MEDICAL 
 
 LI1B1RATKY 
 
 The Lucy M.Wanzer Library 
 
A LABORATORY GUIDE 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY 
 OF ANATOMY 
 
 BY 
 
 FREDERIC P. GORHAM, A.M. 
 
 AND 
 
 RALPH W. TOWER, A.M. 
 
 INSTRUCTORS IN BIOLOGY IN BROWN UNIVERSITY 
 
 NEW YORK 
 CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 
 
 1895 
 
COPYRIGHT, 1895, BY 
 CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 
 
 TROW DIRECTORY 
 
 PRINTING AND BOOB-NDING COMPAN 
 NEW YORK 
 
PREFACE 
 
 THIS outline has been prepared to supply a 
 convenient laboratory guide for elementary classes 
 in anatomy. It is intended to serve merely as an 
 introduction to anatomical methods and terminol- 
 ogy. In its preparation we have been assisted by 
 the suggestions of Dr. H. C. Bumpus, Professor 
 of Comparative Anatomy in Brown University, 
 whose advice we gratefully acknowledge. 
 
 BROWN UNIVERSITY, 
 April 4, 1895. 
 
 27510 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 INTRODUCTION, i 
 
 CHAPTER I. SKELETON. 
 
 AXIAL SKELETON, 5 
 
 A. Skull, 5 
 
 B. Vertebral Column, 
 
 C. Ribs, 10 
 
 D. Sternum, 10 
 
 APPENDICULAR SKELETON, 10 
 
 A. Shoulder-girdle and Fore-leg, ..... 10 
 
 B. Pelvic-girdle and Hind-leg, 12 
 
 CHAPTER II. VISCERA. 
 
 ABDOMINAL VISCERA, ... 14 
 
 A. Alimentary Canal, ... 14 
 
 B. Appendicular Organs of the Alimentary Canal, . . 16 
 
 C. Urinary System, . . . . . . . 17 
 
 D. Reproductive System, ..... 18 
 
 THORACIC VISCERA, 21 
 
 VISCERA OF THE HEAD AND NECK, ... 23 
 
 A. Salivary Glands, 23 
 
 B. Mouth, Pharynx, and Larynx, .... 24 
 
 CHAPTER III. MUSCLES. 
 
 MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMEN, 28 
 
 MUSCLES OF THE THORAX, . . . . . . 30 
 
 MUSCLES OF THE FORE-LEG AND SHOULDER, ... 32 
 
 MUSCLES OF THE HIND-LEG, 39 
 
 MUSCLES OF THE NECK, . : . 42 
 
CONTENTS 
 CHAPTER IV. ^-VASCULAR SYSTEM. 
 
 I'AGE 
 
 ARTERIAL S VST KM. ........ 45 
 
 VENOUS SYSTEM, 51 
 
 A. Prae-cava 51 
 
 B. Post-cava, . . . . . ... . 53 
 
 C. Portal System, 54 
 
 CHAPTER V. NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 INVESTING MEMBRANES, 55 
 
 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN, .... 56 
 
 A. Cerebrum, 56 
 
 B. Cerebellum, 59 
 
 C. Medulla Oblongata 60 
 
 INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN, . . . . 61 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRANIAL NERVES. ... 65 
 
 SPINAL CORD, 67 
 
 SPINAL NERVES, 68 
 
 A. Brachial Plexus, ... .68 
 
 B. Lumbar Plexus, 69 
 
 SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM, 71 
 
 CHAPTER VI. EYE. 
 
 APPENDAGES OF THE EYE, 73 
 
 EYEBALL, 75 
 
 INDEX, . 79 
 
LIST OF PLATES 
 
 PLATE I. SKELETON, 
 
 PLATE II. SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF RIGHT SIDE, . 
 PLATE III. DEEPER MUSCLES OF RIGHT SIDE, 
 PLATE IV. SUPERFICIAL AND DEEPER MUSCLES OF 
 
 VENTRAL SIDE, 
 
 PLATE V. ARTERIAL SYSTEM, . . . 
 
 PLATE VI. VENOUS SYSTEM, 
 
 PLATE VII. NERVOUS SYSTEM, 
 
 FACE PAGE 
 
 12 
 
 38 
 
 44 
 50 
 54 
 72 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 EACH student should be supplied with at least 
 one good scalpel, a pair of strong forceps, a pen- 
 cil, and a note-hook. It is expected that the Labo- 
 ratory will furnish for general use such necessary 
 equipments as bone-forceps, bone-saws, weighted 
 hooks, and dissecting-boards. 
 
 Animals can be conveniently kept from day to 
 day by using ice or by injecting two per cent, 
 formalin into the principal vessels and cavities. 
 For convenience in studying the vascular system, 
 however, the blood-vessels should be injected with 
 some colored fluid. For this purpose an ordinary 
 starch injection mass, prepared according to the 
 following formula, may be used : * 
 
 Dry starch (laundry) i vol. 
 
 2 l / 2 per cent, aqueous solution of chloral hydrate i vol. 
 
 95 per cent, alcohol % vol. 
 
 ( Dry color i vol. ) 
 
 Color < Glycerine i vol. > % vol. 
 
 { 95 per cent, alcohol .... i vol. ) 
 
 It will be found advisable to immediately re- 
 move the brain from such animals as are used for 
 the dissection of the viscera or muscles in order 
 that the organ may be hardened for later dissec- 
 tion. Brains hardened in a two per cent, solution 
 
 * See Whitman's " Methods," p. 223. 
 
2 INTRODUCTION 
 
 of formalin or seventy per cent, alcohol will be 
 found suitable for ordinary dissection. If the 
 formalin or alcohol is injected into the cavities of 
 the brain through the infundibulum, better prep- 
 arations will be secured. The cat's heart and eye 
 will answer for general dissection, but it will be 
 found convenient to substitute the heart and eye 
 of the pig for more extended study. These can 
 be easily obtained from the slaughter-house. The 
 description here given of the heart and eye of the 
 cat serves equally well for the pig, with the ex- 
 ception that the tapetum is wanting in the latter 
 animal. 
 
 Each student should be provided with the un- 
 mounted bones of one specimen for the work of 
 the first chapter. Each of the remaining chapters 
 really requires a fresh and complete animal, 
 though with the exercise of considerable care it is 
 possible to study both circulatory and nervous 
 systems from a single specimen. At least three 
 animals, then, are necessary. 
 
 Minute directions for dissection often retard the 
 student more than they aid him, and in this guide 
 only the general method is indicated. The inge- 
 nuity of the student, directed by the instructor, will 
 suggest the details. For more exhaustive works 
 on the anatomy of the cat, the student is referred 
 to " Anatomical Technology," by Wilder and 
 Gage, and " The Cat/' by Mivart. 
 
 The figures are diagrammatic, but will serve to 
 
INTRODUCTION 3 
 
 indicate the more general matters of relative size 
 and position. The nomenclature ordinarily used 
 in standard anatomical literature has been fol- 
 lowed. The signification of the general terms of 
 direction is : 
 
 Anterior toward the head. 
 
 Posterior toward the tail. 
 
 Dorsal toward the region of the back. 
 
 Ventral toward the region of the belly. 
 
 Lateral. ...'.... toward either side. 
 
 Proximal toward the central axis of the body. 
 
 Distal away from the central axis of the 
 
 body. 
 
 The terms right and left refer to the right and 
 left of the animal being dissected, and not neces- 
 sarily to the right and left of the dissector. 
 
CHAPTER I 
 SKELETON 
 
 AXIAL SKELETON 
 A. Skull. (Plate I., A.) 
 
 The Skull is the skeleton of the head and is 
 composed of the following bones : 
 
 1. The Occipital Bone, which forms the posterior 
 part of the skull. It surrounds a large opening, 
 the foramen magnum. On either side of this 
 foramen are two smooth articular prominences, 
 the occipital condyles. A projecting ridge on the 
 upper margin of the occipital bone is the lamb- 
 doidal ridge. The anterior condyloid foramina 
 pierce the ventral side of the occipital bone a 
 little anterior to the occipital condyles. 
 
 2. The Temporal Bones, which form the lateral 
 and posterior part of the base of the skull. On its 
 under surface each presents a prominent oval ele- 
 vation, the auditory bulla. On the external side 
 of each bulla is a large foramen, the external audi- 
 tory mcatus. Just behind the auditory meatus is 
 a small foramen, the stylo-mastoid. Between each 
 bulla and the occipital bone, just in front of the an- 
 terior condyloid foramen, is the, somewhat larger, 
 
6 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 jugular foramen. -From the anterior part of the 
 temporal bone extends a bony arch, the zygomal it- 
 process. On the under side of this process is a 
 depression for the articulation of the lower jaw, 
 called the glenoid fossa. 
 
 3. The Parietal Bones, which form the upper pos- 
 terior part of the skull. They meet, above, in the 
 median line. 
 
 4. The Interparietal Bone, which lies in the mid- 
 dorsal line, between the parietal and occipital 
 bones. It is small and triangular. 
 
 5. The Sphenoid Bone, which partially forms the 
 base of the skull. It lies in front of the occip- 
 ital and between the temporal bones. The sphe- 
 noid is pierced on either side by two foramina, the 
 posterior of which is the foramen ovale, the ante- 
 rior the foramen rotundum. 
 
 6. The Presphenoid Bone, which lies in the mid- 
 ventral line, immediately in front of the sphe- 
 noid. It is pierced on either side by the optic 
 foramina. Between the sphenoid and presphe- 
 noid bones, in line with the optic foramen and the 
 foramen rotundum, is the large sphenoidal fissure. 
 
 7. The Frontal Bones, which form the anterior 
 part of the roof of the skull, meeting above in the 
 mid-line. On either side each frontal bone presents 
 a sharp process, the post-orbital. The cavity be- 
 hind this process is the temporal fossa. 
 
 8. The Malar Bones, which form the outer infe- 
 rior margin of the orbits. Each articulates pos- 
 
SKELETON 7 
 
 teriorly with the zygomatic process of the tem- 
 poral bones. 
 
 9. The Maxillary Bones, which form the princi- 
 pal part of the upper jaw. Each bears the fol- 
 lowing teeth : one canine, three premolars, and 
 one molar. It has a posteriorly-directed process 
 which articulates with the malar bone, and is 
 called the malar process. 
 
 10. The Premaxillary Bones, \vhich are two small 
 bones meeting in the mid-line in front of the max- 
 illary bones. Each bears three incisor teeth. 
 
 11. The Nasal Bones, which lie in the mid-dorsal 
 line above the nasal cavity. 
 
 12. The Lachrymal Bones, which lie on the ante- 
 rior walls of the orbits. 
 
 13. The Palatine Bones, which form the posterior 
 part of the roof of the mouth. 
 
 14. The Vomer, which forms the lower part of 
 the median partition between the nostrils. 
 
 15. The Ethmoid Bones, which lie between the 
 frontal bones in the nasal chamber. They are 
 composed in part of many folded lamellae. 
 
 1 6. The Turbinated Bones, which also consist of 
 folded lamellae, extending into the nasal chamber, 
 from the inner side of the ethmoid and maxillary 
 bones. 
 
 i 7. The Mandible, or skeleton of the lower jaw, 
 which consists of two rami meeting anteriorly in 
 the symphysis. The posterior vertical portion of 
 the mandible is known as the ascending ramus, 
 
8 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 and the remaining portion is the horizontal 
 ramus. The highest point of the ascending ramus 
 is the coronoid process. The mandible bears on 
 either side the following teeth : three incisors, 
 one canine, two premolars, and one molar. (Plate 
 
 I., B.) 
 
 The dental formula would be : i. -|, c. \, pm. f, 
 m.f 
 
 1 8. The Hy old Arch, which passes from the un- 
 der side of the skull to the top of the larynx. It 
 is composed of a body and a pair of anterior and 
 posterior horns. The body of the hyoid is 
 formed by a single bone, the basi-hyal, which 
 forms the front part of the upper border of the 
 larynx. Each posterior horn extends around the 
 upper margin of the larynx, and is composed of 
 the thyro-hyal bone. Each anterior horn is com- 
 posed of the cerato-hyal, epi-hyal, and stylo-hyal 
 bones, and the tympano-hyal cartilage, which 
 unites with the skull. '(Plate I., c.) 
 
 B. Vertebral Column. 
 
 The Vertebral or Spinal Column is composed of 
 seven cervical, thirteen dorsal, seven lumbar, three 
 sacral, and twenty-two caudal vertebrae. Each ver- 
 tebra is composed of a body and a neural arch 
 enclosing a neural canal and bears on either side 
 a transverse process and dorsally a neural process. 
 Between adjoining vertebrae, on each side, there is 
 
SKELETON 9 
 
 an intcrvertcbral foramen which permits the pas- 
 sage of blood-vessels and nerves to and from the 
 neural canal. 
 
 1. The Cervical Vertebrae form the skeleton of the 
 neck. The most anterior cervical vertebra, the 
 atlas, is somewhat modified to support the skull. 
 It bears on its anterior side two concave articular 
 surfaces which receive the condyles of the skull. 
 Its transverse processes form two wing-like ex- 
 pansions. (Plate I., D.) The second cervical ver- 
 tebra, the axis, is also modified. It bears at its 
 anterior end a pivot, the odontoid process, on which 
 the atlas turns. The odontoid process is mor- 
 phologically the body of the atlas. (Plate I., E.) 
 Each of the six anterior cervical vertebrae are 
 pierced by two foramina, one on either side of the 
 neural canal. 
 
 2. The Dorsal Vertebrae are characterized by the 
 great development of their posteriorly - directed 
 neural processes. (Plate I., G.) 
 
 3. The Lumbar Vertebrae are larger, with well -de- 
 veloped transverse processes and anteriorly-directed 
 neural processes. (Plate L, H.) 
 
 4. The Sacral Vertebrae are more or less com- 
 pletely united together and serve for the attach- 
 ment of the pelvis. 
 
 5. The Caudal Vertebrae gradually become smaller 
 and their processes reduced. Certain of the cau- 
 dal vertebras bear beneath their anterior ventral 
 surface small chevron bones. (Plate L, i.) 
 
IO DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 C Ribs. 
 
 The Ribs form the bony framework of the 
 thorax. There are thirteen pairs, articulating dor- 
 sally with the vertebral column. The nine an- 
 terior pairs or trite ribs are connected with the 
 sternum by costal cartilages. The four posterior 
 pairs or false ribs are not united to the sternum. 
 (Plate I., j.) 
 
 D. Sternum. 
 
 The Sternum is the chain of bones forming the 
 ventral support of the cartilages of the ribs. It 
 consists of eight or nine bones (sterhebrse), of 
 which the most anterior is the manubrium. Pos- 
 teriorly the sternum ends in the ensiform carti- 
 lage, which is more or less expanded and extends 
 freely backward. (Plate I., K.) 
 
 APPENDICULAR SKELETON. 
 
 A. Shoulder-girdle and Fore-leg. 
 
 1. The Clavicle is the small bone which does not 
 articulate with any of the bones of the body, but 
 is imbedded in the muscles of the anterior part of 
 the shoulder. (Plate I., L.) 
 
 2. The Scapula or shoulder-blade is the triangu- 
 lar bone which lies against the side of the thorax. 
 Its dorsal edge is the vertebral margin, its ventral 
 edge is the axillary margin. Its outer side is 
 divided by a longitudinal ridge of bone, the spine, 
 
SKELETON 1 1 
 
 into a supra- and infra-spinous fossa. Ante- 
 riorly the spine bears two processes, the anteriorly- 
 directed acromion process and the posteriorly- 
 directed mctacromion process. The concave inner 
 surface of the scapula forms the subscapular fossa. 
 Anteriorly the scapula ends in a concave articular 
 surface, the glenoid cavity. The corocoid process 
 is a curved projection extending from the anterior 
 edge of the glenoid cavity. (Plate I., M.) 
 
 3. The Humerus is the uppermost and largest of 
 the bones of the fore-leg. At its proximal end 
 the humerus has two prominences, of which the 
 outer and larger is the greater tuberosity, the inner 
 and smaller is the lesser tuberosity. Between the 
 two tuberosities is a rounded surface for articula- 
 tion with the scapula, known as the head of the 
 humerus. Along the anterior side of the upper 
 part of the shaft of the humerus is a slightly 
 roughened elevation, the deltoid ridge. The supra- 
 condyloid foramen is an elongated opening in the 
 lower part of the humerus. The olecranon fossa 
 is a deep depression on the posterior side of the hu- 
 merus just above its articular surface. (Plate I., N.) 
 
