarmouth) reach to oOO feet or more. 
 
 The deepest borings for Waterworks are for Cromer and Diss, 
 neither reaching 500 feet. 
 
 The following wells are of notable geologic interest : — 
 
 Baconsthorpe and Bio' Norton, great thickness of Drift ; Broome, section 
 through Drift and Norwich Crag ; Cantley, deep Drift, or possible London Clay ; 
 Cley, deep Drift ; Congham, deep channel of Drift ; Cromer (Waterworks), through 
 Drift and Pliocene beds into Chalk ; Forncett, deep Drift ; Gayton, small thickness 
 of Gault ; Langley and Great Massingham, deep Drift ; Melton Countable, great 
 thickness of Drift ; Merton (Broomhill Farm), deep channel of Drift ; Metton and 
 Mundesley, sections through Drift, Forest Bed and Crag ; Needham, through 
 Drift and Norwich Crag ; Northrepps, great thickness of Drift ; Norvmh 
 (Colman's), through Chalk and Upper Greensand into Gault ; Roughton (two), 
 gfeat thickness of Drift ; Saham Toney, borings show deep channel of Drift ; 
 Shotesham All Saints, deep Drift ; Southioood, deep Drift, or possible London 
 Clay ; Stody, deep Drift ; North Walsham (Waterworks), section through Drift 
 and Crag into Chalk ; Wheatacre, great thickness of Norwich Crag Series. 
 
 The following Waterworks wells are of interest, in the matter of 
 supply, besides some of the private supplies, notably at Norwich : — 
 
 Cromer, East Dereham, Diss, Gayton (for Lynn), Metton and Roughton (for 
 €romer?), Sheriugham, Swaffham, Thetford, and North Walsham. 
 
 The following wells are believed to be new, sometimes in the sense 
 that details of them have not been published before, besides a number 
 of others of a shallow kind or of small interest. 
 
 Baconsthorpe, East Bilney, Old Buckenham (the Hall), Cantley, Cawston, 
 Cley, Congham, Crimplesham, Cromer (Gas Co.), Dersingham, Diss (Waterworks 
 and Aldrich's), Ditchingham (No. 5), Forncett, Garboldisham (Uphill Farm), 
 Gayton, Guist, Harleston (Robinson's), Hillington, Hockwold, Holt (Nos. 4, 5), 
 Honingham (two), Ingham, Langley, East Lexham, Great Massingham, Melton 
 Constable, Middleton, Northrepps (the Hall), Norwich (Colman's later well, 
 Mousehold Heath barracks and prison), Rocklaud (Kirk Hall Farm), Roudham, 
 Roughton (two), Rushall (No. 3), Rushford, Sandringham (No. 2), Sheringham 
 (Waterworks), Shotesham All Saints, Southwood, Stibbard (Sennowe Hall), 
 Stody, Swanington, Thorpe, Wheatacre (Hall Farm), Woodbastwick, Wretham, 
 Wymondham (Vicar St.) 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 57 
 
 DETAILS OF WELLS AND BORINGS FOR WATER. 
 
 In compiling this account of the wells of Norfolk published matter 
 has been laid under contribution fairly exhaustively, and it has been 
 supplemented by information kindly given by authorities and 
 companies, by engineers and well-sinkers, by owners of works and of 
 houses, and by various observers, due acknowledgment being made 
 under each case. 
 
 The arrangement followed is an alphabetic one, according to the 
 names of the places or parishes in which the wells are placed, these 
 names being given as a heading, in thick type. Cross-rnferences 
 and the Index serve to clear up doubtful points. 
 
 Some general remarks, on the neighbourhood of East Dereham, 
 are given first. « 
 
 The following information is from a map sent me by B. Latham, 
 who was consulted about a new water-supply for East Dereham. 
 It was drawn up from this by J. H. Blake, for the Memoir on 
 the Geology of East Dereham (1888). 
 
 List of Wells in the neighbourhood of East Dereham, showing 
 Surface-levels ana Water-levels in feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 
 
 'Above Ordnanee 
 
 
 
 
 Dat 
 
 um. 
 
 Depth of 
 
 Parish. 
 
 Site of Well. 
 
 
 
 Water 
 
 
 
 below 
 
 
 
 Surface- 
 
 Water- 
 
 Surface. 
 
 
 
 level. 
 
 level. 
 
 
 Beeston 
 
 Tile-kiln, 1 mile N. by E. of church 
 
 201-JG 
 
 163-66 
 
 37-5 
 
 
 Newhouse, If mile N.E. of church 
 
 189-11 
 
 166-81 
 
 22-3 
 
 
 Near stream, nearly \ mile E. of 
 
 
 
 
 
 above well 
 
 216-96 
 
 167-48 
 
 49 -4& 
 
 Dillington ... 
 
 $ mile W. of Dillington House ... 
 
 129-41 
 
 117-44 
 
 11-97 
 
 East Dereham 
 
 N. of Toft Wood Mill, on eastern 
 
 
 
 
 
 side of road, 1 1 mile S. of church 
 
 101-97 
 
 147-97 
 
 14 
 
 
 W.of South Green, \ mile S. by E. 
 
 
 
 
 
 of church 
 
 162-08 
 
 147-03 
 
 15-05 
 
 
 £ mile S. by E. of church 
 
 167-99 
 
 146*49 
 
 21-5 
 
 
 £ mile E. of railway-station, on 
 
 
 
 
 
 southern side of road 
 
 175-09 
 
 152-09 
 
 23 
 
 
 Nearly f mile E. of railway-station, 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. of mill 
 
 176-29 
 
 161-29 
 
 15 
 
 
 Etling Green, li miles E. by N. 
 
 
 
 
 
 of railway-station 
 
 181-49 
 
 146-65 
 
 34-84 
 
 
 £ mile N.W. of church 
 
 130-45 
 
 129-35 
 
 11 
 
 
 £ mile N.E. of church 
 
 179-18 
 
 149-18 
 
 30 
 
 
 A little more than li miles N.E. 
 
 
 
 
 
 of church, on eastern side of 
 
 
 
 
 
 road 
 
 203-24 
 
 151-24 
 
 52 
 
 Gressenhall... 
 
 N.E. corner of Buckstone Wood, 
 
 
 
 
 
 and £ mile N. of church 
 
 139-44 
 
 128-14 
 
 11-3 
 
 
 Nearly 2 mile N. by E. of church 
 
 120-06 
 
 109-96 
 
 10-1 
 
 
 Nearly £ mile E.S.E. of church ... 
 
 105-87 
 
 102-17 
 
 3-7 
 
58 
 
 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 
 
 Above Ordnance 
 
 
 
 
 Datum. 
 
 I Depth of 
 
 Parish. 
 
 Site of Well. 
 
 
 Water 
 
 
 
 below 
 
 
 
 Surface- 
 
 Water- 
 
 Surface. 
 
 
 
 level. 
 
 level. 
 
 
 Litcham 
 
 Chalk pit, | mile E.N.E. of church 
 
 179-08 
 
 ? 
 
 ? 
 
 
 Near stream, i mile S.E. of church 
 
 155-29 
 
 152-09 
 
 3-2 
 
 Little 
 
 T 3 6 mile S.S.E. of church, on 
 
 
 
 
 Fransham. 
 
 northern side of road 
 
 217-99 
 
 207-39 
 
 10-6 
 
 Longham ... 
 
 Near stream, S. of Ostrich Inn and 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ mile E. by S. of church 
 
 189-54 
 
 168-64 
 
 20-9 
 
 North 
 
 If mile N.W. by W. of church, 
 
 
 
 
 Tuddenham. 
 
 on northern side of Norwich 
 
 
 
 
 
 road 
 
 137-67 
 
 134-87 
 
 2-8 
 
 
 | mile N.W. by W. of church on 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 northern side of road ... 
 
 131-56 
 
 124-41 
 
 7-15 
 
 Seaming 
 
 | mile W. of church, on northern 
 
 
 
 
 
 . side of road 
 
 190-98 
 
 181-48 
 
 9-5 
 
 
 Close to, and S.E. of church, on 
 
 
 
 
 
 southern side of road ... 
 
 209-6 
 
 188-3 
 
 21-3 
 
 
 | mile E.N.E. of church 
 
 161-91 
 
 154-18 
 
 773 
 
 Shipdham ... 
 
 f mile N.E. by E. of church, on 
 
 
 
 
 
 northern side of main road 
 
 231-36 
 
 222-49 
 
 8-87 
 
 
 I mile E.N.E. of church, on 
 
 
 
 
 
 southern side of road 
 
 222-35 
 
 215-15 
 
 7-2 
 
 
 Thorpe Row, northern side, l\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 mile N.E. of church 
 
 253-78 
 
 253-78 
 
 
 
 
 Near Lolly Moor, 2i miles N.E. 
 
 
 
 
 
 of church, on western side of 
 
 
 
 
 
 main road 
 
 166-09 
 
 166-09 
 
 
 
 Swanton 
 
 l£ mile S. by W. of church, on 
 
 
 
 
 Morley. 
 
 eastern side of road 
 Cherry Ground, W. of road, f mile 
 
 194-72 
 
 148-22 
 
 46-5 
 
 
 S.W. by S. of church 
 
 189-24 
 
 147-04 
 
 42-2 
 
 
 N. of G-reengate, W. of road, J mile j 
 
 
 
 
 
 S.W. by S. of church ... ... 
 
 173-46 
 
 127-26 
 
 46-2 
 
 Wendling ... 
 
 A little more than \ mile S.W. j 
 
 
 
 
 
 of church ... ... ... i 
 
 182-82 
 
 175-18 
 
 7-64 
 
 Mr. Baldwin Latham says that " the subterranean water, ag 
 ascertained by wells sunk in the Boulder Clay at East Dereham, 
 Norfolk, showed that the [slope of the] water-level varied from 
 2 feet in a mile in the flat tableland to 100 feet in a mile in the 
 valleys." Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1876, Sections, p. 227 (1877). 
 
 The following levels above Ordnance Datum were also obtained 
 by Mr. Lathajm : — 
 
 Feet. 
 Swanton Morley. — Surface of water of River Wensum, i mile N.E 
 of church 
 Surface of Chalk, about | mile N.E. of church 
 
 " " " 
 
 Springs in Chalk „ „ 
 
 North Tuddenham. — Surface of water of tributary of River Wensum, 
 \ mile S.W. of church 
 
 61-39 
 79-47 
 75-63 
 75-00 
 72-00 
 
 100-32 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 59 
 
 Attleborough. 
 
 Ordnance Maps 161, 175 new ser. (Norfolk 85, S.E.). Geologic Map 
 
 66, S.W. 
 
 I. Temple Hill House. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Gidney. 
 Shaft 10 feet, the rest bored. 
 
 Thickness 
 feet. 
 Made soil 3 
 
 Depth 
 feet. 
 
 ( Light-coloured clay 
 
 [Glacial ) Stone 
 
 Drift] j Gravel 
 
 ( Blue clay with flints 
 Chalk and flints ... 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 155 
 
 14 
 
 [Upper] 
 Nos. 2, 3 sunk and communicated by Pooley. No 5 by Lincoln. 
 
 2. Mr. Ketteringham's brickyard. 
 
 Loam ... 
 
 Sand 
 
 Boulder Clay, to Black Clay 
 
 3. Opposite Corn Hall. Water unfit to drink. 
 
 Gravel , 
 
 Red sand 
 
 184 
 198 
 
 4. Near the Baptist Chapel. 
 
 Gravel 
 
 Sand 
 
 Boulder Clay 
 
 5. Station Road, northern end, first house. 
 
 Gravel 
 
 Loam, to gravel and water 
 
 10 
 
 7 1*67 feet 
 50 
 
 } 
 
 ^ 1 19 feet. 
 lOJ 
 
 19 feet. 
 
 l l 1 13 feet. 
 
 Wells in Boulder Clay, sunk and communicated by Lincoln. 
 
 6. A mile south of the church. Good supply of water. 44 feet. 
 
 7. Sixth house from northern end of Station Road. Water rose to the 
 
 surface. 44 feet. 
 
 8. King's Head Inn. 60 feet. 
 
 Wells through Boulder Clay, etc., sunk and communicated by Lincoln. 
 
 9. Second house from northern end of Station Road. 
 
 Boulder Clay, to gravel and water, 18 feet. 
 
 10. Mr. Long's, south of the station. Boulder Clay to sand and water, 
 
 20 feet. 
 
 11. Connaught Road, brickearth to gravel, 15 feet. 
 
 Wells in Gravel, etc., sunk and communicated by Lincoln. 
 
 12. Royal Hotel. Gravel, 9 feet. 
 
 13. Cottage south of station. Sand and gravel, 12 feet. 
 
 14. Connaught Road. Gravel, 11 feet. 
 
 15. Point House (source uncertain). Gravel, 12 feet. 
 
 Wells through Gravel to Boulder Clay. 
 
 16. Royal Hotel (another well). Gravel, 5 feet. Boulder Clay 7. 
 
 17. Kent House, London Road. Gravel, 6 feet. Boulder Clay to sand, 2. 
 
 18. Further south than the last. Gravel, 4 feet. Boulder Clay, 35. 
 
£0 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Aylsham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 147, new ser. (Norfolk 28, S.E.). Geologic Map 68 E. 
 
 1. Railway station [? the one S.E. of the town]. 
 
 Recorded by C. Reid (before 1882). 
 Well sunk 25 feet through sandy brickearth. Water got at the depth of 18 feet 
 
 2. A temporary well, about half a mile west of the station. 
 
 fSand 
 -! Brick 
 ( Blue clay 
 
 3. ? Soame Memorial Well ; Carr's Corner, at junction of Cawston and 
 Blickling Roads. From Dr. Nash. 
 
 150 feet deep. Yields a copious supply. For analysis of the water, see p. 144. 
 
 10) 
 
 Glacial Drift-! Brickearth and sand ... 10 V27 feet. 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Depth 
 
 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 — 
 
 50 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 55 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 98 
 
 212 
 
 66 
 
 278 
 
 Of the Rural District it was said in 1913, by the Medical Officer, that there is no 
 public supply, that some of the private wells are deep, with good water, whilst 
 others get surface-water and are subject to pollution. In a paper at the Local 
 Government Board it is said that the quality of the water generally throughout the 
 district is good, and the supply adequate, but there are cottages and groups of 
 oottages which have no supply of wholesome water within a convenient distance. 
 
 Baconsthorpe. 
 
 Ordnance Map 131, new ser. (Norfolk 18, N.E.). Geologic Map 68, S.W. 
 
 Made and communicated by Mr. R. Richards. 
 
 Water rose to 68 feet below the surface. 
 
 Dug well, the rest bored 
 
 f Silt and pebbles . . . 
 
 j White marl 
 [Glacial Drift] -{ Sand and pebbles 
 
 | Brown clay 
 
 t White marl 
 
 [? Drift and Crag] Grey sand 
 
 Chalk, very rotten. Had to be lined with perforated 
 
 tubes 94 372 
 
 Bacton. 
 
 Ordnance Maps 132, 148, new ser. (Norfolk 20, S.E.). Geologic Map 68, E. 
 
 W. Fake, of Norwich, writes in 1907 of a well 45 feet deep at a small boarding- 
 house on the coast (? S.E. of the village, in Drift), the water of which was brackish, 
 and said that it was a bad district for water, as that of most wells was brackish. A 
 tube-well was driven into the chalk in 1899 1 ; but I have not been able to find any 
 further record. 
 
 Banningham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 147, new ser. (Norfolk 28, N.E. and S.E.). Geologic Map 68, E. 
 
 New Farmhouse (1879), on the Aylsham road, half a mile southward of the 
 
 church. 
 
 Recorded by C. Reid. 
 
 Loamy soil ... ... ... ... ... 1 to 2 ) 
 
 Glacial Drift j ^ 13 I? 19 feet. 
 
 ( Loam 4 to 5) 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. 61 
 
 Barnham Broom. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk ',»2, S.E.). Geologic Map 66, N.W. 
 
 In 1894 Dr. T. W. Thompson said of the water that it "is obtained from wells 
 sunk, in some cases to a depth of 60 or 70 feel, into the clay . . Internally they are 
 dry steined with brick," and, therefore, " they are liable to admit water from the 
 superficial layers of the soil, and in one or two instances such water was seen trickling 
 into them. They are thus, of course, exposed to danger of pollution, and . . . 
 chemical analysis has recently shown certain of them to be polluted. Thus, all the 
 three wells by which Pockthorpe has hitherto been supplied have been condemned by 
 the county analyst as being polluted with eewage, and at the time of my visit water 
 was being sent daily to this locality from another well a little distance off."* 
 
 In the village. 
 Sunk and communicated by — Thuxton of Hethereett. 
 
 Boulder Clay, to gravel, 25 feet. » 
 
 Bedingham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 176, new ser. (Norfolk 98, N.W.). Geologic Map 66, S.E. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by D. Palmer. 
 
 [Chalky Boulder] Clay 30 ) fif| f . 
 
 [Glacial Drift and Crag ?] Sand and brickearth 30 j Dl Ieei " 
 
 Besthorpe. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 85, S.E.) Geologic Map 66, S.W. 
 Wells sunk and communicated by — Pooley. 
 
 1. Fox and Hounds Inn. 
 
 Loam 3) 
 
 Black Clay 7 V 14 feet. 
 
 Gravel ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 J 
 
 2. Close by the Prince of Wales Inn. 
 
 Gravel ■ 4| u 
 
 Red sand, to white sand 6 | iu ieet. 
 
 3. Corner of Sluts Lane. 
 
 [Boulder Clay] 10 I 17 feet 
 
 White sand. Water rose to surface 7) 
 
 4. On Norwich Road by 13th milestone. 
 
 Gravel. Water rose to surface, 12 feet. 
 
 And the following, in Boulder Clay. 
 
 5. A little north of 4. Boulder Clay, 60 feet. 
 
 6. Heron's Farm. Boulder Clay. Small supply of bad water, 87 feet. 
 
 7. Prince of Wales' Inn. Loam 2 feet. Boulder Clay 6 feet. 
 S. A mile east of the church. Boulder Clay 18 feet. 
 
 Billingford. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 110, N.E.). Geologic Map 50, N.E. 
 
 Rectory. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by W. LlMMBfi of Dickleburgh. 
 
 Water rose 4 feet. 
 
 [Glacial Drift] 
 Chalk 
 
 ( Gravel and sand ... ... ... ... 45) 
 
 (Loam 10V70feet. 
 
 isj 
 
 * Report to the Local Government Board. No. 81, p. 2. 
 
62 
 
 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Bilney, East. 
 
 Ordnance Map 146, new ser. (Norfolk 36, S.E.) Geologic Map 66, N.W. 
 
 Bilney Hall. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. 
 
 Lined with 40 feet of 5 inch tubes a foot down ; with 120 feet of 4 inch tubes, 
 
 3 feet down ; and 75 feet of 3 inch tubes 105 feet down ; water-level 8 feet down. 
 
 Thickness Depth 
 feet. feet. 
 Dug well (the rest bored) 
 Ballast (gravel) 
 
 Clay 
 
 Loamy sand... 
 [Glacial <{ Sand- 
 
 Drift] 
 
 [Upper] 
 
 Sand and ballast 
 
 Ballast 
 
 Flints 
 
 Chalk 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 32 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 11 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 75 
 
 105 
 
 180 
 
 in 
 
 Lower 
 
 7* ^-27i feet. 
 2 
 
 3 J 
 
 Bilney, West. 
 
 Ordnance Maps 146, 160, new ser. (Norfolk 46 N.W.). Geologic Map 65 
 
 1. W. G. E. Wyrley-Birch supplies part of the parish, from wells 
 Carstone. 
 
 Quantity plentiful, quality good. 
 Local Government Board Return, 1915, p. 293. 
 
 2. A few hundred S. of a pit adjoining the garden of Bilney Lodge (West 
 Bilney Hall of the newer Map). 
 
 C. B. Rose. Phil. Mag., 1835, ser. 3, vol. vii., p. 17. 
 
 Ferruginous sand, with geodes and hollow 
 
 cylinders of ironstone 
 
 Carstone 
 
 White sand, with occasional brown veins 
 
 Greensand ^ Green clay 
 
 Carstone, darker than the beds above 
 
 Carstone, with six or seven partings of green 
 
 clay (1 to 2£ inches thick) not in regular 
 
 courses 
 
 3. ? At the brickyard on the northern side of the road, nearly three-quarters 
 of a mile north-westward of the church. 
 
 C. B. Rose. Phil, Mag., 1836, ser. 3, vol. viii., p. 31. 
 Well in Nar Valley Beds (clayey), with marine shells, 40 feet. 
 In Proc. Sci. Soc. Lond., 1840, vol. ii., p. 61, he adds, that the lower part of the 
 beds getting sandy it is probable that the Lower Greensand is close beneath. 
 
 4. School-house. 
 
 C. B. Rose, Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. vii., p. 181. 
 Passed through the same set of beds as at Pentney {see p. 110) the Gault 
 
 containing fossils. 
 
 Bintree. 
 
 Ordnance Map 147, new ser. (Norfolk 37, N.). Geologic Map, 68, S.W. 
 
 Manor House, southern end of village, 1917. 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Fake (with specimens, noted in these 
 
 brackets). 
 Sunk well, with land-spring, 16 feet, the rest bored. 
 
 Thickness 
 feet, 
 f Well in bed like that next below 
 Clay (yellowish brown, sandy, with small 
 bits of shell) ... 
 \ I )ark clay (yellowish-brown, sandy, with 
 small bits of shell and chalky streaks 
 I Light-blue clay with chalk (pale grev 
 I Boulder Clav) 
 
 [Boulder 
 Clay.] 
 
 Depth 
 
 feet. 
 
 16 
 
 7 — 
 
 1". 
 
 n 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. 63 
 
 Bintree — pant inued. 
 
 Thickness Depth 
 
 feet. feet. 
 
 f Shingle (pebbles) 1 — 
 
 Rough sea-sand (with bits of flint) ... 4 — 
 
 Clay (brownish, sandy)... ... ... 10 — 
 
 [Glacial Gravel, J Black clay, sand, and loam (light-grey 
 e »,l 1 sandy clay) 
 
 etc.] 
 
 U - 
 
 Mixed sand and clay (brownish sandy 
 
 clay) 3£ — 
 
 Stones (pebbles) 2 — 
 
 [ Rough sand (with pebbles) 5 68 
 
 [Upper ( Marl (Chalk) 26 — 
 
 Chalk] {Chalk 50 144 
 
 The differences between the descriptions given and those from the specimens are 
 probably owing to the former having been made when the material was brought up, 
 and was therefore wet. On drying clays and loams often change their look greatly. 
 From 61 to 68 feet may be the equivalent of the Westleton Beds. An abundant 
 supply of water was got. For analysis, see p. 144 
 
 Bixley. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 75 N.E.). Geologic Maps, 66 N.E. 
 
 and S.E. 
 
 1. Communicated by G. C. Burrows to S. Woodward (MS. 1825). 
 
 Thickness Depth 
 feet. feet. 
 
 [Chalky Boulder ( Brick-earth 
 
 Clay.] ( Blue clay with chalk concretions ... 
 
 t ^Cr?g i f } Gravel and white sand 
 
 (White Marl 
 
 [Chalk.] } Chalk 
 
 (Hard chalk 
 
 2. The Hall. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. D. Palmer, well-sinker. 
 
 [Chalky Boulder Clay.] Very chalky clay 20 — ) 120 
 
 [Glacial Drift.] Gravel and sand 100 — J feet. 
 
 [Crag.] Well-worn shingle. 
 
 Mr. Lawrence, well-sinker, informed me that there is a well at Bixley Ha* 
 through 100 ft. of clay to black gravel with bad water. C. Reid. 
 
 3. North Henstead Rural District (Public Supply). 
 
 From A. Shaw, to the Local Government Board. 
 
 124 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Well of 4 feet diameter, lined for 75 feet : bell shaped at the bottom, to 10 teet 
 
 diameter. 
 
 Rest-level of water 96 feet down. Level when pumping 106. 
 
 [Glacial Drift.] Layers of sand and loam, about 40 \ ir . Q - , 
 Chalk 69 J lira teet. 
 
 According to the Local Government Board Return, 1915, p. 293. 
 R. J. Colman supplies part of Trowse-with-Newton, from 
 
 1. Well in Chalk at Bixley (?No. 1 or 3). Average daily quantity obtained 
 3,100 gallons. 
 
 2. Spring, intercepted underground, from gravel, Poringland Avenue, Fram- 
 ingham Pigot. Quality good. 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 20 
 
 52 
 
 30 
 10 
 15 
 
 107 
 
64 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Blakeney. 
 
 Ordnance Map 131, new ser. Geologic Map 68, N.W. 
 Blakeney Point (Norfolk sheet 4). 
 
 In the Report of the Blakeney Point Committee of Management for 1914 {Tram, 
 Norf. Nat. Soc. 1915, vol. x., pt. 1, pp. 67-69), the following particulars of wells sunk 
 in the shingle are given. They are of more than local interest, as illustrating 
 water-supply from that source. 
 
 For the purpose of " dealing with the distribution of fresh water in the shingle 
 beaches, its changes of level and relation to the underlying salt-water table," in 
 July four wells were dug in line, at distances of from 20 to 200 feet from high water- 
 mark, shored up, covered, and left to settle until August, when " daily readings of 
 the height of the water in the wells throughout two complete tidal cycles (August 
 9th — September 10th) and occasional readings during the autumn and winter " were 
 made. 
 
 " Broadly, the readings show that the water-level in all the wells begins to rise 
 from 48 to 96 hours after the cycle of tides begins to spring (i.e., after the lowest 
 neaptide) and that they continue to rise for corresponding periods after the date of 
 the highest springtide — the amount of lag being greatest in the well most remote 
 from the sea. The well nearest the sea showed the greatest range of rise and fall 
 (20 inches), that farthest away the least (14 inches) ; the intermediate wells behave 
 . . . in an intermediate manner. About 48 hours after the highest spring tide 
 the water in all the wells stands at about the same level — sometimes within an 
 inch. In another cycle the difference at the corresponding place was three inches. 
 On the other hand the maximum differences in level occur 48 hours after the lowest 
 neaptide (1 foot or more)." 
 
 " These obseravtions indicate that the freshwater table . . . is approximately hori- 
 zontal about 48 hours after the highest spring tide, whilst 48 hours after the lowest 
 neap, the table slopes down to the shore with a gradient of 1 in 200. In other words 
 the oscillation of the water table is greatest nearest the shore, least at the inland 
 station. The influence of the tidal cycles is felt first at the seaward well, last at 
 the inland. The fall of individual tides has no perceptible effect on the water level 
 in the wells. It is the aggregate of the tides in a waxing or waning cycle that 
 determines the rise and fall . . The advent of the spring tide cycle may be compared 
 to a horizontal wedge of seawater driven in beneath the freshwater table and 
 raising first the water in the outside well and ultimately that in the well most 
 remote from the sea." 
 
 "The effect of rainfall is marked, especially under certain conditions of tide, 
 whilst other factors, such as evaporation, make themselves felt." 
 
 Samples of water have been analysed for chlorides, with the following typical 
 results, the figures being grams of Na CI per litre. 
 
 Sept. 26. Nov. 21. 
 
 Well 1, nearest the sea -459 -723 
 
 „ 2 — -298 
 
 >, 3 - -14 
 
 „ 4, farthest from sea -092 -094 
 
 u The sea- water at the higher spring tides stands 2-3 feet above the water level 
 in the outermost well, high water mark being distant about 20 feet. Under the 
 circumstances it is remarkable how relatively free the well is from percolation." 
 
 " When a well is pumped dry it fills in about ten minutes. Thus the supply is 
 practically inexhaustible." But one may ask how long does it take to pump a well 
 dry? 
 
 In a later Report the effect of the high tide of September 16th, 1916, is described, 
 and we are told (Trans. Norfolk Nat. Soc. 1918, vol. x., pt. iii, pp. 247, 24.8)— 
 
 "The wells which were overwhelmed by the tide made a remarkably speedy 
 recovery, as the following table from data supplied by Dr. Sarah Baker will show. 
 . . 3 '19 per cent, salt is the normal contents of sea water at Blakeney Point." 
 
 Date, 1916. Per cent. salt. 
 
 Sept. 14, a.m 3*19 Low flooded. 
 
 „ 16, p.m 3*23 Water still in Low. 
 
 „ 21, a.m 1*46 Low empty. 
 
 „ 22, p.m 1-19 
 
 Oct. 2 -53 
 
 "On September 15th and 16th heavy rain fell." 
 
 The samples were from well 3. In less than three weeks the salt percentage had 
 fallen greatly. " No determination has been made since, but there is every reason 
 to suppose that progress towards the normal has continued. At ordinary times this 
 well contains about -015 per cent, salt." 
 
WELLS AND BORIN<-. 65 
 
 Blofield Rural District. 
 
 Reporting in 1912, the Medical Officer says that, except for Thorpe St. 
 Andrew, to a small extent supplied from the Norwich mains, the district is 
 dependent on wells. Some of these are 50 feet or more deep, with good water ; 
 but " in the low-lying villages the wells necessarily shallow and the water often 
 contains a large amount of organic matter in solution." 
 
 See also under Reed/mm. 
 
 There are deep borings in Blofield, yielding normal Chalk-waters, but we have 
 no details. 
 
 Bio' Norton. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 109, N.W. and N.E.). Geologic 
 Map 50, N.W. 
 
 1. The Hall. 
 
 Communicated by Rev. G. Norms, the owner. 
 Tube-well into the Chalk at 54 feet. The tube driven in 4£ hours. 
 Water rose to within 4 feet of the surface. ? 100 gallons a minute. 
 
 2. Messrs. Gidney made a well, for the Rev. G. Norris, which may be at 
 the same place as the above (or ? at the Rectory 1891). Their account is as 
 follows : — 
 
 Sunk 20 feet, the rest bored. 
 
 Soil 
 
 Sand 
 Blue Clay 
 
 [Upper] Chalk with flints 
 
 Glacial Drift j 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Depth 
 
 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 132 
 
 142 
 
 20 
 
 162 
 
 ckness 
 
 Depth 
 
 eet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 20 
 
 29 
 
 16 
 
 — 
 
 14* 
 
 — 
 
 29 
 
 — 
 
 i 
 
 89 
 
 18 
 
 107 
 
 3. Grange Farm. 1894. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Gidney. 
 Sunk 10 feet, the rest bored. 
 
 Soil 
 
 Boulder Clay ... j j^^"™*** 7 .7 
 
 (Sand 
 
 Glacial Sand and) Gravel 
 
 Gravel j Loamy sand 
 
 (Gravel 
 
 [Upper] Chalk with flints 
 
 Bressingham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 104, S.E., 105, S.W., and 109, N.E.). 
 Geologic Map 50, N.W. 
 
 1. The Hall. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by W. Limmer of Dickleburgh. 
 [Boulder] Clay, to Sand, with water, 15 leet. 
 
 2. The Common. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by George Banham, of Winfarthing. 
 [Boulder] Clay, to Sand, with water, which rose 10 feet, 30 feet. 
 
 3. The Fen. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by G. Banham. 
 
 Water rose 22 feet. 
 
 [Boulder] Clay 20 ) OQ . , 
 
 Sand ... 8 1 28 feet. 
 
 28592 n 
 
66 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Brinton. 
 
 Ordnance Map 131, new ser. (Norfolk 17, E.). Geologic Map 68, S.W. 
 
 The Hall ? 
 
 Communicated by F. Lavanchy. 
 
 Water overflowed. 
 
 Drift fi 2) ino , 
 
 Chalk l0 1 102 feet. 
 
 Broome. 
 
 Ordnance Map 176, new ser. (Norfolk 98, N.E.). Geologic Map 66, S.E. 
 1. Broome Place. 1888. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. 
 Lined with 10 feet of 6-inch tubes, 10 feet down, and 114 feet of 5-inch tubes 
 
 7 feet down. 
 (Water-level 54 feet down. Yield 1,020 gallons an hour.) 
 
 Sunk hole (no record) 
 
 [Valley Drift], Ferruginous gravel and sand 
 
 [Boulder Clay, C Yellow clay 
 
 32 feet, j ( Chalky boulder clay 
 
 [Pebbly Series, j Flint pebbles 
 
 29 feet.] { Flint gravel and sand ... 
 
 \ Grey gravelly sand, with shells 
 
 Shell-bed 
 
 Loamy sand and shells 
 
 Grey sand 
 
 [Norwich Crag, -\ Sand and shells 
 
 48 feet.] Gravel and shells 
 
 Coarse loamy sand, with shells 
 Fine sand and shells ... 
 
 LFlints 
 
 Chalk and flints 
 
 The classification by C. Reid, who gives a list of the shells found, especially 
 between 112 and 116 feet, in " The Pliocene Deposits of Britain," 1890, pp. 110, 111. 
 
 2. Coopers Farm. 
 
 From information obtained by C. Reid. 
 
 [Chalky Boulder] Clay 12 I 58 feet 
 
 Gravel and sand (none fit for mortar) 4(3 j 
 
 Brumstead. 
 
 •Ordnance Map 148, new ser. (Norfolk 30, S.W., 41, N.W.) Geologic Map 68, E. 
 
 Half a mile west of the church and close to the Alluvium. 
 
 Recorded by C. Reid. 
 
 Soil and loam , 2£ 1 71 - . 
 
 Fine whitish sand, with 2 feet of water ... 5 ) 2 
 
 Brundall. 
 
 Ordnance Map 162, new ser. (Norfolk 64, S.W.). Geologic Map 66, N.E. 
 
 H. P. Read's, 1900 ? (? Market garden). 
 
 Made and communicated by W. E. Fake. 
 
 Brick well 20 feet. Boring (tubed) 160 feet. 
 
 Water-level 60 feet down, or about river-level. 
 
 Mr. Read says (Sept., 1900) that a three-throw 3|-inch pump has been working 
 nearly every day, about 25 strokes a minute. It will keep this supply night and 
 •day, as long as needed. 
 
 ckness 
 
 Depth 
 
 eet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 12 
 
 — 
 
 20 
 
 72 
 
 9 
 
 — 
 
 20 
 
 101 
 
 16 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 150 
 
 50 
 
 200 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 67 
 
 Buckenham, New. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 96, N.W. and S.W.). Geologic 
 Map 66, S.W. 
 
 Two wells, sunk and communicated by J. Banham 
 
 1. In the Town. 
 
 Sand, 16 feet. ' 
 
 2. Near the Church. 
 
 [Boulder] Clay. Water rose 20 feet, 30 feet. 
 
 Buckenham, Old. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 95, N.E.). Geologic Map 66. S.W 
 Sunk and communicated, 1, 2 by J. Banham, 3 by — Lincoln. 
 
 1. The Hall. 
 
 Clay and marl, 20 feet. 
 
 2. Mr. Salter's. 
 
 Gravel and sand, 10 feet. 
 
 3. On the Fen. 
 
 Marl, fenny bottom, 31 foet. 
 
 4. The Hall (later well). 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. 
 Lined with 20 feet of 8 h -inch tubes and 60 feet of 6 inch. 
 Water-level 24 feet down. Supply 1,200 gallons an hour. 
 
 fLoam 
 
 I Loamy sand 
 
 [Glacial Drift] \ Clay and chalk (mixed; 
 
 [Upper] 
 
 | Ballast [gravel] 
 t Clay and ballast 
 Chalk and flints 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Depth 
 
 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 128 
 
 150 
 
 Bunwell. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 86, S.W., 96, N.W r .). Geologic 
 Map 66, S.W. 
 
 Wells sunk and communicated by — Pooley. 
 
 Two wells in Boulder Clay. 
 
 1. Bunwell Street, by the chapel. Boulder clay, 23 feet. 
 
 2. In Bunwell Wood. Boulder Clay, 25 feet. 
 
 Two wells through Boulder Clay. 
 
 3. Close by No. 1. Boulder Clay, to sand and water, 60 feet. 
 
 4. In Brickkiln Lane. Boulder clay, to sand and water, 20 feet. 
 
 Burlingfham, South. 
 
 Ordnance Map 162, new ser. (Norfolk 65, S.W.). Geologic Map 66, N.ti. 
 Old Hall. From H. B. Woodward's Notes. 
 
 facial Drift] { feo"t(i 
 
 feet to water. 
 
 28^92 
 
 C 2 
 
68 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Burnham Westgate. 
 
 Ordnance Map 130, new ser. (Norfolk 7, N.B.). Geologic Map, 69. 
 Information obtained by A. C. G. Cameron and G. Barrow. 
 
 1. House facing Norton Road. 
 
 Sand and gravel ... ... ... ... ... ... 10 ) Afx £ , 
 
 Hard chalk 24 j 40 feet. 
 
 2. Cobbler's Hill Farm. Chalk, 134 feet. G. Barrow notes a well at 
 Cobbler's Hill Plantation as 130 feet to water, the level of which varies, 
 though the well is never dry. 
 
 3. Sussex Farm, in the valley about If miles west of the town. Chalk, 
 100 feet, the upper part marly, and with a thin covering of gravel. 
 
 4. Friar Thorn Farm, on the main road to Docking about 1J mile from 
 the church. Depth of water in April, 1883, 40 feet. 
 
 Boulder Clay 30) 1Qn , , 
 
 Chalk :. 150| 180feet - 
 
 5. Cradle Hall, south-west of the last. Well said to be 200 feet deep, but 
 probablv not so much, as it went dry once in a dry summer. Depth of water 
 in April, 1883, 30 feet. 
 
 Burston, 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 105, S.W. and S.E.). Geologic 
 Map 50, N.W. 
 
 1, 2, sunk and communicated by G. Banham. 
 
 1. The New Schools. 
 
 [Boulder] Clay 45 7 Aft f . 
 
 Sand. Water rose 7 feet 3 ] 
 
 2. West of Church. 
 
 [Boulder] Clay, to Sand, 26 feet. 
 
 Water rose 23 feet and sometimes overflows. 
 3, 4, sunk and communicated by J. Banham. 
 
 3. Mr. Dixon's Farm. 
 
 Sunk 40 feet, bored 25. 
 [Boulder] Clay, to Sand. Water rose 20 feet, 65 feet. 
 
 4. Crown Inn. 
 
 Sunk 40 feet, bored 20. 
 [Boulder] Clay, to Sand. Water rose 20 feet, 60 feet. 
 
 Bylaugh. 
 
 Ordnance Map 147, new ser. (Norfolk 49, N.B .). Geologic Map 66, N.W. 
 
 Bylaugh Park. Brickyard about three quarters of a mile N.E. by N. of 
 
 the church. 
 
 Shaft 80 feet ; the rest bored. Water about 77 feet down. 
 
 [Drift.] To Chalk (no record of the beds passed through) 80 7 t on - . 
 Chalk 40 ji^0teet. 
 
 The information respecting this well was communicated on the spot, in August, 
 1883, by the manager of the brickyard, who stated that his family had worked it 
 for between 60 and 70 years. The well was sunk about 50 or 60 years ago 
 [1823-1833], and the boring was made in hopes of getting a better supply of water. 
 There were six hollow trunks of trees inserted, with suckers 60 feet down ; but the 
 well on most occasions was soon pumped dry, and it had not been used for about 30 
 years. The brickyard is now supplied with water conveyed in pipes from the river, 
 being forced up by means of the water-wheel at Elsing Mill. See account of well 
 at Elsing, p. 84. 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. 69 
 
 Cantley. 
 
 Ordnance Map 162, new ser. (Norfolk 77, S.W.). Geologic Map 66, S.E. 
 
 Anglo-Netberland Sugar Factory, between the river and the railway, about half 
 a mile S.E. of the church. 1912. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Fake. A 4-inch boring. 
 
 Abundance of pure water. 
 
 I" Soil and clay 
 
 Peat 
 
 Sand, discoloured by peat ... 
 
 Blue sand and stones* 
 
 Dark sand and stones* 
 
 [Glacial j Dark clay 
 
 Drift.] ] Hard stone 
 
 Dark clay 
 
 Blue clay 
 
 Cocoa-coloured clay 
 
 Blue clay, with occasional streaks 
 
 of green 62 178 
 
 f Chalk stone, very hard. Here water 
 [Upper ! rose 8 feet above ground. Tubes 
 
 Chalk.] ] driven down to stop it ... ... 10 — 
 
 L Chalk. Borehole unlined 7 195 
 
 ickness 
 
 Depth 
 
 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 12* 
 
 — 
 
 2* 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 11 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 33 J 
 
 — 
 
 38 
 
 — 
 
 16 
 
 — 
 
 * Colour when drawn from the borehole. 
 
 Prof. P. G. H. Boswell classifies the beds between 22 and 178 feet as London 
 
 Clay. 
 
 For analyses of the water, see p. 145. 
 
 Carleton, East. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 75, S.W.). Geologic Map 66, S.E. 
 
 1. Lord Justice Lindley's. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Legrand and Sutcliff. 
 
 Water-level 14* feet down, May, 1884. 
 
 Thickness Depth 
 
 feet. feet. 
 
 Dug well (the rest bored) — 3 
 
 rn •*+ "i S Loamy clay ... ... ... ... 12 — . 
 
 Lunrt.j | Sand and g rav ei 10 25 
 
 Soft chalk and flints 55 80 
 
 2. The Hall. 
 
 Communicated by — Swan. 
 
 [Glacial Drift.] {^ Vel ;;; ~ - £ -■} 
 [Crag.] Gravel, to chalk ...J 
 
 30 feet. 
 
 Carleton Forehoe. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 74, N.W.). Geologic Map 66, N.W. 
 
 The School. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by — Thuxton, of Hethersett. 
 
 Boulder Clay, 25 feet. 
 
 28592 C 3 
 
70 WELLS AND BORIK<;>. 
 
 Carleton Rode. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 96, N.W.). Geologic Map 66, S.W. 
 Three wells, sunk and communicated by J. Baxiiam. 
 
 1. Mr. Austin's cottages by turnpike-road. 
 
 Sunk 40 feet, bored 20 feet. 
 (Boulder) Clay, to sand, water rose 20 feet, 50 feet. 
 
 2. Mr. Bett's, by side of turnpike-road. 
 
 Sunk 40 feet, bored 20 feet. 
 (Boulder) Clay, to sand,. water rose 30 feet, 60 feet. 
 
 3. In Hargate, three-quarters of a mile south-east of the church. 
 
 (Boulder) Clay, moory bottom, 30 feet. 
 
 Mr. Baxham sunk 20 more wells in Carleton Rode from 20 to 30 feet in 
 (Boulder) Clay ; water-supply from " land springs." 
 
 Castle Acre. 
 
 Ordnance Map 146, new ser. (Norfolk 47, N.W. and S.W.). Geologic Map 65. 
 
 New Rectory. 
 Information from the builder, to C. E. Hawkixs. 
 
 [Glacial Drift] j J^gg „ stuff "" ^ 1 34 feet, to Chalk. 
 
 Castle Rising. 
 
 Ordnance Map 145, new ser. (Norfolk 22, S.E., and 33 N.E.) Geologic Map 69 
 
 1. Rising Lodge Farm, on the high road, a mile south of Castle Rising. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by J. Fake, of Norwich, 1881. 
 Gravel and Sand [Lower Greensand], 105 feet. 
 
 2. Another well sunk about 100 yards east of the above is said to be about 
 113 feet deep. 
 
 3. Cottage at foot of hill, three-quarters of a mile east of South Wootton. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by J. Fake, of Norwich. 
 
 Water rose 30 feet. 
 
 Brick-earth about 7) 
 
 .Red clay „ 2 or 3 [-39 feet. 
 
 Blue clay, to sand [Lower Greensand] „ 29 J 
 
 4, 5. Communicated by F. Valextixe, in 1897. 
 
 4. Catton's Garden. Northern side of the road to Lynn, westward of 
 the Hall. 
 
 Soil 4) .. - , 
 
 Boulder Clay 40 j 44 feet. 
 
 Not carried through to the sand, enough water being got from a thin layer 
 of sand in the clay. 
 
 5. At the back of the New Black Horse Inn, south of the church. 1896 ? 
 
 Well 55 feet, the rest bored. 
 
 Made soil and marl 8] 
 
 Boulder clay, to clean sand, from which an abundance >70 feet, 
 
 of water rose into the well 62 J 
 
 As Mr. Valextixe remarks, they show a deep mass of Boulder Clay where 
 none has been marked on the map. 
 
WELLS AND BOBING8. 
 
 71 
 
 Cawston. 
 
 Ordnance Map 147, new ser. (Norfolk 38, N.E.). Geologic Map-68, S.W. 
 
 Cawston Manor, 1898 ? 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Easton, Anderson & Co. 
 
 87 i feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Well 29 feet 4 inches, the rest bored. 
 
 Standing water-level, 19 i feet down. 
 
 Yield at the rate of 20 gallons a minute, from the bottom of the bore. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 
 Peat 
 
 [Glacial Drift] 
 
 ( Yellow sand 
 
 | Ballast [gravel] and water 
 
 -{ Brick-earth 
 
 | Gault [Boulder clay. C. Reed]... 
 t Sharp greensand and water 
 
 ... nearly 
 
 [Crag, C. Reid] Fine greensand 
 
 ?eet. 
 
 Feet 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 38 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 68 
 
 2 
 
 70 
 
 Cley. 
 
 Ordnance Map 131 (Norfolk 9, N.E.). Geologic Map 68, N.W. 
 
 The Rectory, 1905. 
 
 Made and communicated by W. G. Fake (of Norwich). 
 
 Shaft 90 feet, the rest bored. 
 
 Good supply 
 
 'Grey clay 
 
 Sand and gravel 
 
 Grey clay 
 ■ Loam sand ... 
 [Unit J < Blowing sand 
 
 Fine blowing sand 
 
 Gravel 
 
 [ Shale [? laminated clay] 
 
 rro. n -i ( Marl and flints 
 
 [Chalk] | Cha , k 
 
 (Total given as 175). 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 20 
 
 — 
 
 50 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 15 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 120 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 35 
 
 165 
 
 Congham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 146, new ser. (Norfolk 34, N.W.). Geologic Map 69. 
 
 Congham House, three-quarters of a mile E.S.E. of the church. 1914 ? 
 
 88 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Made by A. Fake (of Norwich). Communicated by E. T. Beardmore (with 
 specimens, noted by G. W. Lamplugii). 
 
 Sandy gravel, about 15 feet. 
 
 Grey chalky boulder clay (specimen). 
 
 Dark chalky boulder clay (specimen from 180 feet). Total depth unknown. 
 
 Dark calcareous clay (specimen from the bottom, 243 feet : probably Kimeridge 
 
 Clay). 
 
 The boring seems to be in a deep Drift-filled valley, in which the Gault and 
 Lower Greensand are cut out. Boring abandoned. No water. 
 
 Mr. Child (a diviner) is said to have marked a spot within 20 feet of this boring, 
 where a good supply would be got 50 feet down by a well of 5 feet diameter. 
 
 -.92 C 4 
 
72 
 
 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Crimplesham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 159, new ser. (Norfolk 69, N.E.). Geologic Map 65. 
 
 1. From C. Reid's Notes. 
 
 Boulder clay 
 
 Gault [Chalk Marl]... 
 
 28 
 
 33 feet. 
 
 2. The Hall. 1905. 
 
 Communicated by B. W. Bryan and (specimens) by Messrs. Fake, who made 
 
 'the boring. 
 
 120 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Shaft 27i feet, the rest bored. 
 
 Messrs. Fake report that the Lower Greensand was dry, no water being- met 
 with in making the borehole. A fair amount of water at 27 feet down. Yield 
 tested later and reached only 28 gallons an hour. 
 
 Thickness. 
 Feet. 
 f Grey clay... 
 Loam 
 
 J Stiff white sand 
 
 -{ Very fine soft white sand 
 Blowing sand (27£ to 30£ fine grey sand) 
 Blue clay (dark grey clay with small 
 bits of chalk) ... 
 
 [Glacial 
 
 Drift.] 
 
 [Lower 
 
 Greensand, < 
 
 66i feet.] 
 
 [Kimeridge 
 Clay.] 
 
 f Oolites (calcareous sandstone, greenish, 
 with casts and impressions of shells 
 ? phosphatic nodules) 
 
 Dark blue sand 
 
 Green sand 
 
 Nodules (pyrites and sandstone and 
 pyrites) 
 
 Blue sand (fine greyish sand) ... 
 
 Green clay 
 
 Hard sandstone (with hard black 
 nodules, small bits of pyrites, and 
 some clayey matter, carried down ?) 
 
 Blue sand 
 
 Clay and sand 
 
 Hard porous stone, light in weight 
 
 Blue sand 
 
 Green sand and loam. After water 
 settling from it, became hard (hard 
 light-green sand, -with some clay and 
 bits of stone, at bottom) 
 
 Hard stone 
 
 Green sand 
 
 Hard blue sand (fine pale grey sand) . 
 
 Hard stone (sandstone, one specimen 
 calcareous) 
 
 Blue sand 
 i^Hard stone 
 
 Green sand and slate-coloured clay 
 f Thin layers of stone and blue sand 
 
 Blue sand, with hard stone at 116^—117 
 
 Black clay 
 
 Green and slate-coloured clay ... 
 
