S D 
 251 
 B8 
 FORE 
 
 IRLF 
 
 B 3 fl4E 
 
 AN OUTLINE 
 |R A FIELD STUDY 
 
 OF A 
 MBER OPERATION 
 
 LRED BY R. c. BRYANT 
 
 ROFESSOR OF LUMBERING 
 \LE SCHOOL OF FORESTRY 
 
AN OUTLINE 
 FOR A FIELD STUDY 
 
 OF A 
 LUMBER OPERATION 
 
 PREPARED BY R. C. BRYANT 
 
 PROFESSOR OF LUMBERING 
 YALE SCHOOL OF FORESTRY 
 
. - orestry . Main Library 
 
PREFACE 
 
 THIS outline was first published in 1912 for the use of 
 students of the senior class of the Yale School of Forestry 
 and for others who might wish a guide to aid them in the 
 preparation of a report on the field operations of a lumber 
 company. An effort has been made to include the general 
 methods and practices in all forest regions, hence certain 
 topics which appear in the outline will not apply to 
 specific operations, and on the other hand there may be 
 omissions of certain details which apply to local conditions 
 and which the student should cover. 
 
 Acknowledgment is hereby made to the various alumni 
 and others who have furnished criticisms and suggestions 
 of the first outline which have been of great aid in pre- 
 paring this revision. 
 
 New Haven, Connecticut, 
 March i, 1922. 
 
 ** 4 t\ f \ "** 
 
 o 190 
 
AN OUTLINE 
 
 FOR A FIELD STUDY OF A 
 
 LUMBER OPERATION 
 
 THIS outline is merely a guide to field observations 
 and the student is expected to cover all details of the 
 operation, even though some of them may not appear 
 in the outline. Strict attention should be given to 
 details even though they may appear of minor impor- 
 tance only. The written report should be presented 
 in readable form and the topics discussed in the order 
 in which they appear in the outline. Liberal use 
 should be made of maps, diagrams, sketches, and 
 photographs since they are a great aid in making the 
 text clear. 
 
 LOGGING AND LUMBER 
 MANUFACTURE 
 
 I. THE REGION 
 
 A. Topographic and climatic features of the region 
 and their influence on the methods and time of log- 
 ging and lumber manufacture. 
 
 II. OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT 
 
 A. Organization chart showing the division of respon- 
 sibility among the management and subordinates. 
 
 B. Capital invested, or capital stock. 
 
 C. Property. 
 
 Title: fee simple timber rights from whom secured 
 
(state chief features of timber contract and, if pos- 
 sible, secure copy of same). 
 
 Stumpage: original cost present value how ac- 
 quired. 
 Taxation: assessed value and tax rate. 
 
 D. Contracts. 
 
 Character of those used for any part of the operation, 
 including the sale or purchase of logs (secure copy 
 of all contracts, when possible). 
 
 E. Workmen's Compensation Act chief features of. 
 
 F. Timber bonds : amount and value. Important fea- 
 tures of "Deed of Trust." 
 
 G. Annual and daily cut of company. 
 
 H. Average number of days worked per year ? Season 
 
 in which operations are carried on? 
 I. Association membership. 
 J. Accounting methods (secure copy of blank report 
 
 forms, if possible). 
 K. Costs of production, itemized. 
 
 III. THE FOREST 
 
 A. Area. 
 
 B. Silvicultural condition. 
 
 C. Stand per acre, and total for each merchantable 
 species. 
 
 D. Reproduction : present condition and possibilities 
 for, both on uncut and on cut-over lands. 
 
 E. Condition of cut-over lands at 5- and i o-year inter- 
 vals after logging. 
 
 F. Scheme of fire protection and its efficiency. 
 
 G. Attitude of owners toward forest management. 
 H. Form of management best adapted to the region. 
 I. Length of time logging has been in progress on the 
 
 tract and time at which the operation will be com- 
 pleted. 
 
 J. Disposal of cut-over lands. 
 
 K. Demarcation of forest boundaries. 
 
 L. Scheme of public land survey in region. 
 
IV. THE LOGGING OPERATION* 
 
 A. The Timber Cruise. 
 
 1. Methods of cruising and mapping used in the 
 region. 
 
 2. Accuracy required and obtained for both cruise 
 and map. 
 
 3. Character of reports (submit blank forms if 
 possible). 
 
 4. Crew, equipment and supplies required, time con- 
 sumed, and total cost of making a cruise and map 
 of a given area and stand, according to local 
 practice. 
 
 B. Preliminary Work. 
 
 1. Planning the logging operation: methods. 
 
 2. Accuracy with which the various parts of the 
 operation are estimated methods of estimating 
 costs in the field. 
 
 C. Labor. 
 
 1. Nationality. 
 
 2. How employed: day, week, month, year, or 
 contract. 
 
 3. Number of men and duties of each. 
 
 4. Wages and hours of labor. 
 
 5. Bonus or like systems. 
 
 6. Labor organizations. 
 
 7. Total daily expense for labor and board. 
 
 8. Average daily output per man. 
 
 D. Camps. 
 
 1. Factors governing selection of site. 
 
 2. Kind, size, number, and arrangement of buildings 
 required for a given crew. Make a ground plan, 
 drawn to scale, of the camp site showing all 
 buildings and topographic features. 
 
 *Report should be made on all rough products of the 
 forest, such as shingle bolts, fuel-wood, hewed cross ties, 
 poles, posts, stakes, etc., which are removed either at the 
 time of logging or at a later period. 
 
 
8 
 
 3. Construction. 
 
 a. Material: kind and amount required for each 
 building source value. 
 
 b. Labor (manual and animal) : amount required 
 to build a given set of camps cost. 
 
 c. Show interior arrangement of buildings by 
 accurate sketches. 
 
 d. Transportation: log and board camps (non- 
 portable) portable houses floating camps car 
 camps. 
 
 e. Cost of lodging, if any, deducted from wage. 
 
 4. Equipment.* 
 
 a. Stoves : kind and size required for cooking and 
 heating. 
 
 b. Kitchen utensils and dining room ware prepare 
 a complete list, stating total value. 
 
 c. Furniture : character and amount required 
 make sketches of bunks, benches, tables, and 
 other camp-made furniture. 
 
 d. Bedding : character and amount per man by 
 whom furnished rules with reference to total 
 value for the camp. 
 
 e. Laundry : equipment furnished camp rules 
 with reference to. 
 
 f. Drying rooms: character of equipment and 
 amount required for a given number of men. 
 
 g. Refrigeration plants : size, character, and cost, 
 h. Cost of bedding, laundry, etc., per man. 
 