 4. The Ulna and Radius are the two bones which 
 articulate with the humerus at its distal end. The 
 ulna is the larger and has a prominent process, 
 the olecranon, extending beyond its articulation 
 with the humerus. Below its articulation with 
 the humerus is the smaller cor onoid process, which 
 articulates with the radius. (Plate I., o. and p.) 
 
12 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 5. The Carpal Bones are the seven small bones 
 arranged in two tranverse rows below the ulna 
 and radius. 
 
 6. The Metacarpals extend distally from the 
 carpals ; they are five in number and are consider- 
 ably elongated. 
 
 /. The Phalanges are the bones of the toes. Each 
 toe, with the exception of the innermost ZK pollex, 
 has three phalanges. The pollex has only two. 
 
 B. Pelvic-girdle and Hind-leg. 
 
 i. The Pelvis is formed by the union of the two 
 innominate bones ; it forms a bony arch to which 
 the hind limbs are articulated. The long upper 
 portion of the pelvis, extending from the articula- 
 tion with the sacrum to the acetabulum, or socket 
 for the articulation of the bone of the thigh, is the 
 ilium. The upper anterior convex border of the 
 ilium is the crest. The portion of the innominate 
 bone extending backward from the acetabulum 
 and forming the upper and hinder margin of a 
 large oval opening, the obturator foramen, is the 
 ischium. The blunt process at the posterior an- 
 gle of the ischium is the tuber osity. The remain- 
 ing portion of the innominate bone, extending 
 from the acetabulum toward the mid-ventral line, 
 where it unites with its fellow of the opposite side, 
 is \\\e pubis. The line of union of the two pubes 
 is the symphysis pubis. (Plate I., Q.) 
 
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SKELETON 13 
 
 2. The Femur is the bone of the thigh. It has 
 a rounded head, which rests in the acetabulum. 
 External to the head of the femur is a rough ele- 
 vation, the great trochanter. On the posterior 
 side of the femur is a rough line for the attach- 
 ment of muscles, the linea aspera. On the poste- 
 rior side of the lower end of the femur are two 
 rounded articular elevations, the external and in- 
 ternal condyles. The patella or knee-pan is the 
 small oval bone which is imbedded in the tendon 
 on the anterior side of the lower end of the fe- 
 mur. (Plate I., R.) 
 
 3. The Tibia and Fibula are the two bones of the 
 leg next below the femur. The tibia is the larger 
 bone, and has at its upper end two articular sur- 
 faces which receive the condyles of the femur. 
 On either side of these two surfaces are two pro- 
 jections, the external and internal tiiberosities, 
 (Plate I., s and T.) 
 
 4. The Tarsal Bones are the seven bones of the 
 ankle. The one with which the tibia articulates is 
 the astragalus. The largest of the tarsal bones, 
 the bone of the heel, is the calcaneiim. 
 
 5. The Metatarsals are five bones which articu- 
 late with the tarsals. The four external ones are 
 long and well-developed ; the inner one is very 
 small and rudimentary. 
 
 6. The Phalanges are the bones of the toes. 
 There are three in each of the four toes. The in- 
 nermost metatarsal or hallux has no phalanges. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 VISCERA 
 
 ABDOMINAL VISCERA 
 
 Make a median incision through the skin and 
 muscles from the sternum to the symphysis 
 pubis. 
 
 1. The Peritoneum is the thin, shining membrane 
 lining the abdominal cavity. It is reflected over 
 the viscera. 
 
 2. The Great Omentum is the apron-like fold of 
 the peritoneum which hangs down from the stom- 
 ach and covers the viscera. It always contains 
 more or less fat. 
 
 A. Alimentary Canal. 
 
 1. The (Esophagus passes from the mouth to the 
 stomach. Its posterior end may be seen piercing 
 the diaphragm by pressing aside the lobes of the 
 liver. 
 
 2. The Stomach is the enlargement of the ali- 
 mentary canal immediately posterior to the dia- 
 phragm and behind the lobes of the liver. 
 
 The Fundus is the portion of the stomach which 
 lies to the left of the entrance of the oesophagus. 
 
VISCERA 15 
 
 The Pylorus is that part of the stomach which 
 opens into the intestine. 
 
 The part of the stomach lying to the left is 
 called the cardiac portion ; that to the right the 
 pyloric portion ; the anterior margin is the lesser 
 curvature ; the posterior margin is the greater 
 curvature. 
 
 The stomach is lined with mucous niembrane, 
 which is thrown into folds at the cardiac end. 
 
 3. The Small Intestine is the convoluted tube 
 which leaves the stomach at the pyloric end. The 
 U-shaped portion immediately succeeding the py- 
 lorus is the duodenum. The jejunum is the direct 
 continuation which runs a short distance to the 
 right. The remaining convoluted mass is the 
 ileum, which terminates at the junction with 
 the large intestine. The fold of the peritoneum 
 which suspends the intestines from the body wall 
 is the mesentery. Blood-vessels, nerves, and lym- 
 phatics pass to the intestine between its two lay- 
 ers. 
 
 The mucous membrane which lines the small 
 intestine is raised into a number of closely-set fila- 
 ments, called villi. 
 
 4. The Large Intestine is the remaining large and 
 less convoluted portion of the alimentary canal. 
 It passes forward, from the junction with the 
 ileum, as the ascending colon, across to the left as 
 the transverse colon, and backward as the descend- 
 ing colon, ending in a terminal portion called the 
 
1 6 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 rectum. The rectum lies in the pelvis and opens 
 to the exterior through the anus. The rounded 
 diverticulum of the large intestine which projects 
 beyond the point where the small intestine opens 
 is the ccecum. 
 
 The mucous membrane lining the large intes- 
 tine is smooth throughout. 
 
 B. Appendicular Organs of the Alimentary 
 
 Canal. 
 
 1. The Pancreas is the long, pinkish body lying 
 in the curve of the duodenum. The pancreas has 
 two ducts opening into the intestine ; one in con- 
 nection with the bile-duct, the other about an inch 
 farther back. 
 
 2. The Liver is the large, lobulated, red body 
 lying immediately behind the diaphragm. It is 
 suspended from the diaphragm by a fold of the 
 peritoneum, \k& falciform ligament, which divides 
 the liver into a right and left portion. These are 
 usually subdivided into the following lobes, but 
 are subject to variation : 
 
 a. The rig Jit central lobe lies against the right 
 side of the diaphragm. It encloses the gall- 
 bladder. 
 
 b. The right lateral lobe lies posterior to the 
 right central lobe. 
 
 c. The caudate lobe lies on the posterior side of 
 the right lateral lobe and extends backward to 
 the kidney. 
 
VISCERA I/ 
 
 d. The Spigelian lobe is the smallest lobe of the 
 liver. It lies in the mid-line and extends into the 
 small curvature of the stomach. 
 
 e. The left central lobe is small and lies against 
 the left side of the diaphragm. 
 
 f. The left lateral lobe is large and lies between 
 the left central lobe and the stomach. 
 
 The gall-bladder is a thin-walled sac which lies 
 in a groove of the right central lobe. Its duct, 
 called the cystic duct, unites with those from the 
 liver and opens into the duodenum in connection 
 with one of the pancreatic ducts. 
 
 3. The numerous Lymph Glands are distributed 
 between the layers of the mesentery. Several are 
 found in the angle between the caecum and the 
 small intestine and are known as the pancreas 
 Asselli. 
 
 The anal glands are two oval bodies imbedded 
 in the tissue beneath the skin on either side of the 
 anus. 
 
 The Spleen is the long red body lying on the 
 left side, near the stomach. It is suspended in the 
 omentum. 
 
 C. Urinary System. 
 
 i. The Kidneys are the pair of large dark-red 
 bodies of characteristic shape lying on the dorsal 
 wall of the abdominal cavity. On the side of the 
 kidney toward the mid-line there is a marked con- 
 
1 8 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 cavity or hihis. The kidneys lie outside of the 
 peritoneum. 
 
 If the kidney be cut horizontally through its 
 long axis it will be found to consist of two layers, 
 the cortical and the medullary. The outer, corti- 
 cal portion is of lighter color, the medullary por- 
 tion is darker and is arranged in a conical mass or 
 pyramid which projects into the cavity or pelvis 
 of the kidney. 
 
 2. The Ureter is the tube which passes backward 
 from the hilus of the kidney to the dorsal wall of 
 the bladder. 
 
 3. The Bladder is a muscular sac lying near the 
 symphysis pubis. It receives the ureters obliquely 
 in its dorsal surface and opens to the exterior 
 through the urethra. 
 
 The Adrenal Bodies are two 'Small whitish bodies 
 which lie internal to the anterior portion of each 
 kidney. They are imbedded in fat. 
 
 D. Reproductive System. 
 
 // will be necessary to cut away the symphysis 
 pubis in order to trace fully the reproductive 
 system. 
 
 MALE. 
 
 i. The Testes are the essential male organs cor- 
 responding to the ovaries of the female. They 
 are situated in a pouch, the scrotal sac, lying pos- 
 terior to the symphysis pubis. If the scrotal sac 
 
VISCERA IQ 
 
 is removed, the testes will be seen as two oval 
 bodies enveloped in a sheath of peritoneum, the 
 tunica vaginalis, within which is a white fibrous 
 membrane of connective tissue, the tunica albu- 
 ginca. 
 
 2. The Epididymis is a convoluted mass of tubes 
 which lies external to the tunica albuginea. The 
 enlarged portion at the anterior end is the caput 
 epididymis ; it is connected with the testis by cer- 
 tain ducts. The posterior narrow portion is the 
 cauda epididymis, which at the posterior end of 
 the testis is continued as the vas deferens. 
 
 3. The Vas Deferens is the continuation of the 
 canal of the epididymis ; it passes upward from the 
 testis along with the spermatic artery and vein. 
 These together form the spermatic cord and are 
 enclosed in a common sheath. The vas deferens 
 passes forward through an oblique opening in the 
 abdominal wall, the inguinal canal, bends around 
 the neck of the bladder, and enters the dorsal sur- 
 face of the urethra to form the urino-genital canal. 
 
 4. The Prostate Gland is the glandular mass sur- 
 rounding the urethra at the point of entrance of 
 the vasa deferentia. 
 
 5. Cowper's Glands are the two glands, one on 
 each side of the urino-genital canal, just beyond 
 the prostate. 
 
 6. The Penis is the conical pointed organ sus- 
 pended from the wall of the abdomen by a fold of 
 the integument. It is composed of a median ven- 
 
2O DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 tral mass, the corpus spongiosum, and two latero- 
 dorsal masses, the corpora cavernosa. It has at 
 its extremity the external orifice of the urine-geni- 
 tal canal. The distal end of the penis is formed 
 by an expansion of the corpus spongiosum, the 
 glans, which is covered by a fold of the integu- 
 ment, the prepuce. The corpora cavernosa diverge 
 anteriorly, forming the crura penis, and are at- 
 tached to the ischia. In the distal portion of the 
 penis, just over the urino-genital canal, is a small 
 bone, the os penis. 
 
 FEMALE. 
 
 1. The Ovaries are a pair of small, pinkish bodies 
 suspended by a fold of peritoneum from the dor- 
 sal wall of the abdominal cavity, just posterior to 
 the kidneys. 
 
 2. The Fallopian Tubes are the two small ducts 
 whose fimbriated ends partially grasp the ovaries. 
 
 3. The Uterus is formed by the immediate ex- 
 pansion of the Fallopian tubes. It consists of 
 two horns which meet in the mid-line to form the 
 body of the uteriis. 
 
 4. The Vagina is the posterior continuation of the 
 body of the uterus and opens into the vestibule. 
 
 5. The Vestibule or Urino-genital Canal is the canal 
 formed by the union of the urethra and vagina. 
 
 6. The Clitoris is a small papilla lying on the 
 ventral wall of the vestibule. It is homologous 
 with the penis of the male. 
 
VISCERA 21 
 
 THORACIC VISCERA. 
 
 Remove the skin from the anterior part of the 
 thorax, and cut away the ribs and sternum. 
 
 1. The Pleurae are the membranes which line the 
 two sides of the thorax .and are reflected over the 
 lungs and great blood - vessels. They meet in 
 the mid-line and form a double-walled septum, 
 the mediastinum. The anterior part contains be- 
 tween its walls the heart and its pericardium. 
 The posterior portion contains the oesophagus and 
 blood-vessels. 
 
 2. The Lungs are the pinkish lobulated bodies 
 lying on either side in the thoracic cavity. The 
 lungs normally fill the entire thoracic cavity ex- 
 cept that part occupied by the heart. When the 
 thorax is opened they are usually found collapsed. 
 The right lung is divided into four lobes and the 
 left into two. 
 
 The lungs may be artificially inflated to better 
 demonstrate the lobes. 
 
 3. The Trachea may be seen, by pushing aside 
 the heart and lungs, as a cartilaginous, annulated 
 tube. This leads from the pharynx to the base of 
 the lungs, where it divides into two bronchi, one 
 of which goes to each lung and there subdivides 
 into numerous smaller bronchi which penetrate 
 the various lobes. 
 
 4. The Thymus Gland is the mass of glandular 
 
22 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 tissue which partially invests the trachea just an- 
 terior to the heart. It is of large size during im- 
 maturity, but atrophies in the adult. 
 
 5. The Heart is the muscular organ lying in the 
 centre of the thoracic cavity. From the anterior 
 part all of the great blood-vessels of the body 
 arise. The heart 'is enclosed in a sac of fibrous 
 tissue called the pericardium ; this is filled with a 
 serous fluid. The heart consists of four chambers, 
 the two anterior called auricles, and the two pos- 
 terior called ventricles. 
 
 a. The Right Auricle occupies the anterior ven- 
 tral portion of the heart. It consists of a main 
 chamber, the atriiim, and a lobulated appendage, 
 the auricular appendix. The right auricle re- 
 ceives anteriorly the superior vena cava, which 
 brings back blood from the anterior part of the 
 body, and at its posterior end the inferior vena 
 cava, which returns blood from the posterior part 
 of the body. Between these two openings is the 
 orifice of a small vein which returns blood from 
 the walls of the heart itself, the coronary vein. 
 The right auricle opens into the right ventricle by 
 an aperture which is guarded by three membra- 
 nous flaps, the tricuspid valve. These flaps are at- 
 tached to muscular prolongations of the wall of 
 the ventricle, the columns carnecz, by tendinous 
 cords, the chordcz tendince. 
 
 b. The Right Ventricle forms the right ventral 
 portion of the heart. Its cavity is crescentic, with 
 
VISCERA 23 
 
 much thicker walls than those of the auricle. It 
 receives the blood from the right auricle and 
 pumps it out at its anterior end through the pul- 
 monary artery. The opening of this artery is 
 guarded by three flaps, the semilunar valves. 
 
 c. The Left Auricle lies on the anterior dorsal 
 side of the heart. It receives at its dorsal end the 
 pulmonary veins, usually two on each side. The 
 left auricle opens into the left ventricle through 
 an aperture guarded by a valve similar to the tri- 
 cuspid but with only two flaps, the mitral valve. 
 
 d. The Left Ventricle is by far the most muscular 
 portion of the heart. It occupies nearly the whole 
 posterior portion of the organ. Its cavity is oval 
 and receives the ' blood from the left auricle and 
 forces it out through the aorta, whose opening is 
 guarded by semilunar valves similar to those of 
 the pulmonary artery. 
 
 The two coronary arteries which convey blood 
 to the heart itself lead from the aorta just outside 
 of the semilunar valves. 
 
 . VISCERA OF THE HEAD AND NECK. 
 Remove the skin from the head and neck. 
 A. Salivary Glands. 
 
 i. The Parotid Gland, the largest of the salivary 
 glands, lies just beneath the skin at the ventral 
 margin of the cartilage of the ear. Its duct, 
 Stensons diict, may be seen as a fine white canal 
 
24 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 passing across the large oval muscle on the side of 
 the jaw. It penetrates the cheek and opens into 
 the mouth opposite the last premolar tooth. 
 
 2. The Submaxillary Gland lies just below the 
 parotid gland at the angle of the mandible, be- 
 neath the large jugular vein. It is smaller than 
 the last and oval in shape. Its duct, W hart on s 
 duct, runs forward beneath the facial vein and 
 opens on the floor of the mouth. 
 
 3. The Sublingual Glands, two on either side, lie 
 anterior to the submaxillary gland and closely 
 connected with it, on each side of the jugular 
 vein. They are smaller than the submaxillary but 
 of the same general appearance. 
 
 4. The Buccal Glands are a collection of glandular 
 tissue situated at the angle of the mouth. 
 
 5. The Zygomatic Gland is situated in the orbit 
 beneath the eyeball just inside the anterior end of 
 the zygomatic arch. It will be seen if the roof 
 of the mouth be cut through just posterior to the 
 upper molar tooth. 
 