 Hard stone 
 <^ Blue sand 
 
 Thin stone and black clay 
 
 Blue sand ... ... 
 
 Fine blue sand ... 
 
 Black clay 
 [ Dark blue clay ... 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 5£ 
 2£ 
 H 
 
 m 
 
 4 
 24 
 10 
 
 171 
 
 n 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 4i 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 2| 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 2i 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 Depth 
 Feet. 
 
 30£ 
 
 47 
 
 2 — 
 21 
 
 3 — 
 2i - 
 
 111* 
 
 120£ 
 
 242^ 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. 73 
 
 Crimplesham — continued. 
 
 The specimens and the descriptions sent with them differ somewhat from the 
 above, below 112 feet, as follows : — 
 
 Black clay, blacker when fresh from the bore, but lighter since exposed to the 
 air (very dark grey, with some bits of shell), 112 to 116 feet. 
 
 Dark blue clay (dark grey, with bits of shell), 116 to 241 feet. 
 
 Light-blue clay (grey clay, nearly as dark as the above, with bits of shell), 241 to 
 242* feet. 
 
 From these specimens it seems clear that the Kimeridge Clay is reached at 112 
 feer. 
 
 The blue clay from 30£ to 47 feet, or part of it, may be Gault. 
 
 According to the Report of the Medical Officer of the Downham Rural District, 
 in 1913, "At Crimplesham the water supply is unsatisfactory. In the village street 
 there are several wells but in only two of these is the water considered fit to 
 drink." 
 
 See also West Dereham, p. 77. 
 
 Cromer. 
 
 Ordnance Map, 131, new ser. (Norfolk 11, E.). Geologic Map 68, E. 
 
 1. Gas Company. 
 
 Communicated by F. Bennett, of Ipswich, who continued the boring 
 in 1902, driving a 6-inch tube down to 137 feet. 
 
 Yield, after Bennett's boring was done, between 1,600 and 1,700 gallons an 
 hour. Water first class, free from salt ; stood 99 feet down, varying from 18 to 
 20 inches, according to the tide. 
 
 Well, previously sunk 
 
 Hardpan 
 
 Rough ballast [gravel] . % 
 
 Running sand 
 
 Flints 
 
 [Upper] Chalk, with flints at 143, 144, 146, 147, 
 
 149, 150, 153, 155*, 157, 159, 162, 165, 171, 
 
 174 and 179 feet 72 10 200 
 
 2. Waterworks. About 900 yards south of the church. 1880 (?). 117 feet 
 above high water of spring-tides. Taken over by the local authority in 1902. 
 Well 81 feet, then bored. 
 
 Description by C. Reid, Cromer Memoir and Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc. pt. v., 1881, 
 pp. 129-131 :— 
 
 " In sinking this well much difficulty was found, owing to the number of small 
 springs in the Boulder-clay, which ought to be carefully shut out. For 61 feet the 
 original plan was adhered to, and the well lined with brickwork. Then the beds 
 became so full of water, that it was found necessary to use cylinders ; but at 81 feet 
 the cylinders entered stiff Boulder-clay on one side, while the other was in quick- 
 sand, which flowed in as fast as it was cleared out. At last the cylinders were 
 forced into the clay, and it was decided to abandon the plan of sinking the well 
 further and commence boring." 
 
 A 13-inch bore was carried to 141 feet, when the shell used to extract material 
 entered a bed of flints and became fixed. It had to be broken and a smaller bore 
 was carried down and lined with a 9-inch tube to 173 feet. Then boring was 
 continued, with a diameter of 8 inches, the 9-inch tube being afterward-* driven 
 down a further 24 feet in order to shut out the water from the clays and sands. 
 
 After the well was completed, on pumping, the bore rapidly filled with sand and 
 clay, which rose till passing the spring in the Chalk and reaching the base of the 
 lining tube. 
 
 After delays a good supply was got from the Chalk, continuous pumping of 
 10 hours daily for three weeks not reducing the level of the water. 
 
 The details of the beds are in the upper part from his own measurements, and the 
 rest from a section of E. R. Priest's. " The first J JO feet belong to beds so much 
 contorted, that as far as the well was sunk, the two sides gave quite different 
 readings."' 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 
 — 
 
 114 
 
 1 
 
 115 
 
 5 
 
 120 
 
 5 2 
 
 125 2 
 
 2 
 
 127 2 
 
74 
 
 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Cromer — continued. 
 
 In one case Reid gives the figures for both sides down to the depth of 12 feetr 
 and in the other to that of 82 £ and 81 *. In the following account I have taken the 
 mean : both descriptions have been used. 
 
 There must be some slight error in the- figures, the total depth being given a* 
 400 feet. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 Feet. Feet. 
 
 Soil 1 _ 
 
 f Brown brick- earth, with a few scat- 
 tered angular flints and pebbles of 
 
 flint and chalk ; occasional seams 
 
 of lead-coloured clay. Cyprina 
 
 Islandica, Tellina Balthica and 
 
 Cardium edule 
 Buff fine sand, rather loamy... 
 
 Brick-earth, as above 
 
 Buff loamy sand with a few stones... 
 Light-lead-coloured boulder clay 
 Sand, with occasional subangular 
 
 flints. Water at the base (bad) ... 
 Blue clayey loam, with ver v few stones 
 
 or fossils. Thin seams of sand, 
 
 with a little water at the base 
 Blue-black clayey loam, with a few 
 
 stones and shell-fragments 
 Soft mud and clay. Water at 61 and 
 
 69 feet 
 
 Wet blue clay and running sand 
 
 Stiff clay 
 
 Very firm clay 
 
 „ „ of a lighter colour ... 
 ,, „ of a darker colour ... • 
 „ „ * hard, with flints 
 Soft, wet sandy clay ... 
 Hard blue earth (water-level at 111 
 
 feet) 
 
 Contorted 
 
 Drift, 
 11H feet. 
 
 Pliocene 
 
 Beds, 
 29* feet. 
 
 Upper 
 
 Chalk, 
 
 258* feet. 
 
 f Soft blue earth 
 
 I Wet sandy earth, with flints 
 
 J Running sand, with flints 
 
 <J Carbonaceous clay and fine gravel, 
 with a little lignite, described as 
 like concrete ... ... ... 
 
 [_ Flints (the stone- bed) 
 
 ' Chalk, with 9 inches of flints at the 
 base 
 
 Marl, chalk and blue clay, mixed (the 
 clay probably fallen from above 
 when the bore was enlarged) 
 
 Chalk. 3* feet of flints below 182| 
 feet. Large flint (1* feet) below 
 210*. Flints below 232, 252, 256*, 
 276 (1* feet), 283, 298, 302*, 345*, 
 383 (1* feet) and 386 £ feet 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 3* 
 
 — 
 
 li 
 
 — 
 
 3i 
 
 — 
 
 6* 
 
 — 
 
 51 
 
 27| 
 
 144 
 
 1 a 
 
 42 
 
 19 
 
 79 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 4* 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 1 
 1* 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 6* 
 
 112* 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 13 
 
 
 4 
 
 142 
 
 3i 
 
 — 
 
 26 
 
 228| 
 
 400* 
 
 According to an account in the Eastern Daily Tress, May 11th, 1892, a new 
 well was finished in that year to a depth of 183 feet, reaching the Chalk at 138 feet. 
 It was lined to the depth of 151 feet, with brickwork and iron cylinders, and a 
 borehole of 20 inches diameter was taken to a further depth of 40 feet. Two 
 headings were driven, one joining up with the older well. The permanent water- 
 level is 110 feet down. The well and headings have a storage-capacity of about 
 25,000 gallons. The total yield it is estimated will be at least 200,000 gallons a day. 
 
 A letter of June, 1900, from P. E. Haxsell (Secretary of the Company), says 
 that a 12- inch borehole has been carried down to about 260 feet; that the total 
 length of the headings is 796 feet, that most of the water comes from the so nth- 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. ?5 
 
 OxomeT—< <>>< tinned. 
 
 west ; that the older well and borehole has been abandoned ; and that the water- 
 level in the present well, before pumping, is 122 feet below the engine-room-floor, 
 the level having been permanently reduced about 11 feet since 1877. 
 The following gaugings were made in 1899 : — 
 
 Depth of water in well, in feet. 
 
 24 hours. 
 27 ., 
 
 m „ 
 
 uui ^uiupug, 
 
 August 3 
 
 „ io 
 
 ,. 23 
 
 1 iallons. 
 251.713 
 271,129 
 2S5,492 
 
 at 
 
 starting. 
 25 
 4tf 
 45 
 
 at 
 
 stopping. 
 20 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 inimum day'* 
 January 21 
 
 pumping. 
 
 48,318 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 25 
 
 According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 142, the Cromer 
 works also supply part of Felbrigg, Northrepps, Overstrand, Roughcon, Runton, 
 and Sidestrand. Many other parishes are within the limits of supply. The 
 average daily quantity, from the Cromer and Metton Works, was 227,0u0 gallons. 
 Much more could be got. 
 
 The Waterworks Directory of 1911 gives the population supplied a3 about 6,000. 
 
 See also under Metton. 
 
 Denton. 
 
 vOrdnance Map 176, new ser. (Norfolk 107, N.W.). Geologic Map 66, S.E. 
 
 Mr. Doole's. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Lawrence. 
 
 Clay, about 71 l«q-f 00 + 
 
 Sand, to water, about 18 jo»ieeii. 
 
 Deopham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 73, S.E , 85, N.E.). Geologic 
 Map 66, S.W. 
 
 Three wells, sunk and communicated by — Lincoln, of Attlebjrough. 
 
 1. Low Common. 
 
 Black sand. Water rose to surface, 8 feet. 
 
 2. Near the Church 
 
 Glacial Drift | § ra 1 el ., Aluttot. 
 
 (Brick-earth 10) 
 
 3. One mile south of the Church. 
 
 (Boulder) Clay, to Chalk, 90 feet. 
 
 Depwade Rural District. 
 
 The Medical Officer reports, in 1912, "No public water service exists in the district, 
 in several of the larger houses, factories, and maltings good water is obtained by 
 deep boring." Most of tbe drinking water is got from shallow wells, with a danger 
 of pollution. 
 
 Dereham, East. 
 
 Ordnance Maps 160, 161, new ser. (Norfolk 49, S.W. and 61, N.W.). 
 Geologic Map 66, N.W. 
 
 1. Near the National School, about three eighths of a mile N.E. of St. 
 Nil liolas' Church. 
 
 I of water, 30 feet down. 
 
 Post-Glacial. Brown loam 14 1 
 
 ( ilacial Drift \ * onld f r C & , * to J { ' 6b feet " 
 
 ( Gravel and sand lb J 
 
gravel, 
 &c, 19 
 
 feet.] 
 
 76 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Dereham, East— continued. 
 
 2. Waterworks, a little more than half a mile N.E. by N. of St. Nicholas* 
 Church. 1880. 
 
 Account by J. H. Blake. 
 
 216 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Shaft and cylinders 94 feet, the rest bored (10 inches diameter to the depth 
 of about 100 feet, then 8 inches). 
 
 Water rose to 62 feet below the surface ; supply abundant. 
 
 A most careful record of the formations penetrated was kept by the 
 contractor, J. Villiers- of Beverley, by whom it was communicated. I also 
 at various times inspected the operations, and carefully examined specimens of 
 the formations passed tin ough. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 feet. feet. 
 
 TPlateau f Soil 2 
 
 arnvfil | Brown sand and gravel 5£ 
 
 -{ Brown loam with flints 4 
 
 Brown strong clay with flints 6^ 
 
 ^ Brown sand and gravel ... ... ... 1 19 
 
 [Upper.] Boulder Clay, grey marly clay, with chalk, 
 flints, &c 6 25 
 
 f Brown sand and gravel ... ... ... 3 — 
 
 I Coarse flints and gravel ... ... ... 10 — 
 
 [Middle [ Light-brown sand and gravel, with chalk 
 
 Glacial, -{ grains and occasional large flints ... 18 
 
 69 feet.] | Red sand and gravel 14 
 
 J Light-red sand ... ... ... ... 20 — 
 
 I^Red sand and small flints ... ... 4 94 
 
 [Lower.] Boulder Clay, consisting of dark bluish- 
 grey marly clay, with pieces of chalk and fragments 
 of marine shells ... ... ... ... ... 26 120 
 
 f Soft marly chalk ... ... ... ... 10 — 
 
 rp, ,, | Soft chalk, with five beds of rotten* flint, 
 
 X n .\< the middle one 6 inches thick, the 
 
 do ieet.j j regt 4 incheg 27 _ 
 
 I Rotten* chalk 28 185 
 
 * So described by the contractor. 
 
 The trial-boring, begun on November 4th, 1879, was completed on January 24th. 
 1880. The progress of the boring, up to January 10th, averaged 3 feet a day until a 
 depth of 180 feet was reached. A difficulty then ensued in keeping the bore -hole 
 open, the chalk being very soft and described as like mud. When a depth of 185 
 feet had been reached, a test of 72 hours continuous pumping was made direct from 
 the bore-hole, and water was got at the rate of from 60 to 70 gallons a minute, or 
 about 98,000 gallons a day of 24 hours. This result being deemed satisfactory, the 
 boring was not continued. 
 
 Water was first met with at a depth of 60 feet and continued to a depth of 94 feet 
 until the Lower Boulder Clay was reached. The bore-hole was tubed as the work 
 proceeded, but, of the 185. feet bored, only 167 were tubed, and the water stood at 
 62 feet down. Thus, there was apparently only two feet difference of level between 
 the water that was first met with in the red sand and gravel and that which was 
 supposed to be independent of it, and to have risen afterwards in the tube direct 
 from the Chalk. This fact, I considered, was somewhat ominous, for if the sources 
 of the supply were perfectly distinct, and there was no connexion between the 
 water in the Chalk and that in the Glacial sand above, it was, to say the least, a 
 curious coincidence that the level of the water in both cases should have been nearly 
 the same. With reference to this opinion F. Sutton (County Analyst) remarked, 
 " that he was afraid there must be an admixture of the upper and lower waters to 
 which reference had been made, because he never before saw a sample of ' chalk- 
 water ' which contained so little solid matter as that obtained from this boring. 
 There must be an admixture of the ' sand- water ' with that of the ' chalk- water ' ; 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. / / 
 
 Dereham, East — continued. 
 
 and if the blue marl [Lower Boulder Clay] was fissured, that would most likely be 
 the case. The hardness given in his analysis was 1(5° (Clarke's scale). That was 
 most exceptional for ' chalk- water ' ; and it was evident to him that some softer 
 water must have become mixed with it. But that had nothing to do with its 
 sanitary qualities, for the water seemed to be almost perfect, with the exception of 
 the free ammonia, which was sure to be met with in newly-opened wells." 
 
 "This water is practically free from organic matter of any kind, and in my 
 opinion does not contain a trace of sewage impurity. The free ammonia is rather 
 large, but this is invariably the case with 'chalk wells' when first drawn upon, and 
 will lessen as the well is used. In my opinion the water will turn out to be one of 
 the purest supplies in Norfolk, and not excessively hard." (JPra*. Norwich Geol. 
 Soc, pt. v., p. 128.) 
 
 The analysis of the water is given on p. 149. 
 
 " The flow of water from the Chalk is governed by a sluice-valve at the well- 
 bottom, by which (from above) the water can be shut off, and the well pumped dry 
 for any purposes that might be required. . . . From the well the water is pumped 
 into an elevated tank holding 40,000 gallons, and from thence, through an 8-inoh 
 sluice- valve, into the 8-inch main service, etc." (W. H. Na.nkivell, Surveyor to 
 Local Board, in the Report of the Medical Officer of Health for 1881.) 
 
 According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 49, the well is 
 :UJ2 feet deep. The daily average supply 50,000 gallons. Much more could be got. 
 The water is excellent. Hardness, total 16°, after softening 8°, permanent 4°. 
 
 Population supplied 5,545. Water Works Directory 1911, p. 127. 
 
 Dereham, West. 
 
 Ordnance Map 159, new ser. (Norfolk 69, S.E.). Geologic Map 65. 
 
 1. Cottages near the church. 
 
 From A. J. Jukes-Browne's Notes. 
 
 Shaft 30 feet and bore 30 feet, through clay to sand [Lower Greensand] and 
 water. The 60 feet must give nearly the full thickness of the Gault. 
 
 2. Coprolite Works, 1883. [There is a doubt as to which works are referred 
 to. Those S.W. of the church are in West Dereham, but those nearly a mile 
 westward of the church are more likely in Crimplesham.] 
 
 C. Reid, Geol. Maq. 1886, dec. iii, vol. iii. p. 56. 
 
 feet, 
 Boulder Clay, very chalky 7 
 
 Gault, classed at first f^ 6 ^ drymg bluish-white ... 4 
 
 as Chalk Marl ... ) Phos P ha * lc nodules in greenish loamy 
 
 ( or sandy matrix, with fossils i 
 
 Lower Greensand ... \ ** ard loam y ° odular g reensand - 2 
 
 ( Running sand ... ... ... ... 2 
 
 Dersingham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 145, new ser. (Norfolk 23, N.W.). Geologic Map 69. 
 
 ? For Norfolk County Council, 1912. 
 
 A 4-inch boring, made and communicated by Messrs. Fake. 
 
 No water got. Bdring abandoned. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 feet. feet. 
 
 Soil (mould) 5 5 
 
 fCarstone 1£ — 
 
 [Lower Greensand] B'-Xit^, :;; Z % Z 
 
 (Blue sand 20 86 
 
78 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Dickleburgh. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 105, S.E. and 106, S.W.). Geologic 
 
 Map 50, N.ti. 
 
 1. Rectory. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by W. Li.mmer. 
 
 Sand (water rose 4 feet), 20 feet. 
 
 2. Mr. Smith's. N. of house, at the mill. 
 
 Communicated by Mk. Smith. 
 
 Shaft, 35 feet ; the rest bored. 
 
 A strong spring of water (ferruginous), rose 55 feet. 
 
 Sand, 70 feet. 
 
 There is some doubt as to these two sections, the surface of the district being 
 
 Boulier Clay.— (W.W.) 
 
 3. Mr. Smith's (miller). E. of house. 
 
 Communicated by Mk. Smith. 
 
 [Glacial Drift] { g n °d lderJ .. Clay [[[ []] ^ } 26 feet - 
 
 4. 200 yards E. of Mr. Smith's. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Smith. 
 [Boulder] Clay, to sand and water, 135 feet. 
 
 5. Mr. Simpson's, in the village. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by W. LlMMEB. 
 Sunk 50 feet, and then bored 50 feet in [Boulder] Clay. 
 
 6. Langmere Green, south-eastward of the village (entered under Rushall in 
 the Memoir on 50, N.E.). 
 
 Two wells, sunk and communicated by W. Limjier. 
 
 [Boulder] Clay, to sand, 50 and 60 feet. 
 
 Water rose 9 feet. 
 
 Diss. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 110, N.W., and 105, S.W. and N.W.). 
 
 Geologic Map 50 ; N.W. 
 1. Brewery. 
 
 John Taylor, Proc. Geol. S»c, Vol. II., p. 93 ; and Phil. Mag., Vol. V., p. 295 ; and 
 Trans. Geol. Soc, 1837, ser. 2, Vol. V., p. 137. 
 
 Sunk by Thomas Lombe Taylor. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 Feet. Feet. 
 
 7. Clay 50 — 
 
 6. Sand 50 100 
 
 5. Chalk, without flints, soft and of a marly 
 
 nature ... ... ... ... ... ... 100 — 
 
 4. Chalk, with flints in layers of single stones, 
 
 distant about a yard from eich other ... 330 — 
 
 3. Grey chalk, with an occasional layer of white 
 
 chalk, and free from flints ... ... ... 60 — 
 
 2. Light bright blue chalk, approaching to clay, 
 
 with white chalk stones .*. ... ... 20 610 
 
 1. Sand 5 615 
 
 " On penetrating the light blue chalk, the tools sunk rapidly for about 5 feet, 
 and the water rose to within 47 feet of the surface, at whioa height it is stated to 
 have continued." 
 
 S. V. Wood has referred bed 7 to the Upper Drift, bed 6 to the Middle Drift, and 
 bed 5 to the Lower Drift. Remarks in Explanation of the Map of the Upper 
 Tertiaries, $e. (privately printed) 1865. C. B. Rose was disposed to think that 
 bed 2 represented the Gault, and bed 1 the Lower Greensaad. Proc. Geol. Assjc, 
 vol. i., p. 229. 1862. 
 
Thickness. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 50 
 
 — 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 
 80 
 
 — 
 
 350 
 
 — 
 
 60 
 
 590 
 
 25 
 
 615 
 
 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 i 
 
 Diss — continued. 
 
 Another account. 
 
 A boring for water in March, 1834. 
 
 Communicated to Samuel Woodward, of Norwich, by T. L. Taylor. 
 
 Blue clay with shells 
 
 Sand and gravel 
 
 Chalk nearly white, without Units 
 
 White chalk with layers of flints ... 
 
 Grey chalk with layers of white chalk ... 
 
 Blue clay with chalk stones* 
 
 * "Prom the specimen this appeared to be Chalk Marl." S. WOODWARD, MS. (H.B.W.) 
 
 I am inclined to class only the top 100 feet as Glacial Drift, and the rest as Chalk. 
 
 A. J. Jukes-Browne says that the 80 or 100 feet of chalk without flints may 
 belong to the zone of Martupitet, as suggested by Dr. C. Barrois ; that the chalk 
 with flints (330 or 350 feet; may include the zones of Micraster coranguinv. >» . )/. 
 cortestudinarium, Ifohuter planus. Terebratvlina : that the grey chalk (60 feet) 
 probably represents the zone of KhynckoiuMa Cucieri ; and that the specimen of 
 the " blue " bed (20 or 25 feet) may have come from the Belemnite Marl, at the top 
 of the Lower Chalk. " The Cretaceous Rocks of Britain," vol. iii, 1904, p. 245. 
 
 According to Major Tulloch the water-level was 47 feet down, and 14 days' 
 test-pumping at the rate of about 2,520 gallons an hour failed to lower it more 
 than about a foot. (1908.) 
 
 A different and less precise account is given in W. Lee's Report to the General 
 Board of Health, 1850, p. 6, and the water said to be strongly impregnated with iron. 
 
 This brewery has been taken over by Lacon & Co. and a few houses (? 14) close 
 by are supplied from it. 
 
 2. Brush and Mat Factory. Messrs. Aldrich. 1900. 
 
 Bored and communicated by Messrs. F. Smith & Son. 
 
 A 2-inch boring put down first and then an 8-inch bore. 
 
 Water-level 58 feet down. Pump 3,000 to 4,000 gallons an hour. 
 
 Old well (the rest bored) 
 
 f Fine sand . . . 
 
 TGlacial \ Rou g h sand... 
 
 Driftl J Bluecla y ••• 
 
 L>nttJ (Gravel 
 
 Thickness. 
 Feet. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 — 
 
 60 
 
 10 
 9 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 97 
 
 263 
 
 360 
 
 Chalk 
 
 Another account makes the old well only just over 54 feet deep and the total 
 depth 351 J feet ; water-level 55 feet down. 
 
 After pumping 2,460 gallons in \\ hours the water-level was lowered 8£ feet, and 
 further pumping failed to lower it more. 40,000 gallons a day are pumped. 
 
 The sinkers have bored several welli in the town and find that the Chalk-level 
 varies very little. Water always good. 
 
 3. Waterworks. At the extreme north-western corner of the area. 1912 ? 
 
 Two borings, made and communicated by Messrs. Duke & Ockenden and 
 from the Local Go\ernment Board. 
 
 138 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Lining tube, of 10 inches diameter to 160 feet. 
 
 Water-level 55 feet down. 
 
 Yield, tested by continuous pumping for 14 days, 144,000 to 150,000 gallons a 
 
 day. Level of water before pumping, 83 feet above Ordnance Datum, after 
 
 pumping 18. 
 
80 
 
 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 [Glacial 
 Drift] 
 
 Chalfc 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 54 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 11 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 15 
 
 93 
 
 155 
 
 — 
 
 53 
 
 — 
 
 29 
 
 — 
 
 48 
 
 400 
 
 Diss — continued. 
 
 f Boulder clay 
 '. Saud and gravel 
 J Sand* 
 1 Loose sand* 
 { Blue clay 
 [^Gravel 
 
 f Soft chalk, no flints 
 " Soft chalk, few flints 
 
 Soft chalk 
 
 -I Plastic chalk 
 
 Soft chalk 
 
 Soft chalk, few flints 
 
 L Soft chalk 
 
 * In one account given as loose sand 14, sand 1. 
 
 The pumping test was continuous for 336 hours, except for a stoppage of seven 
 minutes, when in five minutes the water rose from 124 feet to 62 feet. In the next 
 two minutes it rose over 4 feet more, or to within 3 feet of rest-level, and pumping 
 was resumed. The pumping had no measurable effect upon the level of the water 
 in the public borehole a short distance east (? 420 feet) in Shelfhanger Road. The 
 pumping of water hourly from the borehole was from 50 to 70 per cent, in excess of 
 the proposed rate of 4,000 gallons an hour. 
 
 According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, the daily average 
 supply was 12,322 gallons. The water is filtered and softened, and has a hardness 
 of 46*4° before softening. 
 
 A slightly different section has been given by W. H. Booth, in The Power User, 
 July, 1913. Perhaps this may refer to Well No. 2, which was made by Perkins, 
 Mackintosh & Co. The two wells are " 66 ft. apart west and east, No. 1 being 66 ft. 
 from the west boundary, and both wells 66 ft. from the north boundary of the site. 
 Each borehole is a trifle over 400 ft. in depth." There is a well of 12 feet at top. 
 His section is as follows : — 
 
 Thickness. 
 Feet 
 f Chalky boulder clay 53 
 
 Depth. 
 Feet. 
 
 T Glacial 
 "Drift] 
 
 Chalk 
 
 Gravel and sand 
 
 ! Sand 
 
 j Loose sand ... 
 
 ! Clay 
 
 L Gravel 
 
 f Soft chalk ... 
 
 1 Very soft chalk 
 
 Soft chalk and few large flints ... 
 
 Soft chalk, very little flint 
 
 Soft chalk, more flints 
 
 Soft chalk, less flint 
 
 ( Soft chalk 
 
 j Soft plastic chalk ... 
 
 J Bands of soft and plastic chalk ... 
 
 I Soft chalk 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 69 
 30 
 38 
 41 
 14 
 16 
 29 
 14. 
 49 
 
 7 
 
 93 
 
 400 
 
 The following table presumably comes from a Report by the Medical Officer, 
 and shows the progress of the supply : — 
 
 Monthly pumping record, in gallons. 
 1913. 
 
 January 21,000 
 
 February 219,000 
 
 March 271,000 
 
 April 365,000 
 
 May 492,000 
 
 June 502,000 
 
 July ' 568,000 
 
 August 544,000 
 
 September 427,000 
 
 October 501,000 
 
 November 472,000 
 
 December 453,000 
 
 Monthly average 
 
 418,000 
 
 1914. 
 466,000 
 423,000 
 467,000 
 687,000 
 785,000 
 801,000 
 751,500 
 787,000 
 999,000 
 860,875 
 760,500 
 777,875 
 713,812 
 
Drift] < pn, 
 
 92 feet ^ 
 
 WELLS AND BORINGS. 81 
 
 Diss — continued. 
 
 The average daily consumption in 1913 was 13,726 gallons and in 1914 23,574, 
 the increase being due to new connections, the number of premises supplied having 
 increased from 387 to 505. 
 
 Hardness of the water from No. 1 bore 43-8°, from No. 2 46-4°. For analysis see 
 p. 160. 
 
 4. Young & Co.'s Brewery. 
 
 Information from — Thomas (1908). 
 
 Well 40 feet 10 inches (II feet above ground-level, the rest bored). 
 
 Thickness. 
 Feet. 
 1-/-.1 • i ( Loam and sand ,., ... ... ... ... 12 
 
 [ S??!n J Marl, with water 3 
 
 lue clay ... ... ... ... ... ••• 32 
 
 Hard dry clay (boring) 45 
 
 A great number of wells in Drift were recorded by F. J. Bennett, the informa- 
 tion being got from Mr. Aldeich (marked Al.), G. Banham (G.B.), J. Banham 
 (J.B.) and W. Ltmmer (W.L.). 
 
 5. Foot of Denmark Hill. Mr. Ward's, mason (G.B.) Boulder Clay, no 
 water, 29 feet. 
 
 Wells through Boulder Clay. 
 
 6. Cherry Tree Inn, near (G.B.). Boulder Clay, 36 feet. Sand 6. Water 
 rose 4 feet. 
 
 7. Corn Hall, near (G.B.). Boulder Clay, to sand, 29 feet. Water rose 
 
 3 feet 
 
 8. Denmark Hill, Easto's Soda Water Works (G.B.). Boulder Clay, to sand, 
 42 feet. Water rose 35 feet. 
 
 9. Dolphin Inn (Al.). Boulder Clay, 7 feet. Sand 4. 
 
 10. Greyhound Inn (J. B.). Boulder Clay. 52 feet. Sand 18. 
 
 11. Gurneys' Bank (Al.). Boulder Clay, to sand, 20 feet. Water rose 
 
 4 feet. 
 
 12. Heywood, north of the town, near Chapel Schools. (J.B.) Boulder 
 Clay, to sand and water, 35 feet. 
 
 13. Highest part, near Brush Factory. (Al.). Boulder Clay, 40 feet. 
 Sand 15. 
 
 14. Jarret's Farm. (J.B.). Sunk 50 feet, bored 25. Boulder Clay to sand. 
 Water rose 30 feet. 
 
 15. Mr. Maling's. (AL). Boulder Clay, to sand with water, 30 feet. 
 
 16. Mount Street, Mr. Garrod's (Al.). Boulder Clay, to sand, 50 feet. 
 W uter rose 3 feet. 
 
 17. Mount Street, Mr. Gilmans (Al.). Boulder Clay, to sand, 57 feet. Water 
 rose 3 feet. 
 
 18. Mount Street, Miss Taylor's. Boulder Clay, to sand, 45 feet. Water 
 rose 3 feet. 
 
 19. Murton's Farm (J.B.). Sunk 50 feet, bored 25. Boulder Clay, to sand. 
 Water rose 30 feet. 
 
 20. St. Nicholas Street. (W.L.). Boulder Clay, 10 feet. Blowing sand 20. 
 
 21. Walcot Green (W.L.). Boulder Clay, 20 feet. Loam and blowing 
 sand 21. 
 
 22. Walcot Green, Mr. Chase's (G.B.). Boulder Clay, 54 feet. Sand 4. 
 Water rose 4 feet. 
 
 Wells in sand and gravel. 
 
 23. Chapel Street. Sand 25 feet. 
 
 24. Churchyard. (AL). Sand 18 feet. 
 
 25. Denmark Green. Sand and gravel 8 feet. 
 
 26. Denmark Hill, opposite Easto's Soda Water Works. (G.B.). Sand 10 feet. 
 Water rose 7 feet. 
 
 27. King's Head Hotel. (AL). Sand, with shells and a tree-trunk, 15 feet. 
 
 28. Mere Street. (Al.). Sand 12 feet. 
 
 A letter from the Clerk to the Council, of Nov. 30, 1909, says that the gravel at 
 Diss is in direct communication with the Chalk ; but the Chalk is drained upwards 
 into the gravel, and not the gravel downward into the Chalk, as shown by the many 
 springs that rise from the bed of the Mere. 
 
82 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Ditchingham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 176 (Norfolk 98, N.E.). Geologic Map 68, S.E. 
 
 1. Ditchingham House. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Lawrence. 
 Water rather salt. 
 
 Clay and brickearth, about 36) 7 ~ 
 
 Sand, a bed of shells 7 feet thick, without sand, at the base, V - , 
 
 about 40j teet ' 
 
 2. The Lodge. (D. Palmer.) 
 
 8 or 9 feet of hard shelly drag met with. 
 
 3. Mrs. Menzies, t mile north of Cold Bath House. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Lawrence. 
 
 Clay 50 1 75 
 
 Sand 25) feet. 
 
 At the base were found the following shells (in Mr. Hartcup's possession) : — 
 
 Purpura lapillus, Litorina Utorea, Cardium. edule, Mya arenaria, Tellina obliqua r 
 
 J. prcetenuis, Cyprina lslandica. 
 
 4. Messrs. Rutter's new Malt Kilns, 1905? 
 
 Boring. Communicated by F. Smith and Son, of Grimsby. 
 Supply of 3,000 gallons an hour, rising to 2 feet below the ground. Quality 
 
 very good. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 Feet. Feet. 
 Subsoil ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 
 
 [Drift f*™f«™7* 1 ;V 
 
 and Cra*? ?1 \ Sllt (° f Sllt y 8and ^ 
 
 ana urag . j ^ Fine gan ^ rather green 
 
 Chalk 
 
 5. Messrs. Mann's Maltings. 1901 ? 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. 
 
 About 16 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Water-level 2£ feet down. 
 
 15 — 
 50 
 
 18 84 
 
 110 194 
 
 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Peet. 
 
 
 'Sand and clay 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 
 Sand and stones ... 
 
 22 
 
 — 
 
 [Drift ^ 
 and Crag.] 
 
 Green blowing sand 
 
 33 
 
 — 
 
 Green blowing sand and shells, with 2 ins 
 
 
 
 of green rock at the top 
 
 30 
 
 — 
 
 
 Green sand 
 
 11 
 
 — 
 
 
 ^Flints 
 
 1 
 
 100 
 
 Chalk and fl 
 
 nts ... 
 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 Docking. 
 
 • Ordnance Map 130, new ser. (Norfolk 14, N.E.). Geologic Map 69. 
 Town well. Information obtained by G. Barrow (? 1883). 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 Feet. Feet. 
 rni *- , ( Boulder Clay (known as brick-earth) 30 to 40 35 
 
 L n--F+i ^ Gravel... ' 30 to 40 — 
 
 unit. j (Fine sand 70 140 
 
 Rock (very hard chalk) 50 ' 190 
 
 The depth of clay and gravel together was said to be about 70 feet. The wel 
 having gone dry some years ago was deepened, and on sinking 10 feet more they 
 came on tabular flint, which crossed the entire bottom of the shaft. On breaking 
 through this water came in and rose very rapidly, and the well has never been dry 
 since. In April, 1883, there was 40 feet of water. 
 
 Another account got by C. Reid says that the well is bricked for 60 feet, and that 
 the rest is in chalk with flints to 216 feet. This, however, may refer to another well, 
 as there are said to be two deep wells in Docking. 
 
WELLS AND BOEINGS. 83 
 
 Downham Market. 
 
 Ordnance Map 159, new ser. (Norfolk 69, N.W.) Geologic Map 65. 
 1. Railway Station. 
 
 Communicated by Messrs. TlLLEY and Sun. 
 [Through clay] to a thin bed of rock with plenty of water. 
 
 l'. Messrs. Wenn & Co., Brewers, &c. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Islek and Co. 
 
 Lined with 70 feet of 4-inch tube. 
 
 Water-level 35 feet down. Yield 360 gallons an. hour (from stone-beds?). 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 
 rr f Shaft (the rest bored) 
 
 [Lower ' Dead ^ aQd 
 
 Greensand.] | Dead bkck gand 
 
 fRock 
 
 T ,. .j \ Blue clay 
 Kimendge R , J 
 
 1Q ™ y ' + 1 Blue clay 
 
 is/ leet. j BJne day with stone 
 
 I^Blueclay 
 
 Earsham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 176, new ser. (Norfolk 98, S.W. and S.E.). 
 Geologic Map 66, S.E. 
 1. The Hall. 
 
 Well sunk through clay, sand, and gravel, 74 feet to shells ? (C. Reid.) 
 
 ■1. Hull Farm. 
 
 Soil 
 
 Yellow loam ... 
 
 'eet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 
 29 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 72 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 99 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 216 
 
 1 1 
 
 U I 
 
 fi or 7 ^-92 feet. 
 5 or 6 I 
 7 or 8 I 
 10 J 
 
 25) 
 45} 
 
 70 feet. 
 
 Blue clay and chalk 
 Clay with Lias 
 Blackish loamy sand 
 Red gravel 
 Black loam 
 
 :.. The Park. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. PALMER. 
 
 Boulder Clay 
 
 Sand and gravel ... ... ... ... 
 
 4. Mr. Pipes, half a mile W.N.W of the Hall. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Lawrence. 
 
 Chalky Boulder Clay 90 ) (r 9 f 
 
 Sand, to water 4 or 5 / 
 
 East Bilney, see Bilney. 
 
 East Carleton, see Carleton. 
 
 East Dereham, see Dereham. 
 
 East Harling, see Harling. 
 
 Easton. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 02, X.E.). Geologic Map 66, N.W. 
 
 New Rectory, E. of the church. 
 
 From F. J. Bennett's notes. 
 
 Gravel, to Boulder Clay, 30 feet. 
 
84 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 East Rudham, see Rudham. 
 
 East Tuddenham, see Tuddenham. 
 
 Eccles. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 95, S.W.) Geologic Map 66, S.W. 
 
 By the Station. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by J. Baniiam, of Shelfhanger. 
 
 Sand, 15 feet. 
 
 Egmere. 
 
 Ordnance Map 130, new ser. (Norfolk 16, N.W.). Geologic Map 68, S.W. 
 Communicated by Mr. Massingham. 
 
 [Glacial Drift] { ^^ a Tlf c l ay \\\ Z Z '" } 60 feet ' 
 
 Ellingham (or Kirby Cane?). 
 
 Ordnance Map 176, new ser. (Norfolk 98, N.E.) Geologic Map 66, S.E. 
 
 Well described as in the. parish of Hales, about a mile N.N.E. of Broome Place, 
 by the side of the road from Bungay to Loddon, about a mile from Broome Church. 
 This site is not in Hales, but in one of the above parishes, probably Ellingham, 
 which place has nothing to do with the Great and Little Ellingham of the following 
 entries. 
 
 Information from W. M. Crowfoot, 1903. — The boring when 150 feet deep was 
 in estuarine Crag, a lead-coloured sand, full of shell-fragments, like the Crag that 
 rests on the Chalk at the Beccles Waterworks. This went down to about 200 feet, 
 when the clay was reached. A specimen from 206 feet down Mr. Crowfoot 
 thought looked like London Clay (which he did not expect to find here), but to me 
 it seemed more like Chillesford Clay. 
 
 Ellingham, Great. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 85, N.W. and S.W.). Geologic 
 Map 66, S.W. 
 
 Crown Inn. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by — Poole y, of Besthorpe. 
 [Boulder] Clay, 37 feet. 
 
 Ellingham, Little. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 85, N.W.). Geologic Map 66, S.W. 
 
 Vineyard Farm. 
 Sunk and communicated by Mr. Poole y, of Besthorpe. 
 
 f Red clay 
 
 Glacial Drift 1 White clay 2 ^ i 2 feet, 
 
 (White sand 
 
 ... 2) 
 
 2W2 
 ... 8j 
 
 Elsing. 
 
 Ordnance Map 147, new ser. (Norfolk 49, N.E.). Geologic Map 66, N.W. 
 
 1. Near the church. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by Mr. Thuxton. 
 Chalk, 20 feet. 
 
 2. To the west of Elsing Mill there is a well near the river, in the marsh- 
 land, from which water is pumped up to Bylaugh Park. This well, I was told 
 (on the spot), was sunk through the alluvial deposits into the Chalk, of which a 
 considerable thickness was pierced, to a depth of 70 feet. I was unable to 
 ascertain the thickness or character of the alluvial deposits passed through ; 
 but was informed that the supply of water from the Chalk not being found 
 sufficient, water from the river was allowed to enter the well, and that this 
 water was used. — J. H. Blake. 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. 85 
 
 Fakenham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 146, new ser. (Norfolk 25, N.W and N.E.). Geologic 
 Map G8, S.W. 
 
 1. Cemetery Road. 
 
 [Glacial Drift] {ggL«lh(?) Z Z Z Z } 35 feet 
 
 2. The Heath (1880). 
 
 (Soil and Chalky Boulder Clav 7 ) 
 
 [Glacial Drift.] \ Loam 3 } 50 feet. 
 
 (Sand about 40 J 
 
 The wells on the heath vary from 45 to 60 feet in sand and gravel. 
 
 3. Norwich Street, Mr. Mansell's. 
 
 [Glacial Drift.] Clay and sand, 29 feet. 
 
 Chalk, in which water was obtained almost directly. 
 
 4. Sculthorpe Road, new cottages. 
 
 [Glacial Drift.] { | a °^ der C1 ^ ;;; ;•' ) 
 
 Chalk " ... ... ... ... ... ... J 
 
 40 feet. 
 
 5. Wells Road, Miss H. Rudge's, 1894. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Gidney. 
 
 Shaft 18 feet, the rest bored. 
 
 Thickness Depth 
 Feet. Feet. 
 
 Made soil 3 
 
 15 
 Glacial Drift. 
 
 Chalk and flints 
 
 TGrey Band ... 
 ;. < Quick saua 
 (Gravel 
 
 8 — 
 
 18 44 
 
 25 69 
 
 Fincham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 159, new ser. (Norfolk 57, S.E.. and 58, S.W.). Geologic 
 
 Map 65. 
 
 Mr. Saunders' house. From C. Reid's Notes. 
 
 Boulder Clay, 10 feet, to Chalk. 
 
 Flordon. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 87, N.W. and S.W.). Geologic 
 Map 66, S.E. 
 
 1. By Inn near Railway Station. 
 
 Information given by W. H. Lockwood. 
 
 Water got at the depth of 60 or 70 feet. 
 
 Boulder Clay. 
 
 [Crag.] Sand and gravel. 
 
 Chalk. 
 
 2. Flordon Hall. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Fakk. 
 
 Old well (the rest bored) about 55 feet. 
 
 Blowing sand, 6 feet. 
 
 Very soft Chalk, to depth of 135 feet. 
 
 Fordham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 159, new ser. (Norfolk 69, S.W.).. Geologic Map ')'> 
 
 Ryston Railway Station. 
 [Boulder] Clay, 47 feet. 
 
86 WELLS AND BORIXGS. 
 
 Forncett. 
 
 • Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (JSorfolk 86, S.E. and 1)6, N.E.). Geologic Map 
 
 66, S.E. 
 
 Hill House. 1905. 
 
 Made and communicated by W. G. Fake (of Norwich). 
 
 Sbaft 72 feet, the rest bored. 
 
 Good supply. Thickness. Depth. 
 
 Feet. Feet. 
 
 C Blue clay 92 — 
 
 rrw+1 ) Blowing sand 20 — 
 
 L Uri "J 1 Blue clay 5 — 
 
 ' Shale and sheets [? laminated clay] ... 5 122 
 
 rri , .... ( Marl and flints 5 — 
 
 [Chalk] j 0halk * m 
 
 Foulsham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 147, new ser. (Norfolk 37, N.E. or 26, S.E.). Geologic Map 68, 
 
 S.W. 
 
 1. Level crossing S. of Guestwick Station. 
 
 [Glacial Drift] j siXblu^BouWer Clay Z Z } about 30 feet ' 
 
 Water. 
 
 Framingham. 
 
 Ordnance Maps 161, 162 (Earl F.) (Norfolk 76, S.W.). Geologic Map 66, S.E. 
 
 " Chalk found at a depth of about 30 feet in digging a well."— De. Rigby, Fram- 
 ingham, its Agriculture, &c, p. 47. 
 
 Framingham Pigot.— { mile N.N.E. of Gull Inn. 
 
 (H. B. Woodward's Notes.) 
 
 Soil and chalky Boulder Clay ... ... ... ... ••*lp9f t 
 
 Sand and gravel j 
 
 Fundenhall. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 86, N.E. and S.E.). Geologic Map Q6, 
 
 S.W. 
 
 1. Cottages near the Hall. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by — Pooley. 
 
 Sunk 40 feet, bored 30 feet. 
 
 (Boulder) Clay to sand, water rose 35 feet ... ... ... 70 feet. 
 
 2. Another well close by. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by J. Banham, as also the following two. 
 
 Sunk 30 feet, bored 25 feet, in black moory soil. 
 
 3. The Hall. 
 
 Sunk 50 feet, bored 30. 
 
 (Boulder) Clay, to sand and water ... ... ... ... 80 feet. 
 
 4. By the Church. 
 (Boulder) Clay 60 feet. 
 
 Garboldisham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 104, S.W.). Geologic Map 50, N.W. 
 
 1. Flint Hall. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by — Warren. 
 
 [Boulder] Clay 60 1 1Q0 f 
 
 Chalk 40) 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 ST 
 
 Garboldisham— continued. 
 
 Uphall Farm. 1912. 
 
 A 4-inch boring, made and communicated by Messrs. Fake. 
 
 Rsst-level of water 56 feet down. 
 
 Good supply of pure water. 
 
 Soil 
 
 [Glacial 
 
 Drift] 
 
 Chalk 
 
 Grey clay, with stones 
 
 Red sand and gravel 
 
 Flints 
 
 Boring lined for 12 feet, the rest not 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 40 
 
 — 
 
 13 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 60 
 
 81i 
 
 141| 
 
 Gayton. 
 
 Ordnance Map 146, new ser. (Norfolk 34, S.W.). Geologic Map 65. 
 
 1. Lynn Waterworks. N. of Well Hall Lane, E. of road from Gayton to 
 Grimston. 1898. Extended 1905 ? 
 
 About 132 feet above Ordnance Datum. Top of well 126. 
 
 Communicated by E. J. Silcock ; from the Lynn Advertiser, 25th March, 1898 ; 
 and from the Local Government Board. 
 
 Two wells' of 6 feet diameter, 7 feet apart, and one of 9 feet diameter ; all 
 100 feet deep and lined to the bottom. From the bottom of one a boring of 
 8 (? 11) inches diameter. From the bottom of the western of the two wells 
 a heading was driven to the south for 153 feet, and another to the north for 
 213. (Another and later account gives the figures 160 and 240). 
 
 From the eastern well a heading was made in an easterly direction for 
 50 feet, when it was found (after a 14 days' test) that a million gallons a day 
 could be got. To ensure this quantity in dry seasons the headings were 
 extended ; the eastern one to 300 feet. All are 100 feet down and 6 feet by 4. 
 All the wells and headings are connected. 
 
 Rest-level of the water : lowest 79 feet down, highest 58. 
 
 Pumping-level of the water : lowest 96 feet down, highest 76. 
 
 The lowest figures occurred in 1914, when the water-level was less than ever 
 before. 
 
 
 Thickness 
 
 . Depth 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 
 16 
 
 116 
 
 
 21 
 
 — 
 
 
 5 
 
 142 
 
 ... 
 
 18 
 
 160 
 
 [«-»] ~}38KV:: 
 
 [Lower] Greensand 
 
 The following particulars are from the Local Government Board Return of 1915, 
 p. 73. These works supply (besides Lynn) parts of Bawsey, Leziate, Mintlyn, and 
 West Lynn, and also, in bulk, to the Freebridge Lynn Rural District. 
 
 The average daily quantity supplied was 847,300 gallons, and 18,843 in bulk, or a 
 total of 866,143. 
 
 The water is very pure. Hardness, total 14°, permanent 1'1°. 
 
 The following table is an illustration of the changes in water-level, over a 
 period of If years. The figures of the left and middle columns stand for feet below 
 the surface. 
 
 1914. 
 
 January . 
 
 February . 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 Maj 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September. 
 
 October 
 
 November . 
 
 December . 
 
 1913. 
 
 
 V0-5 
 
 61- 
 
 
 70-3 
 
 61- 
 
 
 70- 
 
 62- 
 
 
 67-2 
 
 64- 
 
 
 67-1 
 
 64' 
 
 
 69-3 
 
 62- 
 
 
 72- 
 
 60- 
 
 
 75- 
 
 57- 
 
 "5 
 
 79-8 
 
 52- 
 
 
 77-5 
 
 54' 
 
 "5 
 
 78- 
 
 54- 
 
 •2 
 
 78-6 
 
 53- 
 
 6 above Ordnance Datum. 
 75 
 
88 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Gayton — continued. 
 
 2. Workhouse. At the border of the parish N.N.E. of the church. 
 
 From G. B. Ffolkes (October 10, 1898). 
 
 Well 761 feet deep. About 6£ feet above the level of the Lynn Waterworks, 
 and about 550 yards from them. 
 
 The heavy pumping at the Waterworks, in the autumn of 1898, for the purpose 
 of driving a heading, dried the Workhouse well, which had about 17 feet of water 
 in it before. 
 
 On October 26 Mr. Ffolkes wrote that the pumping being stopped on Sunday, 
 the water in the Workhouse well rose 3 feet. 
 
 A tracing from E. J. Silcock (of an earlier date) gives the following figures, in 
 feet above Ordnance Datum : — 
 
 Waterworks Workhouse, 
 (trial-boring). 
 
 Saturation-level, January 21, 1895 79| 85J 
 
 Lowest recorded saturation-level, November 3, 1893 65 70 
 
 At the first of the above dates Mr. Silcock added that from the springs (west- 
 ward) to the workhouse, there was a rise in water-level of 35 feet, in 1,250 yards. 
 