 5. Camp hygiene. 
 
 a. Sanitary arrangements, and rules. 
 
 b. Air and window space: number of cubic feet 
 per man? 
 
 c. Bathing: conveniences for rules regarding. 
 
 d. Medical attention: provisions for cost to 
 employee. 
 
 *Where camp is composed of families and the company 
 provides houses only, state terms under which the latter 
 are furnished. 
 
e. Camp disinfection : character frequency 
 method. 
 
 f. Social welfare: provision for. 
 
 6. Blacksmith and machine shop. 
 
 a. Kind and value of equipment supplies carried 
 in stock crew employed character of work 
 done cost for supplies and for labor. 
 
 7. Tool fitting. 
 
 a. Saws and axes : methods and equipment. 
 
 8. Camp store. 
 
 a. Stock on hand and sale prices. 
 
 b. Average monthly expense per family, or per 
 man. 
 
 9. Commissary Department. 
 
 a. Kind, amount, and value of supplies carried on 
 hand. 
 
 b. Rations : kind and amount bill of fare for a 
 given week. 
 
 c. Average cost of board per week. State items 
 included in cost. 
 
 10. Transportation of supplies. 
 
 a. Toting. 
 
 aa. Principles and methods involved in the loca- 
 tion, construction, and maintenance of tote 
 roads. 
 
 bb. Crew required to build and maintain roads 
 cost per rod, mile, or other unit. 
 
 cc. Equipment used in toting, tonnage hauled 
 per load cost of toting per ton for given dis- 
 tances and conditions. 
 
 b. Method of transporting supplies other than by 
 sled or wagon cost per ton. 
 
 E. Animals. 
 
 1. Kind used, source, value. 
 
 2. Type of animal preferred, weight, average life. 
 
 3. Rations : kind quantity cost per animal. 
 
 4. Stable equipment for each animal total stable 
 equipment for a given number of animals. 
 
10 
 
 5. Veterinary care of animals : common ailments 
 causes effect on efficiency of animals. 
 
 6. Stable: special features of, shown by sketch, 
 drawn to scale. 
 
 F. Felling and Log Making. 
 
 1. Tools: quantity and purpose for which used 
 methods of use value of each kind. (Submit 
 sketch of any special tools used.) 
 
 2. Crews: organization and supervision. 
 
 3. Felling. 
 
 a. Deadening: object method number of trees 
 per day cost per tree. 
 
 b. Felling strips : object size how and by whom 
 are they laid out. 
 
 c. Felling direction : factors influencing methods 
 of determining. 
 
 d. Stumps : minimum diameter height influence 
 of defects on selection of cutting point. 
 
 e. Undercut: object size with reference to diam- 
 eter at cutting point position with reference to 
 felling direction variation in practice for hard- 
 woods and soft woods and for small and very 
 large timber for uphill fall as opposed to 
 downhill. 
 
 f . Sawing or chopping : location of cut with 
 reference to undercut methods. 
 
 g. Special methods for power skidding. 
 
 h. Bed for large trees: object character. 
 
 i. Splitting large logs: method powder charge 
 used character and amount of loss occasioned 
 by. 
 
 j. Breakage in felling: character amount 
 reasons for. 
 
 k. Bedding trees : character, size, and disposition 
 of. 
 
 1. Power felling devices : character efficiency 
 crew required output cost of machine. Com- 
 pare with hand methods. 
 
II 
 
 m. Peeling (other than for tanbark) : species 
 peeled (reason for) volume of bark influence 
 of season methods and tools daily output per 
 man cost. 
 
 n. Burning refuse : season methods tools 
 crew cost. 
 
 4. Log making or bucking. 
 
 a. Log lengths : maximum, minimum, and average 
 length how and by whom determined trimming 
 length. 
 
 b. Tops : minimum diameter rules regarding. 
 
 c. Hand and power methods : relative efficiency 
 output per unit advantages of system used. 
 
 d. Supervision: character of. 
 
 5. Swamping or limbing : when done (before or 
 after marking) if done before swamping does it 
 affect utilization and cause waste tools used 
 daily output per man cost. 
 
 6. Regulations: lodged trees injury to young 
 growth or other timber left standing swamping 
 top lopping species to be removed quality of 
 timber to be removed manner of enforcing regu- 
 lations efficiency of system. 
 
 7. Payment: basis reasons for choice cost per 
 unit. (Describe in detail any bonus or like system 
 used and its merits.) 
 
 8. Utilization : character and amount of waste in 
 felling or log-making due to high stumps, improper 
 log lengths, improper division of defective boles, 
 failure to utilize fully the top, and breakage due 
 to carelessness. (Instructor will furnish a special 
 form for recording the field data.) 
 
 G. Skidding and Yarding, 
 i. With animals. 
 
 a. Preparation of logs for skidding (swamping, 
 sniping, barking, etc.). 
 
 b. Describe fully, and illustrate with sketches 
 drawn to scale, the equipment used to skid logs 
 
12 
 
 (harness, chokers, grabs, tongs, go-devils, drays, 
 yarding sleds, self-loading skidders, two wheeled 
 carts, etc.). Cost and make of each kind of 
 equipment. 
 
 c. Crews : organization number of men and 
 animals in each tools and equipment required 
 per crew number of crews required to put in a 
 given amount of timber per day. 
 
 d. Skidding trails and roads : location method of 
 construction maintenance. Average cost of 
 trails and roads, per rod. 
 
 e. Skidways : rules for location method of con- 
 struction kind and size of timber used crew 
 required for construction cost. 
 
 f. Describe fully the method of skidding logs. 
 When logging is done by contract, state terms. 
 On what is contract price based? 
 
 g. Amount of timber handled in a given time, 
 with a given form of equipment, for 100 200 
 500 and 750 feet and for 1-4, 1-2, and 3-4 of 
 a mile. Cost per 1000 feet log scale. (State 
 average length and contents of logs, character 
 and topography, condition of bottom, climatic 
 conditions, kind and condition of animals, wages, 
 and team hire. Instructor will provide a special 
 form for recording field data.) 
 
 h. Relation of animal skidding to forest manage- 
 ment. 
 2. With power (other than tractors). 
 
 a. Special preparation of logs for skidding with 
 power (including deadening, swamping, noseing, 
 or other processes). 
 
 b. System of power skidding used (cableway, slack 
 rope, or snaking) and advantages for the specific 
 operation cost of one unit. 
 
 c. Describe fully the power skidding and loading 
 equipment, and the accessories such as water 
 tanks, repair outfit, and blocks spark arresters 
 
13 
 
 used and their efficiency, regulations with refer- 
 ence to their use method of changing runs, etc. 
 (Submit sketches showing chief features of 
 machine, methods of changing runs, and location 
 of landing and runs from one set-up.) 
 
 d. Factors governing the choice of landings and 
 limits of area to be logged from one set-up. 
 
 e. General scheme of railroad or other means of 
 transport for machines and logs. (Submit map 
 showing transportation layout for a limited area. ) 
 
 f. Cables: number, size, length, type, quality, 
 make, average life in terms of feet log scale, 
 maintenance methods, value, disposition of worn 
 cables. 
 
 g. Methods of operation, including laying-out job, 
 moving and setting up equipment, skidding, and 
 loading. 
 
 h. Crew : organization, number of men, .qualifi- 
 cations, and duties. 
 
 i. Animals : number duties. 
 
 j. Fuel: kind, amount, how secured, relative 
 efficiency, cost per unit. 
 
 k. Water requirements per day how provided. 
 
