JUNE 1, JSARRS BUFFON. This Day is published, price }s. 6d. with the Plates beautifully valour ed, or Is. plain, NUMDER I. OF A NEW EDITION BUFFON'S CONTAINING THE THEORY OF THE EARTH, A General History of Man, of the Brute Creation, of Vegetables, Minerals, fyc. TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH AND INTERSPERSED WITH NOTES, BY J. S. BARR, ESQ. To which is added, forming a complete Supplement, Natural ^tetorg of 2$irte, dFi$)c$, &eptil**, ADDRESS. THE name of BUFFON, as the luminous and philosophical Historian of Na- ture, is too illustrious to need the aid of panegyric. He was the first that attempted to embellish the comparatively dry details on the subject, with the graces of an eloquent and impassioned style of writing; and hence, while the accuracy of his researches have commanded the assent of scientific men, the elegance and beauty of his illustrations have equally excited the admiration of tlie general reader. In almost every country of Europe his great Work has been translated ; but we will venture to say, in no one has it been done with more regard to the fidelity of the text, than in that which is now submitted to public patronage. With this view, indeed, not only has Buflfon himself bn scrupulously followed, but the additions and corrections of bis celebrated countryman, Sonnini, have been incorporated. The value of this addi- tional matter will be duly estimated by all who have had an opportunity of inspecting Sonnini's magnificent and expensive edition of Buffon, which was procured from the Continent expressly for the purpose of rendering the pre- sent Translation every way worthy of public approbation. A Portrait of the Author, and an Account of his Life are prefixed ; and, added to the whole, there is a supplementary Volume, consisting entirely of Description! of Birds, discovered since the death of Buffon, as drawn up by Sonnini. Contritions. !. Thit valuable Work, forming, beyond companion, the most complete and elegant Natural History in thil or any other lan- guage, will be beautifully printed in Octavo, on superfine writing Paper. It. It will be embellished with a nume- rout Set of elegant original Copper-plates ; the Subjects taken from Life, and engraved ill tbe best manner, by Milton and other celebrated Engravers. III. The colouring of the Subject! will be executed in a superior style, by Persons of the first ability in the Art. IV. The Work will be completed in One Hundred Numbers, (published Weekly), price Is. fid. each, vitli the Plates accurately coloured, or Is. plain, making Sixteen hand- some Volumes. f, For the accommodation of Purchasers of Former Edition*, the 16th, or Supplementary Volume, may be had separately, to complete thtir Sett. * The whole of the Work having been printed off, it may be had COMPLETE : Coloured. 1. . A. 1 1 Plain. I. *. d. 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ThU Course is completed in Thirty Numbers, and is embellished with 120 new Plates, illus- trafiTe of the Process of Vegetation, the Sexual System, &c. engraved by Sansom, from original Drawings by Edwards, and correctly coloured from Nature : they form three handsome Volumes, in royal Octavo, and may be had complete, Price 4l. in Boards, or, Half-bound, with Russia backs' and lettered, <{. 10s. CURTIS'S PRACTICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE BRITISH GRASSES. Fifth Edition, with Additions, by J. LAWRHNCF.. Price 6s. boards ; or, with the Plates coloured, 8s. 6d. London : Published by Sherwood, JW.y, and Jone*, Paternoster Row and may be had of all Booksellers. - .: - . ' - i. DESCRIPTION NEW SOUTH WALES, A ^STATISTICAL, HISTORICAL, AND POLITICAL DESCRIPTION Its trepenfcent Settlements IN VAN DIEMBN'S LAND: WITH A PARTICULAR ENUMERATION OP THE ADVANTAGES WHICH THESK COLONIES OFFER FOR EMIGRATION, A DEMONSTRATION OF THEIR SUPERIORITY IN MANY RESPECTS OVER THOSE POSSESSED BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ; AND A WORD OP ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. CF&ition, CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED, AND EMliKLLISHED WITH A VIEW Ot THE TOWN OF SYDNEY, AND A MAP. BY w. C.VENTWORTI^ESQ. A NATIVE OF THE COLONY^/ LONDON: PRINTED FOR G. AND W. B. WHITTAKER, AVK- MARIA LANE. 1820. W. SHACKELL, Printer, Johnson'-court, Kleet-Mreef, London. ou IS2.D PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. IT may prevent those inquiries that would be naturally made by the public, respecting the manner in which the author acquired the information contained in this work, when he states that he was born in the colony of New South Wales, and that he resided there for about five years since his arrival at the age of maturity. This is a period which will, at least, be allowed to have been sufficient for acquiring a correct knowledge of its state and government, and for enabling him to observe the destructive tendency of those measures, of which it has been his endeavour to demonstrate the injustice and impolicy, and to procure the b 788660 VI PREFACE. speady repeal. He would not, however, have it concluded that the present work has been the result of mature and systematic reflection. It is, on the contrary, a hasty production, which ori- ginated in the casual suggestions of an acquain- tance, and which was never contemplated by him, during his long residence in the colony. He has consequently been obliged not only to omit giving a detail of many interesting facts, with which he might have become acquainted previously to his departure ; but Inns also been under the necessity of relying in a great mea- sure on the fidelity of his memory for the accu- racy of many of those circumstances which he has stated : still he is not without hope, that five years' attentive observation will have ena- bled him to communicate many particulars, of which, in the absence of abler works on the same subject, most of the inhabitants of this country cannot but be ignorant, and many must wish to be apprized. His only aim, in obtruding this hasty produc- tion on the public, is to promote the welfare and prosperity of the country which gave him PREFACE. Vll birth ; and he has judged that he could in no way so effectually contribute his mite towards the accomplishment of this end, as by attempt- ing to divert to its shores from the United States of America some part of that vast tide of emi- gration, which is at present flowing thither from all parts of Europe. In furtherance, therefore, of this design, he has described the superior advantages of climate and soil possess- ed by this colony ; he has explained the causes, why these natural superiorities have not yet been productive of those beneficial consequences which might have been expected from thorn ; he has pointed out the arguments which offer for the abandonment of the present system, and the substitution of another in its place ; and by adducing, in fine, what he considers to be irrefragable proofs of the expediency, merely as it regards the parent country, of adopting the measures which he has proposed, he hopes that he shall eventually occasion an alteration of polity, by which both the parties concerned will be equally benefited. He has not, how- ever, presumed on a contingency which it is thus reasonable to believe cannot be either doubtful b 2 Vlll PREFACE. or remote ; but has restricted himself to an enu- meration of the inducements to emigration which exist under actual circumstances ; and, by comparing them with the advantages which those writers, who have given the most favour- able accounts of the United States of America have represented them as possessing, he has proved that this colony, labouring as it is under all the discouragements of an arbitrary and im- politic government, has still a great and decided preponderancy in the balance. How much this preponderancy will be increased, whenever the changes and modifications, which he has ven- tured to suggest, shall be in whole, or in part carried into effect, he has left to all such as are desirous of emigrating to form their own estimate ; and to decide also how much longer a system so highly burdensome to the parent country, and so radically defective in its prin- ciples and operation, is likely to be tolerated. To all those, who are of opinion with him that it cannot be of much longer duration, the in- ducements for giving this colony the preference will become so weighty, as scarcely to admit of the possibility that they should hesitate for PREFACE. IX a moment in their choice between the two countries. If, in the course of this work, he has spoken in terms of unqualified reprobation of the bane- ful system, to which the unhappy place of his nativity has been the victim, he would have it distinctly understood, that it has been fur- thest from his thoughts to connect the censure, which he has bestowed on it, with those who have permitted its continuance. He is too deeply impressed with a sense of the arduous and momentous nature of the contest which they have had to conduct, not to allow that it was justly entitled to their first and chief attention. Our whole colonial system, in fact, he considers to have been but a mere under- plot in the great drama that was acting. It could not, therefore, be reasonably expected that the grievances of any one colony should be- come the subject of minute and particular inves- tigation ; and still less could it be imagined that the government should convert their attention to the relief of one, which has comparatively excited but a small share of public interest, and PREFACE. has hitherto been considered more in the light of a prison, than of what he has endeavoured to prove it might be rendered, one of the most useful and valuable appendages of the empire. This apology, however, for the neglect which the colony has experienced during the war, cannot be pleaded in vindication of a perseve- rance in the same impolitic and oppressive course in time of peace. Nor is it to be won- dered at, as upwards of three years have now elapsed since the consolidation of the tranquillity of the world, that the colonists should begin to feel indignant at the continuance of disa- bilities, for the abrogation of which the most powerful considerations of justice and expedi- ency have been urged in vain. To remove such just grounds for dissatisfaction and com- plaint, and to allow them, at length, the enjoy- ment of those rights and privileges, of which they ought never to have been debarred, would, at best, be but a poor compensation for an impeded agriculture and a languishing com- merce ; but it is the only one that can now be offered ; and, although it cannot repair the wide ravages which so many years of unmerited and PREFACE. XI absurd restrictions have occasioned, it may arrest the progress of desolation, and prevent any further increase to the numbers who have already sunk beneath the pressure of an over- whelming system. It is, therefore, to be hoped that the cause of humanity will no longer be outraged by unnecessary delay, and that the only atonement, which can be made the colo- nists for their past and present sufferings, will no longer be withheld. The author is fully aware that, in the course of this work, he has developed no new prin- ciple of political economy, and that he has only travelled in the broad beaten path in which hundreds have journeyed before him. For troubling, therefore, the public with a repeti- tion of principles, of which the truth is so generally known and acknowledged, the only plea he can urge in his justification is a hope that the reiteration of them will not be deemed unnecessary and obtrusive, so long as their application is incomplete ; so long as vice and misery prevail in any part of the world, from the want of their adoption and enforcement. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. THE favourable manner, in which the first edition of this work was received by the public, has induced the author to bestow considerable care and attention on the revision and improve- ment of this second edition. Such of the state- ments as he has had reason to believe were either unfounded or exaggerated have been omitted or rectified ; large additions to the text have been made, principally with a view to the information and guidance of emigrants ; an accurate map, comprehending Hunter's River, or the Coal River, the district of Illawarra or the Five Islands, Shoal Haven River,' and the more contiguous parts of the immense country lately discovered to the westward of the Blue XIV PREFACE. Mountains, has been added, together with an engraving of the town of Sydney ; and, as the want of them was much felt and complained of, it is trusted they will render the local descriptions contained in the work much more intelligible. Upon the whole the author hopes that the present edition will be found much more worthy the patronage f the public, than the preceding. In the alterations, which he has been in- duced to make in his calculations on the profits to be derived from the investment of capital in the breeding of fine woolled sheep, lie has acted in obedience to the opinions of some of his friends rather than in conformity with his own judgment. The present low prices of wool are confessedly the effect of the universal stagnation of commerce ; and, unless it be imagi- ned that this stagnation is to continue, it cannot be disputed that they do not afford any fair data, by which to regulate the future average value of this, the staple export of the colony. And as the author is not of the number of those who believe that the embarrassment and dis- PREFACE. XV tress occasioned by the late war are likely to be permanent, he has only been persuaded to sub- stitute these reduced prices for those higher ones, on which the calculations in the former edition were founded, in order to prevent the possibility of its being attributed to him by any person, however illiberally disposed, that he has any intention to mislead those who are desirous of emigrating in the choice of their future des- tination. He feels perfectly convinced that the preference which is due to this colony as a place for emigration will soon be generally under- stood and willingly conceded. The superiority which it possesses in this respect over all other colonies and countries is too striking to need any fictitious embellishment ; and its real in- trinsic advantages are such that the exaggera- tion of its friends is as little required to promote its future progress,- as the efforts of its enemies will be impotent talmpede it. The heavy discouragements to emigration, which at the time this work was originally pub- lished, were to be found in the nature of the colonial government, and in the numerous op- XVI PREPACK, pressive and impolitic regulations to which it had given birth, it will be seen by the notes that have been added to this edition, have for the most part been either removed or mitigated. The power of taxation, hitherto arbitrarily exer- cised by the local government, has been solemn- ly abrogated in parliament ; the trade between the mother country and the colony, which was restricted to vessels of not less than 350 tons burden, has been thrown open to vessels of all sizes; a colonial secretary,- an officer, the want of whom for many years has been most severely felt, has been appointed ; a council too, it is understood, is to be created : internal distillation either has been or is to be permit- ted ; the duties on oils procured in the colo- nial vessels are to be removed, and there is little doubt that the constitution of the courts of jus- tice will be revised and rendered adequate to the increased wants of the colony, as soon as the report of the Committee of the House of Commons, who are now occupied among other things with an inquiry into its state, and that of the Commissioner, who is gona out thither to prosecute a similar inquiry on PREFACE, XV11 the spot, shall be submitted to the conside- ration of his Majesty's Government. In short, it is probable that all the privileges, which the Author has contended for, will be conceded, excepting, perhaps, Trial by Jury, and the establishment of a House of Assembly ; and, if these privileges should be withheld a little lon- ger, he feels persuaded that it will only be from u conviction in the minds of his Majesty's mi- nisters that the colony has not yet arrived at a sufficient degree of maturity for the reception and exercise of them. Government have fully proved, by the attention which they are now paying to this colony, that they are at length awakened to a due sense of its importance, and that they are really disposed to promote its prosperity. And if the concessions, which either have been made, or which it is in con- templation to make, are not of so extensive and satisfactory a description, as to leave the colo- nists nothing further to desire ; yet they are such, that combined with the natural superiori- ties of the soil and situation of'this colony, they cannot fail in the course of a few years to ren- der it not only the most flourishing depen- XV111 PREFACE. dency of the British Empire ; but the most thriving community in the world. Nor should those persons, who are bent on emigration, and who are not yet satisfied with the modifications or changes made or intended in the polity of this colony, forget that every freeman, who may land on its shores, will tend to swell its population to that height of respectability and importance, the want of which is the only barrier to the immediate erection of that free representative system, which is essential to the complete development of its energies, and to the promotion of its full growth and prosperity. To what the author has written in the suc- ceeding pages with reference to the commercial prospects, which the colony presents to emi- grants, he begs to add that the markets there are at present so glutted with every sort of merchandize, that he would by all means dis- suade any person from going out thither with views purely mercantile. In recommending emigrants to settle with all possible celerity on their farms, he does not PREFACE. XIX mean to imply, that they should not allow themselves due time to ride about and examine the country, and to ascertain the advantages, and disadvantages of the various unappropria- ted districts. No stranger perhaps can do this properly, and besides render , himself familiar with the system of husbandry pursued in the colony, and with the character and habits of the people with whom he will have to deal, under six months. The time, which he may thus devote, he will find, will contribute most mate- rially to his subsequent success. But the Author again repeats, that, if the emigrant wish to husband his resources, he should remove with his family from Sydney as soon as possible, and hire a temporary residence in some of the in- land towns or townships. NEW SOUTH WALES. PART I. Statistical Account of the Settlements in New Holland. THE colony of New South Wales is situated on the eastern coast of New Holland. This island, which was first discovered by the Dutch in 1616, lies between the 9 and 39 of south latitude, and the 108 and 153 of east longitude ; and, from its immense size, seems rather to merit the appellation of continent, which many geographers have bestowed on it. Since that period it has been visited and examined by a galaxy of celebrated navigators, among whom Cook and Flinders rank the most conspicuous^ Still the survey of this large portion of the world cannot, by any means, be deemed com- plete ; since not one of all the navigators, who have laid down the various parts of its coast, a 2 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THK has discovered the mouth of any considerable river ; and it is hardly within the scope of pos- sible belief, that a country of such vast extent does not possess at least one river, which may deserve to be ranked in the class of " rivers of the first magnitude." If a judgment were formed of this island from the general aspect of the country border- ing the sea, it would be pronounced one of the most barren spots on the face of the globe. Experience, however, has proved that such an opinion would be exactly the reverse of truth ; since, in as far as the interior has been explored, its general fertility amply compensates for the extreme sterility of the coast. . The greater part of this country is covered with timber of a gigantic growth, but of an entirely different description from the timber of Europe. It is, however, very durable and well adapted to all the purposes of human in- dustry. The only metal yet discovered is iron. It abounds in every part of the country, and in some places the ore is remarkably rich. Coals are found in many situations of the best quality. There is also abundance of slate, limestone and granite, though not in the immediate vicinity of SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 3 Port Jackson. Sand-stone, quartz, and free- stone are found every where. The rivers and seas team with excellent fish ; but the eel and smelt, the mullet, whiting, mackerel, sole, skate, and John Dory are, I believe, the only sorts known in this country. The animals are, the kangaroo, native dog, (which is a smaller species of the wolf,) the wombat, bandicoot, kangaroo-rat, opossum, fly- ing squirrel, flying fox, &c. &c. There are none of those animals or birds which go by the name of " game" in this country, except the heron. The hare, pheasant and partridge are quite unknown ; but there are wild ducks, widgeon, teal, quail, pigeons, plovers, snipes, &c. &c. with emus, black swans, cockatoos, parrots, parroquets, and an infinite variety of smaller birds, which are not found in any other country. In fact, both its animal and vege- table kingdoms are in a great measure peculiar to itself. There are many poisonous reptiles in this country, but few accidents happen either to the aborigines, or the colonists from their bite. Of these the centipede, tarantula, scorpion, slow- worm, and the snake, are the most to be dread- ed, particularly the latter ; since there are, I B 2 4 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE believe, at least thirty varieties, of which all but one are venomous in the highest degree. The aborigines of this country occupy the lowest place in the gradatory scale of the human species. They have neither houses nor clothing : they are entirely unacquainted with the arts of agriculture ; and even the arms, which the several tribes have, to protect them- selves from the aggressions of their neighbours, and the hunting and fishing implements, with which they administer to their support, are of the rudest contrivance and workmanship. Thirty years intercourse with Europeans has not effected the slightest change in their habits ; and even those, who have most intermixed with the colonists, have never been prevailed upon to practise one of the arts of civilized life. Dis- daining all restraint, their happiness is still cen- tered in their original pursuits ; and, they seem to consider the superior enjoyments to be derived from civilization, (for they are very far from be- ing insensible to them) but a poor compensation for the sacrifice of any portion of their natural liberty. The colour of these people is a dark chocolate ; their features bear a strong resem- blance to the African negro ; they have the same flat nose, large nostrils, wide mouth and thick lips : but their hair is not woolly, except SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 5 in Van Dieman's Land, where they have this further characteristic of the negro. These people bear no resemblance to any of the inhabitants of the surrounding islands, ex- cept to those of New Guinea, which is only separated from New Holland by a narrow strait. One of these islands, therefore, has evidently been peopled by the other : but from whence the original stock was derived is one of those geographical problems, which in all probability will never be satisfactorily solved. . Rude and barbarous as are the aborigines of this country, they have still some confused notions of a Supreme Being and of a future state. It would, however, be foreign to the purposes to which I have limited myself, to enter into a detail of their customs and man- ners ; nor would it, indeed, be the means of increasing the fund of public knowledge ; since whoever may be anxious to be informed on these topics will find a faithful and minute account of them in the work of Mr. Collins. SYDNEY. Sydney, the capital of New South Wales, is situated in 33 55' of south latitude, and 151 25' of east longitude. It is about seven miles distant from the heads of Port Jackson, arid stands 6 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE principally on two hilly necks of land and the intervening valley, which together form Syd- ney Cove. The western side of the town extends to the water's edge, and occupies, with the exception of the small space reserved around Dawe's Battery, the whole of the neck of land which separates Sidney Cove from Lane Cove, and extends a considerable distance back into the country besides. This part of the town, it may, therefore, be perceived, forms a little peninsula ; and what is of still greater importance the water is in general of sufficient depth in both these coves, to allow the approach of vessels of the largest burden to the very sides of the rocks. On the eastern neck of land, the extension of the town has been stopped by the Government House, and the adjoining domain, which occu- pies the whole of Bennilong's Point, a circum- stance the more to be regretted, as the water all along this point is of still greater depth than on the western side of the Cove, and consequently affords still greater facilities for the erection of warehouses and the various important purposes of commerce. The appearance of the town is rude and irregular. Until the administration of Go- SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 7 vernor Macquarie, little or no attention had been paid to the laying out of the streets, and each proprietor was left to build on his lease, where and how his caprice inclined him. He, however, has at length succeeded in establishing a perfect regularity in most of the streets, and has reduced to a degree of uniformity, that would have been deemed absolutely imprac- ticable, even the most, confused portion of that chaos of building, which is still known by the name of " the rocks; " and which, from the ruggedness of its surface, the difficulty of access to it, and the total absence of order in its houses, was for many years more like the abode of a horde of savages than the residence of a civilized community. The town upon the whole may be now pronounced to be tolerably regu- lar ; and, as in all future additions that may be made to it, the proprietors of leases will not be allowed to deviate from the lines marked out by the surveyor general, the new part will of course be free from the faults and inconve- niences of the old. This town covers a considerable extent of ground, and would at first sight induce the be- lief of a much greater population than it actually contains. This is attributable to two circum- stances, the largeness of the leases, which in most instances possess sufficient space for a 8 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE garden, and the smallness of the houses erect- ed on them, which in general do not exceed one story. From these two causes it happens, that this town does not contain above seven thousand souls, whereas one, that covered the same extent of ground in this country, would possess a population of at least twenty thousand. There are in the whole upwards of a thousand houses ; and, although they are for the most part small, and of mean appearance, there are many public buildings, as well as houses of individuals, which would not disgrace this great metropolis. Of the former class the public stores, the general hospital, and the barracks, are perhaps the more conspicuous ; of the latter the houses of Messrs. Lord, Riley, Howe, Un- derwood, and Nichols. Land in this town is in many places worth at the rate of 1000 per acre, and is daily in- creasing in value. Rents are in consequence exorbitantly high. It is very far from being a commodious house that can be had for a hundred a year unfurnished. Here is a very good market, although it is of very recent date. It was established by Governor Macquarie, in the year 3813, and is very well supplied with grain, vegetables, poultry, butter, eggs and fruit. It is, however, SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 9 only held three times a week ; viz. on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. It is a large oblong enclosure, and there are stores erected in it by the Governor, for the reception of all such provisions as remain unsold at the close of the market, which lasts from six o'clock in the morning in summer, and seven o'clock in winter, until three o'clock in the evening. The vender pays in return a small duty to the clerk of the market, who accounts quarterly for the amount to the treasurer of the police fund. In the year 1817, the value of these duties was 130.* Here also is a Bank, calledt "The Bank of New South Wales,"which was established in the year 1817, and promises to be of great and permanent * Vide Market Duties in the Appendix. The mode of collecting those duties has lately been changed. At present they are farmed to the best bidder, and in May, 1819, they were disposed of by public vendue for the sum of 360 for one year, so rapid has been the growth of this market. t The last accounts received from the colony state that those valuable institutions, Saving Banks, have been just introduced there, and are likely to be attended with the most beneficial effects on the habits and morals of the poorer classes. Gentlemen of undoubted responsibility have under- taken to act as receivers in the various districts, and a con- siderable sum of money has already been lodged in their hands. The depositors are allowed eight per cent, per annum, for all (he money they keep in these banks for the space of one year ; but they receive no interest if it is withdrawn sooner. 10 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE . benefit to the colony in general. Its capital is 20,000, divided into two hundred shares. It has a regular charter of incorporation, and is under the controul of a *president and six di- rectors, who are annually chosen by the pro- prietors, The paper of this bank is now the principal circulating medium of the colony. They discount bills of a short date, and also ad- vance money on mortgage securities. ^They are allowed to receive in return an interest of ten per cent, per annum. This town also contains two very good public schools, for the education of children of both sexes. One is a day school for boys, and is of course only intended to impart gratuitous instruc ion ; the other is designed both for the education and support of poor and help- less female orphans. This institution was found- ed by Governor King, as long back as the year 1800, and contains about sixty children, who are taught reading, writing, arithmetic, sewing, and the various arts of domestic eco- nomy. When their education is complete, they are either married to free persons of good cha- racter, or are assigned as servants to such re- spectable families as may apply for them. At the time of the establishment of this school * See Appendix. t Last year the holders of stock received a dividend of 12]- per cent. SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 11 there was a large tract of land (12,300 acres,) attached to it ; and a considerable stock of horses, cattle, and sheep, were also transferred to it from the government herds. The profits of these stock go towards defraying the ex- penses of the school, and a certain portion, fifty or a hundred acres of the land, with a proportionate number of them, are given in dower with each female who marries with the consent of the committee intrusted with the management of this institution. Besides these two public schools in the town of Sydney, which together contained, by the last accounts received from the colony, two hundred and twenty-four children, there are establishments for the gratuitous diffusion of education in every populous district throughout the colony. The masters of these schools are allowed stipulated salaries from the Orphan Fund. Formerly particular duties, those on coals and timber, which still go by the name of " The Orphan Dues," were allotted for the support of them ; but they were found to be insufficient, and afterwards one-fourth, and more recently one-eighth, of the whole revenue of the colony was appropriated to this purpose. This latter portion of the colonial revenue may be estimated at about 2500, which it must be 12 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE admitted could not be devoted to the promotion of any object of equal public utility. Independently of these laudable institutions thus supported at the expense of the govern- ment, there are two private ones intended for the dissemination of religious knowledge, which are wholly maintained by voluntary contribu- tion. One is termed " The Auxiliary Bible Society of New South Wales," and its object is to co-operate with the British and Foreign Bible Society, and to distribute the holy Scriptures either at prime cost, or gratis, to needy and deserving applicants. The other is called " The New South Wales Sunday School Insti- tution," and was established with a view to teach well disposed persons of all ages how to read the sacred volume. These societies were instituted in the year 1817, and are under the direction of a general committee, aided by a secretary and treasurer. There are in this town, and other parts of the colony, several good private seminaries for the board and education of the children of opulent parents. The best is in the district of Castle- reagh, which is about forty miles distant, and is kept by the clergyman of that district, the Rev. Henry Fulton, a gentleman peculiarly qualified SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 13 both fi'om his character and acquirements for conducting so responsible and important an undertaking. The boys in this seminary receive a regular classical education, and the terms are as reasonable as those of similar establishments in this country. This town has possessed a weekly news- paper almost since the period of its founda- tion ; and as " nothing (as it has been justly observed in a celebrated Review,) can paint in a more lively manner the state of the set- tlement, its disadvantages and. prosperities, and the opinions and manners which prevail there," I subjoin the following interesting extracts and advertisements copied from the last Sydney Gazettes that have arrived in this country. April 17, 1319. " Sydney Academy, No. 93, Philip-street. Wanted a Drawing and a Dancing Master. Persons properly qualified, and who can give satisfactory testimonials as to character and abilities, will meet with liberal encouragement by applying as above. Likewise wanted a good Laundress. " We had the pleasure on Wednesday the 7th of the present month, to witness the 14 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE launch of the new schooner built at H. M. dock yard, Sydney, by command of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, as a pre- sent for the King of the Sandwich Islands, and named by his Excellency the Governor, " The Prince Regent." She is a very fine vessel, her burden forty tons, and will be dispatched to the King of the Sandwich Is- lands as soon as completely rigged and pro- perly equipped for so long a voyage. " Average prices of Articles at yesterday's Market. Wheat 8s. 3i.d. per bushel ; barley 7s. per do. ; maize 6s. 6d. per do. ; potatoes 7s. per cwt. ; eggs 2s. 9d. per doz. ; butter 2s. 6d. per pound ; fowls 3s. per couple. April 24th. " The Brig Jupiter, Captain Aimsworth, ar- rived at Hobart Town, on the 1st inst. from Kangaroo Island with a cargo of seal skins. '* On Wednesday last, arrived from Port Dalrymple with wheat, the schooner Sinbad, commanded by Mr. Payne. Passenger, James Cox, Esq., and family. May 1st. " Mr. J. Gilchrist intends to resume his lectures and experiments in Natural Philo- SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 1 sophy, on the evening of Tuesday the llth inst. Tickets of admission to be had at his residence in Phillip-street. May 8th. " The public are hereby informed that a catechism for the use of schools and families, will be next week on sale at the house of Mr. Elder, Parramatta, with this assurance that they are not to be disposed of without much loss, as their printing price was three pence, all expenses included, and their selling price is the same. An account will in their publica- tion be inserted for the more general informa- tion, and it is the wish of the disinterested promoter of the said publication, that this effort should be encouraged. The Editor. " Sales by auction by Mr. Bevan, at the market place, Sydney, on Friday the 21st inst., at 10 o'clock precisely ; 53 head of horned cattle, 406 sheep, and 6 head of horses. Negociable bills will be taken in payment for all purchases above 20. " For sale by public auction at the stores of Jones and R-iley on Friday next the 14th inst. for the benefit of the underwriters of the brig Greyhound (Thomas Ritchie, Mas- ter) or those whom it may concern, 190 16 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE chests, 59 half chests, and 144 small packages of hyson tea more or less damaged and broken, 20 bags of sugar slightly damaged, and some rum casks emptied to fill up leakage. The whole will be sold without reserve for prompt payment before the delivery of the goods. And at the same time and place, to close several consign- ments, Doosootie white Gurrahs, blue and red chintz, beautiful striped Curtahs, white cotton shirts, palempores, mock shawls, white beaver hats, plated table, desert, and tea spoons, and coir rope. Three months credit on approved negociable bills. " Boarding and day school for young ladies, by Mrs. Hickey, Best-street, Sydney, opened for a limited number, where they will be in- structed in English grammar, writing, geo- graphy, and the French language. " Terms Under ten years board and tuition, including English grammar and plain work, per annum 20. Writing and arithmetic, do. 2 2s. Geography and the French language, each 2 2s. Day scholars for English and plain work, per week, 2s. Do. do. with writ- ing and arithmetic, 3s. Day boarders extra per quarter 2 12s. 6d. Parents who may please to intrust her SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 17 \vith the care of their children, may depend on their being taught with the greatest assiduity, and every attention paid to their speedy improvement." " To parents, guardians, &c. Mr. Cuffe begs leave respectfully to acquaint his friends and the public that he has removed his day and evening schools from his late residence in Pitt- street to Macquarie-street, where every atten- tion is paid to the education of youth in all its branches, by himself and able assistants. Terms as usual. N. B. A Sunday school will be .charitably and morally attended to," May 29th. " Hat Manufactory, No. 78, Pitt-street. Reuben Uther most respectfully begs leave to return his sincere thanks to the settlers and public in general, for the liberal support they have given to his manufactory ; and trusts that his unremitting exertions to make every pos- sible improvement will merit a continuance of that public patronage- which he has hitherto received. He has ready for sale some very handsome hats, neatly trimmed, and of a real good quality. Also youths hats of all sizes." " S. Lord begs leave to inform his friends and the public that he has for sale at re- 18 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE duced prices a quantity of colonial cloth of superior manufacture : also ready made jackets and trowsers, blankets, hats and yarn stockings. And for the accommodation of settlers and others he will receive grain and animal food in payment for any of the above articles at the market price of the day. S. Lord is willing to take four or five boys from the age of eleven to thirteen years as apprentices to the woollen and hattery business." SHIP NEWS. June 5th. " On Monday last returned from the Bay of Islands and Marquesas, laden with sandal wood and pork, the Colonial Ship, King George, Captain Beveridge. On Wednesday also returned from Port Macquarie with the Surveyor General on board, H. M. Colonial Brig, Lady Nelson, Mr. G. Brown, Master. She parted company with H. M. Cutter Mermaid, Lieutenant King, R. N. all well. Yesterday arrived from Boston, which port she sailed from last November, equipped for a sealing voyage, the American Brig, Ge- neral Yates, Captain Biggs." " On the 1st of October will be published the first number of the Australasian Maga- SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 19 zine, or Quarterly Register; containing agri- cultural and commercial reports, original essays, British intelligence interesting to the Colony, with the domestic occurrences of the day, including philosophical, moral and poetical essays, with an appendix of the arrivals and departures, and every other matter connected with or concerning the inhabitants of these territories. Each number will be embellished with an appropriate engraving. The price of the publication to each subscriber. one dol- lar on delivery. N. B. The editors of the above work will be happy to insert any essays of merit, and invite accordingly a correspondence from their subscribers." " Notice. Thomas Howard, of Macquarie-st. Parramatta, begs leave to inform the public and settlers, that he has now on hand several machines for the purpose of cleaning wheat, and will warrant them the best manufactured in the colony, for which wheat or maize wil be taken in payment." " For sale by private contract, the proprie- tor being about to leave the colony by an early opportunity, six houses; situate in Cla- rence-street, viz. Nos. 36, 37, 40, 43, 56, and 57, all weather boarded and shingled, in thorough repair, and at present rented to tenants at c 2 20 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE will. For particulars enquire of Mr. William Kempton, 39, Clarence-street. " "George Cribb begs leave to inform his friends and the public in general, especially house-keepers, that his shops in Cambridge- street and Pitt-street will supply them with the choicest meat, consisting of beef, mutton, lamb, and pork, at a price far less than any retail shop in Sydney, which can be known by application at either of the said shops. " N.B. One month's credit will be given to responsible persons who must furnish them- selves with a pass book." " Mr. John Blaxland begs leave to inform the public that he has erected a mill for the grinding of grain, the stories of which are the production of this colony, and that he will grind wheat at Is. per bushel. Any person found taking stones from his Luddenham Estate will be prosecuted. Newington, June 4th, 1819." The harbour of Port Jackson* is perhaps ex- * A light-house has lately bsen erected on the South Head of Port Jackson, which is called the Macquai ie Tower, and is con- aidereda master-piece oi'its kind. Jt contains a revolving light, and is visible ten or twelve leagues off. Its appearance is SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 21 ceeded by none in the world except the Derwent in point of size and safety ; and in this latter particular, I rather think it has the advantage. It is navigable for vessels of any burden for thus described by Captain Watson of the Ship Foxhound, who has lately arrived from the colony. " On Monday morning last at 3 A. M. saw the light bearing W. S. W. 38 Miles distance, but so brilliant that I thought it could not be more than twelve miles off. It was a certain guide, and at that distance had all the appearance of a luminous star." An accurate description of the height and bearings of this light-house his been made by Mr. Oxley, the Surveyor General, which as it may be useful to the captains of vessels trading to this Colony I subjoin ver- batim. " Macquarie Tower and Light-house is situated on the highest part of the outer south head of Port Jackson Har- bour, in Latitude 33 51' 40" South, and Longitude 151 16' 50" East from Greenwich. The height of the light from the base is 76 feet, and from thence to the level of the Sea 277 feet, being a total height of 353 feet. The inner South Head bears from the Light House N. by W. | W. distant li Mile. The outer North Head bears from it N. by E. 2 Miles. The inner South Head and outer North Head lie N. E. >- E. and S. W. | W. of each other distant 1 ^ Mile. The light can be seen from S. by E. to N.by E ; those lines of bearing clearing the coast line half a point each way, and maybe discovered from a ship's deck on a clear night eight leagues. The north end of the Sow and Pigs Reef bears from the inner South Head S. W. by W. half a Mile. N B. The bearings are magnetic, and the distances compu- ted in nautic miles. The variation 9 Easterly. (Signed) J. OXLEY, Surveyor General." Sy dney, New South Wales, 29th April, 1818. 22 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE about seven miles above the town, i, e. about fifteen from the entrance. It possesses the best anchorage the whole way, and is perfectly shel- tered from every wind that can blow. It is said, and I believe with truth, to have a hundred coves, and is capable of containing all the ship- ping in the world. There can be no doubt, therefore, that in the course of a few years, the town of Sydney, from the excellence of its situ- ation alone, must become a place of considerable importance. The views from the heights of the town are bold, varied and beautiful. The strange irre- gular appearance of the town itself, the nume- rous coves and islets both above and below it, the towering forests and projecting rocks, com- bined with the infinite diversity of hill and dale on each side of the harbour, form altogether a coup d'oeil, of which it may be safely asserted that few towns can boast a parallel. The neighbouring scenery is still more diver- sified and romantic, particularly the different prospects from the hills on the south head road, immediately contiguous to the town. Looking towards the coast you behold at one glance the greater part of the numerous bays and islands which lie between the town and the heads, with the succession of barren, but bold and commanding hills, that bound the harbour, SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 23 and are abruptly terminated by the water. Further north, the eye ranges over the long chain of lofty rugged cliffs that stretch away in the direction of the Coal River, and distinctly mark the bearing of the coast, until they are lost in the dimness of vision. Wheeling round to the south you behold at the distance of seven or eight miles, that spacious though less eligible harbour, called " Botany Bay," from the pro- digious variety of new plants which Sir J oseph Banks found in its vicinity, when it was first discovered and surveyed by Captain Cook. To the southward again of this magnificent sheet of water, where it will be recollected it was the original intention, though afterwards judiciously abandoned, to found the capital of this colony, you behold the high bluff range of hills that stretch away towards the five islands, and likewise indicate the trending of the coast in that direction. If you afterwards suddenly face about to the westward, you see before you one vast forest, uninterrupted except by the cultivated open- ings which have been made by the axe on the summits of some of the loftiest hills, and which tend considerably to diminish those melancholy sensations its gloomy monotony would otherwise inspire. The innumerable undulations in this vast expanse of forest, 24 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF TH& forcibly remind you of the ocean when con- vulsed by tempests; save that the billows of the one slumber in a fixed and leaden stillness, and want that motion which constitutes the diversity, the beauty, and the sublimity of the other. Continuing the view, you arrive at that majestic and commanding chain of moun- tains, called " the Blue Mountains," whose stately and o'ertopping grandeur forms a most imposing boundary to the prospect. If you proceed on the south head road, until you arrive at the eminence called "Belle Vue," the scenery is still more picturesque and grand ; since, in addition to the striking objects already described, you behold, as it were at your feet, although still more than a mile distant from you, the vast and foaming Pacific. In boisterous weather the surges, that break in mountains on the shore beneath you, form a sublime contrast to the still, placid waters of the harbour, which in this spot is only separated from the sea by a low sandy neck of land not more than half a mile in breadth ; yet is so completely sheltered, that no tempests can ruffle its tranquil surface. PARRAMATTA. The town of Parramatta is situated at the head of Port Jackson Harbour, at the distance SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 25 of about eighteen miles by water 4 , and fifteen by land, from Sydney. The river, for the last seven or eight miles, is only navigable for boats of twelve or fifteen tons burden. This town is built along a small fresh water stream, which falls into the river. It consists princi- pally of one street about a mile in length. It is surrounded on the south side by a chain of moderately high hills ; and, as you approach it by the Sydney road, it breaks suddenly on the view when you have reached the summit of them, and produces a very pleasing effect. The adjacent country has been a good deal cleared; and the gay mimosas, which have sprung up in the openings, form a very agree- able contrast to the dismal gloom of the forest that surrounds and o'ertops them. The town itself is far behind Sydney in respect of its buildings; but it nevertheless contains many of a good and substantial con- struction. These, with the church, the government house, the new Orphan House, and some gentlemen's seats, which are situated on the surrounding eminences, give it, upon the whole, a very respectable appearance. There are two very good inns, where a travel- ler may meet with all the comfort and accom- modation that are to be found in similar establishments in the country towns of this 26 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE kingdom. The charges too are by no means unreasonable. The population is principally composed of inferior traders, publicans, artificers, and la- bourers, and may be estimated, inclusive of a company which is always stationed there, on a rough calculation, at about twelve hundred souls. There are two fairs held half yearly, one in March and the other in September ; they were instituted about five years since by the present governor, and already begin to be very nume- rously and respectably attended. They are chiefly intended for the sale of stock, for which there are stalls, pens, and every other conveni- ence, erected at the expense of the govern- ment ; for the use of these pens, &c. and to keep them in repair, a moderate scale of du- ties* is paid by the vendor. This town has for many years past made but a very inconsiderable progress compared with Sydney. The value of land has consequently not kept pace in the two places, and is at least 200 per cent, less in the one than in the other. As this town, however, is in a central situa- tion between the rapidly increasing settlements See Appendix. SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 27 on the banks of the Hawkesbury and Nepean rivers, and Sydney the great mart for colo- nial produce, landed property here and in the .neighbourhood, will, without doubt, experience a gradual rise. The public institutions are an Hospital, a Female Orphan House, into which it is intend- ed to remove the orphans from Sydney, and a factory, in which such of the female convicts as misconduct themselves, and those also, who upon their arrival in the colony are not imme- diately assigned as servants to families, are em- ployed in manufacturing coarse cloth. There are upon an average about one hundred and sixty women employed in this institution, which is placed under the direction of a superintend- ent, who receives wool from the settlers, and gives them a certain portion of the manufactur- ed article in exchange. What is reserved is only a fair equivalent for the expense of making it, and is used in clothing the gaol gang, the re- convicted culprits who are sent to the Coal River, and I believe the inmates of the factory itself. There is also another public institution in this town, well worthy the notice of the phi- lanthropist. It is a school for the education and civilization of the aborigines of the country. 28 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE It was founded by the present governor three years since, and by the last accounts from the colony, it contained eighteen native children, who had been voluntarily placed in it by their^ parents, and were making equal progress in their studies with European children of the same age. The following extract from the Sydney Gazette, of January 4, 1817, may enable the reader to form some opinion of the beneficial consequences that are likely to result from this institution, and how far they may realize the benevolent intentions which actuated its philanthropic founder. " On Saturday last, the 28th ult. the town of " Parramatta exhibited a novel and very in- " teresting spectacle, by the assembling of the " native tribes there, pursuant to the gover- " nor's gracious invitation. At ten in the " morning the market place was thrown open, " and some gentlemen, who were appointed on " the occasion, took the management of the u ceremonials. The natives having seated " themselves on the ground in a large circle, " the chiefs were placed on chairs a little ad- " vanced in front, and to the right of their " respective tribes. In the centre of the " circle thus formed, were placed large tables " groaning under the weight of roast beef, " potatoes, bread, &c. and a large cask of grog SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 29 ** lent its exhilarating aid to promote the gene- " ral festivity and good humour which so con- " spicuously shone through the sable visages of " this delighted congress. The governor, at- " tended by all the members* of the native in- " stitution, and by several of the magistrates " and gentlemen in the neighbourhood, pro- " ceeded at half past ten to the meeting, and " having entered the circle, passed round the ff whole of them, inquiring after, and making " himself acquainted with the several tribes, fe their respective leaders and residences. His " Excellency then assembled the chiefs by " themselves, and confirmed them in the ranks " of chieftains, to which their own tribes had " exalted them, and conferred upon them " badges of distinction ; whereon were engrav- " #d their names as chiefs, and those of their " tribes. He afterwards conferred badges of " merit on some individuals, in acknowledg- " ment of their steady and loyal conduct in tf the assistance they rendered the military " party, when lately sent out in pursuit of the " refractory natives to the west and south of " the Nepean River. By the time this cere- " mony was over, Mrs. Macquarie arrived, and " the children belonging to, and under the care " of the native institution, fifteen in number, * Appendix. o; jiojnuorfla (imhtidb t^'t'illi odd ^ 30 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE " preceded by their teacher, entered the circle, " and walked round it : the children appearing " very clean, well clothed and happy. The " chiefs were then again called together to " observe the examination of the children as " to their progress in learning and the civilized " habits of life. Several of the little ones read ; " and it was grateful to the bosom of sensibility 4t to trace the degrees of pleasure which the " chiefs manifested on this occasion. Some " clapped the children on the head ; and one " in particular turning round towards the " governor with extraordinary emotion, ex- " claimed, " Governor, that will make a good " settler, that's my Pickaninny P' (meaning " his child.) And some of the females were " observed to shed tears of sympathetic affec- " tion, at seeing the infant and helpless off- " spring of their deceased friends, so happily " sheltered and protected by British benevo- " lence. The examinations being finished, the " children returned to the institution, under " the guidance of their venerable tutor ; whose " assiduity and attention to them, merit every " commendation. u The feasting then commenced, and the go- " vernor retired amidst the long and reiterated " acclamations and shouts of his sable and grate- " ful congress. The number of the visitants, (ex- " elusive of the fifteen children) amounted to SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 31 " one hundred and seventy-nine, viz. one " hundred and five men, fifty-three women, " and twenty-one children. It is worthy of " observation that three of the latter men- " tioned number of children, (and the son of the ->r ; o- ?h/faj>:9 /toil/ The Court of Vice Admiraltv consists of the / Judge Advocate, and takes cognizance of cap- tures, salvages, and such other matters of dis- pute respecting property as arise on the high seas; but it has no criminal jurisdiction. The Court of Criminal Judicature consists of the Judge Advocate and six officers of His Majesty's sea and land forces, or of either, ap- pointed by the Governor. This court takes cognizance of all treasons, felonies, misdemea- nors, and in fact of all criminal offences what- soever ; and afterwards adjudges death or such 42 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE other punishment as the law of England may have affixed to the respective crimes of which the prisoners may be found guilty. The Governor's Court consists of the Judge Advocate and two inhabitants of the colony, appointed by precept from the Governor, and takes cognizance of all pleas where the amount sued for does not exceed 50 sterling, (except such pleas as may arise between party and party at Van Diemen's Land) and from its decisions there is no appeal. The Supreme Court is composed of the judge of this court and two magistrates, appointed by precept from the Governor ; and its jurisdic- tion extends to all pleas where the matter in dispute exceeds 50 sterling. From its judg- ments, however, appeals lie to the High Cpurt of Appeals. This latter court is presided by the Governor himself, assisted by the Judge Advocate ; and its decisions are final in all cases where the sum sued for does not exceed three thousand pounds; but where it exceeds this amount, an appeal lies in the last instance to the King in Council. These courts regulate their decisions by the SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 43 law of England, and take no notice whatever of the laws and regulations which have been made at various times by the local government. The enforcement of these is left entirely to the magistracy, who assemble weekly in the diffe- rent towns throughout the colony, and take cognizance of all infractions, as well of the colonial as of the criminal code. The courts thus formed by the magistrates, go by the name of " Benches of Magistrates," and answer pretty nearly to the " courts of general quarter sessions of the peace,'' held in the respective counties of this kingdom ; and, generally speaking, they exercise a jurisdiction perfectly similar. ROADS, &c. The roads and bridges, which have been made to every part of the colony, are truly surprising, considering the short period that has elapsed since its foundation. All these are either the work of, or have been improved by, the present Governor; who has even caused a road to be con- structed over the western mountains, as far as the depot at BathurstPlains, which is up wards of one hundred and eighty miles from Sydney. The colonists, therefore, are now provided with every facility for the conveyance of their produce to market ; a circumstance which cannot fail to 44 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE have the most beneficial influence on the pro- gress of agriculture. In return for these great public accommodations, and to help to keep them in repair, the Governor has established toll gates* on all the principal roads. These are farmed out to the highest bidder, and were let during the year 1817, for the sum of 257. STATE OF DEFENCE. The military force stationed in the colony consists of seven companies of the forty-eighth regiment, and the Royal Veteran Company ; x which form an effective body of about seven hundred firelocks. These have to garrison the two principal settlements at Van Diemen's Land, to provide a company for the establish- ment at the Coal River, and to furnish parties for the various towns and outposts of the ex- tended territory of Port Jackson : so that very few troops remain at head quarters. The colony is consequently considered to be greatly in need of a further-}" accession of military strength. Much anxiety is felt on this subject by the generality of the inhabitants, who have * For the list of Tolls, see the Appendix. t The Government it is understood have already given instructions to increase the military force of the colony, and it is believed that a vessel of war also is to be stationed there. SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 45 not yet forgotten the insurrection which took place, when the whole population was not nearly, so great as the present amount of the convicts, although the military force was of equal magnitude. That insurrection indeed was easily quelled ; but the result of another, under existing circumstances, would, in all pro- bability, be very different. An equal degree of anxiety is felt, and more particularly by the mercantile part of the com- munity, that a sloop of war, or a king's vessel of some description, should be stationed in the harbour, both as a protection against the easy possibility of outward assault, and to frustrate the numerous combinations which the convicts are constantly forming, and often too success- fully, to carry away the colonial craft, to the certain destruction of their own and the crews' lives, and to the ruin of the unfortunate owners. Not fewer than three piratical seizures of this nature have been effected within the last three years. On all of these occasions the vessels so seized were run ashore on the uninhabited parts of the coast, and all hands on board, the innocent crews, as well as the abandoned pirates, either perished from hunger, or were immolated by the spears and waddies of the ferocious savages. 