 It became a question whether the workhouse-drainage, which was taken into a 
 dead well, might cause risk of pollution at the works. 
 
 Gaywood. 
 
 Ordnance Map 145, new ser. (Norfolk 33, S.W. and S.E.). Geologic Map 65. 
 
 1. The Hall. About j850. 
 
 From information on the spot. — W.W. 
 
 TLowPr GroPTmandl i Sand and carstone > abou ^ 30 feet. 
 , [Lower Ixreensandj j Hard ^ 1Q Qr ^ feet 
 
 2. Site not given. C. B. Rose, Phil. Mag. 1835, ser. 3, vol. vii, p. 175. 
 [Lower Greensand ?] Sand ... ... ... ... • ... 18 
 
 XT-- -j pi S Blue clay, 14 inches 
 
 ° J \ Laminated clay with septaria, nearly 
 
 50 feet. 
 31 I 
 
 Geldeston. 
 
 33 feet. 
 
 Ordnance Map 176, new ser. (Norfolk 98, N.E., 99, N.W.) Geologic Map 6Q, 
 
 S.E. 
 
 1. Mr. James Boggis' house, 1865. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Boggis (from memory) to E. 
 
 Clay, varying from brown to blue... 
 Sand (white) with few stones 
 
 Gravel wiih smallish stones 
 
 Blue clay 
 
 2. Mr. Crisp's Malthouse (No. 2), November, 1870. 
 
 Communicated by E. T. Dowson. -p eet 
 
 Sand with fine subangular gravel, principally flint, one or two 
 quartz pebbles ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7 
 
 Stiff bluish-white clay containing a great many chalk-nodules and 
 a few flints ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 
 
 Passing into a clay resembling it but with some sand ... ... 3 
 
 Dark red ferruginous gravel (subangular) containing principally 
 smallish flints and a few quartz and quartzite pebbles ... ... 4 
 
 I saw some of the clay that was taken out. 
 Top of well about 10 feet above river. 
 
 3. Messrs. Dowson's Malthouse (No. 3), 1875. 
 
 Communicated by E. T. Dowson. 
 
 We took a small quantity of sand with small rounded stones from bottom 
 of well, at a depth of about 8 feet. 
 Top of well about 4 feet above water. 
 
WELLS AND B0BING8, 8& 
 
 Geldeston— continued. 
 
 4. Hall Farm. 
 
 From C. Re id's Notes. 
 
 Clay ?-H90feet. 
 
 Sand and gravel 65 ) 
 
 5. Old Brewery. 
 
 Communicated by D. Palmer. 
 
 Well in 15 feet of gravel and sand, the bottom not over 4 feet above the 
 river ; water at 11 feet. Then bored 65 feet in bluish sand, no gravel or clay, 
 3 or 4 feet in white clay (chalk ?). The total depth is 80 feet from the surface, 
 not 84 feet as shown by the details. At first the water supply was 36 gallons 
 per minute. The well is now disused, and I am told the supply failed. 
 
 Gillingham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 176, new ser. (Norfolk 99, N.W. and S.W.) Geologic Map 66, 
 
 S.E. 
 
 1. Gillingham Thicks for the Gamekeeper's Cottage. 
 
 Communicated by E. T. Dowson. 
 The information as to thickness of each deposit was obtained from Mr 
 You ell, well-sinker, Beccles. I compared the difference of altitude between 
 th<* shell-bed at Aldeby and the top of the well with aneroid, and found it about 
 80 feet. 
 
 Upper Glacial clay about 20 "| 
 
 White sand 30 
 
 Gravel 8 | 
 
 Brickearth?, if brickearth at all, it is very sandy but ^-72 feet, 
 
 contains mica ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 
 
 Red sand, silt and gravel, and white sand, to water ... 8 
 
 Black loam 3 J 
 
 2. Keeper's House. 
 
 From C. Reid's Notes. 
 Clay (land-spring) 72 or 73 feet. 
 
 3. Mr. Marsh's. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Palmer. 
 
 Well 95 feet, 30 or 40 feet of clay, the rest sand. 
 
 4. Five chains W. of Toll-gate at eastern part of village (on old map). 
 Information by E. T. Dowson, who saw the material and obtained the 
 thicknesses from Mr. You ell. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Sand, brownish and almost pure ... ... ... ... ... 6 
 
 White, very chalky Boulder Clay (Upper Glacial, without doubt, 
 according to appearance. It contains much flint and some 
 foreign boulders, and an oyster-shell, which I have) 13 
 
 Blue clay containing chalk nodules was bored through. To all 
 appearance like the Upper Glacial 6 
 
 Gravel from which water rose. 
 
 5. Opposite Church. For Mr. Kenyon (of Gillingham Hall). 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Fake (of N< 
 [Soil] Loam 
 
 [Drift I Ihar^reTstnd 
 
 *J ( Small broken shells 
 
 13* feet. 
 
 Gissing. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 105, N.E.) Geologic Map 50, N.W. 
 
 Two wells. Sunk and communicated by W. Limmek. 
 
 1. The Rectory. Sunk 32 feet, bored 10. 2. At the Brook. In both water 
 
 rose 20 feet. 
 [Boulder] Clay, to sand, 42 feet in 1, 30 in 2. 
 
'90 
 
 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Great Ellingham, see Ellingham. 
 
 Great Melton, see Melton. 
 
 Great Snoring, see Snoring. 
 
 Great Ryburgh, see Ryburgh. 
 
 Guist. 
 
 Ordnance Map 147, new ser. (Norfolk 26, S.W., 37, N.W.) Geologic 
 Map 38, S.W. 
 
 The Vicarage. 1911. 
 
 Boring, made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. 
 
 Tubes, of 4i inches diameter, to 36 feet. 
 
 Water-level 41 feet down. Tested for 12 hours at 450 gallons an hour. 
 
 Soil 
 
 f Clay and stone ... 
 I Yellow marl 
 
 I Sand 
 
 [Glacial j Sand and gravel 
 
 Drift] ] Gravel 
 
 Sand 
 
 I White marl 
 
 I Flints 
 
 Soft Chalk 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feei. 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 H 
 
 — 
 
 18 
 
 — 
 
 i 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 72 
 
 Haddiscoe. 
 
 Ordnance Map 162, new ser. Geologic Map 66, S.E. 
 
 South of the village (exact locality unknown). 
 
 Communicated by D. Palmer. 
 
 Well, 87 feet. 35 feet clay, the rest sand. 60 or 70 feet down came to large 
 pieces of wood, said to be oak and alder. 
 
 Hales. 
 
 Ordnance Map 162, new ser. (Norfolk 89, S.W.) Geologic Map 66, S.E. 
 
 1. The Green. 
 Depth 60 feet. 30 feet clay. (D. Palmer.) 
 
 2. House at the middle part. 
 Measured by C. Reid. 
 
 Boulder clay ... ... ... ... ... ... \2") 
 
 Clean white sand without stones 22 
 
 Brown loam with stones ... ... ... ... ... 5 
 
 Chalky gravel with water... ... ... ... ... 2 
 
 Brown loam, with scattered stones and fragments of 
 
 Cyprina Islandica ... ... ... ... ... 12 
 
 Sand rather coarser than the Middle Glacial 6 
 
 59 feet. 
 
 See also under Ellingham. 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. 91- 
 
 Han worth. 
 
 Ordnance Map 131, new ser. (Norfolk 19, S.W.) Geologic Map 68, S.E. 
 
 The Hall. 1900 ? 
 
 Bored and communicated by Messrs. Merkyweather. 
 
 Water level 27 feet down. 
 
 Old well (the rest bored) 32 j ^qq ^^ 
 
 Running sand, to Chalk 68 J 
 
 Hardwick. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 97, S.W.) Geologic Map 66, S.E. 
 Two wells, sunk and communicated by W. Limmek. 
 
 1. The Hall. Water rose 15 feet. Blue [Boulder] Clay, to sand, 60 feet. 
 
 2. The Rose and Crown. Water rose 5 feet. Boulder Clay to Loam and 
 sand 40 feet. 
 
 3. Another well at the Hall. From F. J. Bennett's Notes. Passed through 
 40 feet of clay. 
 
 Hargham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 95, N.W.) Geologic Map 66, S.W. 
 Two wells, made and communicated by — Lincoln, of Attleborough. 
 
 1. By the bridge at the four cross-roads. 
 
 Sand and then Boulder Clay, thickness doubtful. 
 
 2. The " Sheepwalks." Sand 6 feet. 
 
 Harleston. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 106, S.E.) Geologic Map, 50 N.E. 
 Five wells, sunk and communicated by W. Limmer. 
 
 1. Eastern end of the town. Sand, 40 feet. 
 
 2. Market Place. Sand, 30 feet. 
 
 3. Malting by Railway Station. [Boulder] Clay, to sand, 45 feet. 
 
 4. By the Swan Inn. [Boulder] Clay, 30 feet. Sand, 10 feet. 
 
 5. White House. Water rose 4 feet. [Boulder] Clay, 5 feet. Gravel, sand 
 and loam, 93 feet. 
 
 6. Dr. J. R. Robinson's (late Dr. Candler's) hou^e. In the main street 200 
 yards S. of Railway Station. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. and from Dr. Candler. 
 
 ? About 180 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Lined with 50 feet of 6-inch tubes and 125 feet of 5-inch tubes. 
 
 Water-level 25 feet down. Supply 250 gallons an hour. 
 
 Dug well (the rest bored) ... 
 TGhcial f Fine sand 
 
 Drift 1 1 ^ oarse g ravel - Flints 
 J ( pebbles 
 f Green sand and shells 
 
 [Crag I Blue cla ? 
 
 69 Set] i ^*°y f aEd an ^ ^y, 
 
 J I Grey loam and shells 
 t Grey sand and cla v 
 [Upper] Chalk'and flints ..." 
 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 • ••• ... 
 
 — 
 
 30 
 
 • ... ... 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 and quartzite- 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 19 
 
 59 
 
 
 14 
 
 — 
 
 ... ... 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 
 41 
 
 128 
 
 
 122 
 
 250 
 
92 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Harling, East. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 104, N.W.). Geologic Map 66, S.W. 
 
 In his Quarterly Report to the Public Health Committee of the Norfolk County 
 Council (December, 1911), Dr. J. T. C. Nash treats of the water-supply of this 
 place and says, " Like many another village in Norfolk, East Harling has grown up 
 on a large patch of sand and gravel overlying the chalk beneath. Such localities 
 were chosen by our ancestors because of the ease of obtaining water from the sands 
 by means of shallow wells." 
 
 " Unfortunately the abundant water found in such formations became gradually 
 polluted through the inhabitants also sinking . . . cesspits and privies in the same 
 sands . . . pits dug a few feet into the sands, with uncemented bottoms, the sands 
 thus soaking up the liquid contents." 
 
 This practice has caused polluted water-supplies. " Where the sand is coarse or 
 gravelly the pollution is more gross and dangerous. When the sand is very fine and 
 compact, as is the case at East Harling, the water travels but alowly through it, and 
 opportunity for greater oxidation and more effective relative purification is afforded." 
 
 The fine sand "has an average depth of 20 feet at East Harling ... In the 
 particularly fine filtering character of this sand may indeed lie the explanation of 
 the remarkable freedom from disease which East Harling has enjoyed for many 
 years. But freedom from disease for years does not in itself justify the continued 
 use of a water which is potentially dangerous." 
 
 Several tube-wells have recently been driven, through the Drift into the Chalk, 
 " which have tapped a plenteous supply of potable water." 
 
 At the Police Station are two of these, " to 100 feet (one having buckled) without 
 striking water, yet next door . . . there is a tube well which delivered water at 
 90 feet. This well was driven further to 192 feet, or about 80 feet into the chalk." 
 
 The Thetford Rural District Council has had 38 borings made. " These wells are 
 driven from 40 to 80 feet into the chalk, or to a total depth of over 100 feet.", 
 
 " Since the tube wells have been sunk . , . tapping a pure chalk water, the water 
 supply of the village as a whole is now better than in the majority of other 
 villages in the County." 
 
 Hedenham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 176, new ser. (Norfolk 98, N.W.). Geologic Map 66, S.E. 
 
 1. Brick Kiln. 
 
 Communicated by D. Palmer. 
 
 30 feet clay and 30 brickearth. Total 60 feet. 
 
 [Probably incorrect. — C. Reid.] 
 
 2. House of Mercy. 
 
 2-4. Measured by C. Reid. 
 
 Loam 5 or 6 \ ™ ^ . 
 
 Gravel and sand 55 ) 
 
 3. Mr. Moore's. 
 
 Clay [boulder clay] 501 
 
 Finely laminated brickearth 20 > 77 feet. 
 
 Sand ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7 J 
 
 4. Rectory. 
 
 Ferruginous pebbly gravel 151 
 
 L °am 4 V39feet 
 
 Stony brickearth ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 f 
 
 Shingle and sand 16) 
 
 Hellesdon. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 63, N.W.). Geologic Map 6Q, N.E. 
 
 Asylum, on the high road north of the village. 
 
 From H. B. Woodward's Notes. 
 
 Water-level stands at about 70 feet down : all sunk. 
 
 [Lower Glacial.] Brickearth ... ... ... ... 6) 
 
 [Crag.] Gravel and sand 24 > 75 feet. 
 
 Chalk 45j 
 
 From a later note (1906). Well 90 feet and then an 11 -inch boring (with 
 tube) 60. Yield 16,000 to 17,000 gallons in 24 hours ; affected by rainfall and 
 drought. The water contains nitrates and nitrites. 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. 93 
 
 Hempnall. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 87 S.E. and 97 N.E.). Geologic Map, 
 
 66 S.E. 
 
 The Green. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Palmer. 
 
 Depth 70 feet. 30 or 40 feet clay. 
 
 Hemsby. 
 
 Ordnance Map 148, new ser. (Norfolk 54 N.W. and S.W.). Geologic Map, 67 N. 
 
 1. Brickyard, § mile S.S.W. of the Church. 
 
 [Glacial] Loam, unstratified and mottled grey and brown, with a little grey 
 clay at the base, and then sand, 14 feet. 
 
 2. About 12 chains N. of the Church. 1878. 
 
 rpj • , f Loamy clay, mottled brown and grey ... 11) 
 
 Drift 3 ] "I Buff sand (patch in clay probably) 5>-16 + feet. 
 
 -' (Grey loamy clay ... ... ... ... ?) 
 
 !. Near railway-bridge, £ mile W. by N. of the Church. 
 Water rose 5 feet. 
 [Glacial Drift.] Reddish brown loamy clay, 16 feet. 
 
 Henstead Rural District. 
 
 According to Reports of the Medical Officer the supply is from wells, both 
 shallow and deep. Parts of Trowse Newton and Cringleford get their supply 
 from the Norwich Co.'s mains and some houses in Whitlingham from a deep 
 well on the Whitlingham Farm, of the Norwich Corporation. 
 
 Hethel. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 74 S.E., 75 S.W., 86 N.E., 87 N.W.). 
 Geologic Map 66 S.E. 
 
 Parsonage. 
 Sunk and communicated by James Banham. 
 Boulder Clay (water rose 8 feet) 45 feet. 
 
 Hilborough. 
 
 Ordnance Map 160, new ser. (Norfolk 71 S.W.). Geologic Map 65. 
 The House. From A. C. G. Cameron's Notes. 
 Gravel ., 3 ) 45 
 
 Blue [Boulder] Clay ... ... ... ... ... ... 42 j feet. 
 
 The garden-well is also through 42 feet of blue clay, and the water rises to 
 10 feet from the surface. 
 
 The well at the Post Office is 21 feet deep, through Boulder Clay or brick- 
 earth. 
 
 Hillington. 
 
 Ordnance Map 146, new ser. (Norfolk 23 S.W.). Geologic Map 69. 
 
 Railway Station, 1915. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Fake, of Norwich. 
 
 Good supply, of excellent quality. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 Feet. Feet. 
 Sand Uk — 
 
 Blue clay 
 Marl and stones 
 Chiefly blue clay 
 Cobble (? rubble) chalk 
 
 Blue-grey clay 
 
 Chalk 
 
 15 29* 
 
 45 — 
 
 55* — 
 
 5 — 
 
 35 170 
 
 13 183 
 
 This section cannot be interpreted. The site seems to be on the Gault. 
 G. W. Lamplugh. 
 
94 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Hockham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 174, new ser. (Norfolk 94 N.E.) Geologic Map 66 S.W. 
 
 In the village. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by — Lincoln, of Attleborough. 
 
 Gravel 2) 22 
 
 [Boulder] Clay 20 j feet. 
 
 Hockwold. 
 
 Ordnance Map 174. (Norfolk 92, S.W.) Geologic Map 65. 
 
 The Hall, 1899. 
 
 Communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh, from particulars given by Messrs. 
 Le Grand & Sutcliff, 1899. 
 
 Lined with steel tubes to 95 feet. 4-inch boring. 
 
 Water enters between 95 and 107 feet down. Water-level 15£ feet down. 
 Supply about 700 gallons an hour. 
 
 Thickness. 
 Feet. 
 
 Mould 1 
 
 f Chalk and flints 23 
 
 Chalk l Mottledcla y 9 
 
 124 f t"^ Hard chalk, no flints ... ... ... ... ... 74 
 
 J Light-blue clay ... ... ... ... ... ... 8 
 
 L White clay 10 
 
 There are no surroundings likely to affect the character or purity of the water 
 for an analysis of which see p 154. 
 
 The occurrence of clay-beds in the Chalk is peculiar : perhaps they may be merely 
 very soft chalk, what is called " putty chalk " in some sections. Prof. P. G. H. 
 Boswell, in Journ. Ipswich Field Club, vol. v, pt. i, p. 21, gives this merely as white 
 clay 125 feet, ? chalk not reached. I take it that white clay = clayey chalk. 
 
 Holkham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 130, new ser. (Norfolk 8, N.W.). Geologic Map 68, S.W. 
 
 Holkham Hall, 1867. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Shellabear, Agent to the Earl of Leicester. Proc. 
 Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i., pp. 16-18. 
 
 Thirty feet above mean sea-level. Shaft 58 feet, the rest bored. Supply 
 abundant, 540 gallons a minute have been pumped. Overflow of 100 gallons a 
 minute passes off by a pipe 14 feet below the floor, but when this is closed the 
 water rises to the surface. 
 
 Gravel about 
 
 f Chalk with flints ; the last of three masses 
 Chalk, ) of flint, each 3 to 4 feet thick, at a 
 
 635 feet] depth of 510 feet 
 
 ( Chalk without flints 
 
 Red marl ["Red chalk"] 
 
 Blue gault, like that in Column's well, Norwich 
 f Very hard red sandstone 
 j Sandstone 
 
 Neocomian, J Green sand 
 
 70 feet jSand? 
 
 [ Soft carstone 
 
 [_ Hard carstone ... 
 
 To very tenacious clay [Kimeridge or Neocomian ?] 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 20 
 
 — 
 
 519 
 
 539 
 
 116 
 
 655 
 
 8 
 
 663 
 
 10 
 
 673 
 
 } 
 
 
 
 14* 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 39 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 743 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. 95 
 
 Holkham — continued. 
 Another account of this well was published by C. B. Rose (Geol. and Nat. 
 Jli<t. Repertory, 1869, p. 257). 
 
 ' ; 'Commenced October, 1864, completed August, 1866. First 29 feet dug, with 
 diameter of 6 feet, the rest a 6-inch bore. Thickness. Depth. 
 
 Feet. Feet. 
 
 Sharp small gravel and shingle -7 — 
 
 Chalk rubble 2 29 
 
 Chalk with flints 510 539 
 
 At this depth, 510 feet, there " occurred two other 
 beds above the bottom one, separated from each 
 other by only 6 inches of chalk, whilst, as is 
 usually the case, the beds of flint recurred at 
 spaces varying from 3 to 6 and 8 feet." 
 Chalk without flints (including bed of hard grey 
 
 chalk) 145 684 
 
 Red chalk, with varying degrees of colour 8 692 
 
 Bluegault 10 702 
 
 Reddish-brown ferruginous sandstone ... ... 8 — 
 
 Dark coloured " carstone " 6 716 
 
 Loose sand, to Kimeridge clay ... ... ... 36 752 
 
 Holt. 
 
 •Ordnance Map 131, new ser. (Norfolk 10, S.W., 18, N.W.). Geologic Map 68 
 
 S.W. 
 
 1. Brewhouse 
 [Glacial D 
 
 2. Lion Inn. 
 
 [Glacial Drift] Gravel (sunk) ... ... ... ... ^ I 150 feet 
 
 Marl (bored) 90 
 
 Sunk... 
 
 Water from sand beneath the marl ? (C. Reid.) 
 
 99 ) 
 
 Bored in marl? ^ J 148 feet. 
 
 3. Waterworks. Trial Bore Hole at Spouts Common. 
 
 Communicated by E. Easton. 1883. 
 135*1 feet above Ordnance Datum. Dug 7i feet (the bottom 1£ filled up). 
 
 The rest bored. 
 Water-level, June 20, about 69* feet down ; August 15 (1883 ?). 
 
 Topsoil and peat 
 
 f Beach sand and pebbles 
 Brown sand 
 
 White clay 
 
 Light-blue marl 
 
 TWiltl *! Dark blue marl, with sand 
 
 Sandy clay, with very minute stones ... 
 Sandy clay, with chalk 
 Soft clayey chalk [may be part of very 
 L chalky Boulder Clay or Marl] ... 8 9 114 9 
 
 Chalk. Layers of flints at top and at 175 and 
 
 187 feet 102 9 217 9 
 
 4. Gresham Schools. On the Cromer road, half a mile N.E. of the town. 1907. 
 
 Bored and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. 
 
 Lining tubes of 10 inches diameter to 187 feet. Then a perforated tube of 
 
 7 inches diameter to the bottom. 
 
 Water-level 58 feet down. Yield 3,000 gallons an hour. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 Ke-t. Feet. 
 Gravel 
 
 Drift] 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Ft. In 
 
 1 6 
 
 — 
 
 11 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 23 6 
 
 — 
 
 21 
 
 — 
 
 .10 
 
 — 
 
 16 
 
 — 
 
 19 
 
 — 
 
 G1 lTirifI.-i 1 ??astic cla_y ... 
 
 Drift] 
 
 L03 
 
 Clay and flints 22 160 
 
 [Upper] Chalk 92 252 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Holt— continued. 
 5. The Schools. Rev. — Lloyd. Near the Gresham School. 1905. 
 
 Bored and communicated by Messrs. Duke and OCKENDEN. 
 
 Thickness. 
 Feet. 
 
 Soil 
 
 f Very rough gravel ... 
 Coarse red sand 
 White sand, very dry 
 Coarse yellow sand 
 White sand, few stones ... 
 Coaree yellow sand, few stones 
 Boulder gravel 
 Yellow sand, with stones ... 
 White plastic clay ... 
 Light-coloured running sand 
 White and grey plastic clay 
 Green flints... 
 Sand and stones, pebbly ... 
 Green flints... 
 [Upper] Chalk 
 
 The water very soft. For an analysis see p. 155. 
 
 [Glacial ■ 
 Drift] i 
 
 * 
 14 
 
 2 
 6 
 6 
 5 
 9 
 
 2h 
 12 
 
 111* 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 39 
 
 Depth. 
 Feet. 
 
 166 
 
 181 
 220 
 
 Honingham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 62, N.E.). Geologic Map 66, N.W 
 
 The Hall. 
 Driven tube- well, made and communicated by Messrs. Gidney 
 
 Made soil ... 
 
 Blue [BoulderJ clay ... 
 
 [Glacial Sand j?. ra 7. el . ": , >\ 
 
 and Gravel] j q^" sanT '" 
 [Upper] Chalk and flints 
 
 Another boring, made and communicated by Messrs. Fake. 191! 
 inches diameter, lined with tube for 75 feet. 
 
 Thickness. 
 Feet, 
 
 3 
 20 
 15 
 10 
 9 
 11 
 
 Depth. 
 Feet. 
 
 23 
 
 57 
 
 68 
 
 Four 
 
 Water rose to 5 feet 2 inches from the top. 
 
 Thickness. 
 Feet. 
 
 f Loamy sand 4 
 
 j Grey clay... ... ... ... ... 4 
 
 j Rough sand and fine shin [?]... ... 27 
 
 j Marl and flint-stone 7 
 
 | Yellow marl 3 
 
 tSoft mallgean [?] marl 10 
 
 C Close hard chalk. Flint-floors at 72 
 [Upper ) and 84 feet 30 
 
 [Glacial 
 Drift] 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Feet, 
 
 55 
 
 Chalk] j Good chalk. Flint-floors at 93, 98, 108. 
 ( 117, 126, 130 to 134, 148 and 167 feet 
 
 Floors of flint also said to occur at 27 and 38 feet. 
 
 Horsey. 
 
 Ordnance Map 148, new ser. (Norfolk 41, S.E., and 42, S.W.). Geologic 
 
 Map 67, N. 
 
 On marsh, | mile S. of the church, and about 150 yards, or more, eastward 
 of the road. 
 
 [Alluvial and C Black ooze and silt, with a bed of shells ") 
 Estuarine < 6 feet down, and a trunk of oak at 10 feet 19 J- 20 feet. 
 Deposits.] (Sand lj 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. 97 
 
 Horsford. 
 
 Ordnance Map, 147, new ser. (Norfolk 51, N.W. and S.W.). Geologic 
 
 Map 66, N.E. 
 
 I was told that the well at the mill, Horsford Heath, was sunk through more- 
 than 40. feet of brickearth, the lower part of which was full of " dodmans," 
 bits of marl or chalk.— H. B. Woodwakd. 
 
 Ickburgh (or Ickborough). 
 
 Ordnance Map 174, new ser. (Norfolk 83, S.W.). Geologic Map 65. 
 
 Ickburgh Camp, 100 yards S.S.E. of the church and eastward of Manor Farm. 
 1916. 55 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 Communicated by the War Office, and by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. 
 Lined with 10-inch tubes to 39 feet. 
 Rest-level of water 40 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 Yield 800 gallons an hour. Found by continuous pumping for a day. 
 Pumping went on practically every day since the boring was finished, 13th May, 
 1916, until 4th October. 
 
 Sandy soil ... ... ... ... ... ... ... li^ 
 
 ( Marl and flint 18* | 
 
 p , ,,) Chalk and flint 18* )-49 feet. 
 
 ^ nai M Hard flinty crust U| 
 
 (, Water- vein ... ... ... ... ... 9 J 
 
 Ingham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 148, new ser. (Norfolk 41, N.W.). Geologic Map 68, E, 
 
 New Hall, N. of the village. 1907. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. 
 
 Lined with 10 feet of 6-inch tubes and 60 feet of 5-inch tubes. 
 
 Supply, small. 
 
 f Loamy clay 
 I Blowing sand 
 
 [Glacial J J* aIla8t Cp vei : 
 Drift] 1 i^amy cl . a ^ 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 11 
 
 — 
 
 20 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 15 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 
 73 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 9 
 
 — 
 
 2* 
 
 87 h 
 
 I Grey sand 
 
 I Loamy clay 
 
 [.Grey sand 
 
 ("Light-blue clay ... 
 [? Crag] < Grey sand and shells 
 
 (Blue clay... 
 Work begun 11 March. Finished in May. 
 Classification suggested by Prof. P. Gr. H. Bokwell. 
 
 King's Lynn, see Lynn. 
 Kirby Bedon. 
 
 Ordnance Map 162, new ser. (Norfolk 76, N.W.). Geologic Map 66, N.E. 
 
 1. Well at cottage by junction of lanes north-east of Church. 
 
 From H. B. Woodward's Notes. 
 
 Chalky Boulder Clav 20 ) „ , 
 
 [Norwich Crag.] Gravel and sand 33 £ M leet. 
 
 2. Well yielding a very peculiar water, nee p. 156. 
 
 F. Sutton, Tram. Norf. Xxt. 80c., 1885, vol. iv., pt. i. p. 45. 
 
 [Bou.de, C.ay]^^;;; ;;; ;;; •;• gl 
 
 TBrightsand 25 ^110 feet. 
 
 [Crag] ... -J Iron-pan 4| 
 
 ( Mixed sand and blue clny I) 
 
 28592 . T) 
 
98 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Kirby Cane. 
 
 Ordnance Map 176, new ser. (Norfolk 89, S.W. 99, N.W.). Geologic 
 Map 66, S.E 
 
 Farm 30 chains N. of the Church. 
 
 Measured by C. Reid. 
 
 Clay, with chalk, flints, &c. 40 
 
 Sand, fine white ... ... ... ... ... ... 8 
 
 Stony clay ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 9 
 
 White sand, with a few pebbles and occasional pieces of 
 
 clay 18 
 
 White sand, more pebbly \ 2 
 
 Brickearth, with small pieces of chalk \\ \- 111 feet. 
 
 Sand, with scattered stones, as above ... ... ... 2 
 
 Brickearth, with scattered stones, angular, sub-angular, 
 
 and pebbles, no bedding 10 
 
 Sand, with occasional balls of blue loamy clay (sand 
 
 evenly bedded) 1 
 
 Pebble gravel 19! J 
 
 See also under Ellingham. 
 
 Langley. 
 
 Ordnance Map 162, new ser. (Norfolk 76, S.E.). Geologic Map 66, S.E. 
 
 The Park. 1892? 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Gidney. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 
 Feet. Feet. 
 
 Old shaft (the rest bored) — 85 
 
 (Quicksands 15 — 
 
 [? Glacial) Gravel 8 — 
 
 Drift.] ) Dark clay 68 — 
 
 (Sandy clay 29 205 
 
 [Crag] Dark sand and small shells 15 220 
 
 [Upper] Chalk, with thick flints 20 240 
 
 It seems doubtful whether the Drift goes to so great a depth. Perhaps some 
 of the clay is Chillesford Clay. Another version gives sand and shells up to clay 
 at 161 feet, thus carrying the Crag higher, and makes the depth to Chalk about 
 197 feet. 
 
 Langmere Green, see Dickleburgh. 
 Lexham (East). 
 
 Ordnance Map 146, new ser. (Norfolk 47, N.E.). Geologic Map 65. 
 
 Lexham Hall. 1892? 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Gidney. 
 
 Old shaft (the rest bored) 28) 
 
 [Glacial j^ e W c n la 8and 6 « f 108 feet. 
 
 Dnft] 1 Chalk-stones" Z Z Z Z 9) 
 
 Litcham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 146, new ser. (Norfolk 48, N.W.). Geologic Map Q6, N.W. 
 
 North of Beck's Farm. 
 
 From H. B. Woodward's Notes. 
 
 Coarse (Plateau) Gravel, 12 feet. 
 
WELLS AX I) BORINGS. «- » 
 
 Little Ellingham, m Ellingham. 
 
 Little Massingham, sec Massingham. 
 
 Little Plumstead, m» Plumstead. 
 
 Loddon. 
 
 Ordnance Map 162, new ser. (Norfolk 89, N.E.). Geologic Map 6ti, S.EI 
 
 Dr. S. M. Copeman's Report to the Local Government Board, 1H ( .i.">, No. ( .»f>, 
 
 pp. 1.2. 
 
 M Drinking water i9 entirely obtained from surface wells, of which there are from 
 60 to 70 in the town. In the majority of these the depth of water does not exceed 
 4 feet. The water of the wells in that part of the town which lies between the 
 Green (one of the highest parts) and the river, appears to be of universally bid 
 quality, owing probably in a large measure to long-continued contamination of tone 
 subsoil in that part of the town most remote from the river ; and to the south of 
 the Green the water, which in like manner is obtained from surface wells appears, 
 a? far as can be gathered from the simple tests that have been employed, to be of 
 somewhat better quality than is the case in the northern part of the town. But not 
 only is the quality of the water generally bad, but the quantity is apt to be decidedly 
 insufficient for the wants of the inhabitants, especially in times of drought." The 
 wells must be in the Norwich Crag. For analyses of the waters see p. 157. 
 
 Apparently something has been done to remedy defects, as in the Local Govern- 
 ment Board Return of 19)5. p. 473, the supply is noted as good. 
 
 Long Stratton, *w Stratton. 
 Lyng. 
 
 Ordnance Map 147, new ser. (Norfolk 49, N.E., and 50, N.W.) Geologic Map 
 
 66, N.W. 
 
 Lyng High House, a mile and a quarter S.E. by S. of the Church. 
 
 Boulder Clay, to sand and water, 60 feet. 
 
 36 cattle, suffering with the plague, were killed in 1865, and are said to have 
 been buried in the sand at the bottom of the pit about 150 to 180 yards distant. 
 
 Lynn. 
 
 Ordnance Map 145, new ser. (Norfolk 33, S.W.). Geologic Map|65. 
 
 Mr. Allen's. Nearly opposite St. Nicholas Church. ? About 1812. 
 
 C. B. Rose. Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. vii., p. 174, and Geologist, 1843, p. 76. 1l 
 the Fenland Memoir p. 270, there is an error in the thickness given to the last 
 
 three beds. 
 
 ? Shaft 450 feet, the rest bored [Letter from S. Smith.] 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 Feet. teet. 
 
 Soil. [In an account lent me by Mr. Russell, of 
 Lynn, got from the man who made the well, this 
 
 was 7 feet.— W.W.] — _ 
 
 W f Loam [silt] .., 7 — 
 
 | I Peat 2to2*(or3?) _ 
 
 > J Blue clay 8 — 
 
 a | Peat, with alder and hazel 2 to 3 20 
 
 ^ [Blue clay, with marine silt and shells ... J 
 
 Blue clay, inclosing nodules of chalk [Boulder > about 30 50 
 
 Clay] J 
 
 Oxford Clay, with septaria, &c. [The upper part 
 certainly, and perhaps the whole is Kimeridge 
 clay.— S. B. J. Skertchly.] 630 680 
 
 28592 D 2 
 
100 
 
 WIOLLS AND BOEINGS. 
 
 Waterworks, see Gayton. 
 
 These supply also part of West Lynn. 
 
 Marham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 160, new ser. (Norfolk 58, N.W.). Geologic Map 65. 
 
 •Cottages, on the southern side of the lane five-eighths of a mile S. of the 
 church, and N.E. of the Lime-kiln. Some years ago. 
 
 From a letter, by the Rev. H. J. Sharpe dated March 1887. 
 
 Sunk through Chalk [Middle ?, and Lower] 85 
 
 Bored through Clay [Gault ?] 
 
 Whether sand was reached or not could not be said 
 troublesome, and the work was stopped. 
 
 30 | 115 feet 
 
 but the water became 
 
 Marlingford. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 62, S.E.). Geologic Map 66, N.W. 
 
 •For Mr. E. B. Fletcher. 1884. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. 
 
 Water-level, 45 feet down. 
 
 Thickness. 
 f Loamy sand ... ... ... ... ... 4 ") 
 
 Clay ana sand ... 
 
 [Glacial 
 Drift.] 
 
 Light-coloured clay 
 Light-blue clay 
 Black peat 
 Drift (Boulder Clay) 
 Sand and clay... 
 
 Gravel 
 
 Sand 
 t Gravel ... 
 
 7 
 2 
 
 4 
 10. 
 
 6i r 
 
 19 
 2 
 1 
 
 4J 
 
 114 feet. 
 
 Marsham. 
 
 Ordnance Map, 147, new ser. (Norfolk 37, N.W.). Geologic Maps 66, N.E., 68, E. 
 
 Rippon Hall. 
 
 Communicated by F. Sutton. 
 
 LowPr Glacial i Loose sand ? S ravel ... 6 to 8 
 
 l,owerUlacial| Brickearth _ _ 25 ^ 
 
 Upper Crag. Contorted sands and gravel, to Chalk 10 to 12 
 
 :}' 
 
 Marshland. 
 
 Of this large tract Dr. J. T. C. Nash says, in his Report to the County Council 
 for 1914, p. 28 : "An increasing area of the district receives an ample supply of 
 •excellent water from the Wisbech mains, but nearly one-half is still dependent on 
 cisterns and shallow wells, which fail to meet the demand when there has been a 
 few weeks' drought. The quality of the water also frequently leaves much to 
 be desired." 
 
 Martham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 148, new ser. (Norfolk 53, N.E., and 54 N.W.). Geologic 
 
 Map 67, N. 
 
 At level crossing close to the railway-station. 
 
 [Glacial.] Brown loam 21 ) 9 o f f 
 
 [Pebbly Series.] Sand. Water got at the bottom ... 2 j" Zd Ieet * 
 
 At the next two level crossings the wells are 30 feet and 13 feet respectively 
 in depth, mostly through Lower Glacial loam into the underlying sand. 
 
WKLI.S AX D P.OUiX'.. *. 101 
 
 Massingham, Great. 
 
 Ordnance Map 146, new ser. (Norfolk 35, N.W.). Geologic Map 69. 
 Iron Works, near the Vicarage. 1912. 
 
 Shaft throughout, made by J. H. Cornish, and communicated by his manager, 
 
 F. H. Wild. 
 Water suddenly bunt through, in the night, and rose 75 feet. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 Feet. Feet. 
 Alluvium ... ... ... ... ..... 5 — 
 
 - 1 > ( m j j ( Brick-earth ... 6 — 
 
 Clav 1 i White clay, with few Hints 30 — 
 
 J *y*J ^ Blue clay, with chalk-stones and flints 107 148 
 
 Hard black clay 2 150 
 
 Mr. Wild also reported that within about 60 yards is a well at the vicarage, 
 about 100 feet deep, sunk through hard chalk, stone-built only 30 or 40 feet down. 
 The water-level practically the same as at the above. 
 
 According to W. L. Sutton a well at Massingham House, 142 feet deep, gave a 
 yield of 410 gallons an hour. 
 
 In the Annual Report of the County Medical Officer for 1914, Dr. J. T. C. Nash 
 says that this place " has not yet been able to secure a pure supply from the new 
 well (150 ft. deep), all analyses showing it to bs highly polluted, and it is probable 
 that the spring is contaminated by the presence of another deep well some 400 yards 
 away, which it is found has been used as a cesspool for years." 
 
 Massingham, Little. 
 
 Ordnance Map 146, new ser. (Norfolk 35, N.W.). Geologic Map 69. 
 
 Brickyard, south of the church, made in 1882, and communicated by 
 
 J. Seaman, of Great Massingham. 
 Clay, light-coloured at top, the rest blue [Loam and ) 
 
 Boulder Clay 100 J- 1 30 feet. 
 
 Chalk 30 j 
 
 Melton Constable. 
 
 Ordnance Map 147, new ser. (Norfolk 17, S.E.). Geologic Map 68, S.W. 
 
 Midland and Great Northern Railway Station. 
 
 Made and contributed by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. 
 
 272 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Lined with steel tubes of 11£ inches internal diameter to 230 feet. 
 
 Water-level, 23 feet down. Yield copious, bu t no prolonged test had been made 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 
 Soil 
 
 f Loam, clay and stones ... 
 Loam 
 Sandy ballast [gravel J ... 
 
 Sandy ballast and chalk 
 
 Coarse ballast ... 
 
 Brown loam 
 
 Clay, sand and chalk ... 
 
 Clay and sand 
 
 Drift 1 ^ ^* a y> l° am j san d, flints, chalk and 
 pebbles 
 Clay and sand ... 
 Chalk marl and flints ... 
 Hard sand 
 
 Sand, flints and chalk 
 
 Clay, chalk and stones... 
 
 Clay, stones, chalk and sand 
 
 (. Flints and sand 
 
 Chalk and flints 
 
 An account of an older well (?) at this station is as follows : — [Glacial 
 Drift] Sand and brick-earth, with nests of sand, to Marl, 30 or 40 feet. 
 
 28.')92 D 3 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 2* 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 6* 
 
 — 
 
 8* 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 
 — 
 
 n 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 14 
 
 — 
 
 15 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 47 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 175 
 
 301 
 
 476 
 
Drift] 
 
 102 - • » »\ T^LS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Melton, Great. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 74, N.E.). Geologic Map 66, N.W. 
 
 In village. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by — Thcxton. 
 
 Boulder Clay, to sand, 20 feet. 
 
 Merton. 
 
 Ordnance Map 160, new ser. (Norfolk 84, N.W.). Geologic Map 66, 8.W. 
 
 1. Broomhill Farm (wrongly entered as Broom Hill, Watton, in The 
 Summary of Progress for 1910, p. 76, in which the section was published). 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. 
 
 Well 6 feet, the rest bored. 
 
 Lined with 20 feet of 5-inch tubes 65 feet down,, and 250 feet ot 4-inch tubes 
 
 6 feet down. Tubes since raised 5 feet 
 
 Supply 460 gallons an hour. Water charged with iron. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 Feet. Feet. 
 
 Mould ... 3 — 
 
 { Sand and ballast [gravel] ... ... ... 4 — 
 
 Ballast 8 
 
 Loam ... ... ... ... ... 5 — 
 
 [Glacial , ^ lue silt "\ I* 
 
 Conglomerate ... ... ... ... 6 
 
 Fine grey sand 16 — 
 
 Conglomerate ... ... ... ... 4 — 
 
 ^ Fine grey sand ... ... ... ... 10 151 
 
 [Upper] Chalk and flints 155 306 
 
 This section agrees with neighbouring sections at Saham Toney (see p. 115) 
 in showing an unexpected great depth of Drift. 
 
 2. The Hall. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by — Pooley, of Besthorpe. 
 
 (Boulder) Clay 5) 
 
 Marl 10 V 115 feet. 
 
 Chalk 100J 
 
 Metton. 
 
 Ordnance Map 131, new ser. (Norfolk 19, N.W.). Geologic Map 68, E. 
 
 ? for Cromer Waterworks. Trial-boring. 
 
 C. Reid. Trans. Norfolk Nat. Soc, vol. vii., pp. 297, 298. From samples sent 
 
 by J. C. Melliss. 
 118 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 Yields abundance of good water. 
 
 Soil 
 
 Glacial Cg 1 ™ 1 A{ 
 
 DHH 1 Boulder Clay 
 
 Urm ( Sand and Boulder Clay 
 
 f Coarse blowing sand, pebbles, 
 
 Forest Bed< flints and shells (Cardium 
 
 ( Tellina balthica) 
 
 fFine running sand and stones, 
 
 Weybourn j various marine shells... 
 
 Crag and J Running sand, with veins of 
 
 Chillesford 1 micaceous clay and pebbles ... 
 
 Clay j Shells and green-coated flints, 
 
 [_ various marine shells... 
 
 Upper Chalk (said to be 60 feet, in the well) 
 
 The clay which seems to represent the Chillesford Clay here lies between two beds 
 
 of shell.\ Crag. The names of the shells are given. 
 
 Well said to yield 2,000,000 gallons a week, with nine hours pumping a day. 
 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 
 24 
 
 — 
 
 ... 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 green 
 
 
 
 edide, 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 11 
 
 61 
 
 with 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 fine 
 
 
 
 
 34. 
 
 — 
 
 with 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 106 
 
 ... 
 
 60 
 
 166 
 
WELLS .AND BORINGS. 
 
 Middleton. 
 
 Ordnance Map 145, new ser. (Norfolk 46, N.E.). Geologic Map 65. 
 
 Within 50 yards S.S.E. of the Hall. 1905. 
 
 About 110 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. 
 
 Water-level 52 to 54 feet down. 
 
 Well (? old. The rest bored) 
 
 ( Loamy brown san«l 
 
 [Glacial ) Sandy blue clay, with stones and sand- 
 Drift] J stone • ••• 
 
 ( Coarse loamy gravel, with sand 
 
 Dark grey sand 
 
 Dark green sandy clay 
 
 Green sand 
 
 Grey sand 
 
 Light-coloured sandstone 
 
 [Lower Dark green sandy clay •• 
 
 Greensand, i Dark green sandy clay and bands of 
 
 103 
 
 74 i feet] 
 
 stone 
 
 Grey sand 
 
 Sandstone (specimen contains pebbles 
 
 of black phosphate and lydite, a 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 — 
 
 35 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 9 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 60 
 
 24 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 16* 
 
 — 
 
 i 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 Hi 
 
 — 
 
 fragment of Belemnite and a piece 
 
 of shell (G. W. Lamplugh) 2 134* 
 
 ^^"^ 1 Dark blue sandy clay t ~ 
 
 Mileham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 146, new ser. (Norfolk 36, S.W.). Geologic Map 66, N.W. 
 
 From H. B. Woodward's Notes. 
 
 Wells 15 to 40 feet deep. Water generally good. 
 
 Mitford and Launditch Rural District. 
 
 According to the Report of the Medical Officer, 1912, the water-supply is got 
 almost wholly from shallow wells, that is, wells sunk down to the Boulder 
 Clay, to form a receptacle for the water in the soil above that clay. 
 
 Morley (? Qt- Botolph or St. Peter). 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 85, N.E. ?). Geologic Map 66, S.W. 
 
 Information from H. W. Golding, 1909. 
 
 pt3 u f Loamy clay, 12 to 18 feet. , m 
 
 [BouldeH gtiff foue clay, with small lumps of chalk, from which 
 WayJ . ( wa ter percolates in, but disappears in dry weather. 
 
 Morning Thorpe. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 87, S., and 97, N.) Geologic Map 66, 
 
 S.E. 
 
 Boyland Hall (from D. Palmer). 
 
 Well 40 or 50 feet, of which 20 feet is clay [Boulder Clay, at top]. 
 
 8592 D 4 
 
Thickness. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 40 
 
 10 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 51 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 4? 
 
 59? 
 
 2? 
 
 — 
 
 104 WELLS AND Iio«lX<JS. 
 
 Mundesley. 
 
 Ordnance Map 132, new ser. (Norfolk 20). Geologic Map 68, E. 
 
 Waterworks. In the valley, near Frog's Hall, 1898. 
 
 About 70 feet above the sea. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Merry weather, and from specimens. 
 
 C. Reid, Trans. Norf. Nat. Soc, vol. vii., pp. 290-294. 
 
 The following is from the trial -boring, with the addition, in brackets, of notes 
 of samples got by C. Reid during the sinking of the well. 
 
 Soil. Loam and small stones ... 
 
 Contorted ( Yellow loam and small stones ... 
 
 Drift. | Greyish chalky loam 
 
 Second Till. Lead-coloured clay and flints ... 
 
 Arctic (Flints, etc 
 
 p , , J Pebbly greenish sand ... 
 
 -d t j (Laminated loam, full of mosses, and 
 
 '(_ leaves of Arctic plants) about 
 
 ( Large flint ... 
 
 Forest ) Loamy pebbly sand (lignite and coarse 
 
 Bed. J gravel of flint aUd clay-ironstone. 
 
 ( Fragments of bone) ... 10 71 
 
 f Laminated micaceous silt (with Scro- 
 Chillesford | bicularia and Hydrobia idrcn) ... 19 
 
 Clay and j Gravel of flint, quartz, quartzite, iron- 
 Weybourn j stone, pyrites, etc. ... ... ... 5 
 
 Crag. J Gravel (fragments of Telllna balthica, 
 
 I apparently from this part of the well ) 2 97 
 
 Upper Chalk Soft, usually grey-mottled. Flints at 
 120, 160, 161, 190, 200 feet. 
 Ostrea lunata plentiful down to 
 150 feet 103 200 
 
 In the well Chalk was reached at a much higher level, though it is close by. The 
 highest sample sent by the foreman was marked 89 feet, and a flint-bed occurred at 
 90 feet. The boring may have hit on a channel cut in the Chalk in Pliocene 
 times. 
 
 Details of the fossils found are given in Reid's paper. 
 
 For an analysis of Mundesley water see p. 158. 
 
 Narborou^h. 
 
 Ordnance Map 160, new ser. (Norfolk 46, S.E.). Geologic Map 65. 
 
 Narborough House. 1884. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. 
 
 Bored throughout. Water-level 8£ feet down. Supply good. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 Feet. Feet. 
 Chalk, moderately hard, and hardest near the base ; with 
 
 much water... ... ... ... ... ... ... 85 — 
 
 Blue hard clay or marl [Gault] 20 105. 
 
 f Sand, Specimen of coarse green sand 
 rj at 113, with much water ... ... 12 — 
 
 p*- -, j Green sand and pyrites .. . ... ... 27 — 
 
 J« e ^ Sa +i i Blowing sand and small white pebbles 
 
 4» reetj. j ^ p hosphatic no dules] 2£ 
 
 ^Blowing sand ... ... ... ... 6| 153 
 
 A. J. Jukes-Browne remarks that the hardest chalk, at the base, is probably the 
 same bed as the hard whitish limestone of the Sow's Head Spring, Grimston, and of 
 Shouldham • 
 
IVELLS AND BORINGS 
 
 105 
 
 Needham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 108, S.W. and S.E.). 
 
 Map 50, N.E. 
 
 Wood Farm. 1889. 
 
 Geologic 
 
 Bored and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co., and from specimens sent 
 
 by them. 
 
 Lined with 215 feet of 4 inch tubes. 
 
 Water-level, 78 feet down. Supply 630 gallons an hour. 
 
 f Yellow clay (weathered Boulder 
 
 Clay) 
 
 Chalky Boulder Clay ... 
 
 Chalk, &c 
 
 Sand and gravel ... 
 