 1. Capacity, daily, of machine in logs and log 
 scale, for given distances (to be determined by 
 time studies, showing distribution of time for 
 each part of operation). 
 
 m. Relation of power skidding to forest manage- 
 ment, based on damage to young growth and 
 disturbance of ground surface. 
 
 n. Spare parts carried in stock for each unit. 
 . With tractors. 
 
 a. Type of tractor used horse power speed 
 loaded and empty hauling capacity. 
 
 b. Loading devices: winches or other equipment. 
 
 c. Trailers: type capacity method of attach- 
 ment to tractor. 
 
 d. Maintenance : character of repairs necessary 
 
M 
 
 frequency skill demanded spare parts carried 
 in stock cost of. 
 
 e. Oil and fuel requirements. 
 
 f. Crew: number, duties, and wages. 
 
 g. Character of roads, trails, or slides. 
 
 h. Method of operation working radius. 
 
 i. Prepare tables showing number of trips made 
 
 under stated conditions of bottom, topography, 
 
 and size of timber for given distances (to be 
 
 determined by time studies), 
 j. Prepare sketches showing important features of 
 
 the machine and of the auxiliary equipment, 
 k. Logging costs as compared to other methods 
 
 used on same job. 
 
 H. Scaling. 
 
 1. Log rule used. 
 
 2. Log sealer's equipment: scale stick books 
 crayons. 
 
 3. Method of scaling: scheme for "cutting" defec- 
 tive logs interpretation of a merchantable log 
 measurement of sound logs recording results. 
 
 4. Check scaling : how and by whom done. 
 
 5. Scaling crew : number of men manner of 
 employment. 
 
 6. Reports (character and to whom submitted). 
 
 7. Marking logs: method tools log marks in 
 use law in regard to log marks. 
 
 I. Brush Disposal. 
 
 1. Object. 
 
 2. Laws in regard to. 
 
 3. Lopping : methods efficiency crew. 
 
 4. Scattering brush: methods efficiency crew. 
 
 5. Piling : season method. 
 
 6. Burning: season method tools efficiency of 
 burning operation. 
 
 7. Cost per 1000 feet, log scale. 
 
 8. Influence on cost of logging. 
 
15 
 
 J. Land Transportation of Logs. 
 
 1. On sleds. 
 
 a. Two-sleds, or other types. 
 
 aa. Type : describe and illustrate with sketches 
 the equipment loading methods, hand, power, 
 and animal. 
 
 bb. Draught power. 
 
 Animals: kind and number per sled average 
 load hauled under given conditions number of 
 round trips made in a given time on hauls of 
 specified lengths and under given conditions. 
 Power: character of machine used crew: 
 number duties wages. Fuel and water re- 
 quirements efficiency, loaded, on different 
 grades method of operation equipment re- 
 quired for hauling a given amount a specified 
 distance, under stated conditions. 
 
 b. Roads. 
 
 aa. Location : principles methods. 
 
 bb. Construction: grading corduroy work 
 bridge construction season crews ; number 
 of men, duties, wages, time required to build a 
 given amount of specified road cost of each 
 part of work total cost per mile, or other unit. 
 
 cc. Maintenance: character of repairs crews: 
 duties and wages. 
 
 Equipment: describe and submit sketch of 
 snow plough, rutt cutter, and sprinkler cost. 
 
 dd. Cost of roads itemized. 
 
 c. Landings : character size capacity methods 
 of construction unloading and banking crew 
 itemized cost per 1000 feet, log scale. 
 
 2. On wheels. 
 
 a. High wheels. 
 
 aa. Type and make of cart and equipment 
 
 advantages of. (Submit sketches.) 
 bb. Preparation of logs for hauling length and 
 
 size of logs handled swamping bunching 
 
 loading unloading. 
 
i6 
 
 cc. Operation : methods. 
 
 dd. Draught power: animals kind, number, 
 
 efficiency, 
 ee. Output: amount handled daily for given 
 
 distances and conditions cost per 1000 feet, 
 
 log scale (based on time studies), 
 ff. Relative efficiency as compared to wagons, 
 . motor trucks, and other forms of equipment 
 
 used to move logs. 
 
 b. Wagons, 4-, 6-, and 8-wheeled. 
 
 aa. Type used: wagon equipment cost. 
 
 bb. Logs : lengths handled swamping "bunch- 
 ing" loading unloading. 
 
 cc. Draught power. 
 
 Animals : kind number efficiency cost. 
 Mechanical: type of draught power used cost 
 kind, amount, and value of fuel advantage. 
 
 dd. Crews. 
 
 Organisation: wages number of men and 
 animals required for a given job. 
 
 ee. Roads : location construction maintenance 
 cost. 
 
 ff. Operation: prepare a tabular statement 
 showing time required per trip for given con- 
 ditions and distance minimum, average, and 
 maximum loads hauled crew wages condi- 
 tions of road bed grades and physical con- 
 dition of animals. Average daily output per 
 unit cost per 1000 feet, log scale (based on 
 time studies). 
 
 gg. Relative efficiency as compared to carts, 
 motor trucks, and other equipment used for 
 moving logs. 
 
 c. Motor trucks. 
 
 aa. Type used rated capacity in tons capacity 
 in feet log scale engine horse-power advan- 
 tages of type for logging purposes. 
 
 bb. Type of body used; including bunks, load- 
 
17 
 
 ing devices, etc. (show special features by 
 sketches). 
 
 cc. Type of trailer used. Describe and illustrate 
 any special features by sketches. 
 
 dd. Size and length of logs that can be handled, 
 and average number per load. 
 
 ee. Fuel and oil requirements, daily and monthly. 
 
 ff. Maintenance requirements chief troubles 
 spare parts carried on hand skill required in 
 repair work crew for repair work. 
 
 gg. Loading and hauling practice. 
 
 hh. Number of trips per day for given distances, 
 bottom, topography, and loads (based on time 
 studies). 
 
 ii. Roads: character, construction, and main- 
 tenance. 
 
 jj. Crews: number of men duties. 
 
 kk. Cost per 1000 feet, log scale, for given 
 distances and conditions. Compare with other 
 forms of transport for similar conditions. 
 