46 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE When Governor Macquarie assumed the command in 1810, the population was only half its present number ; and yet a sloop of war was stationed at Port Jackson, and the military force also was on a much more extended scale. Why a diminution has thus been made in the means of protection and defence, when there appear to* be such strong* grounds for their augmentation, merely with reference to the internal state of the colony, it is no easy matter to conjecture. The expediency also of putting the colony in a better posture to repel outward attack is not less obvious ; for, although we are now at peace with the whole world, it would be absurd to overlook the possibility of future wars. The only battery of any strength is called " Dawe's Battery ;" and is, as I have already casually noticed, situated on the extremity of that neck of land, on which the western part of the town of Sydney is built. This battery, if I remember right, mounts fourteen long eighteen-pounders, but the carriages of the guns are in a bad state of repair, and the embrasures are so low, that a single broadside of grape would sweep off all who had the courage or temerity to defend it. Fort Phillip stands on the highest part of the SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 47 same neck of land, and nearly in the centre of that part of the town which goes by the name of " the Rocks." This fort was erected by Governor King immediately after the insur- rection , to which I have alluded. It is a regular hexagon, but it never was quite finished, and there are no guns yet mounted on it. The glacis, in fact, is not sufficiently levelled to allow a proper range for artillery, and the circumjacent ground is so irregular and rocky, that an enemy might at once erect batteries at fifty yards' distance. Besides, this fort is so completely hemmed in with houses, that a great part of the town would be inevitably destroyed by the fire from it. Its situation, therefore, is in every point of view objectionable, and suc- ceeding governors have evinced their good sense, in not perfecting a work which would be attended with a very considerable expense, and could never become of any utility. A new battery has lately been commenced on Bennilong's Point ; but this and Dawe's Bat- tery are both too near the town to protect it from the most insignificant naval force. It is indeed a matter of surprise, that, during the last American war, not one of the numberless privateers of that nation attempted to lay the town of Sydney under contribution, or to plunder it. A vessel of ten guns might have 48 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE effected this enterprise with the greatest ease and safety ; and that the inhabitants were not subjected to such an insulting humiliation could only have arisen from the enemy's ignorance of the insufficiency of their means of defence. CLIMATE. The climate of the colony, particularly in the inland districts, is highly salubrious, although the heats in summer are sometimes excessive, the thermometer frequently rising in the shade to ninety, and even to a hundred degrees and upwards of Fahrenheit. This, however, happens only during the hot winds ; and these do not prevail upon an average, more than three or four days in the year. The mean heat during the three summer months, December, January, and February, is about 80 at noon. This, it must be admitted, is a degree of heat that would be highly oppressive to Englishmen, were it not that the sea breeze sets in regularly about nine o'clock in the morning, and blows with con- siderable force from the N. E. till about six or seven o'clock in the evening. It is succeeded during the night by the land breeze from the mountains, which varies from W. S. W. to W. In very hot days the sea breeze often veers round to the north and blows a gale. In this case it continues with great violence, frequently SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 49 for a day or two, and is then succeeded not by the regular land breeze, but by a cold southerly squall. The hot winds blow from the N. W, and doubtless imbibe their heat from the im- mense tract of country which they traverse. While they prevail the sea and land breezes entirely cease. They seldom, however, con- tinue for more than twelve hours at a time, and are always superseded by a cold southerly gale generally accompanied with rain. The thermometer then sinks sometimes as low as 60, and a variation of temperature of from 20 to 30 takes place in half an hour. These southerly gales usually last at this season from twelve to twenty-four hours, and then give way to the regular sea and land breezes. During these three months violent storms of thunder and lightning are very frequent, and the heavy falls of rain, which take place on these occasions, tend considerably to refresh the country, of which the verdure in all but low moist situations entirely disappears. At this season the most unpleasant part of the day is the interval which elapses, between the cessation of the land breeze, and the setting in of the sea. This happens generally between six and eight o'clock in the morning, when the thermometer is upon an average at about 72. During this interval the sea is a smooth as glass, and not 60 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE a zephyr is found to disport even among the topmost boughs of the loftiest trees. The three autumn months are March, April, and May. The weather in March is generally very unsettled. This month, in fact, may be considered the rainy season, and has been more fertile in floods than any other of the year. The thermometer varies during the day about 15% being at day-light as low as from 55 to 60, and at noon as high as from 70 to 75. The sea and land breezes at this time become very feeble, although they occasionally prevail dur- ing the whole year. The usual winds from the end of March to the beginning of September, are from S. to W. The weather in the commencement of April is frequently showery, but towards the middle it gradually becomes more settled, and towards the conclusion perfectly clear and serene. The thermometer at the beginning of the month varies from 72 to 74 at noon, and from the middle to the end gradually declines to 66 and sometimes to 60. In the morning it is as low as 62, and fires become in consequence general throughout the colony. The weather in the month of May is truly delightful. The atmosphere is perfectly cloud- SETTLEMENTS IN NCW HOLLAND. 51 less, and the mornings and evenings become with the advance of the month more chilly, and render a good fire a highly comfortable and cheering guest. Even during the middle of the day the most violent exercise may be taken without inconvenience. The thermo- meter at sun-rise is under e50, and seldom above 60 at noon. The three winter months are June, July, and August. During this interval the mornings and evenings are very chilly, and the nights exces- sively cold. Hoar frosts are frequent, and become more severe the further you advance into the interior. Ice half an inch thick is found at the distance of twenty miles from the coast. Very little rain falls at this season, but the dews are very heavy when it does not freeze, and tend considerably to preserve the young crops from the effects of drought. Fogs too are frequent and dense in low damp situa- tions, and on the banks of the rivers. The mean temperature at day-light is from 40 to 45, and at noon from 55 to 60. The spring months are September, October, and November. In the beginning of Septem- ber the fogs still continue, the nights are cold, but the days clear and pleasant. Towards the close of this month the cold begins very sensibly E 2 52 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE to moderate. Light showers occasionally pre- vail, accompanied with thunder and lightning. The thermometer at the beginning of the month is seldom above 60 at noon, but towards the end frequently rises to 70. In October there are also occasional showers, but the weather upon the whole is clear and pleasant. The days gradually become warmer, and the blighting north-west winds are to be apprehended. The sea and land breezes again resume their full sway. The thermometer at sun-rise varies from 60 to 65, and at noon is frequently up to 80. In November the weather may be again called hot. Dry parching winds prevail as the month advances, and squalls of thunder and lightning with rain or hail. The thermometer at day light is seldom under 65, and frequently at noon rises to 80, 84, and even 90. Such is the temperature throughout the year at Port Jackson. In the inland districts to the eastward of the mountains, the thermometer is upon an average 5 lower in the morning, and the same number of degrees higher at noon throughout the winter season, but during the summer months it is 5 higher at all hours of the day. On the mountains themselves, and in the SETTLEMENTS IN XEW HOLLAND. 53 country to the westward of them, the climate, in consequence of their superior elevation, is much more temperate. Heavy falls of snow take place during the winter, and remain sometimes for many days on the summits of the loftiest hills ; but in the valleys the snow imme- diately dissolves. The frosts too are much more severe, and the winters are of longer duration. All the seasons indeed are more distinctly marked to the westward of the mountains, and bear a much stronger resemblance to the corre- sponding ones in this country. From the foregoing account of the state of the weather and temperature during the various seasons of the year, it will be seen that the climate of the colony is upon the whole highly salubrious and delightful. Tfthe summers are occasionally a little too hot for the British constitution, it will be remembered that the extreme heats, which I have noticed as happen- ing during the north west winds, are of but short continuance ; and that the sea and land breezes, which prevail at this season in an almost unin- terrupted succession, moderate the temperature so effectually, that even new-comer* are but little incommoded by it, and the old residents experience no inconvenience from it whatever. The sea breeze indeed is not so sensibly felt in the interior as on the coast, by reason of the 64 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE great extent of forest which it has to traverse, before the inhabitants of the inland districts can receive the benefit of it. This circumstance not only diminishes its force a but also deprives it in a great measure of that refreshing coolness which it imparts, when inhaled fresh from the bosom of the ocean. The heat consequently in the interior, particularly in low situations, is much more intense than on the coast ; but by way of compensation for the advantage which in this respect the districts in the vicinity of the sea possess over the inland ones, these latter are from the same causes, that impede the approach of the sea breeze, exempt from the sudden and violent variations of temperature, which are occasioned by the southerly winds, and are without doubt the reason why pulmo'- nic affections are so much more prevalent in Sydney than in the interior. The hot season, however, which is undoubtedly the most un- healthy part of the year, does not, as will have been perceived, continue above four months. The remaining eight possess a temperature so highly moderate and congenial to the human constitution, that the climate of this colony would, upon the whole, appear to justify the glowing enthusiasm of those who have ven- tured to call it the Montpellier of the world. SETTLEMENTS IN NBW HOLLAND. 56 DISEASES. Abdominal and pulinonic complaints are the two prevalent diseases. The abdominal com- plaints are confined principally to dysentery. This disorder is most common among the poorer classes arid new-comers, In these it is gene- rally intimately connected with scurvy, and in both cases it is for the most part greatly aggra- vated by the excessive use of spirituous liquors, to which the mass of the colonists are unfortu- nately addicted. The pulmonic affections are generally contracted at an early period by the youth of both ;J exes, and are occasioned by the great and sudden variations of temperature already noticed. They are not, however, accompanied with that violent inflammatory action which distinguishes them in this country, but proceed slowly and gradually, till from neglect they terminate in phthisis. They are said to bear a strong affinity to the complaint of the same nature which prevails at the Island of Madeira ; and it is remarkable, that in both these colonies a change of air affords the only chance of restoration to the natives ; whereas foreigners labouring under phthisis, upon their arrival in either of these places, find almost instantaneous relief. There are no infantile diseases whatever. The 56 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE measles, hooping cough, and small pox, are en- tirely unknown. Some few years, indeed, before the foundation of the colony, the small pox com- mitted the most dreadful ravages among the aborigines. This exterminating scourge is said to have been introduced by Captain Cook, and many of the contemporaries of those, who fell victims to it, are still living ; and the deep fur- rows, which remain in some of their counte- nances, shew how narrowly they escaped the same premature destiny. The recollection of this dreadful malady will long survive in the traditionary songs of this simple people. The consternation which it excited is still as fresh in their minds, as if it had been an occurrence of but yesterday, although the generation, which witnessed its horrors, has almost past away. The moment one of them was seized with it was the signal for abandoning him to his fate. Brothers deserted their brothers, children their parents, and parents their children ; and, in some of the caves on the coast, heaps of decay- ed bones still indicate the spots, where the helpless sufferers were left to expire, not so much perhaps from the violence of the disease, as from the want of sustenance. This fatal instance of the inveteracy of this disorder, when once introduced into the colony, has not been without its counterpoising benefit. SETTLEMENTS IN NKW HOLLAND. 57 It has induced the local government to adopt proper measures for avoiding the propagation of a similar contagion among the colonists. The vaccine matter was introduced with this view many years back ; but, as all the children in the colony were immediately inoculated, it was again lost from the want of a sufficient num- ber of subjects to afford a supply of fresh virus, and, for many years afterwards, every effort that was made for its re-introduction proved abortive. Through the indefatigable exer- tions, however, of Doctor Burke of the Mauri- tius, the colonists are again in possession of this inestimable blessing, and there can be no doubt that proper precautions will be taken, to pre- vent them from being again deprived of it. COLONIAL SPORTS. Coursing the kangaroo and emu forms the principal amusement of the sporting part of the colonists. The former, it is well known, is an animal peculiar to this colony and of ex- tremely singular formation, having very short fore-legs, which it only uses when it feeds or rests ; and very long hind-legs, by means of which and a large muscular tail, it hops as fast as a hare can run, and often, particularly in dry weather, outstrips the fleetest greyhound : 68 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE the latter is a bird nearly of the size and form of an ostrich, having short wings or rather flappers, and long legs, which enable it to run with great swiftness ; but it seldom escapes from the dogs unless when in the neighbour- hood of a brush, in which it invariably endea- vours to take shelter. The general weight of the forest kangaroo, is from forty to a hun- dred pounds ; but they have occasionally been known to weigh as much as a hundred and fifty pounds. The brush kangaroo is much smaller, seldom exceeding thirty pounds, and more frequently not weighing more than fifteen or twenty pounds ; but this latter species always keep in brushes, and from the consequent dif- ficulty there is in catching them, seldom attract the notice of the sportsman. The emu weighs from sixty to a hundred and twenty pounds. All three are delicious eating, and the tail of the forest kangaroo in particular makes a soup which, both in richness and flavour, is far superior to any ox-tail soup ever tasted. The forest kangaroo and emu are both so timid, that they soon abandon the districts which are located, and retire back into the unsettled wilds, which have never yet echoed to the blows of the woodman's axe, or the voice of the herdsman and shepherd, and where no sounds save those of the ancient aboriginal SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 69 joint tenants of the soil, are heard to startle them from their slumbers, or scare them from their repasts. To enjoy, therefore, these sports in perfection, it is necessary to go far beyond the limits of colonization ; but this is a neces- sity to which those who are really sportsmen cheerfully submit. On these occasions they generally form parties of three or four, and take with them a native or two belonging to the tribe in whose district they intend to hunt. These serve both as guides and as a protection against any hostile attempt which their tribe might be tempted to make ; but they are chiefly useful in the former capacity, since the natives of the country, besides being naturally a very inoffensive race, have scarcely ever been known even in the most remote parts of the colony, to attack the smallest body of Europeans when armed ; and on these excursions it is always customary to be so. A little tobacco, of which they are remarkably fond, and an old rug or blanket, or cast off suit of clothes, is all these poor creatures expect in return. The provision generally made for one of these hunting excur- sions is a sufficient stock of biscuit or flour, tea, sugar and spirits, a frying-pan, tea-kettle and stew-pan, a small quantity of fat pork to fry the kangaroo with, a horn or tin-cup, and good warm blanket for each of the party, and tethers for the horses. These articles are 60 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF TIJK usually carried in two sacks balanced and slung across the back of one of the horses. As for meat r they rely entirely on their dogs, of which they commonly take along with them two or three couple ; and indeed they always kill much more game of one sort and the other, than they and their dogs can consume. Besides the articles above enumerated, the more provident sports- men take also a large piece of canvas with them on these occasions. With this they form a tent to shelter themselves from the dews, which in the winter months are very heavy. The mode of constructing these temporary tents is very simple. After fixing upon a spot which they consider eligible for passing the night in, from its proximity to water, and from its possessing abundance of decayed timber, the two grand requisites for an encampment, they fasten a rope between any two trees which happen to be at a convenient distance asunder. On this they spread the canvass and fasten it down on one side close to the ground with wooden pegs in the same manner as is usual in pitching a regular tent. On the other side, however, they do not place the canvas nearer than within three or four feet of the ground, but they keep it stretched tight with strings, which are previously sewed to it for the purpose, and which are in like manner fastened to pegs, in order that by being fully extended, it may be able to prevent the dew or SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 61 rain from soaking through. Before this open or front side, they light a large fire, always selecting, if possible, some old fallen tree for a back log. They also provide themselves with a sufficiency of fuel before night-fall, that they may keep up a brisk fire during the night ; and such of them, as happen to awake, take care always to replenish and keep it toge- ther. The party sleep with their feet to the fire, and their heads to the back of the tent : and in this manner seldom fail, after the fatigues of the day, to enjoy a sounder repose than they obtain in their beds when at home. Many of the more hardy sportsmen, how- ever, disdain to incumber themselves with the materials, light as they are, which are necessary for the construction of this rude shelter, and content themselves simply with their blankets, and the assisting heat of a good fire in the open air. But they always take care to sleep to leeward of the fire, in order that the smoke may pass over them. In taking this precaution, they have a double object in viewto defend themselves from the dew and from the swarms of musquitos, which during the summer are found in low damp situations, and on the banks of rivers and lagoons. In the pursuit of this sport, and at the distance of fifty or sixty miles from the 62 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE nearest settlement, many of these parties fre- quently remain in the woods for a fortnight or three weeks at a time ; and so captivating is this mode of life, that it is always with regret and only from a total exhaustion of the supplies carried along with them, that they are induced to return to their habitations. A few years since there was a subscription p.ack of hounds in the colony, and it was found on several occasions that the kangaroo was capable of affording an excellent day's sport. The native dog also, which is a species of the wolf, was proved to be fully equal in this respect to the fox ; but, as the pack was not sufficiently numerous to kill these animals at once, they always suffered so severely from their bite that at last the members of the hunt were shy in allowing the dogs to follow them. When the 73d regiment quitted the colony, the pack was broken up, as they were the principal supporters of it, and their successors had no taste for field-sports. Since that period no attempt has been made to form another pack, although the breed of hounds is not yet extinct in the colony. The colony does not offer to the sportsman the same amusement in the shooting way as is to be met with in the hunting. I have SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 63 already stated that there are neither partridges, pheasants, nor woodcocks, although there is an infinite variety of other birds which are not to he found elsewhere. To the sportsman, however, the killing of these does not afford any great degree of pleasure, since they are for the most part only to be shot in trees or bushes. The quail., snipe, and ground parrot, are the only birds which live on the ground, and can be put up with dogs. The two latter, however, are scarce, and to be found only in moist situations ; but the former is in abun- dance every where, and forms a very excellent substitute for the partridge. The bandicoot also, and kangaroo-rat, are tolerably plen- tiful, and afford the sportsman nearly the same amusement as hares and rabbits. Par- rots, parroquets, pigeons, plovers, curlews, wild-ducks, teal, widgeons, and a variety of other birds peculiar to the colony may be shot ad libitum. The seas and rivers afford the fisherman and angler an inexhaustible fund of amusement. Fishing parties are very frequent among the inhabitants of Sydney and of the districts con- tiguous to the coast ; and it is no uncommo sight to behold them return with their boats literally filled with a variety of excellent fish not known in this country. In the interior of 64 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE the colony those too who dwell on the banks of rivers, or creeks, may, if they possess any taste for angling, indulge their propensity to the utmost extent. Among the various sorts of fish with which the rivers, &c. abound, the perch, so called from its resembling the fish of the same name in this country, more than any other species, is the most plentiful, and affords the best sport to the angler. These fish generally weigh from one to three pounds, but they have been occasionally caught weighing seven or eight pounds. Of a fine summer's even- ing the rivers appear to be actually alive with them, and the splash they make, as they rise to the surface of the water to take the flies float- ing on it, inspires the angler with the most delightful emotions. The mouths of these fish are so very tender that it is necessary to keep them tight in hand from the moment they are hooked until they are safely landed, and it is therefore customary to fish with much stronger tackle than would be used to take fish of the same weight in this country. Reels are quite useless, both on this account, and from the immense quantity of fallen timber with which the rivers are incumbered. The finest silver eels may be taken in the greatest abundance, both with short night lines, and with baskets. In the streams to the SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 65 westward of the mountains, there is a species of fish not found to the eastward of them, which is much larger than the perch. These fish are of the most ravenous nature, and readily take frogs, small birds, the offal of animals, and indeed almost any thing with which a hook can be baited. They are, I believe, a species of the pike, and weigh from five to thirty pounds ; and as the rivers, in consequence of the clearness of the country, are in general free from all obstruction to the use of the reel, the angler in killing them, would find as much sport as in playing a salmon or pike of the same weight. SOIL. The colony of New South Wales possesses every variety of soil, from the sandy heath and the cold hungry clay, to the fertile loam and the deep vegetable mould. For the distance of five or six miles from the coast, the land is in general extremely barren, being a poor hungry sand, thickly studded with rocks. A few mise- rable stunted gums, and a dwarf underwood, are the richest productions of the best parts of it ; whilst the rest never gives birth to a tree at all, and is only covered with low flowering shrubs, whose infinite diversity, however, and 66 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE extraordinary beauty, render this wild heath the most interesting part of the country for the botanist, and make even the less scientific beholder forget the nakedness and sterility of the scene. Beyond this barren waste, which thus forms a girdle to the coast, the country suddenly begins to improve. The soil changes to a thin layer of vegetable mould, resting on a stratum of yellow clay, which is again supported by a deep bed of schistus. The trees of the forest are here of the most stately dimensions. Full sized gums and iron barks, along side of which the loftiest trees in this country would appear as pigmies, with the beefwood tree, or, as it is generally termed, the forest oak , which is of much humbler growth, are the usual timber. The forest is extremely thick, but there is little or no underwood. A poor sour grass, which is too effectually shaded from the rays of the sun to be possessed of any nutritive and fatten- ing properties, shoots up in the intervals. This description of country, with a few excep- tions, however, which deserve not to be par- ticularly noticed, forms another girdle of about ten miles in breadth : so that, generally speak- ing, the colony for about sixteen miles into the interior, may be said to possess a soil, which SETTLEMENTS IN NBW HOLLAND. 67 has naturally no claim to fertility, and will re- quire all the skill and industry of its owners to render it even tolerably productive. At this distance, however, the aspect of the country begins rapidly to improve. The forest is less thick, and the trees in general are o/ another description ; the iron barks, yellow gums, and forest oaks disappearing, and the stringy barks, blue gums, and box trees, gene*> rally usurping their stead. When you have advanced about four miles further into the interior, you are at length gratified with the appearance of a country truly beautiful. An endless variety of hill and dale, clothed in the most luxuriant herbage, and covered with bleating flocks and lowing herds, at length indi- cate that you are in regions fit to be inhabited by civilized man. The soil has no longer the stamp of barrenness. A rich loam resting on a substratum of fat red clay, several feet in depth, is found even on the tops of the highest hills, which in general do not yield in fertility to the vallies. The timber, strange as it may appear, is of inferior size, though still of the same nature, i. e. blue gum, box, and stringy bark. There is no underwood, and the number of trees upon an acre do not upon an average ex-> ceed thirty. They are, in fact, so thin, that a person may gallop without difficulty in every F 2 68 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE direction. Coursing- the kangaroo it has been seen is the favourite amusement of the colonists, who generally pursue this animal at full speed on horseback, and frequently manage, notwith- standing its extraordinary swiftness, to be up at the death ; so trifling are the impediments occasioned by the forest. The above general description may be applied, with tolerable accuracy, to the whole tract of country which lies between this space and the Nepean River. The plains, however, on the banks of this river, which are in many places of considerable extent, are of far greater fertility, being a rich vegetable mould, many feet in depth, and have, without 'doubt, been gradually formed by depositions from it during the pe- riods of its inundations. These plains gradually enlarge themselves until you arrive at the junc- tion of the Nepean with the Havvkesbury, on each side of which they are commonly from a mile to a mile and a half in breadth. The banks of this latter river are of still greater fertility than the banks of the former, and may vie in this respect with the far famed banks of the Nile. The same acre of land there has been known to produce in the course of one year, fifty bushels of wheat and a hundred of maize. The settlers have never any occasion for manure, since the slimy depositions from the river effec- SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 69 tually counteract the exhaustion that would otherwise be produced by incessant crops. The timber on the banks of these rivers is for the most part apple tree, which is very beautiful, and bears in its foliage and shape a striking resem- blance to the oak of this country. Its wood, however, is of no value except for firing, and for the immense quantity of pot-ash which might be made from it. The blue gum and stringy bark are also very common on these flooded lands, and of the best description. The banks of the Hawkesbury formerly produced cedar, but it has long since entirely disappeared. The banks of these rivers, and indeed the whole tract of country, (generally speaking) which I have described, with the exception of the barren waste in the vicinity of the coast, are, to use the colonial term, located, i. e. either granted away to individuals, or attached as com- mons to the cultivated districts. It may not, therefore, be unacceptable to many of my readers, to learn the particulars of those un- appropriated tracts of land within the imme- diate precincts of Port Jackson, which are best adapted to the purposes of colonization. COW PASTURES. Of these "the cow pastures" rank first in 70 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OP THE point of proximity. This tract of land has hitherto been reserved for the use of the wild cattle ; although these animals have for some time past nearly disappeared, either from having found an outlet into the interior, through the surrounding mountains, or, what is a still more probable conjecture, from the exterminating incursions of the numerous poor settlers, who have farms in the neighbourhood, and who, considering their general poverty, it is easy to believe, would not suffer the want of animal food, so long as they could take their dogs and guns, and kill a cow or calf at their option. These wild cattle were the progeny of a few tame ones, which strayed away from the settle- ment shortly after the period of its foundation, and were not discovered till about fifteen years afterwards, when they had multiplied to several thousands. On their discovery they imme- diately attracted the attention of His Majesty's Ministers, and orders were dispatched from this country, prohibiting the governor and his successors from granting away the land, on which they had fixed themselves. This they soon overspread, and on the occasion of the severe droughts that were experienced in the colony in the year 1813, 1814, and 1815, great numbers of them perished from the want of water and pasturage. Where thousands then ex- isted, there are scarcely hundreds to be found at SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 71 present, and these chiefly consist of bulls. A cow or calf can very rarely be met with. There can consequently be very little doubt that they have disappeared in the manner I have conjectured, and that their numbers have been thus consider- ably reduced by the depredations of the poorer settlers, which it was for a long time thought beyond the power of the colonial courts to restrain ; since, although it was notorious that these wild cattle were originally purchased by the crown, still the cattle of individuals had subsequently, at various times, intermixed with them, and prevented that identification of pro- perty, which the late Judge Advocate consi- dered essential to the conviction of the offen- ders. His opinion, however, has been overruled by his successor, and several persons have been lately tried for and found guilty of this offence ; and although they were not punished capitally for it, there can be no doubt that their convic- tion will greatly diminish such depredations for ' the future. Not that 1 consider the preserva- tion of these wild herds will be attended with any advantages to the colony. On the con- trary, it is my belief, that their total destruction ought to be effected ; since the increase of them is of mere negative importance, compared with the positive disadvantage that attends their occupation of one of the most fertile districts in the colony, which it is to be hoped will be soon 72 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE covered with numerous flocks of fine woolled sheep, for the pasture of which the greater part of it is so admirably adapted. This tract of land is about thirty miles distant from Sydney : it is bounded on the east by the river Nepean, on the west by the Blue Mountains, of which this river, on the north side of the cow pastures washes the base, so that they together form the northern boundary, and on the south by a thick barren brush of about ten miles in breadth, which these cattle have never been able to pene- trate. This fine tract of country is thus sur- rounded by natural boundaries, which form it into an enclosure somewhat in the shape of an oblong spheroid. It contains about one hun- dred thousand acres of good land, a consider- able portion of which is flooded, and equal to any on the banks of the Hawkesbury. FIVE ISLANDS, OR ILLAWARRA. The next considerable tract of unappropri- ated land is the district called the Five Islands. It commences at the distance of about forty miles to the southward of Sydney, and extends to Shoal Haven river. This tract of land lies between the coast and a high range of hills which terminate at the north side abruptly in the sea, and form its northern and western boundary : the ocean is its eastern boundary, SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 73 and Shoal Haven river its southern. The range that surrounds this district on the north and west is a branch of the Blue Mountains ; and the only road at present known to it, is down a pass so remarkably steep, that, unless a better be dis- covered, the communication between it and the capital by land, will always be difficult and dan- gerous for waggons. This circumstance is a material counterpoise to its extraordinary ferti- lity, and is the reason why it is at present unoc- cupied by any but large stockholders. Those parts, however, which are situated near Shoal Haven river, are highly eligible for agricultural purposes ; since this river is navigable for about twenty miles into the country for vessels of seventy or eighty tons burden ; a circumstance which holds out to future colonists the greatest facilities for the cheap and expeditious convey- ance of their produce to market. The land on the banks of this river is of the same nature, and possesses equal fertility with the banks of the Hawkesbury. There are several streams in different parts of this district, which issue from the mountain behind, and afford an abundant supply of pure water. In many places there are large prairies of unparalleled riches, entirely free from timber, and consequently prepared by the hand of nature for the imme- diate reception of the ploughshare. These advantages, combined with its proximity to 74 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE Sydney, have already begun to attract the tide of colonization to it, and will no doubt render it in a few years one of the most populous, pro- ductive, and valuable of all the districts. The soil is in general a deep fat vegetable mould. The surface of the country is thinly timbered, with the exception of the mountain which bounds it to the Northward and Westward. This is covered with a thick brush, but is never- theless extremely fertile up to the very summit, and peculiarly adapted both from its eastern aspect and mild climate for the cultivation of the vine. This large tract of country was only discovered about four years since, and has not yet been accurately surveyed. Its extent, there- fore, is not precisely known ; but it without doubt contains several hundred thousand acres, including the banks of the Shoal Haven river. These produce a great abundance of fine cedar, and other highly valuable timber, for which there is an extensive and increasing demand at Port Jackson. COAL RIVER. The next tract of unappropriated country which I shall describe, is the district of the Coal River. The town of Newcastle is situated at the mouth of this river, and is about sixty miles to the northward of Port Jackson. Its popula- SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 75 tion by the last census forwarded to this country, was five hundred and fifty souls. These, with the exception of a few free settlers, established on the upper banks of this river, amounting with their families perhaps to thirty souls, and about fifty troops, are all incorrigible offenders, who have been convicted either before a Bench of Magistrates, or the Court of Criminal Judi- cature, and afterwards re-transported to this place, where they are worked in chains from sunrise to sunset, and profitably employed in burning lime and procuring coals and timber, as well for carrying on the public works at Port Jackson, as for the private purposes of indivi- duals, who pay the Government stipulated prices for these different articles. This settlement was, in fact, established with the two-fold view of supplying the public works with these neces- sary articles, and providing a separate place of punishment for all who might be convicted of crimes in the colonial courts. Th e coal mines here are considerably elevated above the level of the sea, and are of the richest description. The veins are visible on the abrupt face of the cliff, which borders the harbour, and are worked by adits or openings, which serve both to carry off the water and to wheel away the coals. The quantity procured in this easy manner is very great, and might be increased to 76 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE any extent. So much more coals indeed are thus obtained than are required for the purposes of the Government, that they are glad to dispose of them to all persons who are willing to pur- chase, requiring in return a duty of two shillings and sixpence per ton, for such as are intended for home consumption, and five shillings for such as are for exportation. The lime procured at this settlement is made from oyster shells, which are found in prodigious abundance. These shells lie close to the banks of the river, in beds of amazing size and depth. How they came there has long been a matter of surprise and speculation among the colonists. Some are of opinion that they have been gradually deposited by the natives in those periodical feasts of shell fish, for the celebration of which they still assemble at stated seasons in large bodies : others have contended, and I think with more probability, that they were originally large natural beds of oysters, and that the river has on some occasion or other, either changed its course or contracted its limits, and thus deserted them. These beds are generally five or six feet above high water mark. The process of making lime from them is extremely simple and expeditious. They are first dug up and sifted, and then piled SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 77 over large heaps of dry wood, which are set fire to, and speedily convert the superincumbent mass into excellent lime. When thus made it is shipped for Sydney, and sold at one shilling per bushel. The timber procured on the banks of this river is chiefly cedar and rose wood. The cedar, however, is becoming scarce in consequence of the immense quantities that have been already cut down, and cannot be any longer obtained without going at least a hundred and fifty miles up the river. At this distance, however, it is still to be had in considerable abundance, and is easily floated down to the town in rafts. The Government dispose of this wood in the same manner as the coals, at the price of .3 for each thousand square feet, intended for home consumption, and Q for the same quan- tity if exported. This settlement is placed under the direction of a commandant, who is selected out of the officers of the regiment stationed in the colony, and is allowed, as has been noticed, about fifty tire-locks to maintain his authority. He is always appointed to the Magistracy previously to his obtaining this command, and is entrusted witk the entire controul of the prisoners, whom 78 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE he punishes or rewards as their conduct may appear to him to merit. The harbour at the mouth of this river is tolerably secure and spacious, and contains sufficient depth of water for vessels of three hundred tons burden. The river itself, how- ever, is only navigable for small craft of thirty or forty tons burden, and this only for about fifty miles above the town. Just beyond this distance there are numerous flats and shallows, which only admit of the passage of boats over them. This river has three branches : they are called the upper, the lower, and the middle branch : the two former are navigable for boats for about a hundred and twenty miles, the latter for upwards of two hundred miles. The banks of all these branches are liable to inun- dations equally terrific with those at the Hawkes- bury, and from the same causes ; because they are receptacles for the rain that is collected by the Blue Mountains, which form the western boundary of this district, and divide it as well as the districts of Port Jackson, from the great western wilderness. The low lands within the reach of these inundations is if possible of still greater exuberancy than the banks of the Hawkesbury and Nepean, and of four times the extent. The high-land, or to give it the SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 79 colonial appellation, the forest land, is very thinly dotted with timber, and equal for all the purposes of agriculture and grazing to the best districts of Port Jackson. The climate too is equally salubrious, and on the upper banks of the middle branch, it is generally believed, that the summer heats are sufficient for the production of cotton ; the cultivation of which would become an inexhaustible source of wealth to the growers, and would afford a valuable article of export to the colony. In fact, under every point of view, this dis- trict contains the strongest inducements to colo- nization. It possesses a navigable river, by which its produce may be conveyed to market at a trifling expence, and the inhabitants of its most remote parts may receive such articles of foreign or domestic growth and manufacture as they may need, at a, moderate advance : it surpasses Port Jackson in the general fertility of its soil, and at least rivals it in the salubrity of its climate : it contains in the greatest abun- dance coal, lime, and many varieties of valuable timber which are not found elsewhere, and promise to become articles of considerable export : it has already established in an eligible position, a small nucleus of settlers to which others may adhere, and thus both communicate and receive the advantages of society and pro- 80 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE tection; and it has a town which affords a considerable market for agricultural produce, and of which the commanding localities must rapidly increase the extent and population. COUNTRY WEST OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS. The country to the westward of the Blue Mountains ranks next in contiguity to Sydney, and claims pre-eminence not so much from any superiority of soil in those parts of it which have been explored, as from its amazing extent, and great diversity of climate. These moun- tains, where the road has been made over them, are fifty-eight miles in breadth ; and as the distance from Sydney to Emu Ford, at which place this road may be said to commence, is about forty miles, the beginning of the vast tract of country to the. westward of them, it will be seen, is ninety-eight miles distant from the capital. The road which thus traverses these moun- tains is by no means difficult for waggons, until you arrive at the pass which forms the descent into the low country. There it is excessively steep and dangerous ; yet carts and waggons go up and down it continually : nor do I believe that any serious accident has yet occurred SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 81 in performing this very formidable under- taking. Still the discovery of a safer and more prac- ticable pass would certainly be attended with a very beneficial influence on the future progress of colonization in this great western wilderness. Every attempt, however, to find such a one has hitherto proved abortive ;* and should the * By the last advices from the colony, which contain infor- mation up to the thirteenth of June, 1819, it appears that this important object has at last been effected, and that a com- munication has been opened to the delightful country beyond the Blue Mountains, of easy access, running through- lands of the very best description. The .colonists are indebted for this acquisition to their resources to the exertions of Charles Throsby, Esq. a large land and stock-holder, many years resident in New South Wales. Mr. Throsby was on the whole occupied fifteen days on the expedition : his progress being retarded from several of his party falling sick, and from but to the west of those lofty Kanges, the country was broken into low grassy hills, and fine valleys watered by rivulets rising on the west side of the mountains, which on their eastern side pour their waters directly into the Mac- quarie. " These westerly streams appeared to me to join that which I had at first sight taken for the Macquarie ; and when united fall into it at the point at which it was first discovered, on the 19th hist. We reached this place last evening, without a single accident having occurred during the whole progress of the expedition, which from this point has encircled within the parallels of 34 30' South, and 32 South, and between the meridians of 149 43' and 143 40 East, a space of nearly one thousand miles. " I shall hasten to lay before your Excel- lency the journals, charts, and drawings, expla- natory of the various occurrences of our diver- sified route ; infinitely gratified if our exertions should appear to your Excellency commensu- H 98 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE surate with your expectations, and the ample means which your care and liberality placed at my disposal. " I feel the most particular pleasure in in- forming your Excellency of the obligations I am under to Mr. Evans, the Deputy Sur- veyor, for his able advice and cordial co-opera- tion throughout the expedition, and, as far as his previous researches had extended, the accu- racy and fidelity of his narration was fully exemplified. " It would perhaps appear presuming in me to hazard an opinion upon the merits of persons engaged in a pursuit of which I have little knowledge ; the extensive and valuable collec- tion of plants formed by Mr. A. Cunningham, the king's botanist, and Mr. C. Frazer, the colonial botanist, will best evince to your Excel- lency the unwearied industry and zeal bestowed on the collection and preservation of them : in every other respect they also merit the highest praise. " From the nature of the greater part of the country passed over, our mineralogical collec- tion is but small. Mr. S. Parr did as much as could be done in that branch, and throughout endeavoured to render himself as useful a* possible. SETTLEMENT* IN NEW HOLLAND. 99 " Of the men on whom the chief care of the horses and baggage devolved, it is impossible to speak in too high terms. Their conduct in periods of considerable privation, was such as must redound to their credit; and their orderly, regular, and obedient behaviour could not be exceeded. It may be principally attributed to their care and attention that we lost only three horses ; and that, with the exception of the loss of the dry provisions already mentioned, no other accident happened during the course of our journey. I most respectfully beg leave to recommend them to your Excellency's favourable notice. " I trust your Excellency will have the good- ness to excuse any omissions or inaccuracies that may appear in this letter ; the messenger setting out immediately will not allow me to revise or correct it. " I have the honour, &c. " J. OXLEY, Surveyor-Gen." To his Excellency Lachlan Macquarie, Esq. The course and direction of this river is the object of two expeditions, of which we may shortly expect to learn the result. One is by H 2 100 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE land, and conducted by the same gentleman ;* the other by sea, and under the command of Lieutenant King, R. N. ; whose father, Cap- tain King, was formerly Lieutenant Governor of Norfolk Island, and afterwards Governor in Chief of New South Wales. If the sanguine hopes, to which the discovery of this river has given birth, should be realized, * The result of Mr. Oxley's second journey into the interior, is detailed at length in the sequel. Lieutenant King's voyage of discovery has added but little to the knowledge previously derived from the labours of Flinders, and other navigators. It appears that he was prevented from attempting that minute survey of the coast, which could alone have led to the disco- very of the river he was in search of, from the smallness of his vessel, and the immense fleets of Malay prows which he every where fell in with. These people, it would seem, annu- ally visit the north and north-west shores of this island in search of beche la mer, and most likely many other valuable articles of commerce, with the existence of which we are as yet unacquainted ; and it required all Lieutenant King's care and vigilance, to prevent them from capturing his vessel, a small sloop with only four guns and sixteen men ; so that he was frequently obliged to stand out to sea, when the objects of his voyage required that he should have been close in with the land. By the last accounts received from the colony, it appears that he had proceeded a second time in the same vessel, which is unfortunately the only king's vessel at present in the colony that is in any wise fit for the undertaking. I do not, therefore, entertain any very sanguine expectations that his present voyage will terminate more successfully than hit last. SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 101 and it should be found to empty itself into the ocean, on the north-west coast, which is the only part of this vast island that has not been accurately surveyed, in what mighty concep- tions of the future greatness and power of this colony may we not reasonably indulge ? The nearest distance from the point, at which Mr. Oxley left off, to any part of the western coast, is very little short of two thousand miles. If this river, therefore, be already of the size of the Hawkesbury at Windsor, which is not less than two hundred and fifty yards in breadth, and of sufficient depth to float a seventy-four gun-ship, it is not difficult to imagine what must be its magnitude at its confluence with the ocean ; before it can arrive at which, it has to traverse a country nearly two thousand miles in extent. If it possess the usual sinuosities of rivers, its course to the sea cannot be less than from five to six thousand miles, and the endless accession of tributary streams, which it must receive in its passage through so great an ex- tent of country, will without doubt enable it to vie in point of magnitude with any river in the world. In this event its influence in promoting the progress of population in this fifth continent will be prodigious, and, in all probability, before the expiration of many years, give an entirely new impulse to the tide of population. And here it may not be altogether irrelevant to enter 102 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE into a short disquisition on the natural superior- ity possessed by those countries, which are most abundantly intersected with navigable rivers. That such are most favourable for all the pur- poses of civilized man, the history of the world affords the most satisfactory proof. There is not, in fact, a single instance on record of any remarkable degree of wealth and power having been attained by any nation, which has not possessed facilities for commerce, either in the number or size of its rivers, or in the spacious- ness of its harbours, and the general contiguity of its provinces to the sea. The Mediterranean has given rise to so many great and powerful nations, only from the superior advantages, which it afforded for commerce, during the long infancy of navigation. The number and fertility of its islands, the serenity of its climate, the smoothness of its waters, the smallness of its entrance, which, although of itself sufficient to indicate to the skilful pilot the proximity of the ocean, is still more clearly defined by the Pillars of Hercules towering on each side of it, and forming land-marks not to be mistaken by the timid, the inexperienced, or the bewildered ; such are the main causes why the Mediterra- nean continued, until the discovery and applica- tion of the properties of the magnet, the seat of successive empires so superior to the rest of the world in affluence and power. It is indeed SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 103 almost impossible to conceive, how any conside- rable degree of wealth and civilization can be acquired without the aid of navigation. From the moment savages abandon the hunter state, and resign themselves to the settled pursuits of agriculture, the march of population must inevitably follow the direction of navigable waters ; since in the infancy of societies these furnish the only means of indulging that spirit of barter which is co-existent with association, is the main spring of industry, and the ultimate cause of all civilization and refinement. In such situations the rude canoe abundantly suffices to maintain the first necessary interchanges of the superfluities of one individual for those of another. Roads, waggons, &c. are refinements entirely unknown in the incipient stages of society. They are the gradual results of civili- zation, and consequent only on the accumulation of wealth and the attainment of a certain point of maturity. Canals are a still later result of civilization, and are undoubtedly the greatest effort for the encouragement of barter, aad the development of industry, to which human power and ingenuity have yet given birth. But, after all, what are these artificial channels of communication, these ne plus ultras of hu- man contrivance, compared with those natural mediums of intercourse, those mighty rivers which pervade every quarter of the globe ? 