 [Glacial Chalky Boulder Clay 
 
 Drift, -{ Gravel and sand... 
 103 feet]. Bluish Loam (? Lower Boulder 
 
 Clay) ... " 
 
 Gravel (quartzose) 
 Dark brown or blackish micaceous 
 clay, with specks of rivianite 
 (Lower Boulder Clay) 
 
 [Pebbly 
 
 Gravel, 
 
 34 feet]. 
 
 [Norwich 
 
 Crag, 
 61 feet] 
 
 f Coarse loamy sand, with quartz- ") 
 ite pebbles ... ... ... | 
 
 j Earthy gravel, with flint, quart- ! 
 
 ite, &c. f 
 
 | Clean gravel, with flint, quartz- | 
 (_ ite, and vein-quartz ... ...J 
 
 'Shelly gravel. Mya, Tellina, 
 Cardium edule,Mytllus, Pecten, 
 Balanus 
 Gravelly sand 
 
 Shell-bed (sand ?j Mya arenaria, 
 Mytilus, Cardium, Purpura 
 bipillus, Cyprina islandica, 
 Mactra, Balanus crenatus 
 Greenish sand, with shells 
 Green micaceous sandy silt 
 Chalk with flints 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Ft. In 
 
 2 6* 
 
 __ 
 
 31 6 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 21 
 
 — 
 
 13 5 
 
 — 
 
 10 5 
 
 •— 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 — 
 
 
 ♦ 
 
 4 2 
 
 103 II 
 
 34 
 
 (?)22 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 4 
 
 112 
 
 137 
 
 198 
 310 
 
 [Upper Chalk] 
 
 An account sent by Messrs. Isler differs somewhat; in details and makes the 
 water-level only 69 feet down. It is thought better to give the above, which was 
 carefully noted from specimens. 
 
 Other accounts vary in details ; but the above is chiefly from the specimens, 
 described by C. Reid. 
 
 New Buckenham, see Buckenham. 
 
 Northrepps. 
 
 OrdnanceJMap 131, new ser. 
 
 Geologic 
 
 (Norfolk 11, S.E. and 19 N.E.). 
 Map 68, E. 
 
 1. Bull's Row. 
 
 Local Government Board Ret. 1915, p. 293. 
 
 J. H. Gurney supplies part of the parish from this well. Average daily quantity 
 of water available 4,000 gallons. Daily average supply 1,000. Quality good. 
 
 2. The Hall, just south of the main building, from Tilley. 
 
 Water-level 110 feet [down ?] 
 
 [Glacial 
 Drift, and 
 
 ? Crag, 
 250 feet.] 
 
 f Sand with layers of gravel and boulders 
 Sand and stone with gravel and boulders 
 
 Marl 
 
 Live sand ... 
 
 Brick earth 
 
 1899. 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 16 
 
 85 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 I 
 
106 
 
 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Northrepps— continued. 
 
 [Glacial 
 Drift, and 
 
 ? Crag, 
 250 feet.] 
 
 — cont. 
 
 i 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 29 
 
 4 
 
 51 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 U 
 
 30i 
 
 Live sand 
 
 Marl 
 
 Live sand 
 
 Clay 
 
 Live sand ... 
 Whitish clay 
 l^Live sand, to chalk 
 
 According to the Report of the Medical Officer of the Erpingham Rural District 
 (1903), " The three wells in Northrepps (used for public supply) have all been 
 shewn to be polluted." 
 
 North Tuddenham, see Tuddenham. 
 North Walsham see Walsham. 
 Norton, see Bio' Norton and Wood Norton. 
 
 Norwich. 
 
 Geologic Map 66, N.E. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 63). 
 
 1. Anchor Brewery. Messrs. Bullards. 
 
 Well 35 to 40 feet deep, in Chalk.— H. B. Woodward. 
 
 The following from a later note (1906). About 100 feet deep. Pump about 
 five hours a day. Maximum yield 15,000 gallons a day. Water with high 
 nitrates. 
 
 2. Ber Street, by the church. 
 
 From — Gidney. 
 
 To Chalk 80 feet, including 10 feet of brick-earth. 
 
 3. Caley's Mineral Water Works. 1890. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. 
 
 Tubed for 150 feec. 
 
 Water-level 88 feet down. 
 
 Originally 307 feet deep (? yield 12 gallons a minute). The supply doubled 
 by deepening. A later note (1905) says 500 gallons an hour, the water being 
 good, and that pumping, from the 4-inch bore, can only be done for a limited 
 time : this perhaps is because of the newer boring. 
 
 Old well (the rest bored) 101 
 
 [Upper] Chalk and flints 311 
 
 A second well (80 yards off) is said to pass through 30 feet of sand, and 
 then Chalk to 500 feet. The rest-level of the water was 96 feet down and the 
 yield 5,600 gallons an hour ; but the quality was bad and the water was unfit 
 for drinking : it may have come from surface-beds. 
 For an analysis of the water see. p. 160. 
 
 4. Carrow Works. Messrs. Colmans. Within a few yards of the River 
 Wensum. 
 
 Deep Boring, of 1862 ? 
 
 Various accounts of this well have been published, with slightly conflicting 
 figures. In view of its importance it is perhaps best to give these accounts, in 
 chronologic order. 
 
 The first seems to be that by C. B. Rose, in Proo. Gf>ol. Assoc, vol. i, No. 8, p. 229- 
 (1862) with the following section :— 
 
 Alluvium 
 
 **.-•« Ti-.f 4. i Cbalk with flints 
 Chalk, 1,15* feet j Chalk wichout flint8 
 
 Upper Greensand 
 
 Gault 
 
 } 412 feet. 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth 
 
 Feet. » 
 
 Feet. 
 
 16 
 
 — 
 
 1,050 
 
 1,066 
 
 102 
 
 1,168 
 
 6 to 8 (say 7) 
 
 1,175 
 
 22 
 
 1,197 
 
WELLS AND BORIN(.S. 107 
 
 Norwich — con tin ued. 
 
 The Rev. J. Crompton, in ths same year described the boring, in more detail, at 
 the meeting of the British Association, and his paper was published (? in full) in 
 The Geologist, vol. v., pp. 460-462 (1862), and in a shorter form in Rep. Brit. Assoc. 
 for 1862, sections, p. 70 (1863). His version of the section is as below, and 
 incidentally we find that this record is of a second attempt, for he says " The first 
 well failed in consequence of the iron tubing employed to case the bore slipping 
 across and completely obstructing the action of the machine, at a depth of 775 feet. 
 The second is being sunk a few yards off, on the same level." 
 
 The whole boring was full of water to within 16 feet of the surface. 
 The greatest obstacle was met with in the Gault, from the softness of the material 
 and an accident led to the work being stopped. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 Feet. Feet. 
 
 Alluvium 12 — 
 
 f Hard chalk, with flints at distances 
 
 of about 6 or 7 feet 483 495 
 
 I Soft chalk 10 — 
 
 Chalk, 1,135 feet \ Hard chalk, with flints as before ... 190 6U5 
 
 I Hard chalk, with flints about 4 feet 
 
 apart 350 1,045 
 
 [_ Chalk without flints ' 102 1,147 
 
 Upper Greensand 6 1,153 
 
 Gault, with characteristic fossils, not yet passed through 36 1 , 1 89 
 
 This section is repeated by H. B. Woodward, in the Norwich Memoir ; but 
 (apparently through an error in reading Crompton's account) 17 feet is added to 
 the first mass of Chalk, making it 500 feet thick (whereas it is spoken of as going 
 to the depth of 500 feet), the Chalk being therefore made 1,152 feet thick, and the 
 total depth 1,206. The figures in The Geologist are added up wrongly. 
 
 In 1864 W. Mather gave the following account : — 
 Chalk, with layers of large flints, about 6 feet apart, about 700 feet 
 Harder chalk, with beds of flints about 3 feet apart, about 400 feet. 
 Blue marl and Gait clay, 84 feet. 
 
 He adds the following interesting particulars of the work : — 
 
 " The presence of so many flints seriously impeded the progress of the boring, by 
 falling into the hole and jamming the tool. The first 900 ft. of this hole was 
 accomplished in 130 days, including all stoppages .... giving an average of 
 7 ft. per day." 
 
 "For a period of one month during this time the rate of boring was 16 ft. per 
 day . . . The average progress of boring through the whole depth, exclusive of 
 stoppages to 120 days, 2 ft. 3 in. per day ; and including all delays .... 
 1 ft. 9 in. per day." 
 
 " The hole was not tubed at all, so that neither rope nor boring-head had any 
 protection." 
 
 The following account is given by Woodward (in the Norwich Memoir) as from 
 a MS. Section-book in the Geological Survey Office. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 
 Alluvium 
 
 Chalk 
 
 Upper Greensand 
 
 Gault 
 
 Lower Greensand (water). 
 
 But the last entry is doubtful, and the section not so trustworthy as Crompton's. 
 
 In 1883 I was enabled to add some particulars to the foregoing accounts, from 
 specimens and a drawing (dated 16 June, 1862) shown to me at the works. (Proc. 
 Norwich Geol. Soc, 1884, pt. viii, pp. 250, 251). 
 
 The boring is of 22 inches diameter ; but the lower part less (? 18 inches). 
 Instead of being a failure, a9 had been thought, nearly all the water-supply then 
 came from it. The failure was only in not reaching Lower Greensand. 
 
 The water rose to the level of the river and was never lowered more than 10 feet 
 by pumping. 
 
 Of the specimens there are many down to 580 feet ; but these show nothing but 
 ordinary white chalk and flints. Below that there is a gap in marked specimens. 
 
 Four specimens from 1,090 feet are of hard chalk, rather cream-coloured, and 
 nodular. Three specimens from 1,095 feet are of the same kind. All these are 
 like the hard Lower Chalk of West Norfolk. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 12 
 
 — 
 
 1,030 
 
 1,042 
 
 16 
 
 1,058 
 
 36 
 
 1,094 
 
108 WELLS ANT) BORINfis. 
 
 Norwich — continued. 
 
 There were two unmarked specimens of grey Chalk Marl, and a specimen of 
 Chalk Marl full of glauconitic grains and with a piece of a phosphatic nodule, 
 clearly from the base of the Chalk. 
 
 A note in the office speaks of " No 2 Artesian Well, 1859." 
 The drawing gives the following section : — 
 
 To the bottom -of the Chalk (details needless) 1,152^ 
 
 Marl and green sand [I base-bed of Chalk Marl] 6 V 1,196 feet. 
 
 Apparently Grault, but perhaps partly Upper Greensand ... 38 J 
 
 Later well (1898). 
 Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. 
 
 Lined with 40 feet of 20-inch tubes, 10 feet down ; 44 feet of 18-inch tubes,. 
 9 feet 10 inches down ; 60 feet of 15-inch tubes, 8£ feet down. 
 
 Water-level in pit about 2 feet down (in well V), 9 feet 4 inches. Supply 
 24,000 gallons an hour. A later account says 10.860. 
 
 Dug well (the rest bored) 
 
 [Upper JS**!!* "a a- * '*" 
 
 cLk]j^ andflmts - :\ 
 
 The yield from the two wells is said to be 6 million gallons a week. The 
 water from both is practically the same in character, good, but very hard. For 
 analysis see p. 160. 
 
 5. Grurney's Bank. 
 
 5. W. Utting told me that the ground beneath was found, during alterations,, 
 to be honey-combed with wells, some apparently only 10 or 12 feet deep. 
 
 6. Messrs. Hills and Underwood's Distillery. Boring, 1874. 
 
 Recorded by Rev. J. Gunn (Norwich G-eol. Soc, 6th April, 1875). 
 
 Made earth ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3^| 
 
 Sand... ,' 2 | 
 
 Silt with shingle and river-mud, at 2 feet from the base ^-270 feet. 
 
 of which a human skull was said to ha.ve been found 37 | 
 
 Chalk ... ... 228J 
 
 A later note (1906) gives the following particulars : — 
 
 The original depth was 307 feet, with a 10-inch tube to 150 feet. 
 
 Yield 10,000 to 11,000 gallons, with three hours pumping, when it ceased. 
 Water ran to the river-level during the night. 
 
 The boring was deepened to 507 feet, and then to 607 ; but with no improve- 
 ment in the yield. 
 
 Typical Chalk-water. 
 
 7. Kett's Castle Villa. 
 
 Well, 160 feet, into Chalk.— H. B. Woodward. 
 
 8. Messrs. Morgan's Brewery. 
 
 Section by T. Clark. 
 
 Sunk about. 35 feet, the rest bored. Water-level 29 feet down. 
 
 Made earth ... about 12 ) 9 o r . 
 
 Chalk with flints ... ' „ 218 ) ^ u Ieei - 
 
 Another account makes the figures 8 and 222. 
 
 A later note (1906) gives the following details : — Depth 232 feet (two wells). 
 Water stands at the river-level. Pump about five hours (20,000 gallons a day) 
 Water very hard, with high nitrates. 
 
 9. Mousehold, by Brickyard near centre of Common. 
 
 Well, 110 feet, into Chalk. 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. 109" 
 
 Norwich — continued. 
 
 10. Mousehold, Mr. John Harvey's. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. LAWRENCE. 
 
 Sand and gravel 60 llfiOWt 
 
 Chalk 100 £loUteet. 
 
 11. Farm upon Mousehold. 
 
 R. C. Taylor, Geology of East Norfolk, p. 17. 
 
 Diluvial gravel and sand 
 
 Conglomerated crag shells... ... ... ... ... 2 V 132 feet. 
 
 Chalk 42 
 
 18) 
 
 2 r 
 
 12. Mousehold Heath. New Barracks. 1895, or before. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Gidney. 
 
 Thickness. Depth - 
 
 Feet. Feet. 
 
 Made soil 6 — 
 
 Large stones ... ... ... ... ... 25 — 
 
 Sands and gravel ... ... ... ... ... 76$ 107 £ 
 
 Chalk 131 238$ 
 
 A note of 1906 says that this well furnishes only half the requiremcut, the 
 remainder being taken from the Water Company. 
 
 13. Mousehold Heath. New Prison. 1895, or before. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Gidney. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 
 Feet. Feet. 
 
 Made soil ... ... ... ... ... ... 5 — 
 
 Large stones ... ... ... ... ... 12 — 
 
 Sands and gravel 76 93 
 
 Chalk with flints 73 166 
 
 14. A note of 1906 says that a well at Mousehold Heath, to a depth o 250 
 feet below Ordnance Datum, yielded 800 gallons an hour of fair water, used for 
 drinking. 
 
 15. Pockthorpe Brewery. Messrs. Steward, Patteson, Finch, and Co. 
 
 Communicated by A. Ferraby. 
 
 " Supply unlimited." 
 
 Alluvium 2(M OKni . , 
 
 Chalk 230) 250feet ' 
 
 A later note (1906) makes the depth to the Chalk 30 feet, and the total depth 
 336. Rest-level of water 24 feet down. Yield 14,000 gallons an hour. Water 
 has become polluted ; with high nitrates and nitrites. For an analysis see p. 161. 
 
 16. Thorpe Hamlet, Rosary Cemetery. 
 
 From H. B. Woodward's Notes. 
 Brick-earth ... 
 
 Sand and gravel f w J» 100 feet. 
 
 Chalk * 
 
 50j 
 
 17. Messrs. Young, Crawshay, and Youngs' Brewery. 
 
 Well about 300 feet in depth. Water found at all depths. Level about 10 
 feet beneath surface. Does not sink above 3 or 4 inches when they are pumping, 
 and afterwards regains its ordinary level in a few minutes. — H. B. Woodward. 
 
 According to Messrs. S. F. Baker and Son, the depth to the Chalk is 
 65 feet. 
 
 A later note (1906) gives the following particulars :— Depth only 200 feet r 
 with a 12-inch tube 100 feet into the Chalk ; rest-level 12 feet down (river- 
 level) ; yield 12,000 gallons an hour ; but the water not safe for use. 
 
110 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Norwich — continued. 
 
 18. Allen's Nursery. 
 
 To 30 feet below Ordnance Datum. No yield (? 150 feet). 
 
 1 9. Crape Works. St. Mary's Mills. F. Hinde and Son. 
 
 500 feet deep. No yield. 
 
 20. Workhouse. 
 
 (Note of 1906.) Two wells, connected, 8£ and 12 feet diameter, 120 feet deep, 
 with a 6-inch boring, 54 feet deep, in the larger well. 
 
 Yield 23,000 gallons a day, but diminishing appreciably, supposed to be 
 because of a deeper well being made in the neighbourhood. Quality of the 
 water fair. For an analysis zee p. 161. 
 
 According to a note of H. B. Woodward, a well in Norwich Castle, sunk 
 into Chalk to a depth of 115 feet, holds water. 
 
 Ormesby St. Margaret's. 
 
 Ordnance Map 148, new ser. (Norfolk 54, S.W. ? and S.E.). Geologic Map 67, N. 
 
 In the angle of the road, £ mile E. of the Church. 
 
 Water rose to within 6 feet of the surface, and has remained at about that 
 level ; but once it rose to the surface. 
 
 Sand 6 ) An r . 
 
 Boulder Clay 34 J 40 feet ' 
 
 Old Buckenham, *'«e Buckenham. 
 Pentney. 
 
 Ordnance Map 160, new ser. (^Norfolk 46, S.W.) Geologic Map 65. 
 Site not given. C. B. Rose, Phil, Mag., ser. 3, vol. vii., p. 180. 
 
 Soil ... • 4 1 
 
 { Rubble chalk, succeeded' by stiff blue clay, 
 
 .q j, with Belemnitee mittimus ... ... 10 | 
 
 *- ,• fl' -i ^ Hard grey limestone, with Terebrutula fl7£ feet. 
 
 ^- j biplicata ... ... ... ... ... £ I 
 
 t Very tenacious blue clay ... ... ... 2 | 
 
 [Lower Greensand] Black sand ... ... ... 1 J 
 
 Plumstead, Great. 
 
 Ordnance Map 162, new ser. (Norfolk 64, N.W. or S.W.) Geologic Map 66, N.E. 
 
 Farm nearly opposite the old racecourse at Plumstead. 
 
 Mentioned by J. E. Taylor at the meeting of Norwich Geol. Soc, Nov. 7, 
 1871 (Norfolk News). 
 
 Beds of shells at the depth of 80 feet. 
 
 Plumstead liall. 
 
 Communicated by W. L. Sutton. 
 
 A 6-inch boring 231 feet deep, with water 20 feet down, yielding 2,000 gallons 
 an hour. 
 
 Plumstead, Little. 
 
 Ordnance Map 162. (Norfolk 64, N.W.) Geologic Map 66, N.E. 
 
 By road between the village ( Plumstead Street of old map) and Norwich, on 
 the eastern side of the East Norfolk Railway. 
 
 Brick-earth about 30 feet, sandy at top. H. B. Woodward. 
 
 Poringland. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161 , new ser. (Norfolk 75, S.E., 76, S.W.) Geologic Map 66, S.E. 
 
 I was told by J. T. Todd that a Mastodon's tooth was found at the bottom 
 of a well. The specimen is preserved in Gurney's Bank. H. B. Woodward. 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. Ill 
 
 Pulham St. Mary. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 106, N.E.) Geologic Map 50, N.E. 
 Two wells, sunk and communicated by W. Limmek [? which of the two villages.] 
 
 1. The Hall. 
 
 Water rose 4 feet. 
 
 pud Drift] {g££ffi ;:; ;:; ;;; g}?** 
 
 2. By Station. 
 
 "Water rose 55 feet. 
 
 Boulder Clay, to sand and water, 60 feet. 
 
 3. Malt Kilns, F. Rutter & Co. 
 
 Bored (6-inches diameter) and communicated by Messrs. F. Smith & Son. 
 
 . Clay 72 1 147 feet 
 
 Chalk 75 £l4/leet. 
 
 Water-level 28 feet down. Yield about 3,000 gallons an hour. Water of 
 good quality. 
 
 Redenham, 9e$ Wortwell. 
 Reedham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 162, new ser. (Norfolk 77, S.) Geologic Map 66, S.E. 
 
 Reporting in 1913 the Medical Officer speaks of the supply for a group of 
 cottages on the marsh at Berney Arms. The only available supply was from 
 rain-water, which was insufficient in dry seasons, when it was supplemented by 
 water taken fr»m the river. Some years before a tube-well was sunk, but its 
 water was so impregnated with iron as to be of no use. 
 
 Rockland All Saints. 
 
 O-dnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 85, N.W. orS.W.) Geologic Map 66, S.W. 
 
 l.Kirk Hall Farm. 1894? 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Gidney. 
 
 Well 18 feet, the rest bored. 
 
 Rest-level of water 50 feet down. Rose at first to 3 feet above ground, but 
 fell later. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 Feet. Feet. 
 Made soil 1£ — 
 
 [Boulder Clay] {%&£?"? **„ Z " 9 * ^ 
 
 [Upper] Chalk and flints 25 132£ 
 
 2. Magpie Inn (? All Saints or St. Peter's). 
 
 Sunk and communicated by — Pooley, of Besthorpe. 
 [Boulder] Clay, to sand and water, 22 feet. 
 
 Rollesby. • 
 
 Ordnance Map 148, new ser. (Norfolk 53, S.E.). Geologic Map 67, N. 
 Clay-pit, i mile W.N.W. of the church. 
 
 f Boulder Clay ... 
 j Hard conglomerate 
 
 [G ,acia> Drift] j^and Z 
 
 j Loam 
 
 (^ Stony brown loam 
 [Pebbly Series.] Gravelly san-1, with water 
 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 
 18 
 
 — 
 
 
 * 
 
 — 
 
 .. 
 
 3 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 
 i) 
 
 15 
 
 44* 
 
 er 
 
 5 
 
 m 
 
112 
 
 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Roudham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 174, new ser. (Norfolk 94, S.E.Y. Geologic Map 66, S.W. 
 
 Harling Road Aerodrome. 360 yards south of Harling Road Station, 1916. 
 
 Communicated by the 'War Office. 
 
 80 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 ? Sunk 10 feet. Then a boring of 4 inches diameter. 
 
 Rest-level of water, 64 feet down. 
 
 Yield found by pumping to 12 hours, 6,600 gallons. Pumping has gone on 
 practically every day since the bore was finished, 14 September, 1916, to date 
 (27th November';. 
 
 Sandy soil ... 
 
 fMarl ... 
 
 Soft creamy chalk 
 
 rp , ,, -. j White chalk, fairly hard 
 [Onalk.J < Hard flinj . 
 
 J Water-vein ... 
 
 t Flinty chalk 
 
 2*1 
 14*1 
 41 ', 
 
 nt 
 
 HI 
 7iJ 
 
 70 feet. 
 
 Rougham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 146, new ser. (Norfolk 35, S.E. and S.W.). Geologic Map 65. 
 
 Piper Wood. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by J. Seaman, of Great Massingham. 
 
 fSand about 20) 
 
 Drift, -! Clay „ 30 V about 100 feet. 
 
 ( Sharp sand ... ... ... „ 50 J 
 
 Houghton. 
 
 Ordnance Map 131, new ser. (Norfolk 19, N.E.). Geologic Map 68, E. 
 
 Roughton Heath. For the Cromer Isolation Hospital, 1900. 
 
 Made and communicated by F. Bennett, of Ipswich. 
 
 Well 12 feet (dry), the rest bored. Top of tube 9 feet from the surface, 
 bottom 8* feet in the Chalk, or 204 feet from the surface. 
 
 Test, by hand- 
 
 pumps, showed a yield of 1,000 gallons in 1* hours. 
 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 
 ' Red sand mixed with small stones 28 £ 
 
 — 
 
 
 Dark red sand and stones 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 
 Fine light-coloured sand... 
 
 31 
 
 — 
 
 
 Gravel and small stones ... 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 
 Red sand free from stones 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 [Glacial 
 
 Drift.] < 
 
 Rough red gravel ... 
 
 3* 
 
 — 
 
 Bright red sand 
 
 3* 
 
 76 
 
 
 White-coloured sand 
 
 31 
 
 — 
 
 
 Clay 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 
 Dark sandy loam 
 
 22 
 
 — 
 
 
 Light-coloured running sand 
 
 39 
 
 — 
 
 l^Dark clay ... 
 
 4 
 
 173 
 
 
 ' Light-coloured running sand 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 
 Dark sandy loam 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 [ ? Pliocene.] - 
 
 Rough sand 
 
 Light-coloured loam 
 
 * 
 
 — 
 
 
 Dark loam and gravel 
 
 n 
 
 — 
 
 
 ^ Flint bed 
 
 1* 
 
 196 
 
 [Upper.] Chalk and f 
 
 ints 
 
 106* 
 
 302* 
 
WELLS AX1) BORINGS. 113 
 
 Roughton — continued. 
 
 Roughton Heath Isolation Hospital of the Erpingham Rural District 
 
 Council. 1913. 
 
 About 210 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 A small well, about 4£ feet, then a four-inch bore. 
 
 Bored and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. 
 
 Rest-level of water, 89 feet down. 
 
 "Yield 540 gallons an hour, with suction-pipe only 5 feet in the water and no 
 
 noticeable effect on the water-level when pumping all day. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 Feet. Feet. 
 
 f Fine gravel 9 
 
 Light-coloured sand, large stones and 
 
 gravel 28 — 
 
 Sea-sand... ,.. ... ... ... 15 — 
 
 Gravel 7* 59± 
 
 Brown clay ... ... ... ... 2£ — 
 
 [Glacial , Chalk [? boulder] 11 — 
 
 Drift.] ^ Light-coloured hard sand. Water at 
 
 87 feet 26 99 
 
 Light-coloured blowing sand ... ... * 27 
 
 Black sandy clay and small stones ... 14 
 
 I Loamy sand ... ... ... ... 41 
 
 I Clay and chalk stones 13 — 
 
 L Sand and chalk (or black ? ) pebbles ... 7 201 
 
 r9Pr a «1 i Light-grey blowing sand 13 
 
 L • ^ rd °' J | Black flints and pebbles 1 215 
 
 C Chalk and flints, rubbly 23 — 
 
 [Upper ) Soft chalk and flints 59 — 
 
 Chalk.] J Very hard chalk and flints 8 — 
 
 ( Chalk and flints 13 318 
 
 The Medical Officer of the Erpingham Rural District says (1913) of this straggling 
 village: "The water supply is from shallow wells; recently there has been a 
 shortage of water owing to the collapse of one of the wells." 
 
 Roydon. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 105, S.W., and 110 N.W.). Geologic 
 
 Map 50, N.W. 
 Two wells, made and communicated by W. Limmer. 
 
 1 . The Hall. Water rose 5 feet. 
 
 [Boulder] Clay to sand, 50 feet. 
 
 2. The Rectory. 
 
 [Glacial ( [Boulder] Clay 30 ) KA , . 
 
 L Drift.] | Sand ... ... 20 j 50 feet. 
 
 Rudham, East. 
 
 Ordnance Map 146, new ser. (Norfolk 24, station in S.E.). Geologic Map 69. 
 
 Information obtained by H. B. Woodward. 
 
 1. Railway Station. Boulder-clay and chalk 34 feet. 
 
 2. Inn by the Station. „ „ 29 „ 
 
 The water stands about 4 feet deep. 
 
 Rushall. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 106, S.W.). Geologic Map 50, N.E. 
 
 Two wells sunk and communicated by W. Limmer. 
 1. ? Locality. 2. Half Moon Inn. 
 
 1. 2. 
 
 I GI acia I Dn ft] j[BO d ^]C,av ... ... ^ IT 
 
 i water). 
 
114 
 
 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 [Glacial 
 
 Drift, 
 
 Boulder < 
 
 Clay to 
 
 26i feet.] 
 
 Rush&W— continued. 
 
 3. For military purposes. Almost half-a-mile northward of the church and 
 just south of the parish-boundary (with Pulham). 
 
 Communicated (with specimens) by the Metropolitan Water Board. 
 (J. W. Restler). 
 129 '1 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 Sump of 8 feet internal diameter, 28£ feet ; 16 inches borehole, lined from 
 28 to 113 feet down, unlined below. 
 
 Rate of yield 17,500 gallons an hour ; depth to water-level after continuous 
 pumping 33 feet down. Rate of yield 25,000 gallons an hour got for a short 
 time, lowering the water-level to 39£ feet down. Rate of yield 21,000 gallons 
 an hour maintained for some hours, with water-level 35 feet down. 
 
 Thickness Depth. 
 Feet. Feet. 
 
 Soil (brown, loamy) f 
 
 f Brown clay (with some small bits of flint, 
 
 partly sandy ; decalcified boulder clay) 3£ — 
 
 Light-coloured marly clay (grey and 
 brown ; small pebbles of chalk ; a 
 boulder clay) ... ... ... ... 2 — 
 
 Stiff brown loam ... ... ... 5£ — 
 
 Blue marly clay (grey, chalky, partly 
 
 streaky; a boulder clay) 14£ 26| 
 
 Stony gravel (stones and sand) ... 7£ — 
 
 Loamy sand (brown, some flint) ... 2£ — 
 
 Coarse red sand (brown, some flint) ... 5^ — 
 
 Stiff dark loam (brown sandy clay ; 
 
 some flint) 1£ 
 
 Sharp sand (brown, bits of flint) ... \\ 
 
 Sharp beach-sand, fine at top, gradually 
 getting coarse (brown, with flints, 
 some of fair size) ... ... ... 46£ 
 
 Sandstone I 
 
 Very coarse sharp sand and small stones 
 
 (brown, with flints) ... ... ... 3| — 
 
 Flint bed (with some flint pebbles and 
 
 a few pebbles of quartzite) 2 97£ 
 
 [Upper] Chalk and flints (white chalk, lowest 
 
 specimen flints) 196f 294 
 
 For an analysis of the water, see p. 162. 
 
 Rushford. 
 
 Ordnance Map, 174, new ser. (Norfolk 103, S.W.). Geologic Map 50, N.W. 
 Snarehill Aerodrome. At the southern edge of Great Snarehill Belt, west of 
 Seven Hills Plantation. 1915. 
 
 Communicated by the War Office. 
 
 140 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 A boring of 8 inches diameter. Rest-level of water 49 feet down. 
 
 Supplv for 19 (? 9) hours, 4,500 gallons an hour. Level of water at cessation 
 
 of pumping unchanged. Pumping, of varying amount, has gone on practically 
 
 each day since the bore was finished, 15th July, 1916, to date (27th November). 
 
 Thickness. 
 Feet. 
 
 Sandy and vegetable soil 
 
 ( Marl and chalk 
 
 Flinty chalk 
 
 Hard petrified crust 
 
 Water- vein 
 
 Flinty chalk 
 
 ^3} \ Water-vein 
 
 232ifeet ' Flinty chalk 
 
 Water- vein ... 
 
 Flinty chalk 
 
 Hard petrified crust 
 Water-vein ... 
 
 4 
 86 
 
 2 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 Sh 
 26 
 
 5 
 49 
 
 2 
 29 
 
reet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 80 
 
 100 
 
 10 
 
 110 
 
 2 
 
 112 
 
 35 
 
 147 
 
 WELLS AND BORINGS. 115 
 
 Rvburgh, Great. 
 
 Ordnance Map 14G, new ser. (Norfolk 25, S.E/,. Geologic Map 68, S.W. 
 
 Just south of railway station. 
 Chalky Boulder Clay, to 20 feet. 
 
 Saham Toney. 
 
 Ordnance Map 160, new ser. (Norfolk 72, S.W.). Geologic Maps 66, S.W. & N.W. 
 
 1. Broomley Hall (should be Broom Hill), southward of the Mere. 1898 ? 
 
 Boring, made by Messrs. Adcock. Communicated by F. W. Hakmer. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 
 Glacial Gravel 
 
 I Blue clay 
 
 T3 , , m 1 Hard flints with clay 
 
 Boulder Clay , Cha , k and cha , k m / r , 
 
 (Clay 
 
 Chalk. 
 
 2. Park Farm. About 2 miles N. of the village. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by Mr. Thuxton. 
 Boulder Clay (not bottomed), 60 feet. 
 
 3. 4. Saham Hall. 
 
 Two Borings. Made and communicated by J. E. Noble. 
 (Summary of Progress for 1910, p. 75.) 1911. 
 
 No. 1. In yard, a little N.W. of the house. About 150 feet above sea-level. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 
 Feet. Feet. 
 
 Soil U — 
 
 ( Ballast [gravel] ... ... ... ... 6 — 
 
 j Gravel and sand 10£ — 
 
 Grey sand 14 — 
 
 [Glacial J Clay 2* — 
 
 Drift] "j Chalk and clay (Boulder Clay) ... 126* 161 
 
 Grey sand (with pellets of chalk) ... 11 — 
 
 I Clay and chalk 36} — 
 
 I Chalk (Boulder Clay) 39$ 248 
 
 No water. Boring abandoned. 
 
 No. 2. 200 yards W.N.W. of No. 1. 1911. About 145 feet above 
 Ordnance Datum. 
 Water rose to within 12 feet of the surface. Yield 1,000 gallons an hour. 
 Analysis good. Hardness 23°. 
 
 Soil H) 
 
 [Glacial ( Ballast [gravel] 2$ I OP1 - , 
 
 Drift] I Clay and sand 13 ( Zbl teet ' 
 
 Chalk and flints 244 ) 
 
 Borings 1 to 3 show a deep hollow of Drift, previously unsuspected, further 
 evidence of which is given by another boring, near by, at Broomhill, in the 
 parish of Merton (given as Walton in the Summary). See p. 102. 
 
 5. Mr. Noble states that a well was dug to a depth of 42 feet, 500 yards 
 N.E. of Saham Hall, and is said to have yielded a fair supply from the Chalk ; 
 but too much reliance must not be placed on the distinction of Chalk from 
 chalky Boulder Clay by workmen (Summary, p. 76). 
 
 St. Faith's Rural District. 
 
 The Medical Officer reported (1912 and 1913) that whilst Catton and 
 Sprowston got a supply from the Norwich Water Co., most of the parishes 
 depended on surface-wells. In wet seasons the water in many of these (as in 
 St. Faith's, Horstead and Haynsford) is only a foot or a little more below the 
 ground. 
 
 Concerning Lenwade Bee p. 50. 
 
116 
 
 WELLS AND BO RING 8. 
 
 Sandringham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 145, now ser. (Norfolk 23, N.W.). Geologic Map 69. 
 For the estate. But perhaps not in the parish. ? West Newton. 
 
 1. Trial bore, 1885, made and communicated by Messrs. T. TlLLBY & Son. 
 PJenty of good, but rather hard, water. About 184 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Made ground ... ... ... ... ... ... 7 
 
 — 
 
 • 
 
 'Upper Division — Sand ... 6 6 
 
 13 6 
 
 
 \/tami~ rk,-„; a ;™ S Coloured Clay ... 2 
 Middle Division j Blue Clay ../ ... 12 
 
 27 6 
 
 Lower 
 
 f Black sand, hard... 8 6 
 
 — 
 
 Greensand 
 
 | White sand, hard 12 
 
 — 
 
 
 Lower Division \ Grey sand 14 6 
 
 — 
 
 
 | Hard rock ... 4 
 
 — 
 
 
 [Grey sand to rock 7 
 
 69 10 
 
 2. A newer well, about 30 feet from the above boring, from centre to centre 
 1915. 
 
 From a drawing amongst the papers of the late C. E. Hawkins. 
 
 Brick shaft, of eight feet diameter ; then cylinders of the same size, to over 
 14 feet, ; then a smaller brick shaft, to 26 feet down ; then tubes (?) to 44 feet. 
 The rest bored, 12 inches diameter to 72 feet down, tubed to 65 feet, then open. 
 The last 8 feet, a 4-inch bore. 
 
 Water-level 47'5 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Thickness. 
 Feet. 
 
 7 
 
 Depth. 
 Feet. 
 
 Division] 
 
 5 — 
 
 26 
 
 C 
 
 [Made ground] Loose earth 
 
 f [Upper Sand with a layer of carstone at top 
 Division] and just above the middle ... 7 14 
 
 f Coloured clay, with chalky pyrites 
 rMVMi I at *°P- sna ^ e below the middle, 
 3 --{ limestone at the bottom 
 
 | Blue clay, with lignite near the 
 ^ middle and at bottom ... 
 fHard black sand, with shale at 
 bottom ... 
 Sand, with shale at bottom 
 
 Hard white sand 
 
 I . ower i q t sand, with hard sandstone at 
 
 Division]^ ^bottom 
 
 Loose gravelly bed 
 Very hard sandstone 
 
 Gritty beds and shale 
 
 [Kimeridge] Sandy clay to black clay 
 
 3. An account of a boring (at a different site) made in 1872, given by 
 J. Mansergh (to Prop. T. R. Jones, who supplied notes in brackets from 
 specimens), differs considerably, being as follows : — 
 
 118^ feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 10? 
 
 2 
 
 10? 
 
 — 
 
 m 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 i 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 72 
 
 80 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 
 Red Chalk 
 
 u j 
 
 Upper 
 Division 
 
 Middle 
 Division 
 
 ? Lower 
 Division 
 
 f Carstone ... 
 
 j Greensand (brownish-green sand) 
 J Stone, with mineral 
 j Greensand (greenish-bro wrn sand, 
 with nodules of pyrites at top, 
 [_ then sand stained green) 
 
 [■ Stiff blue clay (sandy clay) 
 
 f Blue stone (light brown clayey 
 sand) 
 
 1 (?! a ^ clave y sand > i 
 
 | (Light grey very 
 sandy clay) 
 
 ) 
 
 Feet. 
 
 6 
 14 
 10 
 
 u 
 
 15| 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 Feet. 
 6 
 
 47 
 
 52 
 
 68 
 
 not given 
 
 — 100 
 
 Boring left off at the depth of 100 feet, without reaching Kimeridge Clay. 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. 117 
 
 Scole. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 110, N.E.) Geologic Map 50, N.W. 
 
 Dr. Curteis 1 . 
 Sunk and communicated by W. Limmek. 
 
 [G.acia. Drift] { g^S^ Z Z Z io } *° *«• 
 
 Scottow. 
 
 Ordnance Map 147, new ser. (Norfolk 40, N.W.). Geologic Map 66, N E. 
 
 Communicated by W. L. Sutton. 
 Well of 3£ feet diameter. 
 
 From top of well to water, 38 feet 7 inches. Water 4 feet 9 inches. 
 Pumped at the rate of about 10 gallons a minute. 
 Samples taken out behind brickwork. 
 
 fClay ... .1.1 
 
 | Sand 
 
 [ Drift ^.B^kcl^9f^^ 43feet4inch - 
 Silver sand ... j 
 LSand, 4 feet ...J 
 
 Shaft about 10 yards away : — Sand, 6 or 7 feet. Firm clay, 8 or 9 feet 
 
 Sculthorpe. 
 
 Ordnance Map 146, new ser. (Norfolk 16, S.W.). Geologic Map 68, S.W. 
 
 Cranmer Hall. 
 
 rr<i ■ln'fiij Gravel and sand ) 00 c . 
 
 [Glacial Drift.] j Chalk j -22 feet. 
 
 Shelfhanger. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 105, N.W. and S.W.). Geologic Map 
 
 50, N.W. 
 
 Four wells, sunk and communicated by J. Banham. 
 
 1. Mr. Annis'. Sunk 45 feet, bored 25. Water rose 25 feet. 
 
 2. Mr. Ellis'. Water rose 10 feet. 
 
 3. The Green. Water overflowed. 
 
 1. 2. 3. 
 [Boulder] Clay to sand 70 2\ 20 feet. 
 
 4. Hill Cottages. Boulder Clay 40 feet. 
 
 Sheringham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 131, new ser. (Norfolk 10, N.E., and 11, N.W.). Geologic Map 
 
 68, E. 
 
 Sheringham Water Co. 
 
 Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 212, and other information. 
 
 Springs. Average daily quantity available 96,000 gallons. The water is collected 
 in open channels, and filtered through gravel to take out coarse sediment. 
 
 Wells in Chalk. Sheringham and Beeston Commons. 
 
 Average daily supply 100,000 gallons, but 120,000 more could be got. The level of 
 the well-water varies little, however much pumping takes place. 
 
 Average daily supply 130,000 gallons (from both sources ?). 
 
 Water is filtered. Quality satisfactory. 1914. Hardness 14°, permanent 5 -5°. 
 
 Supplies Sheringham Urban District and Beeston Regis. 
 
 The Water Works Directory of 1911, p. 324, says that the population supplied was 
 about 3,500, and that the water of the springs from Sheringham Woods was soft and 
 of excellent analysis. 
 
118 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Sheringham — continued. 
 
 Waterworks Well. 
 
 152 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Communicated by R. M. Parkinson. 
 
 A 10-inch boring. From 14th March to 5th May, 1899. pumping 7,000 gallons an 
 hour for 10 hours a day had no effect on the water-level (? words in brackets from 
 specimens). 
 
 fGravel 
 Clay, with small stones... 
 Loamy sand (grey sandy loam, with 
 
 [Contorted w sma11 stone *- Boulder C \*J ? > "< 
 
 Drift. "1 1 Running sand (ferruginous) 
 
 Boulder Clay (with chalk) 
 
 Running sand (ferruginous) ... 
 Running sand, bluish ... 
 I Boulder Clay, with flints (chalk, etc.) 
 f Sand and small flints (earthy, Cyprina 
 islandica, Tellina balthica, Myt'dus 
 edidis, Litoriua litorea) 
 Clay, with chalk and flints (marine 
 
 Bed]' shells ) 
 
 * J j Flints and chalk mixture .(? derived 
 
 from above) 7 — 
 
 ! Blue clay (grey earth and micaceous 
 
 t sandy loam, with small stones) ... 2 139 
 
 [Upper] Chalk, soft 261 400 
 
 Drift.] 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 20 
 
 — 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 21 
 
 96 
 
 15 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 107 
 
 17 
 
 Shimpling. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 105, S.E.). Geologic Map 50, N.W. 
 
 1. The Green. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by J. Banham. 
 
 Water rose 30 feet. 
 
 [Boulder] Clay 35 feet. 
 
 2-4. Sunk and communicated by W. Limmer. 
 
 2. The Hall. 3. The Place. 4. The Rectory. " Red Iron Spring " v/ater 
 overflowed. 
 
 [Boulder] Clay 40, 50, and 20 feet. 
 
 Shotesham All Saints. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 87, N.E.). Geologic Map GQ. 
 
 Upgates Farm. 1906. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Fake, of Norwich. 
 
 Well [old?] 
 
 [Glacial j Loam and sand ... 
 Drift.] ( Yellow sand, fine 
 
 f Rough red sand ... 
 
 | Slate-coloured sand and stones. Smells 
 [?Crag.] -{ bad 
 
 | Blue sand... 
 
 I^Stones 
 
 ( Marl 
 
 -my i. n ' Chalk 
 
 L Cnalk.] ^ Sai)d . gall , 
 
 (Chalk 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 — 
 
 70 
 
 3^ 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 8H 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 13i 
 
 — 
 
 * 
 
 112 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 21 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 . — 
 
 55 
 
 196 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 119 
 
 Smallburgh Rural District. 
 
 The Medical Officer reports (1912) that "all the water for drinking and 
 domestic purposes is obtained from wells, which number no less than 144. 
 Many houses have their own well, in other cases 2, 3, or 4 houses obtain their 
 supply from a common well." 
 
 He says M there is grave and increasing risk of contamination of the wells and 
 an ever-present risk of an outbreak of some water-borne disease," and he notices 
 carelessness and untidiness. 
 
 On analysis of their water, by Mr. Sutton, several wells were condemned. 
 
 Snettisham. 
 
 Ordnance Maps 129, 145, new ser. (Norfolk 14, N.W and S.W.). 
 
 Map 69. 
 
 Information from — Chilvers (who made the wells). 
 
 1. Cottages by brickyard ; well about 20 feet deep in sand. 
 
 2. At Grammar School, on rising ground north-east of the Hall ; 
 50 feet deep, with 4 feet of water. The top 6 feet black earth or 
 beds of the Lower Greensand], the rest sand. 
 
 Geologic 
 
 well about 
 silt [clayey 
 
 Snoring, Great. 
 
 Ordnance Map 130, new ser. (Norfolk 16, S.W.). Geologic Map 68, S.W. 
 
 North-east of Thorpland Plantation. 
 
 Communicated by the Rkv. J. Lee-Warner. 
 
 Boulder Clay, to sand, 23 feet. 
 
 South Burlingham, see Burlingham. 
 Southwood. 
 
 Ordnance Map 162, new ser. (Norfolk 77, N.W.). Geologic Map 66, S.E. 
 
 The Oaks Farm, about \ mile S.E. of the church. 1913. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Fake, of Norwich. 
 
 Water rose to 50 feet from the surface. 
 
 Thickness 
 Feet. 
 
 Old well 
 
 250 
 
 \ Red sand 
 
 Red brick-earth ... 
 
 Red sand... 
 
 Dark red clay 
 
 Sand 
 
 Blue clay 
 
 Cocoa-coloured clay 
 
 Blue clay, with layers of hard dark stone 
 
 Hard solid dark stone ... 
 
 Clay, with marl-stone ... 
 y'Marl 
 
 Chalk, with layers of stone 
 
 Prof. P. G. H. Boswell classifies the beds from 43 to 
 from 88 to 240 as London Clay, and includes the clay with marl-stone with the 
 Chalk. 
 
 Spixworth. 
 
 Ordnance Map 147, new ser. (Norfolk 51, S.E.). Geologic Map 66, N.E. 
 
 Red brick cottage at northern end of village (S.W. of Spixworth on old Map) 
 
 From H. B. Woodward's notes. 
 
 [ ?Glacial 
 Drift.] 
 
 [Upper 
 Chalk.] 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 43 
 
 16 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 61 
 
 38 
 
 46 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 28 
 
 22 
 
 300 
 H8 feet as Crag? those 
 
 Pebbly gravel 
 Chalk 
 
 :::} 
 
 27 feet. 
 
120 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Spooner Row, see Wymondham. 
 Sprowston. 
 
 Ordnance Map, 161, new ser. (Norfolk 63, N.E.). Geologic Map 66, N.E. 
 
 1. Gunnell's Brickyards. 
 
 Wells sunk 70 or 80 feet into Chalk. H. B. Woodward. 
 
 2. For John Gurney. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. 
 
 Sand 28 1 111 feet 
 
 Chalk, very pure water, full of small shells 83 j 
 
 3. Heath Farm. 
 
 Gravel about 30 feet. H. B. Woodward. 
 
 Stalham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 148, new ser. (Norfolk 41, N.W.). Geologic Map 68, E. 
 
 Board School. 
 Recorded by C. Reid. 
 
 Glacial Drift Brick-earth 9 or 10 
 
 ? Sand, clay, and gravel 10 }? 11\ feet. 
 
 ? Forest Bed Clean sand ... .. ... 3 
 
 1} 
 
 Stanhoe. 
 
 Ordnance Map 130, new ser. (Norfolk 15, N.W.). Geologic Map 69. 
 Information about several wells obtained by G. Barrow. 
 
 1. The village well was 170 feet deep but has been deepened by 10 feet, as it 
 failed in summer. Now 180 feet, of which rather more than 30 feet is clay, the 
 rest is chalk. 
 
 2. Great Barwick well, said to be a hundred feet deep or rather more. In 
 winter and spring the water rises to within 30 or 40 feet of the surface, but in 
 the summer it sinks at least 20 feet and sometimes more. • 
 
 3. Well at cottage close to the railway station. This is 60 feet deep, 10 feet 
 through marl and 50 feet through hard chalk. The water varies in level ; in 
 April, 1883, it was about 30 feet from the surface. 
 
 Starston. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 106, E.). Geologic Map 50, N.E.' 
 
 Two wells, sunk and communicated by W. Limmer. 
 
 1. The Green. 
 
 [Glacial ( [Boulder] Clay ... 20 ) qfi , 
 
 Drift] | Gravel and loam ... 76 J yb teet ' 
 
 2. A quarter of a mile E. of the church. 
 
 (Gravel 12) 
 
 •[Glacial < Sand and loam 10>46feet. 
 
 Drift] (Sand 24 J 
 
WELL8 AND BOBINGS. 121 
 
 Stibbard (?or Guist). 
 
 Ordnance Map 146, new ser. (Norfolk 26, S.W. ?). Geologic Map 68, S.W. 
 
 Sennowe Hall. 1905. 
 
 Made and communicated by W. G. Fake, of Norwich. 
 
 Shaft 80 feet, the rest bored. Good supply. • 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 
 rr\ --Ci. -i ( Sand and gravel ... ... ... 80 
 
 [ Dnft ] | Grey clay " 3 
 
 ( Margin marl . . . 
 
 ^Flints 
 
 Feet. 
 
 [? Chalk.] S Margii ;' marl ;;; ;;; 40 
 
 Chalk 102 230 
 
 Stockton. 
 
 Ordnance Map 176, new ser. (Norfolk 99, N.W.). Geologic Map 66, S.E. 
 
 Black Boy Inn. 
 
 From C. Reid's Notes. 
 
 One account says that the well is 87 feet deep, all in sand ; another that this 
 includes 10 feet of clay. 
 
 Stody. 
 
 Ordnance Map 131, new ser. (Norfolk 17, N.E., and S.E.). Geologic 
 Map 68, S.W. 
 