 B. Mouth, Pharynx, and Larynx. 
 
 1. The Hard Palate forms the roof of the mouth. 
 It is covered with mucous membrane which is 
 raised into a number of transverse ridges. 
 
 2. The Soft Palate is the posterior continuatiori 
 of the hard palate. Its free edge hangs like a 
 transverse curtain across the posterior portion of 
 
VISCERA 25 
 
 the cavity of the mouth, separating the oral and 
 the pharyngeal cavities. 
 
 3. The Tonsils lie one on either side of the 
 opening leading from the mouth to the pharynx. 
 They are small oval bodies and are partially em- 
 bedded by lateral prolongations of the soft palate. 
 
 4. The Tongue is a muscular organ attached 
 posteriorly to the hyoid bone and for the greater 
 part of its length to the floor of the mouth. It is 
 covered with a mucous membrane, which is smooth 
 below but above is provided with three kinds 
 of papillae. The circumvallate papilla are the 
 rounded prominences situated in two lines con- 
 verging posteriorly at the back part of the tongue. 
 Thzfungiform papillce are smaller and more nu- 
 merous, and are situated on the side and anterior 
 portion of the tongue. ^\\e filiform papilla, the 
 most numerous of all, cover the whole of the 
 upper surface of the tongue. They have large, 
 posteriorly-directed, horny points. 
 
 5. The Pharynx is the large, conical cavity im- 
 mediately behind and below the soft palate. It is 
 the posterior continuation of the mouth cavity. 
 
 6. The Posterior Nares are two openings into the 
 pharynx, situated just above the palate. They 
 pass forward into the nasal cavity. 
 
 7. The Eustachian Tubes are two openings just 
 external to the posterior nares. Their canal places 
 the middle ear in communication with the phar- 
 ynx. 
 
26 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 Cut away one side of the nasal cavity. 
 
 8. The Schneiderian Membrane is the mucous 
 membrane which covers the upper turbinated 
 bones. It is somewhat darker in color than the 
 rest of the nasal membrane, and contains the end 
 organs of the olfactory nerves. 
 
 9. The (Esophagus is the posterior continuation 
 of the pharynx. It is a collapsed, fleshy tube 
 which passes to the stomach, as already seen. 
 
 10. The Glottis is the slit-like opening situated 
 on the floor of the pharynx. It is guarded by 
 two fleshy folds, the false vocal cords, and by an 
 anteriorly-placed triangular cartilaginous lobe, the 
 epiglottis. This organ completely covers the 
 opening during the act of swallowing. The glot- 
 tis opens below into the larynx. 
 
 1 1. The Larynx is the cartilaginous box forming 
 the anterior expanded portion of the trachea. 
 (Plate I., c.) It is composed of the following 
 pieces : 
 
 The epiglottis is the triangular cartilaginous 
 flap covering the glottis anteriorly. 
 
 The thyroid cartilage is the largest of all, and 
 forms the anterior border of the larynx. 
 
 The arytenoids are the two small cartilages 
 lying one on either side of the mid-line, on the 
 dorsal side just below the thyroid. 
 
 The cricoid is the ring-shaped cartilage lying 
 below the arytenoids and thyroid. It has the ap- 
 
VISCERA 27 
 
 pearance of being the modified uppermost carti- 
 lage of the trachea. 
 
 1 2. The Vocal Cords are two membranous folds 
 lying one on each side immediately below the false 
 vocal cords. 
 
 13. The Trachea is the canal leading posteriorly 
 from the larynx to the lungs, as already seen. It 
 is kept expanded at all times by numerous cartilag- 
 inous rings which give it a characteristic appear- 
 ance. (Plate I., c.) 
 
 14. The Thyroid Glands are two small, reddish 
 bodies situated on either side of the trachea, just 
 posterior to the larynx. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 MUSCLES 
 
 Remove the skin and dissect away the fat and tis- 
 sue covering the muscles. 
 
 A thin layer of muscular fibres covers the neck, 
 thorax, and abdomen, immediately below the 
 skin. The portion upon the neck is known as 
 the platysma myoides. These muscles will be 
 seen as numerous delicate fibres, which remain at- 
 tached to the skin when it is removed. 
 
 MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMEN. 
 
 i. The External Oblique Muscle is a thin, flat mus- 
 cle, arising by digitations from the eight posterior 
 ribs and the lumbar fascia. Its fibres run obliquely 
 backward toward the mid-ventral line, and end in 
 a thin, broad aponeurosis, which unites with its 
 fellow of the opposite side. A mid-ventral white 
 line, the linea alba, indicates the union of the 
 aponeuroses of the muscles of the two sides. The 
 posterior fibres of the muscle are inserted along 
 the brim of the pelvis. A band of delicate fascia, 
 Poitparfs ligament, extends from the symphysis 
 pubis to the anterior part of the ventral margin of 
 the ilium. Between Poupart's ligament and the 
 

MUSCLES 29 
 
 tendon of the external oblique muscle is an aper- 
 ture, the inguinal canal, through which, in the male, 
 passes the spermatic cord. (Plates II. and IV.) 
 
 2. The Internal Oblique Muscle lies immediately 
 under the external oblique, from which it must be 
 separated. It is also a thin, muscular sheet, aris- 
 ing from the lumbar fascia, the ventral margin of 
 the ilium, and the pubis. The fibres run obliquely 
 forward toward the mid-ventral line, where they 
 unite with those of the opposite side in a thin 
 aponeurosis. The more anterior fibres are in- 
 serted on the cartilages of the ribs. (Plate III.) 
 
 3. The Rectus Abdominis Muscle is a long, narrow 
 muscle, arising from the symphysis pubis. It 
 runs forward, with its fellow of the opposite side, 
 to its insertion on the first, second, and third ribs. 
 The fibres of the rectus abdominis are intercepted 
 at intervals by transverse tendons, making it a 
 true " polygastric muscle." Posteriorly the rectus 
 abdominis muscle lies dorsal- to the aponeuroses 
 of the external and internal oblique muscles, but 
 anteriorly it lies between the aponeuroses of these 
 muscles. .(Plates III. and IV.) 
 
 4. The Transversalis Abdominis Muscle, the most 
 internal of the abdominal muscles, is a very thin, 
 muscular sheet. It arises from the cartilages of 
 the posterior ribs, the lumbar fascia, and the ven- 
 tral margin of the ilium. Its fibres run trans- 
 versely and end in an aponeurosis beneath the rec- 
 tus abdominis. (Plate IV.) 
 
30 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 5. The Diaphragm is the musculo-tendinous par- 
 tition separating the abdominal and thoracic cav- 
 ities. The muscular portion of the diaphragm at 
 its circumference arises ventrally from the ensi- 
 form cartilage, laterally from the last five ribs and 
 the aponeuroses of the muscles of the back, and 
 dorsally from the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae 
 by two thick slips or critra. From all these 
 points the fibres converge, to end in the central 
 tendon. The diaphragm is pierced by the oesoph- 
 agus, aorta, and inferior vena cava. 
 
 MUSCLES OF THE THORAX. 
 
 i. The Pectoralis Muscle is a very large triangular 
 muscle, having its origin on the sternum and the 
 cartilages of the ribs and its insertion on the hume- 
 rus. It is made up of the following five por- 
 tions : 
 
 a. A long, narrow, superficial division which 
 arises beneath the manubrium and the cartilages 
 of the first two ribs. Part of this is inserted in 
 the fascia of the fore-leg, and part of it joins one 
 of the shoulder muscles, the cep halo-humeral. 
 (Plates III. and IV.) 
 
 b. The largest division arises from the manu- 
 brium and anterior third of the sternum, and is in- 
 serted on the outer side of the deltoid ridge of 
 the humerus. (Plate IV.) 
 
 c. Another division arises from the sternum, be- 
 tween the cartilages of the second and sixth ribs. 
 
MUSCLES 31 
 
 It is inserted into the head of the humerus. (Plate 
 IV.) 
 
 d. The posterior division takes its origin from 
 the sternum, between the cartilages of the fifth and 
 eighth ribs, and is inserted principally on the inner 
 side of the deltoid ridge of the humerus. (Plate 
 IV.) 
 
 e. The smallest and most anterior part arises 
 from the side of the manubrium and is inserted on 
 the humerus just above the insertion of b, from 
 which it can be separated with difficulty. This 
 division also sends some fibres to the clavicle. 
 
 To expose the remaining muscles of the thorax the 
 pectoralis group must be reflected. 
 
 2. The Sternalis Muscle is a small triangular mus- 
 cle arising from the fascia of the rectus abdominis, 
 at the point where the cartilages of the third and 
 fourth ribs unite with the sternum. Its fibres 
 pass forward and outward and are inserted on the 
 first rib. A second, smaller, sternalis muscle lies 
 just outside the rectus abdominis, at the level of 
 the sixth rib. (Plates III. and IV.) 
 
 3. The Scalenus Primus Muscle is long and narrow. 
 It takes its origin from the fourth and fifth cervi- 
 cal vertebrae, and .is inserted on the cartilages of 
 the fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs. (Plates III. and 
 IV.) 
 
 4. The Scalenus Secundus Muscle lies deeper than 
 the last. It takes its origin from the transverse 
 
32 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 processes of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and sev- 
 enth cervical vertebrae, and is inserted on the first 
 rib. (Plates III. and IV.) 
 
 5. The External Intercostal Muscles are the outer 
 muscular layers extending between the bony ribs. 
 Their fibres run backward and downward. (Plates 
 III. and IV.) 
 
 6. The Internal Intercostals are muscular sheets 
 lying under the former, their fibres running back- 
 ward and upward. They are covered by the ex- 
 ternal intercostals, except between the cartilagi- 
 nous ribs. (Plate III.) 
 
 7. The Serratus Posticus Muscle arises from the 
 fascia of the mid-dorsal line, and is inserted by 
 digitations on the eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, 
 and twelfth ribs. A dense membrane, the verte- 
 bral aponcurosis, is continuous with the muscle an- 
 teriorly. This membrane passes forward between 
 the muscles of the back and those of the shoulder, 
 and covers over the erector spincz muscles, which 
 fill the groove on either side of the neural proc- 
 esses of the vertebrae. (Plate III.) 
 
 MUSCLES OF THE FORE-LEG AND SHOULDER. 
 
 i. The Cephalo-humeral or Anterior Trapezius Muscle 
 takes its origin from the back of the skull and the 
 mid-dorsal line of the neck. It is very long and 
 passes downward, covering the anterior part of 
 the fore-leg, to its insertion on the coronoid proc- 
 
MUSCLES 33 
 
 ess of the ulna. The clavicle is attached to the 
 under side of this muscle, in front of the shoulder- 
 joint. Just before the cephalo-humeral is inserted 
 on the ulna, it receives fibres from the first divis- 
 ion of the pectoralis. (Plates II. and IV.) 
 
 2. The Middle Trapezius Muscle arises along the 
 mid-dorsal line, immediately posterior to the origin 
 of the cephalo-humeral. Its fibres converge to their 
 insertion upon the spine of the scapula. (Plate II.) 
 
 3. The Posterior Trapezius Muscle arises a little 
 posterior to the origin of the middle trapezius, 
 along the mid-dorsal line, above the neural proc- 
 esses of the thoracic vertebrae. It is inserted on 
 the spine of the scapula, above the insertion of the 
 middle trapezius. (Plate II.) 
 
 4. The Latissimus Dorsi is the very broad muscle 
 covering a great part of the dorsal portion of the 
 abdomen and thorax. It takes its origin from the 
 neural processes of the last nine dorsal vertebrae, 
 and by fascia from the neural processes of the 
 lumbar vertebrae. Its fibres converge anteriorly, 
 and, blending with the adjacent fibres of the pos- 
 terior division of the pectoralis muscle, are in- 
 serted, together with another muscle, the teres 
 major, by a flat tendon, on the inner side of the 
 shaft of the humerus. The insertion is just below 
 the lesser tuberosity. (Plates II. and IV.) 
 
 5. The Cleido-mastoid is a narrow strip of muscle 
 arising from the clavicle and extending to the 
 mastoid process. (Plates II. and IV.) 
 
 3 
 
34 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 Reflect the cep halo-humeral and the middle and 
 posterior trapezius muscles. 
 
 6. The Rhomboideus Major is the broad muscle 
 which arises from the neural processes of the six 
 posterior cervical and the anterior dorsal vertebrae. 
 It is inserted on the vertebral margin of the 
 scapula. (Plate III.) 
 
 7. The Rhomboideus Capitis is a narrow muscular 
 band lying along the anterior margin of the rhom- 
 boideus major. Its origin is on the lambdoidal 
 ridge of the skull and its insertion is on the verte- 
 bral margin of the scapula, just in front of the 
 insertion of the rhomboideus major. (Plate 
 
 HI') (^M-tJfev. ^o^4** -^VW^AAdi^ J 
 
 8. The Levator Claviculae is a long, narrow muscle 
 which arises from the transverse process of the 
 atlas, and is inserted on the metacromion process of 
 the scapula. (Plate II.) 
 
 9. The Spino-deltoid Muscle takes its origin from 
 the spine of the scapula, opposite the insertion of 
 the middle trapezius muscle. Its fibres run down 
 to unite with those of the following muscle. 
 Both are inserted on the deltoid ridge of the 
 humerus. (Plates II. and III.) 
 
 10. The Acromio-deltoid Muscle is similar in shape 
 to the spino-deltoid muscle. It arises from both 
 the acromion and metacromion processes, and also 
 from the intervening portion of the spine of the 
 scapula. It is inserted, together with the spino- 
 
MUSCLES 35 
 
 deltoid muscle, on the deltoid ridge of the hu- 
 merus. (Plates II. and III.) 
 
 1 1. The Epitrochlear is a small muscle, varying in 
 shape, size, and position. It arises partly from the 
 fascia of the scapula, just below the insertion of the 
 posterior trapezius, and partly by muscular fibres 
 from a subjacent muscle, the latissimus dorsi. It 
 is inserted by fascia on the inner side of the 
 olecranon process of the ulna. (Plate II.) 
 
 Reflect the deltoid and levator claviculcz muscles. 
 
 12. The Supraspinatus is the large, thick muscle 
 which fills the entire supraspinous fossa of the 
 scapula and projects considerably over its anterior 
 border. Its fibres origiriate from the entire fossa, 
 the anterior side of the spine of the scapula,' and 
 the acromion process. They are inserted by a 
 strong tendon into the great tuberosity of the 
 humerus. (Plates III. and IV.) 
 
 13. The Infraspinatus Muscle occupies the infra- 
 spinous fossa of the scapula. Its fibres arise from 
 the whole fossa, the posterior side of the spine of 
 the scapula, and the acromion and metacromion 
 processes. They converge into a strong tendon, 
 which is inserted on the outer side of the great 
 tuberosity of the humerus, beside the insertion of 
 the supraspinatus muscle. (Plate III.) 
 
 14. The Teres Major is a thick muscle lying 
 along the posterior margin of the scapula. It has 
 its origin on the upper third of the axillary border 
 
36 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 of the scapula, and is inserted, together with the 
 latissimus dorsi, by a flat tendon, on the humerus, 
 just below the lesser tuberosity. (Plates III. 
 and IV.) 
 
 15. The Teres Minor is a much smaller muscle 
 which arises from the lower half of the axillary 
 margin of the scapula, and is inserted on the great 
 tuberosity of the humerus, just below the inser- 
 tion of the infraspinatus muscle. (Plate III.) 
 
 Reflect the latissimus dorsi, rhomboideus major, 
 and rhomboideus capitis muscles. 
 
 1 6. The Levator Anguli Scapulae is the thick mus- 
 cle which takes its origin from the transverse 
 processes of the last five cervical vertebrae, and is 
 inserted on the anterior half of the vertebral mar- 
 gin of the scapula. (Plates III. and IV.) 
 
 1 7. The Serratus Magnus is the. large muscle con- 
 tinuous with the posterior margin of the levator 
 anguli scapulae. It arises by digitations from the 
 first nine or ten ribs, and is inserted on the poste- 
 rior half of the vertebral margin of the scapula. 
 The serratus magnus and levator anguli scapulae 
 form a single sheet of muscle, which suspends the 
 body from the fore-limbs. (Plates III. and 
 IV.) 
 
 1 8. The Subscapularis is the muscle which fills 
 the entire subscapular fossa. It takes its origin 
 from the greater part of the fossa, from which its 
 fibres converge to their insertion, by tendon, on 
 
MUSCLES ^ 37 
 
 the lesser tuberosity and capsular ligament of the 
 head of the humerus. (Plate IV.) 
 