104 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF TUT What are they to the Danube, the Nile, the Ganges, the Mississippi, or the Amazon ? What are they, in fact, compared even with those infinite minor navigable streams, of which scarcely any country, however circumscribed, is entirely destitute ? What ! but mere pigmy imitations of nature, which, wherever there is a sufficient number of rivers, will never be resorted to, unless it be for the purpose of con- necting them together, or of avoiding those long and tedious sinuosities to which they are all more or less subject. Viewing, therefore, this newly discovered river only in the light of a river of the first mag- nitude, it must be evident that this important discovery will have an incalculable influence on the future progress of colonization ; but, to be enabled fully to estimate the beneficial con- sequences of which it will be productive, it is essential to take into the estimate the probable direction of its course, and the point of its con- fluence with the ocean. This I have already stated is with good reason imagined to be on the north-west coast ; since every other part of this vast island has been so accurately surveyed, as scarcely to admit of the possibility of so large a river falling into the sea in any other position. Assuming, therefore, that the course of this river is in the direction thus generally supposed, it SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 105 will be seen that it will surpass all the rivers in the world in variety of climate ; since, reckon- ing merely from the spot where Mr. Oxley discovered it to its conjectural embouchure, there will be a difference of latitude of twenty degrees. Even omitting, then, to take into computation the probable length of its course from the place where it first becomes navigable, to the point where that gentleman fell in with it, (and it was there running from the south, and must have already been navigable for a considerable distance, if we may judge from its size,) the world does not afford any parallel of a river traversing so great a diversity of climate. The majority indeed of the rivers, which may be termed u rivers of the first magni- tude," run from west to east, or from east to west, and consequently vary their climate only in proportion to their distance from the sea, to the elevation of their beds, and to the extent of country traversed by such of their branches as run at right angles with them. Of this sort are the St. Lawrence in North America, the Oronoko and Amazon in South America ; the Niger, Senegal, and Gambia in Africa ; the Danube and Elbe in Europe ; and the Hoang Ho, and Kiang Keou in Asia. It must indeed be admitted, that every quarter of the globe furnishes some striking exceptions to this rule, such as the Mississippi and River 106 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE Plate in America ; the Nile in Africa ; the Rhine, the Dniester, the Don, and the Volga, in Europe ; and the Indus and Ganges in Asia ; all of which certainly run from north to south, or south to north, and consequently command a great variety of climate. In this respect, however, none of them will be worthy of comparison with this newly dis covered river, if the point of its confluence with the ocean should happily be where it is conjec- tured. And yet we find that all the countries, through which the above-named rivers pass, either have been or promise to be, the seats of much more wealthy and powerful nations, than the countries, through which those rivers pass whose course is east or west. The cause of this superiority of one over the other is to be traced to the greater diversity of productions, which will necessarily be raised on the banks and in the vicinity of those rivers whose course is north or south, a circumstance that is alone sufficient to insure the possessors of them, under governments equally favourably to the extension of industry, a much greater share of commerce and wealth, than can possibly belong to the inhabitants of those rivers whose course is in a contrary direction : and this for the simplest reason ; because rivers of the former description contain within themselves many of those pro- ductions, which the latter can only obtain from SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 107 abroad. In the one, therefore, there is not only a necessity for having a recourse to foreign supply, which does not exist in the other, but also a great obstacle to internal navigation, arising from the sameness of produce, and the consequent impediment to barter, which must prevail in a country, where all have the same commodities to dispose of, where all wish to sell and none to buy. To this manifest su- periority, which rivers running on a meridian claim over those running on a parallel, there is no counterpoise ; since they both contain equal facilities for exporting their surplus productions, and receiving in exchange the superfluities of other countries. It may, indeed, here be urged, that there is, upon the whole, no sur- plus produce in the world ; and that, as the surplus, whatever may be its extent, of one country, may be always exchanged for that of another, as great a variety of luxuries may be thus obtained by the inhabitants of rivers having an eastern or western course, as can possibly be raised by the inhabitants of rivers having a northern or southern ; and that con- sequently the same stimulus to an inland navi- gation will be created by the eventual distribu- tion of the various commodities procured by foreign commerce, as if they had been the products of the country itself. To this it may be replied, that, although a much greater 108 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE variety of products may undoubtedly be im- ported from foreign countries, than can possi- bly be raised within the compass of any one navigable river, such products cannot after- wards be sold at so cheap a rate. In all countries, therefore, where they are imported from abroad, the increase in their price must occasion a pro- portionate diminution in their consumption, and in so far inevitably operate as a check to internal navigation. This variety of production, and the additional encouragement thus afforded by it, to what is well known to be one of the main sources of national wealth, are sufficient to account for the superior degree of civilization, affluence, and power, which have in general characterized those countries whose rivers flow in a northern or southern direction. Some few nations, indeed, which do not possess such great natural advan- tages, have supplied the want of them by their own skill and industry, and hare, in the end, triumphed over the efforts of nature to check their progress. Of a people who have thus overstepped these natural barriers opposed to their advancement, and, in spite of them, attained the summit of wealth and civilization, China, perhaps, furnishes the most remarkable example. The two principal rivers of that country, the Hoang Ho, or Yellow River, and SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 109 the Kiang Keou, or Great River, run from west to east ; yet, by means of what is termed by way of eminence, " The Great Canal," the Chinese have not only joined these two mighty streams together, but have extended the com- munication to the northward, as far as the main branch of the Pei Ho, and to the south- ward as far as the mouth of the Ningapo ; thus establishing by the intervention of this stupen- dous monument of human industry and perse- verance, and the various branches of the four rivers which it connects, an inland navigation between the great cities of Peking and Nan- king, and affording every facility for the tran- sport of the infinite products raised within the compass of a country containing from twelve to fifteen degrees difference of latitude, and about the same difference of longitude ; or, in other words, a surface of about five hundred and eighteen thousand four hundred square miles. This instance, however, of equal or superior civilization thus attained by a nation, notwith- standing the principal rivers of their country run from west to east, does not at all militate against the natural superiority which has been conceded to those countries whose rivers run in a contrary direction. It only shews what may be effected by a wise and politic government averse to the miseries of war, and steadily bent 110 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE on the arts of peace. The very attempts, indeed, of this enlightened people to supply the natural deficiencies of their country by canals, are the strongest commendations, that can be urged in favour of a country, where no such artificial sub- stitutes are necessary ; where nature, of her own lavish bounty, has created facilities for the progress of industry and civilization, which it would require the labour and maturity of ages imperfectly to imitate. How far, indeed, these mighty contrivances of the all-bounteous Creator, for the promotion and development of industry, outstrip all hu- man imitation, the occurrences of the passing hour furnish the most satisfactory and conclusive evidence. The vast tide of emigration that is incessantly rolling along the banks of the Mis- sissippi, and of its tributary streams, and the numberless cities, towns, and settlements, that have sprung up, as it were, by the agency of magic, in what but a few years back was one boundless and uninterrupted wilderness, speak a language not to be mistaken by the most ignorant or prejudiced. The western territory, which, though a province but of yesterday, soon promises to rival the richest and most powerful members of the American Union, affords an instance of rapid colonization unparalleled in the history of the world, and offers an incon- SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. Ill testable proof of the natural superiority which countries, whose rivers run in a northern or southern course, possess over all others. But this fact is not merely established by the experience of the present day, it is equally au- thenticated by the testimony of past ages. What was the reason why Egypt was for so many centuries the seat of affluence and power, but the Nile ? that India is still rich and populous, but the Indus and Ganges ? These countries, indeed, are no longer the great and powerful empires they were, although the natural advantages of their situations are still unchanged. But what mighty ravages will not a blood-thirsty and overwhelming despotism effect ? What health and vigour can belong to that body politic which is forced to inhale the nauseous effluvia of tyranny ? Prosperity is a plant that can only flourish in an atmosphere fanned by the whole- some breath of freedom. The highest fertility of soil, the greatest benignity of climate, the most commanding superiority of position, will otherwise be unavailing. Freedom may in the end convert the most barren and inhospitable waste into a paradise ; but the inevitable result of tyranny is desolation. The probable* course of this newly discovered The result of Mr. Oxley's last journey into the interior, faa* clouded for the moment these flattering anticipations with 112 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE river, being thus in every respect so decidedly favourable for the foundation of a rich and powerful community, there can be little doubt that the government of this country will imme- diately avail themselves of the advantages which it presents, and establish a settlement at its ' respect to the probable course and magnitude of the Mac- quarie River. After tracing it for some hundred miles from the spot, where he had terminated his excursion in his pre- vious expedition, during the whole of which distance his original expectations, that it would eventually empty itself into the sea on the north-west coast of the island, appear to have daily gained ground, he was checked in his progress by the river decreasing in depth from twenty to five feet, and suddenly forming a junction with interior waters. Mr. Oxley's con- jecture, and he hazards it with great confidence, is, that they " were in the vicinity of an inland sea, most probably a shoal one, and gradually decreasing or being filled up by the immense depositions, from the waters flowing into it from the higher lands." For several days before the river had assumed this ex- traordinary termination, it had been considerably swollen by heavy falls of rain, and had overflowed the country on each side of it, to a great distance ; till at last they found themselves, in their little skiff, placed in the midst of a sea of which the eye could not, in any direction, discover the limits. Mr. Oxley'f words are, " that they had entirely lost sight of land and trees." May he not, therefore, have deviated from the channel of the river at the time when it appeared to him to have undergone this extraordinary metamorphosis ? And even allowing that there is, as he supposes, a great inland sea or lake, is it not more probable that it is deep than shallow ? That many other rivers and streams likewise fall into it, and that afterwards the united waters of the whole form one vast river, and flow onwards like the St. Lawrence to the ocean? The world certainly SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 113 mouth. What a sublime spectacle will it then be for the philosopher to mark the gradual progress of population from the two extremities of this river ; to behold the two tides of coloni- zation flowing in opposite directions, and con- stantly hastening to that junction, of which the affords a few instances of rivers forming large internal lakes, which have no visible connection with the ocean. These, however, are mere exceptions to the general rule, and if we could be guided in our judgment by analogy, we should have but little hesitation in concluding that the immense accumu- lation of waters, which Mr. Oxley discovered, have an outlet to the ocean by means of one or more large rivers. But almost every thing connected with this fifth continent is sin- gular and eccentric. It has an animal and vegetable creation peculiar to itself, and it is not therefore impossible that it may be equally dissimilar to all other parts of the world in iti structure and formation. At present all that can be said, with respect to the interior of this vast country, is but conjecture and uncertainty. But if Mr. Oxley's last journey has left ua nearly as much in the dark as ever, on this interesting subject, one signal benefit at least has resulted from his labours the discovery of Port Macquarie. and the beautiful country on. the banks, and in the vicinity of the river Hastings. This enchanting spot is about 3 to the northward of Port Jackson; and it is in contemplation to form a settlement there immedi- ately. It is indeed most probable that steps have already been taken to carry this project into effect. There is no doubt that the climate is sufficiently warm to produce cotton, sugar, coffee, and many other valuable commodities which cannot be raised at Port Jackson, and the more southern settlements; while, on the other hand, many of the productions of these latter, will, most probably, only arrive there at an inferior I 114 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE combined waters shall overspread the whole of this fifth continent. What a cheering prospect for the philanthropist to behold what is now one vast and mournful wilderness, becoming the smiling seat of industry and the social arts; ty see its hills and dales covered with bleating degree of perfection. This variety of climate and production, therefore, whilst it will have the happiest effect in promoting the agricultural prosperity of the settlements, separately, by creating a demand in each for the produce of the others, will contribute to the wealth and independence of the whole of them, considered as but different branches of one community. By the last accounts it was stated to be Governor Macqua- rie's intention to remove the prisoners thither from th? Coal River, and to grant the fine country on the banks of this river to free settlers. This plan is the more advisable, in as much as a road has lately been discovered from thence to Port Jackson, and it is in consequence no longer practicable to keep the prisoners,, who are transported to "Newcastle, from making their escape. As a place, therefore, of punishment, the degree of which depends as much on the state of isolation in which they are kept, as on the severer labours they have to perform, the Coal Hirer has in a great measure ceased to be operative; while, on the contrary, the very discovery which has rendered it no longer fit for this purpose, has en- hanced its value, in a ten-fold ratio, for all the purposes of colonization. Besides, in the formation of new establishments, there is always at the offset much unavoidable hardship and privation; and it is evidently far more just and politic, that whatever of suffering there may be to be endured in such un- dertakings, should fall to the lot of the worthless and the vile, than be assigned loathe more respectable classes of the com- munity. Governor Macquarie, therefore, in thus casting SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 116 flocks, lowing herds, and waving corn ; to hear the joyful notes of the shepherd, and the enlivening cries of the husbandman, instead of the appalling yell of the savage, and the plaintive howl of the wolf ; and to witness a country which nature seems to have designed as the onus of settling new districts on the reconvicted culprits, and in making them the pioneers to clear the way for useful and deserving colonists, will have acted wilh his usual fore- sight and ability. But to return from this digression to Mr. Oxley's account of his last expedition, as given in his letter to the Governor. It is as follows: Port Stephens, Nov. 1, 1818. SIP, I- have the honour to inform your Excellency that I arrived at this port to-day ; and circumstances rendering it. necessary that Mr. Evans should proceed to Newcastle, I embrace the opportunity to make to your Excellency a brief report of the route pursued by the western expedition entrusted to my di- rection. My letter, dated the 22d June last, will have made your Excellency acquainted with the sanguine hopes I entertained from the appearance of the river, that its termination would be either in interior waters, or coast-ways. When I wrote that letter to your Excellency, I certainly did not anticipate the possibility that a very few days further travelling would lead us to its termination as an accessible river. On the 29th of June, having traced its course without the smallest diminution or addition, about seventy miles further to the N.N.W. there being a slight fresh in the river, it overflowed its banks ; and, although we were at the distance of nearly three miles from it, the country was so perfectly level that the waters soon spread over the ground on which w i 2 116 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE her master-piece, at length fulfilling the gra- cious intentions of its all-bounteous Author, by administering to the wants and contribu- ting to the happiness of millions. What a proud sight for the Briton to view his country pouring forth her teeming millions to people were. We had been for some days before travelling over such very low grounds, that the people in the boats finding the country flooded proceeded slowly, a circumstance which enabled me to send them directions to return to the station we had quitted in the morning, where the ground was a little more elevated. This spot being by no means secure, it was arranged that the horses with the provisions should return to the last high land we had quitted, a distance of sixteen miles ; and, as it appeared to me that the body of water in the river was too important to be much affected by the mere overflowing of its waters, I determined to take the large boat, and in her to endeavour to discover their point of discharge. On the 2d July I proceeded in the boat down the river, and in the course of the day went nearly thirty miles on a N. N. W. course, for ten of which there had been, strictly speaking, no land, as the flood made the surrounding country a perfect sea; the banks of the river were heavily timbered; and many large spaces within our view, covered with the common reed, were also encircled by large trees. On the 3d, the main channel of the river was much contracted but very deep, the banks being under water from a foot to eighteen inches; the stream continued for about twenty miles on the same course as yesterday, when we lost sight of land and trees, the channel of 'the river winding through reeds, among which the water was about three feet deep, the current having the same direction as the rirer. It continued in this manner for near four miles more; when, without any previous change SETTLEMENTS IN NEVT HOLLAND. 117 new hives, to see her forming in the most remote parts of the earth new establishments which may hereafter rival her old ; and to behold thousands who would perish from want within her immediate limits, procuring an easy and comfortable subsistence in those which are in the breadth, depth, and rapidity of the stream, and when I was sanguine in my expectations of soon entering the long desired lake, it all at once eluded our further pursuit, by spreading on all points from north-west to north-east over the plain of reeds which surrounded us, the river decreasing in depth from upwards of twenty feet to less than five feet, and flowing over a bottom of tenacious blue mud. and the current still running with nearly the same rapidity as when the water was confined within the banks of the river. This point of junction with interior waters^ or where the Maequarie ceased to have the form of a river, is in latitude 30. 45. south, and longitude 147. 10. east. To assert positively that we were on the margin of the lake or sea into which this great body of water is discharged, might reasonably be deemed a conclusion that has nothing but conjecture for its basis; but, if an opinion ir.ay be hazarded from actual appearances, which our subsequent route tended more strongly to confirm, I feel confident, we were in the immediate vicinity of an inland sea, most probably a shoal one, and gradually decreasing, or being filled up by the im- mense depositions from the waters flowing into it from the higher lands, which, on this singular continent, seem not to extend a few hundred miles from the sea coast, as, westward of these bounding ranges (which, from the observations I have been enabled to make, appear to me to run parallel to the direction of the coast) there is not a single hill or other eminence discoverable on this apparently boundless space, 1 18 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE more remote ; and, instead of weakening her power and diminishing her resources, effectually contributing to the augmentation of both, and forming monuments which may descend to the latest posterity, indestructible records of her greatness and glory. those isolated points excepted, on which we remained until the 28th of July, the rocks and stones composing which are a distinct species from those found on the above ranges. I trust that your Excellency will believe, that, fully im- pressed with the great importance of the question as to the interior formation of this great country, I was anxiously solicitous to remove all ground for further conjecture, by the most careful observations on the nature of the country, for though there appeared to me sufficient proof that the interior was cover- ed with water, yet I felt it my duty to leave no measure untried which could in any way tend to an elucidation of the fact. It was physically impracticable to gain the edge of these waters by making a detour round ihe flooded portion of the country on the south-west side of the river, as we proved it to be a barren wet marsh, over-run with a species of polygonum, and not offering a single dry spot to which our course might be directed ; and, that there was no probability of finding any in that direction, I had a certain knowledge from the observa- tions made during the former expedition. To circle the flooded country to the north-east, yet re- mained to be tried ; and when on the 7th July I returned to the tents, which I found pitched on the high land before men- tioned, and from whence we could see mountains at the dis- tance of eighty miles to the eastward, the country between being a perfect level, Mr. Evans was sent forward to explore the country to the north-east, that being the point on which I purposed to set forward. SETTLEMENTS I* NEW HOLLAND. 119 SYSTEM OF AGRICULTURE. The system of agriculture pursued in this colony does not materially differ from that which prevails in the parent country. During the On the 1 8th July, Mr. Evans returned, having been pre- vented from continuing on a north-east course beyond two day's journey, by waters running north-easterly through high reeds, and which were most probably those of the Mac- quarie River, as during his absence it had swelled so consi- derably as entirely to surround us, coming within a few yards of the tent. Mr. Evans afterwards proceeded more easterly, and at a distance of fifty miles from the Macquarie River, crossed another much wider, but not so deep, running to the north ; advancing still more easterly, he went nearly to the base of the mountains seen from the tent, and returning by a more southerly route, found the country somewhat drier, but not in the least more elevated. The discretionary instructions, with which your Excellency was pleased to furnish me, leaving me at liberty as to the course to be pursued by the expedition on its return to Port Jackson, I determined to attempt making the sea coast on an easterly course, first proceeding along the base of the high range before mentioned, which I still indulged hopes might lead me to the margin of these, or any other interior waters which this portion of New South Wales might contain, and embracing a low line of coast on which many small openings remained unexamined, at the same time that the knowledge obtained of the country we might encircle, might materially tend to the advantage of the colony, in the event of any com- munication with the interior being discovered. We quitted this station on the 30th July, being in latitude 120 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE earlier stages of these settlements, the hoe-hus- bandry was a necessary evil ; but the great increase in the stock of horses and cattle has at last almost completely superseded it ; and the plough-husbandry is now, and has been for many year past, in general practice. In new lands, 31. 18. S. and longitude 147. 31, E. on our route for the coast,, and on the 8th of August arrived at the lofty range of moun- tains to which our course had been directed. From the highest point of this range we had the most extended prospect. From South by the West to North it was one vast level, resembling the ocean in extent, but yet without water being discerned, the range of high land extending to the N. E. by N. elevated points of which were distinguished upwards of one hundred and twenty miles. From this point, in conformity to the resolution I had made on quitting the Macquarie River, I pursued a N. E. course; but after encountering numerous difficulties, from the country being an entire marsh, interspersed with quicksands, until the 20th August, when, finding myself surrounded by bogs, I was reluctantly compelled to take a more easterly course, having practically proved, that the country could not be traversed on any point deviating from the main range of hills which bound the interior, although partial dry portion* of level alluvial extend from their base westerly to a distance which I estimate to exceed one hundred and fifty miles, before it is gradually lost in the waters which I am clearly convinced cover the interior. The alteration in our course more eagerly soon brought us into a very different description of country, forming a remark- able contrast to that which had so long occupied us. Numerous fine streams running northerly watered a rich and beautiful country, through which we passed until the 7th of September, when we crossed the Meridian of Sydney, as also the most .SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 121 indeed, the hoe is still unavoidably used during 1 the first year of their cultivation, on account of the numerous roots and other impediments to the plough, with which lands in a state of nature invariably abound ; but excepting these occasions, and the instances of settlers, who elevated known land in New South Wales, being then in latitude 31. 30. S. We were afterwards considerably em- barrassed and impeded by very lofty mountains. On the 20th of September we gained the summit of the most elevated mountains in this extensive range, and from it were gratified with a view of the ocean, at a distance of fifty miles, the country beneath us being formed into an immense triangular valley, the base of which extended along the coast from the Three Brothers on the south, to high land north of Smoky Cape. We had the further gratification to find that we were near the source of a large stream running to the sea. On descending the mountain, we followed the course of this river, increased by many accessions, until the 8th of October, when we arrived on the beach near the entrance of the port which received it, having passed over, since the 8th of July, a track of country nearly five hundred miles in extent from west to east. This inlet is situated in latitude 31. 23. 30. S.'and longitude 152. 50. 18. East, and had been previously noticed by Captain Flinders, but, from the distance at which he was necessarily obliged to keep from the coast, he did not discover that it had a navigable entrance ; of course our most anxious attention was dire'cted to this important point ; and although the want of a boat rendered the examination as to the depth of water in the channel incomplete, yet there appeared to be at low water at least three fathoms, with a safe though narrow entrance between the sand rollers on either hand. Having ascertained thus far, and that by its means the fine country, on the banks and in the neighbourhood of the river, might be of future 122 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE are unable to purchase horses or oxen, and consequently adhere to the original mode of cultivation from necessity, the hoe-husbandry is completely exploded. Until the year 1803, eighteen years after the foundation of this colony, the plough-husbandry was confined to a service to the Colony, I took the liberty to name it Port Macquarie, in honour of your Excellency, as the original promoter of the expedition. On the 12th October we quitted Port Macquarie, on our course for Sydney, and, although no charts can be more accurate in their outline and principal points than those of Captain Flinders, we soon experienced how little the best marine charts can be depended upon, to show all the inlets and openings upon an extensive line of coast ; the distance his ship was generally at, from that portion of the coast we had to travel over, did not allow him to perceive openings, which, though doubtless of little consequence to shipping, yet pre- sented the most serious difficulties to travellers by land, and of which, if they had been laid down in the chart, I should have hesitated to have attempted the passage, without assis- tance from the sea-ward ; as it is, we are indebted for our preservation, and that of the horses, to the providential dis- covery of a small boat on the beach, which the men with the most cheerful alacrity carried upwards of ninety miles on their shoulders, thereby enabling us to overcome obstacles other- wise insurmountable. Until within these few days I hoped to have had the satis- faction to report the return of the expedition without accident to any individual composing it, but such is the ferocious trea- chery of the natives along the coast to the northward, that our utmost circumspection could not save us from having one man (William Blake) severely wounded by them, but by the SETTLEMENTS. IN NEW HOLLAND. 123 few of the richest cultivators, from the exorbi- tant price of cattle. At that period, however, the government herds had so considerably multi- plied, that the then governor (King) recom- skilful care bestowed upon him by Dr. Harris (who accom- panied the expedition as a volunteer, and to whom, upon this occasion, and throughout the whole course of it, we are indebted for much valuable assistance,) I trust his recovery is no longer doubtful. The general merit of Mr. Evans is so well known to your Excellency, that it will here be sufficient to observe, that by his zealous attention to every point that could facilitate the progress of the expedition, he has endeavoured to deserve a continuance of your Excellency's approbation. Mr. Charles Frazer, the Colonial Botanist, has added near seven hundred new specimens to the already extended cata- logue of Australasian plants, besides many seeds, &c. and in the collection and preservation he has indefatigably endea- voured to obtain your Excellency's approval of his services. I confidently hope that the journal of the expedition will amply evince to your Excellency the exemplary and praise- worthy conduct of the men employed on it ; and I feel the sincerest pleasure in earnestly soliciting for them your Excel- lency's favourable consideration. Respectfully hoping, that, on a perusal and inspection of the journals and charts of the expedition, the course I have pursued in the execution of your Excellency's instruc- tions, will be honoured by your approbation, I beg leave to subscribe myself, with the greatest respect, Sir, your Excellency's most obedient and humble servant, (Signed) J. OXLEY, Surveyor-General. To his Excellency Governor Macquarie, ffC. (SfC. t(C. 121 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE mended the adoption of the plough-husbandry in general orders, and tendered oxen at ,28 per head, to be paid either in produce or money, at the end of three years, to all such settlers as were inclined to purchase them. This custom has been followed by all his successors; but, as no abatement has been made in the price of them, and as they can be obtained at one-third the amount else where, such only of the colonists now avail themselves of this indulgence, as have no ready means of purchase, and are allured by the length of the credit. Wheat, maize, barley, oats, and rye, are all grown in this colony ; but the two former are most cultivated. The climate appears to be rather too warm for the common species of barley and oats ; but the poorer soils produce them of a tolerably good quality. The skinless barley, or as it is termed by some, the Siberian wheat, arrives at very great perfection, and is in every respect much superior to the common species of barley ; but the culture of this grain is limited to the demand which is created for it by the colonial breweries ; the Indian corn, or maize, being much better adapted for the food of horses, oxen, pigs, and poultry. The produce too is much more abundant than that of barley and oats ; and the season for planting it being two months later than for any other sort of SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 125 grain, the settler has every motive for giving it the preference. Wheat may be sown any time from February to July, and even as late as August, if that month happen to be moist ; but the best months are April, May, and June. The creeping wheat, however, may be sown in the commencement of February ; as, should it be- come too rank, it can easily be kept down by sheep, which are found to do this sort of wheat no manner of injury. To the farmer, therefore, who keeps large flocks of sheep, the cultivation of the creeping wheat is highly advantageous ; since, in addition to its yielding as great a crop as any other species of wheat, it supersedes the necessity of growing turnips or other artificial food for the support of his stock during the severity of the winter, when the natural grasses become scanty and parched up by the frost. The red and white lammas, and the Cape or bearded wheat, are the species generally culti- vated. June is the best month for sowing- barley and oats, but they may be sown till the middle of August with a fair prospect of a good crop, Indian corn or maize may be planted from the end of September to the middle of December ; but October is the best month. It is, however, a very common practice among the settlers on the fertile banks of the Hawkesbury and Nepean, to plant what is called stubble corn ; that is, to plant it among the wheat, 126 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF TIIF. barley, and oat stubbles, as soon as the harvest is over, without ploughing or breaking up the ground. Maize is frequently planted in this way until the middle of January y ind, if the season should prove sufficiently moist, yields a very abundant crop. The usual manner of planting it is in holes about six feet apart : five grains are generally put in each of these holes. The ave- rage produce of this grain, on rich flooded lands, is from eighty to a hundred bushels per acre. Wheat in the same situations yields from thirty to forty bushels ; and barley and oats, about fifty bushels an acre. On forest lands, however, the crops are not so productive, unless the ground be well manured ; but the wheat, barley and oats, grown on this land, are much heavier and superior in quality. The difference of weight in wheat grown on forest and flooded lands is upon an average not less than 8 Ibs. per bushel, the former sort weighing 64 Ibs and the latter only 66 Ibs. The wheat harvest commences partially about the middle of November, and is generally over by Christmas. The maize, however, is not ripe until the end of. March, and the gathering is not complete throughout the colony before the middle of May. SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 127 HORTICULTURE, &c. Potatoes*, cabbages, carrots, parsnips, turnips, pease, beans, cauliflowers, brocoli, asparagus, lettuces, onions, and in fact all the species of vegetables known in England, are produced in this colony ; many of them attain a much supe- rior degree of perfection,, but a few also de- generate. To the former class belong the cauliflower and brocoli, and the different varie- ties of the pea ; to the latter the bean and potatoe. For the bean, in particular, the cli- mate appears too hot, and it is only to be obtained in the stiffest clays and the dampest situations. The potatoe, however, is produced on all soils in the greatest abundance, but the quality is not nearly as good as in this country. In this respect, however, much depends on the nature of the soil. In stiff clays the potatoes are invariably watery and waxy, but in light sands and loams, they are tolerably dry and mealy. Manure also deteriorates their quality, and in general they are best when grown on new lands. Potatoes are in consequence very com- monly planted in the fields, as a first crop, and are found to pulverize land just brought from a state of nature into cultivation more than any * For the Colonial Garden, see Appendix. 128 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE other root. An abundant crop of wheat, bar- ley, or oats, may be safely calculated to succeed them ; more particularly if a light covering of manure be applied at the time of their planting. The colony is justly famed for the goodness and variety of its fruits : Peaches, apricots, nectarines, oranges, lemons, citrons, loquets, guavas, cherries, Cape, China, and English mul- berries., walnuts, Spanish chesnuts, almonds, medlars, quinces, grapes, pears, plums, figs, pomegranates, raspberries, strawberries, and melons of all sorts, attain the highest degree of maturity in the open air ; and even the pine- apple may be produced merely by the aid of the common forcing glass. The climate, however, of Port Jackson, is not altogether congenial to the growth of the apple, currant and goose- berry ; although the whole of these fruits are produced there, and the apple, in particular, in very great abundance ; but it is decidedly inferior in quality to the apple of this country. These fruits, however, arrive at the greatest perfection in every part of Van Diemen's Land ; and, as the climate of the country to the west- ward of the Blue Mountains is equally cold, they will without doubt attain there an equal degree of perfection ; but the short period which has elapsed since the establishment of a SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 129 settlement beyond these mountains, has not allowed the ultramontanians to make the expe- riment. Of ail the fruits, which I have thus enume- rated as being produced in this colony, the peach is the most abundant and the most useful. The different varieties, which have been already in- troduced, succeed one another in uninterrupted succession from the middle of November to the latter end of March : thus filling up an interval of more than four months, and affording a wholesome and nutritious article of food during one-third of the year. This fruit grows sponta- neously in every situation, on the richest soils, as on "the most barren ; and its growth is so rapid that if you plant a stone, it will in three years afterwards bear an abundant crop of fruit. Peaches are, in consequence, so plentiful throughout the colony, that they are every- where given as food to hogs; and, when thrown into heaps, and allowed to undergo a proper degree of fermentation, are found to fatten them very rapidly. Cider also is made in great quantities from this fruit, and, when of sufficient age, affords a very pleasant and wholesome beverage. The lees, too, after the extraction of the juice, possess the same fattening properties, and are equally calculated for the food of hogs. 130 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE REARING OF CATTLE, &c. The system of rearing and fattening stock in this colony is simple and economical. Horses, in consequence of their rambling nature, are almost invariably kept in inclosures. In the dis- tricts immediately contiguous to Port Jackson, horned cattle are followed by a herdsman during the day, in order to prevent them from trespass- ing on the numerous uninclosed tracts of land that are in a state of tillage, and are confined during the night in yards or paddocks. In the remoter districts, however, which are altogether devoid of cultivation, horned cattle are sub- jected to no such restraints, but are permitted to range about the country at all times. The herds too are generally larger ; and although a herdsman is still required, as well to prevent them from separating into straggling parties, as to protect them from depredation, the expense of keeping them in this manner is comparatively trifling and the advantages of allowing them this uncontrolled liberty to range very great ; since they are found during the heat of sum- mer to feed more by night than by day. This, therefore, is the system which the great stockholders almost invariably pursue. Few of them possess sufficient land for the support of their cattle ; and as their estates too, however remote the situation in which they may have SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 131 been selected, have for the most part become surrounded by small cultivators, who seldom or never inclose their crops, they generally recede with their herds from the approach of coloniza- tion, and form new establishments, -where the liability to trespass does not exist. They thus become the gradual explorers of the country, and it is to their efforts to avoid the contact of agriculture, that the discovery of the best districts yet known in the colony is ascribable. The management of sheep is in some respects different. They are never permitted to roam during the night, on account of the native dog, which is a great enemy to them, and sometimes during the day, makes great ravages among them, even under the eye of the shepherd. In every part of the country, therefore, they are kept by night either in folds or yards. In the former case the shepherd sleeps in a small moveable box, which is shifted with the folds, and, with his faithful dog, affords a sufficient protection to his flock against the attempts of these midnight depredators. In the latter the paling of the yards is always made so high, that the native dog cannot surmount it ; and the safety of the flock is still further insured by the contiguity of the shepherd's house, and the numerous dogs with which he is always pro- vided. K 2 J32 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE The natural grasses of the colony are suffi- ciently good and nutritious at all seasons of the year, for the support of every description of stock, where there is an adequate tract of coun- try for them to range over. But, in conse- quence of the complete occupation of the dis- tricts, which are in the more immediate vicinity of Port Jackson, and from the settlers in general possessing more stock, than their lands are capable of maintaining, the raising of artificial food for the winter months has of late years become very general among such of them as are unwilling to send their flocks and herds into the uninhabited parts in the interior. This is a practice which must necessarily gain ground ; since it has been observed, that the coldness of the climate keeps pace with the progress of agriculture. In the more contiguous and culti- vated districts, the natural grass becomes every year more affected by the influence of the frost, and, consequently, the necessity of raising some artificial substitute for the support of stock, dur- ing the suspension of vegetation, more pressing and incumbent. It is from this increase in the severity of the winters, that the custom of mak- ing hay has begun to be adopted ; and, should the future augmentation of cold be, as there is every reason to believe it will be proportionate to the past, this custom, before the expiration of many years, will become generally prevalent. It SETTLEMENT! IN NEW HOLLAND. 133 is indeed, rather a matter of surprise than otherwise, that so salutary a precaution has been so long in disuse; since such is the luxu- riance of the natural grass during the summer, that it is the general practice, after the seeds wither away, to set fire to it, and thus improvi- dently consume what, if mown and made into hay, would afford the farmer a sufficiency of nutritious food for his stock during the winter, and altogether supersede the subsequent neces- sity for his having recourse to artificial means of remedying so palpable a neglect of the boun- teous gifts of nature. This custom of setting fire to the grass is most prevalent during the months of August and January, i.e. just before the commencement of spring and autumn, when vegetation is on the eve of starting from the slumber, which it expe- riences alike, during the extremes of the winter's cold, as of the summer's heat. If a fall of rain happily succeed these fires, the country soon presents the appearance of a field of young wheat ; and, however repugnant this practice may appear to the English farmer, it is abso- lutely unavoidable in those districts which are not sufficiently stocked ; since cattle of every description refuse to taste the grass the moment it becomes withered. 134 STATISTICAL ACCOU5T OF THE The artificial food principally cultivated in the colony are turnips, tares, and Cape barley ; and for those settlers in particular, who have flocks of breeding sheep, the cultivation of them is highly necessary, and contributes materially to the growth and strength of their lambs. On those also who keep dairies, this practice of raising artificial food, is equally incumbent ; the natu- ral grasses being quite insufficient to keep milch cows in good heart during the winter, when there is the greatest demand for butter. Good meat, too, is then only to be had with difficulty, and this difficulty is increasing every year. There cannot, therefore, be any doubt that it would answer the purposes even of the grazier to have recourse to artificial means of fattening his stock at that season ; since it is then that he would be enabled to obtain the readiest and highest price for his fat cattle. PRICE OF CATTLE, &c. The price of all manner of stock is almost incredibly moderate, considering the short pe- riod, which has elapsed since the foundation of the colony. A very good horse for the cart or plough may be had from *10 to 15, and * The price of horses has increased at least 50 per cent, during the last two years. Large exportation of them have SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 135 a better saddle or gig horse, from 20 to 30, than could be obtained in this country for double the money. Very good milch cows may be bought from 8 to 10; working oxen for about the same price ; and fine young breeding ewes from 1 to 3, according to the quality of their fleeces. Low as these prices may appear, they are in a great measure fictitious ; since there is confessedly more stock of all sorts in the colony, than is necessary for its population. It accordingly often happens, particularly at sales by public auction, that stock are to be bought at a much cheaper rate ; and there is every probability that, before the expira- tion of ten years, their value will be still more considerably diminished. To be convinc- ed of the truth of this conjecture, we have only to look back a little into the annals of the colony, and see how prodigiously cattle of every description have multiplied. By a census taken at the end of the year J800, (twelve years after the institution of the colony) the number of horses and mares was only 163 ; of horned cattle, 1024 ; and of sheep, 6] 24. At the end of 1813, the horses and mares had increased to 1891 ; the horned cattle to 21,513, been made to Batavia and the East Indies, and they have been found to bear the climates of those countries so well that doubtless great numbers, of them will be in future annually shipped for those markets. 136 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE and the sheep, to 65,121 ; and in the month of November, 1817, the last* year of which we have received the census, the numbers were as follow : horses and mares, 3072 ; horned cattle, 44,753 ; sheep, 170,420. Thus it will be per- ceived, that in the space of seventeen years, the stock of horses and mares has increased from 63, their highest number for the first twelve years, to 3072; the stock of horned cattle, from 1044 to 44,753 ; and the stock of sheep from 6124 to 170,920. This is of itself an increase great beyond all ordinary computa- tation ; and it would appear still more surprising if we could add to it the immense numbers of cattle and sheep that have been slaughtered in the same period, for the supply of the king's stores, and for general consumption. From the foregoing statement it will be evident, that the future increase in the stock will be still more prodigious, and still more con- siderably outstrip the advance of population. The price therefore of cattle, great and rapid as has been its past declension, must annually experience a still further diminution. Of what will be their probable value in ten years more, it may enable us to form no very inaccurate esti- * The census of 1818, has lately arrived, and is given in the SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 137 mate, by referring to what it was ten years back. In 1808, a cow and calf were sold by public auction for ,105, and the price of mid- dling cattle was from <40 to ,60. A breeding mare was at the same period worth from 150 to 200 guineas, and ewes from 2 to 4. PRICE OF LABOUR. The price of labour is at present very low, and is still further declining, in consequence of the demand for it not equalling the supply. Upon the establishment of the Colonial Bank, and the consequent suppression of that vile medium of circulation, termed the colonial currency, between which and British sterling there used to be a difference of value of from 50 to 100 per cent, the price of labour was fixed at the rates contained in the following general order, dated the 7th of December, 1816: " In consequence of the recent abolition of all colonial currency, and the introduction and establishment of a sterling circulation and consi- deration in all payments, dealings, transactions, contracts, and agreements, within this territory and its dependencies, his Excellency the Gover- nor having deemed it expedient to take into consideration the general rates and prices of labour and wages within the same, as affected 138 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE by the alteration of the mode of payments at a sterling rate, or value, and of the degree, mea- sure, and sterling amount of the same, upon a fair and equitable proportion and modus ; and having also adopted such measures in that respect as seemed best calculated to fix and make known the same, is pleased hereby to declare, order, and direct, that, in addition to the rations according to and equal with the government allowance, the sum of ten pounds sterling per annum to a woman convict, as including the value of the slops allowed, and the sum of seven pounds or five pounds ten shillings exclusive of such slops, computed at three pounds per man, and one pound ten shillings per woman, shall be allowed, claimed, or demandable, or such part or proportion of such sum or sums as shall be equal and accor- ding to the period and continuance of actual service, and no more in respect of yearly wages, and in the same manner as yearly wages for the extra work and service of any such male or female convict respectively, duly assigned to any person or persons, by or upon the autho- rity of Government. " His excellency is also pleased further to declare, order and direct, that in consideration of the premises, the undermentioned sums, amounts, and charges, and no more with regard SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 139 to and upon the various denominations of work, labour and services, described and set forth, shall be allowed, claimed, or demandable within this territory and its dependencies in respect thereof. . -Jrlij ,' ;'>.