 Stody Lodge, about two-thirds of a mile S.E. of the church. 1895. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Gidney, of Norwich. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 Feet. Feet. 
 
 Shaft 
 
 [Glacial Drift.] Blue clay 
 
 f Dark sandy clay 
 
 j Dark sand and shells ... 
 
 r ?c «*-] inland ::: ::: ::: 
 
 j Light - coloured sandy clay, 
 
 ^ with small stone 
 
 Chalk and flints 
 
 Stoke Ferry. 
 
 Ordnance Map 160, new ser. (Norfolk 70, S.W.). Geologic Map 65. 
 
 Near the Railway Station (? Dr. Baders). 1883. 
 
 Bored and communicated by T. Tilley. 
 
 Water rose to the surface. 
 
 Sand [Drift] and water 
 
 tt ~™„ nu.ii, i S Chalk, no water 
 Lower Chalk. M v n i 
 
 J ( Yellow marl 
 
 Gault (Blue clay) 
 
 f Dark green sand, no water 
 
 [Lower] | Rock 
 
 Greensand, ■{ Green sand 
 
 17 feet.]. | Rock 
 
 ^Sand 
 
 30 
 
 oo 
 98 
 
 9 
 
 • — 
 
 19 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 138 
 
 18 
 
 156 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth, 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 13£ 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 411 
 
 
 97* 
 
 • 2 
 
 — 
 
 2i 
 
 — 
 
 3i 
 
 — 
 
 U 
 
 — 
 
 74 
 
 inj 
 
122 WELLS AND BOIMNCJS. 
 
 Stoke Holy Cross. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 75, S.E., 87, N.E.). Geologic 
 Map 66, S.E. 
 
 Communicated by Miss Scott, of Bungay, to S. Woodward, MS. 1825. 
 
 Diluvial and Tertiary ; at which depth a bed of Crag 
 shells was cut through consisting of Cardium edule, 
 Murex [= Purpura laplllus ?~\ , Trophon carinatus 
 [ =T. antlquus], Turbo [= Litorina] litorea, Venus 
 cequalis [= Cyprina Islandica], Mya arenaria, ^-270 feet. 
 
 Tellina obllqua. Bones of deer ? and vertebras 
 of Platax 100 
 
 Clay and Chalk in which no organic remains were 
 
 found 170, 
 
 Stow Bardolph. 
 
 Ordnance Map 159, new ser. (Norfolk 57, S.W.). Geologic Map 65. 
 
 Stow Hall and the Home Farm. 
 
 From C. Reid's Notes. 
 
 Boulder Clay to sand (Lower Greensand), about 100 feet. 
 
 In another well, close to that at the Hall, and 114 feet deep, water was found 
 at the depth of 27 feet. 
 
 Stratton, Long. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 97, N.W.). Geologic Map 66, S.E. 
 
 Waston House. 
 
 Boring, communicated by T. W. N. Crawford. 
 
 Gravel (Pebbles, sand, etc.) 34 ) r C r . 
 
 Chalk and flints ... ... 22 j 56 feet. 
 
 Stratton St. Michael. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 97, N.W.). Geologic Map 66, S.E. 
 Farm (? by high road, westward of the church). 
 From H. B. Woodward's Notes. 
 Boulder Clay, to pebbly gravel [Crag?], 33 feet. 
 
 Swaffham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 160, new ser. (Norfolk 59, N.W., and S.W.). Geologic Map 65. 
 
 1. Swaffham Water Co. S. side of Lynn Street, about 100 yards from the 
 Post Office. 1865. 
 
 247 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 Local Government Board Return, 1915, p. 219, and other information : — 
 
 Well 165 feet, brick-lined for 20 feet down, with two headings, running north 
 and south. The rest a bore of 14 inches diameter. All Chalk. 
 
 Rest-level of water from about 40 feet down in midsummer to 10 or 12 in 
 midwinter. Level when pumping varies, and the well has been pumped dry. 
 
 Daily average supply 30,000 gallons, but much more could be got. Another return 
 makes daily average 111,000 with 9,000 more in bulk. 
 
 Water excellent, hard. 
 
 According to the Water Works Directory, 1911, p. 349, the total population of the 
 area supplied was 3,371, 
 
 Parts of the town get a supply from private wells. 
 
 2. Manor House, E. of the church. 
 
 From C. E. Hawkins' Notes, published 1893. 
 Well, sunk some^ears ago, said to have passed through 160 feet of clay. 
 
 3. Wood Farm. Half a mile S.E. of the church. 
 
 Noted by G. Barrow, Geology of S.W., Norfolk, p. 149. 
 
 The well, 130 feet deep, runs dry in summer, whilst another well, close to the 
 railway-bridge (to N.E. ?), is never dry. 
 
Vt'BLLS AM) 1«)KIX<:>. 123 
 
 Swanington. 
 
 Ordnance Map 147, new ser. (Norfolk 50, N.E.). Geologic Map 66, N.W. 
 
 For Public Supply. About halfway between the church and the stream, on 
 the western side of the road. 
 
 Boring made (about 1890, from the bottom of the well) and communicated 
 by Messks. Fake, of Norwich. With a note from P. Nokgatk. 
 
 Tubed 80 feet. Water not fit for domestic purposes, as ii contains a large 
 amount of iron. The analysis on p. 104 hardly bears this out. 
 The water frequently overflowed. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 Feet. Feet. 
 
 (Well (old; 13 
 
 [Glacial Drift] -J Soft grey clay 6 
 
 (Black bog ... 4 .2 
 
 [Uppe.-Cha.k] j|°*^ k ••; •• - §° - 
 
 The black bog may be a sandy water-logged representative of the Pebbly 
 Gravel, of which a narrow outcrop is shown to the west, on the geologic map. 
 
 P. Norgate writes (March, 1905) that the cottagers will not use the water, either 
 for drinking or washing, preferring to get water from a stream close by. They say 
 that it turns linen yellow and is not fit to drink. 
 
 Tacolneston. 
 
 Ordnance Maps 161, 175, new ser. (Norfolk 86, S.E.). Geologic Map 66, S.W. 
 Two wells, sunk and communicated by J. Banham, of Shelfhanger. 
 
 1. At Baker's, by 11th milestone. Water rose 45 feet. 
 
 2. Th« Hall Cottages. Water rose 80 feet. 
 
 In both, well 55 feet, the rest bored. Boulder Clay, to sand 85 feet. 
 
 Tattersett. 
 
 Ordnance Map 146, new ser. (Norfolk 24, N.E.). Geologic Map 69. 
 
 Well by brickyard north of Pinkney Hall. 
 
 Communicated by Mk. Massingham. 
 
 ( [Loamy top Brick-earth 5 \ 
 
 Boulder ) [Marl] White earth ^L,, , 
 
 Clay.] Blue Clay with "gelt" of sand that gives > «4 ieet. 
 
 ( springs 14 J 
 
 Taverham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 50, S.E.). Geologic Map 66, N.E. 
 Times Paper Mill. 1868. 
 
 Alluvium 
 
 Chalk 
 
 For an analysis of tl e water see p. 165 
 
 ::: ::: ::: \^^- 
 
 Tharston. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 87, S.W., 97, N.W.). Geologic 
 Map 66, S.E. 
 
 Rectory. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by Geo. Ban ham. 
 
 Water rose 6 feet. 
 
 Boulder Clay 50 > co , 
 
 Gravel and sand ... 6 1 56 feet. 
 
124 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Thelveton. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 105, S.E.). Geologic Map 50, X.W 
 
 Mr. J. Manns. 
 Sunk and communicated by W. Limmer. 
 [Boulder] Clay, to sand and water, 50 feet. 
 
 Thetford. 
 
 Ordnance Map 174, new ser. (Norfolk 102, N.E. and S.E.). Geologic 
 Maps 51, N.E., 50, N.W. 
 
 Waterworks. On the western side of the high road about two-thirds of a 
 mile N.N.W. of the Railway Station. 1887. 
 
 165 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Communicated by J. Church and from other sources. 
 
 According to Messrs. S. F. Baker & Son, the well is 64 feet deep (rest 
 bored) and the water-level was 2 feet in the well. Another note, of 1915, gives 
 the rest-level of the water as 141 i feet down, and the level when pumping, as 
 1471. 
 
 Daily average supply 120,000 gallons (Local Government Board Return of 
 1915, p. 141). 
 
 Glacial Drift [Sand and gravel. Loam and clay, shown in pits close by], 
 50 feet (according to F. J. Bennett). 
 
 Chalk. At the depth of 155J feet a spring of beautiful water was found, 
 yielding a large quantity, over 14,000 gallons an hour having been pumped 
 without reducing the head. To 160 feet. 
 
 Water excellent. Hardness, total 13*5°, permanent 2*8° (L.G.B. Return). 
 For analysis see p. 165. 
 
 According to the Waterworks Directory 1911, p. 355, the population supplied is 
 about 4,000. 
 
 Thetford St. Mary. 
 
 Although in the borough of Thetford (Norfolk) this parish seems to be in 
 the county of Suffolk. 
 
 Internment Camp. Just S. of Warren Wood, about li miles W.N.W. of 
 Thetford. 
 
 Bored and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. 
 
 Lined with 6-inch tubes to 80 feet down. 
 
 Water-level 20 feet down. 
 
 Tested at 1,200 gallons an hour with suction at 85 feet. 
 
 Sand and gravel ... ... ... ... ... ... 5i^ 
 
 ttt nuin ( Marl and flints 8i V 100 feet. 
 
 [Upper Chalk] | Chalkandflints _ _ ... 86 j 
 
 Thorpe Abbots. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 106, 111). Geologic Map 50, N.E. 
 
 Messrs. Kay's. 
 
 Boring. From Messrs. F. Smith and Son, of Grimsby. 
 
 Water-level 82 feet down. Supply and quality good. 
 
 To Chalk [Drift] ^ 1 258 feet. 
 
 Chalk 76 j 
 
 If all above the Chalk is Drift, a great thickness of this is proved. 
 
ickness 
 
 j. Depth. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 9 
 
 — 
 
 55 
 
 67 
 
 55 
 
 122 
 
 WELLS AND HORINGS. 125 
 
 Thorpe St. Andrew. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 64, S.W. and 63, S.E.). 
 
 Geologic Map 66, N.E. 
 
 1. County Lunatic Asylum. Between the railways eastward of the village. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Gidney, of Norwich. 
 
 Shaft 90 feet, the rest bored. 
 
 Made soil 
 
 [? Drift (Brick-earth 
 
 aud Crag] ( Red and grey sands 
 
 [Upper] Chalk and flints 
 
 2. Pine Banks, formerly Mr. Ca ley's. 
 
 A 4-inch bore, 287 feet deep. Water-level 148 feet down. 
 
 Probably 2,000 gallons a day pumped. 
 
 The water softer than ordinary Chalk- water. 
 
 Thursford. 
 
 Ordnance Maps 130, 131, 146, 147, new ser. (Norfolk 17, S.W.). 
 
 Geologic Map 68, S.W. 
 
 Between the Railway Station and the Crawfish Inn ? (in 147). 
 
 [Glacial Drift.] Sand and brickearth, 10 feet. 
 
 Thuxton. 
 
 ( >nln;uiee Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 61, S.W.). Geologic Map 66, S.W. 
 
 High House. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by — Thuxton. 
 
 Boulder Clay, 60 feet. 
 
 Thwaite. 
 
 Ordnance Maps, 162, 176, new ser. (Norfolk 88, S.E.). Geologic Map 66, S.E. 
 
 Hall. 
 
 Communicated by D. Palmer. 
 
 Well 100 feet deep : 30 or 40 feet clay, the rest sand. 
 
 Tibenham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 96, S.E.). Geologic Map 66, S.W. 
 
 Wells m Drift. Information got by F. J. Bennett, from J. Banham, 
 except in one case. 
 
 Wells in Boulder Clay. 
 
 1, 2. Almshouses and Long Row, Mr. Pearson's. Boulder Clay, sandy at 
 bottom, 20 feet. Water rose 2 feet. 
 
 3. Long Row, Mr. Lester's. Boulder Clay (Land-spring), 45 feet. 
 
 4. On the Green. Boulder Clay (Land-spring), 25 feet. 
 
 Wells through Boulder Clay. 
 
 5. Boot Inn, near. Boulder Clay, to sand, 27 feet. Water rose 10 feet. 
 From G. Banham. 
 
 6. Boot Inn, near. Mr. Fordham's. Boulder Clay, to sand, 78 feet. Water 
 overflowed. 
 
 7. By the Church. Boulder Clay, to sand, 24 feet. Water rose 2 feet. 
 
 8. Greyhound Inn. Boulder Clay, to sand, 20 feet. Water rose 2 feet. 
 
 9. Long Row, Mr. Rett's. Sunk 45 feet, the rest bored. Boulder Clay, 
 to sand, 70 feet. Water rose 60 feet. 
 
 10. Pristow Green, Mr. Self's. Sunk 50 feet, the rest bored. Boulder Clay 
 to sand, 80 feet. Water rose 70 feet. 
 
126 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Tivetshall. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 105, N.E.). 
 Geologic Map 50, N.E. or 66, S.E. 
 
 1. Near the Church. 
 
 Sunk 50, bored 40 feet. Water rose 25 feet. 
 [Boulder] Clay, to sand, 90 feet. 
 
 2. At the Schools. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by W. Limmek. 
 
 Sunk 40, bored 40 feet. Water rose 6 feet. 
 
 [Boulder] Clay, to sand, 80 feet. 
 
 Trimingham. 
 
 Ordnance Maps 131, 132, new ser. Geologic Map, 68, E. 
 Eastward of St. John the Baptist Church. 
 
 202 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Communicated by H. D. Searles-Wood. 
 
 Sunk through rich yellow sand, 33£ feet. 
 
 Water 6 feet 4 inches deep. For analysis, see p_ 166. 
 
 Trowse. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161 (Norfolk 63, S.E., 75, N.E.). Geologic Map 66, N.E. 
 
 Near Cooks' Cottages. 
 
 Made and communicated by — Fake, 1885 ; and from the Rev. J. Gui\n. 
 
 In February, 1885, the water stood 6 feet in the well. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 Feet. Feet. 
 
 [Boulder ( Grey clay 20 
 
 Clay] ( Blue clay 60 80 
 
 ''Bright sand 25 — 
 
 Iron pan 4 
 
 Dark sand and blue clay mixed, with 
 some substances resembling a wheat- 
 ear in form, encrusted with a black 
 t coating (iron) ... ... ... ... 1 110 
 
 For remarks on the water, see p. 166. 
 
 Tuddenham, East. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 62, N.W.). Geologic Map 66, N.W. 
 
 In the village. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by — Thuxton, of Hethersett. 
 
 Water rose 3 feet. 
 
 Boulder Clay, to sand, 15 feet. 
 
 Tuddenham, North. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 49, S.E.). Geologic Map 66, N.W. 
 
 1. The Rectory. 
 
 Grey Boulder Clay, to light-brown sand, with watei, 11 feet. 
 
 2. Cottage opposite the entrance-gates of the Rectory. 
 
 Greyish and bluish Boulder Clay, to sand with water, 15 feet. 
 
 [Crag?] 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. 127 
 
 Walpole St. Peter, including Walpole Island. 
 Ordnance Maps 145, 159, new ser. (Norfolk 37, 43, 44.). Geologic Map 65. 
 
 From a Report to the Local Government Board, by P. M. Crosthwaite, on 
 the water supply of Terrington, Walpole St. Andrew and St. Peter, Clench- 
 warton and Tilney All Saints, July, 1909 : — 
 
 " A description of the water supply of this village will do for practically all the 
 villages in the district that have not the Wisbech water laid on. There are three 
 sources of supply available : (a) Shallow wells sunk to a depth of about 12 feet 
 through gravel to clay. These wells fail in dry weather and are frequently saline. 
 They are obviously open to serious risk of pollution as they are in many cases close 
 to common privies." Examples are given. 
 
 "(ft) The principal supply for drinking purposes is derived from Cisterns, in 
 which is collected the rain-water that falls on roofs .... 
 
 il I was informed that in some the water rises and falls in the cisterns with the 
 rise and fall of the sub-soil water, so that it is doubtful if they are water-tight." 
 
 " (V) When the above sources of supply fail the cottagers have no option but to 
 take water from open ditches and pits." 
 
 u In many the water is salt and in none is it fit for drinking without boiling." 
 And these ditches and pits sometimes dry up. 
 
 During his inspection of the parishes mentioned he found in all " the supply most 
 unsatisfactory." 
 
 Walsham, North. 
 
 Ordnance Map 147 and 148, new ser. (Norfolk 29, N.W. and S.W.). 
 Geologic Map 68, E. 
 
 1. Waterworks. Stump Cross, south-westward end of the town. 1898. 
 143 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Tilley, and from J. C. Melliss. 
 Well of 5 feet diameter, bricked, 20 feet. The rest a boring of 8 inches 
 
 diameter, lined to 10 feet into the chalk. 
 
 Water found GO feet down, soon rose to 58£ feet. At 66£ feet it fell to 66 feet, 
 
 and on reaching the chalk to 68£. 
 
 Soil 
 
 ( Reddiih yellow gravel and sand 
 I Boulder flints (up to 20 inches long) 
 and rough flinty gravel 
 
 Glacial I Light-buff, very fine sand 
 
 Gravel "l Radish-brown san ^ 
 
 Buff sand, like that above, but not so 
 clean 
 J Fine gravel and sand 
 
 L Light-buff, very fine, sand 
 
 f Pale yellow loamy sand... 
 Dark reddish-brown loam, slightly 
 
 mottled 
 
 Like the above, but lighter in colour ... 
 Contorted Dark reddish-brown loam, slightly 
 
 Drift. mottled 
 
 Bluish, compact, hard, stiff, loamy clay 
 
 (impervious) 
 
 Yellowish loam, with thin bands of 
 ironstone 
 (^ Yellow loamy san i 
 Dark grey, very compact sand ... 
 Dark brownish, greyish sand ... 
 Till. Dark bluish-grey, stiff, compact, loamy clay, 
 
 with small stones (impervious) 
 Forest Bed. Rounded grey flints, an inch to 2 inches 
 in diameter 
 
 Thickness. 
 Feet. 
 
 Depth 
 Feet 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 5| 
 
 — 
 
 U 
 22 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 9* 
 3* 
 
 48 
 
 9i 
 5* 
 
 — 
 
 i 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 80 
 
 2* 
 
 — 
 
 14 
 
 96* 
 
 4 
 
 100* 
 
 6 
 
 106* 
 
128 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Walsham, North — continued. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 Feet. Feet. 
 
 ChillesfordJ? re y blowin gfS d -• ~\ r '~ 1,: 
 
 Beds 1 ^S"* S re Ji shft* compact marl (1m- 
 
 ( pervious) £ 123 
 
 C Grey running sand, with fragments of 
 
 Weybourn } shells ... , 6^ — 
 
 Crag. J The like, without shells 10i — 
 
 'Large flints ... 1 141 
 
 Upper Chalk ... 109 250 
 
 In describing this well (Trans. Norf. Nat. Soc.,vo\. vii, pp. 295-297), C. Reid 
 gives a list of the fossils from the Weybourn Crag. The above classification of 
 the beds is his. 
 
 A Report on a pumping trial, by J. N. G-avin, gave the following results : — 
 
 Pumping begun on October 17th, 1898, at 11 a.m. and carried on continuously till 
 11 a.m. on October 21st, that is for 14 days. 
 
 Water-level before puuping 65f feet down, at end of pumping 152. 
 
 On the first day it was lowered to 145 feet. 
 
 Pumping in thousands of gallons a day, as follows :— 15, 19, 25, 23, 26, 24, 24, 23, 
 25, 23, 26, 27, 29, 31, the differences being due to the speed of the pump. Total 
 pumped 341,000 gallons, or a daily average of 24,400. 
 
 At the end of the trial the pump was run at an increased speed for half-an-hour, 
 discharging 30 gallons a minute, and lowering the water-level another foot, to 
 1 53 feet down. 
 
 Half-an-hour after the pumping ceased the water-level rose to within a foot of 
 the original level, which was regained before twelve hours. 
 
 The conditions of the supply before the waterworks were made are described on 
 pp. 47, 48. It is satisfactory to know, from Dr. J. T. C. Nash's Report to the County 
 Council for 1914, p. 26, that ''samples of water from all the wells in the district 
 where the main water is available were analysed, and all those houses where the 
 analysis showed pollution now receive the supply from the mains. 
 
 According to H. W. T. Empson, clerk to the Council, there are two wells (besides 
 the above noted) one of the wells being from 6 feet 4 inches in diameter to 4 feet, 
 and 182 feet deep, the other having a bore of 13 inches diameter and 250 'feet 
 deep from the bottom of the well, or to a total depth of 432 feet. A heading of 
 28 feet, at the depth of 173 feet, connects the 8 inch bore with a well. The rest- 
 level of the water is 70 feet down, but it varies whilst pumping goes on. 
 
 The White Horse Common supply is from private wells, mostly shallow. 
 
 2. New cottages "south of the word 'yard ' on the (old) map." This must be 
 about half a mile westward of the church. 
 Recorded by C. Reid, before 1882. 
 Brick-earth, into pebbly gravel, &c, 40 feet. 
 
 Walsingham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 130, new ser. (Norfolk 16, N.E.). Geologic Map 68, S.W. 
 
 Town well about 50 feet deep. 
 
 The wells are mostly about 30 feet deep. 
 
 Well at Toll-bar, 60 feet deep. 
 
 Chalk near to surface. 
 
 Walsingham Rural District. 
 
 The Medical Officer reports (1912, 1913) that with the exception of the deep 
 well at Melton Constable (see p. 101) the water-supply is got from surface- 
 wells of varying depth. Many of these are defective in structure and liable to 
 pollution. Of samples of water taken many were found bo be contaminated. 
 This is reiterated in Dr. J. T. C. Nash's Report to the County Council for 
 1914, d. 28. 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. 129 
 
 Watlington. 
 
 Ordnance Map 159, new ser. (Norfolk 57, N.W.). Geologic Map 65. 
 
 Brickyard, about a mile south-westward of the church, S.W. of the cross- 
 roads, Fodderston Gap of the old map, Thieves' Bridge of the newer map. 
 Recorded by C. Reid (Geology of S.W. Norfolk, 1893, p. 63). 
 Clay, shown in the brickyard to be Kimeridge Clay, 50 feet. 
 Lower Greensand, from which water rose. 
 
 The interest of this section is that "the mass of Kimeridge Clay is a huge 
 boulder, transported from the westward ; " a boulder big enough to supply a 
 brickyard. 
 
 Watton, see Merton. 
 Waxham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 148, new ser. (Norfolk 41, N.E.) Geologic Map 67, N. 
 
 At corner of road N.E. of the church. 1879. 
 
 Water rose 3 feet. 
 
 [Glacial.] Brown loam 101iq*^+ 
 
 [Pebbly Series.] Sand 3 ) l6 Ieet ' 
 
 Wayland Rural District. 
 
 The Medical Officer reports, in 1912, that the water-supply is wholly from 
 wells, mostly shallow, and too often close to cesspits or refuse-heaps, and there- 
 fore liable to pollution, surface-water draining into the well. On analysis few 
 supplies could be described as good. 
 
 In 1913 he adds that generally the source of pollution was in the immediate 
 neighbourhood of the well. 
 
 Welborne. 
 
 Ordnance Map 101, new ser. (Norfolk 61, N.E. and S.E.). Geologic 
 Map 66, N.W. 
 
 Brickyard a little more than a mile S.W. by W. of the church. Information 
 from the foreman. 
 
 TGlacial f Chalky Boulder Clay 14] 
 
 L n ... -. < Brown sand and loam interstratified ... ... 20 V 
 
 Urltt -J (Whitish sand 26 J 
 
 60 feet. 
 
 Wells. 
 
 Ordnance Map 130, new ser. (Norfolk 8, N.W. and N.E.). Geologic 
 Map 68, N.W. 
 
 In his Annual Report to the County Council for 1914 Dr. J. T. C. Nash (pp. 26, 
 27) says : — " The water supply of the town is obtained entirely from numerous shallow 
 wells. During the year five samples of water sent for analysis were reported 
 unsafe for drinking purposes. Eight samples were tested by myself — five pa3sed as 
 satisfactory, three condemned. These results indicate that our defective drains and 
 sewers, anpaved drainage surfacei, and the indiscriminate disposal of slop waters 
 are beginning to have a serious effect upon the water supply." The result of an 
 inspection of M seven yards in which there was reason to suspect probable pollution 
 of the wells in them " was that " five of theBe wells were obviously liable to 
 pollution." 
 
 Town. 
 
 Deepest well 70 feet, other wells 60 feet and less. 
 
 Farm south of old toll-gate, south-east of Railway Station. 
 
 Communicated by J. Rhodes. 
 
 [Glacial Drift ?] Gravel and sand 9U, , 
 
 Chalk 41 |oUfeet 
 
 Reference to analyses of well-waters in the town, p. 167. 
 
 28592 E 
 
130 
 
 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Wereham. 
 
 OrdnaDce Map 159, new ser. (Norfolk 69, E.). Geologic Map 65. 
 
 W. L. Sutton writes that the well at High House is 292 feet deep, the water- 
 level being 178 feet down. 
 
 This probably goes to the base of the Chalk, possibly into the Lower 
 Greensand. 
 
 West Bilney, see Bilney. 
 
 West Dereham, see Dereham. 
 
 Wheatacre. 
 
 Ordnance Map 176, new ser. (Norfolk 99, N.E.). Geologic Map 67, S. 
 
 1. Board School, f mile S.E. of the church. 1877. 
 
 [Plateau Gravel.] Sandy and gravelly brown loam ... 6 ) 10 * , 
 Boulder Clay 6 J n leet. 
 
 2. Hall Farm. About 300 yards N. of church. 1911. 
 
 A 4-inch boring made and communicated by Messrs. Fake. 
 
 [Notes in these brackets by C. Reid. From specimens jfrom 219 feet down.] 
 Boring abandoned. 
 
 Soil. Mould 
 
 [Glacial Drift] Sand and gravel with land-spring 
 
 L? Chillesford Clay] Light-blue clay 
 
 f Red sand 
 
 Sea-sand and small sharp stones 
 Rough red sand 
 Small stones ... 
 [Norwich Fine red blowing sand 
 
 Crag •{ Fine shingle 
 
 Series.] Coarse blue sand 
 
 Fine blue sand. A few shells at in- 
 tervals and occasional thin layers 
 of loamy clay. [Crag shells at 219 
 
 feet] 
 
 [Base of London Clay, or Reading Beds] choco- 
 late-coloured clay [micaceous and sandy] 
 
 Another account (? of an older well, described as at Norfolk Hall Farm) from 
 Messrs. Gidney. 
 
 Shaft 14 feet, the rest bored. 
 
 Made soil ' 3 
 
 Gravel ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 14 
 
 Blue clay .... 15 
 
 Red sand 17i ^73 feet. 
 
 Gravel 6£ 
 
 Light-coloured sand . 13 
 
 Fine gravel 4 j 
 
 Whitlingham. 
 
 Ordnance Maps 161, 162, new ser. (Norfolk 63, S.E.). Geologic Map 66, N.E. 
 
 Red Barn. Sewage-farm. 
 
 For local supply. In Chalk. 
 
 108*66 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 102, and note from A. E. Collins 
 
 Well 105i feet, of 4i feet diameter. 
 
 Rest-level of water 98£ feet down, when pumping 102. 
 
 Daily average supply, 3,000 gallons. Pump about 2£ hours daily, at the rate 
 
 of 19 gallons a minute. 
 Water hard, but of high organic purity. 1911. 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 33 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 14 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 36 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 8i 
 
 
 91* 
 
 219 
 
 10 
 
 229 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. 131 
 
 Winfarthing. 
 
 Ordnance Map 175, new ser. (Norfolk 105, N.W.). Geologic Maps 50, N.W., 
 
 and 66, S.W. 
 
 Four wells, sunk and communicated by J. Banham, of Shelfhanger. 
 
 I. Dovehouse Farm. 2. The Hall road. 
 
 Both sunk 55 feet, the rest bored ; and water rose 50 feet in both. 
 
 3. Mr. Barker's, by the Mill. 
 
 Sunk 35, bored 20 feet. Water rose 30 feet. 
 
 4. Opposite the Fighting Cocks Inn. 
 
 Water rose 20 feet. 
 
 1. 2. 3. 4. 
 
 [Boulder] Clay, to sand ... 55 80 55? 25 
 
 Three wells, sunk and communicated by G. Banham. 
 
 5. Near the church. Water rose 23 feet. 
 
 6. 7, for Mr. Betts. Water rose 20 and 30 feet. 
 
 5. 6. 7. 
 
 [Glacial ( [Boulder] Clay 25 30 55 
 
 Drift.] \ Sand ... ' 3 3 3 
 
 8. Mr. Filby's, east of the church. 
 
 Sunk 50 feet, bored 25. Water rose 35 feet. 
 [Boulder] Clay, to sand, 75 feet. 
 The water-supply of Winfarthing is said to be very abundant and the water 
 to rise highest where the Boulder Clay is thickest. — F. J. Bennett. 
 
 Wolterton. 
 
 Ordnance Map 147, new ser. (Norfolk 27, N.E., and 28, N.W.). Geologic 
 
 Map 68, E. 
 
 Wolterton Park. On the 100-feet contour 200 yards S.E. of the Hall. 
 
 Letter from R. J. W. Purdy, 1903. 
 
 Original well 35 feet deep. Boring made to 170 (1903). No water. 
 
 At 70 feet fragments of shell brought up, out of white Chalk (undoubtedly 
 from Drift. There are fragments of Cyprina islandica. H. B. Woodward). 
 
 Woodbastwick. 
 
 Ordnance Map 148, new ser. (Norfolk 52, S.W. and S.E.). Geologic 
 Map 66, N.E. 
 
 The Hall. 
 
 Made and communicated (1901) by Messrs. Isler and Co. 
 
 Lined with 30 feet of tubes, of 10 inches diameter, 6 feet down ; with 60 feet, 
 of 8i inches diameter, 3 feet down ; and with 100 feet, of 7i inches diameter, 
 a foot down. 
 
 Water-level, 8 feet down. Yield, 6,000 gallons an hour. Pumping at this 
 rate for 36 hours, on March 19 and 20, lowered the water-level only 6 inches. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 Feet. Feet. 
 
 Well (the rest bored) 
 
 (Sand 
 
 [Drift] -! Boiling sand 
 
 ( Running sand ... 
 
 f Dark sandy clay 
 
 [? Crag] 1 Clay 
 
 ( Pebbles and flints 
 
 [Upper ( Chalk and flints 
 
 Chalk.] { Soft chalk 
 
 28592 
 
 4 
 
 56 
 
 _ 
 
 12 
 
 78 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 11 
 
 101 
 
 50 
 
 — 
 
 139 
 
 290 
 
 
 E 
 
132 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Wood Norton. 
 
 Ordnance Map 147, new ser. (Norfolk 26, S.W.). Geologic Map 68, S.W. 
 
 According to the Rev. C. Martin in seeking for water in the rectory-grounds, 
 by means of an Abyssinian tube, " In one place we found nothing but clay. 
 In another a blowing sand from 18 to 31 feet," and a small supply of water 
 was then obtained. 
 
 Communicated by G. Norris, of Bio' Norton. 
 
 Different kinds of sand, 80 feet. 
 
 A communication from Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff, in 1888, probably 
 refers to this well, and gives the following section : — 
 
 Drift sand 86 ) QQ » . 
 
 Hard blue clay 12 | y» teet. 
 
 Wootton, South. 
 
 Ordnance Map 145, new ser. (Norfolk 33, N.E.). Geologic Map 69. 
 
 The Rectory, about a quarter of a mile south of the church, 1905. 
 
 Communicated by Messrs. Miles and Easter (? made by Messrs. Fake). 
 
 Well 16 feet, then a boring. 
 
 Water rose to within 8 feet of the surface 
 
 Soil 
 
 Gravel 
 
 Loose dark sand, with dark stones, like coprolites 
 
 Plenty of water found in the sand, but it was contaminated with organic 
 matter, and unfit for drinking. See p. 168. 
 There is an older well about 25 yards off. 
 
 i] 
 
 Wortwell. 
 
 Ordnance Map 176, new ser. (Norfolk 106, N.E. and S.E.). Geologic Map 
 
 50, N.E. (described under Redenhall in the Memoir on that map). 
 
 Well in Band-pit. 
 
 Communicated by D. Palmer. 
 
 [Glacial Drift] {|- d kea - h - ~ ' ~ J} 23 feet. 
 
 To white clay [? chalk]. 
 
 Wreningham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 86, N.E.) Geologic Map 66, S.E. 
 Three wells. Sunk and communicated by J. Banham. 
 Mr. Stannard's. Washed sea-sand, 20 feet. 
 Mr. Day's. Sand and gravel, 20 feet. 
 Mr. Batten's cottage. Black moor, 25 feet. 
 
 Wretham, West. 
 
 Ordnance Map 174, new ser. (Norfolk 94, N.W.) Geologic Map 66, S.W. 
 
 Wretham Hall. 1891. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Gidney. 
 
 Well 12 feet, the rest bored. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 
 Feet. Feet. 
 
 Made soil — • 
 
 [Glacial (Loam 10 — 
 
 Drift] ( Light-coloured clay 25 37 
 
 [Upper] Chalk and flints 124 161 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 133 
 
 Wymondham. 
 
 Ordnance Map 161, new ser. (Norfolk 74, S.W.) Geologic Map 66, S.W. 
 
 1—8. Wells in Drift. From J. Banuam ( J.B.) and — Pooley (P.). 
 
 Wells in Boulder Clay. 
 
 1. Great Park Farm cottages, two miles S. of the church. Sunk 30 feet, 
 bored 25, Boulder Clay 55 feet. Water overflowed. J.B. 
 
 2. Spooner Row, S.S.W. of the town. At the five crossroads east of the 
 station. Boulder Clay 57 feet. P. 
 
 3. Suton Street, S.S.W. of the town. Boulder Clay 20 feet. 
 
 Wells through Boulder Clay. 
 
 4. Burfield Hall, near. S.W. of the town. Boulder Clay, to sand and water, 
 56 feet. P. 
 
 5. Spooner Row, Boar's Corner. Boulder Clay, to sand, 47 feet. Water rose 
 40 feet. P. 
 
 6. Spooner Row, near Boar's Corner. Boulder Clay 56 feet. White sand 4. 
 Water overflowed. P. 
 
 Wells in sand, etc. 
 
 7. Near the Boar's Inn. Clay and sand 20 feet. J.B. 
 
 8. Last house on the Kimberley road. Sand and gravel 25 feet. Marl 8. J.B. 
 
 9. Vicar Street, near the church, for the Rev. T. U. Browne. 1894. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Gidney. 
 Shaft 10i feet, the rest bored. 
 
 Thickness. Depth. 
 Feet. Feet. 
 
 Soil 2 
 
 ( Loam 
 [Glacial ) Large stone 
 Drift] J Blue clay 
 ( Gravel 
 Chalk and flints ... 
 
 10. Co-operative Saw Mills. 1918. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. 
 
 24 feet of 8-inch pipes, 8£ feet below the surface ; 119 feet of smaller pipes 
 
 (? 6 inch) 6$ feet below the surface. 
 
 Water-level in bore-hole 4£ feet down. 
 
 Feet. 
 Made-up ground ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 
 
 7J 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 28 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 45i 
 
 105i 
 
 151 
 
 f Coarse gravel 
 
 [Glacial I Loamy gravel ... 
 
 Drift] ^ oa ;f,f ave / - 
 
 103 W i Light-blue clay ... 
 
 lUdieet | Sandygravel _ 
 
 t Coarse flints 
 [Upper] Chalk and flints... 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 61 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Yarmouth. 
 
 Ordnance Map 162, new ser. (Norfolk 66, S.E., 78, N.E.) Geologic Map 67, N. 
 From Report by W. Lee to the General Board of Health, 1850, pp. 27, 28 :— 
 
 " The inhabitants are dependant on wells and rain-water. . . . With such a 
 soil (absorbent), and the water at that depth only (near the surface), it is impossible 
 in a town to preserve the wells from pollution ; and that pollution must inevitably 
 go on increasing, as the subsoil becomes entirely saturated with organic matter by the 
 infiltration of the refuse from the surface. . . . Out of the immense number of 
 well-waters that I examined ... I only found one that I could say was free from 
 organic matter." 
 
 " The Middle Denes Well, or Dutch well, is probably more resorted to than any 
 other. It is situated in an open space of ground, which has houses on two sides of 
 it. The ground at the well is lower than the houses, and the drainage from the 
 
 28692 
 
 E 3 
 
134 WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 Yarmouth — continued. 
 
 houses flows over the land towards the well. This well is not covered, and two 
 persons have drowned themselves in it within three years. Dead animals are 
 sometimes found in it." 
 
 " Great numbers of the pumps in Yarmouth are placed against the walls of privy 
 cesspools, and very many between two privies. In fact, contiguity to the privy 
 seems the rule." 
 
 Many other examples are given. But now, of course, there is a good public 
 supply. 
 
 F. Sutton has noted this town as an " instance of peculiarity in its well waters. 
 The wells are all extremely shallow, brackish, and loaded with pollution of an 
 animal origin, as is shown by the enormous proportions of nitrogen (in their 
 waters), existing partly in the organic state, but very largely as nitric acid, being 
 oxidised into this condition very quickly by the sands in which the water is 
 accumulated." Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc, 1879, pt. iii., p. 90. 
 
 1. Messrs. Baly, Sutton & Co.'s Manure Works. 1869. 
 
 Communicated by the manager, with a tube of specimens, from a depth of 
 
 16 feet to the bottom. 
 Boring of li inches diameter. 
 
 Water overflowed the top of the pipe, which was 4 feet above the ground, for 
 three or four days. The water was bluish, and the sediment from it sandy. It 
 was used for six or seven years, but was given up on account of stones and sand 
 being constantly pumped up. 
 
 [Recent and Estuarine Deposits.] Shelly brown sand, with a little loam and 
 soil at top, 70 feet. 
 
 The uppermost and the lowermost samples of the sand are the darkest. Small 
 fragments of shells occur, and are plentiful in the upper and lower specimens, a 
 piece of Cardium being identifiable near the bottom of the tube. J. H. Blake. 
 
 2. Lacon & Co.'s Brewery. 1840. 
 
 In the yard, which is 20 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 Shaft 22 feet ; the rest bored. 
 The following description is that given by Prestwich (Quart. Journ. Geol 
 Snc., 1860, vol. xvi., pp. 450, 451, slightly condensed.— W. VV.), based upon his 
 examination of specimens. These are preserved at the brewery, in the box originally 
 made for them, which contains three trays divided into compartments, on each of 
 which is recorded the depth at which the specimen in it wa? obtained. Through 
 the courtesy of Mr. Nightingale I carefully examined all these with Prestwich's 
 account in my hand.— J. H. Blake (1890). 
 
 " One column," says Prestwich, " gives the specimens as read off previous to my 
 having formed any definite conclusion ; and in another column is added the 
 geological structure which the examination of the specimens in conjunction with 
 the coloured section led me to surmise. From the nature of the work, the shells 
 are necessarily small or fragmentary." 
 
 Depth 
 Feet. 
 
 Blown sand and shingle about 50 
 
 f Coarse light-coloured sand, with 1 specimen of Ostrea 
 edulis, 2 of Cardium edule, 1 each of Corbula 
 nucleus [gibba] , Tellina balthica, and T. planata 58 
 
 Light-grey clay, with a few pebbles of quartz, 
 fragments of Cyprina islaudica, 1 Tellina, and 1 
 fragment of Pecten opercular is ... ... ... 109 
 
 I Yellowish shelly sand, with fragments of small 
 
 Recent Tellium Ill 
 
 Estuarine j Fragments of shells 113 
 
 Deposits. ^ Light-coloured shelly sands 123 
 
 120 Feet. 
 
 Light-grey shelly sands ... 150 
 
 The same, coarser, with concretions and a few flints 156 
 
 Laminated micaceous grey clay 158 
 
 Light-brown clay 160 
 
 Grey clay and sand, with shells ; Tellina, 1 fragment 
 
 of Mytilus edulis 161 
 
 Grey clay, with undeterminable fragments of shells ; 
 
 1 valve of Balanus ... ... ... ... ... 166 
 
WELLS AND BORINGS. 
 
 135 
 
 London 
 
 Clay. 
 310 Feet. 
 
 Reading 
 
 Beds. 
 46 Feet. 
 
 Yarmouth — continued. Depth. 
 
 Feet. 
 Light-brown clay and two small light-coloured 
 
 concretions ... ... ... ... ... 170, 180 
 
 Tough brown clay 190 
 
 The same, slightly greyer, with one concretion 200, 210 
 
 The same, slightly variegated 220 
 
 Brownish-grey clay ... ... ... ... ... 230 
 
 Dark-grey clay 240 
 
 The same, with 2 lumps of iron-pyrites and 2 small 
 
 calcareous concretions ... ... ... 240-50 
 
 Grey clay 250 
 
 The same, darker and more compact ...260, 270, 280 
 
 The same, browner ; iron-pyrites 291 
 
 The same, with wood and decomposing iron-pyrites 294 
 
 Brown clay 300 
 
 Light-grey sandy clay 309 
 
 Greenish sandy clay 320 
 
 Streaked brown clay 330 
 
 Greyish-brown clay ... ... ... ... ... 340 
 
 Micaceous sandy clay ... ... ... ... ... 350 
 
 Greyish-brown clay 358 
 
 Micaceous sandy clay ... ... ... ... ... 370 
 
 Brown sandy clay 380 
 
 Grey clay, with decomposing iron-pyrites 389 
 
 Brown clay 390,400 
 
 Brown micaceous sandy clay 410 
 
 Brownish sandy clay ... ... ... ... 420, 430 
 
 Dark-brown sandy clay ... ... ... ... 440 
 
 The same, with soft green grains 450 
 
 Tough brown clay 460,470 
 
 Fragments of soft septaria 
 
 f Grey clay, with lignite 
 
 j Tough brown clay 
 
 ! Streaky dark-grey clay 
 
 j Grey clay and green sand 
 
 475 
 
 480 
 490 
 500 
 505 
 510 
 515 
 520 
 525 
 
 The same, more mixed 
 
 The same, with more green sand 
 
 The same, with less green sand 
 
 j Pure dark-green sand 
 
 | The same, more clayey, and with small dark green- 
 ly coated flints 526 
 
 [Upper] Chalk with flints, 70 feet [? 71] 597 
 
 The thickness of Chalk pierced has inadvertently been given as 57 feet in 
 Prestwich's description. I was informed at the brewery that the boring reached a 
 depth of either 596 or 599 feet.— J. H. B. 
 
 Presumably the thicknesses assigned to the geologic formations were taken from 
 the " well-executed coloured section " of which Prestwich speaks, as they do not 
 agree with the depths above given. Naturally the specimens may not show the 
 bottom of any formation. — W. W. 
 
 S. V. Wood, Junr., has suggested that the beds above the London Clay might be a 
 prolongation of the Cromer Drift ; but the shells do not go with this. — Oeol. Mag., 
 1867, vol. iv., p. 560. 
 
 In W. Lee's Report (see above), Sib E. Lacon says (p. 30) that the brewery was 
 supplied from two wells, one on the premises, the other about 600 feet off, across 
 the market-place. The average consumption was 180,000 gallons a week. One well 
 is of 20 feet diameter and 16 deep, the other from 10 to 15 feet diameter and 16 to 
 20 deep. "In summer we often used to pump the neighbouring wells dry, before 
 we sunk the large well." Now (1849) with the two working there is less effect. 
 
 E 4 
 
136 TRIAL-BORINGS. 
 
 TKIAL-BOKINGS, NOT FOR WATER. 
 
 A number of shallow borings, put down for various purposes 
 other than water-supply, have been recorded in some of the 
 Geological Surrey Memoirs, and it will be enough here to refer 
 to these. Others that have not been published are given in detail 
 afterwards. None, however, are of any special interest. 
 
 In the Memoir on Sheet 65 are accounts of the following : — 
 
 Lynn. — For proposed sewerage- works, 10 borings. 
 Magdalen Bridge, 1 boring. 
 Nar Valley Drainage, 6 borings. 
 
 In the Memoir on Sheet 67 two borings, both made by the Geological Survey, 
 tor testing the beds along the coast, at Winterton and at Ormesby St. Margaret 
 (Scratby). In both the sand or gravel at the bottom was full of water. 
 
 Details of borings at the Breydon Viaduct, Yarmouth, are given in Proc. 
 Inst. Civ. Eng., 1904, vol. clvii., p. 268. 
 
 Lynn. 
 
 Gasworks. Trial-holes. 1897. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Tilley. 
 
 The whole in Alluvial beds. 
 
 Thicknesses in feet. 
 1. 2. 3. 
 
 Subsoil 
 
 Loam and silt (little water) 
 
 (or Loam, little water) 
 
 Blue clay 
 
 Peat ... ... 
 
 Blue clay ... 
 
 Peat 
 
 Blue clay 
 
 Peat ... ... 
 
 Sand (little water) 
 
 Black clay ... 
 
 Peat 
 
 Black clay 
 
 Total 36* 264 31 
 
 These show a persistence of beds with one exception, and a slight variation 
 in the thickness of beds. 
 
 Yarmouth. 
 Town Hall. 
 
 Communicated by the Town Surveyor, Sept., 1901, to 
 C. E. Hawkins. 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 34 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 84 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 3* 
 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 11 
 
 — 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 34 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Made ground 
 
 Ooze, or silt with decaying vegetable matter 14 J* 60 feet. 
 
 Boulders and gravel, with lumps of hard clay 
 
 6 ) 
 
 14 V 
 
 40 J 
 
 The following notes on borings, made by the Geological Survey, are from 
 C. Reid's interleaved copy of the Cromer Memoir, and are of geologic 
 interest : — 
 
 On Oct. 12th, 1886, a boring was made at half tide-level south of MundesUy, 
 a chain south of the hedge close to the last house. It commenced immediately 
 
TRIAL-BORIXGS. 137 
 
 Yarmouth— continued. 
 
 below a mass of rough gravel and pan, forming the base of the Forest Bed. It 
 was carried down 22 feet in alternately stiff or sandy dark blue very micaceous 
 clay, without fossils. Owing to breakage of the tools it could not be oarried 
 lower. 
 
 Next day a boring was made 11 chains north of Happisburgh Gap, nearly 
 opposite the church, at about high water-level, close to the cliff. The section 
 was 
 
 Till 
 
 Forest Bed \ | an ^ ^ay an <J 8an <* in cliff . 
 
 ( Sandy clay and sandy gravel 
 
 Weybourn Crag or ( Dark blue clay and sandy clay 
 
 Chillesford Clay. ( Tery micaceous blue sand ... 
 
 »1 
 
 * V24* feet. 
 
 The boring was stopped by quicksand, reached at 21 h. feet. No fossils were 
 found. 
 
 In both these borings the clays were very micaceous, the mica often in flakes 
 of considerable size. 
 
 The other borings made on the Norfolk coast did not go below the base of 
 the Forest Bed. There is, therefore, a distance of 30 miles, between Happis- 
 burgh and Pakefield Lighthouse, in which the base has not been reached. 
 
 A boring north of Pakefield Lighthouse Gap showed the following section : — 
 
 Laminated light-blue and ferruginous micaceous clay... 13£ "} 
 Brown loamy sand, with thin seams of light-blue clay 3 >18 feet. 
 Sand, full of water ... lij 
 
 The beds seem to correspond with those of Happisburgh, but are more 
 weathered. 
 
 Whilst this Memoir was passing through the press a Note on a 
 boring in Norfolk, by J. Pringle, was published.^) The site is 
 about four-fifths of a mile south of West Bilnej. It passed through 
 19^ feet of superficial deposits, 111 of Lower Greensand (of which 
 details are given) and 153*^ of Kimeridge Clay. 
 
 (') Summary of Progress of Geological Survey, for 1919, published 1920. 
 
138 ANALYSES, SPRING-WATERS. 
 
 ANALYSES OF SPRING WATERS. 
 
 Of the few analyses of water from springs, two are old ones, 1 of 
 reputed mineral springs, and the rest are mostly from three springs, 
 or sets of springs that are used for supply. None are new. 
 
 Alphabetic arrangement, by the names of places, is again 
 followed. 
 
 Diss. 
 
 The water of the Mere [Chalk-springs]. 
 
 By C. Hatchett. Phil. Trans., 1798, vol. lxxxviii., pp. 574, 575. 
 
 300 cubic inches of the water, gently evaporated, left a pale 
 brown scaly substance, weighing 58 grains. This yielded, in 
 
 Muriate of lime ... 
 
 Muriate of soda, with a very small portion of sulphate 
 
 Selenite ... 
 
 Alumine, with a portion of iron too small to be estimated 
 
 Carbonate of lime 
 
 Carbon, with a little siliceous earth 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 1*7 
 1-5 
 
 21 
 35 
 
 55-7 
 Loss 2-3 
 
 58 
 The water had a yellowish tinge, a rather saline flavour, but no odour. 
 
 Grimston, etc. 
 
