UC-NRLF 
 
 i 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
OXFORD ATLAS 
 
 OF 
 
 ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY, 
 
 DEDICATED WITH PERMISSION TO THE 
 
 REV. DR. RUSSELL, 
 
 HEAD MASTER OF THE CHARTER HOUSE SCHOOL, LONDON. 
 
 TT HEN it is considered that there are numerous Atlasses of 
 Ancient Geography already in circulation, it may not unrea- 
 sonably be inquired, wherein consists the necessity of publishing 
 another? To this question the Publisher deems it expedient to 
 reply; and in doing so, without entering at length into the errors 
 and imperfections of works of this description already before the 
 public, he would remark, that it has been suggested to him that 
 they are inadequate on many accounts for the purposes for which 
 they are designed. Those Maps in particular which ought to be 
 illustrative of the earlier writers of Greece and Rome, abound 
 with numerous errors and omissions; and frequently the position 
 of places is entirely at variance with the description given by 
 those writers. In those systems of Ancient Geography which 
 are most approved and are most exempt from error, the size of 
 the Maps is so large, that they are not only unportable, but 
 exceedingly inconvenient for frequent reference. It is true that 
 some of a smaller scale have within these few years been pub- 
 lished, but they evidently bear marks of having been copied from 
 older works, with very few corrections and scarcely any addi- 
 tions. From these considerations it is presumed, that an Atlas 
 free from these inconveniences and imperfections would be a de- 
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 as well as Classical Scholars in general. The materials of the 
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 University, who, before the Maps are presented to the public, 
 
will diligently compare them with the Greek and Roman Histo- 
 rians they are intended to illustrate. Maps and Plans illustrative 
 of Herodotus, Thucydides, Livy, &c. &c. will also be given, to 
 which will be added Chronological Tables. 
 
 As the utility of the work must depend on its accuracy, the 
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 The Atlas will contain upwards of Sixty Quarto Plates, from 
 Drawings made expressly for the work. The price to the Sub- 
 scribers will not exceed Two Guineas : Non-Subscribers Three 
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LIST OF THE MAPS AND PLANS. 
 
 World. 
 Britain. 
 Roman Empire during the 
 
 Punic War. 
 Roman Empire during the 
 
 time of Augustus. 
 Spain. 
 Gaul. 
 ^Germany. 
 ^Cisalpine Gaul. 
 *Central Italy. 
 *Italy and Sicily. 
 Sicily. 
 Greece and its Colonies. 
 
 Macedonia. 
 
 *Thrace. 
 
 *Northern -Greece. 
 
 *Central Greece. 
 
 *Peloponnesus. 
 
 *Coast of Asia Minor and 
 
 Islands in JEgean Sea. 
 *Asia Minor. 
 Countries between Sardis and 
 
 Susa. 
 Asia. 
 * Africa. 
 Palestine, 
 Egypt. 
 
 Those marked thus * will be double the size of the other Maps. 
 
 To illustrate Herodotus. 
 The World. 
 Egypt. 
 Delta. 
 Scythia. 
 
 Samos and Mycale. 
 Libya. 
 Asia. 
 
 Battle of Marathon. 
 Bridge of Boats. 
 Pass of Thermopyla?. 
 Battle of Platrea. 
 Battle of Salamis. 
 Plan of Athens. 
 Plan of Babylon. 
 Chronological Table. 
 
 To illustrate Thucydides. 
 Sicily.* 
 
 Acarnania and ^Etolia. 
 Sybota. 
 Stratos. 
 Olpe. 
 Pallene and Siege of Po- 
 
 tidzea. 
 Amphipolis. 
 Pylos. 
 Battles in the Crissaean 
 
 Gulph. 
 
 Siege of Platsea. 
 Plan of Syracuse. 
 Plan of Athens. 
 Chronological Table from 
 
 the Battle of Plataea to the 
 
 close of the Peloponnesian 
 
 War. 
 
 To illustrate Livit 
 Mysia and Lydia. 
 Rome. 
 
 Vicinity of Rome. 
 Battle of Caudine Forks. 
 Passage .of the Rhone. 
 Battle of the Trebia. 
 Battle of Trasimenus. 
 Battle.of Cannse. 
 Plan of Syracuse. 
 Siege of Syracuse. 
 Battle at the Metaurus. 
 Battle of Zama. 
 Battle of Cynocephala;. 
 Battle of Magnesia. 
 Plan of Sparta. 
 Plan of a Roman Encamp- 
 ment, &c. &c. 
 
 To illustrate Homer. 
 The World. 
 Map of the Trojan War. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 Plan of a Greek Theatre. 
 Plan of a Roman Theatre. 
 Catapulta. 
 Balista. 
 Testudo. 
 
 Musculus and Pluteus. 
 Battering Ram. 
 Covered Galleries. 
 &c, &c. &c. 
 
 OXFORD, PUBLISHED BY J. VINCENT ; AND G. B. WH1TTAKER, 
 
 LONDON. 
 
A LIST 
 
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 BOOKS 
 
 PUBLISHED BY J. VINCENT, OXFORD. 
 
 NATURAL THEOLOGY, by WILLIAM PALEY, D.D. illustrated by a Series 
 of Plates, and Explanatory Notes. By JAMES PAXTON, Member of the 
 Royal College of Surgeons, London. To which is added, BOTANICAL 
 THEOLOGY, by JOHN SHUTE DUNCAN, M.A. Fellow of New College, 
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 In announcing this Work to the Public, it may be observed, that it has 
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 contributing very materially, we think, to a thorough understanding of the author. 
 
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 An INTRODUCTION to the STUDY OF, HUMAN ANATOMY, containing 
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ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 OF 
 
 PALEY'S NATURAL THEOLOGY; 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE LETTER PRESS. 
 
 BY JAMES PAXTON, 
 
 MEMBER OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, LONDON. 
 
 " Of muscular actions, even of those well understood, some of the 
 most curious are incapable of popular explanation, without the aid of 
 Plates and Figures." PALEY'S THEOLOGY, Ch. ix. 
 
 OXFORD : 
 
 PUBLISHED BY J. VINCENT. 
 MDCCCXXVF. 
 
TO THE 
 
 HONOURABLE AND RIGHT REVEREND 
 
 SHUTE BARRINGTON, LL.D. 
 
 LORD BISHOP OF DURHAM. 
 