- *. d. For falling forest timber, per acre, - 080 Burning off ditto, per ditto, '- '; 100 Rooting out, and burning stumps on forest ground, per ditto, I!i - 1 10 Falling timber on brush ground, per ditto, 12 Burning off ditto, per ditto, 1 10 Rooting out and burning stumps on ditto, per ditto, 1 17 6 Breaking up new ground, per ditto, - 100 Breaking up stubble in corn ground, per ditto, ; ''-' ' - Chipping in wheat, per ditto, 4: -"' Reaping ditto, per ditto, Threshing and cleaning wheat, per bushel, Holeing and planting corn, per acre, Chipping and shelling corn, per ditto, Pulling and husking ditto, per bushel, Splitting pales, (six feet long per hundred, Ditto, (five feet long) per ditto, Shingle splitting, per thousand, Preparing and putting up morticed railr ing, five bars, with two pannels to a rod, and posts sunk two feet in the ground, - 030 Ditto, ditto, ditto, four bars, 026 Ditto, ditto, ditto, three bars, 020 Ditto, ditto, ditto, two bars, - 019' 140 TATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE The rates limited in this order are pretty well proportioned to the present state of the colony ; but the attempt to reduce the value of labour to a permanent standard, further than regards the convicts, must evidently be abortive; since labour, like merchandize, will rise and fall with the demand which may exist for it in the market where it is disposable ; and although the above order might prevent the labourer from recovering in the colonial courts a greater price for his labour than is stipulated in the fore- going schedule, still, the moment it becomes the interest of the employer to give higher wages, he will do so, and the discredit attached to the non-performance of a deliberate contract will always prevent him from having recourse to the courts for avoiding the fulfilment of it. The above rates, it will be seen, only refer to task work, in the various species of labour imme- diately attached to agriculture. Free husband- men are paid from ,20 to 30 a year, and fre- quently more according to their qualifications. Free women receive from <10 to 15 a year as household servants. The wages of artificers, particularly of such as are most useful in infant societies, are considerably higher ; a circum- stance, which is principally to be attributed to the practice of selecting from among the con- victs all the best mechanics for the government works. Carpenters, stone-masons, bricklayer*, SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 141 wheel and plough-wrights, black-smiths, coo- pers, harness-makers, sawyers, shoe-makers, cabinet-makers ; and in fact all the most useful descriptions of handicrafts are consequently in very great demand, and can easily earn from eight to ten shillings per day. PRICE OF LAND, PROVISIONS, &o. The price of land is entirely regulated by its situation and quality. So long as five years back, a hundred and fifty acres of very indiffer- ent ground, about three quarters of a mile from Sydney, were sold by virtue of an execution, in lots of twelve acres each, and averaged '14 per acre. This, however, is the highest price that has yet been given for land not situated in a town. The general value of unimproved forest land, when it is not heightened by some advantageous locality, as proximity to a town or navigable river, cannot be estimated at more than ten shillings per acre. Flooded land will fetch double that sum. But on the banks of the Hawkesbury, as far as that river is navi- gable, the value of land is considerably greater ; that, which is in a state of nature, being worth from 3 to 5 per acre, and that, which is in a state of cultivation, from 8 to 10. The latter description rents from thirty to sixty shillings per acre. 142 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE The price of provisions, particularly of agri- cultural produce, is subject to great fluctuations, and will unavoidably continue so, until proper measures are taken to counteract the calamitous scarcities at present consequent on the inunda- tions of the Hawkesbury and Nepean. In the year 1806, the epoch of the great flood, the old and new stacks on the banks of those rivers were all swept away ; and before the commence- ment of the following harvest, wheat and maize attained an equal value, and were sold at 5 and .6 per bushel. Even after the last overflow of these rivers, in the month of March, 1817, wheat rose towards the close of the year, to 31s. per bushel, and maize to 20s. and potatoes to 31s. 6d. per cwt. although a very considerable supply (about 20,000 bushels) was immediately fur- nished by the Derwent and Port Dalrymple. But for this speedy and salutary succour, the price of grain would have been very little short of what it was in the year 1806 ; since the whole stock on hand appears, from the muster taken between the 6th of October and the 25th of November, to have only been as follows : wheat, 2405 bushels ; maize, 1506. This was all the grain that remained in the various settle- ments of New South Wales and its dependen- cies, about a month before any part of the pro- duce of the harvest could be brought to market ; and when it is considered that this was to ad- minister to the support of 20,379 souls during SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 143 that period, it will appear truly astonishing that the prices continued so moderate. By way, however, of counterpoise to these lamentable scarcities, which in general follow the inundations of the principal agricultural settlements, provisions are very abundant and cheap in years when the crops have not suffered from flood or drought. In such seasons, wheat upon an average sells for 9s. per bushel ; maize for 3s. 6d. ; barley for 5s. ; oats for 4s. 6d. and potatoes for 6s. per cwt. The price of meat is not influenced by the same causes, but is on the contrary experiencing a gradual and certain diminution. By the last* accounts received from the colony, good mutton and beef were to be had for 6d. per pound, veal for 8d. and pork for 9d. Wheat was selling in the market at 8s. 8d. per bushel; oats at 4s. ; barley at 5s. ; maize at 5s. 6d. ; potatoes at 8s. per cwt. ; fowls at 4s. 6d. per couple ; ducks at 6s. per ditto ; geese at 5s. each ; tur- kies at 7s. 6d. each ; eggs at 2s. 6d. per dozen ; and butter at 2s. 6d. per pound. The price of the best wheaten bread was fixed by the assize at 5^.d. for the loaf, weighing 2 Ibs. * This was in the year 1817, but it does not appear that any great variation has taken place in the price of provisions since jhat period. 144 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE MANUFACTURES. The progress which this colony has made in manufactures has, perhaps, never been equalled by any community of such recent origin. It already contains extensive manufactories of coarse woollen cloths, hats, earthenware and pipes, salt, candles, and soap. There are also extensive breweries and tanneries, wheel and plough-wrights, gig- makers, black-smiths, nail- makers, tinmen, rope-makers, saddle and har- ness-makers, cabinet-makers, and indeed all sorts of mechanics and artificers that could be required in an infant society, where objects of utility are naturally in greater demand than articles of luxury. Many of these have consi- derable capitals embarked in their several de- partments, and manufacture to a great ex- tent. Of the precise amount, however, of capital invested in the whole of the colonial manufactories, I can give no authentic account ; but I should imagine it cannot be far short of 50,000. COMMERCE, INCOME, DUTIES, &c. The colonists carry on a considerable com- merce with this country, the East Indies, and China; but they have scarcely any article of export to offer in return for the various commo- dities supplied by those countries. The money SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 145 expended by the government for the support of the convicts, and the pay and subsistence of the civil and military establishments, are the main sources from which they derive the means of procuring 1 those articles of foreign growth and manufacture, that are indispensable to civilized life. They have, however, at last a staple ex- port, which is rapidly increasing, and promises in a few years to suffice for all their wants, and to render them quite independent of the miser- able pittance, which is thus afforded them by the expenditure of the government : I mean the fleeces of their flocks, the best of which are found to combine all the qualities, that constitute the excellence of the Saxon and Spanish wools. The sheep-holders in general have at length become sensible of the advantage of directing their attention to the improvement of their flocks : and, if their exertions be properly seconded by the countenance and encourage- ment of the local government, there can be no doubt that the supply of fine wool, which the parent country will before long receive from the colony, will amply repay her for the care and expense she has bestowed on it during the pro- tracted period of its helpless infancy. The ex- portation of this highly valuable raw material is as yet but very limited : last year it only amounted to about 10,000 ; but when it is con- sidered that in the year 1818, there were 201,240 146 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THF. sheep in the colony and its dependent settle- ments in Van Diemen's Land, and that the majority of the sheep-holders are actively em- ployed in crossing their flocks with tups of the best Merino breed, it may easily be conceived what an extensive exportation of fine wool may be effected in a few years. The whole annual income of the colonists inhabiting the various settlements in New Hol- land, cannot be estimated at more than ,157,000, and the following sub-divisions of it may be taken as a very close approximation to the truth : . Money expended by the government for the pay and subsistence of the civil and military establishments, and for the support of such of the convicts as are victualled from the lung's stores, 80,000 Money expended by shipping not be- longing to the colonial merchants, 6,000 Money annually brought to the colony by emigrants and convicts 30,000 Various articles of export collected from the adjacent seas and islands, by the colonial craft, consisting principally of seal skins, right whale, elephant oils, and sandal wood, 15,000 Flour, meat, horses, &c. exported to the Cape of Good Hope, the Isle of France, Batavia and India, - 10,000 SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 147 s. d. Wool grown in the colony, 10,000 Sundries, not included in the above, 6,000 Total - 157,000 The imposts levied by the authority of the local government form two distinct funds, one of which, as has been already casually men- tioned, is called the " Orphan Fund," and the other " the Police Fund." The former, it has been seen, contains one-eighth of the colonial revenue, and is devoted solely to the promotion of education among the youth of the colony ; the latter contains the other seven-eighths, and is appropriated to various purposes of internal economy ; such as the construction and repair of roads and bridges, the erection of public edifices, the maintenance of the police, the cost of criminal prosecutions, and the pay of various officers, principally in subordinate capa- cities, who are not borne on the parliamentary estimate of the civil establishment. These two funds amounted in the year 1817 to the sum of 20,272 6s. 2^d. which was derived from the following sources : s. d. *Duties collected by the naval officer, 17,240 7 * For a List of these Duties, se the Appendix. L, 2 148 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE s. d. Market, toll, and slaughtering duties, 872 5 7 67 Spirit Licences, 2,010 JO Beer ditto, 50 4 Brewing ditto, -| | - 100 Total - 20,272 6 If we add to this 907 6s. 9|d. which is the amount of the naval officer's commission on the duties collected by him, we have a grand total of 21,179 12s. ll|d.; or, in other words, about one sixth of the whole income of the colony, absorbed by an illegal taxation. This is an enormous sum to be levied in such an infant community ; and it will appear the more so, if it be recollected that nineteen-twentieths of it are collected from the duty, which has been imposed on spirituous liquors, and from licences to keep public- houses for the retail of them. STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE SETTLEMENTS IN VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. Van Diemen's Land is situated between 40 42', and 43 43' of South latitude, and between 145 31 and 148 22 of East longitude. The honour of the discovery of this island also SETTLEMENTS IN VAN DIEMEN's LAND. 149 belongs to the Dutch ; but the survey of it has been effected principally by the English. The aborigines of this country are, if possible, still more barbarous and uncivilized than those of New Holland. They subsist entirely by hunting, and have no knowledge whatever of the art of fishing. Even the rude bark canoe, which their neighbours possess, is quite un- known to them ; and whenever they want to pass any sheet of water, they are compelled to construct a wretched raft for the occasion. Their arms arid hunting implements also indi- cate an inferior degree of civilization. The womera, or throwing stick, which enables the natives of Port Jackson to cast their spears with such amazing force and precision, is not used by them. Their spears, too, instead of being made with the bulrush, and only pointed with hard wood, are composed entirely of it, and are con- sequently more ponderous. In using them they grasp the centre : but they neither throw them so far, nor so dexterously as the natives of the parent colony. This circumstance is the more fortunate, as they maintain the most rancorous and inflexible hatred and hostility towards the colonists. This deep-rooted enmity, however, does not arise so much from the ferocious nature of these savages, as from the inconsiderate and unpardonable conduct of our countrymen shortly 150 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE after the foundation of the settlement on the river Derwent. At first the natives evinced the most friendly disposition towards the new-comers ; and would probably have been actuated by the same amicable feeling to this day, had not the military officer intrusted with the command, directed a discharge of grape and canister shot to be made among a large body, who were ap- proaching, as he imagined, with hostile designs j but, as it has since been believed with much greater probability, merely from motives of curiosity and friendship. The havoc occasioned among them by this murderous discharge, was dreadful ; and since then all communication- with them has ceased, and the spirit of animosity and revenge, which this unmerited and atro- cious act of barbarity engendered, has been fostered and aggravated to the highest pitch by the incessant rencontres that have subsequently taken place between them and the setllers. These, whenever an occasion offers, destroy as many of them as possible, and they in their turn never let slip an opportunity of retaliating on their blood-thirsty neighbours. Fortunately, however, for the colonists, they have seldom or never been known to act on the offensive, except when they have met some of their perse- cutors singly. Two persons armed with mus- kets may traverse the island from one end to the other in the most perfect safety. SETTLEMENTS IN VAX DIEMEN's LAND. 151 Van Diemen's Land has not so discouraging and repulsive an appearance from the coast as New Holland. Many fine tracts of land are found on the very borders of the sea, and the interior is almost invariably possessed of a soil admirably adapted to all the purposes of civi- lized man. This island is upon the whole moun- tainous, and consequently abounds in streams. On the summits of many of the mountains there are large lakes, some of which are the sources of considerable rivers. Of these the Derwent, Huon, and Tamar, rank in the first class. There is, perhaps, no island in the world of the same size, which can boast of so many fine harbours. The best are the Derwent, Port Davy, Macquarie Harbour, Port Dalrymple, and Oyster Bay : the first is on its southern side, the second and third on its western, the fourth on its northern, and the fifth on its eastern ; so that it has excellent harbours in every direction. This circumstance cannot fail to be productive of the most beneficial effects, and will most* materially assist the future march of colonization. There is almost a perfect resemblance between the animal and vegetable kingdoms of this island and of New Holland. In their animal kingdoms 162 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE in particular, there is scarcely any variation. The native dog, indeed, is unknown here ; but there is an animal of the panther tribe in its stead, which, though not found in such numbers as the native dog is in New Holland, commits dreadful havoc among the flocks. It is true that its ravages are not so frequent ; but, when they happen, they tire more extensive. This animal is of considerable size, and has been known, in some few instances, to measure six feet and a half from the tip of the nose to the extremity of the tail ; still it is cowardly, and by no means formidable to man : unless, indeed, when taken by surprise, it invariably flies his approach. In the feathered tribes of the two islands, there is scarcely any diversity ; of this the wattle bird, which is about the size of a snipe, and considered a very great delicacy, is the only instance I can cite. Like New Holland it has many varieties of poisonous reptiles, but they are' neither so venomous, nor so numerous as in that island. Its rivers and seas too, abound with the same species of fish. Oysters are found in much greater perfection, though not in greater abun- SETTLEMENTS IN VAN DIEMEN's LAND. 153 dance. The rocks, that border the coasts and harbours are literally covered with muscles, as the rocks at Port Jackson are with oysters. There is not so perfect a resemblance in the vegetable kingdoms of the two islands ; but still the dissimilarity, where it exists, is chiefly con- fined to their minor productions. In the trees of the forest there is scarcely any difference. Van Diemen's Land wants the cedar, maho- gany, and rose wood ; but it has very good substitutes for them in the black wood and Huon pine, which is a species of the yew tree, and remarkable for its strong odoriferous scent and extreme durability. The principal mineralogical productions of this island are, iron, copper, alum, coals, slate, limestone, asbestus, and basaltes ; all of which, with the exception of copper, are to be had in the greatest abundance. HOBART TOWN. Hobart Town, which is the seat of the Lieute- nant Governor of Van Diemen's Land, stands nine miles up the river Derwent. It was founded only fifteen years since ; and indeed the rudeness of its appearance sufficiently indicates 164 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE the recency of its origin. The houses are in general of the meanest description, seldom exceeding one story in height, and being for the most part weather-boarded without, and lathed and plastered within. Even the government house is of very bad construction. The resi- dences, indeed, of many individuals far surpass it. The population may be estimated at about one thousand souls. This town is built principally on two hills > between which there is a fine stream of excellent water, that issues from the Table Mountain, and falls into Sullivan's Cove. On this stream a flour mill has been erected, and there is sufficient fall in it for the erection of two or three more. There are also, within a short distance of the town, several other streams, which originate in the same mountain, and are equally well adapted to similar purposes. This is an advantage not possessed by the inhabitants of Port Jackson ; since there is not, in any of the cultivated districts to the eastward of the Blue Mountains, a single run of water, which can be pronounced in every respect eligible for the erection of mills. Wind- mills are in consequence almost exclusively used for grinding corn in Sydney ; but, in the inland towns and districts, the colonists are in a great measure obliged to have recourse to hand- SETTLEMENTS IN VAN DlEMEH's LAND. 155 mills ; as the winds, during the greater part of the year, are not of sufficient force to penetrate the forest and set mills in motion. The elevation of the Table Mountain, which is so called from the great resemblance it bears to the mountain of the same name at the Cape of Good Hope, has not been determined : but it is generally estimated at about six thousand feet above the level of the sea. During three-fourths of the year it is covered with snow, and the- same violent gusts of wind blow from it as from this, its mountain name-sake; but no gathering clouds on its summit give notice of the ap- proaching storm. The fiery appearance, how- ever, of the heavens affords a sufficient warning to the inhabitants of the country. These blasts are happily confined to the precincts of the mountain, and seldom last above three hours ; but nothing can exceed their violence for the time. In the year 1810, I happened to be on board of a vessel, which was bound to Hobart Town : in consequence of the winds proving scanty, we were obliged to anchor during the night in D'Entrecasteaux's channel. The fol- lowing morning we got under weigh, expecting that the sea breeze would set in by the time the anchor was hove up. The seamen had no sooner effected this and made all sail, than we were over- taken with one of these mountain hurricanes. 156 In an instant the vessel was on her beam ends, and in another, had not all the sheets and hal- yards been let go, she would either have upset, or carried away her masts. The moment the sails were clued up we brought to again ; and as we were in a harbour perfectly land-locked and very narrow, the vessel easily rode out this blast. It only lasted about two hours; but the sea breeze did not succeed it that day. The next morning, however, it set in as usual. During the continuance of this mountain tornado, the waters of the harbour were ter- ribly agitated, and taken up in the same manner as dust is collected by what are called whirl winds in this country. So great indeed was its fury, that it required us to hold on by the ropes with all our force, in order to enable us to keep our footing. STORM-BAY, RIVER DERWENT, &c. The harbour at and conducting to the river Derwent, yields to none in the world ; perhaps surpasses every other. There are two entrances to this river, which are separated by Pitt's Island; one is termed D'Entrecasteaux's Channel, the other, Storm Bay. D'Entrecasteaux's Chan- nel, from Point Collins up to Hobart Town, SETTLEMENTS IN VAN DIEMEN's LAND. 157 a distance, following the course of the water, of thirty-seven miles, is one continued harbour, varying in breadth from eight to two miles, and in depth from thirty to four fathoms. The river Derwent itself has three fathoms of water for eleven miles above the town, and is conse- quently navigable thus far for vessels of the largest burthen. Reckoning, therefore, from Point Collins, there is a line of harbour, in D'Entrecasteaux's Channel, and the Derwent, together, of forty-eight miles, completely land- locked, and affording the best anchorage the whole way. The entrance, however, by Storm Bay, does not offer the same advantages ; for it is twenty- two miles broad from Maria's Island to Penguin Island, and completely exposed to the winds from south to south-east. This bay conse- quently does not afford the same excellent anchorage as D'Entrecasteaux's Channel. It contains, however, some few nooks, in which vessels may take shelter in case of necessity. The best of these is Adventure Bay, which is shut in from any winds, that can blow directly from the ocean, but is nevertheless exposed to the north-east winds, which have a reach of twenty miles from the opposite side of the bay. There is, consequently, when these winds pre- vail, a cosiderable swell here ; but the force of 158 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE the sea is in a great measure broken by Penguin Island; and vessels possessing good anchors and cables have nothing to fear. Storm Bay, besides thus forming one of the entrances to the river Derwent, leads to another very good harbour, called North Bay. This harbour is about sixteen miles long, and in some places six miles and a half broad. The greater part of it is perfectly land-locked, and affords excellent anchorage in from two to fifteen fathoms water. That part in particular called Norfolk Bay forms a very spacious harbour of itself, being about three miles in breadth and nine in length. This bay, besides being better sheltered than the rest of the harbour, contains the greatest depth of water, having in no place less than four fathoms. WHALE FISHERY. All the bays and harbours, which have been just described, abound with right whale at a particular season of the year. These leviathans of the deep quit the boisterous ocean, and seek the more tranquil waters of these harbours, when they are on the point of calving. This happens in November, and they remain there with their young between two and three months. During this period there are generally every SETTLEMENTS IN VAN DIEMEN ? 8 LAND. 159 year a few of the colonial craft employed in the whale fishery ; but the duties, which are levied in this country on all oils procured in vessels not having a British register, amount to a prohibi- tion, and completely prevent the colonists from prosecuting this fishery further than is necessary for their own consumption, and for the supply of the East India market. Between two and three hundred tons annually suffice for both these purposes. The whales frequently go up the river Der- went as far as the town ; and it is no uncommon sight for its inhabitants to behold the whole method of taking them, from the moment they are harpooned, until they are finally killed by the frequent application of the lance. This sight indeed has been occasionally witnessed by the inhabitants of Sydney ; since i t has some- times occurred, that a stray fish has entered the harbour of Port Jackson, while some of the South-sea-whalers have been lying there, and that these have lowered their boats and killed it. All the bays and harbours in Van Diemen's Land, and most of those likewise which are in Bass's Straits, and on the southern coast of New Holland, abound with these fish at the same season. If the colonists, therefore, were not thus restricted from this fishery, it would 160 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE soon become an immense source of wealth to them : and I have no doubt that they would be enabled to export many hundred tons of oil an- nually to this country. But it is in vain that nature has been thus lavish of her bounties to them ; in vain do their seas and harbours invite them to embark in these inexhaustible channels of wealth and enterprize. Their government, that government which ought to be the fore- most in developing their nascent efforts, and fostering them to maturity, is itself the first to check their growth and impede their advance- ment. What a miserly system of legislation is it which thus locks up from its own subjects a fund of riches, that might administer to the wants, and contribute to the happiness of thousands ! What barbarous tantalization to compel them to thirst in the midst of the waters of abun- dance ! PORT DALRYMPLE. This port, which was discovered by Flinders, in 1798, lies thirty degrees E. S. E. of Three Hammock Island. The town of Launceston stands about thirty miles from its entrance, at the junction of the North Esk, and the South, with the river Tamar. It is little more than an inconsiderable village, the houses in general being of the humblest description. Its popula- SETTLEMENTS IN VAN DIEMEN's LAND. 161 tion is between three and four hundred souls. The tide reaches nine or ten miles up the river Esk, and the produce of the farms within that distance may be sent down to the town in boats. But the North Esk descends from a range of mountains by a cataract immediately into the river Tamar, and is consequently alto- gether inaccessible to navigation. The Tamar has sufficient depth of water, as far as Launceston, for vessels of a hundred and fifty tons burthen ; but the navigation of this river is very intricate, by reason of the banks and shallows, with which it abounds, and it has been at length prudently resolved to remove the seat of government nearer the entrance of Port Dalrymple. A town, called George Town, has been for the last three years in a state of active preparation ; and it is probable that the commandant, and indeed the entire civil and mili- tary establishments* of this settlement, have by this time removed to it. In this case the greater part of the population of Launceston will soon follow. This desertion of its inhabitants will considerably diminish the value of landed pro- perty in that town, and consequently be pro- ductive of great loss to them ; but there can be no doubt that the change of the seat of govern - * See Appendix. M 162 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE merit will in the event materially contribute to the prosperity of the settlement in general. This abandonment, therefore, or rather in- tended abandonment of the old town, has been dictated by the soundest principles of policy and justice: but although the equity of the maxim that the interests of the few should cede to the good of the many, is incontrovertible, it is nevertheless to be hoped, that some means will be contrived of indemnifying the inhabi- tants of Launceston for the great injury, which they will suffer from the removal of the seat of government to George Town. Within a few miles of Launceston, there is the most amazing abundance of iron. Literally speaking, there are whole mountains of this ore, which is so remarkably rich, that it has been found to yield seventy per cent, of pure metal. These mines have not yet been worked ; the population, indeed, of the settlement would not allow it ; but there can be no doubt that they will at no very remote period become a source of considerable wealth to its inhabitants. ROADS, &c. There is a communication by land between Launceston and Hobart Town, which are about one hundred and thirty miles distant from each SETTLEMENTS IN VAN DIEMEN^S LAND. 163 other in a straight line, and about one hundred and sixty following the windings of the route at present frequented. No regular road has been constructed between these towns, but the numerous carts and droves of cattle and sheep, which are constantly passing from one to the other, have rendered the tract sufficiently distinct and plain. In fact the making of a road is a matter of very great ease, both here and in Port Jackson. The person, whoever he may be, that wants to establish a cart-road to any place, marks the trees in the direction he wishes it to take, and these marks serve as a guide to all such as require to travel on it. In a very short time the tracks of the horses and carts that have passed along it become visible, the grass is gradually trod down, and finally disappears, and thus a road is formed ; not, indeed, so good as one of the usual construction, but which answers all the purposes of those who have occasion to travel on it. Wherever there happens to be a stream, or river, that is not fordable, it is customary to cut down two or three trees in some spot on its banks, where it is seen that they will reach to the other side of it. Across these, the boughs that are lopped off themselves, or smaller trees felled for the purpose, are laid close together, and over all a sufficient covering of earth. M 2 164 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE Of this description are all the roads and bridges in Van Diemen's Land, and many of those which are in Port Jackson ; but in this respect it will be recollected that the latter place is much in advance of the former. The reason, why the settlements on this island are so far behind the parent colony, is not to be traced so much to the greater recency of their origin, as to the circumstance of their inhabitants being for the most part established along the banks of navigable waters. At Port Dalrymple, the majority of the settlers have fixed themselves on the banks of the North Esk, within the navigable reach of that river. The Derwent too, it has been seen, is navigable for vessels of the largest burden for twenty miles from its entrance. A little higher up, indeed, there are falls in it, which interrupt its navigation; but it is hardly yet colonized beyond these falls, and whenever that shall be the case, it may be easily rendered navigable for boats by the help of a few short portages for a considerable distance further. Such of the agriculturists as have not settled on the banks of this river, have selected their farms in the district of Pitt Water, which extends along the northern side of that spacious harbour, called " North Bay." These have consequently the same facilities, as those on the banks of the Derwent, for sending their pro- duce to market by water, and they naturally SETTLEMENTS IN VAN DIKMEN's LAND. 165 prefer the cheapest mode of conveyance. It may, therefore, be perceived that the superior advantages, which are thus presented by an inland navigation, are the main causes why the construction of regular roads has been so much neglected in these southern settlements ; and that so far is this want of roads from being an inconvenience to the inhabitants of them, that the facilities afforded by this inland navigation for the transport of all sorts of agricultural produce to market, is the principal point of superiority, which they can claim over their brethren at Port Jack- son. ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. In the two settlements on this island, there is but one court of justice established by charter. This is termed the Lieutenant-Governor's Court, and consists of the deputy judge advo- cate, and two of the respectable inhabitants appointed from time to time by the lieutenant- governor. The jurisdiction of this court is purely civil, and only extends to pleas where the sum at issue does not exceed '50 ; but no appeal lies from its decisions. All causes for a higher amount, and all criminal offences, beyond the cognizance of the bench of Magistrates, are removed, the former before the Supreme Court, 16G STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE and the latter before the Court of Criminal Judicature at Port Jackson. STATE OF DEFENCE, BUSHRANGERS. These settlements are in a very bad state of defence, having but two companies of troops for the garrison and protection of them both. They have consequently been infested for many years past, by a banditti of run -away convicts, who have endangered the person and property of every one, that has evinced himself hostile to their enormities. These wretches, who are known in the colony by the name of bush- rangers, even went so far as to write threaten- ing letters to the lieutenant-governor and the magistracy. In this horrible state of anarchy a simultaneous feeling of insecurity and dread, naturally pervaded the whole of the inhabitants ; and the most respectable part of the agricul- tural body with one accord betook themselves to the towns, as the only certain means of preserving their lives, gladly abandoning their property to prevent the much greater sacrifice, with which the defence of it would have been attended. There is no species of outrage and atrocity, in which these marauders did not indulge : murders, incendiaries, and robberies were their ordinary amusements, and have been, for many years past, the leading events in the v SETTLEMENTS IN VAN DIEMEtt's LAND. 167 annals of these unfortunate settlements. Every measure, that could be devised, was taken for the capture and punishment of these wretches. They were repeatedly outlawed, and the most alluring rewards were set upon their heads ; but the insufficiency of the military force, the extent of the island, their superior local knowledge* and the abundance of game, which enabled them to find an easy subsistence, and rendered them independent, except for an occasional supply of ammunition, with which some un^ known persons were base enough to furnish them in exchange for their ill acquired booty; all these circumstances conspired to baffle for many years every attempt, that was made for their apprehension. This long impunity served only to increase their cruelty and temerity ; and it was at last deemed expedient by Lieutenant Governor Davy to declare the whole island under the operation of martial law. This vi- gorous exertion of authority was zealously seconded by the respectable inhabitants, many of whom joined the military in the pursuit of these miscreants, and fortunately succeeded by their joint exertions in apprehending the most daring of their ring-leaders, who were instantly tried by a court martial and hanged in chains. This terrible, though necessary example, was followed by a proclamation offering a general amnesty to all the rest of these delinquents, who 168 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE should surrender themselves before a certain day ; excepting, however, such of them as had been guilty of murder. The proclamation had the desired effect : all who were not excluded by their crimes availed themselves of the par- don thus afforded them. But, strange to say, they were allowed to remain in the island ; and, whether they were enamoured of the licentious life they had been so long leading, or whether they distrusted the sincerity of the oblivion promised them, and became apprehensive of eventual punishment, in a few months after- wards they again betook themselves to the woods, and rejoined those, who had been ex- cluded from the amnesty. After this, they rivalled their former atrocities, and a general feeling of consternation was again excited among the well disposed part of the commu- nity. And here, as it may not be uninteresting to many of my readers to be acquainted with some of the specific outrages of these monsters, I subjoin the following extracts from the Syd- ney Gazette of the 26th Jan. 1817. " The accounts of robberies by the banditti " of bush-rangers on Van Diemen's Land, u presents a melancholy picture of the dis- " tresses, to which the more respectable classes " of inhabitants are constantly exposed, from " the daring acts of those infamous marauders, SETTLEMENTS IN VAN DIEMEN's LAND. 169 * c who are divided into small parties, and are " designated by the name of the principal " ruffian at their head, of whom one Michael " Howe appears to be the most alert in depre- " dation. The accounts received by the Kan- " garoo, which commence from the beginning of " November, state that on the 7th of that month, te the house and premises of Mr. David Rose at u Port Dalrymple, were attacked and plun- 61 dered of a considerable property, by Peter " Sefton and his gang. The delinquents were u pursued by the commandant at the head of " a strong detachment of the 46th regiment ; " but returned after a five days hunt through " the woods, without being able to discover " the villains, among whom is stated to have " been a free man, named Dennis M'Caig, " who went from hence to Port Dalrymple in " the Brothers. " On the night of the 17th of November, the " premises of Mr. Thomas Hayes, at Bagdad, " were attacked at a time when Mr. Stocker " and wife, and Mr. Andrew Whitehead (the " former on their route from Hobart Town to " Port Dalrymple, with a cart containing a " large and valuable property) had unfortu- " nately put up at the house for the night. " Michael Howe was the chief of this banditti, " which consisted of eight others. The property 170 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE " of which they plundered Mr. and Mrs. " Stocker on this occasion, was upwards of " 300 value, among which were two kegs of " spirits. One of these, a member of the gang " wantonly wasted, by firing a pistol-ball " through the head of the keg, which contained " eleven gallons. They set their watches by " Mr. Whitehead's, which they afterwards " returned ; but took Mr. Stocker's away with " their other plunder. Mr. Wade, chief con- " stable of Hobart Town, had stopped with the " others at Mr. Hayes's; but, hearing a noise, " which he considered to denote Ihe approach " of bush-rangers, he prudently attended to " the admonition, and escaped their fury, which " it was concluded would have fallen heavily " upon him, as they are at variance with all " conditions in life that are inimical to their " crimes. On the morning of the 2d instant, " Mr. William Maum, of Hobart Town, sus- " tained the loss of three stacks of wheat by fire, " at his farm at Clarence Plains, owing to the " act of an incendiary. " On the 14th of November a large body, " consisting of fourteen men and two women, " were unwelcomely fallen in with by a single " man on horseback, at Scantling's Plains. " Howe and Geary were the most conspicuous : " they compelled him to bear testimony to the SETTLEMENTS IN VAN. DlEMEN's LAND. 171 " swearing in of their whole party, to abide by " some resolutions dictated in a written paper, " which one of them finished writing in the " traveller's presence. After a detention of " about three quarters of an hour, he was suf- " fered to proceed under strong injunctions to " declare what he had been an eye-witness of; " and to desire Mr. Humphrey, the magistrate, " and Mr. Wade, the chief constable, to take " care of themselves, as they were bent on " taking their lives, as well as to prevent them " from growing grain, or keeping goods of " any kind. And by the information of a " person upon oath, it appears that they had, " about the same period, forced away two go- u vernment servants from their habitations, to u a distant place, on which the crimes of these " wretches have stamped the appellation of " Murderer's Plains, (by themselves facetiously " called the tallow-chandler's shop) where they " kept them to work three days in rendering " down beef-fat. How they could afterwards " appropriate so great a quantity of rendered " fat and suet, is truly a question worthy to be " demanded ; for it is far more likely it should '* be taken off their hands by persons in or near " the settlements, who are leagued with them, " in the way of bartering one commodity for " another, than that the bush-rangers should " either keep it for their own use, or bestow so 172 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE " much trouble on the preparation of an article, " that would soon spoil in their hands. The " cattle that were in this instance so devoted, " were the property of Stones and Tray, who " declare that out of three hundred head, one *' hundred and forty have lately disappeared." All the outrages above enumerated, it will be seen, were perpetrated within the short period of ten days; and these settlements continued the scene of similar enormities, until the July following, an interval of nearly eight months. On the serious injury which the industrious and deserving of all classes, must have experienced in that time, from the inability of the govern- ment to afford them protection, it would be useless here to dilate. It must be evident, that such extremes of anarchy could not be of any long duration ; and that one or other of these two events became inevitable, either that the exertions and enterprize of the colonists should be brought to a stand, or that these disturbers of the general tranquillity, should suffer condign punishment. Fortunately the cause of public jus- tice triumphed, and the majority of these mon- sters fell victims, either to common distrust, or to the violated laws of their country. And here, after detailing some few of their excesses, I cannot refrain from giving in turn the account of the measures that led to their discomfiture SETTLEMENTS IN VAN DIEMBN'S LAND. 173 and apprehension, as extracted from the Sydney Gazette of the 4th October, 1817. " A meeting of public officers and principal " inhabitants and settlers, was convened at " Hobart Town, by sanction of his honour, " Lieutenant-Governor Sorrel, (the successor " of Colonel Davy) on the 5th of July, for " the purpose of considering the most effectual " measures for suppressing the banditti ; when " the utmost alacrity manifested itself to sup- tf port the views of government in promoting " that desirable object, and a liberal subscrip- " tion was immediately entered into for the " purpose. The following proclamation was " immediately afterwards issued by the Lieute- " nant-Governor. " Whereas, the armed banditti, who have for " a considerable time infested the interior of " this island, did on the 10th ultimo, make an " attack upon the store at George Town,which, " being left unprotected, they plundered, taking " away two boats, which they afterwards cast " ashore at the entrance of Port Dalrymple ; " and whereas the principal leader in the " outrages, which have been committed by this " band of robbers, is Peter Geary, a deserter " from his Majesty's 73rd regiment, charged " also with murder and various other offences ; 174 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE " and whereas the undermentioned offenders " have been concerned with the said Peter " Geary in most of these enormities ; thefol- " lowing rewards will be paid to any person " or persons, who shall apprehend these offen- " ders, or any of them : " Peter Geary, - One Hundred Guineas. " Peter Septon, ^ " John Jones, - Eighty Guineas each. " Richard Collyer, 3 " Thomas Coine, "^ " Brown, or Brune, > Fifty Guineas each. " a Frenchman, j " And whereas George Watts, a prisoner, " who absented himself from the Coal River, " previous to the expiration of his sentence, u and who stands charged with various robbe- " ries and crimes, is now at large : it is hereby " declared, that a reward of eighty guineas " will be paid to any person or persons, who " shall apprehend the said George Watts. " And all magistrates and commanders of " military stations and parties, and all consta- " bles and others of his majesty's subjects are " enjoined to use their utmost efforts to appre- " hend the criminals above named. SETTLEMENTS IN VAN DlEMEN'g LAND. 175 " On the 10th of July, a division of the ban- " ditti proceeded to George Town, and seizing " upon the government boats, induced five of " the working people to abscond with them ; " upon representation whereof to the Lieute- " nant-Governor, a proclamation was issued, " requiring the return of those persons, under " the assurance of forgiveness, if so returning " within twenty days, from the consideration " that the settlement of George Town had been " for some days without command or controul ; " the causes of which will be found in our sup- " plement of this day ; wherein Mr. Superin- " tendent Leith, has, in his testimony upon the " murder of the chief constable of the settle- " ment, declared his necessary absence to Laun- " ceston at the express period. " The gang of bush-rangers appeared in the vicinity of Black Brush on Saturday, and were tracked on the following morning by Serjeant McCarthy, of the 46th, with his party. On Monday the bush-rangers were " at a house at Tea-tree Brush, where they " had dined, and about three o'clock Serjeant " McCarthy with his party came up. The " bush-rangers ran out of the house into the " woods, and being eleven in number, and " well covered by timber and ground, the " eight soldiers could not close with them. " 176 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE " After a good deal of firing, Geary, the leader, " was wounded, and fell; two others were " also wounded. The knapsacks of the whole, " and their dogs were taken. Geary died the " same night, and his corpse was brought into " town on Tuesday, as were the two wounded " men. " The remaining eight bush-rangers were " seen in the neighbourhood of the Coal River " on Wednesday ; but, as they must have been " destitute of provisions and ammunition, san- " guine hopes were entertained of their speedy " fall. " Dennis Currie and Matthew Kiegan, two " of the original bush-rangers, surrendered on " the Monday following. " On Wednesday, a coroner's inquest was " held on the body of James Geary, who died u of the wound received in the affair at Tea- " tree Brush. Verdict, Homicide in further- " ance of public justice. " Jones, a principal of the banditti, was '* shot in the beginning of August, in the " neighbourhood of Swanport, which is on " the eastern shore. For some days they had " not been heard of; but by the extraordinary SETTLEMENTS IN VAN DIEMEN*S LAND. 177 " exertions of Serjeant McCarthy and his " party of the 46th regiment, were tracked " and overtaken at the above place ; on which " occasion Jones was killed on the spot by a " ball through the head. A prisoner of the " name of Holmes was by the bush-rangers' " fire wounded in two places, but we do not u hear mortally. " On the Sunday evening, after the above " affair, some of the villains effected a robbery " at Clarence Plains ; but became so exces- " sively intemperate from intoxication as to 6( quarrel among themselves ; the consequence " was, that another of the gang of the name " of Rollards, having been most severely " bruised and beaten by his associates, fell into " the hands of a settler, and was by him taken " a prisoner into Hobart Town. White and fe Johnson, two others of the gang, were appre- " hended by Serjeant McCarthy's party on " Thursday the 14th of August, being con- te ducted to their haunts by a native woman, " distinguished by the name of Black Mary, " and another girl. " After the above successes in reducing the " number of these persons, some of them still " continued out, on the 16th of August, as " appears from a report published : of the old 178 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE " bush-rangers, Seplon, Collyer, Coine, and u Brune, also Watts, who kept separate from " the rest, and Michael How, who had before '" delivered himself up, and after remaining " some weeks in Hobart Town, took again to " the woods, from a dread, as was imagined, " of ultimately being called to answer for his " former offences. At this period also, there (f were two absentees from George Town, " Port Dalrymple ; a number of the working " hands having gone from that settlement " shortly before, all of whom had returned to " their duty but these two. White, Rollards, " and Peck, were about this time under a " reward of sixty guineas for their apprehen- " sion, for an attempt to commit a robbery at " Clarence Plains; Peck was a freeman, the " other two prisoners." " By the 6th of September, nearly the whole " of the absentees of whatever description had " either surrendered or been apprehended ; and " upon this day a proclamation was issued offer- " ing the following rewards ; for the apprehen " sion of^Michael Howe, one hundred guineas ; " for George Watts, eighty guineas ; and for " Brune, the Frenchman, fifty guineas ; and, in f consequence of these prompt and efficacious " arrangements, additional captures had been ' made, which placed it nearly beyond a doubt SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND. 179 <( that Howe is almost, if not the only indi- " vicinal of the desperate gangs now at large." This latter assertion, however, does not appear to have been correct ; for in a Sydney Gazette of the 25th of October, of the same year, we have the following account of the apprehension and surrender of some others of this banditti, and of an unsuccessful attempt to take Michael Howe, which will tend 'to elucidate the desperate character of this ruf- fian. " Several persons have arrived as witnesses " on the prosecution of offenders transmitted " for trial by the Pilot ; two of whom were " charged with wilful murder, viz. Richard " Collyer, as a principal in the atrocious " murder of the late William Carlisle and " James O'Berne, who were shot by a banditti " of bush-rangers at the settlement of New " Norfolk, on the 24th of April, 1815 ; the " particulars whereof were published in the a Sydney Gazette of the 20th of the following " May. The other prisoner for murder is John " Billiard, who was only one of the banditti of " bush-rangers; but being desirous of giving " himself up, determined previously by force " or guile, to achieve some exploit, that might " place the sincerity of his contrition beyond N 2 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE " doubt. Accident soon brought the above " Collyer, together with Peter Septon, another " of the banditti, within his power. He at- " tacked and killed Septon, and wounded " Collyer, who nevertheless got away, but was " soon apprehended. It is for the killing of " Septon, he is therefore to be tried. Four of u the prisoners sent by this vessel are for sheep " stealing. Another of the late banditti, George " Watts, is come up also, but under no criminal " charge, as we are informed, he having been " desperately wounded by Michael Howe, in " an attempt assisted by William Drew, to take " him into Hobart Town a prisoner ; but in " which exertion Drew was shot dead by that " desperate offender, and the survivor Watts " nearly killed also." I have been thus copious in extracts from the Sydney Gazette, to shew the lamentable state of danger and anarchy, in which the colonists in Van Diemen's Land have been kept by an inconsiderable banditti, who, from the imbeci- lity of the local government, have been enabled to continue for many years in a triumphant career of violence and impunity. This iniqui- tous and formidable association may, indeed, be considered as crushed for the moment, although the most desperate member of it is still at large.* * It appears that (bis desperado has at length met with the fate SETTLEMENTS IK VAN DIEMEx's LAND. 181 But what pledge have the well disposed part of the inhabitants, that a band equally atrocious will not again spring up, and endanger the general peace and security ? What guarantee, in fact, have they that this very ruffian, the soul and center of the late combination, will not serve as a rallying point to the profligate, and again collect around him a circle of robbers and murderers as desperate and bloody as the mis- creants who have been annihilated? Andean the pursuits of industry quietly proceed under the harassing dread which this constant liability to outrage and depredation must inspire ? There is no principle less controvertible, than that the subject has the same claims on the government for support and protection, as they have on him, for obedience and fidelity. The compact is as binding on the one party, as on the other ; and it is really discreditable to the established character of this country, that any part of its dominions should have continued, for so long a period, the scene of such flagrant enormities, merely from the want of a sufficient which his atrocities had so justly merited. He was killed by three of his associates, who in order to obtain their own pardon resolved to deliver him into the hands of justice. In the attempt, however, to take him alive one of them was shot dead by him and another dangerously wounded. But the two survivors not- withstanding his desperate resistance overpowered him and cut oil his head, which they brought into Hobart Town and delivered to the Lieut. Governor. 182 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE military force, to insure the due administrar tion of the laws, and to maintain the public tranquillity. CLIMATE, &c. The climate of this island is equally healthy, and much more congenial to the European constitution, than that of Port Jackson. The north-west winds, which are there productive of such violent variations of temperature, are here unknown ; and neither the summers, nor winters, are subject to any great extremes of heat, or cold. The frosts, indeed, are much more severe, and of much longer duration ; and the mountains, with which this island abounds, are covered with snow during the greater part of the year ; but in the vallies it never lingers on the ground more than a few hours. Upon an average, the mean difference of temperature, between these settlements and those on New Holland, (I speak of such as are to the eastward of the Blue Mountains ; for the country to the westward of them, it has been already stated, is equally cold with any part of Van Diemen's Land,) may be estimated at ten degrees of Fahrenheit, at all seasons of the year. SETTLEMENTS IN VAN UlEWEN'S LAND. 183 The prevailing diseases are the same as at Port Jackson : i. e. phthisis, and dysentery ; but the former is not so common. Rheumatic complaints, however, which are scarcely known there, exist here to a considerable extent. SOIL, &c. In this island, as in New Holland, there is every diversity of soil, but certainly in propor- tion to the surface of the two countries, this contains, comparatively, much less of an in- different quality. Large tracts of land perfectly free from timber or underwood, and covered with the most luxuriant herbage, are to be found in all directions ; but more particularly in the environs of Port Dalrymple. This sort of land is invariably of the very best description, and millions of acres still remain unappropriated, which are capable of being instantly converted to all the purposes of husbandry. There the colo- nist has no expence to incur in clearing his farm : he is not compelled to a great preliminary outlay of capital, before he can expect a con- siderable return ; he has only to set fire to the grass, to prepare his land for the immediate reception of the plough-share ; so that, if he but possess a good team of horses, or oxen, with a set of harness, and a couple of substantial ploughs, he has the main requisites for commencing an 184 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE agricultural establishment, and for insuring a comfortable subsistence for himself and family. To this great superiority, which these south- ern settlements may claim over the parent colo- ny, may be superadded two other items of dis- tinction, which are perhaps of equal magnitude and importance. First, The rivers here have sufficient fall in them to prevent any excessive accumulation of water, from violent or conti- nued rains ; and are consequently free from those awful and destructive inundations, to which all its rivers are perpetually subject. Here, therefore, the industrious colonist may settle on the banks of a navigable river, and enjoy all the advantages of sending his pro- duce to market by water, without running the constant hazard of having the fruits of his labour, the golden promise of the year, swept away in an hour by a capricious and domineer- ing element. Secondly, the seasons are more regular and defined, and those great droughts, which have been so frequent at Port Jackson, are altogether unknown. In the years 1813, 1814, and 1815, when the whole face of the country there was literally burnt up, and ve- getation completely at a stand-still from the want of rain, an abundant supply of it fell here, and the harvests, in consequence, were never more productive. Indeed, since these . SETTLEMENTS IN VAN DIEMEN's LAND. 185 settlements were first established, a period of fifteen years, the crops have never sustained any serious detriment from an insufficiency of rain ; whereas, in the parent colony, there have been, in the thirty-two years that have elapsed since its foundation, I may venture to say, half a dozen dearths, occasioned by droughts, and at least as many arising from floods. The circumstance, therefore, of Van Die- men's Land being thus exempt from those cala- mitous consequences, which are so frequent in New Holland, from a superabundancy of rain in the one instance, and a deficiency of it in the other, is a most important point of consi- deration, for all such as hesitate in their choice betwixt the two countries ; and is well worthy the most serious attention of those, who are desirous of emigrating to one or the other of them, with a view to become mere agricultu- rists. AGRICULTURE, &c. In the system of agriculture pursued in the two colonies, there is no difference, save that the Indian corn or maize, is not cultivated here, because the climate is too cold to bring this grain to maturity. Barley and oats, however, 186 STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THli arrive at much greater perfection, and afford the inhabitants a substitute, although by no means an equivalent, for this highly valuable product. The wheat, too, which is raised here, is of much superior description to the wheat grown in any of the districts at Port Jackson, and will always command in the Sydney market a difference of price sufficiently great to pay for the additional cost of transport. The average produce, also, of land is greater, although it does not ex- ceed, perhaps not equal the produce of the rich flooded lands on the banks of the Hawkes- bury and Nepean. A gentleman, who resided many years at Port Dalrymple, estimates the average produce of the crops at that settlement as follows : Wheat, twenty-five bushels per acre ; barley, forty bushels per ditto ; oats, he does not know, but say fifty bushels per ditto. This estimate is not at all calculated to impress the English farmer with as favourable an opinion of the fertility of this settlement as it merits ; but, if he only witnessed the slovenly mode of tillage, which is practised there, he would be surprised, not that the average produce of the crops is so small, but that it is so great. If the same land had the benefit of the system of agriculture, that prevails throughout the county of Norfolk, it may be safely asserted that its produce would be doubled. The land on the upper banks of the river Derwent arid at Pitt- water, it equally SETTLEMENTS IN VAN UlEMKHi's LAND. l8t fertile ; but the average produce of the crops, on the whole of the cultivated districts belong- ing to this settlement, is at least one fifth less than at Port Dalryrnple. These settlements do not contain either such a variety or abundance of fruit as the parent colony. The superior coldness of their climate sufficiently accounts for the former deficiency, and the greater recency of their establishment for the latter. The orange, citron, guava, loquet, pomegranate, and many other fruits which attain the greatest perfection at Port Jackson, cannot be produced here at all without having recourse to artificial means ; while many more, as the peach, nectarine, grape, Exports collected by the merchants of the settlement, 5,000 Sundries, - - .,-, 2,000 Total, - 56,000 The duties collected in these southern settle- ments are exactly on the same scale as at Port Jackson, and amount to about '5,00() annually, inclusive of the per centage allowed the collec- tors of them. 00 J IS ^ *i s CO fc a CO a 3 ^ aJ ^ CO PS co o | | C5 <* 6 CIS 5 i JS | O CO s ^" CN 00 03 CN O 2 & 2 CN 00 o 00 35 ^ CN co* cL 2 no I 1 1 i CO o" CO QJ o bb CO r-H 00 1 1 o CO oT CO (D d t3 "^ J s s O5 CN CO * ca cj 00 5P CJ Q o rt CO 05 O Q Cu *' 5 d CO t- ^ C HH en O> tn ai 5j Q - CN g {2 | o 5 CN s 1 !