 11. Make sketches of, and describe carefully all 
 important features of the motor truck, auxil- 
 iary equipment and special forms of roadbeds. 
 
 3. Slides and chutes. 
 
 a. Conditions under which used. 
 
 b. Location: principles and methods curves, 
 grades, etc. 
 
 c. Form of slide and terminals: describe and 
 show by sketches, drawn to scale. 
 
 d. Construction: methods material crews. 
 
 e. Operation: feeding and tending the slide 
 length and diameter of logs handled log control 
 crews cost per 1000 feet handled. 
 
 f . Maintenance : life of slide character of repairs 
 crew required cost. 
 
 4. Aerial tramways. 
 
 a. Conditions under which used. 
 
 b. Construction: methods materials required 
 
i8 
 
 cost for labor and materials make sketches 
 drawn to scale of towers, cable supports, trolleys, 
 loading and unloading platforms, and other 
 essential features. 
 
 c. Power : character ^f device used for operation 
 of trolley. 
 
 d. Operation : method crews capacity cost 
 
 e. Maintenance : average life character of and 
 amount of repairs inquired supplies carried on 
 hand cost. 
 
 5. Road engine (Bull Donkey). 
 
 a. Adaptability. 
 
 b. Equipment : types and dimensions of boiler and 
 rated horse power engines : size of cylinders 
 and length of stroke cables ; size, length, 
 quality, life, cost number and size of road 
 spools, sheaves, fair-leaders, and like equipment 
 type of spark arrester used. Cost of equip- 
 ment per unit. 
 
 c. Road : . character, location, construction, main- 
 tenance, cost. 
 
 d. Landings : location, construction, and equip- 
 ment. 
 
 e. Operation : method crews cost. 
 
 6. Railroad. 
 
 a. General: relation of logging road to lumber 
 company if chartered, reasons for same. 
 
 b. Location: factors governing survey; crews, 
 methods, equipment, cost curves and grades per- 
 missible. 
 
 c. Rights-of-way : how secured width cost per 
 acre or other unit. 
 
 aa. Construction. 
 
 (i) Clearing right-of-way :, 
 Methods of felling timber and cutting brush, 
 log lengths of merchantable timber brush 
 disposal, stumps, height on grade and off 
 grade, methods of stump removal by grub- 
 
bing, blasting or burning, relative ease of 
 removing stumps of different species, amount 
 and kind of explosive used for stumps of 
 given size and species length of time right- 
 of-way is cut in advance of grading size 
 and organization of crew and amount of 
 work done, daily, per man cost of clearing 
 per acre or other unit. 
 
 (2) Grading: 
 
 Material: classification of, and determina- 
 tion of amount of yardage. 
 Rock: Methods of blasting or other means 
 of reducing to a size that can be handled, 
 including drilling, loading holes, kind and 
 amount of explosive, fuse and caps ; labor 
 required; cost per cubic yard for supplies. 
 Earth: methods and equipment used in 
 moving ; labor required ; cost per cubic yard. 
 Labor: organization of crews, daily output 
 per man, cost per cubic yard. 
 Grade cross section: profile on level and on 
 fills and in cuts, shown by sketches drawn to 
 scale. 
 
 (3) Timber work: 
 
 Trestles: type character and size of timber 
 used for the various members character 
 and amount of hardware required equip- 
 ment used for construction purposes 
 methods of construction amount of timber 
 required in construction when are trestles 
 used in preference to a fill or a truss bridge. 
 Culverts: same data as for trestles. 
 Cribbing: same data as for trestles. 
 Corduroy: same data as for trestles. 
 Bridges: same data as for trestles. 
 Labor: organization of crews, number of 
 men required and qualifications, daily output 
 per man for structures of different heights. 
 
20 
 
 Cost for labor and materials itemized, for 
 different classes of structures, per linear 
 foot. 
 
 (4) Supplies. 
 
 Rails: weight, condition, and cost. 
 
 Rail accessories: character of rail fastenings, 
 
 bolts, spikes, rail braces, crossings, switch 
 
 frogs, and throws. 
 
 Ties (standard and switch): species, size, 
 
 source, life, number per rail, cost. 
 
 (5) Steel laying and removal: equipment, 
 including description and sketch of rail and 
 tie car or track-laying machine crew ; 
 organization, size, and duties methods 
 number of rails laid or taken up, daily, per 
 man ; cost. 
 
 (6) Surfacing: character of work, crew 
 required and its organization ; methods, cost. 
 
 bb. Maintenance of way : character of work 
 methods number and size of section crews 
 wages cost, 
 d. Equipment. 
 
 aa. Locomotives: number, type, make, tonnage 
 loaded, hauling ability on given grades general 
 efficiency fuel, water, and oil requirements 
 spare arresters; type, efficiency, state laws 
 with reference to. 
 
 bb. Cars : number, character, capacity, make, 
 weight, bunk spikes or chock blocks chain 
 holding devices length of logs handled (max- 
 imum, minimum, and average) character of 
 usual repairs and maintenance necessary. 
 Show special features of cars by sketches, 
 drawn to scale. 
 
 cc. Repair shop: equipment, methods, crew. 
 
 dd. Loading equipment: 
 
 (i) Type of loading device used: cross-haul, 
 gin pole, sky line, other power loaders. 
 
21 
 
 (Describe and illustrate by sketches any 
 special features connected with the loading 
 equipment.) 
 
 (2) Capacity : length and size of logs handled 
 (maximum, minimum, and average lengths 
 and diameters) time required to load cars 
 fuel, oil, and water requirements of power 
 loaders maximum working radius size and 
 duties of crew methods used in loading. 
 
 (3) Repairs: character, method, equipment 
 required, crews, cost. 
 