 MY LORD, 
 
 To your suggestion the world is 
 indebted for the existence of Dr. Paley's valuable 
 work on Natural Theology. The universal and 
 permanent esteem in which it has been held in 
 this country, and its favourable reception in 
 France, even after the desolating influence of 
 the Revolution, have abundantly approved your 
 Lordship's selection both of the subject and of the 
 person to whom you intrusted it. 
 
 In looking round, then, for a patron for these 
 ILLUSTRATIONS, it was natural to have recourse 
 to him who was the original suggestor of the 
 work which it is their object to explain. Nor 
 was I disappointed in my wish ; your Lordship 
 
DEDICATION. 
 
 not only condescending to approve of the de- 
 sign, but to encourage me in its prosecution by 
 your very liberal support. For this distinguished 
 honour you will believe me deeply sensible ; and 
 if I may indulge the hope that my humble efforts 
 will increase the utility of so eminent a writer, I 
 shall consider it the highest gratification. 
 I am, 
 
 MY LORD, 
 
 With great veneration, 
 Your Lordship's most obliged 
 
 And obedient servant, 
 JAMES PAXTON. 
 
 Oxford, 
 January 1, 1826. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 THE works of Dr. Paley have acquired that 
 popularity which renders it scarcely necessary to 
 observe that his Natural Theology was written to 
 establish the truth of the agency and wisdom of 
 the Deity from the admirable contrivances and 
 mechanism displayed in natural objects, inferring 
 from thence that the knowledge and power requi- 
 site for the formation of created nature must be 
 infinite. 
 
 The principal physical arguments made use of, 
 relate to organs destined to mechanical func- 
 tions, as the bones of man the muscles the 
 structure of animals, or comparative anatomy 
 prospective and compensatory contrivances in- 
 sects and plants: with most of these objects the 
 anatomist only can be conversant ; but all admit 
 of graphic representation, and such has been at- 
 tempted. 
 
 The designs of the following plates are original, 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 obtained from the most authentic sources, and 
 submitted to the critical examination of the most 
 competent judges. It is hoped that the illustrations 
 will be found the more interesting from their 
 being simple and unincumbered by parts irrelevant 
 to the subject of the author. These are accom- 
 panied by notes, which are intended to supply 
 defective or correct erroneous statements, and to 
 explain the plates. 
 
 The undertaking originated in the difficulty 
 of understanding the various descriptions intro- 
 duced by Paley, not however from his want of 
 clearness, for the subjects in general are plainly 
 and correctly described; but it is evident that 
 visible representations strike the mind more forci- 
 bly than mere descriptions. It is therefore pre- 
 sumed that the subsequent illustrations will be an 
 acquisition, by bringing vivedly to the imagination, 
 objects of which only an imperfect idea could 
 otherwise be formed; and that they will conse- 
 quently render the work more intelligible to the 
 general reader. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 TAB. I. THE WATCH. 
 
 FIG. 1. The spring and barrel, or first power, with the chain 
 which connects it to 
 
 FIG. 2. The fusee and great wheel. The fusee is tapered at 
 the top to correct the irregular recoil of the spring. The great 
 wheel turns 
 
 FIG. 3. The centre wheel and pinion, which makes one revo- 
 lution in an hour, carries the minute hand, and turns 
 
 FIG. 4. The third wheel and pinion, which turns the contrate 
 wheel. 
 
 FIG. 5. The contrate wheel, which makes one revolution in a 
 minute, and turns the balance or escape wheel, 
 
 FIG. 6. The balance wheel, which acts upon the pallats of the 
 verge, and escapes or drops from one pallat to another alter- 
 nately, thereby keeping the balance in constant vibration. 
 
 FIG. 7. The balance verge and balance or pendulum spring, 
 which regulates the whole machine. 
 
 FIG. 8. The cannon pinion, affixed to the centre wheel arbour, 
 on which the minute hand is placed. 
 FIG. 9. The minute wheel. 
 
 FIG. 10. The hour wheel. These wheels are turned by the 
 cannon pinion, and having a greater number of teeth, move 
 much slower than the cannon pinion, and mark the hour by 
 the hand on the dial. 
 
 The above is a description of the several wheels alluded to by 
 Paley. Their relative situation, and combined movement, may 
 be seen by the simple inspection of a watch. 
 
 
TAB. I 
 
 
 
 SI 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 TAB. II. THE EYE. 
 
 FIG. 1. The crystalline lens of a fish; it is proportionably 
 larger than in other animals, and perfectly spherical. 
 
 FIG. 2. A section of the human eye. It is formed of various 
 coats, or membranes, containing pellucid humours of different 
 degrees of density. 
 
 The external membrane, called sclerotic, is strong and firm, 
 the support of the spherical figure of the eye : it is deficient in 
 the centre, but that part is supplied by the cornea, which is 
 transparent and projects like the segment of a small globe from 
 one of larger size. The interior of the sclerotic is lined by the 
 choroid, covered by a dark mucous secretion, termed pigmentum 
 nigrum, intended to absorb the superfluous rays of light. The 
 choroid is represented in the plate by the black line. The 
 third and inner membrane, which is marked by the white line, is 
 the retina, the expanded optic nerve. 
 
 Within these coats of the eye, are the humours, a, the aqueous 
 humour, a thin fluid like water; b, the crystalline lens of a 
 dense texture ; c, the vitreous humour, in appearance like jelly. 
 Together they make a compound lens, which refracts the rays 
 of light issuing from an object, d, and delineates its figure, e, in 
 the focus upon the retina, inverted. 
 
 FIG. 3. The lens of the telescope. 
 
 FIG. 4. The crystalline lens. 
 
 FIG. 5, 6. A plan of the circular and radiated fibres which 
 the iris is supposed to possess ; the former contracts, the latter 
 dilates the pupil, or aperture formed by the inner margin of 
 the iris. 
 
 FIG. 7. a, a, a, a, the four straight muscles, arising from the 
 bottom of the orbit, where they surround, c, the optic nerve ; and 
 are inserted by broad thin tendons at the fore part of the globe 
 of the eye into the tunica sclerotica. 
 
G 
 
 , 
 
 t 
 
 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 TAB. III. THE EYE OF BIRDS AND OF THE EEL. 
 