 The following set of analyses of waters from the notable springs 
 in this neighbourhood (see pp. 30-32) were made by Wm. John- 
 stone, and published in his pamphlet " The Water Supply of 
 Lynn," 1880. 
 
 Instead of treating of each spring separately it will be useful to 
 combine the analyses, by which means comparisons can be more 
 readily made. The first, at Well Hall, is in the parish of Gayton ; 
 Nos. 2 to 5 are in Grimston ; the sixth, Roydon Spring, has no 
 precise locality given, and may also be in Grimston. It seems to 
 come from a different source. The other springs are all from the 
 Chalk. 
 
 All the samples were taken on July 3rd, 1880, and in the middle 
 of the day (from 11.15 a.m. to 1.30), except in the case of. the 
 Roydon Spring, which was taken at 4.10 p.m. 
 
 A sample was also taken from the mains (? in Lynn) on July 1st, 
 1880, at 11.15 a.m., and the analysis of this is given for comparison 
 with those of the various sources. 
 
 All exercised on litmus-solution an alkaline reaction, decided in 
 all but Well Hall, in which it was less distinct. 
 
ANALYSES, SPRING-WATERS. 
 
 139 
 
 Grimston, etc.— continued. 
 
 — 
 
 Suspended Matter. , Colour, etc. 
 
 Taste. 
 
 Well Hall ... 
 
 None 
 
 Clear and | Pleasant and re- 
 
 Sow's Head ... 
 
 
 sparkling, j freshing. 
 Clear, trans- Cool and re- 
 
 South Spring 
 North Spring 
 Water Lane ... 
 
 Light-brown, flocculent, organic 
 None 
 
 parent and 
 sparkling. 
 Pale blue ... 
 
 ?» 
 Clear and 
 
 freshing. 
 
 Slightly saline. 
 
 Saline. 
 
 Good. 
 
 Roydon Spring 
 From Main ... 
 (smell un- 
 pleasant ) 
 
 White, flocculent, organic 
 Swarming with living animalcule 
 
 and decomposing animal and 
 
 vegetable remains. 
 
 sparkling. 
 Satisfactory 
 Dirty opaque, 
 
 yellow. 
 
 Satisfactory 
 
 It should be remembered that the old surface-supply was drawn 
 ou from the main, the new well-supply not having been established 
 until several years later. 
 
140 
 
 ANALYSES, SPRING-WATERS. 
 
 
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 In grains per gallon. 
 Total solid matter 
 
 „ saline „ 
 
 „ organic „ 
 
 „ saline matter precipitated by boiling 
 
 „ „ „ not precipitated by boiling 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites '.. 
 
 In parts per million. 
 
 Free ammonia 
 
 Albuminoid ammonia 
 
 Dissolved gases, in cubic inches. 
 
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 Nitrogen 
 
 Carbonic acid 
 
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 r-«» • • • •• 
 
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 Hardness, temporary 
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 „ water 
 
 
ANALYSES, SPRING-WATERS. 141 
 
 Grimston, etc. — continued. 
 
 Of the South and North Springs, at Grimston, Mr. Johnstone says : " There 
 is a considerable difference between the results obtained, and although the 
 springs are so close to one another they cannot be regarded as one and the same 
 water. The free ammonia in the North spring is hi^rh, whereas in the South 
 spring it is of reasonable amount, and the albuminoid ammonia in the North 
 spring is very high and also high in the South spring, and taking all things into 
 consideration ... I am decidedly of opinion that the drainage from the graves 
 and the surface-water of the church-yard are contaminating the springs, as 
 the church-yard is immediately to the rear of the springs, and also . . . above 
 them." 
 
 " The use of these waters is, therefore, decidedly to be avoided for drinking 
 and household purposes." 
 
 The Sow's Head and Water Lane waters are described as first-class and 
 inferentially that of Well Hall. 
 
 Of the Roydon Spring he says : " The carbonaceous organic matter is exceed- 
 ingly high, and taking into consideration that the free and albuminoid ammonia 
 are also high, there can be no other conclusion arrived at but to condemn it as a 
 highly dangerous water, and totally unfit for domestic use." 
 
 " Typhoid fever has been prevalent among the people who reside in the 
 vicinity of the spring, and who constantly use the water." 
 
 ? Sow's Head Springs. 
 
 By Prof. P. F. Frankland. 1892. In Report to the Local 
 Government Board. No. 63, p. 14. 
 
 In parts per 100,000. 
 
 Total solid matter 29'2 
 
 Organic carbon \ # 031 ■* 
 
 Organic nitrogen ... ... ... ... ... ... '009 
 
 Ammonia... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 
 
 Albuminoid ammonia 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites ... ... ... ... '599 
 
 Total combined nitrogen "608 
 
 Chlorine 1*15 
 
 Hardness : temporary, 15 3 ; permanent, 5*3 ; total, 20*6. 
 
 Clear, palatable. The mineral nitrogen, in the form of nitrates, is in no way 
 excessive for spring-water. A first-class water for drinking. 
 
 Hunstanton. 
 
 1. Public supply. See p. 55. 
 
 G. W. Wigner. The Water Supply of Sea-side Watering-places, 
 1878, pp. 2, 3, 176, 177. 
 
 "The water is said to be pumped from a chalk well about 14 miles from 
 the sea" : but that error is corrected on pp. 33, 136, where the water is credited 
 to springs from the Lower Greensand, and we are told that 14 was printed 
 instead of i. 
 
 A. From a tap in a house. B. From the mains. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 253 
 
 26-5 
 
 6-92 
 
 2-03 
 
 Total solid matter 
 
 Loss of ignition, after deducting combined 
 carbonic acid. 
 
 Lead and copper Very minute traces. None. 
 
 Iron ... ... ... ... ... ... Heavy traces. Heavy trace. 
 
 Chlorine, calculated as chloride of sodium 3*69 3*51 
 
142 
 
 ANALYSES, SPRING-WATRRS. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 •0038 
 
 •0053 
 
 •0032 
 
 •0069 
 
 — 
 
 •63 
 
 •0086 
 
 Traces. 
 
 — 
 
 • -6422 
 
 •028 
 
 Traces. 
 
 16° 
 
 16° 
 
 9° 
 
 9-7° 
 
 Hunstanton— continued. 
 
 Nitrogen, as ammonia 
 
 „ „ albuminoid ammonia 
 
 „ „ nitrates 
 
 „ „ nitrites 
 
 Total nitrogen, in the four forms 
 
 Oxygen absorbed by organic matter 
 Hardness before boiling, Clark's scale 
 
 „ after ,, „ „ 
 
 A. Colour : " A dirty opaque yellow, due to a heavy trace of suspended 
 matter, showing the necessity for nitration." 
 
 Microscopic examination " satisfactory, and did not indicate the presence of 
 any animal contamination. The sample was free from objectionable taste or 
 smell." 
 
 B. Free from the suspended matter found in A. four months before, " and the 
 colour has improved from a dirty yellow to a good pale blue ... on the whole 
 this sample is better." 
 
 2. A later analysis of the water from the Urban District 
 Council's Waterworks. 
 
 By F. Sutton and Son. June 1911. 
 In parts per 100,000. 
 
 Total solids in solution 36'5 
 
 Ammonia, free ... ... ... ... ... ... Nil. 
 
 „ albuminoid Nil. 
 
 Chlorine 2'85 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates ... ... ... ... ... ... *8 
 
 Nitrites Nil. 
 
 Oxvgen absorbed in 4 hours *004 
 
 Alkalinty, as Ca Co 3 21'43 
 
 Hardness, before boiling, 22 - 71 ; after boiling, 6*71. 
 A water of exceptional organic purity, free from all trace of pollution. 
 Distinctly hard, the permanent hardness rather higher than the average in Chalk 
 waters of the district. 
 
 A. By 
 
 Marham. 
 
 Wisbech Water Works. 
 
 J. W. Knight, April 1903. 
 A. H. Lowe, 
 
 Total solid matter 
 
 Total dissolved matter at 110° C. 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 Equal chloride of sodium 
 
 Nitrates ( as nitrogen) 
 
 Nitrites 
 
 Free ammonia ... 
 
 Albuminoid ammonia 
 
 Oxygen absorbed by organic matter in 15 
 minutes, at 140° F 
 
 See 
 
 P- 
 
 55. 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 1901. 
 
 (marked 
 
 D 
 
 well), I 
 
 gallon. 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 B 
 
 .... 
 
 
 16- 
 
 1-3 
 2-14 
 
 •7 
 
 
 29-4 
 1-5 
 
 •12 
 
 ... 
 
 
 •0007 
 •0049 
 
 
 None 
 •0015 
 •002 
 
 by 
 
 028 
 
 A. Appearance in two-foot tube, pale blue. Smell when heated to 100° F. 
 none. Metals none. Microscopic examination, no deposit. Total solid matter, 
 chlorides and nitrates low. Ammonia and oxygen absorbed all low, showing 
 absence of organic matter. Water unpolluted and fit for drinking purposes. 
 
 B. Hardness, temporary, 12'6°, permanent, 4'6°, total 17°. Appearance 
 bright, no suspended matter. Smell none. The solids are of the usual com- 
 position in hard well-water, and consist chiefly of lime-carbonate with a little 
 lime-sulphate and traces of magnesia. A typical sample of hard spring-water of 
 great organic purity, well fitted for drinking and other domestic purposes. 
 
ANALYSES, SPRING-WATERS. 143 
 
 Shelfhanger. 
 
 The Shelf hanger Mineral Water. 
 From a printed Circular. By — Tichborne. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 A chalybeate, peculiar in its composition. The antacid proper- 
 ties may be said to be almost entirely due to carbonate of magnesium, 
 and although the amount of strong purgatives (Glauber's and Epsom 
 salts) are next to nothing, yet this water will have a slight laxative 
 character, owing to its magnesium salts being in preponderance. 
 The astringent character, therefore, of the iron seems to be fairly 
 balanced. (Condensed from printed circular.) 
 
 Carbonate of magnesium ... 
 
 Carbonate of calcium 
 
 Carbonate of iron (ferrous salt) 
 
 Chloride of magnesium ... ... 
 
 Sulphate of magnesium 
 
 Sulphate of calcium 
 Sulphate of sodium 
 
 Ammonia chloride 
 
 Albuminoid ammonia, trace (*016 ?parts per 100,000). 
 
 Nitrates and nitrites (equal to N»0 5 ) 
 
 Silica 
 
 Total solids 40-419 
 
 Thetford. 
 
 Water of the Mineral Spring. See p. 36. 
 
 By P. Accum. Before 1819. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 Carbonate of iron 2*75 
 
 Muriate of magnesia ... ... ... 3*25 
 
 „ „ lime 2*25 
 
 Sulphate of magnesia 1*25 
 
 Muriate of soda 2*125 
 
 Sulphate of lime 3" 
 
 14-625 
 
 Carbonic acid gas ... ... ... ... 12*07 ") 
 
 Oxygen gas ' 1*21 | 
 
 Atmospheric air 3 '04 )■ cubic inches. 
 
 16-32 J 
 
 23-58 
 
 2-45 
 
 2-9 
 
 4-81 
 
 •49 
 
 1-2 
 
 3- 
 
 1-7 
 
 •079 
 
 •21 
 
144 ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 
 
 ANALYSES OF WELL-WATERS. 
 
 We have but few complete mineral analyses of waters from 
 wells, which of course is the sort that is specially wanted by the 
 geologist, most analyses having been made for health-purposes 
 only, and for these we have largely to thank the County Analysts, 
 Messrs. Sutton. 
 
 The following seem to be new, that is to say, unpublished before : 
 Cromer (? Nos. 3-6), Diss, Feltwell, Gayton, Hockwold, Holt, 
 Metton,' Roudham, Rushford, Sheringham, Swanington, one of 
 doubtful site, Thetford, Trimingham, Trowse, North Walsham, 
 Whitlingham, South Wootton. 
 
 Aylsham. 
 
 Soame Memorial Well. See p. 60. 
 
 Made by Messrs. Sutton, April 20th, 1912. 
 
 Ammonia, free 
 
 „ albuminoid ... 
 
 Nitrates 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 Nil. 
 Trace. 
 
 • 084 ) grains 
 2*2 } per galloD 
 
 Bintree. 
 
 
 Manor House. See p. 62. 
 
 
 By F. Sutton. 
 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 Saline ammonia ... 
 Albuminoid ammonia ... 
 
 Combined chlorine 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates 
 
 Nitrites ... 
 
 ... Faint trace 
 •0016 
 1-65 
 Nil 
 Nil 
 
 Hardness before boiling, 19°. 
 The water is' of good organic purity and free from all trace . of pollution by 
 surface-, or sewage-impurity. It is of excellent quality for drinking and general 
 domestic purposes. 
 
 Bungay. 
 
 From the Public Pump in Earsham Street, after a boring had 
 been carried down into the Chalk. 
 
 Made by H. S. Coupland, October, 1901. 
 
 In grains per gallon 
 
 129-5 
 
 35- 
 
 -025 
 
 -007 
 
 Absent. 
 
 permanent, 16 '4°. 
 
 Total solid matter 
 Chlorine in chlorides ... 
 
 Ammonia, free 
 
 „ albuminoid... 
 
 Nitrites and nitrates, phosphates, lead 
 Hardness, temporary, 23 ' 6 C 
 
 Condensed Remarks. — The amount of solid matter in the water is large, due 
 to the geological formation through which it has passed. Free ammonia is also 
 high, but this is not taken as evidence of organic impurity, seeing that albuminoid 
 ammonia is about the average, and nitrites, etc., are absent. It is not unusual 
 to find a large proportion of free ammonia in unpolluted deep well waters. The 
 sample contained some suspended matter, and there was a deposit in which 
 traces of iron were found. If the water can be pumped up clean it will be 
 suitable for drinking purposes. [The analyst seems to me to take a rather too 
 favourable view.] 
 
 This Suffolk record was printed by mistake ; but as it is from a border-town 
 it is left in. 
 
ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 145 
 
 Cantley. 
 Anglo-Netherland Sugar Factory. See p. 69. 
 
 Made and communicated by W. L. Sutton. 1. July 10th, 1912. 
 (Sample taken June 29th.) 2. September 7th, 1912. ? From 
 a second well. 
 
 In parts per 100,000. 
 
 1. 2. 
 
 Ammonia, saline 
 
 Ammonia, albuminoid 
 
 Chlorine ... 
 
 AsNaCl 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates 
 
 Nitrites , 
 
 Oxygen absorbed in four hours at 80° F. 
 
 Lime 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Sulphuric anhydride 
 
 Total solids in solution, probably combined as under :- 
 
 Silica, iron, and alumina 
 
 Soda • , 
 
 Potash 
 
 Alkalinity, as carbonate of lime 
 
 Hardness, total ... 
 
 Hardness, permanent 
 
 Calcium carbonate 
 
 Magnesium carbonate , 
 
 Magnesium sulphate , 
 
 Calcium sulphate 
 
 Sodium sulphate 
 
 Potassium sulphate 
 Sodium chloride 
 Calcium chloride 
 Magnesium chloride 
 Potassium nitrate 
 Sodium nitrate ... 
 
 Silica 
 
 Iron and alumina 
 
 Combined water, and undetermined 
 
 1. Opalescent, from suspended chalk. Slight tarry odour. A typical Norfolk 
 Chalk-water, somewhat affected by slight marine influence, the chlorides, sul- 
 phates and permanent hardness being in consequence slightly higher than usual. 
 The water is of great organic purity, and the total hardness is normal. Fit for 
 drinking purposes. 
 
 2. Clear. Of fair organic purity, and free from immediate pollution by 
 sewage or surface-impurities. The salient feature is the high figure for 
 nitrates, showing that the surrounding soil is or has been subject to pollution 
 by animal impurities. Such a supply is of inferior quality for drinking purposes, 
 although not immediately dangerous. 
 
 •039 
 
 Nil 
 
 •001 
 
 •004 
 
 7-71 
 
 5-85 
 
 12-7 
 
 9-64 
 
 Nil 
 
 3-02 
 
 Nil 
 
 Nil 
 
 •012 
 
 •025 
 
 12-34 
 
 21-85 
 
 2-11 
 
 1-92 
 
 463 
 
 6-04 
 
 47-5 
 
 67-97 
 
 1-72 
 
 8-5 
 
 7-52 
 
 5-82 
 
 1-27 
 
 1-32 
 
 24-28 
 
 28- 
 
 24-85 
 
 38-85 
 
 5-14 
 
 17-28 
 
 22-04 
 
 28- 
 
 1-92 
 
 — 
 
 3-54 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 10-27 
 
 1-91 
 
 — 
 
 2-35 
 
 — 
 
 12-7 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3-88 
 
 — 
 
 4-52 
 
 — 
 
 2-84 
 
 — 
 
 15-96 
 
 1-42) 
 
 
 3 [ 
 
 2-5 
 
 1-32) 
 
 
146 
 
 ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 
 
 Creake, South. 
 Ordnance Map 130, new ser. (Norfolk 15, N.E.). Geologic Maps 
 
 69 and 68, S.W. 
 
 Vicarage. Shallow well in Chalk ? 
 
 Riv. Poll. Comm. Sixth Rept. 1874, p. 83. 
 
 February 5th, 1873. 
 
 In parts per 100,000. 
 
 Total solid impurity 32'92 
 
 Organic carbon ... ... ... ... ... '255 
 
 Organic nitrogen ... ... ... ... ... "103 
 
 Ammonia "016 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites '639 
 
 Total combined nitrogen ... ... ... ... '759 
 
 Previous sewage or animal contamination*... ... 6,200 
 
 Chlorine * 2-8 
 
 Hardness, temporary 17*2 
 
 Hardness, permanent ... ... ... ... ... 6*4 
 
 Hardness, total... ... ... ... ... ... 23*6 
 
 Slightly turbid, palatable. 
 
 * An old term, not now used, based on the idea that all nitrates and ammonia 
 are derived from sewage. 
 
 Cromer. 
 
 1. From three wells. 
 
 G. W. Wigner. The Water Supply of Sea-side Watering- 
 places, 1878, pp. 51-53. 
 
 At that time there was no regular public supply, and the samples 
 of water from two of the three public wells sent to him showed " a 
 wretched state of water-supply." 
 
 A. Town Pump. B. Baker's Pump. C. Private Well. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 A. B. C. 
 
 Total sold matter 146*7 32-1 39*8 
 
 Loss on ignition, after deducting com- 
 bined carbonic acid ... 
 
 Lead and copper 
 Iron 
 
 29-62 
 None 
 Slight 
 trace. 
 
 10-07 
 
 None 
 
 Traces 
 
 3-2 
 
 None 
 
 Very slight 
 
 trace. 
 
 Chlorine, calculated as chloride of 
 
 sodium 48-91 5*73 6'9 
 
 Nitrogen, as ammonia -0018 -0036 -0016 
 
 „ „ albuminoid ammonia ... -0076 -0095 '0055 
 
 „ „ nitrates 5'95 1*26 161 
 
 „ „ nitrites Traces Traces Traces 
 
 Total nitrogen in the four forms ... 5 • 9594 1 ' 2731 1 ■ 6171 
 Oxygen absorbed by organic matter ... -072 '104 -07 
 
 Hardness before boiling, Clark's scale 54 -4° 13*5° 19 '9° 
 
 „ after „ „ „ 40 -8° 7-3° 9-° 
 
 Of A and B he says : " These waters are both, to say the least, interesting 
 specimens. They would be more interesting if I could forget that the health of 
 some hundreds of people is being imperilled by them." 
 
 " The town pump water is of a yellow-green colour with very offensive smell, 
 and a nauseous taste of salt and nitrate of soda. It swarmed with animalcule 
 . . while the residue showed crystals of urea, as well as alkaline urates. 
 This so called water is concentrated but fairly oxidised sewage." 
 
 " Baker's pump water is a little better, but still bad. It is full of animalculae, 
 has a dirty colour, offensive smell, and putrid taste. The nitrates are lower, but 
 still sewage is the only name by which it can be called." 
 
 Of C he says : " The colour was dirty green and the smell offensive, while the 
 taste was nauseous in the extreme." 
 
 These condemnatory remarks are also given, in a different form, on p. 61. 
 
ANALYSES, WELL- WATERS. 
 
 147 
 
 Cromer — continued, 
 
 2. Waterworks Co. (Cromer well, see pp. 73-75). 
 
 By F. Sutton, November, 1880. 
 
 From a printed slip, and in Rep, Brit, Assoc, for 1883, p. 155. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 Total dissolved solids 
 
 Free ammonia 
 
 Ammonia from organic matter 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates or nitrites 
 
 Chlorine (= common salt 3*71) 
 
 Lime 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Sulphuric anhydride (=gypsum 2*45) 
 
 Oxygen required to oxidise organic matters 
 
 Natural hardness 15°. Hardness after boiling 3'8 C 
 
 u Undoubtedly to be ranked as a water of high-class purity 
 adapted for dietetic purposes. The organic impurity is practically nil, and the 
 mere trace which is . . present is unquestionably mainly derived from vegetable 
 sources of a perfectly harmless description." 
 
 G. H. Ooston confirms the above, in January, 1881, and adds that the 
 sample sent him " is clear and bright. . . The analysis indicates that it is entirely 
 free from pollution." 
 
 3. Waterworks. From tap at Hotel de Paris (Cromer well). 
 
 By F. Sutton, October, 1897. 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 . .. 
 
 21-28 
 
 
 •0056 
 
 ... 
 
 •0028 
 
 ... 
 
 None 
 
 
 2-24 
 
 
 7-28 
 
 ... 
 
 •605 
 
 ... 
 
 1-44 
 
 • • • 
 
 •076 
 
 8°. 
 
 
 ity . 
 
 . . admirably 
 
 Ammonia, free 
 
 
 ... ... 
 
 
 Nil 
 
 „ organic 
 Chlorine... 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nil 
 2-9 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates .. 
 Oxygen required 
 Lime 
 
 
 .. > ... 
 
 
 Nil 
 
 •0112 
 7-84 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Sulphuric anhydride .. 
 
 Oxide of iron ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... ... 
 
 
 216 
 1-28 
 •002 
 
 Silica and alumina 
 
 . ... 
 
 ... ... 
 
 
 1-05 
 
 Total solids in solution 
 
 ... 
 
 ... ... 
 
 
 29-47 
 
 Hardness, Clark's scale, 
 
 before boiling 16°. 
 
 Afte 
 
 r boiling 4*5° 
 
 Colour good. No deposit on standing. 
 
 A separate sample from the well gave a slight chalky deposit on standing, 
 with no organic forms present. 
 
 4. Waterworks. A. From reservoir. B. From tap in office. 
 
 By [Sir] W. Crookes and [Sir] J. Dewar, 1899. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 Total solid matter 
 
 Chlorine (= chloride of sodium 4*838) ... 
 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites... 
 Nitrogen as ammonia 
 Oxygen required to oxidise organic matter 
 Organic carbon (in parts per 100,000) ... 
 Organic nitrogen „ „ „ 
 
 Hardness 19*68°, in both, reduced to 6*69° and 
 quarter of an hour. 
 
 In both : Appearance, clear ; Colour, good ; Odour, none ; Reaction, neutral ; 
 Colour of residue, white. 
 
 " The latest results show an average of 67 microbes per cubic centimetre. 
 Pathogenic organ'sms absent." 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 25-4 
 
 262 
 
 2-952 
 
 2-952 
 
 0' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •015 
 
 •015 
 
 •036 
 
 •032 
 
 •01 
 
 •01 
 
 5-6° after 
 
 boiling a 
 
148 
 
 ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 
 
 Cromer — co n tinned. 
 5. Waterworks (Cromer well). 
 Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh, April, 1899 
 
 In parts per 100,000. 
 
 Ca. 
 
 .. 8-45 
 
 Mg. 
 
 •35 
 
 Na. 
 
 .. 2-85 
 
 C0 3 
 
 .. 11-6 
 
 S0 4 
 
 .. 3-7 
 
 01. 
 
 .. 4- 
 
 N0 3 
 
 •09 
 
 Probable combinations. 
 
 Calcium carbonate 
 
 Magnesium carbonate 
 Magnesium sulphate 
 Sodium sulphate 
 
 Sodium chloride 
 
 Silica, etc 
 
 19-3 
 
 2-55 
 1-75 
 •75 
 6-6 
 1-55 
 
 Total solid constituents, dried at 180° C. 32 '5 
 
 Free ammonia '002 
 
 Organic ammonia 
 
 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C '016 
 
 Nitrites Nil 
 
 Hardness, temporary, 14° ; permanent, 5° ; total, 19°. 
 
 6. Public Supply. 
 
 Analysis made at R. Inst. Public Health, April, 1908. 
 
 Sample from Main in engine-house, leading direct from pumping 
 sumph, A composite water therefore (Cromer and Metton wells). 
 
 Colour in 2-ft. stratum, yellowish-green. 
 
 Reaction, neutral. 
 
 Suspended matter, faint traces. 
 
 In parts per 100,000. 
 
 Total solids dried at 100° C 
 
 Lost on ignition, after re-carbonating 
 Chlorine (= sodium-chloride 4*7) 
 
 Nitrites, as N 2 3 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates 
 
 Saline ammonia ... 
 Albuminoid ammonia ... 
 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. 
 Poisonous metals (lead, copper, iron)... 
 Hardness, temporary, 13*6° ; permanent, 5 
 A good water, but the saline ammonia somewhat high. 
 
 See also Metton. 
 
 8. Grays Well. 
 
 Made by F. Sutton, 18th August, 1866. 
 
 • . . . 
 
 30- 
 
 
 1- 
 
 
 2-9 
 
 ... • 
 
 Absent 
 
 
 •03 
 
 
 •008 
 
 
 •002 
 
 
 •025 
 
 .. . . 
 
 Absent 
 
 ; total 
 
 ,18-6°. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 
 
 Carbonate of lime 
 
 .. 15-43^ 
 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia 
 
 .. 4-18 
 
 
 Sulphate of lime 
 
 .. 62-96 
 
 
 Sulphate of soda 
 
 .. 8-02 
 
 
 Sulphate of magnesia ... 
 
 .. 1-56 
 
 ^117-57 
 
 Chloride of potassium... 
 
 .. 7*77 
 
 
 Carbonate of iron 
 
 .. 9-25 
 
 
 Chloride of sodium 
 
 .. 7-71 
 
 
 Silica and alumina 
 
 •69J 
 
 
ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 
 
 149 
 
 Dereham, East. 
 
 1. Water from well 17 feet deep. February, 1903. 
 
 2. „ „ „ 180 „ „ August, „ (? waterworks). 
 
 Made and communicated by W. T. Burgess. 
 
 In parts per 100,000. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 40-16 
 
 37- 
 
 •180 
 
 •05G 
 
 •019 
 
 •005 
 
 •001 
 
 
 
 •007 
 
 •0013 
 
 1-870 
 
 Trace 
 
 
 
 Nil 
 
 1-890 
 
 •005 
 
 •058 
 
 •023 
 
 2-8 
 
 2-45 
 
 23- 
 
 30-3 
 
 9-7 
 
 32 
 
 13-3 
 
 27-1 
 
 — 
 
 24 
 
 Total solid residue 
 
 Organic carbon 
 
 Organic nitrogen 
 
 Ammonia, free 
 
 Ammonia, albuminoid 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates ... ... 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrites 
 
 Total combined nitrogen ... 
 
 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 80° F. ... 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 Hardness, total, by soap-test 
 Hardness, permanent 
 
 Hardness, temporary 
 
 Iron (equivalent of Fe 2 03) 
 
 1. Turbid. 
 
 2. Very turbid with hydrated oxide of iron. 
 
 3. In the annual report of the Medical Officer of Health (H. B. 
 Vincent) for 1881, the following analyses of waters from different 
 and widely distant parts of East Dereham are given with the 
 object of showing the superiority of the water from the Local 
 Board's well. The right column has been added. 
 
 By F. Sutton. 
 
 In parts per 100,000. 
 
 — 
 
 Pump 
 
 Well by 
 
 Assembly 
 
 Rooms. 
 
 Rev. W. 
 
 Freeman's 
 
 Well. 
 
 Colonel 
 
 Bulwer's 
 
 Well. 
 
 Mr. Fison's 
 Well at 
 Maltings. 
 
 Local Board's 
 Well. 
 
 Free ammonia 
 
 *002 
 
 •004 
 
 •004 
 
 •003 
 
 •02 
 
 •0098 
 
 Organic Nitrogen, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 as Albuminoid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ammonia 
 
 •009 
 
 •009 
 
 •008 
 
 •005 
 
 •003 
 
 •0014 
 
 Chlorine ... 
 
 5-9 
 
 3-8 
 
 4-1 
 
 3-6 
 
 1-5 
 
 •735 
 
 Nitrogen as Nitrates 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and Nitrites 
 
 1-54 
 
 1-12 
 
 •574 
 
 •71 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iron 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 trace 
 
 — 
 
 Total Solid Matters 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in Solution 
 
 74-8 
 
 60-4 
 
 60-6 
 
 56-2 
 
 22- 
 
 10-78 
 
 Hardness (Clarke's 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 scale) total 
 
 36 deg. 
 
 35 deg. 
 
 31-5 deg. 
 
 33 deg. 
 
 16 deg. 
 
 
 After boiling for 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 half-an-hour 
 
 11-7 deg. 
 
 9-2 deg. 
 
 6-2 deg. 
 
 7-8 deg. 
 
 4 deg. 
 
 
150 ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 
 
 Diss. 
 
 1, By F. and W. L. Sutton. January 24th, 1901. 
 
 Appearance clear ; odour and colour good. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 
 Free ammonia ... 
 
 -0021 
 
 Albuminoid ammonia ... 
 
 -0014 
 
 Nitrogen in nitrates 
 
 -49 
 
 Nitrites ... 
 
 Nil 
 
 Chlorine in chlorides 
 
 4-9 
 
 Solids in solution dried at 212° F 
 
 52-5 
 
 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 80° F. 
 
 -07 
 
 Poisonous metals 
 
 Nil 
 
 Hardness before boiling 
 
 31-5° 
 
 ,, alter ,, ... ... . 
 
 11-0° 
 
 This water is practically free from any trace of organic impurity or anything 
 dangerous to health, and we are of opinion that it is suitable for the manufacture 
 of aerated waters. 
 
 2. For the Urban District Council. Boring of 400 feet. 
 By Messrs. Sutton, October, 1910. 
 (Samples taken 30th September, 1910.) 
 
 In parts per 100,000. 
 
 Chlorine 8*57 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates Nil 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrites ... ... ... ... ... Nil 
 
 Lime 29*4 
 
 Magnesia 4*64 
 
 Sulphuric anhydride 18*86 
 
 Silica, iron, aluminia, etc. ... ... ... ... 2*8 
 
 Alkalinity as carbonate of calcium ... ... ... 38* 
 
 Soda 6-16 
 
 Hardness before boiling 61, after boiling 21. 
 
 Total solids in solution, probably combined as below 87 ■ 93 
 
 Calcium carbonate 37*85 
 
 Calcium sulphate ... ... ... ... ... 19*48 
 
 Magnesium sulphate 11*13 
 
 Magnesium chloride 2*07 
 
 Sodium chloride ... ... ... .... ... 11*6 
 
 Silica, iron, alumina, water of combination, etc. ... 5*8 
 
 3. Messrs. Young, Crawshay & Young's Crown Brewery {see p. 81). 
 Appearance bright and clear. Odour and colour excellent. 
 
 Grains per gal. 
 
 Free ammonia ... ... ... ... ... ... *0077 
 
 Albuminoid ammonia *0021 
 
 Nitrogen in nitrates -024 
 
 Nitrites Nil. 
 
 Chlorine in chlorides 3*700 
 
 Solids in solution ... ... ... ... ... ... 37 * 
 
 Oxygen absorbed in four hours at 80° F ... ... *03 
 
 Poisonous metals Nil. 
 
 Hardness before boiling 23 * 2, after boiling 8 * 2. 
 
 Remarks. — This water is of excellent quality for domestic or brewery pur- 
 poses. No trace whatever of sewage or other pollution. 
 
ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 
 
 151 
 
 Docking Rural District, N. and W. parts. 
 
 By F. and W. L. Sutton. Shortened from the Table in Dr. 
 
 Fletcher's Report to the Local Government Board, 
 
 No. 294, 1907, p. 11. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 
 Free* 
 
 Albuminoid 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 Nitrites. 
 
 Chlorine in 
 
 
 Ammonia. 
 
 Ammonia. 
 
 in Nitrates. 
 
 Chlorides. 
 
 Brancaster, 18 
 
 to -0322 
 
 •0028 to -0154 
 
 •06 to 6-72 
 
 Nil. 
 
 2-4tol9'5 
 
 wells. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dersingham, 2 
 
 •002 & -007 
 
 •0245 & -048 
 
 1- & 11-7 
 
 Nil and 
 
 2-5 & 18-9 
 
 wells. 
 
 
 
 
 traces. 
 
 
 East Rudham, 
 
 •0014 
 
 •0126 
 
 1-88 
 
 Nil. 
 
 1-9 
 
 1 well. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Heacham, 20 
 
 to -1162 
 
 •0035 to "0437 
 
 •061 to 7- 
 
 Nil to 
 
 4- to 23-8 
 
 wells. 
 
 
 
 
 trace. 
 
 
 Holme, 1 well 
 
 •0014 
 
 •0049 
 
 1-2 
 
 Nil. 
 
 6-15 
 
 Snettisham, 2 
 
 •0007 & -0077 
 
 •0049 & -0063 
 
 2-46 & 42 
 
 Nil. 
 
 7-9&14-7 
 
 wells. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Of course, many of these waters are described as more or less bad, notably in 
 the case of Heacham (from the village), with 12 so-classed. 
 
 Feltwell. 
 
 Feltwell Lodge, E.N.E. of the village. 
 
 By R. Bodmer (for Clinical Research Association), March, 1901. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 Total solids, dried at 120° C 17*5 
 
 Combined chlorine (expressed as NaCl. 1*73) I '05 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates (none as nitrites) *49 
 
 Albuminoid ammonia (no saline ammonia) ... ... *001 
 
 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C -008 
 
 No lead or copper. 
 
 Hardness 12*6°- 
 
 "A water of a very high degree of organic purity, the unoxidised organic 
 matter being almost nil." 
 
 " Nitrates are not excessive for a chalk water and hardness is also moderate. 
 It should be an excellent water for drinking and domestic use." 
 
 Fincham. 
 
 From Dr. R. Farrar's Report to the Local Government Board, 
 1906, No. 238, p. 12. 
 
 Two analyses, by the Clinical Research Association. 
 1. Banyard's Yard Well. 
 
 In parts per 100,000. 
 
 Total solids ... 
 
 Combined chlorine (expressed as NaCl. 9 "9) 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates ... 
 
 Saline ammonia 
 
 Albuminoid ammonia 
 
 Nitrites 
 
 Total hardness 
 
 63*14 
 6- 
 3- 
 •002 
 •083 
 Nil. 
 27-6 
 
 A decidedly polluted water, showing evidence of both recent and previous 
 sewage-pollution. 
 
 Bacteriologic examination. Number of organisms which produce colonies on 
 gelatine plates average 25,000 per cubic centimetre of the sample. Bacillus coli 
 communis isolated from as small a quantity as one cubic centimetre of the 
 water. Strong evidence of dangerous pollution with sewage or dejecta. 
 
152 
 
 ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 
 
 Fincham — continued. 
 
 2. Well in a baker's yard. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 Total solids, dried at 120° C. 
 
 Combined chlorine (as NaCl. 22 • 1 1 ) 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates 
 
 „ „ nitrites 
 
 Saline ammonia 
 
 Albuminoid ammonia 
 
 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27 °C. 
 
 Lead or copper 
 
 Total hardness 
 
 105-14 
 
 13-82 
 
 4-9 
 
 .'.. ... Minute trace. 
 
 -049 
 
 -014 
 
 -07 
 
 Nil. 
 
 43° 
 
 A highly polluted water loaded with nitrates and containing very much 
 unoxidised organic matter. The extremely high saline ammonia points to 
 recent sewage pollution. From the chemical point of view the water is unfit 
 for drinkiLg. 
 
 Gayton. 
 
 Lynn Waterworks (see p. 87). 
 
 By J. W. Knight, January, 1913. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 Total solid matter 17* 
 
 Chlorides [? chlorine] (= sodium-chloride 2*3) ... ... 1*4 
 
 Nitrates (expressed as nitrogen) ... ... ... ... -3 
 
 Ammonia, free ... -0007 
 
 „ albuminoid -0021 
 
 Oxygen absorbed by organic matter in 15 minutes at 
 
 140°F -0112 
 
 Metals ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... None. 
 
 Hardness, temporary 12*9°, permanent 1*1°. 
 Appearance in 2 feet tube, clear, pale blue. 
 Smell, when heated to 100°F., none. 
 Microscopic examination, no deposit. 
 
 Total solid matter, chlorides and nitrates low and satisfactory. 
 Ammonia and oxygen absorbed all very low and show an absence of organic 
 matter. 
 
 The water is unpolluted, very pure, and fit for drinking purposes. 
 
 Halvergate. 
 
 Ordnance Map 162, new ser. (Norfolk 77). 
 
 Geologic Map 66, JN.E. 
 
 From Seven Wells. Made and communicated by F. Sutton. 
 
 
 Date, 1918. 
 
 Ammonia. 
 
 Chlo- 
 rine. 
 
 Vi- 
 
 
 Place. 
 
 v 
 
 Albu- 
 
 trates. Mtrites - 
 
 
 
 Free. 
 
 minoid. 
 
 
 1 
 
 1. Hare and Hounds 
 
 Sept. 11 
 
 trace 
 
 •004 
 
 5-8 
 
 1-68 
 
 Nil. 
 
 (or Bradshaws) 
 
 „ 28 
 
 •0007 
 
 •0126 
 
 5-9 
 
 2-24 
 
 Nil. 
 
 
 Oct. 24 (1917) 
 
 •0014 
 
 •0098 
 
 8-15 
 
 3-28 
 
 Yery faint 
 trace. 
 
 2. Harpers , 
 
 Sept. 11 
 
 trace 
 
 •013 
 
 5-4 
 
 232 
 
 Nil. 
 
 
 „ 28 
 
 •0077 
 
 •0084 
 
 5-5 
 
 2-57 
 
 Faint trace. 
 
 3. Gaze's, near Post 
 
 Oct. 18 
 
 •0025 
 
 •0118 
 
 8-4 
 
 1-93 
 
 Trace. 
 
 Office. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4. Harper's Cottage, 
 
 „ 18 
 
 trace 
 
 •008 
 
 4-3 
 
 •86 
 
 Nil. 
 
 S. of Church. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5. Red Lion 
 
 „ 15 
 
 •004 
 
 •004 
 
 4-5 
 
 1-21 
 
 Faint trace. 
 
 6. Gillett's, 80 feet 
 
 Aug. 28 
 
 •0014 
 
 •0028 
 
 3-8 
 
 •31 
 
 Nil. 
 
 deep ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7. Suttons ... 
 
 Oct. 18 
 
 •0028 
 
 •0014 
 
 2-3 
 
 •29 
 
 Nil. 
 
WELL-WATE11S. 153 
 
 Halvergate — continued. 
 
 Classification. 
 
 1, 2, 3 bad, and polluted with drainage of animal origin. 
 4, 5 moderately good, and probably safe. 
 
 6, 7 good, approximating in purity to the natural unpolluted water of the 
 locality. 
 
 Bacteriologic Results. 
 
 1 . 670,000 organisms per c.c. B. coli present in 1 c.c. 
 
 2. 32,860 „ „ ., „ -01 „ 
 
 A sketch-map shows that 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 are near the church, and 7 is but 
 little further therefrom. 
 
 The following remarks are abbreviated from a Report by F. Sutton : — 
 
 U I inspected the well at the Hare and Hounds . . . and also the land sur- 
 rounding it." 
 
 " There is an acre of land in the village of Boulder Clay, in the shape of an hour- 
 glass, the village being on the neck. The water obtained is from sand. The two 
 wells (f 1 and 2) appear to be sunk to the depth of about 50 feet. The pollution is 
 derived from animal and surface drainage in the immediate locality. I examined 
 Mr. Gaze's well, about 100 yards from these. It is an open well, of similar 
 character. The water is dangerous, in some respects worse than that of the other 
 two wells. The water in these three wells is derived from the same pockets of 
 water-yielding sand : consequently there is no flow of water." 
 
 " I examined the water of four other wells, which are sunk, not in Boulder Clay, 
 but in the sand-area. The water in these is much better, owing, I suggest, to the 
 free flow of water in the strata." 
 
 " Sutton's well, in the sand-area, has the best water in the village, and it is closest 
 to the wells in question (1, 2, 3). In the opposite direction Gillett's well is the 
 second best ; it is also in sand and about 80 feet deep. Harper's Cottage well, about 
 100 yards from the wells in question (1,2,3), is also in sand, and the water is good." 
 
 " I think that if a tight tube were inserted into the deepest strata, so that the 
 water came from a larger area, good water should be obtainable." 
 
 Harleston. 
 
 1. From " the Harleston Bore." By Dr. Robinson. 
 
 Organic matter, about 10 grains per gallon. 
 Total solids, „ 80 „ „ 
 
 Hardness 30°. 
 
 Bright and clear on drawing, but became turbid and deposited 
 brown sediment on standing, giving off a sulphuretted odour. 
 
 2. From a well sunk to within about 10 feet of the chalk. 
 
 Report of the County Analyst, 
 
 Ammonia from vegetable organic matter 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates 
 
 Lime . 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Sulphuric anhydride 
 
 Silica, oxide of iron, and alumina 
 Total solids 43'4 grains per gallon. 
 
 " The water is entirely free from animal organic matter 
 mental to health in the slightest degree." 
 
 •004 
 3-71 
 
 •56 
 22-26 
 2-57 
 6-062 
 
 •91 
 
154 
 
 ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 
 
 Hockham. 
 
 The Hall. 
 
 Communicated by W. L. Sutton. 
 
 A. Direct from well. B. After pumping. 
 
 In both colour almost nil, odour none, turbidity slight. 
 
 In parts per 100,000. 
 
 A. 
 
 50-9 
 
 B. 
 51-1 
 
 Total solid matter 
 
 Losing on ignition 
 
 Combined chlorine 
 
 Equal to common salt 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates 
 
 Nitrites 
 
 Saline ammonia 
 
 Albuminoid ammonia 
 
 Oxygen absorbed from permanganate (4 hours 
 
 at80°F.) ... 
 
 Zinc in solution (derived from tank or pipes) 
 Hardness (Clark's Scale), temporary ... 
 
 „ „ „ permanent 
 
 As compared with a sample of 23rd May, a slight improvement has been 
 effected ; the turbidity has much decreased, and is due to chalk ; nitrates and 
 permanent hardness are higher. The waters remain organically impure and are 
 not safe for drinking purposes. Efficient filtration would yield a safe, though 
 hard, supply ; but in addition the polluting matter which has access to the well 
 must be cut off. 
 
 3- 
 
 2-9 
 
 3-21 
 
 3-14 
 
 5-3 
 
 5-19 
 
 •9 
 
 •9 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 •004 
 
 •003 
 
 •019 
 
 •017 
 
 •081 
 
 •081 
 
 None. 
 
 Trace 
 
 18-8° 
 
 18-9° 
 
 4-4° 
 
 4-8° 
 
 Hockwold 
 
 Hockwold Hall (see p. 94). 
 
 Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh, August 1899. 
 
 In parts per 100,000. 
 
 
 
 Probable combinations. 
 
 
 Ca. 
 
 .. 1175 
 
 Calcium carbonate 
 
 ... 18-7 
 
 Mg. . 
 
 •5 
 
 „ sulphate... 
 
 ... 8-5 
 
 Na. 
 
 .. 1-4 
 
 „ nitrate ... 
 
 6-95 
 
 Cos . 
 
 .. 11-2 
 
 Magnesium chloride 
 
 ... 2- 
 
 S0 4 . 
 
 .. 6- 
 
 Sodium chloride 
 
 ... 35 
 
 CI. 
 NO . 
 
 .. 3-6 
 .. 52 
 
 Water of hydration, etc 
 
 ... 3-85 
 
 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 43*5 
 
 Free ammonia ... '002 
 
 Organic ammonia ... ... ... ... 0* 
 
 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37°C. ... '0177 
 
 Nitrites q ... Nil. 
 
 Hardness, temporary 20°, permanent 11°, total 31°. 
 
ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 
 
 155 
 
 Holt. 
 Rev. Lloyd's Borehole. See p. 96. 
 By R. A. Cripps, 1905. 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 Total solids 
 
 Chlorine 
 Ammonia 
 Albuminoid ammonia 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrites 
 
 „ nitrates ... 
 Oxygen absorbed in five minutes ... 
 „ „ three hours ... 
 Lead 
 
 19- 
 1-8 
 •0084 
 absent 
 
 •01 
 •025 
 absent 
 
 Hardness, Clark's scale, temporary 25°, permanent 74°, total 9'9°. 
 
 Colour greenish. Odour when heated none. Microscopic examination 
 satisfactory. 
 
 This water is of excellent quality, free from any suspicion of organic pollu- 
 tion and from injurious metals. It may be used for drinking purposes with 
 confidence. 
 
 Kilverstone. 
 
 Ordnance Map 174, new ser. (Norfolk 103, N.W.). 
 Geologic Map 50, INLAY. 
 The Hall. 
 
 Made (17th October, 1900) and communicated by Messrs. Sutton. 
 A. From pump in stable-yard. B. From spring in meadow. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 A. 
 
 Total solids in solution 
 
 
 
 2135 
 
 18-55 
 
 Ammonia, free 
 
 
 Nil 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Ammonia, organic 
 
 ... 
 
 Trace only 
 
 Trace only 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 ,,. .., 
 
 1-3 
 
 1-2 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates 
 
 .. ... 
 
 •49 
 
 •43 
 
 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours 
 
 ... ... 
 
 •0039 
 
 •0009 
 
 Hardness before boiling, Clark's 
 
 scale ... 
 
 17-8° 
 
 11-9° 
 
 „ after 
 
 
 3-2° 
 
 2-9° 
 
 Both clear, bright, good colour, no smell. 
 
 No bacteriologic examination made, as waters of this character seldom 
 need it. 
 
 Both free from any trace of sewage or surface-drainage contamination : 
 practically no sign of either animal or vegetable organic matters in either. 
 They both compare favourably in this respect with the deep chalk wells in some 
 parts of Norfolk, and are excellent for drinking and general dietetic purposes. 
 The hardness in A is rather high. In both it is considerably reduced by 
 Ixnliug. 
 
156 ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 
 
 Kirby Bedon. 
 (See p. 97.) 
 
 F. Sutton records in Trans. Norfolk Nat. Soc. 1885, vol. iv., 
 pt. i, pp. 44-50, that in June, 1884, his attention was called " to a 
 well newly sunk . . . the water of which showed some features 
 rather uncommon in this district. It was alleged that the water was 
 of much higher temperature when fresh drawn than the surrounding 
 atmosphere ; and, moreover, that it was both undrinkable, and 
 possessed such peculiar characters in other respects, as to render it 
 entirely unfit for general domestic use. When attempts were made 
 to wash . . . with it, it was found that instead of tending to cleanse 
 away dirt, quite an opposite effect was produced, and everything was 
 stained and made more dirty. . . On attempting to use soap with it, 
 the evil nature of the water was rendered even more apparent, for 
 it rapidly decomposed the soap, setting free the fatty acids into a 
 dirty greasy scum. When boiled it turned completely black." 
 
 " When first drawn from the well the water is quite clear. . . After 
 exposure to the air for an hour or two the water becomes opaque, 
 and deposits a bright red precipitate of oxide of iron." 
 
 The following are the analyses, in grains per gallon : — 
 
 June, 1884. Dec, 1884. 
 
 Oxide of iron 
 Lime 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 Chlorine ... 
 Carbonic acid and alkalies, with some alumina 
 and silica 
 
 42-24 
 
 17-5 
 
 60-2 
 
 62-86 
 
 2371 
 
 17-64 
 
 155-68 
 
 133-7 
 
 29-4 
 
 27-5 
 
 53-2 
 
 48-8 
 
 364-43 308- 
 
 Traces of ammonia and potash ; no phosphoric acid, nitric acid, or heavy 
 metals. 
 
 " These enormous quantities of iron, magnesia, and sulphuric acid . . are 
 positively startling. If it had been the drainage water from an iron mine, one 
 could understand it, but to find such a water in the heart of the Chalk district 
 is decidedly a novelty, and moreover they are just those things which are found 
 least in the ordinary Norfolk waters." It is to be noted, however, that the Chalk 
 here is for the most part thickly covered with Drift and Crag, so that one would 
 hardly take the district as a regular Chalk one. 
 
 " The origin of the iron and sulphuric acid is doubtless iron pyrites . . known 
 to exist occasionally in the clays and marls of the district." 
 
 As to the magnesia he suggests " that there must be a boulder of dolomite 
 or magnesian limestone in contact with the iron pyrites, or within the immediate 
 neighbourhood. . Or . . that the well is sunk into an old sea-bed, the salts of 
 which are largely composed of magnesia, and from some protecting cause have 
 not been washed out of the soil. . This view is much favoured by the abnormal 
 quantity of chlorine." 
 