 19. The Coraco-brachialis is a small muscle lying 
 on the inner side of the shoulder-joint and cover- 
 ing the insertion of the subscapularis muscle. It 
 is composed of two parts, both of which arise 
 from the coracoid process of the scapula and are 
 inserted on the inner side of the humerus, just 
 above the insertion of the teres major. (Plate IV.) 
 
 20. The Biceps is a long, spindle-shaped muscle, 
 lying on the flexor (anterior) surface of the hu- 
 merus. It arises by a strong tendon from the 
 anterior margin of the glenoid cavity of the scap- 
 ula, and is inserted by a similar tendon on the tu- 
 bercle of the radius. (Plates III. and IV.) 
 
 21. The Bjachialis Anticus Muscle lies closely 
 along the outer side of the anterior surface of the 
 humerus, below the insertion of the teres minor. 
 Its fibres converge to their insertion on and near 
 the coronoid process of the ulna. (Plates II. and 
 
 in.) 
 
 22. The Triceps is the large mass of muscle on 
 the extensor (posterior) surface of the humerus. 
 It consists of five parts, as follows : 
 
 a. The largest division of the triceps arises by 
 a broad tendon from the lower half of the axillary 
 border of the scapula, between the subscapularis 
 and teres minor muscles. It is inserted by a 
 strong tendon on the olecranon process of the 
 ulna. (Plates II., III., and IV.) 
 
38 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 b. The second and most external part arises 
 from the head of the humerus, beneath the inser- 
 tion of the teres minor. Its fibres pass downward, 
 and are inserted by a tendon on the olecranon 
 process. (Plates II. and III.) 
 
 c. The third division arises from the upper part 
 of the shaft of the humerus, below the insertion 
 of the teres major. Its fibres unite with those of 
 the fourth division (d), and are inserted on the 
 olecranon process. (Plates III. and IV.) 
 
 d. This division is the most internal, and arises 
 just below the head of the humerus, between the 
 origin of the second division (b) and the insertion 
 of the coraco-brachialis. It passes downward and 
 unites with the third part (r), and both are in- 
 serted on the olecranon process. (Plate IV.) 
 
 e. The smallest part of the triceps arises from 
 the bridge of bone bounding the supracondyloid 
 foramen of the humerus, as far down as the inter- 
 nal condyle. , Its fibres pass back to their insertion 
 on the inner side of the olecranon process. 
 
 23. The Anconeus Muscle arises from the lower 
 half of the shaft of the humerus, the margins of 
 the olecranon fossa, and the external condyle. 
 Its fibres pass between the second (U) and third 
 (c] parts of the triceps, to their insertion in the 
 fossa just outside the olecranon process. (Plates 
 II. and III.) 
 
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MUSCLES 39 
 
 MUSCLES OF THE HIND-LEG. 
 
 1. The Sartorius is a broad, thin muscle which 
 covers the anterior and internal parts of the thigh. 
 It arises from the anterior ventral margin of the 
 ilium, and is inserted both on the ligament of the 
 patella and the internal tuberosity of the tibia. 
 (Plates II., III., and IV.) 
 
 2. The Tensor Vaginae Femoris is a large muscle 
 which arises from the anterior end of the ilium 
 and the adjacent fascia. It is inserted by a strong 
 fascia, which dips in between the muscles, and ex- 
 tends down to the external condyle of the femur. 
 (Plates II. and IV.) 
 
 3. The Biceps Femoris is a very large muscle, cov- 
 ering the greater part of the external surface of 
 the thigh. It arises from the tuberosity of the 
 ischium, and is inserted by a strong fascia on the 
 outer side of the tibia, for the greater part of its 
 length. (Plate II.) 
 
 4. The Gluteus Maximus is the muscle lying be- 
 tween the biceps femoris and the tensor vaginae 
 femoris. It arises partly from the sacrum and the 
 fascia covering it dorsally, and partly from the 
 first two caudal vertebrae, and is inserted on the 
 great trochanter and shaft of the femur by a sheet 
 of fascia. (Plate II.) 
 
 5. The Tenuissimus is a long and very slender 
 muscle which arises from the caudal vertebrae, be- 
 low the origin of the gluteus maxim us. It runs 
 
4O DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 along the inner side of the biceps femoris, with 
 which muscle it finally fuses. (Plate III.) 
 
 Reflect the preceding muscles. 
 
 6. The Gluteus Medius is a thick muscle lying 
 directly under the gluteus maximus. It arises 
 from the outer surface of the ilium and the fascia, 
 between the gluteus maximus and tensor vaginae 
 femoris, and is inserted on the great trochanter of 
 the femur. (Plate III.) 
 
 7. The Gluteus Minimus lies directly under the 
 gluteus medius. Its origin is on the ilium, just 
 posterior to the origin of the preceding muscle, 
 and also on the anterior part of the ischium. It is 
 inserted on the great trochanter. (Plate III.) 
 
 8. The Quadratus Femoris is the small quadran- 
 gular muscle arising from the tuberosity of the 
 ischium. It is inserted on the posterior surface of 
 the femur, near the great trochanter. (Plate III.) 
 
 9. The Semitendinosus is the smaller and more 
 external of the two posterior muscles of the thigh. 
 It arises from the tuberosity of the ischium, and is 
 inserted by fascia on the inner side of the tibia, 
 and by tendon on the front of the tibia, just below 
 the patella. (Plates II., III., and IV.) 
 
 10. The Semimembranosus is the larger of the 
 two posterior muscles of the thigh. Its origin is 
 on the ischium, from the tuberosity to the sym- 
 physis pubis. It is inserted (i) on and above the 
 inner condyle of the femur, and (2) by a strong 
 
MUSCLES 41 
 
 tendon on the internal tuberosity of the tibia. 
 (Plates II., III., and IV.) 
 
 11. The Quadriceps Extensor is composed of four 
 large muscles which have separate origins but are 
 inserted on the tuberosity of the tibia by a com- 
 mon tendon, the " tendon of the patella." 
 
 a. The vastus externus is the largest and most 
 external of the four divisions. Its origin is on 
 the whole outer surface of the shaft of the femur 
 and on the great trochanter. (Plate III.) 
 
 b. The rectus femoris is the most anterior of 
 the four divisions, lying between the vastus ex- 
 ternus and the muscle next to be described, the 
 vastus internus. It arises from the ilium just 
 above the acetabulum. (Plate IV.) 
 
 c. The vastus internus lies between the rectus 
 femoris and the sartorius. It arises from the in- 
 ner and anterior side of the upper part of the fe- 
 mur. (Plate IV.) 
 
 d. The vastus medius, the smallest division, 
 arises from the lower part of the front of the fe- 
 mur. To expose this muscle the three preceding 
 divisions must be reflected. 
 
 12. The Pyriformis is a small triangular muscle. 
 It arises from the ventral surface of the sacrum, 
 and, passing along the posterior margin of the 
 gluteus minimus, is inserted on the great trochan- 
 ter of the femur. 
 
 13. The Gracilis is a broad, thin muscle, cover- 
 ing the greater part of the inner side of the thigh. 
 
42 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 It arises below the symphysis pubis, and is in- 
 serted by fascia on the inner side of the tibia, par- 
 tially beneath the insertion of the sartorius. (Plate 
 IV.) 
 
 Reflect the gracilis muscle. 
 
 14. The Adductor is a large muscle arising from 
 the pubis and ischium, near the symphysis, and 
 below the origin of the gracilis. It is inserted on 
 the posterior part of the femur, along the linea 
 aspera. (Plates III. and IV.) 
 
 15. The Pectineus is a small, thin muscle, arising 
 from the pubis, near the symphysis. It is inserted 
 on the ridge between the lesser trochanter and the 
 linea aspera of the femur, and also on the linea 
 aspera itself. (Plate IV.) 
 
 1 6. The Psoas Magnus is the large, cylindrical 
 muscle lying along the dorsal wall of the abdom- 
 inal cavity. It arises from the transverse processes 
 of the lumbar vertebrae, and passes out beneath 
 the brim of the pelvis. It is inserted on the lesser 
 trochanter of the femur. (Plate IV.) 
 
 MUSCLES OF THE NECK. 
 
 i. The Sterno-mastoid Muscle is a long, narrow 
 band which arises from the side of the manu- 
 brium, below the anterior part of the pectoralis 
 major, and is inserted on the skull just above the 
 mastoid process. (Plates II., III., and IV.) 
 
MUSCLES 43 
 
 Reflect the sterno-mastoid muscle. 
 
 2. The Sterno-hyoid is a similar muscle, lying be- 
 neath the sterno-mastoid, and covering the trachea 
 along the mid- ventral line. It arises on the ante- 
 rior end of the manubrium, and is inserted on the 
 basi-hyal bone. (Plate IV.) 
 
 Reflect the sterno-hyoid muscle. 
 
 3. The Sterno-thyroid is a slender muscle which 
 arises from the anterior end of the manubrium, 
 below the origin of the sterno-hyoid. It is in- 
 serted on the thyroid cartilage of the larynx. 
 (Plate IV.) 
 
 4. The Digastric is a relatively large muscle, 
 situated at the angle of the mandible. It arises 
 from the skull, posterior to the external auditory 
 meatus, and is inserted along the inner surface 
 of the anterior half of the mandible. (Plates 
 II., III., and IV.) 
 
 5. The Genio-hyoid is a small, thin .muscle, lying 
 along the mid-line of the under side of the man- 
 dible. It arises near the symphysis, and is inserted 
 on the basi-hyal bone. (Plate IV.) 
 
 6. The Mylo-hyoid is the flat muscle forming the 
 floor of the mouth. It arises on the inside of the 
 mandible, and is inserted on the basi-hyal bone. 
 (Plate IV.) 
 
 7. The Thyro-hyoid Muscle arises from the thyroid 
 cartilage of the larynx, and is inserted on the 
 
44 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 thyro-hyal bone. It appears to be a continuation 
 of the sterno-thyroid muscle. 
 
 8. The Splenius is a large muscle which takes its 
 origin on the mid-dorsal line of the neck and from 
 the neural processes of the anterior dorsal verte- 
 brae. It is inserted on the outer part of the lamb- 
 doidal ridge of the skull. (Plate III.) 
 
 The Masseter is the thick, oval muscle lying just 
 back of the eye. It arises from the malar bone 
 and from the zygomatic process of the temporal 
 bone, and is inserted on the outer surface of the 
 ascending ramus of the mandible. (Plates II., 
 Ill,, and IV.) 
 
 The Temporalis is the fan-shaped muscle cover- 
 ing the side of the skull. It arises from the skull 
 between the lambdoidal ridge and the post-orbital 
 process of the frontal bone. Its fibres converge, 
 filling up the temporal fossa, and are inserted on 
 the coronoid process of the mandible. (Plates II. 
 and III.) 
 
PLATE IV. 
 
 SUPERFICIAL AND DEEPER MUSCLES 
 OF VENTRAL SIDE. 
 
 The following muscles have been removed from the left side: 
 
 Genio-hyoid, Pectoralis, 
 
 Sterno-mastoid, Latissimus dorsi, 
 
 Sterno-hyoid, External oblique, 
 
 Cleido-mastoid, Internal oblique, 
 
 Cephalo-humeral, Sartorius, 
 Cracilis. 
 
PLATE IV. 
 
 SUPERFICIAL AND DEEPER MUSCLES OF VENTRAL SIDE. 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 VASCULAR SYSTEM 
 
 ARTERIAL SYSTEM. (Plate V.) 
 
 The Aorta is the large blood-vessel which leaves 
 the left ventricle of the heart and bends in an arch 
 to the left and passes posteriorly along the mid- 
 line. It gives ofT the following branches : 
 
 i . The Brachio-cephalic or Innominate Artery is the 
 first and larger of the two branches which lead 
 anteriorly from the arch of the aorta. It soon 
 gives off the following : 
 
 a. The Right and Left Carotid Arteries. These 
 pass anteriorly along either side of the trachea 
 and are distributed to the neck and head. Their 
 principal branches are : 
 
 (1) The Thyroid Artery, given off at the level of 
 the thyroid gland, and distributed principally to 
 that organ. 
 
 (2) A large Muscular Branch, given off directly 
 opposite the thyroid artery, which supplies the 
 muscles of the neck. 
 
 (3) The Lingual Artery, which is distributed to 
 the under surface of the tongue. 
 
 (4) The Facial Artery, which sends branches to 
 
46 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 the cheek, lips, muscles of the mandible, and to 
 the submaxillary gland. 
 
 (5) .The Post-auricular Artery, which is distributed 
 to the posterior side of the ear. 
 
 (6) The Temporal Artery, which is distributed to 
 the parotid gland and muscles of the side of the 
 head. 
 
 After giving off the temporal branch, the caro- 
 tid passes beneath the masseter muscle and ends in 
 a plexus of small blood-vessels near the glenoid 
 fossa. 
 
 b. The Right Subclavian Artery. After giving off 
 the two carotid arteries, the remaining portion of 
 the brachio-cephalic is known as the right sub- 
 clavian artery. It gives off the following branches : 
 
 (1) The Vertebral Artery, which pierces the trans- 
 verse processes of the six anterior cervical verte- 
 brae, enters the foramen magnum, and unites with 
 its fellow of the opposite side to form the basilar 
 artery of the brain. 
 
 (2) The Superior Intercostal Artery, arising a little 
 beyond the vertebral artery, is distributed to the 
 intercostal muscles between the four anterior ribs. 
 
 (3) The Sternal or Internal Mammary Artery, given 
 off just beyond the last, runs posteriorly along the 
 inner surface of the sternum. 
 
 (4) The Thyroid Axis arises directly opposite the 
 sternal artery, and passes anteriorly and dorsally. 
 It supplies the suprascapular region, and gives off 
 a branch to the thyroid gland. 
 
VASCULAR SYSTEM 47 
 
 (5) The Superior Thoracic Artery, arising a short 
 distance from the thyroid axis, supplies the pec- 
 toral muscle. 
 
 (6) The Long Thoracic Artery, arising a little be- 
 yond the superior thoracic artery, supplies the 
 thoracic muscles. 
 
 (7) The Subscapular and Posterior Circumflex Arteries 
 arise from a common trunk, which is given off 
 from the subclavian a little beyond the long tho- 
 racic. The subscapular artery supplies the muscles 
 of the subscapular region. The posterior circum- 
 flex passes between the subscapular and teres 
 major muscles, and supplies the muscles of the 
 arm. 
 
 (8) The Anterior Circumflex Artery, which runs 
 obliquely around the humerus and supplies certain 
 muscles of the arm. 
 
 The portion of the subclavian artery between 
 the thyroid axis and circumflex artery is known as 
 the axillary artery. After reaching the arm it 
 becomes the brachial artery. 
 
 (9) The Superior and Inferior Profunda Arteries, 
 given off from the brachial, between the shoulder 
 and elbow. 
 
 (10) The Ulnar and Radial Arteries, the two 
 branches into which the brachial divides at the 
 elbow. The radial artery is a direct continuation 
 of the brachial artery, and passes along the flexor 
 surface of the limb to the wrist, where it turns to 
 the dorsal surface, and forms, with a branch of the 
 
48 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 ulnar artery, the palmar arch. The ulnar artery 
 is smaller and less superficial than the radial. 
 
 2. The Left Subclavian Artery, unlike the right 
 subclavian, which arises as a branch of the brachio- 
 cephalic artery, takes its origin directly from the 
 arch of the aorta. Its branches are similar to 
 those of the right subclavian artery. 
 
 3. The Intercostal Arteries arise in ten pairs from 
 the thoracic portion of the aorta and supply all 
 but the first three intercostal spaces. 
 
 4. The Bronchial Arteries arise from the aorta near 
 the fourth intercostal artery and supply the lungs. 
 
 5. The Phrenic Artery is a small branch given off 
 from the aorta as it pierces the diaphragm, which 
 organ it supplies. 
 
 6. The Coeliac Axis is a large branch given off 
 from the aorta after it pierces the diaphragm. It 
 divides into three branches : 
 
 a. The Hepatic Artery, which sends branches to 
 the liver, duodenum, and pancreas. 
 
 b. The Coronary Artery, which is distributed along 
 the small curvature of the stomach. 
 
 c. The Splenic Artery, which supplies the spleen 
 and portions of the stomach. 
 
 7. The Superior Mesenteric Artery arises next pos- 
 terior to the coeliac axis. It subdivides in the 
 mesentery and conveys blood to the intestine. 
 
 8. The Suprarenal Arteries are two small branches 
 which arise near the superior mesenteric artery 
 and supply the adrenal bodies. 
 