 FIG. 1, 2. The flexible rim, or hoop, of the eye of birds, con- 
 sisting of bony plates, which occupy the front of the sclerotic ; 
 lying close together and overlapping each other. These bony 
 plates in general form a slightly convex ring, Fig. 1, but in the 
 accipitres they form a concave ring, as in Fig. 2, the bony rim 
 of a hawk. 
 
 FIG. 3, 4, 6. Exhibit the marsupium; it arises from the 
 back of the eye, proceeding apparently through a slit in the 
 retina; it passes obliquely into the vitreous humour, and ter- 
 minates in that part, as in the eagle, Fig. 3, a section of the eye 
 of the falco chrysaetos. In some species it reaches the lens, 
 and is attached to it, Fig. 4, 6. In the plate the marsupium 
 is marked with a *. 
 
 FIG. 5. The head of an eel; the skin is represented turned 
 back ; and as the transparent horny covering of the eye, a, a, is 
 a cuticular covering, it is separated with it. 
 
.in 
 
 * 
 
 ; J 
 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 TAB. IV. THE LACHRYMAL APPARATUS AND 
 NICTITATING MEMBRANE. 
 
 FIG. 1. a, the lachrymal gland, the source of the tears; b, its 
 several ducts, diffusing this fluid over the eye ; c, c, the puncta 
 lachrymalia, which convey the tears into, d, the lachrymal sac, 
 terminating in the nostril. 
 
 FIG. 2. The nictitating membrane, or third eyelid ; it is a thin 
 semi-transparent fold of the conjunctive, which, in a state of 
 rest, lies in the inner corner of the eye, with its loose edge 
 nearly vertical, but can be drawn out so as to cover the whole 
 front of the globe. In this figure it is represented in the act of 
 being drawn over the eye. 
 
 FIG. 3. The muscles of the nictitating membrane are very 
 singular in their form and action, they are attached to the back 
 of the sclerotic ; one of them, a, which from its shape is called 
 quadratus, has its origin from the upper and back part of the 
 sclerotic ; its fibres descend towards the optic nerve, and ter- 
 minate in a curved margin with a cylindrical canal in it. The 
 other muscle, b, which is called pyramidalis, arises from the 
 lower and back part of the sclerotic. It has a long tendinous 
 chord, c, which passes through the canal of the quadratus, a, as 
 a pulley, and having arrived at the lower and exterior part of the 
 eye-ball, is inserted into the loose edge of the nictitating mem- 
 brane. This description refers also to Fig 4, a profile of the 
 eye, and Fig. 5, the membrane and its muscles detached from 
 the eye. 
 
f 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 TAB. V. THE HUMAN EAR, AND TYMPANUM OF 
 THE ELEPHANT. 
 
 FIG. 1. a, the external ear ; b, the meat us auditorius externus; 
 c, the membrana tympani ; d, the ossicula auditus ; e, the semi- 
 circular canals; f, the cochlea; g, a section of the eustachian 
 tube, which extends from the cavity of the tympanum, to the 
 interior of the fauces. 
 
 FIG. 2. The bones of the ear magnified, a, the malleus, con- 
 nected by a process to the tympanum : the round head is 
 lodged in the body of, b, the incus, and the incus is united to, c, 
 the os orbiculare, and this to, d, the stapes. 
 
 FIG. 3. The labyrinth, so named from the intricacy of its 
 cavities ; it is situated in the petrous part of the temporal bone, 
 and consists of the vestibule, or central cavity, three semicircular 
 canals, and cochlea, and is best explained by the plate, Fig. 1, 
 and 3. 
 
 The vibrations of sounds, striking against the membrana 
 tympani, are propagated by the intervention of these four little 
 bones, to the water contained within the cavities of the laby- 
 rinth ; and by means of this water the impression is conveyed 
 to the extremities of the auditory nerve. 
 
 Fish require no tympanum, nor external opening to the ear ; 
 the fluid in which they live is the medium for conducting sounds 
 through the bones of the head. 
 
 FIG. 4. The tympanum of the elephant, of its natural size. 
 
TAB 'V 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 TAB. VI. TROCHLEAR MUSCLE OF THE EYE, 
 AND KIDNEY. 
 
 FIG. 1. The trochlear or superior oblique muscle, arises with 
 the straight muscles from the bottom of the orbit. Its muscular 
 portion, a, is extended over the upper part of the eye-ball, and 
 gradually assumes the form of a smooth round tendon, b, which 
 passes through the pulley, c, and is fixed to the inner edge of 
 the orbit, d, then turning backwards and downwards, e, is inserted 
 into, f, the sclerotic membrane. 
 
 FIG. 2. A section of the human kidney; a, the emulgent 
 artery which conveys the blood to, b, the papilla, where the 
 peculiar fluid is secreted ; from whence it passes by tubes into c, 
 the pelvis ; d, the emulgent vein which returns the blood ; e, the 
 ureter, or tube, which conducts the secretion to its receptacle. 
 
TAB . VS. 
 
CHAPTER VITI. 
 
 TAB. VII. VERTEBRAE OF THE HUMAN NECK. 
 
 FIG. 1. A representation of the head and the neck; the latter 
 is composed of seven bones called vertebra. 
 
 FIG. 2. exhibits the first and second vertebrae, with their 
 mode of connexion. The uppermost vertebra, termed the atlas, 
 from its supporting the globe of the head, has an oval concave 
 surface on either side, a, a, for the reception of two correspond- 
 ing convex surfaces placed on the lower part of the head, in 
 such a manner as only to admit of the action of bending and 
 raising the head. 
 
 FIG. 3. The atlas. 
 
 FIG. 4. The second vertebra, called dentata, has two plane 
 surfaces, a } a, adapted to the planes, a, a, Fig. 3. of the atlas : 
 and this manner of articulation provides for the turning of the 
 head laterally in almost every direction. Fig. 2. and 4. b, b, 
 shew the tooth-like process which affords a firm pivot for the 
 production of the lateral motion just described. This process 
 is received into a corresponding indentation of the atlas, Fig. 3. 
 b, and a strong ligament passes behind it, serving as an effectual 
 security against dislocation, and consequent compression of the 
 spinal marrow. Fig. 4. d, marks the situation for the spinal 
 marrow, which passes through the ring of each vertebra. The 
 letter, c, indicates a perforation in the lateral process; and as 
 there is a corresponding perforation in each lateral, or as it is 
 termed transverse process of the seven cervical vertebrae, a con- 
 tinuous passage is thus formed for the protection of two import- 
 ant blood-vessels destined to supply the brain. 
 
