THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION; CONTAINING EXERCISES ORTHOGRAPHY, DERIVATION, AND CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH WORDS. ARRANGED ON THE BASIS OF BUTTER 3 ETYMOLOGICAL EXPOSITOR, /s A NEW EDITION, ENLARGED AND IMPROVED. PHILADELPHIA: PERKLNS & PURVES, 134 CHESTNUT STREET. 184 4. PUBLISHER'S NOTICE. The former editions of the Scholar's Companion have met with a reception which has furnished unequivocal testimony to its value as a school-book. The work lias now been revised, with great care and labor, by a gentleman who has had experience as an instructor, both in English and classical studies. The amount of matter, particularly in the Etymological Part, has been much increased; the definitions, throughout the volume, have been made more accurate and complete; many notes have been inserted ; references from one paragraph to an- other have been made much more numerous ; the articles on the deriva- tion and composition of words and on prefixes and suffixes have been written anew ; articles on the pronunciation of the Latin and Greek have been added, and Latin and Greek words, throughout the volume, have received accentual marks ; the Greek words have been printed in the Greek character, in addition to the representation of them in English letters ; and in general, additions and corrections have been made wher- ever they seemed to be called for. The publisher is confident that the value of the book has been greatly increased, and he invites to it the attention of teachers and private students. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1841, by Henry Perkins, in the Office of the Clerk of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. fe> : , PREFACE. #*?3? The study of our own language should form a leading department in all our systems of education. Among the various modes in which it may he prosecuted, there are those which are applicable to pupils of every age and every grade of scholarship, as well as those which are adapted to promote almost every kind of mental disci- pline. It is probable that instructors of children are not generally aware of the variety which it is in their power to give to exercises in the English language, or of the facility with which such exercises might be made to occupy and amuse those young pupils whom they are often at a loss to employ. It is probable also that in our higher institutions of learning, far greater attention will yet be paid to the study of the English language, than that study has heretofore received. The "Scholar's Companion" is designed for primary schools and academies, and for private reference by those who feel the need of a convenient guide to the correct understanding and use of English words. Of the three Parts into which it is divided, the second is the most important ; while the other two are confidently presented to the teacher and the learner, as containing that which will be found in a high degree useful. The insight into the signification of a large portion of the words of our language, which is afforded by an acquaintance wit'} the Latin and Greek, well repays even the labor of acquir- ing those languages thoroughly. But it will not be denied - 637778 4 PREFACE. that by the use of such exercises as those contained in the second Part of this book, much of the insight above referred to may be communicated to those who are able to read only the English language. The person who can remember that the English word manual, (for instance), is derived from the Latin word manus, signifying the hand; that currency is from curro, to run; that plenary is from plenus, full ; that orthography is from the Greek words 6p0o$, correct, and ypo$ w , to write, &c, &c, is placed, in respect to a correct understanding of the signification of such words, almost, if not entirely, on a level with one who is master of the Latin and Greek languages. There are, indeed, other classes of words, in which the significa- tion cannot be so fully understood from a mere inspection of the Latin or Greek roots; but so much maybe attained as abundantly to reward a careful attention to the ex- ercises in question. Part II. will also be found useful to those who are engaged in the study of Latin and Greek. It is desirable that such pupils should be accustomed, in recitation, to state what English words are derived from any particular Latin or Greek word occurring in the lesson,; and many pupils will be unable to recall the derivatives, without some such aid as is furnished in the etymological part of this volume. In compiling the tables contained in Part II., a selection was, of course, to be made. To insert, on the one hand, every Latin or Greek word which has any derivative in the English, and on the other, to place in the tables every adverbial and other form which a derivative may assume, would be not only to increase the size and cost of the book without any advantage, but to embarrass the instructor and pupil in the use of it. It is believed, how- ever, that in the following pages, if there has been any error in this respect, it is rather on the side of unneces- 1 REFACE. 5 sary fullness, than of improper omission. The principles ou which the selection was made, may be illustrated by a few examples of words omitted. The English words large, dense, pest are derived from the Latin words largus, den- sus,peslis; but the knowledge of their derivation is evi- dently of little or no advantage so far as the understand] of the English words is concerned. Again, the words hebetude, lacteal, lubricate, are of comparatively rare occurrence, and have very few cognate words with which they may be classed ; were such cases of derivation in- serted, the English word would be as new and strange to most pupils as the Latin or Greek word from which it is derived, and the memory would be taxed with both, while there would be none of that interest which attends the discovery of the derivation and primitive meaning of a word with which we have been familiar. The same re- marks are applicable to a great part of the peculiar terms of science. A faithful study of the derivation of the more important words will cultivate a taste for such investiga- tion ; and the pupil will at length find himself disposed to trace to its origin every new word which may occur in his reading, and unable to rest satisfied until he has done so. When this taste has been formed, he will of course need one of the larger English dictionaries in which the etymol- ogy of every word is given. A large portion of the words which are given as derived from the Latin, actually came into our language from the French, or from some other of the European languages which are the more immediate offspring of the Latin ; but if the affinity between the English and the Latin word is apparent, it will be unimportant, in most cases, to know whether the derivation has been direct or indirect. In cases where the English derivative differs considerably in form from the parent Latin word, the corresponding French word will be found appended, to account for the change. I* 6 PREFACE. A principle analogous to the above has guided in the classification of English words as derivatives. The words preservation and servitude, (for example), are classed together, as derivatives of the Latin word servo, to watch or preserve ; for although the word servitude is derived more immediately from servio, to serve, yet as servio is itself a derivative of servo, the classification adopted is obviously correct, and is that which is best fitted to answer the design of the exercises. Part III. will be found of great value to those who are studying English composition. Indeed, there are few, even among practiced writers, who do not occasionally feel the need of such a manual. A few more specific suggestions, designed to guide the instructor in the use of this book, will be found prefixed to the several Parts ; but no instructor will be able to use this, or any other school-book to the best advantage, who does not continually exercise his own ingenuity in devising varied methods of instruction, by which to relieve monot- ony and awaken enthusiasm among his pupils. Philadelphia, 1841. CONTENTS. PART I. CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS ACCORDING TO ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION. Page Chap. I. Words pronounced exactly alike, but spelled differently ; arranged according to the sound of the principal vowel 9 Chap. II. Words of similar pronunciation. 1. The first of each pair having the sound of s, the second of z, 19 2. The first of each pair ending in ts, 20 3 ending in le, 21 4 having an /, the latter ay, ib. 5 ending in er or or, the second in ure or eur,.ib. 6. The second of each pair aspirated, .22 7 beginning with h, ib. 8. The first of each pair having the sound of a in mat; the second of e in met 23 9. Several sounds of a and e compared, 24 10. The first of each pair having the sound of e in mete ib. 11. Sounds of e and i compared, 25 12. The first of each pair having the sound of o in more, ib. 1 3. Several sounds of o and other vowels compared, 26 14. The first of each pair having the sound of o in move, ib. 15. Words to be carefully distinguished, ib. 16. Words often confounded from improperly introducing or omitting the sound of r, 29 17. Dissyllables differing in accent, 30 18. Words spelled alike but pronounced differently, .33 Chap. III. Equivocal words, 35 Chap. IV. Improprieties heard in conversation, 44 Chap. V. Rule in orthography, 46 PART II. DERIVATION. Chap. I. General account of derivation and composition, 48 Prefixes, 50 Suffixes, 52 Chap. II. Words derived from the Latin, 55 Chap. III. Words derived from the Greek, 169 Chap. IV. Miscellaneous Tables, 200 1. Corresportding derivatives,. , ib. 2. Greek and Latin plurals, 201 8. Latin words and phrases 203 4. French words and phrases,. 207 5. Abbreviations, 211 6. Words derived chiefly from classical proper names, 214 PART III. ENGLISH SYNONYMS. - - - 221 \ Tin: SCHOLAR'S COMPANION PART I. CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS ACCORDING TO ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION. To the Teacher. In using Part I., various modes of study and recitation may be employed, and it will usually be found best to pursue no one mode exclu- sively. But it is earnestly recommended to the teacher to employ a variety of Written, as well as oral exercises, in the classes which are studying this Part. Let the pupils be required, (for instance,) to form sentences which 6hall contain the words of the lesson ; and let the plan of the composition be simple or more difficult, according to the age and attainments of the class. Written exercises of this kind may be varied to almost any extent, and will be found on many accounts advantageous in the prosecution of such studies. CHAPTER I. Words pronounced exactly alike, but spelled differently; arranged accord- ing to the sound of the principal vowel. A as in mate. Ale, a malt liquor. Ail, to affect unpleasantly. Ate, did eat. Ait, a small island in a river. Eight, a number. A'te, the goddess of mischief. Eigh'ty, fourscore. Ba'con, smoked pork. Bak'en, cooked in an oven. Bale, a pack of goods. Bail, a surety. Bate, to deduct. Bait, an allurement. Bay, a color ; a tree. Bey, a Turkish governor. Bays, [pi. of Bay] a garland. Baize, a kind of cloth. Braid, to plait. Brayed, did bray. Brake, fern ; a thicket. Break, to part by force. Cane, a walking stick. Cain, a man's name. Chaste, pure. Chased, pursued. Dane, a native of Denmark. Deign, to condescend. Day, a period of time. Dey, the governor of Algiers. Faint, languid: weak. Feint, a pretence. 9 10 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION- Fane, a temple. Fain, willingly; gladly. Feign, to pretend. Frays, quarrels. Fraise, a kind of fortification. Phrase, mode of speech. Gage, a pledge. Guage, a measuring rod. Gate, a sort of door. Gait, manner of walking. Grate, a range of bars. Great, large. Gra'ter, a sort of rasp. Great'er, larger. Hale, strong; healthy. Hail, frozen rain; to salute. Hay, dried grass. Hey ! an exclamation. Lade, to load. Laid, placed. L'.xe, a narrow road. IrAiN, remained. Made, finished. Maid, an unmarried woman. Male, a he animal. Mail, armor ; a post-bag. Mane, of a horse. Main, principal; chief. Maine, name oLa state. Maze, an intricate place. Maize, Indian corn, [wheel. Nave, the center, or hub of a Knave, a rogue. Is ay, no. Neigh, the voice of a horse. Pale, whitish. Pail, a wooden vessel. Pane, a square of glass Pain, uneasiness. j- Place, a situation. Plaice, a flat fish. Plane, a carpenter's tool. Plain, manifest: even. Plate, a shallow dish. Plait, a fold. Pray, to beseech. Prey, plunder; booty. Rain, water from the clouds. Rein, of a bridle. Reign, to rule. Raze, or Rase, to demolish. Rays, sunbeams. Raise, to lift; to elevate. Ra'zor, a shaving tool. Rais'er, a lifter. Sale, a selling. Sail, the canvas of a vessel. Sail'er, a sailing vessel. Sail'or, a seaman. Sane, sound in mind. Seine, a river in France. Seta'ceous, set with bristles. Ceta'ceous, of the whale Slay, to kill. [kind. Sleigh, a vehicle on runners. Sley, a weaver's reed. Stake, a small post. Steak, broiled meat. Sta'tionary, fixed. Sta'tionery, paper, pens,&c. Strait, a narrow pass. Straight, not crooked. Tale, a story. Tail, the end. Vale, a valley. Vail, or Veil, a curtain ; a covering. Vane, a weathercock. Vain, proud; fruitless. Vein, a blood vessel. Wale, a ridge. Wail, to lament. Wane, to decrease. Wain, a wagon. Waste, useless expenditure. Waist, a part of the body. Wait, to stay for. Weight, heaviness. WAVE,iL!5tIlow. [off. Waive, to relinquish; to put AVOKDS PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 11 Way, a manner; a road. Weigh, to ascertain \\< Wade, to walk in water. Weighed, did weigh. A as in care. Air, the atmosphere. Heir, an inheritor. Bare, naked. J) mar, to support. Fare, food; price of passage. Fair, beautiful; honest. Glare, splendor. Glair, white of an egg. Hare, an animal. Hair, of the head. Pare, to shave off the outside. Pair, a couple. Pear, a fruit. Stare, to gaze. Stair, a step. Tare, an allowance in weight. Tear, to rend. Their, belonging to them. There, in that place. Ware, merchandise. Wear, to diminish by use. JL as in mat. Adds, increases. Adz, a kind of hatchet. An, a.tarticle. Ann*, or Anne, a woman's name. An'nalist, a writer of annals. An'alyst, one who analyzes. An'ker, a liquid measure. An'chor, of a vessel. As'perate, to make rough. As'pirate, to give the sound of h. [sure. Cai/ender, to polish by pres- Cal'bndar, an almanac. ( ' ll'lous, hardened ; insensible. Calms, ;i hardening of the fibres. Can/did, frank ; ingenuous. Can'died, turned to sugar. Can'non, a large gun. Can'on, a law ; a rule. Can'vAbs, to examim * Can'Vas, coarse cloth. Dam, a wall across a stream. Damn, to condemn. Dram, a small weight. Drachm, an ancient coin. Jam, a conserve of fruit. Jamb, a supporter. Lack, to want. Lac, a sort of gum. Man'ner, mode; custom. Man'or, the land ' belonging to a nobleman. Man'tle, a kind of cloak. Man'tel, the chimney piece. Nag, a little horse. Knag, a knot in wood. Nap, a short sleep. Knap, a protuberance. Pal'let, a little bed. Pal'ette, or Pal'let, a painter's board. Pan'nel, a rustic saddle. Pan'el, a square of wainscot. Rap, to strike. Wrap, to fold. Tacks, smai7 nails. Tax, a rate imposed. JL as in mart. Ant, an insect. Aunt, a relative. Ark, a chest. Arc, part of a circle. Bard, a poet. Barred, closed with bars. Cast, to throw. [doos. Caste, rank among the Hin- 12 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. Cast'er, a small bottle. Cas'tor, a beaver. Draught, a drink ; a delineation. Draft, an order for money. Hart, a sort of stag-. Heart, the seat of life. Mark, a line ; an impression. Marque, license for reprisals. Mar'shal, to arrange. Mare'schal, a chief com- mander. Mar'tial, warlike. A as in all. All, every one. Awl, a sharp pointed tool. Al'ter, to change. Al'tar, that on which sacri- fices were offered. Au'gur, a soothsayer. Au'ger, a boring tool. Aught, anything. Ought, should. Ball, a spherical body. Bawl, to cry out. Bald, without hair. Bawled, did bawl. Call, to name. Caul, a membrane. Cauk, a sulphate of barytes. Calk, to stop leaks. Cauf, a box for live ftsh. Cough, a convulsion of the lungs. Claws, Vaions. Clause, part of a sentence. vioRD, a small rope. Chord, a musical harmony. Gall, bile ; bitterness. Gaul, a Frenchman. Hall, a large room. Haul, to pull. Mall, a wooden hammer. Maul, to beat; to bruise. Naught, bad; worthless. Nought, or NAUGHT,nothing* Paul, a man's name. Pall, a covering for the dead. Paws, a beast's feet. Pause, a stop. Psal'ter, a psalm book. Salt'er, more salt. Wall, a partition. Wawl, to cry as a cat. E as in mete. Arrear', what is unpaid. Arriere', last body of an army. Be, to exist. Bee, a stinging insect. Beech, a tree. Beach, the sea shore. Beer, malt liquor. Bier, a carriage for the dead. Beet, an eatable root. Beat, to strike. Breach, a breaking. Breech, of a gun. Deer, an animal. Dear, beloved ; expensive. Discreet', prudent. Discrete', separate. Feet, plural of foot. Feat, an exploit. Flee, to run away. Flea, a biting insect. Freeze, to congeal with cold. Frieze, coarse woollen cloth. Greece, a country of Europe. Grease, soft fat. Heel, of the foot. Heal, to cure. Hear, to hearken. Here, in this place. Key, for a lock. Quay, a mole, or wharf. WORDS rHOXOUM'KI) ALIKK. 13 Lea, or Lr.w a meadow. Li:i:. opposite ti> the wind. i .-. pari Of a plant. Libf, willingly. Leek, a sort of onion. Leak, a slow escape of fluid. Meed, reward. Mr.Di:. a native of Media. Mead, a liquor made from honey. Mean, paltry ; low. [pect. Mien, air; deportment; as- Meet, to come together. Mi: at, animal food. Mete, to measure. Meter, one who measures. Me'tre, or Meter, mea- sure; verse. Need, want; necessity. Knead, to work dough. Peace, quiet; tranquillity. Piece, a part. Peak, a point; the top. Pique, a grudge. Peel, a rind, or skin. Peal, a loud sound. Peer, a nobleman. Pier, the support of an arch or bridge. Pleas, excuses. Please, to gratify ; to delight. Queen, a king's wife. Quean, a worthless woman. Reed, a plant. Head, to peruse. Reek, to emit vapor. Wreak, to inflict. See, to view; to behold. Sea, the ocean. Seal, an impression. Ceil, to make a ceiling. Sealtng, fixing a seal. Ceil'ing, of a room. Seed, of a plant. Cede, to give up; to resign. SEEM, tO appear. Seam, a joint. SEEN, viewed; beheld. Skint., a fishing net. Scene, a sighl ; a \ iew. Si:kk. a prophet. Sear, to burn; to wither. Cere, to cover witli wax. Seir, name of a mountain. Seas, great waters. Sees, views ; beholds. Seize, to lay hold of. Sen'ior, elder. Seign'ior, a lord. Shagreen', a sort of fish skin Chagrin', vexation. Sheer, pure; unmixed. Shear, to clip. Shire, a county. Sleeve, covering of the arm. Sleave, untwisted silk. Steel, carbonized iron. Steal, to thieve ; to pilfer. Sweet, fitted to gratify the taste. Suite, [generally written and pronounced Suit] retinue. Teal, a water fowl. Teil, a kind of tree. Tear, water from the eye. Tier, a rank ; a row. Teas, plural of tea. Tease, to torment. Teem, to abound. Team, animals harnessed to gether. The, the definite article. Thee, thyself. Week, seven days. Weak, feeble; infirm. Ween, to think. Wean, to alienate. Wheel, a circular body. Wheal, a pustule, 2 14 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. J as in met. Assent', agreement. Ascent', a going up. Bell, a hollow sounding body. Belle, a gay young lady. Ber'ry, a small fruit. Bur'y, to put under ground. 3et'ter, superior. [gers. Bet'tor, one who lays wa- Bred, brought up. Bread, food made from corn. Cen'sor, a critic. Cen'ser, a vessel for incense. Conses'sion, a sitting together. Conces'sion, a yielding. Fer'rule, a metallic band. Fer'ule, a wooden pallet. Guessed, conjectured. Guest, a visiter. Herd, a drove. Heard, did hear. Inten'tiox, design; purpose. Intension, the act of strain- Jes'sy, a woman's name. [ing. Jes'se, a man's name. Led, conducted. Lead, a metal. Les'sen, to make less. Les'son, a task; a lecture. Lev'y, to raise money, &c. Lev'ee, a concourse ; a bank. Pen'cil, for writing. Pen'sile, hanging. Pendent, hanging. Pendant, a small flag. Red, a color. Read, did read. Rest, repose. Wrest, to take violently. Sell, to deliver for a price. Cell, a small cavity ; a hut. Sel'ler, one who sells. Cel'lar, a room under ground. Sense, feeling; perception. Cense, a public tax. Sent, participle of send. Cent, a coin. Scent, odor. Ses'sion, a sitting. Ces'sion, a yielding. Weth'er, a sheep. Weath'er, state of the air. Wretch, a worthless person. Retch, to attempt to vomit. /as in pine. Bite, to seize with the teeth. Bight, one round of a cable, By, with; near. Buy, to purchase. Clime, a climate. Climb, to mount up. Die, to expire ; a stamp. Dye, to color. Find, to discover. Fined, punished by fine. Guize, appearance. Guys, ropes. Hide, to conceal. Hied, did hie. High, lofty. Hie, to make haste. I, myself. Eye, the organ of sight. I'll, I will. Isle, an island. Aisle, passage in a church Indite', to compose ; to write. Indict', to accuse. Lie, a wilful falsehood. Lye, liquor from wood ashes Li'er, one who lies down. Li'ar, one who tells lies. Mi'ner, a worker in a mine. . Mi'nor, one under age. Mite, a little insect. Might, power; ability. WORDS PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 15 Night, darkn Knight, ;i title of honor. Pri'br, a close inquirer. Pri'or, former; previous. Pries, inquires into. Prizs, a reward; a premium. Pride, self-esteem. Pried, past tense of pry. Quirk, 24 sheets of paper. I Uoir, a band of singers. Rice, a species of grain. Rise, elevation. Rime, hoar frost. Rhyme, agreement of sound. Rite, a ceremony. Write, to form letters. Right, straight; correct. Wright, a workman. Rye, a kind of grain. Wry, crooked; distorted. Side, the margin. Sighed, did sigh. Sine, a geometrical line. Sicx, a mark; a token. Si'ox, name of a mountain. Ci'on, or Sci'on, a sprout. Site, a situation. Cite, to summon; to quote. Sight, a view ; a vision. . bulk; magnitude. Sighs, expressions of grief. HT, to neglect. Sleight, an artful trick. 'tile, a stairway over a wall. Style, manner of writing. Tide, tush of water. Tied, fastened. . duration: season. Thyme, an aromatic herb. Tike, of a wheel; t-> weary. Tyre, an ancient city. V i'al, or Phial, a small bottle. Wo] ;al instrument. Vice, sin. Vise, a kind of press. / as in pin. Been, participle of Ac. Bin, a large box. Briton, a native of Uritain. BRIT'AIN, England ami Scot- land. Dis'cous, broad and llat. Dis'cus, a quoit Fil'lic, to hit with the finger. Phil'ip, a man's n: Filter, to strain liquors. I'hil'ter, a love charm. re, a cleft; a crack. Fish'er, one who catches fish. Gild, to adorn with gold. Guild, the name of an ciatio^ Gilt, adorned with gold. Guilt, wickedness; sin. Gris'ly, frightful; hideous. Griz'zly, somewhat gray. HlM, that man. Hymn, a sacred song. In* within. Inn, a public house. Kill, to take away life. Kiln, a sort of stove. Limb, a member. Limn, to draw or paint Links, connecting rings. Lynx, an animal. Mil'linery, goods of a milliner. Millenary, consisting of a thousand. P, a fine rain. Missed, did i Nit, an in.- Knit, to weave with needles. Rig'ger, one who ri Rfj'or, severity; sternness. Ring, a circle; to sound. Wring, Sig'net, a Cygnet, a young swan. 19 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. Sili'cious, flinty. Cili'cious, made of hair. Sil'ly, simple; foolish. Scil'ly, name of islands. Single, alone Cin'gle, a girth. Sink, to fall down. Cinque, live. Sit, to rest on a seat. Cit, a citizen. Sticks, small pieces of wood. Styx, a fabulous river. as in no. Blote, to dry by smoke. Bloat, to swell. Boll, a pod. Bole, a kind of earth. Bowl, a basin. Bore, to make a hole. Boar, a male swine. Bored, pierced. Board, a thin plank. Borne, carried ; supported. Bourne, a limit; a boundary. Bow, au instrument. Beau, a gay gentleman. Broach, to open ; to utter. Brooch, a jewel. Cole, a sort of cabbage. Coal, a kind of fuel. Coarse, rouad, a way. -leer. Row, to impel with oars. Roes, female deer. Rose, a flower. Rome, a city of Italy. Roam, to wander; to rove. Rote, a round of words. Wrote, did write. Shone, did shine. Shown, exhibited. Sloe, an animal ; sort of plum. Slow, tardy ; not quick. So, in such manner. Sow, to scatter seed. Sew, to work with a needle. Sold, did sell. Soled, furnished with a sole. boLE, only. [man. Soul, the immortal part of Sore, tender; painful. Soar, to rise high. Sword, a weapon. Soared, did soar. Throe, extreme agony. Throw, to cast ; to heave. Throne, a seat of state. Thrown, cast. Toe, part of the foot. Tow, dressed hemp ; to drag. Told, did tell. Tolled, rung. Tole, to allure. Toll, a kind of tax. as in not. Cod'ling, a sort of apple. Cod'dling, parboiling. Col'lar, covering for the neck. Ciiol'er, anger; rage. Com'pliment, a token of respect. Complement, the full num- ber. Lock", a tuft of hair ; a fastening Loch, or Lough, a Lab Not, a word of negation. Knot, a tie. On'erary, fit for burden Hon'orarv, conferring honor. Proph'et, a foreteller. Prof'it, gain; advantage. Sor'rel, a color. Sor'el, a buck in the third year. O as in move. Coom, a species of soot. Coomb, a measure. To, unto; towards. Too, likewise. Two, a couple. Od as in book. Hoop, of a barrel. Whoop, a shout. Wood, the substance of trees. Would, was willing. U as in tube. Blue, a color. Blew, did blow. Brews, does brew Bruise, to hurt. Brute, a beast. Bruit, noise ; a report. Crews, ship's companies. Cruise, to sail up and down. Crew 'el, a ball of yarn. Cruel, savage; inhuman. Due, owed. Dew, moisture. Ewe, a female sheep. Yew, an evergreen tree. Feud, a quarrel. Feod, a tenure. Flue, a chimney pipe. Flew, did 11 y. IS THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION, Hue, a color, or tint. Hew, to cut down. Hugh, a man's name. Ju'ry, a set of men sworn to give a true verdict. Jew'ry, the land of Judea. Lu'sern, a lynx. Lu'cerne, a sort of clover. Mu'eous, slimy. Mu'cus, a viscid fluid. Mue, or Mew, to molt. Mew, a fowl; an enclosure. Mule, a beast. Mewl, to cry like an infant. New, fresh ; novel. Knew, understood. Su'er, one who entreats. Sew'er, a drain. Threw, did throw. Through, from end to end. Use, to employ. Ewes, female sheep. U as in tub. Bur'row, the cell of an ani- mal. Bor'ough, a corporation. But, except. Butt, to push with the head. Chuff, a blunt clown. ('hough, a sea bird. Cous'in, a relative. Coz'en, to defraud; to cheat. Cull'er, a selector. Col'or, hue. Cur'rent, a stream ; flowing. Cur'rant, a fruit. Dun, to ask for a debt. Done, finished. Dust, powdered dirt. Dost, contraction of doest. Fun'gous, growing as a fungus. Fungus, a spongy excres- cence. * Furs, skins of beasts. Furze, a wild shrub. Just, honest; upright. Joust, or Just, a mock fight. Lump, a shapeless mass. Loaip, a roundish fish. Plum, a fruit. Plumb, a leaden weight. Ruff, a plaited collar. Rough, coarse; uneven. Rung, did ring. Wrung, twisted. Skull, the bone of the head. Scull, a small boat. Suck'er, a young shoot. Suc'cor, relief; help. Sum, the whole ; the total. Some, a part. Sun, the fountain of light. Son, a male child. Sut'ler, a seller of provisions. Subt'ler, more cunning. Sut'tle, neat weight. Subt'le, cunning; artful. Tun, a large cask. Ton, 20 hundred weight. Won, gained. One, a single thing. Sound of u in turn. Berth, a sleeping place in a vessel. Birth, coming into life. Col'onel, a military officer. Ker'nel, the seed. Fur, soft hair. Fir, a tree. Herd, a drove, or flock. Heard, did hear. Pearl, a precious substance. Purl, to murmur. Cir'cle, a round figure Sur'cle, a shoot; a twig. WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION". 19 IX, a kind of clotli. Surge, a swelling sea. Urn, a vessel. Earn, to gain by labor, Wert, past tense of be. Wort, an herb. Sound of ou in out. Bow, to bend. Bough, a branch. Brows, brinks, or edges. Browse, to i at shrubs. Foul, unclean. Fowl, a large bird. Our, belonging to us. Hour, part of the day. Rout, a rabble ; to defeat. Route, a way. Tous'er, one who tears. Tow'ser, the name of a dog. CHAPTER II. WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 1. In this section, the first of each pair has the sound of s, and the other that ofz. Advice', counsel. Advise', to give advice. Bod'ice, a kind of waistcoat. Bod'ies, material substances. Cease, to leave off. Seize, to take hold of. Cop'pice, a wood of small growth. Cop'ies, imitations. Dace, a kind of fish. Days, plural of day. Decease', death. Disseize', to dispossess. Disease', sickness. Device', a contrivance. Devise', to contrive. Dice, small cubes. Dies, expires. Diverse', different. Di'vers, several. Dose, a portion of medicine. Doze, to slumber. Fuss, a bustle. Fuzz, to fly off in particles. set Fran'cis, a man's name. Fran'ces, a woman's name. Gla'ciers, fields of ice. [glass Gla'ziers, workmen who Grace, favor; elegance. Graze, to eat grass. Greece, a country of Europe. Grease, to smear with fat. Gristly, cartilaginous. Grizz'ly, somewhat gray. Hearse, a carriage for the dead. Her's, belonging to her. Hiss, the noise of a serpent His, belonging to him. Insi'tion, a grafting. Incis'ion, a cut into any thing Juice, the fluid part. Jews, Hebrews. Lease, a contract for houses, &c. Lees, dregs. Loose, slack; untied. Lose, to be deprived of. Mace, a sort of spice. Maze, an intricate place. 20 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION Mus'cle, a shell fish. Muz'zle, to bind the mouth. Peace, quiet; tranquillity. Peas, a kind of pulse Pence, coins; pennies. Pens, writing implements. Prec'edent, an example. Pres'ident, a governor. Price, the estimated equiva- lent. Prize, reward. Prin'cess, the daughter of a king. Prin'ces, plural of prince. Race, a contest in running. Raise, to elevate. Ra'cer, a racing horse. Ra'zor, a tool for shaving. Rice, a sort of grain. Rise, to get up. Sink, a drain. Zinc, a metal. Zion \ ^ ie name f a mount Truth's, belonging to truth. Truths, plural of truth. Treatise, an essay. Treaties, plural of treaty. I. The first of each pair ending in ts. Ac'cidents, unexpected events. Ac'cidence, rudiments of grammar. Acts, deeds. Axe, a chopping tool. Adhe'rents, partisans. Adhe'rence, fidelity. Assist'" ants, helpers. Al-sist'ance, help. Attendants, those who attend. Attend'ance, attention; ser- vice. Chants, sacred melodies. Chance, fortune; accident. Correspondents, persons who correspond. Correspondence, agreement. Courts, halls of justice. Course, race; career. Dents, hollow marks. Dense, thick; close. Depend'ents, subordinates. Depend 'ence , connection ; reliance. Faults, defects; errors. False, untrue. In'nocents, harmless beings. In'nocence, purity. In'stants, moments. In'stance, example. Intents', purposes. Intense', powerful. Parts, portions. Parse, to analyse sentences. Pa'tients, sick people. Pa'tience, forbearance. Pres'ents, gifts. Pres'ence, immediate view. Prints, impressions. Prince, a sovereign, or chief. Scents, perfumes. Sense, feeling; reason. Sects, parties in religion. Sex, male, or female. Tal'ents, natural powers. Tal'ons, claws. Tents, canvas houses. Tense, strained to stiffness. WOUDs OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 21 3. The ftr&t of each pair ending in Ic. A'm.i:. of sufficient power. A bbli a man's name. DLE, a curh. Bri'dal, relating to marriage. Chron'iclb, a record ; history. C/HRON'lCAL, of long duration. Gentle, mild. Gentile, one who is not a Jew. I'DLE, unemployed. I'dol, an image. Med'dle, to interfere. Medal, a piece, of metal stamped like a coin. \1 i.i i le, spirit; eon Met'al, iron, silver, &c. i * 1 : i > dle, to sell as a pedler. Ped'al, a part of an organ. Prin'ciplEj elementary part. Prin'cipal, chief. Radiole, a young root. [root. Rad'ical, pertaining to the 4. The first of each pair having an f, the latter a v. Behoof', advantage. Behoove', to be fit. Half, one of two equal parts. Halve, to part equally. Leaf, green part of a plant. Leave, permission. Off, at a distance. Of, [sound of *>,] concerning. Plain'tiff, the complainant. Plain'tive, complaining. Referee', one referred Jo. Rev'erie, irregular musing. 5. The first ending in cr or or ; the latter in ure or eur. Cap'tor, one who seizes. Cap'ture, a seizure. Cen'sor, a critic. en 'sure, blame. Coul'ter, a plough iron. Cul'ture, cultivation. Dicta'tor, one with absolute authority. [dictator. Dic'tature, the office of a Fliiv'or, a contracting muscle. Flex'ure, a bending. d'er, more grand. Gran'deur, magnificence. Impos'tor, a deceiver. Impos'ture, a cheat. Jept'er, one who jokes, [tion. Ges'ture, a significant mo- Joint'er, a long plane. Joint'ure, a wife's estate. Legisla'tor, a law-giver. Legislature, the assembly whicli enacts laws. Liq/uor, a fluid. Liq'ueur, a spirituous cor- dial. Or'der, method. Or'dure, filth. Pas'tor, a shepherd. Past'ure, grazing land. Sculp'tor, a carver. Sculpt'ure, carved work. Ten'or, part in music ; purport. Ten'ure, manner of holding land. 22 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 6. Words pronounced alike, excepting that the latter of each pair is aspirated. Ar'dor, zeal. Hard'er, firmer. Ar'ras, tapestry. Har'ass, to vex ; to plague. Art 'less, without art. He art'less, wanting courage. Awe, reverence. Haw, fruit of the hawthorn. Awl, a sharp pointed tool. Haul, to pull. Axe, a chopping tool. Hacks, plural of hack. Cow'ard, a fearful person. Cow'herd, one who tends cows. Ed'dy, a whirlpool. Head'y, rash; heedless. Eight, a number Hate, to dislike. E'ther, a volatile fluid. Heath'er, the plant heath. Err, to mistake. Her, that woman. Eye, the organ of sight. High, tall; lofty. Isl'ands, lands in the sea. High'lands, elevated regions. Owe, to be indebted. Hoe, a gardening tool. Owes, is indebted. Hose, stockings, &c. Own, to acknowledge. Hone, a whetstone. Wales, part of Great Britain. Whales, large sea animals. Ware, merchandise. Where, in what place. Way, a road. Whey, the thin part of cur- dled milk. Weal, prosperity. Wheel, of a machine. Weath'er, state of the air. Wheth'er, which of the two, Wen, a fleshy excrescence. When, at what time. Wet, moist. Whet, to sharpen. Wile, a trick. While, as long as. Wine, a fermented liquor. Whine, to moan. Wit, shrewdness ; humor Whit, a bit. 7. Words spelled and pronounced alike, excepting that the latter of each pair begins u-ith the sound of H. Ail, to affect unpleasantly. Hail, frozen rain. Air, the atmosphere. Hair, covering of the head. Aft, behind. Haft, a handle. Ale, a malt liquor. Hale, strong; healthy. All, every one. Hall, a large room. Al'ter, to change. Hal'ter, a rope. Am, I am. Ham, a kind of smoked meat. And, also. Hand, part of the body. Ank'er, a liquid measure. Hank'er, to long after. Ar'bor, a bower. Har'bor, a shelter. WORDS OF SIMILAR PRON1 N i \TION. 23 Ark, a chest Hark ! listen. Ajuk, a Limb ; a branch. il kRM, burl ; mischief. Ar'row, b pointed weapon. Har'rqw, a farming imple- ment. Art, skill ; a teade. Hart, a male deer. As, like. I! \s, possesses. Ash, a Umber tree. Hash, minced meat. Asp, a serpent II ksp, a fastening. A r, in; aear to. 1 1 at, cover for the head. Ate, did eat II \tk, to dislike. Aunt, a relative. Haunt, to frequent. Ear, the organ of hearing. IIf.au, tv) hearken. Eat, to consume. Heat, warmth. Eaves, the edges of the roof. Heaves, throws. Edge, the sharp border. Hedge, a fence of bushes. Eel, a fish. Heel, part of the foot. Ell, a measure of length. Hell, the eternal abode of the wicked. Elm, a tr Helm, that by which a vessel is steered. Ew'er, a kind of pitcher. Hkw'er, one who cuts down. [des, a Roman term of time. Hides, skins of animals. Ill, badly; unwell. Hill, a mount. Ire, rage; anger. Hi .HE, wages. Is, it is. His, belonging to him. It, that thing. Hit, to strike. Oar, a pole to row with. Hoar, white Old, aged; ancient. Hold, to keep ; to possess. Oral, delivered by mouth. Ho'ral, relating to the hour. O'sier, a sort of willow. Ho'sier, a dealer in hosiery. Ot'ter, an amphibious animal. Hot'ter, warmer. Owl, a bird. Howl, to cry as a dog. [ / 8. The first of each pair having the sound of a in mat; the second that ofe in met. Aboli'tion, an abolishing Ebulli'tiox, a boiling. Accept', to take ; to receive. Except', to leave out. Access', an approach. Excess', more than enough. Af'fable, ready to converse. Ef'fable, unerable. Affect', to move the passions Effect', consequence. Assay', to test, or try. Essay', to attempt. Ar'raxt, infamous. Er'raxt, wandering. Car'at, a small weight. Ca'ret, a mark in writing. 24 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. Catch, to seize. Ketch, a kind of vessel. Expanse', an extension. Expense', cost; charge. Extant', in being. Extent', spaee ; length. Mus'cat, a sweet grape. Mus'ket, a small gun. Par'ish, a district. Per'ish, to die. Rad'ish, an eatable root. Red'dish, somewhat red. Sal'ary, wages. Cel'ery, a vegetable. Tar'rier, a delayer. Ter'rier, a sort of dog. 9. Several sounds of a and e compared. Apprize', to set a price on. Apprise', to give notice. Car' at, a small weight. Ca'ret, a mark in writing. Chair, a moveable seat. Cheer, to encourage. Command', to order. Commend', to praise. Du'al, expressing two. Du'el, combat between two. Fair, beautiful. Fear, dread. Ha'lo, a bright circle. Hal'low, to make holy. Ha'ven, a harbor. Hea'ven, the state of the blessed. Med'lar, a fruit. Med'dler, a busy-body. Mo'dal, formal. Mod'el, a pattern. Pal'ace, a princely house. Pal'las, a heathen deity. Pal 'ate, the roof of the mouth Pal'let, a little bed. [son. Par'sonage, the house of a par- Per'sonage, an important person. Rai'sin, a dried grape. Rea' son, a faculty ; a cause. Rare, scarce. Rear, the hinder troop. Star'ling, a bird. Ster'ling, genuine. Wear, to consume by use. Were, past tense of be. Yarn, spun wool. [ tn y Yearn, to feel strong sympa- 10. The first of each pair having the sound ofe, in mete. Bea'con, a kind of signal. Beck'on, to make signs. Cavalier', a horseman. Cav'iler, a captious person. Ce'rate, salve make of wax. Ser'rate, formed like a saw. Cleav'er, a butcher's tool. Clev'er, suitable. Creek, a small bay. Crick, a cramp. Critique', a criticism. Crit'ic, a judge of literature. Deform'ity, unsightly shape. Difform'ity, variety of form. Descent', a going down. Dissent', disagreement. WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 25 Eas'ter, the anniversary of our Lord's resurrection. Est'iikr, a woman's name. Elic'it, to draw out. Illic'it, unlawful. Elude', to escape from. Illude', to deceive. Erup'tion, a breaking out. Irrup'tiox, a breaking into. Impe'rial, of an emperor. Empyr'eal, pure; aerial. Inck'mous, skilful. Inoen'uous, open; candid. Least, smallest. Lest, for fear. Lkap'er, a jumper. Lep'er, a leprous person. Nei'ther, not either. Neth'er, lower. Tierce, [sometimes pronounced like terse] a kind of cask. Terse, neat; elegant. 1 1. Sounds of i Coun'sel, advice. Coun'cil, an assembly. Def'erence, respect. Difference, disagreement. Em'inent, conspicuous ; noted. Im'minent, threatening. Possession, property. Posi'tion, situation. and i compared. Rab'bet, a joint in carpentry. Rab'bit, a small animal. Set, to place. Sit, to take seat. Sheli/ing, taking off shells. Shu/ling, twelve pence. Wheth'er, which of the two. Whtth'er, to what place. 12. The first in each pair having the sound of o, in more. Board'er, one who boards. Bor'der, a boundary. Boat, a small vessel. Bought, purchased. Borne, carried; supported. Born, brought into life. Bin'ocle, a kind of telescope. Bin'acle, a compass box. Boar, a male swine. Boor, a clownish person. Cola'tion, the act of straining. Colla'tion, a repast, [hair. Comb, an instrument for the Coomb, a corn measure. Doe, a female deer. Do, to perform. Doge, a magistrate of Venice. Dodge, to start aside. Do'lor, grief. Doi/lar, a coin. Dome, an arched roof Doom, a sentence. Folks, people. Fox, a cunning animal. Grope, to feel about. Group, a cluster. Grove, a small wood. Groove, a channel. Hoarse, having a rough voice Horse, an animal. Loam, a ricli earth. Loom, a weaver's frame. Mourn, to lament. Morn, morning. Poul'try, fowls. Pal'try, mean. 26 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 13. Several sounds of o and other vowels compared. Bar'on, a nobleman. Bar'ren, unfruitful. Car'rot, a root. Car'at, a weight. Cof'fer, a chest. Cougii'er, one who coughs. Con'sort, a companion, [tion. Con'cert, union; combina- Cap'itol, a public edifice. Cap'ital, principal; chief. Conformation, shape. Confirma'tion, strengthen- ing. Depository, a place of safe keeping. Depositary, a person to whom any thing is com- mitted. Ex'orcise, to cast out evil spirits. Ex'ercise, employment. Fond'ling, one caressed. Found'linc, an infant found. Glut'tonous, greedy. Glu'tinous, sticky. Grot, a pleasant cave. Groat, four pence. Gam'bol, a frolic. Gam'ble, to practise gaining Hol'low, a cavity ; not solid. Hal'low, to make holy. Fdol, an image ; a favorite. Idle, not industrious. Op'posite, contrary. Ap'posite, suitable; proper. Or'acle, counsel supernaturally given. Au'ricle, the external ear. Pi'lot, he who guides a ship. Pi'late, a man's name. Rot, to decay. Wrought, worked. Sym'bol, a sign ; a type. Cym'bal, a musical instru- ment. 14. The first in each pair having the sound of o in move. Brood, to sit over. Brewed, did brew. Choose, to select. Chews, masticates. Do, to perform. Due, owed. [knot. Noose, to catch with a running News, tidings. Poor, not rich ; lean. Pure, clear; innocent. Rood, a measure of land. Rude, rustic. Boot'y, plunder. [ance. Beau'ty, pleasing appear- Sho'er, a fastener of shoes. Sure, certain. 15 Words wliich have some similarity in pronunciation, but which ought to be carefully distinguished. Arraign', to bring to trial. Arrange', to put in order. Harangue', a formal oration. Ar'rant, infamous; bad in a high degree. Er'rand, a message. WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 27 Bal'lad, a song. Bal'lot, secret voting. Bee'tle, an insect. Bea'dle, a parish ofliccr. Bea'gi.e, a small hound. Bile, a liquid substance. Boil, to bubble by heat. Breath, respiration. Hreadtii, width. C \ki:er', a course. Car'rier, one who carries. Cen'taury, a plant. Cen'tury, a hundred years. Sen'try, a guard. Choke, to suffocate. Joke, a jest. Close, to shut; to end. Clothes, garments. Cloth, a texture of wool, &c. Clothe, to dress. Coals, plural of coal. Colds, plural of cold. Coat, a garment. Quote, to cite. Col'ors, plural of color, [cles. Colures', geographical cir- Com'edy, a play. Com'ity, civility. Commit'tee, a body of man- agers. Com'fort, convenience; ease. Com'fit, a dry sweetmeat. Concur', to agree. Con'quer, to overcome. Cor'poral, an officer. Corpo'real, not spiritual. Cur'rier, a leather-dresser. Cou'rier, a messenger. Cur'rant, a small berry. Courant', a newspaper. Descent', going down. De'cent, becoming. Desert 7 , to forsake. Dessert', fruit, &c. after din- ner. Dilu'tion, making weaker. Dklu'sion, a deception. Dire, dismal; Dy'er, one who dyes. Disease', a disorder. Decease', death. Diba'blE, to weaken. Dishabille', ah undress. Doe, a female deer. Daw, a chattering bird. Drone, an idle bee. Drown, to suffocate in water. Drawn, pulled. Ear, a member. Year, a twelvemonth. East, where the sun rises. Yeast, barm. Ei'tiier, one of the two. E'ther, a volatile fluid. E'ra, a fixed point of time. Hear'er, one who hears. Ex'ecuter, one who performs. Exec'utor, a trustee. Elis'ion, act of cutting off. Elys'ian, very delightful. Ew'er, a kind of pitcher. Your, belonging to you. Em'anant, flowing from. Em'inent, high; exalted File, a rasping tool. Foil, to defeat. Vile, base ; wicked. Flour, meal. Flower, a blossom. Fought, contended. Fault, error; mistake. Gaul, a Frenchman. Goal, a starting place. Gaol, a prison. Ge'nius, peculiar talent. Ge'nus, a kind. Hire, wages. High'er, loftier. Hoar, white, Ho'er, one who hoes. 28 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. Ho'ly, free from sin. Whol'ly, entirely. Hol'ly, an evergreen tree. I'dol, an image. I'dle, unemployed. I'dyl, a pastoral poem. Im'potent, weak; powerless. Im'pudent, insolent. Imper'tinent, intrusive. Isle, an island. Oil, an unctuous matter, Incide', to cut into. In 'side, within. Incite', to urge. In'sight, discernment. Jest, a joke. Just, nearly. Kike, cows. Coin, stamped money. Quoin, a kind of wedge. Lease, a kind of contract. Leash, a line, or strap. Leech, a bloodsucker. Lick'erish, dainty; nice. Lic'orice, a sweet root. Line, a string; a row. Loin, part of the body. Lin'eament, a feature. Lin'iment, an ointment. Lightening, the Hash which precedes thunder. Lightening, unloading. Liv'er, one of the entrails. Li'vre, a French coin. Loath, unwilling. Loathe, to dislike. Luke, a man's name. Look, to see. Luck, chance or fortune. Lore, learning. Low'er, deeper. Lyre, a musical instrument. Li'ar, a teller of lies. Marsh, a swamp. Mash, to crush. Mesh, the opening in a net. Mar'vel, to wonder Mar'rle, a sort of stone. Mat'in, belonging to the morn ing. Mat'ting, stuff for mats. Mes'sage, an errand. Mess'uage, a house and grounds. Me'tre, or Mf/ter, verse. Me'teor, a fiery body. Mik'ister, an agent. Min'ster, a monastery. Mis'sile, thrown by hand. Mis'sal, a mass book. Mis'le, to rain in small drops. More, a greater quantity. Mow'er, one who mows. Moun'tain, a great hill. Mounting, rising. Mus'lik, fine linen. [mouth. Muz'zling, tying up the Mus'cat, a sweet grape. Musk'cat, an animal. Nick, a notch. Niche, a hollow for a statue. Qft'en, frequently. Or'phan, a parentless child. Or'dinance, a law. Ord'nance, cannon. Or'donnance, disposition of figures in a picture. Or'ison, a prayer. Hori'zon, the line which bounds the sight. Pelisse', a coat, or habit. Police, internal government. Petrifac'tion, conversion into stone. Putrefac'tion, decomposi- tion. Pint, a measure. Point, the small end. Pistole', a Spanish coin. Pis tol, a small hand gun. Pop'ulace, the common people Pop'ulous, full of people. WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 2i) Pre'schms, foreknowing. Prec'ious, of pteai \alue. Prophecy, a prediction. Proimi'esy, to predict. Pomace, ground apples. Pumice, a kind of cinder. Rk'al, true; genuine. Rail, a bar. Reel, to stagger. Rel'ict, a widow. Rel'ic, that which remains. Rid'icule, derision. ReT'icOLE, a net bag. Roar, to cry with great voice. Row'er, one wlio rows. Rum. an alcoholic liquor. Rhomb, a quadrangular figure. Sat'vr, a sylvan god. Sat'ire, pointed remark. Se'ries, succession; order. Se'rious, solemn; grave. Sir'ius, the dog-star. Sjiawl, a garment. Shall, will. Smile, a look of pleasure. Sim'ile, a comparison. Soar, to rise. Sow'er, one who sows. Stat'ute, law. Stat'ti:, an image. Stat'uki:, height of a per- son. Sur'plus, remainder. Sur'PLICB, I white robe. Talc, a transparent mineral; Talk, to converse. Tower, a strong building. Tour, a journey. Track, a path. Tract, a short treatise. Tin'cal, a mineral. Tix'kle, a sharp quick noise. Treble, a part in harmony. Triple, or Treble, consis, ing of three. Trough, a long vessel. Troth, faith ; fidelity. Through, from side to side Thor'ough, complete. Ver'dure, greenness. Ver'ger, a mace bearer. Vir'gix, a girl. Verg'ixg, tending. You, thyself. Yew, a tree. 16. Words often confounded, either from giving the sound ofx where it dues not belong, or omitting it where it should be given. An ! an exclamation. Are, plural of is. Alms, gifts to the poor. Arms, weapons. Awe, reverence. Or, a conjunction. Baa, the cry of a sheep. Bar, an obstacle. Balm, a plant. Barm, yeast. Bo'a, a sort of serpent. Boar, a male swine. Bust, a half-length statue. Burst, to break open. Calve, to bring forth a calf. Carve, to cut. Cix'xa, a Roman consul. Six'ner, an evil doer. Dust, powdered substances. Durst, dared. Fa'ther, a male parent. Far'ther, more distant. Fei/low, a companion. Fell'er. one who cuts down 3* 30 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. Foment', to excite. Ferment', to work as beer. For'mally, ceremoniously. For'merly, in times past. Fust, a mouldy smell. First, foremost. Gnaw, to eat by degrees. Nor, neither. Go'a, an Indian island. Gore, clotted blood. Laud, to praise. Lord, a nobleman. La'va, discharge from a volcano. La'ver, a washing vessel. Lawn, fine linen. Lorn, forsaken. Ma, mamma. Mar, to spoil. Man'na, a kind of gum Man'ner, method. Moss, a vegetable. Morse, a sea-horse. No'ah, a man's name. Nore, the entrance of the Thames. There is an error, which may be noticed in this connection, that should b carefully avoided ; it consists in inserting an r between words, when the former ends and the latter begins with a vowel. Thus the sentence, " a boa is a sort of serpent," would be read by some as if it were, " a boar is a sort of serpent." Pa, papa. Par, equality. Palm'er, a pilgrim. Par'ma, a city of Italy. Pass, a passage. [cally. Parse, to analyse grammati- Petj/tion, supplication. Partition, separation. Pil'low, a cushion for the head. Pii/lar, a column. Pus, purulent matter. Purse, a money bag. Quar'tan, fourth day ague. Quar'tern, a fourth of a pint. Quo'ta, a proper share. Quo'ter, one who quotes. Sought, searched after. Sort, a kind. Stalk, a stem. Stork, a bird. Stra'ta, layers. Straight'er, less crooked. Taught, instructed. Tort, mischief. 17. Dissyllables spelled alike, but differing in accent. Signification when the accent is on the first syllable. Not present. An abridgment Stress of voice. A particle added toa) word. 5 A.n increase. The eighth month. A great gun. A partner. A short prayer. Absent, Abstract, Accent, Affix, Augment, August, Bombard, Colleague, Collect, Signification when the accent is on the second syllable. To keep away. To take from. To mark the accents. To subjoin. To increase. Grand. To attack with bombs To unite with To gather. WOKDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 31 Signification when the accent is on the first syllable. An agreement. A confederacy. Behavior. A mixture. A bolster of linen nsed > in surgery. 5 A musical performance. A mass formed of parts. Behavior. A boundary. A struggle. A sweetmeat. Companion. Thing contained. A dispute. A bargain. Opposition. Discourse. One who embraces a ^ new opinion. 3 A person found guilty. Attendance for defence. A tune. A compend. A body guard. An attempt. Commodity sent out. Essence drawn out. A tumult. Contrivance. Anticipation. Happening often. Signification. Mark; stamp. Printer's name in the ~> title of a book. 5 A kind of perfume. Wood formed to inlay. Natural impulse. Insolence. A thing acted on. Complete. Compact, Complot, Comport, Compound. Compress, Concert, Concrete, Conduct, Confine, Conflict, Conserve, Consort, Content, Contest, Contract, Contrast, Converse, Convert, Convict, Convoy, Descant, Digest, Escort, Essay, Export, Extract, Ferment, Forecast. Foretaste, Frequent, Import, Impress, Imprint, Incense, Inlay, Instinct, Insult, Object, Perfect, Signification when tne accent is on i Ik: becond syllable. Firm; solid. To conspire. To suit. To mingle. [ To force together. To contrive together. To unite into one body. To manage ; to guide. To limit; to restrain. To contest. To candy fruit. To associate with. Satisfied. To dispute. To shorten ; to bargain. To put in opposition. To talk. To turn from one con- dition to another. To prove guilty. To accompany by sea. To discourse. To concoct. To guard on a journey. To endeavour. To carry out of the country. To draw out. To be in commotion. To form schemes. To taste before. To visit often. To bring into. To print. To fix in the mind. To enrage. To insert. Animated. To treat with contempt. To oppose. To finish; to complete. 32 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION, Signification when the accent is on the first syllable. A particle put before a word. An introduction. A prognostic. A declaration against. Passage back. Sale by small lots. One under dominion. A kind of verbal noun. The family name. A view ; measure. Pain; anguish. A conveyance. A vessel of carriage. A negligent dress. Prefix, Prelude, Presage, Protest, Regress, Retail, Subject, Supine, Surname, Survey, Torment, Transfer, Transport, Undress. Signification when the accent is on the second syllable. To put before. To introduce. To forbode. To declare solemnly. To go back. To sell in small lots. To put under. Negligent; careless. To add another name. To overlook. To vex; to torture. To convey ; to remove. To banish; to enrapture. To take off the clothes. Words spelled alike, but differing both in accent and sound. Cem'ent, sticky matter. Cement', to agglutinate. Con'jure, to practise charms. Conjure', to intreat. Des'ert, a wilderness. Desert', to forsake. En'trance, place of entering. Entrance', to put into an ecstacy. Ex'ile, banishment. Exile', slender. Gal'lant, high spirited. Gallant', attentive to ladies. Min'ute, a short space of time. Minute', small. Pres'ent, a gift. Present', to offer. Prod'uce, product. Produce', to bring forth. Prog'ress, motion forward. Progress', to advance. Proj'ect, a scheme. Project', to jut out. Reb'el, a revolter. [thority. Rebel', to rise against au- Rec'ord, a register. Record', to put on record. Rev'el, a noisy feast. Revel', to retract. Traj'ect, a ferry. Traject', to cast through. At'tribute, quality. Attrib'ute, to ascribe. Inval'id, weak. In'valid, a sick person. Overcharge, too high a charge. Overcharge', to oppress. Prec'edent, an example. Prece'dent, going before. Prem'ises, positions assumed. Premi'ses, explains before. Sev'erer, one who separates. Sever'er, rriore rigorous. WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 33 18. J fords spelled alike but pronounced differently. 1st. In which ow has the sound of o in so, or of ou in thou. Bow, an instrument to shoot arrows. Bow, to hend ; to stoop. Lower, to bring down. Lower, to appear dark. Mow, to cut down. Mow, a heap of hay or grain Row, a rank or file. Row, a tumult; an uproar. Sow, to scatter seed. Sow, a female swine. 2d. In which s has the sound ofs or ofz. A.buse', the ill use of a thing. Abuse', to use ill. A.s, a Roman coin. As, so; like. Close, shut fast; narrow. Close, the conclusion. Cruise, a small cup. Cruise, a voyage for plunder. Diffuse', scattered. Diffuse', to spread. Excuse', an apology. Excuse', to pardon. Grease, soft fat. Grease, to smear with grease. House, a place of abode. House, to shelter. Lease, a kind of contract. Lease, to glean. Misuse', a bad use. Misuse', to misemploy. Mouse, a little animal. Mouse, to catch mice. Ref'use, that which is rejected. Refuse', to reject; to deny. Resign', to sign again. Resign', to relinquish. Rise, beginning; increase. Rise, to ascend. Use, purpose; convenience. Use, to employ. 3d. Various. A'te, the goddess of mischief. Ate, devoured. Ax'es, plural of axe. Ax'es, plural of axis. Cour'tesy, civility. Courte'sv, the reverence made by women. Dkni'er, one who denies. Denier', a French coin. Does, female deer. Does, [cluz~\ doth. Dove, did dive. Dove, a bird. Gill, a quarter of a pint. Gill, a fish's organ of respi- ration. Gout, a disease. Gout, \_goo~] taste. 34 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. Hin'der, to prevent. Hind'er, backward. In'timate, to hint. In 'tim ate, familiar. I'rony, contrary meaning. Ir'onv, partaking of iron. Job, a piece of work. Job, a man's name. Lead, to conduct. Lead, a metal. Learn'ed, intelligent; skillful. Learned, did learn. Live, alive. Live, to exist. Lives, plural of life. Lives, does live. Manes, plural of mane. Ma'nes, departed spirits. Mod'erate, to regulate. Mod'erate, temperate. Num'ber, reckoning. Numb'er, more torpid. Poi/ish, to brighten. Po'lish, belonging to Poland. Poll, the head ; a tax. Poll, a parrot's name. Put, to place. Put, a clown. Ra'ven, a large black bird. Rav'en, to devour greedily. Read, to peruse. Read, perused. Read'ing, perusing. Re ad' in g, a town. Sep'arate, to part. Sep'arate, disjoined. Sew'er, one who sews. Sew'er, a drain. Sing'er, one who sings. Sin'ger, one who singes. Slough, a deep miry place. Slough, to fall off. Staves, plural of staff. Staves, parts of a cask. Tar'ry, to wait ; to stay. Tar'ry, smeared with tar. Tear, water from the eye. Tear, to rend. Ti'er, one who ties. Tier, a long row. Wind, air in motion. Wind, to twist. Wound, twisted. Wound, a hurt. Wors'ted, woollen yarn. Worst'ed, defeated. EQUIVOCAL WORDS. 35 CHAPTER III. Eat" vocal wonns: or words ivhn.se different salifications have either no connection tcith each other, or none which can be easily traced. Note. As the words of our language have been derived from various other languages, it baa often happened that two or more words entirely distinct in then origin and signification, have taken the same spelling and pronunciation in English. Thus, from the Saxon word beorcan, is derived the English word hurt:, signifying to make the noise of dogs ; from the French word barque, is de ri ved bant, a vessel; and from the Danish word bark, is derived bark, the covering of a tree. Words which thus have the same form while they are of different derivation and signification, are sometimes called paronymous. Many of the words in the following chapter are of this class. The remaining words are such as have significations which are very different, although they are to be traced to a common origin. OCjfThe abbreviation a. before a word, stands for adjective ; adv. for adverb; conj. for conjunction ; part, for participle ; prep, for preposition ; pron. for pro- noun ; s. for substantive ; and v. for verb. Address', v. to accost. s. deportment; dexterity; direction of a letter; a speech. Air, a melody ; that which we breathe ; appearance. Ax'gle, s. a corner. v. to fish with a rod and hook. Appa'rent, plain, visible; seeming, not real. Arch, s. a curved roof. a. mirthful ; chief. Art, s. skill. v. thou art. Ax'is, that on which any thing revolves ; an animal. Bach'elor, an unmarried man; a university degree. Bail, a surety ; the handle of a bucket, or kettle. Bait, s. a temptation ; refreshment. v. to worry with dogs. Ball, a sphere ; an entertainment of dancing. Bank, a heap of earth; a financial institution. Bar, a rail used to stop a passage; the place where the criminal stands in court. Bark, s. the rind of a tree; a stout vessel. v. to make the noise of dogs. Baste, to pour the dripping over roasting meat; to sew slightly Base, a. vile, worthless ; s. the foundation. Bat, a stick to strike a ball ; a flying animal. Bay, s. a tree; a small gulf; a color. v. to bark. Beam, a large piece of timber; a ray of light. Bear, v. to carry. s. a rough savage animal. Become', to enter into a new condition; to befit. 