VASCULAR SYSTEM 49 
 
 9. The Renal Arteries are two large arteries which 
 arise one on either side and supply the kidneys. 
 
 10. The Spermatic Arteries, in the male, are two 
 long, slender arteries which arise a little posterior 
 to the renal arteries. They pass backward through 
 the inguinal canal as part of the spermatic cord 
 and supply the testes. 
 
 In the female the Ovarian Arteries arise in nearly 
 the same place and supply the ovaries. 
 
 1 1 . The Inferior Mesenteric Artery arises some dis- 
 tance posterior to the last, and is distributed to 
 the lower part of the large intestine and rectum. 
 
 1 2. The Ilio-lumbar Arteries are two arteries which 
 arise on either side of the aorta, and supply the 
 muscles of the back. 
 
 13. The External Iliac Arteries are two large ar- 
 teries given off in the posterior part of the abdom- 
 inal cavity. They run outward and downward to 
 each hind limb. Before passing Poupart's liga- 
 ment each gives off a large branch, the obturator 
 artery, which passes through the obturator fora- 
 men to the muscles on the back of the pelvis. 
 The obturator artery has a branch, the epigastric- 
 artery, which passes forward along the abdominal 
 wall and anastomoses with the internal mammary 
 artery. Each external iliac artery passes beneath 
 Poupart's ligament to reach the thigh, where it 
 becomes the femoral artery. Near its origin each 
 gives off the deep femoral or profunda artery to 
 the muscles of the thigh. At the knee-joint the 
 
50 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 femoral is called \k& popliteal artery, and, contin- 
 uing, divides into the anterior and posterior tibial 
 arteries. The posterior tibial artery runs down 
 behind the tibia to the inner side of the os calcis, 
 where it divides into the internal and external 
 plantar arteries. The anterior tibial artery 
 passes along the anterior part of the leg, and be- 
 comes the dorsal artery of the foot. 
 
 14. The Internal Iliac Arteries are two large lateral 
 branches into which the aorta divides soon after 
 giving off the external iliacs. Each internal iliac 
 gives off a small artery to the bladder, the superior 
 vesical, and then divides into two branches, the 
 pudic and sciatic arteries. The pudic divides 
 into the internal pudic, which is distributed 
 within the pelvis to the genital organs, and the ex- 
 ternal p^ldic, which supplies the external genital 
 organs. The sciatic, after giving off the glutcal, 
 which is distributed to the muscles on the back of 
 the pelvis, passes out through the great sciatic 
 notch, and goes to the muscles of the hip and 
 thigh. 
 
 1 5. The Caudal Artery is the posterior continua- 
 tion of the aorta. It passes along beneath the 
 tail. 
 
 Muscular Branches are given off at various points, 
 both from the aorta and from other arteries to ad- 
 jacent muscles. 
 
PLATE V, 
 
 CAROTID.. 
 TEMPORAL. - 
 
 POST-AURICULAR, - 
 
 O LIPS. 
 
 -O DIGASTRIC MUSCLE. 
 
 GLAND. 
 
 PROFUNC 
 FEMORALr 
 
 XTERNAL ILIAC. 
 
 SUPERIOR VESICLE 
 (TERNAL ILIAC. 
 
 PUDIC. 
 SCIATIC. 
 
 ARTERIAL SYSTEM 
 
VASCULAR SYSTEM 5 I 
 
 VENOUS SYSTEM. (Plate VI.) 
 
 A. Prae-cava. 
 
 The Prae-cava, or Superior Vena Cava, is the large 
 vein which brings back blood from the anterior 
 part of the body, and empties into the right auri- 
 cle, as already described. It receives the follow- 
 ing branches : 
 
 1. The Azygos Vein collects the blood from the 
 intercostal and lumbar regions, and empties into 
 the prse-cava in front of the heart. 
 
 2. The Vertebral Vein of the right side joins the 
 superior vena cava some distance anterior to the 
 azygos vein. 
 
 3. The Sternal Veins enter the prae-cava by a 
 common trunk on its ventral side just anterior to 
 the right vertebral vein. They arise as two veins 
 on either side of the sternum, and, passing ante- 
 riorly, unite at the level of the fourth rib. 
 
 4. The Brachio-cephalic or Innominate Veins are 
 two large veins which unite at the level of the 
 subclavian arteries to form the prse-cava. 
 
 5. The External Jugular Vein is formed by the 
 union of the temporal, internal maxillary, and 
 facial veins, which correspond to the arteries of 
 the same names. It runs just beneath the skin, 
 across the sterno-mastoid muscle, and empties into 
 the subclavian vein. Between the temporal and 
 
52 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 facial veins the two external jugular veins are 
 united by a cross branch, the transverse vein. 
 
 6. The Internal Jugular Vein returns blood from 
 the brain. It runs parallel to the carotid artery, 
 internal to the external jugular vein and unites 
 with the external jugular vein just before it emp- 
 ties into the brachio-cephalic. 
 
 7. The Subclavian Vein is the large vessel which 
 returns blood from the fore-leg, where it has 
 branches similar to those of the subclavian artery. 
 It unites with the external jugular vein to form 
 the brachio-cephalic vein. 
 
 8. The Left Vertebral Vein returns blood from the 
 cranial cavity. It empties into the left brachio- 
 cephalic, between the entrance of the external 
 jugular and the union of the brachio-cephalic 
 veins. 
 
VASCULAR SYSTEM 53 
 
 B. Post-cava. 
 
 The Post-cava or Inferior Vena Cava is the large 
 vein which returns blood from the posterior part 
 of the body, and empties into the right auricle. It 
 receives its first branch as it pierces the diaphragm. 
 
 1. The Phrenic Veins collect blood from the dia- 
 phragm, and enter the post-cava just as it pierces 
 that organ. 
 
 2. The Hepatic Veins collect the blood from the 
 liver, and empty into the post - cava, near the 
 phrenic veins. 
 
 3. The Suprarenal Veins collect the blood from 
 the abdominal walls and adrenal bodies, and usu- 
 ally empty into the post-cava, near the level of the 
 corresponding arteries. 
 
 4. The Renal Veins correspond to the arteries of 
 the same name. 
 
 5. The Spermatic and Ovarian Veins correspond to 
 the spermatic and ovarian arteries, though usually 
 those of the left side empty into the renal vein in- 
 stead of the post-cava. 
 
 6. The Ilio-lumbar Veins also correspond to the 
 ilio-lumbar arteries. 
 
 7. The Common Iliac Veins are two large veins 
 which unite with the caudal vein to form the post- 
 cava. They are formed by the union of the in- 
 ternal and external iliac veins, which have a 
 similar distribution to the arteries of the same 
 name. 
 
54 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 8. The Caudal Vein is the direct continuation of 
 the post-cava. It returns blood from the tail. 
 
 Q Portal System. 
 
 The Portal Vein is formed by a number of 
 branches, which collect the blood from the in- 
 testines, spleen, pancreas, and stomach. These 
 branches unite within the mesentery. The portal 
 vein enters the under side of the liver, just above 
 the hepatic artery. In the liver it breaks up into 
 capillaries, which -again unite, to form the hepatic 
 vein. This vein empties into the post-cava, near 
 the diaphragm, as already described. 
 
 The portal system returns blood from the re- 
 gions supplied by the superior and inferior mesen- 
 teric arteries and the coeliac axis. 
 
PLATE VI. 
 
 JNTERNAL MAXILLARY. 
 
 TO SUBMAXILLARY 
 
 GLAND. 
 
 INTERNAL JUGULAR. 
 
 XTERNAL JUGULAR. 
 
 FT SUBCLAVIAN. 
 LEFT VERTEBRAL. 
 
 EPIGASTRIC. 
 
 MUSCULAR. 
 FEMORAL. 
 
 COMMON ILIAC. 
 CAUDAL. 
 EXTERNAL ILIAC. 
 
 INTERNAL ILIAC. 
 
 VENOUS SYSTEM 
 
CHAPTER V 
 NERVOUS SYSTEM 
 
 INVESTING MEMBRANES. 
 
 1. The most external of the three membranes 
 which enclose the brain and spinal cord is the 
 dura mater. It is a thick, fibrous membrane, 
 which lines the inside of the skull and vertebral 
 column. It dips down in a longitudinal fold be- 
 tween the two lobes of the brain forming the falx 
 cerebri. It also makes a transverse fold below the 
 posterior margin of the parietal bone, between the 
 cerebrum and cerebellum. This is called the ten- 
 tor ium, and in adult cats becomes ossified. 
 
 2. The most internal membrane, the/z# mater, 
 is much thinner and less dense, and closely invests 
 the brain and cord. The blood-vessels supplying 
 the central nervous system are contained in this 
 membrane. 
 
 3. The arachnoid is a very delicate membrane, 
 lying between the dura and pia mater. It is 
 closely connected with the dura mater, but does 
 not follow all the folds of the pia mater. It 
 may be seen bridging over the fissures of the 
 brain. 
 
56 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN. 
 
 The brain is the portion of the nervous system 
 within the cranial cavity. It is divided into three 
 principal parts the cerebrum, cerebellum, and 
 medulla oblongata. 
 
 The cerebrum forms the largest part of the 
 brain, occupying the anterior portion of the cranial 
 cavity. It consists of two lobes or hemispheres. 
 
 The cerebellum is the unpaired posterior portion 
 of the brain. It is connected with the rest of the 
 brain by bands of fibres or crura, two of which 
 pass to the cerebrum, two to the medulla, and two 
 blend together below the cerebrum and form the 
 pons Varolii. 
 
 The medulla oblongata forms the posterior part 
 of the brain, below the cerebellum. It is continu- 
 ous posteriorly with the spinal cord. 
 
 A. Cerebrum. 
 
 1. The Cerebrum is the large anterior part of the 
 brain. It consists of two lobes or hemispheres, 
 which are composed of a number of convolutions, 
 or gyri, separated by fissures, or sulci. (Plate VII., 
 A, B, and c.) 
 
 2. The Olfactory Lobes are the two small, knob- 
 like prolongations from the anterior ventral surface 
 of the cerebral hemispheres. (Plate VII., A and c.) 
 
 3. The first pair of cranial nerves, the Olfactory, 
 arise from the under side of the olfactory lobes. 
 
NERVOUS SYSTEM 57 
 
 4. The Corpus Callosum is the broad white band 
 of fibres connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. 
 It may be seen from the dorsal side by pressing 
 the hemispheres apart. (Plate VII., c.) 
 
 5. The Corpora Quadrigemina are the two pairs of 
 rounded elevations which lie on the dorsal surface 
 of the brain, between the cerebrum and cerebellum, 
 which must be pressed apart to expose them. The 
 anterior pair are smaller than the posterior, and 
 are called the nates. The posterior pair are called 
 the testes. (Plate VII., c.) 
 
 6. The Pineal Gland is a single rounded promi- 
 nence, lying in the mid-dorsal line, just anterior to 
 the nates. (Plate VII., c.) 
 
 7. The Valve of Vieussens is the delicate mem- 
 brane covering the cavity of the brain, posterior to 
 the corpora quadrigemina and beneath the anterior 
 portion of the cerebellum. (Plate VII., c.) 
 
 8. The second pair of cranial nerves, the Optic, 
 are the large nerves arising from the transverse 
 band of fibres known as the optic chiasma, situ- 
 ated on the ventral side of the brain, just posterior 
 to the fissure separating the two hemispheres. 
 (Plate VII., A and c.) 
 
 9. The Optic Chiasma is formed by the crossing 
 of the fibres of the optic tracts which run up be- 
 neath the cerebral lobes and over the ventral sur- 
 face of two oval bodies, the optic thalami, to 
 which they send fibres, and end finally in the cor- 
 pora quadrigemina. (Plate VII., A and c.) 
 
58 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 10. The Lamina Cinerea lies just anterior to the 
 optic chiasma. It is a thin membrane, connect- 
 ing the optic chiasma and corpus callosum, and 
 enclosing a cavity in the brain known as the third 
 ventricle. (Plate VII., c.) 
 
 1 1. The Pituitary Body is situated at the end of a 
 conical prolongation of the ventral surface of the 
 brain just posterior to the chiasma. In most cases 
 it is torn off in removing the brain from the skull, 
 leaving nothing but a hollow stalk. (Plate VII., 
 A and c.) 
 
 12. The Infundibulum is the hollow. conical pro- 
 jection which forms the stalk of the pituitary body. 
 The cavity of the infundibulum is continuous with 
 the third ventricle. (Plate VII., c.) 
 
 13. The Tuber Cinereum is a slight prominence, 
 from which projects the infundibulum. (Plate 
 
 VII., A.) 
 
 14. The Corpora Albicantia are two small, rounded 
 elevations, just posterior to the tuber cinereum. 
 (Plate VII., A.) 
 
 15. The Crura Cerebri are two thick bands of 
 fibres which diverge on either side of the corpora 
 albicantia, and pass dorsal to the optic tracts. 
 (Plate VII., A.) 
 
 1 6. The third pair of cranial nerves, the Oculo- 
 motor, emerge in the mid-ventral line, posterior to 
 the corpora albicantia, in the angle between the 
 diverging crura cerebri. (Plate VII., A.) 
 
 1 7. The fourth pair of cranial nerves, the Pathetic, 
 
NERVOUS SYSTEM 59 
 
 emerge from the surface of the brain on the outer 
 sides of the crura cerebri. 
 
 B. Cerebellum. 
 
 1. The Cerebellum is the large unpaired portion 
 of the brain lying just posterior to the cerebral 
 hemispheres. The dorsal surface is marked by nu- 
 merous parallel grooves. It consists of two lateral 
 lobes or hemispheres, and a median portion or 
 vcrmis. It is connected with the rest of the brain 
 by three pairs of fibrous bands or crura. The first 
 pair are the superior peduncles* They connect the 
 cerebellum with the corpora quadrigemina. The 
 second and largest pair form the lateral continua- 
 tions of the pons Varolii. They are known as 
 the middle peduncles. The third pair, the inferior 
 peduncles, connect the cerebellum with the me- 
 dulla oblongata. (Plate VII., A and c.) 
 
 2. The Pons Varolii is the broad, transverse band 
 of fibres on the ventral side of the brain, con- 
 necting the two sides of the cerebellum. (Plate 
 VII., A.) 
 
 3. The fifth pair of cranial nerves, the Trigeminal, 
 arise by two roots on either side of the pons Va- 
 rolii. (Plate VII., A.) 
 
 4. The sixth pair of cranial nerves, the Abducens, 
 leave the surface of the brain at the posterior 
 margin of the pons near the mid-ventral line. 
 (Plate VII., A.) 
 
 5. The Anterior Pyramids are the two longitudinal 
 
6O DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 bands of fibres, lying on either side of the mid- 
 ventral line, just posterior to the pons. They are 
 a direct continuation of the fibres of the medulla. 
 (Plate VII., A.) 
 
 6. The Corpus Trapezoides is a transverse band of 
 fibres, posterior to the pons Varolii, covered, in 
 the mid-line, by the anterior pyramids. (Plate 
 VII., A.) 
 
 7. The Olivary Body is the oval elevation just pos- 
 terior to the corpus trapezoides and lateral to the 
 anterior pyramids. (Plate VII., A.) 
 
 8. The seventh pair of cranial nerves, the Facial, 
 leave the surface of the brain at the outer anterior 
 angles of the corpus trapezoides. (Plate VII., A.) 
 
 9. The eighth pair of cranial nerves, the Auditory, 
 emerge from the brain at the outer borders of the 
 corpus trapezoides, just posterior to the origin of 
 the seventh. (Plate VI L, A.) 
 
 C. Medulla Oblongata. 
 
 1. The Medulla Oblongata is the part of the brain 
 lying posterior to, and below, the cerebellum. It 
 is the expanded anterior portion of the spinal cord, 
 and is composed of a dorsal, a lateral, and a ven- 
 tral pair of fibrous bundles. (Plate VII., A and 
 c.) 
 
 2. The Posterior Pyramids are the two dorsal bun- 
 dles of fibres, lying one on either side of the me- 
 dian fissure. Anteriorly they blend with the res- 
 tiform bodies. 
 
NERVOUS SYSTEM 6 1 
 
 3. The Restiform Bodies are the slightly enlarged 
 portions of the medulla which form the connec- 
 tion between the posterior pyramids and the infe- 
 rior peduncles of the cerebellum. 
 
 4. The ninth pair of cranial nerves, the Glosso- 
 pharyngeal, leave the ventral side of the medulla 
 by several roots. (Plate VII., A.) 
 