 K. Water Transport. 
 
 i. Streams, lakes, and the ocean. 
 
 a. Requirements of driveable stream or other body 
 of water. 
 
 b. Improvements. 
 
 aa. Dams : requirements for a good site ; 
 methods, crews, amount of material required 
 and cost of construction ; form of gates used. 
 Show structure of dam and gates by sketches, 
 drawn to scale. 
 
 bb. Booms, wing dams, etc. : form ; construc- 
 tion ; use ; and cost. Illustrate different forms 
 by sketches, drawn to scale. 
 
 cc. Sluices and log flumes: conditions under 
 which used ; form ; location ; construction ; 
 operation; maintenance; cost. 
 
 dd. Stream cleaning; removal of debris, drift 
 wood, rock, etc.; methods; equipment; cost. 
 
 ee. Sorting gaps: form; purpose for which 
 used; show arrangement and construction of 
 gaps, booms, piers, etc., by sketches drawn 
 to scale. 
 
 c. The drive. 
 aa. Season and distance. 
 
 bb. Landing: "breaking down," movement of 
 
 logs through splash dam. 
 cc. Management of drive on small and large 
 
22 
 
 streams (private, union, boom company, or 
 combination of two or more) ; character and 
 amount of equipment required. 
 
 dd. Crews : number of men, wages, camp man- 
 agement. 
 
 ee. Sorting: objects methods crews contents 
 in feet log scale of average log daily and 
 annual capacity of sorting works cost per 
 1000 feet, log scale. 
 
 ft". Deadheads : equipment for and methods of 
 recovery; percentage of loss in scale between 
 "bank" and mill, and reasons for same ; owner- 
 ship and value of logs ; transportation to mill. 
 
 gg. Log damage : character and amount due to 
 toredos, "brooming," breakage, sap rot, or other 
 causes. 
 
 d. Rafting. 
 
 aa. Reasons for and laws with reference to. 
 
 bb. Raft construction : methods ; form and 
 size; equipment and crew required to con- 
 struct ; cost. 
 
 e. Towing: character of tug boats and other 
 equipment used ; pulling ability ; amount of fuel 
 used; crew; cost of operation per 1000 feet. 
 
 f . Flumes : see schedule, page 32. 
 
 g. Prepare a tabulated statement showing total 
 crew employed, duties, wages, and division of 
 responsibility and daily output per man. 
 
 L. Prepare a Glossary of Terms used in Logging. 
 
 V. LUMBER MANUFACTURE 
 A. The Plant. 
 
 1. Location and advantages of the site. 
 
 2. Character of plant, including mills, dwellings, 
 commissaries, office buildings, etc. 
 
 3. Form of local government, incorporated or non- 
 incorporated reasons for, and advantages of plan. 
 
 4. Merits of the plant. 
 
 5. Daily and annual output. 
 
23 
 
 6. Organization : prepare a chart showing the 
 scheme of organization of labor, duties, wages, and 
 division of responsibility. 
 
 7. Prepare a ground plan of entire plant (scale 
 i inch = 200 feet), showing location of all build- 
 ings, lumber yard, refuse burners, water tanks, 
 hose houses, fire plugs, log pond, etc. 
 
 B. Sawmill. 
 i. Log storage. 
 
 a. Water. 
 
 aa. Rollways : form of rollway at log pond or 
 on stream including height of brow above 
 water. Show construction by sketches drawn 
 to scale. 
 
 bb. Log unloading devices : describe the equip- 
 ment used for unloading log cars efficiency of 
 method log breakage in unloading danger to 
 workmen does train crew or special crew do 
 the unloading show important features by 
 sketch drawn to scale. 
 
 cc. Pond or stream : area, capacity in 1000 feet, 
 log scale, arrangement of booms, method of 
 handling logs, control of flood water. 
 
 dd. Character and amount of damage from 
 toredo or other causes due to long storage in 
 water. 
 
 ee. Power log bucking devices : equipment used, 
 location with reference to mill, method of 
 operation, crew required. Make sketch of 
 equipment. 
 
 ff . Deadheads : class of logs that sink ; equip- 
 ment for, and methods of raising; cost. 
 
 gg. Hot ponds : method of keeping pond open 
 in cold weather. 
 
 b. Land. 
 
 aa. Rollways : form of rollway or storage 
 
 ground, area, capacity, 
 bb. Log handling devices : character, method of 
 
 operation, crew required, capacity. 
 
cc. Sketch drawn to scale of log storage area 
 and log handling devices. 
 
 c. Labor : crews, organization, duties, wages. 
 
 d. Storage expense: statement showing expense 
 per 1000 feet. 
 
 2. Equipment and operation of mill. 
 
 a. Make a ground plan, to scale, showing arrange- 
 ment of machinery on sawing floor. 
 
 b. Building: dimensions; type of construction; 
 necessity for and character of natural and arti- 
 ficial light; amount of material required for 
 construction; size of important members; cost 
 per unit for labor and materials. 
 
 c. Log hoisting machinery : describe and illustrate 
 the equipment used for and the methods of 
 bringing logs from the pond or storage yard to 
 the log deck. 
 
 d. Log washing devices : objects, character, 
 amount of water required, source. 
 
 e. Deck machinery : describe and illustrate the 
 deck machines and equipment, and the mode of 
 operation (cut off saws, drag saws, log-stops- 
 and loaders, "niggers," log turners, etc.), amount 
 of manual labor involved in operation. 
 
 f. Log carriage: describe carriages (length, max- 
 imum diameter of log handled, log "dogs," set 
 works, knees, blocks, offset, trailer, etc.). 
 
 g. Carriage feed. 
 
 aa. Steam : length and diameter of cylinder, 
 diameter of piston, attachment to carriage, 
 valves, method of speed control, length of run, 
 steam requirements. 
 
 bb. Cable: size, power, and location of engine; 
 length, size, and character of cable; length of 
 run; speed; attachment to carriage; control. 
 
 cc. Rack and pinion: dimensions of rack and 
 
 of pinion ; speed ; method of control, 
 h. Carriage tracks: length of run; gauge, size, 
 
 and form of track ; number of rails and method 
 
 of attachment to floor; type of track cleaners. 
 
25 
 
 . Bumpers : object, form, location. 
 
 j. Band mills: chief features; make; diameter 
 
 of wheels, crown, saw stretching device, r.p.m.,* 
 
 h.p.f required, length of saw (maximum and 
 
 minimum), largest log passing under the saw 
 
 guide; log splitters, character, and when used.$ 
 
 k. Circular mill: chief features of husk; make; 
 
 r.p.m. of saw; board spreader; feed works; 
 
 h.p. required : character of logs sawed ; top saw, 
 
 direction of rotation, r.p.m. 
 