 
TAB .v-n 
 
 Published by JamesPaxton 
 

 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 TAB. VIII. BONES OF THE ARM. 
 
 FIG. 1. a, the humerus ; the head, b, is a portion of a sphere, 
 and exhibits an example of the ball and socket, or universal 
 joint; c, the hinge joint, instanced in the elbow; d, the radius; 
 e, the ulna. The radius belongs more peculiarly to the wrist, 
 being the bone which supports the hand, and which turns with 
 it in all its revolving motions. The ulna principally belongs to 
 the elbow joint, for by it we perform all the actions of bending 
 or extending the arm. 
 
 FIG. 2. a, the humerus : b, shows the connexion of the radius, 
 with, c, the ulna, at the elbow. The mode of articulation at 
 the wrist is seen, Fig. 1. 
 
 
TAfiLVIH 
 
 Of v 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 TAB. IX. THE SPINE. 
 
 FIG. 1. The human spine, so named from the series of sharp 
 processes projecting from the posterior part of the vertebrae. 
 The spine consists of seven vertebrae of the neck, distinguished 
 by the perforations in their transverse processes; of twelve 
 belonging to the back, and marked by depressions for the heads 
 of the ribs ; and, lastly, of five belonging to the loins, which 
 are larger than the other vertebrae. 
 
 FIG. 2. A separated dorsal vertebra : a, the body of the ver- 
 tebra ; b, the ring through which the spinal marrow passes : c, c, 
 the articulating surfaces to which the ribs are united. 
 
 FIG. 3. The vertebra of a very large serpent, drawn from a 
 specimen belonging to the Anatomy school of Christ Church, 
 Oxford. This figure shews the socket of the vertebra. 
 
 FIG. 4. the ball or rounded joint, evidently calculated for ex- 
 tensive motion. 
 
 FIG. 5. A part of the spine of the same reptile ; it is exceed- 
 ingly strong, each bone being united to the other by fifteen 
 surfaces of articulation. 
 

CHAPTER VTIT. 
 
 TAB. X. THE CHEST, PATELLA, AND SHOULDER 
 BLADE. 
 
 FIG. 1. The spine, ribs, and sternum, constitute the frame- 
 work of the chest or thorax. Referring however to the plate, or 
 to nature, we observe that the ribs are not continued throughout 
 from the spine to the sternum, but intervening cartilages com- 
 plete the form of the chest, by connecting the end of the rib to 
 the breast bone. This is a further provision, relative to the 
 mechanical function of the lungs, deserving notice. The 
 muscles of respiration enlarge the capacity of the chest by 
 elevating the ribs ; and during the momentary interval of mus- 
 cular action the cartilages, from their great elasticity, restore 
 the ribs to their former position. 
 
 FIG. 2. Represents the true shape of the patella, the anterior 
 surface convex. Fig. 3. the posterior surface, has two concave 
 depressions adapted to the condyles of the thigh bone. The 
 projection of the patella, as a lever, or pulley, removes the 
 acting force from the centre of motion, by which means the 
 muscles have a greater advantage in extending the leg. 
 
 FIG. 4. The shoulder-blade (scapula] is joined to the collar 
 bone by ligaments, arid to the thorax by powerful muscles 
 which are capable of sustaining immense weights, and whose 
 action gives the various directions to the arm, and enables it 
 freely to revolve at the shoulder joint. 
 
tJ w 
 

CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 TAB. XI. THE HIP, KNEE, AND ANKLE JOINTS. 
 
 FIG. 1. The capsular ligament is here opened in order to shew 
 the ligament of the hip, named the round ligament. It allows 
 considerable latitude of motion, at the same time that it is the 
 great safe-guard against dislocation. 
 
 FIG. 2. and 4. The crucial or internal ligaments of the 
 knee-joint arise from each side of the depression between the 
 condyles of the thigh bone; the anterior is fixed into the 
 centre, the posterior into the back of the articulation of the 
 tibia. This structure properly limits the motions of the joint, 
 and gives the firmness requisite for violent exertions. Viewing 
 the form of the bones, we should consider it one of the weakest 
 and most superficial, but the strength of its ligaments renders it 
 the most secure, and the least liable to dislocation of any joint 
 in the whole body. 
 
 FIG. 3. one of the inter articular cartilages of the knee, from 
 their shape called semilunar ; it is also represented in situ 
 Fig. 2. The outer edge of each cartilage is thick, the inner 
 concave edge thin ; the sockets for the condyles of the thigh 
 bone are thus rendered deeper, and the cartilages are so fixed 
 as to allow a little play on the tibia, by which the joint moves 
 with great freedom. 
 
 A moving cartilage is not common, but is peculiar to those 
 joints whose motions are very frequent, or which move under a 
 great weight. It is a contrivance found at the inner head of 
 the collar bone and the articulation of the wrist, as well as 
 at the knee. The obvious use is to lessen friction and fa- 
 cilitate motion. 
 
 FIG. 4. Exhibits the formation of the ankle joint; a, 
 bitla; b, the tibia. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 TAB. XIT. THE SARTORIUS AND OBLIQUE MUSCLES 
 OF THE HEAD. 
 
 FIG. 1. a, a, the sartorius, is the longest muscle of the whole 
 human fabric : it is extended obliquely across the thigh from 
 the fore part of the hip (the anterior superior spinous process of 
 the os illium,) to the inner side of the tibia. Its office is to 
 bend the knee and bring the leg inwards. 
 
 FIG. 2. There are two pairs of oblique muscles ; a, a, the 
 obliquus capitis superior, arising from the transverse process of 
 the atlas, .and inserted into the occipital bone ; b, b, the obliquus 
 capitis inferior, arising from the spinous process of the dentate, 
 and inserted into the transverse process of the atlas. 
 
 
 
TAB'.XH. 
 
CHAPTER XL 
 
 TAB. XIII. THE MUSCLES OF THE ARM. 
 