 5. The tenth pair of cranial nerves, the Vagus, or 
 Pneumogastric, arise just posterior to the ninth, by 
 several roots. (Plate VII., A.) 
 
 6. The eleventh pair of cranial nerves, the Spinal 
 Accessory, arise by a series of roots from the sides 
 of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata. They 
 run anteriorly and enter the cavity of the skull. 
 (Plate VII., A.) 
 
 7. The twelfth pair of cranial nerves, the Hypo- 
 glossal, arise by several roots from the ventral sur- 
 face of the medulla, between the anterior pyramids 
 and the olivary bodies. (Plate VII., A.) 
 
 INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN. 
 
 Slice off the upper part of the right hemisphere to 
 a level with the corpus callosum. 
 
 1. The Gray Matter will be seen as a narrow, con- 
 voluted, cortical layer, surrounding the inner or 
 medullary portion, the White Matter. (Plate VII., 
 
 B.) 
 
 2. The Corpus Callosum can now be more clearly 
 seen and its fibres traced into the cerebral lobes. 
 
62 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 Carefully remove the corpus callosum and expose 
 the cavity below. 
 
 3. The Lateral Ventricles are the two irregular- 
 shaped cavities, extending below the corpus cal- 
 losum, through the greater part of each hemi- 
 sphere. The anterior portion of the ventricle, 
 which is continued forward and downward into 
 the anterior part of the hemisphere, is the anterior 
 cornu. The continuation of the ventricle back- 
 ward and downward forms the descending cornn, 
 while the reduced posterior part is the posterior 
 cornu. (Plate VII., B.) 
 
 4. The Septum Lucidum is the partition separating 
 the anterior cornua of the two lateral ventricles. 
 
 5. The Corpus Striatum is the more or less oval 
 mass, projecting into the cavity of the anterior 
 cornu from its outer wall. (Plate VII., B.) 
 
 6. The Hippocampus Major is the large oval pro- 
 jection forming the floor of the posterior part of 
 the lateral ventricle and descending cornu. Over 
 its surface passes a thin vascular layer, the choroid 
 plexus. (Plate VII., B.) 
 
 7. The Fornix is formed by two bands of fibres 
 (the anterior pillars of the fornix}, which pass 
 dorsally from the corpora albicantia, and unite just 
 under the anterior end of the corpus callosum. 
 The triangular sheet formed by then; union (the 
 body of the fornix) lies immediately under the 
 corpus callosum. Posteriorly it again divides into 
 
NERVOUS SYSTEM 63 
 
 two diverging bands of fibres (the posterior pil- 
 lars of the fornix}, which pass out along the floor 
 of the lateral ventricles between the corpus stri- 
 atum and the hippocampus major. (Plate VI I. , 
 B and c.) 
 
 Cut across the posterior pillars of the for nix and 
 hippocampus major, and reflect them. 
 
 8. The Optic Thalamus is the rounded prominence 
 immediately below the hippocampus major and 
 the posterior pillars of the fornix. It lies just an- 
 terior to the corpora quadrigemina. The optic 
 tracts pass over its lateral surface. 
 
 9. The Corpus Geniculatum is a small, prominent 
 elevation, just posterior to the optic tract and be- 
 tween it and the corpora quadrigemina. 
 
 10. The Foramen of Munro is a narrow, slit-like 
 opening, lying between the descending pillars of 
 the fornix and the optic thalamus. This passage, 
 together with its fellow of the opposite side, forms 
 a Y-shaped canal, connecting the two lateral ven- 
 tricles with a median cavity, already mentioned, 
 the third ventricle. 
 
 Remove the portion of the corpus callosum remain- 
 ing between the posterior pillars of the fornix, 
 being careful not to injure tlic delicate mem- 
 brane immediately below. 
 
 1 1. The Velum Interpositum is the thin membrane 
 forming the roof of the cavity (third ventricle) 
 
64 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 behind and below the body of the fornix. The 
 margins of this membrane are very vascular, and 
 are known as the choroid plexuses. These plex- 
 uses are continued through the foramina of Munro 
 to form the choroid plexuses of the lateral ven- 
 tricles. The velum is somewhat thickened poste- 
 riorly to form the pineal gland. (Plate VII., c.) 
 
 12. The Third Ventricle, before mentioned, is the 
 very narrow cavity of the brain lying between the 
 optic thalami. It is bounded above by the velum 
 interpositum, and below by the lamina cinerea, 
 corpora albicantia, crura cerebri, and the infundib- 
 ulum, and with the cavity of the latter it is contin- 
 uous. It opens anteriorly into the two lateral ven- 
 tricles through the foramina of Munro. (Plate 
 VII., c.) 
 
 Make a median,, vertical, longitudinal section 
 throiigh the remaining portion of the brain. 
 
 1 3. The Anterior Commissure is a delicate trans- 
 verse band of fibres, passing between the two 
 hemispheres, in front of the anterior pillars of the 
 fornix. It connects the two corpora striata. The 
 lamina cinerea passes between it and the optic 
 chiasma. (Plate VII., c.) 
 
 14. The Middle or Soft Commissure is a much 
 larger band of transverse fibres and cells connect- 
 ing the optic thalami. It passes across the upper 
 part of the third ventricle. (Plate VII., c.) 
 
 15. The Posterior Commissure joins the dorsal por- 
 
NERVOUS SYSTEM 65 
 
 tions of the optic thalami, and forms the posterior 
 wall of the third ventricle, just in front of the cor- 
 pora quadrigemina. (Plate VII., c.) 
 
 1 6. The Aqueduct of Sylvius is the narrow canal 
 passing posteriorly from the third ventricle, be- 
 neath the corpora quadrigemina and above the 
 crura cerebri. (Plate VII., c.) 
 
 1 7. The Fourth Ventricle is the cavity of the brain 
 posterior to the aqueduct of Sylvius, bounded 
 above by the valve of Vieussens and the cerebel- 
 lum, and below and laterally by the medulla ob- 
 longata. It is continuous posteriorly with the 
 central canal vi the spinal cord. (Plate VII., c.) 
 
 1 8. The Arbor Vitae is the name given to the 
 branching structure of white matter in the cere- 
 bellum. It is best seen in the section just made. 
 (Plate VII., c.) 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRANIAL NERVES. 
 
 1. The Olfactory Nerves (I.) are delicate fibres 
 which arise from the olfactory lobes of the brain, 
 pass through the ethmoid bone, and are distrib- 
 uted to the Schneiderian membrane of the nose. 
 
 2. The Optic Nerve (II.) passes through the op- 
 tic foramen, and enters the posterior surface of the 
 eyeball. 
 
 3. The Oculo-motor Nerve (HI.) passes'through the 
 sphenoidal fissure of the skull, and is distributed to 
 certain muscles of the eyeball (superior, inferior, 
 
 5 
 
66 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 and internal recti, and inferior oblique) and the 
 levator muscle of the lid. 
 
 4. The Pathetic Nerve (IV.) passes through the 
 sphenoidal fissure to another muscle (superior 
 oblique) of the eyeball. 
 
 5. The Trigeminal Nerve (V.), soon after it 
 emerges from the brain, enlarges into the Gasso- 
 rian ganglion. It then separates into three divis- 
 ions : the ophthalmic, which passes through the 
 sphenoidal fissure and is distributed to the lachry- 
 mal gland, upper lid, and conjunctiva of the eye, 
 and the skin of the nose and forehead ; the max- 
 illary, which passes through the foramen rotun- 
 dum and supplies the lower eyelid, side of the 
 nose, upper teeth, and the roof of the mouth and 
 pharynx ; and the rnandibular, which passes 
 through the foramen ovale and supplies the mus- 
 cles and skin of the side of the head, muscles of 
 mastication, lower lip, teeth, salivary glands, and 
 inside of the mouth. 
 
 6. The Abducens Nerve (VI.) passes through the 
 sphenoidal fissure and supplies muscles of the eye- 
 ball. 
 
 7. The Facial Nerve (VII.) passes through the 
 stylo-mastoid foramen and supplies the muscles of 
 the face and head. 
 
 8. The Auditory Nerve (VIII.) enters the inter- 
 nal auditory meatus and is distributed to the in- 
 ternal ear. 
 
 9. The Glosso-pharyngeal Nerve (IX.) emerges 
 
NERVOUS SYSTEM 67 
 
 from the jugular foramen of the skull, and is dis- 
 tributed to the root of the tongue, soft palate, and 
 pharynx. 
 
 10. The Vagus Nerve (X.) also emerges from the 
 jugular foramen. It has two ganglia, one within 
 the skull, at the point where it enters the foramen, 
 and another, outside the skull, a short distance be- 
 yond the foramen. The nerve passes down the 
 neck, between the internal jugular vein and the 
 carotid artery, enters the thorax, and there passes 
 along the oesophagus and posterior mediastinum. 
 It sends branches to the following organs : phar- 
 ynx, larynx, heart, lungs, oesophagus, stomach, 
 liver, and spleen. 
 
 11. The Spinal Accessory Nerve (XI.) passes ante- 
 riorly along the side of the spinal cord, enters the 
 skull by the foramen magnum, and again emerges 
 from the jugular foramen in two branches. One 
 branch fuses with the vagus nerve at the first gan- 
 glion of the latter ; the other branch is distributed 
 to the sterno-mastoid and trapezii muscles. 
 
 12. The Hypoglossal Nerve (XII.) leaves the skull 
 by the anterior condyloid foramen, passes back to 
 the lower side of the digastric muscle, then for- 
 ward above the hyoid bone to the under side of 
 the tongue. 
 
 SPINAL CORD. 
 
 The Spinal Cord is the posterior continuation of 
 the medulla oblongata, which lies in the neural 
 
68 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 canal of the spinal column. It is composed, as is 
 the medulla, of an inner core of gray matter and 
 of external columns of white fibres. A median 
 longitudinal fissure extends along both the mid- 
 dorsal and mid-ventral lines. In the brachial and 
 lumbar regions the cord becomes somewhat broad- 
 ened, to form the cervical and lumbar enlarge- 
 ments. In the sacral region the cord ends in a 
 small nerve-filament, the filum terminate. The 
 filum terminale, together with the sacral nerves, 
 which lie parallel with each other for some dis- 
 tance in the vertebral canal, form the caiida equina. 
 
 SPINAL NERVES. 
 
 The Spinal Nerves each arise from the spinal cord 
 by a dorsal and ventral root, and pass out from the 
 neural canal through an intervertebral foramen. 
 The dorsal root bears a ganglion. After emerg- 
 ing from the neural canal, each nerve divides into 
 a dorsal and ventral branch. 
 
 A Brachial Plexus. (Plate VII., D.) 
 
 The Brachial Plexus is the net-like arrangement 
 formed by the union of the ventral divisions of 
 the sixth, seventh, and eighth cervical and first tho- 
 racic nerves. Its branches supply the region of 
 the shoulder and arm. The principal nerves aris- 
 ing from the brachial plexus are : 
 
 i. A small nerve, which supplies the rhom- 
 boideus muscle. 
 
NERVOUS SYSTEM 69 
 
 2. The .Suprascapular Nerve, which supplies the 
 supra- and infra-spinal us muscles. 
 
 3. Several Subscapular Nerves, which supply the 
 subscapular, teres major, and latissimus dorsi mus- 
 cles. 
 
 4. The Musculo-cutaneous Nerve, which supplies 
 the biceps, the brachialis anticus, and coraco-bra- 
 chialis muscles, and the skin of the outer side of 
 the fore-leg below the elbow. 
 
 5. The Circumflex Nerve, which passes between 
 the subscapular and teres major muscles, and sup- 
 plies the deltoid and teres minor muscles and the 
 skin of the shoulder. 
 
 6. The Musculo-spiral Nerve, which winds around 
 the humerus and is distributed to the skin and 
 muscles of the fore-leg. 
 
 7. The Median Nerve, which passes through the 
 internal condyloid foramen and supplies muscles 
 on the ventral side of the fore-leg. 
 
 8. The Ulnar Nerve, which is distributed to the 
 muscles and skin of the fore-leg. 
 
 9. The Internal Cutaneous Nerve, which supplies 
 the skin on the inner side of the fore-leg. 
 
 10. The Anterior Thoracic Nerve, which supplies 
 the pectoral muscles and part of the latissimus 
 dorsi muscle. 
 
 B. Lumbar Plexus. (Plate VII., E.) 
 
 The Lumbar Plexus is composed of the ventral 
 divisions of the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh 
 
70 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 lumbar, and first sacral nerves. Its branches are 
 distributed to the regions of the pelvis and hind- 
 leg. The principal nerves arising from the lumbar 
 plexus are : 
 
 1. The Ilio-hypogastric Nerve, which supplies the 
 skin of the abdomen. 
 
 2. The Ilio-inguinal Nerve, which supplies the 
 skin of the inguinal region and external genera- 
 tive organs. 
 
 3. The Genito-crural Nerve, which passes beneath 
 Poupart's ligament and supplies the skin of the 
 thigh and the spermatic cord. 
 
 4. The External Cutaneous Nerve, which also passes 
 beneath Poupart's ligament and supplies the skin 
 of the hip and thigh. 
 
 5. The Anterior Crural Nerve, which passes down 
 the front of the thigh and supplies the skin and 
 muscles of the thigh and leg. 
 
 6. The Obturator Nerve, which passes along the 
 side of the pelvis and through the obturator fora- 
 men. 
 
 7. The Great Sciatic Nerve, the largest nerve of 
 the body, which passes through the sacral sciatic 
 notch, between the tuberosity of the ischium and 
 the great trochanter of the femur, and then down 
 the hind-leg to innervate the thigh, leg, and foot. 
 
 8. The Lesser Sciatic Nerve, which supplies the 
 muscles of the back of the hip and thigh. 
 
 9. The Caudal Nerve, which runs down the side 
 of the tail and supplies its muscles. 
 
NERVOUS SYSTEM /I 
 
 SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM. 
 
 The Sympathetic Nervous System consists, first, of 
 a delicate, double chain of ganglia, extending 
 along the ventral side of the spinal column from 
 the head to the tail, and, secondly, of numerous 
 branches and ganglia throughout the body. The 
 branches of both divisions are distributed to the 
 viscera and blood-vessels. In the head they com- 
 municate with many of the cranial nerves, and in 
 the trunk with the spinal nerves. 
 
 In the thorax the two sympathetic cords may 
 be seen lying along the line of the heads of the 
 ribs, between the pleura and intercostal blood- 
 vessels. In the lumbar region the cords lie 
 nearer together on the bodies of the vertebrae, 
 at the inner margins of the psoas muscles. In 
 the sacral region the cords unite in a single gan- 
 glion. 
 
 There are three plexuses of nerves and ganglia 
 connected with the sympathetic system : 
 
 1. The Cardiac Plexus lies at the base of the 
 heart on the aorta and pulmonary artery. It re- 
 ceives branches from the vagus and cervical sym- 
 pathetic ganglion, and innervates the heart. 
 
 2. The Solar Plexus lies between the adrenal 
 bodies, stomach, aorta, and crura of the diaphragm. 
 It receives branches from the vagus, cardiac plex- 
 us, and sympathetic cords, and sends nerves to the 
 abdominal viscera. 
 
72 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 3. The Hypogastric Plexus lies between the right 
 and left iliac arteries. It receives branches from 
 the solar plexus and lumbar part of the sympa- 
 thetic cords, and sends branches to the pelvic vis- 
 cera. 
 
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CHAPTER VI 
 EYE 
 
 APPENDAGES OF THE EYE. 
 
 1. The Eyelids are two folds of skin, one dorsal, 
 one ventral, which guard the anterior portion of 
 the eyeball. There are no " eyelashes," but the 
 whole external surface of the lid is covered with 
 hair. The inner surface of the lid is covered with 
 mucous membrane, which is continuous over the 
 front of the eyeball, and is known as the conjunc- 
 tiva. The angles where the two eyelids meet are 
 known respectively as the inner canthus and outer 
 can thus of the eye. 
 
 2. The Puncta Lachrymalia are two small open- 
 ings situated on each eyelid a short distance from 
 the inner canthus. They open into two lachrymal 
 canals, which unite to form the lachrymal duct, 
 which opens into the nasal cavity. 
 
 3. The Meibomian Glands are the parallel rows of 
 yellowish glands situated on the inner surface near 
 the edge of each lid. 
 
 4. The Nictitating Membrane, or " third eyelid," is 
 a large fold of membrane arising from the inner 
 canthus of the eye, between the lids and the eye- 
 
74 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 ball. It consists of folds of conjunctiva, strength- 
 ened by a cartilage at its free margin. 
 