36 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. Bee'tle, an insect; a heavy mallet. Bill, the beak of a bird ; an account of money. Bil'let, a small stick of wood ; a note. Bit, a small piece ; the iron put into a horse's mouth ; a boring tool. Blade, the cutting part of a tool; a leaf of grass. Blow, s. a stroke. v. to puff; to blossom. Board, s. a thin plank. v. to live with another for a certain price. Boot, covering for the leg; profit; advantage. Bound, 8. a limit; a leap. v. did bind. Bowl, s. a concave dish; a ball. v. to roll. Box, s. a tree; a case, or chest; a slap on the ear. v. to fight with the fists. Brace, v. to strengthen, to make firm. s. a couple. Brake, a fern ; a thicket ; an instrument for breaking flax, or hemp ; the lever by which a pump is worked; the lever by which the wheels of a carriage, or railway car are checked. Bra'zier, or Brasier, a worker in copper; a pan to hold coals. Brook, s. a rivulet. v. to endure. Butt, s. a liquid vessel; a kind of hinge; a person made the ob ject of sport. 1>. to strike with the head. Calf, the young of a cow ; the thick part of the leg. Can, s. a metallic cup, or bottle. v. to be able. Cape, a headland; a collar-piece. Ca'per, v. to skip and jump. s. a bud of a plant. Card, s. a piece of stiff paper; a kind of advertisement. v. to comb wool. Case, a covering; state of things; variation of nouns. Cast, v. to throw; to form in a mould. s. a moulded form. Cat'aract, a waterfall ; a disease of the eye. Charge, care; command; accusation; expense; attack. Chase, to hunt. [^Enchase] to engrave with punches. Chord, a line connecting the extremities of an arch ; harmony of sounds ; the string of a musical instrument. Cleave, to adhere; to separate; to split off. Club, a heavy stick; an association. Cock'le, a shell fish; a weed. Colla'tion, comparison ; a repast between full meals. Comb, an instrument for the hair; the crest of a cock; the waxen structure in which bees put honey. Commit', to intrust; to be guilty of a crime; to send to prison. Concord'ance, agreement; an index to words in the Bible. Consistency, agreement with one's self; thickness. Cop'v, a model to be imitated; an imitation. Cord, a small rope; a measure of wood. EQUIVOCAL WORDS. 37 Corn, f. grain; a hard substance on the foot. r. to Bait Ooi nt, v, to reckon; 9, an carl; a point in an Indictment Counter, s. a table in a shop. r/. contrary. Court, v. to solicit . seat of justice; space before a house; residence of a prince; a little itveet . a shell fish j a wild apple. Craft, cunning; small sailing vessels. Crane, a long legged bird ; an engine to raise weights; a bent tube to draw Liquor out of a i Crick'BT, -a chirping insect; a game with hat and hall. CHOP, -v. the harvest; the craw of a bird. r. to cut short. ighl body laid at, right angles over another. a. peevish. v, to thwart; to pass over. v, a Large black bird; an iron lever; the voice of a cock. CltT, r. to proclaim loudly; to lament aloud. s. the call of an animal. Cue, a braid of hair; a suggestion; a turn of mind. Dam, the mother of an animal; a bank to confine water. Date, a time; the fruit of the date tree. Deal, s. quantity ; a kind of timber. v. to traffic; to treat with; to distribute. Dear, beloved; expensive. Deck, s. the floor of a ship. v. to dress. Desert', s. merit. v. to forsake. Despatch', s. hasty execution. v. to put to death. Die, v. to pass from life ; to tinge. s a stamp ; a little cube. Di'et, course of food ; an assembly of states. Di'vers, s. they who plunge under water. a. several. Dock, s. a place where ships are built, or moored ; an herb. v to cut off. Down, s. soft feathers ; an open plain. adv. not up. Draw, to drag; to let out a liquid; to delineate. Drill, to bore holes ; to exercise recruits. Drug, a medicinal substance ; an unsaleable thing. Dun, a. dark colored. v. to call for payment. Ear, the organ of hearing; a spike of corn. Eld'er, a. older. s. the name of a shrub. Ellip'sis, an omission of words ; an oval. Engross', to occupy the whole ; to copy law writings. Entertain', to amuse; to hold in the mind. E'ven, a. level ; equal. s. evening. adv. so much as. Exact', a. accurate. v. to require authoritatively. Express' v. to utter; to squeeze out. a. definite. Fair, a. beautiful; just; favorable. s. a sale. Fare, price of passage by land, or water; provisions. 4 38 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. Fast, a. firm ; swift. s. abstinence from food. Fawn, s. a young deer. v. to court servilely. Feed, v. to supply with food. part, rewarded. Fell, v. did fall ; to cut down. a. cruel. Fel'low, an associate; one of a pair; a mean wretch; a trustee of a college. Felon, a criminal ; a whitlow. Felt, v. perceived. s. a substance of which hats are made. Fer'ret, a sort of weasel; a kind of narrow ribbon. v. to drive out of a lurking place. Fig'ure, shape; a statue; a numerical character ; a kind of simile. File, a rasping tool ; a line on which papers are put; a line of soldiers ; a series. v. to exhibit officially. Fil'let, a band ; the thick part of a leg of veal. Fine, a. thin; clear; splendid. s. a forfeit; the end. Firm, a. strong; steady. s. the name of a house of trade. Fit, a. proper ; suitable. 5. a paroxysm. v. to suit. Flag, s. a water plant; a paving stone; an ensign, or standard v. to hang loose; to grow spiritless. Flat'ter, a. more flat. v. to praise falsely. Fleet, s. a navy. a. nimble. Flock, a company of birds, or beasts ; a lock of wool. Flue, a chimney; soft fur, or down. Foil, leaf metal ; a blunt sword. v. to defeat. Fold, an enclosure for sheep; a double. Foot, a member of the body ; a measure of twelve inches. For, prep, instead of; on account of. conj. because. Forge, v. to form by the hammer; to counterfeit. s. a furn ice For'mer, a. before in time. s. a maker. Fort, a fortified place ; a strong side. Found'er, s. one who establishes ; a caster. v. to sink to *he bottom ; to fall. Frieze, a term in architecture; the nap on cloth. Fret, to be peevish ; to wear away by rubbing. Fry, s. a swarm of young fishes. v. to cook food in a pan. Full'er, a. nearer full. s. a cleanser of cloth. Gall, an excrescence on the oak; a secretion of the body; ma- lignity. Game, sport; a single match of play; animals chased. Gin, a snare ; an alcoholic liquor. Gloss, superficial lustre ; a comment. Gore, s. clotted blood. v. to pierce with a horn. Grain, corn ; any minute particle ; a small weight. Grate, s. a range of bars. v. to wear away by rasping; to make a harsh noise. EQUIVOCAL WORDS. 39 Crate'ful, thankful; agreeable, pleasing. Grave, s. the place of burial. a. not acute in sound ; serious. r. to carve figures. Graze, to feed on grass; to touch lightly in passing. Green, colored like grass ; fresh ; immature. Gross, a. large; coarse. s. the chief part; twelve dozen. Ground, 5. earth; the first coat of paint v. to found. part. sharpened by grinding; reduced to powder. 1 1 1 ii'it, state of a thing ; custom ; dress. Hail, s. frozen rain ; an exclamation. v. to salute. Hamper, 8, a large packing basket. v. to perplex. Haut'boy, a wind instrument ; ;i sort of strawberry. Heav'en, the eternal abode of the good; the sky. Help, to assist; to avoid. Hide, v. to conceal. s. the skin of an animal. Hind, a. backward. s. a female deer; a peasant. Hop, v. to jump. s. a climbing plant. Host, tin; master of a feast; landlord of an inn; an army; any great number; the sacrifice of the mass. Hue, a eol^:; a clamor. Ix'sTANCE,TTcase occurring; suggestion; urgency. In'stant, a. urgent; immediate; s. a moment. Jam, 5. a conserve of fruits. v. to wedge in. Jar, a kind of vessel ; a rattling sound ; discord ; the state of a door not quite shut. Jet, s. a black fossil ; a spout of water. >v. to jut out. Just, a. right. adv. exactly; nearly. Ken'nel, a cot for dogs ; a water course of a street. Key, an instrument to open a lock; that which solves a difficulty; a finger-piece on a musical instrument. Kind, a. ready to confer favors. s. a sort. Kite, a bird of prey; a paper toy to fly. Lace, a string; fine net work. Lake, a large body of inland water: a color. Lap, v. to lick up; to fold. s. the part formed by the knees in a sitting posture. Last, a. latest. v. to endure. s. the mould on which shoes are made ; a corn measure. Lawn, an open space between woods; a linen fabric. Lav, v. to place down; to wager; did lie. 5. a song. a. not clerical. League, a confederacy; a distance of three miles. Lean, v. to incline. s. muscular part of flesh. a. thin. Leave, 5. permission. v. to forsake; to suffer to remain; to entrust; to refer for decision. 40 THE SCHOLAR 8 COMPANION. Left, a. pertaining to the left hand. part, not taken. Let, v. to permit; to lease. s. hindrance. Let'ter, a vowel, or consonant; an epistle; one who lets. Lie, v. to rest; to utter wilful falsehoods. s. a fiction, [settle. Light, s. illumination. a. not heavy ; bright. v. to kindle ; to Like, a. resembling. v. to approve. adv. as. Lime, an alkali; a sort of lemon; a sticky substance. Line, s. a string; a single verse. v. to cover inside. Link, 6*. a single ring of a chain; a torch. v. to connect. Lit'ter, a portable bed ; straw laid under animals ; a number of things in disorder; a birth of animals. Lock, a complicated fastening; a quantity of hair, or wool; a contrivance to raise barges in canals. Long, a. protracted. v. to desire earnestly. Lor, fortune ; a parcel ; a field. Lute, a stringed musical instrument; a sort of cement. Mace, an ensign of authority ; a kind of spice. Mail, armor; a post-bag. Main, a. chief. 5. strength; the ocean; the continent. Mall, a heavy beetle; a public walk. Man'gle, to smooth linen; to cut and tear. March, s. the third month. v. to walk in procession. Mass, a lump; the service of the Latin church. Mast, the pole to which the sails of a ship are fixed ; the fruit of the oak or beach. Match, a thing that easily inflames ; an equal; a thing that suits; a marriage alliance. Mat'ter, material substance; subject of discourse; consequence. Mead, a meadow; honey-wine. Meal, a repast; the flour of corn. [to signify. Mean, a. base; niggardly; middling. s. medium. v. to intend; Meet, v. to encounter. a. proper, suitable. Mew, .'.-. a sea-fowl. v. to cry as a cat; to shut up; to change the appearance. Mine, 9. a cavern dug for minerals. pron. belonging to me. Mint, a plant; the place where money is coined. Mix'ute, the sixtieth part of an hour; a short record. Mole, a little animal; a spot on the skin; a mound. Moor, s. a marsh, or fen; a negro. v. to make fast a vessel to the shore. Mor'tar, a vessel in which substances are pulverized ; cement for bricks ; a short wide cannon for bombs. Mold, the ground in which plants grow ; the shape in which things are cast; a substance which gathers on bodies in a damp place. EQUIVOCAL WORDS. 41 Must, v. to be compelled; to grow musty. 5. new wine. Nail, the homy substance at the end of the Sogers and toes; a metal spike; two inches and a quarter. Nap, a short sleep; the down on cloth, &c. \ 1: vr, s. an ox, or cow. a. elegant ; cleanly. Nervous, vigorous; having weak nerves. No, a. not any. adv* the word of refusal, or denial. Oblige', to compel; to please. Or'der, regularity ; a command ; a class. Or'gax, a natural instrument of sense ; a musical wind instrument. Ounce, a small weight; an animal like a panther. Page, one side of a leaf; a young attendant on a prince. Pale, a. wanting color ; dim. s. a rail to enclose grounds ; a space enclosed, or limited. [insipid. Pall, s. a mantle of state ; a covering for the dead ; v. to become Pal'let, a small bed; a painter's board. Palm, s. a tree; victory; the inner part of the hand. v. to im- pose upon by fraud. Panel, a small board set in a frame; a list of jurors. Panic, sudden fright; a plant. Par'tial, biased to one side, or individual ; affecting only a part. Paste, a mixture of flour and water; imitations of precious stones. Pa'tient, a. enduring. s. a sick person. Peck, 5. a quarter of a bushel. v. to pick up food with the beak; to strike with a pointed instrument. Peer, an equal ; a nobleman. Pen, a writing instrument; a small enclosure. Perch, a kind offish; a roosting place; 5] yards. Pet, a slight passion; a favorite. Pike, a fish; a long lance. Pile, a beam driven into the ground; a heap; nap; the head of an arrow. Pine, 5. a tree. v. to languish. Pin'ion, s. a wing; fetters for the arms; a small-toothed wheel on the same axis with a larger one. v. to shackle. Pink, s. a flower; a color; the highest quality. Pitch, s. thickened tar; degree of elevation. v. to fix ; to throw; to fall headlong; to alight. Plate, a shallow dish: wrought silver: flatted metal. Poach, to boil slightly; to steal game; to tread soft ground. Pole, a long piece of timber: 5 yards in length; the extremity of the earth's axis; a native of Poland. Pol'lard, a tree lopped; a mixture of bran and meal. Port, a harbor; a gate; the gun-hole in a ship; a sort of wine from Oporto. 4* 42 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. Por'ter, a door-keeper ; one who carries loads ; strong beer. Post, s. a piece of timber set upright ; a messenger ; office ; a station. v. to travel quickly; to transcribe into a leger. Pound, s. twenty shillings; a weight; a prison for stray beasts. v. to reduce to powder. Prefer', to choose before another; to advance. Pretend', to represent falsely; to lay claim. Pri'or, former ; the chief monk of a convent. Prune, v. to lop trees. s. a dried plum. Pulse, the throbbing of an artery; leguminous plants. Pump, an engine to raise water; a light shoe. Punch, an instrument for cutting holes ; a mixed liquor. Pu'pil, the apple of the eye; a scholar; a ward. Pur'chase, v. to buy. s. convenience for using force. Quar'ter, s. fourth part; mercy shown by a conqueror; eight bushels. v. to lodge soldiers. Race, a generation ; a contest in running. Rail, s. a bar. v. to speak contemptuously. Ram, s. a male sheep. v. to drive in violently. Rank, a. luxuriant ; rancid. s. a row ; dignity. Rash, a. hasty ; s. a breaking out. Rear, s. the hinder part. v. to raise up ; to educate. Refu'sal, a denial; the right of choice. Render, s. one who tears. v. to restore ; to yield. Rent, .?. a tear; revenue. v. tore. part. torn. Resolu'tion, act of separating into parts; determination. Rest, repose; remainder. Right, a. correct; straight; not left.- s. justice; just claim. Ring, 5. a circle. v. to sound; to fit with rings. Road, a way; a place where ships may anchor at a distance from the land. Rock, s. a vast mass of stone. v. to move backwards and for- wards. Roe, a female deer; the eggs offish. Rose, s. a sweet scented flower. v. did rise. Row, v. to impel with the oar; a rank, or file Rue, s. a plant. /;. to regret. Rush, s. a plant. v. to move with violence. Sack, .v. a bag: a sort of wine. v. to pillage. Sage, m a plant. a. wise. Sash, a silken band: a window frame. Sams s. a toothed instrument for cutting: a proverb. v. did see. Scale, s. the dish of a balance: graduation: a little shell on a fish's skin. v. to climb ; to peel off in thin pieces. Seal, the sea-calf: a stamp. EQ! lOt \l. uci 43 Sea'son, s. one of the four parti of the year? a lit time. r. to give a relish to. See, s. the jurisdiction of a bishop. v. to view. Si: i, r. to place; to bring to a fine edge; to fall below the hori- zon. 3. a number of tilings suited to each other. [jiage. Shaft, an arrow; a narrow perpendicular pit ; the pole of a car- Shed, a. a sight covered building. v. to Let fall, to spill. Siickk, a. unmingled. p. to devi Sho.vl, s. a great multitude; a sand bank. a. shallow. Shore, the coast; a prop or support under a building. Shrub, a bush; an alcoholic mixture. Sink, s. a drain; a reservoir. v. to go down. Size, bulk; a sticky substance. Smelt, s. a small sea-fish. v. to melt ore; did smell. Sole, s. the bottom of the foot; a small sea-fish. a. only. Sound, s. a noise; a shallow sea; a probe. a. hearty; unin- jured. v. to try depth. Spir'it, the soul of man ; courage ; an inflammable distilled liquor. Spring, s. one of the four seasons; an elastic body; a leap; a fountain. v. to arise; to grow. Steep, a. precipitous. p. to soak. Steer, s. a young bullock. v. to direct a course. Stem, s. a stalk. p. to oppose a current. Stern, a. severe. s. the hind part of a ship. Stick, s. a slender piece of wood. v. to adhere; to stab. Still, a. quiet. v. to calm. s. a vessel for distilling. adv. to this time. conj. notwithstanding. Strain, v. to filter; to sprain; to force. 5. style; a passage of music. Succeed, to follow ; to prosper. Suf'fer, to permit, to allow ; to endure, to bear. Suit, s. a set; courtship; prosecution. v. to fit. Swal'low, s. a bird. v. to take down the throat. Ta'ble, an article of furniture; an index, or list of particulars methodically arranged. Tack, v. to join; to tarn a ship. 6*. a liltle nail. Fail, the extremity; a limited estate. Taper, s. a wax candle; conical form. Tender, s. an attendant. a. soft. v. to orTer. Till, v. to cultivate. s. a money box. conj. to the time. Tire, s. a head dress; the hoop of a wheel. v. to weary. Toll, .v. a tax on passengers, &c. v. to ring a bell. Tone, sound; elasticity, or vigor. Top. the highest part of any thing; a toy. Treat, v. to negotiate ; to discourse. s. a feast. 44 THE SCHOLARS COMPANION. Tum'bler, a posture master; a large drinking glass. Tur'tle, a species of dove ; the sea tortoise. Ush'er, v. to introduce. s. an under-teacher. Ut'ter, v. to speak; to put forth.-r-a. entire. Vault, s. a cellar. v. to leap. Vice, wickedness. as a prefix, in the place of. Wa'ges, s. stipulated compensation for labor. v. carries on. Wear, 5. the act of wearing; a kind of dam. v. to impair by friction ; to carry upon the person. Well, 5. a deep narrow pit of water. a. in good health. Yard, an inclosure by the side of a building ; a measure of three feet; the support of the sails of a ship. CHAPTER IV. improprieties heard in conversation. Some of the following improprieties are heard in the conversation of those who are regarded as persons of refinement ; while others of them are heard only among the most uneducated classes. Improprieties of the latter kind are often imitated by children who do not hear them from the lips of their parents. Acrost, for across. Actyve, for active. Afeard, for afraid. Agin, for again [agen.] Agur, for ague. Aint, for are not. All'ez, for always. Arethmetic, for arithmetic. Arriv, for arrived. Arter, for after. Ax, for ask. Bachelder, for bachelor. Bagonet, for bayonet. Begrutch, for grudge. Bellusses, for bellows. Bettermost, for best. Be vend, for beyond. Bile, for boil. Bimeby, for by-and-by. Blowed, for blew. Bran, for brand. Brustle, for bristle. Bust, or Busted, for burst. Catechize, for catechism. Cause, for because. Chaw, for chew. Cheer, for chair. Chimbly, for chimney. Chist, for chest. Chuse, for choose. Cly, for cloy. Clumb, for climbed. Cornish, for cornice. Cowcumber, for cucumber. Critter, for creature. Cupelow, for cupola. Dare'snt, for dare not. Dater, [ a as in far ] for daughter. Done, for did. IMFKOI'KIKTIES. 45 Drawed, lor drew. Drean, for drain. Drownded, for droivned. Ki:m>, for end. Kkn-a-most, for almost. Fairm, for firm. Feller, for fell \>w. Fift, for fifth. Forrud, for forward. Fok "t-I-xur, for for aught I kn uc. Frino, for friend. l'i r, for for. IYrder, for further. l'i rsT, for first. . for girl. G ether, for gather. (Jin, for gape. G ink R a l , Cox gene ral. Gin.sang, for ginseng. Gtm-me, for give me. (Jit, for get. (Iownd, for gown. Giardken', for guar'dian. IIaint, for have not. 1 1 andiron, for andiron. Han k krciikr, for handfecrch iff. 1 1 k n der, lor h in'der. ! I krn, for hers. Herth, for hearth [hartli.] His'n, for his. Hoss, for horse. Housen, for houses. EIowsomever, for however. ih -m, for home. Humbly, for homely. Husbant, for husband. [oee, for idea. [le, for o//. [noin, for Indian [Ind'yriiO [ngine, for engine. Inwite, for invite. Jandkrs, for jaundice. Jest, for just. J ICE, for joists. Jine, (or join. Jinuary> for January. Ketch, for catch. Kittle, for kettle. Kiver, for cover. Knowed, for knew. LARKING, for learning. Least, for lest. Lem-me, for let me. Less, for let us. Lettis, for lettuce. Leven, for eleven. Lickerish, for licorice. Line, for loin. Linning, for linen. Luth'er, for leather. Loom, for loam. Maint, for may not. Massacree, for massacre. Meddle, for medal. Miled, for mile. More'n, for more than. Morn in, for morning. Most, for almost. [ous. Mountaneous, for mountain- Mounting, for mountain. Mushmelon, for mnskmelon. Nary, for neither. Nigger, for negro. Norwest, for northwest. Obstropolous, for obstreperous. Onck't, for once. Ornery, for ordinary. Ourn, for ours. Outch, for Oh! Pardner, for partner. Plete, for plait. Pome, for poem. Pooty, for pretty. Popple, for poplar. Ration. Pronounce ation, for pronunci- Quate, for quoit. Raly, for really. Remarkable, for remarkably. Rense, for rinse. 46 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. Rheumatiz, for rheumatism. Ribbet, for rivet. Riz, for risen. Rozzum, for rosin. Ruther, for rather. Saft, for soft. Sarcer, for saucer. Sarmon, for sermon. Sassage, for sausage. Saxafrax, for sassafras Scurse, for scarce. Sect, for sex. Seen, for saw. Sence, or Sen, for since. Set, for sit. Shawl, for shall. Shay, for chaise. Sheer, for share. Shet, or Shot, for shut. Shue, for shoe. Sich, for such. Sile, for soil. Sithe, for sigh. Sixt, for sixth. Skeered, for scared. Skrouge, for crowd. Smudder, for smother. Some'rs, for somewhere. Sparrow-grass, for asparagus. Spere, for spire. Sperit, for spirit. Squince, for quince. Stiddy, or Study, for steady. Stun, for stone. Stunted, for stinted. Suller, for cellar. Surringe, for syringe. Sut, for soot. Suthing, for something. Taint, for it is not. Tenant, for tenon. That- are, for that. Theirn, for theirs. This-ere, for this. Tother, for the other. Tower, for tour. Turcle, or Tortle, for turtle. Twice 't, for twice. Umberil, or Umberilla, for umbrella. Vyage, for voyage. Want, for was not. Warnut, for walnut. Watermillion, for water' melon. Weal, for veal. Week, for wick. Wen, for when. Wich, for which. Widder, for widow. Willer, for ivillow. Winder, for window. Wine, for vine. Wine gar, for vinegar. Winepipe, for windpipe. Wrastle, for wrestle. Yender, for yonder. Yourn, for yours. CHAPTER V. RULE IN ORTHOGRAPHY Words of one syllable, ending with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double that consonant when they take an addi- tional syllable beginning with a vowel. Words of more than one RULE IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 47 syllable, ending in the same maimer, follow the same rule, when they are accented on the last syllable. In tho following table, the several columns contain specimens of tho several classes of words which do, or do not double their final consonant. Bar, Bare, Bait, Bark, Befit', Bal'Iot. Barred, Bared, Baited, Barking, Befitting, Balloting. Chip, Chime, Cheat, Cart, Commit', Car 7 pet. Chipping, Chiming, Cheating, Carting, Committed, Carpeted. Dip, Dire, Dear, Damp, Defer', Di'ffer. Din Direr, Dearer, Damper, Deferring, Differing. Dig, Dive, Deal, Dark, Distil', Discom'fit. Digger, Diver, Dealer, Darker, Distiller, Discomfited. Dot, Date, Deaf, Dart, Deter', Dis'mal, Dotted, Dated, Deafer, Darting, Deterring, Dis'mally. Fat, Fade, Jail, Ink, Impel', Inhab'it. Fatted, Faded, Jailer, Inky, Impelling, Inhabiting. far, Ice, Fail, Find, Forget', Fer'ret, I\ \er, Iced, Failing, Finder, Forgetting , Ferreting. Jdt, Jade, Join, Jolt, Japan', Jew'el. JUTTING, Jaded, Joiner, Jolted, Japanning, Jeweler.* Run, Race, Rain, Rend, Rebel', Ripen. Ru.NNEn, Racer, Raining, Rending, Rebellino, Ripening. Red, Ride, Rail, Rest, Remit', Rea'son. Redder, Riding, Railing, Rested, Remitted, Reasoner. Rap, Rise, Roar, Rust, Rebut', Recov'er. Rapping, Rising, Roaring, Rusted, Rebutting, Recovering. Rag, Rage, Read, Right, Refer', Rob'bcr. Ragged, Raging, Reading, Righter, Referring, Robbery. Tan, Tune, Tear, Tight, Trepan', Tam'per. Tanned, Tuner, Tearing, Tighter, Trepanning , Tam'pering. Up, Use, Vain, Urn, Unship', Ut'ter. Upper, Using. Vainer, Urned, Unship'ped, Uttering. * Some words which are not accented on the last syllable, are often spelled with the double consonant; thus, leveler is often spelled leveller ; ivorshiper is spelled worshipper : jeweler, jeweller, &c. This mode of spelling such words is condemned by Dr. Webster, as contrary to analogy. When ed is added to those words which double the consonant, the e may be omitted in writing, and an apostrophe supply its place; but when the consonant is not doubled, the e should be written ; thus, robb'd for robbed ; but not rob'd fox robed. 48 PART II. DERIVATION. Directions for usino Part II. The pupil should study Chapter I., so as to be able to recite it readily, (i. e. to state the substance of each of the prelimi- nary observations, and to give an account of each of the Prefixes and Suffixes, with the examples which illustrate their use,) before proceeding further. The figures included in parentheses refer to the paragraphs of Chapters II. & III.; and in Chapter I., the references to Latin and Creek words are distin- guished by the letters L. and G. It is desirable that Part II. should be studied, as a distinct exercise, before it is used as a reference book. The pupils will thus become accustomed to tracing the etymology of words, and will be prepared to discover, without referring to the book, the derivation and signification of many words, on meeting with them for the first time. Not only should the practice of tracing English words to their Latin or Greek primitives be continued by all pupils who have studied this Part, but those who are studying Latin or Greek should be in the habit of as- certaining, and stating in their recitations, what English words are derived from the Latin or Greek words which occur in their lessons. CHAPTER I. GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION OF ENGLISH WORDS. 1. The words of the English language may be separated into two principal classes, viz.: words of Saxon origin, and words of Latin origin. Words derived from the ancient Greek, belong, in this general division, to the latter of the two classes ; although they will be arranged by themselves, for the sake of convenience, in the following pages. Note. For an account of such words as are neither of Saxon nor Latin origin, let the student consult Dr. Webster's large Dictionary. 2. A great part of the words which are classed as words of Latin origin, were introduced into the English, not directly from the Latin itself, but from the French, or from some other of those modern languages which sprung from the Latin, and strongly re- semble it. For example, the word finish may have come into our language from the French word fmir; but both are to be traced back to the Latin word finis, (L. 176), signifying an ena or limit. DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION. 49 3. By learning thfl derivation of word, we Often obtain a clearer notion of its signification than W6 could obtain in any other wav. This is true of the following examples, viz.: Contact, which is from the Latin particle con, together, and the verb tango, participle tactus), (L.526), to touch; Federal, from fnlus, (L. 162), a league, or treaty ; Gradual from ^radus, (L. 207), a step ; Induce from in, into, and duco, (L. 188), to lead. 4. As Latin and Greek words often vary considerably in form, in their different cases, tenses, &c, and as the Englisn word is not always formed from that case or tense which is considered the foundation of the others, it is often necessary to know more than one of the forms which the Latin or Greek word may assume. Thus, the word fluent is derived from the Latin verb Jluo, (L. 185), to flow; while influx is from fluxum, the supine of the same verb, and the preposition in. So the Latin adjective felix, (L. 1G3), which has in its genitive case felicis, gives rise to the English word fclici'y. 5. In arranging English words in families under the Latin or Greek words from which they are derived, it is proper to place under the several Latin or Greek words, not only the English words derived immediately from them, but also those derived from their derivatives. For example, under the Latin word nascor, (L. 324), (part, natus), to be born, should be classed the English words nascent, natal, natural, nativity, and nation; although, with the exception of the first, they are derived more immediately from words in the Latin which are derivatives of nascor, viz.: natalis, naluralis, nativitas, and natio. 6. Many English words are formed from other English words, by means of prefixes and suffixes. A letter, syllable, or word joined to the beginning of a word is called a prefix; a letter or syllable joined to the end is called a suffix. Thus, from tell is formed foretell, by joining a prefix; and from do is formed doer, by joining a suffix. A word may take two or more prefixes or suffixes at the same time. Thus, reproduce contains two prefixes, re and pro; wonderfully contains two suffixes, fill and ly ; roguishness two suffixes, ish and ness. 7. Some of the prefixes and suffixes are of Saxon origin, and others are of Latin origin. Some of them are words which may be used separately, while the greater part are inseparable, i. e. are never used by themselves. Many of the prefixes which are in- separable in English, are separable in the languages from which they are derived. 8. In learning our own language, we become so familiar with the signification of most of the prefixes and suffixes, (although it is not alwavs easy to state that signification), that as soon as we 5 50 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. have ascertained the meaning of any word which is new to us, we can tell what would be the meaning of the several words formed from it by such additions. Thus, after learning the meaning of the word confirm, we know what must be the meaning of the words confirmed, confirmation, confirmatory, confirmer, con- firmed/ y, unconfirmed, &c, from the manner in which they are varied from the word confirm. In some cases, the prefixes or sufiixes seem not to affect the signification of the word to which they are joined. 9. When a prefix ends with a consonant, that consonant is often changed or omitted, in order that the prefix may unite easily with the word to which it is to be joined. In the words affix, cohere, (L. 217), implant, and suffix, (for example), the prefixes ad, con, in, and sub, are changed, for the sake of producing a more agreeable sound. PREFIXES. The following is a list of the most important prefixes used in forming English words. The abbreviation (Lat.) shows that the prefix is from the Latin ; (Gr.) that it is from the Greek. Prefixes which are inseparable in the lan- guages from which they are derived, (as above explained, 7), are denoted by the abbreviation (insep.) A, (when of English or Saxon origin), signifies in, on, or at; as in the words abed, aboard, aloft, ashore, aside. A, or An, (Lat.) from; as, avert, (L. 579), to turn from; ab- solve, (L. 497), to release from. A, or An, (Gr. insep.) destitute of; as, atheist, (G. 216), one without a God; anarchy, (G. 18), want of government. Ad, (Lat.) which may become, in composition, (9), a, ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, or at, signifies to; as, adhere, (L. 217), to stick to; ascend, (L. 465), to mount to; a/lot, to assign to; at- test, (L. 538), to bear witness to. Ante, (Lat.), before; as antecedent, (L. 57), going before. Anti, (Gr.), against; as, anh'christian, opposed to Christian- ity; antispasmodic, (G.203), adapted to prevent convulsions. Apo, (Gr.), from; as, apostle, (G. 205), one sent out; aphe- lion, (G. 105), greatest distance from the sun. Be, (from the word by), signifies upon, over, about; as, be- sprinkle, to sprinkle on or over. In some words, the prefix be seems to be one of a different origin; as in behead, besiege. Circum, (Lat.), around, or about; as, circumnavigate, (L. 326), to sail around; ctYcamjacent, (L. 238), lying around. T prefixes; 5 l Con, (in Lat., Cum), with, or together. It takes several I b viz., co, cog, col, com, and cor ; as connect, (L. W7), to bind to- gether; cohere, (L. 217), to stick together; compress? (L. 410), to press together. Contra, (Lat.) against; as, contradict, (L. 117), to speak in opposition. In many words it takes the form counter; as, counteract, (L. 3), to art against De, (Lat), from, or down from; as, deduct, (L. 133), to take from; oescena, to go down from. Dis, and the forms di and dif (Lat. insep.), asunder, apart, awai/; as, dissent, (L. 476), to be of a different opinion J divert, to turn one aside. This prefix often has a kind of negative mean- ing; as in disadvantageous. E, or Ex, (Lat. & Gr.), out, or out of; as, rject, (L. 239), to cast out; Reel ude, (L. 77), to shut out It also takes the forms cc, and cf; as, eccentric, out of the center; c/ilux, (L. 185), a flowing out. Ex, or Em. See In. Extra, (Lat;), beyond; as, cr/raordinary, (L. 351), beyond what is ordinary. Fore, before; as foretell, to tell beforehand. Hyper, (Or.) above, beyond; as, Ay/jcrcritical, (G. 61), critical beyond reason. Hypo, (Gr.), under; as, hypothesis, (G. 215), a supposition taken as the basis of a theory. In, or En, (Lat. & Gr.), in, on, or into; as, insert, (L. 480), to put in; incubation, (L. 99), sitting on; induce, to lead into; engrave, (L. 211), to cut upon, or in. In may become ig, it, im, or ir; and en may become em. In and its equivalents often de- note privation or negation; as, indecent, (L. 110), not decent; i/legal, (L. 256), not legal. Some words are written w r ith in or en indifferently ; as, enclose, or inclose. Inter, (Lat.), between, or among ; as, interpose, (L. 399), to place between. It sometimes takes the form enter. Intro, (Lat.), within; as, introduce, (L. 133), to lead within. Mis, signifies wring, erroneous, defective; as, misconduct, wrong conduct; misconception, (L. 47), an erroneous notion. Non, (Lat.), not; as, nondescript, (L. 403), not described. Ob, (Lat.) denotes opposition; as object, to east against. In composition it may become oc, of, or op. Out, beyond; as, outdo, to surpass. Para, (Gr.), by the .side of; as, parasite, (G.201), that which grows or feeds at the side of something. Per, (Lat.), through; as pervade, (L. 565), to extend through 52 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. Peri, (Gr.), around; as, perimeter, (G. 137), the outer line, or measure around anything. Pre, (Lat.), before; as, precede, to go before; prejudge, (L. 241), to judge before. Preter, (Lat.) beyond; as, preternatural, beyond nature. Pro, (Lat.), for : , forth, forward : as, pronoun, (L. 334), a word used instead of a noun; provoke, (L. 596), to call forth; propel, o drive forward. Re, (Lat. insep.), back again, anew; as, recall, to call back; recommence, to begin anew. Retro, (Lat.), backward; as, retrospect, (L. 504), a looking backwards. Se, (Lat. insep.), aside, apart; as, secede, to withdraw; se- clude, to shut away, or apart. Sub, (Lat.), under; as, subscribe, to write under. It also takes the forms sac, suf sag, sup, and sus ; as in succor, (L. 103), suf- fer, (L. 167), suggest, (L. 203), support, (L. 402), sustain, (L. 530). Super, (Lat.), above, over, more than enough; as, superna- tural, above nature; supervision, (L. 586), overseeing. It often takes the form sur; as, swrcharge, to overload. Syn, (Gr.), with, together; as, synthesis, putting together. It also takes the forms sy, syl, and sym. Trans, (Lat.), over, through, beyond; as, transgress, (L.207), to go over a law, or rule; transparent, (L. 362), clear like glass; trans- kt\m\i\c, beyond the Atlantic ocean. Un, denotes privation or negation, (see In) ; as, tmbind, to take off a band; uncertain, (L. 67), not certain. Under, as, undermine; underrate, (L. 439). AVith, as a prefix, usually denotes opposition, or separation; as, withstand, (L. 491), to stand against; withdraw, to retire. SUFFIXES. In the following list of suffixes, examples are given, under each suffix, of the several parts of speech which that suffix is used to form. Thus, under Ate, the example preceded by the abbrevia- tion a. illustrates the manner in which ate is used to form adjec- tives ; the example marked s. illustrates its use in forming sub- stantives. The signification of the suffixes must be learned by observation. In many cases, it is impossible so to state it, that the pupil can use the statement as a general definition, in analyzing word*. Should the teacher desire something SUFFIXES. like a general cMiniiion, ihe words italicized in the explanationsof the examples given in this list, nmy ba used foe this purpose, as the sentences am constructed with a vifw to such a use of the italicised portion. In analyzing words, with reference t> their derivation, the pupil should l>c accustomed t<> state wl of the wonl constitutes the suffix, what part or parts of speech it b used to form ami how it affects the signiOcation of the arord in question. A eareful Studs of the examples here adduced and explained will give the pupil facility in expressing the signification of the suffixes in other cases. Ac; a. demoniac, like a demon; cardiac, (G. 48), pertaining to the heart. A* i:ois; a. saponaceous, (L. 402), having the qualitiei of eoap. \< v; s. obstinary, the state or condition of being obstinate. ; .v. bondage, the condition of one bound; coinage, the doing 6f the work upon coins. Ai.: . persona/, relating to a person. 9. removal, the act of removing. \\. or Ian, a. republican, (L. 441), belonging to a republic ; barbarian, belonging to a barbarous people. s. historian, one zcho writes history. Ance, or Ancv; 8. ignorance, (G. Ml), the state of being igno- rant; Constancy, (L. 491), the being constant. Ant; a. abundanf, being in abundance. 9. dt3putan/,wne w/io the art or work of disputing, Ar; a. lunar, (L. 274), belonging to the moon; annular, (L. 15), resembling a ring. s. War, one who does lite act of lying. Ard; s. drunkard, one who does, or is guilty oi' intemperate drinking. Any; a. rotary, (L. 418), resembling a wheel; planetary, (G. 182), pertaining to the planets. ,5. aviary, (L. 32), a place ichere birds are kept; missionary, (L. 305), one who does the work, or bears the responsibilities of a mission. Ate; a. accurate, (L. 102), having the quality of accuracy. s. magistrate, (L. 277), one who does the duties of a ruler. v. abbreviate, (L. 39), to make short; navigate, to perform the act of sailing. i>Li: ; a. araWe, (L. 26), that can be plowed; laudao/e, (L.251), that may be praised. Ole ; 5. vesicle, a little cavity, or vessel; corpuscle, (L. 89), a little body. Don ; s. (reedom s the condition of being free; kingdom, the realm of a king. Ee; s. referee, (L. 1G7), one who is referred to for a decision. Eer; s. engineer, one who docs the work of managing an en gine. En; v. blacken, to make black. 5* 54 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION- Ence, or Ency; s. presence, the state of being present; tend- ency, (L. 529), the act or quality of tending towards. Ent ; a. prudent, having the quality of prudence. s. student, the person who studies. Er; s: carrie?*, one who docs the work of carrying. a. broader, more broad. Escence; s. convalescence, (L. 567), state of growing or be-' coming healthy. Escent; a. putrescent, becoming putrid. Ess; a suflix denoting feminine gender; as, s. lioness, a female lion. Ful; a. joyful, full of joy. Hood; s. widowhood, the condition of being a widow. Ic ; a. heroic, like a hero, or having the quality of heroism. Ice; s. cowardice, the quality of being cowardly. Tcs; s. optics, (G. 157), the science of vision; mathematics, (G. 133), the science of quantity. Id; a. frigid, (L. 194), having the qualify of coldness. Ile ; a. fragile, (L. 191), that may be broken; pueri/e, (L. 417), like, or pertaining to a boy. Ine; a. canine, (L. 45), pertaining to dogs; alkaline, like, or having the qualities of an alkali. Ion; s. rebelli.?n,-(L. 35), the act of rebelling ; expansion, (L. 358), the act of expanding, or state of being expanded. Ish ; a. whitish, somewhat while: boyish, like a boy. v. pub- lish, to make public ; vanish, to do the tiling denoted by the word disappear. Ism, or Asm; s. heroism, the state of being a hero; criticism, the practice of criticising ; Hebraism, an idiom of the Hebrew language. 1st; s. artis*\ (L. 27), one who does work in any branch of art; florist, (L. 184), one who practises the art of cultivating flowers; Calvinis/, one who is a follower of Calvin. Ite ; s. favorite, one who is beloved ; Israelite, one belonging to the nation of Israel. Ive; a. instructive, (L. 515), fitted to give instruction; active having power or fitness to act. Ize, or Ise; v. fertilize, (L. 167), to make or render fertile. Less ; a. fearless, ivithout fear ; penni/ess, destitute of a penny Like ; a. warlike, resembling war. Ling ; s. a suffix denoting littleness, as in sapling, yearling, \ordling. Ly; a. beast///, like a beast. adv. proud/?/, in a manner ex- hibiting pride; fixed/?/, (L. 172), in a manner unchanging or un- moved. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 55 Ment; s. banishmo?/, the state of being banished, or the act of banishing; accompanime/rf, that ivhich accompanies. Mony; s. acrimony, (L. 1), the quality of sharpness or se- verity. In the words test inumy, matrimony, (L. 284), patri- mony, (367), 6c., the sulhx mony is used with singular variety of signification. Ness; s. tirmncss, the state of being firm; littleness, tne qualify or circumstance of being little. Or; s. governor, (L. 213), one who does that which is denoted by the word govern. Ory; a. preparato?*?/, (k- 3o *4), fitted or designed to prepare. s. observatory, (L. 483), a place ivhere observations are taken. Ose; a. verbose, (L. 575), abounding in words. Ous; a. dangerows, partaking of danger; courageous, having the quality of courage. Ship; s. clerkship, the place, or office of a clerk; friends/tip, the condition or relation of being a friend. Some ; a. quarrelsome, characterized by a disposition to quar- rel; burdenso?ne, having the quality or character of oppressive- ness. Ster ; s. teamster, one whose business it is to drive a team. Tude ; s. servitude, the condition of slavery ; fortifa/rfe, (L. 189), the quality of bravery. Tv; s. ability, the condition or state of being able. Ure; s. departure, the act of departing; posture, (399), the conditio?! of being in a particular position; furniture, the thing furnished. Ward; alv. eastward, in the direction of the east. a. awk- ward, having the quality of uncouthness. Y; a. dewy, covered with dew ; watery, partaking of water. s. modest?/, (L. 306), the quality or state of being modest. CHAPTER II. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. Pronunciation. Latin words are usually pronounced in this country, in accordance with the general principles of English pro- nunciation. The following directions, however, are necessary for those who have not studied Latin, and should be carefully observed. 56 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 1. Every Latin word has as many syllables as there are vow- els or diphthongs in it. Thus, in the expression bona fide, in good faith, the word fide has two syllables, the e being sounded as e in me. In like manner the words voce, jure, parte, lege, &c. are pronounced each with two syllables. 2. Words of two syllables have the accent always on the first syllable; as, a'ccr, a'go, ar'bor. In this book the accented sylla- ble is marked, in all Latin words of more than one syllable; and the manner in which the word is divided will generally show what sound is to be given to the vowel of the accented syllable. 3. When a word of more than one syllable ends with a, that letter is sounded as a in ah, except that the sound is not pro- longed; as cau'sa, cale'na. 4. The diphthongs m and ic are sounded as simple e would be in the same place ; thus, fa-'das and tim'ulus, are pronounced as if written fe'duj, em'ulus. 5. C and g are hard before a, o, and u, and soft before e, i, and y ; thus, in the words ea'no, co'lo, and cu'ra, the c lias the sound of k; in ce'do and ci'vis it has the sound of s. So g, in the words fnga'tus, H'go, and lon'gns, lias the sound of g in give; in the words ge'ro and gig'no it has the sound of g in gentle. 6. Ch always sounds like Ic. For a full account of Latin pronunciation, sec Andrews's and Stoddard's Latin Grammar. J7*In the following chapter, a Latin word placed in a paren- thesis immediately after another Latin word, as (arris) after Acer, shows the form which that word assumes in the genitive case, if it be a substantive or adjective; or in the supine, or some other inflection, if it be a verb. See 4. p. 49. In the several paragraphs, the words are not always arranged in ejtact alphabetical order, because it is desirable that words formed immediately and obviously from the Latin word should be placed before those whose derivation is more remote. 1. A'ccr, (a'cris), sour; pungent. Acu'lus, sharp. Acerbity, sharpness of disposi- ] Acetous, like vinegar. [hig. tion. Ac'rto, of a biting taste. Ac'RiMONY,sha-pness; ill-nature. Ac'id, sour; tart. Acid'clate, to flavor with acid. Acute', sharp ; pointed ; discern- Acu'men, intellectual penetra- tion. Exacerda'tion, increased irri- tation or severity. WORDS DERIVED I ROM 1 UK LATIN. 2. A'ger, (a'gri), a field. 57 Agra'rian, relating to lands.* Ao'riculture, (82), the cultiva- tion of the ground. Agriculturist, a farmer. Per 'kgrinate, to travel in for eiirn lands. The agrarian laws of ancient Rome, which caused so much civil commo- tion, related to the distribution of public lands among the people. 3. A' go, (ac'(um), to do; to perform. Act, to behave ; to perform. Ac'tion, a performance. Activ'itv, Agility, quickness of motion. Ac'tual, real; existing in act. Ac'tuate, to put into action. Ac'tuary, a register or clerk. A 'gent, a doer; one entrusted with business. Ag'itate, to put into motion or excitement. Co'oext, forcible. Dam'age, (107), injury. Exact', to decree. Exact', v. to take by authority or force. Exact', a. accurate. Ex'igexcv, pressing necessity. Man'age, (282), to carry on. Prod'igal, wasteful. Transact', to conduct or per- form. 4. A'lius, other; another. Alie'nus, foreign. Al'ien, foreign ; estranged. Al'ienate, to transfer to another; to estrange. Aeiexa'tion, estrangement. Ixal'ienarle, that cannot be transferred or alienated. 5. A'h, {ali' linn, or al'iuni), to feed; to nourish. Al'i.ment, nourishment. Coalesce', (Lat. coales'co), to Alimentary, pertaining to grow together; to unite. food. Coali'tion, combination; union. 6. Alter, the other. Alter'nus, one after the other. Alterca'tiox, quarreling; dis- puting. Alternately, one after the other. Alternation, succession; per- formance by turns. Alternative, a choice of two thinp-s. Al'titude, height. 7. Al'tus, lofty. | Exalt', to raise up. 58 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 8. Am'bulo, (ambula'tum), to walk. Am'bulatory, pertaining to the act of walking. Am'ble, to walk or run in an artificial manner. Peram'bulate, to walk through. 9. JL'mo, {ama'tum), to love. Am'atory, relating to love. Amateur', a lover of the fine arts. A'miable, lovely. Am'orous, affected by love. Enam'ored, fond. Am'icable, friendly. Am'ity, friendship. En'mity, hatred. En'emy, a foe. Inim'jcal, unfriendly; opposed. 10. Am' plus, large. Am'ple, large; liberal. Am'ply, largely. Am'plify, (152), to enlarge. Amplification, enlargement ; extension. Am'plitude , lameness. 1. An'go? [cmx'i), to vex. An'ger, wrath. | Anxi'ety, solicitude. An'guish, extreme pain. | Anx'ious, solicitous. An'gle, a corner. An'gular, having corners. Rect'angle, (438), a right-an- gled, four-sided figure. Tri'angle, (549), a three-cor- nered figure. 12. An'a-ulus, a corner. Quad'rangle, (42G), a square. Equian'gular, (144), having equal angles. Multan'gular, (317), many cornered. 13. An'imus, the mind. An'ima, the life, or spiritual principle. Aji'imal, a living creature. Animal'cule, a minute animal. An'imate, to make alive. Animadvert', (579), to consider or criticize. Inanimate, lifeless. Anima'tion, liveliness. Animos'ity, violent hatred. Unanim'ity, (563), agreement in opinion. Unan'imous, of one mind. Equanim'ity, (144), evenness of mind. [of m .nd. Magnanim'ity, (278), greatness Pusillanim'ity, (Lat. pusil'lus, weak), cowardice. An'nual, happening yearly. Annu'ity, a yearly income. 14. An'nus, a year. Annuitant, one who receives an annuity. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 59 Anniversary, (579), a slated day, returning with the revo- lution of the year. Ann \i,s, yearly records. r>n:\'\iAi., (37), of two years. Trien'nial, (549), happening every three years. n'nial, (478), of seven ara. Superannuated, impaired by old age. Pkren'nial, continuing tlirough the year. Millen'nidm, a thousand years. 15. Aii'nuhis, a ring. An'nti.ar, in the form of a ring. | An'nulet, a term in architecture. 10. Anti'quus, ancient. An'tiquary, one who seeks an- cient, things. An'tiqijated, old; out of date. Antique', belonging to old times; a relic of ancient times. An'cient, old. 17. Ape'rio. Ape'rient, laxative. | Ap'erture, an opening. 18. Ap'to, to fit or join. Apt, fit; inclined to. Ap'titude, tendency; dispose Apt'ness, fitness; quickness of Adapt, to adjust. [tion, apprehension 19. A' qua, water. Aquat'ic, living in, or on the water. A'queous, watery. Aq'ueduct, (133), a channel for water. Terra'queous, (536), consist- ing of land and water. 20. Jlr'biter, a judge or umpire. Ar'biter, Arbitrator, a judge appointed by opposite parties to decide between them. Ar'bitrate, to decide. Arbitration, determination by an arbitrator. Ar'bitrary, capricious; abso- lute. 21. Ar'bor* a tree. Ar'bor, a bower. Ar'borist, one who cultivates trees and shrubs. Ar'boret, Ar'buscle, a little tree. Arbo'reous, belonging to a tree. 60 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 22. Ar'ceo, to hinder or restrain. Coerce', to restrain by force. | Coer'cion, restraint. 23. Ar'deo, (ar'si), to burn. Ar'dent, burning; passionate. Ar'dor, heat; earnestness. Ar'son, setting fire to a dwell- ing. 24. Ar'guo, to argue. Ar'gue, to reason; to dispute. I Argumentation, reasoning. 1 Ar'gument, a reason offered; Argumentative, containing ar- controversy. gument. 25. Ar'ma, arms, weapons. Arm, v. to take arms. Arms, weapons; war. Disarm', to deprive of weapons. Ar'my, a number of armed men. Ar'mistice, (491), a cessation of hostilities. Ar'morer, one who makes arms. Ar'mor, defensive weapons. Ar'mory, the place where aims are kept or made. Ar'mament, Arma'da , a naval warlike force. Armo'rial, belonging to the es- cutcheon of a family, [arms. Armip'otent, (403), powerful in Unarm'ed, without arms. 26. A'ro, to plough. Ar'able, capable of being I Inar'able, not arable, ploughed. 27. *ftrs, (ar'tis), art, skill. Art, skill, cunning; a trade. Art'ist, a professor of an art. Art'isan, Artif'icer ; a work- man, an operative, [genuine. Artificial, made by art; not Art'ifice, stratagem. Art'ful, cunning. Art'less, unskilful ; without fraud. Inert', dull ; motionless. 28. J2r'tus, or Artic'ulus, a joint or limb. Ar'ticle, a single thing; a part of speech. Artic'ular, belonging to the joints. Artic'ulate, v. to speak dis- tinctly; to join. Artic'ulate, a. distinct; branched out into joints. Articula'tion, a juncture of bones ; the knots in the stalk of a plant; speech. ' Inartic'ulate, indistinct. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 29. A'sper, rough. Asper'itv, roughness. | Exas'perati:, to Oftiftgl. 30. Au'dio, (audi'lum), to hear. fil Aud'ible, that can be heard. Audience, a hearing; the per- sons assembled to hear. Aud'itv to examine an ac- count. Aud'itor, a hearer; an ex- aminer. Aud'itory, an assembly of hearers. [ m g Obe'dient, listening to; obey- 31. Au'geo, (atix'ij auc'twn), to increase. Augment', to increase. Augmentation, enlargement. Auc'tion, a sale by bidding more and more. [auction. Auctioneer', one who holds an Au'thorize, to give authority. Au'thor, (the Latin word is auc'tor), an originator; a writer. Authority, legal power; in- fluence. Auxiliary, helping. 32. A' vis, a bird. Au'gur, Aus'pex, (aus'picis), a soothsayer. A'viary, a place inclosed to keep birds in. Au'gur, s. one who predicted by observing birds. Au'gur, v. to forbode. Au'gury, an omen or prediction. Inau'gurate, to invest with an office by solemn rites. Aus'pices, (504), the omens of an undertaking. Auspic'ious, favorable. Inauspic'ious, unfortunate. 33. Bac'chus, in heathen mythology, the god of wine. Bac'chanal, one who indulges | Bacchana'lian, pertaining to in drunken revelry. drunken revelry. 34. Bea'tus, happy; blessed. Beatif'ic, fitted to bless or I Beat'itude, blessedness; a make happy. I blessing pronounced. 35. Bel' him, war. Bellig'erent, (203), waging I Reb'el, one who revolts, war. I Rebellion, insurrection. 6 62 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 36. Bi'bo, to drink. Bib'ber, a tippler. | Bib'ulous, absorbing. Biba'cious, fond of drinking. Imbibe', to drink in. 37. Bis, twice. Bi'ni, two by two. Bi'furcated, (Lat. fur'ca, a fork), having two prongs. Big'amy, (G. 91), having two wives at once. Bi'nary, composed of two. Bi'ped, (380), an animal having two feet. Bisect', (470), to cut into two equal parts. Combine', to join or unite. 38. Bo'nus, good. Be'ne, well. Boun'ty, generosity. Benion', kind; favorable. Benig'mty, graciousness. Benef'icent, (152), kind; doing good. Benef'icence, active goodness. Ben'efit, advantage. Benefi'cial, advantageous. Ben'efice, a church living. Benefac'tion, (152), a benefit conferred. Benefac'tor, one who confers a benefit. Benedic'tion, (116), a blessing. Benev'olence, (598), disposi- tion to do good. 39. Bre'vis, short. Brev'ity, Brief'ness ; short- ness. Brev'iary, an abridgement. Brev'iature, a shortening. Abbre'viate, to shorten. Brief, a. short; concise. Brief, s. a pleader's notes. 40. Co! do, (ca'sum), to fall. Ca'dence, fall of the voice. Deca'dence, falling; decay. Case, state of a thing. Cas'ual, happening by chance. Cas'ualty, accident. Cascade', a waterfall. Ac'cident, that which happens unforeseen. Ac'cidence, the rudiments of grammar. [of conscience. Casuistry, the science of cases Coincide', to agree. Coincidence, concurrence. Decay', to fall away. Decid'uous, falling. In'cident, s. an event. In'cident, a. likely to happen as an attendant event. Occa'sion, opportunity ; time of a particular occurrence. Oc'cident, the west, where the sun sets. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 63 41 Cse'do, (cse'sum), to cut; to kill, i ncis'ion, a cut into any thing, Excis'ion, a cutting out. Excise', a duty on goods. Concise', short, brief. Decide', to determine. Decis'iox, determination. Deci'sive, conclusive. Precise', exact; strict. Precision, exact limitation. Precis ian, one who limits. CjEsi/ra, a pause in verse. Frat'ricide, (192), killing a brother. Hom'icide, (220), manslaughter; a manslayer. Infan'ticide, (158), killing an infant. ("parent. Par'ricide, (362), killing a Su'icide, (Lat. Sui t of himself or herself), self-murder. Reg'icide, (438), murder of a king. 42. Ca'leo, to be warm or hot. Calefac'tion, the act of heating. I Incales'cence, Cal'id, hot. warm. Calor'ic, the element of heat. growing [fluid. Scald, to burn with a boiling 43. Calx, (cal'cis), chalk. Cat cuius , a little pebble. Calx, any thing rendered redu- cible to powder, by burning or the action of an acid. Calcine', to reduce to a calx. Calcarious, calx. chalky like a Cal'culous, stony, gritty. Cal'culate, to reckon. [An- ciently pebbles were used in numerical computation]. Cal'culus, a department of mathematics. 44. Can'deOy to glow with heat. a tallow or wax Can'dle, light. \se, s. perfumes burnt. Incense', v. to enrage. Incen'tive, inducement. Incend'iary, one who sets houses, &c. on fire. Can'dor, sincerity. [This sig- nification is derived fi5 Capit'ulate, to surrender on conditions.* Cape, a head-land. Cap'tatn, a chief commander. Chap'ter, a division, or licad. Decap'itate, to behead. Oc'ciput, the hinder part of the head. Precip'itate, v. to tumble headlong; to hurry. Precip'itate, a. headstrong ; hasty. Precip'itate, 8. a sediment. Prec'ipice, a headlong s! Recapit'ulate, to repeat again, (as the topics of a discourse.) The word arose from the stipulation being drawn up under heads. 49^ Car'cer, a prison. Incar'cerate, to imprison. | Incarceration, imprisonment. 50. Ca'ro, (car'nis), flesh. Car'nal, fleshly, not spiritual. Car'rion, putrid flesh. Car'nage, (3), slaughter. Car'cass, a dead body. Incarna'tion, the taking of a Carnel'ian, a red (or flesh co- body of flesh. Carna'tion, a flower. lored) stone. Carniv'erous, (001), feeding Car'nival, in Roman Catholic | on flesh. countries, a feast before Lent, j Char'nel-house, a place for de- I positing human bodies. 51. CaZpo, to pluck. Indiscerpt'iiu.t:, that cannot be torn in pieces. Carp, to cavil. Carp'ing, captious. Ex'cerpt, something culled out. 52. Cas'ligo, to chastise. Cas'tigate, to punish by stripes. | Castiga'tion, punishment. 53. Cate'na, a chain. Catena'rian, relating to a I Concatenation, chain. links. series of 54. Cau'sa, a cause. Cause, that which produces an Accusative, the name of a case effect Causa'tiox, the act of causing. Accuse', to charge with a crime f It was so called, because the act of accusing was tukcn to represent all act which terminate on some object. 6* in gram mar .t Excuse', to pardon. Because', for this reason. Recu'sant, making opposition. 66 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 55. Ca'veo, (can' turn), to beware. Cau'tion, prudence in respect to | Incau'tious, heedless. Cau'telous, wary. [danger. | Precau'tion, previous care. 56. Ca'vus, hollow. Cave, Cav'ern ; a hollow place. Con'cave, hollow, opposed to convex. Ex'CAVATE, tO hollow OUt. Excava'tion, a cavity made by- digging. 