 1. Rock saw: object of ; character; power appli- 
 cation; method of use. 
 
 m. Sash gang mill : chief features ; make ; size ; 
 number of saws; strokes per minute; founda- 
 tion; h.p. required; character of logs sawed; 
 advantages of gang saw. 
 
 n. Resaws : chief features, advantages (follow 
 band mill, or circular mill, schedule according to 
 character of resaw). 
 o. Saws. 
 
 aa. Band : length, width, gauge of teeth and of 
 t>lade, number of teeth per linear foot, shape 
 of teeth, tension, tire, kerf, feed speed, number 
 of 1000 feet B.M. sawed at one filing, average 
 life, daily cut per saw, number of saws on 
 hand, use made of worn saws, cost of saws 
 per linear foot. 
 
 bb. Circular: diameter; gauge; tension; speed; 
 shape, size, and number of teeth ; kerf ; feed ; 
 number of 1000 feet B.M. sawed at one riling; 
 life of saw; daily cut; number of saws on 
 hand ; cost. 
 
 ^Revolutions per minute. 
 
 fHorse power. 
 
 ^Describe band log splitter under same headings as for 
 
 band mill. 
 Board ^measure. 
 
26 
 
 cc. Gang saw : length ; width ; gauge of teeth 
 and saw blades; tension; size and shape of 
 teeth; kerf; feed; number of 1000 feet B.M. 
 sawed at one filing; life of saw; number of 
 saws on hand; cost. 
 
 dd. Resaw : follow schedule for band or circu- 
 lar, as required. 
 
 p. Filing : arrangement and equipment of filing 
 room; character of work performed; principles 
 of "saw-fitting" ; methods ; crew organization, 
 qualifications, and wages; cost per 1000 feet 
 B.M. 
 
 q. Edgers: type; number; diameter, and gauge 
 of saw blade and of teeth, arrangement and 
 control of saws ; r.p.m. ; kerf ; feed speed ; 
 daily output; h.p. required; crew organization; 
 maximum size of material handled, 
 r. Trimmer: type; number, diameter, gauge of 
 saws ; gauge of teeth ; arrangement and control 
 of saws ; kerf ; r.p.m. ; h.p. required ; daily out- 
 put; maximum length and thickness of boards 
 handled. 
 
 s. Slasher: type; arrangement; number, diam- 
 eter, and gauge of saws ; kerf ; r.p.m. ; h.p. 
 required; disposal of refuse; loss of lath stock 
 due to careless feeding of slabs and edgings to 
 saws. 
 
 t. Hog, or refuse grinder: type; arrangement 
 and number of knives; r.p.m.; h.p. required; 
 capacity in cords per hour; class of material 
 ground in the hog. 
 
 u. Lumber and cant trips : describe and illustrate 
 the various kinds of trips used in handling 
 lumber, cants, and other material, 
 v. Board drops or "ease downs" ; character and 
 effectiveness in preventing splits behind head 
 saws. 
 
 w. Transfer chains and accessories : describe and 
 illustrate the various types of chains used for 
 
27 
 
 conveying lumber, shingles, laths, sawdust, slabs 
 
 and other refuse. 
 x. Live rollers : character ; arrangement ; form of 
 
 drive; speed; control; h.p. required, 
 y. Assorting table : length ; height ; width ; kind 
 
 of chains used ; patent assorting and labor 
 
 saving devices; method of handling lumber; 
 
 crew, 
 z. Loading docks : type used for storage and 
 
 loading of timbers. (Submit sketch, drawn to 
 
 scale.) 
 C. Power Plant. 
 
 1. Building: character of construction ; dimensions; 
 location with reference to yards, sawmills, and 
 other buildings. 
 
 2. Boilers: character; number; arrangement; 
 make ; size ; steam pressure ; horse power ; boiler 
 accessories, steam drum, water heaters, injectors; 
 character of grates, Dutch ovens, and other special 
 facilities for burning a given kind of fuel ; size of 
 fire box ; diameter and height of stack. 
 
 3. Fuel : kind and amount used ; method of fuel 
 transfer to "dust" house and power house ; stoking 
 devices. 
 
 4. Engines: number; type; make; r.p.m. ; h.p. 
 developed; frequency of tests to determine effi- 
 ciency. 
 
 5. Pumps : number ; type ; make ; size of steam, 
 air, and water cylinders; capacity of free air or 
 water ; purpose for which used. 
 
 6. Power transmission : shafting ; size, and location 
 of main and secondary shafts for driving sawmill 
 machinery belting or rope drive; dimensions and 
 arrangement of all belts and ropes used for trans- 
 mission. 
 
 7. Mill repair : millwright equipment for mill 
 repair ; character of repairs made ; supplies carried 
 on hand ; crew. Frequency of inspection of car- 
 riages, mills, and other machinery. 
 
28 
 
 D. Sawing: plain and quarter sawing; manner in 
 which logs of different sizes and possessing various 
 defects (rot, crooks, knots, etc.) are sawed; dimen- 
 sions of rough green, 4/4, 6/4, 8/4 and other standard 
 sizes, when they leave the saw. Thickness of flitches 
 or planks to be sawed on the resaw. Show diagram- 
 matically the manner in which logs of various sizes 
 are sawed. Method of sawing rough, smooth, and 
 defective logs, also those with sweep. Influence of 
 visible defects on the sawing contents of logs both 
 as to volume and grade as compared to sound, straight 
 logs of the same length and diameter. Character of 
 material reworked on the gang or resaw. Are logs 
 sawed parallel to surface or to axis? Policy with 
 reference to sawing butt-end or small end first. 
 Policy with reference to slabbing. Are slabs 
 resawed? Determine by time studies the per cent of 
 total elapsed time that the sawyer spends on operating 
 log-stop-and-loader, steam nigger, gigging back the 
 carriage, and running the saw in the cut. (Instructor 
 will supply a special outline and detailed instructions.) 
 
 E. Logs : number sawed daily ; grades produced ; per 
 cent of each lumber grade in average daily run of 
 mill ; log rule used on the deck ; per cent of "over- 
 run" ; class of logs that yield the higher and highest 
 grades of lumber. 
 
 F. Lumber : kinds of lumber products manufactured ; 
 method of manufacture (in detail) from pond to 
 car ; grading rules used ; grading methods and crew ; 
 grades which are air-dried and kiln-dried ; shrinkage 
 in seasoning; loss in weight during seasoning; ship- 
 ping weights of lumber. Per cent of different thick- 
 nesses cut. Tallying output of mill. 
 