>* CO IO i CO 1 1 s- i CO o "9 1 r I 1-f CO _i T3 oj If! 3 co ^ s 1 j I.J - 06" * | CN CO o o oo CO CO 2 ^^ oo o" ^ ^ CM o M j ^ r^ O - "g CO c^ CO ^ ^ O o" *o ^J- t/3 (N CN able. Retrospection should not be pushed be- yond the period of their arrival ; but their subsequent behaviour should be subjected to the severest tests, to the most rigorous scrutiny. Conviction either before a court, or a magistrate, for any offence of a criminal nature, should be a bar to their pretensions for ever. Crimes committed in this country should be overlooked, when followed by adequate atonement and indu- bitable reformation ; but the interests as well of the rising generation, as of the great body of the convicts themselves, require that the re-con- victed felon, whom neither the hope of distinc- tion can reclaim, nor the fear of punishment THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT. 387 deter from a recurrence to his old iniquities, should be branded with the lasting impressions of infamy, and rendered for ever afterwards in- capable of exercising so respectable, and import- ant a function, as the one in question. With respect to the nature and extent of the property to be possessed by the members of the legislative assembly, I am of opinion, that a freehold estate of five hundred acres, in any part of the territory of New South Wales, or its dependent settlements in Van Diemen's Land, should be considered a sufficient qualification ; and that, in the case of electors, twenty acres of freehold should give the right of voting at elections for the districts, in which such free- hold property may be situated ; and that either a leasehold of the value of 5 a year, or paying a house rent of 10 a year, that of voting at elections for towns. Excepting con- viction, therefore, in this country, as a ground of exclusion, both as respects the candidates, and the constituents, and making the above variation in the standard of their respective qualifications as to property, I think that every cause of rejection, which is deemed in Canada of sufficient efficacy to invalidate the claims of either party, should be held of equal force in this colony, not only with persons, who may have been convicts, but with all such, as may c c % 388 TARIOU* CHANGE* PROPOSED IK wish either to vote for the return of members, or to become members of the legislative body themselves. In framing 1 , indeed, a constitu- tion for the colony, that of Canada would, I suspect, be upon the whole the best model for imitation ; since there is not only a much stronger affinity between the great body of its inhabitants, and those of New South Wales, than exists in any of bur other colonies ; but every succeeding year will render the approxi- mation of their character and pursuits still more complete. There is but one topic more connected with the establishment of a house of assembly in this colony, on which I intend to comment; and I notice it not so much with a view to offer fresh arguments in support of the necessity of this measure, which, I consider, I have already sufficiently demonstrated, as to state all the prominent reasons, which might be adduced on the occasion. It is a fundamental maxim of the British constitution, that no taxes shall be levied on the subject without his consent ex- pressed by his representatives ; and yet duties have been exacted in this colony, for the last fifteen years, by the mere authority of the various governors. These, it has been seen, are appropriated to various purposes of internal economy, all of great public importance and utility, to which it is but equitable that the THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT. 389 colonists should contribute. This system of taxation originated, I believe, with Governor King; but, whether with the sanction of His Majesty's ministers, or from his own suggestion, I am not able to determine. Since his time, I should imagine, that not less than two hundred thousand pounds have been levied in this uncon- stitutional manner: and,until the administration of the present governor, those who paid this money had not even the satisfaction of know- ing, how any part of it was applied. From the secrecy, indeed, which was observed in the ex- penditure of this fund, and the rapacious cha- racter of his predecessor, many of the colonists suspected that very little of it was appropriated, during his time, to the purposes, for which it was intended. This misapplication of it, however, is but a matter of conjecture ; and it was pro- bably to shelter himself from the possibility of falling under a similar imputation, that the present governor has caused quarterly accounts, which are first verified by a com- mittee consisting of the lieutenant governor, and the judge advocate, and afterwards ex- amined and approved by himself, to be pub- lished for the general information. This custom, however, is a deviation, although it muot be con- fessed a good one, from precedent : and the colonists have no guarantee that his successors o will not revert to the same mysterious appli- cation of this fund, that was practised by 390 VARIOUS CHANGES PROPOSED IN his predecessors. In this case it may be con- verted into a fruitful source of peculation and plunder, and be at last, in a great measure, diverted from the public objects, for which it was instituted, to the satiation of private ra- pacity, and the colonists become gradually burdened with an overbearing load of taxation, merely for the purpose of enriching their go- vernors. Be this, however, as it may, the il- legality of levying money by the authority of any individual, is, I^should presume, quite un- questionable ; and I have no doubt that, if any of the colonists had public spirit enough to resist the payment of these duties, the courts of civil jurisdiction would not enforce it ; since the decisions of these courts are founded solely on acts of parliament. The magistrates of the colony might indeed take upon themselves to direct the execution of the governor's orders, which authorize the levying of these taxes; but I have doubts, since resistance to these orders, would not amount to an act of a criminal nature, and the point at issue would be a mere matter of debt between an individual, and the government, whether even they would consent to give such an illegal method of taxation the sanction of their support. At all events an ap- peal would lie to the civil courts, which could not avoid annulling the judgment of the magistrates, and, consequently, declaring the THE POK.M OF GOVERNMENT. 391 governor's conduct unwarranted arid illegal. Such an occurrence would evidently be attend- ed with the most prejudicial effects; for, not to dwell on the mortification, which the gover- nor, for the time being, would experience at discovering in so disagreeable a way that, by treading in the footsteps of his predecessors, he had been exercising a power, to which his situation gave him no claim, there can be little doubt that a victory of this nature gained by an individual over the executive would be the signal for the institution of suits, for the re- covery of all the money, that has been levied under such an illegal and arbitrary authority. To prevent the probability of the govern- ment being forced to refund so large a sum of money to the persons, or their heirs, from whom it has been thus illegally wrested, and to legalize all future levies of duties in the colony, the establishment of a colonial legislature cer- tainly offers the most judicious and constitu- tional expedient. I would not, that it should be considered, from the foregoing remarks, that the colo- nists are averse to taxation. On the con- trary, it is my belief that they would cheer- fully contribute whatever may be necessary for the promotion of objects purely colonial ; but they expect, and have a right to expect, that 392 VARIOUS CHANGES PROPOSED IN all such objects should be submitted to the con- sideration, and approval of their representative*, and that their money should not be taken out of their pockets, whether they will or not, by the mere ipse dixit of a governor. Few are dis- contented with the present rate of taxation, be- cause it is moderate ; and, with the exception of that small part of the colonial revenue aris- ing from duties on articles of export, may be even considered judicious; inasmuch as the great bulk of the duties falls on luxuries, which can be dispensed with, without occasioningany material diminution of comfort and enjoyment. But all are averse to the manner, in which these duties are levied ; for, if they once admit that a governor has the right to exact one farthing by his single authority,* what limits can be after- wards assigned to the exercise of this power ? He may, on the very same principle, tax every article of consumption, and, on the plea of pub- lic contributions, undermine the whole prosper- * This system of taxation has at length been recognized as illegal ; and an act of Parliament passed for legalizing the duties now in force, and indemnifying the various governors, who have authorized the levying of them, until the 1st of January, 1821. This act contains also a clause impower ing the gover- nor, for the time being, to levy a duty on spirits made in the colony, which is not to exceed (he amount of the duty on spirits imported into it : from which provision it would appear, that internal distillation either has been, or is to be permitted. See this act (the 59 Geo. 3. cap. cxiv.) in the Appendix. THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT. 393 ity and happiness of the community. That the different governors have been allowed to pro- secute this system without opposition, for so many years, could only have arisen from the peculiar constitution of this colony ; but its population has now attained a degree of conse- quence and respectability, which will not much longer tamely permit such an unprecedented deviation from all constitutional authority ; and the best way to obviate the unpleasant circum- stances of the contest, to which a continuance of the present system must shortly give rise, is to create a body legally endowed with the powers of legislation. On the expediency of appointing a council, His Majesty's ministers are, I believe, them- selves agreed ; and I will not therefore enter at great length on the subject. The arbitrary and revolting acts, which the want of a controlling body of this nature has already occasioned, fur- nish the most convincing proof of its necessity. No power, in fact, could be established, which would, at one, and the same time, prove so firm a defence to the subject, and so stable a support to the executive. A council in the colonies bears 'many points of resemblance to the House of Lords "in this country. It forms that just equipoise between the democratic and supreme powers of the state, which has been found ne- 394 VARIOUS CHANGES PROPOSED IN cessary not less to repress the licentiousness of the one, than to curb the tyranny of the other. Besides, it at all times provides a remedy for the inexperience, or ignorance of governors ; and is a sort of nucleus, round which all new bodies may easily agglomerate. Like a hand- ful of veterans, in a newly raised regiment, it will be capable of setting in motion the whole machinery of the government, and establishing with the greatest celerity that organization, and discipline, which are as requisite in adminis- tration, as in war. There is but one precaution to be observed in the formation of the council: it is to give the members of it an adequate salary, or, in other words, to insure the indepen- dent, and conscientious discharge of the duties of their highly important office. The expediency of appointing a colonial se- cretary rests, in a great measure, on the same grounds. How can a private secretary, whom every new governor is at present under the necessity of taking out with him, be capable of entering at once upon the duties of the most complicated and laborious office in the colony ? It is evident that a considerable time must un- avoidably elapse, before he can acquire, how great soever his abilities, that fund of local information, which can alone qualify him for hi situation. In the mean while, it is ten to THE FOKJM OF GOVERNMENT. 396 one, but he becomes the tool of one or other of his clerks, who are for the most part con- victs ; and thus the principal acts of the governor, which, from the confidential nature of his office, are necessarily very considerably influenced by his advice, may be secretly dic- tated by persons, who possess very little prin- ciple or character, and who, if they be them- selves too insignificant to profit to an exten- sive degree by the measures of the govern- ment, may, for a trifling consideration, become the agents of richer, and more powerful indivi- duals, and the public good be inadvertently sacri- ficed on the shrine of private avarice or ambition. The last measure, which I consider necessary to the prosperity of this colony, is a radical re- form in the courts of justice. Tt has long since been noticed that, at the principal settlement, and its dependencies, there are five courts, one of criminal and the other four of civil judica- ture, viz. the criminal court,the governor's court, the supreme court, the court of vice admiralty, the high court of appeals, all of which are held in Sydney, and the lieutenant governor's court, which is held in Hobart Town. The constitu- tion of these various courts has been already ex- plained ; and a mere cursory glance at their se- veral jurisdictions will convince us of the dan- ger and absurdity of their organization. To 396 VARIOUS CHANCES PROPOSED IN commence in the order, in which I have noticed them, what can be more improper than the con- stitution of the criminal court? At the time, indeed, when this court was instituted, there was a necessity that it should consist wholly of the officers of the colony ; since they, and convicts, were the only two classes, of whom it was com- posed ; but, even then, what motive existed for excluding* the civil officers? Were they either less competent to be members of a court, whose decisions ought to be founded solely on the laws of England, or were they less respectable than the military and naval? The bare appearance of this tribunal has long been odious and re- volting to the majority of the colonists, It is disgusting to an Englishman to see a culprit, however heinous may be his offence, arraigned before a court clad in full military costume ; nor can it, indeed, be readily conceived that a body of men, whose principles and habits must have been materially influenced, if not entire- ly formed, by a code altogether foreign to the laws of this country, should be able, on such occasions, to divest themselves of the soldier, and to judge as the citizen. Without meaning to impugn the general impartiality and justice of their decisions, it may be easily imagined that an individual might happen to be tradu- ced before a court, of which all, or part of the members, might from various causes be his THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT. 397 enemies. No one has mixed much in military society, without witnessing that esprit du corps y which is so common in regiments, and which,, however much it may contribute to their union and happiness, is, in a community of this nature, of the most dangerous tendency to the individual, against \vhom its collected fury may be levelled. It must be remembered that this colony is not like a country town, from which a regiment may be removed, the mo- ment its conduct becomes obnoxious to the in- habitants. There the regiments necessarily remain for many years; and, from this very circumstance, disputes of a much more se- rious, and rancorous nature, are apt to arise be- tween the inhabitants, and the military, than are known in this country. And this observation applies more particularly to the officers, and the superior class of the colonists : since the disputes and contests, which take place be- tween the lower orders of the inhabitants, and the common soldiery, generally arise on the spur of the moment, and evaporate with the im- mediate cause of the provocation ; while the others are more frequently the effect of cool, and deliberate insult, and consequently settle into a fixed, and inveterate hostility. Under these circumstances, therefore, it is not to be wondered at, that no person should feel him- self in perfect security. The respectability 398 VARIOUS CHANGES PROPOSED IN of the higher order of the colonists may, in- deed, shield the generality of them from any likelihood of their being ever arraigned before this tribunal ; but still it might happen to them to be traduced before a court composed of their bitterest foes, not only on charges of a mixed nature, such as assault, battery, libel, &c.- but on others of a much weightier responsibi- lity. The probability of such a contingency would be still further increased, if the governor should happen to have imbibed the same spirit of hostility against the accused, which I have supposed actuating the military. For, although the present governor, in order to render the administration of justice as unimpeachable, as the nature of this court will allow, has invari- ably appointed the members of it according to the roaster furnished by the commanding officer of the regiment, his predecessors did not, I be- lieve, invariably observe the same delicacy, nor is it incumbent on his successors to imitate his example. Any person, therefore, who may un- fortunately become obnoxious to the governor, and the officers of the regiment, or indeed any part of them, should he be accused of any of- fence, within the pale of the criminal court, might be thus forced to take his trial before his selected and implacable enemies. In this extre- mity, what could he do to rescue himself from their gripe ? He would have no right to chal- THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT. 399 lenge one of them ; and, if the sanctity of an oath, and the dread of the future scorn, and de- testation of mankind, did not deter them from the commission of a crying, and palpable injustice, his innocence, were it as clear as the noon day, would avail him nothing, and he must unavoid- ably sink, the devoted victim of foul conspiracy, and deadly revenge. I am not sufficiently ac- quainted with the history of the proceedings of this court, from the period of its institution, to shew how far the whole, or any part of this supposed case, may have been, in any instance, verified. That it may occur is sufficient to prove the necessity for changing the constitution of this court, and to justify the general anxiety, which is felt by the colonists for the introduc- tion of that right, so dear to the heart of every Englishman, the trial by jury. It is this ines- timable privilege alone, which can insure them the tranquil enjoyment of their persons and pro- perty, and enable them, while possessed of con- scious integrity of conduct, to set at defiance the confederated efforts of their enemies, and to despise both the open attacks of power, and the secret contrivances of malignity. The constitution of the governor's court, and of the supreme court, is liable to the same objection. They are both composed of the judges, who have each a vote in their respec- 400 VARIOUS CHANGES PROPOSED IN tive courts, and of two members specially ap- pointed by the governor : so that none of those causes of challenge, which are held sufficient in this country to disqualify a juror, are of any validity in the courts of this colony. In the governor's court, indeed, the two members are to be appointed from among the respectable inhabitants ; but, although the governor him- self is the only judge of the measure of their re- spectability, he could not well avoid selecting them out of that class, which, in case of the intro- duction of trial by jury, would have a right, from their property, and character, to be summoned as jurymen. In this court, therefore, an indi- vidual in a trial with the crown, would have a much greater chance of obtaining justice, than in the supreme court ; because the two mem- bers of it are to be appointed from the magis- tracy, and might be selected by the governor, from their known zeal, and corrupt devoted- ness, for his service. But it is of infinitely greater importance that the decisions of this latter court should be the less exposed of the two to the possibility of bias ; because in the former the injury, which an individual could sustain, from an unjust verdict, could only amount to. 50, and in the latter it might extend to 3000, and, consequently, occasion his utter ruin. I limit the injustice, which might arise, from the very improper. constitution of this court, to the THK FORM OF GOVERNMENT. 401 above sum ; because, although it is competent, as I have before stated, to take cognizance of all pleas to any amount whatever, an appeal would lie, from the high court of appeals, whose verdict, I here take it for granted, would in all crown causes be confirmatory of the judgment of the inferior court, to the king in council, when the matter in dispute exceeded this sum. Any unjust verdict, therefore, for more than '3000, would of course be reversed in this country ; but this is a trifling set-off against the heavy charges, to which this court is, in other respects, liable ; since few of the colonists are wealthy enough to be concerned in causes, where the matter at issue could attain so great an amount: so that this remedy is quite beyond the reach of the majority of the inhabitants, and they are abandoned to the scourge of oppres- sion, wherever a capricious and overwhelm- ing tyranny may choose to single out its victim. It is highly necessary, therefore, that the con- stitution of both these courts should undergo an immediate revision, and be so framed, as to insure henceforth the impartial administration of justice to oil. They are not to be tolerated, because they cannot commit a robbery beyond this enormous amount, and because there are some few individuals, whose prosperity is too deeply rooted to be overturned by the ma- lignant fury of vengeful despots. It must be D D 402 VARIOUS CHANGES PROPOSED IS evident that the power of the governor of this colony is sufficiently leviathan, uncontrolled as he is by a council, and possessed as he is of an incontrovertible right to nominate the most obsequious of his creatures as jurymen on all trials, whether of a civil or criminal nature, to endanger the property, and life of every in- dividual under his government. Nor should it here be forgotten that there has been a go- vernor, who, if the colonists had not arrested him in his iniquitous career of vengeance and despotism, would have hurled death and de- struction from one end of the colony to the other. Without the circle of his immediate creatures with the most favoured of whom, it is well known, that he was in a commercial partner- ship, every individual, who either had attained affluence, or was gradually rising to it, was the object of his hatred or envy. The former he detested, not more because they had no need of his protection, than from fear they should pro- mulgate to the world his nefarious proceed- ings ; the latter, because they were absorbing some portion of that wealth, which he wished should flow wholly into the coffers, the contents of which, at the division of the spoil, he was to have so large a share of. It does not follow, therefore, because the present governor has not imitated his base example, because he has sur- rounded himself with respectable counsellors, THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT. 403 arid a conscientious magistracy, that we should overlook the possibility, that his very successor may undermine the whole superstructure, which he has been rearing, and become, in every respect, as great a monster, as the wretch, who before drove the colonists to desperation and rebellion. Experience is the beacon of past times set up for the guidance of future ; and those, who shape their course by it, shall avoid striking on the rocks, to which it forbids approach. Woe to the pilot, who disregards the friendly admonition, and runs on incredulous of the risk. Soon in the midst of surrounding reefs he shall, when too late, repent his temerity, and wish, that content with the experience of others he had not au- thenticated by the shipwreck of his hopes the folly of his incredulity, and the reality of the danger ! It is with governments, as wilh indi- viduals. The institutions, which have occa- sioned anarchy and devastation before, will, if persisted in, produce them again. Vile and detestable, as have been the monsters of anti- quity, the world still contains their parallels ; and if they languish in obscurity, if they have not attained a celebrity equally atrocious, it is because they possess not equal facilities for the display of their real character and propensities. Human nature is still the same ; arid, wherever a field is opened for the growth of tyranny. 404 VARIOUS CHANGES PROPOSED IN there that poisonous fungus, a tyrant, will shoot up. But the encouragement, which these courts in general hold out for the indulgence of pri- vate animosities, and their consequently imper- fect adaptation for the administration of justice, are not the only reasons, that may be urged for a change in their present organization. The whole of the inhabitants of the various settle- ments in Van Diemen's Land are, in a great measure, placed without the pale of the law. They have, indeed, what is termed the lieute- nant governor's court; but, as I have already observed, it can only take cognizance of pleas to the amount of fifty pounds, and possesses no criminal jurisdiction whatever. They are con- sequently left, in a great degree, without any internal protection from the spoliations of law- less ruffians, and from the scarcely less pernici- ous depredations of dishonest creditors. For, although they may obtain redress in both instan- ces in the courts established at Port Jackson, nothing but an invincible necessity will propel them to seek so distant, and expensive a reme- dy. The consequence is, that scarcely any, but delinquents of the very worst cast, as murderers and housebreakers, are ever brought to trial : for, notwithstanding all criminal prosecutions are conducted at the cost of the government, THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT. 405 and the witnesses are paid their indispensable expenses from the police fund, still, what with the period that elapses in the voyage to Port Jackson, the delays incident to the courts them- selves, and the time that the witnesses must generally wait, before they can obtain a passage back again, very few of the persona, who are constrained to give evidence on such occasions, can possibly manage to resume their domestic occupations under three months. This to a set of men, who are for the most part agricul- turists, is too serious a sacrifice of private ad- vantage to public duty ; and it is not, therefore, to be wondered at, that a general disposition should be manifested by the inhabitants of Van Diemen's Land to suffer quietly the depreda- tions, that may be committed on their property, rather than incur, perhaps, the much greater loss attached to the prosecution of the offen- der. The remedy, which they possess for civil injuries, is, indeed, somewhat more palatable, but still far too remote and expensive. And the principal reason, why so many debts and obligations contracted in these settlements be- come matter of action before the supreme court at Port Jackson, is to be traced to the satisfac- tion, which results from compelling those, who consider themselves privileged plunderers, and at liberty to fatten with impunity on the indus- trious, to disgorge the wealth of others, that, 406 VARIOUS CHANGES PROPOSED IN leech-like, they may have sucked. The expense, however, of supporting witnesses at so great a distance from their homes, -and the precarious issue of suits in general, induce many creditors to run the risk of voluntary payment at some future period, who would not hesitate to institute actions against their debtors, if there were a competent tribunal within their reach. The want, therefore, of a court possessing an un- limited civil, and criminal jurisdiction, is of the most baneful consequence to these infant settle- ments. It encourages all species of crimes and dishonesty, strikes at the very root of virtue and religion, and cannot but have a most pernicious effect on the morals of the rising generation. Such are the leading defects in the actual system of jurisprudence esatblished in this co- lony ; and I think it will not be disputed that a more crude, and undigested organization of the colonial courts could hardly have been devised. Whether the judges of these courts have made any representations on the subject to his Majesty's government I am not aware ; but I should apprehend not, or surely they would have been remodelled ere this after a more perfect design. To effect this highly im- portant object would be a matter of very great ease : it appears to me that the following mea- sures would amply suffice. 1st, The entire THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT. 407 abolition of the actual courts of civil and cri- minal jurisdiction ; 2dly, The creation in their stead of one supreme court possessing, like the Court of Exchequer, both a legal and equitable jurisdiction, and consisting of a chief justice and three puisne judges ; 3dly, The establish- ment of trial by jury ; and lastly, the creation of a high court of appeals to consist of the gover- nor in council. The sittings of the supreme court should only be held at Sydney, the seat of government; but circuits should be established throughout the different districts of the colony, and of its dependent settlements in Van Die- men's Land, and commissions of assize of nisi prius, of oyer and terminer, and of general gaol delivery should be issued by the governor to the judges at stated periods, and they should determine among themselves their respective circuits. These courts of assize, &c. should possess the same power, as belongs to similar courts in this country, and, in some respects, it might be advisable that they should be vested with a still more extensive authority. In the settlements in Van Dieraen's Land, I a#i of opinion, that no appeal should be allowed from the decisions of the court of assize, &c. to the supreme court at Sydney, unless the verdict should exceed three hundred pounds ; but it would, of course, be proper that the judges, dur- ing the circuits, should possess the power of 408 VARIOUS CHANGES PROPOSED IN granting new trials, on the same grounds, on which such are accorded in this country. In judgments, however, for more than the above sum, an appeal to the supreme court should be permitted. With respect to the civil jurisdiction of the courts of assize, &c. in the various districts belonging to Port Jackson, I think it ought to be considerably curtailed, and that their decision should not be final in any instance whatever ; because the removal of causes to the supreme court would be attended with a comparatively trifling expense, and inconveni- ence to the parties. From the judgment of this latter court itself, I am of opinion, that an ap- peal should lie in all causes, where the damages might be estimated at more than one thousand pounds, to the high court of appeals, and that its decisions should be conclusive in all pleas under the amount of three thousand pounds ; but, where the matter in dispute exceeded this sum, that an appeal should lie en dernier resort to the king in council. If to these courts were added a court of admiralty, possessing both a civil and criminal jurisdiction, the system of jurisprudence would be quite adequate to all the present necessities of the colony ; justice would be brought home to the doors of all his Majesty's subjects in these remote and extended THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT. 409 settlements; the delay and expense now attendant on civil and criminal prosecutions, would be in a great measure obviated; the loyal and industrious would be effectually pro- tected, both from the secret depredations of the midnight plunderer, and from the open dishonesty of the unprincipled debtor : hun- dreds of indolent and profligate persons, who now prey in one way, or another, on the hard earned savings of thrift and frugality, would be compelled to resort to the pursuits of indus- try for a subsistence ; vice and immorality would be checked, and the wealth, happiness, and virtue of the community at large rapidly flourish and expand. Of all the changes, or modifications, which I nave thus ventured to recommend in the polity of this colony, the creation of a council, the appointment of a colonial secretary, and these alterations in the system of its jurisprudence, are the only measures, which would be attend- ed with an increase of expense. The establish- ment of a house of assembly might, of course, be effected without any cost whatever ; and even the remodelling of the courts of justice would be productive of but a very trifling addition to the scale of the civil establishment. The three judges, who at present preside in the various courts, might be transferred to the supreme 410 VAKTOUS CHANGES PROPOSED, &C. court, which I have recommended to be sub- stituted in their stead ; so that the appointment of one new judge is the principal additional expense, of which this re-organization of the courts would be productive. It is true that it would be necessary to place all the puisne judges on the same footing in point of salary, and likewise to appoint an attorney general to act in behalf of the crown ; but all this might be liberally accomplished for about six thousand pounds per annum. As to the court of admiralty, the chief justice might be ap- pointed to preside in it, whenever circum- stances might require it to be held ; but this necessity would occur so seldom, that no addi- tional salary need be allowed him on this ac- count. A few barristers would be necessary, besides the attorney general, to support the respectability of these courts ; but I consider that the practice arising out of them would be sufficiently extensive to repay a few gentle- men of the bar very liberally for the sacrifices, they might make, in emigrating to this colony, and that government need not hold out any pecuniary inducements to effect this object; although it is only four or five years since two attornies were each allowed .300 per annum, by way of encouragement for them to go out, and practise in the courts at present established there. Since that time, however, two more ON THE MEANS OF REDUCING, &C. 411 have voluntarily emigrated to the colony, with- out any salary whatever, and have found that there is sufficient litigation, without the assist- ing liberality of the government. An addi- tion, therefore, of 6000 per annum to the civil establishment of this colony, would effect the great radical reformation in its polity, of which it has been the main object of this work to prove the wisdom and necessity ; while, on the other hand, the savings, which this country would derive from the adoption of the various alterations proposed, would be found not only in the almost immediate check, that would be imposed on the rapidly increasing expendi- ture of this colony, but still more in the great permanent reduction in it, that would be the eventual consequence. The best means of ac- complishing these highly important ends shall be the subject of the following chapter. On the Means of reducing the Expenses of this Colony. The establishment of a free constitution, in the place of the arbitrary authority of an indi- vidual, would superinduce so many privileges, of which the colonists have hitherto been debarred, that they would not at first be fully sensible of the nature, and extent of their new acquisitions. The great facilities, which would be presented to 412 ON THE MEANS OF REDUCING agricultural, and commercial enterprize, would not at once be generally perceived, or exten- sively embraced. Industry, though one of the most active principles of human nature, settles, when long restrained, into a habit of inertion, which cannot be instantly overcome. When the mounds, within which this principle has been long confined, are suddenly removed, it will not of itself rush at once into every new chan- nel in its way, and stop only, when it has found its own level. It is not, like fluids, possessed of an inherent elasticity and tendency to motion, but requires a directing impulse to set and con- tinue it in activity, and its activity will then only be in proportion to the power and energy applied. It is not, therefore, to be expected, because the great fundamental changes, which I have recommended in the polity of this colony, would, if adopted, immediately create new sources of profitable occupation, and completely unfetter the long restrained industry and enter- prize of its inhabitants, that they are at once to take full advantage of their situation. There is in man a timidity, which, though not sufficient to curb the adventurous spirit of his nature, tends materially to check and repress it. This principle alone, therefore, would suffice to prevent the more sober, and discreet part of the colonists from rushing headlong into the various new avenues of profitable occupation, THE EXPENSES OF THIS COLONY. 413 that would be open to them ; but there is, in their poverty, a still more effectual impedi- ment. Though labour is itself the origin and measure of all wealth, it contributes but little to public, or private advantage, when left to its own isolated and unconnected efforts. It is only, when in a state of union, and when sub- jected to the controul of a directing intelli- gence, which can combine its energies, and ren- der them subservient to the attainment of some single end, that it becomes capable of effecting great beneficial results. But this necessary com- bination of labour can only be maintained by the help of capital ; and, where such capital does not exist, these great united efforts, the effect of the gradual accumulation of wealth, and the main cause of the prosperity of all ancient and populous communities, cannot be immediately organized and established. This observation, in its reference to this colony, it will be seen, bears more particularly on the commer- cial privileges, of which its inhabitants would thus become possessed. These undoubtedly would not be extensively embraced, until a very considerable accumulation of capital should have arisen from the progress and perfection of agriculture. This and manufactures are, therefore,the only two immediate channels, that remain for the absorption of labour, and the development of industry. The latter, I have 414 ON THE MEANS OF REDUCING long since endeavoured to prove, would never have occupied any share of the attention of the colonists, if those encouragements, which were at the disposal of the government, had been bestowed on the former. The manufacturing; O system, now so rapidly gaining ground, has been one of the retributive consequences of the short- sighted and illiberal policy, of which this unfor- tunate colony has been so long the victim, and will cease of itself, whenever the existing im- pediments to the extension of agriculture shall be removed, for the best of all reasons ; because no person will select a less profitable undertak- ing, when a more profitable one, and one re- quiring less skill, capital, and assiduity, lies open to him. Agriculture, therefore, as soon as it shall be freed from its present restraints, will afford the readiest, and most accessible channel for carrying off the large accumulation of stagnant labour, which at present infests this colony. It is this mass of superfluous labourers, for M horn there exists only a fictitious demand, and with whom the government are at present obliged to give a bounty, in the shape of cloth- ing and provisions, to induce the settlers to ac- cept their services, that constitute the main source of the great and increasing expenditure of this colony ; and it is to this point alone that all radical, and comprehensive schemes of re- trenchment must be directed. The impoverish- THE EXPENSES OF THIS COLONY. 415 ed condition of the colonists, to which cir- cumstance the expenses of the government are mainly attributable, arises from the means of employment not keeping pace with the rapid increase in the population ; and yet, perhaps, there is no community, in which equal encou- ragements to industry are to be found. It has already been stated, that, within the last six years, the population of this colony has actual- ly doubled itself; in other words, it has advan- ced in this respect with a celerity nearly four times as great as the United States of America, a country whose rapid numerical increase has been a subject of astonishment to the whole world. It may, therefore, be perceived, that this unparalleled augmentation in the popula- tion of the colony must of itself afford an unpre- cedented stimulus to agriculture; a stimulus, probably, with which the agricultural progress of any other country could not keep pace. It is well known that Poland, which is the great- est corn country in Europe, and whose whole strength is directed to the pursuits of agricul- ture, does not export more than one month's consumption of grain for its population. Ame- rica exports somewhat less, but would be able, without doubt, to export somewhat more, if the collected force of its inhabitants were ap- plied to the raising of corn ; yet still neither the one, nor the other of these countries would 416 ON THE MEANS OF REDUCING be enabled to support such a rapid increase of population, as is taking place in this colony. Such, however, is its fertility, that the vast encouragement afforded by this unprecedented augmentation in its numbers, who it must be re- collected, are for the most part adults, and not, as in the case of old established societies, in- fants, and, in consequence, not gifted with the full powers of consumption, so prodigious, I say, is its fertility, that there is far from a sufficient de- mand for labour. The settlements in Van Die- in an 's Land alone, on the occasion of the flood, that took place in the month of March, 1817, at the Hawkesbury, on the banks of which have been formed the principal agricultural establishments, and where, for the causes I have already explained, the colonists, in most in- stances, allow their stacks to remain within the influence of these destructive inundations, were able to supply Port Jackson with about twenty thousand bushels of wheat, the whole of which was raised without any probability of a mar- ket, and would have perished in the hands of the growers, or, at best, have become the food of hogs, had it not been for the great loss of grain occasioned by the overflowing of the above river. It may, therefore, be perceived, that the colonists in Van Dieman's Land raise, on the strength of the bare possibility of a flood happening at the principal settlement, THE EXPENSES OF THIS COLONY. 4l7 very nearly as much corn as is required for their own consumption ; and there can be no doubt, if their industry was encouraged to the utmost, that they would be enabled to export at least three times as much, as they thus ca- sually furnished in the year 1817. The settle- ments, however, at Port Jackson, cannot pre- tend to equal fertility of soil ; yet even their productive powers are considerably cramped by the want of an adequate market. How this most important object might be effected, and profitable occupation created for all the labour that is now, or may be hereafter disposable in the colony, I have already explained at consi- derable, length ; and, it is under the presump- tion that my recommendations on this head will be deemed worthy of adoption, that I am about to submit a plan for gradually diminishing the colonial expenditure. The readiest way of accomplishing this object would be to abolish at once the system of vic- tualling and clothing the convicts from the king's stores ; but this is impracticable, and must be done judiciously, and in proportion only to the gradually increasing demand for labour. This mode of retrenchment, indeed, has already been pushed further than circum- stances have warranted. The ticket of leave system, by which convicts are permitted to go E E 418 ON THE MEANS OF REDUCING on their own hands, and administer in any way that they can to their own wants, though first intended as a reward to the really reformed and meritorious convict, has of late years been se- sorted to, as the most efficacious means of les- sening the expenses of the government. And hence the very end and aim of this colony, the reformation of the lawless gang who are transported to its shores, have been postponed to a paltry saving, unworthy the character of the nation, and subversive in a great measure of the philanthropic intentions, with which the legislature were originally actuated. The alarming increase of crime, that has taken place within the last few years, is the re-action of this pernicious and mercenary system, which has already been carried to such an extent, as to endanger the lives and property of every honest, and well disposed inhabitant of the colony. This system, so injurious of itself, has been powerfully seconded by the lax and indiscrimi- nate manner, in which convict servants have been assigned to the various settlers. Being in most instances freed or emancipated convicts themselves, many of them possess but little cha- racter, and in fact only accept the different in- dulgences, that are held out to colonization, with a view to the immediate profit, which they can derive from them, and without any inten- tion of performing the remote conditions, which THE EXPENSES OF THIS COLONY. 419 they tacitly or expressly enter into with the go- vernment. So long as their servants are victualled and clothed at the cost of the crown, they avail themselves fully of their services ; but the mo- mentthis great indulgence ceases, they generally compound with them, and, in consideration of the performance of a stipulated quantity of labour free of expense, grant them an exemp- tion from their employment for the remainder of the year, and, consequently, a licence to prowl about the country, and to plunder, at every convenient opportunity, the honest and deserving part of the community. And al- though the present governor has taken every step, that could be devised for the suppression of this pernicious practice, yet, in consequence of the thinly inhabited state of the colony, and the remoteness of the various agricultural set* tlements from one another, circumstances, which prevent the appointment of proper per- sons, to detect and punish such violations of public orders, his efforts have been in a great degree unavailing. He is well aware of the nature of the disease, under which the colony is languishing, but he has not the power to administer the only effectual remedy. Create but a sufficient market for the colonial pro- duce, and labour will become too valuable to be suffered thus to remain in inactivity. It will then, and not before, be the interest of the E E 2 420 ON THE MEANS OF REDUCING settlers to push their servants' exertions to the utmost. The competition, that will then ex- ist for the products of labour, will be the best guarantee for its proper application. The me- thod, which I am about to submit for the sup- pression of this alarming state of anarchy and danger, will, it must be confessed, occasion a very considerable immediate addition of ex- pense ; but this is necessary, to rectify the great and increasing evils of the ticket of leave system, and to insure the honest and laborious colonist that security of person and property, which the ^injudicious extension, within these few years, of this narrow-minded system has so greatly endangered. Without the enjoyment of a full and sufficient protection, the colo- nists, however enlightened may be the future conduct of their government in other respects, will make but a timid and feeble advance in the various departments of internal industry. A certainty of reaping the fruits of their ex- ertions is, indeed, an indispensable prelimi- nary to the resumption of those active habits, which have been so long paralyzed, and a recurrence to which is the main stock, whereon all shoots of future retrenchment must be in- grafted. Under a hope, therefore, that an inter- nal legislature, which I again insist can alone fully provide for the present and future neces- sities of this colony will be established, I ven- THE EXPENSES OF THIS COLONY. 421 ture to propose the following plan for eventu- ally diminishing the scale of its expenditure : ';,:. First, That the ticket of leave system, ex- cept in as far as its continuance may be really essential to the promotion of good conduct in the convicts, should be abolished. Secondly, That the ticket of leave men, and all the convicts now in the service of indivi- duals, whether victualled and clothed at the expense of the crown or not, should be called in, and re-assigned either to their present mas- ters, or to others, and that these should be allowed with them the premium hereafter to be named ; but that they should be previously in every instance required to give security to the government, that such convict servants should not, on any account, be permitted to be absent from their respective employments. Thirdly, That, instead of the present mode of victualling and clothing the convicts from the king's stores, the settlers should be allowed with them a stipulated premium, one fifth less than the actual cost of maintaining them, and that this premium should diminish one fifth an- nually from the date of the changes in the colo-r nial polity, which have been recommended. 422 ON THE MEANS OF REDUCING Fourthly, That the price now directed to be paid convict servants for their extra time should be reduced from ,10 in the men, to 6 ; and from l to 3 IDs. in the women ; and that this reduction should be subtracted from the amount of the above premium, and carried to the credit of the government. Fifthly, That all such convicts as may arrive in the colony within the five years next en- suing the above period, other than those who may be required for the government works, should be, in like manner, assigned to deserving applicants, with the decreased premium of the year in which they may arrive. Sixthly, That, at the expiration of the above period of five years, the whole of the govern- ment works, which are now for the most part carried on by convicts victualled and clothed from the king's stores, should be performed by contract. Seventhly, That the utmost encouragement should be held out by the government to induce the emigration of wealthy individuals to the co- only; and that, with a view to effect this object, not only a passage should be furnished them free of expense in the various transports, which are THE EXPENSES OF THIS COLONY. 423 annually sent thither, but that also the quantity of land to be hereafter granted them should be increased, in proportion to their capital, from eight hundred acres (the present customary grant) up to five thousand. Lastly, That the unappropriated lands most eligibly situated for the purposes of colonization should be surveyed, and marked out into sec- tions, each containing one square mile, or six hundred and forty acres ; that each of these sections should be again subdivided into four parts ; that thirty-six of them should, as in America, form a township; that at stated periods the lands so surveyed should be setup to auction, and sold to the best bidder, provided the price offered for them should equal or exceed one dollar per acre ; if not, that they should be retained, until they could be sold for such price at some subsequent period ; that the same cre- dit should be given for the purchase of these lands as is given in America, and the same dis- count on ready money ; and that the amount of such sales should go to the Police Fund, and be employed in defraying the expenses of the colony. The object of the foregoing propositions must be too evident from the preliminary remarks, which I have made, to need any extended illus- 424 ON THR MliANS OF REDUCING tration ; nevertheless, it may not be altogether inexpedient to say a few words, in further ex- planation of them, to such persons, as have be- stowed no portion of their attention on the cir- cumstances, and situation of this colony. The first, second, and third articles speak for them- selves. The remedy here proposed for the alarming evils, which I have so copiously tra- ced to the causes of their origin and continu- ance, will certainly occasion the government, for the next five years, a very great additional expense ; but, after the most mature reflection on the present impoverished state of this colony, and the deeply rooted habits of idle- ness and vice, which a fifteen years' deprivation of the most important civil and political rights has occasioned, I can devise none besides, that could be applied with any probability of effect- ing a radical and permanent cure. The arrange- ment recommended in the third article, I mean, the substitution of a premium for the present mode of clothing and victualling the convicts, would be highly favourable to the agricultural interests, both by limiting to the cultivators of the soil the supply of the food consumed by their servants, and by sparing them the trouble, and expense of sending their carts for it to the king's stores an exemption, which would be attended with a considerable saving to such of t. pm, as inhabit districts remote from the towns. THE EXPENSES OF THIS COLONY. 425 It would also be a source of economy to the government, by enabling them to make a great reduction in the commissariat department. The only objection, I can anticipate to this article, is, that it fixes an arbitrary rate of reduction in the premium to be allowed the settlers with the convicts ; and that this rate may prove greater than the advance, which the colony may make in the various avenues of internal industry. This may possibly be the case, al- though I consider the period, I have named, sufficiently protracted to allow the colonists due time to ascertain the nature and extent of their newly acquired privileges, and to profit by them. If, however, it were practicable, it would certainly be more eligible, that they themselves should become the arbiters of the abatement, which should annually take place in the pre- mium to be given with the convicts. But I da not well know how this desideratum could be effected, unless the grand juries, during the circuits of the courts in the different districts, could be empowered to inquire into, and deter- mine the increase, that may take place in the demand for labour, and regulate the price of it, or, in other words, the premium to be given with it accordingly. To detract as far as possible from the increased expense, which would follow the adoption of the measures recommended in the first, second, and third articles, is the object 426 ON THE MEANS OF REDUCING of the fourth. By making the abatement here proposed in the amount of the wages now directed to be paid by the settlers to their con- vict servants, and carrying- it to the credit of the government, an immediate saving of 5 per man, and 3 10s. per woman would be effected. And, if the calculation be accurate, that each male convict victualled, and clothed at the expense of the crown costs .18, and each female .12. ] Os. it will be seen that above one fourth more might be supported by the govern- ment in the manner here recommended, and that likewise a fifth might be annually added to the number, without occasioning any increase whatever in the colonial expenditure. The weight, too, of this mode of retrenchment would not fall on the settler, and, by operating as a checkto agriculture, perhaps prolong the period, when the various departments of industry will be enabled to absorb the large mass of labour, which is annually regurgitated on the shores of this colony, but on the convicts themselves, to whose reformation indeed, (the primary ob- ject of its foundation) it is essential that every incentive to the renewal of their ancient disor- derly, and profligate habits should be withdrawn. Even with this diminished scale of wages, the situation of the convicts would be far preferable to that of the labouring class in this country. % 10s. to the men, and 1 10s. to the women, THE EXPENCE8 OF THIS COLONY. 