57. Ce'do, (ces'simi), to yield ; to go away. Cede, to yield or give up. Ces'sion, a giving up; resigna- tion. Cease, to stop; to leave off. Cessa'tion, a stop, a discon- tinuance. Accede', to assent to ; to agree. Access', approach. Acces'sion, a coming to ; an in- crease by the addition of something; Ac'cessory, rendering aid. An'cestor, (Lat. antecessor), a person from whom one is dis- tantly a descendant. Antece'dent, going before. Concede', to admit, to grant. Decease', departure from this world ; death. Kxceed', to go beyond. Excess', more than enough. Excessive, exceeding. Inces'sant, without pause. Intercede', to go between ; to request in behalf of another. Intercession, the act of inter- ceding. Precede', to go before. Preces'sion, a going before, (an astronomical term). Prece'dence, Prece'dency, priority ; superiority. Predeces'sor, one that was in a place before another. Prec'edent, an example. Proceed', to go forward. Procedure, manner of pro- ceeding. Proc'ess, progressive course. Proces'sion, a ceremonious march. Recede', to go back ; to retreat. Recess', a place or time of retreat. Seces'sion, a withdrawing from. Succeed', to follow after; to prosper. Success', prosperity; the event of an affair. Succes'sion, series. Successive, following in order. 58. Cel'eber, renowned, famous. Cel'ebrate, to praise; to com- mend solemnly. CEi/EBRATED.rcno\vned,fainous. Celebra'tion, a distinguishing by ceremonies. Celeb'rity, renown; fame. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 67 59. Ce'lcr, swift. * Celer'ity, swiftness. | Accel'erate, to hasten forward. 60. Cel'la, a cellar. Cei/lular, full of little cells or cavities. Cel lar, an under ground store. Cell, a little hollow place. Conceal', to hide. Cel'larer.Cel'larist^ butler. 61. 6V/o, to cover, to hide. Concealment, the act, place, or mode of hiding. 62. Cae'lum, the heaven. Celes'tial, heavenly. Subceles'tial, beneath the heavens. 63. Cen'seo, to judge or estimate. Cen'sor, an officer who exam- ines the works of authors be- fore they are allowed to be printed. Censo'rious, judging severely. Cen'sure, blame, reproach. Censurable, blame-worthy. Cen'sus, a numbering of the people. Cense', a public tax. Recen'sion, a review, or re-ex- amination. 64. Cen'twn, a hundred. Cent, the hundredth part of a dollar. Centennial, occuring once in a hundred years. Cen'tury, a hundred years. Centu'rion, an officer over a hundred men. Cen'tuple, a hundred fold. Cen'tiped, (380), an insect with many feet. 65. Cer'no, (ere' turn), to separate; to distinguish; to discern. Cer'tain, determined ; sure. Cer'tify, (152), to assure. Certificate, a written declara- tion or testimony. Ascertain', to find out certainly. Concern', business ; anxiety. Decree', (Lat. dece/no), to or- dain or command. Decre'tal, a book of decrees. Discern', to see ; to distinguish. Discreet', discerning, prudent. Discrete', distinct, separate. Discern'ment, judgment. Discre'tion, judgment, pru dence. Discrimination, (Lat. discri' men), distinction. Discriminating, acute. 68 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. Secrete', to put aside? | Sec'retary, one who writes for Se'cret, concealed, private. another.* * So called from the private or secret affairs entrusted to him. 66. Cer'to, to contend ; to vie. Concert , to contrive together. Con'cert, union. Disconcert 7 , to disturb. Preconcerted, contrived to- gether beforehand. 67. Cer'luSy sure, (see cer'no). 68. Ci'eo, or ci'o, (ci'Wm), to rouse; to call forth. Incite', to animate, to urge on. Cite, to summon into a court ; to quote. Cita'tion, a summoning; a quotation. Concita'tion, a stirring up. Excite', to stir up, to encourage. Kxcite'ment, agitation. Resus'citate, to rouse or en- liven again. Incite'ment, impulse. Recite', to repeat; to tell over. Recita'tion, repetition ; re- hearsal. Recitative', a sort of musical pronunciation. Quote, to repeat a passage from some author. 69. Cin'gOi (cinc'tum), to gird. Cinct'ure, a belt, a girdle. Pre'cinct, a limit or bound. Succinct', brought into small compass. 70. Ci'nis, (cin'eris), ashes. Cin'der, a burnt mass. Cineri'tious, in the state of ashes. Incin'erate, to burn to ashes. Cine'reous, like ashes. 71. Cir'cus, a circle. Cir'cle, a round space, also the line enclosing it. Cir'clet, a little circle. Cir'cular, round like a circle. Cir'culate, to move in a circle. Cir'cuit, extent round about. Circu'itous, going round about ; not direct. Cir'cus, an open space for sports. Encir'cle, to surround. Sem'icircle, (474), half a circle. 72. Ci'vis, a citizen. Civ'ic, relating to civil ho- 1 Civ'il, relating to the commu- nors. I nity; gentle, well bred. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN'. r,D Civilian, one versed in law or political affairs. [or city. Citizen, an inhabitant of a state Cit'v, a large corporate town. Civii/ity, gentleness, politeness. Civiliza'tion, the state of a civilized people. Civ'ilize, to reclaim from a avage state. Unciv'il, rude, clownish. 73. Clam, secretly. Clandes'tine, secret. | Clandestinely, in a secret manner. 74. Cla'mo, {clama'tum), to cry out; to shout. Clam'or, outcry; noise. Clam'orous, noisy; vociferous. Clam'orer, a noisy person. Acclamation, a shout of ap- plause. Declama'tion, discourse ad- dresssed to the passions ; ex- ercise of public speaking. Claim, to demand. Claim'ant, one that demands a right. Disclaim', to deny the posses- sion of any right or character. Exclaim', to cry out. [ly. Proclaim', to announce public- Proclama'tion, publication by authority. Reclaim 7 , to recall ; to reform. 75. Cla'rus, clear, bright. Clar'ion, a shrill trumpet. Clear, bright; evident. Declare', to make known; to proclaim. Clar'ify, to purify. Declaration, a proclamation; open avowal. 76. Clas'sis, a class. Class, a rank of persons, a set. Clas'sic, Classical, relating to authors of the highest rank, particularly ancient Greek and Roman authors. to in Clas'sify, classes. Classification, arrangement in classes. Clas'sis, a convention. 77. Clau'do, (clau'sum), or Clu'do, (clu'sum), to shut, to close. ('lose, to shut. Clos'et, a small private room. Conclude', to come to a decis- ion. Coxclu'pive, decisive. Clause, a subdivision of a sen- tence, [nery. Clois'ter, a monastery or mm- Exclude', to shut out. Seclude', to shut up apart. Include', Enclose', to shut in; to bring within certain limits. Preclude', to hinder or prevent. Recluse', retired. Seclu'sion, retirement. 70 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 78. Clef mens j (clemen'tis), merciful, kind. Clem'ent, merciful, kind. | Inclem'ent, unmerciful ; barsh Clem'ency, mercy. | Inclemency, severity. 79. Cli'no, to incline or bend. Incline', to bend, to lean. Inclination, propensity. Decline', to lean downwards; to refuse. Declivity, descent, inclination downwards. Accliv'ity, ascent, inclination upwards, Proclivity, proneness. Recline', to lean back. Clin'ical, relating to a couch or bed.* * Clinical lectures are medical lectures given at the bed-side of the patient. 80. Cli'vus, an ascent; a hill. See derivatives under Cli'no. 81. Co'dex, (cod'icis), the trunk of a tree; a volume or roll. Code, a collection or digest of | Cod'icil, a supplement to a laws. will. 82. Co'lo, (cul'tum), to cultivate. Col'ony, a settlement or plan- tation abroad. Col'onist, a settler in a colony. Coul'ter, the sharp iron of a plough. Cul'tivate, to improve by labor. Cul'ttjre, improvement by la~ bor. Agriculture, (2), husbandry, farming. Horticulture, (222), garden- ing. 83. Co'mes, {com'itis), a companion. Com'ity, kindness of manner. | Concomitant, going with. 84. Concil'ium, an assembly ; a council. Coun'cil, an assembly held for consultation. Conciliate, (L.at. concil'io), to bring together; to win to friendship. Conciliatory, fitted to allay angry feelings. Reconcile', to conciliate again ; to render consistent. 85. Co' quo, (coc'tum), to cook. Concoct', to prepare by digest- ing. Concoct 'ive, digesting. Decoc'tion, a liquor prepared by boiling any substance. Cook, to prepare food by heat. WORDS DERIVED FROU THE LATIN. 71 86. Cor, (cor'dis), the heart. Core, the central part, as of fruit. Cor'dial, a. sincere, hearty. Cor'dial, s. any thing that glad- dens the heart. Cordiai/ity, sincerity. Con'cord, agreement. Concor'danci:, an index of words contained in the Bible. Cour'age, boldness. Dis'cord, disagreement. Record', (Lat. Recor'dor, to re- member, call to mind), to register. 87. Cor'nu, a horn. Corn'eous, horny. [ed pods. Cornic'ulate, producing horn- Corn'ea, a transparent mem- brane in the eye. Cornuco'pia, (Lat. co'pia, plen- ty), the horn of plenty. U'nicorn, (563), an animal having a single horn. 88. Coro'na, a garland, or crown. Crown, the head ornament worn by kings. Corona'tion, the solemnity of crowning a king. Coroi/la, a blossom, (a little crown). * The name was derived from the relation of the office to the crown j- So called because it crowns the leading proposition or argument. Cor'onet, an inferior crown worn by the nobility. Cor'oner, an officer to inquire into violent deaths.* Cor'ollary, an inference.t Cor'onal, a crown or garland. 89. Corpus, (corporis), a body. Cor'poral, the lowest officer over a body of soldiers. Corporate, united into a body or community. Corporation, a body politic. Incorporate, to embody. Cor'puscle, a minute body. Corpo'real, having a body; not immaterial ; relating to the body. L D0 ^y* Cor'pulent, having a bulky Corpse, a dead body. Corps, (pronounced core), a body of soldiers. 90. Cos'ta, a rib. Coast, the margin of the land. Cos'tal, pertaining to the ribs. Intercos'tal, lying between the ribs. 91. Cras, to-morrow. Procrastinate, to put off. | Procrastination, deferring. 72 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 92. Crefdo, (cred'itum), to believe. Creed, articles of belief. Cre'dence, belief. Cred'it, belief; reputation ; trust. Cred'itable, reputable. Credential, that which gives title to belief. Cred'ible, worthy of belief. Incred'ible, not to be believed. Creditor, one who trusts another for a debt. Cred'ulous, apt to believe. Discredit, to disbelieve. Incredu'lity, slowness of belief 93. Cre?o? (crea'tum), to create. Create', to cause to exist. Creation, the act of creating; the universe. Creat'ure, a created being. Procrea'tion, giving birth. Crea'tor, God, who gives ex- istence. Recrea'tion, amusement, di- version, (because it re-creates vigor). 94. Cre'po, {crep'iium), to sound; to rattle. Crepita'tion,* a rattling noise. DECREP'iT,t broken down by age. Discrepancy, literally, dis- agreement of sound; incon- sistency. * This word is used by surgeons to denote the rattling sound made by tho extremities of a fractured bone, when moved. f The derivation of this word is doubtful. If derived from crepo, its signifi- cation has reference to the rattling or creaking of any thing which is broken, or loosened from its place. 95. Cres'co, (cre'tum), to grow. Cres'cent, the shape of the new moon.J Accre'tion, a growing to an- other; increase. Concre'tiox, a mass formed by a union of particles. \ So called from its change of size Excres'cence, something grow- ing out of another. Decrease', to grow less. Increase', to grow larger. In'crement, an addition. 96. Cri'men, (crim'inis), an accusation; a crime. Crime, an offence, a great fault. I Recrimina'tion, return of one Crim'inal, partaking of crime. accusation with another. Crimina'tion, an accusing. I Recrim'inate, to retort a charge. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 97. Cru'dus, raw, unripe. Crude, raw; unripe; undi- gested. Cru'dity, Crude'ness, unripe- ness; indigestion. 73 Cru'el, (Lat. crude 'lis), hard- hearted. Cru'elty, inhumanity. 98. Crux, (cru'cis), a cross. Cross, s. one straight body laid across another. Cross, a. peevish. Cruoifix'ion, (172), death on a cross. Crc'cifix, a cross bearing an image of our Saviour. Cru'cial, cross-wise. Cru'cify, to put to death by nailing to a cross. Excruciate, to extort by suf- fering; to put to severe pain. Excru'ciating, extremely pain- ful ; torturing. 99. Cu'bo, or cum' bo, to lie down. Cum'ber, Encum'ber, to bur- den ; to hinder. Encum'brance, a burden. Incuba'tion, the act of sitting upon eggs. In'cubus, the night-mare; a sense of weight. Incum'bent, resting upon. Recum'bent, lying; leaning. Procum'bent, lying down. Succumb', to yield; to sink under a difficulty. Superincum'bent, lying on the top of something. 100. Culpa, a fault. Cul'pable, faulty; blamable. Cul'prit, an accused person. Excul'pate, to clear from blame. Incui.'pate, to blame. 101. Cu'mulus, a heap. Cumulative, piled up. | Accumulate, to heap up. 102. Cu'ra, care Cure, a healing. [dy. Cu'rable, admitting of a reme- Cu'rate, a clergyman hired to do the duties of another. Cu'rious, inquisitive. Incu'rious, inattentive. Curios'ity, inquisitiveness ; a rarity. Ac'curate, exact; done with care. Procure', to obtain* Procurator, the manager of another's affairs. Prox'y, (contracted from pro- curacy), agency for another. Secu'rity, safety. Si'necuke, (Lat. si'ne, without), a station which gives income without employment. 74 the scholar's companion. 103. Cur'ro, (cur' sum), to run. Cur'rent, a. passing. Cur'rent, s. a running stream. Cur'rency, circulation ; money. Cur'ricle, an open chaise, with two horses abreast. Cur'sory, hasty. Career', course. Cou'rier, a messenger sent in haste. [succession. Course, race; passage; order of Cours'er, a swift horse. Concur', to agree. Concurrence, combination of circumstances. Con'course, a confluence of persons or things. Discourse', conversation; a ser- mon. Discur'sive, roving; by grada- tion of argument. Excur'sion, an expedition; a digression. Incur'sion, inroad; invasion. Incur', to become liable to. Occur', to happen. Occur'rence, an event. Recur', to happen again; to go back. Precur'sor, forerunner. Recourse', application to for a help. ^uc'cor, (sab), help in distress. 104. Cur'vus, crooked; winding. Curve, a bent line. Curv'ature, crookedness. Cur'vated, bent; crooked. Incur' vate, to bend. 105. Cus'tos, (custo'dis), a keeper. Cus'tody, watch, imprisonment. | Custo'dial, relating to custody. 106. Cu'tis, the skin. Cuta'neous, affecting the skin. | Cu'ticle, the thin outer skin. 107. Dam'num, harm, loss. Dam 'age, injury. Damna'tion, the word used in. the New Testament to signify condemnation to everlasting punishment. Condemn', to give sentence against; to denounce. Indem'nify, to relieve from loss* 108. De'beo, (deb'itum), to owe. Debent'ure, a writing acknow- ledging a debt. Debt, that which is due. Deb'it, v. to charge with debt Debt'or, one who is indebted. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE L VT1N. 109. Dc'cc/n, ten; Dxtod'ecim^ twelve. 75 Dec'imal, numbered by tens. Dec'imate, to tithe, to take the tenth. Decima'tion, selection of every tenth. Decem'der, tlic tenth month, reckoned from March. Duodecimo, a sheet folded into twelve leaves. Dec/ade, the sum of ten. Dlo'uPLB, tenfold. Dxobm mm., lasting ten years. l)r< i:m'im:i)al, (380), ten feet long. Dihkm'virate, (591), a body of ten magistrates. Duodecimal, (131), reckoned by twelves. Duodkc'uple, consisting of twelves. 110. De'cet, to be becoming or proper. Dec'orate, to adorn. Dec'orous, observing propriety. Indeco'rum, impropriety. De'cent, becoming. De'cency, propriety of manner Deco'rum, propriety of behavior 111. Bens., (den'tis), a tooth. Den'tal, a letter sounded by the aid of the teeth. Den'tist, a tooth doctor. Den'tifrice, (Lat./ri'co, to rub or chafe), tooth powder. Denti'tion, cutting the teeth. Dentic'ulated, with small teeth. * So called from a custom of cutting notches in the edge of the paper or parchment on which it is written. Indent', to make inequalities like teeth. Tri'dent, (549), Neptune's sceptre with three prongs. Indentation, a notch. Indent'ure, a species of con- tract.* 112. Den'sus, thick, close. Dense, close, compact. Density, closeness, compact- ness. Condense', to compress. Condensation, a thickening or compression. becominp- 113. IJcte'rior, worse. Deteriorate, to become I Deterioration, worse. worse. 114. De'usj God. Di'vus, a god. De'ity, the nature and essence | Db'ist, one who believes in God, of God. but denies revelation. 76 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. Divina'tion, foretelling. Divine', a. of the nature of God. Divine', s. a theologian. Divine', v. to presage. Divin'ity, the nature of God ; theology. 115. Dex'ter, pertaining to the right hand. Dex'terous, or Dex'trous, ex- ' pert; ready. Dexter'ity, expertness. Ambidex'ter, a person who uses both hands with equal facility. 116. Di'co, (dica'tum), to devote. Ded'icate, to devote; to in- 1 Ab'dicate, to give up right; to scribe to, resign. 117. Di'co, {die' turn), to say. Diction, language; style. Dictionary, a book containing the words of a language. Dictate, to give directions authoritatively. Dicta 'tor, a Roman magistrate. Dictatorial, authoritative. Addict', to devote to. Benedic'tion, (38), a blessing. Contradiction, opposition ; inconsistency. E'dict, a proclamation. In'dicate, to point out; to show. Indict', to charge by formal ac- cusation. Indite', to draw up ; to com- pose. Interdict', to prohibit. Maledic'tion, (279), a curse. Predict', to foretell; to pro- phesy. Pred'icate, to assert. Pred'icable, that may be as- serted. Ver'dict, (580), the decision of a jury. 118. Di'es, a day. Di'ary, a daily account. Diur'nal, daily. Quotid'ian, (Lat. quot, as many as), happening daily. Di'al, a plate with tiie hours of the day marked on it. Di'aling. the art of making sun-dials. Merid'ian, (287), noon; mid- day. Merid'ional, southern. 119. Dig'itus, a finger; a finger's breadth. Dig'itated, having like fingers. Digita'lis, the herb foxglove. Dio'it, a numerical figure; the I Dig'itated, having divisions twelfth part of the diameter j like fingers. of the sun or moon. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 120. Dig'nUS, worthy. 77 Dio'nity, honor. Dio'mfv, to advance to honor. Deign, to think worthy; to con- descend. [ndig'nitv, unworthy incut. Indio'naxt, angry and dis- gusted. INDIGNATION, anger mixed with contempt. Condign', suitable; merited. Disdain', to think unworthy. 121. Dimid'ium, half. I'i.m i-Goi), one esteemed as j De.m'i-quaver, half a quaver. half a god. 122. Dia'cOy to learn. Disci'r-LE, a learner; a fol- 1 Discipline, instruction ; cduca- lower. tion. 123. Div'ido, (58(>), (divi'sum), to divide. Divide', to separate into parts. Divi'sor, the number given to Divis'ion, the act of separating. divide by. Div'idend, the number to be Divis'iule, separable into parts, divided. I Individual, a single being or thing. 124. Do, {da' turn), to give. Do'nor, a giver. Dona'tion, a gift. Da'tive, a case in grammar.* Add, (Lat. ad' do), to join to. Addi'tion, increase. Coxdi'tion, (Lat. con'do, to bring together), state. Ed'it, to give forth; to publish. Ed'itor, one who prepares for publication. Par'don, to forgive. Perdi'tiox, destruction ; ruin, Rex'der, (Lat. red' do), to yield ; to furnish. Tradi'tiox, an account handed down orally. * So called because it denotes such a relation between the verb and the noun, as that between tbe act of giving and the person or thing to which any tiling is given ; i. e. it denotes the object towards which an action is directed. 125. Da' ceo, (doc' turn), to teach. Doc'tor, a man who has taken the highest degree in divinity, law, or physic, viz. D. D., LL.D., or M. D. Ooc'trixe, whatever is taught. Doc'ument, a paper containing evidence. Do'cile, teachable. Docil'itv, readiness to be aught. 78 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 126. Do'lco, to grieve; to be in pain. Doleful, sorrowful. Dol'orous, melancholy. Condole', to sympathize with the grief of another. In'dolence, laziness.* Literally, freedom from pain or trouble. 127. Dom'inus, a master or lord. Domin'ion, supreme authority. I Dom'inant, prevailing. Domina'tion, power; tyranny Domin'ical, that which notes the Lord's day. Domineer', to rule with inso lence. the rest Predominate, to prevail ovei 128. Do'mo, (dom'itum), to subdue; to tame. Indom'itable, not to be sub- 1 Indom'able, (another form, not dued. now used) 129. Bo'mus, a house ; a home. Dome, a house ; a spherical roof, j Dom'icil, a mansion or abode. Domes'tic, belonging to the | Domicil'iary, pertaining to an house or family. abode. Domes'ticate, to accustom to j Domiciliate, to fix a resi- the residence of man. ' dence. 130. Dor'mio, (dormi'tum), to sleep. Dormant, sleeping; insensible, j Dor'mitory, a sleeping-room. 131. Dor' sum, the back. Dor'sal, pertaining to the back. Endorse', to write on the back of a paper. 132. Du'bius, doubtful. Du'bious, uncertain. Indu'bitable, not to be doubted. Doubt, Dubita'tion, uncer- tainty of mind. 133. Du'co, {due'lum), to lead. Duct, a little channel or canal, i Abduc'tion, a leading away. Duc'tile, capable of being ! Adduce', to bring forward, drawn out into a thread or j Aq'ueduct, (19), a channel or wire. i tube for conveying water. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 79 Conduct', to lead or guide. Con'duct, behavior; manage- ment. Conduce', to lead or tend. Con'duit, a water pipe or canal. Deduce', to draw an inference. Deduct', to subtract. Deduc'tion, an inference. Duke, a leader ; a noble. Educe', to draw out. Ed'ucate, to lead by instruction and discipline. Induce', to lead by motives ; to bring on, (as a disease). Inducement, a motive. Induc'tion, drawing a general inference from many par- ticulars. Induc'tive, proceeding by in- duction. Introduce', to bring in. Produce', to bring forward; to bear. Productive, capable of pro- ducing. Reduce', to bring down; to subject. Seduce', to draw aside into er- ror or crime. Seduc'tive, fitted to entice. Traduce', to calumniate. 134. Du'o< two. Du'al, relating to two or a pair. Du'el, a combat between two. Duet', a piece of music in two parts. Doub'le, consisting of two. Du'plicate, (392), two-fold. Duplic'ity, double dealing ; de- ception. Redu'plicate, to double again. 135. Du'rus, hard. Durable, lasting. Du'rance, imprisonment. Dura'tion, continuance. Du'rino, as long as. Endure', to bear ; to last. In'durated, hardened. Ob'durate, stubborn; hard- hearted. 136. Eb'rius, drunken. Ebri'etv, drunkenness. Ine'briate, an habitual drunk- ard. Sobri'ety, (Lat. sine), freedom from intoxication ; dignity of deportmen. 137. JE'des, (ae'dis), a house or building. Ed'ifice, (152), a building. 138. E'do, to eat Ed'ify, to build up in knowl- edge or faith. Edac'ity, greediness. | Ed'ible, eatable. 80 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 139. E'go, I. E'gotism, talking much of one's I E'gotist, one who is guilty of egotism. self. 140. E'mo, (emp'tum), to buy. Exempt', {literally, bought off), not liable. Exemp'tiOxV, freedom from a task or burden. [lute. Peremptory,* positive; abso- Prompt,! ready ; quick. Redeem', to buy back; to ran- som. Redemption, the act of re- deeming. * The Latin word peri/mo, signifies to take away wholly ; to destroy ; and peremp'for, signifies a destroyer. | From pro' mo (promp'tum), which is compounded of pro and ono, and signifies to bring or put forward. 141. JEm'ulus, a rival. Emula'tiox, a desire to vie or I Em'ulous, disposed to competi- compete with another. tion. 142. E'o, (i'tion), to go. Am'bient, surrounding. Ambi'tion4 a desire of honor. Cir'cuit, (Lat. cir'cum), extent round about. Ex'it, a going out; a departure. Init'ial, placed at the entrance or beginning. [diments. Ini'tiate, to instruct in the ru- It'erate, (Lat. i'ter, a journey), to go over again. Itin'erant, journeying. Obit'uary, (Lat. ob'iius, de- cease), relating to the decease of a person. + The Latin word am'bitus signifies to denote the canvassing for votes, and by those who sought office. Pe'rish, to die. Pret'erite, past; gone by. Sedi'tion, a going into a sepa- rate or rebellious party. Trans'ient, Trans'itory, pass- ing quickly. Trans'it, a passing over. Transition, the act or state of passing from one condition to another. Trans'itive, in grammar, passing over upon some object. a going round or about; and was used the soliciting of popular favor employed 143. E'quus, a horse. Eques'trian, pertaining horsemanship. Eq'uipage, the arms, &c. of a mounted soldier; any accou- tcrments. WORDS ; FROM THE LATIN. 1 41. JE'qUU9 t equal, just. 81 E'qual, of the same size or im- portance. E'qualize, to make even or equal. E'quable, not varying. Ad'equate, equal to; sufficient. Equa'tiox, a making equal. Equa'tor, a line which divides the earth into two equal parts. Equilibrium, equal weight. E'quinox, (336), the time when the day and night arc of equal length. Eq'uity, justice. Equivalent, (567), of equal value or force. Equiv'ocate,(596), to use words in a doubtful and decepti*' manner. Iniq'uity, injustice. 145. Er'ro, (err a' turn), to wander. Err, to mistake. Erra'tum, (pi. erra'ta), an er- ror in writing or printing. Errat'ic, Er'raxt, wandering. Er'ror, mistake. Err'ing, irregular ; vicious. Erro'neous, wrong; incorrect. Aberra'tion, wandering from the right path. Uner'ringly, without mistake. 146. JE'stimo, to value. Es'timate, to judge concerning the value. Estimation, opinion respecting value. Es'timable, worthy of esteem. Esteem', high regard. Inestimable, of value too great to be computed. 147. JE'vum, an age Coe'val, existing at the same period. Congev'ity, (269), length of life. Prime'val, of the first age; ex- isting in the earliest times. 148. Excm'plum, an example. Exam'ple, model, pattern; in- stance, flated. Exem'plar, a pattern to be imi- Ex'emplary, worthy of imita- tion, [example. Exemplify, to illustrate by Sam'ple, a specimen. Sam'pler, a pattern of needle- work. Exemplification, illustration. Unexam'pled, without prece- dent. 149. Ex'lcrus, outer; foreign. Exte'rior, the outside. Exter'nai., pertaining to the outside. Extra'neous, (Lat. erf Ira, be- yond), not belonging to the subject. 82 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. Extreme', utmost. I Extrin'sic, from without. Extremity, the utmost point. | Strange, foreign; unusual. 150. Fa'ber, an artificer. Fab'ric, a structure. Fab'ricate, to form; to devise falsely. 151. Fa'cies, a face. Face, the countenance ; appear- ance. Deface', to disfigure. Efface', to wipe out. Sur'face, Superfic'ies, out- side. Superficial, lying on the out- side. 152. Fa'cio, (fac'lum), to do or make: and Fi'o, (fac'lus,) to become. Fact, a thing done ; a reality. Fac'tor, an agent or doer. Fac'tion, a party counteracting the government. Fac'tory, a building in which any thing is manufactured ; the residence of traders abroad. Fac'ile, easy to be done. Facilitate, to make easy. Affect', to move the passions. Affec'tion, love, kindness ; any passion. Affecta'tion, assumed feeling. Confec'tionery, sweet-meats. Coun'terfeit, a forgery. Defeat', to undo; to over- throw. Defect', want; a blemish. Defec'tion, departure ; revolt. Defi'cient, Defec'tive, fail- ing. Dif'ficult, hard to be done. Fi'at,* a command. Effect', to bring to pass; the thing produced. Effect'ive, Efficient, opera- tive; active; producing. Effect'ual, Effica'cious, not failing to accomplish the ob- ject in view. Infect', to taint with disease. Manufacture, (282), to make things by hand or machinery. Of'fice, employment; station; place of business. Offic'iate, to discharge an office. Per'fect, (Lat. perfic'io, to ac- complish), complete; pure. Pre'fect, a governor. Profic'ient, one who is skilled in any science. Refec'tion, refreshment after fatigue. Refec'tory, an eating-room. Sac'rifice, (453), to offer; to surrender; to devote. Sufficient, competent; ade- quate. Sur'feit, to feed to excess. * The word signifies, let it be done. Note. The number of words derived in part from fa'cio andji'o, is large. It is not necessary to insert them all lien-, particularly as the most important will De found under other paragraphs, with refcrencei; to this. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 153. Fal'lo, (Jal'sum), to deceive. 83 False, not true; not real ; coun- terfeit. Fals'ity, False'hood, an un- truth. Fallacious, fitted to deceive. Fal'lacy, deceitful argument or appearance. Fal'lible, liable to error. Falset'to, a feigned voice. Fal'sify, to make a false repre- sentation. 154. Fa'ma, a report. Fame, celebrity; renown. Fa'mous, renowned. Defame', to injure one's repu- tation maliciously. Defama'tion, calumny. Defamatory, slanderous. In'famous, openly censured. In'famy, public reproach. 155. Fa'mes, hunger. Fam'ine, scarcity of food. Fam'ish, to suffer extreme hun ger. 156. FamU'ia, a family. Fam'ily, the persons living in the house ; a race ; a class. Famil'iar, a. easy in conversa- tion, affable; well known. Familiar'ity, omission of cere- mony; acquaintance. Famil'iarize, to make easy by habit. 157. Fa'num, a temple. Fane, a temple. Fanat'ic, enthusiastic. Fanat'icism, religious phrensy. Profane', v. to pollute ; to vio- late or abuse that which is consecrated. Profane', a. irreverent to sacred things; secular. Profana'tion, a violation of sacred things. Profane 'ness, irreverence to- wards what is sacred. 158. Fa'ri, (fa'tus), to speak. Fate, decree of destiny or a superior power. Fa'tal, deadly; destructive. Affabil'ity, kindness of man- ner in conversation. Af'fable, easy to be spoken to. Inef'fabt.e, unspeakable. In'fant, (Lat. in'fans, not able to speak), a young child. In'fancy, the first stage of life. Pref'ace, (Lat. prxfaftio, a speaking beforehand), an in- troductory speech or writing. Pref'atory, introductory. 84 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 159. Fari'na, meal, flour. Fari'na, the pollen of plants. I Farina'ceous, made of meal 01 flour. 160. Fa'teor, (fas'sus, or in composition fes'sus), to confess. Confess', to own. | Profess', to declare; to avow. 161. Fe'bris, a fever. Fe'ver,* a disease. Fe'verish, affected with fever. Fe'brile, pertaining to fever. Febrif'ic, ( 1 52) ,producingfever. Feb'rifuge, (197), any medi- cine that mitigates fever. * The Latin word fefbris is supposed to be derived from fe/veo, to boil. 162. Fce'dus, a league or covenant. Fed'eral, pertaining to a cove- nant or league. Confederate, one joined in a league. Federative, securing union. Confederacy, a number of persons or states united by a league. 163. Fe'lix, (feli'cis), happy. Felic'ity, happiness. I Felic'itate, to congratulate. Felic'itous, happy, fortunate. J Infelic'ity, misfortune. 164. Fem'ina, a woman; a female. Fem'inine, of the female sex. Effem'inate, like woman; de- licate; irresolute. 165. Fen' do, (fen' sum) ,t to strike. Fence, Defense', guard, secu- rity. Fen'cing, practice in using a sword for defense. Defend', to protect. Defend'ant, one who makes his defense against a prosecu- tor or plaintiff. Fend, to ward off. [the fire. Fend'er, a utensil placed before Fore-fend', to avert. Offend', to displease ; to trans- gress. Offense', crime; injury. Inoffens'ive, harmless; inno- cent. Fen'cibles, regiments raisec for defense. Defens'ative, a defense; bandage. f Fendo is used in Latin only in composition. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 166. Fe'ra, a wild beast. Fero'cious, cruel, savage. | Fierce', vehement ; furious. 167. Fe'ro, {la' turn), to bear or carry. Fer'ry, a boat which carries passengers across a river. Fertile, fruitful; producing abundantly. Circum'ference, the measure around any thing. Confer', to discourse or consult with another. Conference, a meeting for dis- cussing a question. Collate', to compare things of the same kind. [past. Colla'tion, a comparing; a re- Defer', Delay', to put off. Def'erence, yielding to an- other's opinion. Dilate', to enlarge ; to extend. Dil'atory, disposed to put off; tardy. Dif'fer, to be unlike; to con- tend. Difference, distinction; dis- pute. Elate', to uplift ; render proud by success. Infer', to draw a conclusion. Of'fer, to present ; to propose ; to sacrifice. Of'ferino, Obla'tion, a fice. Pestif'erous, (Lat. pes'tis, a plague), producing the plague. Prefer', to like better. Preference, estimation of one thing before another. Pre'late, a dignitary of the church. Prof'fer, to bring forward ; to offer. Refer', to leave to the decision of another [tell. Relate', to have respect to; to Rela'tion, connection ; nar- rative. Rel'ative, a kinsman. Super'lative, surpassing. Suf'fer, to bear, endure; to allow, permit. Suf'ferance, pain; patience; permission. Transfer', to convey; to re- move. Translate', to remove ; to in- terpret into another language. Vocif'erous, (596), making loud vocal sounds. 168. Fer'rum, iron Far'rier,* a horse doctor. Far'riery, the science of medi cine for horses. Fer'reous, consisting of iron. Ferru'ginous, partaking of the quality of iron. Fer'rule, an iron ring or band. * A name applied originally to a shoer of horses. 169. Fer'veo, to boil; to be hot. Fer'vor, heat; zeal. I Effervesce', to bubble up. Fer'vent,Fer'vid, hot; zealous. | Efferves'cence, ebullition. 8 86 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. Ferment', to be in intestine I Fermenta'tion, a state of in- motion. testine motion. Fes'tal, belonging to a feast; joyful. Fes'tive, joyful. [joicing. Fes'tival, an occasion of re- 170. Fes'tus, joyful. Festiv'ity, gayety ; joyfulness. Feast, a sumptuous entertain- ment. Infest', to harass ; to disturb. 171. Fi'do, to trust. Fidel'ity, honesty ; faithful ad- herence. Confide', to trust; to rely. Con'fidence, trust; boldness. Confiden'tial, private. Dif'fidence, distrust. In 'fidel, an unbeliever. Infidel'ity, unfaithfulness ; dis- belief. Per'fidy, treachery. Affi'anced, pledged for mar- riage. 172. Fi'go, (fix'um),, to fix, to fasten. Fix, to make fast; to settle. Fixa'tion, solidity; firmness. Affix', to join to. Crucifix'ion, (98), fastening to a cross. [[image. Cru'ctfix, a cross bearing an Fix'ture, furniture or apparatus not separate from the building. Prefix', to put before. Transfix', to pierce through. Suffix', to add to the end of a word. 173. Fil'ius, a son; Fil'ia, a daughter. Fii/ial, pertaining to a son or daughter. Affil'iated, adopted; received as a member of a family or association. 174. Fi'lum, a thread. Fil'ament, a thread; a fibre. FiLA'cEous,composedof threads. File, aline; a row. Fil'ter, a strainer. 175. Fin' go, {Jic'tum), to form; to fashion, Fic'tion, an invention ; a false- hood. Ficticious, imaginary; not real. Ef'figy, image; likeness. Feign, to pretend. Feint, a pretence. Fig'ure, form; a statue; a char- acter. Fig'urative, representing some- thing else. Transfigura'tion, change of form. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 87 176. Fi'nis, Fix'ish, to complete, to end. Fi'nite, limited ; having an vnd. In'finite, unlimited ; immense. Infin'ity, Infin'itude, infinite extent. lNFiN'iTivE,the name of a mode, in grammar, which is not limited by person or number. Define', to limit; to explain. Def'ixite, certain; limited. an end or limit. Definitive, Fi'nal, conclusive Defini'tion, a short description. Confine', v. to limit; to re- strain. Con'fines, s. bound Affin'ity, relation ; resem- blance. Indefinite, not limited; not precise. [small. InfinitesTmal, indefinitely Firm, hard; steady. Firm'ament, the sky. Affirm', to declare positively. Affirma'tion, assertion. Affirm'ative, declaring; op posed to negative. 177. Fir'mus, strong. Confirm', to settle ; to establish. Confirmation, additional proof; a religious rite. Infirm', weak; decrepit. Infirm'ity, weakness : a failing, Infirm'ary, a hospital. 178. Fis'cus, a money bag; the exchequer. Fis'cal, pertaining to the reve- nue. Confiscation, transfer of for- feited goods to public use. Confiscate, to transfer private property to the public, by way of penalty. 179. Fla'gro, to burn; to be in flames. Fla'grant, glaring ; enormous. Conflagration, an extensive fire. Def'lagrate, to set fire to. Deflagra'tion, burning; com- bustion. 180. Flam'ma, a flame. Flame, burning vapor. Flam'beau, a kind of torch. Inflame', to kindle; to irritate. Inflam'mable, easily set on fire. | Inflamma'tion, the act of set- ting on fire ; diseased heat of the body. Inflammatory, haying the power of inflaming. 181. Flee' to, (Jlex'um), to bend. Flex'ion, a bending. I Deflec'tion, turning from the Flex'ible, pliable; manageable. | true course. 88 Inflexible, obstinate. Reflect', to throw back; consider attentively. Re'flex, directed backwards THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. not to be bent; to Inflect', to bend ; to vary. Inflec'tion, variation of tk> form of words ; a bending in- ward; a modulation of the voice. 182. Fli'go, [flic'tum), to beat; to dash. Afflict', to give pain; to Inflict', to impose a punish- grieve. ment. Afflic'tion, calamity. | Prof'ligate, shameless ; aban- Con'flict, contest; struggle. I doned. 183. Flo, (Jla'twn), to blow. Affla'tus, a light blast; a breath. [in the stomach. Flat'ulence, generation of air Inflate', to fill with air; to elate withnotionsof self-importance. Perfla'tion, blowing through. 184. Flos, (jio'ris), a flower. Flo'ra, the goddess of flowers ; a list, or account of flowers. Efflores'cence, an appearance resembling flowers. Flo'ral, pertaining to flowers. Flo'rist, a cultivator of flowers. Flor'id, bright in color; flushed. Florif'erous, (167), producing flowers. Flow'er, s. a blossom. Flow'er, v. to blossom. Flour ish, to be in vigor. Flos'culous, composed of flow- ers. 185. Flu'o, (flux'um), to flow. Flux, a flowing; tide. Fluent, flowing; voluble. Fmj'ency, readiness of speech. Flu'id, any thing that flows. Flug'tuate, (Lat. Jluc'tus, a wave), to move backwards and forwards. Fluctuation, wavering. Ef'flux, a flowing out. Af'fluence, plenty; riches. CiRcrrM'FLUENT, flowing round. Con'flux, Confluence, a junction of streams. Con's- luent, running into one another. Deflux'ion, a flowing down of humors. Efflu'via, those minute parti cles which are always flying off from bodies. In'flux, a flowing in. In'fluence, power ; tendency to produce change. Influential, exerting power. Re'flux, backward course, ebb. Ref'luent, flowing back. Superfluous, more than enough. Superflu'ity, plenty beyond necessity. WORDS DEKi ROM THE LATIN. 89 186. Fo Hum, a leaf. Fo'liage, a growth of lcn\ cs. Foliaceous, consisting of leaves. Tre'foil, three-leaved clover. Cinque foil, five-leaved clover. Fo'liate, to beat into leaves. Foil, leaf metal. Fo'lio, a large book, in which the sheets of paper are only once folded. Portfo'lio, (402), a case for loose leaves. 187. For'ma> form ; beauty, Form,' s. shape. Form, t\ to make ; to contrive. Form'al, ceremonious ; solemn. Formal'ity, ceremony. Forma'tiox, the act of forming; manner or shape. Form'ula, a prescribed form. Conform', to make like; to comply with. Conform'ity, agreement. Conformation, the relative form of things. Cru'ciform, having the form of a cross. Deform', to disfigure. Deform'ity, unsightly shape. Inform', to instruct; to ac- quaint. Inform'ant, Inform'er, one who gives intelligence. Information, intelligence. Informal'ity, the absence of form. Mul'tiform, (317), of various shapes. Perform', to do or act; to exe- cute. Performance, action ; work. Reform', v. to grow better. Reform', s. Reformation, change from worse to better. Transform', to change. Transformation, change of form. Uniform'ity, agreement with one pattern. 188. Fors, {for' lis), chance, Fortune, the good or ill that befalls man. For'tunate, successful. Unfortunate, unlucky. Misfortune, calamity. Fortuitous, accidental. 189. For'tis, brave; strong. Fortitude, courage ; bravery. For'tify, (152), to strengthen. Fort, a castle. Fortifica'tion, military archi- tecture for defense. For'tress, a fortified place. Force, strength. Com'fort, to strengthen; cheer. Ef'fort, exertion. to 90 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 190. Fos'sa, a ditch or trench. Fosse, a trench. Fos'sil, a substance dug from the earth. 191. Fran' go, (frac'tum), to break. Frac'ture, a breach or break- ing. Frac'tion, a part. Frac'tious, breaking out into violence. Frag'ment, a broken part. Frag'ile, frail; easily broken. Fragility, brittleness. Frail'ty, weakness. Infringe', to break in upon; to transgress. Infrac'tion, violation of a con- tract or law. Irrefra'gable, not capable of being broken or refuted. Refract', to break the course of rays of light. Refrac'tion, change of direc- tion of rays. Refrac'tory, obstinate ; per- verse. Suf'frage,* a vote. * Lat. Suffra'gium. The name was derived from the custom of using pot- sherds in voting. 192. Fra'ter, a brother. Frater'nal, brotherly Frater'nity, brotherhood. Frat'ricide, (41), the murder or murderer of a brother. 193. Fraus, (frau'dis), deceit. Fraud, deceit. Fraudulent, deceitful. Defraud', to cheat, to impose upon. 194. Fri'gus, (fri'goris), cold. Frig'id, cold; without warmth of affection. Frigid'ity, coldness. Frigorif'ic, causing cold. Refrig'erant, a cooling medi cine. Refrig'erate, to cool. Refrig'erator, a cooler. Refrigera'tion, act of cooling : 195. From, (fron'tis), the forehead. Front, the face ; the forepart. Front'let, a band worn upon the forehead. Front'ispiece, a picture oppo- site the title-page of a book. Front ters, the limits of a ter- ritory; borders. Affront', to offend. Confront', to meet face to face. Effront'ery, impudence. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 196. Fru'or, (fru'i(ia>), to enjoy. 91 Frui'tion, enjoyment. Fruc'tify, (LdLfruc'lus, fruit), to render fruitful. Fruit, the produce of I tree or plant. 197. Fu'gio (fu'gitum), to flee. Fuga'cious, volatile ; fleeting. Fugac'ity, instability. Fu'gitive, running away. Centrif'ugal, (Lat. cen'trum, the center), having a tendency to fly from the center. Ref'uge, a shelter; a hiding place. Refugee', one who flies for protection. Sub'terfuge, a trick; an eva- sion. 198. Ful'geo, to shine. Ful'gency, brightness. Ful'gent, shining. Efful'gence, Reful'gence, great lustre. Ful'minate, (Lat./w/'men), to thunder; to make a loud noise. Fulmina'tion, denunciation. 199. Fu'miis, smoke. Fume, smoke; vapor. Fu'migate, to smoke. Fumiga'tion, application of medicines in vapor. Fuming, smoking; raging. Perfume', s. to scent; to im- pregnate with odors, [neral. Perfum'ery, perfumeries in ge- 200. Fun' do y (fu'sum), to pour out. Fuse, to melt. Fu'sion, the act of melting, [ed . Fu'sible, capable of being melt- Confound', to mingle things; to perplex. Confu'sion, irregular mixture; tumult. Diffuse', to spread; to scatter. Effu'sion, a pouring out. Infuse', to pour in; to instil. Profu'sion, abundance. Refund', to pour back; to re- store. Suffuse', to spread over. Transfuse', to pour from one into another. 201. Fun'dus, a foundation, or bottom. Found, to establish. Found'er, one who establishes. Founda'tion, establishment ; basis of an edifice. Fundamental, lying at the foundation. Profound, deep ; thorough. Profund'ity, depth. 92 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 202. Ge'lu, frost; ice. Gel 'id, extremely cold. Gel'atin, an animal substance resembling jelly. Gelat'inous, like gelatin. Gel' able ,that m ay be congealed. Congeal', to turn by cold from a fluid to a solid ; to freeze Congela'tion, a freezing. 203. Ge'ro, (ges'lum), to bear; to carry on. Ges'ture, action intended to convey ideas. Gesticulation, the act of making gestures. Alig'erous, (Lat. a'la, a wing), having wings. [war. Bellig'erent, (35), waging Conge'ries, a collection of sub- stances into one body. Conges'tion, an accumulation of blood in some part of the body. Digest', to arrange; to soften or dissolve. Indiges'tion, the state of food undissolved in the stomach. Suggest', to intimate. Vice-ge'rent, one who acts in the place of another. 204. Gig'no, (gen'itum), to generate, to produce. Ge'nial, causing production or growth. Ge'nius, natural disposition. Gen'itive, (in grammar), a case denoting the source from which something proceeds. Gen'eral, comprehending many individuals. Gener'ic, belonging to a genus. Gen'der, sex. Ge'nus, a kind including many species. Gen'uine, natural; unadulter- ated. Gen'tile, (Lat. gens, a nation), one of a nation ignorant of God. Gentle, soft; mild; tame. Genteel', elegant in manners. Conge'nial, of the same kind. Degen'erate, to grow worse. Encen'der, to produce. Generalize, to arrange partic- ulars under heads. Gen'erate, to produce. Generation, the people living at one period. Gen'erous, noble minded; liberal. L\DiG'ENOus,(Lat. in'de, thence), native in a country. Inge'nious, having genius ; in- ventive. Ingenu'ity, acuteness ; power to invent. Ingen'uous, candid ; open ; fair. Ingen'uousness, candor. Primogeniture, (412), the state of being a first-born. Progen'itor, a forefather. Prog'eny, offspring; race. Regenerate, to renew. Regeneration, new birth to the Christian life. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 93 205. Gla'dius, a swop I. Gla'diator, a sword-player. Gladiato'rial, pertaining to sword-playing. 206. Glu'tio, to swallow. Glut, to fill ; to cloy. Glut 'ton, an excessive eater. Degluti^j IJH the aci of swal lowing. 207. Gra'dior, (gres'sus), to take steps; to walk. Grada'tion, regular advance step by step. Grad'ual, (Lat.gra'dus, a step), advancing by steps. Grad'uate, to mark with de- grees. Degree', a step ; a rank. Degrade', to put into a lower rank. Degradation, a low condition. AGGREs'stoN, an attack. Aggress'or, one who makes an attack. Con'uress, a coining together; an assembly of legislators. Digress', to wander. Digression, a deviation. E'gress, departure out of. In'gress, entrance. Prog'ress, Progression, mo- tion forward. Ret'rograde, going backwards. Transgress', to pass over; to violate. Transgression, offense; crime. 208. Gran'dis, great. Grand, great; noble; chief. Grandeur, magnificence. Grandee', a man of high rank. Grandil'oquence, loftiness of language. [exalt. Ag'grandize, to make great; to 209. Gra'nwn, a grain of corn. Grain, a seed of corn ; a minute particle. Gran'arv, a storehouse for grain. Gran'ular, consisting of grains. Gran'ulate, to divide into grains. Granite, a stone composed of crystalline grains of several different minerals. 210. Gra'lus, pleasing; agreeable; thankful. Grate'ful, thankful ; pleasing. I In'grate,.?. an ungrateful person Grat'itude, desire to return Ingrat'itude, unthankfulness. benefits; thankfulness. In'grate, a. unthankful. Gra'tis, (Lat. gra'tia, a favor). 1 for nothing. 94 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. Gratu'itous, given without ne- cessity or reward. Gratu'ity, a free gift. Grat'ify, to indulge ; to delight. Congratulate, to rejoice with another. Grace, favor ; pardon ; elegance. Disgrace', to put out of favor; to dishonor. Gra'cious, merciful ; favorable. Ingra'tiate, to bring into favor. Grave, serious; weighty. Grav'ity, weight; seriousness. Gravita'tion, tendency to the center of the earth. Grief, sorrow; regret. 211. Gra'vis, heavy ; grievous. Griev'ous, mournful; sad. Grieve, to mourn. Aggrieve', to harass. Ag'gravate, to make worse. Aggravation, increase of evil. 212. Grex, (gre'gis), a flock of sheep. Ag'gregate, the result of the conjunction of many par- ticulars. Seg'regate, to separate from others. Grega'rious, going in flocks or herds. Con'gregate, to assemble. Congrega'tion, an assembly. Egre'gious,* eminently bad. * Compounded of e and grex distinguished. signifying, literally, chosen from the flock; 213. Guberna'tor, a pilot; a director. Gov'ern to direct; to control. Gubernato'rial, belonging to a governor. 214. Gus'to, (gusta'tum), to taste. Gust, taste; relish.t Gust'ful, well tasted. Disgust', aversion; disrelish. Gust signifying a blast of wind, is not of Latin derivation. Disgust'ing, nauseous ; exciting strong aversion. 215. Ha'beo, (habi'tum), to have. Have, to possess. Hab'it, usual state of a thing; custom. Habita'tion, (Lat. hab'ito, to dwell), a place of abode. Habit'ual, customary. Abil'ity4 faculty; power. Habil'iment, a garment. A'ble, powerful; fit. Debil'itate, to enfeeble. Debt, (Lat. de'beo, comp. of de and ha'beo), what is owed to another. Exhibit, to show. Inhab'it, to dwell in. [hinder. Prohib'it, Inhib'it, to forbi A; to 4 Supposed to be from the Latin word hub' His, easily managed ; suit? "-t. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 216. Hss'reo, (hx'sam), to stick to, to adhere. 95 Adhere', to stick to. Hes'itate, to doubt; to delay. Cohe'sion, state of union; con- nection. Cohe'rent, sticking together; consistent. [loose. Incoiie'rent, inconsistent; ! mm: rent, existing in; innate. 217. Has'resi (Jixre'dis), an heir or heiress. Her'itage, property inherited. Inher'it, to possess by descent. Heir, one who inherits. Inhf.r'itanck, patrimony; pos- session by descent. Heir'dom, Heir'ship, the state of an heir. Hered'itary, descending from father to son. Co-heir', an heir with another. Disinherit, to cut off from succession. Heir'loom, any movable own- ed by inheritance. 218. Ha'lo, to breathe. Exhale', to breathe out. Exhala'tion, vapor. Inhale', to draw in with the breath. Anhela'tion, shortness of breath; panting. Anhelose', {little used), out of breath. 219. Hau'rio, (liaus'tum), to draw. Exhaust', to draw out until no- I Inexhaust'ible, that cannot be thing is left. exhausted ; unfailing. 220. Ho' mo, man. Hu'man, belonging to mankind. Humane', having the feelings proper to man. Inhu'man, barbarous ; cruel. Human 'ity, the nature of man ; kindness. Hu'manize, to civilize. Hom'icide, (41), manslaughter. 221. Ho'nor, honor. Hon'or, dignity ; respect. Hon'orary, done in honor. Hon'orable, worthy of honor. Dishon'or, reproach; disgrace. HoN'EST,without fraud; upright. Hon'esty, disposition to be honest. Dishon'est, unjust; iniquitous. 222. Hor'tus. a garden. Horticulture, (82), cultiva- tion of a garden. Horticultural, pertaining to the cultivation of gardens. 96 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 223. Hos'pes, a host or guest. Hos'pitable, kind to visitors. Hospital'ity, readiness to en- tertain strangers and friends. Hos'pital, a building for the sick or infirm. Host, the master of a feast ; the landlord of an inn. Hotel',* an inn. Host'ler, one who takes care of horses at an inn. Host, an army ; a multitude. Hos'tile, adverse; opposite. The word Hotel was ance written Hostel. 224. Hos'tis, an enemy. Hostility, enmity. [ings. j Hostilities, hostile proceed- 225. Hu'mus, the ground. Inhume', Inhu'mate, to bury. Exhume', to disinter. Post'humous, published after the author's death. Hu'mid, moist; damp. Humid'ity, dampness. Hum'ble, (Lat. hu'milis), mo- dest; submissive. Humil'ity, freedom from pride. Humiliation, abasement of pride. [wit. Hu'mor, moisture ; turn of mind ; 226. I'dem, the same. Iden'tity, sameness. Iden'tical, the same. Iden'tify, (152), to discover or prove sameness. 227. Ig'nis, fire. Ignite', to set on fire. Ig'neous, of the nature of fire. Igni'tion, the state of red heat. 228. Ima'go, {imag'inis), an image. Im'age, a representation ; statue ; picture. [tion. Im'agery, figurative representa- Imag'ine, to fancy. Imagination, fancy; idea. Imag'inary, fancied ; visionary. 229. Im'pero, to command. Imper'ative, commanding; au- thoritative ; the name of a mode in grammar. Impe'rious, overbearing; domi- neering. Impe'rial, pertaining to an em- peror. Em'peror, a monarch. Em'pire, the dominion of an emperor. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE L ATTN. 230. Ina'nis, empty. 97 Inane', empty ; void. Inan'ity, emptiness. Inani'tion, emptiness; exhaus- tion. 231. In' dex, (in'dicis), a sign; a pointer. In'dex, a pointer; a table of contents. In'dicate, to show; to point out. In'dices, algebraic signs. Indica'tion, mark ; token. Indicative, showing; affirming. 232. In'fcrus, nether; subterranean. Infe'rior, lower; less honorable. | Infer'nal, hellish. 233. Jn'sula, an island. In'sular, belonging to an island. Isl'and, Isle, a portion of land surrounded by water. I'solated, placed by itself. In'sulate, to detacli from sur- rounding objects. PEXix'suLAR,(Lat./}e'/tc,almost) f land nearly surrounded by the sea. 234. In'tegcr, whole; entire. In'tegral, Entire', whole ; un- broken. In'teger, a whole number. Integ'rity, honesty; purity. Redintegra'tion, renovation ; restoration. 235. In'tus and Jn'tra, within. Inte'rior and Inter'nal, inner, pertaining to the inside. In'timate, (Lat. in'timus, in- most), familiar; acquainted with the private feelings and views of another. Ixtima'tion, (Fr.), a hint; an obscure or indirect sugges- tion. Intrin'sic, inwrought; belong- ing to the nature of a thing ; inherent. 236. I'ra, anger. Ire, anger. | Iras'cible, easily made angry. 237. I'ter, (itin'cris), a journey. Itin'erant, wandering; unset- Itix'erary, traveling. [tied. It'erate, to go or do over again. Itera'tion, repetition. 9 Reit'erate, to repeat again and again. Itin'erate, to travel from place to place. vs THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION, 238. Ja'ceo, to lie. Ja'cent, lving at length. Adja'cent, lying or situated next. 239. Ja'cio, (jac Jacula'tion, a throwing or darting of weapons. Ejacula'tion, the uttering of a short prayer in the midst of other occupations. Ab'ject, thrown away; worth- less; mean. Ad'jective, a word added to a noun to qualify it. Coxjec'ture, to guess. Deject', to cast down; to grieve. Dejec'tiox, lowness of spirits. Eject', to cast out ; to expel. Inject', to throw in. Interjec'tion, an exclamation thrown in between the parts of a sentence Circumja'cent, lying round. Interja'cent, lying between. 'turn), to throw. Ob'ject, that to which any ac- tion or thought is directed. Object 'ive, belonging to the object; acted on. Objec'tion, fault found. Project', v. to throw out; to scheme. Proj'ect, s. a design; con- trivance. Projec'tile, a body thrown for- wards. Reject', to refuse. Subject', v. to put under; to subdue. Sub'ject, s. that which is acted upon or thought of. Traj'ect, a ferry. 240. Jo'cus, a joke. Joke, a jest; a merry trick. Jocose', Joc'ular, merry ; wag- gish. Jocular'ity, merriment. Joc'und, gay; lively. 241. Ju'dico, {judica'tum),* to judge. Ju'dicatory, a tribunal. Judi'cial, pertaining to courts of justice. Judi'ciary, the system of courts of justice. [mine. Adju'dicate, to try and deter- Adjudoe', to decree judicially. Extrajudicial, out of the ordi nary judicial course. Judge, to decide. Judi'cious, guided by judgment. Prej'udice, opinion formed without due examination. Prejudicial, hurtful. * Judico is compounded of jus and dico. 242. Jun'go, (junc' turn), to join. Junc'tion, Junct'ure, union. I Joint, a joining; a connection Join, to unite. allowing motion. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 99 Join'er, one who joins pieces of wood. Adjoin'ixo, next; contiguous. Ad'junct, something joined. Conjoin', to unite ; to associate, Con'jugal, relating to marriage. Conjunction, a connecting word. Conjuncture, concurrence of circumstances. Lat. sub, under, a Disjoin', to separate. Disjunction, separation J dis- union. Disjunctive, separating. Enjoin', to command. Injunction, precept; order. Subjoin', to add at the end. Sun'JuoATE,* to conquer; to subdue. Subjunct'ive, conditional, nd ju'gurn, a yoke. 24:*. Ju' ro, to swear. Abjure', to renounce upon oath. Adjure', to put one upon oath. Conjure', to summon or call upon one in a solemn manner. Con'jure, to practice secret or magical arts. Jury, a set of men sworn to give a true verdict. Ju'ror, a member of a jury. Nonju'ring, refusing to take oath. Per/ jury, false swearing. 244. Jus, (ju'ris), right; justice; law. Just, equitable; honest. In'jure, to treat unjustly; to Unjust', iniquitous ; dishonest. wrong ; to hurt. Just'ice, right ; a magistrate. Inju'rious, hurtful. Injust'ice, wrong. i Jurisdiction, (117), legal au- Just'ify, (152), to clear from thority; extent of power. guilt. Jurisprudence, (Lat. pru- Ju'rist, one versed in the law. den'tia, knowledge), the Adjust', to set right. science of law. 245. Ju'venis, young. Ju'venile, youthful ; fit for I Juvenil'ity, youthfulness. children. | Ju'nior, younger than another. 246. La'bor, labor. La'bor, work, toil. | Lab'oratory, a chemist's work- Labo'rious, diligent in work ; | room. [care. tiresome. | Elaborate, finished with 100 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 147. La'bor, (lap'sus), to slide. Lapse, fall ; trifling error or fault. [gether. Collapse', to fall inward or to- Elapse', to glide away. Relapse', to fall back again. La'bent, gliding. 248. La' pis, (lap'idis), a stone. Lap'idary, a worker in precious I Dilapidations* ruin ; demoli- stones. tion. * Primary meaning, the falling down of the stones of a wall. 249. La'tus, broad. Lat'itude, breadth, extent; dis- 1 Dilutable, capable of exten tance from the equator. sion. Dilate', to widen, to extend. | Od'late, flattened at the poles 250. La'tus, (lat'eris), a side. Lat'eral, pertaining to the side. Collat'eral, placed by the side ; classed with. Equilat'eral, of equal sides. TRiLAT'ERAL,having three sides. 251. Laus, {lau'dis), pn Laud, to praise ; to extol. Laud'able, praise- worthy. Laud'atory, containing praise. Laud'anum,* tincture of opium. * This word is supposed to have been derived, in some humorous usage, from laus. 252. Le'go, (lega'limi), to send as an ambassador; to appoint. Leg'ate, a deputy; an ambas- sador, [bassy. Lega'tion, a deputation ; an em- Leg'acy, something left by will. Legatee', one who receives a legacy. Alledge', to adduce; to p*ead an excuse. Allegation, affirmation ; plea. Col'league, a fellow ambassa- dor or officer. Del'egate, v. to send on an embassy. Del'egate, s. a deputy, a com- missioner. 253. Lc'go, (Itc'lum), to gather; to select; to read. Lect'ure, a discourse designed to communicate formal in- struction. Leg'ible, that can be read. Legend, a narrative of fabulous character. WORDS DERIVED FROM [HE LATIN. 101 Le'gion, a chosen body of men. Les'son, any thing read or said to a teacher. Collect', to gather together. Collective, gathered into one mass. [speech. Di'alect, peculiar mode of Dil'igent, industrious. Elec'tion, the act of choosing. El'igible, fit to be chosen. In'tellect, understanding. [ntel'lioent, able to under- stand. Lexicon, (Greek lexis, a word or phrase), a dictionary. Neglect', to slight; to pone. N eg'ligence, inattention. Recollect', to call up in mem- ory. Select', to choose out. 251. Le'nis, mild j gentle. Lenient, mild; fitted to soothe. Lenitive, that which softens or mitigates. Len'itv, mildness of temper; tenderness ; mercy. 255. Le'vis, light. Lev'ity, lightness ; vanity ; mirth. El'evate, (Lat. le'vo, to raise), to lift up. Alle'viate, to lighten. Lev'igate, to grind to powder. Lev'er, a mechanical power. Lev'v, to raise ; to collect. Rel'evant, capable of aiding; applicable. Irrelevant, not applicable. Relieve', to aid ; to succor. 