 5. The Harderian Gland is a small gland situated 
 on the nictitating membrane. 
 
 6. The Lachrymal Gland lies in the upper and 
 outer part of the orbit, between the wall of the or- 
 bit and the eyeball. Its duct opens on the inner 
 surface of the upper eyelid, just above the outer 
 canthus. 
 
 Remove the zygomatic arch and the underlying 
 tmiscles, cut away the coronoid process of the 
 mandible, and expose the lateral siirface of 
 the eyeball, being careful not to disturb its at- 
 tachment. 
 
 7. The External Rectus Muscle of the eyeball 
 arises from the wall of the orbit just external to 
 the optic foramen. It is inserted on the outer 
 (lateral) surface of the eyeball. 
 
 8. The Inferior Rectus Muscle arises from the ven- 
 tral margin of the optic foramen, and is inserted 
 on the ventral side of the eyeball. 
 
 9. The Inferior Oblique Muscle arises from the or- 
 bital process of the maxillary bone, and is inserted 
 on the eyeball, on its ventral and outer side, along 
 the edge of the external rectus muscle. 
 
 10. The Internal Rectus Muscle arises from the in- 
 ner margin of the optic foramen and is inserted on 
 the inner side of the eyeball. 
 
 11. The Superior Rectus Muscle arises from the 
 
EYE 75 
 
 dorsal margin of the optic foramen and is inserted 
 on the dorsal surface of the eyeball. 
 
 12. The Superior Oblique Muscle arises from the 
 margin of the optic foramen. Nearly opposite 
 the middle of the eyeball it becomes tendinous, 
 and passes through a fibro-cartilaginous ring, situ- 
 ated on the inner dorsal side of the orbit ; it then 
 passes toward the eyeball and is inserted on the 
 dorsal side, at right angles to the insertion of the 
 superior rectus muscle. 
 
 1 3. The Choanoid Muscles arise around the optic 
 foramen and are inserted on the circumference of 
 the eyeball, within the insertion of the recti mus- 
 cles. 
 
 EYEBALL. 
 
 Remove the eyeball from the orbit by ciitting 
 through the muscles and optic nerve. Dis- 
 sect off the fat and other tissiies adhering to 
 its surface. 
 
 1. The Sclerotic Coat is the white, opaque portion 
 of the external coat of the eye. It is pierced by 
 the optic nerve, near the middle point of its poste- 
 rior surface. The sclerotic coat is composed of 
 smooth, white, fibrous tissue, and gives solidity to 
 the eyeball. 
 
 2. The Cornea is the transparent anterior portion 
 of the external coat. Its outer surface is covered 
 by the conjunctiva. 
 
76 DISSECTION OF THE CAT 
 
 Divide the eye into an anterior and posterior half. 
 
 3. The Vitreous Humor is the transparent, jelly- 
 like mass filling the posterior chamber of the eye, 
 which has now been exposed. 
 
 4. The Retina is the innermost of the three 
 coats of the eye. It is a delicate membrane 
 formed by the expansion of the optic nerve on 
 the interior of the eye. The optic disc, or blind 
 spot, is the small, white,, round area at the point 
 where the optic nerve pierces the sclerotic and 
 choroid coats and expands into the retina. The 
 blood-vessels supplying the retina radiate from the 
 blind spot. 
 
 5. The Choroid is the thin coat of the eye lying 
 between the sclerotic and the retina. It is of a 
 dark color, owing to the pigment which is every- 
 where present, except in a circular area on the 
 back of the choroid, around and above the en- 
 trance of the optic nerve. This spot is of a lighter 
 color, and is known as the tapetum. 
 
 6. The Ciliary Processes are the irregular folds 
 into which the choroid is thrown at the margin of 
 the cornea. 
 
 7. The Ora Serrata is the anterior toothed mar- 
 gin of the retina. It lies around the periphery of 
 the ciliary processes. 
 
 8. The Crystalline Lens is a transparent, double 
 convex body, situated in front of the vitreous 
 humor. It is more convex anteriorly than poste- 
 
EYE 77 
 
 riorly. The lens is enveloped in a thin, transpar- 
 ent membrane, known as the capsule of the lens. 
 
 9. The Suspensory Ligament is a very delicate 
 membrane attached to the capsule at the edge of 
 the lens. It suspends the lens from the ciliary 
 processes. 
 
 10. The Ciliary Muscle is a ring of radiating mus- 
 cular fibres, arising from the sclerotic at the edge 
 of the cornea and passing backward to the cho- 
 roid opposite the ciliary processes. By its contrac- 
 tion the lens is made more convex. 
 
 11. The Iris is the anterior portion of the cho- 
 roid. It forms a perforated circular disc at the 
 front of the crystalline lens. The perforation is 
 known as the/?////. 
 
 12. The Aqueous Humor is the fluid filling the an- 
 terior chamber of the eye, between the lens and 
 the cornea. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Abdomen, muscles of, 28 
 Abdominal cavity, 14, 30 
 
 viscera, 14 
 
 Abduceus nerve, 59, 66 
 Acetabulum, 12 
 Acromio-deltoid muscle, 34 
 Acromion process, II 
 Adductor 'muscle, 42 
 Adrenal bodies, 1 8 
 Alimentary canal, 14 
 Anal glands, 17 
 Anconeous muscle, 38 
 Ankle, 13 
 
 Anterior condyloid foramen, 5 
 Anus, 1 6 
 Aorta, 2, 3, 45 
 Aponeurosis, vertebral, 32 
 Aqueduct of Sylvius, 65 
 Aqueous humor, 77 
 Arachnoid, 55 
 Arbor vita:, 65 
 Arterial system, 45 
 Arteries, anterior circumflex, 47 
 
 anterior tibial, 50 
 
 axillary, 47 
 
 basilar, 46 
 
 brachial, 47 
 
 brachio-cephalic, 45 
 
 bronchial, 48 
 
 caudal, 50 
 
 cceliac axis, 48 
 
 coronary, 48 
 
 deep femoral, 49 
 
 dorsal of foot, 50 
 
 epigastric, 49 
 
 external iliac, 49 
 
 external plantar, 50 
 
 external pudic, 50 
 
 facial, 45 
 
 femoral, 49 
 
 gluteal, 50 
 
 hepatic, 48 
 
 ilio-lumbar, 49 
 
 Arteries, inferior mesenteric, 49 
 
 inferior profunda, 47 
 
 innominate, 45 
 
 intercostal, 48 
 
 internal iliac, 50 
 
 internal mammary, 46 
 
 internal plantar, 50 
 
 internal pudic, 50 
 
 left carotid, 45 
 
 lingual, 45 
 
 long thoracic, 47 
 
 muscular branch of carotid, 45 
 
 muscular branches, 50 
 
 obturator, 49 
 
 ovarian, 49 
 
 phrenic, 48 
 
 popliteal, 50 
 
 post-auricular, 46 
 
 posterior circumflex, 47 
 
 posterior tibial, 50 
 
 profunda, 49 
 
 pudic, 50 
 
 pulmonary, 23 
 
 radial, 47 
 
 renal, 49 
 
 right carotid, 45 
 
 right sub-clavian, 46 
 
 sciatic, 50 
 
 spermatic, 49 
 
 splenic, 48 
 
 sternal, 46 
 
 subscapular, 57 
 
 superior intercostal, 46 
 
 superior mesenteric, 48 
 
 superior profunda, 47 
 
 superior thoracic, 47 
 
 superior vesical, 50 
 
 suprarenal, 48 
 
 temporal, 46 
 
 thyroid, 45 
 
 thyroid axis, 46 
 
 ulna, 47 
 
 vertebral, 46 
 Arytenoid cartilages, 26 
 Astragalus, 13 
 
So 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Atlas, 9 
 
 Atrium of heart, 22 
 
 Auditory bulla, 5 
 
 meatus, 5 
 
 nerve, 60, 66 
 Auricles, 22 
 Auricular appendix, 22 
 Axillary artery, 47 
 Axis, 9 
 Azygos vein, 51 
 
 B 
 
 Basi-hyal bone, 8 
 Basilar artery, 46 
 Biceps femoris muscle, 39 
 
 muscle, 37 
 Bile-duct, 16 
 Bladder, 18 
 Blind spot, 76 
 Bones, astragalus, 13 
 
 basi-hyal, 8 
 
 calcaneum, 13 
 
 carpal, 13 
 
 cerato-hyal, 8 
 
 chevron, 9 
 
 clavicle, 10 
 
 epi-hyal, 8 
 
 ethmoid, 7 
 
 femur, 13 
 
 fibula, 13 
 
 frontal, 6 
 
 humerus, n 
 
 hyoid, 8 
 
 ilium, 12 
 
 innominate, 12 
 
 interparietal, 6 
 
 ischium, 12 
 
 lachrymal, 7 
 
 malar, 6 
 
 mandible, 7 
 
 maxillary, 7 
 
 metacarpal, 12 
 
 metatarsal, 13 
 
 nasal, 7 
 
 occipital, 5 
 
 palatine, 7 
 
 parietal, 6 
 
 patella, 13 
 
 phalanges, 12 
 
 pollex, 12 
 
 premaxillary, 7 
 
 presphenoid, 6 
 
 Bones, pubis, 12 
 
 radius, n 
 
 ribs, 10 
 
 scapula, 10 
 
 sphenoid, 6 
 
 sternum, 10 
 
 stylo-hyal, 8 
 
 tarsal, 13 
 
 temporal, 5 
 
 thyro-hyal, 8 
 
 tibia, 13 
 
 turbinated, 7 
 
 ulna, II 
 
 vertebrae, 8, 9 
 
 vomer, 7 
 Brachial artery, 47 
 
 plexus, 68 
 
 Brachialis anticus muscle, 37 
 Brachio-cephalic artery, 45 
 
 vein, 51 
 Brain, external anatomy, 56 
 
 internal anatomy, 61 
 
 preparation of, I 
 Bronchi, 21 
 Bronchial arteries, 48 
 Buccal glands, 24 
 Bulla, auditory, 5 
 
 C 
 
 Caecum, 16 
 Calcaneum, 13 
 Canine teeth, 7, 8 
 Canthus of eye, 73 
 Capsule of lens, 77 
 Caput epididymis, 19 
 Cardiac plexus, 71 
 Carotid artery, 45 
 Carpal bones, 12 
 Cartilage, costal, 10 
 
 ensiform, 10 
 
 tympano-hyal, 8 
 Cauda epididymis, 19 
 
 equina, 68 
 Caudal artery, 50 
 
 nerve, 70 
 
 vein, 54 
 
 vertebrae, 8, 9 
 
 Cephalo-humeral muscle, 30, 32 
 Cerato-hyal bone, 8 
 Cerebellum, 56, 59 
 Cerebral hemispheres, 56 
 Cerebrum, 56 
 
INDEX 
 
 Si 
 
 Cervical vertebrae, 8, 9 
 Chevron bones, 9 
 Choanoid muscle, 75 
 Chordae tending, 22 
 Choroid, 76 
 
 plexus, 64 
 Ciliary muscle, 77 
 
 processes, 76 
 Circumflex arteries, 47 
 
 nerve, 69 
 
 Circumvallate papillae, 25 
 Clavicle, 10 
 
 Cleido-mastoid muscle, 33 
 Clitoris, 20 
 Cceliac axis, 48 
 Colon, 15 
 
 Columnar carnere, 22 
 Commissures of brain, 64 
 Condyles, occipital, 5 
 
 of femur, 13 
 Condyloid foramina, 5 
 Conjunctiva, 73 
 Coraco-brachialis muscle, 37 
 Cornea, 75 
 
 Cornua of lateral ventricles, 62 
 Corocoid process, n 
 Coronary artery, 23, 48 
 
 vein, 22 
 
 Coronoid process, 8, n 
 Corpora albicantia, 58 
 
 cavernosa, 20 
 
 quadrigemina, 57 
 Corpus callosum, 57, 61 
 
 geniculatum, 63 
 
 spongiosum, 20 
 
 striatum, 62 
 
 trapezoides, 60 
 Costal cartilages, 10 
 Cowper's glands, 19 
 Cranial nerves, 56-61, 65 
 Cricoid cartilage, 26 
 Crura cerebri, 58 
 
 of cerebellum, 56, 59 
 
 of diaphragm, 30 
 
 penis, 20 
 Crural nerve, 70 
 Crystalline lens, 76 
 Cutaneous nerves, 69, 70 
 Cystic duct, 17 
 
 1) 
 
 Deltoid ridge of humerus, 1 1 
 Dental formula, 8 
 
 Diaphragm, 30 
 Digastric muscle, 43 
 Dorsal artery of foot, 50 
 
 vertebrae, 8, 9 
 Duct, cystic, 17 
 
 lachrymal, 73 
 
 Stenson's, 23 
 
 Wharton's, 24 
 Duodenum, 15 
 Dura mater, 55 
 
 E 
 
 Ear, 25 
 
 Ensiform cartilage, 10 
 Epididymis, 19 
 Epigastric artery, 49 
 Epiglottis, 26 
 Epi-hyal bone, 8 
 Epitrochlear muscle, 35 
 Erector spinre muscle, 32 
 Ethmoid bone, 7 
 Eustachian tubes, 25 
 External oblique muscle, 28 
 Eye, 2, 73 
 Eyeball, 75 
 Eyelids, 73 
 
 F 
 
 Facial artery, 45 
 
 nerve, 60, 66 
 
 vein, 51 
 
 Falciform ligament, 16 
 Fallopian tubes, 20 
 Falx cerebri, 55 
 Femoral artery, 49 
 Femur, 13 
 Fibula, 13 
 Filiform papillae, 25 
 Filum terminale, 68 
 Fissure, sphenoidal, 6 
 Foramina, anterior condyloid, 
 
 intervertebral, 9 
 
 jugular, 6 
 
 magnum, 5 
 
 obturator, 12 
 
 of Munro, 63 
 
 optic, 6 
 
 ovale, 6 
 
 rotundum, 6 
 
 stylo-mastoid, 5 
 
 supra-condyloid, n 
 
INDEX 
 
 Formalin, I. 
 
 Fossa, glenoid, 6 
 infraspinous, 1 1 
 olecranon, II 
 subscapular, u 
 supraspinous, 1 1 
 temporal, 6 
 
 Frontal bone, 6 
 
 Fundus, 14 
 
 Fungiform papillae, 25 
 
 Gall-bladder, 17 
 Ganglia of spinal nerves, 68 
 Gasserian ganglion, 66 
 Genio-hyoid muscle, 43 
 Genito-crural nerve, 70 
 Glands, anal, 17 
 
 buccal, 24 
 
 Cowper's, 19 
 
 Harderian, 74 
 
 lachrymal, 74 
 
 lymph, 17 
 
 Meibomian, 73 
 
 parotid, 23 
 
 pineal, 57, 64 
 
 prostate, 19 
 
 salivary, 23 
 
 sublingual, 24 
 
 submaxillary, 24 
 
 thymus, 21 
 
 thyroid, 27 
 
 zygomatic, 24 
 Glans penis, 20 
 Glenoid cavity, n 
 
 fossa, 6 
 
 Glosso-pharyngeal nerve, 61, 66 
 Glottis, 26 
 Gluteal artery, 50 
 Glutei muscles, 39, 40 
 Gracilis muscle, 41 
 Gray matter of brain, 61 
 Gyri, 56 
 
 H 
 
 Hallux, 13 
 Harderian gland, 74 
 Heart, 2, 21, 22 
 Heel, bone of, 13 
 Hemispheres of cerebellum, 59 
 
 of cerebrum, 56 
 Hepatic artery, 48 
 
 vein, 53 
 
 Hilus of kidney, 18 
 Hippocampus major, 62 
 Humerus, n 
 Hyoid arch, 8 
 Hypogastric plexus, 72 
 Hypoglossal nerve, 61, 67 
 
 Ileum, 15 
 
 Iliac arteries, 49, 50 
 
 veins, 53 
 Ilio-hypogastric nerves, 70 
 
 inguinal nerve, 70 
 
 lumbar artery, 49 
 
 lumbar vein, 53 
 Ilium, 12 
 Incisor teeth, 7, 8 
 Infraspinatus muscle, 35 
 Infraspinous fossa, n 
 Infundibulum, 58 
 Inguinal canal, 19, 29 
 Injection, I 
 
 mass, i 
 Innominate artery, 45 
 
 bones, 12 
 
 veins, 51 
 Instruments, i 
 Intercostal arteries, 48 
 
 muscles, 32 
 Internal mammary artery, 46 
 
 oblique muscle, 29 
 Interparietal bone, 6 
 Intervertebral foramen, 9 
 Intestine, 15 
 Iris, ^ 77 
 Ischium, 12 
 