427 would then remain, independently of their food and clothing, an allowance, which is surely quite sufficient for the " menus plaisirs" of a set of persons, who are supposed to be smarting under the lash of the law. Article fifth needs no explanation. Article sixth contemplates the saving, that might be effected in the public works of the government, by exchanging, at the expiration of the period, when the bounty to be allowed to settlers with convicts shall cease, the present mode of carrying them on by a body of men, victualled and clothed at the expense of the crown, for the more economical plan of contracting for them with the lowest bidder. I limit the commencement of this method of retrenchment to the above period, because so long as a necessity exists forgiving a bounty with convicts, there can be no doubt that it would be judicious in the government to profit as far as possible by the labour of per- sons, whom, even in the employment of indivi- duals, they would be in a great measure obliged to support. But the moment this necessity shall cease, it is equally indubitable that a conside- rable saving might be effected by carrying on the public works by contract. Where a body of fourteen or fifteen hundred convicts are em- ployed, even under the superintendence of the most active and upright man, there will always be a system of idleness and plunder, which his 428 ON THE MEANS OF REDUCING assiduity will never be able entirely to baffle. Out of the immense number of minor agents, on whose intelligence and integrity he would be obliged to place a considerable degree of de- pendence, it is not readily to be believed, how- ever great might be his activity and discrimina- tion, that he would not be frequently deceived, and that those very men, on whom he most relied to suppress the dishonest inclinations of others, would not themselves occasionally pro- fit by the facilities to plunder and peculation, which the confidence, they enjoyed, might throw in their way. That such is, and always has been, the case in this colony, no person at all conversant with its real state can have any hesitation] in asserting ; and, consequently, that the substitution of contracts for the present mode of conducting the public works, would become a very important source of eco- nomy at the period in question. Article the seventh is intended to encourage emigration to the colony, and to turn to its shores some portion of the immense numbers, who are annu- ally withdrawing from this country to the Uni- ted States of America. It appears almost inex- plicable, how the government can look on, and behold the thousands, who are propelled by various causes to quit their native land, without making some vigorous efforts, if not to check thisjstrong tide of emigration, at least to divert THE EXPENSES OF THIS COLONY. 419 it to our colonies, where in general it is so much required, and might become of such immense, and permanent utility to the empire. It is true, that of those, who thus abandon the land of their forefathers, many are actuated by political ani- mosities, and could not, by any encouragements be induced to settle in any of our colonies. But it is not less certain that there are others, and that the majority are of this class, whom mere distress and inability to provide for the grow- ing wants of their families, unalloyed with any political feelings whatever, most reluctantly drive to seek an asylum in America ; and who deeply lament the necessity of betaking them- selves to a country, where they and their chil- dren may one day bo compelled to draw their parricidal swords, against the mother, that gave them birth. It cannot, indeed, be denied, that the government, to prevemVthis horrible alternative, have, for a long time, held out considerable en- couragements to persons emigrating to Canada; but, besides that the policy of thus peopling, at so considerable an expense, a country, which in the natural course of events must become an integral member of the American Union, is at least questionable, it is well known that three- fourths of those, who are thus induced to settle in Canada, end by removing to the United States. The intense severity of the winters, and the unavoidable suspension of the pursuits of 430 ON THE MEANS OF REDUCING agriculture, during six moths in the year, with the habits and language of the Canadians so repulsive and annoying to the generality of En- glishmen, sufficiently account for this circum- stance, without taking into computation the superior advantages of climate and soil, which the greater part of the United States is repre- sented as possessing. If the impolicy, therefore, of encouraging emigration to Canada be dispu- ted, still the inefficiency of the means employed, to attain the end contemplated by the govern- ment, ought to decide them to try some other expedient, to prevent so large a stock of British industry, and capital from thus adding to the resources of a nation, who is already the most formidable, as she is the most rancorous on the list of our enemies. No measure, perhaps, that could be adopted would tend so effectually to the accomplishment of this object, as holding out the great encouragement specified in this article to all such, as may settle in this colony. Pos- sessed as it is of a most salubrious and diversified climate, fertile soil, and unbounded extent of territory, it evidently contains every requisite for the formation of a great and flourishing community ; and, whenever it shall be blessed with a free government, will offer much greater facilities for the development of industry, and the acquisition of wealth, than are to be found in the United States. Until the colony, however, THE EXPENSES OF THIS COLONY. 43) shall possess this fundamental privilege, every attempt of the government to divert the cur- rent of emigration thither from America must prove, in a great measure, unavailing. A free constitution is the first want of those, who have known the blessings of one ; and no prospects of profit to an honourable and independent mind can compensate for its loss. There, can be little doubt, therefore, that as soon as this indispensable preliminary to general emigra- tion shall be granted, thousands of persons will embark for this colony, and continue to contribute to the wealth and power of their native country, who would otherwise become citizens of her most formidable and inveterate rival. The adoption also of the measures here re- commended would have a sensible effect in diminishing the expenditure of this colony, and would amply compensate for any loss, which the government might sustain by afford- ing settlers a passage thither free of expense in the transports. I commenced this chapter by an attempt to prove that the great imme- diate hindrance to the employment of the large mass of unoccupied labour in the various new departments of internal industry, that will be created by the establishment of a free govern- ment, will arise from the want of capital; 432 ON THE MEANS OF REDUCING and the premium, I have recommended to be granted with convicts, for the first five years ensuing the proposed change in the colonial polity, is intended to impart an artificial vigour into the community, and to allow of that accu- mulation of wealth, which may afterwards suffice of itself to keep in solution a 11 the dis- posable labour of the colony. Every accession, therefore, of capital, that may take place, will contribute to swell the colonial stock to that extent, which is necessary for the complete occupation of the convicts, and thus become the means of accelerating the period, when the government will be entirely emancipated from the necessity of allowing the settlers a bounty with them. The last article scarcely needs any explana- tion. Whenever that extensive emigration of capitalists, which, I confidently anticipate, would follow the establishment of a free Go- vernment, shall take place, the sale of the crown lands would evidently become a source of considerable profit, and would go a long way towards defraying the expenses of the colony. It would, also, be the means of bringing num- bers of rich speculators thither, who would not think of emigrating, even for the increased indulgences, which I have recommended in the foregoing article. A man of fortune would THE EXPENSES OF THIS COLONY. 433 then be enabled to invest his money in land, to the exact extent, that he might desire ; whereas, at present, he must either be content with the portion assigned him, or else purchase by drib- blets the farms, that may become vacant in the vicinity of his estate, and after all, perhaps, be annoyed by having the possessions of others in the midst of his own. It is true that indivi- duals, who do not possess sufficient land for the support of their flocks and herds, are al- lowed to feed them on the unappropriated lands, and can, therefore, increase their stocks to any extent they may please. But the rapid progress of colonization places the crown lands every day at a greater distance from the original settle- ments, and occasions a constant necessity for receding; so that, at last, that part of his stock, which the farmer cannot feed at home, is gradually removed to an inconvenient dis- tance, and can no longer have the benefit of his personal superintendence. To men of capital, therefore, the class of whom it has been seen that the colony is most in need, this sale of the crown-lands at half the price, which is de- manded for land in America, would prove a very powerful stimulus to emigration, and would, consequently, have a twofold operation in dimi- nishing the expenditure of this colony ; viz. by filling the coffers of the Police Fund, and by occasioning that accession of capital, which I F F 434 ON THE ADVANTAGES WHICH THE have before shewn to be essential, before the Government can be freed from the burden of supporting the convicts. On the Advantages which the Colony offers for Emigration. After the gloomy picture, which I have drawn, of the actual condition of the colony; after having represented both its agricultural and commercial interests, as being already not only in a state of impair, but also of increas- ing dilapidation and ruin, it may appear some- what paradoxical that I should attempt to wind up the account with an enumeration of the advantages, that it offers for emigra- tion. If due consideration, however, be given to the nature of the ingredients, of which the agricultural body is composed ; if it be recol- lected that it consists principally *of persons, who have been, since their earliest years, habi- tuated to every sort of vice and debauchery ; of persons bred up in cities, and unacquainted with the arts of husbandry, who had, there- fore, to contend against the combined force of an inveterate propensity to the profligate indulgences of their ancient mode of life, and of utter ignorance of the laborious occupations, and thrifty arts of their new : I say, if all these serious impediments to success be impartially COLONY OFFliRS FOR EMHJRATIOX. 435 weighed, it will be seen that the anomaly is rather apparent than real. Nevertheless I do not mean to imply that this colony, or its dependencies, present at this moment any very flattering prospects to the mere agriculturist. That the skilful farmer would be enabled to obtain an independent and comfortable subsistence is, how- ever, indubitable ; and the larger his family, provided they were of sufficient age to afford him an effectual co-operation, the greater would be his chance of a successful establishment. Hundreds of this laborious class of people, who, in spite of unremitting toil and frugality, find themselves every day getting behind-hand with the world, would undoubtedly better their condition by emigrating to this colony, if there were only a probability that they would be enabled to go on, from day to day, as they are doing here. In this country they are at best but tenants of the soil they cultivate ; whereas there they would be proprietors, and the mere advance, which would be taking place in the value of their farms, would, before many years, render them not only independent, but even wealthy. Of the truth of this assertion, we shall be fully convinced by referring to the price of land on the banks of the Hawkesbury and Nepean rivers, the only parts, which can be said to be even tolerably colonized. It has already been stated that, as far as the river F F 2 436 ON THE ADVANTAGES WHICH THE Hawkesbury is navigable, the unimproved land is worth five pounds per acre, and im- proved land double this amount. This land was at first of no value whatever ; because in the infancy of societies, so long as there is an unlimited scope of land of the first quality, which any one may occupy, as far as his occa- sions require, it is evident that there would be no purchasers; since it is absurd to imagine that any one would buy that, which he could ob- tain for nothing. It is only, (as Mr. Ricardo has demonstrated,) when land of an inferior quality is brought into cultivation, and when the differ- ence in the produce of the two sorts gives the occupier of the one a superiority over the oc- cupier of the other, and renders it as eligible for a person to cultivate land of the first description as a tenant, and to pay the proprietor the dif- ference of produce by way of rent, as to be himself the proprietor of land of the second description ; or when the situation of the dif- ferent appropriated tracts of land does not admit of the conveyance of their produce to market at an equal cost; and thus again gives the owners of those farms, which are more conti- guous, an advantage over the owners of those, which are more remote : I say it is only when societies have made that progress, which begets one or other of these contingencies, or both, that land is of any value whatever. In the COLONY OFFERS FOR EMIGRATION. 437 course, therefore, of thirty -one years, the tract of land in question, taking the unimproved part as our criterion, since the improvements made in that portion of it, which is in a state of cultivation, may be considered tantamount to the difference in value between the one and the other, has evidently risen to this enormous price, from having been of no worth whatever : or, in other words, each acre of land has increas- ed in value, during the interval that has elapsed, since the foundation of the colony, at the rate of 3s. 2fo?. per annum ; and that too under the most impolitic, and oppressive system, to which any colony, perhaps, was ever subjected. How much greater then, will be the future rise in the value of landed property, if, as there is now every reason to hope from the attention, which the government are at this moment paying to the state of this colony, the whole of the dis- abilities, under which its inhabitants have been so long groaning, should at length be repealed ? Without taking at all into the estimate the immediate melioration, which a radical change in the polity of this colony would occasion in the condition of the agricultural body ; with- out depending on the probability that it will soon be in the power of the laborious, and fru- gal settler to rise rapidly to wealth and inde- pendence ; it must be evident that the mere increase, which is yearly taking place in the value ON THE ADVANTAGES WHICH THE of landed property, affords of itself the strong- est inducement to emigration; since, if it does not hold out to the industrious colonist the pros- pect of acquiring* immediate wealth, it relieves him from all apprehensions for his family, should a premature destiny overtake himself. He at least knows that every succeeding year will be augmenting in a rapid manner the value of his farm, and that the same spot, which adminis- ters to his and their present wants, cannot fail to suffice for their future. This is of itself a most consolatory prospect ; it at all events prevents the present good from being embittered with any dread of future evil; it permits the indus- trious man the tranquil enjoyment of the fruits of his labours, and rescues him from the ne- cessity of hoarding up against the approach of gathering calamity against the stormy sea- son of impending poverty. The amelioration, that would take place in the condition of the mere labourer, who should emigrate to this colony, without funds adequate to the formation of an agricultural establish- ment, would not be so considerable. Still there can be no doubt that the honest and industrious man would always be able to provide for him- self, and his family, not only the mere necessa- ries of life, a sufficiency of food and clothing ; -r-but many comforts besides, which with his COLONY OFFERS FOR EMIGRATION. 439 utmost endeavours he cannot obtain in this country, without having recourse to parochial relief. He would, therefore, at all events emancipate himself from his humiliating, this demoralizing necessity ; for, although there is confessedly a greater portion of labour in the colony, than can at present be maintained in ac- tivity, -any person, who might emigrate thither voluntarily, would easily find employment, when those, who are, or have been, under the operation of the law, would seek for it in vain. A good character is a jewel of greater value there, than in this country, because it is more difficult to be met with ; and consequently all the advan- tages, which it procures its possessor in the one place, it will insure him, at least, in a two-fold measure in the other. The colony offers very little encouragement to the manufacturer. The manufacturing inte- rests are not at present in the most prosperous situ- ation ; and, if the government should, as seems now extremely probable, at length adopt those measures, which are called for by every consi- deration of justice and expediency, a few years will annihilate them entirely. To this class, therefore, with reference both to the proprietor and workman, a removal to this colony would undoubtedly be prejudicial. 440 ON THE ADVANTAGES WHICH THE For the artisan and mechanic, who are skilled in works of utility, rather than of luxury, there is not, as it has been already remarked, any part of the world, perhaps, which affords an equal chance of success. To any, therefore, who have the means of transporting themselves and fami- lies to this colony, the removal would be in the highest degree advantageous. They could not fail to find immediate e mployment, and to receive a more liberal return for their labour, than they would be able to procure elsewhere. The black- smith, carpenter, cooper, stone-mason, brick- layer, brick-maker, wheel and plough-wright, harness-maker, tanner, shoe-maker, taylor, cabinet-maker, ship-wright, sawyer, &c. &c. would very soon become independent, if they possessed sufficient prudence to save the money, which they would earn. For the master-artisan and mechanic, the prospect, of course, is still more cheering ; since the labour, they would be enabled to command, would be proportioned to the extent of their capital. The advantages, however, that the colony offers to this class of emigrants, great as they undoubtedly are, when considered in an isolated point of view, are absolutely of no weight, when placed in the balance of comparison with those, which it presents to the capitalist, who has COLONY OFFERS FOR EMIGRATION. 441 the means to embark largely in the breeding of fine woolled sheep. It may be safely asserted, that of all the various openings, which the world at this moment affords for the profitable invest- ment of money, there is not one equally invit- ing, as this single channel of enterprise offered by this colony. The proof of this assertion I shall rest on two calculations so plain and intelli- gible, as to be within the scope of the compre- hension of all. Before I proceed, however, it is necessary to settle a few points, as the data, on which these calculations are to be founded ; viz. the value of the wool, the weight of the fleeces, and the number of sheep to be kept in a flock. And first with regard to the value of the wool grown in this colony : the last importations of the best quality have not yet been disposed of, in consequence of the very depressed state of the market, which, from the present general embarrassment of all classes, and the consequent stagnation of commerce, is from 30 to 50 per cent, below its ordinary level. The gentleman, however,' who has the disposal of this wool, entertains no doubt of being enabled to obtain shortly 4s. per Ib. in the fleece for the whole of it ; as he has already refused 5s. Gd. for some few of the best samples. But if he should be disappointed in his expectation, I do not consider, that the present state of the market 442 ON THE ADVANTAGES WHICH THE affords any fair criterion, by which to judge of the probable prices, that wool grown in this colony is likely hereafter to average. In this opinion, lam confirmed not more by a conviction, that the very best description of wool yet pro- duced there is far from having attained the perfection, of which it is capable, and which a few more crosses with the pure Spanish breed will undoubtedly effect in it, than by a know- ledge of the superior prices, at which the wool from the same gentleman's flocks has in for- mer years been sold. It has been stated in evidence before the Committee of the House of Commons, who are now inquiring into the state of this colony, " that for the greater portion of this wool the " following regularly increasing prices were ob- " tained : " In 1816 2s. 6d. per Ib. " In 1819 3. 6d. to 4*. per Ib. " In Do. second importation, 4*. Id. per Ib. " In 1819, 5*. per Ib." " It is to be observed too that the three last " sales were for ready money; but, had a credit of " ten months been allowed, as is usual on foreign " wools, the price of the best would have been " nearly 6s. per Ib. The whole was purchased " by manufacturers in Yorkshire and the west of COLONY OFFERS FOR EMIGRATION. 443 " England ; and it has been ascertained that " some of the fleeces, which were washed and " sorted by the buyer, have been valued as high " as 9s. 6d. per Ib." After this statement, which has been published in the proceedings of the Committee of the House of Commons, it will not, I think, be doubted, that to take the future average price of the best description of wool grown in this colony at 4s. per Ib. is to form an estimate, which in all proba- bility will fall very far short of the truth. Let this price, however, be one of our data, and let us allow two pounds and a half, which is also an estimate equally moderate, as the average weight of each fleece. The weight of a yearling's fleece may be taken at one pound, and the value of the wool at 2s. 9d. per Ib. The number of ewes generally kept in a flock by the best breeders are about 330 ; and let us suppose that the emigrant has the means of purchasing a flock of this size of the most improved breed. This, with a sufficient number of tups, may be had for 1000. These are the data, on which I intend to found my first calculation ; but, as there are not probably more than 10,000 sheep in the whole colony, which produce fleeces of the above quality; and as, from the number of per- sons, who either have emigrated, or are on the 444 ON THE ADVANTAGES WHICH THE point of emigrating thither, the whole of them will not possibly either possess the means, or meet with an opportunity, on their arrival, of pur- chasing a flock of this description, it may per- haps be desirable that this work should also con- tain a calculation of the profits to be derived from the ordinary race of sheep, or at least from that race, which has yet been but partially crossed with the Spanish breed. Before I proceed, there- fore, with my first calculation, it will be the better way to ascertain the data, on which to found my second ; and although it must be evident, from the reasons already assigned, that the sales of wool made at the commencement of the present year are by no means a fair standard, fcy which to determine the value of this sort of wool, I am willing, in order that the future emigrant may have the expectations, with which he may go out to the colony, more than realiz- ed, to take for one of my datathe price, which this sort of wool averaged in the present de- pressed state of the market. 140 bales of this wool were sold on the 14th of January last by public auction at Garraway's Coffee House, at prices vary ing from 3s. Id. to Is. Gd. per lb; but the whole quantity averaged only 2s. 1 d. per lb. There are probably about 30,000 sheep in the colony, that produce wool of this quality ; the fleeces of these sheep may be averaged at 2? Ibs. and the yearlings' fleeces at 1 lb., for which Is. 6d. per COLONY OFFERS FOR EMIGRATION. 445 lb. may be safely allowed. A flock of 330 two year-old ewes of this description may be bought at the rate of 35s. per head, or for ,577 10s. and with the requisite number of Spanish tups for 600. These points being determined I will now proceed with my calculations. 446 ^ O CO CO O y cT w O CO O *0 .; o i- r o l> CO "* ,,0 2 ,J O U3 O O ' OJ CT> "00 t O oo o" gj s , *'Sfi - , 1 1 w ' 2 S ^ jj ^3 U ^ CU OQ CU oX *, CO w ^, S , ^ * Oi S 1 (3 H ' g a iii'i' 0) s .s^ "S "c S -sj< 2 fa i i . ^ 2J 4) *> 'S ' a, o O g *" "^ s - !" .S B 11 g , , ,-sg 8 o J '1 rf 9 ^ *P 1 *Jo ^-S^ 1 .s-g | a ^ fi Q a- 04 * ' D 3 g O l-< . O O 00 C fcs, H C TJ< t) W ' - a s H i Jr i i i i ' ' X O i H ^ S *<=> o < 3 O 1 -= 00 O5 * i S 38 2 CN tf.^-^'^d)^^ w ^ ^ S * > c ^ ^f rt o 4) ^ r-yl *^ eo ^ rt ^^ ' . * o " s l^i^ '* 1 , ** g'eS-^S^^a CO Q< Q^ eft 1 1 If II ,1'^' -J **^ <" ^1 S3 ^3 O ^ S rrH fe ^ CU t-i -*-> ^^j'S'oj ' S ' *^ CJ CJ C rt UP VH Suca^O'-* c 5<>8 J3 a> . ^ Mil; ! I fl! ai pfl O-** o ai . 'o Jj< ^s^'S^l 2 's^-'sl S o a &> i O n ** ^ i c^"*^ 0: H ^ a t ' t5"5 w ^^^^S^'^rJP3a>3cnS^PO 3 o 3 > S > > WOQ COLONY OFFERS FOR EMIGRATION. 447 *e o to C< W B CO S S O 02 B H B C "* 9 --o PH r-i ..-I o 1 g 3 O . ._ji_ -HO 1 1 r-T I-H d50 05 c o 2 2 oo r 1 2 05 t^ CO 10 2g j ** ** -> : II J s s n S's-g 03 c3 CS i/a & -o oo o o 00 g J y i 1 I I E 3 "o ooHo fl orati head D " &*-> Z2-, ~j ** V3 fl THE EXPENSES OF THIS COLONY. 449 o o 1-H 6 w rt ^ fe H >o G G 450 ON THE MEANS OF REDUCING *O O O 4 ^ r^ t- CO I H K !1 c* en 1|>:2 g i o O 1 00 ic 00 rt 3 -c g *< CO > o. X V o H ^" "W t ,. w 1-Jf) r < 00 CO O CM <0 00 CO OJ J-H CO CO t 00 CT> CO OJiO t^ 00 o 00 CO (N oo o 2" ^ O CO O CO >0 CO i-< (M oo r- g a THE EXPENSES OF THIS COLONY. 451 . CO O a o O> O> 00 00 00 <= a H) 1 I CN CO CO ** 0 oration head Det <* CO oo o COCO 3 (N *J "o C3 o 1 ^ 'O a a IS 9 * a3 (U *^ , o US ^ts V? O o a cS -3 -s P-. < ? o '1 O 3 ^^ !! o 1| > & *, n3 O) 4> S & S S3 >>^ KG O G G 452 ON THE ADVANTAGES WHICH THK It would be useless to prosecute these calcu- lations, since any person who may be anxious to ascertain their further results, may easily arrive at them himself. On examining the first of them it will be evident, that, with the most liberal allowances for all manner of ex- penses, casualties and deteriorations, capital invested in this channel will yield the first year, from the profits of wool alone, an interest of about Q per cent, besides experiencing itself an increase of upwards of ,26 per cent. that the second year it will yield an interest of rather more than '12 per cent, besides experiencing itself a farther in- crease of nearly 46 per cent. and that the third year it will yield an interest of rather more than ,18 per cent., besides experiencing itself an additional increase of about 581 per cent. ; in other words, money sunk in breeding the finer woolled sheep in this colony, will, after all expenses and deductions are satisfied, not only pay an interest of about 36 per cent, in the course of three years, but undergo itself an augmentation of about 130? per cent. Here then is a mode of investing money, by which the proprietor might insure himself an interest, the ratio of which would increase in an astonish- ing progression, while at the same time the capital itself would experience an advance till more rapid and surprising. The profits. COLONY OFFERS FOR IMMIGRATION. 453 however, to be derived from breeding the coar- ser woolled sheep in this colony, it will be seen, are not nearly so inviting ; but they are still sufficiently considerable to be worthy, of the most serious attention of all those, who are desirous of emigrating. It will be perceived, that capital invested in this channel, after making the same liberal allowances and deduc- tions, as are made in the former calculation, will yield a profit the first year of nearly '20 per cent. ; that the second year it will yield a pro- fit of about 57 per cent. ; and that the third year it will yield a profit of nearly 76 per cent. But, although money invested in this manner will thus yield in the course of three years a pro- fit of about 172 per cent., it will be observed that the wool alone will not suffice to pay the expenses attending the flocks, and that it will be necessary, in order to make up the excess of the disbursements over the annual proceeds of the wool to expend 39 9s. Gd. the first year ; 51 2s. the second year, and 63 18s. 7\d. the third year, in addition to the capital to be expended in the purchase of the original flock. Should the means, however, of the emigrant not allow of this additional expenditure, he would be able, the first year, to sell his wether lambs to the butcher for 165, which would make him areturn, afterihe payment of all expenses, of 125. 10s. 6d., or of about 23 per cent.ori the amount of his whole 454 ON THE ADVANTAGES WHICH THE invested capital. By pursuing this plan every year, he would always insure himself a very con- siderable interest for his money; but, if his funds were sufficient, it would be the better way not to sell his wethers before the end of the third year ; since at the expiration of this period they would be full grown, and worth more by about three fourths, than at the end of the first year. He would at the same time be enabled to dispose of his original flock ; for it is not advisable to permit the breeding ewes to have more, than three lambs each. By the time they have reared this number, they will be nearly five years old ; and at this age their teeth become bad, they are no longer able to chew their food properly, and are consequently in- capable of affording sufficient milk for the due nourishment of their lambs, although their teeth are yet sufficiently good to allow of their being fattened. It will, therefore, be perceived, that the emigrant, by waiting till the end of the third year, and by making a draft of his five year old ewes, would be enabled to sell to the butcher nearly one half more sheep than he originally purchased ; that he would have for sale regularly afterwards a three year old flock of wethers, and that he would besides, after the fifth year, be able to make annually a regular draft of five year old ewes from his breeding flock. It will scarcely have escaped notice, that in the pre- COLONY OFFERS FOR EMIGRATION. 455 ceding calculations no allowance whatever has been made for any improvement in the fleeces of the flocks. This, it must be evident, is a most material omission, particularly in the coarser woolled breed; since it may be safely calculated, that, at each cross with the pure Spanish breed, the inferior wools increase in value at the rate of 20 per cent. But notwithstanding this most important omission, notwithstanding the present depressed state of the markets of this country, from which the prices in the preceding calculations have been taken and not withstand- ing the very ample allowances, which have been made for all possible expenses and contingencies, it is confidently hoped that these calculations are sufficiently encouraging to convince the most incredulous, that any person, who has the means of embarking in either of these spe- culations could not fail, with common atten- tion, to realize a large fortune in a few years. His chance of so doing would be still greater, if he should happen to be acquainted with the management of sheep. This is, however, by no means an indispensable qualification ; for such is the fineness of the climate, in the settlements both in New Holland and Van Diemen's Land, that all those precautions, which are necessary to be observed in this country, in order to shelter them from the inclemency of the seasons, are there quite superfluous : sheds, in- 456 ON THE ADVANTAGES WHICH THE deed, are not only useless but injurious; the flocks never do so well as when they are con- tinually exposed to the weather. It is only necessary that the folds should be shifted every other day, or, if the sheep be kept by night in yards, to take care that these are daily swept out. The extent to which capital might be thus invested is boundless ; since, if the breeder did not possess as much land, as would feed the number of sheep, that he might wish to keep, he would only have to send his flocks beyond the limits of colonization, and retire with them as the tide of population approached. His hurdles, and the rude huts, or tents of his shepherds, might always be removed with very little diffi- culty and expense ; and if his and his neigh- bours' flocks should happen to come into con- tact, such is the immensity of the wilderness, which would lie before him, that he might ex- claim in the language of Abram to Lot : " Let " there be no strife I pray thee between me and " thee, and between my herdsmen and thy " herdsmen ; for we be brethren. Is not the " whole land before us? Separate thyself, I pray " thee, from me. If thou wilt take the left " hand, then I will go to the right ; or if thou " depart to the right hand, then I will go to the " left.'' Such, should any of these disputes occur, might always be their amicable termina- COLONY OFFERS FOR EMIGRATION. 457 tion. There is, and will be for ages to come, whatever may be the extent of emigration, more land than can possibly be required. The speculation, therefore, of growing wool can meet with no checks from the want of pastur- age in the colony, and it is equally improbable that it can be impeded by the want of a mar- ket in this country. It is well known that the Saxon wool cannot be sold under the present prices without loss to the growers. The seve- rity of the climate of Saxony renders it indis- pensable for the sheep-holders to take a variety of precautions, which are not onlyjuseless in this colony, but would even prove highly detri- mental to the constitution of this valuable ani- mal. In the former country, the flocks are kept almost invariably in sheds of a very costly con- struction, both by day and night, and are fed principally upon hay ; in the latter, they are always better when kept in the open air, and fed on the spontaneous herbage of the forest. The mildness of the seasons, therefore, spares the colonists two copious sources of expense, and will without doubt, in the end, enable them to undersell and ruin the Saxon wool growers ; since the only point of superiority these latter can pretend to is their greater contiguity to the market, and this, in consequence of the extreme value of the commodity, is of too trifling im- port to demand consideration. The freight of 458 ON THE ADVANTAGES WHICH THE wool from the colony, has already been reduc- ed to three pence per pound, which it would appear indeed is considerably less* than is paid for the transport of wool from Saxony ; and all the other expenses, with the exception of insur- ance, as brokerage, store room, &c. are precisely the same. Upon these grounds, therefore, I am contented to rest the support of my assertion, that the world does not at present contain so advantageous, and I might also add, so ex- tensive an opening for the investment of capital, as the one in question. * It has been stated in evidence before the Committee of the House of Commons, by a gentleman well conversant with the subject, " that the freight and carriage of Spanish wool from Seville is estimated at about 3s. lOd. for every twenty-five pound.*, which amounts to about 2d. per Ib : Saxon wool, includ- ing the land and water carriage to Hamburgh, and freight from Hamburgh to this country, is estimated at the least from 5d. to 6d. per Ib. and in addition to that. a duty of 3 per cent, has been recently charged upon it for permission to pass through the Prus- sian States." Since the first edition of this work was published a duty also of 6d. per Ib. has been imposed by the legislature on all foreign wools, from which wools imported from this and our other colonies are exempt until the 5th of January, 1823. This exemption will operate as a bounty on the growth of wool in this colony, and will be particularly favourable to such of the sheep-holders, as have not yet made much improvement in the fleeces of their flocks. Had this duty been imposed en wool from New South Wales, it would have prevented the exporta- tion of the coarser wools altogether, and would have consequently been a death-blow to this, the staple export of the colony. COLONY OFFERS FOR EMIGRATION. 459 With reference to the commercial prospects presented by this colony, they are certainly much more limited, but still of very consider- able scope. The extraordinary fluctuations, which are incessantly taking place in the prices of all sorts of merchandize, are evidently ca- pable of being turned to great account by a cool and skilful calculator. Any person of this character, possessed of sufficient capital to enable him to buy goods, when the market should happen to be in a state of depression, and to keep them in his store till the glut should pass by, could not fail to realize a rapid fortune. The only event, that could prevent his success, would be an imprudent avidity. If he should be once tempted to go out of his depth, so that he would be compelled to sell, whether at gain or loss, in order to make good his payments, he would most probably sink never more to rise. But, if he would never speculate beyond the compass of his actual means, he might easily clear fifty per cent, per annum on the amount of his trading capital. Were I asked to particularize any avenue of industry not strictly included in any of the foregoing general classes, in which persons inclined to emigrate to this colony might embark with a fair chance of success, I should say that any one, who had the means of taking 460 ON THE ADVANTAGES WHICH THE out a steam-engine of six or eight-horse-power, with the requisite machinery for sawing boards, would make it answer his purposes very well ; that a timber merchant also, possessing a capi- tal of three or four thousand pounds, might employ his funds very advantageously by esta- blishing a timber yard ; and that a skilful brewer, who could command five thousand pounds and upwards, would succeed either at Sydney, or Hobart Town. It would be neces- sary, however, that he should understand the process of making malt, since there are no regular maltsters yet in the colony, and that he should also grow his own hops.* Until he had, therefore, established a hop plantation sufficient for his concern, it would be requisite that he should make arrangements to be sup- plied with hops from this country. There are already several breweries in New South Wales, but the beer, which is made in them, is so bad that many thousand pounds worth of porter and ale imported from this country are annually consumed in these settlements. This is, in some * The hop thrives very well at Port Jackson : there are several flourishing plantations owned by the brewers. This plant has not, I believe, yet been introduced into the southern settlements; but, as they bear a much greater affinity to this country in point of climate than Port Jackson, no doubt can be entertained that it mipht be cultivated there with at loast an '<-|iial probability nf success. COLONY OFFERS FOR EMIGRATION. 461 measure, occasioned by the inferiority of the barley grown at Port Jackson; but more, I am inclined to believe, by the want of skill in the brewers. If the indifferent quality of the beer, however, be attributable to the badness of the barley, this impediment to success would be removed, by emigrating to Van Die- men's Land ; for the barley raised in both the settlements in this island is equal to the best produced in this country. I should also say, that the skilful dairyman, who could take out with him a capital of from one to two thousand pounds, would do well in any of these settle- ments, but more particularly in New South Wales. Butter, as it has already been remarked, is still as high as 2s. 6d. per pound, notwith- standing the immense increase, which has taken place in the black cattle. The extreme dearness of this article arises principally from the na- tural grasses not being sufficiently nutritive to keep milch cattle in good heart, and from the colonists not having yet got into the proper method of providing artificial food. Any one, therefore, who would introduce the dairy system practised in this country, could hardly fail to find his account in it. These various advantages, which this colony and its dependencies offer for emigration, have many points of superiority over any, to which 462 ON THE ADVANTAGES WHICH THE the United States of America can lay claim ; if we even admit the truth of all that the most enthusiastic admirers of that country have writ- ten, respecting its flourishing condition. Mr. Birbeck*, whose "Letters" if not " Notes," con- tain strong marks of an exaggerated anticipa- tion of their resources and capabilities, has not, though evidently under the influence of feelings quite incompatible with a correct and disinterested judgment, ventured to rate his imaginary maximum of the profits to be de- rived from farming in the Illinois, (which appears to be the principal magnet of attraction possessed by the United States,) so high as I have proved by actual calculations, to which I defy any one to attach the character of hyperbo- lical, that the investment of capital in the growth of fine wool in this colony will in- fallibly produce. This too, although certainly the most inviting and extensive channel of en- terprize, which it contains, is not its only ground of preference : it has many induce- ments besides for emigration, of which the United States are wholly destitute. Among these the following are perhaps the most consi- derable. * See Mr. Cobbett's Letter to Mr. Birbeck, on his "Letters *' from the Illinois." COLONY OFFERS FOR EMIGRATION. 463 First, Any person of respectability, upon emigrating to this colony, is given as much land as would cost him four hundred pounds in the United States. Secondly, He is allowed as many servants as he may require : and the wages, which he is bound to pay them, are not one-third the amount of the price of labour in America. tit iiiii!) : : fft^ffo ? Thirdly, He, his family, and servants, are victualled at the expense of the Government for six months. *} fJtt'-O'i ' ^ These are three considerations of great im- portance to the emigrant, and quite peculiar to this colony : added to which, the value of the produce of this gratuitous land and labour is three times as great as in the Illinois, as will be seen by a comparison of the prices of pro- duce there, as given by Messrs. Birbeck and Fearon, and the prices of similar produce, as stated in the first part of this work. It is true, that there is not the same unlimited market as in America ; but it must be evident, that, if the price of labour were even equal, the colonist, who could dispose of one -third of his crops, would be in a better condition, than if he were established in the Illinois, and could find vent for the whole. The market, however, has 464 ON THE ADVANTAGES WHICH THE never been circumscribed to this degree even in periods of the greatest abundance ; and the immense arrivals of convicts, that have been daily taking place for the last three years, have increased the consumptive powers of the colony so considerably, that there has at most been but a very trifling surplus in the barns of the far- mers at the close of the year. On the other hand, all articles of foreign growth and manu- facture are in general much cheaper than in the Illinois, and the other remote parts of the American Union, provided the purchaser has ready money, and is not under the necessity of having recourse to secondary agents for goods on long credit. Here, then, are many powerful reasons, why persons bent on emigration should prefer this colony to America. The only point is., whether the latter can throw any weightier arguments into the opposite scale. What may be urged on the other side of the question, may, I ap- prehend, be comprised under* these two heads : first, the greater contiguity of the United States to this country, and the consequent ease and cheapness with which emigration thither may be effected; and, secondly, the superi- ority of their Government. The first of these points merits very little THE EXPENSES OP THIS COLONT. 465 consideration, except in the instance of those wlio have not the means of choosing between the two countries.* If a person only possess the power of removing to that, which is the more * The following extracts from the letters of a Dumfries- shire farmer, who went out to New South Wales, with a capi- tal of 2,000, about four years since, to a friend of his in this country, who was many years an inhabitant of Sydney, but left it shortly after this gentleman's arrival there, give so flat- tering an account of his situation, and of the advantages, which this colony offers to the industrious emigrant, that I cannot avoid giving them insertion. They speak more forcibly in favour of it, indeed, than whole volumes of general asser- tion. "- New South Wales, 1st Sept. 1818. " Every thing with me in this country goes on well, and Mrs. and myself are more than content with the place, and our situation in it. My flocks do now, I think, rival the best in the colony in shape and fineness of wool. I hope to be able to send you of very good at least a ton and a half. We have the prospect of a great deal of grass this season. My lambs have done remarkably well on rape, July and August,' 1 (the two severest of the winter months) " and cows for three months on turnips, which enabled us to make plenty of butter when it was scarce. Our cheese turns out remarkably fine, not inferior to Cheshire. We shall probably make near a ton annually, and I think it will meet with a market in India by and by. I shall feed next year sixty hogs. Our hams are ex- cellent. I have put in this year, with one pair of horses, fifty acres of wheat. It looks capital, and is estimated at twenty- five bushels per acre. It is all folded, and put into the ground in a different manner to what my neighbours do, and at half the expense. They are astonished at the appearance of il. I H H 466 ON THE MEANS OF REDUCING contiguous, eligibility is out of the question : he is no longer a free agent. But the difference in the cost of emigrating is far from being so considerable as might be imagined on a mere view of their comparative distances from this country. I find that a gentleman of have likewise had twenty acres of maize, and shall have more this season. I mean to sow forty acres of rape and turnips for the sheep, to feed off old ewes, &c. &c. I find and know the benefit of this. I have got a ten-acre field of fine English grasses on my own land. Our flocks are now increased to upwards of 2100, including 630 lambs of this season. I have been very fortunate, you see, and have lost scarcely any, and they have no scab or other disease, but are all in good condi- tion. They only want attention, to do well in this fine cli- mate. I mean to sell or feed 300 draft ewes, as I think it will be best not to have more than two breeding flocks, and, besides, I cannot afford to let them increase, but hope soon to get into the plan of selling off each year 300 three-year old wethers, and 300 draft ewes. My cattle are doing well. We shall make about 400 a year by our dairy. I count now 100 head of my own cattle. I think my situation will soon be very inde- pendent. I shall be very sparing, cautious, and industrious, until I get this brought about. My boys are now becoming very useful, and I thank God my own health is very fair. We are in great comfort here, I can assure you, and can furnish our table well each day from our own produce. We have plenty of butter, cheese, milk, mutton, bacon, pork, poultry, &c. &c. and with fruit and vegetables of all descriptions we abound. With such fare, in this fine climate, our children, I assure you, grow like mushrooms, and are content and happy, all inheriting their father's dislike of Sydney, and love of the country." THE EXPENSES OF THIS COLONY 476. great experience and respectability in the com- mercial world, has presented a calculation to the Committee of the House of Commons, who are now occupied with an inquiry into the state of this colony, from which it appears that a family, consisting of a man, his wife and two children, with five tons for their accommo- dation and for the reception of their baggage, i. o o o y might emigrate to the colony for one hundred pounds, inclusive of every contingent expense, provided a sufficient number of families could be collected to freight a ship.* The same gen- tleman calculates that a single man might be taken out thither for thirty pounds. The dif- From the same to the same, dated 20th July, 1819. " I have just finished sending off to Sydney, for shipment, sixteen bales of fine wool, the produce of our last shearing. I am happy to say, the sheep continue doing as well as I could possibly wish, and the wool advancing equally in fineness. I can now commence selling after this year's shearing to advan- tage, having 300 three-year old wethers, 300 two-year old, and 300 wether lambs ; so. that I shall have 300 fat wethers regularly for the market. We are now busy making cheese and butter, which readily sell, cheese at 2s. wholesale, and butter, from 2s. to 2s. 6d. per Ib. I have now upwards of 100 head of fine cattle. I have this year put in 120 acres of wheat, and have my fine land at , all cleared to the extent of 120 acres. Indeed, all things continue with me to go on well." * The following is his estimate of the expense of fifty families- H H'2 468 O.V THE MEANS OF REDUCING ference, therefore, in the mere cost of emigra- ting to the two places is so trifling, that the superior locality of the one cannot be admitted as any sort of set off against the superior advan- tages of the other. With respect, however, to the last plea, that has been adduced in favour of emigration to the United States, the supe- riority which they possess in a free govern- ment, it must be admitted, that this is a deci- sive ground of preference, and a blessing to which the greatest pecuniary advantages can- not be considered a sufficient counterpoise. And if it be imagined that the present arbitrary system of government is not drawing to a con- clusion ; if it be apprehended that it has not yet reached its climax of oppression and iniquity, proceeding to this colony, in a vessel of 400 tons, chartered solely for the purpose : Freight of vessel at 6 1 Os. per ton 2600 Extra expense of preparing births, &c. &c. 200 Victualling 50 families, consisting on an average of husband, wife, and two children, at 44 2200 5000 This, supposing a protracted royage of 6 months, and five tons being allowed for the reception and baggage of each family, exclusive of provi- sions, water and fuel, is at the rate of 100 per family of four persons. Tilt EXPENSES 0V THIS COLONY. 469 and that it will be enforced, until all who are within the sphere of its influence are reduced to a state of moral degradation and infamy, and the colony becomes one vast stye of de- pravity and abomination ; the emigrant will do well to discard from his mind every mercenary consideration, and to turn away with disgust from all prospects of gain ; so long as they are only to be realized by entering into so conta- gious and demoralizing an association. But if he believe that the hour is at hand, when the present system is to be abolished; when oppres- sion is to be hurled from the car in which it has driven triumphantly over prostrate justice, virtue, and religion ; and when the dominion of right and morality is to be asserted and es- tablished ; then I have no hesitation in recom- mending him to give a preference to this co- lony. In the agonies of approaching dissolu- tion, the efforts of tyranny will be feeble and impotent. Moral corruption, though the in- evitable result of a voluntary submission to its will, is not the consequence of an impa- tient and indignant sufferance of its rule for a season ; and the chance of personal injury would be still more precarious and uncertain. Under the most arbitrary governments the ven- geance of the despot has seldom been known to extend beyond the circle of his court ; his victims have been among the ambitious candi- 470 ON THE MEANS OF REDUCING, &C. dates for power and distinction ; the retired pursuits of unobtrusive industry are a sanctuary, which has remained inviolate in all ages. " The lifted axe, the agonizing wheel, Luke's iron crown, and Damien's bed of steel, To men remote from pow'r but rarely known, Leave reason, faith, and conscience all our own/' WORD OF ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. THE numerous letters that have been addressed to me, since the publication of the first edition of this work, by persons desirous of emigrating to New South Wales, or Van Diemen ? s Land, have determined me, in this second edition, to offer to future emigrants in general a little ad- vice, which, I trust, will render any similar applications to me in future unnecessary. In making this public intimation, however, I do not wish it to be imagined that I have any in- tention to discourage any interrogatories, which persons disposed to emigrate to these colonies may be desirous of submitting to me. My chief motives for pursuing this course are, because the information, which I am now about to commu- nicate, greatly exceeds the ordinary limits of a letter ; and because, independently of this con- sideration, which is of itself a powerful obsta- 472 A WORD OF ADVICE cle and objection to an extensive literary cor- respondence, my professional avocations have not, in many instances, allowed me to answer the various questions that have been put to me, even in the brief manner in which I have an- swered them, so expeditiously as I myself could have wished, and as the occasions of my corre- spondents might perhaps have required. It has, therefore, occurred to me, that it would not only prove more satisfactory to future emi- grants, but that it would save both them and myself a great deal of unnecessary trouble, if I were to append to this work such information, as it may be in my power to afford, and as I conceive will facilitate their views in emigrat- ing to these colonies ; and as the letters I have received were obviously sent me for the pur- pose of eliciting information, which the former edition did not contain, and which it is not unreasonable to conclude will prove equally acceptable to those who may hereafter embark in a similar destination, I consider that I can- not do better than confine the observations and advice, I have to offer, to those points, to which the past inquiries that have been addressed to me have been principally directed ; and these may be resolved into the following heads : 1st. The manner of obtaining from the Go- vernment grants of land in these colonies. 2dly. The various articles which emigrant* TO EMIGRANTS. 473 should take out with them. 3dly. The man- ner of procuring a passage, and the nature of the provisions, comforts, &c. necessary for the voyage. 4thly. The best method of transfer- ring capital to these colonies. 5thly. The most eligible situations for the selection of grants of land. Gthly. The expense of bringing this land into a state of cultivation. And, Lastly. The line of conduct which emigrants should adopt on their arrival. The first step, which persons intending to emigrate to either of these colonies should take, is to make a written application to Earl Ba- thurst, Secretary of State for the Colonies, for a grant of land ; and it is advisable that the applicant should state the amount of his capi- tal, since it is understood that all grants of land are to be in future proportioned to the emi- grant's means of cultivating them. In answer to this application he will receive a circular from the Under Secretary of State, informing him, generally, that his request is acceded to ; but the quantity of land to be assigned him on his arrival in the colony will not be specified, because it has been for many years customary to leave the determination of this point wholly to the Governor. The grant, however, which is usually given to the ordinary class of emi- grants is from 600 to 800 acres, and the circu- lar, which the applicant will receive from the 474 A WORD OF ADVICE Colonial Office, in answer to his letter, is the only proof necessary to be produced in the colony of his having received the sanction of his Majesty's government to settle there. At present, however, no encouragement is held out by government to persons desirous of emigrating to these colonies, unless they pos- sess a capital of at least ,500. This is a regu- lation of some standing ; but it would be diffi- cult to discover the motives in which it origi- nated ; for it must be evident that it propels great numbers of people, whose means are thus circumscribed, to betake themselves to the United States of America ; and that it was adopted with this view can hardly be imputed to the Government. But, whatever may have been their object in imposing so impolitic a restraint, it may not be amiss here to state that they have no power to prevent emi- gration to these colonies, however they may attempt to restrain it; for by the 53 Geo. III. cap. 155, sec. 39, it is expressly enacted, " that it shall be lawful for any subject of his Majesty, to proceed to, and reside at, any place situate more to the southward than 11 of south latitude, or more to the westward than 64 ; or more to the eastward than 150 of east longi- tude from London, for any lawful purposes, without any license whatever" And even should the customary encouragements be withheld from TO EMIGRANTS. 476 1 the emigrant on his arrival in these colonies, in consequence of his not having obtained the Secretary of State's permission to settle there, it will be an easy matter for him to purchase good forest land at the distance of 20 or 30 miles from Sydney, for 20s. per acre, which is as cheap, indeed cheaper than he could obtain land at the same distance from any town of equal extent in America. 2dly. I would not recommend the emigrant, even if it should be his design to devote his attention exclusively to agriculture, to encumber himself with a large stock of agricultural im- plements, as he will obtain them as good, and almost as cheap, of the manufacture of the colony. They are, besides, better adapted to encounter the roots and stones, and other ob- stacles to cultivation, with which land in a state of nature generally abounds, than those which are manufactured in this country ; and, as they are for the most part of a very bulky nature, the freight of them is an object of considera- tion. He would find a small threshing machine useful, if he understood the management of it. He would also do well to take with him a few dozen sickles, some scythes, harness for his gig, if he intends to keep one, (he will obtain har- ness better and cheaper for his teams and carts, in the colony) a couple of saddles for his own 476 A WORD OF ADVICE use,* nails of various sizes for his buildings and fences, locks, bolts, and latches for his doors and gates, sieves for sifting his flour,~cooking u tensils? knives, forks, spoons, plates, dishes, &c. table- cloths, sheeting, towels, and other household linen for his family, mattresses, churns, dishes, pans, &c. for his dairy, and a chest of job- bing carpenters' tools. As for chairs, tables, and other articles of household furniture, he will be able to purchase them very good of the colo- nial manufacture, and cheaper, including the cost of freight, insurance, &c. than he could take them out with him. And as for clothing, I would not recommend him, unless he possess considerable property, to lay in more than would suffice for two years' wear at the fur- thest ; since all that he expends in this way will be so much dead capital, and, of course, will se- riously detract from his chance of forming a suc- cessful establishment for himself and his family. The power too of capital is so prodigious there, that the benefit he will derive from the em- ployment of it in his agricultural pursuits, will more than counterbalance the increased price, which all commodities of British manufacture naturally sell for in the colonial market. 