25(5. Lex, (je'gis), a law. Le'gal, lawful. Legislate, (98), to enact laws. Ille'gal, unlawful. Privilege,* (413), a special Le'galize, to make lawful. right or advantage. Legitimate, correctly derived. Legitimacy, a political term. Legislature, the law-making signifying lawful hereditary power. succession in the government. * Primary f>ignijicalion,a. law for the advantage of particular individuals 257. Li'ber, free. Lib'eral, bountiful; generous. Lib'erty, freedom. Lib'erate, Deliv'er, to set free. Liberalize, to remove narrow views. Liu'ertine, one under no moral restraint. Illib'eral, mean; suspicious. j Illiberal'ity, want of gene- Test f v. 9< 102 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 258. Liber, (li'bri), a book. Li'brary, a collection ol* books. Li'bel, (Lat. libel'lus, a small writing or document), a de- famatory writing. Libra'rian, one who has the care of books. Li'belous, defamatory. 259. Li'bro, {libra' turn), to weigh in a balance. Deliberate, to weigh men- tally. Equilibrium, equality weights in a balance. of 260. Li'cet, to be lawful, or allowable. License, permission. Licen'tious, wanton ; unre- strained. Illic'it, unlawful; improper. Licen'tiate, one who has re- ceived a license. 261. Li' go, (liga'tian), to bind. Lig'ament, Ligature, a band. Oblige', to compel; to place under bonds of duty. Obligation, a binding require- Alliga'tion, a binding to gether. Alle'giance, acknowledged ob ligation to obey. mcnt. [man. Relig'ion, our duty to God and 262. Li' men, a threshold. Eliminate, to put out of doors ; to cast out. Preliminary, before the thresh- old; introductory. 263. Lin'gua, the tongue; a language. Lan'guage, human speech style. Lin'guist, one skilled in lan- guages. 264. Lin'quo, (lie' turn), to leave. Delinquent, failing in duty. I Rel'ic, something left. Derelic'tion, a forsaking. Rel'ict, literally, one left; a Relinquish, to abandon. * widow. 265. Li'num, flax. Lin 'en, cloth made of flax. Lin'seed, the seed of flax. Lin'sey-woolsey, made of linen and wool. WOk LIVED FROM INK LATIN. 103 Lint, down scraped from linen* Line, a thread or cord. Lin'ear, consisting of lines. Lin'eal, in a line. Lin'eage, descent; family line. Lin'kamxnti an outline of tho face or of a portion of it. Curvilin'ear, having curved lines. [line. Delin'eate, to draw an out- 2G6. Lis, {litis), strife. Litiga'tion, going to law. Lit'igant, one engaged in a law-suit. 267. Lit'era, a letter. Lit'erature, learning. Lit'erary, relating to learning. Lit'eral, exact to the letter. Litera'ti, the learned. Illiterate, unlearned. Oblit'erate, to rub out. Let'ter, a character represent- ing some sound ; an epistle. Letter-press, print from types. Allitera'tion, beginning seve- ral words in succession with the same letter. 268. Lo'cus, a place. Lo'cal, relating to place. Local'ity, situation; place. Lo'cate, to place. Locomo'tion, (316), power of changing place. Locomo'tive, having the power of motion from one place to another. Alloca'tion, putting one thing to another. Colloca'tion, placing together. Dis'locate, to put out of joint. 269. Lon'zus, lomr. Long, a. not short. Long, v. to desire earnestly. Lon'gitude, length ; distance east or west. LongevTty,(147), length of life. Prolong', to lengthen out. Ob'long, longer than broad. Elon'gate, to lengthen. Elonga'tion, the state of being lengthened. 270. Lo'quor, (locu'tus), to speak. Loquac'ity, talkativeness. Col'loquy, a conference. Collo'quial, relating to conver- sation, [expression. Circumlocution, a round about Elocution, the art of oratorical delivery. El'oquent, having oratorical powers. [speech. Grandil'oquence, swelling 104 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. Interlocutory, in the manner Solil'oquy, (496), a speech in of conversation, Ob'loquy, censorious speech. Prolocu'tor, the speaker or chairman of a convocation. solitude. Ventril'oquist, (573), one who can speak as if from his stom- ach. 271. Lu'crum, gain. Lu'cre, gain; profit. | Lu'crative, profitable. 272. Luc'tor, (lucta'tus), to struggle. Reluc'tate, to struggle against. | Reluc'tant, unwilling. 273. Lu'clo, (lu' sum) y to play. Ludicrous, exciting laughter. Allu'sion, a reference to some- thing. Collu'sion, dishonest agree- ment or compact. Elude', to escape by stratagem. Illu'sion, Delu'sion, deceptive appearance. In'terlude, a play performed between the principal exhibi- tions. Pre'lude, an introductory play 274. Lu'na, the moon. Lu'nar, relating to the moon. Luna'tion, a revolution of the moon; a month. Lu'nated, like a half moon. Lu'nacy, a sort of madness.* Lu'natic, an insane person. Sub'lunary, beneath the moon; earthly. * The name was derived from a superstitious notion that insanity was con- nected with the influence of the moon. 275. Lu'o, (fu'tum), to wash awaj Ablu'tion, a washing or cleans- ing. Ab'luent, washing clean. Allu'vium or Allu'vion, an ac- cumulation of earth by the deposition of particles from water. Allu'vial, deposited by inunda- tion, Antedilu'vian, (Lat. diluvium, a deluge), existing before the deluge. Dilu'vian, relating to the de- luge. Dilute', to make thin or weak. Dil'uent, that which dilutes. Pollute', to defile ; to make un- clean. WORDS DERIVED FROM i ill; J.\T1N. 105 2?0. Jalv, {Ju'cis), and Lu'men, (lu'minti), light. Lu'cid, Lucent, Luminous, Lu'mixaky, any thing that gives bright ; shining; giving light Lu'cifee, (107), the morning star. Lucubra'tiox, study by candle- light; the result of private study. light. Elu'cidate, to explain. Illu'minatk, to enlighten. Illumixa'tiox, lighting up. Pellu'cid, Traxslu'cent, clear; transparent. 277. one havin Magis'ter a master. civil Magistrate. autliority. Magistracy, the office or dig nity of a magistrate. Magisterial, having the air of authority. Mas'ter, one having the direc- tion or control. 278. Mag'nus, great; Ma'jor, greater. Mag'xitude, greatness. Mag'xifv, (152), to make great; to extol. [mind. Magnan'imous, (13), of noble Magxif'icexce, grandeur. Main, *. the gross; the chief part. Main, a. chief; principal. Ma'jor, . greater. Ma'jor, s. a military officer. Major'ity, the greater number. May'or, the chief magistrate of a corporation. Maj'esty, grandeur; sovereign- ty; royal title. Majes'tic, stately; grand. 279. Ma'lus, bad. Maledic'tiox, (117), a curse. Malefac'tor, (152), a criminal. Mal'ice, a disposition to injure without cause. Malig'xity, extreme enmity. Mali'cious, Malig'xaxt, in- tending ill to others. JMalev'olext, (598), wishing ill to another. Malversa'tiox, (579), bad con- duct. Maladministration, (299), bad use of power. Malign', to slander; to defame. Mal'coxtext, a dissatisfied, restless member of society. Malprac'tice, evil or illegal practice or conduct. 280. Man' do,* (manda'tum), to commit; to give a charge or command. Max'date, an order. | Commend', Recommend', to Command', to govern; toordcr. praise. * Manda'mus, signifying we command, is the name of a command or writ issuing from the king's bench in England, and in America from some of the higher courts, directed to any person, corporation, or inferior court, requiring them to do some act therein specified. Webster. 106 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. Countermand', to revoke a for- 1 Demand', to call for with autho- mer command. ' Remand', to send back, [jity 281. Ma'neo, {man' sum), to stay. Man sion, place of abode; house. Imma'nent, remaining in. Ma'nes, (among the Romans), the departed spirits of men. Per'manent, durable ; lasting. Remain', to stay ; to be left. Rem'nant, Remain'der, that which is left. 282. Ma'nus, the hand. Man'ual, performed by hand; j Manipulate, to handle. a book which may be held in Amanuen'sis, a person em- ployed to write what another dictates. Emancipate, (47), to set at liberty. Maintain',! (530), to support. Man'age, (3), to conduct. Manozu'vre,^ a dextrous move- ment. Manure', to apply fertilizing matter. the hand. Manufactory, (152), a work- ing place. Manufacture, any thing made by art. MANUMis'sioN, (305), giving liberty to slaves.* Man'uscript, (468), a writing. Man'acles, shackles, hand- cuffs. * Literally, sending away from under the hand, j- From the French word maintenir. t Derived, through the French, from manus and opera or opus, (349), and therefore signifying, literally, a work of the hand. The word originally signified to cultivate by hand. 283. Ma' re, the sea. Marine', belonging to the sea. Mar'iner, a seaman. Mar'itime, bordering on the sea. Submarine', under the sea. Transmarine', across the sea. Ultramarine', across the sea; a blue dye-stuff. 284. Ma'tcr, a mother. Mater'nal, pertaining to a mother. Mat'rimony, marriage. Matern'ity, the character or relation of a mother. Ma'tron, a married woman; an elderly lady. Matricula'tion, admission to membership ; adoption as a son of the institution. "WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 107 285. Malit'rus, ripe. Mature', ripe; well digested. Matu'rity, ripeness ; comple- tion. Immature', unripe. Premature', ripe too soon; too hasty. 286. Me'deor, to cure Med'icine, any substance used ; Medica'tion, the use of medi- cine. [ e( iy- IIeme'diaL, intended for a rem- Rem'edy, a cure ; reparation. Reme'diable, curable. Irreme'diable, Remed'iless, incurable. in curing disease. Med'ical, relating to medicine. Medic'inal, having the power of healing. Med'icated, mingled with something medicinal. 287. Me'dius, middle. Me'dium, the middle point; that which comes between. Me'diate, v. to interpose be- tween parties, for the purpose of effecting a reconciliation. Me'diate, a. middle ; interven- ing. Imme'diate, instant; direct; acting without any inter- vening cause. Intermediate, lying between. Medioc'rity, middle state ; moderation. [ m g Dimidia'tion, the act of halv- 288. Mel, honey. Mellifica'tion, the making or I Mellifluous, sweetly flowing; production of honey. smooth. 289. Me'lior, better. Ameliorate, to make better ; I Melioration, improvement to improve. 290. Mem'ini, to remember. Mem'ory, the faculty by which we remember. Mem'orable, worthy to be re- membered. Memorandum, a note to help the memory. Mem'oir, a short account. Mem'ento, that which reminds. Memo'rial, a monument; a pe tition. Men'tion, to speak of. Commem'orate, to preserve in memory by some public act. Immemo'rial, beyond memory. Reminis'cence, recollection. Remem'ber, to bear in mind. 108 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 291. Mens, (mcn'tis), the mind. Ment'al, pertaining to the I Dementa'tion, making frantic mind. 292. Mer'go, (mer'sum), to dip ; to sink. Merge, to sink, or cause to be swallowed up. Emerge', torise out of. Emer'gency, pressing neces- sity.* Immeb/sion, the act of putting any thing below the surface of a fluid. Submer'sion, the state of being wholly covered by a fluid. * The word is derived from the idea of an event suddenly coming upon one, as if something had arisen unexpectedly from the water. 293. Merx, (mer'cis), merchandise. Com'merce, traffic, exchange. Merchandise, things bought and sold. Mer'chant, a trader. Mercantile, pertaining to the business of a merchant. Mer'cenary, serving for pay. Mer'cer, one who deals in silks. 294. Me'tior,* (men'sus), to measure. Mete, to measure. Meas'ure, that by which any thing is reckoned. Mensura'tion, the art of meas- uring. Commen'surate, of equal meas- ure, [body. Dimen'sion, the extent of a Admeasurement, the act or result of measuring according to rule. Immeasurable, that cannot be measured. Immense', immeasurably great. Immens'ity, unlimited extent ; vastness. * See Gr. 137. 295. Mi'gro, {mi gr a' turn), to remove; to depart from a place of residence. Migra'tion, departure to a dis- tant place of residence. Mi'gratory, roving ; unsettled. Em'igrate, to remove from a place. Em'igrant, one who removes. Immigration, the coming of foreigners into a country. Im'migrant, one who comes into a country to reside. Transmigration, a passing from one state to another. WORDS DERIVED FROM TIIK LATIN. 109 296. Miles, (mili'tis), a soldier. Mili'tia, the enrolled soldiers. Mil'itary, pertaining to sol- diery. Mil'itant, fighting, contending Mil'itate, to act against. 297. Mil'le, a thousand. Millennium, (14), a thousand I Mil'leped, (380), an insect years. having many feet. 298. Mi'neo, to hang over. Im'minent, impending ; at hand. I Em'inent, high; distinguished. Prom'inent, standing out. | Em'inence, elevation. 299. Minis'ter, a servant or attendant. Min'ister, one who is appoint- ed to transact business of state under the direction of the chief executive ; a cler- gyman.* Ministry, the office of a mi- nister. Min'istrant, attendant upon. Ministerial, pertaining to a minister. * So called from his being appointed to serve the church in the sacerdotal office. Admin 'ister, to perforin duties in an official station ; to dis- pense ; to bring that which is needed. Administrator, one who takes charge of the property of a person dying without a will. Administration, management ; actual government. 300. Mi'nor, less. Mi'nor, a. smaller ; s. one not of age. Minor'ity, the smaller num- ber. Mintattjre, a small portrait. Minute', a. small. Min'ute, s. a portion of time. Min'imum, the least quantity possible in the case. Min'ion, a small kind of type. Min'uend, the number to be diminishe^d. Mi'nus, a mathematical term, signifying subtraction. Minu'ti^e, small particulars. Dimin'ish, to make less. Diminution, a growing less. Dimin'utive, little. Comminu'tion, a grinding to powder. 10 110 THE SCHOLARS COMPANION. 301. Mi'rus, strange ; wonderful. Mir'acle, a supernatural event. Mirac'ulous, performed super- naturally. [or high esteem. Admire', to regard with wonder Ad'mirable, of wonderful ex cellence. Admira'tion, wonder mingled with affection or esteem. 302. Mis'ceo, (mix'tum), to mix. Mix, to mingle. Mix'ture, a compound formed by mingling. Mis'cellany, a collection of va- rious things. Miscellaneous, mixed ; of va- rious kinds. Mis'cible, that may be mixed. Admix'ture, the substance which is mixed with an- other. Intermix', to mingle together. Promis'cuous, mingled indis- criminately. 303. Mi'ser, wretched. Mis'ery, wretchedness, distress. Mi'ser, one who makes himself miserable by his niggard- liness. Mi'serly, very covetous. Mis'erable, unhappy. Commis'erate, to pity; to com- passionate. 304. Mi'tis, meek; mild. Mit'igate, to assuage; to ren- 1 Unmitigated, unassuaged; not der more mild. softened in severity. 305. Mi? to, (mis' sum), to send. Mis'sion, a being sent by authority. Missionary, one sent to propa- gate religion. Mis'sile, something thrown by the hand. Admit', to let in ; 4,0 allow. Admis'sion, Admit'tance, per- mission to enter. Commit', to intrust; to per- petrate. Commission, a trust ; authority given ; the act of committing. Commissioner, one bearing a commission. Com'missary, a kind of military commissioner. Commit'tee, one or more per- sons to whom a matter is re- ferred by a legislative body or a society. Com'promise, to adjust by con- cession. Demise', to grant by will. Dismiss', to send away. Em'issary, one sent out as a secret agent. Emit', to send forth. Intermis'sion, cessation for a time. WORDS DERIVED FROM I in: LATIN 111 Lntermh ntNT, ceasing at in- tervals. Manumishon, (282), sending away from bondag Mis'sive, sent; a letter or mes- sage sent. Omit', to leave out. Permission, leave granted. Premise', to state beforehand. Prem'ises, propositions pre- viously proved or assumed. Prom'i ie, to engage to do. Prom'issorv, containing a promise. Remit', to relax; to forgave. Remiss', slack; negligent Submissive, humble; yielding. Si n Mir', to yield to authority. Surmise', suspicion. Transmit', to send over ; to suffer to pass through ; to de- liver to posterity. 306. Mo'dus, a manner. Mode, manner. Mood, temper of mind. Mod'el, a copy to be imitated. Mod'ify, to change the form or character of a tlii ; Mod'ulate, to vary the pitch of sounds. Mod'erate, observing proper bounds. Mod'est, restrained by a sense of propriety. Mod'icum, a small quantity. Commo'dious, convenient. Commodities, wares ; goods. Accom'modate, to supply with conveniences. Incommode', to trouble. Modera'tor, a presiding officer. 307. Mo'lior, (inoii'tus), to rear or build. Mole, (Lat. mo'les, a mass), a massive wall of stone project- ing into the sea. Demol'ish, to throw down. Demolition, the act of molishing. 308. Mollis, soft. Mol'lifv, to soften; to as- suage. Mol'lient, Emoi/lient, to soften or assuage. 309. Mo'neo, (rnon'ititm), to put in mind; to warn. Mon'itor, one who warns of duty. Mon'umknt, a memorial. Mon'itory, calculated to give warning. Admon'isii, to remind of a fault. Admoni'tion, Moni'tion, warn- ing; reproof. Pre.mon'itorv, giving warning beforaha:i i. Sum'mon, (Ijat. 8ubmo'neo) t to call by authority. 112 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 310. Mons, (mon'tis), a mountain. Mount, a hill. Moun'tain, a large hill. Mound, a heap or bank of earth. Amount', the sum. Dismount', to alight from a horse. Par'amount, superior; chief. Prom'ontory, a high land pro- jecting into the sea. Surmount', to rise above. Tant'amount, of the same amount or force. 311. Mon'stro, (monstra'tum), to point out; to show. Mon'ster, something deformed or horrible. Mon'strous, unnatural; huge. Demonstrate, to prove rigor- ously. Demonstrative, proving by ir- resistible argument; pointing out. Remon'strate, to present strong reasons against any measure. 312. Mor'bus, disease. Mor'bid, diseased; not sound or healthful. Morbif'ic, causing disease. Morbos'ity, diseased state. Cholera-mor'bus, (Gr. 50), the name of a disease. 313. Mor'deo, (mor'sum), to bite. Mor'dant, any substance used to fix colors, in dyeing. Mor'sel, a piece bitten off. Remorse', sense of guilt. 314. Mors, {mor'tis), death. Mor'tal, subject to death; deadly. Mortality, death ; human na- ture. Immor'tal, exempt from death. Immor'talize, to render im- mortal. Mor'tify, to lose vitality; to abase. Mortifica'tion, vexation; loss of vitality. 315. Mos, (mo 'ris), custom; practice. Mor'al, relating to the practice or conduct of men ; conform- ed to law and rectitude. Mor'alist, one who teaches the duties of life ; one who prac- tices moral duties. Mor'alize, to apply to moral subjects. Moral 'ity, correctness of life. Immor'al, not virtuous. Demor'alize, to render corrupt in morals WORD* DERIVED FROM 1 lit. 113 316. Mo'veo, (mo' turn), to move. Move, to put out of one place into another. [of place. Movb'ment, Mo'tion, change Mov'ables, goods ; furniture. Mobil'ity, capacity of being moved. Mob, a disorderly multitude. Momen'tum, force of motion. Mo'tive, moving power; in- ducement. Motor, a mover. Commo'tion, tumult ; d, ance. Emo'tion, disturbance of mind. PROMo'tiON, advancement to higher rank. Promote', to advance ; to exalt. Promo 'tive, tending to promote. Remove', to put from its place. Remote', at a distance. 317. Mul'tus, touch. riTDDE, a great number. Multifa'rious, having great variety. Mul'tifokm, having many lorn Mul'ttple, a number which exactly contains another several times. Mul'tiply, to increase in num- ber. Multiplication, (392), in- crease in number. Multiplicand', the number to be multiplied. Mul'tiped, (380), an insect with many feet. 318. Mun'dus, the earth; the world. Mun'dane, belonging to the world. Antemun'dane, before the cre- ation of the world. Extramun'dane, beyond the material world. Supramun'dane, situated above the world, or our systo 319. Mu'nio, to fortify. Ammunition, Mum'tion, mate- rials used in war. Mu'niment, a strong hold ; .sup- port; del- 320. Mu'nu*, (mu'neris), an office ; a gift. Munic'ipal, pertaining to a corporation. Munificence, (152), liberality. Commune', (Lat. con), to con- verse together. Commu'nicate, to impart. 10 Commu'nicative, liberal in im- parting knowledge. Commu'nity, common posses- sion or enjoyment; society. Communion, fellowship ; in- tercourse. 114 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. Immij'nity, exemption from duty. Remuneration, recompense. Com'mon, shared by all ; gene- ral.* Excommu'nicate, to cut off from church membership. * A coinmon inheritance is one which all the inheritors own and enjoy alike. A characteristic is said to be common to our race, which every human being possesses. 321. Mu'rus, a wall. Mu'ral, pertaining to a wall.* I Immure', to inclose within walls ; to imprison. * Among the ancient Romans, a golden crown was bestowed on him who first mounted the wall of a besieged place; this was called coro'na mura'lis, a mural crown. 322. Mu'sa. a Muse. Muse, s. a heathen deity pre- siding over poetry, 5. Scan'do, (scan' sum), to climb; to mount. Ascend , to climb or go up. Ascent', the way by which one ascends. Descend', to go down. Condescend', to stoop; to de- scend from the dignity of rank or character. Condescension, voluntary de- scent from rank, &c. Transcend', to rise beyond ; to surmount. Scan, to examine with critical care ; to examine a verse by counting the feet. 4G6*. Scin'do, (scis'sum), to cut; to divide. Scissors, small shears. Exscind', to cut off. Rescind', to abrogate; to re- voke. 4G7. Sci'o, to know; Scien'tia, knowledge. Sci'ence, knowledge. Scientific, pertaining to science. Sci'olist, asmatterer; one who knows many things super- ficially. Conscience, the knowledge of right and wrong. Consciousness, the knowledge of what passes in one's own mind. Conscien'tious, obedient to the dictates of conscience. Omnis'cience, (345), knowledge of all things. Presci'ence, foreknowledge. 4G8. Scri'bo, (strip' turn), to write. Scribe, a writer; a secretary. Scribble, to write carelessly. Script'ure, a writing.* Prescribe', to give a written direction; to give a rule of conduct. Scrive'ner, one who draws Proscribe',! to censure and contracts or other writings. condemn as unworthy of re- Scrip, a small writing or certifi- j ception. catc. i Transcribe', to write a copy of Subscribe', to write under- i any thing. neath ; to sign with one's Circumscribe', to limit; to en- own hand. close by a boundary. Describe',! to give an account Inscribe', to write upon ; to of. dedicate in a short written Ascribe', to attribute to. address. * Used only in reference to the Sacred Writings contained in the Bible. f Literally, to write concerning. t Primitive signification, to write the name of a person on the list of those who are placed out of the protection of the law. 142 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. Conscrip'tion, an enrolling. Superscription, that which is written on the outside. Scrutoir', a kind of writing- desk. Man'uscript, (282), that which is written with the hand. Post'script, something written after a letter has been con- cluded and signed. 469. Scru'tor, (scruta'tus), to examine. Scru'tiny, close examination. I Inscru'table, unsearchable ; not Scrutinize, to examine closely. | to be understood. 470. Se'co, [sec' turn), to cut. Se'cant, in geometry, a line which cuts another or divides it into two parts. [tion. Sec'tion, a part ; a distinct por- Sect, a party holding peculiar sentiments in philosophy or religion. Seg'mext, a part cut off. Bisect', to separate into two equal parts. Dissect', to cut in pieces in such a manner as to show the several constituent parts. In 'sect, a small animal. Insec'tion, a cutting in. Intersection, the point where lines cut each other. Venesec'tion, (Lat. ve'na, a vein), the act of opening a vein. Sec'ular, pertaining to the present world. 471. Sec'idum, an age. Sec'ularize, to make worldly. 472. iSe'deo, (ses'sum), to sit. Sed'entary, accustomed to sit- ting. Ses'sion, a sitting. Sedate', settled ; calm ; sober. Sed'iment, that which settles. Assid'uous, Sed'ulous, diligent in application.* Insid'ious, [properly, lying in wait], deceitful; treacherous. Assess', to fix the value of prop- erty for the purpose of tax- ation. Assize', a kind of court. * Literally, sitting close to work. | Literally, to sit above. Possess', (Lat. possid'eo), to hold ; to own. Preside', to be set over; to Reside', to dwell. [direct. Res'idue, the remaining part. Subside', to sink away. Subsidiary, aiding; furnishing supplies. Sub'sidize, to purchase the as- sistance of another. Supersede'^ to take the place of; to set aside by having su- perior influence. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 473. Se'men, (sem'inis), seed. 143 Dissem'inate, to scatter abroad, as seed. Sem'inal, pertaining to seed; elementary. [tion.* Sem'ixary, a place of educa- * Because the seeds of knowledge are there planted. 474. Sem'i, (an inseparable particle), half. Sem'i-an'nual, half yearly. Sem'ibreve, a note in music. Sem'i-circle, half of a circle. Sem'i-diam'eter, half the diame- ter. Qone. Sem'i-tone, (in music), half a 475. Se'nex, aged Se'nior, older. Se'nior, one more advanced in years or in the course of ap- pointment or station. Se'ntle, pertaining to old age. Sen'ator, a member of a sen- ate.! Seign'ior, a nobleman; a title of honor. \ The Romans called their highest legislative body the Senate, from its having been composed at first of the older men. 476. Sen'tio, (sen'sum), to perceive; to think. Sen'timent, thought; opinion; notion. Sentiment'al, reflective. Sen'tient, having the faculty of perception. Sen'tence, a judgment pro- nounced upon a criminal; a complete expression in words. Sense, the faculty of perceiving by the senses or by the in- tellect; meaning. Sexs'ual, pertaining to the senses. Sens'itive, easily affected. Sens'ible, able to perceive ; in- telligent; perceptible by the senses. Assent', to agree to. Consent', to yield. Dissent', to differ in opinion; to refuse assent. Present'iment, apprehension of something future. Resent', to manifest anger in consequence of a supposed injury. 477. Sepe'lio, {seput'tum), to bury. Sep'ulchre, a tomb or place of I Sep'ulture, burial; the act of burial. I interring. 144 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 478. Sep'tem, seven, the seventh Septem'ber month.* Sep'tenary, consisting of seven. Sep'tuple, seven-fold. Sep'tuagint,! (Lat. septua- gin'ta, seventy), a Greek ver- sion or translation of the Old Testament. * Reckoning from March, which was once accounted the first month in the year. f So called because it was made by seventy (or more exactly seventy-two) interpreters. The date of its execution was about 280 B. C. 479. Se'quor, (secu'tus), to follow. Se'quel, the succeeding part. Se'quence, a following ; suc- cession. Con'sequence, that which fol- lows from any act or event. Consec'utive, following in regular order. Ex'ecute, (Lat. ex'sequor), to carry into effect. Obse'quious, complying in a servile manner. Per'secute, to pursue with in- juries and vexation. Pros'ecute, to follow with a view to accomplish ; to bring to trial. Ob'sequies, funeral solemnities. Ensue', to follow as a conse- quence. Pursue', to follow ; to chase. Subsequent, occurring at a later period. 480. Se'ro, (ser'tum), to knit together; to connect. Se'ries, a succession of things. Ser'mon, (Lat. ser'mOy speech), a discourse. Assert', to declare; to affirm. Assert'or, a vindicator. Desert', to forsake. Disserta'tion, a treatise. Exert', to put forth ; to put into action. Insert', to set in or among. 481. Ser'po, to creep. Ser'pent, a creeping animal. | Ser'pentine, winding; spiral. 482. Ser'ra, a saw. Ser'rate, Ser'rated, notched like a saw. Ser'rulate, finely serrate ; having minute teeth. 483. Ser'vo, {serva'tiim), to watch ; to preserve : Ser'vus t a slave or servant. Serve, (Lat. ser'vio), to attend at command ; to wait on. Serv'ant, one who serves. Serf, a kind of slave. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE J.AT1N. 145 Serv'ice, labor performed for another. Ski: vii. k, slavish. Nkk'vitude, slavery. ( 'on'skrve, a sweet-meat. Conservatory, a place where anything is preserved. Deserve', to merit. Observe', to watch; to have regard to. Preserve', to save. Reserve', to keep back; to keep in store. Subser'vient, useful as an i i- strument in promoting somy end. Res'ervoir, a place for contain- ing what is kept in store ; particularly a cavity for hold- ing a fluid. 484. Seve'rus, severe. Severe', sharp ; strict ; exact. Sever'ity, sharpness ; strict- ness, [pursuit. Perseve'rance, constancy in a Persevere', to persist in an attempt. Assevera'tion, a solemn af- firmation. 485. Sex, six. Sexagena'rian, (Lat. sexa- gin'ta, sixty), one at the age of sixty years. Sex'tant, the sixth part of a circle ; an instrument for measuring angles. 486. Si'dus, (sid'eris), a star. Side'real, pertaining to stars. I Consid'er, to think of; to de- liberate. 487. Sig'num, a sign ; a seal. Sign, s. a token ; a mark. Sign, v. to write one's name under any form or document. Sig'nal, that which gives notice. Designate, to point out. Sig'nify, to express ; to mean. Insignif'icant, wanting mean- ing; unimportant. Assign', to allot ; to appoint. Consign', to deliver over ; to commit. Design', to purpose ; to plan. Designation, a name. En'sign, a standard ; a badge. Resign', to yield ; to give up. Sig'net, a seal. 488. Sim'ilis, like. Sim'ilar, like ; resembling. Sim'ile, an illustrative compari- son. Similarity, Simil'itude, Sem'- blance, Resem'blance, like- ness ; comparison. Assim'ilate, to make like ; to cause to resemble. 13 146 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. Dissem'ble, to hide under a false appearance. Dissimulation, hypocrisy. Dissim'ilar, unlike. Fac-sim'ile, (152), an exact imitation. Resem'ble, (Fr. ressembler), to be like. Simultaneous, (Lat. si'mul, to- gether), at the same time. Simulation, pretence ; dis- guise. Sin'ister, left handed ; dis honest. 489. Sinis'ter, left. Sin'istrous, wrong; perverse. 490. Si'nus, a fold ; a bosom. Si'nus, a bay Sinuos'ity, a bending or curv- ing in and out. Insin'uate, to introduce by slow, gentle or artful means. Insinuation, a hint. 491. Sis'to, or sto, (sta'tum), to stand ; to place ; to set up. State, condition. Sta'tion, a standing place. Stationary, fixed; settled. Stat'ure, the heightof a person. Stat'ue, an image set up. Sta'ble, Stall, a house for beasts to stand in. Stability, steadiness. Ar'mistice, (25), a cessation from hostilities ; a truce. Arrest', to stop. Assist', to stand by ; to help. Cir'cumstance,* something at- tending a fact or case. Consist', to stand together ; to be composed of. Consist'ent, compatible ; con- gruous, [tinual. Con'stant, unchanged ; con- Con'stitute, to form or com- pose. Constitu'tion, established sys- tem. CoN'sTABLE,f an officer of the peace. Desist', to stand off; to stop. Des'titute, not possessing; needy. Dis'tant, remote ; far off. Dis'tance, space between two objects. Estab'lish, to settle firmly. Exist', to be. Ex'tant, now in being. Insist', to stand upon ; to urge. In'stant, pressing; present; a point of time. In'stance, urgency ; example. Instate', to set or place. In'terstice, a narrow space between things. [the way. Ob'stacle, that which stands in Persist', to persevere. Pros'titute, to devote to a base purpose. Resist', to withstand. * Literally, that which stands around or near. f Lat. co'mes staUuli, overseer of the stable ; an office which existed under the Roman emperors. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE L \ I 147 Restitution, giving back. Sol'stice, (493), the tropical point. Stat'ics, that branch of mechan- ics, which treats of bodies at rest. Sta'men, the fixed, firm part of a body which gives it strength. Stand, to be erect; to remain fixed. Substitute, that which is put in the place of something ewe. Subsist', to be ; to continue. Subsist'enck, being; support. Sub'stance,. being; body. Sub'stantive, having separate existence. Substantial, not imaginary ; solid. Supersti'tion, false religion. 492. So'cius, a companion. So'ciable, agreeable as a com- panion ; familiar. Soci'ety, a union of persons for any particular purpose. ASSOCIATE, ^CONSO'CIATE, to unite. Association, Consocia'tion, union ; alliance. So'cial, pertaining to society. Disso'ciate, to disjoin. 493. Sol, (so'lis), the sun. So'lar, pertaining to the sun. I In'solate, to expose to the heat of the sun. 494. Sol'idus, solid. Sol'id, not fluid; strong; com- pact. Solid 'ity, firmness ; hardness. Solid'ify, to make solid. Consolidate,* to form into a compact mass. Sol'der or Sod'er, to unite by a metallic cement. Soi.D'iER,t a man engaged in military service. Sold'iery, the body of military men. * Con'sols, in England, are stocks formed by the consolidation of different annuities. j- The Romans had a gold coin called the Sol'idus or Sol'dus, ii is supposed that the word soldier was derived from the mode of military payment. 495. Sb'lor, (sola'tus), to comfort; to soothe. Console', to comfort; to cheer. Disconsolate, destitute of con- solation ; dejected ; not ex- pecting comfort. Inconsol'able, not to be con- soled. Sol'acl;, alleviation ; comfort. 148 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 496. (So'lus), alone; only. Sole, single ; only. Sol'itary, living alone. Sol'itude, a state of being alone ; a lonely place, [less. Des'olate, laid waste ; cheer- Desola'tion, destitution ; ruin. Solil'oquy, (270), a speech to one's self alone. So'lo, a passage of music for a single instrument or voice. 497. Sol'vo, (solu'tum), to loose. Solve, to explain. Solu'tion, the process of dis- solving ; explanation. Sol'uble, capable of being dis- solved. Sol'vexcy, ability to pay. Sol'vent, a fluid which dis- solves a substance. Absolve', to clear ; to acquit of a crime. Ab'solute, complete, uncondi- tional, [sion. Absolution, acquittal; remis- Dis'solute, loose in morals. Dissolve', to melt; to break up. Resolve', to determine. 498. Som'nus, sleep. Somnam'bulist, (8), one who I Somnif'ic, causing sleep, walks in sleep. | Som'nolency, drowsiness. 499. So'nus, a sound. Sound, a noise. Sono'rous, giving sound. Con'sonant, s. A letter that can be sounded only in connection with a vowel. Con'sonant, a. consistent. Dis'sonance, discord. Resound', to send back sound U'nison, agreement of sound. Res'onant, resounding. 500. So'por, drowsiness ; lethargy. Soporif'ic, (152), causing sleep. I Soporif'erous, (167), inducing sleep. 501. Sors, (sor'tis), a lot; chance; a share. Assort', to separate into classes. Con'sort, 8. a companion ; a wife or husband. Consort', v. to associate. Resort', to betake ; to repair. Sort, a kind. Sort'ilege, the drawing of lots Sorti'tion, selection by lot. W0R1 LVED FROM THE LATIN. H9 502. Spar' go, (spar' sum), to strew; to scatl Disperse', to scatter; to dissi- pate. Intersperse', to soatti r !"- tween. Sparse, thinly scattered. Asperse', to bespatter with calumny. Asper'sion, calumny. 503. Spa'tium, space. Space, room ; extension. Spa'cious, roomy ; extensive. Expa'tiate, to move at large to enlarge in discourse. 504. Spe'cio, (spec' turn), to look ; to see. As'pect, appearance ; view. Circumspect, watchful; cau- tious. Conspic'uous, easily seen ; prominent. Despise', to look down upon ; to abhor. Des'picable, worthy of con- tempt. Expect', to look or wait for. Inspect', to look on or into; to examine. Perspective,* appearance re- presented on a plane surface. lcactty, acuteness of discernment. PERSPicu'rrY, clearness ; free- dom from obscurity. . Pros'pect, view of objects within the reach of the eye. Prospective, regarding the fu- ture. Respect', regard. [gard. Respect'able, worthy of re- Respect'ive, particular, Re'trospect, a looking bark on things past. Spe'cial, Espe'cial, particular ; uncommon. Spe'cies, a sort or kind. Spe'cie, coin. Specif'ic, designating the pecu- liar properties. Spec'ifv, to mention particu- lars. SpEC'lMEN, a sample. Spe'cious, apparently right; having a fair or plausible ap- pearance. Spec'tacxe, a sight; a show. Spec'tacles, glasses to the sight. Specta'tor, one who looks on. Spec'tre, an apparition. Speculate, to contemplate ; to theorize. Suspect', to mistrust. Primary signification, a glass through which ohjects ure viewed. Despair', hopelessness. Des'perate, without hope; reckless. Despera'do, a despei 505. Spe'ro, to hope. Pros'per, to be successful. Prosperity, successful pro- grtv [Tul. Pros'pei ; success- L3* 150 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 506. Spi'ro, to breathe. Spirit, an immaterial, intelli- gent being; courage. Spiritual, immaterial; mental. Spir'acle, a breathing hole. Aspire', to aim at something elevated. Aspirant, one who aspires. Aspira'tion, a breathing after. As'pirate, to pronounce with a breathing, as the h in horse. Conspire', to agree together. Conspir'acy, a plot; treason. Expire', to breathe out; to die. Inspire', to breathe into ; to in- fuse into the mind. Inspiration, a drawing in of the breath ; a supernatural in- fusion of ideas into the mind. Inspir'it, to animate; to enliven. Perspire', to send out moisture from the skin. Respire', to breathe; to catch breath. Transpire', to pass out in va- por; to escape from secrecy Suspira'tion, a sigh ; a deep breath. 507. Splen'deo, to shine. Splen'did, shining; magnifi- 1 Splen'dor, brilliancy; elegance cent; showy. | Resplen'dent, very bright. 508. Spon'deo, (spon'sum), to promise. Sponsor, one who promises for another. Spon'sal, relating to marriage. Spouse, a husband or wife. Espouse', to marry ; to take to one's self. Correspond', to answer ; to be congruous ; to communicate by letters. Despond', to be cast down ; to lose courage. Respond', to answer. Response', a reply. Responsible, accountable ; an- swerable. Irresponsible, not liable or able to answer for conse- quences. 509. Stel'la, a star. Oonstella'tion, a cluster of I Stel'lau, starry ; pertaining to fixed stars. stars. 510. Ster'no, (stra'lum), to spread ; to strew. Stra'tum, (pi. stra'ta), a layer, as of earth. Strat'ified, placed in strata. Sui?stra'tu:\i, a lower laver. Consterna'tion, great surprize and terror. Pros'trate, lying flat. Prostra'tion, loss of vigor. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 151 511. Still*, a drop. Instill', to pour in gradually; to teach slowly. Distill', to fall by drops; to extract by heat and evapora- tion. Distilla'tion, the act of distill- ing. Distillery, a place where dil tilling is carried on. Still, a vessel for distillation. 512. Sti'po, (stipa'tum), to fill up; to stuff. Con'stipate, to stop, by filling a passage. Cos'tive, constipated. Constipa'tion, fullness and ob- struction of the intestinal ca- nal. 513. Stirps, (slir'pw), a root or stock. Extir'pate, to root out. Extirpa'tion, eradication ; total destruction. 514. Strhi'go, (stric'tum), to bind. Distrain', to seize ; to lay hold Strict, rigorously nice ; exact ; severe. STRiCT'uRE,a contraction; criti- cal censure. Astrin'gent, binding; contract- ing. Constrain', to compel. Constraint', confinement. Constric'tion, a contraction. Constrict'or, that which binds. Dis'trict, circuit of authority. Restrain', to withhold ; to re- press. Restrict', to limit; to confine. Restriction, limitation. Straight, not crooked. Strait, narrow; compressed. Strain, to extend with force. 515. Stru'o, (struc'luin), to build; to construct. Struct'ure, an edifice; a build- ing. Construct', to form ; to build. Constructive, not directly ex- pressed, but inferred. Con'strue, to interpret; to ex- plain, [by precept. Instruct', to teach, to inform Instrument, a tool; means em- ployed. Obstruct', to hinder ; to block up. Deob'struent, removing ob- structions. Destroy', to lay waste, to put an end to. Destruction, waste; ruin. Superstructure, an erection upon something else. 152 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 516. Sua'deo, [sua' sum), to advise. Persuade', to bring over to an opinion. Dissuade', to exhort or advise against any proposed course. Dissua'sive, tending to dis- suade. Sua'sion, the act of persuad- ing. 517. Sua'vis, sweet; pleasant. Suav'ity, softness ; agreeable- 1 Insuav'ity, unpleasantness, ness. 518. Su'do, {suda'tum), to sweat. Exsude' or Exude', to flow out in the manner of sweat. Suda'tion, a sweating. Su'datory, a sweating-bath. Sudorif'ic, exciting perspira- tion. 519. Su'i, of one's self. Su'icide, (41), self-murder. Suici'dal, destructive to one's self. 520. Sum, I am; Es'se,* to be; Ens,(en'tis), being; Futu'rm, about to be. En'tity, a real being. Nonen'tity, non-existence. Es'sence, the peculiar nature or quality of any thing. Essen'tial, necessary to the ex- istence of a thing; pertaining to elementary or constituent principles. Fu'ture, to be hereafter. Futu'rity, time to come. Ab'sent, not present. Pres'ent, at hand; near; before the face. Represent', to exhibit; to de- scribe. In'terest, concern; advantage. * Es'se, is the present infinitive of the verb Sum, Ens, the present participle, and Futu'rus the future participle. 521. Su'mo, [sump' turn), to take. Assume', to take ; to claim. Assump'tion, a taking; a sup- position. Consume', to waste ; to destroy. Consumption, waste; a disease. Presume', to suppose ; to ven- ture. Presump'tion, confidence; ar- rogance ; strong probability. Resume', to take back ; to begin again. Sump'tuary, (Lat. sump'tus, expense), relating to expense. Sump'tuous, expensive. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 522. Su'pcr, above; over. 153 Supe'rior, higher in place or excellence. Super'lative, highest in de- gree ; most eminent. Superb', grand; splendid. Su'perable, (Lat. su'pero, to overcome), that may be over- come. Insu'peraule, not to be over- come or surmounted. Supercil'ious, (Lat. supercil'- ium, the brow), haughty ; overbearing. Supreme', highest in authority ; greatest. Suprem'acy, highest power. 523. Sur'go, (surrec'tum), to rise. Insur'gent, rising in opposition to the government. Insurrection, a rising in re- bellion. Resurrec'tion, a rising again. Surge, a billow ; a rolling swell of water. Suroe'less, smooth ; calm. 524. Taber'na, a shed ; a shop. Tab'ernacle, a temporary hab- i Tav'ern, an inn; a drinking itation. , | place. 525. 7'a'ceo, (tac'itum), to be silent. Iac'it, silent; implied but not I Tac'iturn, habitually silent; not expressed. free to converse. 526. Tan' go, (tac'lum), to touch. Tan 'gent, a line touching a curve. Tan'gible, that can be touched or taken hold of. Tact, peculiar skill, faculty or aptness. Tactil'ity, perceptibility by the touch. Conta'gion, communication of disease from body to body. Con'tact, touch; close union. Contiguous, touching; having no intervening space. Contigu'ity, contact. Contin'gent, accidental; de- pending on an uncertainty. 527. Te'go, (lec'tum), to cover. Feg'ument, Integ'ument, a Detect', to discover in spite of concealment. Detec'tion, discovery. Retec'tion, uncovering; dis- closure. covering. Teg'ular, (Lat. teg'ula, a tile), consisting of tiles. Protect', to cover; to defend. 154 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 528. Tem'pus, (tem'poris), time. Time, measure of duration. Tem'poral, relating to time ; not eternal. Tem'porary, lasting only a time. Contem'porary,* living at the same time. Tense, (Fr. temps), an inflec- tion of verbs by which time is denoted. Extempora'neous, produced at the time ; not premeditated. Tem'per, v. to moderate.! Tem'per, s. disposition. Tem'pest, storm ; commotion. Tem'porize, to comply with the time or occasion. Attem'per, to regulate; to mix. Tem'perance, moderation. Intem'perance, excess. Distem'per, disease. Tem'perament, native constitu- tion. * For the sake of easier pronunciation, this word is often changed to coietU' porary, which Dr. Webster considers the preferable word, j- The primary signification seems to be, to appoint a time or limit. 529. Ten'do, {ten' sum or ten'tum), to stretch; to go towards; to aim at. Tend, to move towards; to watch. Tend'ency, direction towards any result; inclination. Attend', to listen; to have re- gard to. Atten'tion, regard. Contend', to strive; to con- test. Distend', to fill out; to ex- pand. Distention, expansion by fill- ing. Extend', to spread ; to enlarge. Extent', compass ; size. Extens'ive, large ; wide spread. Intend', to purpose. Intent', Inten'tion, s. design. Intent', a. fixed on ; eager in pursuing. Intense', strained ; vehement ; ardent. Intensity, vehemence. Intensive, giving force. Ostensible, (Lat. osten'do, to show), seeming. Ostenta'tion, ambitious dis- play. Portend', to forbode; to fore- token. Portent'ous, ominous. Pretend', to hold out, as a false appearance. Pretense', a feigning or pre- tending. Pretention, a claim. Subtend', to extend under. Superintend', to have the di- rection of. Ten'don, a cord. Tense, stretched to stiffness. Ten'sion, tightness. Tent, a covering stretched on poles. Tent'er, a hook for stretching cloth on a frame, WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 155 530. Te'neo, (len'tum), to hold; to keep. i ELB) a holding. LBLB, that can be held or maintained. Tena'cious, holding fast. Ten'bt, an opinion held. Abstain', to refrain from. Ab'stinence, the act of refrain- ing, [hend. Contain', to hold; to compre- Con'tent, s. that which is con- tained. Content',* a. satisfied. Con'tinence, restraint upon passion. Contin'ue, to remain. Contin'ual, uninterrupted. Continuity, unbroken connec- tion. CouN'TENANCE,t the visage or look. Detain', to keep back. Deten'tion, restraint; confine- ment. Entertain', to receive with hospitality; to cherish. Lieuten'ant, an officer who supplies the place of a supe- rior in his absence. Maintain', (282), to uphold. Obtain', to gain ; to get. Pertain', to belong to. Per'tinent, applicable. Imper'tinent, inapplicable; ill- mannered. Pertina'cious, adhering reso- lutely; obstinate. [stinacy. Pertinac'ity, inflexibility; ob- Retain', to hold ; to keep. Reten'tive, having the power to retain. Sustain', to hold up ; to support. Sus'tenance, support. Ten'ant, one who holds or oc- cupies a house and lands. Ten'dril, the clasper of a vine. Tenement, a dwelling or habi- tation. Ten'on, the end of a stick of timber fitted to a mortise. Ten 'or, continued course. * Literally, held, restrained. f Primary sig., the contents of a body. 531. Ten'to, (tenta'tum), to try. Tent'ative, trying; essaying. Attempt', an endeavor. Tempt, to solicit or incite, Tempt'ing, attractive. 532. Ten'uis, slender. Tex'uous, thin; small. Tenu'ity, thinness ; smallness. Atten'uate, to make slender. Exten'uate, to lessen; to pal- liate. 533. Ter'go, iter' sum), to scour; to make clean. Deter'gent, cleansing; purify- I Terse, elegant in style without ing. pompousness. 156 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 534. Ter' minus, a bound or limit. Term, a limit; a limited time; a word or expression. Terminate, to bring to an end. Conterm'inous, having a com- mon boundary. Determine, to fix; to decide. Determinate, limited; defi- nite. Exterminate, to drive away: to destroy utterly. Indeter'minate, not definite. Interminable, boundless. 535. Te'ro, (t'ri'titm), to wear by rubbing. Trite, worn out. Attri'tion, the act of wearing by friction. [sin. Con'trite, broken-hearted for Det'riment, damage; injury. Detri'tus, matter worn off. Trit'urate, to grind to a fine powder. 536. Tcr'ra x the earth. Inter', to bury in the earth. Mediterranean, (287), the sea between Europe and Africa. Subterra'nean, beneath the surface of the earth. Ter'race, a raised bank of earth ; a flat roof. Terra'queous, (19), consisting of land and water. Terrene', Terres'trial, per- taining to the earth. Ter'rier, a dog that hunts un- der ground. Ter'ritory, a district; a tract of land. 537. Ter'reo, (ter'ritum), to affright. Deter', to stop by fear. Ter'ror, fear; dread. Ter'rible, frightful; dreadful. Ter'rify, to frighten. Terrif'ic, (152), causing ter- ror. 538. Tes'tis. a witness. Attest', to bear witness ; to certify. Attesta'tion, solemn declara- tion. Contest', to strive; to litigate. Detest', to abhor. [will. Intest'ate,* not having made a Protest', to make a formal de- claration. PROT'ESTANT,t one who jo'ins in a protest. Test'ament, a will. Testa'tor, one who makes a will. * A will was called by the Latins tesiamen' turn. \ Martin Luther protested against a decree of Charles V., and the diet of Spires ; his followers are therefore called Protestants. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 157 Test'ify, to bear witness. Testimonial, a certificate. Testimony, that which is af- firmed by a witness. 539. Tcx'Oj (tex'tum), to weave. Context', knit or woven to- gether. Con'text, the connected pas- sages. Pre'text, a pretense; an osten- sible reason, assumed to con- ceal the true one. Text, a composition on which a commentary is written; a passage of Scripture. Text'ile, woven. Text'ure, a web ; that which is woven, or the manner of weaving. 540 Tim'eoy to fear. Tim'id, fearful. I Intim'idate, to render fearful ; Tim'orous, cowardly; heartless. | to deter. 541. Tin' go, (line' turn), to dip; to dye. Tinge, to infuse or impregnate slightly. Taint, stain; infection. Tint, a slight coloring. Tinct'ure, a liquid containing the principal qualities of some substance ; a slight quality added to any thing. 542. Tol'lo, to lift up; to bear away. Extol', to praise highly. Tol'erate, (Lat. lol'ero), to en- dure. 543. Tor'peo, to be numb or stupid. Tor'pid, inactive; stupid. Tor'por, sluggishness ; want of activity or feeling. Torpes'cent, becoming torpid Torpe'do, an electric fish. Torporif'ic, (152), stupifying. 544. Tor'queo, (tor'tum), to twist. Contor'tion, a twisting or writhing. Distort', to twist out of shape. Extort', to wrest or force from one. Extor'tion, illegal exaction ; unreasonable demand. Retort', to throw back a cen- sure or objection. Tor'ment, extreme pain. Tort'itre, pain inflicted by an- other ; agony. Tort'uous, crooked ; winding. Tor'sel, any thing twisted. 14 153 THE SCHOLARS COMPANION 545. Th'tus, whole; all. To'tal, the whole. Factotum, (152), one who can perforin all kinds of service. To 'tally, wholly; entirely. Surtout', (Fr. sur tout, over all), an overcoat. 546. Tra'do, (trad'itum), to deliver. Tradi'tiox, that which is hand- ed down from age to age by oral communication. Trai'tor, (Fr. traitre), one who delivers his country to its enemy. 547. Tra'ho, (trac'tum), to draw. Ab'stract, a. separate ; existing in the mind only. Abstract', v. to draw from; to separate. Attract', to draw to ; to allure. Attractive, engaging. Contract', to draw together. Detract', to take from the re- putation or value of any thing. Detrac'tiox, slander. Distract', to draw apart; to separate ; to throw into con- fusion. Distrac'tion, confusion ; de- rangement of reason. Extract', to draw out. Portray', to delineate. Por'trait, a likeness. Protract', to prolong. Retract', to draw or take back, Subtract', to deduct. Sub'trahexd, the number to ba deducted. Trace, a mark left by any thing passing. Track, a foot-print; a path. Tract, a region ; a small trea tise. Tract'able, manageable. Tract'ile, ductile. Trail, to draw along on the ground. Trait, a feature ; a line. Treat, (Fr.traiter), to use; to discuss. Treat'y, a contract or league. Note. The words draw, drag, helray, seem to be of the same family with traho. 548. Tre'mo, to shake. Trem'ble, to quake ; to totter. Tremen'dous, fitted to excite trembling; terrible. Tre'mor, a trembling. Trem'ulous, shaking; quiver- ing. 549. Trcs, (tri'd), three. Treb'le, Trip'le, three-fold. 1 Tri'angle, a figure having three Tri'ad, the union of three. angles. WORDS DERIVED FROM Till: LATIN. 159 Tri'dent, (ill), an instrument having three pron Trin'ity, (563), a union of three in one. e in in m sic for three performers. Tin roi>, a three legged stool. Triv'ial, unimportant: see 584, 550. Trib'uo, (tribu'tiim), to render or give. Trib'ute, a tax paid to a con- queror. Trib'utary, paying tribute. Attribute, to ascribe. Contribute, to give in com- mon with oil; Distrib'ute, to divide; to dis- pc; Retribu'tion, reward or pun- ishment. Retrib'utive, repaying; bring- reward or punishment. 551. Tru'doy (iru'sum), to thrust; to push. Abstruse', concealed ; obscure. Detrude', to thrust down. Extru'sion, the act of thrusting out. Intrude', to thrust one's self in ; to encroach. bive, entering without lit. Obtrude', to thrust in or on. Obtru'sive, hold; coming unin- vited. Protrude', to thrust forward. 552. Tu'ber, a swelling; an excrescence. Protu'berance, a prominence; I Tu'ber, a knob in roots, a swelling. Tu'bercle, a small tumor. 553. Tu'cir, {tui'lus), to view; to guard. Intui'tion, immediate percep- tion of truth. Tui'tiox, instruction; guardian- ship. Tu'telar, protecting. Tu'tor, an instructor or guard- ian. Untu'tored, uninstructed. 554. Tu'meo, to swell. Timid, swollen; pompon-. Tu'mor, a swelling. Cox 'tu.m ac v , stubbornness ; con- tempt of authority. Con'tumely, insolence; con- temptuous langua Intumescence, a swollen state. Tomb, (Lat. (u'muhts, a mound), a grave; a place of burial. Tumefaction, (152), the proc- ess of swelling. Tu'mdlar, in the form of a hil- lock. lt, a commotion. 160 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 555. Tun' do, (tu'sum), to beat; to bruise. Contu'sion, a bruise. I Obtuse', blunted ; dull. 556. Tur'ba, a crowd; a bustle. Disturb', to disquiet. Disturbance, confusion. Perturba'tion, disquiet or agi- tation of mind. Imperturb'able, not to be dis- quieted. Troub'le, perplexity. Tur'bid, muddy; not clean. Tur'bulence, insubordination , violence. Tur'bulent, tumultuous. 557. Tur'geo, to be inflated. Tur'gid, bloated ; tumid; pomp- 1 Turges'cence, inflation; bom- ous. I bast. 558. Tur'ris, a tower. Tur'ret, a little tower. Tur'reted, furnished with tur- rets. 559. Ul'thnus, last. Ul'timate, furthest; final; last. Ul'timately, finally; in the end. Ultima'tum, a final proposition. Ulte'rior, (Latin comparative), further. Penult', (375), the last syllable of a word except one. Antepenult', the syllable be- fore the penult. 560. Um'bra, a shade. Umbra'geous, shady. Um'brage, suspicion of injury ; offense. Umbrel'la, a shade or skreen carried in the hand. Penum'bra, (375), a partial shade on the margin of the perfect shade in an eclipse. Obum'brate, to shade; to darken. 561. Un'da, a wave. Un'dulate, to have a motion like that of waves. Un'dulating, rising and falling. Abound', (Lat. abun'do), to be in great plenty. Abund'ance, plenty. Inun'date, to flow upon; to overflow. Redund'ant, literally, flowing back; superfluous. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 562. U/i'guo, (unc'lum), to anoint. 161 Un'guknt, ointment. Unc'tion, an anointing. Unctuous, oily; having an oily consistency. 503. U'nus, one. U'nitv, oneness. Unite', to make one ; to join. Disunite', to separate. Reunvfb'i to unite again. Unanim'itv, (13), agreement in opinion. Uniformity, sameness ; regu- larity. Un'ion, conjunction; agreement. Unique', sole ; without another of the kind. U'nison, concord of sounds ; perfect harmony. U'ntt, a single thing. U'niverse,* the whole system of created things. Univers'al, all; whole; com- prehending the whole. * The Latin word univc/sus signifies literally turned into one, collected into one whole. 504. U'tur, (u'sutt), to use. Util'itv, profitableness ; ad van- Use, to employ. [tage. Abuse', to use improperly. Disuse', cessation of use or practice. Misuse', to treat ill. Peruse', to read. U'sage, custom ; treatment. Use'iul, beneficial ; profitable. U'sual, customary; ordinary. U'surv, illegal or exorbitant interest. Usurp', (Lat. wtur'po), to seize without right. Uten'sil, that which is used; an instrument. 5G5. Va'do, (va'sum), to go. Evade', to escape ; to elude. Eva'sion, an artifice to elude. Invade', to enter as an enemy. Pervade', to pass through; to permeate. Wade, to walk in water. 566. Va'zus, wandering. Extrav'aoant, going beyond proper limits. Extrav'agance, excess. \ ag' abosd,(TjZ\. vagabim'dnv) , a wanderer; an outcast. It Vagary, a wandering of tho thoughts. Va'grant, wandering; having qo home. Vague, unsettled; indefinite. 162 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 567. Va'leo, to be strong ; to have force or value. Avail', to be of use; to have effect. Convalescent, recovering health and strength. Countervail', to oppose with equal power. Equivalent, of equal force or value. Inval'id, a. of no force. In valid, s. an infirm person. Invalidate, to lessen the force of. [influence. Prevail', to overcome ; to gain Prev'alent, victorious ; having influence extensively. Valedic'tory,* a farewell ad- dress. Valetudina'rian, a person seeking health. Val'iant, brave ; strong. Val'id, effectual; having force. Val'or, bravery ; prowess. Val'ue, worth; importance. Valua'tion, apprizement. Inval'uable, precious above estimation. From va'k, farewell, and di'co, to speak. 568. Ve'hOj (vec'tam), to carry. Ve'hicle, a carriage. Convex, swelling; spherical. Convey', to carry. Inveigh', to rail against ; to re- proach. Invective, censure; reproach. 569. Velio, (vul'sum), to pluck; to tear. Avul'sion, a rending. Vellica'tion, twitching. Convul'sion, violent muscular contraction. 570. Ve'lo, to cover; to conceal. Vail or Veil, a curtain ; a cov- ering. Devel'op, to unfold ; to disclose. Envel'op, to wrap up. Reveal', to disclose ; to make known. Revela'tion, a disclosing what was before hidden. 571. Ven'do, to sell. Vend, to sell. Vend'er, a seller. Vendue', an auction. Ve'nal, (Lat. ve'neo, to be sold)* mercenary; that may be ob- tained for money. 572. Ve'nio, (ven'tum), to come. Ad'vent, a coming; appropri- ately, the coming of our Sa- vior Adventitious, added extrinsi- cally. [hazard. Advent'ure, an enterprise of WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 16A Avenue, a passage. Circumvent', to come round ; to deceive by stratagem. Contravene', to oppose; baffle. Convene', to assemble. Convention, a coming gether. Con 'vent, a household monks or nuns. Convenient, fit; suitable; commodious. Conventional, agreed upon. Cov'enant, a mutual agreement or stipulation. to to- ol' Event', that which happens or takes place. Event'ually, in the event or issue. Intervene', to come between. Invent', literally, to come upon ; to devise. Prevent',* to hinder, to ob- struct. Rev'enue, the income of the government. Supervene', to come in addi- tion. Venture, to run a hazard ; to dare. * Literally, to come before ; it is used in this sense in the New Testament, 1 Thess. iv. 15. 573. Venter, (ven'tris), the belly. Ventricle, a small cavity in an animal body. Ventric'ulous, distended. Ventril'oquist, (270), literal' ly, one who speaks from the stomach or belly. 