 FIG. 1. a, the biceps (biceps flexor cubiti) arise by two por- 
 tions from the scapula; they form a thick mass of flesh in the 
 middle of the arm, which is finally inserted into the upper end 
 of the radius; b, the brachi&us internus, arises from the middle 
 of the os humeri, and is inserted into the ulna. Both these 
 muscles bend the fore-arm, c, the longus et brevis brachiaus 
 externus; these are better named as one muscle, triceps extensor 
 cubiti. It is attached to the inferior edge of the scapula, and 
 to the os humeri, by three distinct heads, which unite and 
 invest the whole back part of the bone, becoming a strong 
 tendon which is implanted into the elbow. It is a powerful 
 extensor of the fore-arm, d, the anconteus, a small triangular 
 muscle, situated at the outer side of the elbow : it assists the 
 last muscle. 
 
 FIG. 1 and 2. e, e, the annular ligament of the wrist, under 
 which pass the tendons of the muscles of the fingers. 
 
 FIG. 2. f, the deltoid muscle; the muscle at the shoulder by 
 which the arm is raised. 
 
inn 
 

CHAPTER IX. 
 
 TAB. XIV. THE MUSCLES THAT RAISE THE EYE-LIDS, 
 AND SPHINCTER OR CIRCULAR MUSCLES. 
 
 FIG. 1. A front view of this muscle named levator palpebrae 
 superioris : Fig. 2. a profile of the same in its natural position. 
 This muscle arises within the orbit, and is inserted by a broad 
 tendon into the upper eye-lid. 
 
 FIG. 3. exhibits examples of sphincter muscles : a, a, the 
 orbicularis palpebrarum, encircling the eyelid ; it closes the eye, 
 and compresses it with spasmodic violence when injured by 
 particles of dust, &c. b, the orbicularis oris, surrounding the 
 mouth ; its chief use is to contract the lips. 
 
TA 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 TAB. XV. THE DIGASTRIC MUSCLE. 
 
 FIG. 1 and 2. The digastric muscle has is origin, a, at the 
 lower part of the temporal bone ; it runs downwards and for- 
 wards, and forms a strong round tendon, b, which passes 
 through the stylo-hyoideus, f; it is then fixed by a strong 
 ligament, c, to the os hyoides, c?; it again becomes fleshy, 
 runs upwards, and is inserted into the chin. This description 
 differs from Dr. Paley's, and it will be found by reference to 
 dissections or the plate, that the os hyoides furnishes a stay or 
 brace instead of a pulley, and that the loop or ring is in the 
 stylo-hyoideus muscle. 
 
TAB. XV. 
 
 

 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 TAB. XVI. THE TENDONS OF THE TOES. 
 
 FIG. 1. a, the tendon of the long flexor of the toes, which 
 divides about the middle of the foot into four portions, passing 
 through the slits in, b, the short flexor tendons. Fig. 2. explains 
 a similar contrivance belonging to each finger: a, a tendon 
 of the flexor sublimis ; b, a tendon of the flexor profundus, 
 passing through it. 
 
 FIG. 3. a, b, tendons of the extensor muscles of the toes ; c, a 
 tendon of a flexor of the foot. These are bound down and 
 retained in situ by, e, the annular ligament of the instep. 
 

CHAPTER X. 
 
 TAB. XVII. THE HEART. 
 
 FIG. 1. A section of the human heart; a, a, the superior and 
 inferior vena cava, the veins which convey the blood to the, b, 
 right auricle; and thence into, c, the corresponding ventricle; 
 from this ventricle the blood is impelled through, e, the pulmo- 
 nary artery into the lungs ; and returning by, ff t the pulmonary 
 veins, it is received into, g, the left auricle: it flows next into, 
 h, the left ventricle; which by its contraction distributes the 
 blood through the general arterial system : j, the aorta, the 
 great artery which transmits blood to the different parts of the 
 body, from whence it is returned by veins to the cava : k, the 
 right subclavian ; I, the right carotid arteries, originating from 
 one common trunk; m, the left carotid; n, the left subclavian: 
 d, the valves of the right ; i, the valves of the left ventricle. 
 
 Fig. 2. the valves of the right side (tricuspid valves) separated 
 from the heart ; a, a, a, the carnete columns, or muscular fibres 
 of the valve ; b, b, b, the chords tendine, or tendinous filaments 
 which are attached to, c, the valves. 
 
 FIG. 3. Exhibits the artery cut open with the form of the 
 semilunar valves. 
 
 FIG. 4. a portion of the artery filled, shewing how effectually 
 the valves prevent the retrograde motion of the blood. 
 
, 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 TAB* XVIII. THE STOMACH, GALL BLADDER, &C. 
 
 FIG. 1. a, the stomach; b, the cardia; c, the pylorus. The 
 gastric juice is a secretion derived from the inner membrane of 
 the stomach, and digestion is principally performed by it. In 
 the various orders of animated beings it differs, being adapted 
 to the food on which they are accustomed to subsist. The food, 
 when properly masticated, is dissolved by the gastric fluid, and 
 converted into chyme; so that most kinds of the ingesta lose 
 their specific qualities ; and the chemical changes to which they 
 would otherwise be liable, as putridity and rancidity, &c. are 
 thus prevented. 
 
 In this plate, h, the liver is turned up, in order to shew the 
 gall-bladder which is attached to its concave surface; d, the 
 duodenum; e, part of the small intestines; f, the pancreas ; and 
 g, the spleen. 
 
 FIG. 2. explains the several ducts and their communication 
 with the duodenum; a } the gall-bladder ; b, the ductus cysticus ; 
 which uniting with, c, the ductus hepaticus, forms, d, the ductus 
 communis ; which, after passing between the muscular and inner 
 coats of the intestine, opens into it at e. /, the pancreatic duct. 
 The bile is said to become more viscid, acrid, and bitter, from 
 the thinner parts being absorbed during its retention in the gall- 
 bladder. 
 
TAB . 3CT22S. 
 

, 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 TAB. XIX. THE LACTEALS, AND THORACIC DUCT. 
 
 The figure in this plate represents the course of the food, 
 from its entrance at the mouth to its assimilation with the blood ; 
 a, the (Esophagus, extending from the pharynx to, b, the stomach; 
 where the alimentary matter having undergone the digestive 
 process, escapes at, c, the pylorus, into, d, the intestines. In this 
 plate a large portion of the latter is spread out to shew a part 
 of the absorbent system called lacteals : these collect and im- 
 bibe the chyle from the ingesta, and transmit it through, e, e, 
 the mesenteric glands, into one general receptacle, f, (recepta- 
 culum chyli,} from which, g, the thoracic duct ascends in a more 
 or less tortuous direction to the lower vertebrae of the neck, and 
 after forming an arch, it descends and enters, h, the left subcla- 
 vian vein, at the point where that vein is united with the internal 
 jugular. The absorbents of the right side frequently form a 
 trunk, which enters the right subclavian vein. 
 