3dly. Emigrants at present are obliged to find their own passage to the colony. Formerly the " See a list of the proper assortment oi nails, in the Appendix. TO EMIGRANTS. 477 government used to allow them not only a pas- sage free of expense in the transport vessels, but also rations for themselves and their families. This custom, however, has been of late years discontinued; and free traders are now the only vessels in which emigrants can procure a pas- sage. The price usually demanded by the cap- tains of these vessels is one hundred guineas for full grown persons; and, where the emigrant has no family, he had better perhaps give this sum, than be troubled with catering for himself, un- less indeed he can manage to form a mess with others similarly circumstanced, which unques- tionably would be the most economical plan, that could be pursued. To those, however, who have families, there can be no doubt that a con- siderable saving might be effected by laying in their own sea-stock ; perhaps a saving of at least one half of the passage-money. But I would not advise such, as may incline to this alternative, to trouble themselves with live stock of any description. There is necessarily a great deal of care required in attending to them, and in the end they always prove the most expen- sive provision that can be made. In spite, too, of all the attention that can be lavished on them, they become in a short time so mise- rably lean and sickly, that it requires all the keenness of a sea-appetite to prevent the sight of them from inspiring nausea. The best provi- sion in the meat way, that can be laid in for a 478 A WORD OF ADVICE long voyage of this description is the pre- served meat of all kinds, which is sold ready dressed by the patentees, Donkin, Hall, and Gamble, No. 30, Clements Lane, Lombard Street. The price of the common sorts of meat, viz. beef, mutton, veal, and pork, is only 2s. 6d. per pound, which, considering that the bone is taken from the joints before they are cooked, is, it must be allowed, a very moderate charge. There can, indeed, be no doubt that live stock, whether poultry, sheep, or pigs, would cost considerably more per pound by the end of the voyage. This meat is dressed in tin cases of various sizes, and its preservation from putrefaction is effected by sealing the cases her- metrically, after having previously exhausted the air from them. There is not any danger of their contents, whether fish, flesh, or fowl, be- coming damaged, whatever length of time they may be kept, and however great the variety of climate they may pass through. I have fre- quently partaken of these preserved meats at Sydney, and invariably found them as fresh and as good, as if they had only been dressed the preceding day. Recommending them, therefore, as a substitute for live stock, I have only to add, that I consider the emigrant should complete his sea-stores with a sufficient quantity of the following articles, calculating, for fear of accidents, on a voyage of six months, viz. biscuit, flour, plums, suet, split peas for soup, TO EMIGRANTS. 479 salt pork and beef, hams, cheese, butter, por- ter, ale, wine, spirits, lemon-juice, preserved fruits, potatoes, stock-fish, and cods' sounds. 4thly. The most advantageous manner at present of transferring capital to these colonies is by converting it into dollars. The emigrant may safely calculate upon being able to dispose of his dollars at the rate of 6s. each, which, after the payment of 2f per cent, for insurance, will leave him, in the present state of the bul- lion market, a clear profit of about 10 per cent, on the amount of his capital. It is pos- sible, indeed, that he might lay out his money here to much greater advantage in the purchase of merchandize, if he only knew with certainty the state of the colonial market, and could ascertain with what goods it abounded, and in what it was deficient. But to arrive at this knowledge will evidently be out of the power of by far the greater number of emigrants; and without it I would not recommend any person to lay out his capital in the purchase of an investment. And I make this recommen- dation with the more confidence, from a con- sideration of the delays, impositions, and losses, to which the emigrant would be subject, from his ignorance of the character and circum- stances of the persons, with whom he would have to deal in the disposal of his merchandize. 480 A WORD OF ADVICE There is a sort of general necessity in all countries to allow the purchasers of goods a limited credit with them. Jn this colony, where, as it has been already stated, the imports inva- riably exceed in value the amount of the in- come and exports, and where the circulating medium is in consequence so inadequate to the purposes of domestic economy, that the rude system of barter, the most obvious and natural substitute for a currency, has crept into general adoption ; the necessity for giving credit in mercantile transactions must evidently, to a certain extent, be peremptory and irresistible. Now throwing entirely out of consideration the liability to loss from bad debts, a liability which certainly cannot but be considerable in a community so constituted, and to which it is clear, that a stranger in his commercial deal- ings would be peculiarly exposed, the mere delay, which the sale of an investment would occasion in his agricultural pursuits, and the additional expense, which would be incurred by his necessarily residing in the mean time in Sydney, or (if he should emigrate to the Der- went) in Hobart Town, would, in my opinion, more than countervail, and absorb any profits to be derived from his goods, however well they might be suited to the market, and how- ever high the prices that he might obtain for them. Unless the emigrant, therefore, intend TO EMIGRANTS. 481 to devote his attention to commercial pursuits, I would, by all means, recommend him to avoid dabbling in merchandize. To those, how- ever, who may emigrate to these colonies with this intention, I can offer but little advice, with respect to the goods, which it would be most eligible for them to purchase, and take out with them. Those goods, which are in most constant and general demand, are woollen cloths, slops, kerseymeres, flannel, linen, cambric, long cloth, printed cottons, chintzes, millinery, stationery, threads, tapes, pins, needles, and other sorts of haberdashery ; silk, cotton, and worsted hose ; gloves, ladies shoes, calimancoes, cutlery, iron- mongery, rod-iron and steel, glass, crockery ware, porter, ale, cheese, spirits, wine, &c. &c. : but, of course, the market may happen to be overstocked with many of the above articles, and the speculator, therefore, may not meet with an immediate sale for them on his arrival. If he can, however, only aiford to lay out of his money, he will be sure to dispose of them eventually at a profit. 5thly. Where it will be advisable for the emi- grant to select his land will depend materially on his intended occupations. If he mean to de- vote his attention exclusively to agriculture, the district of Illawarra, or the Five Islands, and the banks of Shoal Haven River, the latter i i 482 ' A *OKD OF ADVICE of which are as yet entirely unappropriated,-^ are the situations, where I would recommend him to settle. If, on the other hand, it be his intention to attend principally to the rearing of stock, whether black cattle, sheep, or horses, I would advise him to select his land in some part of the country westward of the Blue Mountains. By so doing he would insure for many years to come an unlimited range of lux- uriant pasturage for his flocks and herds ; and since a track has lately been discovered to this immense western wilderness, through a conti- nuous range of beautiful country only gently undulated with hills, the expense of convey- ing the transmontane produce to Sydney will be considerably lessened, as soon as the new road, which by the last advices from the colony was to be immediately commenced, shall be completed. This road is to pass through the cow-pastures, and to lead round the southern extremity of the range of mountains, called " The Blue Mountains," which, till this valu- able discovery, it was believed ran at the dis- tance of fifty or sixty miles from the coast with- out interruption, in a southern direction, as far as Bass's Straits. Yet it cannot be denied,that,~ however good this road may be, and however inconsiderable the irregularities of surface over which it may pass, the cost of land-carriage from the western country will always be considerably TO EMIGRANTS. greater than of water-carriage from those dis- tricts, which are contiguous to the sea, or are intersected by navigable rivers, as the Five Islands, Shoal Haven River, the Coal River, the River Hastings, and other unappropriated tracts, in which the emigrant will have the option of selecting his grant. And it is accord- ingly, as I have before said, in some one or other of these situations that the mere agri- culturist should settle. But with the stock- holder the case is different. His produce is not, like agricultural produce in general, of a bulky nature, and of but trifling value, and, conse- quently, not able to support the cost of a long and expensive land-carriage. Wool, butter and cheese, which would be his principal returns, are all articles capable of being compressed into a small space, and sufficiently valuable to pay for the additional cost of an inland trans- port from situations much more remote from the metropolis, than that which I have recom- mended for the selection of this class of emi- grants. And as for the fat cattle and sheep which the stock-holder would annually have for sale, the expense of sending them to market would be confined to the mere wages and support of the drivers, and to a trifling toll for the use of the yards and paddocks, that might be constructed at the different rest- ing-places for the reception of cattle by night, i i 2 484 A WORD OF ADVICE As for pasturage, the country on each side of the road will furnish it ad libitum; and even when the contiguous lands, along the whole line of it, shall be appropriated a cir- cumstance which cannot take place, at all events, for the next twenty years the only addition to the above expense will be the hay and fodder, that the cattle may consume on their way to market. The certainty, indeed, of there being henceforth a plentiful supply of these necessary articles is one of the chief ad- vantages, of which this discovery of a new tract to the great western wilderness wilL be productive to the future stockholder. The old road, itjhas been seen, passed over a range of mountains nearly sixty miles in breadth, and of so bleak and barren a nature, that its only vegetable production is a miserable dwarf un- derwood, interspersed every here and there with a few wretched diminutive gum trees. Scarcely a blade of grass is to be een in the whole of this distance, and it would defy all the skill and industry of man to render it capable of producing any. Cattle and sheep, consequently, on their way to, and from the western coun- try, were unavoidably compelled to traverse these mountains without any sort of- food except the leaves of shrubs and a few occasional tufts of rushes. Many of them, therefore, perished on the route from weakness, and all suffered o considerable a loss of flesh, as to be TO EMIGRANTS. 485 greatly deteriorated in value, on their arrival at the market. A situation so repulsive and un- grateful could never have repaid the labours of the husbandman, and, of course, could never have become the seat of any thing like a crowded population. The ultramontanians, therefore, could have no hope of living to see the day, when these heavy and discouraging drawbacks on their industry would be remov- ed ; and it is probable, that the privations and sufferings which they would have had to en- counter in this desolate and fatiguing traverse, would have, in a great measure, suspended the intercourse between the eastern and western country, and, in the course of another genera- tion or two, have rendered their posterity as un- civilized and barbarous a race as the Dutch boors, who inhabit the interior parts of Southern Africa. But, thanks to Mr. Throsby's enter- prizing spirit and perseverance, this gradual retrogradation and debasement of the ultramon- tanians is now no longer to be apprehended ; and a regular, uninterrupted chain of com- munication will gradually extend from the eastern extremities of this vast country to the western, and link together in a communion of interest, knowledge, industry, and civilization, the future myriads of Australasia. 6thly. The expense of converting land from a state of nature into cultivation depends ma- 486 A WORD or AUVICB terially on whether it be covered with forest, or brush. From the schedule of prices, which are given in the first division of this work, under the head of " price of labour," it will be perceived, that the cost of clearing land of the former description is '2 18s. per acre, and of the latter, 3 19s. 6d. These sums, however, include two several items of 1 10s. and 1 17s. 6d. per acre, for rooting out and burning the stumps, which remain in the land, after the trees are felled: but, these are mere optional expenses, and, indeed, are never in- curred, but by those, who study ornament. An immense number of stumps, elevated two or three feet above the surface of the field, are certainly objects very repulsive to the eye of a new-comer ; but habit soon removes the dis- gust, which they at first inspire ; and very few, not one person, it may be safely asserted, in a hundred, submit to the cost of ridding their cultivated lands of them. They are seldom or never so close together, as to prevent the use of the plough ; and, as the drill system of husbandry has not yet been introduced into the colony, they are found to impede but little the operations of agriculture. Subtracting, then, these two items from the preceding cal- culations, the expense of clearing forest and brush land will be severally reduced to I 8s. and 2 2s. per acre ; and, supposing the emigrant to hare teams of his own, the plough- fO EMIGRANTS. 487 ing of his ground will not stand him in more than 10s. per acre. Forest land, however, is the only sort that can be ploughed for a first crop ; the numerous small roots that are in brush land render the use of the hoe, during the first year of its cultivation, indispensable. The expense attending this mode of culture, it will be seen, is ,1 per acre; so that to prepare new lands for the reception of the seed will cost the proprietor of forest land 1 18s. per acre, and of brush land 3 2s. The best seed wheat may be had for 10s. per bushel, and a bushel and a half is the quantity usually sown : so that, allowing 5s. per acre for harrowing in the seed on the former sort of land, and 6s. per acre for chipping it in with the hoe in the latter, the first crop may be got into the ground for 2 18s. in the one in- stance, and for 4 3s. in the other. Now, supposing the produce of both the above descriptions of land to be only twenty bushels per acre, the crop, at the rate of 8s. per bushel, which is, perhaps, somewhat below the price it averages in the market throughout the year, will be worth 8 per acre. And adding to the above expense of getting in the crop 10s. per acre for reaping it, 6d. per bushel for carrying it to market, and 8d. per bushel for threshing and cleaning it, there will result to the emigrant, from the first year's cultiva- A WORD OF ADVICE tion of his farm, a clear profit of ,3 8s. 8d. and 2 3s. 8d. per acre, accordingly as his land may be covered with forest or brush. The second year his profits will, of course, be augmented by the entire cost incurred in the clearing of his ground, and by the superior produce of his crop ; for it is not new till lands have been sweet- ened and mellowed by a year's exposure, at the least, to the sun and atmosphere, that they at- tain any thing like their maximum' of fertility. The expense attending the erection of the buildings necessary for the reception of himself and his family, and for the purposes of his agricultural avocations, will, of course, be re- gulated entirely by the magnitude of the scale, on which they may be attempted. If he be not cramped in his means, it would undoubtedly be the most economical plan, in the long run, to construct at once all his buildings of sub- stantial materials, and on a plan sufficiently extensive for the various objects he may have in view. To complete any thing like a spa- cious house of brick or stone, with a barn, stabling, and the other necessary out-offices in a farm-yard, would require not less than ,1000 ; but the rude erections, with which new begin- ners commonly content themselves, and which are composed either of solid logs of split wood, placed in a perpendicular position as closely together as possible, and having their inter- TO EMIGRANTS. 489 slices filled up with mud ; or else of posts, at the distance of two or three feet asunder, the intervals between which are closed with laths and plaister, and the roof covered with thatch or shingles may be constructed for one-tenth of the above sum ; and, if the emigrant's capital be small, it would be unquestionably advisable for him to sink as little of it as possible in building. Let him apply it to the cultivation of his farm, and in the purchase of stock, and the returns from them will soon enable him to erect a more solid and commodious habitation. Lastly. It is the interest, and ought to be the first object of all such as emigrate to these colonies, for the purpose of devoting them- selves to the pursuits of husbandry, to select their land, and to settle themselves on it, with all possible celerity. A residence in any of the towns, but more particularly in Sydney, ought by all means to be avoided, not only on account of the heavy expense of house-rent, firing, provisions, and, indeed, of all the com- mon necessaries of life ; but because every hour unnecessarily spent there will retard the for- mation of that establishment for himself and his family, which will have been the main, and ultimate object of his emigration. If he, indeed, be surrounded with a family accus- tomed to enjoy the comforts and elegancies of society, it is not to be expected that he should 490 A WOHD 01' ADVIttK expose them to the hardships of a first settle- ment in a boundless, and almost uninhabited forest. In this case, he must necessarily pro- vide them with a comfortable habitation, until he has prepared one for their reception on his own land. But at all events let him remove with them to the town or township most contiguous to his farm ; or, what would be a still better plan, let him rent a farm-house as near it as he can obtain one. Colonization in every part of the world, however mild and salubrious the cli- mate, and however rich and productive the soil, is attended with difficulties, and necessarily entails privations, of which the inhabitants of old countries can form but little anticipation, and for the endurement of which their past habits will always have more or less disqualified them. Let the emigrant, therefore, give mature consideration to this truth, before he leave the land of his nativity. When once arrived in this colony, he will have no safe alternative but to grapple manfully with the difficulties, which he will have to encounter. On the other hand, let him not forget that there is a flexibility in human nature, which will soon enable him to bend to emergencies, and to accommodate himself to circumstances, however repugnant they may appear to him on their first ap- proach. This principle, too, is most easily called into action, when the habits to be ac- quired have a recurrence towards the original TO EMIGRANTS. 491 state of nature, and are not the consequence of a superior degree of civilization and refine- ment. It is an easier task to throw off a thou- sand old restraints, than to submit to a single new one. Every change, that relieves us from any of the thraldoms of civilized society, is readily endured, soon becomes indifferent, and ultimately agreeable. And although the emi- grant, in the rude cabin that will probably be his first shelter, may occasionally regret the absence of the numerous luxuries and enjoy- ments, which he has abandoned, and can no longer command, yet, if he recollect that by his personal exertions he may soon raise a home as comfortable as the one he has left behind him ; a home where he may enjoy the entire fruits of his labours, and where he will have neither rent, nor taxes, nor tithes, nor poor- rates to shackle his industry and neutralize his efforts to arrive at affluence and indepen- dence, I say, if he reflect duly on these circum- stances, he will find that he has ample cause to rejoice in his change of situation: and the tem- porary hardships and privations attending his first establishment will soon merge in the gra- tifying contemplation of the subsequent ease and happiness, which he may safely calculate not only on enjoying himself, but on bequeath- ing as a legacy to his children. APPENDIX. Civil Establishment, and Public Institutions in the Territory of New South Wales and its Dependencies. SEAT OF GOVERNMENT, SYDNEY. CAPTAIN General, Governor in Chief, Vice Admiral and Commander of the Forces, His Excellency Lach- lan Macquarie, Esq. Major General in the Army, and Lieutenant Colonel of the 73d Regiment. Lieutenant Governor, James Erskine, Esq. Lieute- nant Colonel of the 48th Regiment. Aid-de-Camp to his Excellency the Governor, John Watts, Lieutenant in the 46th Regiment. Major of Brigade, Henry Colden Antill, Captain in the 73d Regiment. High Court of Appeals. Judge, His Excellency the Governor in Chief. Secretary, John Thomas Campbell, Esq. 494 APPENDIX. Clerk, Michael Robertson, Gent. Door-keeper, Serjeant Charles Whalan, of the 46th Regiment. Court of Vice Admiralty. Judge, John Wylde, Esq. L. L. B. Registrar, John Thomas Campbell, Esq. Clerk to the Registrar, Mr. Michael Robinson. Marshal, William Gore, Esq. Cryer, Mr. Edward Quin. The Governor's Court. The Honorable th Judge Advocate and Premier Judge of this Territory, John Wylde, Esq. L.I,. P.. Members, Two Inhabitants of the Territory, spe- cially appointed by Precept from His Excellency the Governor and Commander of the Forces. Clerk, and Registrar of the Court, Joshua J. Moore, Gent. Cryer, Mr. Edward Quin. #.* And it is to be noted, that this Court has cogni- zance of all pleas, where the amount sued for does not exceed 501. sterling (except such pleas as may arise between party and party, in Van Diemen's Land) ; and from its decisions there is no appeal. The Supreme Court. The Honorable the Judge, Barren Field, Esq. Members, Two Magistrates of the Territory, ap- pointed by Precept from His Excellency the Governor. Clerk of the Supreme Court, Mr. John Gurner. Cryer, Mr. Edward Quio. "APPENDIX. 495 Solicitors Mr. Thomas Wylde ; Mr. William Henry Moore ; Mr. Frederick Garling ; Mr. T. S. Amos. Secretary's Office. Secretary, John Thomas Campbell, Esq. Principal Clerk, Michael Robinson, Gent. Second ditto, Mr. Charles Reid. Assistant Clerks, Mr. James Sumpter ; Mr. Tho- mas Ryan. Commissariat Staff. Deputy Commissary General, Fred. Drennan, Esq. ; Assistant Commissary General, John Palmer, Esq. Parramatta ; Acting Assistant Commissary General, VV. Brough- ton, Esq. Hobart Town ; Deputy Assistant Commissary Generals, Win. Cor- deaux, Esq. Thos. Walker, Esq. Acting Ditto, Thomas Archer, Esq. Port Dalrymple. Clerks on the Commissariat Staff, Mr. E. Hobson, Parramatta ; Mr. A. Allan, Sydney ; Mr. R. Fitzge- rald, Windsor ; Mr. George Johnston, Sydney Principal Assistant Clerk, Mr. T. W. Middleton Storekeepers, Mr. W. Scott, Sydney ; Mr. S. Larken, Parramatta ; Mr. John Tucker, Newcastle ; Mr. R. Dry, Port Dalrymple ; Mr. John Gowen, Liverpool ; Mr. John Rayner, Hobart Town Assistant Clerks, Mr. John Flood, Mr. E. J. Yates, Mr. John Rickards, Mr. J. Hankinson, Mr. George Smith, Mr. C. Sommers, Mr. N. Edgworth, Mr. C. Bridges, Mr. W. Todhunter, Mr. Richard Walker, Mr. Todd Watson, at Sydney Mr. J. Obee, at Parramatta; Mr. B. Rix, at Wind- sor ; Mr. W. Kitchener, Port Dal. ; Mr. John Gregory, Hobart Town ; Mr. W. Turner, Hobart Town APPENDIX. Messenger, Thomas Parsons Store Assistant, T. Jennings Cooper, Edward Hewen Provost Marshall's Department* Provost Marshall, William Gore, Esq. Clerk, Mr. James Foster Bailiff and Officer at Sydney, Mr. W. Evans ; Ditto at Windsor, &c. Mr. Richard Ridge Church Establishment. Principal Chaplain of the Territory, the Rev. Sa- muel Marsden, Parramatta ; Assistant Chaplain at Sydney, Rev. Wm. Cowper ; Assistant Chaplain at Windsor, Rev. Robert Cart- wright ; Assistant Chaplain at Castlereagh, the Rev. Henry Fulton ; Assistant Chaplain for Port Dalrymple, but now officiating at Liverpool, Rev. John Youl ; Assistant Chaplain appointed for Liverpool, Rev. Ben. Vale, returned to Europe on leave of absence Parish Clerk of St. Philip's, Sydney, Mr. Thomas Taber ; Ditto of St. John's, Parramatta, Mr. John Eyre ; Ditto of the Chapel at Windsor, Mr. Joseph Harpur MAGISTRATES. The Principal Magistrate of the Territory, aud Chairman of the Bench of Magistrates at Sydney, the Honorable the Judge Advocate. Magistrates of the Territory and its Dependencies. D'Arcy Wentworth, Esq. John Thomas Campbell, Esquire. APPENDIX. 497 Magistrates of the various Settlements of the Territory. At Sydney, W. Broughton, Esq. absent at Hobart Town ; Simeon Lord, Esq. Richard Brooks, Esq. Clerk to the Bench of Magistrates, Joshua John Moore, Gent Assistant Clerk, Mr. Ezekiel Wood At Parramatta, Hannibal M'Arthur, Esq. At Windsor, William Cox, Esq At Wilberforce, Capt. Brabyn, of the Vet. Company ; At Castlereagh, James Mileham, Esq. Rev. Henry Fulton ; At Liverpool, Thomas Moore, Esq. At Bringelly, Robert Lowe, Esq. At Hobart Town, Rev. Robert Knopwood, A. M. A. W. H. Humphrey, Esq. James Gordon, Esq. Major Bell, 48th Regiment, Thomas Archer Esq. At Port Dalrymple, Major Cimitiere, 48th Regi- ment. Medical Staff, Principal Surgeon, James Bowman, Esq. First Assistant ditto, Mr. Jas. Mileham, at Windsor Second ditto ditto, Mr. William Redfern, at Sydney ; Acting ditto ditto, Mr. Wm. Evans, at Newcastle ; Acting ditto ditto, Mr. Major West, at Parramatta ; Acting ditto ditto, Mr. R. W. Owen, at Sydney ; Acting ditto ditto, at the Lunatic Asylum, Castle ; Hill, Mr. Thomas Parmeter ; Assistant at General Hospital, Mr. Henry Cowper. Surveyors of Crown Lands. Surveyor General, John Oxley, Esq. K K 498 APPENDIX. Deputy Surveyor, Mr. James Meehan Ditto at Hobart Town, Mr. G. W. Evans Collector of Quit-Rents, Mr. James Meehan Naval Officer's Department. Naval Officer, John Piper, Esq. Assistant to the Naval Officer, Mr. Alfred Thrupp Wharfingers, Mr. William Hutchinson ; Mr. James Stewart Acting Engineer, and Artillery Officer, and In- spector of Government Works, Major Druitt; 48th Regiment Civil Architect, Mr. F. H. Greenway Barrack Master, Charles M'Intosh, Esq. His Majesty's Dock Yard. Master Boat Builder, Mr. William Cossar Book-keeper, Mr. John Fowler Harbour Master, Mr. Stephen Milton Superinten den ts. Of Government Stock, Mr. Rowland Hassall ; Assistant Superintendent of ditto, Mr. Sam. Hassall ; Of the Lunatic Asylum at Castle Hill, Mr. George Sutter ; Of Government Labourers and Cattle, and of Public Works at Windsor, Mr. Richard Fitzgerald ; Of Public Labourers, &c. at Sydney, Mr. William Hutchinson ; APPENDIX. 499 Of Carpenters at Parramatta, Mr. Richard Rouse ; Of Bricklayers, Mr. Thomas Legg ; Of Government Mills, Mr. Abraham Hutchinson. Principal Overseers of Government Stock, under the Orders of the Superintendent. Mr. Thomas Arkell, and Mr. William Chalker. Trustees and Commissioners of Turnpike Roads and Highways. For the Roads from Sydney to Hawkesbury, D'Arcy Wentworth, Simeon Lord, and James Mileham, Esquires ; For the Roads to and from Liverpool, branching out at any of the above, Thomas Moore, Esq. Inspector of Highways and Bridges, Mr. James Meehan. Female Orphan Institution. Patron, His Excellency the Governor. Patronesses, Mrs. Macquarie ; Mrs. Wylde ; Mrs. Hannibal M'Arthur; Mrs. Field; Mrs. Palmer. COMMITTEE FOR THE ORPHAN FUND. His Honor Lieutenant Governor Erskine ; The Honorable Mr. Judge Advocate Wylde; J. T. Campbell, Esq. Secretary to Government; The Reverend Samuel Marsden, Principal Chaplain; The Reverend Wm. Cowper, Assistant Chaplain ; Hannibal M'Arthur, Esq. Treasurer, Reverend Samuel Marsden ; Master of the School, Mr. Thos. Collicott ; Matron, Mrs. Collicott. K K 2 500 APPENDIX. Institution for the Civilization. Care, and Education of the Aborigines or Black Natives of New South Wales. Patron, the Governor ; Patroness, Mrs. Macquarie. COMMITTEE. 1. His Honor Lieutenant GovernorErskine, President. 2. The Honorable Mr. Judge Advocate Wylde ; 3. .1. T. Campbell, Esq. 4. D. Wentworth, Esq. 5. William Redfern, Esq. 6. H. M'Arthur, Esq. 7. The Rev. Wm. Cowper ; 8. The Rev. Hen. Fulton ; 9. Mr. Rowland Hassall. Secretary and Treasurer of the Institution, John Thomas Campbell, Esq. Schoolmistress, Mrs. Shelly. Masters of the Public Schools throughout the Territory. At Sydney, Mr. Thomas Bowden ; At Liverpool, Mr. Robert Keeves ; At Parramatta, Mr. John Eyre ; At Windsor, Mr. Joseph Harpur; At Richmond, Mr. Matthew Hughes ; At Kissing Point, Mr. James Cooper; At Wilberforce, Mr. M. P. Thompson ; At Newcastle, Mr. H. Rainsforth. Police Establishment at Sydney. Committee of the Police Fund. The Lieutenant Governor; the Judge Advocate. Treasurer, D'Arcy Weutworth, Esq. Superintendent of Police, D'Arcy Wentworth, Esq. Assistant to the Superintendent, Mr. R. L. Murray ; Principal Clerk in the Police Office, Mr. R. L. Murray ; Assistant Clerk, Mr. Ezekiel Wood. SixDistrict Constables, and 50 Constablesin Ordinary; APPENDIX. 501 Chief Constable at Sydney, Mr. John Redman ; Ditto ditto at Parramatta, Mr. Francis Oakes ; Ditto ditto at Windsor, Mr. John Howe. Keeper of the County Gaol at Sydney, Mr. John Jacques. Clerk to ditto, Mr. Isaac Nelson. Coroner, Mr. J. W. Lewin. Ditto for Windsor, and the Districts on the Banks of the Hawkesbury, Mr. Thomas Hobby. Bank of New South Wale*. President, J. T. Campbell, Esq. Directors, D'Arcy Wentworth, Esq. ; John Harris, Esq. ; Thomas Wylde, Esq. ; William Redfern, Esq. ; Edward Riley, Esq. ; Robert Jenkins, Esq. Secretary and Cashier, F. Williams, Esq. Principal Accountant, Mr. Thos. Wills; Solicitor to the Bank, Thos. Wylde, Esq. Printing Office. Government Printer, Mr. George Howe. Post Office. Post Master, Mr. Isaac Nichols. Deputy at Hobart Town, Mr. James Mitchell. Licensed Auctioners and Appraisers. At Sydney, Mr. Simeon Lord ; Mr. David Bevan. At Parramatta, Mr. Richard Rouse ; Mr. Francis Oakes. At Windsor, Mr. John Howe. Clerk of the Market at Sydney, Mr. Miles Field- gate. 602 APPENDIX. Clerk of the Market and Fair at Parramatta, Mr. Francis Oakes. N. B. These Fairs are held half-yearly; viz. the second Thursday in March, and the first Thursday in October. MARINE ESTABLISHMENT. His Majesty's Colonial Cutter Mermaid, employed in surveying the Coast, Lieutenant Philip Parker King, R. N. Commander. His Majesty's Colonial Brig Elizabeth Henrietta, Mr. Thomas Whyte, Master. His Majesty's Colonial Brig Lady Nelson, at present undergoing repair, Mr. David Smith, Master. Harbour Pilots. At Port Jackson, Mr. Robert Mason; Mr. Robert Murray. At Hunter's River, Robert Whitmore. Newcastle. Commandant, Captain Wallis, of the 46th Regt. Acting Assistant Surgeon, Mr. William Evans. Store-keeper, Mr. John Tucker. Civil Establishment at Hobart Town. Lieutenant Governor of the Settlements on Van Diemen's Land, Lieutenant Colonel William Sorrell ; Deputy Judge Advocate, Edward Abott, Esq. Chaplain, Reverend R. Knopwood, A. M. Surgeon, Mr. Edward Luttrell ; Assistant Surgeon, Mr. H. St. John Younge ; APPENDIX. 603 Acting Assistant Commissary General, Thomas Archer, Esq. Provost Marshall, Mr. Martin Tims ; Surveyor of Lands, Mr. G. W. Evans Inspector of Public Works, Major Bell, 48th Regt. ; Naval Officer, Mr. E. F. Bromley ; Storekeeper, Mr. Rayner ; Auctioneer, Mr. Richard Lewis; Harbour Pilot, Mr. Michael Mansfield ; Two Superintendents, and two Overseers. Magistrates at Hobart Town. Reverend R. Knopvvood, A. M. ; Thomas Archer, Esq. ; James Gordon, Esq. ; A. W. H. Humphrey* Esq. ; Francis Williams, Esq. ; The Lieutenant Governor's Court, Fan Diemen's Land. Deputy Judge Advocate, Edward Abbott, Esq. ; And two resident Inhabitants, appointed as Members by His Honor the Lieutenant Governor. Clerk to the Deputy Judge Advocate, Mr. Abbott. *%* And it is by Charter provided, that the present and all future Governors, Lieutenant Governors, the Judge Advocate, Judge of the Supreme Court, and Deputy Judge Advocate, shall be Justices of the Peace throughout the Territory and its Dependencies ; and all Places and Settlements therein, with ail the Powers possessed by Justices of the Peace in England, within their respective Jurisdiction. 504 APPENDIX. Civil Establishment at Port Dalrymple. Commandant and Magistrate, Brevet Major Cimi- tiere, 48th Regt. Assistant Chaplain, now doing duty at Head Quar- ters, Reverend John Youl ; Surgeon, Mr. Jacob Mountgarret ; Assistant Surgeon, Mr. John Smith; Superintendent of the Government Herds, David Rose, Esq. Inspector of Government Public Works, Mr. Wil- liam Elliot Leith ; Store-keeper, Mr. R. Dry. Harbour Master. Master of the Public School, Mr. Thomas M'Queen ; Acting Master Carpenter, Mr. Richard Sydes. FEES AND DUES IN THE VARIOUS OFFICES, SECRETARY'S OFFICE. GOVERNOR'S FEES. s. d. For the great seal to every grant, not exceeding 1000 acres - . - 5 For all grants exceeding 1000 acres, for every 1000 each grant contains - - 2 6 For a license of occupation - - 5 Secretary^ Fees. For every grant, and passing the seal of the pro- vince, if under 100 acres - -050 Between 100 and 500 acres - - 10 APPENDIX. 505 *. t marriage 030 APPENDIX. s. d. Sexton 10 6 Christenings, for re-? Clerk 010 gistering j Churching, free per-? clergyman _ Q l Q sons only 3 Clerk 006 Sexton 006 Funerals, free persons Clergyman 030 Clerk 1 Bell 006 Grave digger 026 Post Office Charges. Every letter, English or Foreign 008 Every parcel not exceeding 201bs. 016 Every ditto if exceeding 201bs. - 030 Every colonial letter from any part of the territory - - 004 Soldiers' letters, or those addressed to their wives 001 Market Duties at Sydney. Grain, &c. lodged in the store to be paid for as follows ; viz. wheat or barley 3d. per bushel ; maize or oats 2d. per ditto ; potatoes 3d. per cwt. and if not sold the same day shall pay store-room rent every succeeding market day the articles continue there, to the clerk, who is not to deliver up such articles until the same be paid. Market and Fair Duties at Paramatta. For each horse, mare, gelding, or foal, if sold 1 6 Ditto ditto, ditto, if not sold 006 For each bull, cow, ox, or calf, if sold 10 Ditto ditto, ditto, if not sold 004 512 APPENDIX. s. d. Sheep, Iambs, or pigs, per score, if sold 020 Ditto ditto, ditto, if not sold 008 And any number of sheep, lambs, or pigs, under a score, for each sold 00 \\ Ditto ditto, ditto, if not sold 0} Ferry across the River Hawkesbury, called Nowland's Ferry. Tolls for each foot passenger - 003 A saddle horse 1 C A foal 006 A horse and chaise - 026 A cart with 1 horse or two bullocks 026 A ditto with 2 horses or 3 bullocks 030 A waggon with 4 horses or 6 bullocks 040 For horned cattle Is. per head For ditto if more than 1, and not exceeding 20, 9d. per ditto For ditto, if upwards of 20, 6d. per ditto For sheep 2s. per score, or 7s. 6d. per hundred For hogs and goats 2d. each, or 2s. per score Passengers to pass and repass the same day for one payment. Toll Gates between Sydney and Paramatta. For each head of horned cattle 002 For each score of sheep or swine 10 For every single horse - 003 For every cart drawn by a single horse or bullock 004 For every cart drawn by 2 horses or bul- locks 006 For every cart drawn by 3 horses or bul- locks - 9 APPENDIX. 513 s. d. For every cart drawn by 4 horses or bul- locks i- i - 10 For every waggon drawn by 2 horses or bul- locks - 10 For every waggon drawn by 3 horses or bul- locks - . 010 For every waggon drawn by 4 horses or bul- locks or more . - 0-1-2 For every single horse chaise - 010 For every curricle with two horses - 016 For a four-wheel carriage drawn by 2 horses 020 For the same drawn by 3 horses - 026 For the same drawn by 4 horses - 030 N. B. The tolls between Parramatta and Windsor are exactly the same as those between Sydney and Parramatta, only at the former a cart drawn by four horses or bullocks is lOd. Tolls at the New Bridge over the South Creek at Windsor, .. called Howe Bridge. For each foot passenger - - 002 Ditto ditto single horse - 006 Ditto ditto ditto, or bullock in draft - 010 A cart, with 2 horses or bullocks - 012 For each horse or bullock above that number 002 Waggons, or four wheeled carriages, with two horses or bullocks 016 For each head of cattle not in draft, under a score - - 006 For every score - - 050 Ditto ditto per hundred 1 Ditto ditto sheep, goat, or pig, under a score - 001 Ditto ditto a score 010 L L 514 APPENDIX. The Governor and Family, the Lieutenant Governor, and all persons on public duty to pass free. Tolls to be taken at the Ferry across the River Hawkesbury. V (This is Mr. Howe's Ferry.) *. d. For each foot passenger 003 A single horse - - - 010 A single horse chaise - 016 A chaise with two or more horses - 026 A cart with one horse or bullock 026 Each additional horse or bullock - 003 Waggons, or 4 wheeled carriages, with 3 horses or bullocks - - 020 Each horse or bullock - 003 Each head of cattle not in draft, under 6 009 Ditto ditto under 20 006 Every score 076 Every sheep, goat, or pig, under a score 1 Ditto ditto per score - 010 Ditto ditto per hundred - 040 The unweaned young of every kind, half price. Tolls to be taken at the Bridge oner the Chain of Ponds, near Windsor. For a single horse - 003 A cart and horse, or two bullocks - 006 Ditto with more than two - 009 A waggon with 3 horses or 4 bullocks 1 Ditto with more - 1 3 A single horse chaise - 010 A four-wheel carriage - 016 Horned cattle, each - 002 Sheep and pigs, per score 010 APPENDIX. 516 THE COLONIAL GARDEN. POTATOES, For a general winter crop in field or garden, should be planted from the end of January to the end of Fe- bruary, or even the beginning of March, rather than lose the planting ; and they will come into use in win- ter, when cabbages and other vegetables run to seed. The ground should, if possible, be prepared a month before the planting, and a preference given by the country gardener to new ground, or dry wheat stub- ble, where the soil is light. The town gardener should keep his ground in a good state by frequent light ma- nuring. The sets made choice of should be the produce of the last winter crop ; and when planted should have a covering of light manure; without which the ground will be impoverished ; but with such assistance be im- proved. The best potatoes to preserve for sets are of a mid- dle size, as well for profit as security ; for if the argest are made use of, there must be a considerable waste ; and those of the dwarf kind should be rejected, from their degeneracy and weakness. An experienced gardener, who has been a settler here more than twenty years, plants his seed potatoes uncut for the winter crop ; his reason for which is, that if they are cut they are likely to perish in the ground, from the rains of March ; which will not be the case if put in whole. In July the ground should be prepared for the sum- mer crop, at which time the winter crop will be fit for diggiog ; in which process every care should be taken L L2 516 APPENDIX. to prevent their being bruised ; and if possible they should be dug in cloudy weather, to avoid exposure to the sun, which would rot them ; whereas if carefully preserved they will keep sound for a length of time; which will be the more desirable, as at this season vegetables are mostly scarce and dear. In August the planting should be made, or even in September, if necessary ; and at the end of the latter, or in October, they will require to be hilled and earthed, and well cleansed from weeds, which must also now and then be done as weeds make their appearance. In the choice of seed for this crop, a middle sized potatoe should be preferred, without any objection to their being cut, as is the customary mode of planting. Manure. Fresh stable dung, and litter, or decayed thatch, answers better for manure than that which is very rotten ; but if the ground be fresh and light, they will want no manure, and the potatoes be of a better quality, though probably less plentiful. In October you may also plant potatoes for a latter crop; and this, though perhaps less abundant than that sown in August or the beginning of September, will nevertheless be sufficiently productive to pay well the expence and labour of planting. The potatoe is so essential and desirable an article of food, that too much care cannot be bestowed in their culture and preservation ; for should other crops fall short, this will afford the grower a certain means of supporting his family. CARROTS AND PARSNIPS, For a general crop, may be best sown in December and January. The ground should be dug deep, and APPENDIX. 517 broke up very fine. If the soil be light, the seed should be sown on a calm day, and trod in. Carrots and Parsnips may also be planted in July, and also in November. They thrive best in an open situation, or a light sandy soil ; and after they come up, should be thinned and set out with a small two inch garden hoe. CABBAGES, For a constant supply may be sown in January, April, May, July, August, October, and early in No- vember, at a time when the ground is in a moist state. The plants sown in April will not run to seed. Care should be taken to set out the plants in a richer and stronger ground than the bed they are taken from ; otherwise the crop will be poor. Their first bed should now and then be weeded with the hand, in dry weather, and the freshest and strongest plants removed first. In setting them out, a passage should be allowed between the rows of at least two feet, and in the rows the plants kept eighteen or twenty inches distant from each other, which will allow them a free circulation of air. As they grow up, they should occasionally be earthed up a little, and carefully weeded, as nothing has a more negligent and slovenly appearance than a foul bed of cabbage. In very dry hot weather, their first bed should be watered now and then ; after rain they should be set out, but not during its continuance, as it would wash the mould from the roots, and num- bers decay without taking root at all in the new bed. Cabbages run to seed in August and September. A gardener of long experience in the Colony has favoured us with the following remarks on the culture 618 APPENDIX. of the cabbage : " Although cabbage seed may be here sown with advantage at several times of the year, yet I have of late years confined myself to two sowings only: namely, in January, and as near the middle of May as I could find the weather most favourable, for two general crops. That sown in January comes well in for a winter supply ; but must be taken great care of, or will come to nothing ; for as January is one of our hottest months, they will require to be shaded from the sun's excessive heat by boughs, which if closely twined together will continue their shelter even after the leaves are withered ; and also, to be watered at least once in every two or three days, until they get pretty strong in the ground. The other crop, sown in May, will come into use early in summer ; and do not require any care more than they usually receive." TURNIPS. The ground should be prepared in February ; and at the latter end of the month some may be planted ; for which purpose gentle showery weather is most fa- vourable. Turnips for a general crop should be sown early in March, and they will be ready for food for sheep in the beginning of May. During their growth they re- quire hoeing once or twice, to thin and keep them clean, if the land be foul. Turnips for table use may be sown at any time be- tween March and September, or the beginning of No- vember, when absolutely necessary. Turnips for Sheep. The ground should be pre pared in January and February, by the plough or hoe, harrowing, manuring, and totally cleansing it from all APPENDIX. 519 weeds whatever, so that it be brought into the best state possible. The Seed. To raise turnip seed properly is an ob- ject worthy of the strictest attention. To do this, the bed should be examined carefully when the turnips have attained about a third of their size, and the largest, smoothest, and most healthy taken up and transplanted into a richer bed, in rows a foot wide, and about six inches between the plants that are in the same row. The seed will be fit to cut the latter eud of November. CAULIFLOWER. The seed may be sown at any time between Novem- ber and February ; but best in December. Some sow about the middle of May for a summer crop, and this practice is found to answer. ASPARAGUS. The seed should be sown in October, in drills, four drills in a bed four feet wide, the ground being first well prepared, and richly manured. At the latter end of April, or beginning of May, the haulm should be cut down within two inches of the bed (though some cut it nearly level), and constantly kept from weeds. The ground should be dug with a three pronged fork, and not with a spade, as the latter will cut the crown of the roots, and destroy the plants. A professed gar- dener, of twenty-three years practice in the colony, assures us, that he has now a bed of twenty years standing, which constantly yielded a good crop until the year before last, the failure of which he attributed to the ground being worn out, and therefore set out a fresh bed. In this country it requires a cool soil, and 620 APPENDIX. that the beds should not be laid too high, four or five inches being a sufficient height. ONIONS. In March prepare the ground, by breaking it up well, and richly manuring it. At the end of the month, and beginning of April, sow for a light crop of onions for immediate use. In April prepare for a general crop, which should be sown at the latter end of the month, or beginning of May, to keep them from going to seed. When they grow to a proper size, which will be from the latter end of October to the beginning of November, they should be carefully laid down, so as not to break the tops ; for should the tops be broke, and the wet pene- trate, the onions will inevitably spoil. When fit to draw, they should be gathered on a fine dry day, and lain under cover, so as not to be at all exposed to the sun. PEASE AND BEANS of all kinds. The ground should be prepared in March, by well working and manuring ; and at the end of the month, and in April, they may be sown for a spring crop. Some sow from the beginning of March till the middle of June, as occasion may require. Prepare in August for a latter crop ; and French beans may be as well sown in October as at any other time. CUCUMBERS, PUMPKINS, AND MELONS, The ground should be got ready for these in August, and they should be sown in September. APPENDIX. 521 RADISHES, May be sown when turnips are sown. LETTUCES AND SMALL SALLADS, Are sown every month, for a constant supply ; but lettuces are best sown in April and November, and small sallads in May, and the latter end of November. GRASS AND CLOVER. Turnip ground, on which either is intended to be sown, should be cleared, cleaned, and broke up in August, great care being taken to leave no weeds or large clods. SPINAGE, Is best sown in March and September. BROCOLI, brown and white. Should be sown the beginning of January, and treated as cabbage sown at that time. Some observe the practice of sowing from November until February, but this is a vague method, and not to be depended on. STRAWBERRIES. March is the proper season for planting this fruit. The runners and leaves should be all cut close away before they are set, which will strengthen them greatly, and before winter they will have new leaves. If planted in clumps, the fruit will be larger than if suf- fered to run over the bed ; but by the latter method they preserve a more delicate appearance, and are certainly less likely to contract filth. As soon as planted, a sprinkling of fresh earth 622 APPENDIX. should be thrown over the beds, which should be plen- tifully watered twice or thrice a week, if the season turn out dry; and as the plants require much air, they should be thinned, in order to preserve a free circu- lation. When sown in beds, the following mode of treat- ment should be observed : When the bed is well pre- pared, plant the rows of the large kinds, such as the Chili and Carolina, two feet apart, and allow one foot be- tween each of the plants in the same row. The smaller kinds do not require so much space; eighteen inches between the rows, and eighteen between the plants, will be sufficient ; but as much greater space may be given as the ground will admit of. In April all strawberry beds should be well dressed and cleaned, in order to prevent the lodging of insects; and in July they should be gone well over, and have their spring dressing ; in doing which the runners must be taken off from the plants, and the weeds cleared away. The ground will then also require to be loosened, and would be much benefited by a layer of fine ma- nure and fresh earth between the rows, as this treat- ment will strengthen the plants and produce the largest and finest fruit. RASPBERRIES. Should also be dressed and cleaned in July. GRAPES. Begin in April to pinch and prune the vines, which must be cleaned from all cankered and unhealthy leaves or other substances, to preserve them from insects. In July they should also be gone over, and pruned and APPENDIX. nailed, where requisite. All walls and stakes should then be attentively examined, to prevent the harbour- ing of insects, which will otherwise destroy the young wood and fruit. PINE APPLES. In the management of Pinery, should gentlemen incline their attention thitherward, the following obser- vances will be useful. In May let them be unplunged, and laid down on their sides, till all their leaves be free from water. Take off all yellow leaves, and suckers, and let these suckers be plunged into fresh pots of earth, and in a fresh bed of heat, by means whereof the Pinery will always be kept full. The spider is their chief enemy, and therefore should not be permitted to harbour near them, as the smallest of the tribe will kill the crown, and destroy the fruit. TREES OF ALL KINDS, In JANUARY and FEBRUARY should be BUDDED. A competent judge will best inform himself of the proper time for this operation by the ripe appearance of the buds themselves. For this use the practical gardener chooses a small instrument which may be made of bone, with wrappers of worsted, which being elastic, is better than bark, or any other substitute. The tops of the budded stocks are by some left uncut until the August or September following ; but a gar- dener of much experience in the Colony makes it a rule to cut his tops off immediately, as the buds strike much sooner with this practice. PEACHES and PLUMS are best budded upon their own stocks. 624 APPENDIX. APRICOTS may be budded upon peach stocks. The ENGLISH MULBERRY upon the cherry, or Cape ; and ORANGES will succeed best upon lemons; and all tender trees are better to be budded in summer than in spring. It may be here proper to observe, for the better in- formation of those who have not given themselves the trouble of dividing the year into seasons, and which it would indeed be difficult to do by a comparison with those to which in Europe we were accustomed, that the spring months are, September, October, and No- vember : the summer months, December, January, and February; the autumn months, March, April, and May; and the winter months, June, July, aud August. Hence it is observable, that our wheat har- vesting begins in the last of the spring months, Novem- ber, and is entirely over before the end of summer. In March, all fruit trees should be examined, and the broken or decayed limbs taken off. In May, all fruit trees should be pruned, except evergreens, and such branches as are necessary to be taken off cut close to the tree, that the wound may heal the sooner, and thus prevent the tree from injury by rain or dew. In May, orange trees may be safely transplanted ,, is well as in June ; which is the general season for transplanting fruit trees : in doing which, the roots should be care- fully taken up, and planted as near to the surface as possible, taking care at the same time that the whole be covered, being first spread out like an open hand; after which the covering may be thickened with a little rich manure ; and when the hole is filled, the APPENDIX. 525 earth about the root should be trodden gently, so as to fix the position of the plant. June is also the best time for making layers, and planting cuttings from hardy trees. In July, such fruit trees as were not transplanted in June should be removed, and stocks to bud and graft upon transplanted. In August, evergreens may be transplanted, in which great care must be observed, as they are very tender ; and as their roots will not bear exposure to the sun, they must be so carefully dug round as to admit their being taken up with as large a ball of earth clinging to the root as can be done, in which exact state they always should be fresh planted. In August, also, the nursery will require to be well gone over and cleaned, and young trees prepared for grafting. Wall fruit and shrubs must be now particu- larly attended to, in divesting them of every foul or decayed substance. In this month, also, all gardens should be cleaned and dressed. The gardener ought to be particularly attentive in keeping off weeds and insects, as grubs frequently make their appearance at this time, which very much injure all vegetable productions. This month also the nursery wants cleaning, and the young trees must be prepared for grafting : the weeds preparatory to which, must be cut down and destroyed, or they will afterwards give much trouble. Decayed branches should , likewise be taken from fruit trees ; and such trees as appear stunted should have the ground opened about the roots. SEPTEMBER is a good month for grafting fruit trees, the scions intended for grafts being cut off a fortnight 626 APPENDIX. or three weeks before, and the ends which are cut stuck in the ground until wanted for use. Trees budded at the beginning of the year must now be cut down within about two inches of the bud ; this space above the bud being left to tie the young shoots to, to prevent their being broken off by the wind. No shoots should be suffered to grow but the eye that was budded, and all others should be rubbed off as soon as they appear. OCTOBER. -Young trees that were grafted in Sep- tember should now be examined, and all the young shoots broken off, but one or two, both from the grafts and stocks : The clay must be taken off, and the ban- dages loosened. The ground between the rows of all young trees should also be kept clear of weeds, or they will deprive the trees of a great part of their nou- rishment. Apricot and peach trees should be examined this month, and where the fruit appears to be set too thick, which will be mostly the case in prolific seasons, they must be reduced to a moderate quantity. This must nevertheless be done with care, and only such of the fruit as is proper to remain left on the tree. In this month the garden should be cleaned all through, and walls and fruit trees well examined, to prevent insects from lodging. In NOVEMBER such trees as were inoculated the pre- vious summer will want the young shoots tying, either to the top of the stock, or to have a stake driven in near them to tie the shoot to, that they may not be broken off by the wind. All budded and grafted trees will in November want constant attention. All shoots that do not grow from the eye of the bud, or from the APPENDIX. 627 graft, must be taken off, that the graft or bud may receive all the nourishment the stock can afford. In November, evergreens may be propagated by layers, from the young shoots of the summer's growth. In December the same observance is to be attended to with respect to evergreens ; and peach trees should now be thinned of their fruit, where it appears too thick. Observations on some particular Fruit Trees. THE ORANGE. In pruning, the knife should be as little used as pos- sible, if you wish them to bear. The southerly winds are very unfavourable to their growth, and parts opened by the knife admit the air, and kill the bloom. This tree is perhaps more infested by ants than any other ; and the black contracted appearance of the leaves is much attributed to this insect. From this persuasion, which is pretty general, various methods have been tried to keep them off. Human ordure laid round the boll of the tree will prevent their appearing, so long as it retains moisture, but not longer ; tar has been applied round both the trunk and branches, and only answered while moist; yet a cure, if the ant be really inimical, is certain to be found, with little trouble and without expence, in common suds from a wash- tub, in which ley has been used. This wash should be laid well about the roots in the evening, when the ants have left the tree, which will be mostly the case, and in wet weather always so, and there need be little appre- hension of their return next morning : a w r oollen ban- dage, dipped in oil, will also be found a preventative to their ascending the tree. This application, whenever ants appear, will have the desired effect; but whether 5218 APPENDIX. these insects are injurious to the tree or not, is to be doubted upon this principle, namely, that the ant, being excessively carnivorous, is instinctively led to the orange tree in quest of the eggs, exuviae, larvse, &c. of some very minute insect, whose eggs are attached to the leaves by a glutinous substance, emitted by them- selves in such quantity as to discolour the leaf, the pores of which being thus stopped, it becomes hard and tusky, and gradually closes. It seems impossi- ble that this change should be produced by the ant: for if it even attacked or destroyed the blossom, this would not affect the leaves when the tree is not in bloom ; and therefore it is rational to conclude that their changed appearance proceeds from some other cause, perhaps from some other insect, perhaps from the assaults of the weather, or some peculiarity in its soil or situation, or from a combination of these and other causes ; in exemplification whereof it is worthy to be remarked, that a gardener in the Brick-fields plant- ed a number of seeds sixteen years ago, all from the same tree; of which forty-four came up, and were all treated with equal care. None shewed fruit until about seven years since; when one produced about two- hundred oranges, and four or five others had from thirty down to ten or a dozen each. The following year the same trees were full ; and afterwards others began to bear. This very great disparity in their time of bearing, keeping in mind at the same time that the seeds were from the same tree, all sown at once, and all equally well attended to, would be sufficient to excite astonishment, were we not to make allowance for the various causes that might have tended to accelerate or retard their growth. The gardener himself says, that the chief of the de- APPENDIX. 