 Jaws, 7 
 Jejunum, 15 
 Jugular foramen, 6 
 veins, 51, 52 
 
 Kidneys, 17 
 
 Lachrymal bones, 
 canals, 73 
 duct, 73 
 gland, 74 
 
INDEX 
 
 Lambdoidal ridge, 5 
 
 Lamina cinerea, 58 
 
 Large intestine, 15 
 
 Larynx, 8, 24, 26 
 
 Latissimus dorsi muscle, 33, 36 
 
 Lens, 76 
 
 capsule of, 77 
 Levator anguli scapulae muscle, 36 
 
 clavicular muscle, 34 
 Linea alba, 28 
 
 aspera, 13 
 Lingual artery, 45 
 Liver, 16 
 Lumbar plexus, 69 
 
 vertebrae, 8, 9 
 Lungs, 21 
 Lymphatics, 15 
 Lymph glands, 17 
 
 M 
 
 Malar bones, 7 
 
 process, 7 
 Mandible, 7 
 Mandibular nerve, 66 
 Manubrium, 10 
 Masseter muscle, 44 
 Maxillary bones, 7 
 
 nerve, 66 
 
 vein, 51 
 
 Meatus, external auditory, 5 
 Median nerve, 69 
 Mediastinum, 20 
 Medulla oblongata, 56, 60 
 Meibomian glands, 73 
 Mesenteric arteries, 48, 49 
 Mesentery, 15 
 Metacarpal bones, 12 
 Metacromion process, 1 1 
 Metatarsal bones, 13 
 Mitral valve, 23 
 Molar teeth, 7, 8 
 Mouth, 24 
 
 Munro, foramen of, 63 
 Muscles, 28 
 Muscles, acromio-deltoid, 34 
 
 adductor, 42 
 
 anconeus, 38 
 
 anterior trapezius, 32 
 
 biceps, 37 
 
 biceps femoris, 39 
 
 brachialis anticus, 37 
 
 cephalo-humeral, 30, 32 
 
 Muscles, choanoid, 75 
 ciliary, 77 
 cleido-mastoid, 33 
 coraco-brachialis, 37 
 digastric, 43 
 epitrochlear, 35 
 erector spinae, 32 
 external intercostal, 32 
 external oblique, 28 
 external rectus, 74 
 genio-hyoid, 43 
 glutei, 39, 40 
 gracilis, 41 
 inferior oblique, 74 
 inferior rectus, 74 
 infraspinatus, 35 
 internal intercostal, 32 
 internal oblique, 29 
 internal rectus, 74 
 latissimus dorsi, 33, 36 
 levator anguli scapulae, 36 
 levator claviculas, 34 
 masseter, 44 
 middle trapezius, 33 
 mylo-hyoid, 43 
 of abdomen, 28 
 of fore-leg, 32 
 of hind-leg, 39 
 
 of neck, 42 
 of shoulder, 32 
 of thigh, 39 
 of thorax, 30 
 pectineus, 42 
 pectoralis, 30, 33 
 polygastric, 29 
 posterior trapezius, 33 
 psoas magnus, 42 
 pyriformis, 41 
 quadratus femoris, 40 
 quadriceps extensor, 41 
 rectus abdominis, 29 
 rectus femoris, 41 
 rhomboideus capitis, 34 
 rhomboideus major, 34 
 sartorius, 39 
 scaleni, 31 
 
 semimembranosus, 40 
 semitendinosus, 40 
 serratus magnus, 36 
 serratus posticus, 32 
 spino-deltoid, 34 
 splenius, 44 
 sternalis, 31 
 
8 4 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Muscles, sterno-hyoid, 43 
 
 sterno-mastoid, 42 
 
 sterno-thyroid, 43 
 
 subscapularis, 36 
 
 superior oblique, 75 
 
 superior rectus, 74 
 
 supraspinatus, 35 
 
 temporalis, 44 
 
 tensor vaginae femoris, 39 
 
 tenuissimus, 39 
 
 teres major, 35 
 
 teres minor, 36 
 
 thyro-hyoid, 43 
 
 transversalis abdominis, 29 
 
 trapezii, 32, 33 
 
 triceps, 37 
 
 vasti, 41 
 Muscular branches of arteries, 50 
 
 branch of carotid, 45 
 Musculo-cutaneous nerve, 69 
 Musculo-spiral nerve, 69 
 Mylo-hyoid muscle, 43 
 
 N 
 
 Nares, 25 
 Nasal bones, 7 
 Nates, 57 
 Nerves, 56 
 
 abduceus, 59, 66 
 
 anterior crural, 70 
 
 anterior thoracic, 69 
 
 auditory, 60, 66 
 
 caudal, 70 
 
 circumflex, 69 
 
 cranial, 56-61, 65 
 
 external cutaneous, 70 
 
 facial, 60, 66 
 
 genito-crural, 70 
 
 glosso-pharyngeal, 61, 66 
 
 great sciatic, 70 
 
 hypoglossal, 61, 67 
 
 ilio-hypogastric, 70 
 
 ilio-inguinal, 70 
 
 internal cutaneous, 69 
 
 lesser sciatic, 70 
 
 mandibular, 66 
 
 maxillary, 66 
 
 median, 69 
 
 musculo-cutaneous, 69 
 
 musculo-spiral, 69 
 
 obturator, 70 
 
 oculomotor, 58, 65 
 
 Nerves, olfactory, 56, 65 
 
 ophthalmic, 66 
 
 optic, 57, 65 
 
 pathetic, 58, 66 
 
 pneumogastric, 61 
 
 spinal, 68 
 
 spinal accessory, 61, 67 
 
 subscapular, 69 
 
 suprascapular, 69 
 
 sympathetic, 71 
 
 trigeminal, 59, 66 
 
 ulnar, 69 
 
 vagus, 61, 67 
 Nervous system, 55 
 Neural arch, 8 
 
 canal, 8 
 
 process, 8 
 Nictitating membrane, 73 
 
 O 
 
 Oblique muscle of eyeball, 74, ~- 
 Obturator artery, 49 
 
 foramen, 12 
 
 nerve, 70 
 Occipital bone, 5 
 
 condyles, 5 
 
 Oculomotor nerve, 58, 65 
 Odontoid process, 9 
 (Esophagus, 14, 21, 26 
 Olecranon fossa, n 
 
 process, II 
 Olfactory lobes, 56 
 
 nerves, 56, 65 
 Olivary body, 60 
 Omentum, 14 
 Ophthalmic nerve, 66 
 Optic chiasma, 57 
 
 disk, 76 
 
 foramina, 6 
 
 nerves, 57, 65 
 
 thalamus, 63 
 Ora serrata, 76 
 Oral cavity, 25 
 Orbits, 7 
 Os penis, 20 
 Ovarian arteries, 49 
 
 veins, 53 
 Ovaries, 20 
 
 Pancreas, 16 
 Aselli, 17 
 
INDEX 
 
 Palate, 24 
 Palatine bones, 7 
 Palmar arch, 48 
 Parietal bones, 6 
 Parotid gland, 23 
 Patella, 13 
 
 Pathetic nerve, 58, 66 
 Pectineus muscle, 42 
 
 'ectoralis muscle, 30, 33 
 
 'eduncles of cerebellum, 59 
 
 ^Ivic-girdle, 12 
 
 'elvis, 9, 12 
 
 of kidney, 18 
 
 'enis, 19 
 
 'ericardium, 22 
 Peritoneum, 14 
 Phalanges, 12, 13 
 Pharyngeal cavity, 25 
 Pharynx, 21, 24, 25 
 Phrenic artery, 48 
 Phrenic vein, 53 
 Pia mater, 55 
 Pig, 2 
 
 Pillars of fornix, 62 
 Pineal gland, 56, 64 
 Pituitary body, 58 
 Plantar artery, 50 
 Platysma myoides, 28 
 Pleurae, 21 
 Plexus, brachial, 68 
 cardiac, 71 
 choroid, 64 
 hypogastric, 72 
 lumbar, 69 
 solar, 71 
 
 Pneumogastric nerve, 61, 67 
 Pollex, 12 
 
 Polygastric muscle, 29 
 Pons Varolii, 56, 59 
 Popliteal artery, 50 
 Portal system, 54 
 Portal vein, 54 
 Postauricular artery, 46 
 Post-cava, 53 
 Post-orbital process, 6 
 Poupart's ligament, 28 
 Pme-cava, 51 
 Premaxillary bones, 7 
 Premolar teeth, 7, 8 
 Prepuce, 20 
 Presphenoid bone, 6 
 Processes, acromion, n 
 ciliary, 76 
 
 Processes, corocoid, n 
 
 coronoid, 8, n 
 
 malar, 7 
 
 metacromion, n 
 
 neural, 8 
 
 odontoid, 9 
 
 olecranon, n 
 
 post-orbital, 6 
 
 transverse, 8 
 
 zygomatic, 6 
 Profunda arteries, 47, 49 
 Prostate gland, 19 
 Psoas magnus muscle, 42 
 Pubis, 12 
 Pudic artery, 50 
 Pulmonary artery, 23 
 
 vein, 23 
 
 Puncta lachrymalia, 73 
 Pupil, 77 
 Pylorus, 15 
 Pyramid of kidney, 18 
 Pyramids, anterior, of cerebellum, 
 
 59 
 posterior, of medulla, 60 
 
 Quadratus femoris muscle, 40 
 Quadriceps extensor muscle, 41 
 
 R 
 
 Radial artery, 47 
 
 Radius, II 
 
 Rectum, 16 
 
 Rectus abdominis muscle, 29 
 
 femoris muscle, 41 
 
 muscles of eyeball, 74 
 Renal arteries, 49 
 
 veins, 53 
 
 Reproductive system, 18 
 Restiform bodies, 61 
 Retina, 76 
 Rhomboideus capitis muscle, 34 
 
 major muscle, 34 , 
 
 Ribs, 10 
 
 Sacral vertebra;, 8, 9 
 Salivary glands, 23 
 Sartorius muscle, 39 
 Scaleni muscles, 31 
 Scapula, 10 
 
86 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Schneiderian membrane, 26 
 Sciatic arteries, 50 
 
 nerves, 70 
 Sclerotic, 75 
 Scrotal sac, 1 8 
 Semilunar valves, 23 
 Semi-membranosus muscle, 40 
 Semi-tendinosus muscle, 40 
 Septum lucidum, 62 
 Serous fluid, 22 
 Serratus magnus muscle, 36 
 
 posticus muscle, 32 
 Shoulder-blade, 10 
 Shoulder-girdle, 10 
 Skeleton, appendicular, 10 
 
 axial, 5 
 Skull, 5 
 
 Small intestine, 15 
 Solar plexus, 71 
 Spermatic arteries, 49 
 
 cord, 19 
 
 veins, 53 
 
 Sphenoidal fissure, 6 
 Sphenoid bone, 6 
 Spigelian lobe of liver, 17 
 Spinal accessory nerve, 61, 67 
 
 column, 8 
 
 cord, 67 
 
 nerves, 68 
 
 Spine of scapula, 10 
 Spino-deltoid muscle, 34 
 Spleen, 17 
 Splenic artery, 48 
 Splenius muscle, 44 
 Stenson's duct, 23 
 Sternal artery, 46 
 
 veins, 51 
 
 Sternalis muscle, 31 
 Sternebrre, 10 
 Sterno-hyoid muscle, 43 
 Sterno-mastoid muscle, 42 
 Sterno-thyroid muscle, 43 
 Sternum, 10 
 Stomach, 14 
 Stylo-hyal bone, 8 
 Stylo-mastoid foramen, 5 
 Subclavian arteries, 46, 48 
 
 veins, 52 
 
 Sublingual glands, 24 
 Submaxillary gland, 24 
 Subscapular artery, 47 
 
 fossa, n 
 
 nerve, 69 
 
 Subscapularis muscle, 36 
 Sulci, 56 
 
 Superior intercostal artery, 46 
 Supracondyloid foramen, II 
 Suprarenal arteries, 48 
 
 veins, 53 
 
 Suprascapular nerve, 69 
 Supraspinatus muscle, 35 
 Supraspinous fossa, n 
 Suspensory ligament, 77 
 Sympathetic system, 71 
 Symphysis of jaw, 7 
 
 pubis, 12 
 
 Tapetum, 2, 76 
 Tarsal bones, 13 
 Teeth, 7, 8 
 Temporal artery, 46 
 
 bones, 5 
 
 fossa, 6 
 
 vein, 51 
 
 Temporalis muscle, 44 
 Tensor vaginae femoris muscle, 39 
 Tentorium, 55 
 Tenuissimus muscle, 39 
 Teres major muscle, 35 
 
 minor muscle, 36 
 Testes, 18 
 
 of brain, 57 
 Thoracic, anterior, nerve, 69 
 
 cavity, 30 
 
 long, artery, 47 
 
 superior, artery, 47 
 
 viscera, 21 
 Thorax, 10, 21 
 
 muscles of, 30 
 Thymus gland, 21 
 Thyro-hyal bone, 8 
 Thyro-hyoid muscle, 43 
 Thyroid artery, 45 
 
 axis, 46 
 
 cartilage, 26 
 
 glands, 27 
 Tibia, 13 
 Tibial arteries, 50 
 Toes, 13 
 Tongue, 25 
 Tonsils, 25 
 Trachea, 21, 27 
 
 Transversalis abdominis muscle, 29 
 Transverse processes, 8 
 
 vein, 52 
 
INDEX 
 
 Trapezii muscles, 32, 33 
 Triceps muscle, 37 
 Tricuspid valve, 22 
 Trigeminal nerves, 59, 66 
 Trochanter of femur, 13 
 Tuber cinereum, 58 
 Tuberosities of tibia, 13 
 Tuberosity of humerus, n 
 
 of ischium, 12 
 Tunica albuginea, 19 
 
 vaginalis, 19 
 Turbinated bones, 7 
 Tympano-hyal cartilage, 8 
 
 U 
 
 Ulna, ii 
 Dinar artery, 47 
 
 nerve, 69 
 Ureter, 18 
 Urethra, 18 
 Urinary system, 17 
 Urine-genital canal, 19, 20 
 Uterus, 20 
 
 Vagina, 20 
 Vagus nerve, 61, 67 
 Valve of Vieussens, 57 
 Valves, mitral, 23 
 
 semilunar, 23 
 
 tricuspid, 22 
 Vascular system, 45 
 Vas deferens, 19 
 Vasti muscles, 41 
 Veins, azygos, 51 
 
 brachio-cephalic, 51 
 
 caudal, 54 
 
 common iliac, 53 
 
 coronary, 22 
 
 external jugular, 51 
 
 facial, 51 
 
 hepatic, 53 
 
 iliac, 53 
 
 ilio-lumbar, 53 
 
 inferior vena cava, 22, 53 
 
 innominate, 51 
 
 internal jugular, 52 
 
 internal maxillary, 51 
 
 jugulars, 51, 52 
 
 ovarian, 53 
 
 Veins, phrenic, 53 
 
 portal, 54 
 
 post-cava, 53 
 
 proe-cava, 51 
 
 pulmonary, 23 
 
 renal, 53 
 
 spermatic, 53 
 
 sternal, 51 
 
 subclavian, 52 
 
 superior vena cava, 22, 51 
 
 suprarenal, 53 
 
 temporal, 51 
 
 transverse, 52 
 
 vena cava inferior, 22, 53 
 
 vena cava, superior, 22, 51 
 
 vertebral, 51, 52 
 Velum interpositum, 63 
 Vena cava, inferior, 22, 53 
 
 superior, 22, 51 
 Venous system, 51 
 Ventricles of brain, 58, 62, 64, 65 
 
 of heart, 22, 23 
 Vermis of cerebellum, 59 
 Vertebrae, 8, 9 
 Vertebral aponeurosis, 32 
 
 artery, 46 
 
 column, 8 
 
 veins, 51, 52 
 
 Vesical, superior, artery, 50 
 Vestibule, 20 
 Vieussens, valve of, 57 
 Villi, 15 
 Viscera, 14* 
 
 abdominal, 14 
 
 of head, 23 
 
 of neck, 23 
 
 thoracic, 21 
 Vitreous humor, 76 
 Vocal cords, 26, 27 
 Vomer, 7 
 
 W 
 
 Wharton's duct, 24 
 White matter of brain, 61 
 
 Zygomatic arch, 6 
 gland, 24 
 process, 6 
 
DATE DUE SLIP 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. MEDICAI* SCHOOL LIBRARY 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW 
 
 v^> 
 
 JUN17 1943 
 JUL 3 1 1943 
 
 HOV 6 - 1950 
 
 2w-5,'31