TFA.IB . SO X. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 TAB. XX. THE PAROTID GLAND, 
 
 FIG. 1. A dissection to exhibit the parotid gland. 
 
 FIG. 2. Explains the former; a, a, the integuments turned 
 back ; b, the parotid gland ; c, its pipe or duct passing over the 
 masseter, then perforating, d, the buccinator muscle, and opening 
 into the mouth opposite the second molar tooth. 
 
T'A&.XX 
 
 i 
 * 
 

CHAPTER X. 
 
 TAB. XXI. THE LARYNX. 
 
 FIG. 1. The larynx, pharynx, &c. a, the os hyo'ides, b, the 
 epiglottis pressed down, thus covering the glottis, or opening of 
 the larynx ; as it does in the act of deglutition. 
 
 FIG. *2. Exhibits the larynx, and trachea; which is a conti- 
 nuation of the former ; b, the epiglottis ; g, the arytenoid carti- 
 lages ; e, the thyroid cartilage, exceedingly strong, for the 
 protection of the upper part of the air tube ; d, the cartilaginous 
 ringlets of the trachea or wind-pipe, each forming nearly two- 
 thirds of a circle, and completed by a soft membrane, which, 
 from its apposition to, e, Fig. 1. the oesophagus, accommodates 
 itself to the substances passing into the stomach. 
 
 FIG. 3. The larynx or upper part of the wind-pipe of a bird. 
 
 
TAB 
 
CHAPTER XL 
 
 TAB. XXII. PACKAGE OF THE VISCERA, AND 
 MESENTERY. 
 
 FIG. 1. In this plate the parietes of the chest and abdomen, 
 with the omentum, are removed to shew the viscera in situ ; a, 
 the heart ; b, the aorta; c, the descending vena cava: d, the 
 lungs divided by the mediastinum into two portions ; three lobes 
 belong to the right, and two to the left portion of the lungs ; e, 
 the diaphragm; f, the liver; g, the gall-bladder; h, the sto- 
 mach ; i, the spleen ; k, the large intestines ; I, the small intes- 
 tines ; m, the bladder. 
 
 The viscera of the thorax and abdomen, i. e. the viscera of 
 organic life, are irregularly disposed. The agents of volition are 
 double, but the instruments of involuntary motion, namely the 
 interior life, are single, and at least are irregular in their form. 
 
 The several viscera are correctly described in the Theology, and 
 sufficient is said for the purposes for which they are introduced. 
 To the supposed use of the spleen only an objection must be 
 taken : various hypotheses have been entertained as to its office, 
 but none are conclusive; the most probable is, that it is a 
 source of supply of blood for furnishing the gastric secretion, 
 or that the blood undergoes some important change in it. 
 
 FIG. 2. The mesentery. This membrane is formed by a re- 
 flection of the peritoneum from each side of the vertebrae ; it 
 connects the intestines loosely to the spine, to allow them a 
 certain degree of motion, yet retains them in their places ; and 
 furnishes their exterior covering. Between the laminae of, a, 
 the mesentery, are received the glands, vessels, and nerves ; and 
 its extent admits of a proper distribution of each. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 TAB. XXIII. NERVES OF THE BILL OF A DUCK, 
 VALVUUE CONNIVENTES. CHAP. XIII. AIR-BLADDER 
 OF A FISH, AND FANG OF THE VIPER. 
 
 FIG. 1. The upper mandible of the duck, on which are distri- 
 buted the first and second branches of the fifth pair of nerves ; 
 the former passing through the orbit to the extremity of the 
 bill, and, together with the latter, supplying the whole palatine 
 surface. 
 
 FIG. 2. A small portion of the human intestine cut open in 
 order to shew the valmdce conniventes. It may be questioned, 
 whether these extremely soft rugae or folds of the villous coat 
 of the intestine can in the least retard the passage of the food 
 through its canal ; nor does, as Paley supposes, the erect atti- 
 tude of man require them ; for, since there are as many of the 
 convolutions of the intestines ascending as there are descending, 
 the weight of the food can have no influence in the action of 
 the intestine: it is certain, however, that this arrangement of 
 the internal coat, affords a more extensive surface for the lacteals 
 and secreting vessels ; and this appears to be the real use of the 
 valvults conniventes. 
 
 FIG. 3. The air-bladder in the roach. This vessel differs in 
 size and shape, in different species of fish ; generally communi- 
 cating, by one or more ducts, either with the oesophagus or 
 stomach ; by which means the fish receives or expels the air, 
 thus sinking or rising without effort : but as some are destitute 
 of this organ, it is considered as an accessary instrument of 
 motion. 
 
 FIG. 4. The head of a viper of the natural size. 
 
 FIG. 5. The f any magnified, at the root of which is the gland 
 which secretes the venom : a hair is represented in the tube, 
 through which the poison is ejected. 
 
TAB .2S3OO. 
 
 JPa Stish ed l? <fa 
 
 m fs 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 TAB. XXIV. THE OPOSSUM. 
 
 
 FIG. 1. The American opossum; (didelphis marsupialis.) 
 
 FIG. 2. One of the young of the opossum. 
 
 FIG. 3. The pelvis of the opossum ; a, a, the two bones (ossa 
 marsupialia) placed on the anterior part called the ossa pubis. 
 Drawn from a specimen in the Museum of the Royal College 
 of Surgeons, London. 
 
 The kangaroo and several other animals of New Holland 
 have a similar structure. 
 
TAB. X3OV. 
 
 

 . 
 
 
- 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 TAB. XXV. CLAW OF THE HERON, AND BILL OF THE 
 SOLAND GOOSE. 
 
 FIG. li The middle claw of the heron. 
 
 FIG. 2. The head of the Soland goose, (pelicanus bassanus) 
 drawn from a specimen in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 TAB. XXVI. STOMACH OF THE CAMEL. 
 