574. Ven'tus, the wind. Vknt, an air-hole. I Ven'tilate, to afford free oir- Ventiduct, a passage for air. | culation of air. 575. Ver'bum, a word. Ad'verb,* a part of speech. Prov'erb, a maxim; a brief Verb'al, spoken ; expressed in words. Verb, a part of speech. Verbose', full of words. Verb'iage, superabundance of words. * Literally, a word joined to another word saying. Verba'tim, (Latin), word for word. 576? Ve'reor, to fear. Revere', to regard with fear and respect. Rev'erent, impressed with reverence. Reveren'tial, feeling or ex- pressing reverence. Rev'erend, worthy of reve- rence ; a clerical title. 164 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 577. Vcr'go, to turn or tend toward?. Verge, to tend ; to incline. Converge', to tend to one point. Diverge', to separate or recede more and more. 578. Ver'mis, a worm. Vermicel'li, a composition used in cookery. Vermic'ular, pertaining to or resembling a worm or the motion of a worm. Vermifuge, (197), a medicine which destroys worms in ani- mal bodies. Vermin, noxious animals, in- sects, &c. 579. Ver'to, (vcr'sum), to turn. Advert', to turn the attention to. Inadvert'ence, heedlessness. Ad'verse, opposed ; hostile. Advers'ity, calamity ; affliction. Ad'versary, an enemy. Advertise', to publish a notice. Animadversion, (13), a criti- cism ; a censure. Avert', to turn away. Aver'sion, disinclination ; dis- like. Con'trovert, to oppose in argument. Con'troversy, disputation . Convert', to change from one state to another. Converse', to discourse or as- sociate with, Cox'yerse, familiar intercourse ; an opposite proposition. Divert', to turn off; to amuse. Pi v e r 'sion , amusement. Di'verse, different; various. Divers'ity, difference. Divers'ify, (152), to vary. Divorce', a legal dissolution of the bonds of matrimonv. Introver'sion, a turning in- ward. Invert', to turn into the contra- ry position. Inverse'ly, in an inverted order. Malversation, (Lat. ver'so, to conduct), evil conduct. Pervert', to turn to a wrong use. Perverse', obstinately wrong. Perver'sion, a wrong use or interpretation. He vert', to turn back. Reverse', to change to an op- posite direction. Subvert', to overthrow from the, foundation. Subversive, tending to over- throw. Transverse', lying acioss. Trav'erse, to cross ; to pass over. Vers'atile, easily turned from one employment to another. Vers?,* a line of poetry ; a short division of any compo- sition. * A furrow was anciently called ver'sus, because at the end of it the plough was tamed round ; hence, a line in writing, from its resemblance to a furrow, -eceived the same name. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 165 Ver'sion,* a translation. Vert'ehra, (plural vert'ebrx), a joint of the spine. Vert'ebral, having vertebra?. Literally, a turning from one language into another. f The turning point. Ver'tex,! the top. Vertical, over head. Vert'ico, giddiness. Vor'tex, a whirlpool. 580. Ve'rus, true. Ver'ity, truth. Verac'ity, habitual observance of truth. Vera'cious, observant of truth. Ver'dict, (117), the report of a jury. Ver'ify, (152), to prove to be true. Verisimilitude, (488), the ap- pearance of truth. Ver'itable, true ; genuine. Ver'ily, truly. 581. Vestig'ium, a foot-step. Ves'tige, a track ; a trace. | Investigate, to search into. 582. Ves'tis, a garment. Invest', to clothe. Vest, to put in possession of. Vest'ment, a garment. Vest'ure, a robe. Vest'ry, a room in which the sacerdotal vestments are kept. 583. Ve'tuSy (vet'eris), old ; ancient. Vet'erax, an old soldier. Ixvet'erate, fixed by long con- tinuance. 581. Via, a way. De'viate, to turn aside from the Imper'vious, not to be pene- path. Devious, wandering. Obviate4 to remove. Ob'vtous, evident. Per'vious,|j penetrable. trated or passed through. Pre'vious, antecedent. Triv'ial,^ unimportant. Vi'aduct, (133), a structure supporting a carriage way or rail-way. i Properly, to meet in the way and opoose or conquer; hence to put out of the way an obstacle. Meeting one in the way. I Admitting a way or passage through. ^ The Romans worshiped some of their minor deities at places where three roads met ; which deities were thence called Di'i Triv'ii. Thus the word trivial derived the signification secondary, unimportant. 166 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 585. Vi'cis, change ; succession. Vi'car, a substitute. Vica'rious, acting for another. Vicege'rent, (203), a deputy. Vice-pres'ident, one who takes the place of the presi- dent 586. Vid'eo, {ci'sum), to see. Vis'ion, sight. Vis'ible, that can be seen. Vis'ionary, imaginary. Vis'it, to go to see. Vis'ual, pertaining to sight, Vi'sor, a mask. Vis'age, the countenance. Vis'ta, a view or prospect. View, (Fr. vne), to look at. Vi'de, (Latin), see. Ev'ident, apparent j clear. Invisible, not to be seen. * Literally, to | Provide',* to prepare. Providence, forethought ; pru- dence. Provision, that which is pro- cured or prepared before- hand. ^ [for. Provi'so, an exception provided Pru'dent, cautious ; wise. Purvey'or, a provider. Revise', to examine again. Supervis'ion, oversight. Survey', to look over carefully, look out beforehand. 587. Vi'gco, to flourish ; to thrive. Vig'or, strength ; energy. | Invig'orate, to strengthen. 588. Vin'co, {vie' turn), to conquer. Convince', to persuade. Convic'tion, the state of being convinced ; belief. Convict', to prove one to be guilty. Con'vict, a person found guilty. Evince', to make evident. Invin'cible, unconquerable. Prov'ince, a country subject to a foreign power ; a district or division of a country. Vanquish, to conquer. Vic'tor, a conqueror. Vic'tory, success over an ene- my- Vic 'tim, a living being sacri- ficed. 589. Vin'dex, {vin'dicis), a defender or Vin'dicate, to defend ; to sus- tain. Vindic'tive, revengeful. Revenge', to return an injury. Ven'geance, recompense of evil. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 167 590. Vi'iium, wihe. Vine, the plant which produces grapes. Vin'eoar, vegetable acid. Vineyard, a plantation of grape- XV. Vi'nous, having the qualities of wine. Vixt'aoe, the gathering of the crop of grapes. 591. Vir, a man. While, masculine. Vira'go, a bold woman. Vir'tue, (Lat. vir'lus), effi- ciency; excellence. 592. Virus, poison ; venom. Vir'ulexce, malignancy. Vir'ulent, malignant; venom- ous. 593. Vi'to, to shun ; to avoid. Inevitable, unavoidable. | Ixev'itably, certainly. 59-1. Vi'trum, glass. Vit'reous, resembling glass. | Vit'rify, to convert into glass. 595. Vi'vo, (vic'tum), to live. Conviv'ial, festal; social. Revive', to live again ; to arouse. Survive', to outlive. Wand, an article of food. Vict'uals, food ; provisions. Vi'tal, (Lat. vi'ta, life), per- taining to life. Vivac'ity, liveliness. Viv'id, lively ; bright. [life. Viv'ify, (152), to endue with 596. Vo'co, (voca'tum), to call. advocate, a pleader. Avoca'tion, a calling or em- ployment. Convocation, an assembly. Equiv'ocal, ambiguous. Eq.uiv'ocate, to use ambiguous expressions. Evoca'tion, a calling forth. Invocation, a solemn address or prayer Provoca'tion, a calling out ; an incitement. Revoke', to call back ; to repeal. Irrevocable, that cannot be repealed. Vo'cal, (Lat. vox, (vo'cis), the voice), pertaining to the voice. Vo 'cable, a word. Vocab'ulary, a list of words. Voca'tion, a business or pro- fession. 168 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. Voc'ative, (in grammar), the case of address. Vocif'erate, (167), to cry out I loudly. Voice, sound uttered by the mouth. Vouch, to attest ; to affirm. Vow'el, a simple sound. 597. Vo'lo, (vola'tum), to fly. Vol'atile, easily evaporated ; gay; fickle. Vol'atilize, to cause to pass off in vapor. Vol'ley, a flight of shot ; a burst or emission of many things at once. Vol'leyed, discharged. 598. Vo'lo, to will ; to wish. Benevolence, (38), good will. Malev'olence, (279), ill will. Voli'tion, the act or power of willing. Vol'untary, acting from choice. Volunteer', s. a voluntary sol- dier. Volunteer', v. to offer or be- stow voluntarily. 599. Volup'tas, pleasure. Volup'tuous, given to luxury I Volup'tuary, a person devoted and pleasure. to pleasure. 600. Volvo, (volu'lum), to roll. Con'volute, rolled together. Devolve', literally, to roll down : to deliver over. Evolve', to unroll ; to unfold. Involve', to envelop ; to infold. Revolt', to renounce allegiance. Revolve', to roll in a circle. Revolu'tion, rotation ; an en tire change. Vol'uble, rolling; fluent. Vol'ume, primarily, a roll ; a book. 601. Vo'ro, to devour. Devour', to eat up greedily. Vorac'ity, greediness of appe- tite. Vora'cious, ravenous. Carniv'orous, (50), feeding on flesh. Avow', to declare openly. Devote', to dedicate; to set apart. [devoted. Devotee', one who is wholly Devout', earnest in worship. 602. Vo'veo, {vo'tum), to vow. Vo'tary, one devoted or ad- dicted. Vote, (Lat. vo'tum, a wish), suffrage ; a ballot. Vo'tive, given by vow. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 169 603. Vul'gus, the common people. Divilge', to make public. I ViTLGAR'iTY,grossnessorclown- Vul'gar, common ; unrefined. ishness. Vul'garism, a vulgar phrase or Vul'gate/ an ancient Latin expression. I version of the Bible. So called from its extensive use in the Latin church. 604. Vul'nus, (vul'neris), a wound. Vulnerable, that may be wounded. Invul'nerable, that cannot be wounded. CHAPTER III. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. Greek Alphabet. Letter. Sound. Nam*. A a . - - - a - - - - - Alpha. B /3a), the first letter in the Greek alphabet. Al'phabet, (34), a list of the I Alphabet 'ical, pertaining to letters of a language. the alphabet. 13. An'emos, (avspoi), the wind. Anemom'eter, (137), a wind- 1 Anem'one, the wind-flower, guage. I 14. An'er, (anjp, 8po$), a man. An'droid, (122), a machine in human form. Andropji'agus, (170), a man- eater. 15. Anggel'lo, (dyylxxu*), to bring tidings. An'oel, a spirit ; a spiritual | Evax'gelist, (80), a preacher messenger. of the gospel. * The first gamma has the sound of ng when the letter is doubled. 1G. An'thos, (civQoi), a flower. Anthol'ogy, (128), a discourse on flowers. Helian'thus, (105), the sun- flower. 172 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 17. Anthro'pos, (avB^Ttos), man. Mis'anthrope, (139), a hater I Phtean'thropist, (175), a of mankind. friend of the human race. 18. Ar'che, (apz*i)i the beginning; government. An'archy, want of government, Ar'chaism, an ancient phrase. Archan'gel, the highest angel. Archeol'ogy, (128), a dis- course on antiquity. Ar'chetype, (222), the original or model. Ar'chitect, (Gr. tixttw, a builder), one skilled in build- ing. Ar'chives, records. Pa'triarch, (Gr. rtaz^p, a fa- ther), the father and ruler of a family. 19. Ark'tos, (apxtof), a bear. Arc'tic*, northern. | Antarc'tic,! southern. * Literally, pertaining to the constellation called the Bear, f Opposite to the north or north pole. 20. Ar'goSy (apy6j), inactive. Leth'aroy, (125), drowsiness stupidity. Lethar'gic, inactive. %\, Jlris'tos, (aptcrroj), best. Aristoc'racy, (60), the rule or government of the nobility. Ar'istocrat, one who favors an aristocracy. 23. Arith'moSj (dpt^oj), number. Arithmetic, the science of I Log'arithm, a mathematical numbers. term. 23. Jlro'ma, (apc^a), spicy flavor. Aromat'ic, fragrant ; spicy. | Ar'omatize, to give a spicy taste. 24. Aft'keo, (arfxeu), to exercise ; to train. Ascet'ic, a. self mortifying; austere ; retired from the world. Ascet'ic, s. one who retires from the world and devotes himself to religious discipline. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 25. As'tron, (dotpov), a star. 173 As'terisk, a mark like a star. Astrol'ogy, divination by the stars. As'tral, star-like. Astron'omy, (149), the science of the stars. 26. Ath'los, (afl/ios), a combat. Athlet'ic, pertaining to active I Ath'lete, a contender for vic- sports ; vigorous. tory. 27. Jlt'mos, (ar>6$), vapor; steam. At'mosphere, (Gr. aTpa, a sphere), the air, &c. above us. Atmospher'ic, pertaining to the atmosphere. 28. Au'los, (av>^0 a pipe Hydrau'lic, (119), transmitting I Hydrau'lics, the science of the water through pipes. motion and force of fluids. 29. Jlu'tos, (avr6$), one's self. Au'tocrat, (60), a despotic ruler. Au'tograph, (99), one's hand writing. Autom'aton, a self moving ma- chine. Auton'omy, (149), the right of self-government. 30. Bal'loy (|3a?.xw), to cast or throw. Em'blem,* a representation. Hyper'bole,! an exaggeration. Par'able, a similitude. Prob'lem,J a question pro- posed. Sym'bol, a sisrn. The Greek word iu2Ku* signifies any tiling inserted ; hence, mosaic work, or a picture. f A casting over or beyond, j Something cast or placed before one. 31. Bapti'zo, (^artTt^to), to baptize. Bap'tis.m, a Christian sacra- ment, [tism. Baptis'mal, pertaining to bap- PE'DOBAPTisT,(Gr.rtouc, a child), one who holds to infant bap- tism. 32. Ba'sis, (a*ij), a foundation. Base, s. the foundation ; a. mean. | Debase', to render mean or vile. l.V 174 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION, 33. Ba'ros, (/3a'po$), weight. Barom'eter, (137), an instru- ment for measuring the pres- sure of the atmosphere. Bar'ytone, having a grave, deep sound. 34. Be'ta, (pr^u), the second letter of the Greek alphabet, (see 12.) 35. Bib'los, (j3t'/3>.os), a book. Bible, the Holy Scriptures. I Bibliog'raphy, (99), a history BiB'LicAL,pertainingtotheBible. | or description of books. 36. Bi'os, (f3t'oj), life. Amphib'ious,* having the power j Biog'raphy, (99), the history of of living in two elements. a person's life. * Literally, having double life. 37. Bot'ane, (potfaw?), an herb or plant. Botany, the science of vege- 1 Bot'anist, one skilled in bot- tables. any. 38. Bou'colos, (fiovxohoi), a herdsman. Bucol'ic, a. pastoral. | Bucol'ic, s. a pastoral poem. 39. Ka'kos, (xaxb$), bad. Cachex'y, (Gr. f|t?, condition), Cacoph'ony, (176), harshness a deranged state of the body. of sound. 40. Kalup'to, (xcavTtrco), to cover; to vail. Apoc'alypse a revelation. Apocalyp'tic, pertaining to a revelation. 41. Kan'orij (xou-wj/), a rule. Can'on, a rule or law; a cata- J Can'onize, to declare one a logue of saints. saint. 42. Kai'Of (xaltv, xa/utfio), to burn. Caus'tic, burning; corroding. | Cau'tery, a burning or searing WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 175 43. Kar'dia, (xapStu), the heart. Car'diac, pertaining to the I Pericar'dium, a membrane ln- heart. closing the heart. 44. Ken'tron, (xivtpov), a central point. Cen'ter or Cen'tre, the mid- dle point. Concen'trate, to bring to- gether : to bring into a smaller compass. Centrif'uoal, (107), tending from the center. Eccen'tric, deviating from the center ; irregular ; anoma- lous. 45. Keph'ale, (xt$a%ri), the head. Cephal'ic, pertaining to the head. Hydroceph'alus, (119), drop- sy of the head. 46. Ke'ras, (xipaj), a horn. Monoc'eros, (141), an animal having but one horn. Rhinoc'eros, (Gr. piv, the nose), an animal having a horn upon the nose. 47. Chaos, (%doi), a chasm or abyss. Cha'os, confusion ; disorder. | Chaot'ic, without order. 48. Charts, (zdpis, ^apttoj), favor; grace. Char'ity, kindness ; good will. I Eu'charist, (89), the Lord's supper. 49. Cheir, (x^p)y the hand. Chirog'raphy, (99), hand- J Ciiirur'geon, (83), a surgeon, writing. 50. Chole, (*o?^), bile ; anger. Choi/era, a disease. Chol'er, anger ; wrath. Choi/eric, irascible. Col'ic, pain in the bowels. Mel'axcholy,* gloom; dejec- tion. Gr. (Ai\'j.s, black ; literally, black bile. 176 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 51. Cho'reo, (^wpao), to go. An'choret, or An'chorite, a I society to avoid the tempta- hermit ; one who retires from | tions of the world. 52. Chris' tos, (Xpiatos), the Anointed. Christ, the" Messiah. Christianity, the religion of Christ. Christ'mas, a Christian festival. Chrism, consecrated oil. 53. Chroma, (*pw/*a), color. Chromat'ics, the science of colors. Achromat'ic, destitute of color. 54. Chron'os, (%p6vo$), time. Chron'ic, of long duration. Chron'icle, a record or his- tory. Chronol'ogy, (128), the science of time or eras. Chronom'eter, (137), a time- piece. Anach'ronism, an error in dates. Isoch'ronous, (123), performed in equal times. 55. Chru'sos, (zpvcbi), gold. Chrys'alis, the caterpillar in I Chrys'olite, a mineral of a its dormant state.* yellowish color. The name is derived from the golden color. 56. Konche, (6y^),t a shell. Conch, a marine shell. Conchoid'al, (122), shaped like a shell. j - Gamma here has the sound of ng, Conchol'ogy, (158), the sci ence of shells. 57. Kop'to, (zorffw), to cut. Apoc'opate, to cut off from I Syn'copate, to remove letters the end of a word. | from the middle of a word. 58. Kos'mos, (xoc^os), the world. Cosmog'ony, (94), an account of the origin or creation of the world. Cosmop'olite, (187), a citizen of the world. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 177 signed to beautify the com- plexion.* Mic'rocosm, (138), a little world. Cosmet'ic, a preparation de- A primary signification of the word xoVjooj, is order , beautiful arrange' ment. 59. Kra'nion, (*pavto/), the skull. Cra'nium, the skull. PERicuA'NiUM,(Gr. 7t*pt, around), the membrane which covers the skull. Craniol'ogy, the science of skulls. Cranios'copy, (197), the exa- mination of the skull. 60. Kra'tos, (sparo*), might; power. The terminations cracy, cratic, &c, are from this word. See 21. 61. Kri'tes, (xpif^s), a judge. Crit'ic, a judge in literature or art. C m * Crite'rion, a standard of judg- Hypercrit'ical, critical beyond reason. Cri'sis, the deciding point. 62. Krup'to, (xpv7trw), to conceal. Apoc'ryphal, of doubtful ori- 1 Cryptog'amy, (91), concealed gin. I union. 63. Kuk'los, (xvx-Koi), a circle. Cy'cle, a period of time. Cy'cloid, (122), a curve. Cyclope'dia, Encyclopedia, (163), the circle of sciences. 64. Ku'on, (xvwv), a dog. Cyn'ical,! surly; austere. | Cyn'osure,1: a constellation. -{-The Cynics were philosophers who valued themselves on their contempt of riches and amusements, and laughed at the errors and follies of mankind. $ Literally, the dog's tail. That which attracts general notice, is sometimes called, figuratively, a cynosure. 65. Kas'tis, (xvatii), a bladder; a bag. Cyst, a bag; a vesicle. | Encyst'ed, inclosed in a bag. 66. Dek'a, (Sixa), ten. DEc'ALOGUE,(128),theten com- | Dec'agon, (98), a figure having mandments. tea andes. 178 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 67. De'mos, (5^?) tne people, Dem'ocrat, one who favors de- Dem'agogue, (8), a popular leader. Democ'racy, (60), a popular government. mocracy. Epidem'ic, (Irtt, upon), a pre- vailing disease. 68. Despo'tes, (8$a>at), an action; a drama. Dramat'ic, pertaining to the i Dram'atist, a writer of plays, drama. f From clgaa, to do or perform. 72. firom'os, (5pop>$), a race. Drom'edary, a species of I Or'thodromy, sailing in a camel. straight course. 73. Du'namis, (Svpaftti), power. Dynam'ics, the science of forces, j Dy'nasty, a race of kings. 74. Bus, (5r$), an inseparable particle, denoting difficulty, pain, &c. Dys'entery, (Gr. hti pa, the bowels), a disease of the bowels. [speaking. Dys'phony, (176), difficulty of Dyspep'sy, (Gr. *i4*;, diges- tion), difficulty of digestion. Dyspnoea, (Gr. nvsio, to breathe) difficult breathing. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 179 75. Oi'kos, (olxoi), a house. Di'ocese,* the jurisdiction of a bishop. Eco\'oMY,t system of manage- ment; frugality. Parish,;}: an ecclesiastical dis- trict. Paro'chial, pertaining to a parish. * From Ji-Jkxtic, which signifies, primarily, the management of a household. j- Somoiimi's written ccconomy. The Greek diphthong ct is usually repre- sented in English by as or e. OiKov:/uix is compounded of o/k&c and vojuw, (149), ^regulation or rule; and therefore signifies the regulation of a house, or family. Etonomy is the corresponding English word. t From jraginwcnc, which signifies the state of dwelling near ; a neighbor' hood. 76. Hed'ra, (tSpa), a seat. CATHE'DRAL, (Gr. xa08pa), the see or seat of a bishop ; the principal church in a diocese. San'hedrim, (Gr. awUpiov), the chief council of the Jews. Tetrahe'dron, (213), a solid having four faces or sides. 77. Hege'sis, ($ft0*)i a leading; an explanation. Exege'sis, (ityyriaii), exposi- tion. Exeget'ical, pertaining to exe- gesis. 78. E'meo, [iui+), to vomit. Emet'ic, a medicine that causes I Em'etin, a substance obtained vomiting. | from the ipecacuana. 79. En'tera, (htspa), the bowels. Dys'entery, (74), a disease of the bowels. [intestines. Enteri'tis, inflammation of the Mes'entery, (Gr. ptafi mid- dle), a membrane supporting the intestines. 80. En'tomos, (^o^oj), cut into. See 217. Extomol'ogy, (128), the science which treats of insects. Entomol'ogist, one versed in the science of insects. The words insec'tum in Latin and ivro/uov in Greek correspond to each other precisely. The former is compounded of in, into, and se'co, to cut; and the latter of tv and riju.va>, which have the same significations as the Latin words above mentioned. The names were undoubtedly suggested by the form which many insects have, i.e. the appearance of being almost cut in tw. 180 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 81. Ep'os, (7to 5 ), a speech; a poem. Ep'ic, containing narration of an elevated character. Or'thoepy, (160), correct pro nunciation. 82. Er'emos, (jpij/ioj), lonely. Er'emite, one who lives in a I Her'mit, (same signification), wilderness. ^ 83. Er'gon, (tpyor), a work. En'ergy, (ii/pyfta), vigor of operation. Lit'urgy, (Gr. 'Kttri, prayer), a formulary of public prayer. Metallurgy, (Gr. fxiiaixov, a metal), the art of working metals and obtaining them from the ore. 84. JEs'o, (ttfw), within. Esot'ery, (little used), mystery. | Esoter'ic, private; secret. 85. Ai'ther, (cu^p), the air. E'ther, a light fluid. | Ethe'real, immaterial; subtil. 86. Eth'os, (eOof), a custom. Eth'ics, the science of morals ; I Eth'ical, relating to morals or moral philosophy. duty. 87. Eth'nos, QQvo$), a nation. Eth'nical, relating to the races I Ethnol'ogy, (128), a dassifica- of mankind. | tion and description of races. 88. Et'umon, (stvfiov),* the true derivation. Et'ymon, a root or primitive I Etymol'ogy, the study of deri- word. vation and inflection. * The adjective Xrvjuoc signifies true, genuine. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 181 89. Eu, (tv), well ; rightly. Eu'logy, (128), praise ; pane- gyric. Eu'phony, (176), pleasantness of sound. Evan'gelist,* (15), a preacher of the gospel. Evan'gelize, to instruct in the gospel. * The Greek v had, in certain words, the sound of the English v. The word tuAyyihtur signilies, primarily, good tidings. 90. Ga'lax, (yaxal), milk. Gal'axy, the milky way ; a splendid assemblage. 91. Ga'me?, (ya.utw), to marry. Bio'amy, (Lat. 37), the crime of I Polyg'amy, (188), the having a having two wives at once. plurality of wives. 92. Gas'ter, (ya?r>jp), the belly. Gas'tric, belonging to the sto- 1 Gastril'oquist, a ventriloquist, mach. (see Lat. 270). 93. Ge, ( 7 /J), the earth. Geoo'raphy, (99), a description of the earth's surface. Geol'ogy, (128), the science of the structure of the earth. GEOM'ETRY,t the science of mag- nitude. Geopon'ics (Gr. hqvo$, labor), agriculture. Ap'ogee, greatest distance from the earth. Per'igee, nearest approach to the earth. f Primarily, the art of measuring the earth or globe. 94. Genna'Oj (yti-z-aw), to produce. Ge'nea, (ysvtu), birth; origin, Gexeal'ogy, (128), lineage; an account of one's descent. Gen'esis, (Gr. yiveaii), origin ; creation. 95. Glo'tta or Glo'ssa, (yXurra or y-kiisaa), the tongue; language. Glot'tis and Epiglot'tis, parts of the throat, lying near the root of the tongue. Pol'yglot, (188), in many lan- guages. Gloss'ary, a limited dictionary 96. Glu'pho, (yXv(?w), to carve or engrave. Glyph, a kind of ornament in I Hi'eroglyph, (114), a mystical sculpture. character or svmbol. 10 182 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 97. Gno'me, (yvw^), reason; judgment. Gno'sis, (yvucuj), knowledge Diagno'sis, judgment respect- ing the character of a disease. Ig'norant, destitute of knowl- edge. Gxos'tics, an ancient sect of philosophers. Physiog'nomy, (180), the art of discerning the character of the mind from the countenance. Prognostic, a sign by which a future event may be known. 98. Go'nia, (ywn'a), an an Diag'onal, passing through the opposite angles. Goniom'eter, (137), an instru- ment for measuring angles. or corner. Pol'ygon, (188), a figure hav- ing many angles. Trigonom'etry, (137), the measuring of triangles. 99. Graph' o, (ypaw), to write: Gram'ma, ( ypappa), a writing. An'agram, a transposition of the letters of a word. Au'tograph, (see 29). Di'agram, a delineation ; a fig- ure. Ep'igram, a short, pointed poem. Gram'mar, the science which treats of the laws of lan- guage. Graph'ic, well delineated ; giv- ing .vivid description. Graph 'ite, a substance used for pencils. Par'agraph, a distinct part of a composition. Parallel'ogram, a figure whose opposite sides are par- allel. Stenog'raphy,* (206), short- hand. Tele'graph, (Gr. *%%, afar), a machine for communicating intelligence by signals. * The termination grupliy, which is found in a large class of words, denotes a writing or treatise. 100. Gum'nos, (yi^6$), naked. Gymna'sium^ a place for ath- 1 Gymnas'tic, belonging to a letic exercises. gymnasium. f In the ancient games the combatants were naked, or nearly so; and hence their exercise was called yj/uvxtrix. 101. Gu'ne, (yvvrj),% a woman. Gyn'archy, (18), government by a female. Gyn.ecian, relating to women. Gyn^oc'racy, (60), govern- ment over which a woman may preside. 4 The word yvw enters into a number of botanical terms. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 18$ 102. Uu'ros, (yv\>os), a circle. IjYra'tion, a whirling round. | Gy'ral, whirling. 103. Heb'doirios, ()3oV s)' the seventh. Heb'domad, (obsolete), a week. | IIebdom'adal, weekly. 104. Hck'alon, (itxatop), a hundred. Hec'atomb, (Gr. povs, an ox), I of a hundred oxen or other an ancient heathen sacrifice | animals at once. 105. He'lios, (r-uos), the sun Aphe'lion, greatest distance from the sun. Heli'acal, emerging from the light of the sun or passing into it. * The word >./:' enters into various astronomical terms. He'liotrope, (221), a plant thai turns to the sun. Perihe'lion,* nearest approach of a planet to the sun. 106. Jlcl'len, ("Exx*^), a Greek. Hellen'ic, pertaining to I IIel'lenist, one skilled in the Greece. Greek language. 107. Ilai'ma, (ai'/ta), blood. Hemorrhage, (195), a flow of I Hemorrhoids, bleeding tu- blood. mors. 108. He'mera, (^tfpa), a day. Epiiem'eral, lasting but a day. j Ephem'eris, a kind of almanac. 109. He'mi, (rpi), a prefix signifying half. Hemisphere, (Gr. o$oupa, a I Hem'istich, (208), half a line ball), a half sphere. in poetry. 110. Hep'ta, (irtta), seven. Hep'tagon, (98), a figure hav- 1 Hep'tarcuy, (18), a govern- ing seven angles. ment by seven persons. 184 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 111. Het'eros, (aVspoj), other; another. Het'erodox, (70), heretical; Heteroge'neous, (94), of dif- holding erroneous sentiments. ferent nature or kind. 112. Hex, (?|), six. Hex'agon, (98), a figure having I Hexam'eter, (137), having six six angles. metrical feet. 113. Hip'pos, (L'rtTtos), ahorse. Hippopot'amus, (189), the river Hip'podrome, (71), anciently, a horse. circus. 114. Hi'eros, (tfpoj), sacred. Hierarchy, (18), ecclesiastical | Hieroglyphic, (96), a sacred government. character or symbol. 115. Hom'ilos, (6/n&o;), an assembly or company. Hom'ily, a discourse pronoun- 1 Homilet'ic, pertaining to pulpit ced to an audience. discourse. 116. Hom'os, (o/xbi), united; like. Homoge'neous, (94), of the I Homol'ogous, (128), propor- same kind or nature. tionate to each other. 117. ffo'ra, (wpa), an hour. Ho'ral, relating to an hour. Horol'ogy, the art of making time-pieces. 118. Hori'zo, (opt), to fix a limit. Hori'zon, the limit which I Horizon'tal, parallel to the bounds the sight. horizon. ' 119. Ilu'dor, (v'5wp), water. Hy'dra, a water serpent. Hy'draxt, a pipe for discharg- ing water. Hydraul'ic, (28), relating to the conveyance of water through pipes. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 1S5 Hy'drogen, (94), one of the dements of water. HvDKoiMio'iuA, (Gr. ojios, fear), dread of water. Hydrostat'ic, (204), relating to the weight and equilibrium of iluids. Drof'sy, (Gr. ii6pw4), a di 120. Ich'thus, (i%6v$), a fish. Ich'thyolite, (127), fossil iish. Ichthyol'ogy, the science of fishes. 121. Id'ios, (tStos), belonging to one; peculiar. Id'iom, peculiarity of expres- sion or phraseology. Id'iot,* a fool. IDIOSYN'CRASY, (Gr. tft'yxpa'Jis, constitution), peculiar liability to some form of disease. * The Greek word /7/Xr? signified a private individual ,- it was used also to signify a very ignorant person. 122. I'dos, (h5o$), appearance ; figure. Cy'cloid,! (63), a geometrical I Spheroid', a solid resembling a curve. sphere. f Literally, the likeness or resemblance of a circle. The termination aid is found in a number of words not here given, and has the same signification, viz.: resemblance. 123. I'sos, (tuoj), equal. Isoch'ronous, (54), performed in equal times, (as the vibra- tion of a pendulum.) Isos'celes, (Gr. ^0>7), forgetfulness ; oblivion. Letiie'an, inducing forgetful- 1 Leth'argy, (20), morbid drow- ness. siness. N 126. Lex'is, (xt'iij), a word or expression. Lex'icon, a dictionary, (Jlnglice, I Lexicog'raphy, (99), the com- a word-book). pilation of a dictionary. 16* 186 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 127. Li'thos, (xt'0o$), a stone. Lithog'raphy, (99), writing or I Chrys'olite,* (55), a precious drawing on stone. stone. * The termination lite, from xifiec, is found in many names of minerals. 128. Log'os, (xoyoj), a speech, account, or description. Anal'ooy, correspondence. Apol'ogy, an excuse ; a plea. Cat'alogue, (Gr. xatd\oyo$), a list. Di'alogue, a conversation. j- The termination or 6uffix logy, which is found in a large number of words, is from \iyos, and denotes art, science, description, account, &c. Log'ic, the art of reasoning. Logom'achy, (130), a war of words. Philol'ogy,! (175), the science of language. 129. Lu'sis, (xvstj), a loosing or dissolving. Anal'ysis, the separation of a . compound into its constituent parts. Paral'ysis, palsy. Paralytic, affected with palsy. 130. Mach'omai, (jua^o/uu), to fight. Monom'achy, (HI), single I Nau'machy, (145), a sea-fight, combat. 131. Mantei'a, (uavtela), soothsaying; divination. The suffix mancy, as in nee'romancy, is from this word. Necromancy, (Gr. yatoc, dead), signifies the revealing of future events by pretended com- munication with the dead. 132. Mar'tur, (fidptvp), a witness ; a martyr. Mar'tyr, one who is put to death for adherence to any cause. Mar'tyrdom, the death of a martyr. [martyr. Pro'to-martyr, (192,) the first 133. Mathe'ma, (/udOrj^a), knowledge; that which is learned. Mathematics, the science of quantity. [knowledge. Polym'athy, (188), various Ciirestom'athy, (Gr. zwotbs, easily used), a series of easy lessons. WODRS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 187 134. Mechan'ao, (^^aya'w), to contrive or invent. Mechanics, the science which treats of forces, the laws of motion, $), a ship. Nau'sea, properly, sea-sick- ness ; disposition to vomit. Nau'seous, sickening; disgust- ing; loathsome. Naut'ical, pertaining to navi- gation. Nau'tilus, the shell-fish which sails. 146. Ne'os, (veo$), new. Neol'ogy, (128), a new sys- 1 Ne'ophyte, (Gr. q>v?bv, a plant tern of doctrines. or shoot), a novice. 147. Ne'sos, (vvjaoi), an island. Peloponne'sus, the island of Pelops, now called the Mo- re'a. Polynesia, (188), a part of, the Pacific Ocean, containing many islands. 148. Neu'ron, (vtvpov), a cord; a nerve. Neurol'ogy, (128), a descrip- tion of the nerves, a (depart- ment of anatomy). Neural'gia, (10), a diseased state of the nerves. En'ervate, to weaken. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 149. Nom'os, (vcytos), a law or rule. 1S9 Anom'aly, a deviation from the general course or law. Antino'mian, against law ; un- dervaluing good works. Deuteron'omy, (Gr. Stvttpos, second), the second book of the law. Econ'omy,* see 75. * The suifix nomy, which is found in many words, as in astronomy ', (25), is from v-txo;. 150. No'sos, (joooj), disease. Nosol'ogy, the description of I Nosol'ogist, one who classifies diseases. and describes diseases. 151. O'de, (w3))), an ode ; a song. Ode, a short poem or song. Mel'ody, (135), sweetness of sound. Pal'inode, (Gr. Ttaxiv, back again), a recantation. Par'ody, a humorous imitation. Pros'ody, the study of versifi- cation. PsAL'MODY,t the singing of sa- cred songs. Rhap'sody, an unconnected effu- sion. j- The Greek word ^dxxai signifies to play o?i a stringed instrument. 152. O'dos, (o56j), a road or way. Ex'odus,! a departure. Meth'od, arrangement ; man- ner. Pe'riod,!| a circuit. Syn'od,TJ an ecclesiastical con- vention. i Particularly, the departure of the Israelites from Egypt. Compounded of /ulrx, according to, and Hit ; signifying, therefore, the following of a way or mode. R From 7rit, around, about, and o/st, ^ From a-uv, together, and oJog ; and signifies a journeying or coming to meet one another. 153. Od'ouSy (oSolj, oSoi-ros), a tooth. Odoxtal'gia or Odontal'gy, | Odontal'gic, pertaining to the (10), tooth-ache. tooth-ache. 154. For the suffix Old, see 122. 55. 01 igos 1 (6%lyoi), few ; small. Oligarchy, (18), a government I in which a few persons hold the supreme power. 190 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 156. On'oma, (ovofia), a name. Anon'ymous, without name. Meton'omy, a change of names. Paron'ymous, resembling an- other word. Synon'ymous, conveying the same idea. Syn'onym, a word conveying the same idea as another. 157. Op'tomai, (orfr'ojitcu), to see. Op'tics, the science of light and vision. Op'tical, pertaining to sight. Opiitiial'mia, Gr. $9ax ( uos, the eye), a disease of the eyes. Synop'sis, a general view. 158. Ora'ma^ (opajua), a sight; a spectacle. Diora'ma, (Gr. 5ia, through), an optical machine. Panora'ma, (164), a complete or entire view. 159. Or'nis, (op*t$, dpvi0o$), a bird. Ornithol'ogy, (128), the sci- 1 Ornith'olite, (127), a petrified ence of birds. bird. 160. Or'thos, (6p06j), erect; right. Or'thodox, (70), correct in opinion or belief. Or'thoepy, (81), correct pro- nunciation. Or'thoepist, one skilled in pro nunciation. Orthog'raphy, (99), correct spelling. 161. Os'teon, (dateov), a bone. Osteol'ogy, (128), that part of anatomy which treats of the bones. Perios'teum, a vascular mem brane investing the bones of animals. 162. Ox'us, (ofxjs), sharp ; acid. Oxal'ic, (Gr. oiaTus, sorrel), pertaining to sorrel. Ox'ygen, (94), the gas which generates acids. Ox'yd, a substance combined with oxygen. Par'oxysm, an exacerbation or temporary violence of disease. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. HI 163. Paidci'a, (*at5cta*) f education. Pedant'ic, ostentatious of learn- Pbd'agogue, (8), a teacher of children. Pro ant, one who makes a vain display of learning. ing. Cyclope'dia, Encyclope'dia, see 63. * From ttciI;, 7rAiih(, a child. 164. Pan, (rto.v, jtavtbi), every; all. Panace'a, a universal medicine. PANEGYR*rc,t a public eulogy. P.vN'oPLY^Gr. 67t?,ov, a weapon), complete armor. Panora'ma, sec 158. Pan'theism, (216), the doctrine that the universe is God. Panthe'on, (216), a temple dedicated to all the gods. Pan'tomime, (Gr. fii/xos, a mim- ic), an imitation of all kinds ot action, &c, without speak- ing, [instrument. Pan'tograpii, (99), a copying f Compounded of nav and ayoga, an assembly. 165. Pa'thos, (rta^oj), suffering; affection; emotion. Antip'atiiy, aversion. Ap'athy, want of feeling. Pathet'ic, exciting emotion. Pathol'ogy, the science of dis- eases. Sym'pathy, fellow-feeling. 166. Pen'te, (tthte), five. Pen'tagon, (98), a figure hav- 1 Pen'tateuch, (tevzos, a book), ing five angles. the five books of Moses. 167. Pep' to, (rtf'rtT'co), to boil ; to concoct. Dyspep'sy, (74), difficulty of Pep 'tic, promoting digestion, digestion. 168. Pet'alon, {itit a%ov), 2. leaf. Pe'tal, a flower-leaf. Pet'aled, having petals. I Monopet'alous, (141), having only one petal. 169. Pe'tra, (**?*)%, a rock. Pet'rify, to convert into stone. | Petro'leum, rock oil. i Peter, (Ilrrgic), the name given to one of the apostles, is from ir'vrgu See Matt. xvi. 18. 192 THli SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 170. Pha'go, ($ayu), to eat. Esoph'agus, or (Esoph'agus,* | Sarcoph'agus,! (196), a stone the gullet. coffin. * Compounded of cia>, (&/W), to carry, and u'floc crA^u^dy.i), which rapidly decomposed bodies deposited in it 171. Phai'no, (<|>cwVo), to appear ; to show. Diaph'anous, transparent. Em'phasis, special stress upon some word or sentence. Epiph'any, the manifestation. Phan'tasm, Phan'tom, a fan- cied appearance. Phase, or Pha'sis,(/>/. Phases), an appearance, as of the moon. Phenomenon, (pi. Phenom'- ena), an appearance; a change ; an event. i Literally, the making any thing distinct or manifest. The manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles. 172. Phar'makon, (tyappaxov), a drug; a medicine. Phar'macy, the art of preparing medicine. Pharmaceutic, pertaining to the art of pharmacy. Pharmacopoeia, (Gr. *o%, and signifying, literally light- bearing. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 193 175. Phi'los, ($ao$), a friend or lover. Philadelphia,* (6), the name of a city. Philan'thropy, (17), love for mankind. Fihi.ol'ogist, (128), a student of language. PniLOs'oPHY,t (202), the study of general laws. * Literally, brotherly love ; the Greek word is have nearly the same sig- nification, viz. : to come into being. The former gives rise to the substantive natu'ra, and the latter to the substantive pvris. Metaphysics, signifies, literally, after or next to physics. It is the scienco which treats of the relations between abstract ideas. 17 194 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 181. Peira'o, (rtstpaco), to try. Empir'ical, derived from ex- I Em'piric, one who makes ex* periment. periments ; a quack. 182. Pla'ne, (rffcaw?), a wandering. Plan'et, a wandering or mov- 1 Plan'etary, pertaining to the ing star. planets. 183. Plas'so, (rtxatftfco), to mold or shape. Plas'tic, giving shape. | Cat'aplasm,* a poultice. * The word 7rKd signifies, primarily, to smear with any soft mixture, as wet clay. 184. Pne'o, (7tvw), to blow; to breathe: Pneu'ma, (nvsvixa), a breath ; a blast. Dyspnos'a, (74), difficulty of breathing. Pneumat'ic, pertaining to air. Pneumat'ics, the science which treats of the air. [lungs. Pneumon'ic, pertaining to the 185. Pol'emos, (rtojis^os), wai. Polem'ic, . controversial. * | Polem'ic, s. a disputant. 186. Po'leo, (rfwaitt), to sell. Bibliop'olist, (35), a book- seller. Monop'oly, (141), exclusive sale. 187. Po'lis, (nous), a city* Metropolis, (Gr. fiqtijp, a mother), the chief city. Police', the government of a city or town. Pol'ity,! civil constitution. Pol'itic, prudent; sagacious. Pol'itics, the science of govern- ment. f Policy is sometimes used to denote a course of political measures* 188. Po'lus, (rtoxvj), much; many. Polyanth'os, (16), a plant I Pol' ygon, (98), a figure having which produces many flowers. | many angles. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 195 Pol'ypus, (190), an insect hav- 1 Pol'ytheism, (21G), the doc- ing many feet. trine of a plurality of gods. Note. The signification of the prefix poll/ will be seen from the above exam- ples, and it is therefore unnecessary to adduce more. 189. Pot'amos, (rtofajuos), a river. See 113. 190. PoiiSy (xovu rtoSos), a foot. An'tipode, one who lives on the I and whose feet are directly opposite side of the globe, | opposite to ours. 191. Pras'so, (rtpdaou,), to do: Prak'tos, (*paxr$), done: Prag'ma, (ytpay/ua), a deed. Prac'tice, frequent perform- ance. Prac'ticable, that maybe done. Pragmat'ical, officious; med- dling. Prax'is, a form to teach practice. 192. Pro'tos, (rfpwfos), first Pro'tocol,* a record or registry. Protiion'otary,! a register or clerk. Pro'totype, (222), an original or model. Protox'yd, the first ox yd. * Compounded of 7r^Zrcc and x:x\u, ghte. The word was originally used to denote the upper part of a leaf or writing, and was probably derived from the practice of gluing or pasting pieces of paper or parchment together, as in forming a long sheet for an extended document ; the protocol was, therefore, the first of the pasted sheets. f Literally, the chief register or clerk. 193. Psu'che, ($vxn)% the soul. Metempsycho'sis, the transmi- gration of souls. Psyciiol'ogy, (128), a discourse on the human soul. 194. Pur, (*i>p), fire. Empyr'eal, formed of pure fire or light. [smoke. Pyrolig'neous,^: produced from Pyre, a funeral pile. Pyrotecii'nics, (212), the art of making: fire-works. t Lat. lignum, wood ; pyrolispieous, produced by wood and fire. 195. Bhe'o, (,'*'), to flow. Catarrh', a defluxion of mucus. Hemorrhage, (107), a flow of blood. Diarriie'a, purging or flux. Rheu'matism,]: a painful disease of the limbs. So called because the ancients supposed it to arise from a defluxion of humors. 196 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 196. Sarx, (capi, crap*6j), flesh. Sar'casm,* a satirical remark; a I Hypersarco'sis, the growth of taunt. fungous or proud flesh. * Literally, a cutting or tearing of the flesh. 197. Skep'tomaij (oxiTttopcu), to examine or consider. kep'tic, one who doubts. Skep'tical, doubting. Skep'ticism, a state or habit of doubting. 198. Schis'ma, (o^iof/ta), a splitting; a division. Schism, division or separation in I Schismat'ic, promoting schism, a church. 199. Scho'le, (o^o?^), leisure. School, a place of instruction. Schol'ar, one who learns ; a person of learning. Scholas'tic, pertaining to a school, or to the schools. Scho'liast, a commentator. 200. Sko'peo, (crxorfao), to observe ; to watch. Epis'copal, governed by bish- ops.! Epis'copate, a bishopric. Scope, | design ; view ; suffi- cient space. Steth'escope, (Gr. otrfio^ the breast), a surgical instrument^ Tel'escope, (Gr. rjjfce, afar), a glass for viewing distant objects. j- The Greek word, corresponding to our word bishop, is enVxtjre?, which signifies, in genera!, an overseer. i Literally, the object looked at or aimed at ; also, space in which to look about. The instrument is pressed against the chest or stomach, and the ear of the surgeon is then applied to it, for the purpose of distinguishing the internal dis- ease by the sounds communicated. Note. The suffixes scope, scopy, scopic, are found in many terms of science and art. 201. Si'tos, ((rltos), food. Par'asite,|| a flatterer ; a hanger I Parasit'ical, fawning for bread on. or favors. J Literally, one who feeds beside, or at the table of another. A parasitic plant is one which grows on the stem or branch of another plant, as the mistletoe. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. % 197 308. Sh'pkUtt (ffoia), wisdom. Philos'ophy, (175), literall}/, the love of wisdom. Soph'ism, a specious but falla- Soph'istry, fallacious reason- ing. Unsophisticated, not instruct- cious argument. I ed in evil ; pure. 203. Spa'o, (orrtcuo), to draw. Epispas'tic, drawing, as a blis- ter. Spasmodic, consisting in spasm. Spasm, an involuntary contrac- tion of the muscles ; a con- vulsion. 204. Sta'sis, (o-tdois), a standing or position; a placing. Apos'tasy, a departure from original profession. Ec'stasy,* excessive joy or delight. Hydrostat'ic, (119), pertain- ing to the pressure of fluids. Sys'tem, (3vtf*>7/ta)t, regular method. * Literally, a sudden removal from tho ordinary condition ; a distraction in consequence of joy. f A standing togetlier ,- consistency. 205. Stel'lo, (crWjau,), to send. Apos'tle, (d?t6, from), one sent I Epis'tle, a writing or letter or commissioned. | sent. 20G. Sten'os, (a-tsvbi), narrow. Stexog'raphy, (99), the art of writing in short hand, i. e. in a narrow compass. Stenog'rapher, a short-hand writer. [hand. Stenographic, written in short- 207. Ster'co8, (tj-^fpfoj), standing firm. Stereom'etry, (137), the art of measuring solid bodies. Ster'eotype, (222), to make fixed metallic types, or plates of fixed types. 208. Sti'chos, (atlzoi) ; a line ; a row. Acros'ticJ (5) a kind of poem. I Distich, a couple of poetic lines. i Compounded of ax^:v, an extremity, and Trij^if, and signifying a poem in which the first letters of the lines form a name, when taken in order. 1 7 * 198 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 209. Stro'phe, (o?po$rj), a turning round. Apos'trophe, a turning aside from the course of a speech, to address some absent per- son, as if present. Catas'trophe, a turn or issue of a course of events ; gene- rally used to denote a disas- trous issue. 210. Ta'phos, (td$os), a tomb. Cen'otaph, (Gr. xtvbs, empty), a tomb or monument erected to one who is buried else- where. Ep'itaph, (i*t, upon), an in- scription on a tomb ; a record in honor of the dead. 211. Tax'iSy (rafu), arrangement; Tak'tos, (*aTo$), arranged. Syntax, the construction of sentences according to estab- lished usage. Tac'tics, the art of directing military and naval move- ments. 212. Tech'ne, {iix v n)-> art ; skill. Tech'nical, pertaining to an art or profession. Technol'ogy, (128), a treatise on the arts. 213. Tes'sares, (tiaoapts, titpa), four. Tet'rachord, a series of four I Tes'selated, formed in little sounds. squares. 214. Thea'omai, (foao^cu), to behold. The'atre, a place of exhibi- tion ; a conspicuous place of action. Theat'rical, resembling the manner of dramatic per- formers. 215. The'sis, (diais), a putting or placing; The'ma, (0tVO something placed. Axath'ema, excommunication with curses. Ep'ithet,* an adjective. Antith'esis, an opposition of words or sentiments. Hypoth'esis^ a supposition. * Literally, something placed upon ; a descriptive word applied to any thing in representing it. { A placing under ; which is the literal signification of the word supposi- tier** See Lat. 399. A position assumed as the basis of an argument. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 199 Paren'thesis,* a clause or sen- tence within another. Syn'thesis, a putting together ; a combining. Synthetical, proceeding by Theme, a topic. [synthesis. The 'sis, a position; a proposi- tion advanced. * Compounded of the prepositions rr^a and h, signifying in or beside, and 216. The'os, (0*6$), God. A/theism, the disbelief of the existence of a God. The'ism, the belief of the exist- ence of a God. [one God. Mon'otheism, the doctrine of Theoc'racy, (60), government by the immediate direction of God. Tiieolo'gy, (128), the science of God and divine things. 217. To'me, (*o^), the act of cutting. Epit'ome, a compendium or summary. TomeJI a volume. AxAT'OMY,t the art of dissect- ing. At'o.m4 an indivisible particle. f Literally, a cutting up. \ The A in this word is the A privative or negative. Atom therefore signi- fies, a thing which cannot be cut or divided. The Greek word inrojuii signifies a lopping or curtailing. I Literally, a section, or part cut off; a portion of a work. 218. To'nos, (rovoj), tension; tone. At'oxy, relaxation; want of vigor. Det'onate, to explode. Intona'tion, manner of sound- ing. Tone, tension; vigor; sound; a musical interval. Ton'ic, increasing tension or vigor ; giving tone to the system. 219. Top' os, (tortos), a place. Top'ic, a subject of discourse. Topog'raphy, (99), the descrip Top'ical, local. tion of a particular place. 220. Treis, (tpsU), three. See Lat. (549). 221. Trop'os, (fpoTto?), a turning. Trope, a figurative turning of a word from its ordinary signi- fication. Trop'ic, the point at which the sun appears to turn again to- wards the equator. 200 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 222. Tu'pos, (tv7to$), a shape, figure, or model. Type, an emblem; a model or form of a letter, used in printing. Typ'ical, symbolical. Typ'ify, to represent by figure or symbol. Typography, (99), the art oi operation of printing. 223. Xu'lon, (gvxov), wood. Xylog'raphy, (99), the art of engraving on wood Zool'ogy, (128), the science or description of animals. Zoon'omy, (149), the science which treats of animal life. 224. Zo'on, (woi/), an animal. Zo'ophyte, ($vtbv, a plant), a body partaking of the proper- ties both of an animal and a vegetable. CHAPTER IV. MISCELLANEOUS TABLES. I. CORRESPONDING DERIVATIVES. The first column contains the ivord derived from the Greek, the second that derived from the Latin, and the third the corresponding word or phrase of English or Saxon origin. N. B. This table may be studied with advantage ; but the pupil must not suppose that the corresponding words in the three columns are synonymous. In a few cases they are nearly so. Some of the words in the third column may be remotely derived from the Latin. Amnesty, oblivion, forge tfulness Amorphous, informal, shapeless. Analogy, correspondence, likeness. Anatomy, dissection, a cutting up. Anomalous, irregular, lawless. Apathetic, insensible, unfeeling. Apology, excuse, plea. Apostle, missionary, messenger. Bishop, supervisor, overseer. Catalogue, inventory, list. Cataract, cascade, waterfall. Chronical, enduring, lasting. GREEK AND LATIN PLUJ 201 Chrysalis, aurelia, grub. Democracy, republic, commonwealth, Diaphanous, transparent, clear. Dialogue, conversation, talk. Didactic, preceptive, teaching. Doxology, glorification, praise. Dynasty, dominion, power. Epitome, abstract, abridgment. Elliptical, oval, egg-shaped. Esophagus, gullet, throat. Eucharist, sacrament, Lord's supper. Eulogize, commend, praise. Gnomon, index, pointer. Graphite, plumbago, black-lead. Lexicon, dictionary, word-book. Metamorphose, transform, change. Monarchical, regal, kingly. Parable, similitude, likeness. Pathetic, affecting, feeling. Phenomenon, appearance, sight. Physical, medicinal, healing. Prophesy, predict, foretell. Rhetoric, oratory, speaking. Sphere, globe, ball. Sympathy, compassion, fellow-feeling. Tautology, repetition, a saying again. Tetragon, quadrangle, a square. Theology, divinity, godliness. Tone, sound, noise. II. PLURALS OF GREEK AND LATIN NOUNS WHICH ARE USED AS ENGLISH WORDS. If. li. The pupil must not forget that in Latin and Greek words, a syllabic must be given to every vowel and diphthong. He must pronounce Apsides, for instance, in three syllables. In the following tabic, the letter e with a hori- zontal mark over it is to be sounded as e in me. Singular. Analysis, Antithesis, Aphis, Plural. C The solution of any? n v - \ , J > Analyses. I compound, 5 Opposition or contrast, Antith'eses. A minute insect on plants, Aph'ides. 202 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. Singular. Plural. Apsis, A point in a planet's orbit, Ap'sides. Automaton, A self-moving machine, Autom'ata. Basis, A foundation or base, Ba'ses. Chrysalis, The second state of an insect, Chrysalides. Crisis, The decisive point, Crises. Criterion, A standard of judging, Criteria. Diaeresis, The disjunction of vowels, Diaer'eses. Dogma, An opinion propounded. Dog'mata. Ellipsis, A figure of syntax, Ellip'ses. Emphasis, Particular stress upon a \vord,Em'phases. Ephemeris, A kind of almanac, Ephemer'ides. j, , C A worm that lives but ? r 7 Ephemeron, ; d \ Ephemera. Hypothesis, A supposition or theory, Hypoth'eses. Metamorphosis, A transformation, Metamor'phoses. J^Easma, A pernicious exhalation, Mias'mata. Oasis, A fertile spot in a desert, Od'ses. Phasis, Form or appearance, Pha'ses. Phenomenon, An appearance, Phenom'ena. Thesis, A proposition or theme, The'ses. Singular. Addendum, Amanuensis, Animalcula, Apex, Appendix, Arcanum, Aurora Borealis, Axis, Calx, Corrigendum, DatunX, Desideratum, Effluvium, Encomium, Erratum, Fascis, Focus, Formula, Fungus, LATIN. Something to be added, A private secretary, A minute insect, A tip or point, Something added, A secret, The northern light, An axle, A cinder, Something to be corrected, Something given, A thing wanted, Odor; exhalation, Praise ; commendation, A mistake, A bundle of rods, The point where rays meet, A prescribed form, An excrescence, Plural. Adden'da. Amanuen'ses. Animal'culse. Ap'ices. Appen'dices. Arca'na. Auro'rseBorea'les Ax'es. Calces. Corrigen'dfl. Da'ta. Desidera'ta. Ejjlu'via. Enco'mia. Erra'ta. Fas'ces. Fo'ci. For'mulse. Fun'gi. LATIN WORDS AM) PHRASES. 203 Singular. Tlural. Genius, A spirit, Ge'nii. Genus, A kind or sort, Gen' era, l Fufuus, Will-with-the-wisp, Ignts fat' id. Jtidr . A pointer, In'dices. Ina, A thin plate or coat, Lam'inse. Magus, A wise man, Ma'gi. Medium, Something intervening. Me'dia. norandum, Something to be remembered, Memoran'da. 3 limit ia, A minute particular, Minu'tise. entum, Force of motion, Momen'ta. NebuUk A cloudy appearance, Neb'ulse. Nucleus, A kernel, Nu'clei. Radius, The semi-diameter of a circle, Ra'dii. Radix, A root, Rad'ices. Speculum, A mirror or looking-glass, Spec'ula. Stamen, A fine thread in a flower, Stam'ina. Stimulus, A goad or incitement, Stim'uli. Stratum, A layer or bed, Stra'ta. Vertex, The top of any thing, Ver'ticts. Viscus, An intestine or entrail, Vis'cera. Vortex, A whirlpool, Vor'tices. in. LATIN WORDS AND PHRASES, WHICH ARE FRE- QUENTLY EMPLOYED BY ENGLISH WRITERS. LATIN WORDS. Aborigines, the original in- habitants of a country. Alias, otherwise. Alibi, elsewhere. An'glice,* in English. Caveat, let him be cautious. Con'tra, on the other hand. Be'le, expunge. Detritus, matter worn off. Equilib'rium, equality Er'go, therefore. of [weight. * See the remark at the j- A verb, signifying, he Excerp'ta, extracts. Exu'vix, cast skins of ani- mals. Ex'it,i departure. Ex-tem'pore, at the time ; i. e without previous writing. Face'tise, witty sayings. Fi'at, let it be done; Fi'ius, the end. Gra'tis, for nothing. JTia'tus, an opening or gap* beginning of Table II {she or it) goes out. 204 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. Jm'petus, tendency to motion. Imprimatur, let it be printed. Imprimis, in the first place. Impromp'tu, with promptness ; off hand. In'terim, in the mean time. Inter r eg' num, the time between two reigns. Ttem, also. Ma'nes, departed spirits. Max'imum, the greatest quan- tity. Min'imum, the least quantity. Memorabilia, (pi.) memorable events. Om'nes, all. Om'nibus, for all. O'nus, a burden. Pas'sim, every where. Quon'dam, formerly ; once. llec'ipe, See. Lat. 47. Resur' gam, I shall rise again. Seria'tim, in regular order. Sim'ile, a comparison. Syllabus, (Gr. cw, together, and xaj3w, to take), a com- pendium. Vac'uum, an empty space. Va'lel farewell! Verba 'tim, word for word. Ver'sus, against. Ve'to, I forbid it. Via, by the way of. Videlicet, to wit. Vi'ce, in the place of. Vul'go, commonly. LATIN PHRASES. Jib initio,* from the beginning. An'nus mirab'ilis, a year of wonders. Jib o'vo, from the ^gg ; i. e. from the birth or origin. Ad captan'dum, for the purpose of taking, i. e. pleasing. Ad infinitum, to an unlimited extent. Ad lib'itum, at pleasure. Ad valo'rem, according to value. Alma ma'ter, gentle mother. A'mor pa'trix, love of country. Absente re'o, the accused per- son being absent. A fortio'ri,* with stronger rea- son. . A prio'ri, beforehand ; from previous knowledge, [trial. A posteriori, afterwards ; from Argumen'tum ad hom'inem, an argument particularly ap- plicable to the person to whom it is offered. Au'di alteram par' tern, hear the other side ; i. e. hear both sides. Bo'na fi'de, in good faith. Caeoe'thes scriben'di, a ridicu- lous fondness for writing. Ca'put mor'tuum, the lifeless head. Cset'eris par'ibus, other things being the same. * Com'pos men'tis, of sound mind. Con'tra bo'nos mo 'res, contrary to good manners. Co'pia verbo'rum, abundance of words. * T is here sounded like sh. LATIN PHRASES. 205 Cui* ho'no ? for what good ? i. c. of what advantage ? or, of advantage to whom 1 Cum mul'tu u'liis, with many others. Cum pri vile' gio, with privilege. De fac'to, in fact De ju're, by right. De gus'tibus non disputant- dum, about matters of taste it is idle to dispute. Dei gru'tia, by the grace of God. De no'vo, anew. De'o volen'te, God willing. Dt'sunt cset'era, the rest are wanting. Dram'atis perso'nos, the charac- ters represented in a play. Duran'te placi'to, during plea- sure. Ec'ce\ ho'mo, behold the man ! See N. T. John xix. 5. Ex an'imo, from the mind ; i. e. sincerely. Ex cathe'dra, from the chair of authority. Ex conces'sis, from points con- ceded. Ex'eunt om'nes, they all go out or off. Ex officio, by virtue of the of- fice. Ex par'te, on one side only. Ex post fac'to, (bad Latin), after the deed. Fac sim'ile, an exact copy. Ge'nius lo'ci, the genius of the place. Id ge'nus om'ne, all that class or sort. [per. In for'ma pau'peris, as a pan- In fo'ro cons cien' tide, at the bar of conscience. * Pronounced ky. It limine, on the threshold; at the outset. In o'tio, at < Inpro'pria perso'na, in his own person. In sta'tu quo, in the state in which it was. In terro'rem, as a warning. In to'to, entirely. In trans' iiu, on the way or passage. Ip'se dix'it, literally, he him- self said so ; mere assertion. Ip'so fac'to, by the fact itself. Ju're divi'no, by a divine right. Ju're huma'no, by human law. Jus gen' Hum, the law of nations. Lap'sus Hn'gux, a slip of the tongue. Lex talio'nis, the law of retalia- tion. Licen'tia va'tum, poetic license. Lo'cum te'nens, literally, hold- ing the place; a substitute. Lu'sus natu'rx, a sport or freak of nature. Mag'na char'ta, (karta), the great charter. Malum in se, an evil in itself. Memen'to mo'ri, remember that thou must die. Me' urn et tu'um, mine and thine. Mirab'iU dic'tu, strange to tell. Mo'dus operan'di, the mannef of operating. Mul'tum in par'vo, a great deal in a small space. Ne plus ultra, the greatest ex- tent attainable ; literally, no- thing beyond. Ne quid ni'mis, not too much of one thing. f Pronounced tk'u. 18 206 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. Nil desperan'dum, nothing to be despaired of. No'lens vo'lens, willing or not. No'li me tan'gere, do not touch me. Non com'pos men'tis, not in right mind. Non est invcn'tus, it is not found. O'lium cum dignita'te, ease with dignity. Par nob'ile fra'trum, a noble pair of brothers. Pa'ri pas'su, with equal pace. Par'iiccps crim'inis, a partaker of the crime. Per se, by itself. Pos'se comita'tus, (bad Latin), the civil force. Pri'ma fa'cie, at first view. Pri'mum mob'ile, the first mover. Pro u'ris et fo'cis, for our altars and homes. Pro bo' no pub'lico, for the pub- lic good. Pro et con, for and against. Pro for'ma, for form's sake. Pro ra'ta, in proportion. Pro tern' pore, [abbreviated, pro tern.), for the time. Quart' turn suf'Jicit, as much as is sufficient. Quid pro quo, an equivalent. Quo' ad hoc, with respect to this. Quo an'imo, with what temper or intention. Pes pub'lica, the common weal. Rex et regi'na, the king and queen. * In these words / Secun'dum ar'lem, according to art or professional rule. Si'ne di'e, without fixing the day. Si'ne qua non, (literally, with- out which it cannot be done), an indispensable condition. Sub poe'na, under fear of penalty. Su'i gen'eris, (literally, of its own kind), unique. Sum' mum bo'num, the chief good. Su'um cui'que, (ky'quy), to every one his due. Tern' pus fu'git, time flies. To' ties quo' ties,* as often as. To' to cse'loj by the breadth of - the sky. Tri'a junc'ta in u'no, three joined in one. U'na vo'ce, with one voice. U'tile cum dul'ci, the useful with the agreeable. Ut su'pra, as above. Ut infra, as below. Va'de me' cum, (literally, come with me), a guide-book. Ve'ni, vi'di, vi'ci, I came, saw, conquered. Ver'bum sapien'ti, a word is enough to the wise. Vice ver'sa, the order being re- versed. Vi et ar'mis, with force and arms. Vi'va vo'ce, with the' living voice. Vox, et prete'rea ni'hil, voice, and nothing else. is sounded like sh. PRONUNCIATION. 