 He also suggests " that this well has been sunk into a pocket or fissure, sur- 
 rounded by some impermeable, or at least not easily permeable, material, such 
 as clay, in which these concentrated chemical substances have been stored up for 
 ages, but that the opening of this well has disturbed the strata, admitting air 
 and water . . and hence the present state of affairs." 
 
 " The change that has already taken place between the nature of the water as 
 first examined, and after a lapse of six months, shows that the peculiar consti- 
 tuents are diminishing, although I do not suppose the water has been much 
 used." 
 
ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 
 
 157 
 
 Loddon. 
 
 From Dr. S. M. Copeman's Keport to the Local Government 
 Board, 1895. No. 95. 
 
 1. Town-pump. 2. Town-pump, second analysis. 3. Pump in 
 Campbell's Yard. 
 
 All by Messrs. Allen and Hanbury, May, 1895. 
 
 Physical Characteristics. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Colour when examined in a tube two 
 
 Yellowish, 
 
 Yellowish, 
 
 Yellowish, 
 
 feet long. 
 
 slightly 
 
 slightly 
 
 opaque. 
 
 
 opaque. 
 
 opaque. 
 
 
 Suspended matter 
 
 Faint trace 
 
 Slight trace 
 
 None. 
 
 Smell when heated to 100° F. 
 
 None 
 
 None 
 
 Offensive. 
 
 laste ,, ,, ,, ... 
 
 None 
 
 None 
 
 — 
 
 Hardness before boiling, Clark's scale... 
 
 35° 
 
 40° 
 
 60° 
 
 „ after „ „ 
 
 18° 
 
 16° 
 
 28° 
 
 Chemical Results. 
 
 In 
 
 grains per gallon. 
 
 Total solid matter 
 
 80-5 
 
 79-8 
 
 111-3 
 
 Loss on ignition 
 
 18-2 
 
 11-2 
 
 14-7 
 
 Total mineral matter 
 
 62-3 
 
 68-6 
 
 96-6 
 
 Chlorine, equal to chloride of sodium 
 
 11-8 
 
 11-9 
 
 20-3 
 
 Lead, copper, iron 
 
 None 
 
 None 
 
 None. 
 
 Phosphoric acid 
 
 Trace 
 
 Trace 
 
 Heavy trace 
 
 Nitrogen as ammonia ... 
 
 •0045 
 
 •0058 
 
 •004 
 
 „ „ albuminoid ammonia 
 
 •0051 
 
 •0078 
 
 •0127 
 
 „ „ nitrates 
 
 2-44 
 
 2-3 
 
 4-25 
 
 Oxygen absorbed by organic matter 
 
 
 
 
 from solution of permanganate of 
 
 
 
 
 potash at 80° F. in two minutes ... 
 
 Nil 
 
 Nil 
 
 •0056 
 
 Ditto in four hours 
 
 •0952 
 
 •126 
 
 •159 
 
 Microscopic Results. 
 
 1. 2. Fibres, spores, very little deposit. 
 
 3. Fibres, spores, vegetable debris, only a trace of deposit. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. A very unsatisfactory water. Nitrates excessive and indicate previous 
 animal contamination, probably due to polluted surface drainage leaking into 
 the supply. Most undesirable for dietetic purposes and unfit for drinking. 
 
 2. Similar to 1. Excessively hard. 
 
 3. Very impure water. The albuminoid ammonia, nitrates, and oxygen 
 absorbed are much in excess. Heavily polluted with sewage, and unfit for 
 drinking. 
 
 The following two analysis were made in June, 1895, by 
 F. Sutton (same authority) : — 
 
 4. Town-pump. 5. Private supply. 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 Ammonia, free 
 
 „ organic 
 Chlorine 
 Nitrogen as nitrates 
 
 There is evidence of a large amount of pollution of a sewage nature in both 
 waters, and they ought not to be used for drinking. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 •0035 
 
 •0021 
 
 •0098 
 
 •0105 
 
 7-56 
 
 5-18 
 
 4-34 
 
 3-5 
 
158 
 
 ANALYSES, WELL-WATEKS. 
 
 Metton. 
 
 Cromer Water Works. See p. 102. 
 
 A. By B. Blount, October, 1910 (sample from rising main). 
 B, C (by same), 1913? 
 
 B. Unfiltered water. C. Filtered water. 
 
 B. 
 
 Total solids 
 Chlorine... 
 
 
 Grains per gallon. 
 
 
 24-08 
 
 24-36 
 
 24-08 
 
 2-2 
 
 2-15 
 Parts per 100,000. 
 
 2-15 
 
 •003 
 
 •007 
 
 •007 
 
 Trace 
 
 Trace 
 
 Trace. 
 
 •01 
 
 Trace 
 
 •01 
 
 Nil 
 
 Nil 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Nil 
 
 Nil 
 
 Nil. 
 
 •07 
 
 •13 grains per 
 gallon. 
 
 Trace. 
 
 14° 
 
 14-5° 
 
 14-5° 
 
 Free ammonia ... 
 Albuminoid ammonia 
 Oxygen absorbed 
 Nitrogen as nitrites 
 „ „ nitrates 
 Iron • 
 
 Hardness 
 
 A. Free from organic impurity, but with a small quantity of iron. 
 
 B. Sample slightly cloudy and faintly coloured with iron-oxide. Taste and 
 smell normal. 
 
 C. Clear, colourless. Taste and smell normal. 
 
 Analysis made July, 1913, at R. Inst. Public Health. 
 
 Colour in two-foot stratum, greenish-yellow, opalescent. 
 
 Suspended matters ; small quantity of vegetable and mineral matter. 
 
 Odour, when warmed at 37° C, none. 
 
 Reaction, alkaline. 
 
 Total solids, dried at 100° C 
 
 Chlorine (=5 "76 sodium-chloride) ... 
 
 Nitrites 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates 
 
 Saline ammonia ... 
 
 Albuminoid ammonia ... 
 
 Oxygen absorbed in three hours, at 37° C. ... 
 
 Poiscncus metals (lead, copper) 
 
 Hardness, temporary 9, permanent 3, total 12. 
 
 In parts per 100,000. 
 ... 31-5 
 3-5 
 Nil 
 Nil 
 •009 
 •003 
 •018 
 Nil 
 
 No exception can be taken to this water on chemical grounds ; the physical 
 characters are, however, unsatisfactory. 
 
 Mundesley. 
 
 Boring. By F. Sutton, 23rd November, 1898. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 Free ammonia ... 
 Albuminoid ammonia 
 Chlorine... 
 Nitrogen 
 Oxygen absorbed 
 Total solids 
 
 Hardness before boiling 19°, after 
 
 •0084 
 •0007 
 
 3-7 
 
 Nil. 
 •03 
 32-5 
 
 boiling 5 '4°. 
 
ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 
 
 159 
 
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 ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 
 
 Norwich — continued. 
 
 The table on p. 159 refers to things of the long past, and the following entry 
 giving more details, is from what may be called an old publication. "We owe to 
 W. L. Sutton five modern analyses (3-5) of Norwich well-waters, four of 
 which are the more valuable as giving the mineral constituents in detail. 
 
 2. Two analyses. From Rivers Poll. Comm. Sixth Report, 1874, 
 
 pp. 100 and 83. 
 
 A. Carrow Works, see p. 106. September 17th, 1868. Well 
 400 feet deep. B. In Toper Square. Shallow well in Chalk, 
 June 18th, 1872. 
 
 In parts per 100,000. 
 
 Total solid impurity 
 
 Organic carbon 
 
 Organic nitrogen ... 
 
 Ammonia ... ... ... ... ... 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites 
 
 Total combined nitrogen 
 
 Previous sewage or animal contamination 
 
 {see note, p. 146) 
 
 Chlorine ... 
 Hardness, temporary 
 Hardness, permanent 
 Hardness, total ... 
 
 A. Clear and palatable. B. Turbid, palatable. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 38-14 
 
 118-32 
 
 •074 
 
 •102 
 
 ■027 
 
 •034 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-001 
 
 5-766 
 
 1-028 
 
 5-8 
 
 9,690 
 
 57,340 
 
 2-58 
 
 10- 
 
 23-3 
 
 31-8 
 
 6-4 
 
 28-7 
 
 29-7 
 
 60-5 
 
 3. Messrs. Caley's Works {see p. 106). 
 400 feet deep. 
 
 From the older well, over 
 
 Made (7th June, 1915) and communicated by Messrs. Sutton. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 Ammonia, free '01 
 
 „ albuminoid ... ... ... ... ... ... Nil. 
 
 Chlorine ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3*1 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates ... ... ... ... ... ... '7 
 
 Nitrites Nil. 
 
 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours Nil. 
 
 Lime 12*72 
 
 Magnesia 7 - 56 
 
 Soda 3-1 
 
 Sulphuric anhydride 4-13 
 
 Silica, iron and alumina '87 
 
 Total solids in solution, probably combined as below ... 38*57 
 
 Calcium carbonate ... ... ... ... ... ... 17 
 
 „ sulphate 7 
 
 Magnesium chloride 1 
 
 Sodium chloride ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 
 
 „ nitrate 4 
 
 Silica, iron and alumina 
 
 Water of combination and traces ... ... ... ... 4 
 
 Hardness before boiling 13*6°, after boiling 5*3°. 
 
 •57 
 01 
 ■78 
 92 
 25 
 ■87 
 17 
 
ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 161 
 
 I 
 
 Norwich— votdiHued. 
 
 4. Pockthorpe Brewery. See p. 109. 
 
 First two columns of figures made (19)1) and communicated by 
 F. Sutton. The third column by L. Bkiant, December, 1908. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 
 
 
 May 30th. 
 
 May 10th. 
 
 Briant. 
 
 Saline residue 
 
 38-59 
 
 33 54 
 
 28-96 
 
 Lime 
 
 971 
 
 10-36 
 
 10-35 
 
 Magnesia ... 
 
 1-7 
 
 •91 
 
 •86 
 
 Soda 
 
 7-08 
 
 4-54 
 
 2-81 
 
 Potash 
 
 •81 
 
 •5 
 
 trace 
 
 Sulphuric acid (S0 3 ) 
 
 1-66 
 
 336 
 
 2-55 
 
 Nitric acid (N 2 O s ) 
 
 1-25 
 
 1-67 
 
 373 
 
 Nitrous acid 
 
 verv taint trace trace 
 
 faint trace 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 *8'1 
 
 5-2 
 
 3 22 
 
 Iron 
 
 •028 
 
 112 
 
 trace 
 
 Poisonous metals probable com- 
 
 
 
 
 bination 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Nil 
 
 Chloride of sodium 
 
 13-35 
 
 8-57 
 
 531 
 
 Sulphate of lime... 
 
 2-82 
 
 5-71 
 
 4-34 
 
 Ni»rate of lime ... 
 
 1-9 
 
 2-53 
 
 5-66 
 
 Carbonate of lime 
 
 14*11 
 
 12-76 
 
 11-84 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia 
 
 3-57 
 
 1-91 
 
 1-81 
 
 Iron, potash, water of com- 
 
 
 
 
 bination, &c. ... 
 
 2-84 
 
 2-06 
 
 — 
 
 
 In 
 
 parts per million. 
 
 Ammonia, free ... 
 
 •06 
 
 •036 
 
 Nil 
 
 Ammonia, albuminoid ... 
 
 trace 
 
 trace 
 
 •020 
 
 
 I 
 
 n parts per 
 
 100,000. 
 
 Oxygen required 
 organic matter 
 
 to oxidize 
 
 0091 
 
 007 
 
 •010 
 
 Of Briant's analysis it is said that the sample is free from all present pollu- 
 tion, it being bright and free from smell. The alterations in the water are very 
 slight, but comparison with earlier analyses shows that the nitric acid has 
 slightly but distinctly risen. 
 
 Of Sutton's analyses it is said of the earlier that "the water maintains its 
 organic purity. It differs from the sample examined in March in giving higher 
 figures for chlorine, but lower for nitrates, whilst the iron has increased tenfold. 
 The chlorine is high for a deep chalk- water of the locality. The nitrate figure 
 is satisfactory and as low as is likely to be obtained. The iron exists as 
 carbonate, which tends to deposit a hydrated oxide on exposure to air, rendering 
 the water opalescent or discoloured. This may be oniy temporary." 
 
 The later is the third sample taken. ; ' It differs from the last mainly in 
 showing a rise in chloride of sodium. The second sample (of May 10th) showed 
 a rise of 2£ grains compared with the first. The common salt therefore has 
 risen progressively. It is now high, but not too high, so long as it remains 
 about the present figure, for drinking purposes. The nitrates show a slight 
 decrease, and the iron and sulphate have diminished. The water remains 
 organically good." 
 
 5. Workhouse See p. 110. 
 Made (29th May, 1901) and communicated by Messrs. Sutton. 
 Sample taken from the rising main of the well, 20th May. 
 
 In grains per gallon 
 
 Total solids in solution 
 Ammonia, free ... 
 
 organic 
 
 38-64 
 Nil. 
 •0021 
 
 285i>2 
 
162 
 
 ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 
 
 Norwich — continued. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates 
 
 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours ... 
 Lime 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Sulphuric anhydride ... 
 Organic carbon... 
 
 „ nitrogen 
 
 27 
 
 •24 
 •01 
 8-7 
 •75 
 
 1-96 
 
 204 ) parts per 
 \ million. 
 
 013 
 
 Hardness before boiling 13 '7°, after boiling 7*5°. 
 
 Clear, brilliant, and practically colourless. 
 
 Number of microbes per c.c. 5 only. Ordinary harmless germs. No trace of 
 any forms peculiar to sewage or any zymotic disease. 
 
 The above figures are extremely satisfactory from a chemical point of view, 
 and the bacterial examination comes out exceptionally good for a deep well- 
 water. The only objectionable feature is the hardness, not on account of 
 health, but for washing or its use in steam-boilers and hot water-pipes. 
 
 Roudham. 
 
 Harling Road Aerodrome. See p. 112. 
 Communicated by the War Office, October, 1916. 
 
 In parts per 100,000. 
 
 Chlorine. 2*7 
 
 Free ammonia ... ... ... ... . . ... ... ■ 005 
 
 Albuminoid ammonia ... -008 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates ... .'. -2 
 
 „ nitrites ... ... ... ... ... ... Nil. 
 
 Poisonous metals ... ... ... ... ... ... Nil. 
 
 Hardness : permanent 11°, temporary 25° ; total 36°. 
 
 This sample is a very hard water, but otherwise it is satisfactory for domestic 
 use. 
 
 Bacteriologic Examination. — This water grew a Coliform Bacillus, which was 
 not typically Bacillus coli of Escherich, in 25 cc., but not in any less quantity. 
 It may be regarded as a safe water for domestic and drinking purposes. 
 
 Rushall. 
 
 For military purposes. See p. 114. 
 
 Communicated by the Metropolitan Water Board (= T. W. 
 
 Restler). 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 Total dissolved solids, dried at 290°F., 35*3, made up as follows : — 
 
 Calcium carbonate 
 Magnesium „ 
 
 „ sulphate 
 
 „ chloride ... 
 
 Sodium „ 
 
 Silica 
 
 Organic matter expelled at 290° F., etc. (by difference) ... 
 
 Free carbonic acid 
 
 Hardness : temporary 24°, permanent 4-8G ; total 28*86 ( 
 
 22-85 
 1-73 
 3-48 
 
 •14 
 3-42 
 
 •98 
 27 
 2-4 
 
ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 163 
 
 Rushford. 
 
 Snarehill Aerodrome. See p. 114. 
 
 Communicated by the War Office, September, 1916. 
 
 In parts per 100,000. 
 
 Chlorine 1*7 
 
 Free ammonia ... ... . . ... ... ... ... '0006 
 
 Albuminoid ammonia ... ... ... ... ... ... '003 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates '44 
 
 „ nitrites ... ... ... ... ... ... — 
 
 Poisonous metals ... ... ... ... ... ••• Nil. 
 
 Hardness : permanent 5°, temporary 15° ; total 20°. 
 This sample is a very pure water. The hardness, though above the average, 
 being mainly temporary could easily be removed. It is a very satisfactory water 
 for domestic use. 
 
 Sandringham. 
 
 Sandringham House. A set of old analyses, from Riv. Poll. 
 Comm. Sixth Report, 1874, pp. 82 and 422—4. 
 
 1. Pump at stables. 2. New pump in courtyard. 3. Original 
 pump near house. All December 10th, 1871. 12 others from tap 
 in kitchen are given. All are from shallow wells. 
 
 In parts per 100,000. 
 
 Total solid impurity 
 Organic carbon 
 Organic nitrogen ... 
 Ammonia ... 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites 
 
 Total combined nitrogen ... 
 
 Previous sewage or animal contamination 
 
 (see note, p. 140; 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 Hardness, temporary 
 
 Hardness, permanent 
 Hardness, total 
 
 1. Clear and palatable. 
 
 2. Very slightly turbid, palatable. 
 
 3. Slightly turbid, palatable. 
 
 "The condition of the Sandringham water supply at the close of the year 1871 
 may be gathered chiefly from an inspection of the columns . . . headed ' organic 
 carbon,' 'organic nitrogen,' and 'previous sewage or animal contamination.' The 
 actual condition of the waters at the time of analysis, being indicated by the two 
 first named columns, whilst their past history is revealed in the last. The pump 
 water from the stables contains only a very small amount of organic elements ; in 
 other words, its actual contamination is small ; but on the other hand the evidence 
 of its past pollution is very strong. . . ." 
 
 "Taking into consideration the past history of these waters, the large proportion 
 of organic elements in the second and third samples is very ominous, and proclaims 
 these waters to be unsafe for human consumption." 
 
 Of the samples from the tap in the kitchen (not now given) two contained 
 large proportions of organic impurity ; three contained more moderate propor- 
 tions, but were suspicious ; two others were much polluted ; two were good ; one 
 was excellent, and one most excellent. 
 
 " The sandy soil around the House and offices obviously receives large contribu- 
 tions from sewers, or cesspools, and general surface soakage : it is therefore 
 impossible to ob r ain from it a good and wholesome water," and, therefore, the 
 establishment of a supply at a distance is advised. 
 
 The above abbreviated account is an interesting example of the dangers that 
 sometimes arise in the water-supply of a large house, in this case of course one 
 of great importance. A new supply has of course been got. (See p. 116.) 
 
 28592 F 2 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 296 
 
 46-6 
 
 37-96 
 
 •043 
 
 •234 
 
 •223 
 
 022 
 
 •056 
 
 •068 
 
 003 
 
 •018 
 
 •001 
 
 2 122 
 
 1-275 
 
 1-31 
 
 2-146 
 
 1-346 
 
 1-379 
 
 20,920 
 
 12,580 
 
 12,79 
 
 5-8 
 
 64 
 
 525 
 
 •6 
 
 8-6 
 
 7-6 
 
 14-3 
 
 171 
 
 15-4 
 
 14-9 
 
 25-7 
 
 23- 
 
A. 
 
 B. 
 
 39- 
 
 35 14 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Nil. 
 
 •002 
 
 Faint trace. 
 
 5- 
 
 5'21 
 
 •27 
 
 •41 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Nil. 
 
 •05 
 
 •023 
 
 19-57 
 
 20- 
 
 8-28 
 
 7-85 
 
 164 ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 
 
 Sheringham. 
 1. Water Co. Mixed supply, well and spring. See p. 117. 
 Communicated by the Local Government Board. 
 A. By F. Sutton, Feb., 1911. B. By W. L. Sutton, Jan., 1914. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 Total solids in solution 
 Ammonia, free .. . 
 
 „ albuminoid.. 
 
 Chlorine, . 
 Nitrogen as nitrates .. 
 
 Nitrites 
 
 Oxygen absorbed in four hours 
 Hardness, before boiling 
 
 „ after „ 
 
 Both, bright and clear. 
 
 Another analysis, of Nov., 1912, gives *28 of nitrogen as nitrates 
 and 3' 6 of chlorine in chlorides. 
 
 Bacteriologic Examination. — A. Number of Bacteria per cubic centimetre 
 200, 25 p.c. of which were liquefying organisms. In B. 80. In both Bacillus 
 coli absent in 50 cc. 
 
 Remarks. — A. No exception can be taken on chemical grounds. Of good 
 organic purity and free from evidence of pollution. Bacter-iologically it has the 
 character of a water exposed to surface-influence. Under present conditions 
 (1911) the water cannot be expected to give very good bacteriologic results, but 
 it is free from dangerous organisms. It is fit for all the purposes of a public 
 supply. 
 
 B. Of great organic purity and of excellent quality for drinking and general 
 domestic purposes. Satisfactory both chemically and bacteriologically. 
 
 2. From a well recently sunk by H. S. Welchman. 
 
 From P. M. Crosthwaite's Eeport to the Local Government 
 Board (not printed), July. 1909. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 Free ammonia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... "009 
 
 Albuminoid ammonia ... ... ... ... ... ... '016 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrites and nitrates ... ... ... ... Nil. 
 
 Chlorides 9"7 
 
 Slightly turbid. 
 
 " This water is contaminated with bad drainage and the soil has apparently 
 no purifying power." Not satisfactory for drinking unless boiled. 
 
 Swanington. 
 
 ? Public Supply. See p. 123. 
 By F. Sutton, April, 1896. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 Ammonia, free ... ... ... ... ... ... ... '0014 
 
 „ organic ... ... ... ... ... ... '0007 
 
 Chlorine... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1*5 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates None. 
 
 Oxygen required ... ... ... ... ... ... '025 
 
 Oxide of iron ... ... ... ... ... ... ... '004 
 
 This water contained in suspension some chalk obtained with oxide of iron ; 
 this settled, leaving the water clear, and in this state it contained only a mere 
 trace of iron. 
 
 There is no trace of sewage or drainage contamination, and it evidently comes, 
 from a deep spring. 
 
ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 165 
 
 Taverham. 
 
 Times Paper Mill. See p. 123. 
 
 Rivers Poll Comm. Sixth Rept., 1874, p. 100. 
 
 In parts per 100,000. 
 
 Total solid impurity ... 27*30 
 
 Organic carbon '059 
 
 Organic nitrogen ... ... ... ... ... ... '024 
 
 Ammonia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... • 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites ... ... ... ... '428 
 
 Total combined nitrogen ... ... ... ... ... '452 
 
 Previous sewage or animal contamination (#ee note, p. 146) 3,960 
 
 Chlorine 2*73 
 
 Hardness, temporary ... ... ... ... ... ... 14 • 4 
 
 „ permanent 5'1 
 
 total 19-5 
 
 Clear and palatable. 
 
 Thetford. 
 
 1. In the Sixth Report of the Rivers Pollution Comm., 1874, 
 p. 403, it is said that from analyses of water from some of the 
 wells it was " found that only one was fit for human consumption . . 
 from the pump at the Railway Hotel which contained but mere 
 traces of organic matter. . The other well waters had been very 
 heavily contaminated with sewage or soakage from cesspits." 
 Analyses of five such are given on p. 84, with " total solid im- 
 purity " varying from 105*68 to 51*8 parts per 100,000. That 
 from the, Railway Hotel (7th February, 1871) was as follows : — 
 
 In parts per 100,000. 
 
 Total solid impurity 33*52 
 
 Organic carbon... ... ... ... ... ... ... *037 
 
 Organic nitrogen ... ... ... ... ... ... "014 
 
 Ammonia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... *001 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites "825 
 
 Total combined nitrogen ... ... ... ... ... *84 
 
 Previous sewage or animal contamination (see note, p. 146) 7,920 
 
 Chlorine 1-79 
 
 Hardness, temporary ... ... ... ... ... ... 18*3 
 
 „ permanent ... ... ... ... ... ... 5'6 
 
 total 23-9 
 
 2. Waterworks. See p. 124. 
 
 A. By F. Sutton and Son, March, 1909. B. By the same, 
 April, 1911. C. By W. L. Sutton (? 1912). D. By the 
 name, May, 1913. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 C. 
 
 D. 
 
 Total solids in solution . . . 
 
 21-7 
 
 23- 
 
 22-6 
 
 20- 
 
 Free ammonia 
 
 001 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Albuminoid ammonia 
 
 0006 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 1-2 
 
 1-05 
 
 1-1 
 
 1-05 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates 
 
 •31 
 
 •456 
 
 •476 
 
 •476 
 
 Nitrites 
 
 Xil. 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Oxygen absorbed in four 
 
 
 
 
 
 hours 
 
 •02 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Nil. 
 
 :0028 
 
 Hardness, before boiling ... 
 
 14- 
 
 14- 
 
 14- 
 
 135 
 
 after 
 
 4- 
 
 457 
 
 3- 
 
 2-8 
 
 All clear and bright. 
 
 
 
 
 
166 ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 
 
 Thetford — continued. 
 
 Bacteriologic Examination. — 
 
 A. Number of Bacteria per c.c. 12. No trace of Bacillus coli in 36 c.c. 
 
 B. No organisms found in \ c.c, therefore practically sterile. Bacillus coli 
 and allied organisms absent in 50 c.c. (as also in the other two). 
 
 C. Number of Bacteria per cubic centimetre 6. In D. 10. 
 
 B. This water is of exceptional organic purity, devoid of organic matter. 
 Bacteriologically practically sterile. The amount of chlorine and the hardness 
 are normal to the district. Of admirable quality for all the purposes of a 
 public supply. 
 
 C. Practically no change compared with the analysis of about a year before. 
 
 D. No material change compared with the analysis of the year before. 
 The water is said to act slightly on lead ! But no lead pipes are used. 
 
 3. Bidwell and Son's Brewery. 
 
 By F. Sutton, 7th December, 1901. Communicated by 
 W. L. Sutton. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 Total solids in solution ... ... ... ... ... 22*4 
 
 Ammonia, free .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... Nil. 
 
 Ammonia, organic ... ... ... ... ... ... Nil. 
 
 Chlorine 1*4 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates ... ... ... ... ... ... '18 
 
 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours ... ... ... ... ... '049 
 
 Lime 9*8 
 
 Magnesia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... *2 
 
 Sulphuric anhydride ... ... ... ... ... ... "38 
 
 Silica 1-12 
 
 Oxide of iron ... ... ... ... ... ... ... '28 
 
 Hardness before boiling 17 "5°, after boiling 4 '5°. 
 
 Brilliantly clear, and colour excellent. 
 
 5 microbes per c.c, all harmless. No trace of sewage — or drainage — 
 microbes. 
 
 M This water is of especially pure quality. There is not a trace of organic 
 matter of vegetable or animal origin : it is exactly suited to the manufacture of 
 beer and healthy mineral waters." 
 
 Trimingham. 
 
 Shallow well, 202 feet above Ordnance Datum. See p. 126. 
 
 By the Clinical Research Association, May, 1908. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 Combined chlorine (expressed as NaCl. 10 "56) 6*4 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrates "39 
 
 „ nitrites Nil. 
 
 Saline ammonia ... ... ... ... "0015 
 
 Albuminoid ammonia ... ... ... ... ... ... '011 
 
 Oxygen absorbed in four hour» at 27°C. ... ... .... '081 
 
 Lead or copper... ... ... ... ... ... ... Nil. 
 
 " In its present condition this water is not a good one for drinking, as it 
 contains much unoxidised organic matter. As it is however from a newly made 
 well it is probable that the water may have been temporarily polluted." — 
 R. Bodmer. 
 
 Trowse. 
 
 Well made in 1885. See p. 126. 
 Communicated by the Rev. J. Gunn. 
 A tepid water, analysed by F. Sutton, who says that it 
 contains 20 per cent, [presumably meaning of the total solids] of 
 
1. 
 
 2. 
 
 20-86 
 
 20-86 
 
 2-45 
 
 , 2-1 
 
 Parts per 
 
 100,000. 
 
 •002 
 
 Nil. 
 
 •008 
 
 •0014 
 
 •03 
 
 •021 
 
 Nil 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Nil 
 
 Nil. 
 
 ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 167 
 
 Tro WSe — cont inued. 
 
 magnesia, and suggests the presence of a boulder of magnesian 
 limestone. The stain of the water is so adhesive that it can 
 scarcely be taken off the hands by soap. The absence of chalk is 
 striking. 
 
 The water contains, according to P. Sutton : — 
 
 Protocarbonate of iron, large amount. 
 Sulphate of iron, in small quantity. 
 
 „ lime, very large amount. 
 
 „ magnesia, „ 
 
 Walsham, North. 
 Waterworks. See p. 127. 
 
 1. By Messes. W. H. Stanger and B. Blount. July, 1901. 
 
 Water clear and free from objectionable taste and smell. 
 
 Grains per gallon. 
 
 Total solids 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 Free ammonia ... 
 
 Albuminoid ammonia ... 
 
 Oxygen absorbed after four hours ... 
 
 Nitrogen as nitrites 
 
 „ nitrates 
 
 Hardness 11°. 
 
 The sample free from organic contamination. Water suitable for drinking 
 and domestic purposes. 
 
 The special mineral characteristic is iron. 
 
 2. One of three analyses by Sir W. Crookes, J*une, 1902. 
 The others are much the same. Slightly cloudy. 
 
 Wells. 
 
 G. W. Wigner. The Water Supply of Sea-side Watering- 
 places, 1878, pp. 3-5. 8 
 Had " no public water supply, but only a large number of wells, 
 the water heing drawn from them in most cases by pumps, one of 
 which frequently supplies several houses. The wells are all very 
 shallow, some only 6 feet from the surface, and probabiy few reach 
 as much as 20 feet." 
 
 A. From a pump which supplied houses. B. From a pump at 
 one of the largest hotels. 
 
 In grains per gallon. A. B. 
 
 Total solid matter 85*2 49*7 
 
 Loss on ignition, after deducting combined 
 
 carbonic acid 13-9 1154 
 
 Lead and copper none non e 
 
 ™?, n ••* .•"■ ;•* slight traca slight trace 
 
 Chlorine, calculated as chlor de of sodium ... 17-73 7*37 
 
 Nitrogen, as ammonia -0044 0026 
 
 „ albuminoid ammonia -0082 '0036 
 
 Urates 2-6152 1*4094 
 
 „ nitrites -0086 -0058 
 
 I otal nitrogen in the four forms 2*6364 1*4214 
 
 Hardness, before boiling, Clark's scale 36° 24° 
 
 after n N 31° 15° 
 
168 ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 
 
 Wells — continued. 
 
 A. Pumped from a well said to be under 20 feet deep. Colour 
 of the water " yellowish green, owing to the presence of a large 
 quantity of suspended matter." Microscopic examination " far 
 from satisfactory, and although no living organisms could be 
 detected, there were quite sufficient remains of organic matter to 
 render it probable that the water had been heavily contaminated at 
 some recent period . . there is no doubt, viewing all the details of 
 the analysis, that the water must be condemned as totally unfit for 
 domestic use." 
 
 C. " The water was free from suspended matter, and when 
 viewed in a column 2 feet long it had a pale yellow tint." Micro- 
 scopic appearance, " certain small particles of vegetable tissue 
 present, but no animal matter c< iuld be detected." This sample 
 may be passed as fairly satisfactory. 
 
 Whitlingham. 
 
 Well belonging to the Corporation of Norwich. See p. 130. 
 By W. L. Sutton, March, 1911. 
 Bright and clear. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 Free ammonia Nil 
 
 Albuminoid ammonia "0007 
 
 Nitrogen in nitrates 1'96 
 
 Nitrites Nil 
 
 Chlorine in chlorides ... : 5' 
 
 The water is of great organic purity. The chlorides and nitrates are high, but 
 there is no evidence of direct sewage pollution. It is fit for drinking purposes. 
 
 Wootton, South. 
 
 Eectory, new well. See p. 132. 
 ? By F. Sutton, February, 1905. 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 Free ammonia - 168 
 
 Albuminoid ammonia ... ... ... ... ... '063 
 
 Nitrogen in nitrates or nitrites ... ... ... Nil 
 
 Chlorine of chlorides ... ... ... ... ... 3* 
 
 Poisonous metals ... ... ... ... ... Nil 
 
 Brown turbid colour. Smells strongly of creosote or tar. This water is bad 
 and undrinkable. The pollution seems to be from surface-drainage. The 
 organic imourity is very high. 
 
ANALYSES, WELL-WATERS. 
 
 169 
 
 Yarmouth. 
 
 Two analyses by Dii. Letheby, in 1868, quoted in G. W. 
 Wigner's Water Supply of Sea-side Watering-places, 1878, 
 pp. 5, 6. 
 
 1. Dene Well. 2. Church Pump. 
 
 ? In grains per gallon. 
 
 Carbonate of lime and magnesia 
 Sulphate of lime and magnesia ... 
 
 Alkaline chlorides 
 
 „ nitrates ... 
 
 Silica and alumina 
 
 Organic matter 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 236 
 
 21-65 
 
 20-34 
 
 17-43 
 
 30* 
 
 12-41 
 
 8-8 
 
 3-03 
 
 I-D4 
 
 •64 
 
 1-86 
 
 1-59 
 
 85-64 
 
 56-75 
 
 Wigner's own analyses (pp. 7, 8) are as follow : — 
 
 1. From a pump, said to be the Dene Well pump. 2. From the 
 
 In grains per gallon. 
 
 Church pump. 
 
 1. 2. 
 
 Total solid matter 112-1 75*6 
 
 Loss on ignition, after deducting combined carbonic 
 
 acid 18-82 173 
 
 Lead and copper None Trace 
 
 Iron Trace Heavy trace 
 
 Chlorine, calculated as chloride of sodium (in 1)... 41 07 15*91 
 
 Nitrogen as ammonia *0275 -0012 
 
 „ „ albuminoid ammonia -0119 -0108 
 
 „ nitrates 41978 13491 
 
 „ nitrites -0089 0079 
 
 Total nitrogen in these four forms ... ... 4 -2461 1*369 
 
 Oxygen absorbed by orga nic matter from a standard 
 
 solution of permanganate of potash ... ... '092 "126 
 
 Hardness, Clark's scale, before boiling 34° 30*6° 
 
 „ after 32'6° 29° 
 
 more solid matter, 
 Heavy 
 
 1. Entirely differs from Letheby's analysis. Much 
 chlorides and nitrates than in the latter. 
 
 Colour in 2-feet tube, pale urine-yellow. Offensive smell and taste 
 traces of suspended matter. 
 
 Microscopic examination " unsatisfactory, showing the presence of a large 
 number of crystals of urate of ammonia and urate of soda, together with well- 
 defined pieces of animal tissue of different kinds. This water is evidently 
 quite unfit for domestic use.' ; 
 
 2. Colour a strong urine-yellow. When warmed smell and taste most 
 offensive. Traces of suspended matter. 
 
 Microscopic examination. Results " as bad as they could be, the sedimentary 
 matter being full of animal fibres, and containing also living organisms." 
 
1/0 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 BIBLIOGKAPHY 
 
 Geological Survey Works. 
 
 Maps. Scale an inch to a mile. 
 
 50, N.W. Northern part. Diss. By P. J. Bennett (small part by 
 S. B. J. Skertchly). 1882. 
 
 50, N.E. N.W. part. Harleston. By W. H. Dalton and F. J. Bennett. 
 1884. 
 
 51, N.E. Small part of N.E. corner. Thetford. By S. B. J. Skertchly. 
 1883. 
 
 65. Greater part. Downham Market, Lynn, Stoke Ferry, Swaffham By 
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 66, S.E. All but a part on S. and E. Loddon, Long Stratton. By H. B 
 Woodward and J. H. Blake. 1881. 
 
 67, N. Almost the whole. Yarmouth. By J. H. Blake. 1881. 
 
 67, S. Most of western part. By J. H. Blake. 1882. 
 
 68, N.W. Wells. By H. B. Woodward and C. Reid. 1885. 
 
 68, E. Aylsham, Cromer, North Walsham. By H. B. Woodward and C. 
 Reid (most). 1883. 
 
 68, S.W. Cawston, Fakenham, Foulsham, Holt, New Walsingham. By 
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 Index Maps. Scale 4 miles to an inch. 
 
 9. Includes the whole county. 1895. 
 
 12 (new ser.). Includes all but the southern border of the county. Drift 
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 16 (new ser.). Includes the southern part of the county. Drift Edition. 
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 Horizontal Section. Scale 18 inches to a mile. 
 
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BIBLIOGRAPHY. 171 
 
 1882. Explanation of Horizontal Section, Sheet 127. By C. Reid. 
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172 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
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 . . . upon the Sanitary Circumstances ... of the . . . Thetford 
 
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 Spring Company, with the First Report, etc. 12mo. Thetford. 
 
 1827. Taylor, R. C. On the Geology of East Norfolk. (Notes of wells at 
 Mousehold, Norwich, etc., p. 285, or p. 17 of separate work). Phil. Mag., ser. 2, 
 vol. i., p. 277. and published separately, with a set of papers. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 17$ 
 
 1836. Rose, C. B. A Sketch of the Geology of West Norfolk. (Wells, 
 pp. 173, 275). Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. vii, pp. 171, 274. 
 
 1837. Taylor, J. Observations on the Strata penetrated in sinking a Well 
 at Diss in Norfolk. Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v, p. 137, and Proc. Geol. Soc r 
 vol. ii, No. 36, p. 93. (1834). 
 
 1860. Prestwich [Sir] Joseph. On the Presence of the London Clay in 
 Norfolk, as proved by a Well-boring at Yarmouth. Quart. Jouru. Geol. Soc. r 
 vol. xvi, pp. 449-452. 
 
 1862. Crompton, Rev. J. Notes on Deep or Artesian Wells at Norwich. 
 Geologist, vol. v, p. 460, and (shorter) Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1862, Sect ions, 
 p. 70 (1863). 
 
 Rose, C. B. On the Cretaceous Group in Norfolk (refers to Wells at 
 
 Diss and Norwich, pp. 228, 229). Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. i, No. 8, p. 226. 
 
 1864. Gonn, Rev. J. A Sketch of the Geology of Norfolk. In White's 
 History and Directory. 8°. Sheffield. Refers to Wells. Another Ed. 1883. 
 (Ed. 4 of White.) 
 
 Mather, W. On the Machinery used in boring Artesian Wells. 
 
 Proc. S. Wales Inst. Eng., vol. iv, No. 1, p. 51. (Norwich, p. 66.) 
 
 1869. Gunn, Rev. J. Well at Holkham. Norwich Mercury, July. 
 
 Rose, C. B. On the Thickness of the Chalk in Norfolk. Geol. Repertory* 
 
 vol. ii, pp. 257, 258. Refers to Wells at Norwich and Holkham. 
 
 1870. Stevenson, Hv. On the Meres of Wretham Heath. Trans. Norf. 
 Nat. Sue. Vol. i, pt. i, pp. 36-41. 
 
 Taylor, J. E., and A. W. Morant. The Water-bearing Strata in the 
 
 Neighbourhood of Norwich. Geol. Mag., vol. vii, p. 119. 
 
 1872. Taylor, J. E. The Norfolk Broads and Meres geologically con- 
 sidered. Trans. Norf. Nat. Soc, vol. i, pt. iii, p. 30. (Meres, pp. 38, 39.) 
 
 1874. Sixth Report of the Commissioners appointed ... to inquire into 
 the . . . Pollution of Rivers. The Domestic Water Supply of Great Britain. 
 (Norfolk, pp. 10, 82-84, 100, 403, 422-424.) Fol. Lond. 
 
 1875. Gunn, Rev. J. Well-boring at Messrs. Hill & Underwood's Distillery 
 ( Norwich). . . Norwich Mercury, April 10. 
 
 Lee- Warner, Rev. H. J. The Walsingham "Wishing Wells." 
 
 Norfolk Archaeology, vol. viii, pt. ii, p. 51. 
 
 1878. WANKLYN, Prof. On the Water-Supply of Towns. East Anglian 
 Handbook ... for 1878. 8°. Norwich. 
 
 Whitaker, W. The Well-section at Holkham Hall, Norfolk. Proc. 
 
 Norwich Geol. Soc, pt. i, pp. 16-18. 
 
 Wigner, G. W. The Water Supply of Sea-side Watering Places . . . 
 
 8°. Land. And in shorter form under the title " Sea-side Water . . . &c." 
 8°. Lond. 
 
 1879. Sutton, F. On Norfolk Potable Waters. Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc, 
 pt. iii, pp 83-91. 
 
 1880. Bi.ake, J. H. The Well-Boring at East Derebam. Eastern Daily 
 Press, March 4, and Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc, pt. v, pp. 126-128 (1881). 
 
 JOHNSTONS, Wm. The Water Supply of Lynn and the Contamination 
 
 of Gaywood River by Sewage and Polluted Waters, pp. 27. 8°. Lynn. 
 
 Reid, Clement. Well-boring at Cromer Water-Works, Norfolk News, 
 
 April 17, and Proc Norwich Geol. Soc, pt. v, pp. 129-131 (1881). 
 
 1882. Woodward, H. B. The Noteworthy Springs and Spas of Norfolk. 
 Trans. Norf. Nat. Soc, vol. iii, pp. 318-325. 
 
 1883. Reid, Clement. Water Supply of East Norfolk. Eastern Daily 
 July 23. 
 
 Woodward, H. B. Additional Notes on the Springs and Spas of 
 
 Norfolk. Trans. Norf. Nat. Soc, vol. iii, pp. 525, 526. Also p. 789 (? 1884). 
 
174 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 1884. Whitaker, W. Note on the Deep Well at the Carrow Works, 
 Norwich. Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc, pt. viii, pp. 250, 251. 
 
 Whitaker, W. Some Geological Conditions Affecting the Question of 
 
 Water Supply from the Chalk. Ibid., pp. 285-293, and Geol. Mag., dec. hi, 
 vol. i, pp. 23-29. 
 
 Ninth Report of the Committee . . . for the purpose of investigating 
 
 the Circulation of Underground Waters . . . (Analysis of Cromer Water, p. 
 155). Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1883, p. 147. 
 
 1885. Sutton, F. On a Highly Ferruginous Water from a Well at Kirby 
 Bedon, near Norwich. Trans. Nor/. Nat. Soc, vol. iv, pt. 1, pp. 44-50. 
 
 1886. Whitaker, W. Ne Sutor ultra Crepidam. Trans. San. Inst., vol. viii. 
 {Refers to contamination near S waff ham). 
 
 1887. Jukes-Browne, A. J., and W. Hill. On the Lower Part of the 
 Upper Cretaceous Series in . . . Norfolk. (Wells and springs, pp. 548, 54S, 
 551, 558). Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xliii, p. 514. 
 
 1892. Frankland, P. Appendix (Analyses) to E. J. Silcock's Report on 
 King's Lynn Waterworks. Privately printed, Fol. 
 
 Whitaker, W. Borough of King's Lynn. Report on the Best Source 
 
 for a Water Supply for the Town. Pp. 8. 8°. Lynn. Privately printed. 
 
 1893. Mansergh, James. King's Lynn Water (Report). Privately printed, 
 4 pages, Fol. 
 
 Whitaker, W. On the Chalk of the London Basin in regard to Water 
 
 Supply. Rep. R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, p 433. Reprinted 
 in Geol. Mag., 1895, dec. iv, vol. ii, p. 360. 
 
 Borough of King's Lynn. Information respecting the Proposed New 
 
 Water Scheme. 8°. Lynn, pp. ii, 60. Reprints Dr. Low's Report to the Local 
 Government Board, and Reports to the Council by Dr. Frankland, J. 
 Mansergh, E. J. Silcock and W. Whitaker (1892, 1893). 
 
 1902. Reid, Clement. East Norfolk Geology — Wells at Mundesley, North 
 Walsham, and Melton. Tram. Norf. Nat, Soc , vol vii, pp. 290-298. 
 
 1903. Clarke, W. G. The Meres of Wretham Heath Tram. Norf. Nat, 
 Soc, vol. vii, pi. 4, pp 499-511. 
 
 1910. Sutton, W. L. Norfolk Waters. Eastern Daily News, July. 
 
 1911. Long, Dr. S. H. " Blowing " Wells. Trans. Norf. Nat, Soc, vol. ix 
 pt. ii, pp. 191, 192. 
 
 1911 or 1912. Nash, Dr. J. T. C. Norfolk County Council. Quarterly 
 Report of the County Medical Officer of Health. (Dec. 1911, but undated.) 
 Fol. Water Supply, pp. 2-5. 
 
 1915. Nash, Dr. J. T. C. Norfolk Cuunty Council. Annual Report of the 
 County Medical Officer of Health, 1914. 8 C . Water Supplies, pp. 25-29. 
 
 Report of the Blakeney Point Committee of Management for 1914. 
 
 Water Economy, pp. 67-69. Trans. Norf Nat. Soc, vol. x, pt. 1, p. 51. 
 
 1918. Carey, A. E., and Prof. F. W. Oliver. Tidal Lands A Study of 
 Shore Problems. Pp. 113, 226. 8°. Lond. 
 
 Report of the Blakeney Point Committee of Management for 1915 and 
 
 1916. Trans. Norf Nat. Soc, vol. x, pt. iii, p. 237. Wells referred to, pp. 247, 
 
 248. 
 
175 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Names of Persons are in small capitals. 
 Names of Places are in italics. 
 Those with an asterisk * are not in Norfolk. 
 Other entries are in ordinary type. 
 
 Accum, F., 36, 172. 
 
 P., 143. 
 
 Arfe, 14, 15. 
 
 Acre, Castle, SO, 70. 
 
 South, 7, 30. 
 
 West, 2, 7, 18. 
 
 Adcock, Messrs., 116. 
 Adit ; xee Heading. 
 Aerodromes, see Military. 
 Airy, Dr. H., 46, 171. 
 Aldborough, 1(5. 
 Aldeby, 11. 
 
 Alder fen Broad, 16. 
 
 Alderfcrd, 14. 
 
 Aldrich, — ., 81. 
 
 ALLEN and Hanbury, Messrs., 157. 
 
 B., 172. 
 
 Alluvium, or Alluvial Beds, 11, 19, 
 28-30, 84, 96, 99, 101, 106, 107, 109, 
 123, 136, 
 
 Almshouse, see Asylum. 
 
 Analyses, bacteriologic, 151, 153, 162, 
 164, 166. 
 
 chemical, 40, 55, 138-169. 
 
 Ant, The, 16. 
 
 Antingham, 16. 
 
 Appleton, 32. 
 
 Arctic Freshwater Bed, 104. 
 
 Arderon, — ., 42, 172. 
 
 Areas of high level, 2, 3. 
 
 Ashmanhaugh, 16. 
 
 Asylum, Hospital and other Institu- 
 tions' Wells, 91, 109, 112, 113, 125. 
 
 Attleborough, 5, 59. 
 
 Attlebridge, 12, 28. 
 
 Ayl/nerton, 2, 3, 15. 
 
 Aylsham, 14, 33, 35, 60, 144. 
 
 — : Rural District, 60. 
 
 B 
 
 Babingley River, 7, 18, 32, 37. 
 B'icn/istliorpe, 2, 56, 60. 
 Bacton, 60. 
 Bailey, H. W., 172. 
 Baker, Dr. Sarah, 64. 
 
 S. F. and Sons, 109, 124. 
 
 Bale, 8. 
 
 Banham, 5. 
 
 Banham, Gk, 66, 68, 81, 123, 131. 
 
 Banham, J., 67, 68, 70, 81, 84, 86, 93, 
 117, 118, 123, 125, 131-133. 
 
 Banmngham, 60. 
 
 Banner, 38. 
 
 Barney, 8. 
 
 Barnham Broom, 61. 
 
 Barningham, Little, 15. 
 
 North, 16. 
 
 : Town, 16. 
 
 Barracks, see Military. 
 
 Barrois, Dr. C, 79. 
 
 Barrow, G., 29, 30, 37, 68, 82, 120, 
 122,170. 
 
 Barsham, East, 8. 
 
 North, 8. 
 
 Barton Bendish, 6. 
 
 Broad, 16. 
 
 Bath Hills, 29. 
 Bawburgh, 9, 34. 
 Bawdeswell, 13. 
 Bawsey, 87. 
 Bayfield, 8. 
 Bayfikld, T. G., 29. 
 Bay's River, 9. 
 
 Beach Sand and Shingle, 19, 21. 
 Beardmore, E. T. 71, (? Boardman). 
 *Beccles, 1, 11. 
 Beck, F. R., 32. 
 Beckham, East, 2. 
 
 ■ West, 2. 
 
 Bedding planes, 25. 
 Bed'mgham, 11, 61. 
 Beechamivell, 6, 37. 
 Beetton, 2, 7, 57. 
 Beeston Hall, 16. 
 
 Regis, 117. 
 
 Beetley, 12. 
 Beighton, 15. 
 Belaugh, 14. 
 Belemnite Marl, 79. 
 Bennett, F., 73. 
 
 Bennett, F. J., 4, 5, 22, 35, 38, 40, 41, 
 81,83,91, 112, 124, 125, 131, 170, 171. 
 Bessi/iif/mm, 16. 
 Besthorpe, 61. 
 Bexwell, 55. 
 Billingford, 61. 
 Bilney, East, 12, 56, 62. 
 
 West, 7, 18,62, 137. 
 