 G. Conditioning Lumber: 
 
 1. Objects. 
 
 2. Methods. 
 
 a. "Dipping": objects; stain, cause of, kind of 
 wood and species attacked, season of attack; 
 
construction of dipping tank (draw to scale) ; 
 formula for dipping solution; preparation of 
 solution ; length of time lumber is immersed ; 
 amount of chemical solution required to dip 1000 
 board feet; subsequent treatment of lumber; 
 origin and cost of chemicals ; crew ; cost per 
 1000 board feet. 
 
 b. Yards: area; distance from mill and other 
 buildings ; arrangement and construction of 
 "dolly ways" ; width and condition of alley ways ; 
 equipment for, and method of transporting lumber 
 from the assorting table to yard and yard to 
 planer, or car; character of lumber dried in 
 yard; advantages and disadvantages of yard 
 drying ; piles, arrangement, dimensions, founda- 
 tions, roof, location with reference to prevailing 
 winds, average contents ; crews and work per- 
 formed daily ; weight of lumber before and after 
 drying ; total crew on yard work ; cost of yard 
 work per 1000 board feet. 
 
 c. Dry kilns : type ; capacity ; average tempera- 
 ture and humidity maintained at each end in 
 progressive kiln ; kind, size, and amount of heat- 
 ing pipe and its location in kiln ; source of heat 
 and steam pressure; disposal of water of con- 
 densation ; time required to dry lumber of differ- 
 ent species and thickness; special problems 
 involved in kiln drying; kiln trucks, character 
 and capacity, method of piling lumber on, auto- 
 matic stackers; other kiln equipment; handling 
 lumber at receiving and discharging end; per 
 cent of total cut and the grades kiln dried; 
 weight of lumber before and after drying; crew, 
 wages, and duties ; labor saving devices used in 
 handling kiln truck loads; cost per 1000 board 
 feet. 
 
 d. Dry sheds: construction and capacity (show 
 important features of construction in a sketch 
 
30 
 
 drawn to scale) ; class of lumber stored and 
 
 length of time. 
 
 3. Plant sanitation : measures in use to keep sheds, 
 yards, and various parts of the plant in a sanitary 
 condition with reference to wood decay. 
 
 H. Planing Mill. 
 
 1. Building: dimensions; type of construction; 
 location with reference to remainder of plant; 
 character of construction. 
 
 2. Equipment: type of machines used; speed and 
 capacity of each machine and of entire plant; h.p. 
 required for each machine and for plant ; applica- 
 tion of power; make ground plan of building 
 showing location of different machines. 
 
 3. Power transmission (see power transmission, saw 
 mill). 
 
 4. Output: patterns of finished lumber produced; 
 degree of dryness of lumber for best results ; thick- 
 ness lumber must be in rough to make different 
 patterns ; quality and size of lumber from which 
 various patterns are made ; waste in manufacture. 
 
 5. Assorting lumber : arrangements for and methods 
 of ; grading ; assorting and handling lumber. 
 
 6. Power Plant (see sawmill power plant). 
 
 7. Fuel (see sawmill fuel). 
 
 8. Labor : prepare a chart showing planing mill 
 labor, organization, duties, cost. 
 
 I. Study and describe in detail any special forms of 
 utilization practiced in any part of the plant, whereby 
 "shorts," odd lengths, edging strips, trimmings, 
 defective lumber, or refuse are made into a commer- 
 cial product. (Instructor will provide a special out- 
 line.) 
 
 J. Refuse Disposal : method for sawmill and planing 
 mill ; character and location of enclosed burners and 
 open pits; conveyors; exhaust system; size and 
 character of fan, r.p.m., h.p. required; length and 
 diameter of blow-pipe, volume, velocity, pressure of 
 
31 
 
 air. "Cyclone," size and construction ; compressed 
 air cleaning systems. 
 
 K. Electric Plant : type, make, and capacity of dyna- 
 mos ; number, candlepower, and location of lights 
 around the plant ; capacity of motors and purpose for 
 which used ; attitude towards electric machine drive ; 
 cost of plant. 
 
 L. Water Supply: location and capacity of storage 
 tanks; number, make, type, size, and capacity of 
 pumps ; average tank pressure ; fire pressure ; source 
 of water supply. 
 
 M. Fire Protection: equipment for fire protection; 
 fire companies, fire drill ; system of automatic 
 sprinklers. 
 
 N. Insurance: amount, character, and cost on each 
 part of plant. Insurance requirements. 
 
 O. Lubricating Oil: kinds and quantities used for 
 different purposes around the plant, amount carried 
 on hand. 
 
 P. Machine Shop: equipment; class of work per- 
 formed crew ; organization, duties, and wages. 
 
 Q. Supply Department : character and amount of 
 supplies carried on hand; how are supplies issued. 
 
 R. Submit an itemized statement showing the cost of 
 the following buildings and equipment : the sawmill, 
 power house, planing mill, dry kilns, dry sheds, and 
 other structures. 
 
 S. Determine the number of one-man hours required, 
 for each manufacturing process, to produce 1000 
 board feet of lumber; hours of labor; manner of 
 payment (special outline to be provided by in- 
 structor). 
 
 T. Submit a chart showing sawmill crew organization, 
 duties and wages. Daily output per man. 
 
 U. Glossary of terms used in lumber manufacture, 
 which are peculiar to the region. 
 
32 
 
 VI. LUMBER SHIPMENT AND TRANSPORTA- 
 TION 
 
 A. Shipping Department: organization; duties and 
 qualifications of shipping clerk ; blank forms used ; 
 crews, wages, duties, and daily output per man ; total 
 cost of department per 1000 board feet. 
 
 B. Rail Transport: loading: facilities for; methods 
 for flat and box cars; labor saving devices used in 
 loading; capacity in 1000 board feet of cars of 
 various sizes; minimum car capacity; size, quality, 
 and quantity of lumber required to stake flat cars, 
 cost of material and labor per car; weighing cars; 
 demurrage rules ; "billing out" cars ; crews and daily 
 output; cost per 1000 board feet for loading. 
 
 C. Water Transport: 
 
 1. Vessels: character of vessels and capacity; 
 method of loading and storing lumber on board for 
 coastwise and ocean cargoes; time and crew 
 required for loading; cost of loading; form of 
 ship charter; general shipping regulations for 
 foreign and domestic trade. 
 
 2. Rafts: object; method of raft construction; 
 capacity, length of time and crew required to build ; 
 cost of construction; method of transporting to 
 market ; cost of transportation ; success or failure 
 of past rafting. 
 
 3. Flumes : 
 
 a. Location: principles and methods. 
 
 b. Construction: clearing right of way; organ- 
 ization of work; source and kind of material 
 used; form of box used; trestle work; ter- 
 minals ; grades ; curves ; material and labor 
 requirements ; costs. 
 
 c. Operation: crew required; daily capacity; 
 cost. 
 
 d. Maintenance: average life of flume; repairs 
 required ; cost. 
 