207 IV. FRENCH WORDS AND J'iii As French words and phmscs are very frequently introduced into English conversation and writing, it is desirable that every person should have some idea of the pronunciation and significa- tion of those, at least, which are most common. The following account of some of the French sounds will perhaps be sufficient for the purposes of this chapter. a, short, sounds like a in the English word fat. a, long, " a " arm. e, at the end of monosyllables, sounds like it in tub; and is mute at the end of other words. e, sound Is like a in able. e, " e in met. e, II c in there. i, short, II i in idiot. * long, II ce in .'"/. o, short, a in ornithology. 6, long, u in old. u no similar sound in English. ou, sounds like ,00 in cool. an, il an in ivant. in, (I an in pang. on, Cl on in /o/ig-. eur. > 14 ur in yir. oi, ll wa in water. oir, H wa\ r in warfare. in coa/, and cbi in pang. oin. i u 00 ail, II ni in union. j u s in pleasure. ch, II sh in shark. * Although the sound of the French u cannot be represented by English letters, the following rule will enaole the pupil to form some idea of it. Place your lips as if about to pronounce o?f as in Mnt/>, and bring the extremity of your tongue against your lower teeth. With your organs in this position, you will be likely to produce the sound of the French if. 20S THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. FRENCH WORDS. N. B. In the following list of words and phrases, the representation of the French sound, which is given in parenthesis, is figured in accordance with the ahove table of sounds. A letter having no mark over it is to be sounded as that which has no mark in the table ; the pupil must not suppose that he is to give it the English sound. The accents are only marks indicating sound, axording to the above table. When the letter n is italicized in the paren- thesis, it is to have the English sound of n, and not the French nasal sound. Amateur, (a ma teur), an ad- mirer. Amour, (a mour), a love affair. Bagatelle, (ba ga tel), a trifle. Beau, (bo), a fashionable man. Belle, (bell), a fashionable wo- man. Bijou, (bijou), a jewel or gem. Bonhomie, (bo/i om i), good nature. Boudoir, (bou doir), a private room. Bulletin, (bul tin), a daily re- port. Bureau, (bu ro), an office; a writing desk. Caisson, (ke son), a chest or case. Canaille, (ka nail), the rabble. Champltre, (shan petr'), rural. Chateau, (shti to), a country seat. Ci-devant, (sid van), formerly. Clique, (clik), a party or fac- tion. Connoisseur, (kon ne seur), a skillful judge. Contour, (kon tour), outline of a figure. Corps, (kor), a body of men. Cortege, (kor tej), a train of at- tendants. Coterie, (kot ri), a company. Coup, (kou), a stroke or blow. Drbris, (de bri), broken re- Debut, (de bu), first appearance. Denouement, (de nou man), the unraveling of a plot. Devoir, (dvoir), duty. Depot, (de po), a store or maga- zine. Deshabille, (de za bi li e), an undress. Domicile, (do mi sil), abode. Douceur, (dou seur), a bribe or present. Eclaircissemcnt, (e cler sis- man), explanation. Eclat, (e cla), splendor. Elevc, (elev), a pupil. Elite, (e lit), the choice part; the flower. Embonpoint, (an bon poin), jolly, plump. Embouchure, (an bou shur), the mouth of a river. Encore, (an cor), again. Ennui, (an nu i), wearisome- ness. Entree, (an tre : e is long), en- trance. Enveloppe, (en vlop), a cover. Epaulette, (e po let), a shoulder- knot. * EsUifeitc, (es ta fet), an express. Etiquette, (e ti ket), ceremony. Fagade, (fa sad), front. Fete, (fet), a feast or festival. Fracas, (fra ca), a squabble. Gendarmes, (jan darm), sol- diers of the police. FRENCH PHRASES. 209 . (gou), taste. Hauteur, (ho teur), haughtiness. Lever, (leve), a morning assem- bly at court. Liqueur, (li keur), a cordial. Manoeuvre, (ma neuvr), a trick. . (me le), a conilict ; a fray. Messieurs, (me. si eft), gentle- men ; used as the plural of Mr. Mignonette, (mi gno net), a sweet smelling flower. au, (mor so), a morsel. Naivete, (na iv te), ingenuous- ness. Nonchalance, (non sha lans), indifference. [less. Nonpareil, (non pareil), match- Outre, (ou tre), preposterous. Parole, (parol), word of prom- ise. Parterre, (par tair), a flowerbed. Patois, (pa toi), provincialism. Penchant, (pan shan), inclina- tion. Prairie, (pre ri), meadow land. Protege, (pro te je), one that is patronized. [soned dish. Ragout, (ra gou), a highly sea- Recherche, (re sher she), sought out; exquisite. learned a nick Rencontre, (ran konir'), an un- expected meeting. Rendez-voue, (ran de* vou), place of meeting. Reservoir, (re zair voir), a re- serve of water, & Restaurateur, (res to ra teur), a tavern keeper. Rouge, (rouj), red paint. Ruse, (ruz), a stratagem. Sans, (san), without. Savant, (sa van), a man. Sobriquet, (so bri ke) name. Soi-disant, (soi di zan), pro- tended, self-styled. Soiree, (soi re, e is long), an evening party. Souvenir, (souv nir), remem- brance. Suite, (su it), retinue, series. Surtout, (sur ton), an outer coat. Tapis, (ta pi), the carpet. Tirade, (ti rad), a long train of harsh language. Toilette, (toi let), a dressing table. Tour, a journey. Trait, (tre), a feature. Unique, (u nik), singular. FRENCH PHRASES. Aide-de-Cainp, (aid de kan), assistant to a general. A la mode, (a la mod), in the fashion. A propos, (a pro po), seasonably; by-the-by. Aa fait, (6 fe), to the point or business. Beau monde, (b6 mond), the gay world. Belles left res, (bel lc.tr), polite literature. Fillet doux, (bi lie dou), a love letter. 18* 210 the scholar's companion. Bon gre, mal gre, with good or ill will. Bon mot, (bon mo), a witticism. Bon ton, high fashion. Bon vivant, (bon vivan), a high liver. # Carte blanche, (cart blansh: art is short), blank paper. Chef-d'oeuvre, (she deuvr'), a master-piece. Chevaux de /rise, (shvod'friz), a sort of spiked fence. Comme il faut, (kom il fo), as it should be. Conge oVelire, (kon je de lir), permission to elect. Coup d'etat, (kou de ta), a stroke of policy. Coup de grace, (koud grass), the finishing stroke. Coup de main, (koud min), a bold stroke. Coup oTceil, (kou deuil), a glance of the eye. Dejeuner a la fourchette, (de jeu ne a la fourshet), a breakfast with meat, fowls, &e. De pied en cap, (de pie tan kap), from head to foot. Dernier ressort, (dair nie "rsort), a last resort. Dieu et mon droit, (dieu e mon droi: eu as u in tub), God and my right. Double entendre, (doubl an tandr'), double meaning. En masse, (an mas), in a body. Entre nous, (an tr'nou), between ourselves. Esprit de corps, (es pri de kor), the spirit of the corps or body; mutual animation. Faux pas, (fo pa) a fault; misconduct. Feu de joie, (feud joi), a discharge of fire arms at a rejoicing. Femme de chambre, (fam de shambr), a chamber maid. Fete champttre, (fet shan petr), a feast out of doors. Haut ton, (ho ton), the highest style or fashion. Honi soit qui mal y pense, (oni soi ki mal i pans), evil be to him that evil thinks. Hors de combat, (or de kom b;\), disabled. Je ne sais quoi, (jeun se koi), I know not what. Jet d'eau, (je do), a water-spout; a fountain. Jeu d 1 esprit, (je des pri), a witticism. Jeu de mots, (jeud mo), a play upon words. Maitre aV hotel, (metr' do tel), a tavern keeper. Mauvaise honte, (mo vez hont), false modesty, bashfulness. N 'import e, (?ran port), it is no matter. Nom de guerre, (??ond gair), an assumed name. Nous verrons, (nou verron), we shall see. On dit, (on di), literally, they say; a flying report. Petit maitre, (pti metr'), a fop. Qui vive, (ki viv), look out. Ruse de guerre, (ruz de gair), a stratagem of war. ITALIAN PHRASES. 211 Sang froid, (sail froi), coolness; indifference. Tile a tetc, (tail a tait), a private conversation. Tout ensemble, (tout an B&mbl'), the whole. Valet dt chambre, (valed chambr'), a gentleman's servant. Vl% (i via, (vi za vi), lace to [\u-v. Vive le roi, (viv le roi), long live the king. ITALIAN PHRASES. Che sara, sara, (ke sahrah', sahrah'), whatever will be, will be. Chi face confessa, (kee ta'tshe confeh'sa), silence is consent. Cicerone, (tshee tsheh rone), he who accompanies a stranger to view the curiosities of a city, &c. Con amore, (con ahmo're), with love ; with earnestness and zeal. Erba mala presto cresce, (erba mah'la pres'to cresh'), ill weeds grow apace. In petto, (in peh'to), within the breast; held in reserve. Majordomo, (mahjordoh'mo), a steward or chief servant. Mezzo termine, (may'dzo ter'me-neh), a middle course. Pian piano, si va lontano, (pean' peah'no, se vah' lontah' no), he who goes slowly goes far ; little strokes fell great oaks. Se 7ion e vcro, e ben trovato,(se non eh veh'ro, eh ben trovah'to), if it be not true, it is well imagined or feigned. V. ABBREVIATIONS. A. B. or B. A. ar'tium bacca- lau'reus, bachelor of arts. Abp. archbishop. A. C. an'te Chris'tum, before Christ. Acct. account. A. D. an'no dom'ini, in the year of our Lord. Admr. administrator. Ala. Alabama. A. M. an'te merid'iem, before noon ; or, an'no mun'di, in the year of the world ; or, ar'tium magis'ter, master of arts. Anon, anonymous. Apr. April. Ark. Arkansas. Att'y. attorney. A. U. C. an'no nr'bis con'ditse, in the year of the city, i. e. Rome. Bart, baronet. Bbl. barrel. 212 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. B. C. before Christ. B. D. baccalau'reus divinita'- tis, bachelor of divinity. Cap. ca'put, chapter or head. Capt. captain. C A. S. Connecticut en 1 sis Acade'mise So'cius, fellow of the Connecticut Academy. Chron. Chronicles. Co. company. Col. colonel. Coll. college. Com. commodore. Cor. Corinthians. C. P. Common Pleas. Cr. Creditor. Cts. cents. Cwt. hundred weight. D. C. District of Columbia. D. D. divinita'tis doc'tor, doc- tor of divinity. Dec. December. Del. Delaware. Deg. degree. Dept. deputy. Deut. Deuteronomy. Do. or Ditto, the same. Dr. doctor, or, debtor. D. V. De'o volen'te, God wil- ling. Dwt. pennyweight. Eccl. Ecclesiastes. Ed. editor or edition. E. g. exem'pli gra'tia, for exam- ~ple. Eng. English. Ep. epistle. Eph. Ephesians. Esq. esquire. Ex. Exodus ; example. Exr. executor. Feb. February. Fig. figure. Fla. Florida. Fol. folio. Fr. French. F. R. S. fellow of the Royal Society. Ga. Georgia. Gal. Galatians. Gall, gallon. Gen. general; Genesis. Gent, gentleman. Geo. George. Gov. governor. Gr. grain. G. R. Gcor'gius Rex, King George. Heb. Hebrews. Hhd. hogshead. H. M. his or her majesty. H. B. M. his or her Britannic majesty. Hon. honorable. Hund. hundred. la. or Ind. Indiana. lb. ibi'chrn, in the same place. Id. i'dem, the same. I. e. id est, that is. I. H. S. Ie'sus hom'inum Sal'- va'tor, Jesus, the Savior of men, 111. Illinois. Incog, incog'nito, unknown. Inst, instant, i. e. present, at hand. Isa. Isaiah. Jac. Jacob. Jan. January. Jas. James. Jno. John. Jon. Jonathan. Jos. Joseph. Josh. Joshua. Jun. jun'ior, younger. K. B. knight of the bath. Kt. knight. Ky. Kentucky. La. Louisiana. Lam. Lamentations. ABBREVIATIONS. 213 Lat. latitude. L. C. Lower Canada. Ldp. Lordship. Leviticus. Lieut Lieutenant. LL. D. Ufgum doc'tJr, doctor of laws. Lon. longitude. L. S. lo'cus sigil'Ii, the place of the seal. INI. mil'U, a thousand. Maj. major. Mai. Malachi. Alar. March. Mass. or Ms. Massachusetts. Matt. Matthew. M. 0. member of Congress. Md. Maryland. M. I), medici'nm doc'tor, doc- tor of medicine. Me. Maine. Messrs. Messieurs. Mi. Mississipi. Mich. Michigan. Mo. Missouri. M. P. member of parliament. Mr. Mister. Mrs. Mistress. MS. manuscript. MSS. manuscripts. N. B. no'ta bc'ne, mark well ; i. e. take particular notice. N. C. North Carolina. N. E. New England ; north east. Nem. con. nem'ine coniradi- ceii'te, no one expressing dis- sent. N. H. New Hampshire. N. J. New Jersey. No. number. Nov. November. N. S. Nova Scotia. Numb. Numbers. N. Y. New York. O. Ohio. Qbj. objection. Obi. obsolete. Obt. obedient. Oct October. (). S. old style. Oxon. Oxo'nia, Oxford. Oz. ounces. Pa. or Penn. Pennsylvania. Part, participle. Pet Peter. P. M. post-master; or, post merid'icm, after noon. P. M. G. post-master general. P. O. post-o flice. Pres. president. Prof, professor. Ps. psalm. P. S. post scrip'tum, (written afterwards), postscript. Q. or Qu. question, q. d. qna'si dic'tum, as much as to say. Q. E. D. quod e'rat demon- strciti'dum, which was to be demonstrated, q. 1. quan'tum li'bet, as much as you please, q. s. quan'tum si/f'ficit, as much as is necessary, q. v. quod vide, which see. Reed, received. Rep. representative. Rev. reverend; Revelation. R. I. Rhode Island. R. N. royal navy. Rom. Romans. Rt. Hon. right honorable. S. A. South America. S. C. South Caro.ma. Sec. secretary ; seconds. Sen. senior ; senator. Sept. September. Sol. Solomon. Sq. square. 214 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. ss. scilicet, to wit ; namely. St. street; saint. S. T. D. sanc'tx theolo'gise doc'tor, doctor of theology. Term. Tennessee. Thess. Thessalonians. Thos. Thomas. Tim. Timothy. Tit. Titus. Tr. translator; treasurer. U. C. Upper Canada. Ult. ultimo (men'se), the last (month). U. S. A. United States of A- merica. V. or vid. vide, see. Va. Virginia. Viz. videlicet, to wit. vs. ver'sus, against. Vt. Vermont. W. I. West Indies. Wm. William. Wp. worship. Wt. weight. Xmas, Christmas. Yd. yard. Y ancient mode of writing the. Y' your. v William Carpenter. 19* ENGLISH SYNONYMS. ABO To Abase depress, degrade, bring low, humble, disgrace, cast down. To Abbreviate contract, cur- tail, shorten, abridge, compress, condense, reduce, epitomize. To Abet aid, assist. Abettor assistant, accessary, ally, accomplice. To Abandon forsake, desert, re- nounce, relinquish, resign, give up, abdicate, quit, forego. Abandoned profligate, corrupt, vitiated, depraved, reprobate, vicious, wicKed. To Abash confuse, confound, disconcert, shame. To Abate diminish, reduce, de- crease, lessen, liquidate, lower, subside. To Abdicate - abandon, relin- quish, forsake, resign, renounce, give up, quit. To Abhor detest, abominate, loathe. To Abide stay, remain, tarry. Ability capacity, faculty,talent, capability, aptness, aptitude, skill, efficiency. Able competent, capable, effi- cient, clever, skillful, fitted, qualified ; strong, powerful, ef- fective. Abject low, mean, base, despi- cable, worthless, servile, vile. To Abjure forswear, recant, re- call, revoke, retract. Abode residence, dwelling, ha bitation, domicile. Abolish abrogate, annul, repeal cancel, revoke; destroy, anni- hilate. 222 ACC Abnegation denial, renuncia- tion. To Abridge abbreviate, curtail, shorten, reduce, compress, con- tract, condense, epitomize. Abnegate. See Abnegation and Abolish. [loathe- To Abominate abhor, detest, Abrupt rugged, rough; sudden, unexpected. Absolute positive, peremptory; arbitrary, despotic. Absolutely -completely, unre- strictedly, unconditionally. To Absolve clear, acquit, set free ; remit ; pardon, forgive. To Absorb swallow up, imbibe, engulf, engross, consume. To Abstain refrain, forbear, withhold. Abstemious abstinent, temper- ate, sober. Abstergent cleansing, purga- tive, abstersive. Abstinent abstemious, temper- ate, sober. Absurd foolish, irrational, ridi- culous, preposterous. Abundant ample, copious, exu- berant, plentiful, plenteous. To Abuse reproach, vilify, re- vile, deceive. Abusive reproachful, scurrilous, opprobrious, insolent, insulting, offensive. To Accede assent,consent,com- ply, agree, acquiesce. To Accelerate hasten, quick- en, expedite. To Accept take, receive. Acceptable agreeable,grateful, welcome. ACQ 203 ADJ Act was approach, avl mittance, admission. Accessary accomplice, assist- ant, abettor, ally. Accession addition, augmenta- tion, increase, accident casualty, contingen- cy, incident, adventure, occur- rence. Accidental casual, fortuitous, contingent, incident. Acclamation applause, plaudit, exultation, shouting. To Accommodate adapt, adjust, suit, fit, serve. Accomplice abettor, accessary, assistant, ally. To Accomplish fulfill. realize,ef- fect, achieve,complete, execute. Accomplishment achievement, feat, deed ; acquirement, quali- fication. Accordance agreement, harmo- ny, unison, melody. Accordant consonant, consist- ent. Account narrative, description, relation, recital, detail, expla- nation, narration. Accountable amenable, an- swerable, responsible. To Accumulate amass, collect, gather, heap up. Accurate correct, exact, pre- cise, nice. To Accuse charge, impeach, censure ; arraign. To Accuse falsely asperse, ca- lumniate, defame,detract, scan- dalize, slander, vilify. To Achieve accomplish, fulfill, realize, effect, complete, exe- cute. Achievement feat,exploit,deed, accomplishment, acquirement. Acid sour, tart, sharp, acrimo- nious, acetous, acetose. To Acknowledge avow, con- fess, own, recognize. To Acquaint apprise, inform, make known ; disclose, com* municate. Acquaintance familiarity, inti- macy ; fellowship. To Acquiesce accede, assent, consent, comply, agree, yield. To Acquire obtain, attain, gain, procure; win, earn. Acquirement acquisition ; qua- lification. To Acquit set free, clear, ab- solve ; pardon, forgive. Acrimony asperity, harshness, smartness, tartness. Active agile, assiduous, alert, brisk, vigorous, nimhle, lively, quick, sprightly ; prompt ; in- dustrious, laborious. I Actual real, positive, certain, genuine. To Actuate move, impel, in- duce, instigate. Acute keen, shrewd, penetrat- ing, piercing; sharp, pointed. Adage maxim,aphorism,apoph- thegm, proverb, saying. To Ad-vpt accommodate, adjust, suit, fit. Adequate equal, proportionate, commensurate. Addicted devoted, attached. Addition accession, augmenta- tion, increase. Address ability, dexterity. To Adduce bring forward, ad- vance, ailed ge, assign, cite, quote. To Adhere attach, stick, hold, cleave, fix. Adherence adhesion, attach- ment. Adherent follower, disciple, partisan. [ment. Adhesion adherence, attach- Adjacent near to, adjoining, contiguous, approximating. Adjoining adjacent, contiguous, approximating. To Adjourn prorogue ; post- pone, delay, defer. AFF 224 AGR To Adjust accommodate, adapt, : To Affect influence, act upon, set right, suit, fit. concern ; assume, pretend to, To Administer minister, con-, arrogate. tribute, supply ; serve, manage. Affecting pathetic, touching, Admiration amazement, asto- moving. nishment, wonder, surprise. j Affection attachment, kind- Admission admittance, access,' ness, fondness, love. approach. j Affinity alliance; kindred, re- To Admit allow, concede, per-' lationship. mit, suffer, tolerate, grant. j To Affirm assert, declare, as- Admittance admission, access,; . sure, asseverate, aver, protest, approach. pronounce. To Adorn decorate, embellish, To Affix attach, subjoin, con- beautify, nect, annex. Adroit clever, skillful, dex-l To Afflict distress, trouble, trous, expert. pain. To Adulate flatter,complimentJ Affluence wealth, riches, opu- To Adulterate corrupt, con-j lence. taminate, defile, vitiate, sophis-jTo Afford give, impart, yield, ticate. produce ; spare. To Advance bring forward, as-; Affray fray, quarrel, brawl, sign, adduce, alledge; proceed,| feud, altercation. go forward. j To Affright frighten, terrify, Advancement progress, pro-' appall, dismay, shock. gression ; improvement, profi- Affront insult,offence,outrage. ciency. Advantage good, benefit,profit. Adventure occurrence, inci- dent, contingency, casualty, event, accident. Adventurous enterprising; rash, foolhardy. Adversary antagonist, oppo- nent, enemy, foe. Adverse averse, contrary, oppo- site ; inimical, repugnant, lios- Afraid fearful, timid, timorous. Age time, period, generation, date, era, epoch, century. Aged elderly, old, senile. Agency action, operation ; ma- nagement. To Aggravate provoke, irritate, exasperate, tantalize ; heighten, raise, make worse. Aggression assault, injury, of- fence. tile. ! Agile active, assiduous, alert, To Advertise announce, pro-j brisk, vigorous, nimble, lively, claim, publish, promulgate. quick, sprightly, prompt ; in- Advice^ counsel, instruction, in-; dustrious, laborious. formation ; notice, intelligence ; : To Agitate shake, disturb,toss, deliberation, consultation. move. To Advise with seek counsel,! Agitation disturbance,emotion, deliberate, consult. trepidation, tremor. Affability courteousness, ur- Agony anguish, pain, distress, banity, courtesy, complaisance, j pang, suffering. Affable courtecus,conciliating,:To Agree accede, assent, con- gentle, urbane. sent, comply, acquiesce, con- Affair business, concern, mat-] cur. ter. | Agreeable pleasant, pleasing; ALT 225 ANN grateful, welcome, conforma- ble, suitable, -acceptable. Agreement concurrence, com- Always constantly,continually, incessantly, perpetually, ever. To Amass accumulate, collect, pact, contract, bargain, cove-| gather, pile up, beap up. nant; accordance, harmony, unison ; melody. To Aid assist, help, relieve, succor. To Aim point, level ; endeavor, aspire. Aim end, object, purpose, drift, scope, design, tendency. Air look, manner, mien, aspect, appearance. Alarm terror, fright, affright, consternation, disquietude. Alert active, agile, assiduous, brisk, vigorous, nimble, lively, Suick, prompt, sprightly; in- ustrious, laborious. Alien stranger, foreigner. To Alienate estrange, with draw, transfer. To Allay appease, assuage soothe, compose, calm, tra li- quidize, [sign- To Allege adduce, advance, as- To Alleviate mitigate, relieve, abate, diminish. Alliance affinity, connection ; confederacy, league, combina- tion, coalition. To Allot assign, apportion, ap- point, distribute. To Allow admit, concede; per- mit, suffer, tolerate ; grant, give. Allowance grant, stipend, pay. wages, salary ; permission, concession. \lli:de hint, refer, glance at, suggest, intimate. To Allure attract, decoy, en lice, tempt, seduce Ally associate, accomplice, ac- cessary, assistant. To Alter change, vary. Also likewise, too. Altercation dispute, affray, quarrel, feud. Amazement wonder, surprise, astonishment, admiration. Ambiguous equivocal,indistinct, doubtful. Amenable accountable, answer- able, responsible. To AMEND-r-correct, emend, bet- ter, mend, improve, reform, rec- tify. Amends restoration, restitution, reparation. [lightful. Amiable lovely, charming, de- Amorous loving, fond. Ample spacious, capacious ; abundant, copious, plenteous. Amuse entertain, divert ; be- guile. Amusement diversion,entertain- ment, sport, recreation,pastime. Ancestor progenitor, forefather, predecessor. Ancient old, antique, antiquat- ed, old-fashioned, obsolete. Anecdote story, tale, memoir, incident. To Anger irritate, increase, ag- fpravate, enrage, incite, stimu- ate, exasperate, inflame. Angry irascible, passionate, hasty, hot. Anguish pain, agony, distress, suffering. Animadversion criticism, stric- ture, censure. To Animate inspire, exhilarate, enliven, incite, impel, instigate, urge ; cheer. Animation life,vivacity, spirits, buoyancy. Animosity enmity, hostility malignity. Annals chronicles, memoirs, archives, records, registers. To Annex affix, attach, subjoin. Annotation comment, note, ob ation, remark, elucidation, APP 226 ARI To Announce advertise, pro- claim, publish. To Annoy molest, incommode, -\ex, tease. Annul abolish, abrogate, repeal, cancel, revoke, destroy, annihi- late. To Answer for guaranty, war- rant, secure. Answer reply, rejoinder, re- sponse, replication. Answerable responsible, ac- countable, amenable ; suitable, correspondent. Antagonist adversary, oppo- nent, enemy, foe. Antecedent anterior, previous, prior, preceding, foregoing, for- mer. Anterior antecedent, previous, prior, preceding, foregoing, for- mer. To Anticipate prepossess, pre- cede, prejudge; forestall. Antipathy aversion,dishke,ha- tred, repugnance, contrariety, opposition. Antique old, ancient, antiquat- ed, old-fashioned, obsolete. Anxiety care, solicitude, per- plexity ; caution, attention. Apathy indifference, insensibi- lity, unfeelingness. To Ape imitate, mimic, mock. Aperture opening, cavity. Aphorism apophthegm, adage, maxim, proverb, saying. To AppALL-dismay,terrify,daunt. Apparent visible,obvious,clear, plain, evident, manifest, dis- tinct, [voke. To Appeal refer, call upon, in-. To Appear look, seem. Appearance air, look, manner, mien, aspect, semblance. Appearance of truth verisimili- tude, probability, speciousness. To Appease pacify, allay, as- suage, soothe, compose, calm, tranquillize, propitiate. Appellation name, denomina tion, title, cognomen. To Applaud commend, praise, extol, approve. Applause acclamation, plaudit, exultation, shouting. To Apply devote, addict, ad- dress. To A ppoint allot,ordain,depute, order, prescribe, constitute, fix, provide. To Appreciate estimate, note, value ; esteem. To Apprehend take,seize,catch, hold ; conceive, imagine ; anti- cipate, fear, dread. To Apprise acquaint, inform, make known, disclose, commu- nicate. Approach access, admittance, admission. Approbation approval, concur- rence, consent. To Appropriate assume, arro- gate, usurp ; allot, assign. Appropriate peculiar, particu- lar, exclusive. To Approximate approach, come near. Apt ready, fit, meet, prompt, suitable, dextrous. Arbiter arbitrator, judge, um- pire. Arbitrary absolute, despotic, peremptory, imperious, tyran- nical ; optional. Arbitrator arbiter, judge, um- pire. Archives annals, chronicles, registers, records. Ardent vehement, hot, eager, passionate, violent, fiery, fer- vent. Arduous hard, difficult. * To Argue dispute, debate, evince ; expostulate, remon- strate, [pute. Argument reason, proof, dis- Aridity dryness; sterility, bar- renness, unfaithfulness. ASS 221 A T T To Arise rise, mount, ascend; scale. To Arraign accuse, charge, im- peach, censure. To Arrange place, class, range, dispose. Array apparel, attire; show, exhibition. Arrogance nssumption, haugh- tiness,presumption, usurpation. Art cunning, deceit, duplicity ; skill, aptitude, contrivance, ex- pertness. To Articulate speak, utter, pronour.ro. Artifice trick, finesse, strata- gem, deception, cheat, impos- ture, delusion, fraud, deceit, guile, imposition. Artless ingenuous, candid, open, frank. To Ascend arise, rise, mount, soar, scale, climb. Ascendency influence, author- ity, sway, domination. To Ascribe attribute, impute. To Ask request, solicit, entreat, beg, claim, demand ; inquire, question. Aspect appearance, air, look, mien. Asperity acrimony, harshness, smartness, tartness. To Asperse accuse falsely, ca lumniate, defame, detract, scan- dalize, slander, vilify. To Assail attack, assault, en- counter. To Assassinate kill, murder slay. To Assault assail, attack, en- counter. Assemblage assembly, collec- tion, group. To Assemble collect, muster convene, convoke. Assailant aggressor. Assembly assemblage, collec ti>n, group; company, con- gregation, congress, conven tion, diet, meeting, convocation, council. Assent consent, concurrence, approbation. To Assert affirm, declare, asse- verate, aver, protest, pronounce; maintain, vindicate. Assessment tax, rate, impost. To Asseverate assert, affirm, aver, declare, assure, protest, pronounce, vouch. Assiduous active, agile, alert, brisk. To Assign adduee,a11edge,ad- vance; allot, apportion. To Assist aid, help, relieve, succour. Assistant helper. Associate companion, ally, co- adjutor, partner. Association combination, com- pany, society, partnership. To Assuage allay, soothe, ap- pease, calm, tranquillize, miti- gate. To Assume arrogate, usurp, ap- propriate, affect. Assurance confidence, persua- sion ; impudence. To Assure affirm, assert, asse- verate, aver, protest, vouch. AsTONiSHMENTamazement,won- der, surprise, admiration. Astringent binding, styptic, astrictive, restringent, costive. Astute arch, cunning, penetrat- ing, wily, crafty, artful. Asylum refuge, retreat, shelter. Atrocious flagrant, flagitious, heinous. To Attach affix, subjoin, con- nect, annex; adhere, stick, hold, cleave. Attachment affection, inclina- tion, fondness, love. To Attain reach, acquire, oh tain, gain, procure, get. To Attack assail, assault, en- counter ; impugn. Attempt effort endeavor ; es- AVO 228 BAR say, trial ; enterprise, undertak- To Attend accompany, escort, wait on ; hearken, listen. To Attend to mind, heed, re- gard. Not Attending to absent, inat- tentive, abstracted* Attention heed, care ; applica- tion, study. Attentive careful, mindful. Attitude posture, gesture, ac- tion, gesticulation. To Attract draw, allure, en- tice, [ments. Attractions charms, allure- To Attribute ascribe, impute. Attribute quality, property. udacity b hardihood. Audacity boldness, effrontery, prone , eitr< Augmentation accession, addi- tion, increase. Augur forebode, betoken, pre- sage, portend. August majestic, magisterial, dignified, stately, pompous. Auspicious favorable, propi- tious. Austere rigid, severe, stern, rigorous. Authoritative commanding, imperative, imperious. Authority ascendency, sway, influence, power, dominion, force. Avail advantage, use, benefit, utility, service. Avarice covetousness,cupidity To Aver affirm; assert, declare, assure, asseverate, protest. Averse adverse, backward loth, reluctant, unwilling. To Avenge revenge, vindicate. Aversion antipathy, dislike, re pugnance, hatred. Avidity eagerness, greediness Avocation calling, business, employment, engagement, of- fice, trade, profession, occupa- tion. To Avoid shun, elude, eschew Avoided (not to be) inevitable unavoidable. To Avow acknowledge, own, Confess, recognize. To Awaken arouse, stir up, ex- cite ; provoke. Aware apprised, on one's guard, cautious. Awe reverence, dread, fear. Awkward clumsy, uncouth, un- toward, unhandy, unpolite. Awry crooked, bent, curved, oblique. B To Babble chatter, prate, prat- tle. Babbling garrulity, loquacity, talkativeness. Backward averse, unwilling, loth, reluctant. To go Backward retrograde, re- trocede, recede, retreat, retire, withdraw. Bad evil, unsound, wicked. Badge mark, sign, stigma. To Baffle confuse, disconcert, confound, defeat. To Balance poise, equipoise, equiponderate, counterpoise ; weigh. Band shackle, fetter, chain ; company, crew, gang. Bane pest, ruin ; poison. Banishment exile, outlawry, expulsion, proscription. Banquet feast, entertainment, carousal, treat. To Banter deride, ridicule, mock, rally. Barbarous savage, cruel, inhu- man, brutal. Bare naked, uncovered,^ desti- tute ; scanty, mere. Barefaced glaring, impudent. To Bargain cheapen, buy, pur- chase. Bargain agreement, compact, contract, covenant. n 1:11 2-2!) BIA Barrenness unfruitful ncss, ste-|To Behead decapitate, decol- rility, -aridity. I lat< . Barter exchange, interchange, Behest command, injunction, dealing, trade, (raffle, truck. mandate, precept, order, charge. Base low, mean, dishonorable, To Behold see, look, eye, view, vile. Bashful modest ; diffident. Basis foundation, ground ; pe- destal. Bastard illegitimate, spurious, not genuine. Battle combat, engagement. To Be exist, subsist. Beam ray, gleam. To Bear support, endure, sus- tain, carry ; suffer, undergo. To Bear down oppress, over- bear, overpower, subdue, over- whelm. Bearing endurance, suffering, patience ; tolerance, toleration, sufferance. Beast animal, brute. Beastly bestial,brut ish, brutal ; irrational, sensual. To Beat strike, hit ; overthrow, defeat, overpower. Beatitude happiness, bliss, fe- licity, blessedness. Beau gallant, spark, sweet- heart. Beautiful handsome, fine,pret- ty. To Beautify adorn, embellish, decorate, deck, ornament. Becoming fit, meet, suitable, be- fitting, comely, decent, grace- ful. Befitting becoming, suitable, meet, fit, decent. observer, spectator, observe. Beholder - looker-on. Belief credence, credit, trust, faith, confidence. Below beneath, under. To Bemoan bewail, lament. To Bend lean, incline, distort. To Bend backward recline. Beneath under, low. Benefaction gift, donation, present. Beneficent benevolent, bounti- ful, bounteous, munificent, libe- ral, generous. Benefit advantage, good; ser- vice, avail, use. Benevolence beneficence, be- nignity, kindness, generosity, humanity, tenderness, good- ness. Benignity. See Benevolence. Bent crooked, curved, awry ; bias, inclination, prepossession, turn. Benumbed numbed^ torpid, senseless. To Bequeath give, devise. To Bereave deprive, strip. To Beseech beg, entreat, crave, solicit, implore, supplicate. Besides moreover, more than that, over and above. Bestial beastly, brutish,brutal. I To Bestow give, confer, grant. To Beg ask, entreat, crave, so- Betimes early, soon licit, beseech, implore, suppliTo Betoken augur, presage, cate. forebode, portend, signify. To Begin enter upon, com-|To Better improve, amend, mence ; originate. emend, ameliorate, meliorate; To Beguile amuse ; deceive, ' reform ; rectify. impose upon. To Bewaii bemoan, lament. Behavior- conduct,deportment, Beyond over, above, carriage, demeanor, manner, Bias bent, inclination, prepos- address. session, prejudice. 20 ' ' BOL 230 BRI To Bid offer, tender, propose ; call, invite, summon. Bus great, large. Billow wave, surge, breaker. To Bind tie ; engage, oblige, lay under obligation Binding astringent, styptic, as- trictive, restringent, costive. To Blame censure, reproacb, reprove, condemn, upbraid, re- prehend. Blamable culpable, censur- able, reprehensible, improv- able. Blameless inculpable, irrepre- hensible, irreprovable, irre- proachable, guiltless ; unblem- ished, spotless. To Blast strike,desolale,wither up ; destroy, annihilate. Blast gust, gale, breeze, storm. Blaze flare, glare, flame. Bleeding phlebotomy, venesec- tion. Blemish flaw, speck, spot, de- fect, fault. To Blend mix, mingle, con- found. Blessedness bliss, happiness, felicity, beatitude. Bliss. See Blessedness. Bloody bloodthirsty, sanguin- ary. To Blot out expunge, erase, obliterate, cancel, efface. Blunder mistake, error. Blunt pointless ; obtuse. To Boast glory, vaunt. Boaster braggadocio, braggart, braggard, bravado. Boasting vaunting-, ostentation, vain-glory, parade, rodomon- tade. Bodily corporal, corporeal. Body carcass, corpse. Hodyless incorporeal ; immate- rial, spiritual. Boisterous violent, furious, im- petuous, vehement. Bold fearless, undaunted, dar- ing, intrepid, audacious; inso- lent, impudent, contumacious. Bombastic tumid, turgid, inflat- ed. Bondage slavery, servitude, im- prisonment. Bootv spoil, prey. Border edge, brim, rim, verge, brink, margin. [forate. To Bore pierce, penetrate, per- To Bound limit, circumscribe, restrict, confine, terminate. Boundless illimitable, unlimit- ed, unbounded, infinite. To Bound back recoil, rebound, reverberate. Bounty munificence, liberality, generosity,, benevolence, bene- ficence, benignity. Bounteous generous,beneficent, bountiful, liberal, munificent, kind. Brace pair, couple. Brave courageous, gallant, dar- ing, valorous, valiant, bold, he- roic, intrepid, magnanimous, fearless. Breach chasm, opening, gap, break. To Break rend, rack ; violate, infringe; demolish, destroy. Breaker wave, billow, surge. Breeding education, instruc- tion. Breeze gale, gust, blast. Brevitv conciseness. See next word. Brief short, concise, compen- dious, summary, succinct, la- conic. Bright clear, lucid, limpid, splendid, translucent, resplen- dent. To Brighten polish, ^burnish. Brilliancy splendor, lustre, brightness, radiance. Brim border, edge, rim, brink, margin, verge. Brink brim, border, edge, rim, margin, verge. H V W 231 To Bring forward van' . alledge* BuiSI Retire, agile, assiduous, ;. vigorous, nimble, lively. quick, sprightly, prompt* Brittle fragile, frail, frangible. Broad wide, targe, ampl< tensive. Broil affray, fray, quarrel, feud, altercation. Brotherhood fraternity. Brute animal, beast. Brutish cruel, inhuman, ; roua, | irrational, sen- sual. To Bruise break, crush, round. To Bud sprout, germinate, shoot forth. To Build erect, construct; found. Bulk size, magnitude, great- ness, extent, larger* Buoyancy lightness; animation vivacity. Burden load, weight, freight ear Burdensome heavy, weighty, ponderous. Burial interment, sepulture, in- humation. Burydxg-plaor grave, tomh, se- pulchre, cemetery. Burlesque satire, irony, hu- mor, wit. BURmKU anient, fiery, hot. To Burst break, crack, split. Bursting forth eruption, explo- sion. Business affair, concern, mat- ter ; avocation, calling, employ- ment, occupation trade, profession ; office, duty. Bustle tumult, hurry. Butchery carnage, slaughter, massacre. To Buy cheapen, bargain, pur- chase. By-word adage, saying, re- proach. ( 'ah u ---"em'uintion.ronspiracy, plot. To Cajole coax,wheedle, fawn, flaV ( Ialamity disaster, misfortune, mishap, mischance. To < I VLCULATE reckon, compute, number, count. To Call cry, exclaim; name, bid, invite, summon. To Call back retract, recant, recall. To ("all together c< nvene, con- Calling avocation, busii employment, engagement, cupation, trade, profession, of- fice, [evoke. To Call out exclaim, ejactil A ; Callous hard, obdurate, ui ing, insensible, unsusceptible. To Calm pacify, allay, appease, aSsuage, soothe, compose, tran- quilize. Calm serene, placid, composed, unruffled, undisturbed, quiet. To Calumniate accuse false!)', defame, detract, scandalize, slander, vilify. To Cancel abolish, annul, re- peal, revoke, abrogate, destroy, annihilate. Candid opeu,artless, ingenuous, k, plain. Capable able, competent, effi- cient, qualified, fitted, clever, skillful,effective. Capacious ample, spacious. Capacity ability, faculty, talent, capability, skill, efficiency. Caprice humor, fancy, freak. Capricious fantastical, whimsi cal. Captious cross,petulant, fi peevish. To Captivate charm, enchant, fascinate ; enslave, take pri- soner. CAT 'J32 CHA Captivity confinement, impri- sonment, bondage. Capture seizure, prize. Carcass body, corpse. Care anxiety, solicitude, atten- tion, concern, regard ; manage- ment. Careful cautious, attentive, provident, circumspect, heed- ful, solicitous. Careless negligent, heedless, inattentive, incautious, thought- less, remiss, indolent, supine, listless. To Caress fondle, endear. Cargo freight, lading, load. Carnage butchery, massacre, slaughter. Carousal feast, entertainment, banquet, treat. To Carp censure, cavil. , Carriage gait, manner, walk, behavior, deportment,demean- or. To Carry bear, sustain ; con- vey, transport. To Carry on conduct, manage, regulate, direct. Case situation, condition, state, plight, predicament. Cast down depressed, discou- raged, dejected. To Cast hurl, throw. To Cast off reject, forsake, abandon. To Cast back retort, repel, re- buff. Casual accidental, fortuitous, contingent, incidental. Casualty accident, contingen- cy, incident, adventure, occur- rence, event. Catalogue list, register, roll, record. To Catch seize, lay hold on, grasp, gripe, snatch, capture. A. Catching caption, capture ; arrest, apprehension, seizure. Catching infectious, conta- gious, pestilential. A To Cavil carp, censure. Cavity aperture, opening. Cause motive, reason, induce- ment, incitement. To Cause occasion, induce, give rise to. Caution admonition, warning, notice, advice ; circumspection, care, solicitude. Cautious careful, wary, circum- spect, prudent, watchful. To Cease leave off, desist, dis- continue. A Ceasing cessation, discon- tinuance, pause, intermission. WithoutCEASiNG incessant,con- tinual, unintermitting. To Cede give up,concede, yield, surrender, deliver. Celebrated famous, renowned, illustrious. Celerity quickness, speed, swiftness, neetness, rapidity, velocity. C elesti al heavenly. To Censure blame, reprove, re- proach,condemn, upbraid; carp, cavil, accuse. Censure blame, reproach, con- demnation ; animadversion, stricture. Ceremony form, observance, rite. Certain sure, doubtless, secure; real, actual, positive. Cessation intermission, rest, discontinuance. To Chafe rub, gall, fret, vex. Chagrin vexation, fretfulness, mortification. Chance fortune, hazard, acci' dent, (happening by.) Chance (to happen by) acci- dental, casual, fortuitous, con- tingent, incidental. To Change alter, vary; ex- change, barter. Change variety, variation; al- teration, mutation ; vicissitude, revolution. (Ml E 233 CLA Changeable: mutable, tickle, Cheerfulness gayety, spright- rariable, inconstant, unstable, Liness, merriment, mirth, liveli- uneertain, wavering, versatile, nesa, blithesomeuess, vivacity, unsteady, irresolute. jocundity, jollity. Character oast, turn, descrip- To Cherish nurture, nourish, ; reputation. fostee, indulge* To Characterise name, deno- To Chide check, reprimand, rc- minate, describe, designate, prove, rebuke, style, entitle. j Chief principal, main ; leader, To Charge accuse, impeach, head, chieftain, arr. To Chew masticate. Charge care, custody, trust, Cmu>(with) pregnant,enceiitfe, management; cost, price, ex- large. pense ; assault, attack, encoun- Chiefly principally, mainly, ter, onset. particularly, especially. To Charm enchant, fascinate,; Childish infantine, puerile. enrapture, captivate, transport, CiiiLDHood infancy, minority, bewitch, allure. ! Children offspring, issue, pro- bewitch, allure. j Uhildren orispnng, Charmi.no delightful, pleasura-j geny. ble, graceful, fascinating, cap- 1 A Chink fissure, cranny. tivatiag, enchanting. Chill cold. A Charm spell, incantation, en-! To Choke stifle, suffocate, smo- chantment. ther. Chase race, hunt. [punish. 1 Choice option; select. To Chasten chastise, correct, Choler anger, rage, fury. Chasteness chastity, conti-jTo Choose prefer, select, elect, nence, purity ; simplicity. pick. Chastity continence, purity ; Circle orb, sphere, globe. chasteness, modesty. To Chastise chasten, correct, punish. To Chat chatter, prattle, prate, babble. Chattels goods, furniture, ef- fects, movables. lo Cheapen bargain, buy, pur- chase. To Cheat defraud, trick, be- guile. ("heat deception, imposture, fraud, delusion, artifice, deceit, To Circulate spread, diifuse, disseminate, propagate. To Circumscribe bound, limit, restrict, confine, enclose. Circumstance situation, posi- ; incident, fact. Circumspect cautious, wary, particular. Circumspection caution, deli- beration, thoughtfulness, wari- ness. C ircumst anti al particular, mi- nute. trick, imposition, guile, finesse ; To Cite quote, summon, call, stratagem. j Civil polite, complaisant, ob- Ciironicles annals, memoirs,; Lifting. archives, records, registers. j Civility courteousness, urba- To Check curb, restrain, re- nity, courtesy, affability, com- press, control, inhibit; chide,' plaisance, politeness, reorove, rebuke. j Civilization culture, cultiva- To Cheer exhilarate, animate, tion, refinement. enliven, encourage, comfort. 20* COA 234 COM Claim pretension, right. Clamor cry, outcry, noise, uproar. Clandestine secret,hidden, pri- vate. To Clasp embrace, hug. Class order,rank,degree, grade. To Class arrange, rank, distri- bute, classify. Cleansing purgative, abster- gent, abstersive. To Clear absolve, acquit, set free, remit; pardon, forgive, discharge. Clear apparent, visible, ob- vious, plain, evident, manifest, distinct; fair, lucid, bright. Clearly distinctly, plainly, ob- viously, explicitly. To Clear from extricate, dis- engage, disentangle, disembar- rass, evolve. To Clear of a fault exonerate, exculpate ; justify. To Cleave adhere,attach, stick, hold. Clemency lenity, mercy, mild- ness. Clergyman parson, priest, mi- nister. Clever expert, dextrous, skill- ful, adroit. To Climb scale, mount, get up. To Cloak mask, veil, cover, blind. To Clog load, encumber; hin- der, obstruct, embarrass. Close compact, solid, dense, firm ; near, nigh. To Close shut ; conclude, end, terminate. To Cloy glut, satiate. Clothes garments, dress, ap- parel, attire, array, vesture, raiment. Clumsy awkward, unhandy,un- couth, untoward. Coadjutor colleague, partner, assistant, ally. Coalition alliance, connection, union,confederacy,league, com bi nation, conspiracy. Coalesce join, unite. Coarse rough, rude. To Coax wheedle, fawn, cajole To Coerce restrain, check. Coeval contemporary, contem poraneous. Cogent forcible, strong, resist less. Cognomen title, name, denomi nation, appellation. Coincide agree, concur. Cold frigid, chill. Coldness frigidity, algidity, al- gor. Colleague partner, coadjutor, assistant, ally. To Collect gather, assemble, muster. Collected composed, calm, placid. Collection assemblage, group. Colloquy convocation, confer- ence, dialogue. Color hue, tint, tinge. Colorable specious, plausi- ble, feasible. Combat battle, engagement, conflict, contest. CoxMbination alliance, union, confederacy, league, coalition, conspiracy, cabal. Comely becoming, seemly, de- cent, agreeable, graceful. To Comfort solace, console, encourage, revive. Comfortless forlorn, disconso- late, desolate, wretched. Comic droll, ludicrous, ridicu- lous, laughable. A Coming forth egress, egres- sion. Coming between intervening,in- termediate, intermedial, inter- posing, interfering. Command order, injunction, mandate, precept, behest. Commanding authoritative, im perative, imperious. C M 235 COM Tot SoMMUTOi begin,enter upon. To Commend applause, extol, praise, recommend, land. Commensurate proportionate, equal, adequate. Comment annotation, note, ob- servation, remark, elucidation. Commerce dealing, trade, traf- fic; intercourse,communication . Commercial mercantile, trad- ing. Commiseration-- sympathy, com- passion, condolence. To Commission authorize, em- power. To Commit perpetuate ; intrust, consign. Commodious suitable, useful. Commodity advantage, profit ; wares, goods, merchandise. Common ordinary, vulgar, usual, frequent, low, mean; general. Commonwealth state, realm ; democracy, republic. Commotion disturbance,tumult. To Communicate impart, make known, disclose. Communication commerce, in- tercourse. Communicative free,open, libe- ral. Communion fellowship, con- verse. Community society, common- wealth. To Commute exchange, barter, truck. Compact agreement, contract, covenant, close. Companion coadjutor, partner, ally, associate, comrade, con- federate, accomplice. Company association, assembly, society, assemblage, corpora- tion ; troop, crew, gang. Comparison simile, similitude. To Compass encircle, environ, invest, enclose; grasp, obtain, attain, procure; bring about, consummate. Compassion pity, sympathy commiseration. Compatible consistent, suita- ble, agreeable. To Compel force, oblige, neces- sitate. t pmikndious summary,laconic, succinct, short, brief, concise. To Compensate. SeeCoMPENSE. ( "omi'ensation amends, satis- faction, remuneration, reward, requital, recompense. To Compense make amends, compensate, recompense, remu- nerate, requite. Competent capable, efficient, able, qualified, fitted, clever, skillful,efFective. Competition rivalry ,emulation, contest. To Complain murmur, lament, regret, repine. Complaining querulous, queri- monious. Complaisance condescension, civility ,courtesy, urbanity, sua- vity. Complaisant courteous,affable; civil, obliging. To Complete accomplish,fulfill, realize, effect, execute, achieve ; consummate, finish, fill up, terminate. Complete finished, perfect ; whole, entire, total. Complex compound, compli- cate, composite, intricate. Complaint yielding, submis- sive, complaisant. To Compliment praise, flatter. To Comply yield, accede, con- sent, assent, acquiesce. To Compose form, compound, puttogether,constitute ; soothe, calm, settle. Compound complex,complicate, intricate. To Comprehend comprise, em- brace, include : conceive, un derstand. CON 236 CON Comprehensive extensive; com-] pendious. CoMPREHENSioN~capacity,know- ledge. To Compress condense, press, squeeze. Compulsion constraint, force. Compunction repentance, con- trition, remorse, penitence. To Compute calculate, count, number, reckon, estimate, rate. To Concede (jive up, deliver, surrender, yield, cede, admit, allow, grant To Conceal hide, secrete ; dis- guise, dissemble. Conceit fancy, imagination ; pride, vanity. Conceited proud, opinionated, egotistical, vain. To Conceive apprehend, im- agine, suppose, comprehend, understand. Conception notion, idea; per- ception. Concern care, regard, interest ; affair, business, matter. To Concert contrive, manage. To Conciliate propitiate, re- concile. Concise brief, short, compendi- ous,summary,succinct, laconic. To Conclude close, finish, ter- minate. Conclusion inference, deduc- tion, [ing. Conclusive decisive, convinc- Concomitant accompaniment, comparison. Concord harmony, unity. To Concur agree, coincide, ap- prove acquiesce. Concussion shock. To Condemn -blame, reprove, re- r-roach, upbraid, censure, repro- bate; doom, sentence. To Condense compress, con- tract. Condescension preference,coni plaisance CoNDiTioN-situation,state,plight, case,predicarnent ; article,term. Condolence sympathy, com- miseration, compassion. To Conduce contribute, tend ; lead, conduct. Conduct carriage, deportment, behavior, demeanor. To Conduct guide, lead ; ma- nage, direct. Confederacy alliance, league, combination, coalition. Confederate accomplice, ally. To Confer bestow, give; dis- course. Conference conversation, dia- logue, colloquy. ToConfess acknowledge,avow, own, recognize. To Confide trust, repose, de- fend, rely. Confidence assurance, hope, expectation, trust, reliance. Confident dogmatical, posi- tive, absolute. To Confine limit, bound, cir- cumscribe, restrict, restrain. Confined narrow, contracted, restrained. To Confirm corroborate, esta- blish. Conflict combat, contest. To Conform submit, yield,com- Conformable agreeable, suit- able. Conformation form, figure. To Confound. See Confuse. Confusion disorder, distraction. To Confuse abash, confound, disconcert. Confused indiscriminate, indis tinct ; deranged, disordered r intricate, involved. To Confute refute, 'disprove, oppugn. To Congratulate felicitate. Conjecture surmise, supposi tioa, guess. Conjuncture crisis. CON 237 CON To Connect unite, combine. Connected joined, united, re- lated. Connection union ; intercourse, imerce, communication ; fa- mily. To Conquer vanquish, subdue, overcome,6ubjugate, surmount. Consanguinity kindred, rela- tionship, affinity. Conscientious scrupulous. Conscious aware, apprised, sen- sible. To Consecrate dedicate, de- vote, hallow. Consent assent, acquiescence, concurrence, approval. To Consent assent,accede,com- ply, acquiesce, agree. Consequence effect, result, is- sue. Of Coi^sequence avail, weight, impoitance, moment. Consequently accordingly, therefore. To Consider reflect,regard,pon- der, deliberate. Considerate thoughtful, deli- berate. To Consign commit, intrust. Consistent accordant, conso- nant. r J o Console solace, comfort, soothe. Consonant accordant, consist- ent. Conspicuous distinguished, not- ed, eminent, prominent, illus- trious. Conspiracy combination, cabal, plot. Constancy firmness, stability, steadiness. Constantly continually, inces- santly, perpetually, ever ; un- changeably. Consternation alarm, fright, terror. To Constitute form, compose ; appoint, depute. Constitution frame, temper, temperament. Constraint compulsion; con- finement. To Construct build, erect; s compile, constitute. To Consult advise with, deli- berate; debate. Consultation deliberation. To Consume waste, destroy, swallow up, imbibe, engulf, absorb. Consummation completion, fin- ish, perfection. Consumption decay, decline, waste. Contact touch. Contagious infectious, pesti- lential. To Contain comprise, compre- hend, embrace, include, hold. To Contaminate pollute,defile, corrupt, taint. To Contemn despise, disdain, scorn. To Contemplate meditate, muse. Contemporary contemporane- ous, coeval. Contemptible despicable, con- temptuous, paltry, pitiful, dis- dainful, mean, vile. To Contend contest, debate, argue, dispute ; strive, vie. Contention strife, discord, dis- sension, dispute. Contentment acquiescence, sa- tisfaction, gratification. To Contest debate, argue, dis- pute, contend. Contiguous adjacent, adjoining, approximating to. Continence chastity. Contingency accident, casu- alty, incident, adventure,occur- rence, event. Contingent accidental, casual, fortuitous, incidental. Continual perpetual, constant. . Continually always, constant- CON 238 cou ly, incessantly, perpetually, un- changeably. Continuation continuance,con- tinnity, duration. To Continue in an attempt per- severe, persist, prosecute, pur- sue. To Contract abbreviate, short- en, condense, abridge, reduce. Contract agreement, compact, bargain, covenant. To Contradict oppose, deny. Contrary adverse, opposite,in- imical, repugnant. Contrast opposition. To Contribute administer, mi- nister, conduce. Contrition compunction, re- pentance, penitence, remorse. Contrivance device, plan, scheme, invention. To Control check, curb, re- strain, govern. Controversy debate, disputa- tion, contest. Contumacious obstinate, stub- born, headstrong. Contumely obloquy, reproach, ignominy. [ble. To Convene convoke, assem- ( Convenient commodious, suit- able, adapted. Convention assembly,meeting, convocation, company. Conversation dialogue, confer- ence, colloquy. Converse communion, dis- course, conversation. To Converse speak, talk, dis- course, commune. To Convey carry, transport, bear. flon. Convict -malefactor, culprit, fe- Convivial social, sociable. Convocation assembly, congre- gation,company, congress, meet- ing, diet, convention, synod, council. i'o Convoke assemble, con- vene, call together. Cool cold, frigid, dispassionate Copious ample, abundant, exu- berant,plentiful, plenteous, full. Copy model, transcription, imi- tation, counterfeit. Coquet jilt, affected woman. Cordial warm, hearty, sincere. Corner angle, extremity. Corporal corporeal,bodily, ma- terial. Corpse body, carcass, corse. Corpulent stout, lusty, robust. To Correct amend, emend, mend, better, rectify, reform, improve. Correct accurate, exact, pre- cise, faultless; punctual, strict. Correction discipline, punish- ment, chastisement. Correctness propriety, just- ness, exactness, exactitude, accuracy, precision, fiultless- ness. Correspondent answerable, suitable. To Corroborate confirm, esta- blish, strengthen. To Corrupt contaminate, defile, taint, pollute, infect, vitiate, adulterate, sophisticate. Corruption defilement, conta- mination, pollution, infection, adulteration ; depravity. To Coruscate shine, radiate, glisten, sparkle, gleam. Cost price^ charge, expense. Costive close, bound, styptic. Costly valuable, precious. Council assembly, company, meeting, congress, diet, con- v e n ti o ; i , eon vocation. Counsel advice, instruction , notice, intelligence ; delibera- tion, consultation. To Count calculate, compute, estimate, reckon, number, rate. To Countenance encourage, sanction, support. Counterfeit spurious, suppo- sititious, fiL.e. < ' 1? 