529 faulters were a good deal shaded from the sun by a range of peach trees, which depriving them of a great proportion of the warmth necessary to a fruit which thrives best in the hottest climates, he considers sufficient to occasion all the difference spoken of. THE APPLE, Has a great enemy in a minute insect called the Co- chineal, owing more, perhaps, to its being nearly of the same colour, than from any resemblance to the -Spanish insect of that name. A gentleman who had eight trees that had for several years borne a delicious apple, had the mortification to find the whole of his trees at once infested by those insects in excessive num- ber ; after which they left off bearing, and after fail- ing in many experiments to relieve them, he came un- willingly to the resolution of cutting down the trees. These insects are of a dark red, approaching to a pur- ple, and combine in such numbers on the roots as well as branches, as to shew in protuberated clusters, exhibit- ing a downy whiteness on the surface. A gardener of the colony, who has attended a good deal to this mat- ter, affirms that a weed called the Churnwort presents a perfect remedy to the disaster ; with this weed, the roots, cleared of the earth, and the branches also, he advises to be thoroughly well rubbed. M M 530 APPENDIX. o ex O C g'l Si g QQ H ti O PH H tf ll CO* O 00 2 ^ 3 e ss sS -8 sT-^ VS > f-^ o o t> =2 - n ^7 * 3 2 X O fc S "o-S "o -^ o o J ; ^j O Q^ ^^ ^~* "^3 I^H ^> f rr bc^ ?H be ^ ^ 3 >-, ^.S o O?>^ 5 a) e? * >-> o > '3 O * tt3 "S *^' *1 ^ T. 13 ^ w T3 -4^ ^* * n "s * ^ aT* ^ g "x -*- "^ 03 bfi -g -G ^n P, Ct3 ^^ ^ ^ '3 C 2 - 55 O S Q O . cu i en O . n3 . co s 5 >"~ o *s .* - Z o S ' S > - a be 4) C g oC ^> bfl g j^> 3 '3 "o r^ '3 OO fc < s s --- s o o 2 H " g S ' C* CO APPENDIX. 533 B "S 5* 5* 43 * *t *> S "5 1 4) ^H .22 *> |33 ti ^ en ~ >- ec cfl c . a> 2 >-> -^; s ~ i "5S -1 ences. 2s ^ Z > 1 P "S a o "^ CJ ^^ s ^ it' 1 *S ^ i O ,o 'p , CO ." 01 "S *! a *^i c*i V ^JO CO 5 I^-S cti *< ^$ Q is * S '"2 4) s > ^ _^ **& - '5 '3 & ^^ "K ^"> ^)JQ ^* 5j) 7^3 t3 12 0) li .'' '3 o '3 "c .-S O > *"j O * >> ., : ^ > : ".'I" 5 : '3 'fr-^ H"N O ^* -g" S "o b S3 j>^ * o 1c O 5 a ^ Sl bi'J e s 1 J g"rt ~ 8 o <^ 2 5 g .2 -S - J g | O tn >M-I -; c w? 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Sfi-g <1J 3 * -5 S augh O Q ^3 OO *O ?O t^* 00 O* ^D ^~* CO CO CO CO CO ^* ^* CM CO 542 APPENDIX. o \ _*) .S J" .s I -, ea oJ 5 ^ """ ^^ ''^ ( > J.J aj C Q > ^< (-* *-' &> > < ^ i 1? > _ g & bfi WO." 5 -g* & S "S s 3 > & S ^ j CD <2 5 Q Q H *- ^ C i ^ o 3 " f S & J2 3 . /-\ *r -5 "o " a> H & & a w aT'-2 C n %> o> ^ ^ w 00 "w > ^P pvH ^2 Z 2 3 ^ >-- s r> ^ it . en d> S |Zi Q Q ^^ 1 -_ _^ s 1 y^ ' v.^"Y"^y C. 5 g 1 ^ c 05 j! J -S ^ .-i -g g ^^ o 08 .** ^ aj . bn-^ t;co '| _. c ^72 s g^e * ^ w "8> O O -*j ^- ^ r, ^3 bD o b a 8 15 C M ^ 1 i y ,. .-/'O -s rr-T o ** m ' ' _ t ^' 9 .0 H _, g ^^ ^"3 eg ^| s ^S - W) en" = .2 r 's o . > o-2g ^3 5 -S & .S J>,S'~i- /i xjC-p Q il>CC-ge8 H Ji > .Jj ^ ai.l 3 t O Q^ Jj^ a> SS be .5 S ^CQ ^1 S a .2 ^^ .2 So ep on J^ t5 ^ 2 ^ r j fcJ3 ornS_ea ^jSESJjo^ (0 O O % *^ ^o t ao co O ~* APPENDIX. 543 gj 1 o if CC ' e8 O *** ^ ^r ^J Li fr e 3 .0 ? --.s g S3 & "= * <-> Q * S ^ "a? .0 "" 5 -a s ? R3 "*^ 0^*0 \ . !" bo 3 be 3J bo o 'S eS c c -^ S * N - 4) O -P- ^ > ^ H -A *S *S ^3 a ~o y- ^_, So g ^ o "a * bo v>-a bO S P _ 5 B c V ,_ , 0) X "S u ^ *" .2 OT 0^ c . & ^ ee ^ .^ ^ bfi . a; . _ *^ ^- 5? be S "^ CB ts "3 5 o . S > _ . -^ r~ _- ^ , r" . -~ * j - T^ *^j ^ -c ^ 5 5 a" 5 03 e .a -3 o 5 Qa- w ' i t- 5 ^ ^ H3 J cd S o S S ^"T" 4 <^ r . > hM t^ r g Q 5 To 3 "w o -3 OS a & 9 >-, >i . . . 2, ^ *o ^ ^s 3 ^ '5 ^ -^^ .^ '3 +5" be S* && jj* be 3 "o '3 "S '3 '3 '3 '3 "o 3 fc fc OO O * * * > o> o >- ' Jjs rt -T3 >^ s ^> r-^5 Ji bo c M 1 2 | S V OS I | 2 -g "5 u 1 _ 1 bo _e ^ -2 CO T3 S -= -2 'r ^ r^A^x- O * rxJv-x-N O w O eS b/> * Offi ^ B O) * 2 . g I be ~ 1 j t j s S 55 * si C -o * -2 ^^ cd ^^ ^^ 5 4) > e8 K e a; ^ to CL, Jj O 2 U5 CO o> > 0* _O. ^ S "o *Z, "3 ^1 cd O H S X .* V Q o ~ 5 2 E 5 6 3 fa e -c ^3 _g si S ctj cd ** M o 1-9 o fc -1 * W V 5 ^ 00 O* O ^3 544 APPENDIX. 1 c o f 35 Q Q Q O 000.-= O O \ S i*-? 1 .3 .IP cfi P5 22 S-' -2 .22 fe g So .2.2 jhi e-aJe KM a ^ "o " I i i A r eo^*M>50 i^ oooio -j APPENDIX. 545 J if j> OB ; '111 c Q Q -w" bJD b fcJD 3 "S 3 fc * ^ O ^^-^! ("vX^ "3 ^^ "3 O '3 O 05 bfi a C ) : S S O fc JB "^ cc C-_i nsly receiv- ; same .... flj O) ' ^ v LH B 1 g o> ei -d CO O e e CO O > S S3 X Ui 'e * c- o .J8 QC n3 "S o -d ^ p5| S Q cO "d >-, o> c Jo Ja CO M 01 -= S ~ rs o JT tf S o S SSI W " * .a co s .a Ruff R 00 OS (M O CO 03 * S3 N N >^ 5 ^- 00 CO CO CO CO re 546 APPENDIX. O T O * - ^ is = --r I ir i* *& O u - O O O O o fc O Ijl 5 a i 11 1 . a APPENDIX. 547 C 3 S g OJ "~* W "> III! 3 t"9 &0 O P "M g u _<-! _;.' _( "^ Q Q I , 20 & ' & ' ^ 3 M o g | ~Q r O ^ O "J5 6 g 3 CH | 3 C c * T: -G . > . fciD oo b, -. C ' G cd s O 2 'o V >-> ^ 11 > % ! .5 | o> 8 S S oj > -1 "3, w" S 8-2 r/? jg K. ^ ^ O TJ -S < i * "S 00 "1 TS *""' J* e & II 9 CO ' I fe .73 T3 cd 'g o 3 8 ^j . r. V .">-> V-'S co "^ s o -5 s oi " ^ O at i '*-' N N 2 548 APPENDIX. T3 I u f c . o >^ "S ~a "S a 5 3 ** A _ x <= C) ^*^ . ^"" p B +J o C Sentence. Publicly whipped (100 lashes,) confinem in a solitary cell, in His Majesty's gaol Parramatta, on bread and water for months, and hard labour at Newcastle three years. C! ^ :1 for seven years. Imprisoned in His Majesty's gaol at Par matta for six months. o | .1* '3 '3 '3 O O O O ^ ea w 3 b-2 ' B . .S c ^ CO 4^ I 1 o i c B o i J I" 5 ^rt 1 03 o * ^^ .2 -c ** F r ; r r^ 03 bU co co fl C e B - c *> O ~ u. E E [i, -^ u "^ O O O CO 2 'E I c -2 "o f cn p t en c a a a |S 's 1 '3 'i * "* s "S i J> 5 -- ^j s .."? " 1 - m CO e o _ctf ^ 1 e CD C s \ ^ i J2 i O H 9 * N r? ** WS 50 . APPENDIX. 549 JS-S = (8-0 o _ a . BJ! ?- i _2 - g "^ ^ ill c _~ S ee.2 0*3 > 5? - i - m o . J? - *>o h- 1 S J? *- g -> I-* W O , -^ aj 4) "O *- S O C "j S ~ CO -i -3 xa ^ as O *- 41 3 4. /. cs o~ *, O ~ "r- O *" e fe on *~ S cS S ' ' u ^ S c ~o;cc!t fc. S)|S-- 0> o '? O C C r~ *^ *^ ^ o * Q Q^ i"j *":' CS CJ 0) S ^ ^ ~" ~" ^ O o H ** O M "" , ~" - CS Co ^Q Q O ^-'3^<-'-S ^> 'Sb -2 "^ G j *4^ O _^ IN >> _> ^. "5 '3 'a '"S ^ "5 g O O O *> . TG 8 I -T.2 t. > -3 : - S 2 o "3 i "o cej : 4) O C . _ o fc ? J2 O cJ f ^ P^J i 'S nj g t 4) ^ eu I.f . h.i 4j C3 _J8 . rC ^ S ^ O "So ?p F"H O K^" a; CO . 3 cq fe *< r Uj t g 1^ ^ c-^ nO ^ cT.i-O 1 .2 e _>> C ^^ C 2 f5 5 ^^ ' CJ - . 3 = -= 15 bfl ? ^ 2f. 8 w - ^ ^ CO hj o ^ ^j C * c *"O ^^ o A *~" g 03 S ^Q O> C8 t-i jg u ^ 03 k~ 3 j cs 'aT -i 6 W ? 0! 3 Q "^ ^ ' S "3 5 jj ^^ ^ < o^<1 fe" J .2 - S* - g O I-, H 00 3J ^ n * --5 550 APPENDIX. S * -S 2 1 a c3 -=; v T o K bfl "o d O o ^" ^> "3 '3 O O ^ s 8-3 ~ .5 o G > 'Co s EE. ^ ^8 "bfl 3 Cfc l* >N -a ~ X % a a o o Q o N - (M APPKNDIX. 561 - 3 J5r | 8 t = 73 U. .2 .< = .0 * a * o. >* * t< - 1 o a z *< B S S- S O a g *- c8 5 *P M C . CS 13 4) CJ -*V S-f M o fc*-o -g g 8 S S, = - -' c .-.> g C i C 5 C ?j 5QC 3 CS > CU 1 Q .2 5 & j-g c ; < i S)i 2 u i " '3 '^ '5 "c '= o "o "E -t: O C c jz; o Q -2j rh C i .i S ,j "2 E V ex W '' .2 vi 5.5 CU ri ^ ^3 *""* rr^ " c& "P-. o L> s L> w ^C o Ul I. cu a. T3 = o b ^^ ^|.= Q o fj_. ^S " fj _, ^o f| l -^ cU 1^ ^^ r- o t^ b| i 2 o is 5 - u. cc O i," if ^|. jj-o-3 ||34 : "0 t 5 % > ^ i- 1 1 1 6 oj ! i i l ; >> I 1 | & -^~ ^* c " &H o 03 a fe c Ei) _> H3 1 4) Q-n C j^ri ^ -2 03 ce "3 O fc M ^ 02 'S "o ^ H .2 cS S 1 S H -S II H CW B i| S 03 -a cu >-s . O CO te co -^ M S 00 OS N o CO 552 APPENDIX. I I < "i 7S.cs s "o .s * 'S o X, 1 o .o-| 1 83 ^ be be 1 -. J> co 1 ! SP O O o * be 2 E ^* n ^^ ,_*_, ^^ 5 j rt E C -S _O "S >> fc "S b B M n o ,5 tP O 9 *^ ^O '-^- C(3 ^a* *"* ^~* c O CP B p LI - o a !f J> J:: en o ; E E . 5 * U ^* fa be 1 1 bn ^ efl "r PH j j 2 c o o) &*n H ^JJ Oj (!) gj o3 be Is "S | 5 ~ .~ *- *-> . -. O 3 T3 > S ^ "3^3 -d 3 3 S ^ r- fQ T3 <.S C OJ C8 _ ee 4) o> o -2 b be cS (- < a >-> c - cu en o be be be >-> 5 cj 3 ^s J$' "S P e H-f c o EOcio'5 1 W f J3 C F ^ en en a t-, 5? c R3 J fl W T t > 03 CO g : : cS M j . .S w -3 s , "3 1 O *" ^'1 ^sl 9 ^ S3 .I ^ . s '3 o '5 '3 '3 O 3 "S O O>3r br /--< f^ o o c ' '3 3 O Ji ro 6 O "*^ "5 5 cS en -b C . C en : i :j E S^% B a i ^5 O ( 3 w "3 r T3 g J ^^ be *5 1 *^* ** jg C nj "2 03 en ^ 4, O -^> .S "S f- , 44. O T3 U >! 5 0- '- S ~ ^ t 3 ^ ctf of t. en" Cj A ^*^ o tn O X ec *g J -l c s - fc a ^15^ o c o be h ^ j ^_-^ s .S .^ .^ ~ J O cS S 1 1 - "i D 1 3 S O cc Q Q Q a ~" " < ^ c ' CQ i 5 CC " . . . . v-^Y^ ^ '^T' : ^0- ' : I I Richard Edsall . . . Michael Duggin . James Ansell . . . Charles M'Mahon. Thomas Donovan. Thomas Kenan . . . c . c o .'a? o> aj cu ? ^ - > ~ C2 ys 4; .2 oS ii Robert Thomas. . . John Neale Catherine Connor. r William Thomson, | -, NW . W t* 00 05 2^ t ) -f APPENDIX, 553 fjs o > V l sS CO e co S a .5 ^^"a ^ ^- ^li CL WJ ^ o * & o 1 ^ I! 2 ,S II 35 2 ETS O & T3 4) (5. -I r" l ^< O O 3 'S cr cs JO S o s^ & c6 ja^ -e S o '" '"* 2 c ^ ^ **" "c ^ "3 *> ^* b/l'-S - ' B cp a 5 s -e oj s rz _N J a i 654 APPENDIX. !M ^ " = e S CO CO bJS -s i'rjS Q -5-^2 . CO fcO*' en . -2 -a fap C > G co 03 ' be _ - .Ira s.s-g g-s ^ S^-3-^cc |-| 3 0) c -^ O> " *-* u 2 <2 > ^ c .o a i- -c rs _, p-^J c * ^^ ^ "*^ 3 * o 13 > ' ^ c o o , 2 T3 ?3 .S PH 13 'T3o 5 S f ^^3 'i S-g's-g T3 S -0 - | o rss Js !-s a> ^SfS >>3 1 x o t-, .-. 3.> "bfl^ 3 d -<= S3 J -S S-^ g o | eu'-n ^ a* 4J W I- d *- o -2 b _g -^ GJ o u cc 2J W 'SJ^IJ ~ ^r* d " ^rtyf s^o^ 1 1^1 S 3 ^ * o H ^ 2-3-2 I ; ,j- ai .S ?^Hl ll^ll! Kf*i| g.so ^^ .3.2 o ,- S.s s w fi I a ^ X B3 s S c3 bfl .__ o> _0 O 3 S s i* s I ^<<3 bfl ' "^ -ll 3 cc"^; 2 .g-f lie . O O r^ a; ' rt t *" ' "f^l-3^- vri C fe ce cc 5 3 t *- *f on ca ^ : -d 04 "O ^ -=; ry z? S ee .2 >> /3 d c ^ .0 S '3 o So .g..e 2 ~S S" 25 P^ ^ ' C d O "" o.| be aj .S 0) "cS 3 . -a feo rt i-s o William Thomas I CO l 00 O5 O CQ W M (M C*0 556 APPENDIX. APPENDIX. 557 o 1= 3 i i '^ 0^ 00 .~ o ^ Irt t & tT S ^^ PH r* 1 -1 ~tj en ea - -_ ~ CO a ~ ~ il "" ** "*Xx ^ B S -: -1 Ci t^ -S - otf r^< ""^ o3 o CO cd ^2 o v ? - bo ^* kCl "*"* CJ c ^J QU T3 2 c ca co - < u *" sS . S bj - 2 K i eS B CU C ft $ g* gfa c - ys t^ B S to |s o "c "o OJ - M^ 11 1 1 1 S bo g.S-5 P b 01 c3 C *- il || B .Jp ^J o ^ ^^ ^C jjj "o ^ S "^ D ***" **" cd ^" i jj * ^ ~^_^ > i G> ^ o r^ CO r- u i. ctf c8 a ^ feuQ *" " ** >- j- S o 0> a; o P * b o w g -B a V Q "5 B Q |.= J 3 a .0 O O> fe c H l E D "^ -S 2 .S bD . CJ i-+ gj "~ ^ V to" 1 en bo ^^ cd o 1 |if I is o -G 5 S *c |p .S ^ -S CO w . C3 Q 1L O ^ a 4J o c ** "i a & O ||| *S S &" K. - >> i^% jg ^ 0) 2 CO || || i g 1 Sa\ ** '- J?> * 1*1 2 *-< " S o g bD 03 J o S eg "5 ^ ^^ 3 4,^ bo'c 4ri bO ^ * |ll "bO S ^2 S 2 s CQ '" 1-1 rj CO c c i= * G 3 ."s i*i c i Ijlj o bo P -J3 3 BPa =!c c "ra a3 ^ cd T3 U CO -I r> "< S ) 4 i isoners '. o a m GO' 3 -3 1 S : "3 cc W . O ^-3 9^ ^ ce g i^ 5 *1 ilia _*?"* SU^ _"o 'S CS Q E S r j3 _U "S '3 ^ o 3 < Jl "^ | j s i o * '^ W ^0 ^* cc t a 3 OJ o 558 APPENDIX. *^ be -a CO "3 c *- Oj CS & be &>fi o s S 03 5 "o to 3 eu e o c<3 a> 03 be l.s "o 0$ "3 S3 bB.Sn C8 *3 ^> to CC ^ be to be -2 C *-H 2 S V o a ~ &< to .2 5 C 2 *J i S3 9 a> to CO O tS f O -a to 03 at S M- C to F^ cS B bn^ to o cc ^J V > I;| t Newcast o o onfinemeni frl !i 1 i^ 0*9 o > .S, .2 J co cS 03 'o |5 o *H "S 8 CO 'S p y S . s l| a G ||| 0, I w* CO * C ^^ ^ at O co ^ i 4 0> eS 03 g J aj-g o 'to H a -3 3 HH Sr.fcflg' 2'J U O 5 S ^"o : CJ . * isoners Tri carrying aw ne barrow p ert Lowe, E P. O) '" 5 . O 1^ S be *- .2 to . af o 51 ^ "t ^o tfl i t5> Oflfence -O O -Q a-gS bD * til .2 co i; cd S v 01 r ^ O V "4B VJ 1*^ .fl| *"2 s| o .2 1^ 11 14 s 2 'i'lSIr to O O * "T >tr^ ^\ (3 O CM 88 ^ o ^ *J ! tiC * O V _d cS .2 ^O f? 1-s cd ~j dJ -2 1 1,02 "cS L* 4) a" > t-| | |^ I'S 02 02 __ < _ 02 02 ** 02 O2 CD J rt 1 * o i ,0 .2 B "to* to" "rt ^ i I i-Q t- v o3 4* .2 -a aS CO fe [> ^< "a3 OH o J3J to II 1 OS oc 1 1 s ^5 o o 2 CO Si2 s s 00 APPENDIX. 559 cd S g 03 OH bfl -w *> s- SS fcfl .. I I WJ W h 03 =2 s * *c c - PI I- I - too o wo barrow , the proper bfl O J2 .B M -P a 5 O S S 03 . cS oj O < o Q O b o fc * I -f * $ "= s ^ ca o . *r en -='3 . . . 00 v 9t'S a P^ i J i 7- W) ^ .-^ =- " j ** CS r- GO a H 0. a, o 1-8 o Hj 2 "o ' APPENDIX. 561 2* .._, 3 s- c ce o -a oS x 2 2 & ~ .= _- s i ^* ~ g ^3o-t->CO*3 .2 T In HJ S * G O ,/T _2j O 3 O fl * a> a5 -S * C3 ;5 ,- ^ "5 8 ,0 jo ^ ^ "2 >; ~" 3 >-> 0> > x * s S-lj i| 1 V -c o a O _C Vi XI T3 1 Acquitted. (K -H W &-.Q a r/T o J en "^3 O W -^t -A re Is -I s-S r 2 O W -y S-& s'5 ^ T3 3 o> c II s^ 1 Q -M Ja 2 ^ fe > |Q ill ii.s J*> r aH 00 562 APPENDIX. O O ' an .JI, *J o <>< * "1^ J T, 'c 1 !_ *"""* 63 _^ cd 5^ cd f o o ed ' r" o S tc ** +f ~v 3 c ^ g 4 ee3 *- jH a ^ j> o Tj ** tT*, ^ " m ed "ed J2 e o a " 4> g s O-g tT a "O /-N J2 O aj ed . o_ -4-> *~_ fe 63 -G o> ^rLS *-> '~ t r*A e 3 o ^ O ^ O en > ?" o t. O C7 1 * J CT* c ed a; 5J 2 *> O S S r 'z I* 1 '3 J ^ s n*. '3 2 '"^ ( o f* ** O i "o ^. -^ * ^> "S ^^3 ^*-N 7^2 *J S "C 1 1 3 bO 3 " MU Q '3 S p- o "o "o .? 'o a S fec_r .S"3 rS-ll 3 * N fli v$% _c "3 > I *-; > S - ^^ $W C C "- - O u, c l : 5*g " JS - "^ bD 03 63 In " V b * e J2X3 3^ .2^ lljl c o 5* o . >,'" ^ I" 1^1^ s -l 1 "-^ I o & . " "S be bn *-; a 1 P a c o cd < c a ll a> ~ bJOSj *^ 6^ J. ~ ? *> S "5 o ^/ 4J ^"l Cd bc-n CU S S-S g ** 4, "^ > 8 ed -s -C fc- o: _T *- ~ ^3 -o g S T3 S 4&M bD a) ed S w>.g -5 ^3 'S ed -^ ^ "3 g .2 "o J 2 s. 5 !E " * r^ ^c3 cd '^ * ^ ^ ^ o n3 ftj QJO O s s r^ r. > 556 s - 03 * s >, : * * ^ 1 So5e . bi) 3 JD 5 g i 1 % *31 "5 =* a o * b J 'a s IS 9 ^ P 4) c S c OJ j^. PT ( t* ^ ^^ 4) gg S !E * W '"s >^ >- Q APPENDIX. . 563 """ ""-M J H 3 Jj H ^ O B !lil *1lif - a o s r -s & -S S (^ W f jT r- i ^. CC JL W ^"* CO ^ S *- tn J ^-3 fi rl TS . i aT = o w 1 ^ t> * 5 cS 5 . ,-. O en > 1 1'o'^- S ^ 1 s = ^s^-s^ -3 ^ s S ^ g c cp^ J3J330h r* S 3 5 & s '3 o "3 .^ o '3 O aj O Q ^ O '& bfi bD J b) bfi o o o .-a o o !K fc !g Q fe ^g ^ g 3 S *o ^2.g ^> sA A g c i 5 .5 v ._S t *j S,a3 v *J ^ ^ - J3 bC"^ 'S * S g 5 ^ J 3.sfrt5 t r I^S ^-2^^'E'c- i^^^ gj^ ifti ijrj tp.^l s * ^ ^ x- I S 1 .5 -j: 7 >^s S3 ^ -| ="s S S S fill ^1 flflJ ll fc ^Sw^sllo Hl| fe llf& lit* SSo'2 ' 5 - fr ."SKtn^O 'S&^a3ti' a) ^W*i- ST.h-, > JS % *--. .-!H P-r-iSSCS U!-?i w 4 '> S o X > tT -feW "'S^l -J ^C'M-S, lle in !^lJ !|l SfaJ.E jl^ ll^-a.Ssf.llga'a.s'a-isji g a 05 -a g I-B g o-S 22ggac-2g -an^HJ pV3 _ j ^3 -a efTS >^ ^a " . " ~"' ~ V o g 9 v C . . . s ll p.l i * > : S^oaio.SiS fi I I|3l3 ^ 1 I I 1 *^ ^"4 v^ _ ^ fl} A1 W ^_ .^ * as "O N) ^^ C3 r-j rt _r^ 03 JM f n g -2^.^^^ || | 0-SwSo ^H? ^ oo 2 564 APPENDIX. ** "O ' 4> -r* 2 o 2 ,r&. ,.-] * o 2 CT fe Co O -> 3.fe - g T3 S I S: o i ^ * T3 -s ^ & S MS ^ w T O O bO 00 O j* > >, M- . . I. * " 3j. S -3 o " " - &fli " ' " '-^ 3 ur. "C I 1-8 B o H APPENDIX. 565 s e a ? e E? -S 5> *~ i r.s b fe e S w _9 ^* ** w s ^ 5J e s -> . a, ., :s * o - a ^ jj -r ~e a j pi<5 e -~ siS4.ni 1 MS V, ^ v - 1 1 1 - s o o Ui 02 - aT C JS bD S, *> g 5 bfo fcC' > = e 1 1 Ii 3 *TJ J5 g i-C3 _ s ~i ^ ^J-H c ^* >> o .3 S s 1 o> 3 a ' t^ ^ ' 2 Q 2 cu S _rt c * S 09 eo o ' i 1 W J S S- J t| c o | T3 ^5 .2 z: p > S r75 *^ ^ " ~^ ^H *^ l , c * I " 02 ^ H 3^^ y S c 3 O Q 'd > % ) 1 E 31 > "B O '3 O "o C3 > 's i '3 1 '3 bD feD =D S C Jo "S 1 w )h the wilful murder of m Price at HobartTown, eman's Land, in the ter- & ^ "3 OS f March, 1816. c v2i ^ s 1 ^ eS "5 ^^ N 2*3 ^. (U James Walton, of Par- n the 31st Octob. 1816. ith feloniously breaking ~ cr 1 ^ ^ t- "w * '" | JS | W ,"^ 4) ^ >>^ 13 -s S.-s bfi g S * " r* cd * "^ 7 w ^. y E ^ t o ^ . ^ m nH S i ~i i 2 Charged v\ oneWilli in Van E c >-, _c 'C >-> rt 'O _-= do TS CJ ;=c 5 C s I-S tc _o 5 "S ramatta, -s r^ -S i> 73 5 -a 5-5 u td , ^J ^ :I3.3 o- ^a 3 4) 1 i*| JC h I ? i C 1 O - tc f GO alls ^^! co ^ *g t-t ^ c3 d) 4^ r^ *^. ^ C3 S "** "S ^^ = U o o S *"^ *^3 ^ r^ Q-i .-j .~ti g " K W 5o X J3 ^ ^ 1,1 ^l-l I *s e O) 13 i-C '2 ** ^ ^e o " "^ ** '3 O S ""^ n t S n " ** cr 1 Qd f-l^ 1 " 11 f-i*" 1 ^ *! fl i*^ * 5^ -w o _^j ^~^ r^2 r 1 ^ ID ^ ^> 1 u '3 o '3 '3 _ "o 'S O S5 O O Zj *? ^ ^ 5 ,00 0* bO bO bfl 1 s fC 4- [ ( ^ > s f*4 O O O o X F^i 25 25 "e a: 'I 9 V V a s sfigs-s-s ^|^i ^it I'irf^l'i 1 ***?? l|?| * S .) g^-S ,1-^B ._* *fl tsj ^_| ^rsf|s.si^si^ i-u^ iMUllllIilf ll-r -2-S So fe" ? 12 -2 ^ Qr an^-crt^ |i!t!!l!!?|.!l|2jjt .^^ ^.^^-S-g * 5 -o "S * ^-3 'g s li^i'C-e E =ll*l|| TJ ~ - e ^ TS > <=_ g -TS f~ o - 4>s ^ u i^i^a' i:3 i < " fcinaj iu r ^S | i' bn J3 ^ .; bfl fl O.W 30^,gMCg^-^>fcD=J -S is ^ Ju^ g js'^s s^= o s^ ^^-i j^-i-s-a^ gJ^i'&'s^J3 ll \J M W W fac g C ^j IE "S l.s 1 "aJ ^"o -C o C3 Sol 4) 'oj t* bD ^ ca I > S'C ! - a j g^ jg II fe 'K ,3*3 ic 'A 0) _' raw g ^WSO^- 00 Oi O>-^ * APPENDIX. 567 5 ^ g S - 5 g CB JJ- E a O fefl .= 02 D "o fc and bur- tering the nce But- stealing value. ly receiv- ,knowing by some nown. assaulting the 6th 1 1 g "3 is 1-sS * S'SSS 3 ^ > a r .2 J^-3^ * "S g ^ S c ^-5 | ^. 2-g ^S^^gS^^g ^ * S ^-^1^ S^ W - S l3lt!wii?J g-84JSjj.rj&g-8- ill I w* * . < a o 568 APPENDIX, -" 5-i 9 su s -5 - e te ji S ' S H I! o Bj CO 0) > II s o w ^ >> 1 2 g 2 * < e3 ^ t. 3 2 u G "*i rP '"S eg d i-rt i* T3 "O -= ^^ ^ CU E o .S r cu cu '^S S ^ > a V C CO > * i o ys Q H H a * * I ^ ' ^ i ^> ^> S ^ j> U '3 '3 '3 '3 '3 '3 s o a O O O tJD T * ,.i bD C bJD g "o |S " cp ? 1 T3 S , cti cu _; a S ?,3 ? "S g CO _cu ^ 03 5 . T3 ^ T3 ?*, OH "Sn Offence. 8 CU S O ^ -G ^sS- Ji" =a o ^ 4). O J3 S c 1 - CU CO S3 i?! 3 JZ e a * CU -S S. O &s ^^ b'o >. >->( C > -a 1 = 5 >> 4> * e cu S 1 e J cu 01 E Q 1 -o !> sf-S x S H s a -5 1 25 ,Q Jl .3 . o < CO S.J 1 S g ^^ S tf ^ APPENDIX. 560 ,G i "o en u e g T3 tn -j 1 O 3 .i o cd 0^ T3 _c & CU C -a 'C PH o cu u, cu . cu CU 3 *k I 1 A t-, -G 3 ^ a c2. jS | CU g g " O s s u JS H prisoner to men siderationofhis; 6 I The prisoner has o S o >- -a o 1 S fe. s ffi CO cd _cu -S CO *Ui cu O -H cu 1 a ** s ^0 -5 G *J 1 2 C ^ . > - S 2 o 5 S -2 i cu 11 -d cu ^' -5 C i ^ 9 u* C cu fen o cu 1 P-. - rt S-i -S o > cu a cd i en o-'^3 . s 1 a CO o 3 E Ui w E ^t < ^~ - cu . w "cu E^'S cu -2 cu 2 ^ cd ^a > "en 1^3 Hf SH **" H ^H^ o H 2 H -^ bJD -w* '3 o '3 C "3 c C5 S? 3 o l fch c; J^ O ^^ "^4^ CU ^ - * c cU *~^ cx,CJ 33 -a ' -3 "rO "3 "^ *"" ^ cu a .2 .3^ \ C i-s a c s S r 4 3 iS W be- J Itlli n 1.1 xCfi 2 g g H j ^ I t_ Ql ^H II O CQ "o o ctf 570 APPENDIX. JS a E E ti V 2 o " 1 Is fc Si 2 Is 0> 3 !>-i 2 .s l| 2 ^ o T3 c o o> -o - c ^ C "^ C1J O e 'O ^ CU 4J> CP 4) *" cu cp V DO CO "~ t. *- g n-.o Is S G "C Qj& en w Mi3 < ^^ cc "^ B-^ 1 S * S.-2 2^ o 3 I *" CU S " C N *'e "*" a fi 1-1 cu "cu -2 CJ ^ o o ^^ "o S S ^3 co J2 -^ ^ "S tg Rj s ^ - to H H "" H H Q * H a I >, 4T E 1 '3 o '3 '3 bD ^* "o '3 . '5 '3 * O /^^A.^ r ^ O ^ O O O O be K/ ^ : to : & eL ^"-S O |^J w ' C ^ >-> a *' C ^ cu c "3 'PH g -5 o bD 22 bD ^5 o l O ,0 s i> * ,. cu o .S bt O .S 1 ( cp -o oj %,_ bi 83 * "cu .S >-> ', o ec bD ? O "O C s r .'S bD W)& .S *t3 t if,' 1*1 fc. 13 Cj c bC .SO "3 t- aj ca j- a* CtJ flj C ^ , J r-r ^ 5- bo 9 "2 t4 - t ta ^0^ ^D (J5 ' p_ j ^3 i5 T3 " * o S a, . . co ! . j=. H-*- 1 r~^ QJ [^ et5 tf c cu QJ O 1 ffl .2 95 5< 3 ^ J SH C3 ' "* O r- Qi T3 = HS -g S 1 a ^ ^S rt ll- s !-, ^ O O en at ^ Walker & rson s .2 x^ ^ S E o p- & CO g | en 4) U -a a> o 'C ^ o r^ f3 3 J- , .0 g _ 3 5 u, cti CQ fc* O 2 Jj .S .-S O H r5 S 0) O OH S rt o o S *> ^e-S S " S5* H S *: H JO - bO cc O) 43 Mg 1 ^ b'S C .S3 W ro O) .= ^ "bb ffl g-| s| ^ eg 03 3 O bU -a KJ a ^ I i^ "I 5 g C M < ffl -~> a Ci J-ii ^l^lo^r jiliS W -g t: "3 o HZ 3 43 43 "^ Q Q ^PQH ^r5 MW 9 S ^^ 2 T S -^ o is 3 ~ 43 ctS O fe H0, Wr chael M'D H tn 572 APPENDIX. > ^ o . S a Si O O> a (B d - e O O S-B - S 1 5 S 11 *-i aj =i C " 3330 O O O fc 3 o S lso - ' E l-a -s a " S ^ | H S ^ g^~ - O) tt3 E ^3 CS c j -= M H APPENDIX. 573 8 8 O _ , e - G * 9> IH w , u o> o PH > CW .. a - 1-^* .*" bfi^ o JflS4 ** CU * D_ bn-i-> v- 5 fe !.l o.. SJT.1 * 5 * a e 1 SUM H.1JE, -* * 1J^ ^ nj C T\ C" S rC s -s _, ^ ^-"1^ ^3 > 5 C T3 .O-3 B <9 .S O OS O >" bfl-C ~ ** 2 53 fi 3 H O ^v V T O --t ' II 1, OlOO^tO^ O>O ' ' ""S-'-'S5: " H 1 3 30 * v ~ i~*'2"" -|-2o|= H *!PP4!!I! |||||||i|||| BO a iiiiiiiiti ^ : ^ : i'' : i : ii : s : APPENDIX. 575 -- IV 35 To 1 T-^ai 01 to ' * I I I I n 1 1 1 t^ o^so^c^-^ t-' o . "52 * ;-s ^s r 2 *i c >,S H " * 576 APPENDIX. NAILS FOR NEW SOUTH WALES. Lath Common Four-penny rose. Shingle Four-penny. The stout are too short, and the long too fine. The long of same substance as the short will do best. (Rose head.) Batten } Paling > Short eight-penny rose. Weather boarding} For other purposes 1 where longer nails > Twenty-penny Rose, are required .... 3 > The English Nails in general too fine for FIoonn g J hardwood. Spikes Forty-penny Rose. Brads .Two- penny, four-penny, six-penny Tacks.... , Of sizes. THE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY CF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES APPENDIX. 577 CAP. CXXII. An Act to pertriit Vessels under a certain * Tonnage to trade between the United Kingdom and New South Wales. [12th July, 1819.] Whereas by an Act passed in the fifty-third year of his present Majesty's reign, entitutled, " An Act for continuing in the East India Company, for a further term, the possessions of the British Territories in India, together with certain ex- clusive privileges ; for establishing certain regulations for the government of the said territories, and the better administra- tion of justice within the same ; and for regulating the trade to and from the places within the limits of the said company's charter; it was among other things declared and enacted, that no ship or vessel, the registered measurement whereof shall be less than three hundred and fifty tons, other than such ships or vessels as may be employed by the East India Com- pany as packets, shall clear out from any port in the United Kingdom for any port or place within the limits of the said Company's Charter, or be admitted to entry at any port of the United Kingdom from any place within the said limits : and whereas it is expedient that the said regulation and restriction shall be repealed, so far as relates to ships or vessels trading between the United Kingdom and his Majesty's Colony in New South Wales ; be it therefore enacted by the King's most excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the lords spiritual and temporal, and commons, in this pre- sent Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, that from and after the passing of this Act it shall and may be lawful for any ship or vessel owned and navigated according to law, to trade between any port or place in the United Kingdom and the said colony and its dependencies, and to sail and pass to the eastward of the Cape of Good Hope, although such ship or vessel shall be of less registered measurement than three hundred and fifty tons; any thing in any law, statute, or custom to the contrary in anywise notwithstanding. II. Provided always, and be it enacted and declared, that this Act, or any thing herein contained, shall in no ways au- thorize or entitle any ship or vessel to sail, pass, or repass be- tween the sixty-fourth and one hundred and fiftieth degree* ol p P 578 APPENDIX. east longitude from London further to the northward than the eleventh degree of south latitude ; and all ships and vessels whatsoever, sailing, passing, or repassing to the northward of the eleventh degree of south latitude between the sixty-fourth and one hundred and fiftieth degrees of east longitude from London, shall be and remain subject to the same laws, provi- sions, and restrictions as they would have been subject to if this Act had not been made or passed ; any thing hereinbefore contained to the contrary thereof in anywise notwithstanding. CAP. CXIV. An Act to slay Proceedings against any Governor or other Persons concerned in imposing and levy- ing Duties in New South Whales; to continue, until the First Day of January One thousand eight hundred and twenty-one, certain Duties ; and to empower the said Governor to levy a Duty on Spirits made in the said Colony. [12th July 1819.] Whereas since the establishment of a colony in New South Wales, the governors, or other persons administering the go- vernment thereof, have from time to time caused to be raised and levied certain rates and duties upon goods, wares, and merchandize imported into or exported from the settlements therein : and whereas it is expedient that the said governors and all other persons who may have advised, issued, or exe- cuted any order with respect to the raising or levying any such rates or duties should be protected from vexatious suits until further provision shall be made by Parliament ; be it therefore enacted by the King's most excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, That until the first day of January one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one, no personal action or suit, indictment, information, prosecution, or proceeding what- soever, shall be prosecuted or commenced against any governor of New South Wales, or against any person or persons, for having advised, commanded, or carried into execution any orders for the levy of any rate or duty in the said colony pre- vious to the passing of this Act; and that if any action or suit, indictment, information, or other proceeding shall be prosecuted APPENDIX. 579 or commenced against any person or persons, for or by reason of any such act. matter, or thing so advised, commanded, ap- pointed, or done, it shall be lawful for the defendant in any such action, suit, indictment, or information as aforesaid, to apply to the court in which such action shall be brought, during the sitting of such court, or to any judge of such court during vacation, for stay of proceedings, and such court and such judge respectively are hereby required to slay such proceedings ac- cordingly until the said first day of January one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one. II. And be it further enacted, That from and after the passing of this Act, until the first day of January one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one, it shall be lawful for the go- vernor, or other person administering the government of New South Wales, to order and direct the levy of any rate or duty which may have been imposed or usually collected or levied in the said colony previous to the passing of this Act, and no other: provided also, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to prevent the said governor, or other person admi- nistering the government of the said settlement, from ordering at any time the discontinuance of any rate or duty heretofore imposed, collected, or levied within the said colony or settle- ment. III. And be it further enacted, That it shall and may be law- ful for the governor or other person administering the govern- ment of the said colony for the time being, v to order and direct the levy of a duty upon any spirits made within the colony, although no such duty may have been heretofore imposed and collected ; provided always, that the amount of such duty shall in no case exceed the amount of duty levied and paid upon spirits imported into the said colony and settlements ; and it shall be lawful for the governor to make such rules and regu- lations as may be necessary for the collection and levy of the same, in the same manner as if the said duty upon spirits made within the said colony had been imposed, collected, and levied previous to the passing of this Act ; any thing in this Act to the contrary notwithstanding. To be published shortly, by Ackerman, Strand, ELEVEN BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS of the TOWN of SYDNEY, the HARBOUR of PORT JACKSON, the RIVER HAWKESBURY, and the BLUE MOUNTAINS, the TOWN of NEWCASTLE, and the COAL RIVER ; to which will be prefixed copious Explanations, and an Historical Sketch of the Colony of NEW SOUTH WALES, from the period of its institution to the present time. These Engravings were executed at Sydney, from Drawings taken on the Spot, by Capt. WALLACE, of the 46th regiment, late Commandant of the Settlement of Newcastle. W. SHACKELL, Printer, Johnson's Court, Fleet Street, London. , DEC. 181 Q. AGRICULTURAL, SPORTING, AMI BOTANICAL BOOKS, PUBLISHED BY SHERWOOD, NEELY, AND JONES, Boofc0eHer0 to tge Boarfc of Agriculture, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON. / Two large Volumes, in Quarto, Price Six Guineas in Boards, illustrated with upwards of Oi Hundred Engravings, (Thirty of which are coloured from Nature} representing improved Imp mentt, the various Cranes, and the principal Breeds of Sheep and Cattle, from Origin Drawings, A COMPLETE SYSTEM OF Practical Agriculture; Including all the MODERN IMPROVEMENTS and DISCOVERIES, and the result . all the attention and inquiry which have been bestowed on this important Science, durir: the last Fifty Years: the whole combining and explaining, fully and completely, tl PRINCIPLES and PRACTICE of MODERN HUSBANDRY, in all its Branches aud II. lations. BY R. W. DICKSON, M.D. HONORARY MEMBER OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, &C. &C. This Work includes every Branch of the important Art to which it relates, Arabic and Pa lure ; particularly the best Methods of Planting, aftd the improved Management of Live Stock with a Description of Implements and Buildings, the Theory of Soils and Manures, the best mi thods of Inclosing, Embanking, Road-making, Draining, Fallowing, Irrigating, Paring, ar Burning, the Improved Cultivation of Arable Lands, and of all Kinds of Grain, Artificial Grasse &c. &c. It presents the most useful and comprehensive Body of Practical Information everoffc ed to the Public on the interesting Science of AGRICULTURE; a Science, which is so intimatel connected with the Welfare and Happiness of the British Empire. Reliance is placed on the Support of Noblemen, Clergymen, Country Gentlemen, and intelligei Farmers, in this Undertaking, which it calculated to remove the Obstacles that have hitherto pn tented themselves to the Introduction of Agricultural Improvements. Extracted and abridr/ed from the above, by the same Author, in Two Volumes, in royal Octavo, illustrated with numerous Engravings, THE FARMER'S COMPANION, BEING A COMPLETE SYSTEM OF MODERN HUSBANDRY Including the latest Improvements and Discoveries, IN THEORY AND PRACTICE. Second Edition. Pyice Two Guineas, irt Boards. *** This abridged and Cheap Edition of " PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE," is printed in cot ormity with the views and wishes of numerous Cand-Owners and patriotic Countr Senilemen; and, though published under the more Popular Title of "THE FARMER'S Cow PANION," retains every established Principle, Fact, and Improvement in that uob Jcieiice. All the recent improvements in Agricultural Practice which have fallen witl.'.n th Author's own observation are introduced, as well as what could be derived from the latei Publications of the BOARS OF AGRICULTURE. Published by Sherwood, KeeJy, and Jones, THE CODE OF AGRICULTURE; INCLUDING OBSERVATIONS ON GARDENS, ORCHARDS, WOODS AND PLANTATIONS: By the Right Hon. Sir JOHN SINCLAIR, Bart. This Second Edition is considerably improved, by a Number of valuable Remarks, communi- cated to the Author by some of the most intelligent Farmers in England and Scotland. The Subjects particularly considered, are " The Preliminary Poii.U which a Farmer ought to ascertain before he undertakes to occupy any Extent ct Land. 2. The Means of Cultivation which are essential to ensure its Success. 3. The various Modes of improving Land. 4. The various Modes of occupying Land. 5. The Means of improving a Country. In One Volume Svo. Price One Guinea in Boards. Sir John Sinclair s Code of Agriculture \* one of the most valuable books of the year. In point of fact it core, Ti- trates the know ed-c aruasscU during H,<- expcnen, e of a ong life, pa^ed amidst th- bc-t opportunity ,.f col lit in- infor- JU..IIOM; and txlu'.iis Ihc results, in a torm condensed with great loR.cal acumen, of all the labour* and p,bl , moiifrn nt.>rs on Agriculture. In Ihn hMt u>nu> of tko nnm sir I K ,., r i ,;_ i,_ -""-,<<.,, ic or Ihi' great* intpro\eiuru[, a K in Ihc. libi-an rsuits." Monthly Magazine. LAWRENCE'S AGRICULTURAL & VETERINARY WORKS, Complete, COMPREHENDING A BODY O.F USEFUL PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE RELATIVE TO THE CULTURE OF THE SOIL, POLITICAL ECONOMY, VETERINARY MEDICINE, AND THE MANAGEMENT OF LIVE STOCK: In Five large Volume?, Svo. Price <2. 15s. Gd. in Boards. They may olio be had separately, viz.: 1. THE NEW FARMER'S CALENDAR; or, Monthly Remembrancer 6f all Kinds of Country Business: In One Volume. 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Agricultural Mqiorts, DRAWN UP UNDER THE IMMEDIATE SANCTION OF PARLIAMENT, AND PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE tJoarlr of Agriculture. SHERWOOD, NEELY, and JONES, her, leave most respectfully to submit to the Notice of the Nobility, Cfcrw, Gentry, and Farmers of the United Kingdom, this truly NATIONAL and most Imjmrlant Work. It consists of New and Improved Editions of the COUNTY SURVKYS, and unites every Species of Information re- lative to the STATISTICAL, ECONOMICAL, AGRICULTURAL, and COMMERCIAL STATE of each County, illustrated with Maps and Plah-s. These SURVEYS have been drawn up by Men of established reputation for Agricultural Knowledge; and bij means of them, (all of which are of acknowledged accuracy ) the Nature of the Soil, the Pnxluc- tions, Improvements, and peculiar Practices of each Comity, are fully developed. and Bedfordshire, with a Map and Plates, by Mr. Bachelor o 15 o Berkshire, ditto, by Dr. Mavor 18 Buckinghamshire, ditto, by the Rev. St. John Priest 12 Cambridgeshire, Map, by the Rev. Mr. Gooch 9 Cornwall, ditto, by Mr. Worgan I!!Ioi2 Cheshire, Map and Plates, by H. Holland, Ks . in Royal, except P;nt 12, the Price of which is 4*. Dem\ and It. llnyal. It is illustrated with upwards of Fifty highly -jinished Engravings, Thirty-four 6 Copper, executed, in the most characteristic Style of Excellence, by SCOTT, WAJIREN, GREK TOOKEY, D'.VENPORT, RANSON, and WEBB, from Paintiags by RKINAGLE, CLENNEI.L, Ei.vicr., an BARRENGER; the remainder are cut on Wood, by GLEN-NELL, THOMPSON, AUSTIN, and BKWICK. *** The Afithor's object has been, to present, in as compressed a form as real utility woul admit, Instructions in all the various FIELD SPORTS, in Modern Practice; thereby forming book of general reference on the subject, and including, in one Volume, what could not othei wise b<; obtained, without purchasins; many and expensive ones. The means he has possess* for accomplishing so desirable a purpose, he trusts, have enabled him to produce such a Wor on the subject of FIELD SPORTS, a.-, in point of Paper, Printing, Illustration, and Embellisl ment, is not to be equalled in the Knirlish Language. Price of the Decay 8vo. Complett II. Itif. in Boards, and of the Royal, 3/. 0.9. TOPOGRAPHY, HISTORY, AND BIOGRAPHY, OF THE I. THE BEAUTIES OF antr BEING DELINEATIONS, TOPOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL, AND BIOGRAPHICAL OF THEIR SEVERAL COUNTIES: IN TWENTY-FIVE VOLUMES; Illustrated with upwards of SEVEN HUNDRED COPPER-PLATE ENGRAVINGS, KEPRESENTING Public Edifices; Castles; Cathedrals; Parochial Churches, eminent for Beauty or Antiquity of Architecture ; Monuments; Ruins; Picturesque Scenery ; Seats of the Nobility and Gentry ; Sfc. Sfc. LONDON: Published by SHERWOOD, NEELY, and JONES, Paternoster Row, and COWIE and Co. Poultry. N an age so liberal of patronage to Topographical Literature as the present, it /ould be superfluous to expatiate on the utility and importance of " THE BEAUTIES F ENCLAND AND WALES." It is presumed, the best recommendation of the Vork consists in an analysis of its plan, and a statement of the measures adopted l its execution. From the time of Camden, whose " Britannia" constitutes so just a boast of is Country, until the commencement of the nineteenth century, no Topographical listory of the whole of England and Wales was performed from actual local (search. The " Magna Britannia," published between the years 1720 and 1731, merely a compilation, although one of the most creditable of its kind. The labours Mr Grose, and those of Mr. Gough, in addition to Camden, were devoted to irticular objects ; and, when conjoined, are lav from affording a satisfactory view the existing state of the Country, or even of the whole of its Antiquities. npelled by these convictions, ami further induced by a persuasion that the increased irio&ity and intelligence of the times demanded such a Survey of Britain as should unbine an account of modern circumstances with that of ancient relics, the esent Work was undertaken : and the time and expense employed in its prosecution ;11, it is hoped, he deemed sufficient proofs of the sincere intention of the projectors achieve a Survey worthy of NATIONAL approbation. The labours of numerous Persons have been dedicated to this object for the long -in of seventeen years, and the whole sura expended exceeds Fifty Thousand wti'.s. Every County of England and Wales has been personally investigated fl the value of the Work Las been considerably euhauced, by an extensive coins- Published by Sherwood, Neely, and Jones, Paternoster Row. spondcnce having been procured ia each District with the resident Nobility, Gentry and Clergy. Besides the works already noticed, there existed, previously to the appearance of " THE BEAUTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES," few sources of gratification to the public ardour for Topographical Investigation', except weighty and verj expensive County Histories, containing much laborious detail, of little or no importance to any but families locally interested in pedigrees and landed posses- sions. It has been the object of the present Work, to select from those ponderous tomes all particulars calculated for general perusal ; and, on the same principle, a free use (with due acknowledgment of the authorities quoted) has been made ol Leland, Caraden, Grose, Gough, and every other writer on local history. ThuSj the conductors have endeavoured to render " THE BEAUTIES OF ENGLAND *NE WALES" a compendious Library of Cborographical and Topographical Information, The description of each County is commenced with a review of its general History, from the earliest period to the date of the writer's labours. The same prefatory parl involves an account of natural circumstances ; of mines, with the modes in which they are worked, and their produce; of agriculture; and of every incidental branch of statistics which is deemed a probable object of public curiosity. All the Cities. Towns, and principal Villages are historically noticed and cir- cumstantially described, so as to convey to the untravelled reader correct ideas respecting their prevailing aspect and public buildings. The most distinguished Seats in each County, including the historical and biographical events connected with those structures, and the works of art which they contain, Churches, Funeral Monuments, Ruins of monastic Edifices, military and sepulchral Earth Works, and all the long catalogue of diversified Antiquities, which so highly enrich the scenery of 'this Island, and call forth sympathy and curiosity equally in the mind o! the resident and tourist, are likewise described from actual examination. The numerous Engravings, illustrative of the above subjects, are executed by Artists of the first celebrity, from Drawings made on the spot. " THE BEAUTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES," during the progress of theii publication in periodical Numbers, effected a memorable improvement in the em- bellishments ot Topographical Literature, by setting the first example of suet decorations as combine accuracy of representation with picturesque effect. By the adoption of a style, almost new to Topography, in which the superfluous is dis- carded, andol'jects of real interest are familiarly enforced, this Work lias likewise, during its long progress, greatly assisted in rendering local history an object oi fashionable study. Now that the whole Survey of "ENGLAND AND WALES" it completed, reliance is placed en the public patronage of a Work, which presents, at an expense comparatively small, the most accurate and comprehensive collection of Topographical Information that has been produced in this Country. The Price of the Work complete is 30/. 2s. 6d. in boards, di-my 8vo. ; or, in royal Svo, with Proof Impressions of the Plates, 48J 4s. ** Only a few Copies of the royal 8vo. can be had. *** During the Publication of" THE BEAUTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES," as the Numbers did not appear in regular succession, it is /tared, there are man] SETS in the hands of Subscribers incomplete. THESE SETS the preterit Proprietor^ recommend to be completed immediately ; as the Work is now selling in sq-aiate Counties, and there is reason to believe that several of the Numbers requisite tft supply such deficiencies will shortly be unattainable. The following List will enable persons to ascertain whether their SETS are complete, ' or not . viz- Vol. 1 to 9, comprehending No. 1 to 72, and No. 61*, 62*, 63*, 64*, 65*. Vol. 10 ----- 1 to 40. 10, Part iv. - - 1 to 10. 11 1 to 10. 12, two Parts - 1 to 18. 13, two Parts - 1 to 16. 14 1 to 12. 15, two Parts - 1 to 21, and No. 7*. 16 1 to 12. 17 1 to 12. 18 1 to 12. and Cowie and Co. Poultry, London. PUBLICATION OF of ttBlanti anft IN SEPARATE COUNTIES. Persons desirous of possessing a complete, although not voluminous, Historical and Topographic 1 1 Description or any particular County, which is rendered of pro- minent interest in their esteem by birth, residence, or the possession of property, are respectfully informed, their wish may now he gratified. In previous stages of this Work, the Plates were scattered indiscriminately throughout the different Volumes. Thus, though the Letter-Press might be procured separately, every individual County was incomplete, in regard to illustrative Engravings. Each County is now submitted to the Puhlic, in a separate and complete form ; the respective Plates occupying the situations for which they were originally designed, and a Map, executed under the inspection of the Editors, being prefixed toVach. Volume. M'tch public accommodation must result from this measure; as persons not extending their Views to the entire Work, are now enabled to obtain, on easy terms, an Authentic Account of the Counties in which they reside, and of those surrounding them, forming the sphere of their local Connections. List of the COUNTIES, the Number of Plates with which each is illustrated, #c. viz.. /. s. d. Bedfordshire by Mr. Britton and Mr. Brayley, with a Map and 6 plates 046 Berkshire do. do. do. 14 do. 090 Buckinghamshire do. do. do. 9 do. 060 Cambridgeshire by Mr. Brayley and Mr. Britton, do. 8 do. 090 Cheshire do. do. do. 6 do. 6 O Cornwall do. do. do. 9 do. 090 Cumberland by Mr. Britton and Mr. Brayley, do. 10 do. 10 Derbyshire do. do. do. SI do. 12 Devonshire do. do. do. 31 do. 13 Dorsetshire do. do. do. 1 1 do. 10 O Durham by Mr. Brayley and Mr. Britton, do. 7 do. 090 Esex do. do. do 19 do. 12 O Gloucwterthire do. do. do 11 do. 10 O Hampshire do. do. do 15 do. 14 Herefordihire do. do. do 10 do. 10 Hertfordshire by, Mr. Brayley do. do 17do. 12 Huntingdonshire do. do. do 3 do. 090 Kent do. do. do 37 do. 1 10 Lancashire by Mr. Brittbn do. do 14 do. 10 O Leicestershire do. do. do 5 do. 0100 Lincolnshire do. do. do 7 do. 10 Monmouthshire by the Rev. J- Evans and Mr. Britton, do lido. 080 Norfolk by Mr. Britton and Mr. Brayley, do SO do. 15 Northamptonshire do. do. do 7 do. 9 Nonhumbertand bv the Rev. J. Hodgson do 11 do. 090 Nottinghamshire by Mr. Laird do. do 10 do. IS Oxfordshire by Mr. J. N. Brewer do 91 do. 18 Rutlandshire by Mi. 1 aird do 4 do. 050 Staffordshire by the Rev. J. Nightingale do 14 do. 16 O Shropshire do, do Si do. 14 Somersetshire do. do 11 do. IS Suffolk by Mr. Shoberl do 13 do. 14 Surrey do. do 13 do. ' 10 6 Sussex d... do 9rt... 080 Warwickshire by Mr. J. N. Biewer do 16 do. 12 Westmorland by the Rev J Hodgson do 6 do. 080 Wiltshire by Mr. Britton do IB do. 1 4 I) Worcestershire by Mr. Laird do 14 do. o is e Wales iNorth) by the Rev. J. Evans do 29 do. 1 4 (South by the Kev. T. kets, F. S. A. do 33 d.i. 1 4 Yorkshire by Mr. J. Bigland with 4 Maps and 85 do. 1 10 Published by Shcrwcod &; Co. ar,d Cowie 5? Co. London. That portion of " THE BEAUTIES of ENGLAND and WALES," comprehending the METROPOLIS and the COUNTY in which it is situated, is a Work of the greatest Interest, and entitled LONDON AND MIDDLESEX, OR, AN HISTORICAL, A COMMERCIAL, AND DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY Oi>~ il. i. jHetropolts of (great Britain ; WITH SKETCHES OF ITS ENVIRONS* And a Topographical Account of the most remarkable Places in the County. It consists of Five Volumes, which are illustrated with up\vards of ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY ENGRAVINGS. The first three Volumes comprise an Historical and Topographical Account of LONDON. The Fourth Volume contains tin; History and Description of WESTMINSTER. The Hfih Volume is appro- priated to A TOPOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MIDDLESEX, and is dedicated, by permission, to his Grace, the DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND.- Price 61. 6s. smalt, in boards, or, lOi. large. THE INTRODUCTION to " THE BEAUTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES," comprising a Series of Dissertations on the History and Antiquities of the uJEras most important in Topographical Researches, l>y Mr. J. N. BIIEWER, is also sold separately. Price 11. 4s. boards, small, or, II. 11s. 6d. large. This part of the Work presents a digest of the opinions contained in the most judicious Antiquarian Writings (often voluminous, recondite, and costly), on the various topics selected for discussion. It is intended to supply a desideratum long i'elt in English Literature, by enabling the reader to ascertain, with as much pre- cision as is practicable, the dates of Ecclesiastical and Military Antiquities, and ihe people by whom they were constructed. * (fdr The present Proprietors, desirous of rendering this Work complete, and worthy of National Encouragement, respectfully infoim the Public, they are pre- paring Antiquarian, Topographical, and Historical Surveys of " IRELAND" and " SCOTLAND," accompanied with Biographical Notices of EMINENT PERSON* resident in each County, intended to class with " THE BEAUTIES of ENGLAND and WALES." for the execution of these additional Volumes, so justly deemed by tin: Subscribers indispensible towards the completion of this undertaking, they have selected literary men of acknowledged experience in Topographical and Antiquarian writings, and artists of the first celebrity. They pledge themselves to the (insertion, that no expense or efforts shall be wanting in an endeavour to render every part worthy of public patronage ; and the arrangements preclude the possibility of the Work extending beyond its specified. limits t " THE BEAUTIES OF IRELAND" will be comprised in Two Volumes, which will be published in Monthly Numbers, in Royal Octavo and Demy Octavo, with Letter-press Illustrations, to correspond with " THE BEAUTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES." " THE BEAUTIES OF SCOTLAND" will also be comprised in Two Volumes, and published in Monthly Numbers. &,c. the same as above stated. Paternoster Row, London. 5 In the course of January, 1820, will be published, in One Volume, Quarto, elegantly printed on fine Paper and Jiul-pressed, THE SPORTSMAN'S REPOSITORY, COMPRISING A COMPLETE SERIES OF HIGHLY-FINISHED ENGRAVINGS, REPRESENTING THE antr IN ALL THEIR VARIETIES; EXECUTED IN THE LINE MANNER BY JOHiN SCOTT, FROM ORIGINAL PAINTINGS BY MARSHALL, REINAGLE, GILPIN, STUBBS, AND COOPER: A comprehensive historical and systematic Description of the DIFFERENT SPECIES OF EACH, WITH THEIR APPROPRIATE USES, MANAGEMENT, IMPROVEMENT, &c. INTERSPERSED WITH INTERESTING ANECDOTES OF THE MOST CELEBRATED HORSES AND DOGS, AND THEIR, OWNERS; Likewise, a great Variety of Practical -Information on Training' and the Amusements of the Field. BY WILLIAM HENRY SCOTT, Author of " BRITISH FIELD SPORTS." No selection from the great store-house of Nature is more likely to merit general attention, or to excite general interest, than the HORSE and the DOG. To the former, we are indebted for the power of transporting ourselves from place to place with speed and comfort, and for the means of participating in the manly and health- ful Sports of the Field ; while the labours of agriculture, and the pursuits of commerce, are no less indebted to it for increased activity and productiveness. From the well- bred hunter down to the hapless drudge of the sand-cart, through all the interme- diate gradations, we see the valuable properties of the Horse made available to the wants and the pleasures of man. Can it be doubted then, that a Work which pro- fesses to invite the embellishments of Art with the inquiries of Science, in developing all the varieties of this Animal, will meet with an adequate Patronage? But it is not on this ground alone that it aspires to Patronage. It takes a wider range ; and, by including in its design, the history, the qualities, and the different breeds of the Doo that half- reasoning friend and companion of Man it enlarges its claims to general reception. Who is there that has not, at some period of his life, ac- knowledged th influence of an attachment between himself and his Dog? Who is Published by Sherwood, Ncely, and Jones, there that does not recognise in this faithful, vigilant, sagacious, humble, and silent friend, the possessor of qualities, which are not always to be found in the human and more talkative friend? Poetry and Eloquence have jiot disdained to employ them- selves in celebrating the virtues of the canine race; and the Historian of it therefore may hope to have his theme applauded. It is only necessary further to observe, that the literary execution and graphic em- bellishments of this work will not be unworthy of the subjects delineated. With respect to the latter, the Proprietors confidently anticipate that the names of the Artists employed will be a sufficient gustemtee-; while the former will be the production of an OLD and EXPERIENCED SPORTSMAN. The following are the Subjects of the PLATES which will embellish the Work, viz. : 1. GODOLPHIN ARABIAN, the Property of Lord Godolphin. 2. ARABIAN, the Property of the Right Hon. Henry Wellesley. 3. ECLIPSE and SIUKSPEAPE, two celebrat-^ ed Racers. 4. KING HEP.OD and FLYING CHILDERS, the Property of the Duke of De- vonshire. 5. STALLION, Jupiter, the Property of Lieut.-Col. Thornton. 6. CiiARGEn, the Property of Major-Gen. Warde. 1. SHEPHERD'S Doc- 2. NEWFOUNDLAND DOG. 3. GREENLAND Doc. 4. POINTER. 5. SPANISH POINTER. 6. SETTER. 7. SPRINGER. 8. WATER SPANIEL. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. HUNTER, Duncomlie, the Property of Geo. Treacher, Esq. RACER, Eleanor, the Property of Sir Chas. Bunbury, Bart. HACKNEY, Roan Billy, COACH-HORSE, the Property of Henry Villnbois, Esq. CART-HORSE, Dumpling, the Property of Messrs. Home and Devey. PONIES Shetland, Forester, and JFelsh the Property of Jacob Wardell, Esq. A MULE, the Property of Lord Holland, and AN Ass. 9. STAC HOUND. 10. Fox HOUNDS. 11. GREYHOUND. 12. IRISH GREYHOUND. 13. ITALIAN GREYHOUNDS. 14. BLOOD HOUND. 15. SOUTHERN HOUND. 16. BEAGLES. \~ . HARRIER. IS. TEKRIEHS. 19. LURCHER. 20. WATER DOG. 21. BULL Doc. 22. MASTIFF. 23. DALMATIAN. 24. PUGS. *.(<* It will bt further embellished ncith numerous beautiful emblematical READ and TAIL PIECES. THE PRACTICAL PLANTER, or, a Treatise on Forest Planting; comprehending the Culture and Management of planted and natural Timbtr, in every Stage of its Growth: also, the Culture and Management of Hedge Fences, and the Construction of Stone Walls, &c. By WALTER NICOL. Price 7s. Boards. PRACTICAL OBSERVATIONS on the BRITISH GRASSES, especi- ally such as are best adapted to the laying down or improving of Meadows and Pastures; with an enumeration of the British Grasses : By WILLIAM CURTIS, F L.S. Author of the " Flora Londmensjg," " Botanical Magazine," " Lectures on Botany," &c. 5th Edition, with Additions. The whole digested and brought down to the present Period, by JOHN LAWRENCE, Author of the " New Farmer's Calendar," &.c. To which is subjoined, a ?hort Account of the Causes of the Diseases in Corn, by SIH JOSEPH BANKS, Bart. Price 6s. ; or, with the Plates coloured, 8s. (id. Boards. THE GRAZIER'S READY-RECKONER, or, a useful Guide for Buying and Selling Cattle; being a complete set of Tables, distinctly pointing out the Weight of Black Cattle, Sheep, and Swine, from Three to One Hundred and Thirty" Stones, by mvimtre- ment ; with Directions, showing the particular parts where the Cattle are to be measured. By GEORGE RENTON, Banner/ A new Edition, corrected. Price 2s. 6d. sewed. Paternoster Row, London. THE UNIVERSAL GARDENER AND BOTANIST, or, a General Dictionary o 'Gardening and Botany; exhibiting in Botanical Arrangement, according to By the same Author, EVERY MAN HIS OWN GARDENER; bring a new and mucl, more GENEL LAY, Esq. 1 lurd Ldition ; with Additions, on Breedm- Feedine- and Managing Swme, and M.lch Cows for the Family Dairy. Price ^ Boards"' HARDING'S FARMER'S ACCOUNT-BOOK; contaiuing ruled Tables for keeping with ease and accuracy the following Accounts, viz. 1. A Journal of Occurrences on the Farm. 2. A daily Statement of Labour performed. 3. A Weekly Cash Account. 4. A Weekly Account of Live Stock. 5. The Produce and Consumption of Com, Hay, Potatoes, &c. G. The Dairy Account. 7. Annual Receipts and Expenses. Eleventh Edition, Improved. To be continued Annuallv. Price of the above, for a whole Year, 2is. sewed. Ditto, a half year, 10s. 6U A PRACTICAL TREATISE on BREWING the various Sorts of MALT >R; with Examples of each Species, and the Mode of using the Tbermomete- and BO ??t r> T rendered ea *y to every capacity : the hole forming a COMPLETE G HIDE -LWl^G London Porter, Brown Stout, Reading Beer, Amber, Hock, London -Vie \V indsor Ale, Welch Ale, Wirtemberg Ale, Scurvy-Grass Ale, and Table and Snipping Beerl to winch are added, General Instructions for making Malt, and Tables of the Net Duties of !L^A^^rT g VT a n l p^ a r b ! e ^ ^f' 6 by C mm0n Brewers ' ln Town aud Count T. By ALEXANDER MORRICE, Common Brewer. Six.h Edition ; w:th the Laws relating tc Brewers, Maltsters, and Innkeepers. By JOHN WILLIAMS, Esq. Price 10s. (3d. Boards COMMUNICATIONS to the BOARD of AGRICULTURE, on Subjects relative to the Husbandry and Internal Improvement of the Country. A New S*i n vol. I. Part I. Price 4s. Boards. WHITE'S FARRIERY; containing an accurate Description of the Diseases of the Horse, and their best Mode of Treatment: with numerous Practical Observat rirp r rce H jr4;. c Sd s s heep ' *> and Doss - iiiustiated ^ piat - tfpSSz By the same Author, A Compendious DICTIONARY of the VETERINARY ART ; containing a concise Explanation of the various Terms used in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery - with Antall ^riceTS'o ", ' lSCaSeS ^ "^ " ^ " ^ f A TREATISE on the BREEDING and MANAGEMENT of BEES to e greatest Advantage; interspersed ,.ith important Observations, adapted to general Pncefe Boards ' " f Ex ^ nments durin S ? Years.' By P JOHN KEYS. AN INTRODUCTION to the SCIENCE of BOTANY- chiefly c &* 8 ? ^ f'" kS of LlSK -* s = to which are added, several NEw'-fABLES a th p y ,> hC p atC JAMES LEE ' Nurser y ffian Florist at the Vineyard/Hamme smith. Fourth Edition ; c<,r,vcted and considerably enlarged, by JAMB. LM Shn " 3 Published 1>y Shirwood, AVe/y, and Jones , London. CURTIS'S BOTANICAL MAGAZINE, or, Flower Garden displavi-d ; in which tlte most Ornamental Foreign Plants, cultivated in the Open Ground, the Green- House, and the Stove, are accurately represented in their natural Colours. To which are added, their Names, Class, Order, Generic, and Specific Characters, according to the cele- tyated Linnaeus ; with their Places of Growth, Times of Flowering, and the most approved Methods of Culture. This Work contains Figures, accurately dra*-n anil coloured from Nature, of more than 2000 Plant*, cultivated in Gardens, chiefly in tlie Kir- irons of London; and each Figure is accompanied with a page or more of Letter-press, containing such information as was thought to be most desirable, to all such persons as wKh to become scicntifirally acquainted with the Plants they cultivate. Con- tinued since the Death of Mr. Curtis, by JOHN S*, M.D. F.R.S. and L.S. The Forty-fifth folunir, or, Tliinl of Vie ffew Sertt*,of this Work is just completed; and the Entire fort, or any of the Volumes, may be had, the first Forty-Two at One Guinea each, and the subsequent Volumes, containing double the Quantity of the others, at Two Guineas each ; or, any Numbers may be bad separately, to com- plete SETS. The BOTANICAL MAGAZINE will continue to be published on the first day of every Month, in \itn,i>ers, containing eight Plates, price .j*. t Masters. Price 2/. 8$. Boards. SONGS of the CHASE, including those on RACING, SHOOTING, ANGLING, HAWKING, ARCHERY, &c. Handsomely printed" in foolscap 8vo. price 0j. in Boards, with appropriate Embellishments. " This Collection has been made with much judgment and industry. The book is exquisitely printed on fine paper, nnd embellished with two beautiful Engravings, viz. the Title and Frontis- piece, the joint efforts of Mr. Marshall, the Animal Painter, and Mr. John Scott, the Kngraver. There is, likewise, a Tail-piece, engraved on wood, representing, in miniature, the joys of the table after a fox-chase.'' Sporting Magazine. THE CHASE: to which is annexed, FIELD SPORTS. By WILLIAM SOMERVILE, E< X a at a s 8 a B U S a 8 a B 8 University Research Library