 Bui ham, 8. 
 Bintree, 62, 63, 144. 
 Bircham Newton, 32. 
 Bishop's Gate, 32. 
 
176 
 
 NDKX. 
 
 Bixley, 63. 
 
 Blackborough End or Middletou Hithe, 
 
 7 33. 
 Blackford Hall, 10. 
 Blackwater, The (Yare), 9. 
 Black Water, The (Bure), 15. 
 
 ■ The (Wensum), 12 
 
 Blake, J. H., 14, 34, 57, 76, 84, 134, 
 
 135, 170, 171, 173. 
 Blakeney, 64. 
 
 Eye, 8. 
 
 Harbour, 8. 
 
 Point, 21. 
 
 Blakeney Point Committee of 
 
 Management, 64. 
 Blickling, 15. 
 Blofield and Blofield Corner, 14, 51, 65. 
 
 Rural District, 65. 
 
 Blomefield, — ., 30, 34, 35. 
 
 Bio? Norton, 5, 56, 65. 
 
 Blount, B., 158, 167. 
 
 Blowing Wells, 52, 53. 
 
 Blown Sand, 9, 19, 134. 
 
 Bodham, 2. 8. 
 
 Bodmek, R., 151, 166. 
 
 Bodney, 6. 
 
 Boggis, — ., 88. 
 
 Bog-iron-ore, 28, 33. 
 
 Bokenham Manor, 2. 
 
 Booth, W. H., 80. 
 
 Boswell, Prof. P. G. H., 69, 94, 97, 
 
 119. 
 Botany Bay, 15. 
 Bottesdale, 4. 
 Boughton, 6. 
 
 Boulder, huge, of Kimeridge Clay, 129. 
 Boulder Clay, 6, 8, 10-13, 19, 20, 22, 
 
 23, 27, 29, 34, 39-41, 58, 59, 61-63, 
 , 65-73, 76-78, 81-86, 89, 92-94, 96, 
 
 97, 99, 101-103, 110, 111, 113-115, 
 
 117-120, 122-126, 129, 131, 133, 153. 
 Boundaries (of the county), 1, 2. 
 Bournes, or Intermittent Streams, 7, 
 
 12, 25, 37-39. 
 Bradenham, East, 2, 6. 
 
 . West, 2, 6. 
 
 Br ad field, 16. 
 
 Brakes, The, 2. 
 
 Bramble Hill, 17. 
 
 Bramerton, 9. 
 
 Brampton, 15. 
 
 Brancaster and Brancaster Staithe, 49, 
 
 151. 
 Brandiston, 13. 
 * Brandon, 1. 
 Brandon Creek, 5. 
 
 Parva, 11. 
 
 Bressingha'i , 65. 
 
 Fen, 11. 
 
 Bretteuham, 5. 
 
 Brewery, Distillery, or Malting Wells, 
 
 78, 81-83, 88, 95, 106, 108, 109, 111, 
 
 134, 135, 150, 161, 166. 
 Breydon Viaduct, 136. 
 Water, 9. 
 
 Bkiant, L., 161. 
 
 Brickearth or Loam, 19, etc. ; see 
 
 Glacial. 
 Brickyard or Tile-kiln, etc., Wells 
 
 57, 59-62, 68, 91-93, 101, 120, 129. 
 Bridgham, 5. 
 Brinton, 8, 66. 
 Brisley, 12. 
 Bristoii, 14, 42, 43. 
 Broads, The, 14, 38 ; see under different 
 
 places. 
 Brockdish, 10. 
 Brograve Level, 17. 
 Brooke, 10. 
 Broome, 11, 56, 66. n 
 
 Beck, 11. 
 
 Brumstead, 17, 66. 
 Brundall, 9, 14, 51, 66. 
 Bryan, B. W., 72. 
 Buckenham, New, 5, 67. 
 
 Old, 56, 67. 
 
 Tofts, 6. 
 
 * Bungay, 1, 11, 144. 
 Bumoell, 9, 67. 
 Bure, The, 14, 18. 
 Burgess, W. T., 149. 
 Burgh Apton, 10, 29. 
 
 * Castle, 11. 
 
 Burgh-near- Ay Isham, 14. 
 Burgh St. Peter, 11. 
 Burlingham, South, 67. 
 Burn, The, 8, 38. 
 Burnham De-pdale, 
 
 Harbour, 8. 
 
 Norton, 49. 
 
 Overy, 49. 
 
 Burnhams, The, 8. 
 Burnham Thorpe, 8. 
 
 Westgate, 37, 68. 
 
 Burntfen Broad, 16. 
 Burrows, G. C, 63. 
 Burston, 11, 68. 
 Buxton, 14, 15. 
 Bylaugh, 12, 68. 
 ■ Prf, 81. 
 
 Caister, 18. 
 
 Edniundus, 9. 
 
 , Wort, 17. 
 
 Calthorpe, 16. 
 
 Cameron, A. C. G., 68, 93, 170. 
 
 Camp ; see Military. 
 
 Candler, Dr., 91. 
 
 Cantley, 9, 14, 56, 69, 145. 
 
 Carey, A. E., 21, 174. 
 
 Carleton, East, 9, 69. 
 
 Forehoe, 9. 69. 
 
 Rode, 9,70. 
 
 St. 'Peter, 10. 
 
 Carstone, 19, 26, 33, 35, 54. 
 Castle Acre, 30, 70. 
 
 Rising, 7, 18, 54, 70. 
 
 Cation, 17, 46, 115. 
 
INDEX 
 
 17-7 
 
 •ton, 13, 15, 50, 71. 
 
 Cesspits, or Cesspools, 26, 44-40, 49, 
 50, 54. 
 
 ('hulk, 2, 4-10, 12-15, 19, 20, 22-25, 
 27-34, 37-41. 43 45, 48, 52, 54, 
 55, GO. 61, 63, 66, 70, 71, 76-80, 
 82,84-87,92-95, 97, 100, 101, 106, 
 109, 115, 117, 120-122, 129, 130, 
 133, 15.'5, 166, 160 ; see aim w ri ter 
 Lower, Middle and Upper. 
 
 Chalk Escarpment, 3, 25. 
 
 Chalk Marl, 19, 20, 72. 108. 
 
 Chambers, — ., 35. 
 
 Channel, or Hollow, of Drift, 71, 102, 
 115. 
 
 Channel, Pliocene, 104. 
 
 diet, The, 10. 
 
 Child, — ., 71. 
 
 Chillesford Clay, or Beds, 19, 102, 
 104, 128, 130, 137. 
 
 Chilvbrs, — ., 119. 
 
 Church, J. 
 
 Clark, T., 108. 
 
 Clarke, W. G., 39, 174. 
 
 Claxton, 10. 
 
 CUy, 8, 56, 71. 
 
 Clinical Research Association, 49, 
 151, 166. 
 
 Coal Measures, 20. 
 
 Coast-deposits, 19, 34 ; see Shingle, etc. 
 
 ( "orkie stream, 13. 
 
 Cockley Cley, 6, 30. 
 
 Colby, 16. 
 
 Odhirk, 18. 
 
 Collins, A. E., 130. 
 Coi.man, R. J., 63. 
 Cobiey, 9. 
 CoUishaU. 14, 16. 
 Comjitnn House, 38. 
 
 iluim, 56, 71. 
 Contamination, or Pollution, 22 21. 
 
 26, 30, 31, 43-50, 60, 65, 73, 75, 
 
 88,92,99, 101, 106, 109, 119, 127- 
 
 129, 132-134, 141, 145. 146, 151-154. 
 
 157, 163, 164. 
 Contorted Drift, 15-17, 19, 23, 74, 
 
 H)4. 118, 127. 
 COOMBBR, P., 40. 
 Copeman. Dr. S. j\1 47, 49, 99, 157, 
 
 172. 
 CnKMSII, J. H., 101. 
 Corpusty, 15. 
 Costessy, 12, 13, 34. 
 Cotton, 9. 
 
 Coupland, H. S., 144. 
 Crag, 9-11, 14-17, 19, 20, 23, 29, 34, 
 
 43, 52, 60, »ii, 63, 06, 71, 82, 84, 89, 
 
 91, 92, 97, 102, 104-106, 113, US. 
 
 119,121, 122, 120, 128, 130, 137, 156 ; 
 
 see also Norwich, Upper and Wey- 
 
 bourne. 
 WFOBD, T. W. X., 122. 
 Creole, North, 8. 
 Creake, South, 8, 140. 
 Cress? ngh'i S, 29. 
 
 28502 
 
 \ingham, Little, 0. 
 Cretaceous, 19 ; see Chalk, etc. 
 Crimpiesham, 55. 50, 72, 73, 77. 
 Cringleford, 9, 17, 53, 93. 
 Cripps, R. A., 155. 
 Cromer, 1, 2, 18, 22, 23, 29, 34, 35 
 
 56,73-75, 146-148. 
 Cromer Drift, 135. 
 Crome's Broad, 17. 
 Crompton, Rev. J., 107, 173. 
 Crookes, Sir W., 147, 167. 
 Crosthwaite, P. M., 127, 164. 
 Crowfoot, W. M., 84. 
 Cruu-fo,,, H, .7.1. 
 •Culford, 20. 
 
 Dalrymple, D., 45, 159. 
 
 Dalton, W. H., 170, 171. 
 
 Dead wells, 45. 
 
 Deep Borings, 56. 
 
 Deflection of rivers by tributaries, 6, 
 
 9, 12 
 Delph, Hirer, 18. 
 Denbeck Wood, 32. 
 Denton, 11, 75. 
 
 Denver and Dernier Sluice, 4, 55. 
 Deopham, 75. 
 
 Depwade Rural District, lb. 
 Dereham, East, 1, 12, 18, 34, 56, 57, 
 
 58, 75-77, 149. 
 Dereham, West, 29, 77. 
 Dersingham, 26, 33, 49, 54, 56, 77, 151. 
 Devil's Punm Howl, 39. 
 Dewar, Sir J., 147. 
 Dickleburgh. 11. 7s. 
 Pidlingfon, 6. 
 Difficulties in sinking and boring, 
 
 73, 75. 
 Dilham, 16. 
 Dillington, 57. 
 Diluvial, 122; see Drift. 
 Diss and Diss Mere, 1, 10, 11, 18, 40, 
 
 56, 78-81, 138, 150. 
 Distillery ; see Brewery. 
 Ditchingham, 11, 29, 56, 82. 
 Diviner, 71. 
 Dix, F., 51. 
 Docking, 2, 48, 49, 82. 
 Dockuuj "Rural District, 65, 151. 
 Downham Market, 4, 6, 26, 55, 83. 
 I )><ruham, West, 55. 
 Dowson, E. T., 88, 89. 
 Drayton, 12, 14. 
 Drift, 2-5, 7-17, 20, 26-30, 34, 36, 48, 
 
 82, 85, 156 ; see also various divisions 
 Drift gravel, sand and loam, 15, 52. 
 Drift, Upper, Middle and Lower, 78. 
 Drymere Pit, 37. 
 Duke and Ockenoen. Mkssrs., 79, 90, 
 
 95 97, 124. 
 
178 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Dunes, 21, see Blown Sand. 
 
 - Little, 2. 
 
 Dyke Beck, 9. 
 
 E 
 
 Ear sham, 11, 83. 
 
 East Gate, 30. 
 
 Easton, 34, 83. 
 
 Easton, Anderson and Co., 71. 
 
 Easton, E., 95. 
 
 Eccles, 84. 
 
 Edgefield, 8, 15. 
 
 Egmere, 84. 
 
 Ellingham, 11, 84. 
 
 ' — Great, 84. 
 
 Island, 11. 
 
 Little, 84. 
 
 Elmham, North, 12. 
 Elsing, 84. 
 Emnelh, 55. 
 
 Empson, H. W. T., 128. 
 Erpingham, 16. 
 Escarpments, 3, 25. 
 Eskers, 19 
 
 Estuarine Deposits, 96. 
 Etling Green, 57. 
 
 Exceptional waters (iron), 156, 
 (magnesia) 166. 
 
 F 
 
 Factories, see Works. 
 
 Fake, W. or Messrs. 60, 62, 66, 69- 
 
 72, 77, 85-87, 89, 93, 96, 118, 119, 
 
 121, 123, 126, 130, 132. 
 Fakenham, 12, 13, 85. 
 Farm Wells, 60, 61, 65, 66, 68, 70, 81, 
 
 83, 84, 87, 89, 102, 105, 109-111, 115, 
 
 118-120, 130, 131. 
 Farrar, Dr. R., 48, 151, 172. 
 Felbrigg, 2, 75. 
 Felmingham, 43 
 Felthorpe, 13, 15. 
 Feltwell, 151. 
 Fenland or The Fens, 2-7. 
 Fen Silt, 19, 20. 
 Ferraby, A., 109. 
 Fersfield, 11. 
 Fever, 18, 46, 47, 141. 
 Ffolkes, G. B., 88. 
 Fiddler's Green, 30. 
 Field Dolling, 8. 
 Filby Broad, 17. 
 Filtration, natural, 92. 
 Fincham, 6, 48, 55, 85, 151, 152. 
 Fisher, Rev. O., 4, 5. 
 Fissures, 25, 35. 
 Flegg, West, Hundred of, 17. 
 Fletcher, Dr. W. W. E., 48, 151, 172. 
 Flett, Dr. J. S., iii. 
 Flitcham, 7, 32, 37, 54. 
 
 Flordon, 10, 85. 
 
 Fodderston Gap, 129. 
 
 Fordham, 55, 85. 
 
 Forest Bed, 20, 102, 104, 118, 120, 122, 
 
 127, 137. 
 Forncetts, The, 9, 56, 86. 
 Fossils, 74, 79, 82, 90, 102, 104, 110, 
 
 118, 122, 131, 134. 
 Foulden, 6, 29. 
 Foulmere or Fowl Mere, 39. 
 Foulsham, 1 
 Foxley, 13. 
 Framingham, 86. 
 
 Pigot, 52, 63, 86. 
 
 Frankland, Prof. P. F., 141, 174. 
 Fransham, Great, 12. 
 
 Little, 12, 58. 
 
 Freebridge Lynn Rural District, 87. 
 Fring, 32. 
 *Fritt07i, 11. 
 Fulmodeston, 28. 
 Fundenhall, 86. 
 
 G 
 
 Galleries, see Headings. 
 
 Garboldisham, 5, 56, 86, 87. 
 
 Gasthorpe, 5. . 
 
 Gault, 7, 19, 24, 26, 32, 62, 71, 73, 77, 
 78, 87, 93-95, 104, 106, 108, 110, 121. 
 
 Gavin, J. N., 128. 
 
 Gayton, 7, 30, 52, 56, 87, 88, 152. 
 
 Gaytonthorpe and Gayton Thorpe Com- 
 mon, 7, 30, 41. 
 
 Gaywood, 7, 18, 33, 34, 46, 47, 88. 
 
 River, 7, 18, 30, 46. 
 
 Geldeston, 11, 88, 89. 
 
 Gidney, Messrs., 59, 65, 85, 96, 98, 
 106, 109, 121, 125, 130, 132, 133, 
 
 Gillingham, 11, 89. 
 
 Gimingham, 8. 
 
 Gissing, 11, 89 
 
 Glacial Drift, 118 ; see below, and 
 Boulder Clay. 
 
 — — — Gravel, Loam (or Brickearth), 
 Marl, and Sand, 10-13, 19, 28, 29, 
 33, 35, 40-42, 54, 59-63, 65-07, 72, 
 79-81, 83-87, 89-98, 100, 101, 103, 
 105, 106, 109, 111-113, 115, 117, 
 120, 121, 124, 127-129, 132, 133, 
 153. 
 
 Glandford, 8. 
 
 Glaven, The, 8. 
 
 Golding, H. W., 103. 
 
 Gooderstone, 6. 
 
 *Gorleston, 9. 
 
 Gravel and Sand of Drift and Crag ; 
 see also Glacial, River, etc., 21-24. 
 
 Great Mere, 39. 
 
 Great Water, 16. 
 
 Great Wood (Aylmerton), 2. 
 
 Greenhow, Dr., 171. 
 
 Gresham, 15. 
 
 Gressenhall, 12, 57. 
 
[NDEX 
 
 179 
 
 Grimston, 7, 30, 31, 138-U1. 
 
 Guest 'wick. 14, 28. 
 
 Guist (and Guist Bridge?), 12, 13, 28, 
 
 56, 90, 121. 
 Gunn, Rev. J., 108, 126, 166, 173. 
 Gunthorpe, 8. 
 Qtnttan Park, 16. 
 
 GURNEY, J. H., 105. 
 
 R. G., 14, 17. 
 
 H 
 
 Hacltford, 9. 
 
 Haddiscoe, 11, 90. 
 Hales, 18,81, 90. 
 Halvergate. 15. 152, 153. 
 
 Hansen., P. E., 74. 
 Hamoorth, 16, 91. 
 
 Happing, 1 1 ton! red of, 17. 
 HappisburgA, 17, 35, 137. 
 J I apt on, 10. 
 Hardingham, 11. 
 
 i?oa</ Station, 9. 
 
 Hardley Cross, 10. 
 
 JIardwicJc, 9, 91. 
 
 Y/are F«i, 15. 
 
 llargham, 91. 
 
 Harleston, 1, 10, 11, 56, 91, 153. 
 
 Marling, East, 5, 24, 92. 
 
 TfosJ 5. 
 
 Hakmer,F. W.,50, 115. 
 
 Sir S. P., 53. 
 
 Harpley, 2, 37. 
 
 * Harwich, 20. 
 
 TIatchett, C., 138. 
 
 Baveringland, 13. 
 
 Hawkins, C. E., 30, 70, 116, 122, 136, 
 
 170. 
 Harpsford, 115. 
 Heacham, 48, 49, 55, 151. 
 
 Harbour, 7. 
 
 River, 7. 
 
 Headings or Galleries, 25, 88, 122, 128. 
 
 Hedenham, 11, 18, 92. 
 
 Heigkam and lleigham Sound, 17, 51. 
 
 HelltoiHjhton, 12. 
 
 l/ellesdon,\2, 13, 17,92. 
 
 ffempnaU, 9, 93. 
 
 Hempstead, H. 
 
 Hempton, 28, 46. 
 
 Bemsby, 93. 
 
 Henitsad Rural District, 93. 
 
 /Ye//>eZ, 93. 
 
 Hethersett, 9. 
 
 Uevinghaiu and Hevingham Street, 15. 
 
 Hey don, 13. 
 
 Hichlnig Broad, 17. 
 
 Highest Ground, 2, 3. 
 
 Hdborough, 6, 29, 93. 
 
 Hilgay, 18, 55. 
 
 0«e& Fern/, 6. 
 
 Hill, W., 174. 
 HiUingUm, 7, 10, 56. 93. 
 
 18699 
 
 //;// J/e>r, 39. 
 
 Hi/idoiveston and Hindolveston Woody 
 
 13, 14. 
 Hindringham, 8. 
 Bingham, 9. 
 Hockering, 13. 
 Hochham, 94, 154. 
 Hochtoold and Bock-wold Fens, 1 , 5, 56 
 
 94 154 
 llolham',2%, 34, 56, 94, 95. 
 //"/me, 8, 49, 151. 
 
 i/rtfc, 6. 
 
 //o/J, 8, 28, 54, 56, 95, 96, 155. 
 
 Home Mere, 39. 
 
 * Homers -field, 1 1. 
 
 Honing, 16. 
 
 Boningham, 13, 56, 96. 
 
 ffor, 7 V, 15. 
 
 Horning Hall, 14, 16. 
 
 Borningtoft, 12. 
 
 Horsey and Horsey Mere, 17, 96. 
 
 Horsford or Horseford and Horsford 
 
 Heath, 15, 42, 97. 
 Horsham St. Faith, 15. 
 Hor stead, 115. 
 Hospital ; see Asylum. 
 Hotel ; see Inn. 
 Houghton on the, Hill, 29. 
 
 &. (?#«, 8. 
 
 Hoveton Great Broad, 14. 
 
 Zw7//e #>vW, 14, 16. 
 
 S/. ./o/^/, 14. 
 
 Hundred Foot River, 18. 
 Hundred Stream (Thume), 17. 
 Hunstanton and Hunstanton Pari:, 1, 7. 
 
 8, 18, 32, 35, 48, 49, 55, 141, 142. 
 Hunworth, 8. 
 
 Ickburgh or Irhborough, i>, 97. 
 
 Ingham, 56, 97. 
 
 /w^o/, 7Vie, 7. 
 
 Ingohlisthnrpe, 7. 
 
 Ingworth. 14. 
 
 Inn or Hotel Wells, 59, 61, 68, 70, 81, 
 
 84, 91, 95, 111, 121, 125, 158, 165. 
 Tnnes, D. A. G., 14, 17. 
 Intermittent Streams ; see Bournes. 
 Isler & Co., 62, 66, 67. 83, 91, 97, 
 
 102, 105, 108, 131, 133. 
 Islington, 55. 
 llteringham, 14, 15. 
 
 Johnstone, Wm., 138-141, 173. 
 Joints or Jointing, 25. 
 Jones, H., 36. 
 
 Prof. T. R., 116. 
 
 JUKKS-BROWMB, A. J.. 32.35,77,79 
 104, 171. 174. 
 
180 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 K 
 
 Kelling and Kelling Heath, 24, 54, 55. 
 
 Kenninghall, 5. 
 
 Keswick, 9. 
 
 Kilver stone, 39, 155. 
 
 Khnberley Park, 9. 
 
 Kimeridge Clay, 7, 19, 20, 26, 27, 
 
 71-73, 83, 88, 94, 95, 99, 103, 
 
 116, 137. 
 
 Huge boulder of, 1 29. 
 
 King, The, 54. 
 Kirby Bedon, 97, 156. 
 
 Cane, 84, 98. 
 
 Knight, J. W., 142, 152. 
 
 Lowe, A. H., 142. 
 
 Lower Chalk, 7, 19, 30, 35, 79, 87, 106, 
 
 121. 
 
 Eocene, 20. 
 
 Glacial, 23, 92, 100. 
 
 Greensand, 3, 6, 7, 19, 20, 26, 
 
 27, 33, 62, 70-72, 77, 78, 83, 87, 88, 
 
 103, 104, 106, 110, 116, 119, 121, 122, 
 
 130, 137. 
 * Lowestoft, 20. 
 Lyng, 12, 99. 
 
 Lynn, 1, 4, 7, 18, 46. 47, 56, 99, 136 
 West, 87. 
 
 Lacon, Sir E., 135. 
 
 Lamplugh, G. W., 43, 71, 93, 103. 
 
 Landspring Beck, 1 1 . 
 
 Langford, 6. 
 
 Langham, 8. 
 
 Langley, 56, 98. 
 
 Lang or Long Mere, 39. 
 
 Langmere Green, 78, 98. 
 
 Latham, B., 32, 57, 58. 
 
 Lavanchy, F., 66. 
 
 Laavrence, — , 63, 75, 82, 83, 109. 
 
 T. 172. 
 
 Lee, W., 45, 79, 133, 135, 159, 171. 
 Lee-Warner, Rev. J., 119, 173. 
 Le Grand and Sutclifp, Messrs., 
 69, 82, 94, 100, 101, 103, 104, 10 , 
 113. 
 Le Neve, P., 42, 172. 
 Lenwade, 50. 
 Lessingham, 17. 
 Letheby, Dr., 169. 
 Letheringsett, 8, 28. 
 Lexham, East, 7, 56, 98. 
 
 West, 7. 
 
 Leziate, 87. 
 
 Fen, 26. 
 
 Limmer, W., 61, 65, 78, 81, 89, 91, 111, 
 113, 117, 118, 120, 124, 126. 
 
 Lincoln, — , 59, 67, 75, 91, 94. 
 
 Litcham, 6, 58, 98. 
 
 Little Fen, 4, 5, 11. 
 
 Loam or Brickearth, 19 ; see Glacial. 
 
 Lockwood, W. H., 85. 
 
 Loddon, 10, 23, 47, 99, 157. 
 
 Lodge or Lodge Hill Farm, 33. 
 
 Lolly Moor, 58 
 
 London Basin, 1 9. 
 
 London Clay, 20, 81, 119, 130, 135. 
 
 Long Dr. — , 50. 
 
 Dr. S. H., 52, 174. 
 
 Longham, 12, 58. 
 
 Long Low, 21. 
 
 Lopham Ford, 4. 
 
 North, 5, 11. 
 
 South, 1,4, 11. 
 
 Low, Dr. R. B.,46, 172, 
 
 Magdalen Bridge, 136. 
 Malting ; see Brewery. 
 Manning, M., 36. 
 
 Rev. H. C, 172. 
 
 Mannington, 15, 41, 42. 
 
 Mere, 42. 
 
 Mansergh, J., 31, 116, 174. 
 
 * March, 54, 55. 
 
 Marham, 7, 30, 55, 100, 142. 
 
 or Turf Fen, 30. 
 
 Marine clay and loam, 19. 
 Marl, 19 ; see Glacial. 
 Marlingford, 9, 100. 
 Marsham, 100. 
 Marshland, 100. 
 Martham, 100, 
 Martin, Rev. C, 132. 
 Massingham, — ., 84, 123. 
 Massingham, Great, 2, 56, 101 
 
 Heath, 2. 
 
 Little, 2, 101. 
 
 Station, 37. 
 
 Mather, W., 107, 173. 
 Matthews, W., 52. 
 Mattishall Burgh, 13. 
 Melliss, J. C, 47, 48, 102, 127. 
 Melton Constable, 14, 56, 101. 
 
 Great, 9, 102. 
 
 Hall, 14. 
 
 Memorial Well, 60, 144. 
 
 Meres, The, 38-40. 
 
 Mermaid, The, 15. 
 
 Merryweather, Messrs., 91, 104. 
 
 Merton, 56, 102. 
 
 Methwold, 6. 
 
 Methwold Lode, 6. 
 
 Metton, 15, 16, 56, 102, 158. 
 
 Miclcle Mere, 39. 
 
 Middle Chalk, 7, 19, 76. 
 
 Middleton, 33, 56, 103. 
 
 Hithe, 33. 
 
 Stop Drain, 7. 
 
 Mileham, 6, 103. 
 
 Miles and Easter, Messrs., 132. 
 Military Purposes, Wells for, 97, 112, 
 
 114^124, 162, 163. 
 Mills, see Works, 
 
[NDEX. 
 
 181 
 
 Mineral or Medicinal Springs or Waters, 
 
 33-36, 143. 
 Mintlyn, 87. 
 Mitford and Launditch Rural District, 
 
 103. 
 Mivakt, Dh. P. St. G., 45, 172. 
 MoRANT, A. \V., 25, 43, 52. 
 
 dorle//, 108. 
 
 Morning Thorpe, 103. 
 Morton, R. J., 34. 
 
 Moulton, 15. 
 
 St. Michael, 9. 
 
 Slousehold or Household Heath, 56, 
 
 108, 109. 
 Much-Pool, 32. 
 Much Fleet, The, 17. 
 Mundedey, 8, 29, 35, 50, 104, 136, 137, 
 
 168. 
 Mn ml ford, 6. 
 Mundham, 18, 29. 
 
 N 
 
 Nankivku., W. H., 77. 
 
 Napier, A. J., 35. 
 
 Narborough, 7, 18, 30, 104. 
 
 Watford, 7, 30. 
 
 Nor, River and Valley, 6, 18,30, L36, 
 
 Nar Valley Beds, 62. 
 
 X vsn, Dr. J. T. C, 18, 24, 44, 49, 55, 
 
 60, 92, 100, 128, 129, 174. 
 Neatiehed, 16. 
 Needham, 10, 56, 105. 
 Xene, River, 2, 2 1 . 
 Neocomian, 94 ; and see Lower Greui- 
 
 sand. 
 New Cut, The, 17. 
 
 Spring, 33. 
 
 Newton Cattle, 7. 
 
 Co mm <>n. 15. 
 
 Flotman, 9. 
 
 W^, 7, 54. 
 
 NIGHTINGALE, — ., 134. 
 
 Noble, J. E., 116. 
 
 NORGATE, P., 123. 
 
 Nokkis, Rev. G., 65, 132. 
 Northrepps, 8, 18, 56, 75, 105, 106. 
 Northwold, 6. 
 Norton Marshes and Norton Subcourse. 
 
 10. 
 Norwich, I, 9, 11-14, 17, 18, 23-25, 
 
 32, 33, 43, 45, 46, 52, 56, 106-110, 
 
 159-162. 
 Norwich Crag, 19, 43, 52, 66, 97, 99, 
 
 105, 130. 
 
 Ogston, g. H.. 1 17. 
 
 Old Croft Hirer, 2. 
 
 Oliver, Prof. F. W., 21, 174. 
 
 Ormcsby Broad, 17, 18. 
 
 67. Margaret's, 18, 110, 136. 
 
 St. Michael, 18. 
 
 Oul tan, 15, 35. 
 
 Ouse, River mod Basin, 1, 2-7, 18. 
 
 Little, River, 1, 4, 10. 
 
 Overwtrand, 34, 75. 
 
 Ovenj Staithe, 49. 
 Oxborough, 0, 28. 
 Oxford Clay, 20, 99. 
 
 *Pakefield highthoute dap, 137. 
 
 Patoosok rock, 20. 
 
 Pallii a /. 17. 
 
 Palmer, D., 01, 03, 82, 83, 89, 90, 92, 
 
 93, 103, 125, 132. 
 Panford Berk, 1 2. 
 /'ami- worth, 15. 
 
 Parkinson. R. M., 118. 
 
 Parsonage, Rectory or Vicarage Wells, 
 
 71, 83, 89, 90, 92, 93, 113, 118, 123, 
 
 126, 132, 146, 167. 
 Peat, 19. 
 Pebbly Gravel, or Series, 19, 00, 100, 
 
 105, 111, 129. 
 Penny Stop Brook, 12. 
 Pentney, 02, 110. 
 Pickenham, North, and N. P. Warren, 
 
 6, 29, 45. 
 
 ■ South, 6^29. 
 
 Pile-dwellings, 39. 
 
 Pipes in Chalk, 38. 
 
 Plateau Gravel, 19, 76, 98, 130. 
 
 Pleistocene, 19. 
 
 Pliocene, 3, 19, 20, 74, 112 ; nee alee 
 
 Crag, etc. 
 Plowright, C. B., 53. 
 Plum8tead, Great, 14, 110. 
 Pollution, see Contamination, 18. 
 Pond-supply, 18. 
 Pooley, — ., 59, 60, 67, 84, 86, 102, 
 
 111, 133. 
 Population, 1. 
 Poringland, 10, 110. 
 Post Glacial Drift, 19. 
 Prawns in a spring, 21. 
 Preston, A. W., 51. 
 
 Rev. D'A., 41. 
 
 Prestwich, Sir J., 134, 135, 173. 
 
 Priest, E. R., 73. 
 
 Pringle, J., 137, 171. 
 
 Public Supplies, 56, 63, 73-77. 7'.», S2, 
 
 87, 92, 95, 102, 104, 117, 120, 122, 
 
 123, 127, 138-142, 144, 146-152, 
 
 157-159, 164, 165, 167, 168. 
 Pulham, St Mary, 111. 
 
 Magdalene, 11. 
 
 the Virgin, 11. 
 
 Pumping effect or interference, 39, 79, 
 
 88. 
 
182 
 
 NDKX. 
 
 Pu«nping tests, 80, 128. 
 Punch, Bowl, 39* 
 Purdy, R.J. W., 131. 
 
 Quiddenham Mere, 39. 
 
 QUINTON, J., 51. 
 
 R 
 
 Rackheath Park, 15. 
 
 Railway Weils, 60, 83, 85, 93, 101, 113. 
 
 Rainfall, 51. 
 
 Raluham Lake, 28. 
 
 Rain-supply, 18, 111, 127. 
 
 Rate of boring, 106. 
 
 Raynham, East, 12. 
 
 ■ South, 12. 
 
 Went, 12. 
 
 Read, 11. P., m. 
 
 Reade, G. M., 3. 
 
 Reading Beds, 20, 130, 135. 
 
 Recent and Recent Estuarine Deposits, 
 
 19, 134. 
 Rectory, see Parsonage. 
 Red Chalk, 19,35,94,95, 116. 
 Redenhall, 11, 111. 
 * Redgrave, 1,4. 
 Redmere, 1. 
 Red Well, 32. 
 Reedham, 9. 
 Reepham, 13. • 
 
 Reid, C, 23, 29, 32, 60, 66, 72-74, 77, 
 
 82, 83, 85, 89, 90, 92, 93, 98, 102, 
 
 104, 120-122, 129, 130, 136, 170, 
 
 171, 173, 174. 
 Uestler, Sir J. W., 114, 162. 
 Rhodes, J., 129. 
 Richards, R., 60. 
 Rigby, Dr., 86. 
 Riddlesworth, 5. 
 Ridlington, 16. 
 Riffley Spring, 34. 
 Ringland, 12, 13. 
 Ring mere, 39. 
 Ringstead and Ringstead Downs, 7, 32, 
 
 35. 
 River or Valley Drift, 66. 
 
 Gravel and Sand, 19. 
 
 Rivers, 3-17. 
 River Supplies, J 8, 46. 
 Robberds, J. W., 33. 
 Robinson, Dr., 153. 
 Rockland, 41, 56. 
 
 — All Saints, 111. 
 
 — — Broad, 10. 
 
 Rollesby and Rollesby Broad, 17, 111. 
 
 Roman Bank, 21. 
 
 Rose, C. B., 62, 78, 88, 93, 95, 99, 106, 
 
 110, 173. 
 Roudham, 39, 56, 112, 162. 
 Rougham, 75, 112. 
 
 Roughton, 16, 56, 112, 113. 
 
 R. Inst. Publ. Health, 148, 158 
 
 Roy don, 113. 
 
 Spring, 139-141. 
 
 Rudham, East, 12, 113, 151 
 
 West, 12. 
 
 Runcton Holme, 55. 
 
 South, 55. 
 
 Runhall, 11. 
 
 Runton, 2, 75. 
 
 Rushall, 56, 113, 114, 163. 
 
 Rushford, 5, 56, 114, 163. 
 
 Russell, — ., 99. 
 
 Ruston, East, 15. 
 
 Ryburgh, Great, 12, 115 
 
 Little, 12, 13. 
 
 Rye, Walter, 34. 
 Ryston, 55. 
 
 Saham Toney, 6, 56, 115. 
 
 Saint Faith's Rural District, 115. 
 
 Walstan's Well, 34. 
 
 Sail, 13. 
 
 Salt Spring, or Water, 21, 127. 
 
 Sandringham, 3, 18. 32, 54, 56, 116, 
 
 163. 
 Santon, 5. 
 Saturation-level in the Chalk, 24, 25, 
 
 29, 38, 41. 
 Saxlingham, 8. 
 
 Green, 10. 
 
 Nethergatc, 10. 
 
 Thorpe, 10. 
 
 Saxthorpe, 14. 
 
 Seaming, 58. 
 
 Scarrow Beck. 15. 
 
 School Wells, 62, 68, 69, 95, 96, 119, 
 
 120, 126, 130. 
 Scole, 10, 117. 
 Sco Ruston, 16. 
 Scot Mere, 39. 
 Scott, Miss, 122. 
 Scottow, 117. 
 Scoulton Mere, 6. 
 Sculthorpe, 13, 117. 
 Seaman, J., 101, 112. 
 Searles-Wood, H. D., 126. 
 Sedgeford, 7, 48, 49. 
 Seething, 34. 
 Setch or Setchy, 36, 55. 
 Setchy River, 36. 
 Sewage, Subsidence from, 43. 
 Sharpe, Rev. H. J., 100. 
 Sherrington, 8. 
 Shaw, A., 63. 
 
 Shelfhanger, 11,34, 117, 143. 
 Shellabear, — ., 94. 
 Shereford, 12. 
 Sheringham, 18, 56, 117, 118, 164. 
 
 , Upper, 2. 
 
 Shernborne, 7, 32. 
 Shimpling, 118. 
 
N'DKX. 
 
 183 
 
 Shin; /ham, 37. 
 
 Shijxlham, 9, 58. 
 
 Shingle, 7-D, 19, 21, 04, 134. 
 
 Shotesham All Saints, 10, 56, 118. 
 
 Shouldham, 55. 
 
 Ikorp*, 55. 
 
 Shrimp in Well, 52. 
 
 Sidestrand, 75. 
 
 BlLCOCK, E. J., 31, 48, 87, 88, 174. 
 
 Sinking of Ground, see Subsidences. 
 
 Skirtchly, S. B. J., 20, 33, 170, 171. 
 
 Skitjield, 28. 
 
 Slope of Water-level in Chalk, 58. 
 
 Smallburgh, 16. 
 
 Rural District, 119. 
 
 Smith, — ., 78. 
 
 F. and Son, 79, 82, 124. 
 
 S., 99. 
 
 B.F. and Sons, ill. 
 
 Smuggler's Hole, 13. 
 Snettertn/t, 5. 
 
 Snettisham, 7, 33, 40, 119, 151. 
 Snoring. Great, 8, 111). 
 South Aav, 7, 30. 
 Souihburghf 9. 
 SouthtrVy 4,5, 18. 
 Sotith Green, 57. 
 
 Sn/it/irCJi/is, 16. 
 
 South Walthai/i Broiul, 15. . 
 
 South wood, 14, 56, 119. 
 
 Sow's Head Spring, 30, 31, 139-141. 
 
 Spa Com nam, 3f>. 
 
 Spear, — ., 171. 
 
 Spirworth, 119. 
 
 Bridge, 15. 
 
 Snootier Row, 133. 
 Spouts, The, 54. 
 
 Springs, 4, 6, 7, 25-30, 41-43, 10, 54, 55, 
 58, 63, 81,88, 117, 138-143, 155, 104. 
 Sprowston, 17, 115,120. 
 Stalham and Stalham l>m<al, 17, 120. 
 Stand fnr<! Water, 6. 
 Sfannr/d, 12. 
 
 Btangeb, W. H., 167. 
 
 Stanhoe and Stanhor Station, 37, 120. 
 
 Starston, 11, 120. 
 
 Stevenson, H., 39, 173. 
 
 Stibbard, 13, 28, 35, 50, 121. 
 
 Stiffkey, 8 V 
 
 , 7/ie, 8, 28. 
 
 Stockton, 121. 
 
 Stody, 8, 56, 121. 
 
 &ofce £>/•>•//, 6, 121. 
 
 //o/// Crow, 9, 10, 122. 
 
 River, see Wissey. 
 
 Stokesby, 14, 17. 
 
 Stone in the Bladder, Distribution 
 
 of, 52. 
 Stow Bar dolph, 55, 122. 
 Stradsett, 55. 
 Strahan, Sir. A., 171. 
 Stratton, Long, 23, 122. 
 
 ~, St. Michael, 122. 
 
 Stutton, 20. 
 Subsidences, 40-43. 
 
 Suffield, 10. 
 
 Summer hind, 30. 
 
 Supply, see Yield. 
 
 Surface-levels, 2. 
 
 Surface-supplies, 17, 18. 
 
 Surlingham Broad, 9. 
 
 Su.<tea</, 15. 
 
 State* Street, 133. 
 
 Sutton, 17. 
 
 Si PTON, Messrs. (F. and W. L.),iii, 18, 
 23, 24, 28, 35, 44, 49, 50, 76, 97, 100, 
 101, 110, 117, 130, 134, 142, 144, 145, 
 147-158, 160, 161,164-168, 173, 174. 
 
 Swaffham, 18, 37, 45, 56, 122. 
 
 Swafield, 16. 
 
 Swan, — , 69. 
 
 Swanington, 13, 56, 123, 164. 
 
 SwansMorpe, 10. 
 
 Swanton Abbot, 16. 
 
 Morley, 12, 16, 32, 58. 
 
 Novers, 8, 13. 
 
 Syderstone, 38. 
 
 Tacolneston, 10, 123. 
 
 Tas, Test or Tans, River, 9, 10. 
 
 Taeburgh) 10. 
 
 Upper, 10. 
 
 Tat, The, 13. 
 Tattcrford, 12, 13. 
 Tatter sett, 13, 38, 123. 
 Taverham, 12, 13, 123, 165. 
 Taylor, John, 78, 173. 
 
 J. E., 25, 40, 52, 110, 173. 
 
 R. C, 109, 172. 
 
 T. L., 78, 79. 
 
 Temperature of water, 36, 140, 156. 
 
 Terrtngton St. John, 55. 
 
 Tertiary beds or tract, 4, 19, 122 ; see 
 
 various divisions. 
 Thurston, 123. 
 Thelveton, 124. 
 ThemeUhorpe, 13. 
 Thet, Hirer, 4, 5. 
 Thetford, 1, 5, 18, 33, 36, 38, 39, 56, 
 
 124, 143, 165, 166. 
 
 St. Mary, 124. 
 
 Thicknesses of beds, 19, see also 
 
 throughout Well-sections. 
 Thomas, — ., 80. 
 
 Thompson and Thompson Water, 0. 
 Thompson, Dr. T. W., 01, 172. 
 Thornage, 8. 
 Tliornham, 49. 
 Thornton, — ., 09. 
 Thorpe, 9, 17, 56. 
 
 Abbots, 124. 
 
 Hamlet, 51. 
 
 Market, 16. 
 
 Row, 62. 
 
 St. Andrew, 65, 125. 
 
184 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Thresh, Dr. J. C, 24, 94, 148, 154. 
 Threxton, 6. 
 Thurgaston, 15, 16. 
 Thurlton, 10. 
 
 Marsh, 10. 
 
 Thume, 14, 17. 
 
 77ie, 14. 
 
 The, or Hundred Stream, 17. 
 
 Thurning, 14. 
 
 Thursford, 125. 
 
 Thurston, 14. 
 
 Thurton, 10. 
 
 Timxton, 9, 125. 
 
 Thuxton, — ., 61, 84, 102, 115, 125, 
 
 126. 
 Thwaite and Thwaite Spring, 11, 18, 
 
 29, 125. 
 Tibenham, 9, 125. 
 Tichborne, — ., 143. 
 Tide, effect of, on wells, 64. 
 Tides, 10, 14. 
 lifey, The, 9. 
 Till, 127. 
 Tilley, Messrs., 83, 105, 116, 121, 
 
 127, 136. 
 Tilney St. Lawrence, 55. 
 Titchwcll, 49. 
 Tivetshall, 126. 
 
 St. Margaret, 11. 
 
 ■ St. Mary, 11. 
 
 Todd, J. T., 110. 
 Toft, Monks, 18. 
 Tofts, West, 6. 
 Toper oft, 18. 
 Tottenhill Row, 28, 55. 
 Tottington, 6. 
 Trial-borings, 136, 137. 
 Triminghom, 126, 166. 
 yVowse, 17, 18, 126, 166, 167. 
 
 Newton, 93. 
 
 Tud, River and Valley, 13, 34. 
 Tuddenham, East, 13, 126. 
 
 North, 58, 126. 
 
 Tullocu, Major, 79. 
 
 Turf Fen, 30. 
 
 Tuttington, 16. 
 
 Twyford, 13. 
 
 Typhoid, 141 ; sec a/so Fever. 
 
 U 
 
 Uphall, 5. 
 
 Upper Chalk, 19, 59, 62, 63, 65, 67, 69, 
 73, 74, 91, 96, 98, 102, 104, 105, 108, 
 111, 113, 114, 118, 119, 123-125, 
 128, 132, 135. 
 
 Crag, 98. 
 
 Greensand, 106, 108. 
 
 Glacial, 89. 
 
 Upper Oolitic, 19. 
 
 Upwell, 2, 55. 
 
 Utting, S. W., 108. 
 
 Valentine, P., 70. 
 Valley Drift, 66. 
 Vicarage, see Parsonage. 
 Villi ers, J., 76. 
 Vincent, H. B., 149. 
 
 W 
 
 Walcot Green, 81. 
 
 Walliugton, 55. 
 
 Walpole St. Peter, 55, 127. 
 
 Walsham, North, 16, 35, 47, 48, 56 
 
 127, 128, 167. 
 Walsham, South and South Walsham 
 
 Broad, 15. 
 Walslngham, 28, 129. 
 
 , Great, 8. 
 
 Little or New, 8. 
 
 Rural District, 129. 
 
 Walsoken, 20, 55. 
 Walton Common, 41. 
 
 East, 7, 30, 41. 
 
 Wanklyn, Prof., 173. 
 
 Warham All Saints, 8. 
 
 War Office, 97, 112, 114, 162, 163. . 
 
 Warren, — ., 86. 
 
 Wash, The, 2-4, 7. 
 
 Water from ditches, 127. 
 
 Waterden, 38. 
 
 Water-levels, 57, 58, 59, 62-71, 73-76, 
 
 78, 79, 81, 82, 87-97, 100, 101, 
 
 103-127, 130, 131, 133. 
 Watlington, 6, 55, 129. 
 Watton, 6, 102. 
 
 Waveney, River, 1, 4, 5, 9-11, 29, 40. 
 Waxham, 129. 
 
 Waylaud Rural District, 129. 
 Weasenhani St. Peter, 12. 
 # Weeley, 20. 
 Welbome, 11, 129. 
 Welchman, H. S., 164. 
 Well Hall Spring, 30, 46, 52, 138-140. 
 Wells, 32, 49, 129, 167, 168. 
 Wells Harbour, 8. 
 Wells, 21-24, 26, 44-135, 146, 149, 
 
 152, 153, 159. 
 Welney, 18. 
 
 ( West, 18. 
 
 Wcudliug, 12. 
 
 Wemum, Biver,\2-U, 17, 28, 38, 58. 
 
 Wereham, 130. 
 
 Westacre, 2, 7, 18. 
 
 Westfield, 13. 
 
 Westgate (or Heceniugham) Street, 15. 
 
 Westing, 5. 
 
 West Mere, 39. 
 
 Weybourne, 29, 35. 
 
 Weybourn Crag, 102, 104, 128, 137. 
 
 Wheatacre, 56, 130. 
 
 Whinburyh, 9. 
 
 Whissonsett. 12. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 185 
 
 White House, or Hilgay Creek Ferry, 
 
 6. 
 Whitlingham, 17, 93, 130, 168. 
 Wliitirtll and Whitwell Common, 13. 
 Wicken Pond, 13, 38. 
 Wick mere, 16. 
 Wiggenhalls, The, 4. 
 Wiggenhall, St. German, 55. 
 
 67. JAz/'v Magdalene, 55. 
 
 St. Mary the Virgin, 55. 
 
 Wighton, 8. 
 
 Wioner.G. W , 141, 146, 107, 169, 173. 
 
 Wild, F. H., 101. 
 
 Wimbotsham, 55. 
 
 Which, East, 33. 
 
 W indie U tils, 11. 
 
 Win farthing, 11, 131. 
 
 Winterton, 17, 136. 
 
 * Wisbech, 2, 54, 55. 
 
 Wiseman, B., 172. 
 
 Wishing Wells, 28. 
 
 Wissei/ or <S7,o&<° fiitttr and Valley, 5, 6, 
 
 18, 29, 30, 37. 
 Witchingham Great, 13, 49, 50. 
 
 -//, 8. 
 Wolferton and JPoi/crfow Ore**, 7, 33, 
 
 54. 
 Wolferton, 131. 
 Wood, S. V., 78, 135. 
 FKHxftastotefr, 56, 131. 
 Wood Norton, 13, 132. 
 Woodrising, 9. 
 WW/ow, 11. 
 Woodwakd, H. B., 1 3, 1 4, 20, 23, 27-29, 
 
 32-38, 42, 43, 67, 92, 97, 98, 103, 
 
 106-110, 113, 119, 120, 122, 131, 170, 
 
 171, 173. 
 
 Woodward, S., 63, 79, 122. 
 Wootton, North, 54. 
 
 , Sotdh, 132, 168. 
 
 Workhouse or Union Well, 88, 110, 161. 
 Works, Factories, Mills, etc., Wells, 69, 
 
 73, 79, 81, 101, 106-108, 110, 123, 133, 
 
 145, 160, 165. 
 Wormegay, 7, 36, 55. 
 Wor stead, 16. 
 Worthing, 12. 
 Worttcell, 10, 132. 
 Wramplingham, 9. 
 Wreningham, 10, 132. 
 Wretham, 56. 
 
 , East, 5, 39. 
 
 Heath, 39., 
 
 West, 39, 132. 
 
 Wroxham, Wroxham Bridge, Wroxham 
 
 Broody Wroxham Hall, 14, 15. 
 Wymondham, 9, 56, 133. 
 Wyh ley-Birch, W. G. E., 62. 
 
 Yore, River and Basin, 3, 4, 8-17, 34. 
 Yarmouth, 1, 4, 9, 12, 14, 17, IS, 56, 
 
 133-137, 169. 
 Ya.rham, 13. 
 Yrlrerton, 10. 
 
 Yer, The, 14. 
 
 Yield or Supply, of Springs, 31, 36, 55, 
 
 117. 
 Yield or Supply, of Welis, 1 -69, 7 1 -73, 
 
 79, 83, 87, 90-92, 94, 95, 97, 101, 
 
 105-115, 117, 118, 122, 124, 125, ISO, 
 
 131, 135. 
 You ell, — ., 89. 
 
* 
 
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