 The figure in this plate exhibits the cells in the stomach of 
 the camel, from a preparation in the museum of the Royal 
 College of Surgeons, London. In the camel, dromedary, and 
 lama, there are four stomachs, as in horned ruminants ; but the 
 structure, in some respects, differs from those of the latter. 
 The camel tribe have in the first and second stomach numerous 
 cells, several inches deep, formed by bands of muscular fibres 
 crossing each other at right angles ; these are constructed so as 
 to retain the water, and completely exclude the food. In a 
 camel dissected by Sir E. Home, the cells of the stomach were 
 found to contain two gallons of water ; but in consequence of 
 the muscular contraction, which had taken place immediately 
 after death, he was led to conclude this was a quantity much 
 less than these cavities were capable of receiving in the living 
 animal. See Lectures on Comparative Anatomy, by Sir E. 
 Home, vol. i. p. 168. 
 
CHAPTER XIIT. 
 
 TAB. XXVII. TONGUE OF THE WOODPECKER, AND 
 SKULL OF THE BABYROUESSA. 
 
 FIG. 1. The head of the woodpecker, (picus viridis.) 
 FIG. 2. The tongue, the natural size. 
 FIG. 3. The claw of the same bird, referred to in Chap. V. 
 FIG. 4. The skull of the babyrouessa, from a specimen in the 
 Anatomy School, Christ Church, Oxford. 
 

CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 TAB. XXVIII. TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT TEETH. 
 
 FIG. 1. The gums and outer plate of the bone are removed, 
 shewing the teeth of the infant, as they exist at the time of its 
 birth; they are without roots, and contained in a capsule 
 within the jaws. 
 
 FIG. 2. In this figure also, the outer alvelolar plate of the 
 jaws has been removed to shew the succession of teeth. This is 
 the state at six years of age. The temporary teeth are all shed 
 between the ages of seven and fourteen, and are supplied by 
 the permanent teeth, already nearly perfectly formed, and 
 situated at the roots of the former. 
 
TAB.SC 3CVSBB 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 TAB. XXIX. FORAMEN OVALE, AND DUCTUS 
 ARTERIOSUS. 
 
 FIG. 1. A view of the foetal heart; a, the ascending, b, the 
 descending vena cava; c, the right auricle; d, e,f, mark the 
 elevated ring of the foramen ovale, or the opening between the 
 two auricles. 
 
 FIG. 2. The foetal heart ; a, the pulmonary artery ; b b, its 
 branches ; c, the ductus arteriosus, or canal for transmitting the 
 blood into d the aorta. As the lungs are useless in the foetus, 
 unless as a " prospective contrivance," the heart has to carry on 
 a single circulation only : the free communication between the 
 two auricles identifies them as one cavity; and the ventricles 
 also force the blood into one vessel, the aorta. 
 
TAB .XX I 
 
 

 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 TAB. XXX. THE CHAMELEON, AND GUT OF THE 
 SEA FOX. 
 
 FIG. 1. The chameleon, drawn from one of the species pre- 
 served in the Anatomy School, Christ Church, Oxford. The. 
 eyes of this creature are very peculiar: they are remarkably 
 large, and project more than half their diameter. They are 
 covered with a single eye-lid, with a small opening in it 
 opposite the pupil. The eye-lid is granulated like every part 
 of the surface of the body, with this difference, over the eye the 
 granulations are disposed in concentric circles which form folds 
 in that part to which the eye is turned: and as the lid is 
 attached to the front of the eye, so it follows all its movements. 
 The neck is not " inflexible," but its shortness, and the struc- 
 ture of the cervical vertebrae exceedingly limit the motion ; this 
 however is admirably compensated by the not less singular 
 local position than motion of the eye, as the animal can see 
 behind, before, or on either side, without turning the head. 
 
 FIG. 2. The spiral intestine of the sea-fox cut open; taken from 
 a preparation in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons 
 London. The sea-fox is not, as Paley supposes, a "qua- 
 druped;" but a species of shark (squalus vulpes.) The con- 
 voluted intestinal tube is found in some genera of fish, only. 
 In this specimen the internal membrane is converted into a 
 spiral valve, having thirty-six coils, so that the alimentary 
 substances, instead of passing speedily away, by proceeding 
 round the turns of the valve, traverse a very considerable 
 circuit : an extensive surface for the absorbents is thus pro- 
 vided. 
 
 FIG. 3. The valve removed from the intestine in a dried pre- 
 paration shewing its real form. 
 
TAIB . 3C 
 

 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 TAB. XXXI. THE WINGS OF THE BEETLE, AWL, 
 STING OF THE BEE, PROBOSCIS, &C. 
 
 FIG. 1. Is an instance of the horny and gauze wings in one 
 of the most beautiful of the beetle class of this country, the 
 scarabteus auratus, or rose chafer ; shewing the expanded elytra, 
 a, a: the true wings, b, b. 
 
 FIG. 2. A specimen of the elytra covering half the body in 
 the ear-wig, forficula auricularia:) one of the elytra is extended, 
 and the membranous wing unfolded. 
 
 FIG. 3. The awl of the azstrum bovis, or gad-fly, highly mag- 
 nified. 
 
 FIG. 4. One of the hooks. 
 
 FIG. 5. The sting of a bee, drawn from nature as it appears 
 by means of a magnifier of very high powers ; a, a, a, a, the 
 apparatus for projecting the sting ; b, the exterior, c, the interior 
 sheath of d, the true sting, which is divided into two parts 
 barbed at the sides ; e, the bag which contains the poison. 
 
 FIG. 6. The proboscis of a bee extended ; a, a, the case or 
 sheath j b, the tube ; c, the exterior ; d, the interior fringes ; e, 
 the tongue ; f, f, the exterior, g, g, the interior palpi. 
 
 FIG. 7. The appearance of the proboscis when contracted, and 
 folded up. 
 
 FIG. 8. The head of a butterfly, shewing the coiled proboscis. ' 
 
TAB, 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 TAB. XXXII. THE CAPSULE, PISTIL, STAMINA, 
 NIGELLA, PLUMULE, AND RADICLE. 
 
 FIG. 1. The capsule or seed vessel of the poppy : (papaver 
 somniferum:) it is divided to exhibit its internal structure. 
 
 FIG. 2. Is an instance of an erect flower, the agave Ame- 
 ricana ; in which the pistil is shorter than the stamina. 
 
 FIG. 3. A flower of the crown-imperial. The relative length 
 of the parts is now inverted. 
 