1 2S9 C Y N Co: peasant, swain, 1 Crooked curved, incurvated, rustic, hind, boor. bent, bowed, awry, oblique^ NTRinvD rural, rustic. deformed, disfigured. ( \n im.i: brace, pair. Cross perverse, intraetable,vex- <,,, ragb resolution, fortitude, atious, froward, peevish, petu- firmi . bravery, lant, untoward, fretful, splene- boldi tic, ill-tempered. Courageous bravo, gallant, dar- To Cross thwart, obstruct, era- ing, valorous, valiant, bold, be- barrass, binder, impede, per- roic, intrepid, fearless. plex, retard. Course way, road, route, pas- Crowd multitude, throng, b, race ; series, succession; swarm. way. manner, method, mode. I Cruel inbuman,barbarous, mer- Courteous affable, conciliating,' ciless, pitiless, savage, fero- complaisant. cious, brutal, unmerciful, inex- Courteousnkss urbanity, civil- orable. ity, courtesy, affability, com- To Crush break, bruise; over- pfaisance, politeness. whelm. Covenant agreement, conpact, To Cry out exclaim, shout, contract, bargain. ejaculate; call. To Cover shelter, screen, hide, Culpable faulty, blamable, overspread. censurable. Covering tegument. j Culprit. See Criminal. To Covet desire, long for, ban- Cultivation culture, civiliza- ker after. tion, refinement. Covetousness avarice,cupidity, Cunning art; deceit, duplicity; inordinate desire. crafty, sly, subtil, wily. Coward poltroon, dastard. j Cupidity avarice,covetousness, rdice timidity, pusillani-' inordinate desire. mity, fear. To Curb check,control,restrain. To Crack split, burst, break. To Cure heal, remedy, restore. Crafty cunning, artful, deceit- Curious inquisitive, prying. ful, sly, subtil, wily. Current stream, tide. Crapulous drunken, inebriated, Curse malediction, execration, intoxicated. imprecation, anathema. Criticism animadversion, stric- Cursory slight, superficial, has- ture, censure. | ty, desultory, careless. To Crave bey, entreat, solicit, To Curtail abbreviate, con- beseech, implore. tract, abridge, shorten. To Create cause, produce, Curved crooked, incurvated, make, form, occasion. bent, awry. Credit belief, trust, confidence; Custody keeping, guard. favor, influence; name, repu- Custom habit, manner, usage, tation, character. practice, fashion ; prescription. Crew company, band, ang. Custom tax, duty, impost, toll, Crime vice, sin, wickedness. tribute. Criminal culprit, convict, male- To Cut off amputate, sever, se- factor, felon. parate. Crisis juncture, conjuncture. Cynical snarling, snappish, Criterion standard, measure. waspish. DEC 240 DEF Daily diurnal, quotidian. Dainty nice, delicate, squeam- ish, scrupulous. Damage detriment, loss, hurt, injury. Dampness humidity, moistness. Danger peril, hazard, risk, ven- ture. To Dare brave, challenge,defy ; venture, presume. Daring bold, brave,courageous, valorous, fearless, intrepid, he- roic. Dark opaque, obscure, dim, dis- mal, gloomy, mysterious. Date time, period, age, era, epoch. To Daunt dismay, appall, terri- fy, frighten. Dead inanimate, lifeless. Deadly mortal, fatal ; implaca- ble. Dealing commerce, trade, traf- fic. Dearth scarcity, famine. Death decease, demise, depart- ure. To Debar deprive, hinder, ex- clude. To Debase abase, humble, de- grade, disgrace. To Debate argue, dispute, con- test. To Debilitate weaken, ener- vate, enfeeble. Debility weakness, infirmity, imbecility. Debt due, obligation. To Decapitate behead, decol- late. Decay decline, consumption. Decease death, demise, depart- ure. Deceit duplicity,guile, art, cun- ning, deception, iraud, double dealing. Deceitful fallacious, delusive illusive, fraudulent, subtil. Decency decorum, propriety. Decent becoming, comely, seemly, fit. Deception duplicity, artifice, guile, deception ; fraud, trick, imposition, double-dealing. To Decide determine, conclude upon, resolve. Decision judgment, sentence. Decisive decided, conclusive, convincing. To Declaim inveigh, harangue. To Declare state, afnrm,assert, aver, asseverate, assure, pro- nounce, protest, testify, utter ; manifest, reveal, discover; pro- claim. To Decline droop, sink, de- viate ; decay ; refuse, repel, re- ject. To Decollate behead, decapi- tate. To Decorate adorn, embellish, ornament, beautify. Decorum decency, propriety. To Decoy allure, entice, in- veigle, tempt, seduce, abduct. To Decrease lessen, diminish, abate, liquidate, lower, subside. Decree edict, proclamation, or- dinance. To Decry disparage, detract, cry down, depreciate, traduce, degrade. To Dedicate -devote,consecrate, hallow. To Deduce devise, draw from, trace, infer. To Deduct subtract, separate, dispart. [ence. Deduction conclusion, infer- Deed achievement, feat,exploit, accomplishment. To Deem think, suppose, ima- gine, believe. Deepness depth, profundity. To Deface disfigure, deform. To Defame calumniate, accuse falsely, asperse, detract, scan- dalize, vilify, slander. DE L 241 DEP To Dcteat overpower, over- come, beat, rout ; beffle, discon- cert, (oil, frustrate. Defect fault, blemish, flaw, Im- perfection. DiRcrrfi deficient, imperfect. To |)i:ic\i> vindicate, justify; plead] exculpate ; guard, pro- tret. Defender advocate, pleader, vindicator. Defensible justifiable. Defence apology, plea, excuse ; vindication, justification. To Defer postpone, delay, pro- tract, prolong, procrastinate, re- tard. Deference condesc.ension,com- plaisance ; respect, submission. Deficient detective, imperfect. To Defile corrupt.contaminate, taint, pollute, infect, vitiate. Definite positive, certain, ex- act, precise. Definition explanation, expli- cation, description. To Deform. See Deface. To Defraud cheat, trick, de- ceive. To Defv brave, dare, challenge. To Degrade abuse, depress, disgrace, humble, disparage, traduce, depreciate, decry. Degree class, rank, order. Dejection melancholy, depres- sion. To Delay. See Defer. Delegate deputy, substitute, representative. Deliberate thoughtful, con- siderate, wary. To Deliberate consult, seek counsel, debate. Deliberation thoughtfulness, circumspection, wanness, cau- tion. Delicate nice, fine, tender. Delight pleasure, joy, rapture, charm. [beautiful. Delightful charming, lovely, To Delineate depict, sketch, paint. Delinquent offender, criminal, misdoer. To Deliver give op, surrender, yield, cede, concede; rescue, save. To Delude deceive, impose upon, cheat, lead away. Deluge overflow, inundation. Delusion fallacy ,illusion,cheat, guile. To Demand ask for, claim, re- quire Demeanor behavior, deport- ment, carriage, conduct. Demise death, decease, depart- ure To Demolish destroy, disman- tle, raze. To Demonstrate prove,evince, manifest. To Demur pause, doubt, hesi- tate, object. To Denominate name, entitle, style, designate. Denomination name, title, ap- pellation. To Denote signify,imply,mark, betoken. Dense close, compact, heavy, thick. To Deny oppose, contradict, re- fuse, disown, disclaim, disa- vow. Departure exit, forsaking, abandoning. Dependence reliance; trust, confidence. To Depict delineate, paint, sketch, represent. To Deplore bewail, bemoan, lament, mourn. Deponent evidence, witness. Deportment. See Demeanor. Deposit pledge,security, pawn. Depraved abandoned, profli- gate, corrupt, vitiated, vicious. Depravity corruption,vitiation; vice, wickedness. DES 242 DEX To Depreciate disparage, de- tract, traduce, degrade, decry, lower. To Depress abase, degrade, humble, bring low, disgrace. Depression dejection, melan- choly. To Deprive bereave, hinder,de- bar, abridge. Depth profundity, deepness. To Depute constitute, appoint. Deputy delegate, substitute,en- voy, representative. To Derange disorder, discon- cert, discompose. Derangement insanity, mad- ness, lunacy, mania. To Deride mock, ridicule,rally, banter. To Derive trace, deduce, infer. To Derogate despise, degrade. To Describe relate, recount, narrate, represent. Description account, narrative relation, recital, detail, explana- tion, narration. To Descry discover, find out, espy. Desert merit, worth. To Design purpose, intend, pro- pose, mean, project, scheme. To Designate. See Denomi- nate. To Desire wish, long for, han- ker after, covet, beg, solicit. To Desist leave off; cease, dis- continue. Desolate solitary, desert, de- vastated. Despair desperation, despond- ency, hopelessness. To Despatch hasten,accelerate, expedite, speed. Desperate despairing, hope- less, desponding. Despicable contemptible, piti- ful, mean, vile, worthless. To Despise contemn, scorn, dis- dain. Despondency. See Despair. Despotic arbitrary, absolute, self-willed. Destination destiny, purpose, appointment, fate, lot, doom. Destitute bare, scanty; for- saken, forlorn. To Destroy demolish, con- sume, waste, annihilate, raze, dismantle, ruin. Desultory loose, immethodi- cal, cursory, hasty, slight, rov- ing, wavering. [join. To Detach separate, sever, dis- Detail account, narrative, de- scription, relation, recital, ex- planation, narration. To Detain hold, keep, retain. To Detect discover, convict. To Deter discourage, dishearten. To Determine resolve, decide, conclude upon, fix, settle; limit, put an end to. Determined decided, fixed, re- solute, firm. [minate. To Detest abhor, loathe, abo- To Detract asperse, calumni- ate ; defame, scandalize, vilify, slander. Detriment disadvantage, hurt, injury, prejudice, loss, damage. Devastation ravage, desola- tion, havoc, waste. To Develop unfold, unravel, ex- hibit. To Deviate swerve, stray, wan- der, err, digress. Detestable abominable, exe- crable, hateful. Device contrivance, invention, scheme, design. To Devise contrive, invent, de- sign ; bequeath. Devoid vacant, empty, void. To Devote addict, apply, dedi- cate ; consecrate. Devout religious, holy, pious. Dexterity ability,skillfulness, adroitness, address. DIS 243 DIS Dextrous clever, skillful, apt, ready, adroit, expert. Dialect tongue, language, speech, idiom. Dialogue conversation, confer- ence, colloquy. To Dictate prescribe, suggest. Diction style, phrase, phrase- ology, expression. Dictionary vocabulary, lexi- con, nomenclature. To Die expire, perish, depart. Diet food, regimen. To Differ vary, disagree, dis- sent. Difference variety, contra- riety, variance, dissimilitude inequality. Different distinct, separate,di- verse, various ; unlike. Difficult hard, arduous. Difficulty obstacle, impedi- ment, obstruction, trouble,trial, embarrassment. Diffident distrustful, suspi- cious ; modest, bashful. Diffuse prolix, expansive, spread out. To Digest dispose, arrange. Dignified magisterial, stately, august, pompous, lofty. To Digress deviate, wander. To Dilate enlarge, extend, ex- pand ; expatiate. Dilatory slow, tardy, tedious Diligent active, assiduous, ex- peditious, sedulous, persever- ing, laboiious. Dim obscure, dark, mysterious. Disadvantage detriment, in- jury, hurt, prejudice. [sent To Disagree differ, vary, dis- Disagreement dissension, divi- sion, discord. To Disappear vanish. To Disappoint frustrate, foil, defeat. Disapprobation displeasure, censure. Disaster calamity, misfortune, mishap, mischance. [deny. To Disavow disown, disclaim, Disbelief unbelief, skepticism. To Discard dismiss, discharge. To Discern distinguish, disco- ver, penetrate, discriminate. Discernible perceptible, ascer- tainable, apparent, visible, evi- dent, manifest. Disciple follower, scholar, ad- herent, partisan. Discipline education, govern- ment; correction, punisnment, chastisement. [deny. To Disclaim disown, disavow, To Disclose discover, reveal, make known, divulge. To Discompose disorder, dis- concert, derange. To Disconcert unsettle, ruffle, discompose, derange, disorder, displace, confuse. To Discontinue cease, leave off, desist. Discord disagreement, conten- tion, strife, dissension. j To Discourage deter, disheart- en ; dissuade. To Diminish liquidate",abate,de- To Discover uncover, disclose, crease, lessen, subside, make known, communicate, im- Diminutive small, little. part, reveal ; detect, find out. To Direct regulate, dispose, Discredit disgrace, reproach, conduct, manage. scandal, disrepute, ignominy, Direction address, superscrip-j dishonor; opprobrium, oblo- tion. quy, shame. Directly immediately, prompt- Discretion judgrnent,prudencc. ly, instantly, instantaneously. [Discrimination discernment, Disability inability, weakness,] judgment, acuteness, penetra- incompetency. tion. DIS 244 DIS Disdain arrogance,haughtiness, scorn, contempt. Disease disorder, distemper, malady. To Disentangle disengage, ex- tricate. To Disfigure deface, deform. Disgrace. See Discredit. To Disgrace degrade, abase, debase, dishonor. To Disguise dissemble,conceal. Disgust aversion, dislike, dis- taste ; loathing, nausea. To Dishearten discourage, de- press. Dishonor disgrace, shame, op- probrium. Disinclination dislike, aver- sion. To Disjoin separate, sever, dis- sever, detach. Dislike aversion, antipathy, re- pugnance. Dismal dull, gloomy, sad. To Dismay appall,cfaunt,terrify. To Dismember disjoint, dislo- cate. Dismiss discharge, discard. Disorder derangement, confu- sion ; disease, distemper, mala- dy- Disorderly irregular, inordi- nate, intemperate. To Disown disavow, disclaim, deny, renounce. To Disparage depreciate, dero- gate, detract, decry, degrade. Disparity inequality, dissimili- tude, unlikeness. Dispassionate cool, calm. To Dispel dissipate, disperse. To Disperse distribute, deal out; scatter, spread. To Display exhibit, show, pa- rade. To Displease offend, vex, an- ger. Displeasure dislike, dissatis- faction, distaste, disapproba- tion. Disposal disposition, arrange- ment. To Dispose arrange, place, re- gulate, order. Disposition temper, inclination. To Disprove refute, confute,op- pugn. To Dispute argue, debate, con- test, contend, controvert. Dispute altercation, quarrel, contest, difference. To Disregard slight, neglect, contemn. [sure. Dissatisfaction. See Displea- To Dissemble disguise,conceal. To Disseminate spread, propa- gate, circulate, diffuse. Dissension discord, contention. To Dissent differ, disagree, vary. Dissertation essay, treatise, tract. Dissimulation simulation, de- ceit, hypocrisy. To Dissipate disperse, dispel ; expend, squander, waste. Dissolute loose, lax, vague, licentious. Distant far, remote. Distaste dislike, dissatisfac- tion, disgust. Distemper disorder, disease, malady. Distinct separate, different ; plain, visible, obvious. Distinction difference ; superi- ority, rank. Distinctly clearly, plainly, ob- viously. To Distinguish perceive, dis- cern; discriminate; signalize, mark out. Distinguished conspicuous, noted, eminent, illustrious. To Distort turn, twist, bend, wrest, pervert. Distracted discomposed, dis- turbed, perplexed. To Distress afflict, trouble, pain, harass, perplex. DOO 215 DUP Distress anguish, agony, pain, suffering ; adversity. To Distribute apportion, as- sign, allot, share. District region, division, tract, quarter, portion. Distrustful suspicious ; diffi- dent. To Disturb interrupt, trouble, molest, disquiet, tumultuate. Disturbance derangement,com- motion. To Dive plunge. To Dive into pry, scrutinize. Divers different, several, sun- dry, various. Diversion amusement, enter- tainment, recreation, sport, pas- time. To Divert amuse, entertain. To Divide separate, part ; dis- tribute, share. Divine heavenly, godlike, holy, sacred. To Divine guess, conjecture. Division part, share, portion, section. To Divulge disclose, make known, communicate, reveal, discover, impart. Diurnal daily, quotidian. To Do make, act; effect, effec- tuate, accomplish, perform, exe- cute, achieve. Docile tractable, ductile, pliant, yielding. Doctrine dogma, tenet. Dogmatical positive, confident, authoritative, magisterial. Doleful piteous, woful, rueful. Domestic servant, menial, drudge. Domineering imperious, lordly, overbearing. Dominion rule, empire, author- ity ; reign, strength, force. Donation gift, present, alms. To Dose sleep, slumber,drowse, nap. Doom fate, destiny .lot, sentence. 2 Double-dealing deceit, dupli- city, deception, fraud, disho- nesty, [suspense. Doubt hesitation, uncertainty, To Doubt qurstion, hesitate, demur, scruple, waver. Doubtful dubious, uncertain, equivocal, ambiguous, ques- tionable, precarious. To Drag draw, pull, haul, tug To Drain exhaust, expend. To Draw. See Drag. To Draw from exact, extort, extract. To Draw back withdraw, re- treat, recede, retire. To Dread fear, stand in awe; apprehend. Dreadful fearful, frightful, ter- rific, awful, horrid, horrible, tremendous. Dregs sediment, refuse, dross, scum, recrement. To Drench steep, soak. Drift scope, aim, tendency. Dress apparel, array, attire, gar- ments, vestments. Drink beverage, potion. Droll laughable, ludicrous, ri- diculous, comic, comical. To Droop languish, pine, sink, fade. Dross. See Dregs. To Drowse. See Dose. Drudge servant, domestic, me- nial. Drudgery labour, toil, work. ' Drunkenness intoxication, ine- briety, crapulousness. Dubious doubtful, questionable, equivocal, ambiguous; preca- rious, uncertain. ' Ductile tractable, docile. 1 Dryness drought, aridity. Due debt, right. j Dull stupid, heavv, drowsy, gloomy, sad, dismal. Dumb silent, mute, speechless. j Duplicity deceit, deception, double-dealing, guile. EFF 246 EME Durable lasting, permanent, constant, continuing. Dutiful obedient, submissive, respectful. Duty business, office; obedi- ence, respect, obligation. Dwelling abode, residence, do- micile, habitation. To Dwell abide, stay, rest, so- journ ; reside, inhabit. E Eager hot, ardent, vehement, impetuous ; forward. Eagerness avidity, greediness. Early soon, betimes. To Earn acquire, obtain, gain, win. E ar;est eager,serious ; pledge. Ease quiet, rest, repose ness, facility. To Ease, or calm assuage, alio viate, allay, mitigate, appease, pacify. Ebullition effervescence, fer- Effects goods, chattels, furni- ture, movables, property. Effective efficient, efficacious, effectual, operative. Effeminate feminine, female, womanish, tender. Effete barren ; worn out. Efficient competent, able, ca- pable, fitted, effectual, effective. Effigy image, picture,likeness Effort endeavor, exertion,es- say, trial, attempt. Effrontery boldness,audacity, assurance, hardihood, impu- dence. Effusion dispersion ; waste. Egotistical conceited, vain, opinionated. Elder senior, older. [point. To Elect choose, select, ap- light-; Elegant graceful, beautiful. To Elevate raise, lift, exalt, erect. Eligible fit, worthy, preferable. E locution eloquence, oratory, rhetoric. mentation, a boiling over. To Elucidate explain, illus- Ec centric irregular, anoma- trate, clear up. lous ; singular, odd, particular, Elucidation explanation, expo- strange, nition, annotation, comment. Ecclesiastic divine, theolo- To Elude evade, escape, avoid, gian. I shun. Economical sparing, saving, To Emanate arise, proceed, is- thrilty, careful, frugal, parsimo- sue, spring, flow, nious, niggardly, penurious. To Embarrass entangle, per- Ecstasy -delight, rapture, Iran- plex, distress, trouble. sport. To Embellish adorn, decorate, Edge border, rim,margin,brink, beautify, deck, illustrate, brim, verge. Emblem figure, type, symbol, Edict decree, proclamation. adumbration, allusion. Edifice structure, fabric. To Embrace clasp, hug; com- Education instruction, tuition, prise, comprehend, contain, in- breeding, elude. To Efface blot out, expunge, Embryo foetus, germ ; unfinish rase, erase, obliterate, cancel. ed, imperfect. To Effect accomplish, fulfill, To Emend amend, correct, bet- realize, achieve, complete, exe- ter, mend, reform, rectify ; im cute. prove. Effect consequence, result, is- To Emerge rise, issue, ema- sue, event. nate, come forth. E N D 217 ENS Emergency exigency, neces- sity. Eminent distinguished, con- spicuous, noted, prominent; elevated, illustrious. Emissary spy, secret agent. r fo Emit send forth, evaporate, exhale. Emolument gain, profit, lucre, advantage. Emotion agitation, trepidation, tremor. Emphasis stress, accent. Empire dominion, power,reign ; kingdom, state. Employment business, avoca- tion, engagement, office, trade, profession, occupation. To Empower authorize, com- mission ; enable. Empty void, devoid, vacant, vacuous, unfilled. Emulation rivalry, competi- tion. To Enchant charm, fascinate, captivate, enrapture. To Encircle enclose, embrace; surroimd,environ, circumscribe. Encomium eulogy, panegyric, praise. To Encompass. See Encircle. Encounter attack, combat, as- sault. To Encourage countenance, sanction, support, foster, che- rish; animate, embolden, cheer; incite, urge, impel, stimulate, instigate. To Encroach intrude, intrench, infringe, invade. To Encumber load, clog ; im- pede, hinder. End aim, object, purpose; close, termination, extremity, sequel, finish. To Endeavor attempt, try, aim, essay, strive. Endeavor aim,effort, exertion, attempt. Endless eternal, everlasting, interminable, perpetual, infi- nite. To Endow endue, invest. Endowment gift, talent. E ndurance fortitude, patience, resignation. To Endure support, bear, suf- li r. sustain. Enemy foe, opponent, antago- nist, adversary. Energy force, vigor, strength, potency, efficacy. To Enervate enfeeble, weak- en, unnerve, debilitate. To Engage attract, invite, al- lure, entertain. Engagement avocation, busi- ness, employment, occupation, office, profession ; word, pro- mise ; battle, combat. To Engender breed, generate, produce. Engraving picture, print. To Engross absorb, swallow up, imbibe ; monopolize. To Engulf swallow up, absorb, engross. Enjoyment pleasure, fruition, gratification. To Enlarge increase, extend, lengthen. To Enlighten illumine, illu minate. To Enlist enroll, register, re- cord. To Enliven animate, inspire, exhilarate, cheer. Enmity animosity, hostility, hatred, ill-will, malignity. Enormous huge, vast, immense, prodigious. .Enough sufficiency, plenty, abundance. To Enrage irritate, incense, ag- gravate, incite, stimulate, exas- perate, inflame. To Enrapture. See Enchant. To Enrol. See Enlist. Ensample example, pattern. To Enslave captivate. ERA 2-18 E VE To Ensltl follow, succeed. To Entangle perplex, embar- rass, inveigle, insnare, impli- cate, infold, involve, entrap. Enterprise undertaking, ad- venture, attempt. Enterprising adventurous. To Enter upon begin, com- mence. To Entertain amuse, divert. Entertainment amusement, diversion, recreation, pastime, sport ; feast, banquet, carousal, treat. Enthusiast visionary, fanatic. To Entice allure, attract, de- coy, tempt, seduce, abduct. Entire whole, complete, per- fect, integral, total. To Entitle name, designate, denominate, style, characterize. To Entrap. See Entangle. To Entreat beg, crave, solicit, beseech, implore, supplicate. Entreaty petition, prayer, re- quest, suit. To Enveigle. See Entangle. To Environ. See Encircle. Envy jealousy, suspicion, grudging. Epicure voluptuary, sensualist. To Epitomize abridge, reduce, condense. Epoch time, period, era, age, date. To Equip fit out, prepare, qua- lify. Equal equable, uniform; ade- quate, proportionate, commen- surate ; equivalent. Equal to adequate, commensu- rate, proportionate. Equitable just, fair, honest, reasonable. Equivocal ambiguous, doubt- ful. To Equivocate evade, prevari- cate. Era time, point, period, date, epoch, age. To Eradicate extirpate, root out, exterminate. To Erase blot out, expunge, rase, efface, obliterate, cancel. To Erect set up, raise, ele- vate, construct ; institute, esta- blish, found. Errand mission, message, Error mistake, blunder, fault. Erudition learning,kno\vledge, science. Eruption explosion, breaking out. To Escape elude, evade. To Eschew avoid, shun, elude. To Escort attend, accompany, wait on. Especially particularly, spe- cially, principally, chiefly. To Espy discern, discover, find out, descry. Essay attempt, trial, endea- vor, effort ; tract, treatise, dis- sertation. Essential necessary, indispen- sable, requisite. To Establish confirm, settle; fix, institute, found. To Esteem prize, value, appre- ciate ; respect. Esteem regard, respect, prize, value, revere. To Estimate count, calculate, compute, reckon, number, rate, appraise; appreciate, esteem, value. Eternal everlasting, bound- less, interminable, endless, in- finite. Eulogy encomium, panegyric. To Evade escape, elude ; equi- vocate, prevaricate. To Evaporate exhale, emit. Evasion shift, subterfuge ; pre- varication, equivocation. Even equal, equable, uniform ; smooth, plain, level. Event incident, occurrence, ad- venture, nsue, consequence, result, accident. EXE 210 EXP Kvkk always, perpetually, eon- To Execute accomplish, fulfill, tinually, incessantly, unceasing- realise, effect, achieve, consum- Iv, constant! v. mate, complete, finish. LSTT5G. Sec Eternal, j Exemption freedom, immunity, Evidence testimony, deposi- privilege. don, proof; deponent, witness. To Exercise exert, practice, Evil bad, wicked; misfortune, 1 carry on. harm, mischief, ill. To Exhale emit, evaporate. To Evince argue, prove, mani- To Exhaust spend, drain, feat, demonstrate. empty. To Exact extort, draw from. To Exhibit show, display. Exhibition show, sight, specta- cle, representation. Exact accurate, correct, pre- cise, nice. [lift op. CALT raise, elevate, erect,; To Exhilarate animate, m- ExaMINATION search, inquiry, j spire, enliven, cheer. arch, scrutiny, invesliga- To Exhort persuade, inctte. tion ; discussion. Example pattern, ensample, precedent. To Ex asperate aggravate, pro- voke, excite, irritate. To Exceed excel, surpass, tran- scend, outdo. Excellence superiority,perfec- tion. Except unless, besides. Exception objection, difficulty. Excess superfluity, redundance; intemperance. To Exchange change, barter, truck, commute. Exchange interchange, recipro- . ; barter, dealing, trade, traffic. To Excite incite, awaken, arouse, stimulate, provoke, irri- tate. To Exclaim call, shout, cry. Td Exculpate exonerate, ab- solve, acquit, justify. Excursion ramble, tour, trip, jaunt To Excuse exculpate acquit. USE pretense, pretension, pretext. Execrable abominable, detest aide, hateful, accursed. Execration curse, malediction imprecation. To Exhume unbury, disinter. Exigency emergency, neces- sity. Exile banishment, expulsion, proscription. To Exonerate exculpate, re- lieve, absolve, clear, acquit, dis- charge, justify. To Expand spread, diffuse, di- late. To Expect look for, await. E xpectation hope, anticipation, confidence, trust. Expedient fit, necessary, essen- tial, requisite. To Expedite accelerate, quick- en, hasten. Expeditious prompt, diligent, speedy, quick. | To Expel cast out, banish, To Extend spend, dissipate, waste. Expense cost, price, charge. Expensive costly, dear, sump- tuous, valuable. experiment, trial, absolve. Experience proof, test. Expert clever, dextrous, adroit, skillful. To Expiate atone for, blot out. To Explain expound, interpret, elucidate. FAB 250 FAR Explanation explication, reci- tal, account, description, detail, relation. Explicit express, plain, defi- nite. Exploit aehievement,feat,deed, accomplishment. To Explore search, pry into. Exposed subject, liable, obnox- ious. Expostulate remonstrate,alter- cate, discuss. [unfold. To Expound explain, interpret, Express explicit, plain, defi- nite. To Express declare, utter, sig- nify, testify, intimate. Expressive significant To Expunge blot out, erase, ef- face, obliterate. To Extend enlarge, increase, stretch out. Extensive comprehensive, wide, large. [minish. Extenuate palliate, lessen, di- Exterior outward, external. To Exterminate extirpate, era- dicate, root out, destroy. External exterior, outward. To Extol praise, laud, applaud, commend. To Extort exact, draw from. Extraordinary remarkable,un' common, eminent. Extravagant prodigal, lavish, profuse, excessive. Extreme extremity, end, termi- nation. To Extricate disengage, dis- entangle, disembarrass. Extrinsic extraneous, foreign. Exuberant plenteous, luxuri- ant, plentiful, abundant. Exultation transport, joy. Fabric ^edifice, structure. To Fabricate invent, frame, feign, forge. Fabrication fiction, falsehood, invention. To Face confront. Face countenance, visage. Facetious pleasant, jocular, jo- cose. Facility ease, lightness. Fact incident, circumstance. Faction party, junta, junto. Faculty > ability, talent, gift, endowment. Failing failure, imperfection, weakness, frailty, foible ; mis- carriage, misfortune. Faint languid, weak, low. Fair clear ; honest, equitable ; reasonable. Faith belief, trust, credit, fide- lity. Faithful trusty. Faithless perfidious, unfaith- ful, treacherous. To Fall drop, sink, tremble, droop. To Fall short fail, be deficient. Fallacious deceitful, fraudu- lent, delusive, illusive. Falsehood untruth, fiction, fa- brication, falsity. To Falter hesitate, waver. Fame reputation, renown, cele- brity, credit, honor ; report, rumor. Familiar free, affable ; inti- mate. Familiarity acquaintance, inti macy, affability, fellowship. Family house, lineage, race. Famous celebrated, renowned, illustrious, eminent, distin- guished, transcendent, excel- lent. Fanatic enthusiast, visionary. Fanciful fantastical, whimsi- cal, capricious, ideal. Fancy imagination, . conceit, ideality. Far distant, remote. Fare provision ; journey, p *s- sasre. F 1: 1 F I T Farkwfi.l taking leave, vale- diction. To Fascinate charm,enrapture, enchant. l0 N custom, manner, prac- tice, mode. To Fashion form, mold, Bhape. To Fasten fix, stick, hold ; af- fix, attach, annex. [nice. F \ - 1 idious squeamish, over- Fatal deadly, mortal. Fati destiny, lot,doom; chance, fortune. Fatic.ii: weariness, lassitude. Favor benefit, kindness, civil- ity, grace. Favorable auspicious, propi- tious. Fault blemish, defect, imper- fection, vice, error, failing. To Fawn coax, wheedle, cajole. To Fear apprehend, dread. Fear fright, apprehension, ter- ror, alarm, consternation, trepi- dation, dread. Fearful afraid,timid, timorous; dreadful, frightful, horrible, distressing. Fearless brave, bold, courage; 008, undaunted, daring, valor- ous, heroic, intrepid, magnani- mous. Feasible specious, colorable, plausible. Feast banquet, carousal, treat, entertainment, festival. Feat achievement,exploit,deed, accomplishment. Feeble weak, infirm. Feellng sensibility, sensation, consciousness, susceptibility ; kindness, generosity. To Feign pretend, dissemble ; invent, forge. To Felicitate make joyful, de- light ; congratulate. Felicity happiness, bliss, bles- sedness, beatitude. i r.LiowsHip society ; acquaint- ance, intimacy,- familiarity. Felon criminal, culprit, male- factor. Fence guard, security. FEROCIOUS fierce, savage, raven- ous. Fertile fruitful, prolific, pro- ductive. FERTILITY fruitfulness, fecun- dity, productiveness. Fervor ardor, warmth, vehe- mence. Feud affray, fray, quarrel, broil, dispute. Fickle changeable, variable, inconstant, unstable, wavering, qersatile. Fiction falsehood, fabrication, invention. [g^ty* Fidelity faith, honesty, inte- Fierce ferocious, savage. Fiery hot, ardent, passionate, fervent, impetuous. Fight conflict, combat, contest, encounter, contention, battle, engagement, struggle. Figure form, semblance, shape; metaphor, allegory, emblem. Filthy nasty, foul, unclean, dirty, gross. Final ultimate, last, latest, con- clusive ; decisive. To Find out discover, descry, detect; ascertain. Fine delicate, pure, nice ; hand- some, pretty, beautiful, elegant, showy. V Fine mulct, penalty, forfeit- ute, amercement. Finesse artifice, trick, strata- gem, delusion, deceit, guile. To Finish perfect, complete, conclude, terminate, close. Finite limited, bounded, termi- nable. Firm stabje, solid,robust,strong, sturdy. First primary, primitive, pris- tine, original. To Fit suit,adapt,adjust ; equip, prepare, qualify. FON 252 FOR Fit apt, suitable, meet; becom- ing, decent; expedient. Fitted competent, adapted, qualified, suited. To Fix fasten, attach, stick; settle, establish, limit, deter- mine ; institute, appoint. To Flag decline, droop, lan- guish, pine. Flagitious flagrant, heinous, atrocious. Flat level ; insipid, dull, spirit- j less, tasteless, vapid, inani- mate, lifeless. Flattery false compliment, adulation, obsequiousness, syc- ophancy, parasitism. Flavor taste, relish, savor. Flaw blemish, spot, speck, crack, defect. Fleeting temporary, transient, transitory. Fleetness quickness, celerity, swiftness, rapidity, velocity. Flexible pliant, supple. Flightiness levity, lightness, giddiness, volatility. Flimsy light, weak, superficial, shallow. To Flirt jeer, gibe, scoff, taunt. To Flourish thrive, prosper. To Fluctuate waver, hesitate, vacillate, scruple. To Flutter palpitate, undu- late, vibrate, pant. Foe enemy, opponent, antago- nist, adversary. Foible imperfection, failing, frailty, weakness. To Foil defeat, frustrate, disap- point. Folks persons, people, indivi- duals. To Follow succeed, ensue ; imi- tate, copy ; pursue. A Follower adherent, disciple, partisan ; pursuer, successor. Folly weakness, irrationality ; foolery. To Fondle caress. Fondness affection, attachment, kindness, love. To Forsake abandon, desert, renounce, abdicate, relinquish, quit, give up, forego. Food diet, regimen. Fool idiot ; buffoon. Foolery folly, absurdity. Foolhardy adventurous, rash, incautious, venturesome, ven- turous, hasty, precipitate. Foolish simple, silly, irrational; ridiculous, preposterous. Footstep trace, track, mark. Foppish finical, spruce, dandy- ish. To Forbear abstain, refrain, withhold. To Forbid interdict, prohibit. Forecast forethought,foresight, premeditation. Force strength, vi51 GLO Fruitless ineffectual, vain, abortive. Frustrate defeat, foil, disap- point. To FuLFiLL-accomplish, realize, effect, complete. Fully largely, copiously, abun- dantly, completely. Fullness plenitude, complete- ness, satiety, copiousness,abun- dance. Function office, place, charge. Furious violent, boisterous, ve- hement, impetuous, angry. To Furnish provide, procure, supply. Furniture goods,chattels, mov- ables, effects. Fury madness, phrensy, rage, anger. Futile trifling, trivial, frivolous, useless. To Gain get, acquire, obtain, at tain, procure ; win. Gain profit, emolument, ad van tage, lucre, benefit. Gait carriage, walk. Gale breeze, blast, gust ; hurri- cane, tempest, storm. To Gall rub, chafe, fret, vex. Gallant brave, courageous, daring, valorous, valiant, bold, heroic, intrepid, fearless. Gambol frolic, prank, spree. Game play, sport, amusement, pastime. Gang band, company, crew. Gap chasm, cleft, breach, break. To Gape gaze, stare. Garrulity loquacity, babbling, talkativeness. To Gather assemble, muster, collect. Gaudy showy, gay, glittering. Gay cheerful, merry, sprightly, debonnair. To Gaze gape, stare. Generally commonly, fre- quently, usually. Generation race, breed. Generous beneficent, bountiful, munificent, liberal, bounteous. Genius intellect, invention, ta- lent, taste. [lite. Genteel refined, polished, po- Gentle mild, meek, tame. Genuine real, unalloyed, una- dulterated, not spurious. Not Genuine spurious, supposi- titious, adulterated. To Germinate bud, sprout, grow. Gesture gesticulation, action, posture, attitude. To Get acquire, obtain, attain, gain, procure, realize. Ghastly hideous, grim, grisly. Ghost spectre, apparition,phan- tom, vision. To Gibe scoff, sneer, jeer, mock, taunt. Giddiness lightness; flightiness. levity, volatility. Gift donation, benefaction, gra- tuity, present ; endowment, ta- lent. To Give grant, bestow, confer, yield. To Give up abandon, forsake, renounce, dedicate, relinquish, quit. Glad pleased, cheerful, joyful, exhilarated, delighted,gratified. Glance glimpse, look. Glare flare, blaze, glitter, radia- tion. To Gleam glimmer. To Glide slip, slide. I To Glitter shine, sparkle, glare, radiate. | Globe circle, sphere, ball, orb. Gloom heaviness, sadness,dull- ness, sullenness, moroseness, spleen. To Glory boast, vaunt. To Gloss varnish, palliate, co ' ver, hide. C3RI II A U GummnT Lexicon, diet* vocabulary. To ( i i.i r satisfy, satiate. I un divine, heaven) perhn n. Godly righteous, holy, pi To Go before precede. benefit, advantage, profit. Good ofSee service, benenl mourn, Lament, sor- row, bewail. Grim hid< intly. To Grip* lay hold on, catch, seize, gn |ueesc, pinch. To Groan i -coarse; unseemly,sh (hi. Goods funttture,ch&ttels,effect8, To Ground found, rest, I movables \ commoditi Grout asa mbly, merchandise, collection. Government rule, administra* To Grow in< n tion, regulation, constitution. Grudge malice, nmcor, spite, favor, kindness, benefi- pique. To Guaranty becoming, comely, Graceful elegant Gracious merciful, kind, beni nant. id majestic, stately, pom* answer for, war- rant, security, shield, def< To Guess conjecture, divine, surmise, suppose. pous, august, dignified, lofty, Guest visitant, visitor. elevated, exalted,splendid,mag- To Gutdx Lead, conduct, direct, nificent, sublime, noble. regulate. To Grant give, yield, concede, Guile deceit, fraud. cede, allow ; bestow, confer. .Guiltless innocent, harmless. Grant allowance, stipend ; con- Guise manner, mien, habit. cession. ( ; ulf abyss. To Grasp lay hold on, catch, To Gush stream, flow. seize, gripe. i Gust breeze, blast, gale. Grateful agreeable, pleasing, welcome; thankful. II Gratification enjoyment, frui- tion, pleasure. Habit. See Guise. Gratitude thankfulness, I Habit vtion d\velling,residence, Gratuitous voluntary. abode. Gratuity gift, recompense. To Half. draw, drag, haul, pull, Grave serious, sedate, thought- tug. ful, solemn, sober; important, To Hallow consecrate, dedi- weighty. cate, sanctify. Grave tomb, sepulchre. Handsome pretty ,bcautiful,fine. Great big, large. See also To Hanker after desire, long Grand. for, covet. Greatness magnitude, bulk. Hanging over impending, iin- size, minent. Greediness avidity, eagerness, Happiness felicity, bliss, beati- voracity. tude. Greeting salutation. Harangue address, speech, ora- Gkief affliction, sorrow. tion. Grievance hardship, uneasi-To Harass distress, perplex, ness. HAU 156 HIL weary, tire, jade ; molest, dis- turb. Harbinger forerunner, precur- sor, messenger. Harbor port, haven. To Harbor lodge, shelter ; in- dulge, cherish, foster. Hard firm, solid ; hardy, unfeel- ing, insensible ; difficult, ardu- ous. Hard-hearted insensible, un- feeling, cruel, unmerciful, mer- ciless. Hardened hard, callous, obdu- rate, unfeeling, insensible, im- penetrable. Hardihood audacity, effrontery, boldness. Hardly scarcely, with difficul- ty. Hardship grievance. Harm evil, ill, misfortune, mis- hap ; injury, damage, hurt. Harmless unconscious, inno- cent; inoffensive, unoffending. Harmony agreement, accord- ance, unison ; melody. Harsh rough, severe, rigorous. Harshness acrimony, asperity, smartness, tartness. To Hasten accelerate, quicken, expedite. Hastiness precipitancy, rash- ness, temerity. Hasty quick; irascible, pas- sionate, angry, hot; cursory, slight. To Hate detest, abhor, loathe, abominate. Hateful odious, detestable, ex- ecrable,abominable, loathsome. Hatred aversion, antipathy, repugnance, enmity, ill-will, rancour. Haven harbor, port. Haughtiness arrogance, dis- dain, pride, loftiness, high- mindedness. To Haul draw, drag, hale, pull, tUOf. Hazard danger, peril, chance, risk, venture. Head chieftain, leader, chief. Headstrong heady, obstinate, stubborn, forward,venturesome. To Heal cure, remedy. Healthy sound, sane ; salu- brious, wholesome, salutary, salutiferous. To Heap pile, amass, accumu- late. To Hear hearken, overhear. To Hearken- attend, listen. Hearsay rumor, report. Hearty warm, cordial, sincere. H eating calorific, calefactory. To Heave hoist, lift, swell. Heavenly celestial, divine, godlike, angelic. Heaviness weight, gravity; gloom. Heavy burdensome, ponderous, weighty, dull, drowsy, slug- gish. To Heed attend to, mind, re- gard, notice. Heedless inattentive,negligent, remiss, careless, thoughtless. Height crisis, acme. To Heighten raise, aggravate. Heinous flagrant, flagitious, atrocious. To Help -aid, assist, succor, relieve ; serve. Heresy hetexodoxy, schism. Heroic brave, courageous, gal- lant, valiant, bold, intrepid, fearless. To Hesitate falter, pause ; de- mur, scruple. Hidden- secret, latent, occult, mysterious. To Hide conceal, disguise, se- crete, cover ; shelter, screen ; dissemble. Hideous ghastly, grim, grisly, frightful." High tall, lofty, elevated. Hilarity mirth, merriment joviality, jollity. II l' M e:>r ILL Hind countryman, peasant, sv. ain, rustic. To HiNMhK prevent, impede, obstruct, oppose, thwart, retard, To Mint allude, refer, glanee at, intimate, BUggi Hire allowance, stipend, sala- ry, wanes, pay. H lbs ling mercenary, venal. To Hit strike, heat. To Hoard treasure, heap up. To Hoist lilt, heave. To HOLD keep, detain, retain ; support, maintain, possess, oc- cupy. Holiness sanctity, piety, devo- tion. Hollow vacant, empty, void. Holy pious, devout, religious ; sacreci, divine. Holyday feast, festival. Honesty integrity, purity, pro- bity, sincerity, veracity, virtue, justice, equity, uprightness, rectitude, honor. To Honor reverence, venerate, respect, revere; dignify, exalt. Hope expectation, anticipation, trust, confidence. Hopeless desperate, despond- ing, despairing. Horrible fearful, dreadful, frightful, terrible, terrific, hor- rid. Hostile inimical, repugnant, adverse, opposite, contrary. Hostility animosity, enmity, opposition. Hot ardent, burning, fiery. House family, lineage, race ; habitation, dwelling. However vet, nevertheless, notwithstanding. Hue colour, tint. To Hug clasp,embrace,squeeze. Huge large, vast, enormous, immense. Humanity kindness, benevo- lence, benignity, tenderness. To Humble debase. grade, disgrace, humiliate. HUMBLR lowly, modest, sub- missive, unpretending, onpre BUming, unassuming. Humidity moisture, dampi Hi MOB temper, mood, tram- ; caprice, disposition ; wit, bui lesque, satire. To I [UBJ cast, throw. Hurricane tempest, storm, blast. [precipitate. To Hi'iiKv hasten ; expedite; Hi i harm, injury, damage, detriment, disadvantage, mi - chief, bane ; sorry, gnevi Hubtful pernicious, baneful, nocent, noxious, mischievous, detrimental, injurious, prejudi- cial, [farming. Husbandry cultivation, tillage, Hypocrisy simulation, dissimu- lation, deceit. 1 Idea imagination, thought, con- ception, notion, perception. Ideal imaginary, intellectual. Idiom dialect. Idiot fool, natural. Idle lazy, indolent, sluggish ; unemployed, vacant, at leisure. Ignominy opprobrium, infamy, shame, disgrace, Ignorant - uninformed, unin- structed, unenlightened, un- learned, untaught, illiterate, un- lettered. Ill bad, evil. Illimitable boundless, im- mense, unlimited, infinite. Illiterate. See Ignorant. Illness sickness, indisposition, disease, distemper, disorder, malady. Ill-tempered morose, crabbed, sour. To Illumine illuminate,enlight- en, illume. 22* IMP 258 IMP Illusion fallacy, chimera, de- ception. To Illustrate explain, eluci- date, clear. Illustrious distinguished, con- spicuous, noted, eminent, fa- mous, celebrated, renowned. Ill-will enmity, hatred, ran- cor. Image likeness, picture, repre- sentation, effigy. Imaginary ideal, fanciful. To Imagine think, conceive, ap- prehend ; deem, suppose. Imbecility' weakness, debility, inlirmity. To Imbibe absorb, swallow up, take in; ingulf, engross, con- sume. To Imitate ape, mimic, mock ; copy, counterfeit, follow. Immaterial uncorporeal, unsub- stantial, unbodied, spiritual ; unimportant, insignificant, in- considerable. Immediately directly, instant- ly, instantaneously. Immense enormous, huge, vast, prodigious, monstrous, illimita- Imminent impending, threaten- ing. Immoderate intemperate, ex- cessive. Immodest indecent, indelicate, impudent, shameless. Immunity privilege,prerogative, exemption. To Impair injure ; diminish, de- crease. To Impart communicate, make known, reveal, divulge, dis close, discover ; give, yield. Impassable inaccessible, im- pervious. To Impeach accuse, charge, ar raign, censure. To Impede hinder, retard, ob- struct, prevent. To Impel animate, actuate, in- duce, move, incite, instigate, encourage. Impending imminent, threaten- ing. Imperative commanding, au- thoritative, imperious, despotic. Imperfection fault, defect, vice; weakness, frailty, failing, foible. Imperious commanding, impe- rative, authoritative ; lordly, overbearing, domineering. Impertinent irrelevant, inap- plicable ; rude, saucy, impu- dent, insolent. Impervious impassable, im- passable, inaccessible, unap- proachable. Impetuous violent, boisterous, furious, vehement, rapid. To Impinge strike against, touch, clash with. Impious profane, irreligious. Implacable unrelenting, relent- less, inexorable. To Implant ingraft, instill, in- fuse, inculcate. To Implicate involve, entangle, embarrass. To Implore beg, solicit, be- seech, entreat, crave, suppli- cate. To Imply infold, involve; de- note, signify. To Import imply, denote, mean, signify. Importance signification, avail, consequence, weight, moment. Important momentous, signifi- cant, weighty, consequential. Importunate pressing, urgent. Importunity solicitation. To Impose upon deceive, de- lude. Impost tax, duty, custom, tri- bute. Impostor deceiver, cheat. Imposture cheat, deception, fraud, delusion, artifice trick, imposition, stratagem. INC 259 INI) [MPRl arse,maledlrlion, . secretion, anathema* To LmPBXSS imprint, stamp, fix. Imprisonment captivity, con- finement To Improve amend, COlTBCt, emend, better, mend, reform, rectify Improvement progress, profi- ciency ; amendment, n tent. INCOMMODE annoy, molest, dis- turb, inconvenience. Incompetent inadequate, inca- pable, insufficient. UDERABU unimportant, insignificant, immaterial. nt incongruous, in- coberent. Inconstant changeable, fickle, variable, versatile. Incontrovertible indubitable, unquestionable, indisputable, undeniable, irrefragable. Inconvenience annoyance, mo- lestation, disturbance, incom- modiousness. Incorporeal unsubstantial, im- material, spiritual. In course natural ly, consequent- ly- To Increase augmentation, ac- cession, addition. Incredulity unbelief,infidelity, skepticism. To Inculcate infuse, instill,im- plant. Inculpable blameless, [road. Incursion invasion,irruption,in- Indecent indelicate, immodest. To Indicate point out, show, mark. Indication mark, sign, note, symptom, token. Indifference apathy, careless- ness, insensibility. Indifferent unconcerned, re- gardless. Indigence want, need, penury, poverty. Indigenous natal, native. Indignation anger, ire, wrath, resentment. Indignity insult, affront ; out- rage. INF 260 1NQ Indiscriminate promiscuous, undistinguishing. Indisposition illness, sickness ; aversion, dislike. Indisputable indubitable, unde- niable, incontrovertible, irrefra- gable, unquestionable. Indistinct confused ; ambigu- ous, doubtful. Individual particular, identical. Indolent supine, listless, care- less, idle, lazy. Indubitable. See Indisputable. Induce move, actuate, impel, in- stigate, urge. Inducement motive, reason, cause, incitement. To Indulge foster, cherish, fon- dle, harbor. Industrious active, diligent, as- siduous, laborious. Ineffable unspeakable,unutter- able, inexpressible. Ineffectual vain, fruitless, in- effective. Inequality disparity, uneven- ness. Inert inactive, lazy, slothful, sluggish. Inevitable not to be avoided, unavoidable. Inexorable implacable, unre- lenting, relentless. Inexpressible unspeakable, in- effable, unutterable. Infamous scandalous,shamefut, ignominious, opprobrious. Infatuation intoxication, stu-: pefaction. To Infect contaminate, taint, defile, pollute, vitiate. Infection contagion, taint, poi- son, [tion. Inference conclusion, deduc-! Inferior secondary ; subordi- nate, subservient. Infidelitv unbelief, incredu- lity, skepticism. Infinite boundless, unbounded, unlimited, illimitable,immense. \ Infirm weak, feeble, imbecile, debilitated. Inflame anger, irritate, incense, aggravate, exasperate. Influence credit, favor ; au- thority, sway. To Inform acquaint, apprise, make known ; disclose, com- municate. Informant informer, accuser. Information advice, counsel,in telligence, notice. Infraction infringement, intru- sion, encroachment. To Infringe encroach, infract, invade, intrude ; transgress, violate. To Infuse instill, ingraft, im- plant. Ingenious inventive, witty. Ingenuous artless,candid, open, frank, plain. To Ingraft implant. [mend. To Ingratiate insinuate,recom- To Ingulf absorb, swallow up, engross. To Inhabit sojourn, reside ; oc- cupy, dwell. Inherent innate, inbred, inborn. Inhuman cruel, brutal, savage, barbarous. Inimical adverse, contrary, op- posite, repugnant, hostile. Iniquitous wicked, nefarious, unjust. Injunction command, order, mandate, precept. Injury hurt, detriment, disad vantage ; wrong. To Injure impair, damage, de- teriorate, hurt, wrong, harm. Innate. See Inherent. Innocent guiltless, harmless, inoffensive. Inoffensive unoffending, harm- loss. Inordinate intemperate, irregu lar, disorderly, excessive. Inquiry investigation, examina tion, research, scrutiny. INS 261 I N T Inquisitive prying, carious. Inroad incursion, invasion, ir- ruption. itv niiiilmss, derange- ment, lunacy, mania. I>si \s',i;ii.ity apathy, Indiffer- ence, unfeeling] Inm- \siim.k hard, unfeeling, un- susceptible, callous* Insidk interior. Insidious treacherous, sly, cir- cumvetitive. Insight inspection, introspec- tion. Insignificant unimportant, in- considerable, trivial, immate- rial. To Insinuate hint, intimate, suggest; ingratiate. Insipid dull, Hat, spiritless. To Insnare entrap, inveigle. Insolent rude, saucy, imperti- nent, abusive, reproachful, scur- rilous, opprobrious, insulting, offensive. Inspection insight, introspec- tion ; oversight, superintend- ence. To Inspire animate, exhilarate, enliven, cheer. Instantaneously directly, im- mediately, instantly. To Instigate animate, incite, urge, impel, move, stimulate, encourage. To rNSTiLL-iiifuse, insinuate. To Institute establish, found, erect; prescribe. To Instruct inform, teach. INSTRUCTION advice, counsel, information. Instrument tool. Inm kkk'ient inadequate, in- competent, incapable. INSULT affront, offense, outrage, indignity. Insulting insolent, rude, saucy, I impertinent, abusive, reproach-j fill, scurrilous, opprobrious, of- fensive. i i.e insurmountable ; unconquerable, invincible. iBJCcrioN rebellion, revolt. SRAL whole, entire, com- plete, total. In te;uitv uprightness, honesty, probity. Intellect genius, talent. 1 stellectual menial, ideal. Intelligence advice, informa- tion, instruction, notice ; under- standing, intellect. Intemperate immoderate, ex- ive, inordinate. To Intend design, mean, pur- pose. Intense ardent. Intent design, purpose, inten- tion, view, drift, aim. To Intercede interpose, inter- fere, mediate. Interchange exchange,recipro- city. Intercourse communion, com- merce, connexion. To Interdict forbid, proscribe, prohibit. [good. Interest concern ; advantage, To Interfere. See Interchange. Inteiuor inside. Interloper intruder. To Intermeddle. See Inter- cede. I nte umediate intervening. Interment burial, sepulture, in- humation. Intermission cessation, rest, stop, interruption. To Intermit subside, abate. To Interpose interfere, inter- meddle ; intercede, mediate. To Interpret explain, expound, elucidate. To Interpret wrongly misin- terpret, misconstrue. To Interrogate question, ask, inquire of. To Interrupt disturb, hinder. Interval interstice, vacancy ; space. IN V 262 JIL Intervening intermediate. Intervention interposition. Interview meeting, conference. Intimacy acquaintance, fami- liarity ; fellowship. To Intimate hint, suggest, in- sinuate. To Intimidate frighten, das- tardize. Intoxication drunkenness, ine- briety, infatuation. Intractable stubborn, unma- nageable, ungovernable ; cross, obstinate, untoward. To Intrench encroach,infringe, invade, intrude. Intrepid bold, fearless, un- daunted, courageous, valiant. Intricacy complexity, compli- cation, involution, perplexity. Intrinsic real, genuine, native. To Introduce present. Introductory preliminary, pre- vious, prefatory. To Intrude obtrude ; encroach, intrench, infringe, invade, Intruder interloper. To Intrust commit, confide. To Invade. See Intrude. Invalid weak, feeble, infirm, sick. [hie. To Invalidate weaken, enfee- Invasion incursion, irruption, inroad. [proach. Invective abuse, censure, re- To Inveigh declaim, censure. To Invent devise, contrive, frame, fabricate ; find out, dis- cover. To Invert overturn, overthrow, subvert, reverse. To Invest .endue, endow. Investigation examination, search, inquiry, research, scru- tiny. Invidious envious, malignant. To Invigorate strengthen, for- tify. Invincible unconquerable, in- superable. To Invite ask, call, bid, sum mon ; allure, attract. To Inundate overflow, deluge. To Involve implicate, entangle, enwrap. Inward interior, internal, intrin- sic. Irascible angry, passionate, hasty, hot, fiery. Ire anger, wrath, resentment, indignation, passion. Irksome troublesome,vexatious, wearisome, tedious. Irony ridicule, sarcasm, satire, burlesque. Irrational foolish, silly. Irrefragable indubitable, un- questionable, indisputable, in- controvertible, undeniable. Irregular eccentric, disorder- ly; inordinate, intemperate. Irreligious profane, impious. Irreprehensible. See next word. Irreproachable blameless, un' blemished, spotless. Irrepuovable. See Irreproach- able. To Irritate aggravate, pro- voke, exasperate, incite, ex- cite. Irruption invasion, incursion, inroad. Issue effect,consequence, event, i result; progeny, offspring. To Issue arise, proceed, flow, spring, emanate. To Jade harass, dispirit, weary, tire. To Jangle- -wrangle, jar. Jaunt ramble, excursion, trip, tour. Jealousy suspicion, envy. To Jeer gibe, sneer, scoff. To Jest joke, sport, make game Jest (given to) jocose, jocu- lar, facetious. .Jilt coquet. K I N I, AW Jocosk jocular, facetious, witty, p!t\. JoCUlfD lively, sprightly, viva- is, BportWe, merry, light- hearted, mirthful. To Join add, unite, eombine, co- alesce, confederate, league. To JoKI lest, sport, make game. JOLUTT Joviality, mirth, merri- ment, hilarity. .Ioiknkv travel. tOW, voyage. Joy delight, gladness, charm, pleasure, ecstasy, rapture, transport. Judgment discernment, pene- tration,discrimination; sagacity, intelligence; decision, sentence. Just right, proper. [tion. Justici right, equity, retribu- To Justify clear, exculpate, de- fend, excuse, absolve. Irsiv'.ss -correctness, accuracy, exactness, propriety. Juvenile youthful, puerile. K Keen shrewd, acute, penetrat- ing, piercing-, cutting. To Keep detain, retain, hold, reserve, preserve ; maintain, sustain, support; observe. To Keep back retain, reserve, withhold. To Keep from abstain, refrain ; forbear, desist from. Kind bland, mild, tender, indul- gent, compassionate, clement, gentle, meek, benevolent, be- nignant, generous, good, cour- teous, arfahle, gracious, lenient. Kind species, sort, class, genus. Kindness favor, civility ; be- nignity, beneficence, benevo- lence, humanity, tenderness. Kindred relationship, affinity, consanguinity. Kingly royal, regal. Kinsman relation, relative, kin- dred. ish dishonest, triekiah. BjfOWLBDOl learning, erudition, scienee. To make KlfOWn acquaint, dis- close, communicate, divulge, apprise, inform, reveal. L Labor work, toil, drudgery, task. To Labor toil, drudge, work, strive, exert. Laborious active, industrious, diligent, assiduous. 