33 
 
 VII. SALE OF LUMBER 
 
 A. Sales Department : organization ; force required ; 
 methods of sale; cost per 1000 board feet. 
 
 B. Markets: territory in which lumber is sold; rail 
 and water freight rates to important markets ; chief 
 demands of foreign and domestic markets. 
 
 C. Prices : value of lumber f .o.b. car, and at important 
 wholesale markets. 
 
 VIII. LATH MANUFACTURE 
 
 A. Plastering Lath. 
 
 1. Character of raw product used; yield per cord; 
 yield per 1000 board feet of lumber manufactured. 
 
 2. Manufacturing plant. 
 
 a. Equipment: character, number, and location of 
 various machines in the plant; relation to saw- 
 mill plant (follow schedule for circular saws, 
 when describing saws used in bolter, lath mill, 
 and lath trimmer) ; character and location of 
 transfer devices for bringing raw product to mill, 
 and removing finished product, and refuse daily 
 capacity. 
 
 3. Manufacture : describe in detail methods of man- 
 ufacture; sizes of finished product; method of 
 packing; grades; cost for labor, repairs, sup- 
 plies, etc. 
 
 4. Seasoning lath: facilities for; methods; length 
 of time required ; shed storage ; weight before and 
 after drying. 
 
 5. Shipment : methods ; car capacities. 
 
 6. Crews : crews required to operate, wages, quali- 
 fications. 
 
 7. Markets and value of product. 
 
 8. Trade prejudices against the use of certain species 
 for lath; reasons. 
 
 B. Byrkit, or patent lath. 
 
 1. Character of material from which made. 
 
 2. Advantages of this form of lath. 
 
34 
 
 3. Equipment for, and method of manufacture. 
 
 4. Grades. 
 
 5. Cost of manufacture and handling. 
 
 6. Markets and value of product. 
 
 C. Glossary of Terms used in Lath Manufacture. 
 
 IX. SHINGLE MANUFACTURE 
 
 A. Raw material from which manufactured ; yield per 
 cord of bolts, and per 1000 feet, log scale. 
 
 B. Manufacture. 
 
 1. Plant: location with reference to saw mill; 
 character of power plant; shingle machines, char- 
 acter, number, daily output, crews (follow schedule 
 for circular saws, sawmill, in describing shingle 
 saws) cost of manufacture. 
 
 2. Classification, size, and weight. 
 
 3. Packing : methods ; daily output per man ; cost. 
 
 4. Seasoning: methods; time required. 
 
 5. Shipment : loading devices ; car capacity. 
 
 6. Markets : localities in which sold ; rates to 
 market; value f .o.b. ; chief competing species in 
 important markets. 
 
 7. Quality of "mill shingles" as compared to those 
 made from bolts. 
 
 8. Glossary of Terms used in Shingle Manufacture. 
 
 X. NAVAL STORES INDUSTRY 
 
 A. General Data. 
 
 *i. Organization of woods force; duties. 
 
 2. Lease: form and value; operating regulations. 
 
 3. Number of crops worked. 
 
 4. Number of men employed and character of labor. 
 
 5. Size and arrangement of various camp buildings. 
 
 6. Total annual output of crude resin and refined 
 turpentine and rosin. 
 
 B. Operation. 
 
 1. Litter burning; time and method. 
 
 2. Class of trees bled. 
 
35 
 
 3. Length of time bled. 
 
 4. Yield. 
 
 5. Boxing : season ; method ; dimensions and capac- 
 ity of box, height of box above ground; average 
 number of boxes per tree; tools used; number of 
 boxes cut daily per man ; cost per box. 
 
 6. Patent cups. 
 
 a. Preparation of face for cup ; " season ; cost ; 
 method and cost of inserting gutters, aprons, or 
 other equipment; method and cost of hanging 
 cup; value of cups; capacity; total cost of 
 placing a crop of cups ; yield of crude turpentine 
 in cups ; expense of operation ; merits of differ- 
 ent cup systems; superiority over box system. 
 
 7. Cornering : season ; method ; tools used ; number 
 cut daily per man ; cost. 
 
 8. Chipping and pulling : season ; method ; tools 
 used; cost; number of boxes worked per man; 
 size and length of "streaks" ; how often made ; 
 designations of various aged boxes; length of 
 various aged faces. 
 
 9. Dipping: frequency; yield; method; cost; 
 method and cost of transportation of "dip" to still. 
 
 10. Scraping: season; method of collection ; tools; 
 yield of different aged faces. 
 
 11. Raking: season; method; cost; efficiency. 
 
 12. Effect of box system and cup system on the 
 forest ; per cent of trees killed ; damage to lumber 
 product. 
 
 C. Distillation. 
 
 1. Still: equipment, arrangement, capacity, cost. 
 
 2. Operation: season; charging the still; time 
 required for distillation; skimming; condensation 
 and storage of spirits of turpentine; determination 
 of progress of distillation; rosin straining appa- 
 ratus and straining methods; yield of products in 
 quantity and grade. 
 
 D. Preparation for Market. 
 
 i. Turpentine: character, size, and preparation of 
 
36 
 
 package; cost of package; gauging and deter-i 
 mining quality of product. 
 
 2. Rosin : character and size of package ; equipment . 
 of cooperage shop ; method and cost of manufac- 
 turing barrels; grades. 
 
 E. Markets : chiefs centers for sale of product ; 
 freight rates to market; character of middlemen in 
 chief markets; value of product. 
 
 F. Glossary of Terms used in Naval Stores Industry. 
 
 XL HARVESTING TANBARK 
 
 A. Species used. 
 
 B. Yield per average tree of a given diameter and per jf 
 1000 feet, log scale. 
 
 C. Peeling: season; tools required (saws, axes, 
 "spuds," etc.); crew, duties, wages, daily output; 
 felling; ringing; relation to time of logging. 
 
 D. Seasoning: method of piling at time of peeling; j 
 time required for drying; stacking in the forest; 
 weight per cord green and dry. 
 
 E. Transportation: season; equipment (sleds, chut s, 
 carts, wagons, pack animals, manual labor 
 methods ; cost. 
 
 F. Markets and sale value of product; freight raljcs 
 to market; storage at the tannery. 
 
 G. Cost of tanbark harvesting. 
 H. Disposition of peeled wood. 
 
 I. Glossary of Terms used in Tanbark Harvesting. 
 
U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES 
 
 RETURN FORESTRY LIBRARY 
 TO* 260 Mulford Hall 
 
 642-293< 
 
 Mill ! 
 
 3 
 
 4 5 
 
 6 
 
 ALL BOOKS AAAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 
 
 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELE^ 
 RFPKFI FY CA 94790