 FFG. 4. A blossom of the nigella. 
 
 FIG. 5. A grain of barley, shewing the plumule and radicle 
 growing from it. 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 TAB. XXXIII. VALLISNERIA. 
 
 FIG. 1. Vallisneria spiralis. The female plant, the flowers 
 of which are purple. This is drawn from a specimen in the 
 possession of Dr. Ogle. 
 
 FIG. 2. The male plant, producing white flowers ; these when 
 mature rise like air bubbles, and suddenly expanding when they 
 reach the surface of the water, float about in such abundance 
 as to cover it entirely. "Thus their pollen is scattered over 
 the stigmas of the first mentioned blossoms, whose stalks soon 
 afterwards resume their spiral figure, and the fruit comes to 
 maturity at the bottom of the water." 
 
 FIG. 3. One of the separated male flowers magnified. 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 TAB. XXXIV. CUSCUTA EUROP^EA. 
 
 This plant is a native of our own country, and is found in 
 hedges, on clover, or on beans, where it proves exceedingly 
 injurious to the crop. It flowers from June to August. The 
 drawing was taken from a specimen which grew in the Physic 
 Gardens, Oxford. It is represented twining about some nettles 
 on which it annually attaches itself. 
 
 " Of all the parasitical plants, the dodder (cuscuta) tribe are 
 the most singular, trusting for their nourishment entirely to 
 those vegetables about which they twine, and into whose tender 
 bark they insert small villous tubercles serving as roots, the 
 original root of the dodder withering away entirely, as soon as 
 the young stem has fixed itself to any other plant ; so that its 
 connexion with the earth is cut off." English Botany, p. 55. 
 
TAB. 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 TAB. XXXV. THE AUTUMNAL CROCUS. 
 
 The colchicum autumnale. This plant before us exhibits a 
 mode of fructification scarcely paralleled among British vege- 
 tables. The flowers appearing very late in autumn, the im- 
 pregnated germen remains latent under ground close to the 
 bulb till the following spring, when the capsule rises above the 
 surface accompanied by several long upright leaves, and the 
 seeds are ripened about June, after which the leaves decay. 
 See British Botany, vol. i. p. 133. The plant is represented as 
 it appears in spring ; the root is divided to shew the seed vessel 
 near the bulb. The flower is remarkable for the length of its 
 tube. 
 

 I 
 ril/i^fc 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 TAB. XXXVI. THE DION^A MUSCIPULA. 
 
 Venus's fly-trap. Some parts of this plant are so remark- 
 able as to deserve a particular description. It is a native of 
 North Carolina; the root perennial; leaves all radical, sup- 
 ported on long fleshy and strongly veined footstalks, leaving a 
 small portion of this next the leaf naked : the leaf itself con- 
 sists of two semi-oval lobes jointed at the back, so as to allow 
 them to fold close together ; they are fleshy, and when viewed 
 through a lense glandular, sometimes of a reddish colour on 
 the upper surface ; the sides of both lobes are furnished with a 
 row of cartilaginous cilise which stand nearly at right angles 
 with the surface of the leaf, and lock into each other when they 
 close. Near the middle of each lobe are three small spines, 
 which are supposed to assist in destroying the entrapped insect. 
 In warm weather the lobes are fully expanded and highly 
 irritable, and if a fly or other insect at this time light upon 
 them they suddenly close, and the poor animal is imprisoned 
 till it dies. See Curtis's Botanical Magazine, No. 785. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Tab. 1 . Parts of a watch. 
 
 Tab. 2. Lens of a fish Humours of the eye Image formed on 
 
 the retina Lens of a telescope Crystalline lens Iris and 
 
 straight muscles of the eye. 
 Tab. 3. Bony rim in the eye of birds Marsupium and eye of 
 
 the eel. 
 Tab. 4. Lachrymal gland and duct Nictitating membrane and 
 
 its muscles. 
 Tab. 5. The anatomy of the human ear, and the tympanum of 
 
 the elephant. 
 Tab. 6. The trochlear muscle of the eye, and section of the 
 
 human kidney. 
 
 Tab. 7- The bones of the head and neck. 
 Tab. 8. Bones of the arm. 
 
 Tab. 9. The human spine, and vertebrae of the serpent. 
 Tab. 10. The thorax Patella, and scapula. 
 Tab. 11. The hip joint Knee, interarticular cartilages, and 
 
 ankle joint. 
 
 Tab 12. Sartorius muscle, and oblique muscles of the head. 
 Tab. 13. The muscles of the arm. 
 Tab. 14. Muscles of the eye-lid, and sphincters. 
 Tab. 15. Digastric muscle. 
 
 Tab. 1 6. Flexors of the toes, and ligaments across the instep. 
 Tab. 17. The heart and its valves. 
 Tab. 18. The stomach, liver, gall bladder, &c. 
 Tab. 19. The lacteals and thoracic duct, shewing the course of 
 
 the food. 
 
 Tab. 20. The parotid gland and its duct. 
 Tab. 21. The larynx, trachea, oesophagus, &c. 
 Tab. 22. Package of the viscera, and mesentery. 
 Tab. 23. Nerves in the bill of the duck Valvulae conniventes 
 
 Air-bladder of a fish, and fang of a viper. 
 Tab. 24. The opossum and its young, and the pelvis. 
 Tab. 25. Middle claw of the heron Bill of the Soland goose. 
 Tab. 26. Stomach of the camel. 
 
 Tab. 27. Tongue of the woodpecker, and skull of the babyrouessa. 
 Tab. 28. Temporary and permanent teeth. 
 
 Tab. 29. Foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus in the fetal heart. 
 Tab. 30. The eye of a chameleon, and the intestine of the sea-fox. 
 Tab. 31. The elytra of the scarabreus auratus Awl of the^ 
 
 oestrum bovis Sting and proboscis of the bee Proboscis 
 
 of the butterfly. 
 Tab. 32. The seed vessel of the poppy Stamina and pistil in 
 
 the agave in the crown imperial Blossom of the nigella 
 
 Plumule and radicle. 
 Tab. 33. The vallisneria spiralis. 
 Tab. 34. Cuscuta Europaea. 
 Tab. 35. Colchicum autumnale. 
 Tab. 36. Dionrea rnuscipula. 
 
 Bartlett and Hinton, Printers, Oxford. 
 
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