1-AHVKiNTH maze. To Lack want, need. Laconic short, brief, concise, succinct. Lading freight, cargo, load, bur- den. To Lag linger, tarry, loiter, saunter. To Lament complain, bewail, deplore, bemoan, grieve,mourn, regret. Landscape view, prospect. Language tongue,speech,idiom, dialect. Languid faint,exhausted droop- ing, pining. Large extensive, big,capacious, comprehensive, huge, great. Larger (to make) enlarge, aug- ment, magnify, extend, increase. Lassitude fatigue, weariness, enervation. Last latest, final, ultimate. Lasting durable, permanent Latent secret, hidden, occult. Laudable praiseworthy, com- mendable. To Laugh at ridicule, banter, deride, mock. Laughable risible, ludicrous, ridiculous, comical,droll, mirth- ful. Lavish extravagant, profuse, prodigal. Lawful legal, legitimate, licit. LIB 264 LIT Lax loose, vague; dissolute, li- centious. To Lay open dilate, expand, extend. To Lay up hoard, deposit, trea- sure, store. Lazy idle, indolent, slothful, sluggish, inactive, inert. To Lead conduct, guide, direct ;! induce,persuade,influence, bias, incline. Leader chief, chieftain, head, guide. League alliance, confederacy, combination, coalition. To Lean incline, bend, propend. Learning knowledge,erudition, science, literature. Leave liberty, license, permis- sion. To Leave quit, relinquish, aban- don, desert. To Leave off cease, desert, dis- continue, stop. Leaving oft ceasing, discontinu- ance, cessation, discontinua- tion. Taking Leave valediction, fare- well. Leavings remains, relics, rem- nants, refuse. Legal legitimate, lawful, licit. Leisure idle, vacant, free. Lenity clemency, mercy, mild- ness, tenderness. To Lessen abate, diminish, de- crease, liquidate, subside. To Let leave ; permit, allow, suffer. Lethargic sleepy, drowsy. Letter epistle, note. Level even, plain, smooth, flat. To Level aim, point. Levity lightness, volatility, flightiness, giddiness. Lexicon dictionary, glossary, vocabulary. Liable exposed, subject, ob- noxious. Liberal beneficent, bountiful, dounteous, munificent, gene- rous. To Liberate free, set free, de- liver, set at large. Liberty freedom ; leave, li- cense, permission. License. See preceding word. Licentious loose, vague, lax, dissolute. Licit lawful, legal, legitimate. Lie falsehood, falsity, untruth, fabrication, fiction, invention, mendacity. Life animation,vivacity,spirits; good cheer. Lifeless dead, inanimate. To Lift heave, hoist ; raise, elevate, erect, exalt. Light (to supply) illuminate, illumine, illume, enlighten, lighten. Lightness ease, facility ; levity, flightiness, volatility, giddi- ness ; unsteadiness, mutability, inconstancy. Like uniform, equal, alike. i Likeness resemblance, similar- ity ; representation, similitude, picture, image, effigy. Likelihood probability. i Likewise also, too. 1 Limit extent, boundary, bound, border. To Limit bound, circumscribe, restrict, confine. Lineage family, house, race, I generation. To Linger tarry, loiter, lag, saunter. i Liquid fluid; liquor, juice, hu- mor. To Liquidate lessen, decrease, lower, abate, diminish. List roll, catalogue, register. To Listen hearken, attend to. Listless indolent, supine, care- less. Literature letters, learning, erudition. Little small, diminutive. LOT 265 MAI To Live exist, subsist. Livelihood Living) subsistence, maintenance) rapport, mate* nance. Lively a. -me, agile; alert, brisk, nimble, quiex, sprightly, pfosnpt, jooond. Living at the saint 1 time with another OOeval, eoiemporary, rontemporary, OODtemp ous. Load freight, cargo, lading, bur- den ; weight. Loath reluctant, backward, un- willing, averse. To Loathe abhor, detest, abo- minate. To Lodge harbor, shelter, en- tertain. Loftiness dignity ; haughti- ness, pride. Loftv high, tall, elevated, ex- alted. To Loiter linger, tarry, lag, Loud noisy. olaJB OT O % StrepO- rous, turbulent, tumultuous, blustering, vehement, vocifer- ous. Love affection,attaehfflent,fonoV ness; friendship. Lovely amiable, charming, de- lightful. Lovkk suitor, wooer. Loving amorous, fond, affec- tionate. Low humble, lowly; base, ab- ject, mean. To LoWKB reduce, humble, hu- miliate, degrade, debase, abase. Lucky fortunate, prosperous, successful. Lucre gain, profit, emolument. Ludicrous laughable, ridicu- lous, comical, droll. Lunacy madness, derangement, insanity, mania. Lustre brightness, splendor, brilliancy. saunter. Lonely solitary, lonesome. To Long for desire, hanker af- ter. To Look behold, view, eye, in- spect. Look air, manner, mien, ap- pearance, aspect ; glance. Looker on spectator, beholder, observer. To Look for expect, await. Looking into inspection, in- sight. Looking at things past retro- spect, retrospection. Loose vague, lax, slack ; disso- lute, licentious, unrestrained, wanton. Loquacity garrulity, talkative- ness, babbling. Lordly imperious, overbearing, domineering. Lord's supper eucharist, com- munion, sacrament. Loss damage, detriment. Lot destiny, fate, doom. Lusty corpulent, stout. Luxuriant exuberant. Luxury voluptuousness, sensu- ality. M Madness derangement, insa- nity, lunacy, mania, phrensy ; franticness, mental aberration, rage, fury. Magisterial majestic, stately, pompous, august, dignified. Magnificence grandeur, splen- dor, pomp. Magnitude size, bulk, great- ness. Majestic See Magisterial. To Maim mutilate, mangle,crir> ple. Main chief, principal. To Maintain assert, vindicate, support, sustain. Maintenance livelihood,living, subsistence, sustenance, sup- port. 93 v MAR 26G MEE To Make create, form, produce ; do, act. To Make game jest, sport, joke, mimic. To Make amends compensate, recompense, remunerate, re- quite. Malady disease, distemper, dis- order. Malediction curse, impreca- tion, execration. Malefactor criminal, culprit, felon, convict. Malevolent malignant, mali- cious. Malice spite, rancor, grudge, pique, ill-will. Malicious malevolent, malig- nant. Malignity malevolence, ill- will, mischievousness, mali- ciousness. To Manage contrive, concert ; direct. Management care, charge, eco- nomy, direction. Mandate command, order, in- junction, precept. Manful manly, bold, daring. To Mangle mutilate, maim, la- cerate, tear. Mania derangement, insanity, lunacy, madness. To Manifest discover, declare, reveal, make known, evince. Manifest open, apparent, visi- ble, obvious, clear, plain. Manner air, look, mien, aspect, appearance ; habit,custom,way. Manners morals, habits, beha- viour. Many several, sundry, divers, various, numerous, manifold. Margin border, edge, rim, brim, brink, verge. Mariner seaman, sailor. Mark print, impression, stamp ; sign, note, symptom, token, in- dication ; trace, vestige, track ; badge, stigma; butt. To Mark note, notice, observe, remark ; show, point out, indi- cate ; impress, imprint, stamp ; brand, stigmatize. Marriage wedding, nuptials; matrimony, wedlock. Marriage, (relating to) connu- bial, conjugal, matrimonial, nuptial, hymeneal. Martial warlike, military, sol- dier-like. Marvel wonder, miracle, pro digy, monster. Mask cloak, veil, blind. Massacre carnage, slaughter, butchery. Massive bulky ,heavy, weighty, ponderous. " [owner. Master possessor, proprietor, Material corporeal; important, momentous. Matrimony marriage, wedlock, nuptials. Matter affair, business, con- cern ; material. Mature ripe, perfect, complete. Maxim adage, aphorism, apoph- thegm, proverb, saying. Maze labyrinth ; uncertainty, perplexity. Meagre lean ; poor, hungry. Mean low, abject, vulgar, vile, contemptible, despicable ; sor- did, penurious, niggardly. To Mean design, purpose, in- tend, contemplate ; signify, im- ply, import, express, denote. Meaning signification, import, sense. Means way, manner, method, mode, course. Mechanic artist, artisan, artifi- cer, operative. To Mediate intercede, inter- pose. Medium mean. Medley difference, variety, di- versity, mixture, miscellany. Meek mild, gentle, humble, soft. M E T 267 MIT Meet apt, fit, suitable; expe-| dient. Meeting assembly, congrega- tion, auditory, company. Melancholy dejeetion, depres- sion. M elody harmony, accordance, unison. Memoir anecdote, annal, chroni- cle, narrative. Memorable signal, worthy of remembrance. Memorial monument, remem- brancer, memento. Memory retention, recollection, remembrance, reminiscence. Menace threat. To Mend amend, correct,emend, better, improve, rectify, reform. Mendacity falsehood, untruth, lying, deceit. Menial servant, domestic. Mental. intellectual, ideal. Mercenary venal, hireling. Merchant trader, tradesman. Merchandise goods, ware,com- modity. [kind. Merciful gracious, benignant, Merciless cruel, unmerciful, hard-hearted. Mercy clemency, lenity, pity. Merely barely, only, scarcely. Merit worth, desert ; claim, right. Merriment mirth, joviality, jol- lity, hilarity. Merry cheerful,mirthful,joyous, fay, sprightly, lively, blithe, lithesome, vivacious, jocund, sportive. Message mission, errand. Messenger carrier, harbinger, forerunner, precursor. Metamorphosis change, trans- formation. Metaphor figure, allegory, em- blem, symbol. Method order, rule, regularity, system; way, manner, mode, course, means. Mikn look, air, aspect, appear- ance. Might* powerful, potent. Mild oft, meek, gentle. Military martial, warlike, sol- dier-like. To Mimic ape, imitate, coun- terfi it, mock. To Mind heed, attend to, regard, notice. Mindful regardful, observant, attentive. To .Mingle mix, blend ; com- pound ; confound. Minister agent, official, em- ployee ; clergyman, parson, priest. To Minister administer, con- tribute, supply. Miracle wonder, marvel, pro- digy. Mirth festivity, joy, gladness, merriment, jollity, joviality, hi- larity, gayety, vivacity, cheer- fulness, fun. Miscarriage failure, abortion, mishap. Miscellany mixture, medley, diversity. Mischance calamity, disaster, misfortune, mishap. Mischief evil or ill, misfor- tune; harm, injury, damage, hurt. To Misconstrue misinterpret. Misdeed offense,trespass, trans- gression, misdemeanor, crime. Miserable unhappy, wretched. Miserly avaricious, parsimoni- ous, niggardly, penurious. Misfortune harm, iil, mishap, calamity, disaster, nuisance. To Misinterpret misconstrue. To Miss lose; fail. Mission message, errand. Mistake error, blunder, miscon- ception. To Misuse abuse, maltreat. To Mitigate allay, soothe, ap- pease, assuage. MUN 268 NEC To Mix mingle,blend,confound. To Moan groan, grieve, deplore. Mob populace, mobility. To Mock mimic, imitate, ape ; banter, deride, ridicule. Mode way, manner, method, course, means. Model copy, pattern, specimen. Moderation mediocrity ; mo- desty, temperance, sobriety. Modern novel, new, recent. Modest bashful, diffident, re- served ; chaste, virtuous. To Molest annoy, incommode, vex, tease, inconvenience, dis- turb, trouble. Moment signification, avail,im portance, consequence, weight. Monarch prince, sovereign, po- tentate. Monument memorial, remem brancer. Mood humor, temper, frame. Morals manners, behavior. Morbid sick, sickly, diseased. Moreover besides, likewise, also. [tic. Morose gloomy, sullen, splene- Mortal deadly, fatal. Mortification vexation, cha- grin. Motion movement. Motive cause, reason, princi- ple. To Mold form, shape, fashion. To Mount arise, rise, ascend ; clirnb, scale. To Mourn grieve, lament, fret. To Move i actuate, impel, in-* duce, stir, instigate. To Move round turn, revolve circulate, whirl. Moving affecting, touching, pa thetic. Mulct fine, penalty, forfeiture. Multitude crowd, throng swarm. Munificent beneficent, bounti- ful, bounteous, generous, libe- ral. To Murder kill, assassinate, slay. To Murmur complain, repine. To Muse meditate,contemplate, think, reflect, wonder. To Muster collect, assemble. Mutable alterable, inconstant, changeable, fickle, variable, unstable, wavering, unsteady, irresolute. To Mutilate maim, mangle. Mutinous tumultuous, turbu- lent, seditious. Mutual reciprocal. Mysterious dark, obscure, hid- den, occult, latent, dim, mystic. N Naked bare, uncovered, un- clothed; rude. To Name denominate, entitle, style, designate, characterize, term, call. Name appellation, denomina- tion, title, cognomen; reputa- tion, character, credit. To Nap sleep, dose, slumber, drowse. Narration narrative, account, description, relation, recital, de- tail, explanation. Narrow contracted, confined, straitened, limited. Nasty filthy, foul. Natal native, indigenous. Native intrinsic, real, genuine ; indigenous. Naturally in course, conse- quently. Naval marine, maritime, nauti- cal. Nausea disgust, loathing. Nautical. See Naval. Near nigh, close, adjacent, con- tiguous, vicinal. Necessary expedient,essential, requisite, needful. To Necessitate compel, force, obi i ire. N T 269 ous ^sity occasion, need ; exi- gency, emergency. poverty, indigence, want, penury. To Need wpnf, lack. Nkkarious wicked, unjust, ini- quitous. To Neglect disregard, slight, contemn ; omit Negligent remiss, careless, heedless, inattentive. Neighborhood vicinity, adja- cency, vicinage. Nevertheless however, yet, notwithstanding. New novel, fresh, modern, re- cent. News tidings, intelligence. Nice exact, particular, precise ; fine, delicate, dainty. Niggardly avaricious, miserly, penurious, parsimonious, sav- ing, sparing, thrifty. Nigh near, close, adjacent, con- tiguous, vicinal. Nightly nocturnal. Nimble active, brisk, lively, ex- pert, quick, agile, prompt. Noble exalted, elevated, illus- trious, great, grand. Nocturnal nightly. Noise cry, outcry, clamor. Noisome hurtful, pernicious, noxious. Noisy loud, high sounding, cla- morous. Nomenclature dictionary, lexi- con, catalogue, vocabulary. To Nominate name ; entitle call. Note mark, sign, symptom, token, indication; remark, ob- servation, commcnt.annotation. Noted distinguished, conspicu ous, eminent, illustrious, cele- brated, renowned, notorious Notice advice, intelligence, in- formation, warning. To Notice attend to, mind, re- gard, heed ; mark, note. Notion conception, perception, idea, opinion, sentiment. Notorkus noted, distinguished, conspicuous, renowni Notwithstanding however, yet, neverthoi' Xovf.l new, fresh, recent, mo- dern. To Nourish nurture, cherish, support, maintain. Numb benumbed, chill, torpid, motionless. To Number calculate, compute, reckon, count. Numeral numerical. Nuptials marriage, wedding. To Nurture cherish, nourisli. O Obdurate hard, callous, hard- ened, unfeeling, insensible, un- susceptible. Obedient dutiful, respectful, submissive, obsequious, com pliant. Object aim, end, subject. To Object oppose, except to. Objection difhculty, exception; demur, doubt, hesitation. Obligation duty. To Oblige bind, engage, com- pel, force, cecessitate. Obliging civil, complaisant. To Obliterate blot out, ex- punge, efface, erase, cancel. Oblivion forgetful ness. Obloquy reproach, odium, con- tumely. Obnoxious offensive ; subject, liable, exj Obscure dim, dark, mysteri- ous. Obsequious obedient, submis- sive. OtSkttYANCE form, ceremony, rite. Observant mindful, regardful. Observation observance ; re- mark, comment, note. 23* OFF 270 OPU To Observe keep, fulfill ; no- tice, remark, watch. Observer spectator, looker on, beholder. Obsolete old, ancient, antique, antiquated, old-fashioned, out of date. Obstacle difficulty, impedi- ment. Obstinate perverse, pertina- cious, contumacious, refracto- ry, stubborn, inflexible, reso- lute, opinionated, headstrong-, heady. Obstinacy perverseness, contu- macy, stubbornness, inflexibili- ty, pertinacity. Obstreperous loud, clamorous, noisy, vociferous, turbulent. To Obstruct hinder, prevent, impede. To Obtain acquire, attain, gain, procure ; win, earn. To Obtrude intrude. Obvious apparent, open, visible, clear, plain, evident, manifest. To Occasion create, cause. Occasion opportunity, necessi- ty- Occasional casual, irregular. Occult hidden, secret, latent. Occupancy occupation, hold- ing possession. Occupation business, avoca- tion, calling', employment, en- gagement, office, trade, profes- sion. To Occupy hold, possess. Occurrence event, incident, adventure, casualty, contingen- cy. Odd particular, singular, eccen- tric, strange; fantastical, whim- sical, comical, droll. Odious hateful, detestable, abo- minable. Odor smell, scent, perfume, fragrance. Offense affront, insult, out- rage, indignity ; misdeed, tres- pass, transgression, misde meanor. To Offend despise, vex. Offender delinquent, culprit. Offensive rude, saucy, imper- tinent, insolent, abusive, re- proachful, scurrilous, opprobri- ous, insulting, obnoxious. To Offer present, exhibit, bid, tender, propose. Offering oblation, presenta- tion. Office business, function, duty, charge ; benefit, service. Officious active, busy. Offspring issue, progeny. Often frequently. Old aged, senile; ancient, an- tique, antiquated, old-fashion- ed, obsolete. Older senior, elder. Omen presage, prognostic. Onset attack, encounter, as- sault. Onward forward, progressive. Opaque dark, cloudy. Open candid, frank, ingenuous, free, sincere, undissembling. Opening; aperture, cavity. Operation work, action, agen- Opinionated opir.ionative, con- ceited, egotistical. Opinion sentiment, notion. Opponent adversary, antago- nist, enemy, foe. Opportunity occasion. To Oppose combat, contradict, deny, object, resist, withstand, thwart. Opposite adverse, contrary, ini- mical, repugnant. Opprobrious abusive, reproach- ful, scurrilous, insolent, insult- ing, offensive. Opprobrium infamy, ignominy. To Oppugn oppose, attack, con- fute, refute, disprove. Option choice. [wealth* Opulence affluence, riches, OVK 271 PAH Oral verbal, vocal. Oration address, speech, ha- rangue. roBY elocution, rhetoric. Om circle, globe, sphere. To Ordain appoint, older, pre- scribe. Obdkh class, rank, degree ; suc- cession, series ; method, rule ioht inadvertency, mat- tcuiion ; inspection, superin- tendence. To Overthrow overturn, beat, defeat, rout ; subvert, invert, reverse. To Overwhelm overbear, beat down, overpower, subdue, crash. command, injunction, precept, Outcry cry, clamor, noise. mandate* j To Outdo exceed, excel, sur- To put in Order or rankarrange,' pass. range, dispose, regulate, adjust,, Outlines sketch, draught, classify ; digest. Outlive survive. To put out of Order confuse,' Outside appearance,semblancu derange, perplex, disorder, dis-J Outward outer, external, exte arrange, confound, disturb, dis-j rior; extrinsic, extraneous, place, unsettle, ruffle, discom- To Outweigh overbalance, pre pose. ponderate. Orderly regular, systematic, To Own acknowledge, confess recognize. Owner possessor, master. methodical. [mean. Ordinary common, vulgar, Orifice perforation. Origin original, beginnino\rise, source. [pristine. Original primary, primitive, To Ornament adorn, beautify,! Pace step, gait. proprietor peaceable embellish, deck, decorate. Ostensible colorable, spe- cious, plausible, feasible. Ostentation show, parade ; vaunting, boasting. Outrage affront, insult, of- fense, [ponderate. Overbalance outweigh, pre- To Overbear bear down, over- power, overwhelm, subdue. Overbearing imperious, lordly, Palate taste, relish. domineering. j Pale pallid, wan ; fair. [tion. To Overcome conquer, van- Palinode palinody, recanta- quish, subdue, surmount. jTo Palliate extenuate, gloss, To Overflow inundate, deluge. J cover, varnish. To Overpower overbear, bear Pallid pale, wan Pacific peaceful, mild, gentle. To Pacify appease,calm, quiet still. Pagan gentile, heathen. Pain anguish, agony, distress, suffering. To Paint color, represent, de- pict, describe, delineate, sketch. Pair couple, brace. down, overwhelm ; defeat, overthrow, subdue, rout. To Overrule supersede. Overruling prevailing, predo- minant, prevalent. To Overrun overspread vase. To Palpitate flutter, pant, gasp. Panegyric encomium, eulogy. Pang pain, anguish, agony, dis- tress, ra- To Pant palpitate, gasp. Para ble allegory, similitude. PEA 272 PER Parade show, ostentation, vain- Parasite flatterer, sycophant. To Pardon forgive, absolve, re- mit, acquit ; discharge, set free, clear. Pardonable venial, excusable. To Pare peel ; diminish. Parsimonious avaricious, nig- gardly, miserly, penurious. Part portion, share, piece, di- vision. To Part separate, divide, dis- unite. To Partake participate, share. Particular peculiar, appro- priate, exclusive ; exact, nice, punctual, specific ; circumstan- tial, minute. Particularly especially, prin- cipally, chiefly. Partisan adherent, follower, disciple. Partner colleague, coadjutor, associate. Partnership association, com- pany, society. Party 1 confederacy, faction, de- tachment. Passage course, race. Passionate hot, hasty, irasci- ble, angry. Passive unresisting, quiescent ; submissive, patient. Pastime amusement, diversion, entertainment, recreation, snort, play. Patch part, piece. Pathetic moving, touching, af- fecting. Patience endurance, resigna- tion. Patient enduring, passive ; an invalid. To Pause demur, hesitate, deli- berate. Pay allowance, stipend, hire, salary. Peace quiet, calm, tranquillity. Peaceable peaceful , tranqui 1 , quiet, undisturbed, serene,mild- still, pacific. Peasant countryman, swain, hind, rustic, clown. Peculiar appropriate ; particu- lar, exclusive. Peel skin, rind. To Peel pare, strip, skin. Peevish captious, cross, fretful, petulant. Pellucid transparent, clear. Penalty fine, mulct, forfeiture To Penetrate pierce, perfo rate, bore. Penetrating acute, sagacious, discerning. Penetration acuteness, saga city ; discernment, discrimina tion. Penitence repentance, contri- tion, compunction, remorse. Penman writer, scribe. Penurious sparing, niggardly, parsimonious. Penury poverty, indigence, want, need. To Perceive discern, distin- guish, observe. Perception idea, notion, con- ception, sentiment, sensation. Peremptory absolute, positive. Perfect complete, finished, consummated. Perfection (to bring to) per- fect, finish, complete, consum- mate; fulfil, accomplish. Perfidious faithless, treache- rous, [netiate. To Perforate pierce, bore, pe- To Perform effect, produce, execute, fulfill. Performance production, work, deed, achievement, exploit feat Performer actor, player. Peufume odor, scent, fra- grance, smell. Peril danger, hazard. Period time, age, date, era, epoch. POV 973 PLA To PsatSB decay, die, expire. To Perjure forswear, suborn. IViiMANKM durable, Listing. Permission leave, liberty, li- oense. To Permit admit, allow; con- sent, suffer, tolerate ; yield. Pernicious destructive, ruinous, hurtful, noxious, noisome. To Perpetrate commit Perpetual continual, lasting, constant, incessant, unceasing, uninterruptedly. To Perplex embarrass, harass, confuse, entangle ; molest. Perplexity anxiety, distrac- tion ; entanglement To PeR8ETERE continue, persist, pursue, prosecute ; insist. Persons people, folks, in Uvi- duals. Perspicuity clearness, transpa- rency, translucency. Tb Persuade exhort, urge, en- tice, prevail upon. Pertinent relevant, apposite. Perterss awkward, cross, un toward, crooked, fro Ward, bane, plague, ruin. Peremptory absolute, arbitra- ry, despotic. To Possess have, hold, occupy. Possession occupancy, occupa- tion, holding. Possessions goods, property. Possessor proprietor, owner, master. Possible practicable. Post place, situation, station, position. Posterior after, subsequent. To Postpone delay, deter, pro- crastinate, prolong, protract, retard. Posture action, gesture, gesti- culation, position, attitude. Potent powerful, mighty. Potentate prince/ monarch, sovereign. [ry, need. Poverty indigence, want, penu-, To Pound break, bruise, crush To Point shed, spill. Pouanre out effusion. Power authority, strength, might, dominion, influence, sway. Powerful mighty, potent, puis- sant; efficacious, forcible, co- gent, strong. Pestilential contagious, epi- demical, infectious ; mischiev- ous, pernicious, destructive. Petition prayer, request, en- treaty, suit. PETTY trifling, trivial, frivolous, futile. Petulant captious, cross, peev- ish, fretful. Phantom vision, apparition, spectre, ghost. [period. Phrase sentence, proposition, Phraseology diction, style. Phrensy madness, fury. To Pick choose, select. Picture likeness, image, effigy, representation. Piece part, portion ; patch. To Pierce penetrate, perforate, bore. [amass. To Pile heap, accumulate, Pillage rapine, plunder. Pillar column. To Pinch press, squeeze, gripe. To Pine flag, droop, languish. Pious holy, godly, devout, reli- gious. Pique malice, rancor, spite, grudge. Piteous doleful, woful, rueful, pitiable. Pitiful mean, sordid, con- temptible, despicable. Pity commiseration, compas- sion ; sympathy, condolence ; mercy. Place situation, station, posi- tion, site, spot, post ; office, charge, function. To Place put, set, lay ; dispose, order. PLU PRA Placid serene, calm. To Plague annoy, vex, tease, harass, torment, tantalize, im-' portune, molest. Plain even, level, smooth ; ap- parent, visible, clear, obvious, evident, manifest, distinct;; open, candid, free, frank, inge- nuous. Plan design, device, contri- vance, scheme, project, strata- gem. Plaudit acclamation, applause, exultation, shouting. Plausible colorable, specious, ostensible, feasible. Play game, sport, pastime, amusement. Player actor, performer. To Plead apologize, defend, justify, exculpate, excuse. Pleasant pleasing, agreeable ; f.ioetious, jocular, jocese,witty. To Please gratify, satisfy. Pleased gratified, glad, cheer- ful, joyful, pleasing, pleasant, agreeable. Pleasing pleasant, agreeable. Pleasure comfort, enjoyment; joy, delight, charm. Pleasure (one given up to) voluptuary, sensualist, epicure. Pledge earnest, security, de- posit, [envoy. Plenipotentiary ambassador, Plenitude fulness ; repletion, exuberance, abundance. Plenteous plentiful, abundant, copious, ample, exuberant. Plentiful abundant, ample, copious, exuberant, plenteous. Pliant pliable, flexible, supple, yielding. Plight situation, condition, state, predicament, case. Plot cabal, conspiracy, combi- nation ; form, scheme, plan, To Pluck pull ; draw, tug. Plunder rapine, pillage, booty, spoil, To Plunge dive. To Point aim, level. To Point out show, mark, indi- cate, [rate. To Poise balance, equiponde- Polite polished, refined, gen- teel, civil. Politeness gentility, civility, courteousness, courtesy, affabi- lity ; good-breeding, good-man- ners. To Pollute corrupt, contami- nate, defile, taint, infeet, viti- ate. Pomp magnificence, splendor, grandeur, show, state. Pompous magisterial, stately, august, dignified, lofty. To Ponder think, muse, reflect. Ponderous heavy, burdensome, weighty. Poor indigent, needy, necessi- tous, distressed. Populace people, mob, mobi- lity. Port harbor, haven. To Portend augur, presage, forebode, betoken, threaten. Portion part, division, share, quantity. Position place, situation, sta- tion, post ; action, gesture, gesticulation, posture, attitude; tenet. Positive actual, real, certain ; confident. Practicable practical, possi- ble. Practise custom, habit, man- ner. To Practise exercise. To Praise commend, extol, eu- logize, applaud. Praise encomium, eulogy.pane- gyric, applause, commendation. Praiseworthy - laudable, com- mendable, deserving praise. Prank frolic, gambol. To Prate babble, chat, chatter, i prattle. P R E Pit I Prayeb petition, request, en- treaty, suit. Pi: carioi a loubtfoli dubious, uncertain, equivocal. : priority, pre-emi- nence, preference. Precedent example. Preceding antecedent, anterior, previoua, prior, former, forego- ing. Precept command, injunction, mandate, order; doctrine, prin- ciple ; maxim, rule, law. Precious valuable, costly, un- common. Precipitancy rashness, teme- ntv, hastiness. Precise accurate, correct, ex- act, nice. To Preclude prevent, obviate, hinder, shutout. [ger. Precursor forerunner, harbin- Predicament situation, condi- tion, state, plight, case. To Predict foretell, prophesy, prognosticate. Predominant prevailing, preva- lent, overruling. Pre-eminence priority, prece- dence. Preface prelude, introduction, proem. To Prefer choose; encourage, advance, promote, forward. Preference priority, prece- dence. Pregnant big, large, enciente. Prejudice prepossession, bias ; disadvantage, injury, hurt, de- triment. Preliminary preparatory, intro- ductory, previous. Prelude preface, introduction, proem. Premeditation ethought, forecast. To Prepare fit, equip, qualify, make ready. Preparatory introductory, pre- liminary, previous. To Preponderate overbalance, outweigh. iion bias, prejudice, bent STEROUS irrational, fool- ish, absurd. Prerogative privilege, immu- nity. Presage omen, token, prognos- To Prescribe appoint, ordain, dictate. Prescription usage, custom. Present gift, donation, benefac- tion. To Present offer, exhibit, give ; introduce. To Preserve -keep, save; pro- tect, spare. To Press squeeze, gripe, pinch. Pressing urging, emergent, im- portunate. Presuming presumptive, pre- sumptuous, forward, arrogant. Pretense pretension, pretext, excuse. To Pretend feign, affect, simu- late. j Pretension claim, assumption. Pretext pretense, pretension, ! excuse. ; Pretty beautiful, fine, hand- some. Prevailing prevalent, ruling, overruling, dominant. ; To Prevent impede, obviate, preclude, hinder, obstruct; an- ticipate. Previous introductory, prelimi- nary ; anterior, prior. Prev booty, spoil. Price cost, charge, expense; value, worth. Pride arrogance, hauteur, haughtiness, assumption, vani ty, insolence, conceit, ostenta- tion, loftiness. Primary primitive, pristine original. Principal chief, main PR 27G PRO Principally especial] y, main- ly, particularly, chiefly* Principle doctrine, element ; motive. Print mark, impression, stamp. Prior antecedent, anterior, pre- vious, preceding, former. Priority precedence, pre-emi- nence, preference. Pristine primitive, original. Privacy retirement, seclusion. Privilege immunity, preroga- tive, right, claim, exemption. To Prize value, esteem. Probability chance,likelihood. Probity honesty, uprightness, integrity. To Proceed advance ; arise, is- sue, emanate. Proceeding transaction ; pro- cess, course, progress, progres- sion. Procession train, retinue. To Proclaim advertise, an- nounce, publish, declare, pro- mulgate. Proclamation decree, edict. To Procrastinate delay, de- fer, postpone, prolong, protract retard. To Procure obtain, acquire, gain ; win, earn. Prodigal extravagant, lavish, profuse. [strous. Prodigious enormous, mon- Prodigy wonder, miracle, mar- vel, monster. To Produce yield, give, impart, communicate. Product production, produce; performance, work. Profane impious, irreligious. To Profess declare. Profession business, occupa lion, avocation, office, employ- ment, engagement. Proficiency advancement, pro gress, improvement. Profit gain, advantage, benefit lucre. Profligate abandoned, corrupt, vitiated, depraved, vicious, wicked. Profundity depth. Profuse -extravagant, prodigal, lavish. Progenitor forefather, ances- tor, predecessor. Progeny offspring, issue. Prognostic omen, presage. To Prognosticate foretell, pre- dict, prophesy, vaticinate. Progress advancement, pro- gression ; improvement, profi- ciency. Progression progress, advance- ment. Progressive onward, forward, advancing. To Prohibit forbid, interdict, proscribe. Project design, plan, scheme. Prolific fertile, fruitful. Prolix diffuse, long, tedious. To Prolongs delay, protract, pro- crastinate ; postpone, retard. Prominent conspicuous. Promiscuous indiscriminate. Promise word, engagement. To Promote encourage, ad- vance, prefer, forward. Prompt quick, active, agile, as- siduous, alert, brisk, nimble, lively, sprightly. To Promulgate promulge, pub- lish, proclaim, advertise. Proneness inclination, tenden- cy, propensity. To Pronounce articulate,speak, utter; declare, affirm. Proof reason, argument, de- monstration ; evidence, testi- mony ; experience, experiment, trial, test. Prop staff, stay, support. To Propagate speed, circulate, diffuse, disseminate. Propensity inclination, bias v proneness, tendency. Proper right, just. PRO 277 PUZ Property goods, possessions;: To PsoTUHE procure, furnish, quality, attribute, supply. Propitious favorable, intpi- l'uovu.Evr careful, cautious, cious. economical. To Prophesy foretell, predict, PeoYtSION fare. prognosticate, vaticinate 1 . To Provckk aggravate, irritate, To Propitiate appease, conci-; txuM.erate, tantalize, excite, 111- liate, reconcile. cite. Proportion rate, ratio ; sym- metry. Proporti on ate adequate, com- mensurate, equal. To Propose purpose, intend; offer, bid, tender. Proposition sentence, period, phrase. Proprietor possessor, owner. To Prorogue adjourn ; post- pone, defer. To Proscribe forbid, prohibit, interdict. To Prosecute continue, pursue, Prudence judgment, discretion, wisdom, providence. Proud vain, lofty, arrogant, pre- sumptuous, assuming,}! atighty, conceited. To Pry scrutinize, look into. Prying curious, inquisitive. To Publish proclaim, adver- tise, announce, declare, pro- mulgate ; disclose, reveal. Puerile youthful, juvenile, childish. To Pull draw, drag, haul, hale, persevere, persist. Proselyte convert. lu * Punctual exact, nice, particu- lar. Prospect view, survey, land- j Pungency acriduess, acrimo- scane. niousness, smartness, keen- To Prosper flourish, thrive, j ness. succeed. Prosperity well-being, wel- fare, happiness. Prosperous successful.flourish- ing, fortunate, lucky. To Punish chastise, correct, chasten, discipline. Pupil scholar, disciple. To Purchase buy, bargain. Purgative abstergent, abster- Fo Protect support, cherish,) sive, cleansing, harbor, shelter, foster, guard, Purpose design, in!ention,view defend, shield, cover, counte' mnce, patronize, encourage, vindicate. Protection (a place for) asy* lum, sanctuary, refuge, shelter, retreat. To Protest assert, affirm, de- clare, asseverate, aver, assure, vouch. To Protract delay, defer, pro* long, retard, postpone. To Prove evince, demonstrate, manifest, argue. Proverb adage, maxim, apho- rism, apophthegm, saying, 6aw, by- word. aim, drift, end ; sake, account, reason. To Pursue follow ; continue, persevere, persist, prosecute. Pusillanimity cowardice, ti- midity, fear. To Put place, lay, set. To Put down suppress, repress; reduce, subdue ; restrain. To Put off postpone, defer, de- lav, protract, procrastinate, re- tard. To Putrefy corrupt, rot. To Puzzle perplex, confound, i. bewilder, entan- 2 1 embarrass gle. RAC 278 RAY Q Quack mountebank, empiric, charlatan. To Quake shake, tremble, quiver, shudder. [quisition. Qualification acquirement, ac- Qualified competent, fitted, adapted. To Qualify fit, equip, prepare, adapt ; temper, humor. Quality property, attribute ; fashion, distinction. Quantity deal, portion, part. Quarrel dispute, contest, con- tention, broil, brawl, alterca- tion, tumult, feud, affray. Quarreling dissension, strife, fadion, contention, discord, al- tercation, wrangling, dispute. Quarter district, region. Query question, inquiry, inter- rogatory. To Question doubt, dispute ; ask, interrogate, inquire. Quick nimble, agile, active, brisk, lively, prompt, expedi- tious, [expedite, despatch. To Quicken accelerate, hasten, Quickness speed, velocity, ce- lerity, swiftness, rapidity, lleet- ness, nimbleness, briskness ; expedition, despatch ; agility, activity. Quickness of intellect acute- ness, sharpness, sagacity, pe- netration, shrewdness. To Quiet appease, calm, paci- fy, still. [tranquillity. Quiet ease, rest, Tepose, calm, To Quit relinquish, leave, give up, resign. [quake. To Quiver shake, tremble, To Quote cite, adduce. 11 Race course, passage ; family, house, lineage, breed, genera- tion. To Rack break, rend, tear. Radiance brilliancy, lustre* brightness. To Radiate shine, glitter, glare, sparkle. Rage anger, choler, fury. To Raise heighten, aggravate, lift, exalt, elevate, erect. To Rally deride, mock, ridi- cule, banter. Ramble excursion, tour, trip, jaunt. To Ramble wander, stroll, move, roam, range. Rancor hatred, enmity, ill- will, malice, spite, grudge. To Range class, place, rank ; wander, stroll, rove, roam, ram- ble. Rank order, degree, class. To Ransom redeem, free, manu- mit. Rapacious ravenous, voracious, greedy. Rapidity quickness, swiftness, fleetness, celerity, velocity, speed, agility. Rapine plunder, pillage. Rapture ecstasy, transport. Rare scarce, singular, uncom- mon, incomparable. To Rase blot out, efface, ex- punge, erase, obliterate, cancel ; demolish, dismantle, destroy, subvert, ruin. Rash foolhardy, thoughtless. Rashness temerity, precipi- tance, precipitancy, precipita- tion, hastiness. Rate proportion, ratio, quota, degree; tax, assessment, im- post ; value, worth, price. To Rate estimate, value, ap- praise; scold. Ratio rate, proportion, degree, quota. Ravage desolation, devastation. Ravenous rapacious, greedy voracious. Ray glimmer, gleam, beam, REC 'i, extend. Ready apt, prompt] dexl y, facile. actual, positive, certain; genuine. To REALizE*-accomplish,achieve, fulfill, < flfect, com pi animate. Realm state, kingdom. in argument, proof; cause, motive ; Bake, account, purpose, end. nable rational, just, ho- nest, equitable, fair. Void vi Reason irrational, fool- . Billy, unreasonable, al preposterous, ridiculous. Rebellion insurrection, sedi- tion, reVolt ; contura To Rebound recoil, i To Rebuff repel, reject, beat back, opp To Rebuke reprimand, reprove, k, chide. To Recant abjure, retract, re- call, revoke. To Recapitulate repeat, recite, rehearse. To Recede retire, retreat, with- draw, retrograde. Receipt reception. To Receive accept, take. Recent Iresh, new, novel, mo- dern. Reception receipt. Rf.cipkocal mutual, alternate. aociTY interchange change. Recital account, narrath scription, relation, detail, ex- planation, narration. To Recite repeat, n capitulate. To Reckon compute, calcu- late, estimate, count, number; esteem, account. Reckoning account, bill, charge. To Reclaim reform, recover, correct. To Recline repose, lean, rest. acknowh avov un, To Rbcoil rebound, reverberate, rush hack. ion memory, n i brauce, reminiscence. To Recompense make amends, compensate, compense, remu- Recompense compensation, re- muneration, requital, sati tion, amends, gratuity. ioncile conciliate; pro- pit! To Record enroll, register. r relate, describe, enum To Recover refrain, retrieve; repair, recruit. Recoveky restoratiiui. Recreation amusement, diver- sion, sport, pastime, entertain- ment. To Recruit repair, recover, re- trieve. To Rectify amend, correct, emend, better, mend, reform, improve. Rectitude uprightness. To Redeem ransom, rescue, re- cover. Redress remedy, relief, amend- ment. To Reduce diminish, curtail, shorten, lower; subdue; de- grade. Redundancy excess, superflui- ty. To Reel stagger, totter. To Refer allude, hint, glance at, intimate, sug Refined p . gen- teel, elegant. Refinement cultivation, civili- zation. To Reflect consider, think, ponder, muse ; censure, re- proach. Reflection consideration, me- ditation, cogitation. REL 280 REM To Reform amend, emend, mend, correct, better, rectify, improve, restore. Reformation reform, amend- ment, correction. Refractory .unruly, ungoverna- ble, perverse, obstinate, contu- macious. To Refrain abstain, forbear, withhold. To Refresh revive, renovate, renew ; refrigerate, cool. Refuge t asylum, shelter, re- treat. To Refuse deny, reject, de- cline. Refuse dregs, sediment, dross, scum. To Refute confute, oppugn, disprove. Regal royal, kingly. Regard concern, care, attention; respect, reverence. To Regard attend to,mind,heed; consider; esteem, respect, re verence. Regardful mindful, heedful, attentive, observant. Regardless indifferent, uncon cerned, careless, unobservant. Regimen food, diet. Region district, quarter. To Register enroll, record. Register list, catalogue, roll record, archive, chronicle, an nal, memoir. To Regret complain, lament, tail, describe; refer, respect regard, concern. Related connected, combined. Relation account, narrative, description, recital, detail, nar ration, explanation. Relative. See Relation. Relationship kindred, consan- guinity, affinity. To Relax slacken, loose ; mi- tigate, remit. Relentless implacable, unre- lenting, unpitying. Relevant pertinent, to the pur- pose, apposite, fit, proper. Reliance dependence; trust, confidence, repose. Relics remains, leavings. Relief redress, alleviation, mi- tigation. To Relieve aid, help, succor, assist, alleviate. Religious pious, devout, holy. To Relinquish give up, forego, renounce, quit, abdicate, resign. Relish taste, flavor, savor. Reluctant averse, backward, unwilling, loth. To Remain abide, stay, con- tinue, tarry, sojourn, await. Remainder rest, remnant, re- sidue. Remains leavings, relics. Remark annotation, note, com- ment, observation. Remarkable extraordinary, ob- servable, distinguished, worthy of note. repent, grieve. To Regulate direct, dispose,! To Remark observe, notice. adjust; govern, rule. jA Remark observation, com- To Rehearse -repeat, recite, re-j ment, annotation, note, notice. capitulate. j Remedy cure, reparation. Reign empire, dominion ; pow-j Remembrance memory, recol- er, influence. lection, reminiscence. To Reject refuse, decline, re-! Remembrancer memorial, mo- pel, rebuff. To Rejoice exult, exhilarate. Rejoinder answer, reply, re- sponse, replication. To Relate recount, narrate, de- nument, memento. Reminiscence recollection, re- membrance. Remiss inattentive, heedless, negligent, careless,thoughtless. R i; i K i; s mit absolve, pardon, for- give ; liberate, give up. [der. Remk ue, remain- To Remonstrate expostulate. Rbmorse repentance, penitence, contrition, repugnance. Remote distant, tar. Remi ne ration compensation, satisfaction, recompense, requi- tal. To Rend break, rack, tear. To Renew renovate, revive, re- fresh. To Renounce abandon, fo abdicate, relinquish, give up, quit, forego. . notoriety, repu- tation, celebrity. To Repair restore, recover, amend, retrieve. Reparation restoration, restitu- tion, amends. Repartee retort. To Repay restore, return. To Repeal abolish, abn revoke, annul, cancel ; destroy, annihilate. To Repeat tell over, recite, re- capitulate, rein Repentance penitence, contri- tion, remorse, compunction. Repetition tautolog Po Repine complain, murmur. Replication answer, reply, re- joinder, response. Reply. See the preceding word Report fame, rumor, hearsay. Repose ease, quiet, rest. To Repose recline, rest. Reprehensible blamable, cul- pable, reprovable, censurable. Reprehension reproof, blame reproach. Representation show, exhibi- tion, sight, spectacle. To Repress restrain, suppress, subdue. To Reprieve respite. To Reprimand check, chide, re- prove, rebuke. Reprisal retaliation. To Repsoacb blame, reprove, upbraid, censure, condemn ; vilify, revile. Reproachful abusive, scurril- ous. Opprobrious, insolent, in- sulting, offensive. Reprobate abandoned, vitiated, profligate, corrupt, depraved, castaway, wicked. To Reprobate censure, con- demn. Reproof reprehension, censure, blame. To Reprove check, chide, repri- mand, rebuke. Repugnance aversion, dislike, antipathy, hatred. Repugnan r tdverse, contrary, opposite, inimical, hostile. Reputation character, fame, re- nown, credit, repute. To Request ask, solicit, entreat, demand. In Request repute, credit, de- mand. Request prayer, petition, en- treaty, suit. To Require demand, need. Requisite necessary, essential, expedient. Requital compensation, satis- faction, amends, remuneration, recompense ; retribution. To Rescue deliver, set free, save. Research examination, inquiry, investigation, scrutiny. ; BLANCE likeness, similar- ity, similitude. [live. Resentful revengeful, vmdic- Resentment anger, indignation, ire, wrath. Reservation reserve, retention. To Reside dwell, inhabit, so- journ, abide. Residence habitation, abode, dwelling-, domicile. Residue rest, remainder, rem nant. 1* RET 282 RID To Resign give up ; renounce, relinquish, iorego, abdicate. Resignation patience, endur- ance, submission. To Resist withstand, oppose ; thwart. To Resolve determine,purpose ; solve, analyze, reduce. Resolute decided, determined, fixed ; firm, constant, steady. Resolution courage, fortitude, firmness. To Resort to frequent, haunt. Resource resort, means, expe- dient. To Respect esteem, regard, ho- nor, venerate, revere ; value, prize. Respect deference, regard, con- sideration, esteem, estimation. Respectful obedient, dutiful. Respite reprieve ; interval. Response answer, reply, rejoin- der, replication. Responsible answerable, ac- countable, amenable. Rest cessation, stop, intermis- sion ; ease, quiet, repose ; re- mainder, residue, remnant. To Restore return, give back, repay. Restoration restitution,retrihu- tion, reparation, compensation, requital, amends. To Restrain repress, coerce, restrict. To Restrict bound, limit, con- fine, circumscribe. Result effect, consequence, is- sue, event. To Retain hold, keep, detain, reserve. Retaliation reprisal, repay- ment. To Retard delay, defer, pro- tract, prolong, postpone, pro- crastinate, hinder. To Retire recede, retrograde, retrocede, retreat ; withdraw, ecede. Retirement privacy, seclusion. Retort repartee. To Retract recall, revoke, re- cant, abjure. Retreat asylum,shelter,refuge. To Retreat. See Retire. Retribution requital, repay- ment. To Retrieve recover, repair, re- cruit, regain. To Retrocede. See Retire. To Retrograde go backward See Retire. Retrospect review, survey. To Return revert ; restore, re- pay. o Re To Reveal divulge, disclose, make known, communicate, open, impart. To Revenge avenge, vindicate. Revengeful vindictive, resent- ful . To Reverberate rebound, re- coil. To Revere reverence, adore, venerate. Reverence awe, dread; honor, respect. To Reverse invert, overturn subvert, return. R every -dream. Review retrospect, survey ; re- visal, revision. To Revile vilify. Revisal revision, review. To Revive refresh, renew, reno- vate. To Revoke recall, retract; abo- lish, abrogate, annul, repeal, cancel, destroy, annihilate. Revolt insurrection, sedition, rebellion. Reward compensation,amends, satisfaction, remuneration, re- compense, requital. Rhetoric elocution, eloquence, oratory. Riches wealth, opulence, afflu- ence. To Ridicule laugh at, deride ROU SAL mock, satirize, lampoon, rally, banter. RUUOUU satirr, sarcasm, bur- lesque, irony, banter. Ridiculous absurd, pn rous, ludicrous, droll. Right straight, direct; just, proper ; claim, privilege, immu- nity. Righteous upright, just,honcst, virtuous, incorrupt, f-quitable, godly. Rigid rigorous, austere, stern ; harsh, severe. Rim border, edge, brim, brink, margin. Rind skin, peel, hide. Ripeness maturity, perfection, puberty. To Rise arise, mount, ascend, climb, scale. Rise origin, source, original. Rite form, ceremony, observ- ance. Rivalry emulation, competi- tion. Road way, route, course, path. To Roam rove, wander, stroll, ramble, range. Robbery depredation, theft, plunder. Robust strong, firm, sturdy. Roll list, register, catalogue. Romance fable, tale, novel. Room space, extent ; chamber, apartment. Roomy capacious, ample, spa- cious. To Root out eradicate, extermi- nate, extirpate. To Rot putrefy, decay, corrupt. Rotten putrefied, putrid, de- cayed, corrupt, carious. Rotundity roundness, circu- larity. To Rove wander, stroll, ramble, roam, range. [vere. Rough rugged, rude, harsn, se- Round circuit tour, sphere, orb, globe. Roundness circularity, rotun- dity, globosity, sphericity. To Rouse awaken, stir up, ex- cito, provoke. To Rout beat, defeat, overpow- er, overthrow. way, road, course. Row tumult, broil, commotioi., riot, disturbance, affray, uproar. RoYAL rorral, kingly. To Rub chafe, fret, gall. Rude coarse, rough ; unceuth, unpolished ; impertinent, sau- cy, impudent, insolent. Rueful piteous, doleful, woful. Rugged rough, rude, harsh. Ruin destruction; bane, pest. Ruinous pernicious, destructive. Rule order, method ; law, max- im, precept, guide, regulation, government. Ruling prevailing, prevalent, predominant. Rumor fame, report, bruit. Rupture fracture, fraction. Rural rustic. Rustic? rural ; countryman, pea- sant, swain, hind, clown. Sacrament Lord's supper, eu- charist. Sacred holy, divine. Sad sorrowful, mournful, me- lancholy, dull, dejected, de- pressed, gloomy, cheer -1 . Safe secure, fearless ; - "^^ , trustworthy. Sage sagacious, sapient, wise, prudent; grave. Sagacity acuteness, discern- ment, penetration. Sailor mariner, seaman. Salary allowance, stipend,pay, wages, hire. Sake account, reason, purpose, end. Salubrious salutary, healthy wholesome. SCA 284 SED Salutary advantageous. See also Salubrious. Salutation greeting, address. Salutiferous healthy. Sameness identity. [port. To Sanction countenance, sup- Sanctity holiness. Sane sound, healthy. Sanguinary bloody, blood- thirsty. To Sap undermine, subvert. Sapient sagacious, wise, sage. Sarcasm satire, ridicule, irony. Scent smell, odor, perfume, fragrance. Scheme design, plan, project. Scholar disciple, pupil. School academy, seminary. Science knowledge, learning, erudition. To Scoff gibe, jeer, sneer. Scope drift, aim, tendency. To Scorn contemn, despise, dis- dain. To Scream shriek,cry, screech. To Screen cover,shelter,shield. To Satiate satisfy, glut, cloy. Scribe writer, penman Satire ridicule, irony, sarcasm ; wit, humor, buries jup. Satisfaction compensation, amends, remuneration, recom- pense, requital, reward; con- tentment. To Satisfy please, gratify ; sa- tiate, glut, cloy. Saucy impertinent, rude, impu- dent, insolent. Savage cruel, inhuman, brutal, barbarous; ferocious, fierce. To Save rescue, deliver ; spare, protect ; preserve. Saving economical, sparing, frugal, thrifty ; penurious, nig- gardly, stingy. To Saunter linger, loiter, lag, tarry. Savor taste, flavor, relish. To Say speak, tell. Saying adage, maxim, apho- rism, apophthegm, proverb, by-word, saw. To Scale rise, mount, ascend, climb. Scandal discredit, disgrace, re- proach, infamy. To Scandalize accuse falsely, asperse, calumniate, defame, detract, slander, vilify, offend. Scarce rare, singular ; hardly. scantily. Scarcity dearth, penury. To Scatter spread, disperse dissipate. To Scruple hesitate,doub ^fluc- tuate. Scrupulous conscientious. To Scrutinize pry, dive into, examine, investigate, inquire into, search. Scum dregs, sediment, refuse, dross. Scurrilous abusive, reproach- ful, opprobrious, insolent, in- sulting, offensive. Sea ocean, main. Seaman sailor, mariner. Search scrutiny, inquiry, in- vestigation, examination, re- search, quest, pursuit. i Seasonable timely, opportune. 'To SecEDE recede, retire, with- draw, retreat. I Seclusion privacy, retirement. | Secondary second, inferior,sub- ordinate. Secrecy concealment, privacy. Secret clandestine, concealed, hidden, occult, latent, myste- rious, Secular temporal, worldly. To Secure make sure, certain guarantee. Secure certain, sure, safe. Security deposit,pledge; fence, guard. Sedate composed, calm, quiet, serene, unruffled, still. Sediment dregs, dross, refuse, scum. s !; Q SUA Sedition insurrection, rebellion, revolt. Seditious factious ; tumultuous, turbulent, mutinous, rebellious. To Seduce allure, attract, de- coy, entice, tempt, abduct. Sedulous diligent, assiduous. To See look, heboid, view, eye; perceive, observe. To Seek search, explore, ex- amine. To Seem appear. Seemly fit, suitable, meet, be- coming, decent. To Seize catch, snatch, appre- hend, lay bold on, take. Seizure capture. To Select choose, pick. Self-conceit self-sufficiency, vanity. Semblance show, outside ap- pearance. To Send away dismiss, dis- charge, discard, despatch. Senior elder Sensation perception, senti- ment. Sense feeling, perception; judg- ment ; signification, meaning import. Sensibility feeling, suscepti bility. Sensitive sensible, sentient. Sensualist voluptuary, epicure. Sentence decision, judgment ; proposition, period, phrase. To Sentence condemn, doom. Sentient sensible, sensitive. Sentiment sensation, percep- tion ; opinion, notion. Sentinel guard. Separate -distinct, different, un- connected. To Separate detach, sever, di- vide, disjoin, disunite, disen- gage, part, sunder. Sepulchre grave, tomb. Sepulture burial, interment, inhumation. Sequel close, conclusion. dm, tranquil. course; successive or- der. Serious earnest, grave, solemn. nt domestic, menial, drudge. To Serve aid, assist, help, suc- cor, minister to, furnish, pro- vide. Service advantage, benefit, avail, use, utility. Servitude slavery, bondage. To Set. put, place, lay. To Set free liberate, loose ; ac- quit, clear ; pardon, forgive. To Set apart dedicate, devote ; consecrate, hallow. To Settle adjust, compose ; re- gulate, arrange, determine, fix, establish. To Settle firmly confirm, esta- blish, corroborate. Settled determinate, definitive, decisive, conclusive. To Sever separate, disjoin, de- tach. Several different, divers, sun- dry, various. Severe rigid, austere, rigorous, harsh, stern, rough. Severe in remark keen, cutting, sarcastic, satirical. Sex gender. Shackle fetter, manacle, chain. Shade shadow. To Shake agitate, tremble, shudder, shiver, quiver, quake. To Shame abash, confuse, con- found. Shame dishonor, disgrace. Shameless immodest, impu- dent, indecent, indelicate. Shameful (grossly) infamous, scandalous, disgraceful, op- probrious, ignominious. To Shape form, fashion, mold. To Share divide, distribute, ap- portion, participate, partake. Sharp acute, keen, snrewd. Sharpness penetration, shrewd- SHU 286 SKI ness, acuteness, sagacity ; sour- ness, acidity, acrimony. To Shed pour, spill. Shelter asylum, refuge, re- treat. To Shelter cover, screen, har- bor, lodge. Shift evasion, subterfuge ; ex- pedient, resource, alternative. To Shine radiate, glitter, glis- ten, gleam, glare, sparkle, co- ruscate. Shining brilliant, splendid, re- splendent, bright, radiant, glit- tering. To Shock offend, disgust ; ap- pall, dismay, terrify, affright, disturb. Shocking formidable, dreadful, terrible. To Shoot forth sprout, bud, germinate. To Shoot out project, protrude. Short brief, concise, compen- dious, summary, succinct, la- conic. To Shorten curtail, contract, abridge, reduce. Shouting declamation, ap- plause, plaudit, exultation. Show outside appearance, sem- blance ; exhibition, representa- tion, sight, spectacle ; parade, ostentation. To Show exhibit, discover, dis- play ; direct, point out, in- struct, inform. Showy ostentatious, gaudy, fine, gay, splendid, pompous, sumptuous, magnificent, state- ly, grand. [ing. Shrewd acute, keen, penetrat- To Shriek cry, scream, screech. To Shudder shake, tremble, quake, quiver. To Shuffle equivocate, preva- ricate, quibble, cavil, evade, sophisticate. To Shun avoid, elude, eschew, evade, To Shut close. Sick sickly, diseased, morbid, ill, indisposed. Sight show, exhibition, repre- sentation, spectacle. Sign omen, prognostic, presage, bodement, signal, token ; mark, sign, note, symptom. Signal memorable, remarkable, eminent, distinguished. Significant expressive. Signification meaning, import, sense ; avail, importance, con sequence, moment, weight. To Signify denote, imply, ex press, declare, testify, utter betoken, intimate. Silence taciturnity ; stillness. Silent dumb, mute, speechless. Silly simple, foolish. Similarity likeness, resem- blance, similitude. Simile similitude, comparison. Similitude likeness, resem blance, similarity. Simple silly, foolish ; single, singular. Simulation dissimulation, feint, pretence. Sincere unvarnished, honest, undissembling, upright, true, uncorrupt ; plain, frank. Single only, sole, singular, par- ticular. Singular particular, odd, eccen- tric, strange, rare, scarce. To Sink droop, drop, fall, tum- ble, [cality. Site place, spot, situation, lo- Situation condition, state, plight,case, predicament; place, site, station, position, post, lo- cality, [bulk. Size greatness, magnitude To Sketch depict, delineate, portray, paint. Sketch outline, d raugh t . j Skillful clever, expert, dex- trous, adroit. J Skin hide, peel, rind, pelt, husk. son Slack lo< To Slander accuse falsely! as- persei calumniate, defame, de- ndali/.e, vilify. Slavery servitude, bondage, captivity. carnage, massacre, butch To Slat kill, murder, s bate. [drowse. To Si.i-.Ki> slumber, nap, dose, . lethargic. EB slight, slim, thin. To Slide slip, glide. . i' slender, slim; cursory, hasty, desultory ; neglect, con- tempt, scorn. To Slip slide, glide. BTOL lazy, inactive, slug- gish, inert. Slow dilatory, tardy, tedious, dull. isii inactive, inert, lazy, slothful. To Slumber sleep, doze, nap, drowse. Sr,v cunning, crafty, subtle, wily. Small little, diminutive, mi- nute. vNESS-quickness, liveliness, briskness ; pungency, tartness. To Smear daub, besmear. Smell scent, odour, perfume, fragrance. Smooth even, plain, level. To Smother stifle, suppress, suffocate. Snarling cynical, snappish, waspish. To Snatch catch, seize, grasp, gripe. Sneaking crouching, servile. To Sneer scoff, gibe, jeer. To Soak steep, imbrue; drench, macerate Sober moderate, abstemious,ab stinent, temperate ; grave. Sobriety moderation, temper ance, modesty. ciable, coimvial, eon- Mis famili inion- Societt association, oompany, community, fellowship. flexible, supple, ductile, pliant, lithe, pliable, yielding, compliant, docile, tractable ; mild, gentle, m To Son, stain, sully, tarn: 70U8H dwell, reside, in- habit ; tarry, stay. Solace consolation, comfort, re- creation. Sole solitary, single, only, alone. mn grave, serious. To Solicit ask, request, crave, entreat, beg, beseech, implore, supplicate. Solicitation importunity, invi- tation. Solicitude care, anxiety. Solid hard, substantial, firm, stable. Solitary sole, only, alone, sin- gle, lonely ; retired, remote ; desolate, desert. [up. To Solve resolve, explain, clear Some any. Soon early, betimes; quickly, promptly. To Soothe allay, appease, as- suage, compose, calm, tran- quillize, pacify, mitigate. To Sophisticate adufterate,cor- rupt, vitiate. Sordid mean, covetous, nig- gardly, gross. Sorrow affliction, grief. Sorry grieved, hurt, afflicted, affected, mortified, vexed, cha- grined. Sort species, kind. Sovereign prince, monarch, po- tentate. Sound healthy, hearty, sane ; -tone. Sour acid, sharp, tart, acrimo- nious, acetose, acetous. SPI 288 STA Sourness of manner acrimony, asperity, harshness. Source origin, rise, spring, fountain. Space room. Spacious ample, capacious. To Spare afford, give, impart, communicate. Sparing economical, saving, thrifty. Spark gallant, beau. To Sparkle shine, glitter,glare, radiate, coruscate. To Speak say, tell, talk, con- verse, discourse, utter, articu- late, pronounce. To Speak to accost, address, discourse. Special specific, particular. Species kind, sort. Specific particular, special. Specimen model, pattern, sam- ple. Specious colorable, ostensible, plausible, feasible. Speck stain, spot, flaw, blem- ish. Spectacle show, sight, exhibi- tion, representation, pageant. Spectator looker-on, beholder, observer. Spectre ghost, phantom, appa- rition. Speculation theory, scheme. Speech oration, address, ha rangue. Speechless dumb, silent, mute. To Speed hasten, accelerate, ex- pedite, despatch. To Spend expend ; exhaust,dis- sipate, squander, waste. Sphere circle, globe, orb. To Spilii pour, shed. Spirited lively, animated, viva- cious, ardent, active. Spirits animation, life,vivacity; courage, enterprise. [real. Spiritual immaterial, inc^rpo- Spite rancor, malice, malevo- lence, malignity; pique,grudge. Splendor lustre, brightness, brilliancy; magnificence, pomp, pageantry. Splenetic morose, gloomy ,sul- len. To Split break, burst ; crack. Spoil booty, prey. Spontaneously voluntarily, wil- lingly. Sport amusement, diversion, entertainment, recreation, pas- time ; play, game. Sportive lively,] ocund,spright- ly, vivacious, merry. Spot place,site, locality ; speck, stain, flaw. Spotless unspotted, unblemish- ed ; blameless, irreproachable. To Spread scatter, expand, dif- fuse, disperse, distribute, cir- culate, propagate, disseminate, dispensate. Sprightly active, agile, assidu- ous, alert, brisk. Spring fountain, source. To Spring arise, issue, proceed, flow, emanate. To Sprinkle bedew,besprinkle; scatter. To Sprout bud,germinate,shoot forth. Spruce finical, foppish, dandy- ish. Spurious counterfeit, suppositi- tious, not genuine. Spy -emissary. To Squander spend, expend, waste. Squeamish fastidious,over-nice, finical. Squeeze press, pinch, gripe. Stability fixedness, firmness, steadiness. Staff stick, crutch ; prop, stay, support. ! To Stagger reel, totter. ;To Stagnate stand, stop, rest. | Stain blot, blemish,spot,speck, flaw. j To Stain colour, dye, tinge. STl 289 STK To Stain, or dirt blot, macu- late, spot, foul, soil, tarnish, sully, pollute* To Stammkb stutter; hesitate, miter. Stamp mark, impression, print. To Stand stop, rest, stagnate. Standard criterion, rule, test To Stabs gene, <^aze. To Start startle, shrink. State condition, situation, po- sition, predicament,case,pli based, wicked. VlYACIOUS animated, lively, sprightly, sportive, jocund, merry. Vivacity Iife,animation,tpirits, lightness, volatility. Vivid clear, lucid, bright; live- ly, f|uick, sprightly, active; striking. VocAnuLARV dictionary, nomen- clature, lexicon, glossary. Vocal verbal, oral. Void empty, vacant, devoid. Volatility lightness, levity, giddiness, flightiness. Voluntarily spontaneously, willingly, gratuitously. Voluptuary sensualist, epi- cure. Voracious rapacious, ravenous, greedy. Vote suffrage, voice. To Vouch obtest, attest, war- rant ; asseverate, affirm, aver, protest, assure. Vulgar common, ordinary, mean, low. W Wages stipend, salary, hire, al- lowance, pay. Wakeful watchful, vigilant, observant. Walk carriage, gait. To Walk unsteadily stagger, reel, totter. Wan pale, pallid. To Wander stroll, ramble,rove, roam, range. Want poverty, penury, indi- gence, necessity, need, lack. Ware commodity, goods, mer chandjse. Wariness caution, circumspec- tion, scrupulousness, care. Warlike martial, military, sol dier-like. Warm-hearted cordial, sin- cere, hearty. Warmth fervency, fervour, ar- WEI 298 WON dor, zeal, cordiality ; vehe-' mence, heat ; glow. Warning caution, admonition, notice. To Warrant answer for, gua- ranty, secure. Wary cautious, circumspect, guarded, watchful. To Waste spend, expend, dis- sipate ; squander, consume, la- vish, destroy. Waste devastation, ravage, spoil, desolation, havoc, de- struction ; consumption, dis- sipation. Wasteful profuse, extrava- Wrant, prodigal, lavish. atchful vigilant, attentive, cautious, observant, circum- spect, wakeful. Watery aqueous. Wave billow, surge, breaker. To Waver hesitate, fluctuate scruple. Way method, system, mode, means, manner, form, fashion ; road, route, course. Weak feeble, infirm, enfeebled, debilitated, enervated. Weakness debility, languor, feebleness, infirmity, imbeci- lity, frailty, impotence ; failing, foible. Wealth riches, opulence, afflu- ence. Weariness lassitude, fatigue. Wearisome tiresome, tedious, fatiguing, troublesome, annoy- ing, vexatious. To Weary tire, fatigue, harass, W'ade, subdue; vex, annoy. edding marriage, nuptials. Wedlock marriage,matrimony. Weekly hebdomadal. Weight gravity, heaviness, ponderousness ; "burden, load ; signification, avail, importance, consequence, moment. Weighty heavy, burdensome, ponderous; onerous. Welcome acceptable, agreeable, grateful. Well-being welfare, prosperi- ty, happiness. Welfare. See the preceding word. To Welter wallow. To Wheedle coax, cajole, fawn. Whim freak, caprice. Whimsical capricious, fanci- ful, fantastical. To Whirl twirl, turn, wheel, revolve, circulate. To Whiten blanch, bleach. Whole all ; entire, complete, integral, total, undivided, per- fect. Wicked unjust, nefarious, irre- ligious, profane, impious. Wicked in a high degree atro- cious, heinous, flagrant, flagi- tious, villanous, enormous,mon- strous. Willingly voluntarily, sponta- neously. To Win obtain, gain, procure, get, earn. Wily subtle, sly, crafty, cun- ning. To Wind turn, whirl, twirl. Wisdom sapience, knowledge ; prudence. Wise sage ; sapient, sagacious ; learned, skilled ; judicious; dis- creet, prudent. To Wish desire, long for, han- ker after. Wit ingenuity ; humor, satire, irony, burlesque ; contrivance, stratagem, invention. To Withdraw retreat, retire,re- cede, retrograde, go back. j To Withhold keep back, let, hinder; refrain, forbear. To Withstand oppose, resist i thwart. j Witness deponent, evidence. I Woful piteous, doleful, rueful. I Wonder surprise,astonishment \Y K E 009 Z E A admiration, amazement; mira- cle, marvel, prodigy. Wooer suitor, I Word term, expression; pro- mise, argument Work employment, occupation; operation, performance; toil, Labor, drudgery, production. Worldly securer, temporal* Worm (to make) impair, dete- riorate ; injure, damage. To Worship adore, revere ; ho- nor. Worth desert, merit; value, Hence ; rate, price. Worthless unworthy, value- less. Worthy deserving, meritori- ous, estimable. To Wrangle jangle, jar. Wrath- -anger, ire, fury, resent- ment, indignation. To Wrench wrest, turn, bend, twist, distort. Wretched unhappy, misera- ble. To Wrhcg. Nee Wrench. Whiter penman, scribe; au thor. ><; injury, injustice. Yearly annual. To Yield impart, give, commu- nicate; produce; give up, com- ply, cede, concede, surrender ; conform. [sive. Yielding compliant, submis- Youth juvenility, adolescence, puerility. Zeal ardor, enthusiasm. Zealous ardent, earnest, solici- tous, anxious, warm, fervent, enthusiastic. the end ' - " ' ' l,u 1 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 25Juf^y | :ay'62KL 4Noji$gD A JUL 1 9 1963 140ec'S0CD ^tsff . aajrffltf i*JS, ^287? i iiirf*** JUL 1 2004 LIBRARY USE MAY 3 1952 LD 21-100m-ll,'49(B7146sl6)476 YB 2 nn* \ I 8